1869 THE LIBRARY NATURAL H I STORY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK, N.Y. INDEX TO VOLUME 90, 1981 AUTHORS AND TITLES A Alamuddin, N.S., Marriage — Lebanese Style, Apr., p. 8 Alcock. J., Seduction on the Wing, Dec., p. 36 Alison, R.M., The Earliest Traces of a ' Conservation Conscience, May, p. 72 Allaway, J., The African Elephant’s Drinking Problem, Apr., p. 30 Archibald, G., Last Call for the Siberian Crane, Mar., p. 58 Arnold, R.M., Weeds That Ride the Rails, Aug., p. 58 Avise, J.C., A Matter of Lights and Death, Sept., p. 6 B Bancaud, H.. The Acadians of Belle-Ile- en-Mer, Jan., p. 48 Billings, W.D., Plants in High Places, Oct., p. 82 Bitterbaum. E.J., A Martin House Is Not a Home, May, p. 64 Boccaccio, A„ Street Urchins of Colom- bia, Apr., p. 40 Boltin. L., British Museum I Natural His- tory), Jan., p. 38 Bond, J.M., Jr., Review, Oct., p. 1 18 Brown, C.R., A Martin House Is Not a Home, May, p. 64 Brownlee. D.E., Cosmic Dust, Apr., p. 73 Bruemmer, F.. Eskimos Are Warm Peo- ple, Oct., p. 42 Bryant. J.P., Hare Trigger, Nov., p. 46 Byers, J.A., Peaceable Peccaries, June, p. 60 C Campbell, T.C., More Is Not Necessarily Better, May, p. 1 2 Capriotti, E.R.. Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Carey, C., Shivering Finches. Oct., p. 58 Carpenter, G., The Importance of Moth- er’s Milk, Aug., p. 6 Cartmill, M.. Review, Apr., p. 90; Dec., p. 82 Christopher, T.A., The Seeds of Botany, Mar., p. 50 Christy, J.W., Searching for Dim Com- panions, June, p. 70 Coffey, M., In Praise of Plains. Nov., p. 54 Cook, R.E., Toxic Tailings and Tolerant Grass, Mar., p. 28; Disturbing Plants, Apr., p. 22; Plant Parenthood. July, p. 30; Pin Cherry Perceptions, Nov., p. 96 Craw ford. R.L.. A Matter of Lights and Death. Sept., p. 6 D Delcourt. H R.. The Virtue of Forests. Virgin and Otherwise, June, p. 32 del Moral, R.. Life Returns to Mount St. Helens, May, p. 36 Deyrup, M.. Deadwood Decomposers, Mar., p. 84 E Echevarri, J., Bees for the Birds, Apr., p. 36 Eldredge. N., The Elusive Eureka. Aug., p. 24 F Felsman, K., Street Urchins of Colombia. Apr., p. 40 Foott, J.. Yellowstone Buffalo Winter, Dec., p. 58 Furst, P.T.. Review, Jan., p. 92 G Geist, V., Neanderthal the Hunter, Jan., p. 26; Review, July, p. 86 Gerlach, L.R. The Ecology Movement After Ten Years, Jan., p. 1 2 Godfrey, L.R.. The Flood of Anti- evolutionism. June, p. 4 Gonzalez Grande, J.L.. Spain’s Imperial Eagle. June, p. 40 Gould. S.J.. The Politics of Census. Jan., p. 20; Hyena Myths and Realities, Feb., p. 16; Kingdoms Without Wheels, Mar., p. 42; A Most Chilling Statement. Apr., p. 14; The Titular Bishop of Titiopolis, May, p. 20; Pilt- down in Letters, June. p. 12; What, if Anything. Is a Zebra? July, p. 6; What Color Is a Zebra? Aug., p. 16: Quag- gas. Coiled Oysters, and Flimsy Facts, Sept., p. 16: Review, Sept., p. 92; A Visit to Dayton, Oct., p. 8; The Ultimate Parasite, Nov., p. 7; Agassiz in the Galapagos, Dec., p. 7 Greenough, J.W.. Whales at Table. Dec., p. 30 Griffiths, N.E.S.. The Acadians of Belle- Ile-en-Mer, Jan., p. 48 Grobecker, D.B.. Steady as a Rock, Fast as Lightning, May, p. 50 Grosser, M„ Genesis of the Gossamer Condor, Mar., p. 64 Grossman. L.. Telltale Inclusions, Apr., p. 68 Gwaltney. J.L.. Heirs of Disaster. Mar.. p. 12 ‘ H Hansen, J.V.E., Clothing for Cold Climes, Oct., p. 90 Harrison, R.E., Review, Aug., p. 78 Hendrey. G.R.. Acid Rain and Gray Snow , Feb., p. 58 Heschong. L.. Thermal Necessity. Oct., p. 32 High, C.. Indoor Air Pollution, Oct., p. 110 Huntington, G.E., Children of the Hut- terites, Feb., p. 34 Hutchins, \1.. Olympic Mountain Goats, Jan., p. 58 I Ingersoll, A.P, Saturn’s Surprises , Sept., p. 44 J Johnson, J., Leave It to Beaver , July, p. 44 K Kastner, J., Review , May, p. 88 Kelsall, J.P, Review , Nov., p. 1 10 Kessler, E., House Warming, Oct., p. 104 Knutson, R.M., Flowers That Make Heat While the Sun Shines, Oct., p. 75 Kugelmass, J.M., I’d Rather Be a Mes- senger, Aug., p. 66 L Lepp, G.D., A Least Tern Makes a Right Turn , Nov., p. 62 Love, M., With a Little Help from My Friends, Nov., p. 16 M Maran, S., The Solar Shrink, Jan., p. 82; A Near Miss, Mar., p. 98; A Noncon- forming Supernova, May, p. 78; See- ing Double and Seeing Triple, July, p. 24; Debut of an Interstellar Bubble, Aug., p. 28; Getting Ready for Halley, Nov., p. 32; Stellar Togetherness, Dec., p. 24 Marsh, R.L , Shivering Finches, Oct., p. 58 Martin, W.K., Protean Beauty, Dec., p. 42 Mason, B., A Lode of Meteorites, Apr., p. 62 Massey, B.W., A Least Tern Makes a Right Turn, Nov., p. 62 Mathewson, M.T., and W., Early Bird Photographers, Dec., p. 16 Milliman, J.D., A Voyage in the East China Sea, Jan., p. 70 Mitchell, E., The Whale Behind the Tusk, Aug., p. 50 Mulcahy, D.L., Rise of the Angiosperms, Sept., p. 30 N Nicholson, T.D., Celestial Events, Jan., p. 84; Feb., p. 91; Mar., p. 104; Apr., p. 86; May, p. 70; June, p. 74; July, p. 90; Aug., p. 76; Sept., p. 82; Oct., p. 126; Nov., p. 40; Dec., p. 80 Nietschmann, B., and J., Good Dugong, Bad Dugong; Bad Turtle, Good Turtle, May, p. 54 Nylander, J.C., Come, Gather Round the Chimney, Oct., p. 98 O Olano, M., Bees for the Birds , Apr., p. 36 Ott, E.A., Vermont Country Calendar, Mar., p. 72 P Perles, C., Hearth and Home in the Old Stone Age, Oct., p. 38 Price, R , and S., Art of the Rain Forest, Sept., p. 54 R RadclifFe, B., The Ecology Movement After Ten Years, Jan., p. 12 Raven, P.H., Tropical Rain Forests: A Global Responsibility, Feb., p. 28 Reaka, M.L., The Hole Shrimp Story, July, p. 36 Reeves, R.R., The Whale Behind the Tusk, Aug., p. 50 Reiter, E.R., The Tibet Connection, Sept., p. 64 Rensberger, B., Review, June, p. 76 Rogers, L., A Bear in Its Lair, Oct., p. 64 Rozin, E., and R, Culinary Themes and Variations, Feb., p. 6 S Scheffer, V.B., Review, Feb., p. 94 Schildkrout, E., Young Traders of Northern Nigeria, June, p. 44 Schoenbaum, S., Shakespeare — The Poet's Worlds, June, p. 54 Sheets, P.D., Volcanoes and the Maya, Aug., p. 32 Sokolov, R., The Taming of the Grain, Jan., p. 98; Forbidding Fruit, Feb., p. 102; Blueberry Blues, Mar., p. 116; Chili con Blarney, Apr., p. 96; Olym- pic Trials, May, p. 92; The Lime That Failed, June, p. 88; A Fish Story, July, p. 100; Planter's Lunch, Aug., p. 88; Roots, Sept., p. 98; Sunbelt Cuisine, Oct., p. 135; Cut and Dried, Nov., p. 116; Endangered Pisces, Dec., p. 92 Sordahl, T.A., Sleight of Wing, Aug., p. 42 Starin, E.D., Monkey Moves, Sept., p. 36 Starr, RD., Marriage — Lebanese Style, Apr., p. 8 Stevens, V., Olympic Mountain Goats, Jan., p. 58 Stinchecum, A.M., Enduring Cold the Japanese Way, Oct., p. 50 Strickland, D., The Eskimo vs. the Wal- rus vj. the Government, Feb., p. 48 Swanton, H., Ralph Hoffmann: Unsung Guide to the Birds, Nov., p. 20 Swinton, W.E., British Museum ( Natu- ral History ), Jan., p. 38 T Tattersall, F, Review, Mar., p. 92 Turnbull, C., East African Safari , May, p. 26; A Pilgrimage in India, July, p. 1 4; Holy Places and People of In- dia, Sept., p. 76 V Vuilleumier, F., The Origin of High An- dean Birds, July, p. 50 W Waldheim, K., On Asian Peoples, Jan., p. 86 Webbon, B., Survival in Space, Dec., p. 50 Weitz, C.A., Weathering Heights, Nov., p. 72 West, T.L., Llama Caravans of the An- des, Dec., p. 62 Winick, M., Food and the Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Wood, J.A., Long-playing Records, Apr., p. 56 Z Zimen, E., Italian Wolves, Feb., p. 66 SUBJECT MATTER Acadians, Canada, Jan., p. 48 Acidification, Feb., p. 58 AFRICA East, safari. May, p. 26 Elephants, Apr., p. 30 Northern Nigeria, June, p. 44 Red colobus monkeys. Sept., p. 36 Agassiz, Dec., p. 7 ALASKA Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 Whales, Dec., p. 30 Allende meteorite, Apr., p. 68 Andean highlands, llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 Angiosperms, Sept., p. 30 Anglerfish, May, p. 50 Antarctica and meteorites, Apr., p. 62 ANTHROPOLOGY Acadians, Jan., p. 48 Andes, llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 City life. New York, Aug., p. 66 Colombia, Apr., p. 40 Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 Hausa society, June, p. 44 Hutterites, Feb., p. 34 Japanese, Oct., p. 50 Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Maya, Aug., p. 32 Mexican village. Mar., p. 12 Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Quechuas, Nov., p. 72 . Sherpas, Nov., p. 72 Torres Strait Islanders, May, p. 54 Vermont, Mar., p. 72 Antievolutionism, June, p. 4 Archeology, Maya, August, p. 32; Pilt- down man, June, p. 12 ART Maroon tribes, Suriname, Sept., p. 54 Asteroids, Apr., p. 72 ASTRONOMY Celestial Events, Jan., p. 84; Feb., p. 91; Mar., p. 104; Apr., p. 86; May, p. 70; June, p. 74; July, p. 90; Aug., p. 76; Sept., p. 82; Oct., p. 126; Nov., p. 40; Dec., p. 80 Comet, Halley’s, Nov., p. 32 Cosmic dust, Apr., p. 72 Double-star systems, June, p. 70 Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Meteorites, Apr., p. 52; p. 58; p. 62; p. 68; p. 78 Moon, Apr., p. 58 Nebula, Aug., p. 28 Quasars, July, p. 24 Saturn, Sept., p. 44 Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Sky Reporter, Jan., p. 82; Feb., p. 82; Mar., p. 98; May. p. 78; June, p. 70; July, p. 24; Aug., p. 28; Nov., p. 32; Dec., p. 24 Stars, binary, Dec., p. 24 Sun, Jan., p. 82 Supernova, May, p. 78 AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM Asian people, Jan., p. 86 Bark cloth, Nov., p. 104 Exhibition Hall artists, Aug., p. 84 Expeditions, Mar., p. 108 Film festival, Oct., p. 128 Frozen fish. May, p. 84 Hall of Meteorites, Apr., p. 52 Life casts, June, p. 84 Mastodon, Sept., p. 72 Meteorites, Apr., p. 78 Microscopes, Feb., p. 98 Past and future of, July, p. 92 Australia, May, p. 54 Avian migration. Sept., p. 6 Aviation, Gossamer Condor, Mar., p. 64 Avocet, American, Aug., p. 42 Baffin Islands, Aug., p. 50 Bears, Oct., p. 64 Beaver, July, p. 44 Bees, Apr., p. 64 Bicycle messengers. New York, Aug., p. 66 Binary stars, Dec., p. 24 BIOLOGY Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Human milk, Aug., p. 6 BIOS Grass, species of, Mar., p. 28 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 Plants, Mar., p. 28; Apr., p. 22; July, p. 30 BIRDS American avocet, Aug., p. 42 Andean, July, p. 50 Avian migration. Sept., p. 6 Eagle, June, p. 40 European bee eater, Apr., p. 36 Finches, Oct., p. 58 Guide to, Nov., p. 20 Martins, purple. May, p. 64 Photographers of, Dec., p. 16 Siberian cranes. Mar., p. 58 Stilts, Aug., p. 42 Terns, Nov., p. 62 Bird watching, Nov., p. 20 Blueberries, Mar., p. 116 Botanical garden, Padua, Italy, Mar., p. 50 BOTANY Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Forests, June, p. 32 Grass, Mar., p. 28 Herbs, Feb., p. 6 Lime, June, p. 88 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 Plants Alpine, Oct., p. 82 Alterations of, Apr., p. 14 Communities, Apr., p. 22 Flowering, July, p. 30; Sept., p. 30; Oct., p. 75 Research, Mar., p. 50 and Toxins, Nov., p. 46 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Proteacea, Dec., p. 42 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Sassafras trees. Sept., p. 98 British Museum (Natural History), Jan., p. 38 Buffalo, Dec., p. 58 Camels, Mar., p. 42; July, p. 86 CANADA Acadians, Jan., p. 48 Hutterites, Feb., p. 34 Celestial Events see Astronomy Census, Jan., p. 20 Chili, Apr., p. 96 Chimney, Oct., p. 98 China, coastal oceanography, Jan., p. 70 CLIMATE Changes, Sept., p. 64 Great Plains, Nov., p. 54 Keeping warm, Oct., p. 32; p. 38; p. 42; p. 50; p. 58; p. 64; p. 75; p. 82; p. 90; p. 98; p. 104; p. 110 Mountain altitude, Nov., p. 72 and Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Rain and snow, Feb., p. 58 Colombia, Apr., p. 40 Comets, Apr., p. 72; Nov., p. 32 CONSERVATION Ancient concept. May, p. 72 Birds, Dec., p. 16 Terns, Nov., p. 62 Cosmic dust, Apr., p. 72 Cranes, Siberian, Mar., p. 58 DNA, Nov., p. 7 Double-star system, June, p. 70 Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Druse, Apr., p. 8 Eagles, June, p. 40 East China Sea, Jan., p. 70 ECOLOGY Forest, Mar., p. 84 Toxins, function of, Nov., p. 46 Ecosystem, Mar., p. 84; June, p. 32 Elephants, African, Apr., p. 30 ENDANGERED SPECIES Siberian cranes, March, p. 58 Spanish imperial eagle, June, p. 40 Terns, Nov., p. 62 ENVIRONMENT Ecology movement, Jan., p. 12 High altitude, Nov., p. 72 Mount St. Helens, May, p. 36 Vermont, Mar., p. 72 Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 European bee eater, Apr., p. 36 EVOLUTION Anti-, June, p. 4 Grass, Mar., p. 28 Insect mating systems, Dec., p. 36 Mammals, Mar., p. 42 Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Fibers, natural and synthetic, Oct., p. 90 Finches, Oct., p. 58 Fireplace, Oct., p. 104; and pollution, Oct., p. 1 10 FISHES Anglerfish, May, p. 50 Salmon, July, p. 100 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Flight, human-powered. Mar., p. 64 FOOD Blueberries, Mar., p. 1 16 Chili, Apr., p. 96 and fetus, Jan., p. 76 Herbs, Feb., p. 6 Lime, June, p. 88 Meat, Nov., p. 1 16 Olympia oyster. May, p. 92 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Salmon, July, p. 100 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 FOREST Ecosystem, Mar., p. 84 Rain forest, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Fossil, Aug., p. 24; April, p. 90 Franklin stove, Oct., p. 32 FRUIT Blueberries, Mar., p. 1 16 Lime, June, p. 88 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Galapagos, Dec., p. 7 Galaxies, Seyfert, Feb., p. 82 Genes, Nov., p. 7 Geology, volcanoes. May, p. 36; Aug., p. 32 Goats, mountain, Jan., p. 58 Great Plains, Nov., p. 54 Halley’s comet, Nov., p. 32 Hare, snowshoe, Nov., p. 46 Hausa society, June, p. 44 Herbs, Feb., p. 6 HISTORY of Earth, Apr., p. 58 of science. May, p. 20; Sept., p. 16 Human milk, Aug., p. 6 HUMAN STRATEGY Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Mexican village, Mar., p. 12 Hutterites, child rearing, Feb., p. 34 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Ichthyology, May, p. 84 India, July, p. 14; Sept., p. 76 INSECTS Bees, Apr., p. 36 and Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Wasps, Dec., p. 36 Insulation of houses, Oct., p. 104 INVERTEBRATES Fossil, Aug., p. 24 Shrimp, July, p. 36 ITALY Padua, Mar., p. 50 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Japan, Oct., p. 50 Jerky, Nov., p. 116 KEEPING WARM Alpine plants, Oct., p. 82 Birds, Oct., p. 58 Eskimos, Oct., p. 42 Fibers, Oct., p. 90 Franklin stove, Oct., p. 32 Indoors and pollution, Oct., p. 1 10 Insulation, Oct., p. 104 Japanese, Oct., p. 50 Mammals, Oct., p. 64 New England and chimneys, Oct., p. 98 North American Arctic, Oct., p. 42 Plants, Oct., p. 75 and the Stone Age, Oct., p. 38 Lebanon, Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Lime, June, p. 88 Llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 London, natural history museum, Jan., p. 38 MAMMALS Bears, Oct., p. 64 Beavers, July, p. 44 Buffaloes, Dec., p. 58 Camels, Mar., p. 42 Dugongs, May, p. 54 Elephants, Apr., p. 30 Goats, Jan., p. 58 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Llamas, Dec., p. 62 Monkeys, Sept., p. 36 Peccaries, June, p. 60 Snowshoe hares, Nov., p. 46 Walrus, Feb., p. 48 Whales, Aug., p. 50; Dec., p. 30 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Zebras, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 Mantis shrimp, July, p. 36 Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Martins, purple. May, p. 