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THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
VOLUME II, 1902
NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
1902
Committee of Publication
EDMUND O. HOVEY, £ditor
FRANK M, CHAPMAN }
LOUIS P. GRATACAP — | Advisory Board
WILLIAM K. GREGORY |]
The American Museum of Natural History
BOARD OF @RUSTEES FOR I902
MORRIS K. JESUP
ADRIAN ISELIN
J. PIERPONT MORGAN
JOSEPH H. CHOATE
WILLIAM E. DODGE
J. HAMPDEN ROBB
CHARLES LANIER
D. O. MILLS
ABRAM S. HEWITT
ALBERT S. BICKMORE
ANDREW H. GREEN
D. WILLIS JAMES
ARCHIBALD ROGERS
WILLIAM C. WHITNEY
GUSTAV E. KISSEL
ANSON W. HARD
WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER
GEORGE G. HAVEN
H. O. HAVEMEYER
A. D. JUILLIARD
FREDERICK E. HYDE
PERCY R. PYNE
HENRY F. OSBORN
ORPICERS AND COMMITERES POR! 1LQ02
PRESIDENT
MORRIS K. JESUP
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT
WILLIAM E. DODGE
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
TREASURER
CHARLES LANIER
DIRECTOR
HERMON C. BUMPUS
SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT TREASURER
JOHN H. WINSER
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
J. HAMPDEN ROBB, Chairman
MORRIS K. JESUP
WILLIAM E. DODGE
HENRY F. OSBORN
CHARLES LANIER
ANSON W. HARD
H. O. HAVEMEYER
FREDERICK E. HYDE
PERCY R. PYNE
AUDITING COMMITTEE
ANSON W. HARD
GUSTAV E. KISSEL
GEORGE G. HAVEN
The President, ex-ojfficzo
FINANCE COMMITTEE
J. PIERPONT MORGAN
CHARLES LANIER
D. O. MILLS
D. WILLIS JAMES
The President, ex-officio
NOMINATING COMMITTEE
D. O. MILLS
WILLIAM E. DODGE
ABRAM S. HEWITT
The President, ex-officio
lll
Scientific Staff
Director
Hermon C. Bumpus
Department of Public Instruction
Prof. ALBERT S. BicKMoRE, Curator
Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology
Prof. R. P. WHITFIELD, Curator
Epmunp O. Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator
Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology
Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator
FrAaNnNK M. Cuapman, Associate Curator
Department of Vertebrate Paleontology
Prof. Henry FAIRFIELD OsBorn, Curator
W. D. MattuHew, Ph.D., Associate Curator
O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Assistant Curator
Department of Entomology
WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator
Departments of Mineralogy and Conchology
L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator
Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy
Prof. Hermon C. Bumpus, Curator
GrorGE H. SHERWoop, A.M., Assistant Curator
Department of Anthropology
Prof. FREDERIC W. Putnam, Curator
Prof. Franz Boas, Curator of Ethnology
MARSHALL H. SAviLueE, Curator of Mexican and Central
American Archeology
Harvan I. Sniru, Assistant Curator of Archeology
Library
A. Woopwarb, Ph.D., Librarian
lV
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
PAGE
TITLE-PAGE : : : : : . : é 1
COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION . : : ; : il
TRUSTEES, OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES . : : : : iil
SCIENTIFIC STAFF. : ; : : iv
CONTENTS : : f : ; ; : , Vv
List OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ; : , : ey cx
NO? JANUARY 2902.
EDITORIAL : I
GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT I
ANTHROPOLOGICAL WoRK IN THE SOUTHWEST 3
New Brirp Groups 4
Notes aND NEws 4
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS : 7
THE HaLy oF FossIL SEa Steere By W. D. MatrTHew.
Supplement
NO. 2, FEBRUARY, roo2.
EDITORIAL : : : a
A REMARKABLE eee OF Poser Cann By E. O. Hovey.
(Illustrated) : : ‘ : ‘ : ; Seis
DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic INSTRUCTION . ; ; 14
THE ANDREW J. STONE EXPEDITION , : Bos 5 HLS
News Notes . : : : : : : : Sa
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS : eo
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By L. P. GRatacap. Supplement
NO. 3, MARCH, 1902.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. oe
A Fossit ARMADILLO FROM TExas. By J. W. GIDLEY (ila
trated) ‘ ; ‘ . : iy 24
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF Seger aes E A : 825
News Note : ; : : , : eas)
HYPOCEPHALUS ARMATUS. By Wm. BEUTENMULLER (Illus-
trated) : ; : : : : : : ; A Ps2G
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS : : : : : 2 30
NortH AMERICAN RuMINANTS. By J. A. ALLEN. Sunplenicne
Vv
CONTENTS
NO: 4; APRIL. 10902:
PAGE
EDITORIAL : 3 : : : : : aoe
DEPARTMENT OF Brent Insnenemion : : ; : 2-35
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TERMS IN DESCRIPTIVE ORNITHOLOGY. By
F. M. CHapMAN (Illustrated) . ; : : : ears
Mexican Copices. By F. W. PuTNAM . : : 2 peat
News Nores . : : : i : : : ete
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS : : : RNC Ko
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF Sora Snes ieee By
GeEoRGE H. PEPPER . : : : : : Supplement
NO 53 MAY) 1902:
EDITORIAL : ; : : : ; ; = 20
A HERMAPHRODITE i NVorats : : ; : : 33) ao
News Notes:
DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PAL ONTOLOGY ; . , 40
DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY . aa
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY : : ; -) Bae
RECENT PUBLICATIONS . ; ; . 3 ; : c. Ras
ATTENDANCE AT THE MUSEUM DURING Igor . ; : . SAG
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEw York City. By
WiLiiAM BEUTENMULLER . : : : : Supplement
NO: 6, JUNE, xo02:
New Etunic Groups : ‘ : : eae
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN iigsoai oF NATURAL
History (Continued). DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
By Franz Boas 2 : : ae
DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY. SUMMER PLANS. 53
NO. 7, OCTOBERsst0e2.
EDITORIAL > ‘ : ; rae ss
A VISIT TO Macon AND Sr. WACO AFTER THE ore
ERUPTIONS OF MAY AND JUNE, 1902. By E. O. Hovey. ea 7)
Recent ETHNOLOGICAL WorkK OF THE MUSEUM. . , ses
ETHNOLOGICAL WORK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED aaares
AND MExIco 5 : 7 ; : ; F : ; 68
AUTUMN CouRSE OF LECTURES TO TEACHERS ; : eee
News Notes . ; , re
CONTENTS
NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 10902.
; PAGE
EDITORIAL : : : 4 ; : ; : : era
ENTOMOLOGICAL WoRK IN THE BLiacK MountTAINS oF NortTH
CaRoLina. By Wm. BEUTENMULLER (Illustrated) . ee a
COLLECTING FLAMINGOES AND THEIR NESTS IN THE BAHAMA
IsLANDS. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN (Illustrated) - 9O
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS . : a 83
NOTES : ; : ; ; — Os
THE SEQuorA. A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.
By Georce H. SHERWOOD . , : Supplement
NO. 9, DECEMBER, 1002.
THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS. 87
News Nortes . : 92
LECTURES . : F 3 ; A SoG
MEETINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES 97
vil
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
THE JOURNAL.
UINTACRINUS SOCIALIS—GRINNELL. FossiL CRINOID FROM KAN-
SAS : : :
“Ee eee eee An INDIVIDUAL FROM THE
SLAB. NATURAL SIZE ;
A Fossit ARMADILLO FROM TEXAS .
HYPOCEPHALUS ARMATUS DESMAREST : : ‘ :
Types oF Bitts. Types oF FEET. Two Parts OF THE Ex-
HIBIT DESIGNED TO ILLUSTRATE TERMS USED IN DESCRIP-
TIVE ORNITHOLOGY
THE Io Moru
THE ReEp-EYeEpD VIREO
La SOUFRIERE, ST. VINCENT 5 :
Mt. PELEE AND THE RUINS OF ST. prea: MarritionE
““BREAD-CrusT’’ VoLcanic BomB FRoM MrT. PELEE
Map SHOWING THE Routes FoLLoweED BY Dr. HRDLICKA IN HIS
INVESTIGATIONS AMONG THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST-
ERN UNITED STATES AND MEXICO
THE Biack BroTHEerRS, NORTH CAROLINA
FLAMINGO Nests. PART OF COLONY OCCUPIED IN Igoo.
SUPPLEMENTS.
AS NO
THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES.
THE HALt oF Fossit VERTEBRATES :
“AGE OF REPTILES”
““AGE OF MAMMALS”’ : é j
RESTORATION OF TITANOTHERIUM, AN fakes Heorsp eee
MAL OF WESTERN AMERICA :
EVOLUTION OF THE Horse. SKULL, PeRarnore AND EEE ROOK.
EVOLUTION OF THE HorsE—FEET : : :
Hau or Fossit VERTEBRATES. PLAN OF PRESENT ARRANGE-
MENT OF CASES, JANUARY, 1902
ix
PAGE
Io
EZ
ILLUSTRATIONS
SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS. RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON
oF A DINOSAUR, OR GIANT REPTILE :
PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SKELETON OF THE GREAT Manine cee
IN THE AMERICAN MuSEUM : :
RESTORATION OF THE FouR-TOED HORSE ; : ;
ScENE IN THE Bap LANDS OF THE UINTA BASIN—TERTIARY
Fossit Fietp oF NORTHEASTERN UTAH
To ‘Nor:
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS.
THe Main Hatt, DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY
SULPHUR FROM CIANCIANI, ITALY ,
PLAN OF HALis, DEPARTMENT OF Minnauvece
STIBNITE FROM Mr. KOSANG, JAPAN , : :
FLUORITE COATED WITH QUARTZ, CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
QuaRTZ FROM MAGNET COVE, ARKANSAS.
AZURITE FROM BISBEE, ARIZONA : : : : :
CALCITE PSEUDOMORPH AFTER ARAGONITE, CIANCIANI, ITALY
ARAGONITE (“ FLos-FERRI’”’) FROM STEIERMARK, AUSTRIA
MALACHITE FROM BISBEE, ARIZONA
RHODONITE FROM FRANKLIN, NEW JERSEY
BARITE FROM CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
BARITE FROM CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
TouNO. 3t
NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS.
EvuK or Wapiti.- NEw YorK ZOOLOGICAL PARK :
PRONGHORN OR AMERICAN ANTELOPE, NEw YORK ZOOLOGICAL
PARK : :
ELK or Wapiti, NortH DaKoTA
ARIZONA ELK :
ALASKA Moose (Alces gigas) : ‘
NEWFOUNDLAND CariBou (Rangifer terre nov oe
Kenai Carisou (Rangifer stonet)
VIRGINIA DEER : ‘ ; ;
MexicaN Deer. New York ZoOLoGIcaAL PARK
Xx
PAGE
T4
2S
17
18
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
AMERICAN BISON ’ : : ar? £5. : ae KS)
AMERICAN BISON . ; : : : : : ; 20
STONE MOoUNTAIN-SHEEP (Oz ns stoner) ~. : ; a 25
. STONE MOUNTAIN-SHEEP. . Rocky Mountain eee 22
—_ GrounD MusK-Ox. Ae LE Mare? : : 24
Peary MusK-Ox. ApuLT MALE . ; : 20
PrEary Musx-Ox. ApuLtt FEMALE . : : : : ; 28
To No. 4
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH.
BASKETS AND OTHER OBJECTS FROM THE CAVES OF SOUTHEAST-
ERN UTAH. Hype EXPEDITION
2
BurRIAL CAVE OF BASKET MAKERS, GRAND GULCH, Onae: 4
BASKET BurRIAL, Granp GutcH, UTAH 5
BASKET BurRIAL, GRAND GuLcH, UTAH 6
BURDEN AND OTHER TYPES OF BASKETS 8
Foop Trays or MEAL Bowts. ime)
Foop Tray witH Burrerrty DesicNn 12
Foop Tray wiITH WATER-Fow.t DEsIGN Bes
Foop Tray witH BUTTERFLY AND WaATER-FOWL Desa epee
OpEN-WorkK, OR ‘SIFTER,’ BASKET ia EG
BowL-SHAPED BASKET WITH SUN-AND- Mararh aan coe ; 1g
BoOWL-SHAPED BASKET WITH MOUNTAIN DESIGN . ; ; 19
Foop oR GAMBLING TRAY : : eee
MUCCA SPLINT BASKET. . ’ é P i . : 23
Foop BASKET oF CoILED WorRK . aoe
SMALL STORAGE BASKETS : ; : ; ee 323
Yucca Basket as Founp IN A Cave, GRAND GuLcH, UTAH ma 2G
Lor Noros:
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY.
TIGER SWALLOwTAIL (Papilio turnus) 3
BiacK SWALLowTAIL (Papilio asterias) 4
GREEN CLOUDED SwaLLowtalL (Papilio a) 5
Grant SwaLLowtalL (Papilio cresphontes) 6
ZEBRA SWALLOWTAIL (Papilio ajax) 7
BLUE SWALLOWTAIL (Papilio philenor) 8
X1
ILLUSTRATIONS
IMPORTED CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pieris rape)
SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pieris protodice)
Doc’s-HEAD BuTtTERFLY (Colias c@ésonia)
CLOUDED SuLPHUR BUTTERFLY (Colias philodice)
ORANGE-TiP (Euchloé genutia) .
ORANGE BUTTERFLY (Eurema nictppt)
LitTLE SULPHUR BUTTERFLY (/urema lisa)
CLouDLEss SULPHUR BUTTERFLY (Catopsilia eubule)
MILKWEED OR MONARCH BuTTERFLY (Anosta plexippus)
REGAL FRITILLARY (Argynnis tdalia)
GREAT SPANGLED FRITILLARY (Argynnts cybele)
SILVER-BORDERED FRITILLARY (Argynnis myrina)
MeEaApbow FRITILLaRY (Argynnis bellona)
VARIEGATED FRITILLARY (Euptoieta claudia)
PEARL CRESCENT (Phyciodes tharos)
SILVER CRESCENT (Phyciodes nycteis)
BLacK CHECKER ButTERFLY (Melitea phaéton)
Harris’s Butterrry (Melitea harrisit)
VioLtet-Tip (Polygonia interrogationis) F :
Hop MERCHANT OR ComMaA ButTTERELy (Polygonia pian
MARBLED Comma ButTTERFLy (Polygonia faunus)
Gray Comma BurttTerFLy (Polygonia progne)
WuitE—J Burrerrry (Polygonia j-album)
AMERICAN TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERELY (Vanessa here
MourninG-CLoak ButtTerety (Vanessa antiopa)
THISTLE BUTTERFLY (Pyramets cardut)
PAINTED BEAUTY OR HUNTER’S BUTTERFLY (Pyramets janie) é
Rep Apmirat (Pyrameis atalanta)
BUCKEYE BUTTERFLY (Junonia cenia)
BLuE Viceroy (Limenitis astyanax)
Brown Viceroy (Limenitis disippus)
BLuE-Evep GRAYLING (Satyrus alope)
PEARLY-EyEpD GRrayLinG (Debis portlandia)
EyED GrayLinc (Neonympha canthus)
LittLeE Woop-Satyr (Neonympha eurytus)
Snout Burrerrry (Libythea bachmant)
Gray Hair-StrReEAK (Thecla melinus)
BANDED Harr-StrEAK (Thecla calanus)
STRIPED Hair-STREAK (Thecla strigosa)
Hoary Hair-Streak (Thecla irus)
X11
ILLUSTRATIONS
CoraL Harr-STREAK (Thecla titus) .
GREEN Hair-STREAK (Thecla damon)
Brown ELFIn (Thecla augustus)
Pine Harr-StrReEAK (Thecla niphon)
TAILED BLUE BUTTERFLY (Lycena comyntas) .
ScupDER’s BLUE BuTTERFLY (Lycena scudderit)
SPRING AZURE BUTTERFLY (Lycena pseudargiolus) .
AMERICAN CopPER BuTTERFLY (Chrysophanus hypophleas)
BRONZE Copper BuTtTeRFLY (Chrysophanus thoé)
THE WANDERER (Feniseca tarquinius)
SMALL SKIPPER (Ancyloxypha numuitor)
MASSASOIT SKIPPER (Pamphila massasoit)
LoGaN SKIPPER (Pamphila logan) :
HosBoMoOK SKIPPER (Pamphila hobomok) .
LEONARD'S SKIPPER (Pamphila leonardus)
Huron SKIPPER (Pamphila huron) .
Sassacus SKIPPER (Pamphila sassacus)
Mystic SKIPPER (Pamphila mystic) .
ComMMON SKIPPER (Pamphila cernes) ;
EGEREMET SKIPPER (Pamphila otho, var. egeremet)
METACOMET SKIPPER (Pamphila metacomet)
HIaANNA SKIPPER (Pamphila hianna)
PeEcK’s SKIPPER (Pamphila pecktus)
Pontiac SKIPPER (Pamphila pontiac)
OcoLa SKIPPER (Pamphila ocola)
SPOTTED SKIPPER (Pamphila phyleus)
CLOUDED SKIPPER (Pamphila acctus)
GLass-SPOTTED SKIPPER (Pamphila verna)
MANATAAQUA SKIPPER (Pamphila manataaqua)
BROAD-WINGED SKIPPER (Pamphila viator)
CHECKERED HEsPERID (Pyrgus tesellatus)
GRIZZLED HESPERID (Pyrgus centauree)
Sooty SKIPPER (Pholisora catitllus) .
Nisontades brizo
Nisontades icelus
Ntsoniades perstus
Nisontiades martialis .
Nisontades juvenalis . : : :
GoLDEN-BaNnpDED Hesperip (Eudamus cellus) .
NoRTHERN CLoupy-WineG (Eudamus pylades) .
X111
PAGE
37
ILLUSTRATIONS
SouTHERN CLoupy-Wi1NG (Eudamus bathyllus) ee
SILVER-SPOTTED HESPERID (Eudamus tityrus) . 51
Hoary Cioupy-Wine (Eudamus lycidas) 52
LoNG-TAILED HespEeriIp (Eudamus proteus) 52
To: Nios:
THE SEQUOIA. A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE.
THE FALL OF ‘MARK TWAIN” : 5 2
Map SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF THE ‘Bic TREE” 5
DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE STEM OF AN EXOGENOUS
TREE OF THREE- YEARS’ GROWTH ; : 7
THE SECTION OF THE ‘‘ BiG TREE’’ IN THE MUSEUM 9
FELLING THE TREE 16
THE SECTION BEFORE SHIPMENT 22
THE STUMP OF “Mark TWAIN” 26
The American Museum Journal
Vor IT: JANUARY, 1902 INO} Te
=qHIE present number of the JOURNAL, commencing
q): Volume II, inaugurates certain changes in typog-
4) raphy and page which it is hoped will prove ac-
ceptable to our readers and to those who make
use of the supplements. The plan which was
adopted with the number for October last of issuing a supplemen-
tary guide leaflet to an exhibit or group of exhibits in the Museum
has met with so much favor that it will be continued for the
present. The supplement issued with the current number is a
general description of the material on exhibition in and of the
arrangement of the hall of Vertebrate Paleontology. It is pro-
posed to prepare several similar illustrated leaflets describing at
some length and in a popular manner different portions of the
exhibit in this hall which may be considered as units. The
authorities of the Museum are issuing the JOURNAL as a means
of bringing the institution into close touch with the public and
the schools, and it is to be hoped that the friends of the Museum
will assist in making the circulation of the publication as large
as possible. The JouRNAL proper will continue to give to the
public items of news regarding the work of the various depart-
ments, notable new accessions, programs of lectures and popular
short articles on specimens in the Museum. The price of sub-
scription to those not members of the institution has been
placed at the low price of one dollar per year, which barely covers
the actual cost of paper, illustrations, printing and postage.
The Department of Geology has just completed a large under-
taking, namely, the publication of a tabulated catalogue of all
the type and figured specimens contained in its extensive collec-
tion of fossils. The term ‘‘type’’, as employed in this Depart-
ment of the Museum, embraces not only the specimens actually
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
used by an author in the original description of a species, but also
those specimens which have been used by the same author in the
further elucidation of the species 1n subsequent publications.
The types may or may not have been illustrated in connection
with the first publication. “Figured specimen”’ is the term ap-
plied here to the specimens which have been identified with a
species by another person than the author of the species and
which have been illustrated in some publication. From the
standpoint of the student and investigator, such specimens are
the most valuable portion of any collection, and should, there-
fore, be marked in some conspicuous manner and be preserved
with the greatest care, while the knowledge of their location and
their history should be as widely disseminated as possible. All
the types and figured specimens in this Department are indi-
vidualized by the use of a small rhomb of emerald green paper
securely gummed to each.
There are in this Department of the Museum 8,345 type and
figured specimens, representing 2,721 species and 190 varieties,
distributed in the Catalogue according to the following table:
TYPES. FiG’D SPECIMENS. “Ruvenences.
ee es ae eee |
L a |
Parts. Lh q LD ieee!
. o © . oO o
nn 4 a n 4 ay
3 = eq o 5 SI | o
oS ro) 35) s= ro) od an &
y a5 9 v ora 5) ui =
a, ce a, a. 8 5. oe =
Dn - op n - dp) oO Ry
le nttt ds mic Sh else tis aerate 448 Io | 1070 16 | 107 450 | 836] 2372
10 ey) See ee ee eae 6802 635 290 -7om Q2 o | 625 | 1226] 4504
|
eee ec dae 667 | 27 | 1707] 158 5 | 717 |.3329| 5437
E es | ae i |
TV eeerS es oP ahe eee eae 472 | 12 | 1598] 233 "| 387 | 1160] 2011 |
| 7 —| 7 oy c | | ra
Rotalsanc wacko | e2222 71 |6166]| 499 | 119 | 2179 6561 14324
Part I, issued in July, 1898, embraces the specimens in
the Cambrian and Lower Silurian systems; Part II, issued in Oc-
tober, 1899, includes the material from the Upper Silurian system;
2
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Part III, issued in October, 1900, comprises that from the De-
vonian system; and Part IV, bearing date of December 27,
tgor, lists the remainder of the collection from Lower Carbon-
iferous to Quaternary, inclusive, and contains the preface, table
of contents and index to the whole work.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL WORK AMONG THE INDIAN
TRIBES OF THE SOUTHWEST.
Sa! N January 1 Dr. AleS Hrdlicka, of the Department
¥ GES, (| of Anthropology, started on his fourth expedi-
tion for this Museum to the region of the Aztecs,
Pueblos and Cliff-Dwellers, and he expects to re-
turn in about eight months.
These expeditions have had for their object the systematic
study of the physical characteristics of all the Aztec, Pueblo
and Cliff-Dweller tribes, living or extinct, from southern Utah
and southern Colorado down to the state of Morelos, Mexico.
Among other results which may be expected are the definite
identification of these tribes and either a refutation or a con-
firmation of the theory that the Aztecs came from the north
and were probably related to the Pueblos. Physiological obser-
vations are also made for a comparison of some of the principal
functions of the body, such as pulse, temperature, respiration
and muscular force, in these tribes and in white men. Medical
observations are made on the ordinary diseases among the Indians
and on their manner of treating them.
Dr. Hrdlicka’s previous expeditions in this series have been
as follows: first, in Mexico, in 1898, with Dr. Carl Lumholtz,
covering the Tarahumares, Huichols and Tepecanos; second, in
1899, to the Navahos and southern Utes; third, in 1goo, to all
the Pueblos and Apaches. The present expedition will cover the
remaining tribes in southwestern Arizona and northern Mexico,
among them the Bimas, Papagos, Yaquis, Mayos, Tepehuanes,
Coras, Aztecs and Tarascos. The first expedition was sup-
ported by the Museum; the second, third and fourth by Mr.
Frederick E. Hyde, Jr.
By .
‘ Ra
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
NEW BIRD GROUPS.
ee) ROUGH the generosity of a friend of the Museum,
If AhyS¥il| who desires to have his name withheld from the
WagAW| public, six groups have recently been added to
the very attractive and instructive series repre-
senting birds amid their natural surroundings
which are to be seen in the halls of the Ornithological De-
partment. The new groups represent the American dipper,
or water-ousel, the osprey, the yellow-headed blackbird, the coot,
Wilson’s phalarope and the wild pigeon. The material for the
first-named was gathered by Mr. Frank M. Chapman last sum-
mer on the banks of a rushing icy stream issuing from a glacier
in the Selkirk mountains of British Columbia. The rocky bank
of the stream, the nest in the cleft of the rock and the birds in
and about the nest have been reproduced with lifelike fidelity
in the Museum exhibition case. Mr. Chapman collected the
specimens and accessories for the osprey group on Gardiner’s
Island, off the eastern end of Long Island, and those for the
blackbird, coot and phalarope groups at Shoal Lake, Manitoba.
The twelve specimens included in the wild-pigeon group were
secured with much difficulty from collectors and dealers through-
out the country, the surprising fact being incidentally developed
that a species which, within the last fifty years, was one of the
most abundant native birds of this country, is now so rare, not
only in nature, but also in collections, that specimens of it are
practically unobtainable. Each of these new groups is designed
to illustrate not only the haunts and habits of a species of birds,
but also some fact of general biological interest. This feature
will be fully set forth in the labels accompanying the cases.
CLEC
NOTES AND NEWS.
DEPARTMENT OF ENTomMoLoGy.—Mr. William Beutenmiiller,
the Curator of this Department of the Museum, again visited
the Black mountains of western North Carolina during Septem-
ber and October last for the purpose of securing specimens of
the insects occurring in this interesting region and of obtaining
4
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
scientific data regarding their surroundings and _life-histories.
The results of the expedition are highly satisfactory and demon-
strate the desirability of carrying the work on to completion.
About 3500 specimens were collected on this trip, supplement-
ing the 3000 which were obtained in the same region last year.
The insect fauna of the mountainous region of western North
Carolina is very distinct from that of the surrounding country,
and many of the species show northern affinities. Mr. Beuten-
muller obtained on this trip many new as well as many very rare
species, and he has in preparation a monograph on ‘“‘ The Insect
Fauna of the Black Mountains, North Carolina,’”’ which it is to
be hoped he will be enabled to bring to satisfactory completion
by material to be obtained on future expeditions. The Black
mountains are a transverse chain forming the principal link of
connection between the Blue Ridge and the Smoky mountains,
and rise in a region which is very interesting from a geographical
and geological as well as from a faunal standpoint. It is the
culminating portion of the Appalachian system, the united chains
containing, in the district under consideration, twenty-five great
peaks, twenty of which are more than 6000 feet in elevation
above the sea. Most of these mountains are practically unex-
plored territory, which furnishes an additional argument for the
speedy completion of this entomological survey of it.
THE Department of Anthropology has received the first in-
stallment of Chinese clothing, baskets and tools used by the tailor
and artificers in allied trades, collected by Dr. Berthold Laufer
on his expedition to China, recently undertaken through the gener-
osity of a friend of the Museum. The most striking feature of
the consignment just received is the clothing, which represents
completely the costumes of various classes of the people and in-
cludes a number of magnificently embroidered garments. J = ai} | S a
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THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
All these series have been placed according to geological age.
The most ancient specimens, found in the lowest rock-strata,
and hence representing the earliest stage of evolution, are placed
first in the series. The most recent ones, found in the upper-
most rock-strata, and representing the final stage of evolution of
the race, are placed last. Arranging the species of a race from
each stratum in the order of the age of the strata, we find that
they show a regularly progressive change from the most ancient
to the most recent. At no point in a given series can we draw
a line and say: This is and that is not, a horse—or a camel—or a
rhinoceros. The visitor, therefore, can demonstrate for himself
the evolution of the race of Horses or Camels or Rhinoceroses,
within certain limits. Of the evolution of Man we have no
satisfactory illustration from fossils.
It should be observed that the evolution of a race consists
mainly in the adaptation of the structure of the animals to par-
ticular surroundings and habits of life. There is also a universal
progress in intelligence, the more ancient animals having rela-
tively smaller brains than their successors.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE HALL.
Fosstt MAMMALS.
On the north side of the hall next the entrance are arranged
the Amblypods, ancient hoofed animals long ago extinct, unlike
any living animal, although suggesting elephants, rhinoceroses,
hippopotami and bears in different parts of the body (skeletons
of Pantolambda and Coryphodon, skulls of Utntatherium). Next
to them are the Condylarths, the most ancient of Hoofed Mam-
mals, chief among them the Phenacodus skeleton, well known to
students and figured in most geological text-books as the proto-
type of the Hoofed Mammals. Next to these are the Carnivora,
or flesh-eating mammals, of which four fine skeletons are placed
in the large ‘‘A’’-case. Then come the Insectivora, or insect-
eaters, and Rodents, or gnawers, represented by small and incom-
plete specimens. Then the Elephants (Mastodon skeleton, skulls
of mastodons and mammoths) and the various kinds of Artio-
dactyls, or Cloven-hoofed animals, which are allied to modern
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PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SKELETON OF THE GREAT MARINE LIZARD IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
pigs and peccaries, camels, deer, sheep and cattle. Four skele-
tons and numerous incomplete specimens represent these last.
The south side of the hall is devoted chiefly to the Perisso-
dactyls or Odd-toed Hoofed Mammals. First come the Titan-
otheres, an extinct group, once abundant in North America,
whose evolution is here illustrated by two skeletons and a series
of skulls; then the Rhinoceroses, also abundant in North Amer-
ica in former geological epochs, represented here by six complete
skeletons and a large series of skulls; after these the Horses,
whose evolution is illustrated by two skeletons and many skulls
and feet. At the eastern end of the hall is a cast of the skeleton
of the Megatherium, or great Ground Sloth, the largest of a sin-
gular group of mammals which inhabited South America until
the advent of Man in that part of the world.
Fossit REPTILES.
The Dinosaurs, or giant reptiles, have been placed tempora-
rilvy in two wall cases at the east end of the hall, and in the two
high cases to the north of the centre aisle. Small models of res-
torations of three kinds of dinosaur will be found in an ‘‘A’’-case
near the east end of the hall, near the centre aisle.
These were the great terrestrial vertebrates of their dav, the
Age of Reptiles, and they assumed an extraordinary variety of
forms, but all had long hind limbs and a long and massive tail.
Some of the Sauropods (e. g., Brontosaurus, Diplodocus, Moro-
saurus), four-footed, long-necked, herbivorous, probably amphibi-
ous, were beyond comparison the largest animals that ever trod
the earth and can be compared in sizeonly with the modern whales.
Incomplete skeletons of these monstrous beasts are shown in
this hall. Others, the Megalosaurs, were two-footed, carnivorous,
preying on the clumsy giants (Sauropods) with which their
remains are found associated in the rock. Others again, the
Stegosaurs and Ceratopsians, or armored dinosaurs, were short-
necked quadrupeds, massively proportioned, with back and tail
covered by heavy bony plates and spines. Another group, the
Ornithopods or Iguanodonts, long-limbed bipeds— or rather
tripeds, for the long and massive tail formed a third support,—
16
THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
had broad, flattened, horny bills like some gigantic duck. The
knowledge of these strange animals has been gained chiefly from
fragmentary specimens and has been hindered not a little by the
—to our eyes—strange and inappropriate combinations of form.
It is only within the last few years that complete or nearly com-
plete skeletons have been found, and the preparation for exhibi-
tion of those possessed by this Museum is not yet finished.
RESTORATION OF THE FOUR-TOED HORSE
Oldest known Ancestor of the Modern Horse; only 16 inches high
Photo from original watercolor by C. R. Knight, based on mounted skeleton in
American Museum
The Mosasaurs, or great marine lizards, are represented by the
skeleton on the wall of the corridor by the staircase. Three
Ichthyosaur skeletons are placed on the opposite wall. This
corridor will be filled ultimately with specimens of the great
marine reptiles of the Mesozoic, or Age of Reptiles, which were in
those times the tyrants of the sea, as the contemporary Dinosaurs
were the giants of the land.
|
THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
FossiIL FIsuH.
In the corridor above the skeleton of the great Marine Lizard
by the staircase will be found the skeleton of a great fish, ob-
tained from the same geological stratum, and remotely allied
to the Tarpon of the Florida coast.
ILLUSTRATING THE SPECIMENS.
The Watercolor Restorations by Charles R. Knight, done
under the immediate supervision of Prof. Henry F. Osborn, the
Curator of this Department, mainly based on complete skeletons
’
SCENE iN THE BAD LANDS OF THE UINTA BASIN—TERTIARY FOSSIL FIELD OF
NORTHEASTERN UTAH
exhibited in this hall, show the probable appearance of the different
extinct animals, according to our best judgment, as indicated by
the characters of the skeleton, appearance of their nearest sur-
18
THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
viving relatives and the habits of life for which the animals seem
to have been fitted. The general proportions of the animal, the
outlines and form of head and body and, to a great extent, the
expression of the features are usually accurately known from
the fossil skeleton. The nature of the skin is sometimes but not
often certainly known, and the coloring is always conjectural,
the paleontologist and the artist having been guided by the col-
oring of living relatives and the supposed habits of the animal.
The Window Transparencies are enlargements from photo-
graphs of the regions where the fossils occur, and generally show
the localities where unusually fine specimens in this hall were
found. The Expeditions sent out yearly to the Fossil Fields
carry with them a photographic outfit, and several hundred
characteristic views have been taken, from which these have
been selected. The Pillar Cards and general Labels in the cases
give detailed information about each group of fossils. One of the
cases in the centre of the middle aisle illustrates the method by
which the fossils are collected and conveyed to the Museum.
The Charts at each side of the entrance show the order in which
the rock-strata lie, one over another, and the kinds of fossils
found in each stratum.
UINTACRINUS SOCIALIS—Grinnell. FOSSIL CRINOID FROM KANSAS.
The American Museum Journal
VOL: UE FEBRUARY, tIgo2 No. 2:
_—S———..
