THE

NATURAL HISTORY

AN D

A N T I

I T I E S

O F

NORTHUMBERLAN D:

And of fo much of the County of

DURHAM fc'
As lies between the Rivers Tyne and Tweed ;

COMMONLY CALLED,

NORTH BISHOPRICK.

IN TWO VOLUMES,

BY JOHN W A L L I S, A. M. .'"£'*.

VOL. I..

LONDON:

Printed for the AUTHOR, by W. and W. STRAHAN;
and fold by S. B L A D o N, in Pater-nofter-Row.

MDGCLXIX.

a H T
O T a J R, d A R ..U ..T

C VI A

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.M '.A ,3 i j JPSAW

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T O

HIS GRACE,

HUGH,

DUKE of NORTHUMBERLAND

"

BARON OF WARKWORTH, OF WARKWORTtfcn-
CASTLE, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NO&L^
ORDER OF THE GARTER, AND LORD LIEU-

' j ' ' < *• R

TENANT OF THE COUNTY OF NORTHUM,

-o C'Tjonir

BERLAND, &c.

T ~f

9 T> !>•?• <• * T f FA »

^ J^£itv^' tij1!.^ JL

May it pleafeyour CriJcei73 • \

IDo not pretend by this dedication to give a
portrait of your Grace's many noble and en-
dearing qualities, becaufe they are confefTed by an
univerfal fufTrage to be above all panegyric ; envy
itfelf being dumb, and loft in admiration, on
the mention only of the name of the DUKE of
NORTHUMBERLAND all.1 mean by it is, to give
this public teftimony of my obligations to your
Grace.

A a That

DEDICATION. ?'*-\':^
That your Grace may long live r to.be a fup-

i • -i i r

port and ornament to letters 5 to be a pattern or
fteady loyalty, legiflative wifdpm, and to give
dignity and Juftre toe .the honours ^ou poflefs :
and that the houfe of PERCY (great and illuftri-
ous name!) may, to r the lateft period of time,
have a ^ reprefentative like your Grace, worthy
and great in hirnfelf,.;and, after the example of
our moft graqiqus Sovereign, King GEORQE 1^1,
be as much fuperior to other men in every virtue,

, i . i , l , , . (\ rkii\j.Jl*J

as in external grandeur and pre-eminence, is the

r , f •/!_£•' ^ ^('v -- ->'i~^

Imccre and ardent wilh or

Your Grace's

. .. .

>yfco moft humble, and

^* v 1, L

o

D

^
i fb'icoD s-iB ^ari: obedient Servant,

j HE ovodi; s:! o? siliiji IphDvinrr

rij 'io sracn -rj lo -{la< nobrsn: 9r t
svig 01 c?i ii Td -ncara J O H N WALL I S.
luov; ol ahobngildo ym to yrtomifb} bii»i [ eirft

LIST of SUBSCRIBERS.

A.

SIR Lancelot AUgood, of Nunvvick,
Kt. Large Paper.

Lady Allgood. Large Paper.

James Allgood, Efqi Gentleman-Com-
moner of Brafen Nofe College, Oxford.

Anthony Afkew, M.D. F.R.S. of Queen's
Square,. London.

John Afkew, Efq.

T. Auftin, A.M.

Gawen Aynfley, of Little Harle, Efq.
B'.

The Right Honourable Lord Edward
Bentinck. Large Paper.

Sir Walter Calverlcy Blacket, of Wil-
lington, Bart. Member of Parliament
for Newcaftle upon T.yne. Large Paper.

Sir Edward Blacket, Jof Weft Marten,
Bart. Member of Parliament for Nor-
thumberland. One Set Large, and one
Small, Paper.

Lady Blacket.

John Blacket, of Wylam, Efq.

Sir Robert Bewick, of Clofe-Houfe, Knt.

John William Bacon, of Newton-Cap,
Efq. Large Paper.

Mrs. Bacon, of Newbrough.

Mifs Bacon.

'Mifs Jenny Bacon.

Mifs Fanny Bacon.

George Baker, of Elle more-Hall, Efq.

Ralph Bates, Efq.

The Reverend Mr. Bates, Re&or of
Whalton.

Mr, Bell, of Durham, Architect.

Thomas Charles Bigge, of Little Benton,
Efq.

Edward Bigge, of Lincoln's Inn, Efq.

The Reverend Mr. Birdmore, Redtor of
Rothbury, and Prebend-Refidentiary
of York.

Francis Blake, of Twizell, Efqj F.R.S.

Francis Blake, jun. Efq.
VOL. I.

James Bland, of Hurworth, Efq.

Mrs. Bowes, of Gibfide.

The Reverend Mr. Bramwell, Redtor'of
Hurworth,

Charles Brandling, of North Gosforth,
Efq.

The Reverend Dr. Brown, Vicar of New-
caftle upon Tyne.

Mr. John Brown, of Kirk Harle.

John Burdon, of Hardwick, Efq.

Bryan Burrel, of Brome-Park, Efq. ,J

The Reverend Dr. Burton, Prebendary
of Durham.

S. BUdon, Bookfeller, fourteen Sets.
C. • i '.

The Right Reverend the Lord Bifhop
of CarMe.

Sir Thomas Clavering, of Axwell-Park,
Bart.

George^Clavering, of Greencroft, Efq.

Ralph Claverinp;, of Calleley, Efq.

The Honourable and Reverend Dr. Coo-
per, Dean of Durham.

Grey Cooper, Efq-, Joint-Secretary xo the
Treafury.

John Cay, of Charleton-Hall, Efq.

Mrs. Callis, of Gofport. io ,:i-

William Carr, of Etall, Efq. iCI z

Ralph Carr, of Cocken, Efq.

Edward Cliarleton, of Hezlifide, Efq.

Edward Charleton, of Reedfmouth, Efq.

Pcreival Clenell, of Harbottle-Caftle^Efq.

Mifs Clenell.

Edward Collingwood, of Chirton, Efq.

Alexander Collingwood, of Unthank,Eiq.

Mrs. Collingwood.

Henry Collingwood, of Cornhill, Efq.

John Collingwood, of Weft Lilburn, Efq.

Mr. John Collingwood, of Warwick-
Court, London.

Anthony Compton, of Carham, Efq. '
Large Paper.

Edward Cook, of Blackmore-Hall, Efq.. .
A 3 John

L I S T of S U ' B

TohnBlenkerfoipCoulfon, of Jefaiont,

J

The'lieverend Mr. Coxon, Redor of

Sundcrland.
Mr. William Cramlington, of Nevvcaffl

upon Tyne.

William Creffwcll, of Crefiwell, Elq.
Henry Crcflwell, of Windfor, Kfq.
GeoroeSandiford Crow.of Aftungton £ iq.
William Charnley, Bookfclkr, in New-

caftle upon Tyne.
D.
The Ri<?ht Honourable and the Right

Reverend the Lord Bifoop of Durham.

Large Paper.
The Right. Honourable the Earl ot Dar-

Sir John Huffty Delaval, of Ford-Caftle,
Bart. Member of Parliament for Ber-
wick upon Tweed.

Lady Hufley Delaval.

Sir Francis Delaval, of Seaton Delaval,
Knt. of the Bath. Large Paper.

Edward Delaval, Efq-, F.R.S. two Sets.

Thomas Delaval, Efq.

George Shaftoe Delaval, Efq; Member of
Parliament for Northumberland.

Sir Alexander Don, Bart.

Abraham Dixon, of Belford, Efq-, Colo-
nel of the Northumberland Militia.

James Dixon, of Kelfo, Efq.

Thomas Dixon, of Walwick, Efq.

Mr. George Dixon.

The Reverend Dr. Dickens, Archdeacon,
and Prebendary, of Durham.

The Reverend Dr. Dockwray, Vicar of
Stamfordham.

J. Dodfl'ey, Bookfeller, in Pall-Mall, feven
*-ets. i JO -v

Thomas Doubleday, of Alnwick-Abbey,

klq.

Archibald Douglas, of Cavers, Efq.
') he Reveretid Dr. Douglas, Prebendary

"of Durham.

John.Dawfon, of Brunton-Hall, Ffq.
Francis Drake, of York, Efq; F.R.,S.;
hew Duane»"of 'Lincoln's lnn» E%

S C R 1 B E R S.

. E.T8-I

Sir John Eden, of Win;ilcftone, Bart.

Henry Ellifon, of Park-Houle, Efq. .

John Errington, of Beaufronr, Efq.

William Errington, of Sandhoe, Efq.

J ohnErrington, of Walwick-Grange, Efq.
F.

SirMatrhew Fetherftonhaugh, of Fether-
iton-Caftle, Bart. Member of Parlia-
ment for Portfmouth. La--ge Paper.

William Fen wick, of By well, Efq.

Mrs. Fen wick.

Robert Fenwick, of Lemington, Efq.

The Reverend Mr. Fenwick, Vicar oF
Bolhauj.

Mrs. Fielding, of BebfTde.

Collingwood Forfter, of Alnwick, Efq. -

Mils Forfter, of Etherfton.
G.

Sir Harry Grey, of- Howick, Bart. Large
Paper.

Colonel Grey, of Fallodon.

Ralph William Grey, of Backworth> Efq.

The Reverend Dr. Gregory,. Dean" of
C hri (f -Church, Oxford, and Mafter of
Chriil's Hofpital at Sherburn, near
Durham. .

Mrs. Graeme.

William Jcfferys, of Berwick upon
Tweed, Efq.

John Gregfon, of Wark upon Tweed, Efcj.

tm-jkfi iiii/l

Sir Thomas Haggerfton, of Haggerfton",,

Bart.

Edward Haggerfton, of Elingham, Efq.
Mr. William Hague, of Storth, near

Huddersfield, in Yorkftiire.
John Hardy, Efq.
1 he Reverend Mr. Edward Hardy, A.M.

of Wrotham» in Kenr.
Mr. John Hardy, Bookfeller, feven Sets.
James Hargrave, of.Shawdon, Efq.
William Hargrave, Elq.
Mr. Robert Harriion, of Newcaitle upon

Tyne.
Meflkurs -Hawcs, Clark^ and Collins,

Bookfellers, feven Sets.

Mr.

LISTofSUfeSCRIBERS.

Mr. Herbert.

Mr. Heron, of Hexharn.

Allen Hodfhon, of Tone, Efq.

The Lady of General 1-loneywood.

Richard Huck,M.D.F.R.S. Large Paper.

Henry Hudfon, of Whitley, Efq.
k

Mrs. Jurin, of the Hermitage, near
Hexham.

K.

Walter Ketilby, of Akeld, Efq.

Kerr, of Chattow, Eiq.

William Kerr, of Sunlaws, Eiq.
L.

Sir Wilfrid Lawfon, of Braycon-Hall,
Bart,

Sir Henry Lawfon T of Brough, in York-
fill re, Bart.

The Reverend Mr. Lawfon, Vicar of
Warkworth.

William Lambton, of Lambton-Hall,
Efq.

Major General Lambton, of Harraton-

Hall.

Nicholas Lambton, of Bidwick, Efq.
Amton Lever, Efq-, of Alkrington, near

Manchefter.

Thomas Liddel, of Newton-Hall, Efq.
William Lowes, of Ridley-Hall, Eiq.
Lady Lorrain, of Kirk-Hark. .

M.
The Reverend Dr. Markham, Dean of

Chrift Cliurch, Oxford, and Preben-
dary of Durham.
Sir John Lambert Middlemen, of Belfay,

Bart. Large Paper.
Sir Ralph Milbank, of Hannaby, Bart.

Large Paper.

Lady Milbank. Large Paper.
The' Reverend Mr. Marih, Vicar of Ford.
Robert Mitford, of Mitford, Efq.
James Moncafter, .of Walls-End, Efq.
Edward Montague, Eiq.
The Reverend Mr. Murthwaite, Fellow

of Queen's College, Oxford. . ,.

N.

His Grace the Duke of Northumberland,
• Her Grace theDuchefs of Northumber-
land, i'ivebets, large Taper.

The Reverend Mr-. Naylor, A.M. Rector
of Morpeth, a I.'. Prebend, ry of Lincoln.

The Reverend Mr. NicholOn, of Hur-

worth.

O.
The Right Reverend the Lord Bifhop cf

Oxford.
The Right Reverend the Lord Bifhop of

Offory.
The Right Honourable the Lord Chief

Baron Ord.

William Ord, of Fenham, Efq.
William Ord, of Sturton-Grange, Efq.
John Ord, of Grindon, Efq.
The Reverend Dr. Newton Ogle, of

Kirkley, Archdeacon of Surrey, and

Prebendary of Durham.
William Ogle, of Cawfey-Park, Efq.
Mr. Bernard Ogden, of Sunderland.
Dr. Ormfton, of Kelfo. Large Paper.

I '.;ib , r n » j T
His Grace the Duke of Portland. Large

Paper.

The Right Honourable Algernon Lord
.fioPsnry, two Sets.large, and one fmall,
Paper.

Pembroke College-Library, in Cam-
bridge.

The Reverend Mr. Thomas Percy, A.M.
Rector of Wilby'e, Northamptonshire.,

Sir John Pefhall, Bart.
' St: Peter's College-Library, in Cambridge.

Mr. Pringle, of Kelfo. .

Mrs. Dorothy Proctor, of Carrville.

Thomas- Payne, Bookfeller, at the Mews-
Gate, fourteen Sets fmall, and feven
Sets large, Papen

S" • r\ C A

Queen's College-Library, in Oxford.

R.

The Right Honourable the Lord Raver\f-
worth.

The Kisht Hbnourable Lady Ravenf-

. -
wortli.

Matthew Ridley, of Heaton, Efqv Mem-
ber of Parliament tor Newcaftle upon

r Jl * * f_^ ' * *'v » * . i

Tyne..

. Sir Matthew White Uidley, Bart. Mem-
ber of Parliament for Morpeth.

Chriftophei:

LIST of SUBSCRIBE R'S.

'

Chriftopher Reed, of Chipchace, Efq. Mr. William Strahan, feven Sets.

Large Paper. John Strange, Efq.

Mrs. Reed. Large Paper. Mrs. Sunderland, of Newcaftle upon

Mr. Matthew Reed, or Newcaftle upon Tyne.

Tyne. T. ,jj
Mifs Radcliff. John Tempeft, of Sher burn, Efq; Mem-
Thomas Riddel, of Swinburn-Caftle, Efq. ber of Pai liament for the City of Dur-
Mrs. Riddel. ham.
Robert Rodham, Efq. John Thorold, Efq.
The Reverend Mr. Thomas Rotherham, The Reverend Mr. Totton, Lecturer of

Vicar of Haltwefel. Hexham.

The Reverend Mr. John Rotherham, John Townfon, Efq.

Reftor of Ryton, and Chaplain to the Mr. Tuckfield. Large Paper.

Bifhop of Durham. Henry Tulip, Efq.

Mr. Stephen Robinfon. Marmaduke Tunitall, Efq.

James Robfon, Bookfeller, in New Bond- John Tweddel, of Unthank, Efq.

Street, feven Sets. TJ.

Mr. George Rofe, of Parliament-Street, The Public Library of the Univerfity of

Weftminfter. Cambridge.

'S. Urquhart and Richardfon, Bookfellers,

The R ight Honourable the Earl of Strath- two Sets.

more. \V.

The Right Honourable the Countefs of Sir George Warren, ,Knight of tire Bath.

Strathmore. Large Paper.

Sir John Swinburn, late of Cap Heaton, The Reverend Mr. Waftell, RecTror of

Bart. Simonburn.

Sir Edward Swinburn, of Cap Heaton, Mr. Robert Walker, of Sunderland.

Bart. Large Paper. James Wallace, of Carleton-Hall, Efdf

Lady Swinburn. Large Paper. The Reverend Mr. Wallis, A.M. oJfCjir-
W ill tarn Swinburn, of Long Witton, Efq. ham.

John Swinburn, of Newcaftle upon Tyne, Mr. Anthony Wallis.

r Efq- J. Walter, Bookfeller, near Charing-Crofs,
Thomas Sclbey, of Bitlefdon, Efq, feven Sets:

.Gabriel Selbey, of Paftbn, Efq. William Ward, of Nunnykirk, Efq.

William Selwyn, of Lincoln's Inn, Efq. Richard Wharton, of Hertford, Efq'

Robert Shaf toe, of Benwell, Efq. Mr. Whitehead, of Efpley.

Robert Shaftoe, of Whitworth, Efq. Daniel Wier, Efq. ..

The Reverend DF.-"John Sharp, Arch- Lady Williamfon of Whitburn

deacon of Northumberland, and Pre- Richard Willis, Efq.

bendary of Durham. D. Wilfon and G. Nichol, Bookfellers
The Reverend Mr. Shilleto, Rector of feven Sets.

Headon, in Nottinghammire. y

" » of Bradley-Hall, Efq. The Right Honourable and Right Reve-

., , . gt eve-

Sir William Stephenfon, Knt. Alderman rend the Archbifhop of York, Primate

3$ L,°"don- * of England, and Lord High Almoner

Edward Steuart, of Newcaftle upon Tyne, to his Majefty.

Efq. y''

The Reverend Dr. Stonehewcr, Reclor '^PR'EFACE.

of Houghton le Spring. .: -t

( v )
THE

PREFACE.

TiRITAIN is indebted for the origin of fcience to antient
Rome, as Rome was to Greece. Their foaring Eagle car-
ried not only viaory,"but the elegant and ufeful arts, wherever
fKe had her airy. It was the cuftom of thofe fovereigns of
the world to polim and inftruc"t, as well as fubdue, nations.
In Britain^ no part had their company more or longer, than
Northumberland. Here they had their cities, their caftles,
and their towns. Here they had their Collegia, their cpmpa-

*••« "

nies, or trades. To the naked and warlike natives ttiey were
patrons and protectors, taught them both to cloathe
bodies, and adorn their minds ; learned them hyfbandry,
civil polity, architecture, and the polite and ufeful arts,
accomplifhed and improved the Romans left them.

In the Saxon and Norman ages, piety and learning met with
zealous patrons, and bountiful rewards. Churches were built,
colleges founded, and both plentifully endowed. Princes and'
nobles, prelates, ladies, and gentlemen, contended, in a holy
emulation, which mould contribute moft amply and liberally

1 • C

to their fupport.

Pro-

vi The P R E F A C E.

Propitious alfo to the culture of the human mind have been
thefe later ages, both at home and abroad. Under the auf-
pices of Princes, of Nobles, of Prelates, and the principal
gentry of Europe^ focieties have been formed for promoting
natural knowledge, and the ftudy of antiquity, to the great
emolument and honour of their refpedtive ftates and king-
doms.

T r i vi t

[n luch an enlightened age as this, to fend abroad the Na-
tural Hiftory and Antiquities of a County, is an arduous work.
How well I have fucceeded, muft be left to the decifioa of
able and competent judges, poffefTed of the happy fpirit Qf urr
banity and good nature. It is. now upwards of twenty years
fmce I firft turned my thoughts to the ftudy of Natural Hi-
ftory, rather then for amufement, than .from any de%n of
carting my obfervations under an hiftorical form for public view j-
rocks and dales, woods, heaths, hill^and mountains, the fhorel
of rivulets and the ocean being my company in the hours of
leifure and relaxation, after leaving that auguft and venerable,
and truly charming and delightful feat of leatning, the mnv€r-
fity of Oxford, wherein upwards of feven years of ray earlieft

days were fpent.

-

' ** 1 " " »'* «JF , r- - , : ^,~.» ft

In my fearches after Foffih, I have met with fame hitherto
fuppofed by eminent and learned Lithologifts. not to be of
Britijht but of trao/marine origin.

-;-^ ' . • ,--:;. •, .. . ... , Jn

tf

The PREFACE. vn

In my Botanic fearches, I met with fome curious plants on
our northern Alps, acknowledged by the indefatigable and ac-
curate Dillenius not to have been feen by him any where in
England. Of thefe, and other curious and ufeful plants, I
have given fhort deferiptions, and have added the Synonyms of
the moft eminent and ingenious authors. Thofe that would
choofe to fee them under a iyftematic diftribution, I refer them
to the elegant fyftems of Holler (a), and Pan Royen (bj, and

of the celebrated Linn<zus.

\

I have aifo given Short defcripdons and fynonyms of the moft '|V

curious Birds obferved with us, and of the InfeEls^ &c. with
no other embellishments than thofe of nature and truth,

Antiquities had a fhare of my attention at the lame time.
The works of the Britijh Druids, their ceSpititious and rocky
thrones, temples, and fepultures, attracted my observation ; their
rude grandeur gready raifing my curioSity.

'iV iS.' Q.i - .'j./'/iM^.-j !.::^ '.i'Jfl'A

Northumberland being Roman ground, and receiving my Sirft
breath in one of their Caftra (cjt 1 was led by a fort of enthu-
(iafm to an enquiry and fearch after their towns, their cities, and

(a) Alb. Halleri enutneratio ftirpium indigenarum Helvetia, 9 vol.
foL Fig. elegantifs. Getting. 1742.

(1>) Adrianivan Royen floras Leidenjii prodrornus, 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1 740.

(c) Alioney or Wbitky-Cajlle.

temples,

viii "The" *PRE F A C "B.

temples, their baths, their.. altars, their Tumuli, their military
•ways, and other remains of their fplenddur and magnificence;
which will admit of a thoufand vievt's and reviews, and ftill
give pleafure to fuch as haye, a guft for any tjiing Roman ;
every, year alrrioft pre fen ting' new di'fcoveries of the wifdom,
contrivance, ingenuity, and elegance of that refpeclable people.
Many of thofe things which,. have .already come under public
notice, I have fet in a .new, light ;, and fuch as have. nafv appear
in their order under all the advantages they are entitled to. rOn
making the great military road between Ntwcaftle and Carlijk,
many foundations of Roman towns and forts -have been, turned
up for the fake of the ftones, many valuable fculptures* and
infcription* either deftroyed or fo effaced by the injudicious and
undifcerning labourers, that not a-; Roman feature appears;
others ha-ve been ; ear tied offj- and by the 9eatH of their firft pa-
trons have fallen- intfr .l:efe curious hands, who have, caft them
away as Nuga or trifles beneath notice^ The incurious hands
hath not even fpared.that.majeftic monument of Roman opu-
lence and grandeur, The Pifls Wall, one of their greateft '
works, equally tlie ; wonderland -ad miration v6£-' the. -learned
Briton and the inquiiitive-ftaahger. That work which with-
ftc^od1 the (liock of .ages, was fuperior to the rage of florms and
ttmpeft-s, the glory, the pride of ' Northumberland^ ereded ir>
part at the fupplication and 'importunate 'tears of Britons •, now
deplores its ruin by the incurious in Northumberland^ by-

Many

The PREFACE. ix

Many of the Rcmana exhibited in this work, Vere never be-
fore defcribed; fome of them of filver, fculptures, and in re-
lief. Not a few afford excellent precepts to prefent and fu-
ture times. They bring before us, as in perfpe&ive, Roman
wifdom, Roman piety, Reman loyalty, Roman gratitude, Ro-
man generofity and hofpitality, Roman courage and magnani-
mity, as well under the prefTures, as under the exaltations
of life.

:>ljiwl>riuolod'

The Saxonica and Monaftlca are as curious and inftrudlive as
the Romana. Thofe ages, enlightened by the bright fun-fhine of
Chriftianity, and for the reception pf which the Roman man-
ners and politure prepared the way, afford examples of an il-
luftrious piety and a heavenly temper, fuch as ought to excite
our reverence and veneration ; the amiable graces of humility,
meeknefs, brotherly kindnefs, felf-refignation, and an indiffe-
rence to the pleafures, the gaieties, the honours of life, appear
often to a degree that is aftonifliing, only to be copied by
thofe god-like fouls who afpire after a happy immortality.

'; - .-JLJ.I > slkiiJrjr.M 5<!l ..70* ^ ft • -

I have fpoken of the Religious houfes with the greateft im-
partiality and fairnefs ; defcribed their foundations, their pa-
trons, and their chief revenues, fo far as they could be known ;
given an account of their feveral prelates, and other learned
perfons that adorned them.

'..u ^ JirA.M^ c? •&&. f:- 8r^VD .<&(& ..

VOL. I. a Bifhop

* .The :P It E F ACE.

Bidiop Tanner "has placed three religious houfes amongiVus,
of whofe fituation we have no clear account from any good
authority. Thefe are Paegnalaech or Womalet, where Bifhop
Tuda was buried, Warmington, and Nejham (d). We have
a maritime place called Nejham, near South Blyth, but there
are no evidences of a monaftic foundation at it, either from
any ruins, from tradition, or from any written memorial^
Paegnalaech or Womalet, and Warmington, are no where to
be found with us by the utmoft fcrutiny. The fagacious edi-
tor of Bede, Dr. Smith, confeffes it to be beyond his penetra-
tion and learning to tell where Paegnalaecb might be, unlefs
Pincbanheak, or Finchale, near Durham, might be it ; a
monaftery famous in the Saxon times, as attefted by the fynods
held at it, fo early as the eighth century (ej..

The manufcript of that great antiquary, Bifliop Nicholfon,
intitledj A Defcription of the antient kingdom of Northum-
berland, faid to be in the library of the Dean and Chapter of
Carlijle (f), might probably have given feme light herein ; but
unhappily for the Republic of Letters, there is no manufcript
of his Lordmip s in that library, except one, relating to hi*.

;-<i,:>niA>t ~br'i , frjdl-'j &*$$*«&! .h-m.
(dj Notit. MtmafL foL p. 189, 394.

(() See Dr. Smith\ Note on Paegnalaech ia Btdes Ecclef. Hiftory,
* ' ^' . . tilu

(f) Bp. Gibfon'>& Preface to Camden^ Britannia.

own

The P R E F A G ff. xi

own diocefe, being only a compendious ecclefiaftical view of it,
.in a parochial method; which I looked over by the favour of

the prefent worthy Librarian, Mr. Wilfin, a Prebendary in
.that church *.

; . '

All the records taken out of Religious houfes on the north
fide of Trent) at their diflblution, were lodged in St. Mary's
Tower at York, Tranfcripts from them were made by Mr.
Dodfworthy which were prefented by Thomas Lord Fairfax to
the Bodleian library. They are the fubftance of what the
learned tranfcriber calls his Monafticon-Boreale in the manuf-
cripts. In 1644, that repofltory was blown up by the be-
fiegers of the city. A worthy perfori, Mr. T1wmpfont had the
courage and refolution, at the peril of his life, to fearch the
rubbifh for the records, and was fo happy as to retrieve as
many, as Mr. Drake calls, A noble magazine of antiquity.
Mr. Torr took the pains 'to put the fair ones into order, mark-
ing the places they belonged to alphabetically in a regifter.
They are now in the minfter-library at Tork> but there are no
muniments among them relating to the Northumberland-mo-
nafteries (g).

A learned prelate and antiquary acquaints us, that fome ma-
terials were collected by one of the family of the Coverings of

* Since made DEAN.

/• > A T rr i i - •»

(gj As I am aflured by Mr. Drake.
See his Antiquities of York.

a 2 Ca I-

Xii The P R E F A C E.

Galleley for a hiftory of Northumberland (h) ; but I do not find
that any thing was done farther than a GENEALOGY of the family,
properly attefted by records and inquifitions poft mortem, drawn
up by Sir William Dugdale, Norroy, king at arms, at the ex-
pence of Sir John Wavering, Kt. living in 1617, with whom

*

. 1 / • >

it ends (tj.

The late John Warburton^ Efq; Somerfet herald, made large
colle&ions, refpe&ing this county. They are now in the pof-
feffion of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland ; of which
I have had the perufal by his Grace's favour.

'•>"**• J*^*")

I have illuftrated the baronial honours, tenures, and feudal
property, not from vague and uncertain teftimony, but from au-
thorities of the higheft pre-eminence in the kingdom ; from
the Rotuli Ann ales returned into the Exchequer by the fherifFs,
and that grand record, the 7*y?# de Nevill; from Rymers Ft&-
deray from the acl:s of the legislature, and from the decisions
of the moft eminent antiquaries and civilians; from royal
charters, family- records and monumental infcriptions*

ittrjbi!
(b) Bifliop Gibfons Preface to Ca?ndcnr& Britannia*

(i) Sub Thulo*

Claveringiante familiae antiquiffimaj et nobiliflunae inEJJexia et Nov-
thim&ria florentis ftemma. Ex archivis regiis, vetuftis regiftrisr aliifque
venerandse antiquitatis monumentis, dedudtum et delineatumr Per Gu-
lielmum Dugdakf regem armorum» cognomento Norroy*

GENERAL INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION

Q: F

NORTHUMBERLAND, &c,

With fbme HISTORICAL ANECDOTES.

'• \ "»

HE County of Northumberland is of a triangular form, bounded!

by the German Ocean to the eaft, the river Tweed to the north,.
Cumberland and Scotland to the weft, the river Tyne and the bifhop-
rick of Durham to the fouth. Its length between the Tyne and*
Tweed, from Newcajlle to Berwick, is fixty-two meafured miles-
aa4 three quarters. Its breadth from Tyne-mout'h to 7>/«fl/r-bridge,
fctiyond Ghnvoeti, is forty-feven^ meafured. Under the Saxon
heptarchy it was part of a large kingdom, founded in the year
547, by Ida,- a moft accompliflied prince, containing all the
country between the two feas north of the Humber to the Frith of
Edenburgh in Scotland. Hence it has its name. Sometimes it was
divided into two^ Deira and Bernicia. Deira, i. e. Ferarum Habita*
culum, extended from the Oftium of the Humber to the river Tyne ;
Bernicia, from the Tyne to Edinburgh-Frith (aj. By civil- diflen*
tions, and the frequent alarms and depredations of the Danes, it
was conftrained to fubmit to the fuperior power of Egbert,. King,

(a) Hoi. Chron. vol. i. edit. opt. 1586. p. 59.
Lei. Itin. vol. vii. ed. ii. p. 64.