64 MATTER OF TASTE Blueberries, Mar., p. 1 16 Chili, Apr., p. 96 Fish, July, p. 100 Lime, June, p. 88 Meat, jerked, Nov., p. 116 Oysters, May, p. 92 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 Maya, Aug., p. 32 Meat, dried, Nov., p. 1 16 Messengers, Aug., p. 66 Meteorites, Apr., p. 52; p. 56; p. 62; p. 68; p. 78 Meteoroid, Mar., p. 98 MEXICO Meteorite, Apr., p. 68 Village people. Mar., p. 12 Milk, human, Aug., p. 6 Monkey trial, Oct., p. 8 Monkeys, red colobus. Sept., p. 36 Moon, Apr., p. 58 Mount St. Helens, May, p. 36 Narwhals, Aug., p. 50 NASA, Dec., p. 50 National park, Olympic mountain, Jan., p. 58 NATURALIST AT LARGE Environment, Nov., p. 16 Fossil, Aug., p. 24 Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28 Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Nebula, emission, Aug., p. 28 North American Arctic and keeping warm, Oct., p. 42 Nutrition and fetus, Jan., p. 76 Nutritional biochemistry. May, p. 12 Oceanography, Chinese, Jan., p. 70 Oysters, May, p. 92 Padua, botanical garden. Mar., p. 50 Peccaries, collared, June, p. 60 Pediatrics, Jan., p. 76 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Photographic competition, winners, July, p. 66 Piltdown man, June, p. 12 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 PLANTS Alpine, Oct., p. 82 Alteration of, Apr., p. 14 Communities, Apr., p. 22 Flowering, July, p. 30; Sept., p. 30; Oct., p. 75 Research, Mar., p. 50 Seeds, Dec., p. 42 and Toxins, Nov., p. 46 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Politics of census, Jan., p. 20 POLLUTION and acidification, Feb., p. 58 Indoors, Oct., p. 1 10 Quasars, July, p. 24 Railroads, Aug., p. 58 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Religion, Muslim, June, p. 44 Renaissance literature, June, p. 54 Reptiles, turtles. May, p. 54 Safari, East Africa, May, p. 26 Salmon, July, p. 100 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Saturn, Sept., p. 44 Scientific creationism, June, p. 4 Scopes trial, Oct., p. 8 Seed dispersal methods, Dec., p. 42 Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Shakespeare, June, p. 54 Shrimp, July, p. 36 Siberian crane, Mar., p. 58 Sky Reporter see Astronomy Solar collectors, Oct., p. 75 Solar heating, Oct., p. 32 SOUTH AMERICA Andean birds, July, p. 50 Bolivian llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 Colombia street children, Apr., p. 40 Rain forest. Sept., p. 54 Suriname Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Spacesuits, Dec., p. 50 Spain, June, p. 40 Spices, Feb., p. 6; Apr., p. 96 Stars, binary, Dec., p. 24 Sun, Jan., p. 82 Supernova Cassiopeia A, May, p. 78 Suriname, art of, Sept., p. 54 Teilhard de Chardin letters, June, p. 12 Terns, Nov., p. 62 Thermal qualities, Oct., p. 32 THIS VIEW OF LIFE Agassiz, Dec., p. 7 Agricultural science, Apr., p. 14 Census, Jan., p. 20 History of science. May, p. 20; Sept., p. 16; Oct., p. 8 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Mammals’ feet. Mar., p. 42 Parasite, Nov., p. 7 Piltdown man, June, p. 12 Zebra, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 Tibet Plateau, Sept., p. 64 Torres Strait Islanders, May, p. 54 TOURIST AS PILGRIM East Africa, May, p. 26 India, July, p. 14; Sept., p. 76 Turtles, green sea. May, p. 54 Vermont, rural life. Mar., p. 72 Volcanoes, May, p. 36; Aug., p. 32 Voyager / spacecraft, Sept., p. 44 Walrus, Feb., p. 48 Washington State, Jan., p. 58; May, p. 36 Wasps, Dec., p. 36 Weather see Climate WEB OF HUNGER Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Nutrition, May, p. 12 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Whale, Aug., p. 50; Dec., p. 30 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Yellowstone buffalo, Dec., p. 58 Zebras, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 BOOKS IN REVIEW Above Timberline, Feb., p. 94 After Man: A Zoology of the Future, Dec., p. 82 Camel, The, July, p. 86 Caribou and the Barren-Lands, Nov., p. 1 10 Glass House, The, Oct., p. 1 18 Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, Apr., p. 90 Mapmakers, The, Aug., p. 78 Plants of the Gods, Jan., p. 92 Reckoning With the Beast, May, p. 88 Sand Rivers, June, p. 76 Wondrous Mushroom. The, Jan., p. 92 World Like Our Own, A: Man and Na- ture in Madagascar, Mar., p. 92 Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Bea- gle, The, Sept., p. 92 $2 Prr BrV m iwii i m rill in sc fcVWvIfx • • B f, * f / f J i » I IT *, ” * r V vviWilH i •«. 1HI • ’ * - jM PV r (flMp ENGINEERING TEAMS FROM AMERICA AND OVERSEAS JOIN FORCES TO CREATE A NEW CAR WITH BETTER IDEAS FROM AROUND THE WORLD Top engineers drawn from the worldwide resources of Ford Motor Company teamed up to create Escort. They pooled their exper- tise... compared, tested, evalu- ated, experimented— to come up with better ideas. The result: a high-mileage car built in America to take on the world. Escort will be made in America for American drivers... with other models built and sold overseas. 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DRIVE A WORLD CAR Whether you buy or lease, see your Ford Dealer now to order your Escort . . . 3-door Hatchback, 4-door Liftgate . . or even a Squire wagon option. And remember to ask about Ford’s Extended Service Plan. Escort Liftgate 4-doors and wagon room when you need it. THE NEW WORLD CAR FORD ESCORT FORD DIVISION NAIURAL HISTORY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK. N.Y. INDEX TO VOLUME 90, 1981 AUTHORS AND TITLES A Alamuddin, N.S., Marriage — Lebanese Style, Apr., p. 8 Alcock, J., Seduction on the Wing, Dec., p. 36 Alison. R.M., The Earliest Traces of a Conservation Conscience, May, p. 72 Allaway, J., The African Elephant’s Drinking Problem, Apr., p. 30 Archibald, G.. Last Call for the Siberian Crane, Mar., p. 58 _ Arnold, R.M., Weeds That Ride the Rails, Aug., p. 58 Avise, J.C., A Matter of Lights and Death, Sept., p. 6 B Bancaud. H., The Acadians of Belle-Ile- en-Mer, Jan., p. 48 Billings, W.D., Plants in High Places, Oct., p. 82 Bitterbaum, E.J., A Martin House Is Not a Home, May, p. 64 Boccaccio, A.. Street Urchins of Colom- bia, Apr., p. 40 Boltin, L.. British Museum I Natural His- tory), Jan., p. 38 Bond, J.M.. Jr., Review, Oct., p. 1 18 Brown, C.R., A Martin House Is Not a Home, May, p. 64 Brownlee, D.E., Cosmic Dust, Apr., p. 73 Bruentmer, F., Eskimos Are Warm Peo- ple, Oct., p. 42 Bryant, J.P. Hare Trigger, Nov., p. 46 Byers, J.A., Peaceable Peccaries, June, p. 60 C Campbell. T.C., More Is Not Necessarily Better. May, p. 12 Capriotti, E.R.. Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Carey, C., Shivering Finches, Oct., p. 58 Carpenter, G.. The Importance of Moth- er’s Milk, Aug., p. 6 Cartmill. M.. Review, Apr., p. 90; Dec.. p. 82 Christopher, T.A., The Seeds of Botany, Mar., p. 50 Christy. J.W., Searching for Dim Com- panions, June. p. 70 Coffey, M., In Praise of Plains. Nov., p. 54 Cook. R.E., Toxic Tailings and Tolerant Grass. Mar., p. 28; Disturbing Plants, Apr., p. 22; Plant Parenthood. July, p. 30; Pin Cherry Perceptions, Nov., p. 96 Crawford, R.L., A Matter of Lights and Death, Sept., p. 6 D Delcourt. H R.. The Virtue of Forests, Virgin and Otherwise, June. p. 32 del Moral, R.. Life Returns to Mount St. Helens, May, p. 36 Deyrup. M„ Deadwood Decomposers, Mar., p. 84 E Echevarri. J., Bees for the Birds, Apr., p. 36 Eldredge, N., The Elusive Eureka. Aug., p. 24 F Felsman, K... Street Urchins of Colombia. Apr., p. 40 Foott, J., Yellowstone Buffalo Winter, Dec., p. 58 Furst, P.T.. Review, Jan., p. 92 G Geist, V., Neanderthal the Hunter, Jan., p. 26; Review, July, p. 86 Gerlach, L.R. The Ecology Movement After Ten Years, Jan., p. 12 Godfrey, L.R., The Flood of Anti- evolutionism. June. p. 4 Gonzalez Grande. J.F.. Spain's Imperial Eagle, June. p. 40 Gould. S.J., The Politics of Census, Jan., p. 20; Hyena Myths and Realities, Feb., p. 16; Kingdoms Without Wheels, Mar., p. 42; A Most Chilling Statement, Apr., p. 14; The Titular Bishop of Titiopolis, May, p. 20; Pill- down in Letters, June, p. 12; What, if Anything, Is a Zebra? July, p. 6; What Color Is a Zebra? Aug., p. 16; Quag- gas. Coiled Oysters, and Flimsy Facts. Sept., p. 16; Review, Sept., p. 92; A Visit to Dayton, Oct., p. 8; The Ultimate Parasite, Nov., p. 7; Agassiz in the Galapagos, Dec., p. 7 Greenough. J.W., Whales at Table. Dec., p. 30 Griffiths. N.E.S., The Acadians of Belle- Ile-en-Mer. Jan., p. 48 Grobecker. D.B.. Steady as a Rock. Fast as Lightning. May, p. 50 Grosser, M., Genesis of the Gossamer Condor. Mar., p. 64 Grossman, L.. Telltale Inclusions, Apr.. p. 68 Gwaltney, J.L.. Heirs of Disaster, Mar.. p. 12 ' fl Hansen, J.V.E.. Clothing for Cold Climes, Oct., p. 90 Harrison. R.E.. Review, Aug., p. 78 Hendrey, G.R.. Acid Rain and Gray- Snow, Feb., p. 58 Heschong. L., Thermal Necessity, Oct., P- 32 " High, C.. Indoor Air Pollution, Oct.. p. 110 Huntington. G.E.. Children of the Hut- terites. Feb., p. 34 Hutchins, M.. Olympic Mountain Goat-s, Jan., p. 58 I Ingersoll, A.P., Saturn’s Surprises, Sept., p. 44 J Johnson, J., Leave It to Beaver , July, p. 44 K Kastner, J., Review, May, p. 88 Kelsall, J.P., Review, Nov., p. 110 Kessler, E., House Warming, Oct., p. 104 Knutson, R.M., Flowers That Make Heat While the Sun Shines, Oct., p. 75 Kugelmass, J.M., I'd Rather Be a Mes- senger, Aug., p. 66 L Lepp, G.D., A Least Tern Makes a Right Turn, Nov., p. 62 Love, M., With a Little Help from My Friends, Nov., p. 16 M Maran, S., The Solar Shrink, Jan., p. 82; A Near Miss, Mar., p. 98; A Noncon- forming Supernova, May, p. 78; See- ing Double and Seeing Triple, July, p. 24; Debut of an Interstellar Bubble, Aug., p. 28; Getting Ready for Halley, Nov., p. 32; Stellar Togetherness, Dec., p. 24 Marsh, R.L., Shivering Finches, Oct., p. 58 Martin, W.K., Protean Beauty, Dec., p. 42 Mason, B., A Lode of Meteorites, Apr., p. 62 Massey, B.W., A Least Tern Makes a Right Turn, Nov., p. 62 Mathewson, M.T., and W., Early Bird Photographers, Dec., p. 16 Milliman, J.D., A Voyage in the East China Sea, Jan., p. 70 Mitchell, E., The Whale Behind the Tusk, Aug., p. 50 Mulcahy, D.L., Rise of the Angiosperms, Sept., p. 30 N Nicholson, T.D., Celestial Events, Jan., p. 84; Feb., p. 91; Mar., p. 104; Apr., p. 86; May, p. 70; June, p. 74; July, p. 90; Aug., p. 76; Sept., p. 82; Oct., p. 126; Nov., p. 40; Dec., p. 80 Nietschmann, B , and J., Good Dugong, Bad Dugong; Bad Turtle, Good Turtle, May, p. 54 Nylander, J.C., Come, Gather Round the Chimney, Oct., p. 98 O Olano, M., Bees for the Birds, Apr., p. 36 Ott, E.A., Vermont Country Calendar , Mar., p. 72 P Perles, C., Hearth and Home in the Old Stone Age, Oct., p. 38 Price, R., and S., Art of the Rain Forest, Sept., p. 54 R RadclifTe, B., The Ecology Movement After Ten Years, Jan., p. 12 Raven, PH., Tropical Rain Forests: A Global Responsibility, Feb., p. 28 Reaka, M.L., The Hole Shrimp Story, July, p. 36 Reeves, R.R., The Whale Behind the Tusk, Aug., p. 50 Reiter, E.R., The Tibet Connection, Sept., p. 64 Rensberger, B„ Review, June, p. 76 Rogers, L., A Bear in Its Lair, Oct., p. 64 Rozin, E., and P, Culinary Themes and Variations, Feb., p. 6 S Scheffer, V.B., Review, Feb., p. 94 Schildkrout, E., Young Traders of Northern Nigeria, June, p. 44 Schoenbaum, S., Shakespeare — The Poet’s Worlds, June, p. 54 Sheets, P.D., Volcanoes and the Maya, Aug., p. 32 Sokolov, R., The Taming of the Grain, Jan., p. 98; Forbidding Fruit, Feb., p. 102; Blueberry Blues, Mar., p. 116; Chili con Blarney, Apr., p. 96; Olym- pic Trials, May, p. 92; The Lime That Failed, June, p. 88; A Fish Story, July, p. 100; Planter's Lunch, Aug., p. 88; Roots, Sept., p. 98; Sunbelt Cuisine, Oct., p. 135; Cut and Dried, Nov., p. 116; Endangered Pisces, Dec., p. 92 Sordahl, T.A., Sleight of Wing , Aug., p. 42 Starin, E.D., Monkey Moves, Sept., p. 36 Starr, PD., Marriage — Lebanese Style, Apr., p. 8 Stevens, V., Olympic Mountain Goats, Jan., p. 58 Stinchecum, A.M., Enduring Cold the Japanese Way, Oct., p. 50 Strickland, D., The Eskimo vs. the Wal- rus vs. the Government, Feb., p. 48 S wanton, H., Ralph Hoffmann: Unsung Guide to the Birds, Nov., p. 20 Swinton, W.E., British Museum ( Natu- ral History ), Jan., p. 38 T Tattersall, I., Review, Mar., p. 92 Turnbull, C., East African Safari, May, p. 26; A Pilgrimage in India, July, p. 14; Holy Places and People of In- dia, Sept., p. 76 V Vuilleumier, F., The Origin of High An- dean Birds, July, p. 50 W Waldheim, K., On Asian Peoples, Jan., p. 86 Webbon, B., Survival in Space, Dec., p. 50 Weitz, C.A., Weathering Heights, Nov., p. 72 West, T.L., Llama Caravans of the An- des, Dec., p. 62 Winick, M., Food and the Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Wood, J.A., Long-playing Records, Apr., p. 56 Z Zimen, E., Italian Wolves, Feb., p. 66 SUBJECT MATTER Acadians, Canada, Jan., p. 48 Acidification, Feb., p. 58 AFRICA East, safari. May, p. 26 Elephants, Apr., p. 30 Northern Nigeria, June, p. 44 Red colobus monkeys. Sept., p. 36 Agassiz, Dec., p. 7 ALASKA Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 Whales, Dec., p. 30 Allende meteorite, Apr., p. 68 Andean highlands, llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 Angiosperms, Sept., p. 30 Anglerfish, May, p. 50 Antarctica and meteorites, Apr., p. 62 ANTHROPOLOGY, Acadians, Jan., p. 48 Andes, llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 City life. New York, Aug., p. 66 Colombia, Apr., p. 40 Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 Hausa society, June, p. 44 Hutterites, Feb., p. 34 Japanese, Oct., p. 50 Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Maya, Aug., p. 32 Mexican village. Mar., p. 12 Neanderthal man. Jan., p. 26 Quechuas, Nov., p. 72- Sherpas, Nov., p. 72 Torres Strait Islanders, May, p. 54 Vermont, Mar., p. 72 Antievolutionism, June, p. 4 Archeology, Maya, August, p. 32; Pilt- down man, June, p. 12 ART Maroon tribes, Suriname, Sept., p. 54 Asteroids, Apr., p. 72 ASTRONOMY Celestial Events, Jan., p. 84; Feb., p. 91; Mar., p. 104; Apr., p. 86; May, p. 70; June, p. 74; July, p. 90; Aug., p. 76; Sept., p. 82; Oct., p. 126; Nov., p. 40; Dec., p. 80 Comet, Halley’s, Nov., p. 32 Cosmic dust, Apr, p. 72 Double-star systems, June, p. 70 Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Meteorites, Apr., p. 52; p. 58; p. 62; p. 68; p. 78 Moon, Apr., p. 58 Nebula, Aug., p. 28 Quasars, July, p. 24 Saturn, Sept., p. 44 Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Sky Reporter, Jan., p. 82; Feb., p. 82; Mar., p. 98; May, p. 78; June, p. 70; July, p. 24; Aug., p. 28; Nov., p. 32; Dec., p. 24 Stars, binary, Dec., p. 24 Sun, Jan., p. 82 Supernova, May, p. 78 AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM Asian people, Jan., p. 86 Bark cloth, Nov., p. 104 Exhibition Hall artists, Aug., p. 84 Expeditions, Mar., p. 108 Film festival, Oct., p. 128 Frozen fish. May, p. 84 Hall of Meteorites, Apr., p. 52 Life casts, June, p. 84 Mastodon, Sept., p. 72 Meteorites, Apr., p. 78 Microscopes, Feb., p. 98 Past and future of, July, p. 92 Australia, May, p. 54 Avian migration. Sept., p. 6 Aviation, Gossamer Condor, Mar., p. 64 Avocet, American, Aug., p. 42 Baffin Islands, Aug., p. 50 Bears, Oct., p. 64 Beaver. July, p. 44 Bees, Apr., p. 64 Bicycle messengers. New York, Aug., p. 66 Binary stars, Dec., p. 24 BIOLOGY Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Human milk, Aug., p. 6 BIOS Grass, species of. Mar., p. 28 