7 sq\tIE JouRNAL presents with this issue a general
nes 4 Guide Leaflet to the Halls of Minerals which will
be found of great assistance by persons visiting
and inspecting the collections therein. Just be-
fore Thanksgiving Day last year the hall was
opened, first to members of the Museum and their friends and
afterwards to the general public, with the great acquisition of
the Bement mineral collection allin place. This collection had
long had the reputation of being the finest private collection of
exhibition specimens of minerals in the world, so that the
Museum authorities felt that they were indeed to be con-
gratulated when a munificent friend of the institution some-
what more than a year ago presented the whole to the Museum,
including the magnificent collection of meteorites, which is one
of the largest assemblages in existence of those interesting
visitors from space. Practically nothing but the Bement col-
lection is now on exhibition in the desk cases of the Mineral
Halls, but all the best specimens in the previous Museum col-
lection have been retained and have been arranged in syste-
matic order in the drawers of the desk cases, awaiting the time
when more exhibition space shall be available for minerals.
A REMARKABLE SLAB OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS.
a) N November, 1901, the Department of Geology and
st «Invertebrate Paleontology received from Frank
Springer, Esq., of East Las Vegas, New Mexico,
the gift of a large slab of the fossil Crinoid which
is known to science as Uintacrinus socialis Grin-
nell. This Crinoid is characterstic of the Niobrara Chalk
IL
UINTACRINUS SOCIALIS—Grinnell. AN INDIVIDUAL FROM THE SLAB. NATURAL SIZE.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
horizon of the Upper Cretageous of western Kansas. This slab,
which is five feet four inches long and three feet two inches wide,
in extreme dimensions, has been mounted and is now on exhibi-
tion in Panel 1 of Case P on the west side of the Geological Hall
(No. 405) on the fourth floor of the Museum.
Crinoids belong to the same great subdivision of the animal
kingdom as the common modern Starfish, but they are of a lower
grade of organization. Some forms are provided throughout life
with stalks, or stems, the lower ends of which are rooted in the
mud of the sea-bottom or attached to some foreign object.
Other forms, like the Comatula of the present seas, had such
stalks during the very early stages of their existence, but lost
them afterwards and floated free in the water. Crinoids seem to
have been most abundant both in species and in individuals,
during Lower Carboniferous (late Paleozoic) time, but, for the
most part at least, they were stalked forms, leading a stationary
existence. The free forms were more abundant later and now
are very numerous, more than two hundred species of the family
Comatulide having been described from the present ocean.
Utintacrinus was.a free form and has been found only in beds
of Upper Cretaceous age.
The first specimen of the genus was found in 1870 by Prof.
O. C. Marsh in the Uintah mountains in northeastern Utah. The
Kansas specimens have added very greatly to our knowledge of
these beautiful animals and have g ven Mr. Springer the material
from which he has been able to complete the morphological
studies of the genus made by Mr. F. A. Bather of the British
Museum on European material. Mr. Springer’s conclusions have
been published in an elaborate memoir by the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy of Harvard University with several plates.
The investigations of Mr. Springer and others at the best
localities show that these Crinoids lived in populous colonies in
the quiet mediterranean sea or lagoon which occupied western
Kansas in Cretaceous times. Those Crinoids that were at the
lowest part of the floating mass rested directly upon the soft mud
and settled into it in the positions in which they happened to be
when the colony died. These were thus perfectly imbedded by
13
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
the lower side in a fine matrix which preserved them hke a mould.
The other individuals of the colony settled down on top of these
and, not having a soft or plastic bed to receive and preserve
them, were crushed out of shape and disarticulated, and their
component plates were indiscriminately mixed up. The whole
mass was cemented together under pressure, forming a slab,—a
thin layer of limestone as we now find it,—with the Crinoid
bodies preserved only on its lower side. The largest of these
lenticular layers of limestone was about fifty feet long and twenty
feet wide with a thickness of half an inch in the middle, thinning
out on all sides to the thinness of cardboard. More than twelve
hundred specimens in which more or less of a calyx was shown
were obtained from this deposit. The arms of these Crinoids
are so mingled in the slab that 1t was impossible to free any of
them, but some of them have been traced to a distance of forty
inches from the body to which they belong.
The slab which the Museum has received from Mr. Springer
shows distinctly at least sixty-five bodies, while fifteen or sixteen
more can be made out under the covering of entangled arms.
The body or calyx had thin walls, the plates of which were ap-
parently connected by a sort of articulation or loose suture, so
that it was more or less flexible and comparatively light in
weight. All the calices have been flattened so that the opposite
walls have been brought together in the form of a watch crystal.
Ey, @. abe
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
paar) WO letters which have been recently received by
71 Sa) Professor Bickmore give very gratifying evidence
\ of the spreading influence of the Department of
Public Instruction under his control. Persons who
Museum know the popularity of the courses by Professor Bick-
are in the habit of attending the lectures at the
more and appreciate the superb character of the views thrown
on the screen, but the extent to which these lectures and views
are being used in the public schools of the State and the demand
14
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
that there is for them outside of the State and the country are
not so familiar to all. Light upon both of these points will be
thrown by the following letters, the first of which came from an
entire stranger to Professor Bickmore and gives an indication of
what is going on in the schools of central New York.
Puetps, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1901.
DEAR SIR:—
I began to give your lectures in the school chapel two years ago,
using acetylene, but last year I got the building wired and now use
electricity, which is more satisfactory. I first gave ‘‘ Niagara Fails”
to an audience mostly of scholars. Gradually my audiences have in-
creased until now I have about 175-200 each night, of people who
come each time and who are delighted with the views and the informa-
tion gained.
I usually go over the views with your notes four or five times
after my duties are over for the day and then read the notes, keeping
in mind the slide described, until I know the principal facts of each
view. I give a talk of about one and one-half hours.
I have given Egypt, Greece, Italy, Niagara, Cuba and Spanish
War, Yellowstone National Park, Grand Cafion, Yosemite, Atlantic
Coast, two on the Hawaiian Islands, one on the Philippines, Lesser
Antilles and the Connecticut Valley.
At Clifton Springs and Shortsville, adjoining villages, similar
courses are given [by the principals there]. If other parts of the State
are doing the same, you are doing a great work in giving useful infor-
mation to the people. I think greater efforts should be put forth to
inform Union School Principals of the fact that they may obtain these
views from cities and villages having a Superintendent.
Very truly yours,
(Signed) Wiis A. INGALLS,
Principal of Schools.
The second letter is from the head of the school system of the
Philippine Islands and shows the value placed there upon the
stereopticon and first rate lantern slides in the work of instructing
the Filipinos in regard to their new masters. The letter is an ex-
15
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
cellent testimonial to the system of “visual instruction’? which
has grown up under the auspices of this Museum.
Mania, November 11, 1got.
DEAR SIR:—
I have not forgotten the interesting visit which I made to your
Museum before leaving New York.
We have just ordered nine magic lanterns and desire to present, in
illustrated lecture form, as much information about American history
and life as possible. What arrangements can be made with you to
secure slides and what can we do as a return favor to you?
Considerable has been done in establishing schools and the De-
partment now desires to give some attention to public libraries and
public lectures, because they are very important supplementary
educational agencies. Any suggestions that you may be willing to
make will be very helpful.
With kindest regards, I am,
Very truly yours,
(Signed) FrEep. W. ATKINSON,
Superintendent of Public Instruction
for the Philippine Islands.
THE ANDREW J. STONE EXPEDITION.
Pe HE first season’s work of the Andrew J. Stone Expe-
: 4] dition has proved very successful and satisfactory.
#| This expedition was organized early in the year
tgor, and its work will continue during a period
of three years, the means therefor having been
generously contributed by public-spirited citizens of New York.
It is under the leadership of Mr. Stone, who has several expert
assistants to help carry on the work.
The purpose of this expedition s primarily to secure for the
Museum good series of all the large game animals of North Amer-
ica, many of which are as yet unrepresented in its collections and
are on the way to rapid extermination. The more prominent
and interesting species will be mounted as groups with proper
accessories and will form one of the most attractive features of
16
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
the Museum collections. The smaller mammals and birds ob-
tained by the expedition will be of special value to the Museum,
since the more northern parts of the Continent are thus far very
poorly represented here as regards the mammals and birds.
The season of rgo1 was spent partly on the Kenai Peninsula
and partly on Kadiak Island and the adjoining mainland of
Alaska. Mr. Stone’s assistants were Mr. J. D. Figgins of the
American Museum and Mr. Maynard of Seattle, Washington.
The collections comprise about forty large mammals, including
good series of Caribou, Mountain Sheep and Moose, and of several
species of Bear, besides several hundred small mammals and
a large collection of birds
NEWS NOTES.
THE collections of the Department of Vertebrate Palzon-
tology were enriched in January by the receipt of an excellent
skull of the Woolly Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros tichorhinus) from the
Pleistocene deposits of Russia. This specimen has come through
Professor Alexis Pavlow and Madame Marie Pavlow of the Uni-
versity of Moscow, in exchange for material from the western
United States, and will soon be placed on exhibition.
The skeleton of Jchthyosaurus quadriscissus which was
noticed at length in the JouRNAL for October, 1901, has been
further worked out of its rocky matrix, re-set and soon will be
mounted in the corridor over the great Mosasaur skeleton.
The attention of visitors is called to the series of water-
colors by Mr. Charles R. Knight, showing the different forms of
the modern Zebra, and displayed in connection with the series
illustrating the evolution of the Horse.
THE Department of Anthropology has received from J. D.
Crimmins, Esq., the gift of a series of fifteen native Filipino
hats. These were collected by his son, Lieut. Martin L. Crim-
mins, Sixth Infantry, U. S. A., who is now stationed on the
Island of Pane, Philippine Islands.
17
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
SomME of the material collected by Dr. Berthold Laufer in
China, mentioned in the JoURNAL for January, has been placed
on exhibition in the northeastern quarter of Hall No. 207, on the
main floor of the building. The most striking objects are four
ancient bronze drums, ancient and modern examples of carving,
baskets and richly-embroidered garments and cloths. Only
sixteen bronze drums of this character are known to be in
existence.
Tue Andrew Ellicott Douglas collection of celts and other
Indian implements is being installed in the Tower Room at the.
extreme southwest corner of the main floor.
THE Section of Archeology has received an exchange from
the Buffalo Society of Natural History, consisting of a repre-
sentative collection from a village site in the southern part of
Buffalo. This site was inhabited in historic times by the Seneca
Indians, at whose head was the famous chief, Red Jacket. In
prehistoric times the same site was occupied by the Kah-Kwahs,
another division of the Iroquois people, who spoke a related lan-
guage and had kindred customs. In the early days this site was
neutral ground, because it was near the quarry of chert, the ma-
terial which all tribes alike needed for making arrow-points.
When the Senecas, however, secured guns and no longer used
chert-pointed arrows, they captured the site from the Kah-
Kwahs, an event which took place early in the seventeenth
century. The present collection was made by Mr. Frederick
Houghton, principal of one of the Buffalo schools, and is very
complete. The implements represent both the Seneca occupation
and that of the prehistoric Kah-Kwahs, and are accompanied
by full information regarding the circumstances of their finding
and their probable use. The collection is on exhibition in Hall
No. 208, on the main floor of the building.
Tue Anthropological Department has also received, as a gift
from the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of
the Mexican codices which have been prepared through the
liberality and under the editorship of Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.
18
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL |
THE Department of Entomology has received from the Very
Reverend E. A. Hoffman about six hundred and fifty specimens
of butterflies from Australia, British New Guinea and other parts
of the globe. All the forms are new to the collection, and there
are many rare and beautiful species among them. Including
this gift, the department received more than nine hundred speci-
mens from this generous friend of the Museum during the year
IgOl.
Tue Department of Geology has placed on exhibition on the
tops of some of the cases containing the Jesup Collection of
Building Stones on the ground floor of the Museum a series of
specimens illustrating the building stones of Georgia. These
specimens are in the form of handsome eight-inch cubes, with
one face polished and the others finished in different styles to
show the appearance of the material when treated according to
several methods of the stone-dresser’s art. The series com-
prises thirty-eight of these cubes, and includes gray, homo-
geneous granite of several shades, porphyritic granite and gneiss,
sandstone, limestone and mottled and white marble. The collec-
tion was made for the State of Georgia by the State Geologist,
Dr. W.S. Yeates, and has been exhibited at the expositions held
at Atlanta, Nashville and Buffalo. It has been deposited in the
Museum by the Geological Board of Georgia as an exhibit of the
resources of the State in regard to building stones.
THREE important parts of the Memoirs of the Museum were
issued in January as results of the explorations carried on by the
Jesup North Pacific Expedition. They are, “The Traditions of
the Quinault Indians,” by Dr. Livingston Farrand, assisted by
W.S. Kahnweiler, forming Part III of Vol. IV of the whole series
of Memoirs; ‘‘ Kwakiutl Texts,’ by Professor Franz Boas and
George Hunt, forming Part I of Vol V; and “ The Decorative Art
of the Amur Tribes,” by Dr. Berthold Laufer, forming Part I of
Vol. VII. The Quinault Indians live on the coast of the State of
Washington, while the Kwakiutl tribe lives in British Columbia.
In the Memoir, the Kwakiutl texts and the English translations
thereof are arranged in parallel columns. Dr. Laufer’s paper is
2,
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
elaborately illustrated with thirty-three plates, some of which
are in colors, and twenty-four text figures.
TuHE official record shows that 50,607 persons visited the
Museum during the month of January, rgo2.
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
DurincG March the following lectures will be delivered at the
Museum by Professor Albert S. Bickmore:
To Teachers in the Public Schools: Saturday mornings at
10.30 O clock:
March 1st and 8th.—‘‘ The Upper Rhine.”’
March 15th and 22d —‘‘ The Lower Rh ne.”
To the Members of the Museum and their friends, on Thurs-
day evenings at 8.15 o’clock:
March 6th.—*‘ The Upper Rhine.”
March 13th.— ‘The Lower Rhine.”’
The illustrations for these pictures have been prepared from
negatives taken last summer expressly for Professor Bickmore.
THE lectures given under the auspices of the City Board of
Education will be continued throughout the month on Tuesday
and Saturday evenings at 8 o’clock precisely.
20
i eb
ee
Siti"
ADOIVYANIN JO LNSWLYVdad \1VH NIVW SHL
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS.
By Louis P. Gratacap, A.M.,
Curator, Department of Mineralogy.
INTRODUCTION.
MINERALS, in the broad sense in which science uses the term,
include the air, the natural gases, water and the results of change
in plant structures, such as coal, oil and resins. More popularly
defined, minerals are those stony components of the earth which
are to be found in its rocks and their crevices and which present
similarity to one another in such characteristics as color, form
and hardness. Most observers can easily separate Quartz from
Calcite. In making the separation they associate with the idea
of Quartz a certain lustre and hardness, a peculiar brittle and
irregular fracture and, when the mineral is crystallized, a typical
form quite in contrast with the same features in Calcite. A
brilliant lemon-yellow crystal, or even a compact mass of Sulphur,
is quite distinct in appearance from a greasy, black crystal or
nodular piece of Graphite. The obvious physical characters of
one are so different from those of the other that the most cursory
examination serves to distinguish them as independent sub-
stances.
Such striking contrasts, however, do not exist generally in the
mineral kingdom, and the observer usually is obliged to give
more than a superficial examination to a mineral specimen in
order to determine what it is. Most of the common minerals
may be differentiated by simple tests with blowpipe and file, but
all the rest, and they form by far the largest part of the whole
number of species, must be examined by more elaborate chemical
and physical means for their exact determination.
The collection of minerals to which this Guide Leaflet is an
introduction, though large and comprehensive, cannot be con-
sidered an exhaustive representation of the mineral kingdom.
It combines, however, in almost equal degrees the elements of
z
J
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
beauty, scientific interest and educational use. The esthetic
influence of a collection of minerals need not be dwelt upon. It
is evident that minerals are beautiful in their colors, in their
varied forms and, sometimes, in the extreme delicacy of their
development.
THe History OF THE COLLECTION.
The growth of the Mineral Collection of the American Museum
has been gradual. Its nucleus was the Bailey collection, which.
contained many of the more common minerals and, while not
conspicuous for beauty or completeness, was a fairly representa-
tive series serving very well the purpose of an introduction to
mineralogy. The Spang collection was purchased in 1891 and
more than doubled the number of specimens of minerals in the
Museum. This acquisition, furthermore, added a large number
of new species, and in many groups increased the variety and
richness of form represented.
Previous to the purchase of the Spang collection, a very re-
markable group of specimens of Malachite and Azurite (the green
and blue carbonates of copper) had been presented to the Museum
by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company of Arizona.
This unique and very striking assemblage of specimens, together
with later additions from the same source, is now installed in the
large single case at the north end of the smaller hall (lettered
“B” in the diagram).
In the ten years following the acquisition of the Spang col-
lection, many valuable gifts were added to the Museum’s series,
but preéminence among the exhibition collections in the country
was not attained until the close of 1900, when J. Pierpont Mor-
gan, Esq., purchased the Bement collection of minerals and
meteorites and presented it to the Museum. This remarkable
collection was brought together by Mr. Clarence S. Bement of
Philadelphia. It is the result of the careful expenditure of a
great deal of money, the purchases having been directed by ex-
quisite taste as well as by scientific judgment. Although the
Bement collection contains many rare species, its widespread
fame has rested upon the variety of forms representing the com-
4
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
moner minerals and the exceptional perfection of the specimens.
The present Museum collection is the combination of the material
from all these sources, but owing to lack of space the Bement col-
lection only is on exhibition, except in the wall cases.
CLASSIFICATION.
The classification of minerals in an exact sense was impossible
as long as mineralogists adopted artificial systems based solely
on color, hardness, source, weight or fanciful external resem-
blances. Only as the science of chemistry developed and as
better methods of analysis were devised could a philosophical
classification of minerals become possible. To chemical law
mineralogy has adhered more and more closely, and while, to
some extent, minor groups are founded upon crystallographic
identity or similarity, the underlying basis of classification
throughout is chemical composition. Minerals of the same
chemical type are grouped together, and under that type
minerals of similar physical or crystallographic features are
arranged in smaller subdivisions. The forms of minerals are
their most obvious characteristic. The six-sided prisms of Quartz
and Beryl crystals, the rhomboidal or trapezoidal faces of.Garnet,
the triangular faces of Magnetite and the square faces of Fluorite
are unmistakable. Observation at last passed beyond the first
stages of curiosity or admiration and, slowly helped by many
early students, and rapidly advanced by the genius of two or
three, the branch of mineral science known as Crystallography
has developed. Crystal form, furthermore, has been found to
have close dependence upon chemical composition.
In the development of the nomenclature of the science the
form of the names instituted by the ancients has been retained,
and the termination -7te, derived from the classic Greek -?tzs,
meaning belonging to, prevails. For example, Hematite, from
the Greek word for blood, alludes to the red color of one mineral;
Chlorite, to the green color of another, and Siderite, from the
Greek word for iron, has reference to the chemical nature of a
third. Several names which are exceptions to the rule, such as
5
SULPHUR FROM CIANCIANI, ITALY
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
Garnet, Idocrase, Quartz, Mica, Gypsum, Corundum and Spinel,
have been so long in use that, like the names of the metals and
elements, they must be retained.
According to chemical composition, therefore, the following
principal subdivisions of minerals have been established:
I. The Native Elements.
II. The Arsenides, Sulphides, Antimonides, Sulph-arsenides,
Sulph-antimonides and similar compounds.
III. The Haloids.
IV. The Oxides, anhydrous and hydrous.
V. The Oxygen-salts, such as Carbonates, Silicates, Phos-
phates, Columbates, Tantalates, Sulphates and Nitrates.
VI. The Hydrocarbons.
This system is almost universally used to-day, with changes,
however, more or less material in the succession and interpreta-
tion of its various parts, and is practically the production of the
last century.
Owing to the early activity of chemical agencies and the still
continuing energy of oxygen, a gas which is constantly attacking
uncombined elements, the list of Native Elements, as at present
known, is much shorter than the list of elements known to chem-
istry, a large number of them being precluded from any inde-
pendent existence whatever through their strong affinities for
other substances. The mineralogist finds, however, in the
portions of the earth accessible to him, a small list of native ele-
ments, of which six, at the most, are characteristically uncom-
bined, while the remainder, about fifteen in number, are found
native only under exceptional conditions, and one of them, iron,
is particularly interesting because its most frequent occurrence
is in the form of meteorites.
GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION.
The collection of minerals is exhibited in two halls on the
fourth floor of the Museum, marked “A” and “B” on the dia-
gram, and is displayed in two sections, the wall case and the desk
case exhibits. The wall cases contain those specimens which are
7
K
HALL
Ss
S
Queen
Case
16| Sulveates
P
V
MEXICAN
sia
| Silicates: | 13
we)
Silicates
12 17| Silicates
| Stlrcates |11 18| Silrcates |
Ea Se
Carbonates |10 19} Stlicates
Weare 9 20! Titanates
Carbonates |3 21 | Phosphates &c
Oxides 7 22 Phosphates
‘ GEOLOGICAL
»———>_ N A es
HALL
oO
oO ee Oueco ones Sulphatesé
I -
>
Onides SiMe Sulphates ze |
Oxudes |4 25 Tungstates &«
== a eae Se R
Seen Tae
Fluorides &c {3 26! New-York Is.
Sulphides Ke |2 —27/| Introductory
pee eer ee
Elements
28| Introductory
MINERAL =
VERTEBRATES
PLAN OF HALLS, DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
too large for the desk cases, but the arrangement in the two series
is the same. The systematic’series in the desk cases is naturally
far more complete than that in the wall cases. The specimens
are arranged in accordance with the classification given in the
sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy, and the series in
the desk cases begins at the left of the entrance to Hall A. It is
intended to be studied from left to right along each side of every
case, so that one advances from west to east along the south side
of the hall, enters the small hall, B, and returns along the north
side of the large hall to the end of the series at Case 25. Case 26
contains a collection of the minerals of New York and vicinity,
and Cases 27 and 28 contain introductory series presenting the
chemical and physical features of minerals, together with ex-
planatory tables and photographs. The meteorites of the collec-
tion are now to be found in Cases 25 and 27, but they are soon
to be arranged by themselves in cases along the center of the
hall. At the head of every scientific subdivision will be found
a statement, called here a “Rubric,” detailing the principal
members of the group, and giving their chemical composition
and system of crystallization.
In the Museum collection the Sulphurs, Golds and Coppers
are the most striking examples of the Native Elements.
The Sulphur specimens (Desk Case 1 and Wall Cases F and J)
arrest attention on account of their beauty and perfect preserva-
tion. The crystallographic habit of the mineral is well known,
steep pyramids beveled by the narrow planes of more obtuse
pyramids, generally broad basal pinacoids, prisms, domes, hemi-
pyramids and frequent sphenoids. An examination of the_
crystals will generally reveal upon the large brilliant faces curi-
ously wrinkled and clouded surfaces which, under a magnifying
glass, show densely crowded pits and irregular etchings. The
sulphur deposits of the earth usually are found in connection
with gypsum beds or near active or extinct volcanoes. The sul-
phur. has been produced by separation from sulphuretted hy-
drogen. The mineral is found in large deposits in Wyoming,
Nevada, southern Utah, and California.
Particularly choice are the specimens of Gold. The mineral is
9
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
shown here (Desk Case 1) in sheets like rolled metal; in plates,
with crystallized edges; in braided filaments made up of minute
octahedrons; in grouped octahedrons with hollow faces; in
twisted plates frequently attached to quartz, around which it
curls like some irregular yellow flower. Gold, from an elongation
of the octahedron, assumes deceptive forms, while cavernous,
skeleton and pitted crystals, peculiar distortions, reticulated
and tree-shaped groups with spongy masses and rounded water-
worn nuggets are common natural appearances of this precious
metal.
Copper (Desk Case 1) is of especial interest, on account of the
beautifully crystallized specimens in which it occurs. Most of
our specimens have come from the remarkable deposits of Native
Copper in the Lake Superior region of Northern Michigan. They
exhibit the characteristic crystal forms of the metal, sprigs and
branching crystals, twins and massive plates, the common tetra-
hexahedron, cubes and superimposed octahedrons. Here will be
found also examples of Copper and Silver which have been welded
together by nature.
The next group of minerals is that comprising the Sulphides,
Selenides and Tellurides of the metals and semi-metals, and the
Arsenides and Antimonides of the metals, which are again suc-
ceeded by the so-called Sulpho-salts, in which the union of sul-
phur with arsenic or antimony is regarded as an acid, chiefly
forming compounds with the bases, copper, silver, lead, iron,
zinc and mercury. The great variety and number of mineral
species resulting from the combinations thus made possible, are
for the most part the source of many useful metals, and these
combinations characterize the veins, crevices, fissures, caves
and beds of mining regions.
One of these, Stibnite, the sulphide of antimony, is a valuable
ore (Desk Case 1,Wall Case F). This species affords the mineralo-
gist very beautiful, lustrous, well-terminated prismatic crystals,
usually clustered in radiating groups. he striking specimens
here displayed, together with many others which have supplied the
cabinets of the world, were found at Mt. Kosang near Seijo, pro-
vince of Iyo, Shikoku Is., Japan. In their size and beauty and
10
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
in the complexity of their forms, they surpass the specimens
of the same species from all other localities. They increased the
number of known crystalline planes of Stibnite from forty-five to
eighty-five. Galenite, the sulphide of lead, and Sphalerite, the
sulphide of zinc, are represented by beautiful specimens in Desk
Case 2 and Wall Cases Fand J. Pyrite, the sulphide of iron (Desk
Case 2, Wall Case H) is a very common species, and is very strik-
STIBNITE FROM MT. KOSANG, JAPAN
ing on account of its brilliant cubes, dodecahedrons and other
crystal forms.
The group of Haloid compounds follows the foregoing division,
and is composed of the unions of the elements chlorine, fluorine,
iodine and bromine with basic atoms of the metals. The ad-
mixture of oxygen produces oxy-salts, and of combined water
makes hydrous salts. In this section Fluorite is prominent (Desk
II
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
Cases 3 and 4, Wall Cases H and J). In every large collection
this mineral offers a splendid display of colors and associations,
and in the Bement collection the series of specimens is especially
attractive. From Cumberland, England, there are elongated
cubes with attached Calcite crystals; large cubes coated with
crystals of Quartz; purple and green cubes densely ruled with
fine lines, which indicate oscillations of crystal development;
FLUORITE COATED WITH QUARTZ, CUMBERLAND, ENG.
green cubes from Cornwall with feathery edges of purple, inclu-
sions of black specks and interior colored boundaries (phantoms) ;
also from Brienz, Switzerland, crystals with low scallop-like de-
pressions, pyramidal pits, wrinkling lines and pin-holes, the whole
resembling an eroded or half melted ice-block; from Saxony, yel-
low cubes with Galenite; magnificent pink octahedrons from
Switzerland, some of them with blunted or rounded angles made
by the planes of the trigonal trisoctahedron.
The Oxides follow the simple compounds of the metals and
12
SVSNVMYV “SAOO LANOVW WOYS ZLYVNO
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
semi-metals and represent the combination of oxygen with
metallic bases. They form one of the most important classes
of minerals, and among them are found many of the valuable
ores, while Quartz, the oxide of silicon, is the most widely dis-
tributed of all the rock-making minerals. In this section, He-
matite, Corundum, Spinel, Magnetite, Franklinite and Rutile
present some of the most brilliant phases of the mineral world
(Desk Cases 6 and 7, Wall Cases I and J).
Quartz, including the chalcedonic forms of silica (Desk Cases
4 and 5, Wall Cases H, J, K, P), is the most prized, the most
beautiful and the most varied of all minerals. In color, form
and physical constitution, it assumes so many aspects, and the
changes from one form to another are so gradual that its com-
plete illustration is almost impossible. It crystallizes in the
hexagonal system and usually has the form of a six-sided prism
terminated by a pyramid. In the Bement collection its great
diversity of development is well shown. Quartz occurs in easily
visible particles in granite and many other igneous and meta-
morphic rocks, in sandstones and quartzites and, as a deposit
from aqueous solution, in cavities and crevices in all kinds of
rocks. It is the common vein material of mountainous and
ore-bearing regions. The absorption of iron and other metallic
oxides produces many colors, especially in the various chalce-
donic forms of silica.
Following the Oxides are the Carbonates, which form a very
important group. The carbonates of lime and magnesia consti-
tute the limestones, while the carbonates of iron and copper are
valuable ores. On account of their beauty, many Carbonates,—
for example, Marbles, Malachite, Azurite and Mexican Onyx,
—take a conspicuous position in a mineral cabinet. The carbon-
ates have been formed by the combination of carbon dioxide
with various bases, and the union in many instances has been
brought about through the agency of water carrying the carbon
dioxide in solution. This has dissolved the base of the salt, the
whole being re-deposited afterward from a more or less saturated
fluid on a further change of conditions.
In this series the Calcite, Aragonite, Malachite, Azurite, Sider-
14.
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
ite and Rhodochrosite specimens furnish a long display of forms
and colors (Desk Cases 8-10, Wall Cases I, J, K, O, Q).
The Silicates embrace the larger number of mineral species
and are the essential components of the crystalline rocks. They
are unions of basic elements (the oxides of various metals) with
the several forms of silicic acid. The group is subdivided into
AZURITE FROM BISBEE, ARIZONA
two sections: the Anhydrous and the Hydrous Silicates, and
these again are broken up into smaller groups based upon simi-
larity of their members to one another in regard to composition,
crystallization and optical qualities. Among the Silicates there
are several well-marked and compact groups, such as the Feld-
spars, the Pyroxenes, the Amphiboles, the Garnets, the Sodalites
and the Scapolites.
é
T5
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
A chemical feature of the greatest importance in the con-
stitution of the silicates is the replacing power of the bases,
whereby one or more basic molecules take the place in whole or
in part of another in the chemical composition of a mineral. For
instance, the sesquioxide of alumina (Al,O,) can be replaced by
the sesquioxide of iron (Fe,O3), except in the feldspars; and,
similarly, lime (CaO), magnesia (MgO) and protoxide of iron
CALCITE PSEUDOMORPH AFTER ARAGONITE, CIANCIANI, ITALY
(FeO) are substituted for one another; or any of these can take
the place of the oxides of potassium and sodium (K,O, Na,O).
This replacing process comes prominently into view in Garnet, in
which with the same theoretical formula for a very large group
the composition of the different varieties is different through the
effect of this law. Another, and simpler, instance is the series of
compounds connecting Siderite (FeCO,) with Calcite (CaCO,).
Among the silicates may be mentioned Feldspar (Desk Case
11, Wall Cases K and O), Pyroxene (Desk Case 11), Amphibole
16
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
(Desk Case 12), Beryl (Desk Case 12, Wall Case O), Garnet (Desk
Cases 12 and 13, Wall Cases K and O), Zircon (Desk Case 14,
Wall Case K), Topaz (Desk Case 14, Wall Case K), Tourmaline
(Desk Cases 15 and 16, Wall Case Q), the Zeolites (Desk Cases
16 and 17, Wall Case Q), Mica (Desk Case 18, Wall Case Q),
Serpentine (Desk Case 19, Wall Case Q), and Talc (Desk Case 19,
ARAGONITE (‘‘ FLOS-FERRI”’?) FROM STEIERMARK, AUSTRIA
Wall Case Q).. Besides these there is a host of less important
species. In Wall Case K may be found a beautiful example of
Rhodonite, the silicate of manganese. This interesting mineral
has a remarkable development 1n the zine area of northern New
Jersey, and the exceptional group of prisms illustrated on page
19 1s from Franklin in that State.
Beyond the silicates are the salts, or compounds with bases,
of the other oxygen acids. Here come in order the Titanates,
17
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
Phosphates, Vanadates, Arsenates, Antimonates, Columbates,
Tantalates, Borates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Sulphates, Chro-
mates and Nitrates. These are to be found in Desk Cases 20-25
and in Wall Case Q, but it is impossible in this brief review of the
collection to dwell upon the interest and beauty of the many
species assembled in this section.
Prominent among them, en account of the great beauty of
MALACHITE FROM BISBEE, ARIZONA
its mineralogical development, is the sulphate of barium, or Barite,
(Desk Case 23, Wall Case Q). This is a handsome species not
remarkable for crystalline variety, but often grouped in sheaves
of radiating plates, frequently massive and banded, occasionally
globular, fibrous or granular. The crystals are commonly
tabular, somewhat modified on the edges, and frequently are
tinged yellow, red, green, blue or brown. Barite is found in
metallic veins and is of especially common occurrence in lead
18
AaSuar MAN ‘NITMNVYS WOU 3LINOGOHY
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
mines. In recent years extraordinarily beautiful specimens of
this mineral have been found in England.
As the visitor completes this preliminary survey of the Hall
BARITE FROM CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
of Minerals, it is suggested that he review his impressions in the
light of these general reflections:
First, that in the inorganic or mineral world the forces gov-
erning the molecular arrangement of matter in crystalline forms,
and the affinities governing the chemical combination of elements,
rule universally ;
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS
Second, that the minerals of the earth’s surface necessarily
are the sole source of all thé elements useful in the industries and
the arts;
Third, that minerals appeal to our sense of beauty, and are as
much to be regarded as objects of artistic appreciation as are
the beautiful colors and forms of the animal creation.
BARITE FROM CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
21
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SVX3L WOU OTNIGVNHYY 1ISSO4 V
The American Museum Journal
Wore Lt MARCH, Igo2 NOs 3:
=)H{E Annual Meeting of the Trustees of the Museum
was held on Monday evening, February 10. The
report of the Treasurer showed that there had
been ‘disbursed for maintenance, $147,773.75,
which was $17,773.75 more than had been ap-
propriated for this institution by the City. The deficit, how-
ever, had been met by the contributions of the Trustees, which
enabled the Museum to begin the current year free of debt... The
subscriptions for the increase and improvement of the collections
and for publication amounted to $141,452.13, of which $37,500
was received from the Trustees and $11,500 was derived from
gifts made by numerous other contributors. The remainder of
the sum total was in the nature of funds subscribed for ex-
peditions in the field, for specific branches of the Museum’s
work and for the purchase of special collections.
The expeditions maintained during 1901 were the Jesup
North Pacific expedition; the Hyde expeditions in the south-
western States and in Mexico, supported by Messrs. B. T. Babbitt
Hyde and F. E. Hyde, jr.; expeditions for archeological re-
search in the Delaware Valley, supported by Dr. Frederick E.