Hift. of Engl. vol. i. p. 34. 45» 1534

xiv INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION Of

of the Weft-Saxons y Reg. 28. 828. It was reduced to a province or
earldom by Edred, a magnanimous Chriftian prince, who made
Ofulfh the firft earl or governor (b). Thofe that preceded Ofulph^
were fome of them tributary, and others independent kings,
moflly DaniJJj (c). Alfred the Great divided it into Ihircs or coun-
ties, viz. Everwick/fjire, Richmond/hire, Coplande, lince the bifhop-
rick of Durham, Wejimerelonde, Northumberlonde, Cumberland s(d). The
government of Northumberland by Earls terminated foon after the
Norman conqueft, and in the perfon of Robert Moivbray (e). After
that sera, it had its Vicecomes, or high fheriff, and wa;-' diftinguifh-
ed by baronies, except when it was in the hands of the bifliop of
Durham (f), and thofe baronies by fix wards, viz.

Tyne-dale* Bambrough,

Coquet-dalcy Morpeth,

Glen-dale,

;;;' ' • -f? . - ., ' .1* :;. . «:

(t) Rapia's Hift. of Engl. 8vo. vol. i. p. 383.

?l <>! '-\^- . , • -.-•*' i** 'V'oi'c v,.:,'^

' • , . i \ ,•

(e) See a chronological feries of the Northumberland Kings In Tyrrtl's Hift. or England;
Drake's Antiq. of York ; and in Latin, at the end of the learned Dr. Hicks's Theafurm
Linguar. Septentr.

1**.'*'» * ~ ~ i •'" •» Tf „ t1

(d) Spelman, Vita Alfred*.

(e) Roberto de Mulbreio capto, ceflavit comitatus adminiftrari a comitibus ; et ex tune in
manu regum, fcil. Gul. Magni^ Wulielmi junioris, et Henrici manfit. Lei. Itin. vol. vii.
p. 65. Monaft. Angl. vol. i. p. 41.

(f) Scutagium de Northumberland. Quod ideo redditur in j fumma, quia comitatus fuit in
manu epifcopi Dunelmenjts a quo receptum fuit fcutagium. Ideo non potuit diftingui per ba-
ronias.

bliJii (tfii . .

When the county of Northumberland came into the hands of the bifliop of Durham, it could
not be diftinguiflied by baronies and diftri&s, as it had been wont before : But the bifhqp
became immediate tenant to the king, of the whole county. And therefore he himfelf an<-
fwcrcd efcuage for the county in one fumm.

Mag. Rot. 6 R. Ric. I. Rot. 10. ». cited in Madoxs Hift. of theExcheq.

The

.WO R'T TT U. M B E R L A NT D,. &c. xv

The number of boroughs and villas in each- "ward, arid in the
liberties of the dutchy of Lancajler, Reeds-dale, Hexham, and Tyne-
mouth-Jhire, and their ant lent ftate, will be beft underftood by a
curious record in the Appendix, No. i. which exhibits a view of
their contributive mares towards the expences of the two county-
members, Adomar de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, and Sir Ralph de
Eure, of Kirkley> for their attendance in parliament, 5- K. Rich-
ard II..

The high meriff levied by writ the wages of parliament-men.
The firft writs extant bear date, 28, 29, 32, of K. Ed-ward I ; and
the firftflatute, 12 K. Richard II. At the fame time that knights
of the mire were allowed four millings a day, burgefTes were
allowed two fhillings, at leaft, alfo their travelling-charges to and
from parliament, in the reign of K. Edward IV. By a flatute,
6 K. Henry VIII, they loft their wages if they returned home
without leave from the houfe (g).

:-•<,- ••»»'; .;;

The high fheriffof Northumberland, for the defence of the bor- -
ders, was entrufted with great power, and extraordinary privi-
leges. He received the ifllies and profits of his meriffrick to his •
own ufe, with all other debts, fines, and amerciaments, within '
the county, and all emoluments accruing from alienations, in-
trufions, wards, marriages, reliefs, &c. In 1549, 3 T^-EdwardVl.
it was enacted, that he fhould be accountable for his office, as
others in the exchequer. .

In the parliament fummoned to meet, i November, 7 K. Ri-
chardll, 1383, an application was made by the nobility and gentry
for a part of the public levies to be affigned them for guarding ,

(g) Sututes at Large, An. 6 Hen. VIII.

the

rvi INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION OF ;

the borders againft the incurfions of the Scott, who were an-
fwered, that they had a fufficient recompence by the tenure of
their lands, given them for that particular fervice (b).

It was enacted in the parliament, called in October, 9 K. Ri-
chard II, 13^5, that all pofleflbrs of lands on the marches be-
yond the river Tyne, whether lords or others, fhould refide upon
them, except fuch as the king fhould think fit to difpenfe
with (i).

Northumberland hath given the title of Duke and Earl to many
noble perfonages. It gave the title of Duke to John Dudley (kj>
and the title of Earl and Duke to Charles Fitzroy (l)> and of Earl for
a fmall fpace to John Nevill Lord Montacute. It hath given the title
of Earl to no lefs than thirteen of the noble family of Percy. The
prefent Earl was created Duke of Northumberland, 6 K. $eorgc III,
October 3d, 1766.

Northumberland is in the diocefe of Durham, whofe prelates are
princes palatine, having temporal as well as fpiritual jurifdiction,
being ftiled in antient pleadings, Palatii Comifes, Earls of the Pa-
lace, as to their temporals ; and are faid to hold epifcopal ftate,
as to fpirituals (p).

(b) Watftngham. Collier's Ecclef. Hift. vol. i. p. 582.

. .-KM- •* -

(!) Statutes at Large. An. Ric. II.

(k) Hoi. Chron. vol. ii. p. 975. 1009. '007. If'sK'^

(I) Mag. Britannia. }

(p) Madax's Baron. .Ingl. p. 150, 151.

N O R T H U M B E R L A N P, &c.

The liberties of the county palatine of Durham were afcertaincd
by parliament, n Y^Hefir.y VJ, on a complaint being made in a
petition to the houfe of lords by biflapp Lan-fhy, of certain com-
miffioners fitting and making enquiry at Hortm-Pool in his coun-
ty palatine ; after many learned' pleadings iifed by the attorney
general, Sir William Earl, Knt. to prove, that his lordfliip ought
to have no county palatine, or liberties royal (qj.
-.,.'..-' ' : i -' •

In parliament-time, the bilhops of Durham and Carhjle were ex.
cufed their attendance, on fending procurators fufficiertcs, fufficient
proxies, as by their place they were to have' a vigilant eye to the
defence of the borders ; and in the writ for the parliament to
meet at V/ejlm'mfter under K.. Edward II, they \yere exprefsly inhi-
bited to be prefent otherwise than by proxies, worthy, fays the
record, of being reprefentatives in that great council of the
nation (rj.

. ;; 3Dfh7ijf[-j ]£ijf>.*nj;q loiodaibfr JI-C^VT =;ilT
The biftaop of Durham had a fuffragan, or an epifcopal coadju*

tor, 28 K.. Henry VIH,'i536, whofe .fee was at Berwick upon
Tweed fs).

. - j :

This biflioprick is rated in the king's books at 1821 /. i s. 5^.
and before the reformation was rated in the Pope's books at
2025 /. and paid for the pall 2000 /. (tj. Every clergyman on ad-
miflion into a benefice, paid one year's profits to the Pope, under

(q) Sir Robert Cottm's Abridgm. of Records.

. „ , , „ f „'-, 'J':- . Incoac ; at ; oic-bios w.kii -ui^uwyj'.'.

(r) Seldons Baronage of Engl. &c. ovo. Land. 1642.

rfrd il'jLfl svj^ liiuorll :).: -,^£fj tEi.J40J,ui. . ..

{ s) Rym. Feed. torn. xiv. p. 560.
Afla Regia, vol. iii. 8vo. p. 307.

.(t) Godwin de Prefulibus Angliae,

VOL. II. b the

xvm

INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION OF

the name of Annates, aboliflied by an ad of parliament, 24 K.
Henry VIII, 1532 j which, with the tenths, were granted by an-
other aft to the king, 1534 (u)*

When a fubfidy of 50,000 /. was granted by the parliament to
carry on the war with France, 43 K. Edward III, 1369, March 28th,
to be levied on every parifh at 22 s.. 3 d. the number of parimes
rated in Northumberland were fixty, and fixty-one in the county of

Durham.

In Northumberland there are five deaneries, and one archdea-
conry. The deaneries are

f i, Morpctb,

73 7 L nA

Bambroughy ana

^ 7 -j AT m

Cot-bridge, Neivcajlle*.

. . •»

The prefent number of parochial churches aad chapels in them,
the extra-parochial and peculiars, their patronage, and the ap-
propriations, will appear with precrfion and accuracy under the
following view. But I muft firft premife, that the ford high
chancellor nominates to all preferments in the gift of the crown,
valued at qo/. per annum, or under, in the king's books ; and the
record of parliament, which recognizes his lordfliip's right,' 4 K.
Edward III, particularly mentions the end for which the grant
was given by the crown, viz. to enable him to provide for the
clerks in chancery, and other courts, who in thofe days were
perfons in holy orders ; and accordingly the direction even in.
the record is,, that he fhould give fuch benefices to the king's

(«JI Statutes at Large,, An. 27 R. Hen.. V1IL-

clerks

NORTHUMBERLAND, &C.

XIX

clerks in the chancery* exchequer, and both benches, and not
to others ; the chancellors themfelves being generally ecclefiafti-
cal perfons. I fhall take no notice of their annual value, being
variable and uncertain, rarely underftood by any but their pof-
feflbrs.

Simonburn, R.
' Bellingham, Ch.

Falftone, Ch.
Felton, V.
Brinkburn, V. annext.

Framlington, Ch.
Bolham, V.

DEAN,
C.

A.

Heddon on the Wall, V. N.

Knarefdale, R. C.

Lefbury, V. A.

Long Horfley, V. A.

Shilbottle, V. A.

Stamfordham, V. C,
Ryal, Ch.

PATRON. APPROPRIAT,

-.Hi. > , ' 'liljl i I

Pr. of Brinkburn.

M. The Crown.

Pr. of Tynemouth.
Pr. of Blanchland.

>f«JJ. t . i i.V^-.t

Pr. of Alnwick.
Pr. of Brinkburn.
Pr. of Tynemouth,
Pr. of Hexham.

Archdeaconry, with
Howick, R. annext.

Allenton, and A.

Halyftone, V.

Alnwick, C. D.

Chillingham, V. A.

Eglingham, V. A.

Haltwefel, V. C.

Beltingham, Ch.

b z

Pr. of Halyftone.

'.;;;/ ,

"^ f r f " •*"

Pr. of Alnwick.
Pr. of Alnwick,
Pr. of Tyneraouth.
Pr. of Tynemouth.

Hart-

Pr. of Tynemouth.

iac INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION OF

DEAN, PATRON. APPROPRIAT.

Hartburn, V. M.

Nether Wittofi, Ch.
Kirk Whelpington, V. M.
Srannington, V. M.

Woodhorn, V. M.

Widdrington, Ch*

Newbiggen, Ch.

Horton, Ch»

Wooler, V. B.

Mitford, V. M.

Bp. of Durham.

Pr. of Newmmfter.
Pr. of Newminfter.
Pr. of Tynemouth.

('£

/ -

Pr. of Alnwick.
Pr. of Laner-Coa:fK

Bedlington, y».
Berwick uponTweed,V.
By well, Sr. Peter, V.

Whittonfta], Gh.
Cornhill, and
Brankfton, <V... annext.
Ellingham, V.
Holy Ifland, V.
Kyley, C.

Lowick, Ch.
Long Edlingham, V.

Bolton, Ch..^
Meldon, C.
Norham, V.
Tweedmouth, V..

Ancroft, Ch.
Walls-Endv C.

:[fr:r,\

f t r (" t >,

Pec. Dean & Chapter

of
Durham.

New-

N Oft iTH UM B Efc LAND, $cc.:j .

DEAN. PATRON,; APPROPRIAT.

Newcaftle:St.Nich.V.— £>.

Gosforth, Ch.

.St. Thomas's, Ch.

Cramlihgton, .Ch.
St. John's, C.

St. Andrew's, C. -Newc.

All Saints, C.

St. Ann's, Ch. Bp. of Carliile. See of Carlifle.

, -.s^iihxO Vo lis*'d .Q .51 fibQq-i6I/I

Rothbruy, R. A.

Newburn, V. N.

Wark worth, V. A.

.iD ,-vfjljiiIV/
Corbridge, V.

Halton, Ch. D- Dean and Ch*

of .j See pf Qarlifle.

Whittingham, V. 'Carlifle.

.vi^S ' <:A

Embleton, V. A;

Rock, Ch.

Rennington, Ch. Merton-Coll. Merton College.

Font-Eland, V. N. Oxford.

Long Benton, V. N. Baliol Coll. Oxf. Baliol College^

»

Bothall, and d«nM.

Shipwafh, R. annext. D. of Portland.

Hebburn, Ch.

Chatton, V. B. Pr. of Alnwick.

Dorrington, Ch.

Elfdon,

xxii INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION OF

.T DEAN, PATRON,

Elfdon, R. M. D. of Northura-'

Ilderton, R. and A. berland.

Alnham, V. annexe. Pr. of Alnwick.

Long Houghton, V. A. Pr. of Alnwick.

Tynemouth, V. N. D. of Northumb. Pr. of Tynemouth.

Earfden, Ch. one turn, and Sir

Blyth, Ch, Fr.Dclaval, kt. two

Morpeth, R, D. Earl of Carlifle.

Ulgham, Ch.

~'

V S -IT'l

• / ,). I li<

Hexham, C.

Whitley, Ch,
Allen-dale, V. Pec. Y. Pr. of Hexham.

Ninebanks, Ch.
Chollerton, V^ C.

Chipchace, Ch. Sir Walter Blacket,

Birtley, Ch, Bart,

St. Johnley, C, Pec. Y.

Bingfield, Ch.

•St. Ofwald, Ch.
Warden, V. C. Pr. of Hexham.

Newbrough, Ch.

Hayden, Ch.

Kirk-Harle, V, M. SirW.Lorrain,bart, Pr. of Blanchland.

Thockrington, Ch.

, .., .. ,.

Kirk-Heaton, Ch. Pec. Y.

Aid-

NORTHUMBERLAND, &c,

DEAN. PATRON. APPROPRIAT.

Aldfton, V. C. Greenwich-Hofp.

Bambrough, C. D. Pr. of Noftill.

Bednel, Ch. Lord Crew's Truftees.

Extra-
Blanchland, C.

Sir Francis Dclaval,
Ford, R. B. .101 Jo

Lambley, C. Sir L. Allgood, Knc.

Whalton, £ M. Ralph Bates, £%„ . rf, mo^ ;

Uigram, R, A. Ralph Ogle, £fq; nij
Kirk Newton, Y. , B. Strother Kerr, Efq; 7pr

Carham* C. B. Anth. Compton, Efq;. J

Whitfield, R. C, William Ord, Efq;

- * ,.i ji jud .iy.-

By well, St. An4- , ; ^ • >L\vill. Fenwick, Efq; Pr. of Blanchland.

\T

i. A * j

__ — Tweddel, Efq; ^ rTT , n
Corfenfide, V. M. n if Halyftone.

• a ' ' -*A-\*/ io'lic>rpi'T

Kirk-Haugh, R. , C. -Rkhardfon,Efq>

Ovingham, C. C. Tho.Cha.Bigge,Efq; Pr. of Hexham,.

Belford, C. B, Abraham Dixon,Efq; Pr. of NoililL

For moft of the Vicarages we are indebted to the ftatute made
by the parliament at Wejlminfter, fummoned 12 Nov. i^K. Richard
II, 1390, empowering the bifliop of every diocefe on the taking
a licence ou^ of chancery for the appropriation of any church,,
to make fome provifion by Money, arifmg from the profits of it,.

for-

3dav' INTKOD'tJCirORY DESCRIPTION OF

for the perpetual maintenance of a minifter or vicar (v) ; reli-
gious communities enjoying before that time the whole profits
to themfelves of an appropriation given them, one of their own

body doing the parifti-duty. .^j^f '. jJS> :tlanfaoa'

/

_ --, I--7T

By an act of parliament made, 9 K. Henry V, 1421, every third
benefice in the prefentation of the bifhops or monafteries was to
be conferred on fome,fcholar of Oxford or Cambridge, for the en-

couragement of learning /w/,'"'

•

What might amiently be the number 6f inhabitants in Nor-
thumberland, cannot be determined with firebiiion. No light can
be had from the famdtis frirVey ro"F '!& wMam I, the ;moft d'e'ei-
five record in the kingdorh rheith^ir'tfes cotrnty, or the
of-We/lmortalKl,-&L, C^^r/^f^'lbem^irlduded in i't ;< riD
the ufe of parochial regifters iill' the reign1 of K. EdK>
many of which have,fiiice pel'inSied1. feut it is fuppofed that,1 : at
pfesferit, they-ma'^r bc'igbduJb.'One hWrdred-^houfandV 'of • wflic^rt
feventeen-thoufand appeared on the conftables lifts' fit; ;td bear
arms, exclufive of Ne*wcajlle,

* .

The foil of Northumberland is Vdrfotis. On the borders of rivers,
and on the fea-coafr, it is rerharkably fertile, abound&g with rich
meadows, paftures, and delightful J corn-fields. To the north-
weft, and 'fouth-weft, It is Very mountainous ; and to the weft
full of heaths, fens, and lakes; but fome of thofe heath$,
abounding with mines 6f rich ore and coal, and others being

.'_ J1.M .ycTX I- f.'.n.

(v) Statuws at targe, Ah. 14 R, Rlc. II.

• \ r •{ juij'.j 311, 'gn."jci\'/o ".T!*;

(to) i^rilUl 10 fI-Ah.9'R. »*, V.

j.t 5p^iIj.<v"jQ o,ij r""i/ •/ •

* As aiBrmed by the celebrated 0*/"^-AHtiquary, T^s. Hcrne.

very

N O R T H U M B E R L A N D 8cc.

very improveable, and capable of culture, and the mountains
feeding vafl multitudes of fheep, render Northumberland a very
opulent county. Our wool brings home to us the wealth of the
remoteft kingdoms, and our lead and coal give us the treafures
of our neighbours both at home and abroad. There is hardly a
gentleman, but who has all the neceffaries and conveniences of
life on his own eftate. The barrenefl hills, and the lakes and
rivers, contribute to his health and delight, by giving him exer-
cife, and furniming his table with plenty both of filh and fowl.
It is, indeed, very naked of timber in mod places, except on
the banks of rivers, and fome pleafant and fertile fpots, and by
gentlemen's feats, with great judgment reared and preferved, fof
pleafure, made, and flicker.*

Some of thofe feats are good old caflles, built upon rifing hiils
and eminences, not fo much for mew as defence, to have a
better profpedt of an approaching enemy, fuch as before the
Union were the Scots, and a fort of thieves, called, Mofs-'Troopsrs^
whofe cuftom it was to pUlage the country, and to retire into the
weftern and northern waftes, and other inacceffible places in
Tyne-dalc, Reeds-dale, Glendale, and Gil/land, on the borders (x) ;
from whom it was hard for any one to get his goods again, un-
lefs he applied to a mailer-thief with a fee in his hand, which
they called, Saufey-Money (y). After the union, thefe and other
irregularities were wifely fujvprefled.

As before that glorious period, the two bordering, and now
filler-nations, difplayed great heroifm in the defence of their

» - - * ' * t •

(x) Bernard Gttprifs Lifety Dr. Geo. Carleton, Eifliop of Clickejler, inter colle&anca Ba-
tefiaiia, 410. 1628. Wis Life by Jfdliam Gilpin, 8vo. 1753.

(y) Greys Chorographb, in.er colledan. 0*fordiana, 410. vol. iii.

VOL. L c respective

xxiv INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION OF

yefpecYive liberties, fo at prcfent there fubfifts as e:ninent a
friendfliip and harmony between them, conferring on each
other all forts of good offices, the one frequently making
•alliances by marriage with the other. And certainly, it is
a very fmgular bleffing and advantage to us of this kingdom,
and efpecially to us of this county, to be united to fo very an-
tient, and in many ref peel's, to fuch a brave people. For amongft
them we find a numerous, antient, and polite NOBILITY. Their
GENTRY are men of great humanity, fagacity, and honour ; well
inflructed in letters ; commonly poliflied and improved by their
travels ; and their converfation agreeable to all their neigh-
bours. As for their COMMONS, they are a very laborious,
hardy, and induftrious people ; fitted for the hazard of the feas,
and capable to ftruggle with the greateft difficulties by land,
They have a natural prowefs and gallantry for war; they are
brilk in the field, and healthy in the camp ; they are men of fa-
gacity in council ; they are prudent and confiderate in conduct ;
they are brave and gay when they enter upon action, and infe-
rior to no nation in the world when they are to execute any bold
and daring enterprize. To have fuch a people to fupply our navies
with experienced mariners ; to have fuch a nation to fill our
troops, and increafe our armies ; to be united to fuch a king-
dom, fo gallant and capable to fight our battles ; this is adding
a vifible ftrength and fupport to our glorious crown and mo-
narch ; this is giving undeniable fecurity to our civil ftate and
government. By this we efcape all thofe evils, and fad calami-
ties, which muft attend an ifland governed by two independent
fovereigns. If we look back into our antient hiftories, we there
read a dreadful account of the former cruel and unnatural wars;
the barbarous treatment one nation mewed the other, the burn-
ings and defolations that often happened ; and the frequent in-
roads

NORTHUMBERLAND, &c. xxvii

roads that were made upon this and other bordering counties :
if we but view the many murders, outrages, and continual
robberies almoft daily committed ; and obferve how in former
ages the kingdom of France was almoft always ftri6tly leagued
with the Scotch Kings : if we but confider, how conveniently that
kingdom lies for the incendiaries of Europe to form all their
bloody defigns againft us, how continually we were expofed,
-what hazards we run, when a Scotch independent Sovereign had
adiftinct power, and could at pleafure open thofe fluices, which
mould let in a deluge of miferies upon us : upon all thefe ac-
counts, we have a great deal of reafon to blefs the divine pre-
venting grace in removing thofe evils, and placing them at the
greateft poffible diftance from us. Great is the caufe we have
to blefs the day, when we began to wear the name and character
of GREAT BRITONS. Weof this COUNTY have fhared largely in the
bleffings of that day, which I cannot help celebrating ; and may
it long be celebrated in the Britijh annals, and the latcft records
of time ! We have had opportunities of looking more inquifi-
tively into our rich and wealthy mines, and have drawn forth in
greater quantities thofe ufeful and hidden treafures, wherewith
the divine providence hath, in a diilinguifliing manner, enriched
this mountainous part of our BritiJJj iile. We have had opportu-
nities of augmenting our trade, of improving our barren lands,
of making public and private roads, and of doing many other
laudable and good things, of which I fliall take notice in the
CQurfe of this work.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

O F T H E

•

FIRST VOLUME.

^1 iO wv.t'." \ Oiij ,2^ij;.Xj JA '

The NATURAL HISTORY.

CHAPTER I. Page i.
Of the HEAVENS and the AIR.

;,jr, .'i .v :;.:; TI AH r?

Of remarkable appearances in the Heavens: of the falubrity
of the air ; of thunder and fnow-florms ; their dreadful effects :
of blights : of echoes, a defcription of one, curious and un-
€ommon.

• » / i O 1*7 *"" Vi ' i it /' '.I ' ^

C H A P T E R II. P. 9.

Of the WATERS.

Of the various fyftems formed to account for the origin of ri-
vers and fprings: Of the molt noted rivers and lakes in this
county, &c. Of fanative fprings : Of confecrated fprings, com-
monly called HOLY WELLS : Of lapidefcent or petrifying waters :
Of curious water-falls, and fubterraneous waters.

•^i T.\ CHAP-

CONTENTS OF THE

•• II •••^•••••••^•••^•.••••'•••••••••^•'••l * •»II»»IIMU«*»^^'*»>»»»»».'«. - -

CHAPTER III. P. 28.

3 T K orEART.HS. H Q

The various forts of earths ia Northumberland, See. Of argilla-

,'l J I i 'I V J

ceous earths fit for hufbandry, for fulling, for potteries, and
fome for painting, very curious and beautiful, both marbled and
plain: Of ochres, the refidua of metals, fome^ very fine and ex-
cellent for the painter's ufe.

CHAPTER IV. P. 50.

Of SAND,,
.t a<>r/I .1 L 3. T <I A II D

Some.ufeful varieties of it.

.HI A Ofl'J bfl£ 8VT2.VA.il (

SCH AFTER V. P. 54.
A oil) ^o :en3V£3H QtU :u asor. •-

[lu Ifjihco' >'il3fh ;af:Of STONES..;* » ;••

-n:r f'n,-: pnoi'ru:j .pa'/ :o aoi^qiiDlob K ,-' o> :lo : ; .;(
i Such as are ufeful, ornamental, and curious.

CHAPTER VI. P. 101.

f\ T IT f! T ' P <" 1 T T ' \
.i >1JL /i .1 ...

Of FOSSJL-SHELLS, and other marine EXUVIAE.

.2^31' A V7 .2>[1.' lO

Of thefe great varieties, both native and exotic, lit or ales an3
•pelagic.

aiiJ i:i r..)^:I ': ;.: aiovh 'f>o; hv ^

CHAPT.ER VII. P. 117.

' ' '1 (";•'" *'fi •* r r ' •(()•"*•• *f T . -*

Of ORES; LEAD-ORB, IRON-ORE, and COALS.

. ii;V7 2l703n£l*01uIJ£ »><i.f: ,'. «Li" T.'

Their firfl difcovery and ufe in Northumberland, Sec. the manner
and danger of working them j and an account of fome curious
fpecies of them.

CHAP-

FIRSTVOLUME.

•

t - •

CHAPTER VIII. P. 155.

Of TREES and PLANTS.

Such as are valuable for their ufe, their virtues, their flowers,
their fingularity and rarenefs.

•r ;/
CHAPTER IX. P. 309.

Of BIRDS.
The moft curious and uncommon, both native and migratory.

CHAPTER X. P. 347.
Of INSECTS and REPTILES.

Both the winged and teftaceous tribes, and others remarkable
for the beautiful tindls of their robes, or the curious ftruclure of
their little tenements, found on land, in rivers, in ponds.

CHAPTER XL P. 376.
Of FISHES.

Thofe that in their feveral orders contribute moft to our admi-
ration or ufe, both teftaceous, cruftaceous, and others, difcovered
in our feas, lakes, and rivers.

CHAPTER XII. P. 405.
Of QUADRUPEDS.

Both fuchas are^/m? natura, anddomeftic, that are curious and

uncommon.

C H A P.

C O N T E N T S,

.
CHAPTER XIII. P.

Of EMINENT MEN.

Natives of Northumberland, &c. great captains, great fcholars,
great patrons of learning, and of liberal and ufeful arts.

T H E

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

0 F -~r «\f

NORTHUMBERLAND, &c.

CHAPTER I.
OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR,

E

XTRAORDINARY appearances in the heavens naturally ex-
cite our attention. In February, 1 737, between the hours of
three and four in the afternoon, we had an Annular Eclipfe
of the Sun, which was acknowledged by the learned to be the mod
entertaining fpe&acle they had ever feen. in the heavens* - ....

fl ^gt-if. I * •> i-. •« •"• - '

This phenomenon was feen at Long Framlington, at A/nivick, and
Berwick. It continued between four and five minutes at this lalt
place. Its duration at Ahvwick was not meafured. At Long Fram-
lington, the Annulus was obferved to be very fmall on the upper
part by Mr. Long of that place, and its continuance 40 or 41 half
feconds, meafured by a Pendulum 9, 81 inches long. This was
Its fouthern boundary. The eclipfe was not annular at Morpcth
and Newcajlle. The body of the moon appeared almoft entirely
on that of the fun at Morpetb, and to the naked eye the diflc of the
fun feemed to be almoft round. There wanted aboufc4o degrees
of the limb of the fun to appear, in order to form an Annulus at
according to the obfervation of Ifaac Tfompfon,. Efq.

B The

2 OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR.

The northern boundary of the Annulus was beyond Invernefs in
Scotland, but how far could not be precifcly determined. Very
accurate obfervations were made of it by many curious perfons
in that kingdom * ; and particularly by the famous mathema-
tician, Colin Mac Laurin, of Edinburgh, who gave an account of it
to the Royal Society f . They all had in view, as well as the phi-
lofophical obfervers with us, the afcertaining the motions of
the moon on Sir Ifaac Ne-wtons, theory upon which a good deal of
the doctrine of the longitude depends. Sir Ifaac's calculation,
with refpect to the beginning of the eclipfe, was obferved to be
pretty exact, but with regard to its central appearance not fo ac-
curate.

The air was cold both in Scotland and Northumberland, at the time
the obfervations were made, and there was a little thin fnow and
ice towards evening, about four o'clock.