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 Plants, Mar., p. 28; Apr., p. 22; July, p. 30 BIRDS American avocet, Aug., p. 42 Andean, July, p. 50 Avian migration. Sept., p. 6 Eagle, June, p. 40 European bee eater, Apr., p. 36 Finches, Oct., p. 58 Guide to, Nov., p. 20 Martins, purple. May, p. 64 Photographers of, Dec., p. 16 Siberian cranes. Mar., p. 58 Stilts, Aug., p. 42 Terns. Nov., p. 62 Bird watching, Nov., p. 20 Blueberries. Mar., p. 116 Botanical garden, Padua, Italy, Mar., p. 50 BOTANY Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Forests, June, p. 32 Grass, Mar., p. 28 Herbs, Feb., p. 6 Lime, June, p. 88 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 Plants Alpine, Oct., p. 82 Alterations of, Apr., p. 14 Communities, Apr., p. 22 Flowering, July, p. 30; Sept., p. 30; Oct., p. 75 Research. Mar., p. 50 and Toxins, Nov., p. 46 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Proteacea, Dec., p. 42 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Sassafras trees. Sept., p. 98 British Museum (Natural History), Jan., p. 38 Buffalo, Dec., p. 58 Camels, Mar., p. 42; July, p. 86 CANADA Acadians, Jan., p. 48 Hutterites, Feb., p. 34 Celestial Events see Astronomy Census, Jan., p. 20 Chili, Apr., p. 96 Chimney, Oct., p. 98 China, coastal oceanography. Jan., p. 70 CLIMATE Changes, Sept., p. 64 Great Plains, Nov., p. 54 Keeping warm, Oct., p. 32; p. 38; p. 42; p. 50; p. 58; p. 64; p. 75; p. 82; p. 90; p. 98; p. 104; p. 1 10 Mountain altitude, Nov., p. 72 and Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Rain and snow, Feb., p. 58 Colombia, Apr., p. 40 Comets, Apr., p. 72; Nov., p. 32 CONSERVATION Ancient concept. May, p. 72 Birds, Dec., p. 16 Terns, Nov., p. 62 Cosmic dust, Apr., p. 72 Cranes, Siberian, Mar., p. 58 DNA. Nov., p. 7 Double-star system. June, p. 70 Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Druse, Apr., p. 8 Eagles, June, p. 40 East China Sea. Jan., p. 70 ECOLOGY Forest. Mar., p. 84 Toxins, function of, Nov., p. 46 Ecosystem. Mar., p. 84; June. p. 32 Elephants. African, Apr., p. 30 ENDANGERED SPECIES Siberian cranes, March, p. 58 Spanish imperial eagle, June, p. 40 Terns, Nov., p. 62 ENVIRONMENT Ecology movement, Jan., p. 12 High altitude, Nov., p. 72 Mount St. Helens. May, p. 36 Vermont, Mar., p. 72 Eskimos, Feb., p. 48; Oct., p. 42 European bee eater, Apr., p. 36 EVOLUTION Anti-, June, p. 4 Grass, Mar., p. 28 Insect mating systems, Dec., p. 36 Mammals, Mar., p. 42 Fetus. Jan., p. 76 Fibers, natural and synthetic, Oct., p. 90 Finches, Oct., p. 58 Fireplace. Oct., p. 104; and pollution, Oct., p. 1 10 FISHES Anglerfish, May, p. 50 Salmon, July, p. 100 Whitefish. Dec., p. 92 Flight, human-powered. Mar., p. 64 FOOD Blueberries, Mar., p. 116 Chili, Apr., p. 96 and fetus, Jan., p. 76 Herbs. Feb., p. 6 Lime, June, p. 88 Meat, Nov., p. 1 16 Olympia oyster. May. p. 92 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Salmon. July, p. 100 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 FOREST Ecosystem. Mar., p. 84 Rain forest, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Fossil, Aug., p. 24; April, p. 90 Franklin stove. Oct., p. 32 FRUIT Blueberries, Mar., p. 116 Lime, June, p. 88 Persimmon. Feb., p. 102 Galapagos, Dec., p. 7 Galaxies, Seyfert. Feb., p. 82 Genes. Nov., p. 7 Geology, volcanoes. May, p. 36; Aug., p. 32 Goats, mountain. Jan., p. 58 Great Plains, Nov., p. 54 Halley’s comet, Nov., p. 32 Hare, snowshoe. Nov., p. 46 Hausa society, June. p. 44 Herbs. Feb., p. 6 HISTORY of Earth, Apr., p. 58 of science. May, p. 20; Sept., p. 16 Human milk. Aug., p. 6 HUMAN STRATEGY Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Mexican village. Mar., p. 12 Hutterites, child rearing, Feb., p. 34 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Ichthyology, May, p. 84 India. July. p. 14; Sept., p. 76 INSECTS Bees, Apr., p. 36 and Douglas fir trees. Mar., p. 84 Wasps, Dec., p. 36 Insulation of houses, Oct., p. 104 INVERTEBRATES Fossil. Aug., p. 24 Shrimp. July, p. 36 ITALY Padua. Mar., p. 50 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Japan. Oct., p. 50 Jerky, Nov., p. 1 16 KEEPING WARM Alpine plants, Oct., p. 82 Birds. Oct., p. 58 Eskimos, Oct., p. 42 Fibers, Oct., p. 90 Franklin stove, Oct., p. 32 Indoors and pollution, Oct., p. 1 10 Insulation, Oct., p. 104 Japanese, Oct., p. 50 Mammals, Oct., p. 64 New England and chimneys, Oct., p. 98 North American Arctic, Oct., p. 42 Plants, Oct., p. 75 and the Stone Age, Oct., p. 38 Lebanon, Druse sect, Apr., p. 8 Lime, June, p. 88 Llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 London, natural history museum, Jan., p. 38 MAMMALS Bears, Oct., p. 64 Beavers, July, p. 44 Buffaloes, Dec., p. 58 Camels, Mar., p. 42 Dugongs, May, p. 54 Elephants, Apr., p. 30 Goats, Jan., p. 58 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Llamas, Dec., p. 62 Monkeys, Sept., p. 36 Peccaries, June, p. 60 Snowshoe hares, Nov., p. 46 Walrus, Feb., p. 48 Whales, Aug., p. 50; Dec., p. 30 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Zebras, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 Mantis shrimp, July, p. 36 Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Martins, purple. May, p. 64 MATTER OF TASTE Blueberries, Mar., p. 1 1 6 Chili, Apr., p. 96 Fish, July, p. 1 00 Lime, June, p. 88 Meat, jerked, Nov., p. 116 Oysters, May, p. 92 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 Maya, Aug., p. 32 Meat, dried, Nov., p. 1 16 Messengers, Aug., p. 66 Meteorites, Apr., p. 52; p. 56; p. 62; p. 68; p. 78 Meteoroid, Mar., p. 98 MEXICO Meteorite, Apr., p. 68 Village people. Mar., p. 12 Milk, human, Aug., p. 6 Monkey trial, Oct., p. 8 Monkeys, red colobus. Sept., p. 36 Moon, Apr., p. 58 Mount St. Helens, May, p. 36 Narwhals, Aug., p. 50 NASA, Dec., p. 50 National park, Olympic mountain, Jan., p. 58 NATURALIST AT LARGE Environment, Nov., p. 16 Fossil, Aug., p. 24 Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28 Neanderthal man, Jan., p. 26 Nebula, emission, Aug., p. 28 North American Arctic and keeping warm, Oct., p. 42 Nutrition and fetus, Jan., p. 76 Nutritional biochemistry. May, p. 12 Oceanography, Chinese, Jan., p. 70 Oysters, May, p. 92 Padua, botanical garden. Mar., p. 50 Peccaries, collared, June, p. 60 Pediatrics, Jan., p. 76 Persimmon, Feb., p. 102 Photographic competition, winners, July, p. 66 Piltdown man, June, p. 12 Pin cherry, Nov., p. 96 PLANTS Alpine, Oct., p. 82 Alteration of, Apr., p. 14 Communities, Apr., p. 22 Flowering, July, p. 30; Sept., p. 30; Oct., p. 75 Research, Mar., p. 50 Seeds, Dec., p. 42 and Toxins, Nov., p. 46 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Politics of census, Jan., p. 20 POLLUTION and acidification, Feb., p. 58 Indoors, Oct., p. 1 10 Quasars, July, p. 24 Railroads, Aug., p. 58 Rain forests, Feb., p. 28; Sept., p. 54 Religion, Muslim, June, p. 44 Renaissance literature, June, p. 54 Reptiles, turtles. May, p. 54 Safari, East Africa, May, p. 26 Salmon, July, p. 100 Sassafras, Sept., p. 98 Saturn, Sept., p. 44 Scientific creationism, June, p. 4 Scopes trial, Oct., p. 8 Seed dispersal methods, Dec., p. 42 Seyfert Galaxies, Feb., p. 82 Shakespeare, June, p. 54 Shrimp, July, p. 36 Siberian crane, Mar., p. 58 Sky Reporter see Astronomy Solar collectors, Oct., p. 75 Solar heating, Oct., p. 32 SOUTH AMERICA Andean birds, July, p. 50 Bolivian llama caravans, Dec., p. 62 Colombia street children, Apr., p. 40 Rain forest. Sept., p. 54 Suriname Maroon tribes. Sept., p. 54 Southern cooking, Aug., p. 88; Oct., p. 135 Spacesuits, Dec., p. 50 Spain, June, p. 40 Spices, Feb., p. 6; Apr., p. 96 Stars, binary, Dec., p. 24 Sun, Jan., p. 82 Supernova Cassiopeia A, May, p. 78 Suriname, art of. Sept., p. 54 Teilhard de Chardin letters, June, p. 12 Terns, Nov., p. 62 Thermal qualities, Oct., p. 32 THIS VIEW OF LIFE Agassiz, Dec., p. 7 Agricultural science, Apr., p. 14 Census, Jan., p. 20 History of science. May, p. 20; Sept., p. 16; Oct., p. 8 Hyenas, Feb., p. 16 Mammals’ feet. Mar., p. 42 Parasite, Nov., p. 7 Piltdown man, June, p. 12 Zebra, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 Tibet Plateau, Sept., p. 64 Torres Strait Islanders, May, p. 54 TOURIST AS PILGRIM East Africa, May, p. 26 India, July, p. 14; Sept., p. 76 Turtles, green sea. May, p. 54 Vermont, rural life. Mar., p. 72 Volcanoes, May, p. 36; Aug., p. 32 Voyager I spacecraft. Sept., p. 44 Walrus, Feb., p. 48 Washington State, Jan., p. 58; May, p. 36 Wasps, Dec., p. 36 Weather see Climate WEB OF HUNGER Fetus, Jan., p. 76 Nutrition, May, p. 12 Weeds, Aug., p. 58 Whale, Aug., p. 50; Dec., p. 30 Whitefish, Dec., p. 92 Wild rice, Jan., p. 98 Wolves, Feb., p. 66 Yellowstone buffalo, Dec., p. 58 Zebras, July, p. 6; Aug., p. 16 BOOKS IN REVIEW Above Timberline, Feb., p. 94 After Man: A Zoology of the Future. Dec., p. 82 Camel, The, July, p. 86 Caribou and the Barren-Lands, Nov., p. 1 10 Glass House, The, Oct., p. 1 18 Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, Apr., p. 90 Mapmakers, The, Aug., p. 78 Plants of the Gods, Jan., p. 92 Reckoning With the Beast, May, p. 88 Sand Rivers, June, p. 76 Wondrous Mushroom, The, Jan., p. 92 World Like Our Ov. n, A: Man and Na- ture in Madagascar, Mar., p. 92 Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Bea- gle, The, Sept., p. 92 Man Ternes. Editor udith Friedman. Managing Editor 'homas Page. Designer 'oard of Editors: ally Lindsay. Frederick Hartmann, ittorio Maestro. Rebecca B. Finnell arol Breslin. Book Reviews Editor lorence G. Edelstein. Copy Chief tita Campon. Copy Editor \ngela Soccodalo. Art Asst. .ay Zakariasen. Picture Editor iouglas J. Preston, Publications Editor usan Rosenberg. Editorial Asst. illian Berger ditorial Advisers: falcolm Arth. James W. Atz. lark Chanrand. Niles Eldredge, ee Herman. E. Craig Morris. i orman Newell. Thomas D. Nicholson. fartin Prinz, Gerard Piel. dna Root. Francois Vuilleumier (avid D. Ryus, Publisher radford D. Smith. Business Manager rederick E. Grossman. Production Mgr. lark Abraham. Asst. Production Mgr. rnestine Weindorf, Administrative Asst, aurie G. Warhol. Advtg. Production Mgr. lay May Gong arbara Lynn Gutman. Circulation Mgr. aniel J. Dynan, Asst. Circulation Mgr. ob Bruno. Fulfillment Mgr. ' atlral History (ISSN 0028-07 12). incorporating ature Magazine, is published monthly by e American Museum of Natural History, entral Park West at 79th Street. New ork. N.Y. 10024. tbscriptions: SI 5.00 a year. In Canada and all her countries: SI 8.00 a year. Second-class i >slage paid at New York. N.Y. and at 1 ditional offices. Copyright © 1980 by nerican Museum of Natural History. Alt rights served. No part of this periodical may be ■Produced without written consent of Natural story. The opinions expressed by authors do t necessarily reflect the policy of the American j useum. Natural History is indexed in Reader’s lide to Periodical Literature. 'vertising Offices: ttural History Sales 8 Madison Avenue ■w York. N.Y. 10022 esident of Sales. Arthur Hill Diedrick Uvertising Manager. Katherine Jose lephone Numbers: vertising Sales (212) 826-9467 'lseum Information (212) 873-4225 Ascription Orders (800) 526-0331 outside N.J. (800) 932-0834 in N.J. inge of address notices, undeliverable ies. orders for subscriptions, other mail items are to be sent to liural Historv Membership Services 1, 4300 I jenfield. New Jersev 07621 NATURAL HISTORY Vol. 90. No. I. American Museum of Natural History Robert G. Goelet. President Thomas D. Nicholson, Director January 1981 6 Authors 12 The Ecology Movement After Ten Years Betty Radcliffe and Luther P. Gerlach It has shifted from group to individual actions, with energy as a new focus. 20 This View of Life Stephen Jay Gould The Politics of Census 26 A Naturalist at Large Valerius Geist Neanderthal the Hunter 38 British Museum (Natural History) William E. Swinton. photographs by Lee Boltin One of the great institutions in our field celebrates t its centenary. 48 The Acadians of Belle-Ile-en-Mer Naomi E.S. Griffiths. photographs by Henri Bancaud - These eighteenth-century boat people were a thorn in France's royal side. 58 Olympic Mountain Goats Michael Hutchins and Victoria Stephens Some of Washington’s fragile alpine plants may not survive the introduction of this nimble herbivore. 70 A Voyage in the East China Sea John D. Milliman It was the first Sino-American oceanographic project in more than thirty years. 76 The Web of Hunger Myron Winick Food and the Fetus 82 Sky Reporter Stephen P. Maran The Solar Shrink 84 Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 86 At the American Museum Kurt Waldheim on Asian Peoples S 92 Books in Review Peter T. Furst Divine Plants 96 Additional Reading 98 A Matter of Taste Raymond Sokolov The Taming of the Grain Cover: Some descendants of the exiled Acadians still practice traditional farming on Belle-Ile-en-Mer, an island off the coast of France. Photograph by Henri Bancaud. Story on page 48. I The Heritage Club Presents... For more than 40 years , book lovers have turned to The Heritage Club because it offers a combination of advantages unmatched by any other classics library.. .and at an outstanding value. 1 Important Books of Exceptional Beauty and Elegance — Each a Work of Art and a Great Work of Literature. Throughout the world. 