Hyde; the Mexican expedition under the patronage of the Duke
of Loubat; an expedition in the Far East for the collection of
material illustrating the life and customs of the Chinese; an ex-
pedition throughout the western States in search of specimens
for the formation of series showing the evolution of the horse,
the cost of which was met by Mr. William. C. Whitney; the
Andrew J. Stone expedition to the Northwest for the purpose of
obtaining specimens of the large game animals of the continent;
expeditions from the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology
to Wyoming, Colorado and other parts of the West for fossil
23
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
reptiles and mammals; an expedition to the Selkirks for birds;
one to South Dakota and Wyoming for fossil invertebrates, and
one to the Black Mountains of North Carolina for insects.
Among the notable acquisitions received during the year there
may be mentioned a unique and valuable collection of gold
coins to the number of eight hundred from the Philadelphia
mint, presented by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan; the Briggs collection
of Indian basketry, presented by Mr. George Foster Peabody;
a series of Ainu objects made by Prof. Bashford Dean, and pre-
sented by Mr. Arthur Curtiss James; a large collection of shells
donated by Mr. Frederick A. Constable; large additions to the
Hoffman collection of Butterflies by the Very Rev. Eugene A.
Hoffman ; the Sennett collection of eight thousand birds; the
Dorenburg collection of Mexican antiquities, and a large col-
lection of Indian objects.
The scientific staff of the Museum has been active along
the line of publication, having issued during the year six parts
of the quarto Memoirs, Part IV (conclusion) of Volume XI,
Volume XIV and Part I of Volume XV of the Bulletin and
eight numbers of the American Museum Journal. Four of the
Memoirs emanated from the Anthropological Department, one
from the Entomological Department and one from the Depart
ment of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Mr. Morris K. Jesup was elected President for the twenty-
second term; Mr. Wm. E. Dodge and Professor Henry Fairfield
Osborn were re-elected First and Second Vice-Presidents, re-
spectively; Mr. Charles Lanier was re-elected Treasurer, and
Professor Hermon C. Bumpus was made Director.
A FOSSIL ARMADILLO FROM TEXAS.
Earp NE of the most valuable and interesting finds made
“Si lc] by the American Museum Texas expedition of
rg01 was that of a nearly complete carapace, or
shell, the tail-pieces and part of the internal skele-
ton of a Glyptodont. The specimen was found
by the writer in the side of a bluff of “‘Bad Lands” at Mount
24
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Blanco, Texas. The only portions visible at first were a few
small pieces of the scutes or scales that had been washed away
and lay uncovered at the bottom of the little ravine, below
where the main part of the skeleton still reposed in its original
bed or matrix, but so completely hidden by the loose material
and bunches of grass that covered the hill-side that it was only
by diligent search that it was discovered.
This queer animal belonged to a family of Edentates allied
to the living armadillos. It was, however, much larger than
the armadillo and differed from that animal in having a per-
fectly rigid armor or shell. The armadillo has the plates of its
armor fastened together in certain places in a manner to make
them slightly movable one upon the other, enabling the animal
to curl up in his shell, somewhat after the manner of a porcu-
pine. The carapace of this Glyptodont from Texas is about four
feet long, and the tail-piece is about two and one-half feet in
length, hence the total length of the animal in life, from the
point of the nose to the tip of the tail, must have been between
seven and seven and one-half feet.
This unique specimen is of particular scientific interest, since
it is the first one of this extinct family, sufficiently well preserved
to show any of its characters, found so far north in this country.
Remains of species of Glyptodonts are very abundant in South
America.
Je W: Gipuey.
THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS.
s=aq)T the twelfth International Congress of American-
fl ists held in connection with the Universal Expo-
sition at Paris in 1900, it was voted to accept
the invitation of Mr. Morris K. Jesup to hold the
thirteenth congress of the association in the halls
of the American Museum from the 20th to the 25th of October
next. Last November, Mr. Jesup, as president of the commision
of organization of the meeting, issued an invitation to all the
Americanists in the world to join the congress, the object of the
25
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
ve
convention being, in the words of the circular of invitation, ‘‘to
bring together students of the archeology, ethnology and early
history of the two Americas, and by the reading of papers and
by discussions to advance knowledge of these subjects.”’
The subjects to be discussed by the Congress relate to—
I. The Native Races of America: their Origin, Distribution,
History, Physical (nema Qaenisetes, Languages, Inventions,
Customs and Religions.
II. The History of the Early Contact between America and the
Old World.
To make the preliminary arrangements for the congress and
the discussions pertaining to the foregoing topics, President
Jesup appointed a special committee, consisting of the heads
of the departments of Anthropology in the American Museum,
and invited the American Association for the Advancement of
Science through its section of Anthropology to advise and codp-
erate with that committee in selecting a general commission of
organization, representative of the leading institutions in the
United States at which work in Anthropology is being done.
The officers of the Commission of Organization are as fol-
lows: President, Morris K. Jesup; Vice-President, The Duke
of Loubat; General Secretary, M. H. Saville; Treasurer, Harlan
ee Smateh.
The list of the members of the General Commission and the
institutions which they represent is: Franz Boas, Columbia Uni1-
versity; E. G. Bourne, Yale University; Charles P. Bowditch,
American Antiquarian Society; John C. Branner, Leland Stanford
Junior University; J. V. Brower, Minnesota Historical Society ;
H.C. Bumpus, American Museum of Natural History; Sydney H.
Carney, Jr., New York Historical Society; A. F. Chamberlain,
Clark ane ersity; T. F. Crane, Cornell University; Stewart
Culin, University of Pennsylvania, American Philosophical So-
ciety and Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia;
George A. Dorsey, Field Columbian Museum; G. T. Emmons,
U. 5S. Navy;. Livingston Farrand, New York Academy of Sci-
ences; J. Walter Fewkes, American Association for the Ad-
26
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
vancement of Science; Geo. P. Garrison, Texas State Historical
Association; D. C. Gilman; Johns Hopkins University; Charles
S. Gleed, Kansas State Historical Society; Stansbury Hagar,
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; Henry W. Haynes,
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Massachusetts His-
torical Society; F. W. Hodge, Smithsonian Institution; Levi
Holbrook, American Geographical Society; W. J. Holland, Car-
negie Museum; W. H. Holmes, U. S. National Museum; A. L.
Kroeber, University of California; Otis T. Mason, Columbian
University; W J McGee, National Geographic Society; Clar-
ence. B. Moore, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia;
Edward 8. Morse, National Academy of Sciences; W. W. Newell,
American Folk-Lore Society ; A. S. Packard, Brown University ;
G. H. Perkins, University of Vermont; J. W. Powell, Bureau of
American Ethnology; F. W. Putnam, Harvard University; Wil-
liam B. Scott, Princeton University; Frederick Starr, University
-of Chicago; J. J. Stevenson, New York University; R. G.
Thwaites, State Historical Society of Wisconsin; John Williams
White, Archeological Institute of America; Jas. Grant Wilson,
American Ethnological Society; Thomas Wilson, Anthropo-
logical Society of Washington; Talcott Williams, American His-
torical Association.
Since the Congress of Americanists has never before met in
this country, a brief statement relating to its history and its ob-
jects will be of interest in this connection. For several years
prior to 1857 there were several gentlemen living in France who
were especially interested in the pre-Columbian history of North
and South America, particularly in relation to the ancient civi-
lizations of Mexico and Peru and the theories regarding the
peopling of the New World. In order further to encourage re-
search on these and kindred subjects pertaining to America, a
society was organized in that year under the name, “La Société
Américaine de France.”
This association flourished to such a degree that its members
conceived the idea of assembling an International Congress of
Americanists to meet in Nancy, France, in 1875. The meeting
at Nancy was attended by representatives of various countries,
27
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
and statutes were adopted which established the broader organ-
ization on a firm basis. Biennial meetings were held at first, and
the place was selected by the council of the “Société Américaine
de France’’; later, the place and time of the meeting were deter-
mined by the Council of the Congress. Sessions of the Congress
have been held at irregular intervals, first at Nancy, then at
Luxemburg, Brussels, Madrid, Copenhagen, Turin, Berlin, Paris,
Huelva, Stockholm, Mexico and again at Paris in 1goo.
In acknowledgment of the international character and im-
portance of these gatherings of students of ancient American
history, the Congress has in several instances been directly under
royal patronage, and everywhere great consideration has been
accorded to the members, and high honor bestowed upon the
Congress. The Presidents of the Congress have been men dis-
tinguished for their work in some of its sections. A volume 1s
published after each meeting containing a résumé of the proceed-
ings of the Congress and a number of the important papers read
at the meeting.
With a full appreciation of all that the meeting of the Con-
gress implies, the American Museum of Natural History will
strive to do its part, as host, to make the coming meeting a suc-
cessful one. The great collections in American archeology and
ethnology, and the opportunities for comparative study which
the Museum offers, with its corps of workers to give assistance,
should induce many foreign Americanists to visit this conti-
nent, which is the field of their investigations, while to all who
come, whether from this country or abroad, a most hearty wel-
come will be extended.
Last month the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology
placed on exhibition in its hall a remarkable specimen of an
extinct Dog from Skillet Cik Donley Co., Texas, which has been
described by Dr. W. D. Matthew under the name Dznocyon
Gidlevit. The animal is the largest of the dog family thus far
described and belongs to an extinct race resembling in many
respects the bears. It must have equalled or exceeded the polar
bear in size. The specimen consists of the skull with a con-
28
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
siderable part of the spinal column attached and parts of two
bones of the leg. It may be found in Case 8 on the north side of
the hall. A restoration of the head of the animal has been made
in water colors by Mr. Charles R. Knight and is exhibited in con-
nection with the specimen.
HYPOCEPHALUS ARMATUS DESMAREST.
=a) SPECIMEN of the remarkable Beetle, Hypocephalus
armatus Desmarest, has been purchased recently
by the Museum and has been placed on exhibition
Cac OAS in the gallery of the East Wing (Hall No. 302).
~The creature is a native of Brazil, where it lives
in the roots of one of the plants of the tropical forest, probably
confining itself to one kind of plant. The species has given rise
to considerable controversy among scientists, and there have
been more divergent opinions expressed regarding its systematic
position and relationships than those of any other form of beetles
known. In form and structure it is very different from any other
member of the order Coleoptera, though its general external ap-
pearance is somewhat like that of the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa).
Without going deeply into anatomical details, the principal fea-
tures which characterize this creature are the large prothorax,
which equals in length and bulk the hinder portion of the body;
the five-jointed tarsi; the enormously developed hind femora;
the form of the mandibles; the manner in which the head 1s
a,
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
joined to the thorax; the short antenne, and the legs, which
are adapted to digging. This insect was first described in 1832
by Desmarest, and it has been generally conceded by entomolo-
gists that it forms a distinct genus and even family of Coleoptera.
The species is considered to be a remnant or fragment of a very
old fauna, otherwise unrepresented among living forms. The
illustration given herewith is about six-fifths natural size.
W. BEUTENMULLER.
LECTURES IN WTARCED IAN Ds Ps
Tue City Board of Education has provided the following
courses of illustrated lectures for March and April.
Saturday evenings, on physical geography :
March 1.—Jacques W. Repway, “Life of a World.” An
explanation of some important facts in geology.
March 8.—Jacques W. Repway, “Industrial Regions of the
United States.”
March 15.—Ricuarp E. Dopee, ‘“‘Man’s Relation to Rivers
and River Valleys.”’
March 22.—RicHarp E. Dopce, ‘“‘ Man’s Relation to Moun-
tains and Plains.”’
March 29.—RicHarp E. Donces, “Life in the Deserts.’
April 5—Cyrus C. Apams, ‘Great Ports of the World.”
April 12.—JoHN W. Mover, “How to Know the Common
recs.
April 19.—JoHn W. Mover, ‘‘ Where Lumber Comes From.’
April 26.—Miss LoutsE KLeIn MILuER, “ Home Gardening.”
Tuesday evenings, on the geography of North America:
March 4.—JouHN P. Crum, “ Alaska.”
March 1r.—S. T. Wis, ‘The Mississippi Valley and the
Southern States.”
March 18.—H. L. Bripeman, ‘‘Seeking Peary and the Pole.”
March 25.—W. E. MEEuAN, “ Pennsylvania.”’
April 1.—EcErTON R. Young, ‘‘In the Land of the Red Men,
as they Were and Are. With Glimpses of Prairies, Mountains,
Lakes and the Glorious Northern Auroras.”
April 8.—W. E. MEeruan, “ Florida.”’
April 15.—Joun P. Cium, “In the Wake of the Setting Sun.”
April 22.—W. E. Simmons, ‘The Nicaragua Canal.”’
April 29.—Joun C. Bowker, “ Hawai.”
The doors of the lecture hall will be opened at half-past seven,
and the lectures will begin promptly at eight o’clock.
)
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3°
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NORTH AMBRICAN RUMINANTS.
By J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D.,
Curator, Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology.
INTRODUCTION.
THE Ruminants of North America comprise the Deer, the
Pronghorn Antelopes, the Bighorn or Mountain Sheep, the Moun-
tain Goats and the Bison or “ Buffalo.”’ They are all ‘“‘game
animals,’’ and, like the game animals of all parts of the world,
they are, in many instances, rapidly approaching extermination.
The Bison, once so abundant on our western plains, is now almost
an animal of the past. The Elk or Wapiti Deer has been exter-
minated over probably nine-tenths of its former range; the
Pronghorn, the Virginia Deer and the Mule Deer have also be-
come greatly restricted, as has the Moose. Even the Caribou and
the Musk-Ox in the far North are being slaughtered annually by
the thousand, and are becoming exterminated over extensive
areas where they were formerly abundant.
The partial extermination of large mammals is inevitable, as
the country becomes settled, and the land is required for agricul-
tural purposes, but in this country the waste of animal life has
been enormous and inexcusable. The Buffalo was slaughtered
by the million long before its haunts were needed for settlement,
partly for its hide and partly to afford sport for the big-game
hunter. The slaughter of the Elk in the trans-Mississippian ter-
ritory has been almost equally needless and extensive. The
Rocky Mountain Bighorn has been wiped out of existence over
large portions of its natural range, and now the destruction of
the Caribou and Moose in the far North is proceeding with almost
incredible rapidity, not only in the regions invaded by the miner
and prospector, but also along the Arctic coast for the supply of
whale ships with fresh meat. Doubtless some of the strongly
marked climatic races of the Deer tribe have been wholly de-
stroyed, with no specimens in our museums to testify to their
former existence.
NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS
Owing to the large size of these animals and the consequent
difficulty and expense of obtaining and preparing them, very few
specimens have found their way to museums, and no time should
be lost in obtaining such series as will adequately represent them,
since it will soon be too late to secure the animals even for mu-
seum purposes.
. 74 t . ‘’ be
vO Sar
Ahi
NOILIGSdX3S AGAH “HVLN NYSLSVAHLNOS 4O SSAVO SHL WOUS SLOSPdO YSHLO ONV SLAXSVE
“ pos}: i ee
Sg SE a
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN
UTAH.
By Georce H. PEppER,
Assistant in the Department of Anthropology.
THE southwestern part of the United States is noted archzo-
logically for its cliff dwellings and pueblos. The cliff-houses are
more numerous in Colorado, Utah and Arizona, but the largest
group of ruined pueblos is situated in one of the broad canons of
northwestern New Mexico. These homes of the ancient people,
though differing greatly in form and situation, as well as the cave
lodges and boulder houses of the old river beds, were doubtless
the result of environment, and were probably, to a certain ex-
tent, occupied contemporaneously. The numerous problems
suggested by these ruins have been studied by careful investi-
gators, and exploration work has served to verify many hypo-
thetical conclusions and to disprove as many more; but the work
may continue indefinitely, for each season brings to light some
new problems of importance, and it is one of these that will be
considered in this paper.
The Wetherill family of Mancos, Colorado, have been closely
associated with the archeology of the Southwest for nearly a
quarter of a century, and they have had the honor of bringing
before the public the great Cliff-Dweller region of Colorado and
Utah. They have been untiring in their efforts as collectors and
are keen observers. Richard, the eldest son, was the leader of
most of the exploring trips, and it was he who found, in the
Grand Gulch region of southeastern Utah, the skeletons of an
ancient people, whose skulls were markedly different from those
of the Cliff Dwellers, and who named this new people the *‘ Basket
Makers.”’ Two gentlemen, Messrs McLoyd and Graham, fol-
lowed the pioneers and made a representative collection of the
objects and utensils of the Basket people. It is from accounts
of the region given by the last named explorers, supplementing
the statements of the Wetherill brothers, whom I consider
2
ro]
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
authorities on this subject, that I shall draw many of my
facts.
Richard Wetherill, in writing of this region, says: “Grand
Gulch drains nearly all the territory southwest of the Elk moun-
tains, from the McComb Wash to the Clay Hills, about one thous-
and miles of territory. It is the most tortuous canon in the whole
of the Southwest, making bends from 200 to 600 yards apart, al-
BURIAL CAVE OF BASKET MAKERS, GRAND GULCH, UTAH
most the entire length, or for fifty miles, and each bend means a
The Cafions Cave or overhanging cliff; all of those with an exposure
of Utah. to the sun had been occupied either for cliff-houses or as
burial places. The cafion is from 300 to 700 feet deep and in
many places, toward the lower end, the bends are cut through by
Nature, making natural bridges. Under these bridges, in some
cases, are houses, and in such places are pictographs in the greatest
profusion; the painted ones of the Basket Maker, with the later
ones of the Cliff Dweller cut or incised in the rock without paying
any attention to previous ones. Ingress and egress are very
difficult, there being not more than five or six places where even
4
ee ———S
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
footmen can get into or out of the cafion. Water is fairly plentiful.
Springs occur at very fréquent intervals, running a short dis-
tance and sinking in the sand perhaps to rise again lower down
the cation. Wherever there are slopes a sparse growth of pifion
and cedar occurs; about the springs are cottonwoods, willows
and box-elders; in the shaded side cafions are mountain ash and
a se ';
BASKET BURIAL, GRAND GULCH, UTAH
hackberry. The usual bush of the cafion is scrub oak. Canes
or rushes cover the bottom lands in the vicinity of water.”
This, then, was the home of the Basket Maker, at any rate, so
far as we know. There are evidences that a few, at least, of
these people found homes in the caves as far south as the Canon
de Chelle, but nine-tenths of the caves inhabited by these people
have been found in the Grand Gulch country.
The Cliff Dwellers practiced artificial flattening of the head.
This flattening was confined to the posterior portion of the
a5)
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
skull, and was as pronounced in the women as in the men.
The occipital deformity is so noticeable and so constant among
Physical this people that a normal cranium among a lot of skulls
Character- would attract the attention of an investigator. Mr.
istics. Wetherill discovered that two forms of human skulls
occurred in the cafions: the broad, short, flattened cranium of
the Cliff Dweller and a narrow, elongate, normal cranium. The
BASKET BURIAL, GRAND GULCH, UTAH
latter was the only kind found buried under baskets, a fact which
suggested to the discoverer the name “ Basket Makers” as an
appropriate appellation for the ancient people whose remains he
had found.
But these were not the only marked differences between the
two people whose remains are so closely associated. That the
Basket Makers used the bow is doubtful. They had, however, a
form of weapon unknown in the Southwest, either in ancient or
6
ee ae Te
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
modern times, save in this restricted area,—the throwing-stick,
whose nearest neighbor is’ found in Chihuahua, Mexico, in the
form of the “atlatl,”” an implement of war concerning Weapons
which wonderful tales were told by the early chroni- and
clers of New Spain. There are other implements and Utensils.
utensils peculiar to this people, one of which is similar to the
rabbit-stick used by the Hopi Indians of to-day; but the most
striking features are the absence of houses in the caves and the
manner of burying the dead.
The Basket Makers lived in caves, but the investigations in
this region furnish no evidences of their having had stone houses.
In some of the caves the houses of the Cliff Dwellers
have been found over the remains of the earlier Basket
Makers. In relation to the rooms excavated by the Basket
Makers, McLoyd and Graham say: “‘Some of the skulls in this
collection were obtained from underground rooms that had been
excavated in the clay bottoms of the caves. The largest of these
rooms are as much as twenty-two feet in diameter. They have
been filled in with ashes and other refuse, and the stone cliff
houses constructed over them. The heads taken from these
rooms are of natural form, never having been changed by pres-
sure. No skulls of this shape are found in the stone cliff houses
that are in the same caves, and no flattened skulls are found in
the underground rooms. Articles found in the rooms beneath
the cliff dwellings are, to some extent, different from those ob-
tained in the stone houses above.”’
Wetherill makes mention of a great many depressions in the
form of “ pot-holes,”’ some of which were lined with baked clay:
their use may have been, primarily, the storing of Mode of
grain or provisions, but a secondary and final utiliza- Burial.
tion was as a grave. In these carefully prepared places, the
bodies of the people were buried. They were doubled up and
placed at the bottom of the hole, then covered with beauti-
ful feather or rabbit-skin robes and finally with baskets,
either several small ones or one large carrying basket. No
matter what the character or quality of the other mortuary
articles might be, the basket was almost invariably in evidence.
7
Dwellings.
BURDEN AND OTHER TYPES OF BASKETS
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
The bodies exhibited, commonly known as mummies, testify
forcibly to the dryness of the caves in which they were found.
They were not subjected to an artificial mummifying « Mum-
process, as many people imagine and as the common mies.”
name would imply, but were buried in the usual manner, Nature
alone being responsible for their present condition. The body
instead of decaying, slowly dried. The flesh wasted away, under-
going a gradual process of desiccation, until the skin, flattened
on the bones by the pressure of the earth above it, became a
parchment-like covering that enclosed the skeleton. This work
of Nature was so wonderfully done that the individual external
features and peculiarities, although somewhat distorted, are per-
fectly preserved. The hair, eyebrows and nails are intact, and
the ears, the nose, the skin of the face and other fleshy parts of
the body are so perfect that they have been rendered almost
life-like by a process employed in one of our universities. Nature,
in this region at least, has been kind to the archeologist, and,
through her carefully prepared store-houses, has made it possible
to verify many hypotheses, while at the same time she has pre-
served for the student many invaluable records of the past.
THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS.
Although most of the ancient Pueblo people and Cliff Dwellers
were masters of the art of making pottery it would seem, from
the data at hand, that the Basket Makers had not
developed whatever ability they may have had 1n that
line. In fact, the majority of the vessels found with the remains
of these people are of a very crude type, indicative of the first
steps in fictile art as pointed out by specialists. McLoyd and
Graham, in speaking of this ware, say: “The third kind of
pottery is very valuable, less than fifty pieces having been found
up to date, and those in the underground rooms that have been
mentioned as being underneath the Cliff dwellings and in the
same caves. It is a very crude, unglazed ware, some of the
bowls showing the imprint of the baskets in which they were
formed.”
The pottery mentioned in this statement is on exhibition in
9
Pottery.
S1MOd IVAW YO SAVHL GOOS
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
the table case in front of the wall case referred to, and will be
described in detail in a future publication.
The large jars on the upper shelf of the wall case containing
the baskets are from the caves in which some of the remains of the
Basket Makers were found, but they are from the Wasnt for
upper levels and are the work of the Cliff Dwellers. Cooking
Many were used as cooking vessels, but most of the and
larger ones were receptacles for corn and other provis- 5tF#8®-
ions. Some of the jars still retain the corn and seeds that were
placed there by their original owners, while others are covered
with soot that shows the use made of them in the culinary
department. It will be noticed that most of the large jars have
rounded bottoms, necessitating a stand or base to keep them
in an upright position. The stand used was in the form of a ring
made either of yucca (‘Spanish bayonet’’) or cedar bark and one
of these may be seen attached to the base of a jar. It forms
part of a harness made of yucca leaves, which also served to
strengthen the jar, and facilitated the carrying of such a vessel.
This form of jar is common throughout the greater part of the
Pueblo and Cliff Dweller country, and is a good example of the
ware in which the coils have not been obliterated by smoothing.
The bottle-necked olla and a bowl are shown as examples
of another form. In these the surface has been smoothed and
ornamented with painted designs. In the corrugated ai
jars, the designs are generally incised, and are either Forms
lines or slight depressions forming figures. In the of Jar.
former styles of decoration a yucca brush is used, while in the
latter a bone implement or stick or even the finger nail was
enough to give the desired effect.
The foot covering of the ancient sedentary people is interest-
ing enough to fill a book with instructive text, but we must
merely glance at that here shown and pass on to the _ Sandals:
great collection of baskets. The yucca plant furnished Material.
the material from which these sandals usually were made. Some
were plaited from the split leaves of the broad-leaved species,
while for others the entire leaf of the narrow-leaved plant was
utilized. In making the sandals the progression was from the
Il
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
toe to the heel. Another form, a thick pad-like sandal, was
made from yucca fibre loosely woven, while a fourth was a
carefully woven product, both warp and woof being yucca cord.
Other materials were employed in the manufacture of these
useful articles, and specimens illustrating this fact may be seen
in the table case east of the one under consideration.
=
=
UL Libel
FOCD TRAY WITH BUTTERFLY DESIGN
There is a marked difference in shape between the sandal of
the Basket Makers and that of the Cliff Dwellers. The latter
Sandals: has a pointed toe, and there is a jog or step a few
Shape. inches from the toe end. The sandals of the Basket
Makers have square toes, apparently without exception. From
the crudest form made from broad leaves to the finest woven
12
——, ~~
_ THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
product, there is no deviation. The Wetherill brothers made
this a point for special investigation, and the square-toed form
seemed to persist to the exclusion of the regular cliff-house
type. We have McLoyd and Graham’s views in the following
words: ‘ Weare of the opinion that those [sandals] with square
FOOD TRAY WITH WATER-FOWL DESIGN
toes were made by a race who inhabited the underground
rooms. This view is formed from finding them buried with
mummies of that race and is strengthened by the fact that we
have found none in the caves where such ruins do not exist.”
Thus we may safely assume that this is another characteristic
ES
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
in which the Basket Makers differ from the Cliff people: at all
events, the matter is worthy of further study.
The baskets taken from the various caves of the Grand Gulch
region, and shown for the first time in this case, form as complete
a collection of pre-historic wickerwork as may be
found in this country, and present a new field for the
student of ancient weaves. All the large baskets were found
with the Basket Makers. The Cliff Dwellers made baskets, and
may have learned the art from these people, but most of their
productions were small and unornamented. According to Mc-
Loyd and Graham: ‘The large flat baskets or platters have only
been found in the underground rooms that have been mentioned.”
These large dishes or trays are well represented in the Museum
exhibit.
Basketry.
THE WETHERILL COLLECTION.
The northern half of the case is devoted to the material col-
lected by the Wetherill brothers and is the first collection of note
that came from the Grand Gulch country. The unique character
of many of these baskets would warrant a technical treatment,
and the weaves, materials, dyes and designs are all deserving of
a more detailed description than this account will permit.
The baskets that claim attention when the case is first ap-
proached are the ones that cover the bodies. They are really
Burden burden baskets and, though used to cover the bodies
Baskets. after death, were not specifically mortuary baskets.
They are from three to four feet in diameter and are conical in
form. Some of them still retain their carrying cords and show
evidences of long use. As burden baskets they were no doubt
used in carrying wood, grain, fruits etc. They are of the coil
pattern and have the three-stick core. We find this form of
basket in use at the present time among the Apaches, Pah Utes
and most of the tribes of northern and central California. In
the modern tribes, however, almost all baskets of this shape are
of the bam tush weave, a weave in which the warp is perpen-
dicular instead of being in the form of a horizontal coil.
The ornamentation here shown is angular and well defined,
14
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
and approaches in decorative effect the modern work of the
Maidu Indians of California. The material used in the Ornamen-
construction of the basket is willow. Splints of this tation.
material have been dyed black and a peculiar dull red, and these
two colors form the design as shown in the basket on page 8.
ites Ta
mene
FOOD TRAY WITH BUTTERFLY AND WATER-FOWL DESIGNS
The conical bottom of this basket has been reinforced and
strengthened with heavy yucca cord, because the basket is always
put down with this part resting on the ground. This feature
may be noticed in the Pah Ute burden baskets of the present
day, but the Pah Utes generally bind their baskets with
rawhide.
15
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
On the first or lower shelf of the Wetherill collection there is
a series of eight baskets that were probably used as food trays or
Trea teas meal bowls. Some may have been used as gambling
or Meal trays with which to toss the bone and wooden dice,
Bowls. while others were, possibly, ceremonial objects that
were used only on special occasions. This series 1s composed of
specimens that are practically of the same form. They are made
of willow stalks and splints and are of the “‘three-rod founda-
tion” type, as illustrated and described by Professor Otis T.
Mason in the American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. 3, No. 1,
p. 122. Since almost all of the baskets made by these people
are of this type, Mason’s description of this particular form of
weave as given in the article cited may be quoted here.
‘“Three-rod foundation—This is the type of foundation called
by Dr. Hudson, bam tsu wu. Among the Pomo and other
Mode of tribes in the western part of the United States the
Manufac- most delicate pieces of basketry are in this style. Dr.
Ba Hudson calls them the ‘‘jewels of coiled basketry.”
The surfaces are beautifully corrugated and patterns of the most
elaborate character can be wrought on them. The technic is as
follows: Three or four small, uniform willow stems serve for the
foundation. The sewing, which may be in splints of willow,
black or white carex root, or cercis stem, passes around the three
stems constituting the coil, under the upper one of the bundle
below, the stitches interlocking. In the California area the
materials for basketry are of the finest quality. The willow
stems and carex roots are susceptible of division into delicate
filaments. Sewing done with these is most compact, and when
the stitches are pressed closely together the foundation does
not appear.”
Accepting this description as covering the generalities of
manufacture, we may proceed to the examination of a few of
the individual peculiarities. Beginning with the second specimen
from the right of this part of the case we have a basket seventeen
inches in diameter, which is slightly concave. The stitch is the
ordinary “wrap stitch’’ with the exception of a space about an
inch and one-half from the end of the outer coil, where the
16
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
herring-bone stitch was used. This stitch is employed by the
modern Pah Utes, Navajos, Supais and Pimas, but with these
tribes the entire rim is finished in this manner. The design on
this basket, as shown on page 12, is a very unusual one. Mr. T.
+
e-
fe
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~
>
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- —-)
ew & >
> al i
imap ay sf : Pies
OPEN-WORK, OR “ SIFTER,’? BASKET
F. Barnes of Los Angeles, California, has suggested that it may
be a conventionalized representation of butterflies and Butterfly
that the basket was probably a ceremonial one, used Designs.
when a child was born, the butterfly being symbolical of the new
life. In verification of this supposition, the entry in Wetherill’s
original catalogue shows that this basket was found over the
“ nartially mummified remains of a child.” The design is in two
17
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
colors. The space below the bar and between the wings is a dull
red-brown, the remainder of the figure being black. These de-
signs are not equidistant as is generally the case in ancient decora-
tive work of this region, and the position of one of the figures
directly below the finished end of the outer coil may point to a
symbolic relation between the design and the closed or finished
coil.
Another decoration, as interesting as it is odd, is shown in
the fourth basket from the same end of the case. This basket
Water: was found in a cave and may be seen in position in
fowl the plate on page 5. In this instance the basket
Design. covered the head and upper part of the body, the
remainder being wrapped in a feather-cloth robe. The figures
shown in this basket, forty-four in number, were evidently made
to represent ducks or other water-fowl, and they form two lines
or series (p. 13). All the figures pointing in one direction are
black; those facing them are dull red, and are raised slightly
above the others in a horizontal plane. A line of black near the
rim constitutes the remaining feature of the decoration of this
basket. In size and material it is practically the same as the
one just described and the design is similar, in some respects,
to the fifth basket, which is also decorated with the bird figure.
In the photograph of this basket shown on page 15 it will be
seen that the designs in the two baskets that have been described
last are combined in this one. The bird-forms are practically
Other the same, but the body of the butterfly, if it be one,
Designs. is represented by one instead of three parts. In the
former the figure may have been made to represent the butterfly
just after 1ts emergence from the chrysalis, with the wings ex-
tended, which would have been a pretty symbolization of the
new life as applied to the infant, while in the latter the wings
are folded, and the butterflies, like the birds, are resting. The
designs, however, may have a cosmic significance, the figures
typifying the gods of the air and the water. An interesting
feature of these figures is the antenna-like projection that may
be noted on both baskets. There is a black coil near the rim
of the basket; where this ends there are two black stitches on
Oo
To
=
syhisaee*
ideas 044
aaei®
Mii
stig
MOUNTAIN DESIGN
.
id “
ee
the
Sy
nd
~~
-”
s
+
>
SHAPED BASKET WITH SUN-AND
BOWL-
BOWL-SHAPED BASKET WITH MOUNTAIN DESIGN
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
the outer coil. From this point to the end of the coil is a little
more than an inch, and the finishing half of this portion is done
in the ‘‘ herring-bone stitch.”
Inasmuch as all the other baskets on the shelves are of the
same form and general workmanship as those already described,
Sifter we will pass on to those on the floor of the case. Here
Baskets. we find a type, shown on page 17, which is unusually
interesting. It is a sifter basket of the single-stick variety and
the weave is very peculiar. The basket is nine and one-half
inches in diameter and two inches deep. The fact that it is a
coiled basket makes it doubly worthy of notice. Sifter baskets
are found among the Apaches, Pimas, Pah Utes and Pomas of
the present day, which are, however, of the bam tush weave.
Open-stitch work is seen to-day among the Klikatats of Wash-
ington and in the Attu baskets of the Aleutian islands. This
basket is made of willow and is well preserved. It is not dec-
orated, but the stitch is a peculiar one and therefore lends a
charm that claims our attention. An examination of the spec-
imen, or even of the photograph, will serve to give a better idea
of the structure than could be gathered from a description.
While considering the large baskets it may be well to ex-
amine those collected by McLoyd and Graham and then return
to the smaller specimens in the Wetherill collection.
THE McLoyp AND GRAHAM COLLECTION.