A Lunar Annulus, or a ring or circle about the moon, of a vail cir-
cumference, was feen by myfelf and family at Simonburn, 3 1 Oct.
1762, at 8 o'clock at night ; bright and luminous on its firft ap-
pearance, then changing to a beautiful azure ; and, at length,
after half an hour's difplay of its fplendor, funk gradually into
deeper ihades, till it entirely vaniilied. The Area between it and
the moon was magnificently fpaceous, a deep blue, the horizon
clear, the night froily. The night following, November ift. there
was an eclipfe of the moon, which began at 1 7 minutes pail 7
o'clock, and ended at 5 minutes pail 10. A great death followed
among men and horfes by a yellow fever.

* The Lords Abardour, and Hopton; the Lord chief Baron Clerk ; Mr. Bayne, profeflbr
of the municipal law ; Mr. Short, Mr. Fulltrton, of Fullerton, near Air ; Sir Thomas Wallace,
at his feat near Lockryan, in Galloway.

t Ph. Tr. N° 447.

At

OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR. 3

At the fame place, ipth March, 1763, half an hour pafl 8 o'clock
at night, we were entertained with the fight of a Lunar Iris ; the
extremities of the arch eaft and fouth, the moon to the fouth-
weft, affording a good light, but few ftars appearing. At 9
o'clock it vanifhed, when innumerable -flars arofe in view, and en-
lightened the horizon. We had boifterous winds, froft and fnow,
for feveral days after it j the night of the 21 ft dreadfully tcmpef-
tuous, and that of the 24th and the two days following remark-
ably fevere by a fall of fnow, and a keen froft.

There is no better proof of the falubrity of the air with us,
than the long life of the inhabitants; fome living to eighty,
fome ninety, and fome an hundred years. The lafl. vicar but one
of Hartburn, the Revd. Mr. Laton Eden, brother to Sir John Edent
Bart, was 51 years vicar of that parifli, and lived to the age of go.
He was interred within the rails of the chancel of his own church,
tinder a flatflone, Dec. 6th, 1735. A clergyman, now living, has
been incumbent of a parifh forty-eight years, after the poffeflion
of another above eight, and had a curacy and a college-fellow-
fhip before that, is healthy and agil, and capable of going thro'
all the duties of his function, or the cares and fatigues of life,
with the youngefl man *. Ann Tel/ford, a poor woman of Haughton,
near Humjhaugh, could fee to thread a needle at the age of 103, and
died at 105, in December, 1759. In the village of Wark upon
North Tyne, I have fometimes afked the age of a man and his wife,
and the reply made by each of them has been, " above fourfcore,
" Sir!" A cafe not unfrequent among the common people in that
village and neighbourhood ; which is attributed to the frigidity
and purity of the air, whereby their folids are braced, and perfpi-

* See an extraordinary account of the age of a clergyman, near .4lnw!ckt in Fuller's Wor-
thies, in a letter to that author from Thomas Atkln^ Efq; fon to a chief magiftrate of the city
ef London^ p. 308-9.

B 3 ration

4 OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR.

ration not promoted to excefs by labour and exercife. Add to>
this, the hardy way of living of the poorer fort ; their bread
being made of barley and peas, and their chief fubfiftence milk
and cheefe, curds and whey, and potatoes, feldom eating but-
cher's meat, and but rarely having any malt-liquor in their fami-
lies ; their dwellings often confiding of two rooms with earthern
floors, • and unfealed ; the one occupied by themfelves, and the
other, perhaps, by their cattle ; the air in blowing weather entering
in at the chinks and crevices, and making the faces of young chil-
dren, and even the aged, look as rofy as apples in autumn ;
the children going in the coldeft day in winter without flioes and
ftockings, often not from neceffity, but choice : all which
flrengthens their bodies, preferves their conftitutions found, and
gives them a floridnefs of countenance, to be feen only in fucli
as are ufed to fo good an air.

Here is, generally, fuch a ferenity of air and fine weather in
autumn, that it is a kind of fecond fummer ; many flowers
blowing vigorous and flrong, with as much beauty as in the
fpring.

For two or three years paft, indeed, the air has been of unequal
temperature throughout the feafons ; the fpring fharp and fevere ;
the fummer for a day or two exceffivehot, fucceeded on a fudden
by chilling colds, and mowers of hail ; the autumn as variable
as the fummer months. A few days followed by others tem-
peftuous and rainy, fcarce admitting the harveft to be got in, ef-
pecially near the dreary moors and waftes ; the winter frofty for
a night or two, and then unexpectedly followed by a thaw, and
often by heavy rains. This inconftancy of the weather, fudden
heats and fudden colds, has very bad effects on animal bodies,
checks the motion and elaflicity of the fluids, cafls the fanguine
into fevers, the weak and the feeble valetudinary into the hypo'r

many

OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR. s

many of the able induftrious poor into agues and fluxes, though
not mortal, yet bringing them under the fear, and almoft under
the fight of, a grave. The poor cattle are alfo fenfible of it, cows
efpecially ; whofe milk becomes coagulated, thick, and vifcid ;
a watery, ftringy humour falling from their noftrils ; their cheeks
fwelled, the pain forcing tears from their eyes in heavy drops.
But be it remembered, that this is the flate of the air only for a
few years pail, and not peculiar to this county.

Thunder-Storms are not very frequent. A little before Midfum-
mer, in 1756, we had a very remarkable one ; the lightning and
explofions dreadful. It entered and demoliihed all the windows
of the New Inn at Cholkrfonl-Bridge, upon the banks of Nortb-
Tyne, except thofe in the kitchen, overturned a cheft of drawers
Handing againft the wall between two beds in a chamber on the
firft floor, did not touch the fore-part next the windows, but mat-
tered the back-parts, not injuring the beds. The family in the
kitchen were under great confternation. Mrs. Lightfoot, the land-
lord's wife, happened to have a child in her arms, with which
under her furprize and terror, fhe fell to the ground, but provi-
dentially neither flie or the child received the leaft harm.

We had a very uncommon Thunder-Shoiver, with aftonifhing
flafhes of lightning, on Friday afternoon, iSth June, 1760, at
Simonburn ; the air ftill, ferene, and warm, the fky clear, except a
black cloud. It continued three quarters of an hour. In that
fmall fpace, the rivulet of Simonburn rofe about fourteen feet per-
pendicular by Nuntvick- bridge. Diminutive and fcanty ftreamlets
aflumed in an inftant almoft the pomp of rivers. Huge rocks
rolled in the w.aves, in company with large roots and trunks of
trees, which were fcattered on the adjoining meadows, and in a
pleafant garden of Sir Lancelot Allgood's at Nunivick, where the foil,
flowers, and various plants, weie fwept away, and a great deal of

other

6 OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR,

other damage done to roads, fields, and hedges, not repaired
without a confiderable expence.

On Sunday evening, 1 2th July, 1761, there was another Thun-
der-Shoiver at Neivcaftle and Rothbury, fuch as had not been within
any man's memory at the latter place, where the Coquet rofe to an
amazing height, entered the nurfery and garden at Rothbury-}\3.\\,
on an eminence, deftroyed feveral thoufand fir-plants, and left
many cart loads of ftones and pebbles in their room.

By the favour of our hills and mountains, the receptacles of
winds, we are preferved from the more frequent vifits of this
dreadful artillery of the fkies, lightning and thunder, which in
a mineral country, like this, would otherwife be very common ;
the winds, which are nothing elfe but air agitated and put in
motion by our all-powerful and wife Creator, drive before them
and difperfe the nitrous vapours and exhalations, and make a
pure and falutary horizon.

The great autumnal ftorm in 1756, which was fo general and
fatal in other counties, was in this very boifterous, but did not do
any other injury, befides making terrible Slaughter, if I may fo
fpeak, of large and ftately foreft-trees incur woods and plantations.

Storms of Hail and Sno-w are frequent with us. In 1760, Dec. 24,
about 6 o'clock in the evening, we had at Simonburn a heavy fliower
of hailftones of a peculiar form, of the fize of the tip of a man's
little finger, with a flat bafis, angular and pointed.

Shrove-Sunday, 21 ft Feb. ^762, was very fnowy and tempeftu-
ous ; the fnow driven into prodigious heaps in feveral places by
a boifterous wind, fharp and piercing, filling our imaginations
with fear for the fafety of every living creature expofcd to its
unrelenting rigour.

8 Monday

OF THE HEAVENS AND THE AIR. 7

Monday night, 8th March, 1762, and the next day, were much
like that Sunday, both for fnow and wind ; the vallies and hol-
lows rifing to hills of fnow among our mountains ; and every
where elfe we were prefentcd with fnow-profpects till Thurfday-
night following, when the fcene \vas changed by rain and a high
wind, which blowed very loud till morning, but 'the rain conti-
nued till Saturday, and a lowering, hazy fey compleated the
thaw. Thefe two florins were general through the kingdom,
and were fatal both by fea and land ; mips and their cargoes, and
the brave failors, fuperior to all other dangers, perifhed in the
fea, and many unfortunate perfons were fuddenly cut off.

About fourteen years ago, as the fun was crofling the line, the
weather was fo flormy and tempefhuous, that the fea flowed and
ebbed twice at one tide, at Blyth ; the waves, in their approach
to the rocks, magnificently terrible.

Blights, of a pernicious nature, feldom infeft this country. The
worfl that I have obferved happened 31 ft May, 1759, and ift June,
1760; both in the night. In the morning, the woods, and
hedge-rows, and nurfery-plants, particularly aftics, appeared in
mourning, their young fhoots and leaves fcorched and fhrivclled,
and made coal-black by a piercing vapour and keen frofty air,
the ground being covered with a hoar-froft in the morning of the
firft of June. Trees and fhrubs of a hardy nature, whofe moots
and leaves were better guarded againft its virulence, efcaped
unhurt.

PolyfiUablcal Echoes are generally thought worthy of remark.
We have two of thefe, very curious and uncommon. One is
under the bank on the north-fide of the river Coquet, oppofite to a
farm-yard by Mr. Clutterbuck's fummer-houfe, at Wark-worth. It
will return feven notes from a German flute in a ftill evening. In

a

8 OF THE HEAVENS AND THE Alft.

a rough unpleafant one, goth Sept. 1761, it repeated fix very dif-
tinclly. The arch or pillar of the bridge feems to give it.

The other is at the fame village, on an eminence by a fmall
cottage on the fame fide of the river, oppofite to the caftle. It
repeats the words,

Arma Virumque cano (VjRG.)

very articulately, and fix notes from the fame inftrument. The locus
polyfonlcus feems to be the caftle, from which it comes in fuch foft
and pleafing harmony, as if the caftle was enchanted, and it was
the voice of a Syren.

CHAP.

( 9 )

CHAP. II.
OF THE WATERS,

T/'IRGIL feems to attribute the rife of rivers to the Ocean,
which, according to the Greek philofophy of Thales, he calls
the Parent of all Things. He finely imagines a perfon to enter
into the bowels of the earth to fatisfy his curiofity, where he
fees Nature in her fubterraneous palace, on cryftal thrones, and
furveys foffil-woods, and groves of metal, and lakes and rivers
taking their courfe to their mother-ocean *. But at the fame
time he obferves, that fuch a refearch — eft tangere Limina Divum ;
which may ferve as an admonition not to be too inquifitive into

natural caufes, to explore them with modefly cum fas ejl

when it may be done without prefumption, and then imploring
the divine bleffing. He makes his Arlftsus not to enter upon his
fubterraneous adventure without divine permiffion and autho-
rity. And, at length, he reprefents him in an act of religious
adoration.

" Oceano libemus precatur

" Oceanum patrem rerum." f

Difcordant are the opinions of modern adventurers in this
enquiry concerning the fource of rivers and fountains ; one, with
the great Mantuan, his countryman, a Florentine, of noted faga-
city and penetration, afcribes it to the fea by fecret fubterraneous

* Virg. Geo. I. 4. v. 365, &c. f Ibid. v. 381—2.

VOL. I. C currents;

J0 OF THE WATERS.

currents*; another to fubtcrraneous refcrvoirs t J fometorain
and fnow $ ; others to the Vapours of the fca, rain, and mow.
This laft fyftcm is moft generally received, on the evidence
the great Dr. Halley, Mr. Ray, and Dr. Plott |.

The confideration of the difficulties attending both this and
the other fyftems, undoubtedly led the learned Stukeley to fpeak
of this fubjedt with the piety and modefty of the divine Mantuan.
He fpcaks of it, when he has the healing fountain of Bu*
before him, as a fecret flill impenetrable by any human genius.

« I obferve, fays he, that the whole country hereabouts is a
rock of good lime-ftone, which is the minera of the water's heat
and virtue ; but how that comes to be calcined ; by what refined
chymiflry of nature fulphur and ftecl is mixed with it ; by what
means it acquires and conferves with fo much conftancy this
equable and mighty focus, together with the reafon of foun-
tains in general : I profefs, in my fentiments, is one of
arcana in philofophy hitherto infcrutable ||."

I do not think that any one county in this ifland can boaft of
finer rivers and brooks than this. The Tync, the Blytb, the Wanf-

* Gualnm; Refleflioni Copra 1' Origine delle Fontane, defcritte in Forma di Lettera, &c.
Lucca, 1725, 8vo.
f Des Cartes.

t Falifmeri, M. D. di Padua.
Monf. Pit. Perrauit, de 1' Academic Fran?oife, Oeuvres de Pbyfique, &c. Amft.

2 vol. 410.

Jf. Vo/tus de Nili et aliorum Fluminum Origine.
Bartholln. de Font. Fluv. Orig. Amft. izmo. 1697.

4. Dr. Halley, Ph. Tr. No. 192.
Ray's Wifdom of God on the Creation, 8vo. p. 81.
Dr. Plott, de Orig. Font. &c. 8vo. Oxon. 1685.
Itin. curios.

OF THE WATERS, ji

beck, the Coquet, the Aln, and the Tweed, enter like fovereigns
into the ocean with their tributaries, and all, but the Coquet,
receive mips into their bofom with great pomp.

Our Lakes or Loughs of principal note are,

Crag
Greenley

Sweethope
Belfay

Little Cow , Preftwick

Bromley ^Lake. Warplvm1p >Lake-

Halypike
Grunden
Shilden.

Harebottle

Newharn

Kim-mere

Crag-Lake, fo called from its fituation under a range of fteep
rocks of whin-Hone on the north fide of the Roman wall, oppofite
to their ftation of Little Chejlers, and to the sift mile-ftone on the
military road, is half a mile long, and about 400 yards over.
It is lhallow at the eaft, and of a great depth at the weft, end ;
the bottom of fand and gravel ; no reeds or rum.es in it, except
in the deepeft part ; a plea'fant alpine farm on a Hope by its eaftern
margin, and another at the welt end, on a flope likewife, both
belonging to William Lowes, of Ridley-Hall, Efq. In the range of
rocks are many irregular perpendicular columns of a furprizing
height and magnitude, one ftanding by itfelf, like a Druid pillar^
towards the weft end. Some feem. as if they were ready to fall,
and others lie in amazing numbers on the bank below, to the
very brink of the lake, beaten down by tempefts. Among thefe
are many curious plants. In the clefts,, and on the broken fides
of the taller columns, are the quicken-tree, the elder-tree, the
burnet-rofe, and the beautiful rofe-bay willow-herb. In the
hollows, the dove-coloured falcon with black pointed wings

C 3 annually

12 OF THE WATERS.

annually rears up its young, making the rocks and water echo
on the approach of danger with a hadh fonorous note, fome-
v/hat refembling that of a goofe. Between the brink of the
rocks, at the top, and the Roman wall, is a broad grafs-terrace,
from which, in looking down the flcep, and upon the water,
our minds are on a fudden filled with a reverential awe, and we
are naturally led to think of our great Creator, cfpecially in a
Hill fummer's evening, when the clouds are imaged by the
water, representing caftles, cities, groves, and forefts, and thefe
fpired rocks, with their vegetable ornaments, in mofl wonder-
ful grandeur and magnificence.

Greenky-Lake, fo called from its lying at the foot of a fine green
Hope, is a mile and a half long, and about a quarter of a mile
over in the broadeft part, towards the middle. The bottom is of
white fand and pebbles ; the fouth-weft end adorned with the
double white, and the yellow, water-lily ; an abundance of reeds
and rufhes by them crofs the lake. That beautiful falcon, the
bald buzzard, called by our mepherds, the baftard- eagle, breeds
annually on the mofles near it. It is partly in view from the ter-
race above Crag-Lake. A boat was formerly kept in it for the
pleafures of angling by its late owner, Sir Edivard Blacket, of
Hexham, Baronet.

Little Corv Lake, fo called from its fmallnefs and the cows
drinking in it, and cooling their limbs among the weeds on its
fides in fultry weather, is on the fouth fide of Greenley-Lake> to
which it is a fort of an appendage ; there being a communication
between them by a fmall current at the eaft end ; a ridge of moor
parting them, on which is a cottage, affording a view of both.
It is a mile north-weft from the Roman ftation of Hoitfe-Jleeds.

Bromley*

OF THE WATERS. 13

Bromley-Lake is a mile north-eaft from the fame ftation ; and at
the weft end of the ridge of rocks at Shelving- foeels, by the Roman
wall. It is a noble piece of water. It is a mile long, and half
a mile broad ; not a weed or a rufh in it, except a few at the weft
end ; the bottom of white fand and pebbles. On a llope at the
fouth-eaft end is a ridge of rocks, in which is a natural ftone-
grotto, the roof of one entire ftone, rifing obliquely to the hori-
zon, eighteen feet long, terminating in a point from a broad
bafe ; giving a full view of the lake, formed like a bafon, with
Hoping banks. It is on the eftate of William Lotves, of Ridley-
Hall, Efq; and in the manor of Sir Ed-ward Blacket, of Wejl Matfen^
Bart, as are the three lakes before defcribed.

Halypike'Lake is two miles eaft from Bromley, and a mile north
from Sheiuing-JJjeels. It is fmall, the bottom of fand and pebbles ;
the weft end of a great depth, abounding with rumes, and the
two water-lilies, the double white and yellow ; the two galeated
or hooded purple loofe-ftrifes in a bog beyond them. It is on the
eftate and in the manor of Sir Lancelot Allgood, of Nunivick, Knt.

Grunden-Lake, fo called from its iituation on a low ground, den,
or valley, (our northern people calling ground, Grund) is a mile
fouth-eaft from the Roman ftation of Houfe-Jlceds, and in view from
it. It is long and narrow, ftretching eaft and weft about a mile ;
the bottom of white fand ; of a great depth at the weft, and fhal-
low at the eaft, end.

Shilden-Lakc, corruptly for Sbeel'den Lake, i. e. the lake near the
flieels or houfe by the den or valley of South Tyne, is near Car-
bridge, in fight from the thirteen mile-ftone on the military road
the Roman wall, from which it is about a mile. It is about

half

14 OF THE WATERS.

half the fize of Bromky~\zk.z j the bottom muddy ; very pleafant
in fummer.

Siveethope-Lake is about a quarter of a mile eaft from great
JVaneyhoufe-Crag, near Tone. It is fmall and narrow ; the bottom
ftony ; a large marfh at the well end, which is over-flowed in
winter. At the eaft end is a corn-mill which it fupplies with
water. It had a neat boat for the diverfion of angling, which is
now lying as a wreck on its banks j the boat-houfe alfo in ruins
at the north-eaft end.

is of about the fize and fhape of Grunden-lake, in a
field by the road on the eaft fide of the village.

PreJlivick-Carr is near a hamlet of the fame name by Pont-Eland.
In fummer it covers about ten acres of ground, but much more
in winter. In a very dry fummer it had fo little water, that a
great many roots of trees were vilible, and in fome the marks
of the ax were eafy to be diftinguimed.

\
Harebot tie-Lake is about a mile weft from the caftle of Harebottle ;

formerly an alpine garrifon, as its name imports, from the Saxon
Hare, the ftation of the army. It is a fmall lake.

Neiu ham-Lake, fo called from its fituation near a fmall village
of that name, i. e. the lake by the New Hamlet, is near Bambrough-
caftle. It is a pretty large lake.

Kim-mere^ i. e. the Mere or lake, by the Kemb or fort, of which
there are the remains of one or two near it (Mere being a corrup-
tion of the Latin Mare, and Kemb a word ufed by the Scotch and
Englijh borderers to fignify a ftrong-hold, defigned for defence,
and for drubbing and kembing an enemy, as they phrafe it) is a
i fhort

OF'THE WATERS. i$

fhort mile fouth from Eglingham. It is a fmall, but pretty area
of water ; an abundance of that fragrant fhrub, the Sweet Gaul
or Dutch Myrtle on its banks. Thefe lakes are all well ftored with
pike and perch, and fome of them with dace and roach ; the
largeft perch in Crag-lake.

Ourfanative and confecrated fprings are numerous. The fpring
of higheft medical fame at prefent, and moft frequented, is one
between Learmoth and Cornhill. It is commonly called,

Cornhill-Well. It is of a ferruginous tafte, not unpleafant. The
fides and bottom are coated with yellow ochre, the martial earth,
the Refiduum or ruft of iron. It is a powerful abforbent and dif-
folvent, as appears by the tinctures it gives with the following
drugs. With powder of galls, an aftringent, it yields a deep
purple ; with fyrup of violets, a grafs-green ; with oil of tartar
per Deliquium, or with fpirit of fal ammoniac, volatile alcalies, a
milk-white. Spirit of nitre, an acid faline liquor, makes no
change in it. Experience has proved it excellent for curing in-
veterate, ftubborn fcurvies, and the gravel. A cold bath is erected
near it, at the expence of Henry Calling-wood, of Cornhil/, Efq; neat,
and cafed with lead, filled and emptied by turning a cock. It is
in a fine healthy country, by the rich and fertile haugh or vale of
Wark, and the beautiful falmon-ftreams of the

Tweed, the faireft Caledonian Flood *.

At Tweed-mouth, is a facred fpring nearly allied to it in virtue,
and of late much reforted to for the fame complaints. It is
called our Lady's well, being dedicated to St. Mary.

* Brown's Pifcat. Eclog. p. 98.

A mile

16 OF THE WATERS,

A mile and a half eaft from Rothbury, by the turnpike-road to
A/n-wick, is a fpring called, Dibden-wel\. It has a ftrong current ;
a yellow martial earth fo copious by its adit, as to be taken up by
handfulls. By it is a Hone-bath. It is much ufed for feculent
fcorbutic eruptions, both by bathing, and drinking it with Epfom
fait. It is a very cold fpring in the hotteil day in fummer, of an
irony tafte.

There is another near the Weft-Hall, at Belford, dedicated to St.
Stephen; ufed for the gravel, with Cq/llk-Soap, and has been found
an efficacious remedy.

At Fleet ham, near Bambrough, is a fpring much commended as
a pectoral, and for obftructions. It was thought by a late emi-
nent phyfician at Ber-wick, Dr. Forfler, to have the flavour of the
Pymo«/-water, and to have its virtues in an inferior degree.

In the Duke of Northumberland & park, at Alnivick, called Huln-
park, is a fpring found by trial to be of the fame nature with
the 7unbridge-\va.ters.

On the brow of the hill at Allen-dale town, is a chalibeate fpring;
the Terra Martialis, or ocherous Refiduum, copious upon the her-
bage by it.

At Ne-wbrough, near Hexham, is a fpring of the fame kind; facred,
and dedicated to St. Mary.

There is another at Jefmont, near Neivcajlle ; facred alfo, and of
the fame dedication, walled round with Hone ; a faffron-yellow
ochre appearing on the fides, and a blue vitrioline fediment at
the bottom. It is a plentiful fpring. It is made to fall into a
ilone-bath, a little below it. In the monaftic times it was much

fre-

OFTHEWATERS. 17

frequented by pilgrims. It is faid then to have had as many
Heps down to it, as there are articles in the creed.

Below the garden of William Sivinburni of Long Witton, Efq; on
the margin of the Wansbeck^ to the north-eaft, is a winding path
through a wood of fine young oaks, leading to three lacred
medical fountains, called Thur/ton-Wells. They ifliie out of the
bottom of a high ridge of rocks of coarfe rag-ilone. The
weftern one is the largeft and neatefl ; fo full of yellow-ochre,
both at the bottom, and by the adit, that it may be taken up
with one's hand ; under it a vitrioline fediment of a bluifh. grey.
It has been found of great fervice in the cure of fore eyes, of
obflructions, of the fcurvy, and agues.

Under the brow of a hill at Eaft Unthank, on the banks of South
Tyne, is a medical fpring of fimilar virtues ; the martial earth,
both brown and yellow, copious on the ftones and herbage by
it. Experience, the beft teft of the nature of any fpring, has
proved it to be an excellent remedy for peftoral complaints ;
giving appetite, and promoting perfpiration ; alfo good for
joint-tumours, and for agues ; curing an ague, even when the
famous Analeptic, the Cortex Peruviana, has failed. A well like
this, and thofe at Thurjton, a fpecrfic for agues, is defcribed by
Dr. Scipio de Moulinf at Canterbury *.

We have a fpring at ARon, near Blanchland, little inferior in
medical virtues to the Unthank-fpring, efpecially as a pedtoral, in
removing obftructions, and reftoring appetite.

Among the lead-mines, at ^lien-Heads, is a medical fpring,
ufed with fuccefs for fcorbutic fajculencies and the gravel. It

* Pb. Tr. No. 312.
VOL. I. D is

i8 OF THE WATERS.

is of an atramentous tafte, owing to an alcaline cretaceous
earth.

At the village of Hafyivell, near Seatait-DetavaL, in a field called
the Park, is a fpring of fimilar qualities, and would undoubtedly
be as efncaceous in the fame complaints, but it is not put to any
medical ufe that I hear of. It is of a ftong atrarnentous tafte,
and turns to a deep purple with galls. It is dedicated to St. Maryt
and is called the Haly-Wdl ; from which the village takes its name.

In the {lone-pavement of the rivulet, on the north-fide, next
the village, is a vitrioline fpring, very perceivable in a dry fum-
mer, rifmg in perpendicular bubbles ; a yellow ochre, or mar-
tial earth, plentiful on the pavement by it. It is of an irony
tafle.

There is another of the fame kind a little higher up the rivu-
let, by a flate-quarry. They are both known to the neighbour-
hood, but not ufed. They give a purple with galls.

Befides thefe chalibeate vitrioline fprings, we have others,
which, from their remarkable charge of fulphur and foetid tafte,
are called Sulphur-Springs.

By the rivulet of Wark, in Tyned-ale, near Rofe's Bower, is a fpring
fo impregnated with fulphur, that the fcent of it is perceiveable
above two hundred yards in hot droughty weather. A blue fedi-
ment is then at the bottom, which being rubbed on one's fingers
makes them of the fame colour. The fides are tinged with an
ochreous yellow. The ftones and herbage, warned by its cur-
rent, are of a filvery hue. With an infufion of galls it turns to
a deep purple, and with fyrup of violets to a faint green. It is
unaffected with oil of tartar per ddiquium, and with fal ammoniac.

It

OF THE WATERS. r9

It is much ufed for agues, the gravel, and other obflmctlons,
for which it is found by experience to be effectual. It is under
the brow of a hill, the fides and cover at top of unwrought frec-
flone ; of a triangular figure ; fhaded above with nut-bufhes, and
other brufliwood, through which is a cart-road ; the current to
the north-eaft, into the rivulet of Wark, within a {tone's call,
mufical with its murmurs on the flonc-pavement, and through
broken rocks ; the oppofite banks, covered with, wood, mufical
likewife in a fummer's evening with the cooing of turtles: the
Villa of Rvfe's Bower hard by, and in fight from it, on the brink
of lofty precipices j a fmall ftreamlet having a fall from one of
them into a large hollow, whofe fteep and rocky fides being
fliaded with various kinds of trees, the am, birch, tall elms,
and the quicken-tree, the white-thorn, and the verdent ivy,
make it look like a bower, of difficult accefs ; increafmg in
beauty by the fight of the rivulet of Wark falling from another
rock juft above, between a hanging bank of brufhwood, and
broken crags and cliffs, imaged by the water ; the receptacle or
bafon of water under it of a confiderable depth.

A quarter of a mile above the romantic ruin of Staivard le Peel,
on the edge of the river Allen, is a fulphur-fpring, dedicated to
St. Mary, called the Haly-WclL It is in the Sinus of a floping
freeftone-rock, wherein are lodged large pellets of fulphur;
the aperture and fides tinged by it with a filvcry colour.
It is of a naufeous foetid tafte and fmell. Being fo near
the Allen, the floods often encroach upon it, and force it to
change its fituation in the reck, breaking out again in fome
other aperture. The fituation is extremely pleafant ; a bank of
tall oaks and other foreft-trees on both fides of the river ; an
Upright ftone-pillar by it, fit to reft a book on -, the river within

D 2 a few

OF THE WATERS.

a few yards forming a cafcade, called Cyprus-Linn ; under it a
large and deep bafon.

On the weflern flope of a mountain, near Knarefdale-Ha.il, is a
fulphur-fpring, called Snape-Vfell. It is of a foetid tafle, and fo
cold in the hotted day of fummer, that to the touch it feems like
ice. It is much ufed for chronical diforders, and the fcurvy.
It is a plentiful fpring. By it is a flone-bath.