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It is a sheer delight, for example, while reading the immortal Greek comedy, Lysistrata, to see the beautiful young women and courageous warriors of an- cient Athens through the eyes of Pablo Picasso. The original works he created ex- pressly for this book now hang in the Museum of Modern Art. Today, the only way you can own these drawings is to possess The Heritage Club edition! Sherlock Holmes as seen by Frederic Dorr Steele To illustrate The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, The Heritage Club, in 1936, commissioned exclusive works by Norman Rockwell. For who better than the warm and witty Rockwell could capture the mischief of Tom and Huck in their meanderings along Twain's beloved Missis- sippi River. And where else but in The Heritage Club could you find, in one volume, the words of America's most popular author enhanced by the art of America's best loved artist! And so it goes throughout the collection.. .Grant Wood's striking paintings for Main Street give an extra depth to Sinclair Lewis' memorable characters. The drawings in the Heritage edition of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes were done by Frederic Dorr Steele, the famous illustrator of the original Holmes serialization. If any publisher, including ourselves, tried to create such a magnificent classics library today, it would be utterly impossible at this price. We can do so only because we long ago acquired the rights to the priceless art of Picasso, Rockwell and others, before the peak of their fame — before the cost of such originals put them beyond the reach of almost all book publishers. Exclusive Introductions by the Twentieth Century's Leading Literary Figures. QZ/.QZtf. oMUne cT/tax/on* Q)re/&er For more than four decades. Heritage has also en- gaged the leading scholars and critics of our time to write introductions to every Heritage book. Giants of the literary world such as Sinclair Lewis, Thornton Wilder, A.A. Milne, Clifton Fadiman, Theodore Dreiser and others will give you priceless insights into each author's life and times, and the literary treasures a careful reader can unearth if he knows where to look. These masterful essays give you a heightened appreciation of each great book. (continued on next page) Wood illustration from Main Street (continued from previous page) Heritage Club Books are Among the Best Made Books in the World. Like the classics themselves. Heritage Club books will endure for generations. Compare a Heritage edition to the usual book on your shelf and you will be astonished by the obvious differences. You will note, for example, the covers are thick and sturdy. They won't curl or warp as do those of ordinary books. The cover fabrics are specially suited to resist moisture and ageing. The papers are exceptionally heavy and meant to last 100 years without cracking or turning yellow. In binding, the pages are meticulously thread-sewn. Then, each book is reinforced to afford a double measure of strength and durability. As a final assurance of excellence and quality, every Heritage book is thoroughly inspected for even the slightest flaw. It must be perfect in every detail before it can be released to a Heritage Club member. Sturdy lifetime slipcase accompanies book and protects against sunlight and dust each Flawless full-color reproductions of original works of art Elegant readable type faces individually selected for each volume All originally typeset by hand for sharpest image Heavyweight 88 point cover board resists curling with age Traditional decorative headband — a hallmark of fine books Pages thread-sewn for extra strength in binding Highest- quality, acid-neutral paper won't turn yellow Covers of colorful, expensive, durable fabrics Bonus book just for joining Heritage Club Books Come with the Many Extra Benefits of Club Membership. ..All for Only $12 a Book. Just as Heritage books stand head and shoulders above the ordinary, you will also find that Club Membership is a refreshing alternative to the way other book clubs operate. Here's how: As a member, you will be spared the petty incon- venience of sending monthly notification each time you don't want a certain selection. Rather, you will receive, upon joining, a Prospectus of the Club's upcoming titles. You can freely choose only those you want to receive, which will then be sent at the rate of one per month. You, of course, may return any book within 30 days for a full refund, and you are at liberty to cancel your membership at any time. You will also enjoy several delightful "extras"... The Sandglass guide certifies the "pedigree" of each volume with details of its unique design and production You'll receive a bonus book just for joining. W Because of the astonishing quality of our books, the Club would like to place in your hands, free of charge, a superb Heritage edition for your examination. This bonus volume will speak far more persuasively than any magazine announcement can about the beauty and elegance of Heritage books. If for any reason you are not satisfied, simply return it. Your membership will be cancelled and you will owe nothing. If you are delighted with your bonus book, you may then receive other volumes for just $12 each. A copy of The Sandglass, the Club's own book guide, accompanies each edition, providing fascinating back- ground information on the book, author, designer, artist, printer and others who helped make it a distinguished heirloom edition. The Heritage Club's toll-free phone number lets you have any question or problem about membership handled quickly and personally. Since nothing is more disappointing than a damaged book, even our packaging is special. Doubly-reinforced shipping cartons, designed for each book, assure that your books will arrive in mint condition. Prompt Action Required To accept this invitation, you need only complete the Membership Application and return it promptly. Since the Club must plan printings in advance, you must act now if you are to take advantage of this bonus book offer and begin acquiring your own library of the world's greatest books in lasting heirloom editions. . VVSSSS Prospectus lets you choose only the classics you want Extra heavy packaging assures delivery in perfect condition Convenient toll-free phone number to handle any question or problem Membership Application 129 THE HERITAGE CLUB 47 Richards Avenue Norvvalk, Conn. 06857 No payment required Simply mail this application. YES! I want to join The Heritage Club and begin building my own personal library of the greatest books of all time. Send me my FREE first volume. Assuming this book is satis- factory, I will then send S12.00 (plus shipping and handling) to pay for the next volume in my Heritage library. I will continue to receive one volume per month in this manner for as long as I continue my membership. I may cancel my membership at any time. Moreover, I may return any book within 30 days for a full credit or refund. If the first volume does not meet with my approval I will return it and owe you nothing, and my membership will automatically be cancelled. Signature _ Mr. Mrs. Miss Address City State .Zip. Betty Radcliffe’s first fieldwork on the study of social movements con- cerned protest activities against a proposed high-voltage power line in central Minnesota (see “The Great Energy Standoff,” Natural History, January 1978). By means of inter- views with protesters, affected res- idents, employees of the utilities seeking to build the power line, and public officials involved in selecting a site, Radcliffe “observed at first- hand the development of a major protest movement.” This kind of re- search, she feels, is an “essential pre- liminary to the formulation of good questionnaires” and prepared her for her work on our 1 980 version of “You and the Ecology Movement.” A graduate of St. Cloud State Univer- sity and a former teacher, Radcliffe has worked as Luther Gerlach’s re- search assistant at the University of Minnesota for the past seven years. Since 1 970, when Natural History published its first questionnaire on “You and the Ecology Movement,” coauthor Luther P. Gerlach has been following the development of the en- vironmental movement. Through re- search, analysis, and interviews, he has also examined the recent growth of other social movements and the controversy over energy. The 1980 version of the ecology questionnaire, which appeared in the June issue of Natural History, and the final report in this issue, reflect his in- terest in how various social move- ments work to “challenge and change American culture.” Gerlach, who re- ceived his Ph.D. from the Universi- ty of London, is professor of an- thropology at the University of Min- nesota. He is now studying the role of churches in Minnesota in several social issues, chiefly resource devel- opment and control. Authors In 1924, shortly after receiving a Ph.D. in comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology from Glas- gow University in Scotland, William E. Swinton accepted a job at the Natural History Museum in London. He remained there for thirty-seven years, away only during World War II when he served in the British Navy. As a principal scientific of- ficer in the Department of Geology and Paleontology, Swinton helped build up the museum’s vertebrate paleontological collections and cre- ated the museum’s dinosaur galler- ies. In 1961 he moved to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, where from 1963 to 1966 he served as di- rector. Since 1966, Swinton has been a professor of zoology and the history of science at the University of To- ronto. He is currently emeritus pro- fessor of the university’s Massey Col- lege. 6 THE NIKON FE A CAMERA TO STIR YOUR EMOTIONS The automatic Nikon FE is the creative camera par excellence -the embodiment of Nikon sophistication. Its precise meter system sets correct exposures with uncanny accuracy, automatically. Or, just turn a dial for complete manual control. Either way, the pictures are razor sharp. . .pure Nikon. Offering combined capabilities found in no other automatic, it accepts Nikon's extraordinary lenses, accessories and a true 3.5 fps motor drive. A modern 35mm classic, the Nikon FE is the finest compact automatic in its class. Priced to make it an irresistible value too! Why settle for anything less. © 1980 Nikon IncGarden City, New )t>rkf1530 The 1981 Natural History Photographic Competition Is Open The Grand Prize-winner this year will have a rare opportunity to photograph exotic wild- life with a close-up lens. And the winner may not even be a photographer. Let us ex- plain about the special 1981 contest: The Grand Prize will be an eleven-day trip, including airfare from New York and a berth on the yacht Buccaneer, to the Galapagos Is- lands. Many fearless creatures on those is- lands let photographers walk right up to them. The tour, sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History, will be led by two Museum scientists. Seventeen cash prizes, totaling $3,500, will go to winners in seven categories, including a special new one. Historical Photographs. In this category, you need not be the original photographer, but you do have to own the picture and it should be more than fifty years old. So search your attic and old albums for prize-winning pictures that fit our three ma- jor categories. The three major categories are Animals (in- cluding birds and bugs); Plants and Their Environment, and The Human Family. First prizes of $500 will be awarded in each. In addition. Merit Awards of $250 each will go to the best entries in four categories: Photomicrography; A Sequence in Nature (up to five photographs); Historical Photo- graphs; and Humor in Nature. Ten Hon- orable Mentions of $100 each will be selected from all entries. The winning entries will be published in the July issue of Natural History and ex- hibited at the American Museum of Natural History. THE RULES 1. The competition is open to everyone except employees of the American Museum and their kin. 2. Competitors may submit up to five previously unpublished entries (a sequence is considered a single entry). 3. The Museum acquires the right to publish, exhibit, and use for promotion the winning photographs. The Museum assumes no responsibility for other entries. 4. Entries may be transparencies or prints, either color or black and white, up to 8 by 10 inches. Each must bear the photographer's name and address. Entries must not be mounted in glass. 5. Enclose a sejf-addressed, stamped envelope for the return of entries. 6. Entries must be postmarked no later than April 1, 1981. Pack them carefully and mail them to: Natural History Photographic Competition 11 West 77th Street New York, New York 10024 And good luck! Born and raised in England, Na- omi E.S. Griffiths began her studies of the Acadians when she arrived in Canada in 1956 to take a master’s degree at the University of New Brunswick. Although she returned to England to earn her Ph.D. in history from London University, her profes- sional career has been linked to Can- ada and the Acadians. Their resil- ience, despite a troubled history that includes a mass deportation in 1755, has fascinated Griffiths. She points out that, unlike many other peoples, the Acadians never believed they needed a separate state in order to preserve their identity. At present dean of the Faculty of Arts at Carleton University in Ottawa, Grif- fiths teaches Acadian and French history. “My interest in biology developed quite early,” writes Michael Hutch- ins. “As a child in rural Iowa I col- lected insects, amphibians, and rep- tiles and observed their habits. The crowning glories of these early ex- plorations were the hatching of a luna moth from a cocoon and the raising of a pair of tiger salaman- ders.” Now a doctoral candidate in psychology at the University of Washington, Hutchins’s primary re- search is focused on the evolution of social behavior in birds and mammals. He is continuing his work on the behavioral ecology of moun- tain goats in Olympic National Park and is applying for a postdoctoral fellowship to study fratricide in the masked booby, a sea bird that nests on oceanic islands. Also a doctoral candidate at the University of Washington, but in for- estry (wildlife biology), coauthor Victoria Stevens is concentrating on the population biology of the intro- duced mountain goat population on the Olympic Peninsula. She has re- corded the reproductive history of more than one hundred marked in- dividuals and has done a comparison of the data for nine subpopulations of mountain goats, following their dispersal into new areas and observ- ing their food customs and use of the habitat. “Most satisfying,” says John D. Milliman of his work in Chinese wa- ters last summer. “I’ve long been interested in the big rivers of the world and you can’t understand them unless you work in Asia.” When that opportunity arose, he therefore jumped at it. An associate scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic In- stitution, with degrees in geology and oceanography, Milliman was the U.S. project coordinator on the re- search voyage described in his ar- ticle. As a self-confessed foodophile, he also enjoyed the traditional ban- quets, especially one in Shanghai the night before the cruise began. “It was a fantastic delight,” he says. “Eighteen courses. But I must admit, I only got through twelve of them.” 8 Complimentary Catalogue Request Discover Treasures from Around the World City Send for your complimentary personal copy of the new jeweller); gift and furnishings catalogue from SH Willoughby ThylorLtd. J J Imemanonal Merchants Yes! I want to discover treasures from around the world. Please mail me the new Willoughby & Tkylor jewellery gift and furnishings catalogue without cost or obligation. Block Letters Please: PI 87 Address Apt. No. q State Zip BUSINESS REPLY MAIL First Class Permit No 12696 Chicago, IL POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE Willoughby International Merchants PO. Box 11077 Chicago, Illinois 60611 NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES From Willoughby &Taylor, Ltd. International Merchants 3ne in a heavy ridged 1-t karat gold mounting for a dramatically important look. "I want to personally invite you to discover with me some of the rare treasures of the world. Vie at Willoughby & Taylor are privileged to have unique world- wide sources that allow us to locate the kind of really interesting and unusual items other merchants only dream of. Many are exclusive items available only through Willoughby & Taylor. Frankly / rather think we've outdone ourselves for this American introduction. Even tbing in our catalogue was sought out. band- picked and shipped over just for you. When you see it. I think you 'll understand why we re especially proud of the job we 've done. And should you decide to place an order, you ’ll learn why we are equally proud of the exceptional service we provide.' G.H.R. Jackson, Esq. For Willoughby & Taylor. Ltd. j ! % i I > •V'vnl . - •- Li . k HI Willoughby Taylor Ltd. " J J International Merchants Mail attached card or coupon below for your complimentary personal copy of the new Willoughby & Taylor catalogue. Complimentary Catalogue Request Willoughby & Taylor. Ltd. • P.0. Box 11077 • Chicago, IL 60611 Yes! I want to discover treasures from around the world. Please mail me