The McLoyd and Graham collection occupies the southern
half of the large case. The first specimen to be considered is the
second one from the right on the first, or bottom, shelf, and it
is probably the most beautiful example of pre-Columbian basket-
work in existence. The basket is of the three-stick weave, with
flat bottom and flaring sides, and is seventeen and one-half
inches in diameter and five inches in depth. The highly orna-
mental geometrical design, in black and dull reddish brown,
is illustrated on page 19. This basket, like many others, was
found buried with the body of a child which had been wrapped
in fur-cloth and deerskins. From the esthetic standpoint, this
basket is a treasure, and its utilitarian value must have been
20
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
as great as its ornamentation is beautiful. The split willows
forming the design were dyed a glossy black and a dull reddish
brown, the pattern formed of the latter color giving the effect
of an under-tint. The design is bold and somewhat startling
FOOD OR GAMBLING TRAY
and is confined to the flaring part. The flat bottom presents
the appearance of a disc from which wings extend; Winged
the designs forming these appendages start from the Design. (?)
opposite sides of its circumference, which is defined by two
black lines. These wing-like figures are broad and have serrated
edges. They extend to a black line that forms the second coil
21
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
of the rim. On one side of each wing there are two well defined
lines that have the appearance of wave-lines. On the other
side there is a design in the dull red color that seems almost like
a shadow. This too is flanked by two lines similar to the ones
just mentioned. There are two designs similar to those em-
ployed by the Pomas of the present day. They are in the form
of mountains and occupy positions on opposite sides of the
basket. The base of these figures rests against the black line
Sun-and- that skirts the rim and the terraced tops almost reach
Mountain the rim of the central part. The most forcible 1m-
Design. (?) pression of this ornamentation in its entirety is that
of the winged sun soaring over the earth as represented by
the mountains. Neither a photograph nor a description can
do justice to this wonderful evidence of the work that could
be done by the old people; the specimen itself must be examined
if one would fully appreciate the capabilities of the ancient
Basket Makers.
Another basket of beautiful design and workmanship is
figured on page 19 and may be seen on the first shelf of the
Mountain case. It is similar to the one just described both in
Design. (?) shape and weave. Its special claim upon our atten-
tion is its decoration. This is in the form of heavy mountain-
like figures that form a band midway of the rim. There
are the same lines of black separating the bottom and upper
part as seen in the other baskets, then there is a plain space
before the terraces begin. There are seven of these pyram-
idal figures and their bases are joined, forming a rosette. The
tops of the figures are toward the rim and rest against a black
coil. A single black coil near the rim completes the ornamenta-
tion. This basket and the one with the wing design are the
only ones in our collections with heavy designs, the. tendency
being toward a more delicate treatment.
A third specimen of the flat-bottomed form is shown on page
21. It has the double coil of black that forms the limit of the
bottom piece and from this the sides extend, their edges being
twenty inches apart. The design is in black and is formed by
two zig-zag bands, one of which is near the rim and the other
22
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
near the bottom. This basket was found with a mummy and
with it were three others. It has weathered more than the
S\K
YUCCA SPLINT BASKET FOOD BASKET OF COILED WORK
SMALL STORAGE BASKETS
other baskets, but it is one of the largest, and the design is a
very striking one. There is a gambling tray from the iuaile
River reservation, California, in the Briggs collection in the
23
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
American Museum, that has a design similar to this one, and
the weave of the basket is practically the same.
Turning to the coarser weaves we have on page 23 two baskets
that show conclusively that they were made for every-day use.
Coarsely One is a bowl-shaped piece eleven inches in diameter
Woven and four and one-half inches deep; it is of the usual
Baskets. coi] pattern, but coarsely woven as compared with
those already noted. This basket was used until the bottom
gave out and even then it was not discarded. It was mended
with strong strips of split willow and each strip included two
coils. The basket was strengthened to such an extent by this
reinforcement that it was really as good as new. The second
basket shown on this page is made of yucca leaves. It is four-
teen inches in diameter and four inches deep. This form and
weave are common among most of the modern Pueblo tribes and
even the finish is the same. It is also found among the Apaches
and Pimas. The rim is a willow stick over which the yucca ends
have been bound and tied, the tying being done on the outside.
A number of smaller baskets of this type are shown in the case
and one of them is figured on page 23 among the baskets shown
with their original contents.
The basket last mentioned is exactly like the large yucca
one, except in size, and in the plate cited we may see it as 1t was
Storage found. It is filled with beans, which must have been
Baskets. raised in quantities by the ancient people, since a great
many have been found in the debris of the rooms.
The basket shown above the one just mentioned is rather pe-
culiar in form, since the bottom is oval, a rather unusual shape
Ovai in pre-historic baskets. Most of the baskets from the
Baskets. caves are round, but several of the oval form have been
found; enough, in fact, to show that the shape is not a freak.
This specimen is eight inches long, three and one-half inches
wide at the top, two inches wide at the bottom, and four and
three-quarter inches long. Its depth is four inches. This basket
is of the three-stick weave, and the materials used are the same
as in the others. The bottom is flat and there are two coils of
black separating the top and bottom. There are two pointed
24
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
designs in black near the rim on either side. When found, these
baskets were filled with popped corn, pifion nuts and seeds.
In the lower right-hand corner of the same photograph there
is represented a small basket containing feathers which were kept
in place by means of a piece of cotton cloth completely filling the
upper part of the basket.
oe a
YUCCA BASKET AS FOUND IN A CAVE, GRAND GULCH UTAH
The remaining three baskets represented on page 23 are of
the “‘in-curve”’ form. Two have flat bottoms, but the third is
like an olla in shape. They have the three-stick core, “In-curve”
and the weaving of the two shown in the left part of Baskets.
the picture is the same as that already described. The third,
in the upper right-hand corner, has what is known as the “skip
stitch,’’ which may be seen in some of the old Pima baskets.
The ordinary in-curve basket is found among the modern Pomos
of California, but is extremely rare among ancient peoples.
These baskets, although not as pretentious as the larger ones,
present a phase of the domestic life that appeals to the student,
because they are the receptacles for holding the little things
that are so common and yet so essential in the every-day life.
<5
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
Some were storage baskets in which seeds were kept, perhaps
for the next season’s planting. One of them contains pifion gum,
which was their paste and glue. With this gum they mended
their broken vessels and made their baskets water-tight, as may
be seen by the olla-bottomed basket represented in the plate.
This little water bottle is filled with pumpkin seeds and the
covering of gum has rendered it water-tight.
Another form of basket that may be considered under this
class is shown on page 25. It is more like a yucca bag than a
basket, and yet it is made in the same way as are the other yucca
productions. It is really a small storage basket and it is here
shown filled with shelled corn while about it are scattered ears of
corn. This basket and corn were found in a pot-hole in a cave
and were no doubt cached in this place for future use. Near
the basket just described and leaning against the back of the case
Mortar iS a specimen that is evidently a mortar basket. It is
Basket. thirteen inches in diameter and three and one-half
inches deep. The interior is coated with meal and the surface
of the coils is worn as though from blows of a pestle or grinder.
The home of the mortar basket is in California and, should future
investigations show that this form of basket was used by the
ancient people of Utah, it will mark the eastern limit of the type,
so far as known.
Much more might be said concerning these interesting objects.
Those that have been noted are worthy of a detailed descriptionand
therearemore than fifty others in thiscasethat must be passed with-
out even mention. The collection as a unit may be studied with
the help of this introduction, which will prepare the student for
more specific information regarding the arts of the Basket Makers.
Notre.—The various types of baskets mentioned in this description of the
remains of the pre-historic inhabitants of south-eastern Utah are also to be seen
in the basketry of the Indian tribes now inhabiting California and other parts
of the western United States, examples of which are on exhibition in the West
hall, ground floor; and in that of the natives of British Columbia, Alaska and
the Aleutian islands, as exhibited in the North hall, ground floor. Inasmuch
as the same design expresses different ideas when used by different tribes, it is
well for the reader to bear in mind the point made clear in the text by the
author of this Leaflet, that the interpretation offered here for the designs on
the pre-historic baskets is wholly conjectural.—Ep1rTor.
26
The American Museum Journal
WiGits ANE MAY, 1902 No. 5.
a UR “‘ Guide Leaflet’ this month pertains to the Local
%, §} Collection of Butterflies which is on exhibition in
the Central hall of the third or gallery floor. It
has been prepared by Mr. William Beutenmiuller,
Curator of Entomology, and is intended to be
used for field identification of the species, as well as in the study
of the specimens in the cases. All forms of nature-study are of
interest and value in the education of children, but entomology
seems to present some especially attractive features. The iden-
tification and study of the larger forms of the butterflies, moths,
beetles, flies and so on is not difficult, and the habits of observa-
tion inculcated by the exercise are of lasting value to the pupil.
THE 10 MOTH
(A utomeris io) Hermaphrodite form, natural size.
In the collection of local Lepidoptera formed by the late S.
Lowell Elliot, and presented to the Museum by Mrs. M. Schuyler
Elliot, there is a very interesting specimen of a hermaphrodite
39
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
form of the Ilo moth (Automerts 10). The left side of the specimen
shows, in the coloration of the wings, head, thorax and legs, and
the structural characters of the antenne, the features of the nor-
mal male, while the corresponding right side shows the features
of the normal female, except the hind leg, which is like that of the
male. In shape and size, the abdomen is like that of the female,
while in color it is like that of the male, except that the under side
is dull brown, as in the female.
NEWS NOTES.
NEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALAON-
"| TOLOGY.—The preparation of the series of skel-
etons and bones representing the development of
the horse, provided for by the liberality of William
C. Whitney, Esq., is progressing satisfactorily.
The skeleton of the three-toed horse, Anchitherium, which was
discovered last season, has been mounted and placed on exhibi-
tion in the Hall of Fossil Vertebrates. This specimen has been
the means of determining positively the occurrence of this marsh-
living horse in this country, and has enabled Professor Osborn
and his assistants to clear up the doubtful relations of many
specimens which were obtained by Professors Leidy and Cope,
but which were too fragmentary to be classified satisfactorily.
Anchitherium was an animal about as large as a small Shetland
pony, and differed especially from the Plains horses by having
short-crowned teeth and by its broad-spreading three-toed feet
which enabled the animal to walk over soft ground without
sinking.
The Museum has also secured recently from South Dakota a
considerable portion of an excellent specimen of Mesohtppus
batrdt, which, together with material already in the collection,
will make possible the mounting of a skeleton showing this stage
in the development of the Horse. Mesohippus was about the
size of a sheep.
In preparing the comparative series of skeletons showing the
40
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
differences produced in the horse by breeding or artificial selec-
tion, Professor Osborn has enlisted the aid of Professor J. C.
Ewart, who is well known for his experiments at Penicuik, Scot-
land, in the interbreeding of horses and zebras. From Professor
Ewart the Museum has secured a perfect Shetland pony, only
314 inches high, the smallest on record. The first of the series
of horse skulls showing the development of the teeth will soon
be placed on exhibition.
Six water-color paintings of horses, asses and zebras have
been completed by Mr. Charles R. Knight, and put on view.
This series has been made partly as a color-study for use in pre-
paring the restorations of the extinct horses.
The type specimens of the species of horses described by Dr.
Joseph Leidy have been loaned to the Museum by the United
States National Museum and the Philadelphia Academy of Sci-
ences, for purposes of comparative study.
The exhibit of Titanotheres in the northwest corner of the
Hall of Fossil Vertebrates has been entirely rearranged to accord
with the results of the studies which Professor Osborn has been
making during the past winter for the United States Geological
Survey. Small models of the heads of the four principal types
of Titanotheres and of the ancestral form and a model of the
running Brontothertum have been prepared by Mr. Knight, and
are to be placed on exhibition near the fossil bones.
(Sa _EPARTMENT OF MAMMALOGY AND ORNI-
SOT S| THOLOGY.—Mr. Frank M. Chapman, the Asso-
ciate Curator of the Department of Mammalogy
and Ornithology, is spending his vacation in mak-
ing a cruise among the Bahama Islands, on a
schooner chartered for the purpose, and is making collections of
the birds and carrying on special studies of their habits.
THE course of Saturday afternoon talks and laboratory exer-
cises in ornithology, given in the auditorium of the Museum
during April and May, has proved to be popular, and is consid-
ered very instructive and helpful by the large number of teach-
4I
THE RED-EYED VIREO
. Audubon, obtained by the Museum through the liberality
From one of two unpublished paintings by J. J
of Percy R. Pyne, Esq.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
ers and others who have attended the exercises. The programme
of the series was given in the last number of the JOURNAL.
THE head of a large African elephant, mounted in realistic
style, has been hung on the wall of the East Corridor hall of the
second floor, and an excellent head of the two-horned African
rhinoceros has been put in a similar position on the third floor.
These specimens have been deposited with the Museum by Mr.
William F. Whitehouse, Jr., of Banbury, England, an enthu-
siastic hunter of large game.
THE head of a large Alaskan moose, presented by Mr. L. S.
Thompson, has been mounted and placed in the East Corridor
hall, near the entrance to the main mammal hall. The head is
remarkable, not only for its size, but also for the unusual develop-
ment of the antlers, a series of tines having grown out from the
middle of the palms on each side.
THE Osprey group, the material for which was collected last
year on Gardiner’s island by Mr. Frank M. Chapman, has been
completed and placed on exhibition in the West Corridor hall of
the third floor. It makes a notable addition to the series
of groups representing the life history of birds.
THE birds and mammals brought back by Mr. N. G. Buxton
as a result of his visit to northeastern Siberia, in connection with
the Jesup North Pacific expedition, have been examined by the
Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology. The material
proves a valuable addition to the collections of the Museum for
the purposes of study and exhibition. The value of Mr. Bux-
ton’s observations in Siberia is enhanced by the large series of
photographs which he brought back with him.
===) HPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.—The Mu-
Te, seum is fortunate in having procured for the
Department of Anthropology the Raff collection
of wood-carvings from the tribes of western
Africa. The objects are mostly of religious or
ceremonial character. All are old and in an excellent state of
preservation.
43
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Tue ethnological material collected by Mr. A. J. Stone on his
first expedition to Alaska has been acquired by the Museum.
The objects were obtained, for the most part, along the Macken-
zie river and the Arctic coast and represent the early culture
of tribes which have been greatly affected in late years by
French missionaries.
Mr. WaLpEMAR Bocoras has returned from his travels in
Siberia, in connection with the Jesup North Pacific expedition,
notices of which have appeared in the JouRNAL from time to
time, and has begun the study of the large amount of material
which he has collected and sent to the Museum.
GroRGE Foster Peasopy, Esq., has furnished the Museum
with funds for the purchase of the Steiner collection of archzeo-
logical implements from Georgia, which forms a desirable addi-
tion to the Museum series representative of North American
archeology.
B. Tatsotr B. Hype, Esq., has purchased the Andrew E.
Douglass library, which has long been at the Museum with the
Douglass collection, and which contains many rare treasures of
archeological literature, and has made it available for use in
connection with the Hyde exploring expedition.
Miss M. W. Bruce has presented the Department of Miner-
alogy with a large and showy group of calcite crystals from
Joplin, Missouri. The chief feature of the group is a large com-
posite scalenohedron, the top of which is capped by a single
turban-shaped crystal.
Earty in April Professor R. P. Whitfield returned from his
vacation, which he spent visiting southern California.
Mr. GEorGE H. SHERWOOD, the Assistant Curator of the
Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy, has gone to Woods Hole
to continue the experiments on the artificial propagation of the
lobster which have been under way for some years by the United
States Fish Commission.
44
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
THE following articles of Vol. XVI (1902) of the Museum
‘‘Bulletin”’ have been issued up to April 23:
A New Species of Elk from Arizona. By E. W. Nelson. 12
pages, 7 text illustrations.
Zimmermann’s ‘ Zoologiz Geographice’ and ‘Geographische
Geschichte’ Considered in their Relation to Mammalian Nomen-
clature. By J. A. Allen. 10 pages.
The Crania of Trenton, New Jersey, and their Bearing upon
the Antiquity of Man in that Region. By Ales Hrdlicka. 40
pages, 4 text figures, 22 plates.
Description of a New Form of Myalina from the Coal Meas-
ures of Texas. By R. P. Whitfield. 4 pages, 2 text illustrations.
Observations on and Emended Description of Heteroceras
simplicostatum Whitfield. By R. P. Whitfield. 6 pages, 5 plates.
Description of a Teredo-like Shell from the Laramie Group.
By R. P. Whitfield. 4 pages, 1 text figure, 2 plates.
The Four Phyla of Oligocene Titanotheres. By Henry Fair-
field Osborn. 19 pages, 13 text illustrations.
Dolichocephaly and Brachycephaly in the Lower Mammals.
By Henry Fairfield Osborn. 13 pages, 5 text illustrations.
The Generic and Specific Names of Some of the Otariide. By
J. A. Allen. 8 pages.
A New Caribou from the Alaska Peninsula. By J. A. Allen.
g pages, 6 text illustrations.
A Skull of Dinocyon from the Miocene of Texas. By W. D.
Matthew. 8 pages, 4 text illustrations.
On the Skull of Bunzelurus, a Musteline from the White River
Oligocene. By W. D. Matthew. 4 pages, 3 text illustrations.
A New Bear from the Alaska Peninsula. By J. A. Allen.
3 pages, 2 plates.
A New Sheep from the Kenai Peninsula. By J. A. Allen.
4 pages, 2 text figures.
Description of a New Caribou from Northern British Co-
lumbia, and Remarks on Rangifer montanus. By J. A. Allen.
Io pages, 6 text figures.
45
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
ATTENDANCE AT THE MUSEUM DURING 1too1.
Department of Public Instruction:
ikecturesito Meachers. (0 t6 Mite coe ee Bree
ibectures to, Members: 44e, yet See ee eae
Holiday ikectures to thes Public apenas
Columbia University Counmseor Rectures es eee
Board of Education, “Free Lectures to the People”’:
Tuesday Evenine Courscauny. «-n eee ot re
Saturday Evenme(Counel, ) 220 ate eee
Meetings of Societies:
(ANAC OL DOCIE yey ected ak eee ep aes ee
nM sanSOCIebYy fineness ee
Pntomolocicalssocietyr. rae eo eee
Anthropolosical- Society lu. eee
Minéralosical: @huloe ya6 orth. ea. cee ee ee
Convention of the American Ornithological Union....
Total attendance, lectures, meetings and conventions
Other visitors: to the Museum irs ae ee eer et ee
Total attendancestor thesyeaticr cme ae ee
46
12,491
8,998
5,056
2.272
41,543
Speen
76,896
384,130
461,026
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK
Cian
By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER,
Curator, Department of Entomology.
BuTTERFLIES and moths belong to the order of scaly-winged
insects or ‘‘ Lepidoptera.”” The two may be distinguished readily
by the fact that the butterflies have the tips of the antennz
thickened into knobs, while the antennz of the moths are thread-,
comb-, or feather-like. Butterflies fly in the sunshine, but moths
generally are night fliers.
The eggs of butterflies are far more variable in shape than are
those of moths and insects of other orders, and their surface
often is elaborately ornamented with raised lines and spots.
They are laid singly or in masses. The caterpillars are long and
cylindrical, and are composed of twelve joints or segments be-
sides the head. Each of the first three segments bears a pair of
simple, short, articulated feet. These three segments represent
the thorax, and the remaining nine the abdomen, of the perfect
insect. The sixth to the ninth and the last joints of the cater-
pillar as a rule are furnished with a pair each of thick, fleshy
limbs, termed ‘“‘pro-legs.’’ These legs have powerful muscles
and are provided at their extremities with a great number of
minute recurved hooks which enable the caterpillar to hold to its
place of rest. When fully grown, they suspend themselves from
some convenient object by means of a silken button, some using
a silken thread around the body in addition to the button, and
change into chrysalids.
The present Guide Leaflet* is a popular account of the
butterflies which are to be found within approximately fifty
Those who are interested in pursuing the study of these butterflies
further, are referred to the author’s ‘‘ Butterflies Found within Fifty Miles of
New York,’’ Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Vol. V, pp. 241-
BLO Loose
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
miles of New York City and is intended to be used not only in
connection with the Local Collection on exhibition in the Mu-
seum, but also as a concise handbook for the purpose of identi-
fying the species in the field. The butterflies found in the
vicinity of this city are representative of four families, the
Papilionide, the Nymphalide, the Lycaenide and the Hesperide,
and will be described in that order. The figures used in illus-
trating the species are all natural size, and most of them show
the under as well as the upper side of the wings. Some of the
figures illustrate also the wings of the female. The collection
has been installed in the flat cases on the railing of the gallery
in the Central hall of the third floor.
Family PAPILIONID.
The butterflies of this family found in the vicinity of New
York are divided into two subfamilies: viz., Papilioninas and
Pierinez. j
Subfamily PAPILIONINA.
These are large butterflies, commonly known as Swallowtails,
because of the tail-like appendages on the hind wings.. In the
tropics some species occur without these tails. The antennz are
slender, the knob at the tip either straight or curved. The body
is provided with six feet fitted for walking. The caterpillars are
usually smooth or are provided with fleshy protuberances, and in
the upper part of the first segment is a forked scent-organ which
may be thrust out or drawn in at will. This organ gives off a
disagreeable odor when extended, which serves as a protection
to the caterpillar. The chrysalids are attached by the tail to a
button of silk, and the body is suspended obliquely in a loop of
silk that passes around it a little in front of the middle. The
species of Papilio may be separated readily by the following
synoptic table:
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Synopsis of the Paptlionine.
With very long tails.
Pale green, with black borders and stripes......... Papilio ajax.
With short tails.
Ground color black.
With bluish or greenish reflection............. P. philenor.
With bands composed of yellow spots.......... P. astertas.
With hind wings very thickly clouded with green
scales (male) or blue scales (female)........ P. trotlus.
With yellowish spots and broad band at base of
| ah avs sea (S78 a a es ecee P. cresphontes.
Ground color yellow,
Watorbiaek bands and Stripes: 2.22.0 eed aban + P. turnus.
Ground color sooty brown,
With black bands and stripes.......P. turnus, var. glaucus.
1. Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio turnus).
This butterfly inhabits all sections of the United States and Can-
ada from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky mountains. In the vicinity
of New York it is common and double-brooded, the first brood ap-
pearing in the latter part of May and June, and the second in July
and August. The butterfly is yellow with transverse black bands.
2
o
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
An aberration occurs in the female which is sooty brown, instead of
yellow, with the black markings faintly visible (var. glaucus). The
female lays her eggs singly on the upper surface of a leaf, and
the young caterpillar takes up its abode on the same side, reposing
on a bed of silk, which it spins for the purpose of retaining its hold
on the smooth surface of the leaf. When disposed, it goes to the
edge of the leaf to feed. As the caterpillar increases in size, the
leaf is somewhat drawn together, making the animal difficult to dis-
cover. It is green, and has on each side of the third segment an
irregular oval, greenish-yellow patch edged with black and enclosing
a purple spot. Atthe junctions of the fifth and sixth segments is a
transverse, narrow, yellow and black band. It feeds on apple,
quince, plum, thorn, cherry, birch, basswood, ash, alder, willow, oak,
tulip-tree etc. .
In the Hall of North American Forestry there is a group showing
a branch of the tulip-tree bearing male and female butterflies, the
caterpillar and the chrysalid of this species, and illustrating the effect
the insect has upon the leaves of the tree.
2. Black Swallowtail (Papilio asterias).
Very common in open fields, especially where the wild parsnip
grows, from May to October, but it is most common in August.
4
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
The butterfly is black, with two rows composed of yellow spots on
each wing. The hind wings have blue scales or dashes between
the two rows of spots. In the female the yellow spots are much
smaller, and the blue scales very prominent. The caterpillar is
bright pea-green, with a transverse black band on each segment,
containing a row of yellow spots. It feeds on parsley, parsnip,
celery, carrot and other allied plants. The species is found in
Canada and the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific
coasts, in Mexico, Central America and the Antilles.
3. Green Clouded Swallowtail (Papilio troilus).
Found in open, sunny spots and along wood paths from the latter
part of May until late in June, and again in August. The butterfly is
velvety black, with a row of pale yellowish spots near the outer border
on the fore wings. The hind wings are densely clouded with green
scales in the male, with blue in the female. It is a common species,
being distributed over a large area in America north of Mexico. The
caterpillar lives on sassafras and spice-bush. It is green, with two
very conspicuous eye-like spots on the third segment. It spins a
silken web on the leaf on which it abides, drawing the leaf together
lengthwise.
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY:
4. Giant Swallowtail (Papzlio cresphontes).
This handsome Swallowtail Butterfly is one of the commonest in-
sects in the South, and is seen everywhere flitting about in the orange
groves. When first discovered, it was thought to be restricted to
the South, but within the last twenty years the butterfly has extended
its range very much, being now found as far north as Canada. In
the vicinity of New York it is not common. It is double-brooded;
the first brood appearing in June and the second in August. It
may be known by its large size and its deep black wings, with a row
of large, rounded, yellow spots running obliquely from the apex to
near the base. From about the middle of this row begins a row of
spots which runs to the hind angle. The hind wings have a rather
broad band across the base, and a series of large yellow spots running
from the apex tothe inner angle. The under side is almost entirely
yellow. The caterpillar is dark brown with a white band on each side,
6
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
extending from the head to a large whitish patch, mottled with olive
and brown. At the end of the body is also a whitish patch. A number
of rings are scattered over the body, especially on the anterior parts.
In Florida, the insect is a pest to the orange, and, on account of
the large size and voracity of the caterpillar, it is commonly known
as the ““Orange Dog.” It does considerable damage, especially to
young trees, which are often completely defoliated. In the North it
feeds on the hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata). The female butterfly de-
posits about five hundred eggs; she scatters them over a wide area,
seldom laying more than four or five upon a single plant.
The effect of this insect upon the hop-tree is illustrated by a group
in the Hall of North American Forestry consisting of a branch of the
tree with male and female butterflies, the caterpillar and the chrysalid.
5. Zebra Swallowtail (Papilio ajax).
A pale green species with black borders and transverse stripes;
hind wings with a red spot at the anal angle, and with very long
tails. Only a few specimens have been seen flying or have been
taken in this vicinity. It is common in the Southern and Western
States. The caterpillar lives on papaw.
7
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
6. Blue Swallowtail (Papilio philenor).
Common in this neighborhood, but rather local, owing to the
scarcity of the food-plant, snake-root (Aristolochia serpentaria). It
may be found in May and June, and again in August and September,
in open woods, and in gardens, where the caterpillar feeds on the cul-
tivated Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochia stpho). The butterfly may
be known easily by the velvety black wings with greenish or bluish
metallic reflections, and the row of large orange spots on the hind
wings below. The caterpillar is velvety black with long black and
orange fleshy tubercles and orange spots. It is found throughout the
United States and Canada, and in Mexico.
Subfamily PIERINz.
The species belonging to this subfamily are usually of med-
ium size, nearly always white, orange or yellow. They have no
tail-like appendages on the hind wings. The inner border of
the hind wings is bent downward, forming a channel in which
the abdomen rests. They are pretty and graceful, with a
tolerably swift, irregular flight. They are known as white,
yellow, sulphur or orange butterflies. The caterpillars are
8
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
cylindrical, usually with very fine short hairs. They also
lack the scent-organ of the Papilios. They live almost ex-
clusively on plants belonging to the pulse family (Leguminosz)
and the mustard family (Crucifere). The chrysalids may be
distinguished at once by the presence of a single pointed pro-
jection in front, and sometimes they are very much enlarged
ventrally, so as to be almost triangular in shape. The eggs are
much longer than broad, taller than those of any other group
of butterflies; they are vertically ribbed, and almost invariably
laid singly, though sometimes in open clusters.
Synopsis of the Pierine.
Pieris.
White, with black spot on fore wings (two in the female)....P. rape.
Pine WihtGe, WiItLOUl AMARKINOS, 55 o ic. wea eiseye wee ce ss P. oleracea.
With veins on under side of hind wings heavily bordered with _
ECCI SEAN Et) 26 tae mt a ee ee a on Be Soa KE ay P. protodice.
Euchloé.
Upper wings falcate, tipped with orange in the male....... E. genutia.
Catopsilia.
Miami tit, lemony ellows: Sanco tere beste ost, eo oP oe C. eubule.
Colias.
With silvery spot in middle of hind wings beneath.
Wings sulphur-yellow, with black borders.......... C. philodice.
Wings orange, with black borders..........5.....- C. eurytheme.
Fore wings with a yellow “‘dog’s-head”’ patch...... C. cesonia.
Eurema.
With no silvery spot in middle of hind wings beneath.
Wings bright orange, with black borders............ E. nictppt.
Wings lemon-yellow, borders black, with ferruginous spot
OlrapemrOl Midowsdles OCU AL nee Se sas em Pes ss lisa.
7. White Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris oleracea).
This butterfly may be known from its congeners through its having
the upper side of the wings entirely white. It is three-brooded, the
first brood appearing from the latter part of April until about
9
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
the middle of May, the second late in June until early in July, and the
third from late in July until early in September. The spring brood
has the under surface of the hind wings and tips of the fore wings
heavily washed with yellow, while the summer broods are entirely
pure white. The caterpillar is pale green, covered with fine, short,
white hairs, and has a dark green line along the back. It feeds on
various kinds of cruciferous plants such as cabbage, turnip, radish,
mustard and horseradish.
ee ea
ih pate yy
=; N
8. Imported Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rape).
This species is an importation from Europe, and is exceedingly
common from May until November. It may be seen everywhere, in
gardens, pastures and other places, but especially in cabbage fields.
It was first noticed on this continent in Quebec, Canada, about 1860,
whence it gradually extended its range. In 1868 it was independently
introduced at New York. Since then the butterflies have spread
from Canada to Florida and westward to the Pacific coast. The
caterpillar lives on all kinds of cruciferous plants, such as cabbage,
to which it is particularly injurious, cauliflower, turnip and radish.
BN SS be NGes ail
9 Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice).
This butterfly is white with black dashes and spots. There
are two broods each year, the first coming out in May and June and
the second from about July to October. The caterpillar lives on
10
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
cabbage and allied plants.. The species is found in the United
States from ocean to ocean, and also in Mexico. It was common
about New York in former years, but since the introduction of the
Imported Cabbage Butterfly it has disappeared almost entirely,
though it is sometimes common for only a season or two in certain
localities.
10. Dog’s-Head Butterfly (Colias c@sonia).
This southern species is occasionally taken in this vicinity. In
the South it is common. It may be known readily by the yellow
dog’s-head patch on the fore wings, and broad black borders.
11, Clouded Sulphur Butterfly (Colias philodice).
Very common everywhere in this neighborhood, along roadsides,
in open fields and in gardens. It is especially common when the red
clover is in blossom. Sometimes hundreds of these yellow butter-
flies may be seen in dense masses upon wet spots in the road, swarming
when disturbed and settling again when the interruption ceases. It
is apparently triple-brooded, and may be found on the wing from
the latter part of April until about the middle of October. The
It
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
butterfly is readily known by its sulphur-yellow wings with black
borders. A pale form of the female occurs in which the wings
are whitish or yellowish-white; sometimes a male form occurs which
is thickly covered with black scales, so as to obscure the yellow
ground color. The caterpillar lives on clover and allied plants.
12. Orange Sulphur Butterfly (Colias eurytheme).
Very rare in this vicinity, but common in the Southern and
Western States. It differs from Colias philodice in having the wings
orange instead of yellow. The caterpillar lives on clover.
13. Orange-Tip (Euchloé genutia).
This pretty species is local, and appears to be restricted to certain
localities. It is on the wing early in May, and flies until about the
middle of that month. The butterfly is white with the tips of the
fore wings orange in the male; the under side of the hind wings
is marbled with green. The caterpillar is dark yellowish-green,
glossy, with a yellow stripe along the back and a broader white one
oneach side. It feeds on rock cress (Arabis).
Me a
14. Orange Butterfly (Eurema nicippt).
About 1880 this beautiful species appeared in considerable num-
bers in Central Park, New York City, and other places around New
York, but since then only a few specimens have been taken. The
butterfly is found frem the Atlantic to the Pacific, and in most of
the States south of Lat. 40° in Mexico and in Central America. In
the South it is very abundunt. The caterpillar lives on senna (Cassia).
I2
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
15. Little Sulphur Butterfly (Eurema lisa).
A small yellow species with black borders. Rather common in
sandy places in June and again in the latter part of August and early
in September. The caterpillar is grass-green, with minute hairs and
white elevation; feeds on clover and senna (Cassia).
16. Cloudless Sulphur Butterfly (Catopsilia eubule).
This species may be recognized by its large size and sulphur-yellow
wings. The caterpillar feeds on different species of senna (Cassia).
It is a common species in the South, but is rarely met with in the
vicinity of New York, a few specimens having been taken in recent
years in September and October. In 1870 it was found in abundance
on Fire Island, L. I., and numbers were also seen at Long Branch
some years ago. It has also been taken in different places on Long
Island, Staten Island, Manhattan Island, Westchester County and
New Jersey. It is found from New England and Wisconsin to
Patagonia, S. A.
Family NYMPHALID.
The members of the family found in this vicinity are divided
3
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
into the following subfamilies: Euploéine, Nymphaline, Satyr-
ine and Libythene.
Subfamily EupLoEIN«.
This subfamily is almost entirely confined to the equatorial
regions of America and Asia. The butterflies average far above
medium size, and have rounded, somewhat elongate wings.
Their flight is powerful and sustained, although usually slow.
They often sail high in the air on expanded wings. The eggs
are slender obconic, vertically ribbed and transversely striate,
and are laid singly on the food-plant. The caterpillars have two
or more segments each with a pair of long, slender, flexible
filaments above. The chrysalids are always suspended from a
silken button at the hinder part. Only a single species of this
family is found in this vicinity—the Milkweed Butterfly.
ee
17. Milkweed or Monarch Butterfly (Anosia plexippus).
Very common in this vicinity, appearing in May and June, but
becoming more numerous in August and September. In years when
conditions have been favorable to the insects’ increase, immense
swarms of the butterfly may often be seen in autumn migrating
southward. It inhabits North America, South America, West Indies,
Sandwich Islands, Australia, New Zealand and the Malay Archipelago.
The caterpillar lives on milkweed, and the chrysalid is pale green with
golden markings.
14
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Subfamily NyMPHALIN2.
This is the most extensive subfamily of butterflies and em-
braces an almost infinite variety of forms in every stage of its
existence. The flight of the butterflies is usually strong. They
generally pass the winter as a butterfly or a caterpillar, and in no
instance does the egg hibernate.
Our species may be separated by the following table:
Synopsis of the Nymphaline.
Argynnis.
Orange-brown with black markings; hind wings with silver
spots beneath.