We have fome fprings which, from their remarkable charge
of Allum, are called

Under the brow of the hill, about a mile north from Simonburn,
is an Allum-fpr'mg, called Conchilton-Well. With powder of galls
it turns black, as the blackeft ink, and a grafs-green with fyrup
of violets. It undergoes no change with oil of tartar per deli-
quinm, or with fpirit of fal ammoniac. It taftes flrong of allum,
is rough like it in the mouth, attended with a bitternefs. It is
ufed for agues and fore eyes, for which it is much commended.
It is overflow'd by a fmall ftreamlet after great rains ; and feems
originally to have been the outburft of a coal-mine, - Fans per
accident. It was firft obferved and ufed by a poor man, from
whom it has its name.

At S'wallo'wfhlp, near Hexbam, is an Allum-fpring^ formerly of
great note, but now neglected. To feeble and languid conftitu-
tions, opprefled with fcorbutic fxculencies and obftru<5tions, it
has been known to give powerful and fpeedy relief. The widow
of the late Reverend Mr. Robley, of Simonburn, was reduced to
great weakncfs by fcorbutic tumours in her legs, for which fhe
drank the fulphur- waters at Wai-dreiv^ in Cumberland, without effect ;
but drinking thofe of this fpring, fhe aflured me, fhe was per-

fectly

OF THE WATERS.

21

fectly cured : and alfo affirmed, that a poor man, deprived of the
ufe of his legs by the fcurvy, and forced to walk with crutches,
was cured at the fame time, after having tried other means with-
out fuccefs.

Thefe are the chief fanative fprings we have. It is an extra-
ordinary providence, that in this cold northern region, where
fcorbutic diforders are fo frequent, that we have fo many fuch
fprings for our relief.

It is the caution of an eminent phyiician to forbear the ufe of
fpirit of vitriol, Spiritus Nitri dulcis, and fuch like acids, as a
diuretic, in drinking mineral waters, unlcfs in fome hot inflam-
matory cafes, to alter and diminifti their force. To recover their
ftrength when thus weakened, he recommends the infufion of
an alcali-falt, fuch as vplatile fait of hartmorn, or of fal am-
moniac, or fixed fait of tartar, or of wormwood, which will
reftore their virtue and medical power. The ufe of Laflicinia, or
any kind of milk, he thinks fo far from being injurious in the
courfe of drinking them, that he prefcribed milk to be given to
puny ftomachs in an evening with good effect *.

The learned natural ift, Francefco Redi, of Arezzo, in Italy, dif-
approves of low fpirited perfons drinking freely of them, for
fear of injury from the mineral F<eces, which make fad work in
the fluids of hypocondriacS f.

There are fome facred fountains with us of no reputed medical
virtue, yet are held in a confiderable degree of efteem and vene-
ration, for their being antiently appointed to religious ufes.
There is one at

* Frederick Slare, M. D. Ph. Tr. No. 337.
f Opere de francefco Rtdi, 410. Floreftt. 1724.

22 OF THE WATERS.

Wall-Town, near the Roman ftation of Caervorran, where Pauti-
nus is laid to have baptized King Egbert, and fome thoufands of
his fubjects. It has been walled round with freeftone ; fome of
the flones, neatly hewn, flill lying by it. There is another at

Halyjione, a place of early note on the firft introduction of chri-
ftianity amongft us ; Paulinus being faid to have baptized 3000
fouls at it. This well is a beautiful bafon of water, rifmg at the
eaft end in bubbles perpendicular to the horizon, with fine green
fand. The bottom is variegated with it and white fand. It is
walled round with freeftone, hewn-work, two or three courfes
ftill ftanding, fliaded with trees and fhrubs. It belonged to a
priory of Nuns.

In a hanging wood, on the fouth fide of the brook at Simonburn,
is a well dedicated to

St. Mungo, or St. Kentigern, Bifhop of Glafcdiv, Whofe life was
written by Jofel'me^ a monk of Fournefs, in Lancajhire, which is in
the Britifh Mufeum among the Books of Sir 'John Cotton.

Among the fea-rocks, on the north fide of the church at
blggen, is a facred frefh-water fpring, called, St. Marfs well, over
which the tide flows,

The fprings dedicated to the honour of St. Mary, are nume-
rous. There is one at _//tf/«-abbcy, near Alnivick^ and another at
Tillmouth.

The practice of confecrating fprings is very antient. Some-
times they were confecrated for a living memorial of extraordi-
nary mercies received from heaven, in the patriarchal ages ;
fometimes for a teitimony of important Fxdera, compacts or co-
venants, entered into among men ; and fometimes for their heal-

ing

OF THE WATERS. 23

ing virtue. Hagar, the mother of Ifhmael, addreffing herfelf to
God by a fountain in her diflrefs, and being vifited by an angel,
and receiving confolation, fhe called it, Beer-la-hai-roi, that is, tic
'well of him that liveth and feeth me, to perpetuate the memory of
his providential care over her*. Abraham entering into a league
or covenant with Abimeleck, mutually flrengthened and confirm-
ed with an oath by a fountain, lie called it Beer-JJjcba, i. e. the
"well of the oath, and by this well he planted a grove, and called there on
the name of the Lord, the ever lofting God f .

The Roman feflival Juturnalia was inftituted in honour of a fa-
native fountain, called, Juturna, a juvando, near the river Nuini-

Many fp rings and rivers were confecrated by the Romans for
their religious rites, for their luftrations at funerals and facri-
fices, and before they entered their Sacraria, or temples. Of this
kind was their Fans Blandufne \., and their Flumen C/itumni \\. And
of this kind, probably, is their well here at their flation of Car-
raiu-brough, called,

The Roman well. It is between two Hoping fields, on the weft
fide of the ftation, jufl under it, to the fouth of their famous
wall, about 400 or 500 yards from the 251!! mile-ftone on the
military road ; fquare, and faced with freeftone, of hewn-work ;

* Gen. v. xvii. 7, 13, 14.
t - xxi. v. 27, &c.

J Nympha Decus Fluvtorum, Animo gratiflima noftra. VIRG. J£n. 1. xii. v. 205.
Queen of the fountains and {beams, and far above
The race of Latian nymphs in Juno's love. PITT.

4. Hor. Od. 13. 1. 13.

| Virg. Geo. 2. v. 146*

and

24 OF THE WATERS,

and has either had a dome over it, or been walled round ; the
ilones now lying about it, nearly covered with water from the
conduit's being ftopt, anddemolifhed by the carcleflheCsor igno-
nnce of a plowman, as I am informed ; it is full up to the brim,
and overflowing, in the hotteft Cummer; and by that man's in-
difcretion, he that would fatisfy his curiofity to fee it, muft rifque
the wetting his feet, efpecially in winter, or in a rainy 1

Our Northumberland-Saxons, in their Pagan unconverted (late,
had their confecrated lakes and rivers. Such was Haly-pike lake ;
and Cuch was the river Wan'*-beckt a contraction of Woden'trkeck,
from Woden, the Saxon Deity.

Springs remarkable for their lapidefcent quality, converting
plants into ftone, and afluming their image and figure, are not
very plentiful with us. At Bedlington, is one culled, SpimeSi
well.

On the north fide of the brook at Simonbur*, below the fchool-
houfe, is a water which has this property, attended with this
fingular circumftance, that its terrene Caks make a change in
fome plants, and not in others, though growing in a group to-
gether, Mo/es and Liverworts becoming ftony, and Primrojes and
Geraniums holding up their heads, and retaining their native
form and hue. The reaCon affigned for this phenomenon by a
learned naturalift is this : the former being deftitute of congenial
fait, readily admit into their pores adventitious ones j the other
being already furnimed with it, will admit of no heterogeneous
acceflion *.

In Honeyclugh, near Chejlsrwood, below a fmall cateract, there are
two rocks in a manner formed of incruftations by the continual

» Dr. Plot's Staffbrdfliire.

drip-

OF THE WATERS. 25

dripping of a petrifying water ; the incruftations of various co-
lours, with fmall hollows and arches of fretwork and petrified
mofs. They are two of the moil beautiful groups of petrifica*-
tions that I have obferved any where with us.

Cateraffs, or Water-falls, prefent themfelves in many places
among our mountains and hills, in great magnificence and
beauty. The rivulet of Chetlup, near the high mountain Reed-
fquire, has a fall of feventy feet. It is called Chetlup-Spout :

The Coquet i a mile below Rothbury, by a corn-mill and a Hate-
quarry, had formerly a great fall, but has been lowered to fa-
vour the afcent of the falmon up the ftream. A few yards lower
down, that fine river is confined between two rocks, and may be
flept over with great cafe, entering them with mufical fympathy
from little flopes and precipices. Its contracted current is here
called

The Thrum. It is in length about fixty yards ; in breadth one
yard, where narroweft, and there four yards deep, when the
river is low, and the fummer dry and fine. The mountain-tor-
rents or floods have pierced the rocks, of ordinary freeftone, into
numerous holes, fome of them refembling little furnaces or
caldrons.

Near the mountain of Little-Cheviot, three miles north-weft from
Ingram, is a cateraft, called,

Linhope-Linn ; alfo Rough ting-Linn, from its noife in its fall after
great rains ; the word roughting being alfo ufed by the borderers,
on hearing the lowing and bellowing of cattle. It is nearly per-
pendicular, forty-feven feet and a half, from a rock of brown
whin, fpotted with green ; the bafon feven feet over, and in depth

VOL. I. E fifteen

a<5 OF THE WATERS.

fifteen feet, mcafured by aline and plummet, inSeptember, 1761 ;
the \veatherfine, and the water low. It is a trout-ftream, pretty
frzeable trouts being taken in it above the fall. It was the cuftom
of the late Colonel Moor, of Halyjlone, to put them into fuch places,
obfcure alpine rivulets and lakes.

A mile to the north of Bcllingham, is a cateratft, called,

Harefhaw-Lim. The fall is about thirty feet. The precipices
below rife to an amazing and frightful height, in a femilunar
form, of the arenaceous laminated kind ; the Sorbus aucnparia,
the oak, and other trees, fattening their roots in them ; the ivy,
capillary, and cruftaceous plants, variegating their fides. By
the brook, and in the middle of it, are rocks fallen from them
of a vaft magnitude, upon whofe tops are Vaccinia nigra, Fragra-
ria, and the Enrnet rofe, and other plants. In the eaftern preci-
pice, by the water-fall, is a femicircular flone-grotto, with a
{lone-feat in it, the canopy over it large, but from the nature of
the rock too dangerous to be frequented for pleafure, the loofe
parting floncs being objects of horror.

At Tecket, near Simonburn, is a water-fall between two dreadful
precipices, which feem every moment as if they would tumble
down. Above it, the water runs on a natural flone- pavement
for a confiderable fpace •, and at a fmall diflance from it, on a
rifing ground, pleafantly facing the fouth fun, is a natural ftone-
grotto, with a ftone-feat in it ; and at one corner a cavity, refem-
bling a Hone-cupboard. The roof, or canopy, is one folid rock
of a vaft magnitude, of the coarfe rag or millftone-grit, refting
with its north end in the ground. So many uncommon objects
prefenting themfelves to our view, render this a very romantic
fpot, fill our minds alternately with wonder and amazement,

and

OF THE WATERS. 27

and are monuments of the tremendous power of that Being who
formed them, pointing out to us obedience, and an humble
dependence upon him.

Below the water-fall, oppofite to Tecket, the brook enters a
fubterraneous cavity under a great rock. It keeps its fecret
courfe for a mile and a half, and then rifes in perpendicular
bubbles, in a field near Nunwick Mill, after fupplying which
with its ftrong and clear flream, it falls into North Tyne. After
heavy rains, and great fnows, the greateft part of it is carried off
in a ftrong and rapid current paft Tecket, between two hanging
banks of wood, where, by various falls from broken rocks, it
forms a moft romantic and beautiful fcene.

E a CHAP.

CHAP. III.
OF EARTHS.

WHETHER Earth or Water contribute mofl to the growth
of vegetables, has been a qucftion much debated by phy-
fiologifts. Antient fages have fancied water to be the mother to
earth itfelf. Thofe great moderns, Mr. Boyle and the Lord Bacon,
have taken not a little pains to elucidate her maternal right ; but
the learned Dr. Woodward has, by feveral curious experiments,
evinced, That water has no claim to a priority in natural pro-
ductions ; that they are rather coadjutors ; that in all water there
is a terreftrial matter fit for vegetation, in lefler or greater pro-
portions *. Some plants are more vigorous, and their flowers
more vivid and glowing, and fome trees of a bolder ftem, and
of a more gloffy and luxuriant leaf, which have but a little
earth and moifture ; others require a greater ftore of both ; and
we fee a variety of different forts, both annual and perennial,
the root, foliage, and the flowers, receiving their growth and
beauty from the pabulum they find in the fame fpot of ground,
and from the ambient air and dews ; but by the mofl vigilant
attention we cannot diftinguifii the terrene falts and juices clofely
approaching their feveral roots. If we take away the earth
from about them, and put in frefll, we fee them thrive with
great luxuriancy and beauty, though of a different genus, and
containing different falts in their cornpofition. It is therefore
with great probability imagined, that the contextures of their

* Thoughts and Experiments on Vegetation, by Dr, Woodward, Ph. Tr. No. 253.

2 lovely

OFEARTHS. 29

lovely forms, from the firft germinating of the feed, however
minute and invifible to our eyes, are the natural limbecks,
•wherein the terrene falts, water, air, rain, and dew, are di-
gefted in feveral varieties.

Many families of plants, both herbaceous and arborefcent,
are vigorous and healthy in the chinks and crevices, and fum-
mits of rocks and precipices, with little vifible earth to fuftain
them ; and many of the marine tribes on teftaceous bodies, both
fed with the nutriment they find in fuch fituations. Their feeds,
roots, ilems and leaves, are the proper {trainers to generate their
fluids, and to concrete them into their feveral falts, to which the
external comprefTmg air in the feveral changes of fummer, au-
tumn and winter, are auxiliar till they come to maturity. The
native fluid and fap in trees hardens into timber, and its annual
revolutions are prettily difplayed in circles. Its original prin-
ciples are earth, water, and air, fermented into peculiar falts
by more curious ftrainers, and by more fubtil menftruums than
art hath hitherto difcovered.

Hufbandry and planting have of late years rofe to a confiderable
degree of perfection in fome parts with us. Our vale-earths are
fo naturally rich, that by a moderate labour they anfvver our
moil fanguine expectations. I cannot but lament the fteril afpe<5t
of many thoufand acres in the weft, and north-weft, and of fome
tracts alfo in the midland and maritime parts, all capable, by divi-
vifion and inclofure, of the ornaments of tillage or planting.
The bringing them thus under cultivation, inftead of being op-
preflive to the poor, as alleged by the inconfiderate, would
raife them from indigence and poverty, to competent and eafy
circumftances. The very planting of large portions of heaths
and hills, and the making roads of plcafure or carriage to them,

would

So OF EARTHS.

would find employment for a multitude of poor, whofe families
would otherwife be ftarving by the precarious dependence on
the milch of dwarf-cows, horfes, and fheep, lean and hunger-
flarved, ranging in fvvarms on the waftes. Let the rocky hills
of Brifsley near Almvick, of Rothcley, of Camboe, and the grounds
about Wallington, be teftimonies of the felicity and fmiles of the
poor employed in planting them, and making roads ; comfort-
ably fed and cloathed ! Let the divided commons of Hexhamjhire,
of Shildcn, of Simenbum, and feveral waftes by the military road,
be remembered, and paralleled with the common and townfliip
of Wark upon North Tyne *, for inftance, and with the large one
above Bellingham, and its neighbouring town (hips. In the for-
mer, agriculture exalts her head j the plowmen, jolly, rofy, and
robuft ; foine of them in as happy a flate as the famed Coritius,
defcribed by the excellent Mantuan in his fyftem of hufbandry f.
In the latter are all the marks of beggary and want, meagre
faces, empty cupboards, whole families of both fexes, and of
all ages, taking their weekly, monthly, and quarterly circuits,
and levying contributions by alms on their happier neighbours ;
multitudes of them wandering, not from inclination, but called
abroad by hunger and pinching neceffity.

This is the real ftate of our improved and unimproved com-
mons. Who that loves his country, and is moved at the profpeft
of fo much wretchednefs ; who that prefers plenty to poverty,
pleafureto diftrefs, a fociety to a defert, would not give his voice
for a general inclofure and diftindtion of this vague property, and
refcue it from fo much wretchednefs ? We fliould prefently fee
a fort of new creation, new towns, a new people, bufy and in-
.duftrious, well cloathed, well fed, enough for the culture of rural

* Since divided. f Virg. Geo.

and

OFEARTHS. «i

O

and domeftic arts, and enough for national fervice ; an acceffion
of wealth and felicity to the fubject, and of power, opulence,
and greamefs to the fovereign. The accomplishing this glorious
work will, I hope, be the care of thofe, whofe province and inte-
reft it is to confider the national good, to difFufe and diftribute
public and private bleflings, to promote population, and an in-
creafe to his Majefty of induilrious, loyal, and faithful fubjefts.

We cannot ftand excufed, if we deny to our country thofe im-
provements, which it demands from its natural advantages. It is
open to the fea. The fhores, at certain feafons, are covered with
the fea-wreck ; many of our creeks with fea-mells. Many of our
fields and commons abound with limeftone ; and not a few with
excellent cretaceous earths or marles.

The Sea-Wreck, for a light foil, defigned for barley, or oats, is
a rich manure for two or three crops, giving an extraordinary
increafe.

Sea-Shells, for all kinds of foil, but a fandy one, are a good
and permanent manure. The antient practice was to burn them *,
but they are found by experience to produce better crops of corn
without it. The corn is fair and well-bodied. The herbage is
thick, fhort, fweet and fine, mixed with daifies and flowers,
recreating both the tenant and the pafTenger with their fragrant
odours.

The Calx viva, or limeftone, affords a valuable manure. Strong
lands manured with it, bring, for two or three feafons, fair and
beautiful crops of corn, efpecially wheat, barley, and peas;
and then converted to grafs, produce a fhort, fweet, and lovely

* Ray's Select Remains, Itin. iii. p. 245.

fort,

:33 O F E A R T H S.

fort, mixed with daifies, and yellow, crimfon, and white pe-
rennial clovers, eat up to the very roots by the meep and cattle.
Our limeftone earths, a natural loam, may be diflinguiflied from
all others in the fpring by their herbage, enamelled and tiffued
with a variety of odoriferous and fanative plants, the primrofe,
cowflip, and oxlip, daifies, and violets, clovers, and all the felf-
heals, both carmine, purple, and white, giving a delicate flavour
to the mutton fed with it, a fine grain and texture, and colour,
beautifully marbled with fat and lean, affording rich gravies,
and by nice and curious palates preferred to venifon. Our dairies
by fuch herbage have a preference to all others ; the butter as
yellow as gold, and of a fragrant fweetnefs ; the milk light, and
free from grofs juices, and of a pleafant tafte.

It is furprifing, that turnep-hufbandry mould be fo much in
famion, which fpoils the dairy, and the fhambles, fends fuch
grofs-flavoured milk, cream, and butter, beef and mutton, to
our tables It is well enough for a Succedaneum in the cold winter-
months, or in unfavourable fummers for grafs, but to give it fo
much of our care and attention, to the neglect of other cultures,
the cheriihing of natural herbage, can be nothing but the effect
of avarice or iloth.

Cretaceous earths or Maries are of admirable life in hufbandry, in

/ *

the culture of all kinds of lands, defigned either for grafs or
corn. We have them of various colours, and of various degrees
of ftrength and goodnefs, in feveral places.

A reddifli-brown marie is in a confiderable quantity at ILlerton,
near Rodham. It is of a firm and clofe texture, unctuous in hand-
ling, flightly colouring the fingers, and flowly diffufible in water,
It melts in the mouth, and has no difagreeable tafte ; pure, and

free

O F E A R T H S. -t

*J J

free from grittinefs. Dry, and fcraped, it fhews a glofTy polite
furface. It efFervefces with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a
brighter colour. It is a good manure for light hungry lands.

An amen blue marie, with a flight admixture of a pale yellow,
is at Chillingham, but not plentifully. It is heavy, of a compact
texture, and unctuous to the touch. It makes an eafy folution
in water, and is of a fweet aftringent tafte, free from grittinefs.
Depurated, and worked into a pafte, it is ductile, and has a gloify
beautiful furface on being cut through with a knife. Applied to
the buds of coins and fygnets, it takes them off eafily, and mews
their beauties and defects with extraordinary exactnefs. It efFer-
vefces with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a confiderable hard-
nefs, and a duller colour, with a flight cafl of a reddifh-brown.
It is a good manure for light, poor grounds. It is ufed in taking
greafe out of boards and woollens.

In a great marlc-pit at Etall, by the road to Ford, on the left
hand, is a ftratum of dufky reddifh-brown marie. It is heavy,
and fhattery, on being cut through with a fpade ; unctuous to
the touch, but does not colour the fingers ; melts flowly in the
mouth, and feems between the teeth like hard foap, pure, and
free from grittinefs ; flowly diffufible in water. Depurated, and
worked into a pafle, it cuts through with a glofly furface. It
docs not efFervefce with Aqua fortis. It crackles in the fire, and
acquires a great hardnefs and a dull red.

In the fame pit is a flratum of friable green ifh-yellow marlc.
It makes a quick folution in water, and fends up a great number
of bubbles. Dry, it powders the fingers. It effervefces with
Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires an orange-colour, and a more

VOL. I. F f hatter v

S4 OFEARTHS.

fhattery texture. Great quantities of it, and of the former, have
been digged for a manure.

A friable afh-coloured marie, with a flight admixture of yel-
low, is on the common adjoining to a farm, called, the Stone-
Houfe, by the road-fide, near Shitlington-Hall, in Tynedale. It is in
a flratum of a confiderable thicknefs. It is heavy, and mode-
rately friable; falls in fhattery pieces on being cut with a fpade ;
colours the hands, and is freely diffufible in water. Depurated,
it works pleafantly into a pafte, not vifcid or tenaceous. Smooth-
ed with a knife, and cafl into a flow fire, it acquires a pale whi-
tifh-red colour, and a fine fkin, equalling fome of the Roman,
unglazed, figuline vefTels that I have feen fragments of at their
ftations of Condercum and Corcefter. It is well worth the trial for
the better fort of pottery, as it is to be had in fufficient quantities.
It does not effervefce with Aqua fortis. It would be a good ma-
nure, but is put to no ufe at prefent that I know of.

On the edge of the brook above Tecket, in the grounds belong-
ing to the fmall hamlet of Overton, is a friable whitifh-yellow
marie. It is harfh to the touch, colours the hands, difFufes freely
in water, and fends up many bubbles. It does not efFervefce with
Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a great hardnefs, and a dul lei-
colour. It is ufed to give hearth-flones and chimney-pieces a flone-
colour. To the inclofed commons now under culture, it might
feem to be no contemptible manure ; but, I fuppofc, the great
plenty of lime is the occafion of its negleft.

Juft under the hill before the farm-houfe at Weft-wood, near
Htxham, is a friable white marie. It was only lately difcovered
in making a cut for a fence. It is in a kind of bog ; the flratum
three yards thick; great numbers of fhells of the fmall frefh

water

O F E A R T H S. 35

water turbo, or whilk, immerfed in it. It is unctuous, and
cuts through with a filming furface $ colours the hands ; difiu-
fes in water freely, and is very gritty. Dry, it is powdery and
rough. It effervefces with aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a
confiderable hardncfs, and a duller colour. It is little ufed as a
manure, for the fame reafon, probably, that the former is not ;
lime being had in great plenty in the neighbourhood.

A friable grey marie, with the fame kind of iliells, is in a
large boggy area by a farm, called Sunnylatvs, near Wark, in Glen-
dale ; the flratum of a confiderable thicknefs. It is heavy, unc-
tuous, and ftains the hands ; difFufes freely in water, with a
trifling noife, and burfts into a fine powder, with hardly any
grittinefs, Dry, it is powdery, and crumbles between the
fingers. It makes a violent effervefcence with aqua fortis. In
the fire it crackles a little, and acquires a more brittle texture,
and a bluifh-grey colour. It is ufed as a manure, and is accounted
excellent, It has not been long difcovered.

There is a Variety of it at Grinds^ near Norham, with the fame
kind of fhells.

I am informed by my worthy friend, Henry Collingivood, of
Cornhill) Efq; that he has alfo a variety of it with thefe fhells on
his eftate at that place.

*v

A brownifh-red ftorty marie is in confiderable quantities at
Ilderton. It is heavy, and with fome difficulty diffufible in water.
It breaks flowly in the mouth with fome gritty particles, of a
harfh and naufeous tafle. Depurated, and worked into a pafte,
it cuts through with a glofify furface. It effervefces with aqua
fortis. In the fire it crackles and burils, and acquires a great
hardnefs, and a dull red colour.

F 2 Thefe

36 OFEARTHS.

Thefe are the natural advantages and encouragements for
hufbandry with us. The prefent date of it, improved foils, and
method of culture, fhall be our next consideration.

The vale between AldJlon-Moor and Neivcajlk upon Tyne, is a
very rich natural foil, well wooded, watered by the Tyne, and a
variety of mufical flreamlets, turns greatly to the profit, of the
hufbandman, grows remarkably fine wheat, and fuch luxuriant,
fweet, and fattening grafs, that an ox, fed at Byivell, and killed
at Corbridge, 1756, weighed, when cut in quarters, 112 ilone.
The manure chiefly ufed in this vale is limeflone, burnt in large,
kilns, generally built of flone.

About Ne-wcajlle, a cold and hungry clay prevails, yet every
field appears by culture like a garden, plentifully manured with
dungs, fome native, and vaft quantities extraneous, brought at
an eafy expence from London, by way of ballaft in the coal-
fhips.

The fea-coaft is chiefly a ftrong clay, manured about Whitley
with lime ; to be had no where elfe between the Tyne and Coquet,
eaft of the poft-road.

Many of the farmers between Hartley-Pans and the Coquet pro-
cure limeflone in fmall floops from Sunderland'm the bifhoprick of
Durham ; with which, and the fea-wreck laid in heaps and rotted,
they have good crops of all forts of grain.

From the Coquet to the Tweed, the ground is annually loaden
with valuable grain, peas, beans, barley and wheat, and with
fuch feeding grafs, that fome of the largeft and fattefl oxen are
fold there, which are commonly fold to the butchers of North-
Shields, for the mips in the coal-trade, and to the contractors of

the

OFEARTHS. S7

the navy. The chief manure is limcftone, had in great plenty
in feveral quarries.

The banks of the river Tweed in Norbam/hirc, and about Wark
and Car/jam, are a fine fertile loam ; the manures chiefly lime
and marles.

Glen-dale is moftly a light, arenaceous brown earth, improved
with dungs and lime ; the crops rye, barley, peas, and wheat.

The vales' of Whitingham, Wallington, and North Tyne, are a good
foil, argillaceous in general, but in fome places a brown loam
and gravel, efpecially in the low fhadowy meadows, by run-
ning flreams.

After this reprefentation of the ftate of hufbandry, of the im-
proved foils, and method of culture amongft us, I mall now
take notice of our earths which are of ufe in other arts.

The white foap-earth, or Steatites, the Panetonlurn of Authors (a)t
is found in fmall veins on Calleley-hill. It is of a beautiful white,
of a clofe texture, and glofly furface, when cut, feeling foft and
undluous to the fingers, but not colouring them ; breaks freely ;
melts in the mouth into a fubflance like cream, and in water is
diffufible, making a flight ebullition ; duftile and tough under
moifture. It does not efFervefce with aqua fortis. In the fire it
crackles and burfts, acquires a moderate hardnefs and a duller
colour. It was one of the native colours ufed by the antients in

(a) Steatites quae Paraetonium antiquorum. Da Cofta, Nat. Hift. FofT. p, 35. N°. 13.
Woodw. Cat. Fofl". c. a. 13.

Arigilla albiflima ponderofa tenax. Quae Parstonium Authorum. Hill. Hift. Foff.
p. 1 7. No. i.

Paraetonium vel Paraetonion. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 33. c. 5. et 1. 35. c. 6.

paint-

38 O F E A R T H S.

painting in Frefco, for which they held it in great efteem. It is
fuppofed not to have been in any plenty with them, as they are
faid to have adulterated it with the Cimolia. They had it from
Cirene, from the ifland of Crete, and from Parztonium in Mgypt ;
from which two laft places it obtained the name of Cretan Earth,
and Paraetonium. It is only ufed at Calleley in whitening hearth-
flones and chimney-pieces.

The purple and white foap-earth, the Steatites <vera (b), is found
in veins on the fame hill, by the road-fide. It is white, with
ftreaks of different degrees of purple. It is of a fine, clofc, and
equal texture, and glofly Airface ; foft and uncluous in handling,
nor colouring the fingers ; not melting in the mouth, nor diffu-
fible in water. Cut through in the vein, it breaks into irregular
pieces. It does not eiFervefce with Aquafortis, In the fire it ac-
quires a confiderable hardnefs. From its refemblance to hard
foap, it has its name of foap-earth ; and the name of Steatites,
from s-ia.<>, fuet, from its likenefs to the fat of animals. The
antients called it Cimolia, from the ifland Cimolus, now called Ar-
gcntire, where it is found in great abundance.

There is a variety of it at the fame place of a beautiful peach-
bloflbm colour.

(b) Steatites vera. Da Cofta. Hift. FofT. p. 36. No. 14.