the new Willoughby & Taylor catalogue w ithout cost or obligation. Block Letters Please: P17s Name 1 Address Apt. No. City State Zip The Ecology Movement After Ten Years The reports of its death are greatly exaggerated by Betty Radcliffe and Luther P. Gerlach Is the environmental movement dead or alive? According to the re- sponse to Natural History's 1980 “You and the Ecology Movement” questionnaire, published in the July issue, ecological problems continue to be of vital interest to our readers. Comparisons with responses to a simi- lar questionnaire published by Nat- ural History in 1970 suggest that the movement is very much alive, al- though it has taken some new direc- tions, influenced primarily by energy and inflation issues. Such comparisons must be made carefully, however, since only 7 percent of those who re- sponded to the 1980 questionnaire re- membered filling out the question- naire in 1970. Returns of the 1980 questionnaire came in from all fifty states, several U.S. territories, and several provinces of Canada, as well as from Brazil, Argentina, England, and a number of other countries. We received 3,941 questionnaires in time for coding and processing — three-fourths as many as we received in 1970. This is a re- markable response, considering that in 1970 concern with ecological prob- lems seemed to be growing, while in 1980 many wondered if the environ- mental movement had been aban- doned. What sort of sample did we analyze and how far can our findings be gen- eralized to the broader public? A pro- file of our admittedly self-selected sample appears in table 1. In con- sidering the findings of our survey, it is necessary to keep in mind that those who filled in the questionnaire are highly educated and relatively af- fluent and that the largest percentage of them are in professional, educa- tional, or social service occupations. The sample does not reflect Natural History's entire readership but rather that portion interested enough or, in some cases, angry enough to partici- pate in this survey. The population sample is broken down into subgroups, according to age, sex, occupation, and levels of educa- tion and income. Differences between the various subgroups did appear in the responses to most of our questions, but these were usually differences only of degree, particularly on questions concerning attitudes toward move- ments in support of environmental pro- tection, social justice, corporate re- sponsibility, and sound energy devel- opment and toward more private ac- tivities focused on individual change and personal growth. Where signifi- cant differences between subgroups did show up, we found that greater percentages of younger people, no more than twenty-nine years old, and women of all ages working in pro- fessional, educational, and social ser- vice jobs and earning modest incomes tended to take positions that chal- lenged the status quo, favoring both social and personal change. In con- trast, men over sixty earning high in- comes in engineering or technical oc- cupations tended to have more con- servative views. These findings were generally consistent with our 1970 re- sults. In both 1970 and 1980, many of the questions were designed to explore a broad range of cultural attitudes. The results of the two questionnaires, Table 1 Profile of 1980 Sample Age % 29 or younger 26.9 30 to 59 56.6 60 or older 16.5 Sex Male 42.3 Female 57.2 Level of Education Less than college degree 24.7 Four-year degree 21.9 Graduate training or advanced degree 53.2 Annual Income $14,999 and below 22.5 15,000 to 24,999 26.8 25,000 to 49,999 34.4 50,000 and above 16.0 Occupation Professional, Education, or Social Service 39.9 Business 16.4 Government, Military 6.3 Engineering, Technical 8.5 Homemaker, Retired, or Unemployed 11.4 12 Does anyone out there want to save money on history books? (First price is publisher s list Boldface shows member's price.) 8656 The Arthurian Legends: An Illustrated Anthology. Selected and introduced by Richard Barber Explores the influence of the Arthurian romance as interpreted through the ages $19.50 S13.95 2162 Fire and Water A Life of Peter the Great. 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JfcVEJLL 2279. $14.95/510. 50 5207. $10.00 S7.75 2428.S24.00/S14.00 WALTER 'LIPPMANN .AMERICAN CENTURY RONALD STEEL 2667. $19.95/ S13.95 Consider how much you're spending to read the books you enjoy. Then, consider the alternative. The History Book Club. Last year, our members saved an average of 33% off publishers' prices on a variety of books, covering the entire history of man. And to introduce you to the Club, we have an offer that can save you even more Shopthis page. We ll send you any three of the books listed here (worth up to $74.00) for just 99C. Plus a fourth at the low member's price. Just compare our member's prices to the publisher's prices listed below. You need take only four more books in the next twelve months. After which you'll save even more on bonus books you may choose from our entire list. In your first year, your total savings, including this introductory offer, can be more than 50%. You can count on getting the best new titles in the same kind of editions you'd find in book- stores. All at savings of S3. S4. S5 (and more), off bookstore prices. Any three books for 990 with trial membership. Membership Benefits. A membership account will be opened for you, to which your pur- chases will be charged at the low member's prices. You need pay only after you have re- ceived your books. A postage-and-packing fee is added to each shipment. Every four weeks (13 times a year) you will receive our Review containing descriptions of new and recent selections. If you want the Edi- tors' Choice, do nothing: it will be sent auto- matically. If you want another book, or no book at all, return the card by the date specified. If you should receive an unwanted book be- cause you had less than ten daysto decide, you may return it and pay nothing. We guaran- tee postage. ND81A The History Book Club Stamford, Conn. 06904 Please enroll me as a trial member and send me the four books whose numbers I have entered below Bill those on the left at 99c for all three and the fourth at the low member's price, plus postage-and-packing I may return the books within three weeks at your expense and owe nothing Or I will buy four more selections within a year (not counting my choices above) Membership is can- cellable any time thereafter All Club purchases are at low member's prices and a postage-and-packing fee is added to all shipments NH-52S Print Name Address Apt a City State Zip m Canada mat to The History Book OuD Overiea B .0 Toronic W4H iAo Ontano 3244 Alexander the Great By Robin Lane Fox $15 00 S9.95 2659 Conspiracy. By Anthony Summers A chilling report of gnpptng interest to anyone who remembers November 22 1963 517.95 S12.50 8813 Final Journey: The Fate of the Jews in Nazi Europe. By Martin Gilbert $12 95 S9.50 1875 The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. By Otto Maenchen-Helfen. S25 00 S16.00 4143 Russia Under the Old Regime. By Richard Pipes The first thorough analysis of the growth of the Russian state— from the ninth century to the 1800 s 51750 SI 0.95 4648 The Twelve Caesars. By Michael Grant $12 50 S8.75 4788 China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. By Charles O Hucker $17.50 $11.95 7849 The Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History, 1792-1815. By Michael Glover S22 50 512.95 5462 The Celts: The People Who Came Out of the Darkness. By Gerhard Herm S12 50 S8.50 7286 A Distant Mirror. By Barbara Tuchman $15 95 S9.95 7583 The Great Mutiny: India 1857. By Christopher Hibbert The dramatic story of the bloody uprisings aimed at restoring India s Mogul Past. $15.95 $9.95 7625 The Hundred Years War. The English in France, 1337-1453. By Desmond Seward 511.95 S8.95 HISTORY OF ROME § MichadGfant 7401.S17.50 S11.50 8508. S12.95 S8.95 8797.S12.95 S9.50 5504.S25.00 S13.00 You can bring a beautiful animal into your life. Today. Lvnn Chase, one of America's foremost animal painters, has recently produced two exceptional wild animal portraits in limited editions for discrim- inating collectors. The Pandas. This beautiful lithograph of three playful Pandas in their natural habitat has been produced in 12 colors on white Arches cover paper, 100% rag, imported from France. Tne image size is 18" x 35" on a 25'/2” x 38" sheet. Each print has been hand signed and numbered by Miss Chase in a limited editionof 400. $150., sent first class mail in a tube. One to wear. The Jaguar. As sleek, smooth and beautiful in nature as on this limited edition Italian silk scarf, hand screened in 10 colors. Produced in Como, Italy on a generous 36" square of silk, each scarf has a hand rolled, contrasting hem and is hand signed and numbered by Miss Chase in an edition of 400. The scarf is suitable for framing. $85., sent first class mail in a box. Miss Chase's work has been exhibited in major American and European cities and is represented in as many collec- tions here and abroad. Miss Chase has travelled extensively in Africa and is a member of the New York Safari Club, World Wildlife Fund, African Wildlife Leadership Foundation and the New York Zoological Society. How to order. To bring one (or both) of these beauti- ful animals into your life, send a check or money order for the edition selected, plus $ 1 .50 for postage and handling, to Lairs Limited, PO Box 453B Lenox Hill Station, New York 10021 . Allow four weeks for delivery. New York State resi- dents add applicable sales tax. You will receive a certificate of authenticity with each purchase. ® LairsLimited compared in table 2, reveal similarities and differences between the two sam- ples, as well as between their respec- tive subgroups. Population control, for example, was more of an issue in 1970 than in 1980. In 1970, the least con- troversial of all our statements about cultural attitudes was, “I think that all American families, regardless of social or economic position, must limit the number of children to two or, at most, three.” There was an interesting pattern in the responses to this ques- tion in 1 980: Those 60 and over agreed most strongly with the statement; those in the 30 to 59 group, somewhat less strongly; and those 29 and youn- ger, least of all. We also found that the less income people had, the more strongly they agreed with the state- ment. On other questions the 1980 sample showed slightly more faith in tech- nology as a way to solve environmental problems and in the adequacy of pres- ent laws and conventions governing the use of natural resources on private lands. Those responding to the 1980 questionnaire were also more apt to believe that economic growth is good for any community and less apt to feel that the profit motive is outdated. In general, the 1980 sample believed that environmental problems are con- nected to economic, technological, and political problems. Some attitudes have apparently not changed in the last decade. Two state- ments drew almost exactly the same response on the two questionnaires. Both samples strongly disagreed with the idea that plants and animals exist primarily for human use and enjoy- ment, and both were fairly evenly di- vided on whether our ecological prob- lems can be solved by existing Amer- ican political and economic systems. The two questionnaires themselves were not exactly the same. In 1980, we included several new questions re- flecting the tremendous role energy issues have come to play in the last decade. We knew that many people, including both those whose professions involve them in energy issues and those whose concern is more general, believe that the Western industrial na- tions’ present dependence on imported petroleum is a significant threat to those nations’ economic stability. Many who hold this view believe that, at least for the short term, the best solution to this problem is to derive more electricity from nuclear and coal-fired plants and, increasingly, from large, centralized solar energy Table 2 Cultural Attitudes % Agree % Disagree Plants and animals exist for our 1970 * 81.0 benefit 1980 15.3 80.5 Technology can solve environmental 1970 18.0 * problems 1980 25.0 61.3 Private-property owners should 1970 * 75.0 be able to use their property according to current laws 1980 32.9 48.3 The profit motive is outdated 1970 55.0 33.0 and must change 1980 41.7 45.9 Our current political and 1970 37.0 45.0 economic system can solve environmental problems 1980 38.7 46.2 Population growth must 1970 79.0 * be controlled 1980 63.7 27.4 Economic growth is good 1970 20.0 63.0 for any community 1980 29.6 52.8 Individuals have personal 1970 62.0 * responsibility for pollution 1980 96.5 2.2 *Data not available 14 facilities. A massive shift to fossil- based synthetic fuels is often envi- sioned as part of this scheme. But other people fear that plans such as these and, more generally, the pres- sure to become energy independent may jeopardize the environmental vic- tories won thus far. It was to inves- tigate these varied views and to gain insight into how people feel energy issues relate to environmental issues that we revised the 1980 question- naire. The analysis of the responses to these questions told us, first of all, that the people in our sample think in terms of systems. The many com- ments we received chiding us for of- fering simplistic choices or for de- manding single solutions to complex problems certainly suggest this inter- pretation. Asked at what level major problems related to the pollution and degradation of our air, water, and land can best be solved, the majority felt that we should “increasingly manage these problems as parts of complex systems on state, federal, and inter- national levels.” Half chose “lack of [a] coherent, effective national energy policy” as our main energy problem. We also saw' in the 1980 sample that there was a strong sentiment for turning to renewable energy resources. Nearly 90 percent of those who re- sponded to the questionnaire were in favor of movements promoting the de- velopment of solar technology, if not actually active in such movements (see table 3). In fact, even those who dis- approved of most other activist or- ganizations tended to support the solar energy movement. Furthermore, a full three-fourths of the sample agreed with the statement, “I think we are indeed running out of fossil-based fu- els.” In general, however, this sentiment did not seem to be linked to a desire to see alternative energy systems sup- plant more conventional ones. More than half the responses indicated that “integrating conventional fossil-fuel technologies and renewable-energy al- ternatives in both centralized and de- centralized, [and] large and small sys- tems” was the most desirable way to achieve a better, more adaptive energy future. The majority of the people who responded also felt that “improving communication to the public of scien- tific concepts and technological facts about nuclear and fossil-based fuels” would most effectively resolve current conflicts over energy development. Go Wild... And take one of Abercrombie & Kent's exciting safaris in Africa. 