Large species.
Upper side of hind wings black, with a bluish reflection
A EME LOWS IO SOOUSA Ya oh 6. e.5 2 oes eta me ale ee 2 A. tdalia.
Under side of hind wings with a broad yellowish
FWA We oes SSE ae 1 garda i ie Aen eG es ea A. cybele.
Under side of hind wings with a narrow yellowish
(A 0a00 in ee eS OR ee eer er a ray A. aphrodite.
Small species. &
With silver spots on under side of hind wings... .- A. myrina.
Rusty brown on under side of hind wings and
WthOUL Silver SHOtS.....>.24 stats: «4. sare a. Delloma.
Euptoieta.
Upper side fulvous, with black markings; under side of hind
wings with brown and ashen-gray shades........ E. claudia,
Melitza.
Black, with rows of pale yellow spots, and a row of brick-red
spots alonsithe outer borders*, /:.2 2.2.4... 6 2 ed M. phaeton
Brown and black, similar to P. nyctets.
Under side of hind wings checkered
Phyciodes.
Upper surface fulvous, with black markings.
Under side of hind wings with silvery white bands... .P. nyctets.
se)
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Under side of hind wings with grayish, brown and
ochraceous blotches (form marcia), or entirely
ochraceous with a brown outer patch (form mor-
pheus), and with transverse brown lines.......... P. tharos.
Polygonia.
Wings falcate ; brown with black markings.
Under side of hind wings witha broken C. ....P. interrogationis.
Under side of hind wings with C not broken.......... P. comma,
Under ‘side'streaked with black dines. 9202. . 0.) 0 =. P. progne.
Under side marked with olive-green on the outer parts. .P. faunus.
Hind wings above with a large white spot on the costa. .P. j-album.
Vanessa.
Wings velvety brown, with yellow borders.............. V. antiopa.
Smaller in size, with a broad fulvous transverse band on each
WLU oop loicrte: aac Sey oles ochre aes er Re ee ene ate V. milbertt.
Pyrameis.
Wings velvety brown, with an oblique red band.......... P. atalanta,
Wings fulvous with black markings.
With two large eye-like spots on under side of hind
WATS has Ps Reena, cae ociicia eed Oe a nae Ron er re P. huntera.
With five small eye-like spots on under side of hind
WLI S °F aa ce ee age coe eres nt ee ce eee P. cardut.
Junonia.
Wings sepia-brown, with large eye-like spots above......... J. cenia,
Limenitis.
Reddish brown with black borders and veins, and a trans-
verse band across the middle of the hind wings. .L. distppus.
Velvety black, with metallic blue shades and spots...... L. astyanax.
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
18. Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia).
Found during July and August in swampy meadows or adjacent
fields, and it is sometimes common locally. When feeding, the butter-
fly nervously flutters its wings and darts off at the least disturbance.
It is single-brooded, and hibernates as a caterpillar. The caterpillar
feeds on violets.
19. Great Spangled Fritillary (Argynmis cybele).
Rather common in swampy places. Makes its appearance in
the latter part of June, and is found throughout July and the early
part of August. The caterpillar lives on violets and hibernates.
17
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
20. Silver-Spotted Fritillary (Argyunis aphrodite).
Orange-brown with black spots. Closely allied to A. cybele, but
may be separated from that species by its smaller size and the absence
of the dark basal area on the fore wings above in the male, and also
by the narrower yellow field between the outer margin and the brown
basal color on the under side of the hind wings. It is found in wet
meadows and overgrown fields in June and July. The caterpillar
hibernates. It feeds on violets.
21. Silver-Bordered Fritillary (Argynnis myrina).
A small orange-brown butterfly, with black markings and silver
spots on the hind wings beneath. It is common in swampy places
and damp meadows. It is on the wing from the latter part of May
until early in September, and it is triple-brooded. It flies rather
slowly amongst tall grass, when not feeding. When alarmed, it flies
only a short distance, and then settles again in the grass. The cater-
pillar feeds on the violet. Those of the last brood hibernate.
22. Meadow Fritillary (Argynmts bellona).
Common in this neighborhood and found together with Argynnis
myrina, but it is not as abundant as the latter. In general appearance
it very much resembles A. myrina, from which it differs in the absence
of the silver spots on the hind wings beneath. The caterpillar feeds
wn the violet. The last brood of caterpillars hibernates.
is)
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
23. Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta claudia).
Not common in the vicinity of New York. It is found usually in
damp, open places where the species of Argynnis occur. There are
probably two broods here, one in June and July and the other in
August and September. The caterpillar feeds on violet, mandrake,
passion-flower etc.
24. Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos).
Very common from May to the latter part of September or early
October. The form which appears in May and June is called marcia;
it produces the summer form, morpheus. It is found in open meadows
and fields, and is probably three-brooded in this vicinity. The cater-
pillar hibernates. It feeds on various kinds of asters.
25. Silver Crescent (Phyciodes nycteis).
In general appearance this butterfly resembles Phyciodes tharos,
=
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
especially in color and markings on the upper side; but the under side
of the hind wings is very different, being provided with silvery white
bands and crescent-shaped spots, which are absent in P. tharos. It
is also larger than that species. It is somewhat rare in this vicinity.
It is on the wing in June and July. The caterpillar lives on different
kinds of asters and sunflowers.
26. Black Checker Butterfly (Melitea phaeton).
This pretty black species, with yellow and brick-red spots, is
single-brooded, and is not rare in this vicinity, but is local in swampy
places. It is found on the wing about the middle of June. In flight
the butterfly is slow and sluggish. It alights on leaves, shrubs and
grasses and on the ground. The eggs are laid in masses. The young
caterpillars spin a web, in which they live until the following spring;
after the caterpillars become older they leave the web and live singly
on the leaves. Their food is turtle head (Chelone glabra), woodbine
(Lonicera), Gerardia etc.
27. Harris’s Butterfly (Melitea harrisit).
Very rare in this neighborhood. On the upper surface it looks
very much like Phyciodes nycteis, but the under surface is quite differ-
ent. It is on the wing from about the middle of June until August.
The caterpillar feeds on the aster.
20
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
28. Violet-Tip (Polygonia interrogationis).
Found in glades, gardens and roadsides in the vicinity of woods.
It is very fond of sucking the sap which flows from wounded trees,
especially maples and oaks, and is attracted by juices of decaying
fruits. When at rest on the trunk of a tree, it is very difficult to de-
tect, owing to the brown color of the under side of the wings, which
closely resembles that of the bark of the tree or of a withered leaf.
It is rather common during warm weather, but difficult to capture.
In this vicinity there are three broods, the last one hibernating in the
butterfly state. This butterfly has two forms; the hibernating one
being known as form fabricii and the other as wmbrosa. Fabricit has
the upper sides of all the wings orange- brown, with pale and black
spots. The form wmbrosa has the hind wings very dark brown with
the markings obliterated. The caterpillar lives on elm, hackberry
(Celtis), hop and nettle.
29. Hop Merchant or Comma Butterfly (Polygonia comma),
A very wary insect with a quick, nervous flight, yet at the same
21
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
time audacious and pugnacious. It darts recklessly at and about
objects in the air, vainly pursuing even a passing bird or dragonfly.
They tussle with one another too to such an extent that their wings
are almost invariably rubbed and broken after their wrangle. When
disturbed, the butterfly takes a zigzag trip over a tree, house-top or
fence, often without alighting anywhere, and returns to within a few
inches of the old spot. The butterfly usually takes his pastime
toward sunset, when only now and then a patch of sunlight remains
among the shadows of the trees. The caterpillar is sometimes very
destructive to hop vines, and in some localities it is known to growers
as the ‘“‘Hop Merchant,” and according as the metallic color on the
chrysalis is gold or silver, the price of hops will be high or low. This
insect is quite common in the vicinity of New York. The hibernating
form of this butterfly is called harrist1 and the summer form dryas.
The former differ from the latter in having the hind wings above
considerably paler. It feeds on the elm and false-nettle (Behmeria),
as well as on the hop-vine. The butterfly has a silver comma on the
under side of the hind wing, hence the name ‘‘Comma Butterfly.”
30. Marbled Comma Butterfly (Polygonia faunus).
Very rare in this vicinity. It is a northern insect, and is com-
mon in mountainous districts. It may be recognized easily by the
deeply incised and notched outer margins of the wings; and by the
under side of the wings, which is beautifully marbled with various
shades of brown, from light to dark, and mottled with gray-white.
In the light shade there is a row of olive-green spots, followed by a
band of the same color within the outer border. The caterpillar
lives on birch (Betula lenta), willow and wild and cultivated gooseberry.
22
22
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
31. Gray Comma Butterfly (Polygonia progne).
The upper side of the wings is similar to that of P. comma, but the
under side is very different; these are gray-brown, closely streaked
with fine, short lines. It is less common than P. comma, but its
habits are much the same. It is double-brooded, the first brood
appearing in early summer and the second in August and September.
The second brood hibernates. The caterpillar feeds on wild and
cultivated currant and gooseberry. The figure shows the under side.
32. White J Butterfly (Polygonia j-album).
This species is somewhat rare in the vicinity of New York. In
the Northern States the butterfly is abundant. It is yellowish,
washed with rusty brown; basal half ferruginous, beyond which are
large black spots on the fore wings and a white spot near the tip of
each wing.
25
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
33. American Tortoise-Shell Butterfly (Vanessa mulbertz).
Somewhat rare in this vicinity, but common throughout the
Northern States and Canada, and westward to the Pacific. The eggs
are laid in masses, usually on the under side of the leaves of the
nettle, and the caterpillars live in swarms.
34. Mourning-Cloak Butterfly (Vanessa antiopa).
This species hibernates in the butterfly state in sheltered places.
It may be found under stones, stumps of trees, sticking to the rafters
of barns or in the crevices of walls, sometimes huddled together in
numbers, with the wings doubled together above the back, and ap-
parently lifeless. During the first warm days of April and May the
insects crawl forth from their winter quarters and hover about
the sappy stumps of recently felled trees. About the middle of July the
24
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
butterfly becomes scarce, and remains so until the advent of the
second brood, in August. The female deposits her eggs in a cluster
around a twig near the petiole of a leaf. The caterpillars are gre-
garious in habits, living together in companies. The first brood of
caterpillars appears in June and the second in August. The butterfly
is velvety brown with pale yellow border. It is distributed over the
entire breadth of the northern hemisphere below the Arctic circle, as
far as the thirteenth parallel of latitude. The caterpillar lives on elm,
willow, poplar and hackberry (Celtts).
A group of this species is on exhibition in the Hali of North
American Forestry.
35. Thistle Butterfly (Pyrameis cardut).
A cosmopolitan species, very common everywhere. In this vicinity
it is doubled-brooded, and the caterpillar lives snugly within a few
leaves spun together with silken threads. It lives on the thistle,
burdock, sunflower and hollyhock.
36. Painted Beauty or Hunter’s Butterfly (Pyramets huntera).
25
e
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW, YORK CITY
This butterfly may be recognized at once by the white net-like
marking and large eye-like spots on the under surface of the hind
wings. Common in open fields and along roadsides. It is double-
brooded and flies from May to October. The caterpillar feeds on
cudweed (Guaphalium) and on wormwood (Artemisia); it draws the
leaves or flowers together and forms a rude case, within which it lives.
The species is found throughout the United States and Canada.
37. Red Admiral (Pyrameis atalanta).
Occurs over all North America and in Europe. In this vicinity
it is sometimes very common, from the latter part of May until No-
vember, and it is double-brooded. The butterfly is brown with a
broad red band across each wing. It is found usually along wood
paths or in open woods and fields. The caterpillar draws together
the edges of a leaf and forms a commodious cavity which shelters it.
It feeds on nettle, hop and false nettle (Bahmeria).
38. Buckeye Butterfly (Junonia cenia).
26
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Sometimes rather common in this neighborhood. The species
may be recognized easily by the four eye-like spots on the upper
side of the wings. The caterpillar feeds on Gerardia, plantain and
snap-dragon. It is double-brooded. Found throughout the United
States and southward.
39. Blue Viceroy (Limenitis astyanax).
This butterfly frequents orchards and feeds on fallen fruit. It is
black with a bluish lustre, and the hind wings are clouded with bluish
shades. It is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in May and
June and the second in July and August. The caterpillar feeds on
apple, thorn, gooseberry, cherry, plum, huckleberry etc.
40. Brown Viceroy (Limenitis disippus).
27
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
In general appearance this butterfly resembles Anosia plexippus,
but may be distinguished therefrom at once by its smaller size,
scalloped outer borders and the black band across the middle of
the hind wings. It is common in this vicinity, where it is found
usually along the borders of damp places and in waste fields. It is
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June and the second in
July and August. The young caterpillar of the last brood rolls
the tip of a leaf around itself, remains thus enclosed all winter and
completes its transformation the following spring. It feeds on
poplar, willow, apple, plum and oak.
Subfamily SATYRINA.
The species of this subfamily are chiefly found in woods,
glades and lanes, not often being seen in clearings or open fields.
The flight of the butterflies is low, feeble and dancing in style, and
is not long sustained. In color they are nearly always brown,
with or without eye-like spots, above or below. The caterpillars
are furnished with a fork-like process at the end of the body.
Their food is different kinds of grasses. The species may be
distinguished by the use of the following table:
Synopsis of the Satyrine.
Neonympha.
Outer borders rounded.
Wood-brown, with two eye-like spots in yellow rings
On: Each “Wine maaan soc ick Cee ee eee et oe N. eurytus.
With a row of black spots in a light shade on each wing, NV. canthus.
Debis.
Outer borders scolloped.
With a row of black spots in a light shade on each
WETS 0s. i: eee aie ae eS eR Se D. portlandia.
Satyrus.
Wood-brown, with yellow figure-8-like patch on the fore
WALES. hoes 2. YRS 2 cee ech ne et ee ere ne eee S. alope.
With yellow patch reduced and darker.......... form maritima.
With: yellowpatchv absent: :2.ciye el eee form nephele.
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
41. Blue-Eyed Grayling (Satyrus alope).
Found plentifully throughout July and August in grassy fields
and open woods, especially along the borders of woods where the
large trees have been felled and a young growth is appearing. It
flies low, and for but a short distance, and rests upon the leaves of
bushes or trunks and twigs of dead trees. In the North a form occurs
which lacks the yellow marks on the fore wings (var. nephele). The
caterpillar feeds on grasses.
42. Pearly-Eyed Grayling (Debis portlandia).
Generally distributed in this vicinity, but it is local. The flight is
somewhat like that of Neonympha canthus. It often rests on the
trunks of trees, sallies forth at any passing butterfly and retires again
to its chosen post of observation. It also flies near the ground, along
the edges of woods or in the forests among bushes and trees. Found
from the latter part of June to about the first of August, and it is
single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
29
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
43. Eyed Grayling (Neonympha canthus).
Found in the latter part of June and through July and August,
flying in swampy places. Its flight is low, with a slow, jerky motion.
It settles here and there among the tall grasses. By beating the
grass one may often start the butterflies in numbers. The cater-
pillar hibernates.: It feeds on grasses.
44. Little Wood-Satyr (Neonympha eurytus).
Common from the latter part of May until August, in woods and
near-by fields, especially fields more or less overgrown with shrubs.
It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
Subfamily LipyTHEIN2.
The species belonging to the subfamily Libytheine are char-
acterized by their long, beak-like, palpi (mouth parts), and by
the males having four feet adapted for walking, while the females
have six. They are commonly known as Snout-Butterflies.
Only a single species is found in the vicinity of New York.
30
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
\
ate 3
. re Nah
45. Snout Butterfly (Libythea bachmant).
This species may be recognized easily by its long beak-like palpi,
hence the name Snout Butterfly. It is somewhat rare here, though
it sometimes appears in numbers. It flies during May, July, August
and early September, and is two- or three-brooded. The caterpillar
feeds on hackberry (Celtis).
Family LYCANIDA.
These are small butterflies, with or without fine, short, hair-
like tails on the hind wings. They have six legs adapted for
walking. They are commonly called Blues and Hair-Streaks.
The caterpillars usually live in flower-heads of various kinds of
plants, feeding on the tender parts of the leaves only when com-
pelled to do so. They are more or less oblong oval or oval, with
the head retractile into the first segment, and have a ridge along
the back. The chrysalids are short, fastened at the anal ex-
tremity, and have a loop of silk around the body, much as do the
Papilionideg. They may be separated as follows:
Synopsis of the Lycenine.
Thecla.
Hind wings with tails.
Slate-gray, with an orange spot at the anal angle of hind
UWE rece ngaeh os OG ee ORIN A nv, aya T. melinus.
Sepia-brown, with a double, broken, white transverse
Dandsonwpoth wities beneathie.. 5.2... .6c8..- 4 T. calanus.
Sepia-brown, with four irregular, wavy white lines across
the Gpper wins beneath. cs .0Ne ss es. sche ee T. strigosa.
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
J
Thickly scaled with green on the under side, with wavy
white and brown transverse bands.............. T. damon.
Hind wings strongly toothed or notched.
Outer.half of hind wings heavily overlaid with whitish .
Scales “betreath as esa ssi aeie eet yates. cys oh ieee To: 47s:
Hind wings ferruginous with zig-zag transverse lines
beneath, «iat cietin cute paean ote gen rceene aes he rase aiaeee T.ntphon.
Hind wings not toothed or notched.
Under side of hind wings with outer half ferruginous. . 7. augustus.
Hind wings with outline evenly rounded (female) ; hind angle
produced (male).
Under side of hind wing with an outer row of large
OLAN LE SM OUS) st Na terte Mie ac ee te eae ge Te tits:
Feniseca.
Wings ochraceous, with black border. .
Under side of hind wings with many whitish rings. . F. tarquinius.
Chrysophanus.
Small size, glossy orange-red.
Hind wing brownish-gray with black spots beneath.C. hypophleas.
Large size, copper-brown with black spots.
Under side of wings whitish, with black spots........... C. thoé.
Lyczena.
Hind wings with a thread-like tail. Color, blue.
Under side of hind wings with two orange spots..... L. comyntas.
Hind wings without thread-like tail. Color, blue.
With terminal row of orange spots on under side of hind
WELLES > 4..5: hie acre Rae ere eee 2 ey eect nee see mee L. scudderi,
Without orange spots on hind wings beneath... .L. pseudargiolus.
Smaller than pseudaroroluse. gerne eee ok form neglecta.
Spots on under side running together........... form lucia,
Spots on basal area of hind wings not running together,
form marginata,
Terminal rows and basal spots on hind wing prom1-
nent, not running together..............form violacea,
WwW
is)
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
46. Gray Hair-Streak (Thecla melinus).
A small slate-colored species, with an orange patch, enclosing a
black spot, near the anal angle of the hind wings. It is double-
brooded, and flies in open woods and gardens during May, June, July
and August. The caterpillar lives on the heads of the common hop-
vine, and also on the bean.
47. Banded Hair-Streak (T7hecla calanus).
Not common in the vicinity during June, July and August, in
woods and about shrubbery. The butterfly is sepia-brown above,
and on the under surface, with two double white stripes on each of
the fore and hind wings. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds
on oak, chestnut, hickory and walnut.
48. Striped Hair-Streak (Thecla strigosa).
33
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Very rare in this vicinity. It is closely allied to T. calanus, but
differs in the position and number of white lines on the under side.
The butterfly appears to be local, and is rarely found away from
thickets. It flies early in July, and is rarely found on the wing after
the first of August. The eggs are laid in July and remain unhatched
until spring. The caterpillar feeds on oak, holly, thorn, plum and
apple.
49. Hoary Hair-Streak (Thecla trus).
Rather common locally in this neighborhood, especially in pine
woods and open places near where huckleberries grow. The cater-
pillar is said to feed on these plants. It lives on the wild plum also.
The butterfly appears during the latter part of April, and is on the
wing until about June.
50. Coral Hair-Streak (Thecla titus).
The butterfly frequents flowers in open sunny places near thickets
and woods. It is found in July and early in August, and is single-
brooded. In this vicinity it is considered rare, but occasionally it has
been found in considerable numbers. Its color is sepia-brown, with
a row of coral-red spots along the outer border on the under sides of
the hind wings. The caterpillar lives on plum and wild cherry.
34
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
51. Green Hair-Streak (Thecla damon).
Found on the wing in May and June, and again in July and Au-
gust. It occurs only in localities where cedar trees grow, this tree
furnishing the food of the caterpillar. The butterfly when disturbed
flies for a short distance and suddenly drops to the ground, folding
its wings. Owing to the green color on the under side of the wings,
it is quite difficult to detect the insect in the grass.
52. Brown Elfin (7hecla augustus).
In color on the upper surface this insect is like that of T. trus, but
it differs greatly from that species as to the under side of the hind
wings, which have the basal half deep brown and the outer half rusty
brown, with a row of minute dark spots. It is found in pine woods
in April and May.
53- Pine Hair-Streak (Thecla niphon).
Rare in this vicinity. Found in pine woods, in April and early in
May. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on pine.
35
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
54. Tailed Blue Butterfly (Lycena comyntas).
A small blue butterfly common everywhere, in meadows, clover
fields and roadsides from May to September. It is three-brooded,
and the caterpillar feeds on the flower-heads and tender leaves of
clover, bush-clover (Lespedeza) and tick-trefoil (Desmodium).
55. Scudder’s Blue Butterfly (Lycena scudderit).
Very rare in this neighborhood. Only a few specimens have been
taken. It is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in May and
June, and the second in July and August. The caterpillar feeds on
lupines.
56. Spring Azure Butterfly (Lycena pseudargiolus).
A very common species found in open sunny places, especially in
woods. There are five forms of this butterfly in this vicinity. The
forms lucia, marginata and violacea are found in April and early in
May. The forms neglecta and pseudargiolus are found in the summer
until September. The caterpillar lives in the flower-heads and tender
leaves of various kinds of plants.
36
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
57. American Copper Butterfly (Chrysophanus hypophieas).
Very common in open, sunny fields and meadows, from May to
October. Three-brooded in this vicinity. The caterpillar lives on
sorrel (Rumex).
58. Bronze Copper Butterfly (Chrysophanus thoé).
This butterfly is double-brooded, and is not common in this
vicinity. It is found in swampy places. The first brood appears
in June or early in July, and the second from the middle of August
to the middle of September. The caterpillar feeds on smart-weed
(Polygonum) and sorrel (Rumex).
59. The Wanderer (Feniseca tarquinius).
Somewhat rare and local in this neighborhood. It is usually
found where alders grow. The caterpillar feeds on plant-lice, which
live in masses and are covered with thick white waxy excretions.
The caterpillar particularly affects the species (Schizoneura tessellata)
a5
oi
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
which occurs on the alder. It is three-brooded, the first brood
appearing from the latter part of May to the middle of June; the
second early in July, continuing to fly until the early part of August;
the third brood appears from the middle of August to the end of
September.
Family HESPERID.
The members of this family are known as Hesperids or Skip-
pers, the latter name having been applied on account of the
peculiar flight of the species. The flight is very rapid, varied
and interrupted, terminating suddenly after a short career and
suddenly resumed. It is hurried and intermittent, never steady
or sailing like that of the other groups. The butterflies almost
invariably delight in the hottest sunshine, and generally fre-
quent open meadows. They may be known readily by their
antennz, which are abruptly hooked at the tip. The caterpillars
have between the head and first segment a distinct neck which
gives them a very characteristic appearance.
Synopsis of the Hesperide.
Ancyloxpyha.
Fore wings blackish, washed with orange, ochraceous.
Under side of hind wings clear orange, ochraceous. ..A. numutor.
Pamphila.!
With a short black bar on fore wings at end of cell.
Under side of hind wings with a large yellow patch in
the ‘middle. nce a cote ee ke ne P. hobomok.
Under side of hind wings almost entirely yellow, brown
at eS 5 ee eonsthincr renee Rin ne MMR SRC En! Rrra A te P. zabulon.
‘It is very difficult to give a satisfactory synopsis of the genus Pamphila,
as the sexes of each species differ in markings on the upper side, especially on the
fore wings. The males of some species are provided with a stigma, which is
more or less distinct or wanting entirely; while in the females it is always absent.
The markings and coloration of the under side of the hind wings, however, are
constant in both sexes, and by means of this they may be readily united, or the
species separated. The stigma is a velvety mark on the fore wings.
35
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Under side of hind wiggs clear yellow................ P. logan.
With an oblique velvety black stigma on fore wings (male).
Under side of hind wings yellowish with an indistinct
spot-like band ansthemmidGle str. dares 2 25,5 ahs P. sassacus.
Under side of hind wings rusty brown with a conspicu-
ous row of white or pale yellow spots........... P. leonardus.
Under side of hind wings yellowish, with black spots. .P. phyleus.
Under side of hind wings with a distinct, yellow, large
spot-like band across the middle connected with a
mavelt at ther base: slots se scart at she matte cates P. pecktwus.
Under side of hind wings with a more or less distinct,
yellow, spot-like band in middle, not connected
WML, WAGCHENEATYOASE cae yr cra cas: torte akais Geese eye P. mystic.
Under side of hind wings thickly scaled with olivaceous . P. cernes.
With stigma on fore wings indistinct.
Under side of hind wings vinous, with a few very indis-
tinct, paler spots-im the muddles Gr. svic.0 eek: os P. verna.
Under side of hind wings lighter brown than upper. .P. metacomet.
Under side of hind wingsrusty brown, with violet patches, P. acctus.
With stigma on the fore wings curved.
Under side of hind wings dirty yellowish, with a lighter shade
GORA OATS a GaNGOLON (evergreen ee eet ean ne age ee eae P. huron.
Stigma on fore wings pinched in the middle.
Under side of hind wings orange-brown, with a few yel-
lowes pots an te amiddler ey ta ter ybs a).s-snatera c= dishes P. pontiac.
With stigma connected with an indistinct, narrow basal streak.
Under side of hind wings ochraceous, with a row of lighter
SMOUS Ii bem NS Sey eee ancien: ws satere aa P. manataaqua.
Stigma broken in the middle.
Under side of hind wings rusty brown, with a row of lighter
spots in the middle, or olive-brown ......P. otho var. egeremet.
Stigma absent.
Under side of hind wings with a large, bright yellow
Patch wbie marley hal a2 Jsor Pe deel orate tela we P. massasott.
Both sexes similar; under side of hind wings dirty
yellowish-brown, with a lighter patch in the
tin le rearier <8 ple) hee Rai eat beta ato oil an euae tal P. wiator.
Stigma minute, almost invisible.
Under side of hind wings washed with gray
Si)
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Fore wings dark brown, with bronzy lustre and two semi-
transparent spots in the middle.
Under side of hind wings paler than the upper, with a
lishter rellectiony : 4s 42.2/.owks peer eee ce ee P. ocola.
Fore wings brown without spots.
Hind! wings withawhiteininges: ..-i2es. s1escy.e sete iP fusGa.
Pyrgus.
Black, with transverse rows of white spots on the fore wings,
P. tessellatus.
Black, with one row of transverse, white spots........ P. centauree.
Pholisora.
Sooty black, with an irregular curved row of small white
POG | ho een NR Ripa UNL aie BNI OT EU ty mae care P. catullus.
Nisoniades.
Deep brown, fore wings thickly scaled with gray between the
outer (bamdsyi) LU, Bene Sere e rami tiem cae aes hc eee ee ante rae N. brizo.
Smaller, with the scales more regularly distributed over the
LOPE WHS. Gis Hecitea ieae eee See ac a ee eae N. tcelus.
Small, with white spots on the outer band...............1 N. luctlius.
Larger, marked like lucilius but less distinctly........... N. persius.
With bands on fore wings heavy and very conspicuous,
Witte SpOLSVeryaimGistinety = se eee ee eee N. martialis.
Large species, allied to martialis, but with heavy white
SPOUSE sac le Flee rar oe eee es ee ete aan eprt N. juvenalis.
Eudamus.
Chocolate-brown, with an amber-yellow patch on fore wing.
Under side of hind wings with a large silvery-white
Spot. imithe anid dilers seta greater eee E. tityrus.
Under side of hind wings broadly smeared with white
alonethe oubemborders ss. sot cma cesntienee: oe E. lycidas.
Under side of hind wings with two transverse bands.
Fore wings with small white spots, .2..25.......2)2- E. pylades.
Fore wings withlarse wihite spotsin....20nu 2-49) eee E. bathyllus
Fore wings with a broad, oblique, amber-yellow band.
Outer border of hind wings scaled with gray........... E. cellus.
Hind wings with long, tail-like appendages.
Wings and body above with long green hairs......... E. proteus.
4o
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
60. Small Skipper (Ancyloxypha numitor).
A small orange-brown species with black borders. Common in
marshy grassy places in June, July, August and September, and is
three-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
61. Massasoit Skipper (Pamphila massasott).
Flies in swampy places in June and July, and is sometimes com-
mon locally. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
62. Logan Skipper (Pamphila logan).
Rare in this vicinity, but common in the Southern States. Found
from June until September. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
63. Zabulon Skipper (Pamphila zabulon).
Differs from P. hobomok by having the under side of the hind wings
almost entirely bright lemon-yellow with the base brown. The
female is always brown and resembles var. pocahontas.
4I
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
64. Hobomok Skipper (Pamphila hobomok).
Rather common along the edges of woods and sunny wood paths,
during the latter part of May and throughout June, disappearing
early in July. It is single-brooded. It flies close to the ground, and
settles on leaves of plants when at rest. In the female a form occurs
(var. pocahontas) which is brown instead of yellow. The caterpillar
feeds on grasses.
65. Leonard’s Skipper (Pamphila leonardus).
Rather scarce in this neighborhood. Single-brooded. It is on
the wing during the latter part of August until early in September.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
66. Huron Skipper (Pamphila huron),.
Somewhat rare, but common farther south. It is single-brooded.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
42
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
67. Sassacus Skipper (Pamphila sassacus).
Not common in this vicinity in May and June. It occurs along
roadsides and borders of woods. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
68. Mystic Skipper (Pamphila mystic).
Rather common locally. Found in open grassy meadows late in
May and throughout June, and again in August and early September.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
69. Common Skipper (Pamphila cernes).
Very common everywhere from May to September in grassy
meadows. It flies usually in company with P. peckius. Double-
brooded. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
70. Brown Skipper (Pamphila fusca).
A small, uniformly brown species with the fringes on the hind
wings whitish. It is rare in this vicinity, and is found in sandy places.
In the Southern States it is quite abundant.
43
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
71. Egeremet Skipper (Pamphila otho, var. egeremet).
Sometimes rather abundant locally in June and July. The form
otho is common in the Southern States and does not occur in this
vicinity. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
72. Metacomet Skipper (Pamphila metacomet).
Not common. Found in June and July. It frequents flowers in
fields and open: ground. Single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on
grasses.
73. Hianna Skipper (Pamphila hianna).
Appears during the latter part of May, and is on the wing until
about the middle of June. A brown butterfly with a few white dots
on the fore wings, and heavily shaded with gray on the under sides
of the wings. Very rare in this vicinity.
44
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
74. Peck’s Skipper (Pamphila peckius).
Found everywhere in meadows, and is one of the most common
species of Hesperids in this vicinity. It is double-brooded, the first
brood appearing from the latter part of May to the middle of July,
and the second brood in August and September. The caterpillar
feeds on grasses.
75. Pontiac Skipper (Pamphila pontiac).
Not common. Found in June and July. It is single-brooded.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
76. Ocola Skipper (Pamphila ocola).
A dark brown species, with slight bronzy lustre. There is a
semi-transparent spot on the fore wings at the end of the cell, and a
small dot a little beyond. Sometimes traces of a third spot are
found beneath the large one. Very rare in this vicinity, but common
southward.
45
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Bes ‘i ge
+ a sie
Se |
pe 4 } |
77. Spotted Skipper (Pamphila phyleus).
Rare in this vicinity, but it is a common insect in the Southern
States. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
WE’
78. Clouded Skipper (Pamphila accius).
Very rare in this vicinity, but a common insect in the Southern
States.
It is deep brown, with violet shades on the under surface of
the hind wings. Found in June and July.
79. Glass-Spotted Skipper (Pamphila verna).
Common, but not abundant, in June and July. Flies in grassy
meadows. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
80. Manataaqua Skipper (Pamphila manataaqua).
46
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Found in June, July and August. It is single-brooded. The
butterfly in general appearance looks very much like P. cernes, but
it is considerably larger, and on the under side of the hind wings
there is a row of pale spots. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.
LA
81. Broad-Winged Skipper (Pamphila viator).
Scarce in this neighborhood. It is single-brooded, and is on the
wing in June.
82. Checkered Hesperid (Pyrgus tessellatus).
Not common in this vicinity. Appears to be triple-brooded,
being found from the latter part of April until October The cater-
pillar feeds on mallow, Sida, Indian mallow (Abutilon) and marsh-
mallow (Althea).
83. Grizzled Hesperid (Pyrgus centauree).
47
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
Common locally, and is on the wing during the latter part of
April and until about the middle of August. The butterfly has a
remarkable distribution. It is found in Lapland, Scandinavia, La-
brador, and from the Canadian hills and Vermont to North Carolina.
The early stages are unknown.
84. Sooty Skipper (Pholisora catullus).
Very common everywhere in open fields, gardens, roadsides and
meadows. It is double-brooded, and flies from May until September.
The caterpillar feeds on goosefoot (Chenopodium); it draws the leaves
together with silken threads, making a case within which it lives.
85. Nisontades brizo.'
Found in May and June in moist, shady woods and along wood
paths. The butterfly flies swiftly and near the ground. It is single-
brooded. The caterpillar feeds on oak.
86. Nisoniades lucilius.
Rather common locally in open woods and roadsides, in May and
June. Single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on wild columbine
(Aquilegia).
1 The butterflies belonging to the genus Nisoniades are known commonly
as ‘‘ Dusky-wings.”’
48
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
87. Nisoniades icelus.
Not rare in open woods, and especially along wood paths. It flies
during May and June. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds
on aspen, willow and witch-hazel.
88. Nisoniades persius.
Allied to N. lucilius, but is larger, with the markings less distinct.
It is quite common locally, in woods and along shady roadsides. It
is single-brooded and flies during May and June. The caterpillar
feeds on willow and poplar.