Argilla indurata albo-purpurea Isvis, Steatites recentiorum, Cimolea purpurafcens anti-
quorum. Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 22, No. ii.

Cimolea ad purpuram vergens. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 35. c. 1 7.

Ollaris fibris acerofis friabilibus incarnatus ; foapy-rock Cornubienfibus. Gronov. Ind.
Supell. Lapid. p. 12.

Terra Cimolia alia ad purpureum vergens, ex Britannia et Ilva fub nomine boli candi Ji
et carnei. Mercat. Met. Vat. p. 23.

Thefe

OF EARTHS,

39

Thefe ftony faponaceous earths being fomewhat of a talcy
conftitution, are claflcd by Linnteus, and others, among talcy fof-
fils ; but the juflly celebrated Da Cofta, and Dr. Hill, have referred
them to the clafs of clays, as having on trial all the properties
of an indurated clay.

It is faid this beautiful fpecics of clays enters into the compo-
fition of the porcelain made at Worcefter ; of the art of making
which, and the true fubftances ufed for that purpofe by the Cbi-
nefe, we have an excellent and curious account by Monfteur de
Reaumer (c).

On the mores of our alpine brooks and rivers we often find a
fpecies of this foffil fo remarkably lapidefcent, and fo elegantly
variegated, as to carry the appearance of a marble. It is called
by fome of our common people Clay-marble. It is the Morochtus of
authors (d) ; of which I have met with feveral varieties.

iy?. Of a fky-colour, elegantly clouded with a light and deep
red, with an arborefcent delineation like the trunk of a tree, and
a figure fomewhat like a bird at the top of it, in the attitude of
taking wing. From the fhore of the brook at G of ton.

<ndly. Of a grey and red colour, in lighter and deeper mades,
with bluim-black f-pots and Dentrit£, and the figure of an animal,
refembling a pig, in the attitude of fwimming.

(c) Hift. et Mem. de 1'Acad. Roy. des Sciences pour 1727.

(d) Morochtus. In Germania, et Angjia, reperitur. Charlet. Foff. p. 30. n. 14.
Steatites tertia. Da Cofta. Hift. FofT p. 40. n. 16.

Morochtus, Schmeerftein Germ. Bruckm. Magn. Dei in Loc. fubter. Vol. i. p. 84,
and 87.

Morettum album re&ius Porcellana nativa. Bruckm. Epift. Cent. ii. Ep. 100. p. 1244.
n. 10. et feq.

$aiy, of

40 OF 'EARTHS.

§dly. Of a bluifli-black, variegated with red and white.

4f/>/y. Of an afhen colour, with two different fhadcs of pur-
ple, and arborefcent^nV or dendrite of a dark purple.

$tbly. Of a fky colour and carmine, with deep purple ftriae.
Thefe four from the more of the brook below Slmonburn-ca.ft\e. The
lafl is not unfrequent on the fhore of North Tyne, by the Strother-
houfc, below

Another fpecies of this foffil, the Melitites of the Antients (e) is
fometimes found on the fame fhores. The ground-colour is a
fair pale yellow. I met with the following varieties of it.

\fl. Of a light firaw-colour, with beautiful purple veins,

idly. Of a ftraw-colour, variegated with red, and elegantly
punctated with black. Both thefe from the more of the brook
at Gofton.

. Yellow, with a mixture of red, diffufed in clouds, and
zones or circles of red, edged with yellow, refembling little
ilowcrs, of the fize of a fixpence ; not fuperficial, but pervading
the whole fubftancc. Prom the fame fhore.

Beautiful varieties of it are alfo not unfrequcnt on the more of
North Tyne below Chipchace-m\\\, and on the fhore of the brook
below Simonburn~ca.ft.le, efpecially after floods.

Rubbed on a flone with water, all the kinds yield a milky,
fweet folutions like cream ; from which property the Melitites has

(e) Steatites inJurata Melitites difta. Da Cofh. Hift. Foff. p. 41. n. 17.
Argilla indurata albo-flavefccns Isvis, qua; Melitites Antiquorum, Hill. Hift. FofT.
p. 24. n. 14.

its

OF EARTHS. 41

its name, from ptx\, Honey- Drawn on a board, they make a
white line. They do not effervefce with Aqua forth. Under
proper management, they are capable of a fine polilh. Drink>
ing-cups, and other things, were formerly made of them abroad,
in the Mdrgraviate of Baynith, polifhed after a curious manner,
but the art is faid to be now near loft. They are ufed in making
the fineft Porcelain, for which they are excellently well qualified ;
the talc in them being proof againft fire, and preventing a per-
fect vitrification.

Mineral Agaric, or Lac Lunt, a fine loofe friable earth or chalk,
the Seleneufia of the Antients (h), is found plentifully in the perpen-
dicular and horizontal firTures of a freeftone-quarry on the weft
fide of Hall-Barns, near Simonburn. It lies in the form of a fari-
naceous powder, on thin, fparry plates. It is of a bright white
colour. It is extremely foft in handling, colours the fingers,
melts freely in the mouth without the leaft grittineTs. In water
it makes an ebullition, and gives it a milky colour. It makes
a violent effervefcence with Aquafortis. It Was valued among the
antients as an aftringent, and ufed in hemorrhages. They ufed it
alfo as a cofmetic, to cleanfe the flcin, and deface wrinkles.
Scilly affords the fineft, from which they had it. The Germans are
faid to have ufed it with fuccefs externally, in drying all kinds of
ulcers; and internally, in all difeafes proceeding from the acids;
in hemorrhages, and peftilential or malignant fevers. It is com-
mended as an excellent abforbent.

(f) Greta fdngofa sibiflirrW, Agaricus mineralis, et Lac Lunse di&a. Da Cofta. Hifb
FofT. p. 30. n. 6.

Stenomarga. Agricol. 378. Terra Seleneufia. Matth. 1392.

Lac Luna:. Plot's Oxfordfhire, c. 3. p. 60.

Woodw. Meth. of FofT. p. 4. n. 20.

Cat. A. a. 62, Cat. i. a. 49, et Cat. 1. a. 28, et 295

VOL. L G A!

43 O F E A R T H S.

At a place called Black Shcel-Bog, near a coal-work, two miles
fouth from Haltiveftl, is an argillaceous pale yellow earth, mixed
with white, and fpanglcd with flat talcy particles. It is unctuous,
in handling, flightly colours the fingers, and is eafily broken.
In the mouth it is gritty, and of a naufeous tafte, which goes off
with a kind of fweetnefs. In a glafs of water it burils into a
powder, and Mains it with a bright yellow. Depurated, and
worked into a pafte, it is of the fame colour, and of great tena-
city. It does not efFervefce with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires-
a ftony hardnefs, and a light red colour, variegated with white,
looking like a marble. The, floors of the Roman ovens at their
flation of Caervorran feem to have been made with it. It is ufed
by fkinners and glovers in drefling and colouring their leather ;
for which ufe it is carried in great quantities fo far as Wejlmor-
land.

There is a vein of the fame kind by the brick clay-pit near the
High-Sheels on Hexbam-common •, many loads of which are car-
ried to Newcajlk for the ufe of the fame trades. It is a fpecies of
Fuller's earth.

At Weft Thurfton, near Felfon, is an argillaceous earth of an afh-
colour. It is of a denfe compact texture, unctuous to the touch,
melts flowlyonthe tongue, with a little grittinefs; breaks and
moulders in water with difficulty. Depurated and worked into
a pafle, it afTumes a milk-white colour, and cuts through with a
glofTy furface, and on being fmoothed with a knife, has a fine
fkin when dry. It does not efFervefce with Aqua fortis. In the
fire it acquires a dull white colour. It is ufed at the glafs-houfes
in Ne-wcajlle for making furnaces, or veflels, that will bear an
intenfe fire ; for which ufe it is not inferior to any in Britain, in

the

Of EARTHS. 43

the opinion of Dr. Woodward (g), and only rivalled by the Stur-
bridge-clay. It has been worked for many years, and ftill holds
its reputation. The mine is about twenty fathom deep ; the clay-
vein three feet thick, under a variety of flrata, one of coal ; it is
lett, worked, and fold by the ton ; yielding 3 1. per ton.

On Acome-Fell, near Hexham, is a brown argillaceous earth,
with a yellowifh. caft. It is harm to the touch, tough, and duc-
tile. Thrown into water, it makes an ebullition, with a flight
noife, and after fome time moulders to a powder, a little gritty.
It effervefces with Aqua fortis. In the fire it acquires a dull red-
difh-brown. It was lately ufed in making a fine black carthern
ware, by a perfon well fkilled in the figuline art from Stafford-
Jhire.

The Rubrica molliufcula, thefofter reddle (h), is not unfrequent.
It is heavy and o£ a compact texture, unctuous, and flaining the
fingers ; harm to the tafte, and fomewhat gritty. It is diffufible
in water, and gives it a deep claret colour. Depurated, and
worked into a pafte, it cuts through with a glolTy furface. It
does not effervefce with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires no
change of colour. It is the foft clay iron-ore of Dr. Woodward (I).
The miners call it the Mother of the Mine. Others call it Smit,
from their marking their flieep with it. It is ufed by pain-

(g) Cat. of Fofll

(h) Argilla faturate rubra un&uofiffima. Da Cofta. Hifl. Fofl*. p. 5. No. 3.
Marga ponderofa rubra mollis, qu<e rubrica fabrilis Authorum. Hill. Hift. FofT. p. 47,
No. j.

Rubrica fabrilis. Merret. Pin. Rer. Nat. Brit. p. 218.
Charlet. de Foff. p. 219. No. 3.

(/) Woodw. Meth. of Foff. p. 2. No. 6.
• — Cat. A. 95, et 96.

G s ters,

44 O F £ A R T H S.

ters, and makes a red little inferior to the Indian red earth. This
here defcribed was taken out of the cavity of a large free-flone.

An indurated deep red ochre, the Rubrlca duriufcula, the harder
reddle, or red chalk of authors (k}t is dug among the fea-rocks
at Bednel. It is heavy, of a firm, compact, and even texture ; of
a fmooth furface, and fomewhat unctuous ; flams the hands
extremely much ; melts freely in the mouth, of an aflringent
tafte, pure, and free from grittinefs ; makes no ebullition in.
water, and with difficulty diffufes or moulders to pieces in it. It
does not effervefce with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires an addi-
tional hardnefs, and a darker colour.

It is highly valued by painters and other artificers for its fine co-
lour. It is faid to make excellent crayons, but not to mix with oil
fit for painting. In medicine, it is of great ufe among the Germans.
They ufe it for the fame intentions as the Hematites, in all kinds
of fluxes, as hemorrhages, dyfenteries, 8cc. with fuccefs. It is
faid to have been the chief ingredient in the famous powder of
Dr. Lehman, phyfician to the Elector of Saxony.

A friable, heavy, flprid red ochre is dug among the fame rocks,
It is of a friable uneven texture j of a rough and dufty furface ;
crumbles eafily between the fingers, and ftains them very much.
It melts freely in the mouth, of an aflringent tafte, and gritty.
In water it makes an ebullition with a hifling noife, and inftantly

(k) Greta rubra. Da Cofta. Nat. Hift. Foff. p. 86. No. i.
Rubrica duriufcula. Woodw. Meth. of Foff. p. 3. No. 10.
Catal. of Fofl". i. a. 39, et 40.

Rubrica fabrilis. Merret. Pin. p. 218. Charlet. de Fofl". p. 219. No. 3. Dale's Pharm.
p. 23. No. 5.

Marga ochracea rubra, Rubrica fabrilis vulgo. Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 204. No. 2.

Ochra argillacea indurata rubra, quseCreta rubra Authorum. Hill. Hift. FoflT. p. 62. No. 12.

moulders

OF EARTHS. 45

moulders into a fine foft powder. It does not effervefce with
Aquafortis. In the fire it crackles a little, and acquires a con-
fiderable additional hardnefs, and a paler colour. It is much ufed
in painting.

•

A fine black clay-ochre, with a bluifh-caft (I), is in a fear at
the eaft end of the rectory-den at Simonburn. It is near the top, in
a vein of about feven inches thick, under a ftratum of limeftone,
and above another of grey and yellowifh-white fand. Towards
the middle are large heavy mafTes of friable freeftone, and under
them large flags. Many of the freeftone mafles lie fcattered at
the foot of this great fteep, tumbled down by ilorms and frofts,
mattered and broken, mewing numerous impreflions of the bark
of rcfmous trees, of a tawney black colour. Many of the flags
are deeply channelled by the dripping of the water; others
fmooth and thick, of a great fize, not unfrequently two or three
yards long, and as many broad ; large pieces of fulphur in them
as big as walnuts. This and the fand lie among them promifcu-
oufly. The ochre with the leaft preffure between the fingers
breaks into thin flakes or lamella:, of a fmooth glofly furface,
unctuous to the touch, and flightly flaming the hands. It ad-
heres to the tongue, melts freely in the mouth, of an infipid
tafle, with very little grittinefs. In water it makes a flight ebul-
lition, feparates into fmall tabular pieces, and moulders by de-
grees into a fine powder, and gives it a bluifh-black colour.
Depurated, and worked into a pafte, it cuts through with a glofly
furface. Dry, it retains its colour, and drawn on paper or a
board marks a line of the fame tinge. It does not effervefce

(I) Ochra nigra argillacea. Da Cofta. Nat. Hift. Fofl'. p. 89. No. i.
Ochra nigricans argillacea. Charlet. deFofT. p. 219. No. 4.
Humus nigra pictoria, Atramentum fciflile. Waller. Minero!. Spec. 4.
Argilla nigrefcens friabilis levis. Hill. Hift. FofT. p. 34. No. i.

with

46 O F E A R T H S.

-with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a conficlcrablc hardnefs,
and a bright bluifh-grey colour.

The WelJIj, in Merioneth/hire^ call it Nod du, which in their lan-
guage fignifies a black mark. They find it near the top of Cay
Avon, a high hill near the village of Dynafmondhivye; in that
county, and is on record in an old Briti/Jj proverb for being one
of the three remarkable things of that place. They ufe it in
marking their fheep. They prepare it by pounding it in a mortar,
and moiftening it with water, and then making it into balls.

It is very much ufed in painting by the Germans and Saxons.
The former are faid to find it at Dietfurterriett in the territory of
Pappenheim. They prepare it by carefully warning away the im-
pure parts, and make it up into flicks or rolls like Indian ink. The
latter call it, Schiefer Schwartz, and prepare it in like manner.

•

In our northern counties it is commonly known by the name
of Colloiv or Killoiv ; by which name it is called by Dr. Wood-ward
and Dr. Merret (m).

A light, friable, gold coloured ochre, the ochre of Theophraftus
(p}t is found in concreted nodules among the Geodes and loofe
iron-ftone on the edge of the brook at Simonburn, and other places
in Tynedale\ not unfrequently. It is of a lax texture, and of a
dufty furface when broken, colouring the fingers with a bright
gold yellow, extremely light and fine, like an impalpable or
farinaceous powder. It adheres firmly to the tongue, melts freely

(m) Killoia molliufcula. The fofter killow. Wooclw. Meth. of Fofs. p. 2. No. 5. et
Cat. C. a. 26. et 27. Merret. Pin. p. 218.

(n) Ochra aurei Colon's. Da Coda. Nat. Hift. Foil", p. 99. No. 8.
Ochra levis aurea friabilis, quas Ochra Theophrafti. Hill. Hift. Foff. p* 52. Woodw.
Cat. C. a. 3.

in

OFEARTHS. 47

in the mouth, pure, foft, and entirely free from grittinefs. In
water it raifes an ebullition with many bubbles, and a loud
hiding noife, but does not readily break and moulder in it to a
powder. It does not effervefce with Aquafortis. In the fire it ac-
quires a little additional hardnefs, and an elegant florid red1
colour. Dr. Hill informs us, that he tried it as a paint, both
native as a yellow, and burnt as a red, and found it exceed all
the ochres the painters ufe in both thefe Hates.

A light, friable, deep yellow ochre, the Ochre Attic of the
Antients (oj, is alfo found in concreted nodules with the former.
It is of a loofe plated texture, of a dufty furface, colours the
hands, and remarkably light and mattery, of a bright deep yel-
low, like that which faflron gives to water, fometimes lightly
fpotted with red. It adheres to the tongue, melts eafily in the
mouth, pure; and free from grittinefs. In water it makes a
great ebullition, but does not readily moulder away in it. It
does not effervefce with Aquafortis. In the fire it burns to a dufky
red, without any hardnefs.

A heavy, friable yellow ochre (p) is frequently turned out
in detached pieces by the floods on the fouth fide of the brook at
Simonburn, with the geodes, and other flones and gravel. It is
of a fine flrong yellow when moift, and of a dufty dead yellow
when dry ; heavy, and of a clofe texture, foft to the touch, and
colouring the hands ; adheres firmly to the tongue, melts flowly
in the mouth, without grittinefs ; moulders or feparates flowly

(o) Ocra crocei colons. Da Cofta. Hift. Foff. p. 98. No. 7.

Ochra crocea laminata levis, qua: ochra. Attica Diofcoridis. Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 35. No. 5,

(p) Ochra ponderofa flava friabilis. Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 54. No. 6.
Ochra Anglica. Merret. Pin. p. 218. Charlet. de Foff. p. 219. No. 5.
Woodw. Cat. A. a. 76. 77. et Cat. i. a. 29.
Ochra rufo-flava. Da Cofta. Hift. FofT. p. 100. No. 9.

in

48 £> F E A R T H S.

in water. It effcrvefces with Aquafortis. In the fire it acquires a
fine deep-red, with very little additional hardnefs.

It is inferior in quality to the light ochres, but is greatly ufed
in painting. It is the yellow ochre of the fhops.

A friable, clayey yellow ochre (q) is in a fear by the brook at
Birch-Crook, near Sbitlington~ha.il, in Tynedale, in a thick ftratum,
above another of black clay. Moift, it is of a dull dufky yellow,
moderately heavy, and fhattery on being cut through with a
fpade ; foft in handling, and tenaceous ; melts in the mouth
with a little grittinefs ; raifes a fmall ebullition in water, with a
hifling noife, mouldering or breaking flowly to a powder. De-
purated, and worked into a pafte, it is of a clear ftrong yellow.
It does not effervefce with Aquafortis. In the lire it acquires a
pale red, and a confiderable hardnefs. It is ufed in painting.

A light, friable, faffron-coloured ochre (r) is frequent about
the adits of many of our coal-mines, and chalybeat fprings.
By the two fprings at Dibden, near Rothbury> it is in great abun-
dance ; half a foot, or a foot thick in fome places, by the ditch-
fides, made to carry off the water, We have it alfo plentifully
on the flrand of the rivulet by the coal-work at Simonburn, and in
a fmall rill at J3runton-hall, near Cbollerford-bridge, coating the
ftones, and other things in its way. It is of a light dufty fur-
face, and extremely lax and fliattery, foft to the touch, flains
the hands, and melts freely in the mouth. In water it raifes an
ebullition, with a hifling noife, but does not break eafily to a
powder. It does not effervefce with Aqua fortis. In the fire it
acquires a fair red. It is found in different degrees of purity.

(q) Ochra argillacea fordide flavefcens. Hill. Hift. FofT. p. 55. No. 9.
(r) Ochra leviffima flava friabilis. Hill. Hift. Foil", p. 52. No 3.

A light

O F E A R T H S. 49

A light, friable, deep brown ochre is found in the filmres of a
limeftone-quarry at Bladon, near Belford, in confiderable quanti-
ties. It is of a very lax texture, of a dufly irregular furface,
foft to the touch, and ftains the hands j adheres firmly to the
tongue, melts flowly in the mouth, of an aftringent tafte, with
very little grittinefs. In water it moulders and breaks flowly.
Dry, it fhews fome few fpangles of micas. It does not effervefce
with Aqua fortis. In the fire it acquires a deep reddim-brown.
colour, with no additional hardnefs. It is a fine fpecies of
umbre (sj*

(s) Ochrafufca, Terra Umbria di£ta. Da Cofta. Hift. Fofl". p. IQ.I. No. i.

Terra five Creta Umbria. Charlet. de Fofl". p. 219. No. 7.

Woodw. Meth. Fofl". p. 4. No. 18. etCat. i. a. 25, et 26.

Ochra pallide fufca laevis, quae Umbria Pidtorum. Hill. Hift. Fofl". p. 63. No. r.

Terra fubfufci coloris, quae a Pifloribus vocatur Terra d'Ombra. Mercat. Met. Vat. p. 23..

Humus nigro-brunea, Umbra Auflorum, Creta Umbria. Waller. Minerol. Spec. 3,

VOL. I. H CHAP.

CHAP. IV.
OF SAND.

A Great part of the Sand with us is very little regarded, and
little ufed, except in mafonry, though we have great va-
rieties of it, and fome not inferior to the valuable Tarfo of the
Venetians, with which they make their fine glafs. This is our
mountain or rag-fand. I will not fland to difpute, whether it is
adventitious or natural, originated there. But I will declare what
I have found true by experience. I had an inclination a. few
years ago to examine the inferior ftrata of one of our northern
hills, the better to judge of the ftructure and phenomena of the
earth, and for other reafons. This hill was lofty, conical, and
rocky to the very furface, the fouth expofure covered with
wood, hazel, and oak. I firft cleared it of the wood, then
began digging at the top downwards with a mattock and
a fpade. The fpace marked out for the experiment might
contain about eleven yards in length, and fix in breadth. The
earth and Hones, as they rofe, I cail down the fouthern fteep,
difrobed of its flouriming timber and flirubs. The firft ftratum,
for about r./o feet, was a line brown, loamy earth, wherein
were feated an abundance of coarfe, hard pebbles, of the blue
kind, commonly ufed in paving, fo thick, as if a flood had caft
them there ; the next courfe, for the fame depth, confifted of
manes of red freeftone, lying in light fand, in great confuiion,
and in great quantities, pretty large, of all fhapes, fome of them
fplitting into excellent flags. Thefe were fucceeded by fome of
a vaft magnitude, which I was forced to fplit with wedges.
Under them was a bed of water-gravel, as good as any upon the

Ihores

O F S A N D. 51

mores of our rivers, and below it a bed of fine Tarfo, or moun-
tain-fand, white, angular, and diaphanous, about a, yard in
thicknefs. On clearing it away, an amazing heap of other great
ftones appeared in view, in all pofitions, fome round, fome fphe-
rical, one or two of thefe laft nearly in a perpendicular attitude,
of avaftfize, dreadful to look upon, feeming to threaten imme-
diate deftruclion as I flood near them. They reftcd on a bed of
water- gravel, under which was a bed of Tarfo, like the former.
I digged no farther, my curiofity being fatisfied, believing that 1
mould have found the like ftrata of ftone, gravel and land, to
any depth. The direction of this hill is a demonftration of a
deluge or inundation of waters, and confirms the opinion of
Herodotus, and other obferving and valuable writers, that fuch a
variety of ftrata of earth, of ftone, of water-gravel, and of fharp
rag-fand, in fuch different ranges and difpofitions, can be attri-
buted to nothing but a flood, the lighter bodies being uppermoft,
and the heavier below them, by their own denfity and gravity.
I found no land, river, or fea-fhells of any kind, not fo much
as the molds of any. To try the fertility of the earth and
fand, feparated from the grofler bodies of huge Hone, and large
gravel, I converted the fouthern declivity of this hill, now be-
come pendent and Hoping, to a garden, walled the back and
fides of the cavity, and the femicircular foot or bottom of the
ilope, with the ilones. It proved very fertile, growing peas,
beans, various plants and flowers, and from the warmth of the
expofure, would undoubtedly have brought grapes to a tolerable
perfection. It is flickered to the north by its own lofty fummit,
to the eaft and weft by towering oaks, and to the fouth by an-
other fhady hill extending in the fame manner eail and weft,
and between both is a fine trout-dream, c roiled by a bridge in
fight of one arch, with a vale alfo in fight through which it glides,
adorned on each fide with banks of oak, and other forefl-trees,

H 2 whole

5i O F S A N D.

whofe made with the morning and evening-fun upon the waters,
afford a very beautiful landfcape. The fertility of the foil
muft be attributed to the deciduous leaves of the trees, and to
the falts in the ilony, arenaceous, and virgin-earths. I was
about two winters, and as many fummers, in feafonable weather,
in the midft of very ill health, in digging this hill, and bringing
it into the form defcribed ; and did not at firft expeft to meet with
fuch irrefragable teftimonies of a deluge, and leaft of all, this
valuable fand. The cryftalline rag ilone of our mountains,
heaths, and lakes, feem to be an aggregate of it.

On the more of Haly pike-lake, is a large area of rag-fand, the
.-granules or pebbles fmall, no bigger than coarfe Smiris, white,
tranfparent, moftly angular, except fome few that may be
blunted by attrition, and the agitation of the waters. In the
lake, and on the heath round it, is an abundance of rag-Hone,
compofed of the like cryftalline fand or pebbles, glittering and
fhining, which are feparated by being expofed to fevere tempefts,
and by collifion in the tumultuous billows of the lake. I have
tried it in polifhing marble, for which it is excellent, giving
them a furface expeditioufly. Farmers ufe it in giving an edge
to their fcithes.

There is a fand upon the more of G>?M£/-iiland more bright and
glittering than this, like fuch as is found about the SaV/y-iflands ;
being filvery, micaceous fpangles of Talc^ warned by the
tides off large ftrata of talcy ftone, very plentiful upon the
more between Wc.rkworth and Aln-mouth, not always vifible for
heaps of fand, but often in view after high tides and ftorms.

Sea-fand, in many other countries, is greatly valued for mel-
lowing ftiff clay-ground, but in our's it is rarely minded, though
the fea-coaft is generally a clay from Tyne-mouth to Berwick. Pro-
vidence

O F S A N D. 53

vidence feemsto have ordered it fo, to incite ourinduflry. Every
tide, at certain feafons, cafts up vafl heaps of nitrous fands, arid
a great variety of fhells, which feem to invite us to remove them,
to fertilize our ftubborn foils in our fields and gardens with their
prolific falts. In that part of the coaft, where there is no lime-
ftone, the neglect is inexcufable, and we cannot efcape the
charge of indolence, efpecially as the expence is eafy, and it lies
at our very doors in feveral places. Drifted fand is fteril, and of
no ufe, the falts being evaporated, or warned away with the
rains. But fuch fand as is turned up by the tides after fea-
ftorms, mixed with fhells, would richly reward our labour. This
fea-manure has been practifed in the north of Scotland with great
fuccefs for barley and oats, the feed producing fome feventeen,
and fome eighteen fold, as has been attefted by a curious and
obferving Scotchman, of excellent fenfe and veracity (a).

Our gardens might be greatly enriched with Rher-fand, being
the lighteft and richeft of the meadow-foils, wafhed away with
the floods, but few perfons are at the pains of ufmg it.

Ordinary fands, of various colours, we have in great quan-
tities, but they are of no ufe that I know of, except in mafonry,
and in making garden-walks.

(a) Sir Geo. Makenzy> Ph. Tr.

C H A P.

CHAP. V.

OF STONES.

I

T hath been obferved, that the FoiTilift is the fubjecl: of plea-
fantry with the witty and the gay,

Ridmt vicini glebas et faxa moventem. Hor. Epift. 1. 1. 14.

But this is only done in an hour of joy, and not in the moments
of fober thought and reflection. • All, but the ftupid and inconfi-
derate, admire the nfeful and beautiful productions of nature,
and confefs the divine Wifdom to be as confpicuous in the flruc-
ture and configuration of minerals and common ilones, as in. the
ruby or the opal. Both more particularly ftrike the foiliiift,
whofe attention is more immediately engaged than other men's.
1 he fubterraneous treafures appear before him in all their lovely
variety, and their feveral beautiful orders ; he beholds them
with wonder, and confiders them as inconteftible evidences of
a Divinity, and irrefragable confutations of atheifm. Every
pebbly more, every quarry, as well as every field and grove, is
to him as a temple, for praife and adoration.

Of Free-Jlone, valued for its common ufe, we have a great
abundance; both in ftrata and loofe mattes, folid, and lami-
nated.

The whiteft I have feen in ftrata is at Chapel-houCes, by Bemvell-
hill, compofed of fine whitifli-brown fand, and numerous filvery
fpangles of talc ; is facil and condefcending to the chiflel, and

hardens

OFSTONES. 55-

hardens in the air. The quarry is large, and of a great depth.
Mafons are continually almoft at work in it, hewing blocks of
it, of all fizes, for fale.

A better ibrt, but not fo white, is in a quarry by a fmall
ilream, about two hundred yards eaft from the village of Den-
ivick, near Aln*wick ; confifling of Ihiall whitifli-brown fand, and
filvery mics ; of a clofe, compact texture, foft when taken out,
and hardens in the air, works into any form with the greatefl
eafe. It is ufed for chimney-pieces, and other ornamental ilone-
works. This quarry is troubled with water, and has a roof of
rubble and earth about three yards thick, which makes the
working very expenfive.

In a quarry at Stony-path, a mile weft from Alniuick, near a
wood, called the Stocking, is a whitifh-brown free-ftone, with
mlc£, of a fine grit, and eafier got, but lefs conformable and
pleafant under the chiflel.

At Berlin, near Warknvorth, is a free-Hone of an excellent qua-
lity for building, fome of it nearly equal to the Port land -Rone
for colour and duration, of which large quantities have been
lately wrought for rebuilding that magnificent fabric, the caflle
of Alnivick, by his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, and much
of it carried off fouthward by export, for building a nobleman's
feat near London, as I am informed. The roof has about eight
feet of rubble and earth in fome parts.