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CHARGE IT: _ VISA _ Diners' Club _ Carte Blanche □ American Express Z Master Charge □ Enclosed is $ Acct. # Exp. Date PRINT NAME ADDRESS C I TY STATE Z I P We ship within 48 hours; de ays notified prompt y Delivery guaranteed within 60 days ,© Old Village Shop 1980. 15 Table 3 Movements in 1980 and Attitudes Toward Them For environmental For social Against large-scale, For solar For corporate For individual protection justice centralized energy development energy responsibility change Active in 26.9% 13.6% 9.5% 11.1% 8.2% 12.3% Favor/not active 43.7 48.1 38.6 76.5 68.8 18.2 Agree with goals, but not all methods 20.2 25.4 16.7 3.8 10.9 18.0 Uncertain 2.2 3.5 7.5 5.6 5.3 27.4 Disapprove of 4.9 7.3 20.4 2.4 4.9 21.0 Disapprove and 1.9 2.0 7.3 0.4 1.7 3.0 want suppressed The responses to the 1980 question- naire did not tell us how the role of nuclear energy in the future is viewed. More than half of those who responded were “concerned that using nuclear sources for energy may seriously en- danger human life on this planet,” and one-third selected “nuclear and other hazardous-waste buildup and storage” as “our most critical envi- ronmental problem.” On the other hand, close to a third disapproved of the category of activist movements that included antinuclear protests. Ac- cording to many who wrote to us, our coupling of protests against nuclear power with protests against other large-scale, centralized energy-devel- opment projects was inappropriate. Some who wrote in told us that they felt greater concern about the more immediate effects of acid rain and the greenhouse effect of burning in- creased amounts of fossil fuels than they did about the risks of nuclear power. The various movements to change individuals, either through personal experience, such as meditation, or through interpersonal experiences, such as self-help or sensitivity groups, also drew considerable disapproval. Judging from the comments on re- turned questionnaires and the letters we received, people generally associ- ated this category with the Eastern religions and such activities as bio- feedback groups and transcendental meditation. We had intended the cat- egory to include the Christian evan- gelical “born again” and charismatic movements, but perhaps it is just as well that the people who responded to the questionnaire did not seem to share this interpretation. The explicit coupling of these diverse movements in the same category would have prob- ably elicited the same kind of negative response that our linking of antinu- clear protests to protests against other energy projects did. In general, however (as shown in table 3), the people who responded to the 1980 questionnaire approved of movements and activities under- taken in support of them. We have already indicated the high approval of solar energy movements. The next most favored forms of activism were movements “to make corporations more accountable for actions believed to place at risk the health and welfare of workers and consumers here and in other countries.” Interestingly, there was also much support — more than 80 percent — for “boycotting Table 4 companies that don’t seem environ- mentally or socially responsible.” As table 4 shows, next to writing letters, boycotting was the form of activity most frequently engaged in to influ- ence decision makers. Campaigns to hold corporations accountable for their actions have often been associ- ated with church-related organiza- tions, but a majority of those who did not believe that “churches should be actively involved in the critical so- cial and environmental issues of the day” still favored such actions. According to many who responded to the 1980 questionnaire, the various movements against large-scale energy development and in favor of environ- mental protection, social justice, cor- porate responsibility, and personal change are all interrelated. Nearly half saw “some connection between some of them,” and almost a fifth Methods of Influencing Decision Makers in 1980 Action Action approved taken Letter writing 94.1% 56.9% Speaking at public hearings 85.5 24.3 Environmental lawsuits 77.4 7.9 Boycotts 83.1 43.1 Rallies, marches, demonstrations 58.7 20.2 Nonviolent direct action 43.2 4.1 Office sit-ins 15.7 1.0 Destructive or violent action 7.8 .8 16 ANIMALS SHOWN APPROXIMATELY ACTUAL SIZE The Woodland Animals MINIATURE PEWTER SCULPTURES Twelve beautifully detailed sculptures by the gifted artist Jane Lunger, meticulously crafted in fine pewter, and affordably priced at just $12.50 each. At The Franklin Mint, we take pride in our standards of design and craftsmanship But we believe our efforts should be judged by the people we serve. Any figure may be returned for any reason within thirty days for replacement or refund. Available by subscription only, exclusively from The Franklin Mint. Please order by February 10, 1981. Imagine — for just a moment — that you're standing in a quiet forest glade. It's early morning, and sunlight filters softly through the trees. You brush aside a screen of leaves . . . and there, nestled in the undergrowth, is a baby fawn. This is part of the magic that inspired Jane Lunger to create a wonderful new collection. The Woodland Animals Miniature Pewter Sculptures. Twelve endearing pewter fig- ures—each no more than two inches high — yet each engagingly true to life. Each miniature a small masterpiece of design and detail Sculptor Jane Lunger has been acclaimed for her remarkable ability to capture all the spirit and grace of wild animals. For this collec- tion, she has portrayed twelve forest crea- tures with amazing warmth and realism . . . so that every one of the animals is brought to life in a charmingly original work of art. Here is the fox, curled up amid clusters of wild violets. He's at rest, but his ears are perked to catch the faintest sound. The bea- ver munches contentedly on a finely-veined aspen leaf. The fluffy-tailed squirrel seems to be chattering impudently at you from his perch in a tree. And each original pewter sculpture is richly detailed — so that you can see the most subtle nuances of form and expression . . . and practically feel the texture of each animal's fur. Jane Lunger selected the medium of fine pewter because this metal is unsurpassed in its ability to capture such fine detail. Master pewterers of The Franklin Mint — renowned the world over for their skill — will devote their attention to each work. Every sculpture will be individually finished to highlight the lustrous beauty of the pewter itself. Exceptional quality . . . at a very affordable price Despite the care and time that must be taken with every sculpture, these original works will be available at the extremely reasonable price of $12.50 each. This price is guaran- teed for all subscription applications re- ceived by February 10, 1981. The Woodland Animals are available exclusively from The Franklin Mint, and only as a complete collection. Because they so perfectly combine art and nature, these beautifully crafted miniatures will be endlessly fascinating for you, your family, and friends. As a collection, they will be a delight to display in your home. There is no need to send any money at this time. Please keep in mind, however, that the subscription application should be signed and mailed to The Franklin Mint, Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 19091 by February 10th. ------- SUBSCRIPTION APPLICATION The Woodland Animals MINIATURE PEWTER SCULPTURES Please postmark by February 10, 1981. The Franklin Mint Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 19091 Please enter my subscription for The Wood- land Animals Miniature Pewter Sculptures, consisting of 12 finely sculptured pewter miniatures by artist lane Lunger. I need send no money now. The sculptures will be sent to me at the rate of one every month, and I will be billed $12.50* for each figure, beginning prior to the shipment of the first figure in the series. I may return any figure in the collection within thirty days of receipt for replacement or full refund. • Plus my state sales tax and $ .75 shipping and handling Signature _ Mr. ... ... Mrs. Ms Address City State Zip Limit: One subscription per person. Free! Edmund Scientific Catalog Astronomy, Microscopy, Biofeedback, Weather, Alternate Energy, Binoculars, Optics, Magnets, Magnifiers, Tools, Unique Lighting, Lab Equipment, and much more. Over 4,000 unique and fascinating products. Send for our FREE 1 1 2-page, colorful 1 981 Edmund Scientific Catalog. . .Today! Rush me your free catalog! Name Address City State Zip_ Clip And Mail Coupon Today To: Edmund Scientific Co.. 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Chaska, MN 55318 agreed that the movements were “all aspects of one single wave of revo- lutionary change.” More than half thought “environmental degradation, social injustice, and economic inequal- ity are part of the same basic problem in our society.” The returns of both the 1970 and the 1980 questionnaires indicate that people who believe issues and move- ments are connected reflect this belief in their actions. Of all the activist movements described in the 1980 forms, the environmental movement claimed the most followers. Of these environmental activists, about one- fourth have overlapping memberships in movements promoting social justice or solar energy, more than a fourth in movements against large-scale en- ergy development plans, and almost a fifth in movements for corporate responsibility. In both 1970 and 1980 we asked what actions people were taking to express their beliefs about the envi- ronment, and the answers to this ques- tion revealed a significant difference between the two samples. For exam- ple, in 1970, more than 25 percent Table 5 Life-Style Changes in 1980 Used fewer disposables 67.0% Recycled garbage 47.5 Modified home to save fossil-based energy 53.8 Changed residence to save energy 20.1 Did not use air-conditioner or recreational vehicle 40.4 Car-pooled or used public transit 43.7 Used smaller car 59.0 Reduced use of motors for recreation 54.9 Visited wilderness areas 36.7 Sought self-sufficient country living 17.6 Changed food habits 2.6 Other conservation of energy activities 8.9 Other preservation of environment activities 2.3 Other 12.1 of those responding to the question- naire made contact with people in- volved in environmental organizations three or more times a week. In 1980, only 5 percent had this much contact, and most had no more than a few such encounters each year. In general, activists in the 1970 sample seemed to be part of a young, grass-roots move- ment, whereas today’s activists work within a much more formal, bureau- cratic framework and interact with government and industry according to established routine. The 1970 and 1980 questionnaires emphasized not only movements but also change — personal as well as so- cial. And although the 1980 responses revealed less participation in orga- nized environmental activities than the 1970 responses, more than half the people who responded in 1980 in- dicated that their “involvement with environmental organizations had changed [their] ideas about [them- selves] and led [them] to act differ- ently.” People active in any one en- vironmental organization tended to be active in several: three-fourths of those who reported membership in groups concerned with environmental prob- lems belonged to two or more, and a third of these belonged to four or more. Finally, the 1980 sample is char- acterized by a sense of individual re- sponsibility for environmental prob- lems. More than 95 percent agreed with what was apparently our least controversial question: “I believe I have personal responsibility in the fight against pollution.” To get an- other measure of this level of involve- ment, we gave examples of personal actions that are commonly believed to contribute to a higher-quality en- vironment and asked our respondents to tell us which of these actions they had taken (see table 5). Not everyone would agree that all these actions are directly related to improving the en- vironment, but because most are ei- ther costly or time consuming, we feel they indicate commitment to ecologi- cal principles. Close to 60 percent of our sample listed from four to seven of these activities. In summary, environmental matters are still very important to Natural History readers. If our sample is any guide, a decade after Earth Day the environmental movement is most alive on an individual level, with many peo- ple choosing to express their ecological concern in their everyday lives. □ Fill out this coupon and save the children Complete this simple questionnaire, and befriend a needy child through Save the Children. For only fifty-two cents a day, your money, combined with that of other sponsors, can breathe new life into an impoverished village . . . help hardworking people in their fight for dignity . . . turn despair into hope for a child who has known only disaster. Fifty-two cents may not buy much where you live. But for the poorest of the poor where the need is so desperate, it can work miracles. NH 1/1 My Name Is Address (please print) City State Zip Tell us how you want to help, by answering these questions: 1 . What kind of child would you like to help? □ Boy □ Girl □ No preference 2. What geographical area are you interested in? Urgent need exists in all the areas listed below, especially overseas. If you have a strong preference for a particular location, check the area of your choice. If not, won't you please let us assign a child where the need is greatest? □ Certainly. Choose a child for me in an area of greatest need. I strongly C Dominican Republic □ Korea prefer: □ Honduras □ Lebanon □ Africa □ Indian (U S.) Z Mediterranean □ Bangladesh □ Indonesia Z Mexico □ Chicano (U S.) □ Inner Cities (U S.) Z Southern States (U S.) □ Colombia □ Israel □ Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 3. Would you like a picture of your sponsored child? Shortly after we select a child for you, we can send you a photograph and brief personal history, if you desire. □ Yes □ No 4. Would you like to exchange correspondence? If desired, correspondence can build a meaningful one-to-one relationship and provide a unique educational experience for the sponsored child. In areas where illiteracy is high, a village representative will keep you informed of the progress your child is making. Translations, where necessary, are supplied by Save the Children. □ Yes □ No Mall to: David L. Guyer, President 5. Would you like information about the child’s community? Several times a year you can receive detailed reports on the activities and projects being undertaken in the com- munity to benefit your sponsored child. These community reports show how your money is being used most effec- tively for permanent improvements to the child's environment — for health care, education, food produc- tion, nutrition, and community training Would you like to receive such information9 □ Yes □ No 6. How do you wish to send your sponsorship contribution? Enclosed is my check for $ . □ Monthly, $16 □ Semi-annually, $96 □ Quarterly, $48 □ Annually, $192 7. Do you wish verification of Save the Children credentials? Save the Children is indeed proud of the handling of its funds. Based on last year's audit, an exceptionally large percentage (80.3%) of each ‘dollar spent was used for program services and direct aid to children and their communities Due to volunteered labor and materials, your do- nation provides your sponsored child with benefits worth many times your total gift. Would you like to receive an in- formative Annual Report (including a summary financial statement)9 □ Yes □ No (A complete audit statement is avail- able upon request ) 8. Would you rather make a contribution than become a sponsor of an individual child at this time? □ Yes, enclosed is my contribution of $ Save the Children, □ Check here for general information about our unique programs for aiding impoverished children. 