89. Nisoniades martialis.
Quite scarce in this vicinity, and found in localities similar to
those in which are found other species of Nisoniades, in May and
June, and again in July and August. The food-plant is said to be
wild indigo (Indigofera carolina).
49
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
go. Nisontades juvenalis.
A common species found from May until the end of August,
especially in oak woods or roads near by. It is double-brooded.
g1. Golden-Banded Hesperid (Eudamus cellus).
Exceedingly rare in this neighborhood, but more common in the
Southern States and Mexico.
92. Northern Cloudy-Wing (Eudamus pylades).
Common in open woods and fields near by; it flies rapidly, close
to the ground, and it is single-brooded. Found from the latter part
of May to the middle of August. The caterpillar feeds on clover and
bush-clover (Lespedeza).
5°
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
93. Southern Cloudy -Wing (Eudamus bathyllus).
Found during June and July in the same places as E. pylades, but
it is less common. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on
wild bean, bush-clover (Lespedeza), butterfly-pea (Eutrosema vir-
gintanum), hoary pea (Tephrosia) and probably other plants belong-
ing to the family Leguwiminose (Pulse family).
94. Silver-Spotted Hesperid (Kudamus tityrus).
Common everywhere in this vicinity, from May to September.
Double-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on locust, acacia, wistaria,
milk-vetch (Astragalus), tick-trefoil (Desmodium) and wild bean
(Aptos).
A watercolor painting showing a branch of a locust-tree with
male and female butterflies, the caterpillar and the chrysalid of the
Silver-Spotted, or Locust, Hesperid and illustrating the effect of the
insect on the leaf is on exhibition in the Hall of North American
Forestry.
On
=
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY
95. Hoary Cloudy-Wing (ELudamus lycidas).
Not common. It may be found in June and July in open places
and edges of woods. The flight of the butterfly is swift, and it darts
off very rapidly when disturbed. Besides alighting on flowers, it has
the habit of sitting on the tips of dead branches of bushes and
young trees. It is single-brooded. The caterpillar feeds on tick-
trefoil (Desmodium) and other Leguminose.
96. Long-Tailed Hesperid (Hudamus proteus).
Exceedingly rare in this neighborhood, but very common in the
Southern States. The caterpillar feeds on wild bean (Phaseolus),
butterfly-pea (Clitoria), wistaria, tick-trefoil (Desmodium) and other
allied plants
The American Museum Journal
Wowie 10K JUNE, 1902 No. 6.
NEW ETHNIC GROUPS.
=q\ HT life-size ethnic groups illustrating the appearance
Mii and culture of the Eskimo, the Indians of the
Northwest coast, the Indians of the Plains, etc.,
are being supplemented by a new series of groups,
in miniature but representing more complex
scenes. One of these, showing a village of the Thompson River
(B. C.) Indians, with the people pursuing various occupations,
was pictured in this JouRNAL, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 148. Another of
the series shows some Eskimo, their snow dwellings, dogs, sleds,
etc. The latest, recently put on exhibition in the Hall of North
American Ethnology, represents the Sun Dance of the Arapaho
Indians. This is quite an elaborate group, including 200 figures,
each about four inches high. It shows a great circular open frame-
work lodge, within which the dancers are arranged in a semi-
circle, the people crowding around outside the lodge. By means
of these small groups scenes of much greater scope than would be
possible with life-size groups can be represented accurately and
effectively.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY.
(Continued.)
se) TE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.—Very soon
en BE after the foundation of the Museum, archeological
collections from various parts of America began
to come in. Their number increased rapidly, and
led to the establishment of a special department
of the Museum, which was put in charge of Professor Albert 5S.
47
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Bickmore. A number of important collections were purchased,
which formed the nucleus of the Department. Among these, the
Morgan collection from the Somme Valley, France, the Davis
collection from the mounds of Ohio, the Squier collection of
antiquities of South America and Central America and the Jones
collection from Georgia are particularly worthy of mention.
Some of these collections are of historical importance.
No systematic development of the Department was attempted
during these years, although a considerable amount of archeo-
logical and ethnological material continued to be received.
During this period the primary interest was directed rather to
the remains of the ancient inhabitants of our continent than to
a representation of the customs of existing tribes; nevertheless a
considerable amount of material from North America, as well
as from South America, began to accumulate.
One of the most important donations to this Department
during this period was that of a large collection from British
Columbia, made by Dr. J. W. Powell of Victoria, B. C., and
presented to the Museum in 1880 by Mr. Heber R. Bishop.
About the same time Mr. Appleton Sturgis deposited a large
collection of objects from the islands of the Pacific Ocean in the
Museum, which later on was purchased by the Trustees. Fora
long time these two collections formed the principal ethnological
exhibits of the Department. The material contained in the
Bishop collection has been most admirably supplemented by a
collection from Alaska, which the Trustees purchased in 1887
from Lieut. G. T. Emmons, who had been collecting ethnological
specimens during a long-continued stay in that region. In 1894
this collection was still further improved by the purchase of a
second collection made by Lieutenant Emmons. Mr. Henry
Villard engaged Dr. Carl Lumholtz to carry on for the Mu-
seum researches in northern Mexico. Later on this work was
also continued at the expense of the Museum until its comple-
tion in 1808.
While thus the ethnological collections of the Museum were
increasing, the growth of the archeological material also con-
tinued. In 1880 Mr. James Terry brought to the Museum his
48
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
large and varied collection, which covers almost the whole of the
North American continent, and which is particularly rich in
objects from California and Oregon. In 1891 this collection was
purchased by the Trustees. Another valuable archeological col-
lection which was brought to the Museum about this time was
that of Mr. Andrew E. Douglass. It contains a great number
of exquisite specimens, and is arranged so as to show synoptically
the various types occurring in North America. Shortly before
his death in r901, Mr. Douglass donated his entire collection to
the Museum.
The growth of the Department made it necessary to place it
under the charge of a special curator. For a number of years
Professor Bickmore had combined the direction of the Depart-
ment with numerous other duties connected with the Museum.
After a few years of experiments the Department of Archeology
and Ethnology was established under the curatorship of Mr.
James Terry, who retained this position until 1894. In Janu-
ary, 1894, Mr. Marshall H. Saville entered on the duties of
Assistant Curator, and later in the same year Professor F. W.
Putnam was appointed to the curatorship. With this time com-
menced the systematic development of the Department by means
of expeditions organized for the purposes of collecting and re-
search. The two expeditions which had been entered upon
under the curatorship of Mr. Terry were continued, but numer-
ous other enterprises, which were decided upon according to the
needs of the Department, were organized.
Owing to the peculiar manner in which the Department had
grown, the collections were very unsystematic. From some
regions excellent and exhaustive material had been received,
while other districts were not represented at all. Since the
Museum had never undertaken any archeological research,
there was not a collection that represented the archeology of
any definite area fully. For this reason it was one of the first
undertakings of Professor Putnam to send collectors to carry
on researches in a few typical fields. Mr. Harlan I. Smith ex-
plored some of the stone graves of Kentucky, while Dr. George
A. Dorsey and Mr. C. L. Metz carried on similar work in Ohio.
49
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
It seemed of especial interest to investigate the archeology
of New York State, more particularly in the vicinity of New
York City. Work in this region was carried on for a number of
years by Mr. M. H. Saville, Mr. George H. Pepper, Mr. Harlan
I. Smith, and of late years by Mr. M. Raymond Harrington.
Much of the expense of these undertakings has been defrayed
by friends of the institution.
The interesting gravels of Trenton, N. J., in which artifacts
have been found to considerable depths, seemed to require fur-
ther examination, in order to determine as accurately as possible
the distribution of such objects in the various layers of the
gravel. This work, which has been carried on by Mr. Ernest
Volk, has continued from 1893 up to the present time, and has
yielded very accurate information on this much-discussed ques-
tion. The painstaking investigations of Mr. Volk have been
supported by the liberality of Dr. F. E. Hyde and the Duke of
Loubat.
One of the most important inquiries organized by the Mu-
seum is the archeological investigation of the ruins of the South-
west. The Museum was enabled to undertake this work by the
enthusiasm and the liberality of Mr. B. Talbot B. Hyde and Mr.
Frederick E. Hyde, Jr., who organized an expedition to the
Southwest in 1894. From 1895 on, the archeological work of
the expedition has been carried on principally by Mr. George H.
Pepper. The specimens obtained through these researches are
of very great interest, and the scientific results are of consider-
able importance.
Investigations in Mexico and Central America were also taken
up with great vigor. The Museum was enabled to carry on
extensive work in this district, particularly through the liber-
ality of the Duke of Loubat, who has done so much to advance
our knowledge of Central America and Mexico. He donated to
the Museum a complete collection of all the existing reproduc-
tions of Central American sculptures, so that the student finds
in this Museum unequalled opportunity for the study of Central
American antiquities. The Duke of Loubat also sent the well-
known Americanist, Prof. Eduard Seler, to Mexico in the joint
50
° THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
interests of the American Museum of Natural History and the
Royal Ethnographical Museum of Berlin.
Later on, Mr. Marshall H. Saville succeeded in obtaining per-
mission from the Mexican Government for the American Museum
of Natural History to conduct archeological researches in Mex-
ico. Based on this agreement, a number of expeditions have
been undertaken, which again have been largely supported by
the Duke of Loubat. Mr. Saville has carried on researches in
the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, which have yielded results of
considerable scientific interest, and which have added materially
to the treasures of the Department.
Dr. Lumholtz’s expedition, before mentioned, has yielded a
large amount of archeological material also from the northwest-
ern parts of Mexico, so that now the Mexican archeological col-
lections of the Department occupy a prominent place among
the museums of our time.
In 1891 Mr. Henry Villard sent Dr. Adolph Bandelier to
South America to make collections and investigations for the
American Museum. This work was continued until 1894 at the
expense of Mr. Villard, and after that time at the expense of
the Museum. ‘The investigations were completed in 1900. These
researches of Dr. Bandelier have brought to the Museum a vast
amount of valuable material, accompanied by accurate notes
made by the collector, whose great knowledge of the early his-
tory of America makes him particularly competent to deal with
these subjects.
At the time when Professor Putnam was appointed Curator,
the ethnological collections of the Department, and those relat-
ing to physical anthropology, were very unevenly developed.
While some regions were very well represented, collections from
others were very deficient. In 1895 Dr. Franz Boas was ap-
pointed Assistant Curator in the Department, to take charge of
these collections. A number of expeditions which had been or-
ganized previously brought in a considerable amount of ethno-
logical material. Dr. Lumholtz sent from northwestern Mexico
material of very great value. The culture of the people whom
he investigated showed certain resemblances to the ancient culture
51
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
of Mexico, as well as to that of the Pueblos. On a renewed
expedition in 1898 he added considerably to the material pre-
viously accumulated. On this expedition he was accompanied
by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, who devoted his energies to a study of the
physical types of the Indians of northern Mexico, and who,
during this and subsequent years, has contributed very largely
to the growth of the collections relating to physical anthro-
pology. His investigations were carried out first in connection
with Dr. Lumholtz’s work in Mexico, and later in connection
with the Hyde Southwestern expedition.
In 1895 Lieut. R. E. Peary returned from one of his ex-
peditions to North Greenland. Since on this expedition he was
materially assisted by President Morris K. Jesup, the ethno-
logical material collected from the Eskimo of Smith Sound by
him became the property of the Museum.
In 1897 President Morris kK. Jesup provided the means for a
thorough investigation of the tribes of the North Pacific coasts
of America and Asia. This undertaking, which was organized
under the name of ‘The Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” has
continued for six years, from 1897 to 1902. During this period a
considerable number of expeditions have been sent into the field;
and the tribes of the North Pacific coast, beginning in the west
with the Amur river, in Siberia, including the various native
tribes between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Arctic sea, and the
peoples of Alaska, British Columbia and Washington, were in-
vestigated. The collections brought home by the investigators,
eleven in number, make up a very considerable portion of the
ethnological collections of the Department. The scientific results
obtained by the expedition are extensive, and important contri-
butions to our knowledge of the tribes of this area have been
made by the various sections of the expedition.
Very little work had been done by the Musetm on the Indian
tribes of the Plains and of California. Investigation in these
regions was provided for in 1899 by the liberality of Mrs. Morris
K. Jesup, Mr. Henry Villard and Mr. C. P. Huntington. This
work has been continued from year to year, partly through the
support of the patrons of science named, partly by the Trustees
52
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
and partly by Mr. Archer M. Huntington and Mrs. C. P. Hunt-
ington. Attention has been paid particularly to securing infor-
mation regarding the rapidly vanishing tribes, and to securing
for the Museum specimens illustrating their culture. This work
is still in progress, and needs vigorous prosecution. The princi-
pal collections obtained through these researches are from the
Eskimo of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay, from various tribes of
the Plains, and from California and Oregon.
The political events of the last few years seemed to make it
desirable that the Museum should expand its activity beyond
the limits of our continent. It seemed one of the necessary edu-
cational functions of the Museum to show to the public the forms
of culture developed in foreign continents. This led to the estab-
lishment of a Chinese section, the means for which were given
by an anonymous donor. The work of making these collections
has been intrusted to Dr. Berthold Laufer, who is spending a
number of years in China, collecting for the Museum.
The Department is carrying on its work in many directions.
It is constantly adding to its collections, and is contributing to
the advancement of science by numerous publications based on
its expeditions. The work that the Department has to do is
extensive and at the same time most urgent, because the native
races and their remains are disappearing rapidly before the
advance of our civilization. F. B.
THE expeditions for fossil horses on the William C. Whitney
fund, which were so successful last season, will be continued this
year in eastern Colorado, following the unexplored portions of
the Protohippus Beds in the hopes of securing a complete skeleton
of this usually fragmentary animal. At the same time a vigorous
search will be made in western Nebraska for the same fossil
species of horse, in the locality where Professor Leidy first dis-
covered this animal. An expedition for Cretaceous Dinosaurs
will go to either Wyoming or Montana and the famous Bone
Cabin Quarry in central Wyoming will be further explored for
large Jurassic Dinosaurs.
a5
ay tot
ip Mn ae \
The American Museum Journal
Vor. i: OCTOBER, 1902 No. 7.
29) HE sessions of the International Congress of Ameri-
canists are to be held in the halls of the Museum
October 20 to 25, inclusive, and elaborate prepara-
tions have been made to insure the complete suc-
cess of the convention, especially since this will be
the first time that the meetings of this association have been held
in the United States. A brief history of the inception and growth
of the Congress and an extended notice of the meetings to be held
this month in the Museum were published in the JouRNAL for
March last. The present number contains two articles which
will be of especial interest to the members of the Congress and
to others interested in anthropology. These are the statements
regarding the extensive ethnological work being carried on by
the Museum, under the supervision of Professor Boas, and a
summary account of the recent expedition by Dr. Hrdlicka,
which lasted seven months and continued the field work of the
investigations which he has been carrying on for several years
among the Indian tribes of the Southwestern States and Mexico.
Investigations of particular moment to the Americanists have
_ been carried on in Mexico by Mr. M. H. Saville and will be made
the subject of special communications to the Congress. A report
of the proceedings of the Congress may be expected in the
December number of the JOURNAL.
The present issue of the JouRNAL is not accompanied by a
supplement, but it contains more than double the usual number
of pages and in addition to the anthropological articles just men-
tioned is devoted to reports from some of the expeditions sent
out by or under the auspices of the Museum during the past
summer season. Other reports may be expected in future num-
bers.
55
‘zoor yz Avy uayei ‘Aaaoy ‘QO “A Aq ydessojoyd wo1ry
“LNSONIA “LS ‘AYSINANOS V1
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
A VISIT TO MARTINIQUE AND ST. VINCENT AFTER
THE GREAT ERUPTIONS OF MAY AND JUNE, 10902.
ZA HEN, early in May, the news came that the sup-
4 Be posedly extinct volcanoes of Mt. Pelée, on the
island of Martinique, and of La Soufriére, on the
island of St. Vincent, had suddenly burst into vio-
lent eruption, destroying thousands of human lives
and millions of dollars’ worth of property, Mr. Morris K. Jesup,
President of the American Museum of Natural History, per-
ceived the scientific value of the opportunity thus offered for
the study of vulcanology, and it was decided immediately to
send the writer to the islands as the representative of the Mu-
seum to investigate the phenomena of the eruptions. I left
New York on the United States cruiser Dixie May 14, and
arrived in Martinique May 21. At this time two days were
devoted to the study of St. Pierre and its desolation, and then
I went on with the Dixie to St. Vincent. A man-of-war is a
part of the country to which she belongs, so that I felt as if my
home-land were going away from me, when the Dzxze sailed
from Kingstown May 29, leaving me to continue my investi-
gations there before returning to Martinique. I wish here to
express my appreciation of the hospitality of Captain R. M.
Berry, U.S. N., and other officers of the cruiser.
Nearly three weeks were devoted to the study of the Soufriere
on St. Vincent, excursions and investigations being made from
both sides of the island, and my work was greatly facilitated
by Mr. F. W. Griffith, government clerk, acting under general
instructions from Sir Robert Llewellyn, C. M. G., Governor of
the colony, and by T. M. MacDonald, Esq., of Wallilabou, and
James E. Richards, Esq., of Kingstown. My colleagues, Dr. T. A.
Jaggar, Jr., and Mr. George Carroll Curtis, and I, accompanied
by Mr. MacDonald, were the first persons to attempt the ascent of
the Soufriére after the great eruptions. We accomplished our
task on a perfect day, May 31, and were well rewarded for our
effort and risk. We found the crater to be a vast pit about nine-
tenths of a mile wide and 2400 feet deep below the highest point
BY
\ Agee
co ae
INS OF ST. PIERRE, MARTINIQUE. PLACE BERTIN IN THE FOREGROUND.
MT. PELEE AND THE RU
From photograph by E. O. Hovey, taken June 14, 1902.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
of the rim. The old crater lake, for which the voleano had been
famous before the eruption, had disappeared, of course, but a
small boiling lake had formed in the bottom of the great cauld-
ron, since the last outburst. Ever since the great eruption of
1812, La Soufriere had had two craters in its top, a small one
having been formed at that time just outside the large old pit
on its northeast side. Did this, so-called, ‘‘ New”’ crater partici-
pate in the May eruptions? This important question was de-
cided June 9 when I stood upon its edge in company with Mr.
Curtis and a negro guide. The condition of the interior, of the
saddle between it and the large crater and of the rim itself
showed that the small, or 1812, crater had felt no sympathy
with the large crater in the eruption of May of the present
year. This eruption had returned to the outlet made use of in
the eruptions of 1718 and before.
After an all too short stay upon St. Vincent, Mr. Curtis and
I left on June 10 for Martinique. On our way north we chartered
in St. Lucia a sloop of eleven tons register, which we kept with
us during our stay near the scene of action of Mt. Pelée. We
passed through St. Pierre several times and traversed the ad-
joining hills, or ‘‘mornes,’’ and the slopes of the volcano in sev-
eral directions. Four times (June 18, 20, 24 and 26) we stood
upon the rim of the great active crater and looked upon a scene
of wild and terrifying grandeur within and without the throat
and gorge from which had issued the steam, gases, dust and
stones that carried death and destruction to the beautiful city
of St. Pierre and its inhabitants, lying in a cul-de-sac in the
path of the volcanic tornado-blast, as helpless as an animal in
a trap. We were the first to ascend the mountain from the
west since the eruptions began on May 8, and we followed the
plateau and ridge between the Séche and Blanche rivers on June
24 and 26. Our days were not devoid of exciting and even
dangerous experiences, but discussion of such features must be
left to another time.
The devastation wrought by the eruption cannot be appre-
ciated from a verbal description, and even photographs do not
convey an adequate idea of what has happened, unless one is
59
*“ BREAD-CRUST ”? VOLCANIC BOMB FROM MT. PELEE
The specimen is 2 feet 2 inches in height
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
familiar with the rank vegetation which clothed the slopes of
these mountains with tropical verdure before the eruptions took
place. Ejectain the shape*of dust and lapilli (= volcanic sand
and gravel) were scattered all over the islands and distributed
over a very wide area beyond, but the “area of devastation’’ may
be considered to be confined to the limits within which buildings
were destroyed and crops ruined for the time being. Plotting
these areas on the British Admiralty charts as well as possible
without actual surveys and then measuring the areas with a
planimeter, I find that about 46 square miles, practically one-
third, of the island of St. Vincent, and about 32 square miles,
one-twelfth, of the island of Martinique were laid waste by the
material thrown out by the voleanoes between May 5 and July
6. Within a few months the tropical rains will have washed the
coating of ashes from a large portion of these areas and vege-
tation will hide the ruin wrought by the eruptions; while, unless
the activity continues severe, a very few years will suffice to
restore the islands to their former verdure. Over much of the
devastated district on each island the roots of the grass and
other vegetation were not killed and even before my departure
from Martinique, July 6, the hillsides overlooking St. Pierre
were becoming green and the grass was asserting itself much
nearer to the centre of destruction. I found uninjured grass
roots within ten feet of the very rim of the crater. But nothing
can restore life to the 30,000 human beings swept out of existence
on Martinique and to the 1350 persons destroyed on St. Vincent.
The sugar factories will be long in rebuilding, especially upon
St. Vincent, whence prosperity departed years ago and where
the people have been impoverished by a series of hurricanes and
by the decline in the price of sugar.
The material thrown out by both volcanoes contains fragments
of the old surface rocks of the islands as well as fresh lava brought
up from the earth’s interior by the present activity. The propor-
tion of old lavas in the ejecta of La Soufriére seems to be greater
than it is in the ejecta of Mt. Pelée, though the largest blocks
have been thrown out by the latter. A monster of this kind
lies upon the plateau between the Séche and Blanche rivers not
61
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
more than 200 yards from the site of Guérin sugar works—the
first notable victim of the fury of Pelée. This block is about
22 feet high, 30 feet long and 24 feet broad, and the day I photo-
graphed it (June 25) it was still very hot. It may have been
thrown out during the great eruption of June 6. More interesting,
however, than the “ ejected blocks”’ are the “ bread-crust bombs.”’
The former were cast out of the crater in a heated, but
not molten condition, while the latter are masses of lava
which were thrown out of the volcanoes in a melted or partly
solidified condition. The bombs are glassy in structure but
contain porphyritic crystals, the interior being porous in tex-
ture, while the exterior is solid. The solid exterior in cooling
contracted and formed gaping cracks in every direction, the re-_
sult giving an appearance like the crust on a loaf of bread,
hence the name. I brought several of these bread-crust bombs
to the Museum from each volcano, and a choice specimen 26 inches
across, from Mt. Pelée is now on exhibition. The bombs thrown
out by Pelée were of all sizes, from those weighing a few ounces
up to one about 15 feet long which we found on the eastern rim
of the crater. There had been no stream of lava yet from
either volcano in this series of eruptions, up to the time of my
leaving the islands.
The activity of La Soufriere seems to have been concen-
trated in two violent efforts resulting in the eruptions of May
7 and 18, when more material was thrown out than had been
ejected from Mt. Pelée up to the time of my departure. After
May 18 La Soufriére became less and less active (though a
severe earthquake was reported from Kingstown, St. Vincent,
July 17), until late in August, when activity increased and there
were terrible eruptions August 30 and September 3. Mt. Pelée,
however, has had many severe outbursts since the memorable
8th of May, and even as I pen these words cable dispatches re-
late some of the particulars of great eruptions which took place
in the last days of August and early in September. These out-
bursts are reported to have been greater than any of their pre-
decessors, and Morne Rouge is said to have been destroyed
August 30. I spent four nights at this beautiful village in June
62
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
and could see no reason then for its escape from destruction by
the eruptions. ;
It seems as if Pelée were following the history of the 1883
eruption of Krakatoa, which began vigorously in May and cul-
minated in a grand explosion in the latter part of August which
partly destroyed its island. Mt. Pelée’s great outbursts this
year have been on an ascending scale of magnitude, though de-
creasing in frequency, but it is not wise to attempt to predict
what will happen before the volcano becomes quiet again.
A preliminary report upon the writer’s observations during
his stay upon the islands is in press and will be issued soon as
a part of the Museum Bulletin. This report will be illustrated
with maps of both islands and many photographs, most of which
are from negatives taken by the writer. The recent great out-
bursts, however, have made further important changes on the
islands, necessitating additional studies before a final report can
be prepared.
EpMuUND Otis Hovey.
RECENT ETHNOLOGICAL WORK OF THE MUSEUM.
SSSSHOR many years the ethnological collections of the
2 eae Museum have been housed temporarily in various
halls. The completion of the southwest corner of
the building has made it possible to advance the
permanent installation materially. For a number
of years the collections from the North Pacific coast of America
have been on exhibition on the ground floor of the north wing.
When the west wing and the southwest corner building were
erected, the ground floor of each was allotted to ethnological
collections.
Two points of view seemed most important in planning for
the development of these collections. On the one hand, the
principal aim of an ethnological exhibit had to be borne in mind.
This is to illustrate the various forms of human culture, bringing
home the fundamental unity of the human mind, and showing
how its achievements depend upon history and environment.
63
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
To accomplish this, representative collections from all the races
of man are required. On the other hand, in an American mu-
seum, the achievements and the history of the American race
are naturally of prime interest, so that it has seemed desirable
to treat problems relating to America, and particularly North
America, with special care. The efforts of the Museum have
been in these two directions, and have been carried forward
since 1895 under the supervision of Prof. Franz Boas.
On account of the rapid disappearance of ancient customs
among the North American Indians, and the importance of pre-
serving all we can of what pertains to the natives of our own
country, work on this continent was taken up first. The field
is so vast, however, that concentration on certain lines seemed
necessary. One of the least explored fields in American eth-
nology is found in California and Oregon. Through the liberality
of the late C. P. Huntington and of the late Henry Villard, the
Museum was enabled to start this work, which was intrusted to
Professor Livingston Farrand and Dr. Roland B. Dixon. Later,
the funds for continuing the work in this region were provided
by Mr. Archer M. Huntington and by Mrs. Arabella Huntington.
This work 1s still in progress.
The efforts of the American Museum in behalf of Californian
ethnology have had the effect of stimulating the University of
California to like endeavor. Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst has provided
funds for ethnological work, which has been placed in charge of
Dr. A. L. Kroeber, who was a valued collaborator of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History. Through the co-operation of
Messrs. Dixon and Kroeber, and co-ordination of their work
our knowledge of the tribes of California has been much advanced,
and the Museum is now in possession of considerable collections
from the northern part of that State. The work in Oregon
also is still in progress. Professor Farrand, during the first year
of his field work, devoted himself to the study of the coast tribes,
while at present he is investigating the Sahaptin.
Another task which has seemed of great importance is the
investigation of the decorative art of the North American Indian.
This work has been carried on particularly by Dr. Kroeber and
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Dr. Clark Wissler. Dr. Kroeber made this the most important
part of an investigation of the Arapaho, the funds for which
were provided through the liberality of: Mrs. Morris K. Jesup.
During the present year, the inquiry is being continued by Dr.
Wissler, among the Dakota. Through the work of these collect-
ors and the special attention paid by other investigators to the
same problem, the Museum possesses an unrivalled collection, il-
lustrating diverse forms of primitive art. Besides the collections
from the Arapaho and the Dakota, such collections from Mexico,
California, the North Pacific coast, the interior of British Colum-
bia, and from the Amur River are on exhibition.
Two other important investigations have been taken up by
the Museum—one, a study of the Shoshone tribes, which has
been intrusted to Mr. H. St. Clair, 2nd; and the other, the study
of the Algonquin tribes, which is in the hands of Mr. William
Jones. These two investigations are being carried on jointly by
the!Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology. The stu-
dent who tries to understand the customs of a people must study
their language, if his work is to be thorough. It is therefore of
great advantage when linguistic and ethnological work can be
done together. The Bureau of Ethnology is making linguistic
researches, and therefore co-operation between the Bureau and
the Museum is highly advantageous to science. The ethno-
logical work of Messrs. Jones and St. Clair is done for the Mu-
seum, while their linguistic researches, largely based on records
of tribal traditions, belong to the Bureau of Ethnology. During
the present year, Mr. Jones is continuing his studies of the Sauk
and Fox, while Mr. St. Clair is spending the greater part of the
summer among the Comanche. He is also going to make a brief
tour of all the Shoshonian tribes with a view of laying out the
work for the coming years. Mr. Jones’s work is intended to
cover, in course of time, other Algonquin tribes.
Investigations are being carried on also among the Salish
tribes of Washington and British Columbia. Some of these tribes
had been studied before, in connection with the work of the
Jesup North Pacific expedition, because knowledge of their cul-
ture is required for a clear understanding of the culture of the
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North Pacific coast. Other tribes of this stock live far to the
east and south, and their culture is more closely related to that
of the tribes east of the Rocky Mountains. Researches among
them are being carried on by Mr. James Teit, who already has
done much excellent work for the Museum.
During the present year, work has also been taken up among
the northern Athabascans, who up to the present time have been
practically unknown. Collections and inquiries among the east-
ern Eskimo, in Hudson Bay and Baffin Land, which were begun
several years ago, are still in progress.
Much work has been done toward the formation of an ex-
hibit of the types of man found in aboriginal America. The
collections that have been made consist of skulls, skeletons,
photographs and plaster casts. Great weight has been laid par-
ticularly on the last feature, because this seems the only feasible
method of permanently preserving the vanishing type of the
American natives. Collections of types from the North Pacific
coast, California, Dakota, Smith Sound, New York, Mexico, the
Southwest, Siberia and Japan are in the Museum. A special
report of work in this line, done by Dr. Hrdlicka, will be found
on another page of this number of the JOURNAL.
The field work of the Jesup North Pacific expedition, which
has occupied a large share of the attention of the Department
for several years, will be finished during the present summer.
The object of the expedition was a thorough exploration of the
tribes of the North Pacific coast, both in Asia and America,
with a view of determining the complex history of this area and
the early relations between the tribes of Asia and America. The
collections of this expedition, in which twelve scientists have
taken part, are very exhaustive, and cover the whole area from
the Columbia river in America to the Amur river in Asia. In
April last Mr.Waldemar Jochelson completed his difficult journey
from Gishiga, on the Sea of Okhotsk, to Yakutsk. His reports
were received in August. He writes ‘Our journey from Gishiga
to Verchne-Kolymsk, occupied 56 days. We left Gishiga Aug.
15 and reached Verchne-Kolymsk Oct. 9, 1901. This was the
most difficult journey I have ever undertaken. The trail as far
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as the Stanovoy Mountains, was tolerable, but further west,
swamps, rivers, mountain-passes, and almost impassable thick-
ets made progress very difficult. Onthe upper course of the Kor-
kodon we had to rest our horses. The cold became more intense
day by day. In order to reach Verchne-Kolymsk before the
closing of the rivers, I left my Yakut guides to follow with the
pack train and started on a raft down the Korkodon, to reach
the uppermost village of the Yukagheer. There I hoped to meet
boats that I had previously ordered. This journey by raft oc-
cupied nine days. The river is very rapid, full of driftwood,
and the descent was full of dangers. I stayed among the Yu-
kagheer of the Korkodon for four days, in order to collect speci-
mens and information. Then we continued our hurried journey
by boat. On Oct. 7, when we were still 45 versts away from
Verchne-Kolymsk, the river froze up, and we had to continue
our journey on foot. On Oct. 21, when the weather had be-
come somewhat settled, we visited the winter quarters of the
natives, who live about 70 versts from Verchne-Kolymsk, and
staid with them until Nov. 17. During this time I made a col-
lection of ethnological specimens, photographs, masks in plaster
of Paris and anthropometric measurements, and added to the
information collected on my first expedition. I proceeded next
to Nishne-Kolymsk where I studied the Yukagheer of that dis-
trict. This work occupied the time until Feb. 15, 1902.’ After
his return from this district, Mr. Jochelson turned his attention
to the study of the Yakut, among which tribe he made a con-
siderable collection.
The work of the Jesup expedition has contributed much to
the Asiatic collections of the Museum, which have been made
largely with respect to their bearing upon problems of American
ethnology. In adding to the general collections of the Depart-
ment, the same point of view has been adhered to through-
out. It has seemed best to develop first those collections which
have an immediate practical and scientific interest for America,
while scientific considerations have led us to develop the Siberian
collection. The culture of Siberia has been much influenced by
China, which is occupying a more and more important place in
67
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
the affairs of the world. For this reason a start has been made
with the establishment of a Chinese department. The funds for
this important enterprise were given by a friend of the Museum
and the work has been placed in charge of Dr. Berthold Laufer, who
had previously done work on the Amur river for the Jesup expedi-
tion. The object of his work is to make a collection illustrat-
ing the popular forms of the industrial, social and religious life of
the Chinese, and to elucidate by a few selected collections the his-
torical development and far-reaching influence of Chinese culture.
The comprehensive plan that has been pursued in the de-
velopment of the Department has made it necessary for a num-
ber of years to elapse before a somewhat systematic exhibit could
be made and for wide gaps to exist in many directions. At the
same time, however, the method pursued has made it possible
to make each exhibit a unit which has a definite scientific and
educational significance. The scientific publications of the De-
partment have kept pace with the building up of the colle ctions
and publications and collections illustrate each other.
The general location of these ethnological collections in the
Museum is as follows: The ground floor in the north wing con-
tains material from the North Pacific coast; the west wing, col-
lections from the Arctic coast of America and from the Plains; the
southwest corner, those from Siberia. On the second floor of the
west wing are the ethnological collections from the Southwest
and from Mexico. In the gallery of the southwest corner, those
from China, Japan, Polynesia and Africa.
ETHNOLOGICAL WORK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO:
R. A. HRDLICKA recently returned, after a little
more than seven months’ absence, from a success-
ful trip to the southwestern United States and
northern Mexico. This expedition, the fourth of
the series devoted to the physical anthropology
of the regions mentioned, has been referred to in Vol. II, No. 1,
of the JOURNAL.
68
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MAP SHOWING THE ROUTES FOLLOWED BY DR. HRDLICKA IN HIS INVESTIGATIONS
AMONG THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
All these expeditions, whose main object was the acquisition
of a knowledge of the physical features of the present as well as
of the ancient Indian populations over the territory covered
before the advent of whites by the Cliff-Dwellers, Pueblos and
branches of the Nahuas (among which are the Aztecs), were
carried on by Dr. Hrdlicka, under the supervision of Prof. F. W.