By the fea, near Hoivlck, is a free-flone reckoned very good
for building. It is of a more coarfe grit than the Ifer/jfl-ftone,
and of a lefs bright colour. It is ufed for ftone-ileps, pavements,
and other (lone-works, bearing the weather well. The feat and

fine

O F S T O N E S.

fine ftables of Sir Harry Grey, of Ho-wick, are built with it. The
church of his Villa of Hawick was alfo repaired with it by his
late father, of his own name, after a handfome manner ; an aft
of pious generofity that will ever refledl honour upon his me-
mory.

There is a quarry of the fame kind by the fea at Bednel.

At Bladon, near Belford, is a whitifh-brown free-Hone, with
glittering talcy particles, very good and lafting for ornamental
works. The genteel feat of Abraham Dixon, Efq; of Belford-Hally
is built with it.

By Glanton-pike, a hill fo called from its piked top, and the
neighbouring villa of Glanton, near Wbittingbamt i. e. the town by
the glen or valley, corruptly Glanton, is an excellent free-ftone, of
a brighter colour, and of a firm and clofe grit, many fpangles of
mice in it, much ufed in ornamental works. The antient feat of
Edivard Rodham, of Rodham, Efq; was lately rebuilt with it.

At Etall is a good free-ftone, but of a duller colour, with which
the handfome feat of William Catr, Efq; is built.

At Camhoe, near Wallington, is a free-ftone of a fine grit, and of
a bright whitifh-brown colour, with fplendid particles of talc,
accounted excellent for chimney-pieces, columns, and other or-
namental works. It has been much ufed in the genteel feat of
Sir Walter Calverley B-lacket^ Bart, at Wallington.

A very good free-ftone is at Belfay j of a clofe grit ; of a dull
whitifh-brown colour, with filvery fpangles of talc. It is ufed
for columns and chimney-pieces ; for which ufes fome pieces
were lately wrought for the handfome feat of the Revd. Dr. New-
ton

OF STONES; 57

ton Ogle, at Kirkley. The feat of Sir John Lambert Middleton, Bart, at
Belfay, feems to have been built with it.

By North Gosforth, near Netvcaftk) and at Acomb, *iear Bywell}
is a whitilh-brown free-done, with glittering micse, commended
for ornamental Hone-works $ the Acomb-ft.one. of the brightefl
colour, and clofeft grit, with which the handfome feat of William
Femvick, Efqj of Byivell, is built. With the other, the fine feat
of Charles Brandling, Efq; of South Gosforth, is built, both defigned
by Paine ; as was Belford-Hall.

By the fea, near1 Seaton Detaval, fo Called from the town or villa
by the fea, and the local name of its antient baronial pofTeflbrs;
the Delavals, is a free-flone accounted excellent both for colour
and duration, of a whitifh-brown, with fplendid micaceous par-
ticles. That grand ftructure, the feat of Sir Francis Blake Delaval,
Knight of the Bath, of Seaton Delaval, was built with It ; defigned
by Sir John Vanbrough*

On the north fide of a fmall flream, called Spital-burn, from
its courfe by an antient hofpital or elemofmary, near Nenvbiggen
by the fea, is a free-ftone of a dull whitifh-brown colour, of a
coarfe grit, with filvery mics j of great mechanical ufe, both
for building gfind-ftones, and fire-ftones for the glafs-houfes ;
the ftratum, in parts, now Worked, about eight feet, the roof
at the higheft about ten feet, chiefly a red clay ; near the eaflern
point very little roof, the ftratum twelve feet. There is a flratum
of the fame ftone on the fouth fide of the burn, fix feet thick j
the roof about as much.

By a flreamlet called the ben-Buni, on the eafl fide, near AJ1)-
ington, is a free-ftone of the fame grit and colour, worked for the
fame ufes ; the ftratum of a great thicknefs ; the roof about

VOL. I, I twelve

53 O F S T O N E S.

twelve feet. The river Wanjbeck glides paft it in a full and beau-
tiful ftream ; on the fouth fide of which is another quarry of the
fame kind, not worked on account of the weight of the roof.
From the Spltal and AJJjington quarries many thoufand grind-
flones have been exported.

In the brook at Slmonburn, between Tecket and the rectory-den, are
vaft rocks of free-done ; fallen from a range of fteep cliffs above,
ufed much in that neighbourhood for tomb-flones ; of a whitifh.-
brown colour ; of a clofe fine grit, with fhining talcy particles ;
fmall Neuclei or kernels in part of it, with cafts of reeds, and
barks of trees. Their tops are coated over with a flratum of ad-
ventitious earth, the decidua of leaves, mofs and herbage, rotted
to a mellow comport, giving nourifhment to a variety of plants ;
Vaccinia nigra, Eriae^ and the Sorbus aucuparia, flourifhing with
great vigour, and mofTes of a beautiful green fringing their
fides, unhurt by torrents and tempeftuous winds.

On Broad-pool common, near Simonburn, is a range of fteep free-
Hone rocks, with a north expofure, called Raven's-hugb, i. e. the
Ravens-Crag, from its being the folitary and fecure retreat of that
bird by its high fituation, and fcraggy projections. It is moftly
in horizontal ftrata, with fome large perpendicular fifliires, as is
ufual in precipices. It is of a whitifli-brown colour, with filvery
particles of talc, and of different degrees of finenefs ; part of it
making excellent grind-flones ; the greateft part highly efteemed
for pavements, ftone-fteps, columns, and ornamented Afhler-
works. It holds its colour and form under the rigour of the
fevereft feafons. The handfome feat of Sir Lancelot Allgood,of Nun-
•wicbj Knt. is built with it, defigned by Mr. Garret.

At the weft end of the crag is a fpring, under a fcraggy cover
of natural arch-work, the fides in fummer fliaded with dwarf

ftone-

OF STONES. $g

ftone-ferns, the adit ftored- with that wholefome and agreeable
fallad, the water-crefs.

Near this fpring are the ruins of huge rocks, beaten down by
florms. One is fifteen feet long, eighteen feet and fifteen inches
broad, and above fix feet thick ; the black Mane Ufnea, or rock-
hair, on the back part of it. Another, by the violence of the
fall, has flarted from it, and refts with one end at the bottom.

At a fmall diftance caftward, is a third of a more remarkable
fize, one folid mafs, twcnty-feven feet, ten inches long, eight
feet broad, and twelve feet thick ; Vaccinia nigra, and Eric<e, on
the top.

By the village of Fen-wick, near Kiley at Ancroft, and Norham,
near Berwick, is a free-ftone of a pale red colour. With the Fen-
•wick-ilone, the priory of Holy I/land feems to have been built j and
with the Norbam-ft.on.e, the caftle of Norham.

On White-fide bank, near Woofer, is a free-ftone of a light pur-
ple ; of a clofe grit, with fome talcy fpangles ; the ftratum three
feet, and the roof fix feet, thick.

I might mention fome other quarry-free-ftones, but thefe are
of principal note for mechanic ufes.

The whiteft and moft beautiful free-ftone found in detached or
loofe mafles, is on the eftate of William Sivinburn, Efq; at Long
Witton, near the village, compofed of a bright white fand, and
filvery micce, laced with fparry veins, which render it lefs con-
defcenfive to the chiflcl. It is ufed for chimney-pieces, and other
ornamental ftone-works.

I 2 At

6o OF STONES.

At SbifJcn, near Cartridge, are digged up large mattes of free-
Hone, of a coarfe grit, with talcey fpangles, of a whitifh-brown
colour, accounted excellent for grind-ftones, gate-pofts, and other
cecomenical ufes.

Quarries of rag-flone, fit for mill-ftones, are fcarce. The befb
for that ufe are on the weft fide of Elalack-burn, above a. bridge
of one arch, near Wyden-Eks; the ftratum nine feet thick, under.
it a coarfe flate, and above it nine feet of rubbifh. The mafter-
quarrier for every pair of mill-ftones pays to the proprietor i /. 10 s.
They are conveyed for. their goodnefs into remote parts of Scot-
land.

Near a lake or lough in Coen-w W-foreft, three miles eaft from:
Knarefdale, is another mill-ftone quarry, of good efteem; the
ftrata appearing at the very furface.

On Bewick-common is a mill-flone-quarry of good note ; alfo
one near Harlot tie ; and another near

Above the water-fall at Tecket, near Simonburn, are huge detach-
ed mafles of rag, of the true mill-ftone grit, but not ufed. The
top of one rock has been cut into a mill-ftone form, but deferted
for its hardnefs.

Nodules of fine rag, commonly called moor-ftone, lie fcattered
in great plenty on the brow of Calldey-Hill ; in frequent ufe
with countrymen for whet-ftones to give an edge to their fcithes.

Mafles of coarfe rag, compofed of arenaceous and talcy gra-
nules, and quartz-pebbles, from the fiz-e of a pea to a nutmeg
and a walnut, lie difperfed on Fwrftone-hill, near Hexham. The
garden-waHs of the £ra>»te-convent at Hexham were built with
this kind of ftone.

Large

Q F S T O N E S. 61

s

Large mafles of fine rag, fit for building, are common in
many places. Our anceftors have chofen to build their for-
trefles and ftrong holds, and the Romans their caftra, with it, as
beft enduring the rage of time and the weather. The caftles of
Bambrough, Dunftonbrough, and Prudhoiv, are built with it ; the
mortar of Bambrough-ca.ft\e compofed of lime, fand, and fea-fhells,
chiefly the fmall white Turbo, not the leaft decayed in the
courfe of fo many ages.

Laminated ffee-ftone, of a good quality for flags and flates, is
plentiful. At High Morake, on the edge of Gofton-burn, near
Wark, in Tynedale, and at Bromehope, in Reedfdale, is a flate of a
purple colour, of a fine fmooth furface, thick fet with glittering
flakes of micse.

At Low Morale?, by Goffon-burn, are good grey flags and flates ;
fome ftrata of both curioufly figured ; of which hereafter.

At Bay-Bridge, in Hexhamfhire; and at Birtley, near Chipchace,
and at Black Heddon, alfo at Bolham, is an excellent brown flate.
They have the valuable properties of hardnefs and lightnefs, not
eafily pervaded by water in the moft rainy feafons, or parting
into mivers under the fe verity of tempefts and frofts..

There is alfo a brown flate of good note at the bottom of two
remarkable cliffs of free-ftone by ffaltivefel-burn, near Lee's Hall,
at a fmall diflance from the military road. The cliffs project:
into the rivulet eaft and weft ; the fcreams winding under them
in pleafant murmurs ; their broken fides fhaded with brufliwood
of various kinds ; near them a chalybeat fpring,

There is a very good brown flate at Great Whittington,
Buteland, Halyivell, Rothbury-Eaft-Mill, Halyjlonc-¥z\\, Barrow, Fol-

bury,

62 OFSTONES.

bury, Etall, and at Stony-path, near Aln-wick. Their furfaces are
all, more or lefs, fct with fplendid talcy particles, which pafs
the fire without lofing their luftre, at the fame time that the flate
crackles and burfts intofhivers, or lofes its natural colour.

In the grounds at Overtoil, near Simonbnrn, on the eftate of Sir
Ralph Milbank, of Hannaby, in York/Jjire, Bart, is a flate of a bright
lead-colour, their furfaces extremely fmooth and mining with
filvery flakes of talc, the laminae diftinguifhed at the edges by
alternate deep blue, and ochreous yellow veins ; the flratum
fourteen inches and a half thick, faced with an irony, rufty-co-
loured ftone, which, on being ftruck with a hammer, falls off
like wooden laths. Above and under the flate is a large flag, each
from four to fix inches thick, dipping to the fouth, and rifmg to
the north; fome of the bottom-flags of an irregular and uneven
furface, as if bulged and bruifed with the weight of the incum-
bent roof. The roof is in fome places eighteen, and in others
twenty-four, feet. The flags are ufed for tomb-flones, and look
very handfome under cover, but are too tender to bear the
weather. They may be had of a very large fize. Both the flags
and flates are impatient of the fire and frofls. In the fire they
crackle, and burfl with a loud noife. like the report of a piflol,
owing to their fulphurs. Under the feverity of frofts and tem-
pefls, they feparate into thin leaves or plates, and moulder away.
If the flates had hardnefs equal to their lightnefs and beauty,
they would be the mofl valuable of any in the kingdom for
covering houfes. There are fome few, indeed, in the fame
quarry of another nature and colour, of a hardy ferrugenous
conflitution, and of a rufty hue, not altering by the torture of
fire, or by heavy rains, and piercing frofls. Thefe are ufed by
the country people in the neighbourhood in the ftrufture of their
flew-ovens.

Free-

OFSTONES. 63

• Free-Hone is frequently found curioufly figured, both in de-

tached mafles and in ftrata, of which the following are the moft
. remarkable that have fallen in my way to collect.

A whitifli-brown mafs, in the form of half an Ionic column,
twelve inches long, and twenty-three inches over, with numer-
ous digitated figures on the furface in relief, in a quincunx or-
der, of about three quarters of an inch in length, and half an
inch in diameter at the bafe, gradually tapering to a rounded
point ; the under fide fcraggy and uneven ; fome of the fcrags
flruck off to make it portable. From a quarry in £otbbury-fore&t
near Simonfide,

A piece of a fmall flag with a curious reprefentation of a. plant
in relief, with a bold flem and branched ; the branches daflyli-
formes.

Another piece with four finger-like fhoots from one root, in
bol;l relief likewife. Thefe are formed by the infinuation of
water and fand between the lamina. A marble rubbed down to a
fmooth furface on a wet ftone, and taken haflily off, will fhew
arbufcular figures of its own grit, fometimes like a foreft, in
relief.

Part of a flag, channelled, with elegant wavy ftria? at the bot-
tom of the channels, uniformly fulcated in the middle, through
the whole length. One of thefe flrias takes a doubling courfe of
twenty inches, beautifully ferpentine.

Thefe three from a free-ftone quarry on the edge of the brook
at Simonburn, below the fchool-houfe.

A large

64 Of STONES.

A large, thick, brown flate, with broad, tranfveffe, parellel
channels, the intermediate fpaces tumid or fwelling in half
rounds, very beautiful. From a flate quarry on the top of the
wood at Con-Jheels, near Wark, in Tynedak.

In the flate-quarry at Loiv Moralee, are three courfes of a dark
brown flate, thick fet with arenaceous cylenders of a light brown,
of the fize of a goofe-qulll.

In the fame quarry is a courfe of light grey flate, with nume*
rous irregular blotches of black, of various fizes.

There is alfo in the fame quarry a courfe of a large, brown flag
with thin lamina on the furface, refembling the waves of the fea,
very beautiful.

Nodules of reddifh-brown free-ftone, with true Stalagmite, or
cruftated bodies, including one another, like cups, are frequent
on the fhore of the brook

On the fhore of the river Coquet, below Welden-m\\\, I gathered
a nodule of whitifli-brown free-ftone with many longitudinal
parallel lines of a dark brown, like the veins or crufts of pebbles.
It is formed, like them, by incruflation.

Whet-Jiones, for the finer tools, are rare. There is an approved
fort, of a dark greyifh-blue colour, found on the flrand of the
brook by Setlingjlones, above Nevubrough, near an old deferted lead-
mine. Thefe are of fo fine a grit, that they will give an excel-
lent edge to a razor. There are rocks of a plated ftone on the
edge of the brook, out of which thefe are warned by the floods,
but a long fearch may be made before a good one can be picked

out j

OFSTONES. 65

out; the largeft not above twelve inches long, and fix inches
broad. Mechanics are very fond of them.

On the edge of the brook at Sivinburn-catile, above the mill, is
a plated rock, of a light greyifh-blue colour, and exceeding fine
texture, from which I have had whetftones that give a very good
edge to penknives. They are alfo fcarce. Small mafles arc
fometimes found lying on the pavement of the brook below the
mill, turned out by floods ; the longed not above fourteen inches,
and five or fix inches broad. There is a variety of it of a fofcer
texture ; very much ufed in that neighbourhood within doors
for giving a white flone-colour to chimney-pieces and hearths.

In the grounds of a farm, called Black-Carts, near a gate lead-
ing to Neivbrough, from the military road, is a laminated flcne
of a light grey, and alfo of a dark blue colour, of great ufe to
fhoemakers in giving an edge to their knives, for cutting leather.
It is alfo ufed in writing-fchools for pencils, for the Irt/b (late,
drawing a white line freely. That at Stvinburn is frequently put
to the fame ufe.

Quarry-marble, or marble found in (Irata, is not uncommon.
A fine lort was lately difcovered on the eftate of Sir John Lambert
Middleton, of Belfay, Bart, by a farm, called the Park-Ho-'ife. It is
of a grey colour, with ftreaks of black, thick fet with that large,
fcarce, and beautiful coralloid, the Alcynohim of Mr. Edward
Lhivyd, faid by Sir Hans Sloane to be a native of the American feas,
(a), of a whitim-brown colour, lying in all directions (b). It
is of a fine texture, and great brightnefs, rightly polifhed. It
rifes in large blocks, ten or eleven feet long, five or fix feet

(a) Ph. Tr. No. 257.

(b) Marmor coralliticum, durius, cinereo nigrefcens. Hill. Hift. Foil". 472. No. i.

VOL. I. K broad,

66 OFSTONES.

broad, and two feet thick. It is ufed, at prefent, only for lime,
but when its value is better known, it is likely it will be pre-
ferved for fuch ornamental mechanic ufes, as it deferves ; being
only difcovered early in the year 17615.

Near Dilfton is a dark blue marble, fhaded with brown, re-
fembling Jafper, taking an elegant politure. There is a table of
it at Corbridge cut and poliihed by the owner, Mr. Lumley, an in-
genious ftone-cutter, from London.

By the village of Corbridge is a light blue marble, thinly fet with
fmall Entrochoi, which being white make a pretty variegation.
There are tomb-ftones of it at Halt on, and a mural one erected
over Dr. Rotheram, a difTenting minifter, in the church at Hexham.
This has a brown made. It is bordered with a molding of black
marble from a quarry at Frojlerley, near Wolfingham, in the bi-
fhoprick of Durham, thick fet with white coralloid Fungit<e,
in all directions (c); rendering it very defirable for chim-
ney-pieces, flabs, and tables, frequently polifhed and fold for
that ufe by the Corbridge-znift., whofe workmanfhip thefe fepul-
chral marbles were, enduring the weather tolerably well, but
lofmg their luftre, and doing the marbalift little credit, when
long expofed.

At Cbefeburn-Grange, near Stamfordham, is a marble of the fame
colour, prettily variegated alfo with white Entrochoi, admitting
a neat politure. There is a mural fepulchral ftonc of it by the
fouth end of the altar-table in Newburn-chm'ch, erected to the
memory of Mr. Longridge, of Wallbottle.

(c) Marmor nigrum coraliis refertnm. Da Co/la. Hill. Foil", p. 232. No. 73.

In

O F S T O N E S. 67

In Cal/ege-pa.rk, near Aln-wick, is a blue marble with the fame
variegations, conforming with difficulty to the chiffel, yet tak-
ing a tolerable polifli. It rifes in blocks of four, five, and fix
feet in length, of different thicknefs, from nine tofixteen inches.

On Long Houghton-moor, about a mile north-weft from Rats-
hugb, and near a mile from Denivick, is a dark blue marble, eafily
worked into any form, and of a pleafant polimre. It is raifed
in mafTes of feven or eight feet long, and generally about nine
inches thick.

About a mile from Wltton^ near Rothbury, is a light blue marble,
of a fine texture, and capable of a neat politure. There is
a mural fepulchral flone of it in the chancel of Rothbury -church,
over the remains of Dr. Thom/infon, rector of that parifh, the po-
lifhing part poorly performed, fmooth and even, but of no
luflre.

At Fair-flow, near Nunivick, is a blue marble, thick fet with
madrepore-coralloids, compofed of a bright white opake fpar
of the fize of a goofe-quill, the ends in their Cuticul<e, or rough
coats, looking like the fubterraneous vermicular vagrants, rifing
in fucceflion, and in crowds to make their exit. Polifhed, they
fliew their interior texture, many of them radiated from the
centre, with annular circles ; the marble appearing with them
very neat and handfome. Some part of the road above Fair-Jhoiv
is paved with it j feveral fragments now lying upon the fur-
face (d).

(d) Marmor fubcaeruleum. Da C'.Jla. Hift. Foft 198. No. 17.

Marmor fubcaeruleum fplendidum, durius, quod Marmor Numidicum antiquorutn. /////.
Hift. FofT. p. 465. No. i.

Pierre bleue, Blaeuwe ftein. Boccone Refchcrche? et Obfervat. Nat. Lett. 13. p. 124.

K 2 Thcfe

68

OF STONES.

Thefe marbles are ufed for lime, as well as the
whereby fome of them are become fcarce, particularly the fine
fort at Dilfton, and the Oz/^-park marble.

From our River, and Sea Shores, I have been furnifhed with the
following Marmoritcs, or fmall ma-fles and nodules of marble.

i. A marmoriteof a chocolate colour, with a fine golden fhader
regularly fet with many columns of coralloids of the fame kind
with thofe in the J3^-marble. They all lie parallel to the fur-
face, and look like an affemblage of Auricula pips in their natural
colours, giving the Hone an extraordinary beauty. From the
fliore of the brook at Simonburn, below the fchool-houfe. Tur-
binated and bivalve fea-fhells are frequently found immerfed in
it ; of which hereafter.

2. A marmorite of a deep red colour, with coralloids of a bright
red, of the fize of a fixpenny flick of fealing wax, in a perpen-
dicular order, parallel to the furface. From the fhore of the
brook at Gofton.

3. A marmorite of a reddim-brown colour, with coralloids of
a bright and beautiful orange-yellow, of the fize of a large
goofe-quill ; the tubes filled in the center with a bright white
fpar, like fmall points or fpecks, adding much to its beauty.

4. A reddifh-brown marmorite with fmall coralloids of a bright
white, filled with a fubflance of the fame colour with the flcae.

Thefe two from the fhore of the brook near Nun-wick.

A greyifli-brown marmorite, thick fet with coralloids of a
bright grey, of the fize of a goofe-quill, with a white annular
circle, and a white apex in the centre. From the fhore of the

brook

OFSTONES. 6<)

brook at Simonburn. We have this kind with coralloids of a bright
white ; alfo bright white with a bluuS of red (e). Turbinated
and other marine fhells are frequent in it.

6. A black marmorite with coralloids of a yellowifh-white
colour. It is of an oblong fliape, of about a foot in length, and
half a foot broad. From the fame fhore (f).

7. A grey marmorite fhaded with an orange-yellow, and thick
fet with fmall coralloids of a pearl colour, and tranfparent ;
numbers of them in relief upon the furface, refembling worms,
as if alive and crawling. It is the Marmor junceum of Dr. Wood-
ward (g).'-. From the fhore of the brook near SimonburnoMQ.
It is alfo frequent on our other mores, and on the fea-ftrand ; of
a confiderable fize, fometimes large enough for fmall tables,
chimney-pieces, and other ornamental works.

8. A marmorite of a deep purple colour, with coralloids of
the fame kind, of a bright and beautiful orange-yellow, of the
fize of a crow-quill. From the Ihore of North Tyne, below Cbip-
chace-mill, by the Strotber-houfe.

9. A marmorite compofed of numerous fragments of fea-
Ihells, in fo confufed an order as not to be diftinguimed, form-
ing a moil beautiful variegation, in parts refembling flowers ;
the brims of a fine chocolate colour, the eyes of a bright orange.

(c) Marmoroides cinereus coralliis refertus. Da Co/la. Hift. Foff. p. 247. Wood-ward.
Cat. Foil. k. 17.

(f) Marmoroides niger coralliis refertus. DaC'Jla. Hift. Foff. p. 244. Woodward. Cat.
A. e. 27, 28, 29.

(g) Marmoroidci fufco-cinereus coralliis refertus. Da Co/In. Hift. Foil", p, 248. Wood-
ward. Cat. A. e. 22.

It

7o

OF STONES.

It is the Blumenftein, i. e. the .F/o-uw-ftone, of the Germans (h).
From the more of the brook below Simonburn-ca.ft.le. I found a
variety of it on the fame fhore, which I broke, and took out a
fmall thick Conch-ftictt, and a fmall Turbo, entire, in their natu-
ral colours, white, with a tinge of red.

10. A greyifii-black Marmorite with numerous fragments of
white turbinated {hells, the edges of fome, and the Volute of others
confpicuous, forming an elegant variegation. From the OJlium
of Go/?o«-burn, near Wark, in Tynedale.

11. A reddifh-brown marmorite, with numerous minute frag-
ments of fea-fhells, of abright orange-yellow, forming a large and
beautiful figure, like a wreath ; fmall pieces of entrochi thinly
fcattered on the furface, of a bright white colour. The wreath,
or laureated figure, goes through the whole flone, fair and con-
fpicuous on both fides. From the fhore of a ftreamlet on the
north-fide of Simonburn-czftle.

12. A greyifh-brown marmorite, thick fet with fmall entrochi,
of a bright white, lying in various directions, the lides of fome,
and the ends of others appearing, forming a moft pleafing varie-
gation ; from the fhore of the brook below Simonburn'Ca&le, where
at this time is a very large mafs of it among a heap of flones on
the fouth-fide of the ford (i).

13. A marmorite of a chocolate-ground, with fmall zones or
circles of a light and deep green, very beautiful. From the fame
fhore.

(h) Brudman. Epift. Itin. Cen. ii. Epift. 26. p. 246. No. 29. Da Cojla. Hifl. Fo/T.
P- 238-

(i) Marmor fufco-cinereum entrochis refertum. Da C^Jia. 235, 236. Woodward. Cat.
A. x. b. 6r.

14. A

OFSTONES. 71

14. A marmorite of an olive-green ground, fpotted and varie-
gated with a florid and deep red. It is a beautiful ftone. From
the fhore of North Tyne, by the Strotber-houfe, near Chipchace-
mill.

15. A marmorite compofed of pebbles, of various fizes, and
of various colours, brown, red, purple, and cinereous with
purpley?r/>, forming a beautiful variegation ; held together by
a reddim-brown cement. In its native flate in the earth it has
an inveftient cruft. From the more of the brook below Go/ton^
where it is not unfrequent. I have a variety of it compofed of
fmaller pebbles, brown, red, and yellow, from the fhore of the
brook below Ntmivick-gzi'den, large enough for a fmall table.

1 6. An alabaflrine marmorite, compofed of flat plates, laid
evenly and clofely upon one another, approaching to parallello-
pepid figures, of a yellowifh-white, bright and pellucid. It is
of a mattery texture in the mafs, eafily breaking into pieces of
different fizes ; fome of the larger pieces elegantly floated length-
ways, like the molding of a cornice. From the limeftone-
quarry at Four/tones, where it is frequent. It was the Marmor Phen-
gites of the Antients (k), who had it from Cappachcia. They ufed
it much in their public buildings. The famous Temple of For-
tune, which had not a fingle window, was built with it, and was
perfectly light from its bright tranfparence, in which confifts
its beauty. In works that do not require ftrength, it is very fine
and ornamental, taking an excellent polifli.

17. A marmorite of a fibrous texture, with beautiful veins,
and radiated circles, of a flefli-colour ; fome of the circles varic-

(k) Alabaftrites lucidifllma, fruftulofa, albido-flavefcens : quas marmor phcngites anti-
quorum. Hill. Hift. Fo(T. p. 490. No. 2.

Marmor phcngites Plin. 2. p. 752. C&falpin. p. 95. DC Boot, 490, & 520.

gated

72 OFSTONES.

gated with a purplifh-red, under a thin cuticula, or crufl of the
fame colour, part of which is taken off by politure to mew its
elegant ftructure and beauty, the variegated circles very much
refembling fmall flowers. From the fhore of the brook below

1 8. A marmorite compofed of fine capillary filaments, lying
in various directions, fome of them forming beautiful dendntfy
or arbufcular figures, of a fan-like fhape, of two different de-
grees of purple, with a flight tinge of orange and carmine ; ca-
pable of an excellent polifh. From the fhore of the brook at
G of ton, near JYark, in Tynedale.

19. A marmorite of the fame ftruclure, of a grey colour, of
two different degrees ; the fine forming a large radiated figure
at one end, refembling the rifing Sun. From the fhore of the
brook at Simonburn, near the fchool-houfe.

We have a variety of it with tranfverfe femicircular fillets, of
a light grey, on a dark grey ground. It is more frequent with-
out thefe elegant figures, yet very beautiful, the ends of the fila-
ments forming a curious reticular work ; its general colour grey,
lighter or deeper, arid fometimes of both thefe colours, in
clouds and variegations.

20. A marmorite formed of a congeries of aflroite coralloids,
of a button-like fhape, of a greyifh-black colour, with black
maihes. From the more of North Tyne, oppofite to Kirk-feld, near
Warky in Tynedale.

Thefe rnarmoreous Fibrari<e all ferment violently with acids.
They are of a marine origin, and are commonly found en-

tombed

OFSTONES. 75

tombed in flone, with madrepores, fungitse, entrochoi, and
teftaceous bodies.