50 Wilton Road, Westport, Connecticut 06880 YOUR SPONSORSHIP PAYMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS ARE U S INCOME TAX DEDUCTIBLE Established 1 932. The original U.S. child sponsorship agency. Member of the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service. photo Bentley Kassal — This View of Life The Politics of Census Although the latest United States census contains systematic but honest errors, some nineteenth- century counts may have been fraudulent by Stephen Jay Gould In the Constitution of the United States, the same passage that pre- scribes a census every ten years also includes the infamous statement that slaves shall be counted as three-fifths of a person. Ironically, and however different the setting and motives, black people are still being under- counted in the American census. In Detroit, on September 25, 1980, fed- eral judge Horace W. Gilmore invali- dated the 1980 census because poor people in inner cities — primarily blacks and Hispanics — had been sys- tematically missed. The census has always been con- troversial because it was established as a political device, not as an ex- pensive frill to satisfy curiosity and feed academic mills. The constitu- tional passage that ordained the cen- sus begins: “Representatives and di- rect taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be in- cluded within this union, according to their respective numbers.” Political use of the census has often extended beyond the allocation of tax- ation and representation. The sixth census of 1840 engendered a heated controversy based upon the correct contention that certain black people had, for once, been falsely over- counted. This curious tale illustrates the principle that copious numbers do not guarantee objectivity and that even the most careful and rigorous of surveys are only as good as their methods and assumptions. It should also help us to understand why, con- trary to common sense, even an honest attempt to count everyone may be one of the worst ways to determine our population. (William Stanton tells this story in The Leopard’s Spots, his ex- cellent book on the history of scientific attitudes toward race in America dur- ing the first half of the nineteenth century. I have also read the original papers of the major protagonist, Ed- ward Jarvis.) The 1840 census was the first to include counts of the mentally ill and deficient, enumerated by race and by state. Dr. Edward Jarvis, then a young physician but later to become a na- tional authority on medical statistics, rejoiced that the frustrations of in- adequate data would soon be over- come. He wrote in 1844: The statistics of insanity are becoming more and more an object of interest to philanthropists, to political economists, and to men of science. But all inves- tigations, conducted by individuals or by associations, have been partial, incom- plete, and far from satisfactory. . . . They could not tell the numbers of any class or people, among whom they found a definite number of the insane. And there- fore, as a ground of comparison of the prevalence of insanity in one country with that of another, or in one class or race of people with that in another, their re- ports did not answer their intended pur- pose. Jarvis then praised the marshals of the 1840 census as apostles of the new, quantitative order: As these functionaries were ordered to inquire from house to house, and leave no dwelling — neither mansion nor cabin — neither tent nor ship unvisited and un- examined, it was reasonably supposed that there would be a complete and ac- curate account of the prevalence of in- sanity among 17 millions of people. A wider field than this had never been sur- veyed for this purpose in any part of the earth, since the world began. . . . Never had the philanthropist a better promise of truth hitherto undiscovered. . . . Many proceeded at once to analyze the tables, in order to show the proportion of lunacy in the various states, and among the two races, which constitute our popu- lation. As scholars and ideologues of vary- ing stripes scrutinized the tables, one apparent fact rose to obvious promi- nence in those troubled times. Among blacks, insanity struck free people in northern states at a vastly greater fre- quency than it afflicted slaves in the South. In fact, one in 162 blacks was insane in free states, but only one in 1,558 in slave states. But freedom and the North posed no mental terror for whites, since their relative sanity did not differ in the North and South. Moreover, insanity among blacks seemed to decrease in even gradation from the harsh North to the congenial South. One in 14 of Maine’s black population was either insane or idiotic; in New Hampshire, one in 28; in Mas- sachusetts, one in 43; in New Jersey, one in 279. Reaching Delaware, how- ever, the frequency of insanity among blacks suddenly nose-dived. As Stan- ton writes: “It appeared that Mason and Dixon had suveyed a line not only between Maryland and Pennsylvania but also — surely all unwitting — be- tween Sanity and Bedlam.” In his first publication on the 1840 census, Jarvis drew the same conclu- sion that so many other whites would advance: slavery, if not the natural state of black people, must have a remarkably beneficent effect upon them. It must exert “a wonderful in- fluence upon the development of moral faculties and the intellectual powers.” A slave gains equanimity by “refusing many of the hopes and re- sponsibilities which the free, self- thinking and self-acting enjoy and sus- tain,” for bondage “saves him from some of the liabilities and dangers of active self-direction.” The basic “fact” of ten times more insanity in freedom than in slavery was widely bruited about in the con- temporary press, often in lurid fashion. Stanton quotes a contributor to the Southern Literary Messenger (1843) who, concluding that blacks grow 20 Managing Chemical Wastes What the chemical industry is doing to improve waste-disposal methods America’s chemical companies have already invested hundreds of millions of dollars in safer, better waste-disposal methods. We’ll spend over $2 billion more on waste-disposal facilities in the next two years. Here’s how we’re ad- vancing the “state of the art”: 1. Eliminating wasteful processes We’re redesigning manufacturing processes and improving efficiency. We’re adding on-line treatment sys- tems to neutralize, reduce in volume or change the nature of waste by- products. We’re also using recovery techniques that let us recycle wastes back into the production process. One company, for example, is salvag- ing phenol, used to manufacture plas- tics, pharmaceuticals and other useful products. 2. Building secure landfills Secure landfills have a barrier that keeps wastes from seeping out into groundwater and keeps groundwater from migrating through the landfill. Other features may include facilities for recycling liquids or a wastewater treatment unit to clean up liquids for safe disposal. Landfills — if properly designed, operated and monitored — are one of the best ways to dispose of many kinds of solid wastes. 3. Continuing industry commitment We were finding ways to manage solid wastes long before the nation recog- nized the need for better waste- disposal methods. In fact, we already had much of the required waste- disposal technology and remedial strategies in place — or being developed — when Congress passed the Resource Conservation and Re- covery Act of 1976, which sets forth strict waste-disposal guidelines. 4- Sharing knowledge and new technology As we develop new waste-disposal techniques, we share our knowledge with industry-, government and the public. In 1979, we began conducting a series of regional seminars that pre- sented current techniques for solid- waste disposal. Individual companies may use videotapes, visual aids or other techniques to train personnel in waste-disposal methods. 5 . Encouraging solid-waste exchanges Sometimes one chemical company’s wastes can become another com- pany’s raw material. Fluoride wastes from a phosphoric acid plant, for example, can be used by a company producing aluminum. So the chemi- cal industry has encouraged the de- velopment of waste-exchange orga- nizations, which develop and distribute lists of available wastes. For a booklet that tells more about what were doing to protect the environment, unite to: Chemical Manufacturers Associa- tion, Dept.HL-101, Box 363, Beltsville, M D 20705. 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Would it be possible to live in a country where maniacs and felons meet the traveler at every crossroad. But Jarvis was troubled. The dis- parity between North and South made sense to him, but its extent was puz- zling. Could slavery possibly make such an enormous difference? If the information had not been stamped with a governmental imprimatur, who could have believed it? Jarvis wrote: This was so improbable, so contrary to common experience, there was in it such a strong prima facie evidence of error, that nothing but a document, coming forth with all the authority of the national government, and “corrected in the de- partment of state,” could have gained for it the least credence among the in- habitants of the f ree states, where insanity was stated to abound so plentifully. Jarvis therefore began to examine the tables and was shocked by what he discovered. Somehow, and in a fashion that could scarcely represent a set of random accidents, the number of insane blacks had been absurdly inflated in reported figures for north- ern states. Jarvis discovered that 25 towns in the 12 free states contained not a single black person of sound mind. The figure for “all blacks” had obviously been recopied or misplaced in the column for “insane blacks.” But data for 135 additional towns (in- cluding 39 in Ohio and 20 in New York) could not be explained so easily, for these towns actually reported that their population of insane blacks ex- ceeded their total number of blacks, both sane and unhinged! In a few cases, Jarvis was able to track down the source of error. Wor- cester, Massachusetts, for example, reported 133 insane in a total black population of 151. Jarvis inquired and discovered that these 133 people were white patients living in the state men- tal hospital located there. With this single correction, the first among many, black insanity in Massachusetts dropped from one in 43 to one in 129. Jarvis, demoralized and angry, began a decade of unsuccessful campaigning to win an official retraction or cor- rection of the 1840 census. He began: Such a document as we have described, heavy with its errors and its misstate- ments, instead of being a messenger of truth to the world to enlighten its knowl- edge and guide its opinions, it is, in re- spect to human ailment, a bearer of false- hood to confuse and mislead. This debate was destined for a more significant fate than persistent bick- ering in literary and scholarly journals. For Jarvis’s disclosures caught the ear of a formidable man: John Quincy Adams, then near eighty, and capping a distinguished career as leader of an- tislavery forces in the House of Rep- resentatives. But Adams’s opponent was equally formidable. At that time, the census fell under the jurisdiction of the Department of State, and its newly appointed secretary was none other than John C. Calhoun, the clev- erest and most vigorous defender of slavery in America. Calhoun, in one of his first acts in office, used the incorrect but of- ficial census figures in responding to the expressed hope of the British for- eign secretary, Lord Aberdeen, that slavery would not be permitted in the new republic (soon to be state) of Texas. The census proved, Calhoun wrote to Aberdeen, that northern blacks had “invariably sunk into vice and pauperism, accompanied by the bodily and mental afflictions incident thereto,” while states that had re- tained what Calhoun called, in genteel euphemism, “the ancient relation” be- tween races, contained a black pop- ulation that had “improved greatly in every respect — in number, comfort, intelligence, and morals.” Calhoun then proceeded to evade the official request from the House, passed on Adams’s motion, that the secretary of state report on errors in the census and steps that would be taken to correct them. Adams then accosted Calhoun in his office and recorded the secretary’s response in his diary: He writhed like a trodden rattlesnake on the exposure of his false report to the House that no material errors had been discovered in the printed Census of 1840, and finally said that there were so many errors they balanced one another, and led to the same conclusion as if they were all correct. Jarvis, meanwhile, had enlisted the support of the Massachusetts Medical Society and the American Statistical Association. Armed with new data and 22 196. The Painter's Craft: An Introduction to Artists’ Methods and Matenals. Ralph Mayer Hardcover: $12.95 QPB: $5.95 208. The Number Of The Beast Robert A. Heinlein. QPB: $5.95 209. Portrait Of An Artist A Biography of Georgia O’Keeffe. Laurie Lisle. Hardcover: $14.95 QPB Ed: $6.95 213. Still Life With Woodpecker "lorn Robbins. Hardcover: $12.95 QPB: $5.95 111. The Search For Alexander An Exhibition. 