Putnam, for the American Museum, the means being very gener-
ously furnished by Mr. Fred. E. Hyde, Jr.
The territory covered by the investigations is the most ex-
tensive ever covered in similar work by one observer. It extends
69
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
uninterruptedly from southern Utah and Colorado in the United
States to the State of Morelos in Mexico. The Indian tribes
which to-day inhabit this region, and all of which, with the ex-
ception of the Seris,' have been visited and examined on the four
expeditions, are as follows:
UNITED STATES:
Soutmennn Witalesaeeee ere Pah- Utes.
Southern Colorado eer j Utes.
| Jicarilla Apaches.
ae
San Juan.
( Navahos: | Jemez.
Rio Grande Pueblos San Felipe.
(Cia,
Isleta.
INewalWexicOs se eee 4
Laguna.
Southwestern Pueblos ~ Acoma.
Zuni.
R Mescalero Apaches
{ Hopi Pueblos.
White Mountain and San Carlos Apaches.
Mohaves, eastern and western.
Suppais.
INST OMAR. Peg ue cles ae nee \ Hualapais.
Papagos.
Pimas.
Maricopas.
| Yumas (mostly in California).
MEXICO:
[ Opatas.
Yaquis.
Somordsannitiseed hse 4 Mages:
[ Seris.
Chilatahitaeee ee eee: Tarahumares.
DUrAMeO saya ws epee ae Tepehuanes.
TePiese 2) cs cca e yee ante oe Coras.
Huichols.
WiGESC OMPu eer acter er ~ Tepecanos.
| Nahuas (Tuxpan).
nidalloorsae tere ocr ner Otomis.
Mexico. thus a. neat Mazahuas.
MichoAGAns jm. 4 seers tere Tarascos.
Morelasiins Safi cisve atacenrteans Aztecs.
1A small, dangerous tribe living on Tiburon island in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia. The data obtained on the Seris are restricted to measurements of one
complete skeleton, two skulls and one living individual.
7°
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
The material obtained on the four expeditions comprises
measurements of and observations on nearly 3000 individuals,
over 1500 photographs, about 300 skulls and skeletons, 120
facial casts and about 3000 ethnological -and archeological
specimens. The skulls and skeletons gathered are mostly those
of extinct tribes, and will furnish important measurements and
observations for comparison with those of the present Indians of
the region. Moreover, besides showing the racial characteristics,
the bones are of value in showing the relative frequency of frac-
tures and various pathological conditions,—matters which are of
special interest to members of the medical profession. The speci-
mens and casts will in time be placed on exhibition.
The data obtained will be elaborated by Dr. Hrdlicka, and will
appear in the publications of the Museum. A somewhat detailed
report of the work will be read before the Congress of Ameri-
canists, which will meet at the American Museum this month.
The accumulated data should, especially in connection with
similar and contemporaneous work done by Professor Starr in
southern Mexico and under Professor Boas along the northwestern
coast, add materially to our knowledge of the physical status of
the American aborigines.
Some of the specimens secured on this year’s expedition de-
serve special mention. Among the skulls there are eleven of
Otomis; an ancient, well-preserved male cranium from the ruins
of Tula (the supposed Toltec capital); and twelve skulls of the
Yaquis. Eleven of the last-named were obtained, with some
ethnological specimens, from the recent Yaqui-Mexican battle-
field in the Sierra of Mazatlan,in Sofiora, and one is that of an
executed and then half-cremated Yaqui prisoner from the Yaqui
river. Among the ethnological specimens there is a series of in-
teresting objects from the sacred cave of the Huichol Indians
(Jalisco), some exceptionally well woven Yaqui baskets, two fine
examples of old Nahua beadwork, two rare Mayo blankets, a col-
lection of the native food-stuffs of the Hualapais, etc. Among
the photographs the most prized are those of the Yaquis, with
views of their country, including several picturesque Mexican
fortified posts or barracks.
ifs
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The success of the several expeditions of Dr. Hrdlicka is due
in no small degree to the kind and efficient assistance he received
from the authorities both of the United States and of Mexico,
for which the Museum takes this occasion to express grate-
ful acknowledgment. Through the courtesy of the authorities
of the Mexican National Museum, Dr. Hrdlicka was enabled to
examine the valuable craniological collection in that institu-
tion. A word of grateful appreciation is due also to the officers
of the railroads utilized, and particularly to those of the Santa
Fé and the Mexican Central, for their aid to the expedition.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
AUTUMN COURSE OF LECTURES TO TEACHERS.
By Proressor ALBERT S. BICKMORE.
October 18 and 25.—The Swiss Alps.
November 1 and 8.—The French Alps.
November 15 and 22.—Historic Towns of Central France.
November 29 and December 6.—Historic Towns of Southern
France and the French Riviera.
NEWS NOTES.
NURING the past three months there have been
(| some notable additions to the gems and gem
material comprised in the Morgan gift. The
most striking of these are the large blocks of
Amethyst crystals which were found in a recently
discovered grotto in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. These have
been installed on the tops of the cases on the west side of the
Gem room. One of the most precious single objects among the
additions is a ceremonial axe-hammer of Agate which was once
the property of Cardinal Borgia and which bears ancient inscrip-
tions. The new series of Ceylon Sapphires is highly prized. It
contains two blue and yellow stones weighing 21 carats each,
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
a yellow gem of too carats and a wonderful blue Star-Sapphire
weighing 541 carats which for generations was an heirloom in the
family of a Nabob of the island. Besides. these there should be
mentioned a Rubellite, or pink Tourmaline, of 40 carats, from
Madagascar, a 57-carat yellowish-green Beryl from Ceylon and
an Amethyst weighing 142 carats from the Ural Mountains.
The last possesses the rather unusual property of scintillating
in a strong light.
THE mineral collection has been enriched by the acquisition
of a specimen of Enargite —a compound of copper with sulphur
and arsenic — which surpasses any specimen of the species here-
tofore in the Museum. It was found in Montana.
In August the Department of Conchology received a collec-
tion of very handsome shells belonging to the group of Cypreas.
The series was obtained by the late Mrs. Marie A. Witthaus, and
represents the result of years of painstaking selection. It is
remarkable for the perfection of the individual specimens. The
collection has been presented to the Museum by Dr. R. A.
Witthaus.
A MAHOGANY log which has been completely honeycombed
by the Teredo shell has been put on exhibition in the Shell hall.
THe Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has received
several valuable specimens and casts during the past summer
from foreign museums in exchange for American fossils. The
British Museum has sent a finely preserved skeleton of a Plesi-
osaur or ‘Great Sea-Lizard,”’ along with other specimens found
at the rich fossil-quarry near Peterborough, England. The
Plesiosaurs form a group of extinct marine reptiles, whose long
neck and tail and short massive trunk with four flippers have
suggested the rather apt comparison of the animal to “a snake
threaded through the body of a turtle.” Representatives of
the group are rare in our western fossil-fields, and this specimen
is the first acquired by the American Museum.
A skull of the Woolly Rhinoceros (Khinoceros tichorhinus)
a3
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
and a cast of the skull of the Elasmothere (Elasmotherium
stbtricum) another extinct Rhinoceros of gigantic size and peculiar
aspect have been received from the University of Moscow; and
the skull of a third large extinct Rhinoceros from Europe
(Rhinoceros pachygnathus) has come from Munich University.
The three specimens will add much to the value of our series
of skulls of extinct Rhinoceroses, which already represents the
majority of the species known, and is far more nearly complete
than that of any other museum.
A large series of casts of limbs and feet of Dinosaurs, or Giant
Reptiles, from the Triassic formation of Germany, has been re-
ceived from the University of Tubingen. Dinosaurs from this
very ancient formation are extremely rare in America; all of
those in the Museum collections come from later formations.
PROFESSOR BICKMORE, who has been spending the summer
in England and on the Continent, has just returned to the
Museum. He attended the meetings and took part in the con-
ferences of the Nature Study convention in London, in July,
where the Department of Public Instruction of this Museum
made an exhibit of photographs and stereopticon slides illus-
trating its methods of “visual instruction.”’
Dr. HrpricKa has returned to the southwestern States and
northern Mexico to make supplementary studies upon the Indian
tribes of that region among whom he already has spent so much
time.
THE Linnean Society of New York will hold its regular
meetings in the small lecture hall of the Museum on Tuesday
evenings, October 14 and 28. The first evening will be devoted
to reports from members regarding their summer work, while
the second evening will be occupied by a talk by Frank M.
Chapman on “‘ Bird Studies with a Camera in 1902,” illustrated
by means of lantern slides. The public is cordially invited to
attend these meetings.
74
The American Museum Journal
Vo. II. NOVEMBER, 1Igo02 No. 8.
Supplement entitled “The Sequoia: A Historical
Review of Biological Science,’ which relates to
the history of the Big Tree section which is on
exhibition in the southeast corner hall, just be-
yond the Wood Hall, and cites the most striking events in the
development of the natural sciences, almost all of which have
come within the life-period of this tree. The noble specimen of
Sequoia which forms the subject of this paper was presented to
the Museum in 1893 by the late Collis P. Huntington, and the
institution is indebted to Mrs. Collis P. Huntington for the funds
needed for its preparation and installation.
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORK IN THE BLACK MOUNTAINS
OF NORTH CAROLINA.
= HE collections of the Entomological Department of
the Museum have been greatly enriched during the
past season by about five weeks’ work in the Black
Mountains of North Carolina which the writer was
enabled to do through the generosity of the late
Very Reverend Eugene A. Hoffman. One object of the expe-
dition, which was in the field from June 9 to July 15, was to
explore the region of the main chain situated north of Mount
Mitchell, and including the following peaks: Black Brothers,
Balsam Cone, Cat-tail Peak, Hairy Bear, Deer Mountain, Long
Ridge, Middle Point and Bowlen’s Pyramid. The prevailing
heavy fogs, rain and hail storms, however, rendered it impossible
to penetrate these wild regions any farther than to the other
side of the summit of the Black Brothers, shown on the accom-
panying plate. Another object of the trip was the obtaining of
75
"VNITOUVO HLYON ‘SYSHLOUG MOVIE SHL
“Ja|[NuUeINI| “AA &q ydeisoj0y4g
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
species to be found only in June, and the results in this respect
have been very satisfactory, since all the species found are dif-
ferent from the ones collected heretofore, and at least four thou-
sand specimens were obtained.
In the course of this and the preceding three trips the follow-
ing peaks have been explored by me in quest of beetles: Mt.
Greybeard, Rocky Knob and Toe River Gap, in the Blue Ridge,
which form the connecting link between the Blue Ridge and the
Black Mountains; Potato Knob, Clingman’s Peak, Black, Gibbs,
Hallback (or Sugar-loaf), Stepp’s Gap, Mitchell and Black
Brothers, in the Black Mountains, and Bull Head and Craggy
Dome in the Craggy Range. The valleys as far as Balsam Gap
and Asheville, as well as other hollows and ravines, have been
explored for their beetles.
The forests of the Black Mountains are characterized by
a dense growth of Carolina balsam (Abies frazert) and black
spruce (Picea mariana). In certain places they contain also
mountain ash (Pyrus americana), wild red cherry (Prunus penn-
sylvanica), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), mountain maple (Acer
spicatum), and Rhododendron catawbiense. The slopes of the
mountain are coated with a deep layer of damp moss, and
the ground is strewn with fallen timber in various stages of
decay. The Black Mountains derive their name from the dark
foliage of the evergreens.
The Blue Ridge, Craggy Range, and lowlands are covered
principally with red oak, white oak, chestnut, sweet birch,
locust, walnut, buckeye, tulip tree, hickory, laurel and rho-
dodendron (KR. maximum). In the valleys are found also large
stretches of chinquapin chestnut. The beautiful fiery azalea is
also found on the mountain-sides, and when in bloom, together
with the purple rhododendron (R. catawbtense), yields an abun-
dance of rare beetles, principally Cerambycide, Curculionide,
Chrysomelide, Elateride, Cistelide, Lampyride, and Mordellide.
The chinquapin blossoms also yield a harvest of rare species.
The white rhododendron (R. maximum), which blossoms later
than the mountain species, yields very little or nothing in the
line of beetles.
(i)
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
The species found in the valleys and on the Blue Ridge are
somewhat different from those to be found on the Black Moun-
tains, owing to the differences in flora and temperature, which
have the effect of limiting the distribution of certain species.
On the ridge leading from Mt. Mitchell to Black Brothers, and
on Mt. Gibbs, the very rare beetle, Cychrus guyotii, was taken,
as well as Cychrus canadensis and Cychrus andrewsti. The first
two occur only on the high elevations, while the last is also
found on the slopes and in the valleys together with Cychrus
bicarinatus. Nomaretus debilis, N. hubbardi, N. imperfectus and
Pterostichus blanchardi also have been taken.
The writer has made three trips to the same general region
in the interest of the Museum in previous years, the first being
a vacation trip to the Cowee Mountains, south of Asheville, N. C.,
in 1895, and the second and third being Museum expeditions to
the Black Mountains, the Big Craggy and the Blue Ridge in the
summers of 1900 and tgo1. Notices of these expeditions have
been given in the JourNaL, Vol. I, p. 44, and Vol.. II, p. 4.
On the four trips nearly one thousand species have been collected,
and the material now on hand, together with lists of the species
taken by other collectors in the Cumberland Gap, Va., Round
Knob, N. C., Retreat, N.C., Highlands, N. C., and Roan Moun-
tains, is enough to form the basis for an extended monograph
on the insect fauna of the region.
Additional material, however, is needed, especially from the
northwest chain of the Black Mountains, and information con-
cerning the species to be found in May and early June is required
to complete the work. Wn. BEUTENMULLER.
COLLECTING FLAMINGOES AND THEIR NESTS IN THE
BAHAMA ISLANDS.
IN preparing groups of birds and mammals for exhibition the
Museum aims to secure material which will be not only attractive
and scientifically valuable,but also and more especially that which
will represent those animals and phases of animal life which
78
Photograph by F. M, Chapman.
FLAMINGO NESTS: PART OF A COLONY OCCUPIED IN 1900.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
are rapidly disappearing. The Bird Rock group, for example,
is not only beautiful in itself and it not alone illustrates the
breeding habits of seven species of sea-birds, but, as a whole, it
shows a characteristic phase of coast bird-life which in nature can
now be found only in the most isolated or inaccessible localities.
Acting, therefore, on this principle the writer has made two jour-
neys during the past season, one to the Bahama Islands and
one to the coast of Virginia, to secure material for bird groups,
funds for which have been presented to the Museum by John L.
Cadwalader, Esq.
The object of the first trip was to find and collect nests and
specimens of the Flamingo. This beautiful bird is yearly be-
coming rarer, and still little is known of its breeding habits, while,
so far as the writer is aware, at the time this expedition was
planned, no example of the singular nest built by the Fla-
mingo existed in this country, those exhibited in Pittsburg and
at Washington being made of papier macheé.
Since the single flock of Flamingoes which frequents the
vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida, is the only one known to inhabit
the United States, and because its nesting grounds have not yet
been discovered, it was decided to visit the Bahama Islands in
search of the desired nests and specimens. In the latter part of
April, therefore, the writer sailed for Nassau, where he joined J.
Lewis Bonhote, Esq., of Cambridge, England. Mr. Bonhote was
formerly Governor’s Secretary at Nassau and his experience
among the islands was of the utmost assistance in the furtherance
of our plans. We chartered a small schooner and set sail for
Andros, the largest of the Bahama Islands and well known to
naturalists as a resort of Flamingoes. During the winter these
birds live chiefly on the west coast of the island, where the
shallow water and soft marl bottom afford them an abundance
of food and prevent pursuit either by boat or on foot; but
in May they gather in some before-frequented lagoon in the in-
terior of the islands, far from the habitation of man, to rear
their young. These breeding resorts are few in number and
their whereabouts are comparatively unknown. Thanks, how-
ever, to Mr. Bonhote, who had reconnoitred the ground, we
80
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
succeeded in reaching a large Flamingo rookery well in the heart
of Andros without undue*difficulty. Our schooner was left at
anchor behind the shelter of some outlying reefs and the final
part of the voyage was made in small boats.
The locality is only a few inches above sea level and is charac-
terized by wide stretches of shallow lagoons bordered by red
mangrove trees with occasional bare bars of gray marl, and by
outcrops of coralline rock so eroded and water-worn into blade-
like edges and sharp, jagged pinnacles that walking is attended
by much danger. Our tents were pitched on a sand-bar and
preparations made to visit the Flamingo colonies known to
exist in the vicinity.
Subsequent research showed that the locality was regularly
frequented by these birds as a breeding resort, but that appar-
ently a different spot was chosen each year. Eight groups or
villages of nests were found within a radius of a mile, each evi-
dently having been occupied but one year. The largest of these,
placed on a mud-bar only an inch or two above the level of the
surrounding water, was 100 yards in length and averaged about
30 yards in width. An estimate, based on an actual count of a
portion of this colony, gave a total of 2000 nests for an area of,
approximately, only 27,000 square feet.
This colony we judged to have been occupied in 1900; while
that of 1901 was found at a distance of a mile, the nests being
scattered about in a dense growth of mangroves. Here the
birds were found at work upon their nests for the present year,
Mr. Bonhote seeing a flock estimated to contain about 700 birds
—a sight of surpassing beauty. Although no shot was fired and
a retreat was promptly made, the birds were disturbed by this
intrusion and either discontinued operations or removed to some
other locality and eventually we were forced to leave without
seeing fresh nests. Those in process of building, however, told
somewhat of the manner of their construction. The nests of
rgo1, built among the mangroves, were in an excellent state of
preservation (some even containing eggs) and being partly sun-
baked could be transported more readily than new nests. Indeed
it is doubtful if the latter could be removed.
81
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Under the best circumstances, the task of getting these nests
whole to our schooner, not to mention the Museum, was one of
unusual difficulty. The largest I attempted to take measured
18 inches in diameter at the bottom, 13 at the top, 9 inches in
height and weighed upward of one hundred pounds. One solid
mass of mud and dried only externally, it needed but a slight
jar to break the strongest of these nests into fragments, so that
there seemed but slight prospect of any specimens reaching
New York in safety.
Our negro boatmen were not accustomed to work of this
character and it required special inducements to tempt them to
wade barefooted the coral-beset lagoons or to traverse the keen-
edged rocks with burdens of from fifty to a hundred pounds on
their heads. At last our selected examples were placed in a canoe
and started on their voyage to the schooner, which they reached
with the breakage of three out of nine specimens. The subse-
quent necessity of beaching the schooner to repair a leak and a
rough night during the return passage to Nassau further endan-
gered them, but after several minor mishaps they accomplished
in safety the first part of their voyage to the Museum. In Nassau
they were treated with a solution of gum arabic, which hardened
them superficially and, after being wrapped in plaster of Paris
bandages, they were packed separately in large boxes with sponge
clippings and thus reached New York in an undamaged con-
dition.
Specimens of Flamingoes themselves were also secured to-
gether with photographs of their rookeries. The four nests col-
lected differ from the conventional idea of a Flamingo’s nest
in being much lower and of greater diameter. They, however,
fairly represent the prevailing types of nests examined. Doubt-
less the height of the nest, like the height of the “chimneys”’ of
fiddler crab burrows, is governed by the rise of the water. Built
wholly of mud, which is scooped up from about the base of
the nest by the bird, it is necessary that the site chosen shall
be near enough to water to insure an abundant supply of suffi-
ciently soft material. Such a site, however, brings the nest
within reach of the tide or places it in a low situation which
82
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
may be subsequently flooded by heavy rains, and the birds
must build their nests high enough to protect their contents
from the water. The combination of these two conditions has
resulted in the production of a mud cone which, in the colonies
examined, was never more than twelve inches in height; but
nests eighteen inches high have been reported.
In the slightly hollowed top of this adobe dwelling a single
white egg is laid. Of the period of incubation, condition of the
young at birth, time it passes in the nest, manner of feeding, etc.,
practically nothing is known and the nesting habits of the species
offer a fine field for study to any ornithologist who is desirous
of filling one of the blank pages in the history of our birds.
FRANK M. CHAPMAN.
LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
THE remaining lectures of the current course of Professor
Bickmore’s lectures to teachers are as follows (Saturday morn-
ings at 10.30 o'clock):
November 1 and 8.—‘ The French Alps.”
November 15 and 22.—‘‘ Historic Towns of Central France.”
November 29 and December 6.—*‘ Historic Towns of Southern
France and the French Riviera.”’
PROFESSOR BICKMORE’S lectures to members of the Museum
and their friends will be given on Thursday evenings in November
and December in accordance with the following programme:
November 20.—* The Swiss Alps.’
December 4.—‘‘ The French Alps.”’
December 11.—‘‘ Historic Towns of Central France.”’
December 18.—‘ Historic Towns of Southern France and the
French Riviera.”
THE Tuesday evening course in codperation with the De-
partment of Education of the Borough of Manhattan, Dr. H. M.
Leipziger, Supervisor of Lectures, was begun October 7 and will
: 83
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
continue until December 16. The whole series of eleven lectures,
all of which are illustrated, is devoted to Asiatic geography. The
list of lecturers and their subjects is as follows:
October 7.—Dr. JoHn C. Bowker, “‘ New Zealand.”’
October 14.—Dr. JoHN C. Bowker, “Contrasts.” nor Fiche Kessesleah river, and on the one by Deer Creek,
2 total distance from the most northerly group (North
oe ‘a the most southerly (Tule River grove) is only 26
les. The King’s River and Kaweah River grove is the largest.
sth as to area and sumiier uf trees. The extent of this district
i ice cc tes ote width, and eight or ten miles in length.
oat hase variation in altitude of 2500 feet. It is an interesting
ee gine as ome proceeds from north to south the Big Trees
urish at higher and higher altitudes.
ing from Bulletin No. 28 of the United States Depart-
I C8 Agriculture (1900): “The Big Trees are unique in the
orld, ,—the grandest, the largest, the oldest, the most majesti-
ca l ipo of trees,—and if it were not enough to be all this,
“y are among the scarcest of known tree species and have the
tific value ha being the best living representative of
gical age.’’ Professor Sargent describes the wood
“The wood of the Big Tree is very light, soft, not
_ and coarse-grained, but very durable in contact
aa
being co, 9 but ten
‘ su S paper was
THE SEQUOIA.
A HistoricaAL REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.
By GerorcGe H. SHERWoop, A.M.,
Assistant Curator, A. M. N. H.
THE Sequoza constitute a group of trees which in past ages
was abundant in temperate climates of Europe, Asia and America,
but which during the glacial period were all but exterminated,
only two living species, the “Redwood” (Sequoia sempervirens)
and the “ Big Tree” (Sequoza gigantea), surviving to represent the
genus. Both are very limited in numbers and in distribution.
The Redwood is found only in a narrow tract of land extend-
ing from the southern border of Oregon to Monterey Bay, while
the Big Tree is still more restricted, being confined to but ten
isolated groves situated between the altitudes of 4000 and 8000
feet above the sea, on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada
mountains (see accompanying map). This area is bounded on
the north by the American river, and on the south by Deer Creek,
and the total distance from the most northerly group (North
grove) to the most southerly (Tule River grove) is only 260
miles. The King’s River and Kaweah River grove is the largest
both as to area and number of trees. The extent of this district
is four or five miles in width, and eight or ten miles in length.
It has a variation in altitude of 2500 feet. It is an interesting
fact that as one proceeds from north to south the Big Trees
flourish at higher and higher altitudes.
Quoting from Bulletin No. 28 of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture (1900): “The Big Trees are unique in the
world,—the grandest, the largest, the oldest, the most majesti-
cally graceful of trees,—and if it were not enough to be all this,
they are among the scarcest of known tree species and have the
extreme scientific value of being the best living representative of
a former geological age.’’ Professor Sargent describes the wood
as follows: ‘‘The wood of the Big Tree is very light, soft, not
strong, brittle, and coarse-grained, but very durable in contact
3
THE SEQUOIA
with the soil. It is bright clear red, turning darker on exposure,
with thin, nearly white sapwood, and contains thin, dark colored
conspicuous bands of small summer-cells and numerous thin
medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood
is 0.2882, a cubic foot weighing 17.96 pounds. Manufactured
into lumber, it is used locally for fencing and in construction,
and is made into shingles.”’
The reproduction of the Big Tree is so slow and uncertain,
and the methods of the lumbermen in cutting the timber so de-
structive, that it is probable that in a short time these veritable
giants of the forest will become extinct, unless protected by law.
Fortunately both the State and national governments control
some of the groves, although not the grandest.
For the purpose of procuring a specimen of this remarkable
tree for the American Museum of Natural History, S. D. Dill was
sent to California in the summer of 1891. Through the courtesy
and liberality of A. D. Moore, owner of one of the largest groves
of Big Trees, and his son (manager of the King’s River Lumber
Company), Mr. Dill was permitted to select the tree he might
desire. After diligent search, he found a fine specimen growing
at an altitude of 7000 or 8000 feet and bearing the name “ Mark
Twain.” Nearly all the large trees have been christened by
hunters or tourists, and several are marked with marble tablets.
Such names as “‘ Bay State,” “Sir Joseph Hooker,” “ Pride of the
Forest”? and “Grizzly Giant” are familiar.
“Mark Twain” was a tree of magnificent proportions, one of
the most perfect trees in the grove, symmetrical, fully 300 feet
tall, and entirely free of limbs for nearly 200 feet. Eight feet
from the ground the trunk was 62 feet in circumference, while at
the ground it measured go feet. Mr. Moore kindly took the con-
tract of felling the tree and shipping to the Museum a section
suitable for exhibition. The accompanying instantaneous photo-
graph gives a vivid picture of the fall of this noble giant.
The section on exhibition was cut from the trunk about 12
feet from the base, and is 4 feet in thickness. Its estimated
weight was 30 tons, and for easier transportation it was split into
ten pieces. The face of the specimen as it now stands is 16 feet
4
c
re
iy STANISLAUS GROVE
4 fe Forest Reserve
Se SSS SSS ales
vot! MNE
Ty
MAP OF CALIFORNIA
SHOWING LOCATION
or
ENLARGED SECTION
DINKY GROVE t
KINGS PIYER AND
———
Ss E
reese | KAWEAM BSIVER Mex Hh
TORE Vale -CROvERTy
a
TULE RIVER,
IND.RES. ;
MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF THE “BIG TREE”
An enlargement of the cross-lined area of the accompanying map of California.
the groves are indicated by the number of trees on the map,
5
The relative sizes
of
THE SEQUOIA
ot
eoe
lo 0000 OCObe
ppooeces 2%
Elo 200 0
©0000
*o00000°
2
°
o
ob
°
LJ
oO
eb
c
J
Oo
PIS nooo OO
ere clep
=.
SO
t
aN a
P 1 Z BF ee pb
DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE STEM OF AN EXOGENOUS TREE OF THREE
YEARS’ GROWTH
Modified from a cut in ‘* Encyclopedia Britannica”
p, pith; cc, Cambium cells; b, bark; 1, 2, 3, growth of wood during first, second and third year.
2 inches in diameter, measured inside the bark, which in places
is nearly a foot in thickness.
The Big Tree, like most trees of temperate climates, 1s ex-
ogenous, as is indicated by the concentric circles of wood beauti-
fully shown in this specimen.
A transverse section of the stem of any exogenous tree of one
year’s growth consists of three distinct areas or zones. In the
center is the pith, around this a ring of wood, and surrounding the
whole the bark. Each of these layers consists of cells which are
variously modified to carry on their respective functions. Uniting
the bark and the wood are delicate thin-walled cells, filled with
protoplasm and nutrient matter, which constitute the zone of
growth of the tree. The innermost cells of this Cambium layer,
as it is called, form the new wood, while the outermost renew the
bark. The oldest wood, then, is that nearest the pith, while the
oldest bark forms the exterior of the trunk. During the spring,
when the sap is running, the multiplication of Cambium cells is
very rapid, and consequently more wood and bark are laid down
7
THE SEQUOIA
than during the fall and winter, when the tree receives little
nutrition. These periods of interrupted growth are represented
in trees of several seasons’ growth by distinct lines separating the
rings of wood. In the trees of cold-temperate climates, where
the contrast of seasons is great, the rings of wood are very dis-
tinct, as, for instance, in the Big Tree. In many trees the increase
in the wood forces the bark asunder, which, through the action
of the weather, becomes rough and rugged. If it were not for
the constant renewal of the inner layers by the Cambium cells,
the bark might entirely disappear.
In the case of the wood it is quite different. The inner rings,
which are the older, are entirely surrounded by the outer rings of
fresh young sap-wood, by which they are protected from climatic
changes. Every new circle of wood moves the zone of growth
farther from the center. The central wood undergoes a change,
its cell walls becoming thicker and the calibre of the ducts or
vessels smaller. It usually takes on a different color from the
sap-wood. This is now called heart-wood, although it performs
no vital function in the life of the tree and is practically dead.
In some of the Big Trees much of the heart-wood has decayed
and disintegrated, with no more injurious effect upon the tree
than a weakening of the trunk. So much of the heart-wood had
decayed in one specimen, which was blown down by the wind,
that men on horseback were able to ride into the trunk a dis-
tance of seventy feet, and pass out through a hole in the side.
Injuries to the wood are sometimes repaired by the deposit of
new layers of cells. It is even possible to determine the year
when such injuries occur by merely counting the rings of repair.
On the extreme right of the specimen in the Museum are two
such wounds. In each of the two places marked with a cross a
bullet was found, but the wounds had been covered by at least
five years’ growth of wood. That the bullets did permanent
injury to the wood in the immediate vicinity is indicated by the
change of sap-wood into heart-wood, which in these places ex-
tends nearly to the edge of the bark.
Since, therefore, the rings of wood correspond to periods of
vegetable growth, which are seasonal, and the lines of separation
8
THE SECTION OF THE “BIG TREE” IN THE MUSEUM
The uppermost series of cards represents events in General History ;
The light cards immediately below represent changes of thought in the Philosophy of
Biology ;
The small black cards mark the succession of centuries in the life of the tree ;
Of the cards below the black,
The first row indicates the advance of General Biology ;
The second, that of Comparative Anatomy ;
The third (one card) the discoveries of Palaeontology ;
The fourth, the Progress of Embryology.
ewe
s io a a
hb a i
fetes
eI - ai
- ma) i
ies ea
A
°
Je
A
,
U
=
\
THE SEQUOIA
represent periods of interrupted growth, a tree carries its biog-
raphy within itself. Durimg more favorable seasons, the circles
are wider, and the intensity of the winter intensifies the outlines
of the rings.
‘“Mark Twain” upholds the reputation of the Big Tree for
longevity. The rings show that it was 1341 years old when cut
down in the fall of 1891. Thus it must have begun its life in
A.D. 550, or only seventy-four years after the Fall of Rome.
Practically all of medieval history, as well as modern, must be
included in this period, while Natural Science or Biology may be
said to have developed during its old age.
The small black cards which have been placed on the tree
mark the successive centuries and give the growth of the tree
during each hundred years. The uppermost row of white cards
1019
HARVEY
Discovers circulation
of the blood
indicates political events and discoveries which have had influence
on the progress of civilization since the year 550. The remain-
der show the progress in biology. The group immediately above
the black cards represents the change in thought in philosophical
biology, while those below give a history of biology proper.*
When the tree was a mere sapling, Europe was overrun by
the Goths, Vandals and Franks, and a state of almost universal
war prevailed. About twenty years later Mahomet was born,
* Each card is mounted on a pin which is stuck into the ring of growth
corresponding to the date on the card. For example, in the accompanying
sketch: 1619 is the year that William Harvey announced his discovery of
the circulation of the blood. The pin attached to the card is inserted into
the ring of wood which represents the growth of the tree during the year 16109.
In some instances it has been necessary to put two dates on acard. In these
cases the pin has been stuck into the ring of growth of the earlier date.
sme
THE SEQUOIA
and then followed the establishment of the Mohammedan re-
ligion, which, during the next one hundred and fifty years,
reached the zenith of its power and threatened to overrun the
whole world. This Saracenic invasion was checked at the battle
of Tours (732), in which the Franks under Charles Martel
overwhelmingly defeated the Mohammedans. The beginning of
the next century was marked with the crowning of Charlemagne
on Christmas day, 800. This monarch made a noble effort to
educate his people by establishing a school at his court and in-
viting thither the few learned men of his time.
The climatic conditions in California during A.D. 800 and the
year preceding must have been very favorable for the growth of
our tree, which had already attained the size of a large elm. Its
growth during these two years, indicated by the large rings, was
phenomenal.
During this century occurred also the effort of King Alfred to
establish schools in England. The hardy Norsemen began their
bold voyages in quest of treasure and adventure, colonized Ice-
land in 874, discovered Greenland (981), and pushing farther west-
ward probably sailed down along the eastern shore of America.
The Crusades, begun 1n 1rog6 and continuing for almost 200
years, brought the various European peoples into intercourse,
which resulted in exchange of ideas and helped prepare the popu-
lar mind for the discoveries which were soon to follow.
The first half of the thirteenth century saw the founding of
the universities. First, the University. of Paris (1200), which
became the center of theology; a few years later were founded
the University of Bologna, famous for law, and the University
of Padua, which attracted the greatest’ students in medicine.
In England, Oxford University was founded in 1249.
The fifteenth century brought those marvelous discoveries
which were of so much importance in the advancement of civil-
ization, and which contributed to the growth of science. Print-
ing with wooden block type was introduced by John Gutenberg
in 1438, and his invention was followed in 1450 with the use of
metal type, making the general dissemination of knowledge
possible.
12
THE SEQUOIA
Columbus’ discovery of America (1492) was followed by
Magellan’s famous trip around the world to the westward (1519—
1522), during which he discovered the Philippines; and about
the same time Cortez conquered Mexico. The New World was
soon explored for its reputed hidden treasures, and astronomers’
search of the heavens for an orderly movement of planetary
bodies resulted in the elaboration of the system of Copernicus
(1543). Keppler announced his laws of planetary motion at
about the same time (1609), and in the latter part of the seven-
teenth century Newton enunciated the law of gravitation. The
increasing freedom of thought was expressed in the American and
French Revolutions.
The rapid course of invention during the nineteenth century
is too familiar to require detailed mention. The period of the
tree’s growth, however, is represented by only a few inches in its
total diameter.