21. A marmorite compofed of large coralloid porl, with fin?,
thin, longitudinal plates, in a ilellate order, from the axis to the
circumference, interfered by numerous tranfverfe fcpta or dia-
phragms ; the ends of the columns concave ; a prominent flar
in the center, with a fmall apex or point ; three quarters of an
inch in diameter ; the interior colour a dark brown, and a yel-
lowim-white, in a beautiful Variegation ; looking after politure
like an aflemblage of auricula-pips, appearing on all fides of
the mafs in a diftmct and elegant difpofition. It is a foot long,
and half a foot thick. It Was turned up by the fpade in trench-
ing Sir Lancelot Allgood's garden at Nunivick, near the brook. It is
fometimes found, but rarely, on the fea-fhore, by Rofs- Links y
near Belford, from which I had a fmall mafs worn and fmoothed
by the tides. It is the great Lithojlrotion of De Boot and Wormius (ljy
and the Alcynoium of that eminent lithogift, Mr. Edward Lbivyd,
keeper of the AJhmolean mufeum (m). It takes an excellent
polifh. Mr. Lhivyd found fome of it in Wales, but he does not
tell us where, incorporated in limeftone, not exceeding fix, nine,
or twelve inches in diameter, preferable, in his opinion, to the
Florentine marble. He has publifhed a neat print of two pieces,
one polifhed perpendicularly, and the other horizontally (n).
The ingenious and curious naturalift Mr. "John Beaumont, of Stoney-
Eafton, under Mendip-\\i\\?,, in Somerfetjhire, who propofed oblig-
ing the world with a natural hiftory of that county, if he had

(I) Lapidis aftroitidis five ftellaris primum genus. DeBoot, cle Gemm. ci Lapid. 1. ir.
Wcrm. Mufeum.

(m) Ph. Tr. No. 252. (n) Ibid.

VOL. I. L met

74

OF STONES.

met with due encouragement, prefented Sir Hans Sloane with
fome pieces as fine, found on thofe hills. It is accounted one of
the moft elegant coralloid pori in the world.

22. A marmorite compofed of kjjer coralloid pori ; the flars
variegated with a light and dark grey, with white apices ; the
mafhes white. From the more of the brook at Simonburn. It is
the lejftr Lithoftrotion of authors (o).

Of this lefTer fpecies we have a great variety with refpedl to
colours.

i/?. With grey flars, variegated with black j the maflies of a
bright white, undulated at the edges ; the columns of the fize of
a common writing quill. From the fame fhore.

zdly. Of a dark brown, variegated with black. From the more
of the brook below Nun-wick.

. With deep red flars, encircled with a light grey, with
numerous minute red fpots, on a grey ground, forming a moft
beautiful variegation. From the more of the brook at Goffon.

. Of a deep red ; a reticular work of fmall chryftals on
part of the furface. From the fhore of North Tyne, below Chol-
lerford-bridge.

. Of a florid red, very fine. From the fame more. It is
frequently found of a pale red on the fhore of Warks-burn, above
Crook-bank in Tynedale.

(o) Lithoftrotion, five bafaltes minimus ftriatus et ftellatus. Lhwyd's Lithoph. Britann.
Ichnogr. Epift. 5. Tab. 23.

Marmoroides columnaris ftellatus, Lithoftrotion diflus. Da Cojia. Hift. Foff. p. 246.
No. n.

dthfy.

.

OF STOKES. 75

<Jthly. Purple, variegated with an orange-yellow. From the
more of the brook at Gofton.

. Of a bright fcarlet ; the mafhes like fine lace-work ; the
heads of the coralloids refembling in their compartments the
fcarlet tubercles of the cup-mofs. From the more of the brook
below Simon&urn-ca.R.\£.

Thefe all have reticular ridges, and prominent ftellar ftrise in
their perfect ftate, before they are worn and fmoothed by the
currents ; and the red kinds commonly have a congeries of fmall
chryftals on fome part of the furface. Thofe that have their
tubes filled with a red fubflance, and are tinged with the fame
colour, have fometimes an inveftient, ftellate cruft, very beau-
tiful. Such incruftations are not unfrequent on rubble-ftones,
in which fmall mafles of coralloid port are fometimes included,
very fine. Nodules of free-flone are fometimes found on the
fame mores compofed of columns, and have fmall apices in the
center of the mafties, but have no flars.

Coralloid-marmorites, both with large and with fmall, con-
cave ftars, variegated with a light and dark grey, arc frequent
on the fhore of the brook at Simonburn, above the bridge, turned
out of the banks of blue clay, which abound with marine re-
mains. Thofe with large flars are fometimes found with their
columns in relief on the under fide ; of which I have a very fine
fpecimen, in its argillaceous lively. They arc both capable of
an excellent polifh, and may be had in large mafles.

Marble has fpar for its bails, and fermems with acids. Cal-
cined, it is faid to yield a Phofphorns, which being held one mi-
nute in the light, becomes luminous when removed into a dark
place. . It is not fufible perfe.

L 2 A variety

76 OFSTONES.

A variety of the coralloid fpecies, with deep pori, compofed
of arenaceous granules, and fmall cryflals, incapable of a po-
liture, when rubbed down, is not uncommon on the eaflern
fliore of North Tyne, by its OJiium ; and alfo on the more of South-
Tyne, but more rarely ; the pori of the latter often extending
near the whole length of the columns, glittering with corpuf-
cles, or fpangles, of cryftal.

Thefe aftroite coralloid Pori are formed fo much like a Honzy-
comb, that they have obtained the name of Honey comb~&onea.

Single columns of madrepore-coralloids, both cylindric, and
branched, of various fizes, are not unfrequent in the clay-banks
by the brook at Slmonburn, above the bridge, on the north fide.

Of the former fpecies, I met with a remarkable variety, grey,
of a folid and firm texture, flriated lengthways, a little inflected
and comprefled, with a broad furrow, towards the extremity,
with white arbufcular flrias on a grey ground from the center to
the circumference. It is an inch long, and as much round, the
compreffed end broken off.

Alfo of the other I met with one as remarkable ; tuberated at
the ends, with Tuber a on the furface, and numerous minute pori,
forming an elegant reticular work of a bright white on a black
ground; the tubes filled with an indurated argillaceous earth,
of a greyifh-black ; tranfverfe alternate ilrise of black and white
from its edges to the circumference. It is found of different
fizes, from a quarter of an inch to half an inch in diameter, and
an inch or more in length, filled with indurated clay-earths of
different tinges. It is fo tender in the flrata, that I have never
been able to take it out with the branches entire, yet, when it
has been expofed to the air, grows as hard as a marble.

Arbuf-

OFSTONES. 77

Arbufcular columns are fometimes found entire in the Lamina
of mattery limeftone on the fhore of the brook below Simonburn-
caftlc ; from which I had a fmall mafs with fome very fair.

Of the coralloid, called, Mycetetesy from its being compofed of
fine thin Lamella like the gills of mufhrooms, we have an elegant
fpecies of a conoid fhape, with tranfverfe fcrias from the center to
the circumference, forming a figure like the SUN. It is a beau-
tiful obj eel, white, fometimes with a tinge of red. It takes a
high polifh, and fometimes- by including in the middle, part of
the dark-coloured {lone it is found immerfed in, it forms a figure
on the other fide like that opake body the MOON, very ftriking
to the beholder, expecting no iuch thing as a lunar reprefenta-
tionon the reverie of afolarone. It is found from fix inches
and a half to three inches and a half in circumference at the
thickeft end, and from five inches and a half to two inches and
a half in length, in a black calcarious Hone on the fhore of the
brook at Simonburn.

We have a variety of it of a comprefTed form, with tranfverfe,
undulated wrinkles, and a deep furrow on each fide lengthways;
two radiated figures at the ends, refembling two SUNS in minia-
ture, the glory in light grey circles, on a dark grey ground. It
is two inches and a half round at the thickeft end, two inches at
the fmaller, and an inch and a half long. It feems to be two
Fungit* united together, there appearing by the help of a mag-
nifier a kind of a flaw between them, not difcernible by the
naked eye. I had it from the bottom of the fame river.

A Mycetetes with a large kind of Plexus or net-work in the
center, with white ^n^ on a pearl-coloured ground extending
from it to the circumference, is fometimes found in limeftone
in the quarry at C%££«r«-grange, near Stamfordham, from which

I had

78 OF STONES.

I had it. It is compofed of fine fpar, and takes a neat polifli.
It is of a conoid fhape, and a little incurvated ; three inches and
a half round at the thikeft end, two inches at the frnaller, and
an inch and a half long; the fmall end holding part of the
flonc, of a yellowifli-grey. It is fometimes found double that
length, in that quarry, tumid in the middle, and gradually ta-
pering at each end.

On the fliore of South Tyne, near Allerwajh, in a calcarious (lone,
I found a group of them, lying horizontally, of a yellowiih.
white.

I have alfo a fine one from the more of the river T-weed, near
Cornhlll, found loofe, of a reddifh-white.

Of this kind, I met with two remarkable varieties ; one of a
conoid fhape, with an arbufcular delineation in the center, of a
bright white, on an afli-coloured ground j another of a flat
form, marked with the capital letters / R in the center, of a
bright white, on a deep purple ground ; both flruck out of a
calcarious ftone on the more of the brook at Simonburn.

It is fometimes found in ftone on the fame fliore with white
ftriae, on a ground of two different degrees of purple.

On the fea fliore by Hofs-links, near Belford, and on the fliore
near Widdrington, a yellowifli-white mycetetes is frequent in fmall
mafles of the marmor juncenm, and other ilones.

Innumerable quantities of a grey mycetetes are in the clay-
banks by the brook of Simonburn. In my fearchcs for them, I
have obferved them frequently lying in great order, appearing
as if jointed, till I have been undeceived by taking them out,

and

O F S T O N E S. 79

and found them fingle, in a linear pofition. The floods often
turn them out of their argillaceous nidus's, and fmooth their fur-
faces, when their tranfverfe and longitudinal Jlrie are feen to
great perfection.

Their moft ufual fhape is conoid, but we fometimes find them
of an irregular ihape, and fcyphiform, or cuped, like the cup-
mufhroom, with fine^n> in alternate ridges and furrows, from
a protuberated center in the cup to the circumference, and alfo
length-ways. I have one of thefe of an inch and a half in dia-
meter, an inch and three quarters long, and four inches round ;
found in the bottom of the fame brook, with a fmall conoid cuped
mycetetes, with the fame kind ofjtri<e in the cup, and other larger
round it.

We have them alfo in ftone on the fame fhore of a
fliape, with an obtufe reflected apex underneath, of various co-
lours ; of a light and deep afh-colour ; of a pearl-colour, with
a beautiful blufli of red ; of a deep purple and white. They
take an excellent polim. It is not uncommon to find this and
the conoid fpecies entombed in large loofe maJTes of a greyifli-
black hard ftone, in company with the grey and white undulated
lithojlrotion, entrochoi, and bivalve mells, great and fmall, in a
moft amazing confufion.

All the coralloid clafs are of a marine origin, the marmoreous
cafts of fea-coralloids, compofed of longitudinal and tranfverfe
/amellte, fo thin, as to form the beautiful radiated figures de-
fcribed. Sections of them cut through both ways give a good
view of their interior ftructure. They calcine to a white lime.

Of the figured ftones, called Belemnitt, or thunderbolts, the
Trochitx, Entrochoi, AJleria, or ftar-ftones, compofed of talc and

fpar,

8o OF STONES,

fpar, with an admixture of fulphur, \ve have a great abundance,
The largeft and faireft I have fcen are in the ftrata of clay above
the bridge of Simonburn ; where they lie in all directions, foft and
fragil, not enduring to be touched but with the greateil gentle-
nefs, yet, when expofed to the air, acquiring the hardnefs of a
marble, and capable of a politure. Their exterior colour, when
wafhed and freed from the clay, is grey, or a yellowifh-white.
Sometimes they have an elegant indented incruflation, and
ibmetimes an incruflation with minute protuberated points, of a
greyifh-black ; both the indentings and points numerous. They
are filvery and glittering when broke. Some of them exhibit a
curious phenomenon by politure, the grit of one appearing
very white, and that of another of a dark lead colour, inclining
to black, owing to metalline admixtures. The radiated heads
of others being taken down by politure, they exhibit beautiful
clouds of grey and white, owing to the fame caufe. In the fire
they crackle and burft, mewing their gloffy foliaceous texture.
Rubbed hard upon a ftone they fmell like burnt horn. Their
jlne, from the center to the circumference, are formed to hold
their joints together like futures. Their central tubull or perfo-
rations are filled with various matter, as hard as their own fu fa-
glance, and of different colours, taking their interior figure and
circular channels.

The Belemnit* are of all fizes, from lefs than an inch to ten
inches ; fome of them cylindric ; others comprefTed, with a lon-
gitudinal furrow on one or both fides ; fome with fmall tuber-
cles ; and others with their joints a little raifed. They are rarely
found conic, and thofe not exceeding two inches in length,

The Entrochoi are from lefs than half an inch to fix inches, but
it is with difficulty they can be had entire of fo great a length ;

the

OFSTONES. 8 1

the intermediate ones moft beautiful ; fome with their joints
elegantly ferrated, forming wavy lines, with a punctated fur-
face ; fome with Appcndiculx, or radiated ftuds and branches ;
fome with oval, and others with round hollows on their fides,
like cups, as if they were the fockets of branches ; fome like
f crews, and therefore called fcrew-flones ; fome of thofe finer
and thinner edged, and others blunter and rounder, with fewer
circles.

The Aften<e, or ftar-ilones, are from lefs than half an inch to
two inches in length. Some of them are perfect Intaglio, and
may ferve for feals. They have not all the like number of angles,
nor are all the angles acute. Some of the flellar cavities are
filled with a black, and others with a red fubflance, which on
a white ground look very beautiful. Some of them have a
fingle order of rays, and others a double one, encircling the
{tars ; the latter order generally higher, and more raifed next the
brim. Some of them have elegant red wavy lines running
through their white fubflance.

That beautiful fpecies of AJleria which forms a flellar figure
like the P entlphylhm flower, full-blown, found at Lepplngton, near
Malton, and at Bugthorpitt. the foot of the wolds in Yorkjlnre (p)y
is not found with us.

The Ajleropodium of Mr. Edward Lhwyd (q)-> and others (r) is
frequent in clay, with the former. It is fcemingly but half
formed, yet perfect and beautiful in the other half, having two
flattifli fides with a narrow ridge, the joints falling between
each other. It is conflantly found of the fame figure.

(p) Ph. Tr. No. 112.

(r) Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 654.

VOL. I.

(q) Lithopliilaceurn Britaniiicurti,

M

All

82 OFSTONES.

All thefe bodies are frequent both in {tone and loofe on the
(bores of our alpine rivulets, and in marble or limcftone quar-
ries. They are alfo plentiful on many parts of the fea-fhore,
particularly among the rocks at Holy I/land, where they are called
by the general name of St. Cuthbtrfs Beads, and are fo called by
Mr. Ray (s). We find them frequently immerfcd in nodules of
iron-ore, with fair fpecimens of bivalve fliells, on the ihore of
the brook, and in the clay-bank at Simonburn ; alfo fingle ones fo
filled with the ore, that they feem only thin jointed cafes, crufts,
or coverings to it. We fometimes find them in maffes of red iron-
ftone on the more of the brook at Gofton, of a blood-red through-
out, in vaft numbers. On the fea-more at Druridge, near Wid-
drington, I have found them in a red flone, of a beautiful white,,
with wavy red lines running through their plated iubftunce,.
both entrochoi and after'ue, the ftellar cavities of the latter, red. I
have alfo found the cavity of the belemnite red, with a white ci;vJe,
on a grey ground, in a red ftone on the more of the brook be-
low Simonburn-ca.ft.le. They are found both in flone and clay in
fuch innumerable quantities, and with fuch numerous difloca-
tions and bruifes, in company with other marine bodies, that
it is both entertaining and aftoniming to fee them. Lithologifts
of great name differ in their opinions concerning their origin.
The famous Dr. Lifter (t), and Mr. Beaumont of Stoney. Eqfton, in
Somerfetfljire (u}, refer them to the mineral kingdom. The
learned keeper of the Aflmolean Mufeum, Edivard Lbivyd (v),
and the three curious foreigners, Auguftin Scilla (wj, Gualtieri (x},

(s~) Philofophical Letters, p. 1.13. ('t) Ph. Tr. No. 100.

(u) Ph. Tr. No. 12,9, No. 150. (.vj Lithophil. Britann.

(w) A. Scilla de corporibus marinis lapidefcentibus quae defofla reperiuntur, 4/0. cum fig.
Roma, 1752.

(x) Nic. Gualtieri Index Teft. &c. fol. cum Tab. elegant. Florent, 1742.

and

O F S T O K E S. 83

and Klein (y)^ refer them to the animal ; reckoning them animal
remains, the fpincs of the echinus, or appendages of the fea-
Jlars.

The belemnite being calcined, is faid to produce the fame
effects with the celebrated original phofphorus of Bologna (z).

Spar is found with us in great quantities ; fome white, of
an irregular roundifh mape, and mammillated ; the mammilla:
of different magnitudes ; others in the form of ificles, white,
with purple zones ; alfo of a light ftraw-colour, fmall at the
root, fwelling in the middle, and tapering to a point, with final!
irregular tubera, and fiftuloiis. I have a fine fpecimen of the
mammillated and firlt ificle fort, from the more of the river Co-
quet, above Tbropfon; and two of the laft ificle-fpecies from a
quarry at Bebfide, by the river Blyik, both of the fame length,
five inches. I have had one from the fame quarry above a foot
long, of the fame colour, and tubulous. There are at this time
many fhort ones under the arch of the bridge at Warfy in Tynedak,
mow- whit£.

We have fome fpar with fingle, and fome with compound
crufts. I have a fine fpecimen of the latter fort from the ihore
of the brook at Simonburn • the furface thick fet with irregular
tubera, which being rubbed down by politure fliew a beautiful
Wavy procefs, with concentric zones or circles, and in one of

(y) y.Th. KUnil Defcript. Tubulorum marlrioruta, 4to. cum Fig. Gtdanl, 1731. Per-
illuftri Ham Shane, Baronetto, infcript.

(z) Du Fay's Le&ure on the Phofphorus at the Meeting of the Royal Academy of Sciences
at Paris, in the Year 1730.
Account of feveral new Sorts of Phofpborus, publiflied in the Year 1/33.

M 3 them,

84 OF STONES.

them, at one corner, a figure like a fhrub, of a ycllowifh-
white.

1 have a brown piece from Walker colliery, near Neivcajlle, with
many crafts, the furface villofe or nappy like velvet, glofly and
mining when held up to the light.

That fort called OJteocolla, from os-'tov, Os, and xox\a, Gluten, is
often lying on the fliore of the brook at Simonburn, after floods.
It is fo like an olTeous fubftance, that it is often taken for the
bone of fome animal by thofe that do not know it. It is in re-
putation for fractures and broken bones, powdered and taken
inwardly in milk, bread, an electuary, or in the common diet,
till the cure is compleated ; being faid to expedite exfoliation,
and to generate a ftrong and firm callus (a).

Spar is folvent by acid Menjlrua.

We have Pfeudo-CryJlal from the lead mines at Allen-Heads of
various figures and colours.

i . Cubic, which mews all the colours of the Rainbow.

2. Of the fame form, with a ycllowim tinge, owing to Lead.
\Ve have it alfo teflellated.

3. Rhomboidal, of a beautiful purple, owing to Iron. We have
it alfo with

4. Multangular, and pointed, of a fea-green, owing to Copper.

5-. Six fided or hexogonal cryflal, with large and beautiful
pyramids, of a diamond luilre.

(a) Ph. Tr. No. 453.

We

O F S T O N E S. &5

We find it alfo, in the fame mines, in the form of incrufta-
tions, with various angular protuberances and efflorcfceiices, of
a dazzling fplendor.

Pfcudo-Cnftal does not effervefce with Aquafortis, It is folvent
by fire, and is ufed in fluxing metals.

Cryftal, of an hexangular fhape, is fometimes found under the
gravelly furface, and in the fiflures of the rocks, at Dunftonbroitgh-
caftle. It is mentioned by the learned editor of Camden, who
compares it ro the ^r//?&/-flones (b). I am informed that the late
Thomas Proffor, of Rock, Efq; fent fome for trial on the wheel to
Edinburgh, which proved not inferior to thofc flones for hardncfs
and luftre. Hence they obtained the name of Dunftonbrough dia-
monds, but they are fo rarely found, that the late Dr. Tovey, vicar
of Embleton, on letting his tithes jokingly faid, " That he referved
only to himfelf tile tythe of the diamonds."

No folvent has been hitherto found for Cryftal.

Small opake and pellucid cryftalline nodules are not unfre-
quent on our frefli water and fea ftrands, from which I have had
the following varieties.

\ft. Of an oblong figure, and fiattifh on one fide, with an ad-
mixture of a pale yellow, and a deep red, in fpots and clouds.
From the fea-ftrand near Alnmouth.

idly. Of a round ifh figure, grey, with an admixture of a deep
red, diffufed in clouds, emulating the mofs-like figures in the
Af0r£<2-ftone. From the fliorc of the brook below the bridge at.
Simonburn.

(b) Bifliop Gibfon.

86 O F S T ON E S.

ly. Of a flat fhape on one fide, and roundifh on tfce other, of
abluifh-grey. From the fhore of North Tyne, near Park-End.
Thefe are opake.

^thly. Of an oblong, flat fhape, of a pearl colour, with white
reticular veins, like thofe we fee in the leaves of fome vegetables,
From the fhore of the brook near Nun-wick.

. Of an ovated fhape, and of the fame colour. From
fliore of the Tweed. On receiving a beam of light, it refracts it
mofl beautifully, like the IJland-cYyft.d\ of authors.

They are all of a fmooth furface, and capable of a neat
polifh. They are commonly taken by inaccurate obfervers for
fparry nodules,

Of Pebble-CryJlal (c) we have fome very fine, on the fhores of
the Coquet and Tweed ; from the fize of a pea, to that of a large
walnut, and fometimes larger, of an unequal and irregular fur-
face, ufually roundifli or flattifh, pellucid as water, and capable
of a high polifh. I have one, from the fliore of the Tweed, three
inches long, two inches and a half in diameter, and about an
inch and a half thick, I have others, from the fame fhore, of
all the intermediate fizes between that and a large garden-pea.
It is never found with figured concretions.

Of thefarda, or carnelian, we have the fed (d), the yellow (ej,
and the white (f), on the fame fliore. We have the red from half

(c) Petridium chryftallinum, pellucidum, decolor varium. Hill. Hift* FolT. p. 563.
No. i.

(d) Sarda rubefcens, Id. p. 458. No. 1.

(e) Sarda flavefcens. Id. p. 460. No. 2.

(f) Sarda albefcens. Id. p. 461. No. 3.

an

O F S T O N E S. 87

an inch to two indies in diameter, both of an oblong, flattifh,
roundifli, and mammillatcd fhape, but moft ufually roundifli,
like a pebble ; of a fine texure ; of all the degrees of red, from
a deep blood colour to that of a light florid red. We have a variety
of it with veins of a pale red, and others with white veins,
lighter and darker, like thofe of agates, difpofed in irregular
concentric circles, or in fmall and very beautiful round ones.
We have alfo a variety of it with an admixture of a pearl-
colour, the red appearing difFufed in the form of clouds. It is
very much ufed and valued with us for feals, taking a good po-
lifh, and parting eafily from the wax..

We have the yellow carnelian from lefs than half an inch, to
near three inches in diameter, both of a flat and roundifli form,
like a pebble ; but moft commonly roundifh, and of a pretty
fmooth furface ; of an exceeding fine texture, fomewhat more
pellucid than the red;, and capable of a high polifh. We have
it of all the degrees of yellow, from the pale lemon to a deep yel-
low ; fometimes uniform throughout, but oftner with clouds of
red, forming a beautiful flame-colour. We have a variety of it
with veins, paler and deeper, and fometimes whitiih, difpofed
in irregular concentric lines or circles.

We have the white carnelian, from an inch to three or four
inches in diameter, both of a roundifli, flatdfh, and oblong
fhape, commonly of an irregular and rough furface. It is not
of a pure clear white, but a pearl-colour, white, with a tinge
of blue. We have a variety of it on the fliore of the Coquet, with
parallel lines or veins, bluifli and white, very beautiful. We
have alfo a variety of it with an admixture of blue, difiufed in
fpots and clouds, with irregular concentric veins, and with zones
or circles, bluifh and white. I found one of thefe in an iflet in

the

88 O F S T O N E S.

the Tweed, called the Shingles, oppofite to JVor&HM-caftle. It is of
an irregular rugged fhape, five inches long, three inches in
diameter, and two inches thick -, very heavy. It is capable of
an elegant polifli. I have another of an hemifpherical fhape,
with veins, wavy, in beautiful meanders ; from the fea-more,
by Druridge, near Widdrington. It is two inches and a quarter
long, and two inches in diameter ; ponderous. The jewellers
generally ufe thofc that arc fimple-coloured, and prefer them
before thefe elegant varieties with veins. They cut out the
zones or eyes, and fet them in rings.

The green gem, with a flight admixture of a brafly yellow,
•the chryfolite of modern times, and the topaz of the antients (g),
is fometimes found on the more of the Coquet ; from which I
have a fine one, of an oval fhape, a little flatted on one fide,
fomcwhat larger than a nutmeg, with a natural polifli ; opake,
and of little efteem with jewellers, though in its perfect ftate of

•

-great beauty.

\Ve have not the true chryfolite of the antients, fo called from
its elegant gold-yellow, the topaz of the moderns (h). The
.Scotch dealers in gems carry on a large trade with what they call
Topazes from the Highlands, which, when put to trial on the
wheel, arc found .-only ,to be cryftals, tinged by metalline par-
ticles. Moft of the topazes ufed for feals and rings arc of this
kind.

The gem, called the Amber-Hyacinth, from its being tinged with
red, and a large admixture of an amber-yellow ()}, is fometimes

(g) Chryfolithus ; qui top;izitis anliquorum. /////. Hift. FolT. 1:98.
(h) Xopazius; qui chryfolithus antiquorum. Id. 599.
(!) Hvacinthus, Id. p. 593.

found,

OF STONES. 89

found, but rarely, on the fhore of the Coquet, above Rothbury, in
the cryftalliform flate ; from which I have a fine one, of a
pebble-like figure, with many pyramids of three quarters of an
inch in length, rifing from a bafe of purple cryftal, their tops
hid from the eye by an irregular fimiofe cruft of the fame colour ;
their exterior fides and angles confpicuous, and femipellucid ;
affording a pleafing fight between two fuch covers at top and
bottom,

Of Calculi oi4 pebbles, of a cruftated ftrticturc, capable of a
fine polim, we have the following forts ; the edges of the crufts
forming the elegant and beautiful figures we call veins,

1. A pebble with purple and white crufts ; the purple of two
different degrees, a lighter and deeper j fome of the crufts fo
broken at one end, as to mew the manner of its formation. It is
an inch and a half long, and an inch in diameter. From the
Ihore of the Tiveed*

2. A mixt red and yellow pebble, with blue, Carmine, and pearl-
coloured crufts ; an inch and a half long, and an inch in diame-
ter. From the Ihore of the JBoiv-mont, fo called from its arcuated
or bending courfe under the mountains.

3. A pebble with crufts of a flefh-colour, and white ; the white
central cruft broken fo as to fhew the manner of its formation.
From the fame ihore.

4.. A pebble of a deep brown, With crufts of a light brown,
white, and a pearl-colour ; two inches long, and an inch and
a half broad ; ponderous. From the fliore of the Coquet^ above
Rothbury.

VOL. I. ft $. A

go O F S T O N E S.

5. A pebble with crufts of a deep amber-colour, and a bright
white ; an inch and a half long, and an inch and a quarter
broad. From the fti-ore of the Tweed.

There are many others on the fame mores, where the curious
lithologift might meet with much entertainment after greatfloods.
They have all exterior coats in their perfect ftate, like thofe of
flints, which are very fcarce with us.

There is a fine collection of TW^-pebbles in the poiTeilion of
nay worthy friend, Henry Cotting'wood, of CombiH* Efq; many fine
Carnelians among them. There is alfo a neat collection of Bo-w-
m>«£-pebbles in the poffeffion of Mrs. Seltyr.of Pa/ton.

Of Agates we have the following kinds and varieties.

1. An agate-lithoftrotion, compofed of cryftaline columns, the
ends forming a wavy reticular work, a light yellow in the center;
encircled with black ; the malhes white ; large, and ponderous.
From the fhore of North Tyne, by the iflet near Chipchace-rmll.

2. An zgatz-lithoftrotion, compofed of large aftroite finds, of a
button-lik€ lhape, of a corneous, flinty texture, yellow, edged
with white ; having much the appearance after politure of the
great fora//ozV/-lithoftrotion. From the fhore of the river Tyne,
below Hexhant.

The celebrated Dr. /&7/judicioufly obferves, that foffil corals
are fometimes fo fated with cryflalline matter, that they are con-
creted into mere agates (k).

3. An agate of a ftrong and deep red, variegated with a florid
red, a pale blue, green, and yellow of different degrees, in beau-

(k) Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 642.

tiful

OFSTONES. 91

tiful fpots ; the florid red looking like drops of blood, with its
ferum about it. This was found on the Ihorc of North Tyne, by
the iflet near Chipchace mill. It is of an irregular fliape, ponde-
rous, and feems to be broken off a larger mafs. It is the Hzma-
chates or blood-ftone of the antients (I). I have a beautiful va-
riety of it, with an admixture of brown, and white veins, from
the more of the Tyne, near Corbridge ; and another from the Co-
quet, above Rothbury • the florid red fpots numerous and elegant.
We have it alfo on the fhores of the Tweed, and Bowmont, and the
neighbouring hills. I have feen fome fine ones found in thofe
parts ; cut and polifhed, in the pofTeffion of Mrs. Selby, of P aft on.