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Name I Address I City University of California, Berkeley RESEARCH EXPEDITIONS PROGRAM 1980-81 • Explore marine environments in the South Pacific • Study bird behavior off the Cali- fornia coast • Excavate an 18th C. plantation site in Virginia • Record Ancient Rock Art on Easter Island • Study butterfly ecology in Australia • Observe whale behavior in Baja Be an active member of a small field research team Your participation and tax deductible contribution make it possible NO PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE NECESSARY For more Information on theee and other expeditions, contact: University Research Expeditions Program (UREP), Desk NH University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 or Phone (415)642-6586 support, Adams again persuaded the House to ask Calhoun for an official explanation. And again Calhoun wrig- gled out, finally delivering a report full of obfuscation and rhetoric, and still citing the 1840 figures on insanity as proof that freedom would be “a curse instead of a blessing” for black slaves. Jarvis lived until 1884 and as- sisted in the censuses of 1850, 1860, and 1870. But he never won official acknowledgment of the errors he had uncovered in the 1 840 census; the fina- gled, if not outrightly fraudulent, data on insanity among blacks continued to be cited as an argument for slavery as the Civil War approached. There is a world of difference be- tween the overcount of insane blacks in 1840 and the undercount of poor blacks (and other groups) in central cities in 1980. First, although the source of error in the 1840 census has never been determined, we may strongly suspect some systematic, per- haps conscious manipulation by those charged with putting the raw data in tabular form. I think we can be rea- sonably confident that, with auto- mated procedures and more deliberate care, the systematic errors of the 1980 census are at least honest ones. Sec- ond, the politics of 1 840 left few chan- nels open to critics, and Calhoun’s eva- sive stubbornness finally prevailed. Today, nearly every census is sub- jected to legal scrutiny and challenge. Indeed, a few days after Judge Gil- more ruled the 1980 census invalid until its errors can be corrected, Judge Henry F. Werker of Manhattan held that the Census Bureau may use sta- tistical adjustments (rather than ac- tual recounts) to rectify its figures. But a strong similarity also connects 140 years. The prestige of the census, invoked with such skill by Calhoun to divert his critics, still prevents the reform that might curtail its persistent and systematic errors. This prestige arises from the mystique of quanti- fication, the idea that numerical form renders information more rigorous, if not unassailable. But numbers are only as good as the procedures used to gather them; if methods are flawed, sheer accumulation advances us not one whit further toward accuracy. Second, the peculiar form of quan- tification used by the census gives it an air of invincibility. For the Ameri- can census is not a statistical operation at all. It does not attempt to infer properties of the whole from samples. It actually tries to count the whole by direct, exhaustive enumeration. At first glance, what could be fairer and less subject to systematic error? Sure- ly, a procedure of inference from sam- ples offers more opportunity for bias. If it were possible (however expen- sive) to count the whole with con- fidence, then no valid complaint could be raised. But it is not, and the very attempt to do so engenders a system- atic error that guarantees failure. For some people are much harder to find than others, either by their direct resis- tance to being counted (illegal aliens, for example) or by the complex of unfortunate circumstances that ren- ders the poor more anonymous than other Americans. Regions with a concentration of poor people will be systematically un- dercounted, and such regions are not spread across America at random. They are located in the heart of our major cities. A census that assesses population by direct counting will be a source of endless contention so long as federal money and representation in Congress reach cities as rewards for greater numbers. Ironically, the common-sense idea of simply counting everybody is prob- ably the worst, and certainly the most expensive, way to conduct a census. Schemes of careful sampling and in- ference— a perfected version of the methods used to compile television- rating statistics, for example — would do a better job. At least they would attempt to deal explicitly with rec- ognized biases and might reduce or eliminate systematic errors that arise from the flawed design of trying to count everyone when it cannot be done. Censusing has always been conten- tious, especially since its historical purpose has usually involved taxation or conscription. When David, invei- gled by Satan himself, had the chutz- pah to “number” Israel (I Chronicles, chapter 21), the Lord punished him by offering some unpleasant alterna- tives: three years of famine, three months of devastation by enemy armies, or three days of pestilence (all reducing the population, perhaps to countable levels). The legacy of each American census will be ten years of contention, at least until we realize that counting noses is not the best way to enumerate vast numbers of varied people. 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Name Address Cit\ State Zip Call toll free, day or night, 7 day's a week 1-800-345-8501 Extension 401 In Pennsylvania 1-S00-662-51S0 Extension 40 1 Neanderthal the Hunter He was a superpredator. He was stunningly strong. He killed mammoths and woolly rhinos at close quarters. But he was finished when the climate turned warm by Valerius Geist When examining the fossils of some long-extinct creature, paleontologists accept the proposition that its manner of living and the food it ate are ex- pressed in the shapes and dimensions of its bones. If the fossilized cheek teeth of an herbivorous mammal, for example, are long, open rooted, and wide, the animal lived on abrasive for- age. If the body size of the animal is small, we can safely assume that the forage consumed was highly di- gestible. Therefore, the abrasiveness of the forage could not be due to a high fiber content, but must result from sand and dust particles adhering to the exterior of the plant material. Also, most modern small-bodied un- gulates occur in warm regions. It fol- lows then that the extinct ungulate in question occupied a habitat that was most likely a warm, dusty, wind- swept, sparsely vegetated steppe. To test this proposition, the skull and postcranial skeleton should be ex- amined. Are the eye orbits large? Is the skeleton that of a cursorial form? Are the tarsals and carpals fused into long, slender bones and the lateral dig- its greatly reduced to facilitate fast running over hard ground? The weap- on system and the relative size of the sexes are other anatomical clues useful in determining the type of animal in- volved. If the hornlike organs are as complex as those used in wrestling and pushing matches by most con- temporary deer and antelopes, we are OA likely dealing with a highly gregarious animal. The same conclusion can be reached if the weapons are greatly reduced or absent. Weapons that are used only to damage body surfaces, and thereby maximize pain, are in- compatible with gregariousness. If the differences in body size between sexes are also negligible, we can be quite certain that the sexes lived together year-round in large herds. Each conclusion is based on par- allels with living forms, while the va- lidity of the reconstruction is derived in good measure from the fact that each adaptation fits logically into a pattern. Such a pattern is called a strategy, or more precisely, an adap- tive strategy. A strategy is composed of tactical components that must fit flawlessly with one another. The more components and the more complex their mutually supporting web, the more likely is the envisioned adaptive strategy. Microfossils and pollen found in association with the bones can further test the reconstruction. I would like to use the same pro- cedure to reconstruct the basic adap- tive strategy of one of the most enig- matic humans from the past — Nean- derthal. To do this, I shall attempt to link into one logical pattern the anatomical peculiarities of Neander- thal people, the characteristics of their tools, their large hearths filled with bone ash, their kill patterns of large mammals, and their precipitous dis- appearance. The information pains- takingly assembled by archeologists will be useful, but an understanding of the peculiar periglacial landscapes Neanderthals inhabited and of the bi- ology of large, dangerous mammals — their chief food — is crucial. Periglacial landscapes, land greatly affected by the edges of continental and cordilleran glaciers, were often characterized by a mosaic of produc- tive habitats with cold climate floras. The major habitats were fertile, dusty, loess steppes and rich grasslands on moist sites. These owed their existence to huge amounts of rock flour ground by the ice masses and spewed out with meltwater. This highly fertile ground- up rock was deposited as silt by melt- waters from the glaciers, and wherever it was desiccated by exposure to sun and air, it was carried away as loess by the strong winds coming from the ice masses. The annual pulses of ground rock and water created what is technically called a pulse-stabilized, immature ecosystem. This ecosystem, with its different habitats, was host to a highly diverse, dense megafauna of large grazers and large carnivores. It is no accident that in colonizing cold landscapes, humans inhabited the rich periglacial landscapes first and the unproductive tundra (a major in- terglacial habitat) tens of thousands of years later, in fact only within his- toric times. Nor is it an accident that the major breadbaskets of today are 24 Impressionist Masterpieces for only $1 OX 35mm. 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The first human to successfully colonize cold landscapes, Neanderthal was a super- carnivore, killing not only some of the largest and most dangerous ungulates, such as steppe wisent, mammoth, woolly rhino, and horses, but also car- nivores, such as wolves and bears. In cold climates with long winters, living off plant food or off small mammals and birds is not a viable proposition for humans. Not only are edible plants relatively rare in cold- climate floras, but potential foods such as berries drop off in fall or they freeze and thaw and disintegrate. Tubers freeze in the soil and are impossible to excavate or even to find beneath the snow blanket. Most small mam- mals are hibernating or at least spend- ing much of their time below the snow, and most birds have moved to warm climates. Moreover, to sustain a family on meat, large amounts are needed, and it becomes uneconomical to spend time hunting for small-bodied game. In cold climates, particularly in win- ter, it is sound economic practice to hunt large-bodied mammals only. (Large herbivorous mammals survive in winter by feeding on dried sedges, grasses, reeds, herbs, twigs, dwarf shrubs, and leaves from trees growing in protected pockets.) Neanderthal’s kill patterns, slanted heavily to large-bodied grazers and carnivores and almost devoid of small game, are beyond comparison with any modern hunting culture. Nor do Ne- anderthal tools match those of any culture of today, a strong hint that what these early people did will not be found in contemporary societies. This is also implied by evidence that Neanderthal was far more powerful than modern humans. Whereas arche- ologists can experimentally duplicate the wear pattern on tools such as were used by people from the Upper Pa- leolithic (the people that followed Neanderthal and are our ancestors), the wear patterns on Neanderthal’s tools cannot be duplicated. We do not have the strength to do it. Neander- thal’s skeleton reflects a supremely powerful musculature. The joints were massive, even in children, implying an ability for rapid starts and stops. The hands were not only very large but could also be spread wider than ours. The terminal phalanges were large, and the musculature closing the fingers was powerful. The shoulder girdle, besides being massive, was ana- tomically peculiar in that it was almost simian, implying brachiation (swing- ing through trees), which is totally incongruous with the open landscapes of the glacial age. Whatever Nean- derthal did for a living, there were times when enormous physical strength and violent acceleration and deceleration of the body were essen- tial. As Neanderthals were carnivores capable of killing very large, powerful, and agile mammals, we may look here for a clue to their distinctive anatomy. How could one safely capture large, well-armed, aggressive, agile, big game? On an open steppe, approach- ing the game by stalking was hopeless, particularly if snow crunched under- foot. Even if a hunter somehow got close to the animal, how could he kill it quickly enough to prevent being gored and trampled by a wounded beast? Stalking by a single hunter was out of the question. Large, dangerous mammals are not likely to run from carnivores; on the contrary, they are likely to close the distance and attack, and herein lies their vulnerability. If a beast such as a mammoth could be provoked, it would come to the hunter. The task was to kill it without sustaining injury to oneself. A lone hunter could not succeed because the attacking animal gave him its undi- vided attention, and in facing the hunter it exposed virtually no vulner- able part of its body. The weapons of mammoths, bisons, giant deer, and rhinos were located frontally. A small group of hunters would have been required to split the at- tention of the attacking animal, dis- tracting it. Next, in this cooperative venture, one or more of the hunters could quickly maneuver and attack the sides of the animal where vital internal organs were more accessible to inflicted damage. The next logical step would seem to be to throw sharp, pointed spears into the prey, just as was done by our ancestors in the Up- per Paleolithic. Their hafted points and spear throwers attest to that. How- ever, Neanderthals left no evidence 30 of having possessed spears suitable for throwing or of any spear throwers. How then did they kill mammoths, rhinos, and bisons? The answer requires a brief depar- ture into combat theory. There are two principal means of avoiding dam- age from an animal’s weapon if one cannot parry it. One either stays so far back from the beast that it cannot reach you or one gets in so close that it cannot use its weapons effectively. To escape being hurt by horses that are lined up in a stable, for example, you should either stay so far back that the occasional kicker cannot hit you or else walk along almost brushing tails with your shoulder so that a kicker cannot hurt you. The first means of defense was probably used by our Paleolithic ancestors when con- fronting the dangerous game that they killed by throwing spears. The second, I suggest, was used by Neanderthal. It is the key to a logical explanation of Neanderthal’s morphology, hunting tools, hunting economics, and ultimate demise. I have termed it “close-quar- ter confrontation hunting.” The advantage offered by close- quarter confrontation hunting with primitive weapons was that it would require few hunters; probably two would do. Extraordinary agility, cou- pled with high speed and precision of movement, would have been re- quired, however, for one of the hunters to avoid the weapons of an attacking animal. First, he had to evade the attacks, then quickly move in, attach himself to the body of the prey, and have the strength to hold on while an enraged beast tried to fling, shake, and buck him off. With one hunter attached to the prey and holding its attention, the other was free to kill the distracted beast. The hunter should not have been armed with a spear featuring a narrow stone blade, which was a must on throwing spears in order to achieve penetration. Such a blade could shatter on a bone, dis- arming the hunter. A spear might also completely penetrate the prey and pos- sibly skewer the hunter holding on to the animal on the other side. Also, the wound channel caused by a throw- ing spear is thin, and so not conducive to quick killing. What was required was the largest possible blade that could be thrust into the prey. Such a blade inflicted a massive wound channel and could strike bones without fracturing. 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