The cards representing the growth of biology are arranged in
two groups. Those above the line of black cards represent the
change of thought in the philosophy of biology, while those below
the line indicate some of the great discoveries which have made
the science what it is to-day. The latter have been divided into
three rows, the uppermost representing General Zodlogy, the
middle Comparative Anatomy and Paleontology, and the lowest
series the evolution of Embryology.
Very strikingly is it shown that not only the scientific side of
all branches of biology, but also the philosophical or speculative
side, has been developed during the old age of the tree, or during
the last 300 years. In fact, modern zodlogy and inductive
methods may be said to have begun with William Harvey in the
seventeenth century.
It is true that when the tree began its life, men had ideas and
conceptions of the principles underlying nature, but most of
these were crude and inaccurate, based on mere hearsay or tradi-
tion, and differing but little from those held before the beginning
of the Christian era.
The science of anatomy had been at a standstill since the
time of Galen (A.D. 130). This brilliant anatomist, it is true,
13
THE SEQUOIA
advanced the study of anatomy by his careful dissections of apes
and some of the lower animals, and he also wrote extensively on
physiology; but accurate as some of his observations were, his
errors, particularly in physiology, were many. His works, how-
ever, remained authoritative for fully 1400 years; his statements
overruled the demonstrations of nature, and he was so reverenced
that whoever had the courage to dispute him was lable to per-
secution and ostracism.
Physiology was not materially different from metaphysics,
and both were affected with superstition. The ancient belief that
the body contained jour humors—* blood,” “phlegm,” “ yellow
bile,”’ ‘black bile’’—was held, and Galen had added to these a
‘““pneuma,’’ which pervaded the whole body, mingling with the
humors and supporting life. The proper mixture of four ele-
ments—heat, cold, wetness and dryness—constituted the normal
individual. The administration of drugs was in accordance with
this belief. Systematic zodlogy did not exist. There was no true
conception of species, no accurate description of animals, and no
adequate system of classification. The naturalists were merely
compilers and copyists of Aristotle and other ancient writers.
The philosophical or speculative in biology was retained by
the clergy, almost the only persons really interested in the conser-
vation of documents, and asa class the only ones able to read and
write.
Some of the Greeks had had explanations of the succession of
organisms on the globe. Aristotle believed that the first animals
arose from the ocean, and that low forms of life were constantly
springing into existence by spontaneous generation, a fallacy
which was not completely rooted out of biology until the nine-
teenth century. Aristotle also perceived the principle of adap-
tation in nature, and considered the universe as the result of
Intelligent Design. These ideas of the Greeks had a marked
influence on Christian thought for many centuries. Augustine
(fifth century) believed that a living substance had been made
by the Creator, and that from this had developed all the diverse
organisms of the present time. Two other famous churchmen
advocated similar views, Erigena in the ninth century, and
14
FELLING THE TREE
THE SEQUOIA
Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth, each the foremost scholar of
his day. But naturally ayswider and deeper knowledge of bio-
logical phenomena was necessary before philosophical biology
could have a strong foundation. Hence the philosophy of
zoology dates from the awakening of science in the seventeenth
century.
From the time that the Big Tree was a mere seedling up to
the time that it measured fully 13 feet in diameter, there was
scarcely a single discovery in the field of natural science worthy
of record. One event, however, which occurred when the tree
measured only 12 inches in circumference is of some interest.
silk was one of the treasures obtained from the Far East. Its
production was carried on solely by the Chinese, who jealously
guarded the silkworms and their eggs. The story is that two
monks travelling in China succeeded in smuggling some eggs out
of the country by concealing them in a hollow cane, and brought
them into Europe. In the warm climate of the south the eggs
developed into strong healthy worms. From such a humble
beginning arose the extensive silk industry of southern Europe.
The stagnation of the study of anatomy for more than a
thousand years was due to an extravagant admiration of Galen,
over-confidence in his writings, and the failure of men to make
observations for themselves, or to believe what they saw with
their own eyes. Vesalius (born in 1514) was the first anatomist
to assert independence, and to him is due the credit of laying
the foundations of modern anatomy. Vesalius dissected the
human body and accurately described what he found. He estab-
lished a school of anatomy at Padua, and among his students was
Fabricius, the teacher of Harvey, who startled the world in 1619
with his discovery of the circulation of the blood. This discov-
ery, which revolutionized the study of physiology, and gave new
impetus to the study of anatomy, met with bitter opposition
from the followers of Galen, but Harvey successfully defended
himself.
The opposition to Harvey set men to thinking, and investiga-
tion began. All forms of life were studied with all available
means. Harvey, from an investigation on the development of
17
THE SEQUOIA
the chick, laid the foundations of the study of embryology, one
of the four great supports of the theory of evolution; and pro-
pounded the theory of Epigenesis, a theory vigorously argued by
philosophers for many years. The compound microscope, al-
ready mentioned, was applied to the study of organisms by Leeu-
wenhoek and Malpighi. The former demonstrated capillary
circulation (1690) and discovered red blood corpuscles, infusioria
and spermatozoa (1677). These spermatozoa were regarded by
some as parasites of animal bodies, by others as embryos which
only needed nourishment to develop into an adult form. Mal-
pighi applied the microscope to the study of the chick, and his
observations led him to announce the theory of Preformation,
which was opposed to the epigenesis of Harvey.
The preformationists contended that a given species con-
tained within its sperm or ovum all the descendants of that
species, with all organs and parts fully formed. In other words,
embryos were only miniature adults, and were contained one
within another like a series of Chinese boxes, in successive grades
of size. The doctrine of epigenesis was that each sperm or ovum
contained a homogeneous living substance which became differ-
entiated by gradual changes into an individual resembling the
parent. Preformation was supported by Spallanzani, Bonnet,
Haller and even Cuvier. Its absurdity was shown by the work
of Wolfe (1759), who firmly established the doctrine of epigene-
sis as it is believed to-day, although more frequently known as
embryological development.
The stimulus given to research by Harvey’s discovery, the
intercourse and exchange of views among men, and the voyages
to all parts of the world resulted in an accumulation of a great
mass of facts, which were of little value unless classified. Conrad
Gesner (in 1551-1558) had given a complete bibliography of
zoology, and was the most important of the earlier naturalists.
About a hundred years later Ray, an English zodlogist (1670),
made an attempt to establish a “‘ system of classification,” but he
had no true conception of species. It remained for Linnzeus to
complete a system which served its purpose so well that it has
remained practically unchanged to the present time.
18
THE SEQUOIA
Linnzeus recognized that, certain groups of animals were sub-
ordinate to other groups, and by his binomial nomenclature he
provided a place in his system for every species. To each species
two Latin names were given; the first, always beginning with a
capital, was the name of the genus; the second, now usually
spelled with a small letter, that of the species. For example, the
scientific name of our Big Tree is ‘Sequoia gigantea,” that is,
Sequoia is the name of the genus, and gigantea the name of the
species. (To avoid confusion, it is customary now to add the
name of the scientist who first describes the species; thus, “‘ Se-
quota gigantea Decaisne,” indicates that Decaisne was the natur-
alist who first described and named the Big Tree.)
The first edition of Linneus’ “Systema Nature” was pub-
lished in 1735. Linnaeus was a firm believer in the special crea-
tion of each species, and in one of his books says, ‘“‘ We reckon as
many species as issued in pairs from the hands of the Creator.”’
Among the naturalists of the eighteenth century, Goethe and
Cuvier are conspicuous. The former (1796), although a great
poet, made valuable contributions to science. He introduced
the word “morphology”’ as a designation of the study of form
or structure, and was the first to advance the vertebral theory
of the skull, that is, that the skull represents modified vertebra.
He recognized the significance of vestigial organs, for example,
gill slits in human embryos, appendages in whales, etc., and pre-
dicted the discovery of the premaxilla in man—the supposed
absence of which was considered to be a character which dis-
tinguished man from the apes.
It was, however, Georges Cuvier (born in 1769), the famous
French naturalist, who was the leader in science for more than
half a century. He stands as a striking example of a man who
was remarkably correct in his observations of nature, but equally
incorrect in his generalizations. His work on the Tertiary mam-
mals of France marked the beginning of paleontology. He was
the first to point out the resemblance between “ Anchitherium”’
and the modern horse, a fact which is one of the strongest evi-
dences of evolution, He was a preformationist and believed in
Catastrophism (the theory that the earth as it is at present is the
ts)
THE SEQUOIA
result of successive catastrophes), rather than Uniformitarian-
ism (the belief that the present condition of the earth has been
brought about by a gradual, uniform change). The work of
Cuvier in comparative anatomy is also important, and he is
called the founder of this science. He recognized the principle
of correlated growth, and in “Le Régne Animal” improved the
classification of animals.
The last century of our tree’s life was remarkable for the dis-
coveries in all branches of natural science. De Blainville (1839-
1849) and Lyell (1797-1875) made valuable contributions to
paleontology and geology. Lyell’s “Principles of Geology”’
(1830-1833) dealt a death blow to catastrophism, and is a work
second only in importance to the “ Origin of Species.”
Milne-Edwards (1800-1818) enunciated the principle of the
physiological division of labor.
Von Baer (1828) announced the law that bears his name,
namely, “individual development is a recapitulation of race
development.”
Schleiden and Schwann (1838-1839) discovered cells in plants
and animals, and propounded the cell theory.
Valentin (1839) named the “‘nucleus,’’ and was the first to
speak of the “cell theory.”’
Purkinje and von Mohl (1840) named the substance of the cell
protoplasm.
Serres (1842) asserted that all missing links would be found
in embryology.
De Barry (1843) observed the union of sperm and ovum.
Kolliker (1846) demonstrated that sperm are developed from
the tissues of the testes.
Owen (1846) pointed out the difference between homologous
organs, for example, the arm of man, fore limb of horse, and wing
of bird, organs which are formed on the same structural plan,
and analogous organs, for example, wing of bird and wing of
butterfly, organs differing entirely in structure, but performing
the same function.
Remak (1850) described “‘ three germinal layers,’ and Huxley
(1859) homologizes them in the lower animals.
20
THE SECTION BEFORE SHIPMENT
THE SEQUOIA
Rapid strides were made also in systematic zodlogy and in
zoo-geography. The relations of the lower animals were worked
out by Leuchart, Vaughn Thompson, Dujardin, Agassiz and a
host of others.
Expeditions were sent out to explore the earth and the sea.
Famous among these are the voyage of the “‘ Beagle,”’ on which
Darwin served and did some of his earliest biological work; and
the voyage of the “‘ Rattlesnake,’ on which Huxley was Assistant
Surgeon.
In 1859 Darwin published his “Origin of Species,’ a book
which is universally admitted to have had more influence on
human thought than any other work of the century.
Darwin’s theory of the “Origin of Species’? may be stated
briefly as follows: All species tend to vary. No two individ-
uals of the offspring of a pair are exactly alike. On account of
this variation in structure or function, certain individuals are
better able to thrive than their fellows. These animals transmit
these characters to their offspring, which in turn survive in the
struggle with their fellows. Thus nature eliminates those varia-
tions which are disadvantageous to the organism, each individual
being tested in its struggle to maintain its existence. The ac-
cumulation of these favorable variations through many genera-
tions is supposed to produce an organism quite different from
the original stock, or, in other words, a new form.
Few works have been constructed with more care and skill.
For twenty years Darwin collected facts from all available
sources, and made innumerable observations himself. The evi-
dence in support of his theory was drawn from all branches of
natural science: comparative anatomy, embryology, paleon-
tology and zoé-geography. So numerous were the facts that he
presented, and so careful was the exposition of his theory, that
in less than twenty years it became the working hypothesis of
nearly every biologist.
Long before Darwin’s time the resemblance between groups of
animals had been recognized, and many new facts made known
by investigators from Vesalius onward emphasized these resem-
blances. In 1620 Bacon published “‘ Novum Organum,”’ in which
23
THE SEQUOIA
he advocated the unity of nature. Descartes (born, 1596)
attempted to explain the universe on natural laws. Leibnitz
(born, 1646) advanced a theory of the continuity of organisms.
The term ‘evolution’? was introduced by Bonnet as a name of
the process by which organisms had become differentiated. He
expressed this relationship by introducing the idea of a “scale
of beings,’ which formed the links of a chain. This conception
has persisted up to the present time, in the expression “the
missing link.”’
It was Lamarck (1809), the contemporary and fellow-country-
man of Cuvier, who was the first to express the blood-relation-
ship of organisms, as is done to-day, namely, by means of the
genealogical tree. This eminent anatomist and investigator held
views much in advance of his time. He rejected entirely the
fixity of species, and believed that all animals now existing had
been derived from a common stock by a process of gradual
change. In one place he affirms that ‘‘ Nature needs only mat-
ter, time and space to produce all changes.’ The two factors
which he believed most important in producing these modifica-
tions were the reaction of the organisms to their environment
and the inheritance of the modifications resulting from this reac-
tion and of the effects of use and disuse of organs.
Lamarck’s theory was partially smothered in the ridicule
which Cuvier heaped upon it. Cuvier was a firm believer in the
immutability of species and his great authority in biological sub-
jects made him a powerful dictator of public opinion.
From Lamarck to Darwin there were few philosophers of
note. Erasmus Darwin (1794) and Oken (1805) embodied in
their writings the idea of the continuity of life.
In 1844 a book called ‘‘ Vestiges of Creation”? appeared and
caused quite a sensation. That this was published anonymously
is significant of the attitude of the public toward the idea of
evolution.
Naturally the “Origin” met with a storm of opposition, but
it was vigorously defended by Huxley. He it was who perhaps
more than any other scientist secured for the ‘‘ Origin of Species”’
a fair and impartial treatment and thus aided the cause of truth.
24
b
RATES
i a
ean YS
THE STUMP OF ‘MARK TWAIN”
Ninety feet in circumference
THE SEQUOIA
Among the earlier champions of Darwin’s theory, were Lyell,
Tyndall, Hooker and Spencer.
More recently the philosophy of zodlogy has centered around
the question of the inheritance of characters acquired during
the life of the organism, and biologists at present are divided into
two schools; one, nominally led by Herbert Spencer, contend
that such characters are inherited; the other, of which August
Weismann is the head, deny the inheritance of acquired charac-
ters and affirm that “natural selection,” acting on congenital
variations, is sufficient to produce the diverse organic forms.
Since Darwin’s time the growth of biology has been phenom-
enal. This is due to the enthusiasm of the great number of in-
vestigators in every branch of science, and to the application of
modern inventions in methods of research. (Governments, as well
as private individuals, have contributed generously to aid the
work. Expeditions for exploring the depths of the sea and the
remotest parts of the world have been organized and successfully
carried out.
A. R. Wallace in 1876 published his ‘‘ Distribution of Ani-
mals,’ which was the first complete treatise on zod-geography,
one of the pillars of evolution.
The ‘Challenger’ expedition (1872-1876), sent out by Eng-
land, obtained more than 8000 species new to science.
The United States Fish Commission, established by the Gov-
ernment, through the energy of Professor S. F. Baird, as well as
the National Museum and the Geological Survey, have made
valuable contributions to science.
Among the seashore laboratories, that founded at Naples in
1870, by Professor Dohrn, is most famous.
Paleontology too has had a rapid growth. Cope in this
country discovered and described more than a thousand new
species of vertebrates, many of which are on exhibition in the
Hall of Fossil Vertebrates. In invertebrate paleontology James
Hall was one of the leaders, and a large proportion of the mate-
rial upon which he did his monumental work is displayed in the
Geological Hall.
The researches of Louis Pasteur have revolutionized both the
27
ee
THE SEQUOIA
theory and practice of medicine, and bacteriological discoveries
of the past decade have probably done more to alleviate human
suffering than all the efforts of any previous century.
In short, every sphere of human activity, social, religious, in-
dustrial and intellectual, has felt the influence of and has been
profoundly modified by those marvelous discoveries of science
which have occurred even since this Sequoia attained gigantic
proportions.
The American Museum Journal
Vor. IT DECEMBER, 1902 No 9.
Poe
—— HE Thirteenth International Congress of American-
ists was held in the halls of the Museum from
October 20 to 25, in accordance with the invita-
tion of President Morris K. Jesup. The officers
of the Congress, who were elected at the first ses-
sion, were as follows:
THE BUREAU OF THE CONGRESS
President, Morris K. JEsup,
President American Museum of Natural History.
Honorary President, THE DUKE or LouBat,
Correspondent of the Institute of France (Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles Lettres).
Vice-Presidents:
For the Argentine Republic, JuAN B. AmBroseEtTtT!, National
Museum; for Mexico, ALFREDO CHAVERO; for France,
L&on LEJEAL, College of France; for Germany, Karu
VON DEN STEINEN, University of Berlin; for Sweden,
HJALMAR STOLPE, Royal Ethnographical Museum; for
the United States, F. W. Putnam, American Museum of
Natural History.
General Secretary, M. H. Savi_Le, American Museum of Natural
History.
Treasurer, HARLAN I. SmitH, American Museum of Natural
History.
Council: LEopoLtpo Batres, Mexican Government; FRANCISCO
BELMAR, State of Oaxaca, Mexico; JoHN H. BiLes, Univer-
sity of Glasgow, Scotland; Wivi1am P. BLakeE, Territory of
Arizona; Franz Boas, Columbia University; E. G. BourNE,
Yale University; CuarLes P. Bownpitcu, American Anti-
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
quarian Society; Davip BoyLr, Canadian Government;
H. C. Bumpus, American Museum of Natural History; Syp-
NEY H. Carney, Jr., New York Historical Society; A. F.
CHAMBERLAIN, Clark University; ALonzo M. Criapo, Gov-
ernment of Paraguay; STEWART CULIN, University of Penn-
sylvania, American Philosophical Society, Numismatic and
Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia; GrorGrE A. Dorsey,
Field Columbian Museum; G. T. Emmons, U. 8. Navy;
HENRI PITTIER DE FABREGA, Instituto Physico-Geografico of
Costa Rica; Livincston FARRAND, New York Academy of
Sciences; ALONZO FERNANDEZ, State of Mexico, Mexico;
Juan F. Ferraz, Costa Rica; ALicE C. FLETCHER, Peabody
Museum, Harvard University; D.C. Gi~MaAn, Johns Hopkins
University and Carnegie Institution; STANSBURY HAGAR,
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; C. V. HARTMAN,
swedish Anthropological Society; Luis A. HERRERA, Govern-
ment of Uruguay; F. W. HopcE, Smithsonian Institution; W.
J. HoLLanp, Carnegie Museum; W.H.Ho.mes, U.S. National
Museum; A. L. KRoEBER, University of California; N1coLas
LEON, Mexican Government; A. P. Maupsitay, Anthropo-
logical Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; Mrs. Vrir-
GINtIA McCriure, Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association; G. G.
MacCurpy, Anthropological Society of Paris; W J McGEs,
National Geographic Society; J. D. McGuirr, American
Anthropological Association; Epwarp S. Morse, National
Academy of Sciences; ZELIA NUTTALL, University of Cali-
fornia; A. SS) Packarp, Brown University? L. Coven
PanuHuys, Netherlands Government; N. BoLret PERAZA,
Government of Honduras; Mrs. C. E. Putnam, Davenport
Academy of Science; EDUARD SELER, German Government;
FREDERICK STARR, University of Chicago; J. J. STEVENSON,
New York University; Max Un e, University of California;
JAS. GRANT Witson, American Ethnological Society.
The question of the early remains of man on this continent
naturally received much attention at this Congress and papers
on subjects pertaining thereto were read by several of the dele-
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
gates. In addition to the ancient human remains which have
been found in California, Towa, Nebraska, Mississippi and Illi-
nois, discoveries have been made during the last fifteen years in
a so-called interglacial gravel deposit along the Delaware River
near Trenton, New Jersey, which have indicated a very high an-
tiquity for man in America. Prof. F. W. Putnam laid before the
Congress the results obtained by the careful and extensive inves-
tigations of Ernst Volk in the Trenton gravel during the last ten
years, illustrating his remarks with the articles obtained, which
are now in the American Museum. The most important discov-
eries consist of the remains of several skeletons which were un-
earthed in the summer of 1899. They lay beneath two feet of
black clay and five feet of yellow and greenish-yellow sand,
belonging to the glacial deposits, and containing all the indica-
tions of glacial action. The black bed is considered to belong to
the time during which the ice-front made its first retreat. The
bed of sand shows thin, easily-recognized streaks which vary in
color from white to greenish-yellow, clear yellow and dark yellow.
Inasmuch as these bands nowhere show any succeeding disturb-
ance, it follows without question that the skeleton reached the
place in which it was discovered before the laying down of the
sand bed. Furthermore, south of Trenton, there has been ex-
humed from a sand bed a left human femur in the vicinity of
which there was also discovered an elk bone and fragments of
bones of the musk-ox. In addition to these there were found
several pieces of stone which showed indubitable evidence of
human workmanship, so that now it can no longer be doubted
that the fact has been established that America was inhabited
by men during Glacial time. How many thousand years ago
this period may have been is a question which cannot yet be
answered with certainty, but it may well have been between
10,000 and 20,000 years.
In March of the present year there were discovered in the vicin-
ity of Lansing, Kansas, a human skull and some other bones which
lay from 19 to 20 feet below the surface of the ground and 69 feet
from the mouth of the tunnel the digging of which led to their
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
discovery. The material of the bed in which the objects were
found is loess. The question of the Lansing skull and its rela-
tions was discussed in papers by Professors T. C. Chamberlin,
W. H. Holmes and S. W. Williston and Drs. George A. Dorsey
and Ales Hrdlicka. In type and measurements the skull has
proved to be scarcely different from the average of those of the
present American Indian. The locality where the find was made
has been studied by several geologists, and Professor T. C. Cham-
berlin states that in his opinion at least 8000 years must have
elapsed since the deposition of the beds in which the skull was
found. In reference to the similarity between the Lansing skull
and the skulls of the present Indians, Professor Putnam remarked
that it only served as a further argument for the high antiquity
of the Indian race in America. Prof. Franz Boas has arrived at
similar conclusions regarding the long human occupation of this
continent on account of the great complexity of the American
people in reference to their languages and characteristics.
Professor Boas detailed to the members of the Congress the
results which have been obtained for the Museum through the
labors of the men engaged on the Jesup North Pacific expedition,
information regarding which has been given at length in previous
numbers of the JOURNAL.
Several of the important papers submitted to the Congress
pertained to the archeology of Mexico. Among these may be
mentioned particularly those of Alfredo Chavero, Leopoldo
Batres, Nicolas Léon, M. H. Saville, Edward H. Thompson and
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.
M. H. Saville read a paper upon the new discoveries near
Mitla, which he made in the course of investigations provided
for through the liberality of the Duke of Loubat. Among other
things Mr. Saville made clear that the temples at Mitla, like all
other sacred buildings of ancient Mexico, have been erected upon
terrace-like substructures which, however, here have been de-
stroyed to a great extent by the action of wind and weather. He
also made mention of a new cruciform subterranean chamber
which he discovered under one of the largest temples in Mitla in
go
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
a state of perfect preservation. This chamber has an extreme
length of about 45 ft. ands the most important structure of its
class thus far found in Mexico.
Mr. Batres gave a description of the discoveries made in the
year 1900 behind the cathedral in the City of Mexico while ex-
cavations were in progress for the new drainage system of the
city. The speaker stated that during these excavations more
than 8000 different objects had been brought to light, among
which were numerous idols, elaborately painted urns, stone knives
and various votive offerings, and that the number of articles of
jewelry made of gold, turquoise, jade, onyx and other valuable
stones was very large. Many of the objects show in their work-
manship a high degree of perfection. The scientific investigation
of this material is sure to throw much new light upon the culture
of the Aztecs. In this connection also the papers of Prof. Eduard
Seler on the religious compositions and picture-writings of the
ancient Mexicans were of great value.
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall read a paper upon the self-inflicted tor-
tures of the religious devotees of the ancient Mexicans in which
she stated that on certain days the tongue, ears or other parts of
the body of the devotee were pierced with pointed sticks or the
sharp thorns of the agave. The blood flowing from the wound
was caught in sacrificial vessels which were then placed at the feet
of the representations of the gods.
Edward Thompson displayed a complete series of reproduc-
tions in color of the wall paintings which he had discovered on
the peninsula of Yucatan in the temples of Chacmultun and gave
a clear idea of the heretofore practically unknown color-materials
of the Mayas. The conclusion to which Mr. Thompson has
arrived is that these people used nothing but vegetable colors in
the decoration of their walls, among which one can distinguish
two shades of blue, two different greens, besides red, brownish-
red, yellow, black and white. The colors were put on with an
oily fat, and by means of a fine brush of hair, upon the cream-
colored stucco which formed the surface of the walls. In their
character the paintings remind one of the naive pictures with
gl
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
which the monks of the middle ages in Europe decorated their
manuscripts and church walls. Mr. Thompson also displayed to
the Americanists by means of kinetoscopic pictures a Yucatan
sun-dance, and at the same time gave phonographic records of
the songs which were sung during each of the dances.
A. P. Maudslay displayed forty magnificent enlargements
of photographs of Maya ruins and sculptures and a copy of his
monumental work upon these antiquities, a work which marks
an epoch in the history of the investigation of the culture of these
people. Miss Adela Breton exhibited her copies of the well-known
mural paintings of Chichen Itza.
The discoveries which have been made by the explorations of
the Hyde Expedition under George H. Pepper of the Museum
were detailed to the Congress in an important communication
regarding the excavations made at Pueblo Bonito. Pueblo Bo-
nito is, perhaps, the most important ruined city of New Mexico,
and consists of an enormous building in the shape of a half-
ellipse with a circumference of 1300 feet, and contains more
than 640 rooms, in which between three and four thousand per-
sons could find accommodation. Among the thousands of ob-
jects which have been found there those are of especial interest
which have been discovered in the so-called Kiwa, the sacred
treasure-house of the different religious orders of the Pueblo.
Among these are countless remarkable ceremonial staffs and
sacred utensils, beautiful amulets and pendants from costly tur-
quoise, and bituminous coal, and a few painted terra-cotta jars,
which from their form seemed to be better adapted for drinking
vessels than for the carrying out of religious ritual.
The present-day Indians were discussed in various relations.
Miss Alice Fletcher and Dr. George A. Dorsey read papers on the
ritualistic ceremonies of the Pawnee, from which it appeared
that the belief in the Great Spirit which is to be found in many
Indian tribes (the Wakan-tanka of the Sioux, the Manitou of the
Ojibwa) is more highly developed among the Pawnee perhaps
than in any other Indian tribe in America. Tarawah, the Great
Spirit of the Pawnee, is not merely the master of life but also the
g2
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
source of all things, the ruler of the stars and of the universe in
general. During their religious ceremonies an especial place is
kept for him in the tent beside the fire, which is too holy for any
one to dare to step upon, but which one honors through gentle
touching with the finger tips.
It is entirely impossible to give in our contracted space an
adequate idea of the full programme of the Americanists’ Con-
gress, and the scientific discussions of the Indian picture-writing,
migrations, languages, customs, traditions, musical and artistic
accomplishments etc. It may suffice to state that, in spite of
the five days which the Congress lasted, only about two-thirds of
the 105 papers which were presented could be read in full or even
in abstract, the remainder being read only by title. On account
of the multifarious duties of the Secretary of the Congress and
the early date at which it was necessary to put the foregoing re-
port into shape, it has been made up from newspaper accounts
and other sources and does not lay claim to any degree of fulness.
About 150 members were present at the various sessions of the
Congress and the international character of the convention may
be judged from the fact that delegates from twenty different
nations were present. During the week following the sessions of
the Congress the foreign members in attendance were the guests
of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. on an excursion which included
visits to Philadelphia, Washington, Pittsburg, ‘ Fort Ancient’’
(in southern Ohio) and Chicago. Everywhere the Americanists
were received with the greatest hospitality, and in Washington
were given a reception by President Roosevelt.
NEWS NOTES.
) OUR expeditions were sent out by the Department
of Vertebrate Paleontology during the summer
season of 1902. The first went into the region
north of Miles City, Montana, seeking for the re-
mains of horned Dinosaurs, under the direction
chiefly of Barnum Brown, associated with Prof. R. S. Lull of
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Amherst College and Mr. Brooks, a recent graduate of Amherst.
They were successful in discovering a skull which lacked the upper
portions of the horns only, and which has an especially complete
frill. Portions of the skeleton also of the same animal and of
other horned Dinosaurs and the remains of a carnivorous
Dinosaur of gigantic size were found; and just before the
expedition closed three Crocodile skeletons and portions of the
skeletons of several beaked Lizards (rhynchocephalians) were
discovered.
The second expedition in Montana, under the leadership of
Dr. W. D. Matthew, was in quest of mammals, chiefly of the Mio-
cene period. Two important discoveries were made. First, of
the beds containing the remains of some of the smaller animals
of the period when the Titanotheres flourished, especially small
carnivores and rodents and some primitive species of Horse,
among them Mesohippus westont. The small fauna of the lower
Oligocene had already been made known partly through the re-
searches of Earl Douglas, but our collection greatly adds to his
interesting results. The second discovery of this party consisted
of the lower jaws and extensive portions of the limbs and skele-
ton of a large Rhinoceros, probably belonging to the species Kk.
malacorhinus Cope, a long-limbed animal which has been known
hitherto from its skull and a single foot bone only. We are
now enabled to give almost the complete characters of this long-
limbed and long-skulled type, which stands in marked contrast
to the more abundant short-limbed and short-skulled Rhinoceros
of the same period, named Teleoceras.
The third expedition, under the leadership of Walter Granger
associated with Peter Kaison, returned to the vicinity of the fa-
mous Bone Cabin dinosaur quarry of central Wyoming for the
fourth year of excavation. The early part of the season was de-
voted to a new dinosaur quarry discovered by W. H. Reed, and
systematically explored by the Museum for the first time in 1901.
This quarry proved to be very rich, especially in remains of the
giant herbivorous Dinosaur named Camarasaurus, After work was
finished at this point, the Bone Cabin quarry was systematically
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
explored, and yielded a rich harvest of fifty-two boxes, mostly
fine specimens, several of which are new to our collection.
The search for fossil Horses was continued under the direction
of J. W. Gidley, especially in the southern portion of South
Dakota. The results were only fairly satisfactory, and the first
six weeks of exploration in the Niobrara beds was disappointing.
Just asthe work was drawing to a close, however, a brilliant dis-
covery was made of the remains of a small herd of fossil three-
toed horses. belonging apparently to the genus Hipparion, and
parts of numerous fore and hind limbs in a perfect state of preser-
vation, and one skull and an associated skeleton so complete that
it may be mounted were found. This discovery more than repaid
the party for all the hard and disappointing work of the early
part of the summer, and added another much desired stage to the
collection presented to the Museum through the generosity of
William C. Whitney, Esq.
After months of most difficult and skilful work, chiefly under
the direction of Adam Hermann, three specimens of rare interest
have been made ready for exhibition. The first is the com-
plete skeleton of a small new Dinosaur which is to be named
“The Bird Catcher,” owing to its apparent capacity for great
speed and the long and slender, grasping structure of the
hands.
The second specimen is the great Fish Portheus molossus se-
cured by Charles H. Sternberg in Kansas in 1900. This magnifi-
cent specimen, sixteen feet in length, has been mounted on a
large panel, and we may fairly claim that it is the most striking
specimen of a fossil fish in any museum in the world. The miss-
ing parts have been restored with the greatest care in light-colored
plaster, so that there is no mistaking the restored for the original
portions of the specimen. |
The third exhibit is the superb pair of tusks and skull of the
great Elephas imperator, secured from Texas last year. The
tusks are thirteen feet, six inches in length, and twenty-two
inches in circumference. The entire upper portion of the skull
has been restored in white plaster. The specimen has been
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
mounted with a view to showing the actual height of the skull
in an animal of corresponding size.
The Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology has re-
cently received a valuable collection of mammals from the vicin-
ity of Repulse Bay, Arctic America, obtained for the Museum by
Captain George Comer, consisting of a fine series of Barren Ground
Caribou, Musk-Oxen, and of the smaller mammals of the region,
including Wolverenes, Arctic Foxes, Weasels, Arctic Hares and
various species of Lemmings. This collection of mammals is of
especial value to the Museum, being the first it has received from
the main-land of Arctic America bordering Hudson Bay.
Recent news from the Andrew J. Stone Expedition, now col-
lecting in northern British Columbia, for the Department of
Mammalogy and Ornithology, indicates that the season’s work
has been very successful, and that the amount of material will
far exceed that obtained last year. Up to the middle of Septem-
ber more than thirty large mammals had been collected, consist-
ing of Bears, Foxes, Wolves, Mountain Sheep, Mountain Goats,
Moose and Caribou, and about 800 small mammals. The expedi-
tion will remain in the field till the end of November, and the
collections will probably reach the Museum about the end of
December.
LECTURES.
During December the following lectures will be given at the
Museum:
By Prof. A. S. Bickmore to the members of the Museum:
December 4.—‘‘ The French Alps.”’
December 11.—‘‘ Historic Towns of Central France.”
December 18.—‘‘ Historic Towns of Southern France and
the French Riviera.”’
On Christmas Day at 3 p.m. Professor Bickmore will lecture
to the general public on “The French Alps.” No tickets are
required for admission.
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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Under the auspices of the Board of Education:
Tuesday evenings at 8’clock,
December 2.—Mrs. J. H. Haynes, “The Bedouins of the
Euphrates.”
December 9.—S. W. Naytor, “Jerusalem and Her
Environs.”
December 16.—G. C. Mars, “ Cairo.”’
Saturday evenings at 8 o’clock,
December 6.—W. T. Exsine, “‘ Ants and Bees.”’
December 13.—Wm. HARPER Davis, “Snakes.”’
No tickets of admission are required.
MEETINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.
The programme of the meetings of the New York Academy
of Sciences for the month 1s as follows:
December 1.—Business Meeting and Section of Astronomy,
Physics and Chemistry.
December 8.—Section of Biology.
December 15.—Annual Meeting and Presidential Address.
December 22.—Section of Geology and Mineralogy.
The public is invited to attend these meetings, which are held
in the assembly room of the Museum.
The Linnzean Society of New York will hold its regular meet-
ings at the Museum on December 9 and 23.
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QH Natural history
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