4. A whitifli agate, with flefh-coloured veins, fpotted and va-
riegated with a bright gold-yellow, a light and deep purple, and
green. It is a beautiful fpecies of the H&machates. From the
fhore of North Tyne, below Cbolkrford-bridge.

jr. An agate of various colours, a light and deep green, a deep
red, a purple, white, and a bright gold-yellow, caft into com-
partments, edged with purple and a gold-yellow, in a moft ele-
gant manner ; the white diffufed in the form of veins ; prefenting
to our view fuch a beautiful contrail of colouring, as can only
be equalled by the embroidery and brocade-attire of fome of the
vegetable and infect-tribes. It is fo exceffive hard, that it was the
labour of two men for two days to give it a tolerable fmooth fur-
face on a grind-ilone, and to give it a politure afterwards with
fmiris on a lead-mold, it took me up near a week. It is a fpecies
of the haemachates. It was found in the bottom of the brook bv the

ti

bridge at Simonburn, near a bank abounding with iron-ftone.

6. An agate of a ftrong deep red, with large fpots of a bright
pea-green. It is of a fine clofe texture ; of an irregular figure,

(!) Achates fanguineus variegatus. Id. p. 482—3. No. 2.

N 2 and

<p O F S T O N E S.

and feems to be broken'offa larger mafs ; very heavy. It is alfo
a fpecies of the htmachates. From the more of the brook below

Simon burn

7. An agate of a flcfli-colour, with numerous fpots of a beau-
tiful red, like that of the fineft carnelian ; cordiform. It is the
Sardlcates or carnelian agate of the antients (m). It is fraall,
and has forne flight flaws, which this kind is very much fubjeft
to. From the more of the brook at Simonburn.

8. An agate of a middle-red colour, variegated with fpots of a
bright yellow ; of a flat fliape. It is- the Coral-a.gs.te of the an-
tients (n). The variegation is always in the form of fpots of a
fair beautiful yellow, on a red ground, of a middle colour, be-
tween a deep and a pale red. From the more of the river Coquet,
above Rothbury.

9. An agate of a deep yellow, hardly to be diftinguifhed at a
yard's diitance, in its rough ftate, from the finer yellow wax.
It is of a firm and compact texture, and capable of an elegant
polilh. It is the Cerachates, or wax-coloured agate of the an-
tients (o). From the more of the river Tweed. I have had it alfo
from the fhore of North Tyne. I have a large and elegant fpecies
of it from the fame more, below Chollerford-bridge, of a pale yel-
low ground, clouded with its natural colour, a flrong yellow.

Grey agates, both with and without concentric veins, are
found on the mores of the Tweed and Boivmont, and the neigh-

(m) Achates carneus pun&atus et nebulofus : Sardachates antiquorum; Hill. Hift. Fofl".
p. 483. No. 3.

(n) Corallo-achates antiquorum. Id. p. 484. N. 4.

(o) Achates flavefcens : Cerachates antiquorum. Id. p. 485. No. i.

bouring

O F* S'-.T ONES. 93

bouring hills. I have picked up fome, large and fine, by the
road-fides on a rainy day, being then moft eafily diftinguiflied
from other ftones. I have feen fome cut into feals, very hand-
fome, in the pofTeffion of Mrs. Selby, of Pa/ion.

We have a grey agate, with large blotches of a florid red, in
great plenty in the hilly grounds on the weft lide of Carbarn, by
the Tweed, many of them turned up by the fpade in hedge-bot-
toms, and others warned down by torrents to the fliore of that
river. There is a variety of it ftreaked with red and white, re-
fembling at a diftance a piece of bacon. There is another variety
mottled with white, on a grey ground. Thefe are all fubject to
flaws.

Agates yield no Phofphorus. .

Jafpers of an uniform -ftructure, with no feparate concretions,
are not unfrequent ; of which I have the following forts.

1. A deep green jafper, elegantly variegated with a gold-yel-
low fp). It is of a roundim fhape on one fide, and flattifh on the
other ; of a firm and compact texture, and a polite furface,
three inches in diameter. It is a moft beautiful ftone. From the
more of North Tyne^ by the Strotber-houfe, below Cbipchact-mill.

2. A jafper of a pea-green colour, variegated with a light yel-
low. It is of a flattiih fhape, and of a flinty texture.

3. A jafper of an olive-green colour, with dendrit* or arbufcu-
lar delineations of a bluilh-black, very beautiful.

4. A blue jafper, variegated with a light and deep yellow.

(p) Jafpis duriflima viridi-flavefcens. Nephriticus fubflava authorutn. Hill. Hift. FofH
p. 578. No. 5.

S- A

94 O F S T O N E S.

5. Abluejafper, variegated with a yellowifh-grecn, in beauti-
ful flreaks and blotches.

6. A black jafper, elegantly variegated with brown. Thefe
five from the fliore of North Tyne, below Cholkrford-bvidge.

7. A black jafper, variegated with a pale yellow, with fome
fmall veins of a light blue. From the fhore of Wark's burn, in
Tynedale, near its oftium.

8. A bluifh-black jafper, with flefh-coloured and green veins
and clouds ; capable of a beautiful polifh. From the fhore of
'North Tyne. I have alfo found it on the fhore of the brook at
Ovingham, near its oftium.

The bluifh marbly jafper, and the black marbly jafper, both
variegated with white (qj, are frequent on the famefhores. They
are always found in loofe nodules, and anfwer all the tefts of
cryfta.l, though ufually taken by inaccurate obfervers for frag-
ments of marble. They ftrike fire with fleel, do not ferment
with acids, and are vitrifiable.

gaffers yield no Phofphorus.

Of Granites, formed of concretions of Quartz and micts, and an-
fwering the fame tefls as Jafpers, we have the following kinds
and varieties ; founcl in nodules, and loofe mafles, but never in
flrata.

(q) Jafpis marmorca, fubcaerulea, albo variegata.

Jafpis marmorcus, nigricans, albo variegatus. Hill. Hift. Foff. p. 590. No. 17. p. 591.
No. 1 8,

i. A

OF STONE S. 95

i . A white granite, thinly fpotted with large black fpots or flakes
of micce, and fome of a fplendid filver-colourfrj. The concre-
tions, though large and glofly ; adhere firmly and flrongly toge-
ther, and form a ftone of great hardnefs, capable of a high
polim. From the fhore of North Tyne. In Cornwall and Devon-
Jhire it is called Moor-Jlone, where it is found in large ftrata, and
ufed in. the ornamental parts of buildings. It has alfo been worked
into very beautiful tables,

2. A granite of a dufliy afhen-white ground, with numerous,
irregular, black fpots ; the concretions fmall and fine, confiding
ofanopake, tabulated quartz, and micas j the latter of a deep
black ; both glofly ; forming a beautiful variegation (s). From
the more of the brook below Simonburn-ca&le. An abundance of
this kind of granite is faid to be found in the antient temples and
other buildings, of &gypt, Afia, and Italy; diflinguimed by mo-
dern travellers, by the name of the grey Granite. It is the Arabian
granite of Dr. Woodward (t), and the Granitello of the Italians. •

3. A granite of a red ground, of different degrees, fpotted with
white, yellow, purple, and black (u) j the concretions flrongly

com-

(r) Granita albiffima micis magnis nigris argenteifque notata. Da Co/la. Hift. FofT.
p, 273. No. 2.

Moor-ftone. Woodward. Cat. G. c. 3.

Granita alba, duriffima, nigro variegata ; quae incolis cornubienfium Mwr-Jiont. Hill,
H!ft. Foff. 498. No. i.

(s) Granita albefcens micis parvis nigris frequenter maculata, Italis Granitello dicla. Da
Cofla. Hift. Foff. p. 274. No. 3.

(l) Granite from Arabia. Woodw. Cat. I. y. 6. & Cat. t.-S. 3. Cat. A. 0. d. 38.

(u) Granita rubefcens, granita orientalis rubra di&a. Da Cojia. Hift. Fofl". p. 276.
No. 6.

O F S T O-TSI E S.

compared together, confiding of an opake and pellucid cryflal-
Jine quartz, and micas'; the latter ufually black. From the
fliore of North Tyne. This fpecies is the Marmor Thebaicum, and
Syenites, of the antients, who had it from the Upper JEgypt (iv) ;
where are vaft quarries of it ftill to be feen (x). We have fome
vvarieties of it.

\Jl. A dark red, fpotted with green, and black. There is a vaft
mafs of this fpecies lying in the river Aln, below the bridge at
Alniuick. Part of it has been worked for a mill-Hone by fome
unfkilful artificers, who finding it after much fweat to be a
harder kind of flone than they were acquainted with, deferted
it, with no fmall furprize at their miftake.

•idly. A granite of a florid red ground, with pearl-^coloured or
bluifh-grey fpots \ the concretions large ; no micse in it ; capable
of a good polifh. From the more of the brook below Simonburn-
caftle.

%dly. A granite of d, pale red ground, Variegated with yellow
and green fpots. From the fame fhore. Thefe are beautiful
varieties.

We have alfo a granite of a gold-yellow ground, with grey
and green fpots, in an elegant variegation. This, and the other

Woodward. Cat. FofT. r. ^.5. arid Cat. i. S. 3.

Method of Fed", p. u. No. 41.

Granita rubra durifllma^ nigro et albo variegata ; qu* pyropsecilos afttiquorum 5 Syenites
;Plinii, ,et granita orientalis recentiorum. Hill. Hift. Foil", p. 499. No. 2.

(w) About a ftiile S. E. frofn the ruins of Syenet near the catarafls of the Nyle, on the
borders of ^Ethiopia. Poaci's Defcript. oftheEa/l. Vol. i. p. 117.

(x) Ib. Ph. Luccfs's Voyage au Levant. Tom. 3. p. 154, & 162.

kinds,

OF STONES. 97

kinds, are fometimes found with flaws or cracks, and often worn
and rounded into the form of pebbles. Few of our alpine fliorcs
are without them, more or lefs. I have had the gold-yellow
kind with grey and green fpots, very elegant, from the fea-
ftrand, near Wark-wortb,

The ^Egyptians were the firil who built with granite. Their
famous obeliflcs were made of it (y). The pillars in their no lefs
famous labyrinth were alfo of it(z). Befides the local antient
names of Syenites and Mirmor Thebaicum, it was alfo called Pyropx-
cilon, from its being fpotred, as it were, with a fire-colour, or its
red ground. Some, in Pliny's days, called it Pfaronium, from its
fpots and variegations (a).

Granite yields no Phofphorus.

Of Phorphyry, a finer kind of granite, with its fpots more
neatly difpofed, we have fome fmall fragments or nodules, broken
off larger mafTes, worn and rounded into the form of pebbles,
by the currents of water.

* i

Phorphyry, of a glowing purple ground, with angular pale
red and white fpots, is very fcarce. I met with a very fmall,
but beautiful fragment of it on the fliore of North Tyne, below
Cholkrford-bridge. It takes an exquifite polifh. It is the Leucoftiflos
of the antients- (b) ; fo called from its fpots and variegations.

They

(y) Trabes ex eofecere reges quodam certamine, obelifcos vocatos, foils numini facrato*.
Pita. ]. 36. c. 8.

(z) Columnis reliquis e Syenite. Id. 1. 36. c. 13.

(a) Thebaicum, quern Pyropaecilon appellavimus : aliqui Pfaronium vocant. Plin. Hift.
Nat. 1. 36. c. 22.

(b) Porphyrites feu lucofiti&os, vd, quorundam criticorum opinione, Leptopfephos Pl'irni,
(Hift. Nat. I. 36. c. 7.) Da Cofla. Hift. Fo(T. p. 2813. No. i.

VOL. I. O For-

,

8 O F S T 0 N E S.

They had it from Upper JEgyft and Ethiopia, where there arc vaft
flrata of it, as well as granite. It is remarked by Dr. Pocock, the
late learned Bifhopof Meath, that travellers do not rightly diftin-
guiih between the lie two elegant bodies. They frequently call
Granite, phorphyry (c). The ^Egyptians had the honour of firft
working it, as well as granite, many centuries before the Gre-
cian or Roman times. They made columns, ftatues, and vafcs of
it, of fuch exquifirc workmanmip and elegance, as were the afto-
miliment of the later ages ; fuch as the Grecian and Roman artifls
were unwilling, though not unable, to perform. The admired
Rowan lithologift, Pliny informs us, that Pollio, the Roman vice-
roy, under Claudius C<efar, brought ftatues of it to Rome, but that
no body at Rome was fo fond of it, as to follow his example (d).
It is remarkable, that Suetonius is the only one of the ClaJfic-aM.-
thors who mentions it (e). Its exceffive hardnefs made them
neglect it, and prefer marble before it, of which they had a great
variety, of wonderful beauty. All the works in porphyry, now
known, were performed by ^Egyptian artifls, by the powers of
genius, and with the fame patience and unremitted induftry, as
the Northern nations polifhed their Druid beads, or magic gems,
into fpheres, fpheroid, and orbicular forms.

Green phorphyry, with large angular white fpots, is more fre-
quent. The white concretions have a flight tinge of green ; fome
in oblong fquares, and others in the form of Entrochoi, fo like

Porphyrites purpureus duriffimus, maculis pallidioribus et albentibus variegatus, qui por-
phyrites antiquorum. Hill. Hift. FofT. p. 494. No. i.

(c) Defcription of fhe Eaft, Vol. i. p. 112.

(d) Statuas ex eo Claudia Caf&i procurator ejus in urbem ex /Egypto advixit Fitrafms Pollitt)
non admodum probata novitate. Nemo certe pofiea imitatus eft. Hift, Nat. 1. 37. c. 7.

(e) L. 5. c. 50. fpeaking of the plac« of Nero's fepulture.

them

O F S T O N E S. -99

them as to be "taken by fome people for marine remains ; confid-
ing of an opake, tabulated, glofly quartz, the Feld-Spath of the
German authors, which always affects angular figures, approach-
ing oblong fquares, cubes, and parallelepipeds, in its cryftalliza-
tion, both in porphyry and granite. I have a beautiful nodule
of it from the fhore of North Tyne, and others from the Ihore of
the brook at Simonburn. It is capable of an elegant polifli ; the
ground-colour of a deep grafs-green. It is the Ophites of the An-*
tients (f). They had it from the Upper Egypt, near the city of
Memphis, from which they alfo called it Memphites (g). It had its
firft name from its imaginary virtues againft the bites of ferpents»
and from the refemblance of its fpots to thofe on the fkins of
fome of thefe reptiles. Small Teffellx of mofaic pavements have
been found of it in the ruins of Italy, but no vafes, ftatues, and
other works of value, either Grecian or Roman. The blocks of it
now found in the ruins of Egypt, are not of any great fize, from
whence it is thought, that the ftrata of it were not confiderable
for extent and depth.

Stones compofed of fmall pebbles, and anfwering the teds of
cryftal, are fometimes found on the more of North Tyne ; from
which I had the two following forts.

\Jl. Of a dark brown ground, thick fet with pebbles or concre-
tions of a bright and deep red, a bluifh-white, black, a pale
yellow, and a yellowim-green, forming a beautiful variega-
tion.

(f) Phorphyrites faturate4 viridis maculis magnis oblongo-quadratis ex viridi albentibus
notatus, f. Ophites niger antiquorum. Da Co/la. Hift, FgfK 287. No. 2.

(s) Pl'tn. Hift. Nat. 1. 36. c. 7.
Serpentine Aotico, Italice.

O 2 Idly.

loo

OF STONES.

adfy. Of a yellowifli-white ground, thick fet with concretions
of different degrees of red, and a reddifh-brown, from the fize
of a pin's head to that of a pea, in a diftinct and beautiful dif-
pofition.

Thefe curious -and beautiful flones owe their colours to metaK
line admixtures and tinges.

CHAP.

CHAP. VI.

OF FOSSIL-SHELLS, AND OTHER ANIMAL AND
VEGETABLE EXUVIAE.

BOTH Litoraks and Pekgia, or fhore and ocean-fhells, are not
unfrequently found foffil with us. We have alfo fame of
thofe that are called anomalous^ from their being found no where
but in a foiEl-flate.

I lhall begin with the Univalves:

1. The convex umbilicated Turbo fa). From a bank of blue
clay above the bridge at Simonburn, where I met with two of them,
one of which was fo tender that I broke it in taking out, both
nearly of the fame fize, and cinereous.

2. A fmaller, of an ochreous red tinge, in a mafs of iron-ftone
of the fame colour. From the fhore of the brook at Gofton, near
Wark, in Tynedale..

3. A variety of it, fmall, fmooth, and cinereous j immerfed
in great numbers, and in various directions, in a fmall flone from
the fhore of North Tynet below Chipchace-mil\. '

(a) Tefta convixa, vix perfefle conica, fubtiis profunde umbilicata ad modum trochi
telefcopii. Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 760. n. 521.

Turba tefta umbilicata convexa, anfradtibus teretibus ftriatis : ftriis crenulaiis inequalibos.
Foff. Hantonienf. PI. i. Fig. 8.

4. An

Of FOSSIL-SHELLS, &c.

4. An impreflion of another variety in fine yellow ochre. Found
in levelling the area before Nunivick-ha.ll.

5. A ventricofe -Turbo with a wide month, and an obtufe Apex
(b) ; in limeftone, with impreflions of the bark of a refmous
tree. From the more of the brook below Simonburn-ca.QlG.

*

6. A fmall ventricofe Turbo, with a fharp apex (cjt

7. A fmall Turbo, with longitudinal Jlrite, flightly immerfed iri
an aftroite marmorite (d). Thefe three from the clay-bank at
Simonburn.

8. A fmall Turbo or Murex with longitudinal Jlrie, flightly im-
merfed in a nodule1 of iron-ftone fe).

9. The long, flender Turbo* with ventricofe fpires, and a fmall
round mouth, or, the Ncedle-fh$\. (f). In the fame Hone with
No. 2, and of the fame colour, an ochreous red.

10. A fmall Turbinites (terebraj with rounded fpires, of a pale
red colour. In a marmorite from the more of the brook at

Gofton,

1 1. Another, with clofer and finer fpires, of a bright white.

In a ftone found at ^lien-Heads.

^

(b) Foff. Hanton. PI. 4. Fig. 57.

(c) Fig. 61.

(d) — —- Fig. 16.

(e) _ Fig. 28.

(f) Fig. 49.

Turba terebra, Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 766. Bonan. Recreat. 3. Tab. 23, 24.

12. The

OF FOSSIL -SHELLS, See. 103-

12. The Turbo with ventricofe fpires, called, The Trumpet-4hell .
(&)' Thefe two from the clay-bank at Simonhurn. .

13. A fmall Trochas, with tranfverfe^nV, and a fharp Apex (h).

14. A caft of the larger Trochus, with an acuminated Apex. In :
the fame Hone with the white Turbinites (terebra) No. 1 1. .

15. A caft of the Trochus with anobtufe Apex.. Taken out of an ;
aftroite marmorite, from the more of the brook at Simonburn.

1 6. The cylindric Nautilus, with longitudinaly?n> (i).\

17. KNautilites, Lapis fer pent arius, or Ammonites. Found in lim.e/~
ftone at Chipchace.

Small ftriated nautilitie, compofed of the pyrites, have been found
in the coal-mines near Nenvcaftle, of .which the late Dr. Cay had
one or two (k).,

The' recent fhell of the cylindric nautilus is fuppofed by Lin--
meus to be an inhabitant of the Baltic ocean. The wreathed nautilus,
or Cornu Ammonis, is a native of the Indian feas. Mariners in their
voyages often obferve it, who call it the Sailor, from its refem-
bling in its motion a fhip under fail. It is called Cornu Ammonis,
from its having a kind of refemblance of the wreathed horns on
the heads of the images of Jupiter Ammon.

(g) Morton's Northamptonfliire. PI. 7. Fig. 18.
(h) Fig. 30.

(i) Nautilus tefta re&a fubcylindracea apicem verfus anguftiore.. Linn. Faun. Suec.
,p. 380. n. 1330. Rumph. Conchyl.

.(k) Ph. Tr. No. 250.

Next

io4 O F F 0 S S I L • S H E L L S, &c.

Next of the Bivalves.

i. A fingle valve of the little roundifh fmooth cochlea (I). In
the fame (tone with the pale red turbinites (terebra), No. 10. and
of the fame colour.

Single valves of fmall fmooth cochlea, of a dark cinereous co-
lour, are frequent in ilone with the great itellar coralloid, and
and other bodies, on the mores of our alpine brooks. There are
fomeof them in the fame ftone with the white turbinites (terebra)
No. ii. I have alfo a group of them in a ftone from Allen-
Heads.

^ a. The fmooth wry-beaked cochlea, of the middle lize, and
roundifh (m). From the more of the brook below Tecket.

3. A fingle valve of the longer-bodied cochlea, with longitudi-
nal Jiri<£ as fine as hairs.

4. A fingle valve of the cochlea with longitudinal and tranfverfe
Jlri-£ (n). Both thefe in a fmall ftone from the more of the brook

below Simonburn-czftle.

5. A fingle Valve of the fhorter-bodied cochlea, with fine longitu-
dinal and deep tranfverfe Jlri<e (o). In the fame ilone with the
needle-fhell, No. 9. and of the fame colour.

6. The cochlea with eminent and deprefTed ridges and furrows ;
the middle part moil elevated and extended, and the ridges moil

(I) Morton's Northamptonfliire, p. 206. tab. 5. fig. 13.
f(m) p. 207. tab. 6. fig. 2.

(n) Area (deleta) fuborbiculata, dccuflatim ftriata, coftis longltudinalibus remotioribus
acutioribus, raargine plicato. Fofl". Hanton. p. 39. pi. 7. fig. 97.

(a) Rumph. Conchyl. Morton's Northamptonfliire, p. 206. tab. 5. fig. 10.

acute.

OF FOSSIL - SHELLS, &c. 105

acute (p). In the fame ftone with the two Trocus's from Allen-
Heads.

I have it alfo from the clay-bank above the bridge at Simw-
burn.

In the oftiam of a ftreamlet by the Pftzj-meadows, below the
fmelting-mill at Allen-heads, there are numerous cafts of it in
large mafTes of an ochreous yellow fand-ftone, with which it is
almoft entirely compofed ; faid to have been drawn up the fhaft
of a lead-mine. I have alfo met with cafts of it in the fame
kind of ftone on the fear by die brook, and the road, near Simon-
£«rw-caftle, on the fouth-weft fide of the ford. I have feen fair
impreffions of it in the freeftone from the iLore of the brook be-
low Tecket.

7. A flender bodied cochlea, elegantly marked with yellowifli-
brown linear fpots on a white ground, and expanded valves.
From the limeftone-quarry at Blake-laiv, near Simonbxrn.

8. A fair impreffion in yellow ochre of the fmall ribbed peclen
or fcallop (q). Found in levelling the area before Nunivick-halL

9. The fmall, fine ribbed, echinated peclen. From the clay-
banlj. above the bridge at Sintonburn.

10. A fair impreffion of a fingle valve of the convex tellina
with dfeop tranfverfc furrows, and obtufe ridges, in fine yellow
ochre (r). Found with the fmall ribbed pecteuy No. 8.

(p) Plot's Staffordfliire. Morton's Northamptonfliire, p. 214. tab. 7. Fig. 2.

(tj) Cardium (edule) tefta antiquata fulcis xxvi obfoletc imbricatis. Linn. Syft. Nat.
p. 681. n. 77. Faun Suec. p. 518. n. 2141.

FofT. Hant. p. 39. pi. 8. n. 98. Lift. Angl. tab. 5. fig. 31.

(r) Morton's Northampt. p. 211. tab. 6. fig. 15.

Venus (gallina) tefta fubcordata, fulcls tranfverfis obtufis, cardinis dente poflico mirimo.
Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 685. n. 96. Fofl". IJant. p. 37. pi. 7. fig. 90.

VOL. I. P ir. A

106 OF F O S S I L - S H E L LS, &c.

i !. A finglc valve of the fmall t'elllna with deep furrows, and a
crenated margin (s). From the clay-bank above the bridge at
Simenburn,

12. The laminated lel/ina-of a longer fhapc (t). From the fame
bank, in a bed of iron-fhiver. I met with many fair fpecimens
of it at different times, after great floods and intenfe frofcs ; the
fmalleft an inch long.

13. The fmall laminated tellina of a more dcpreffed fliape. In.
the fame ftone with the* «<?a//£-mell, No. ?, and of the fame co-
lour.

Single valves of the fea-mufcle are not unfrequcnt in iron-fto'ie
on the more of the brook at Go/ton. There are two of them in the
lafl mentioned ftone.

We have {ingle valves of the great, round, convex Oftrta> the
Oftraclte of authors (u), plentifully in ftone on moft of the fhores
of our alpine brooks, and in many of the limeftone-quarries.
There are groups of them in large fingle maffes of limeftone
in the ftreamlet on the eaft fide of Simonburn-ca.ft.le. They are
common in limeftone quarries about Stamfordham ; in the large
quarry at Newton on the moor, near Alnivick ; in the quarry at
Blakela-w, on Uroad-pool-Common, near Simonburn • ahd in another
large one on Wark-common, near Linacres, in .Tynedale. In the

(s) Area flaftea) tefla fubrhomboidea obfolete decuflatim ftriata, natibus recurvis, mar-
gine crenato. Linn. Syft. Nat. p. 694. n. 143. FofT. Haat. p. 42. pi. 8. fig. 106.

(i) Lift. Ang. p. 19.

(«) Oftracites maximus couglobatus. Lh. Lith. Brit. n. 471.

rugofus maximus. lift. Angl. p. 236.

Plot's Oxfordfh. tab. 4. fig. 19. Charlet. Foff. p. 31. n. 18.

laft

O F F O S S I L - S H E L L S, &c. io?

laft mentioned quarry, fome of them are of a vaft fize, tinned
with red. Their general colour is cinereous. We never find
them with double valves. Sometimes many of them include one
another. Groups of them are frequent in ftone with Entrocboi,
and the lithoftrotion, on the more of the brook at Simonlurn. Thefe
are more neat and handfome than any I have obferved in quar-
ries ; parting eafily from the ftone with a flight ftroke of a
hammer. We have them in the clay-bank above the bridge at
Simonburn, with other fhells. There they are fo tender and fragil,
that it is rare to get one out intire. In the air they acquire a con-
fiderable hardnefs*

Two phyficians, Dr. Home of Berwick upon Tweed, and Dr. Cay
of Neivcaftle upon jy«f,ufed this fhell very fuccefsfully in nephri-
tic cafes, and in curing fuch as were afflicted with the gravel.
They gave it in fine powder, mixed with about a third part of
Flo. CammomeL the dofe from half a dram to a dram in white
wine (x).

14. A fingle valve of an Ojlrea of a round convex fhape, with
a broad furrow down the middle from the Cardo to the extre-
mity. From the more of the brook at Simonburn. We have it alfo
in limeflone at Chipchace.

15. A fingle valve of an Ojlrea of a round convex fhape, with
longitudinaly?rz>, protuberated round the extreme margin after a
fmgular manner, forming a kind of froft-work. From the more
of the brook near Nunivick.

1 6.- A fingle valve of a miall echinated Ojlrea, of a round con-
vex fhape, with a truncated beak. It has a double feries of ob-

(x) Ph. Tr. No. 25.

P 2 tllfc

OF FOSSIL - SHELLS, 8cc.

tufe prickles towards the extreme part of the margin, and others
more acute at diftances on the moulders, the beak as if cut off.
From the fliore of the brook at Simonburn.

17. A fmgle valve of a fmall echinated OJlrea of a longer fhapc,
•with a truncated beak. Tire prickles are obtufe, and at irregular
diftarices. From the bank of iron-fhiver above the bridge at Si-
monburn.

1 8. A fmgle valve of a very fmall, fmoorhf OJlrea of a round
convex fhape, and a truncated beak. From the fame bank, where
there are confiderable numbers of them between the lamina of the
fliiver. They are of a yellowifh-white, and always found of the
fame fize and colour, free from blemimes-.

Thefe five are varieties of the great, round, convex OJlrea.

19. An oblong OJlrea with both valves, flriated lengthways, with.
a broad furrow down the middle of the under valve. From a
limeftone-quarry near Nunwick. It is a variety of the common
oblong fpecies, and feems to have been bruifed in its recent
ftate.

20. A fmgle valve of the fmall 'falcated or hooked OJlrea (y ). It is
flriated lengthways ; the beak, and extremity inflected, or turned
inwards, forming a kind of half-round. In iron-ftone from the
clay-bank above the bridge at Simonburn.

21. A fmgle valve of a large falcated or hooked OJlrea. It has a
broad furrow down the middle, and fmall flrise on each fid*.. It

(y) Rondelet. de Fife. Mort. Northampt. 193. tab. 3. fig. i.
Oftreum minus falcatum. Lh. Lith. Brit. n. 451.

is

O F FOSSIL-SHELL S, &c. 109

is a variety of the Concha anonria, or Conchites ammius of au-
thors (zj.

22- A fingle valve of aventricofe hooked OJlrea, Jtnated lengthways.
It is another variety of the fame mell (a). Both thefe are in a
fragment of limeftone from the ftiore of the brook below Simon'
£«rK.-caftle. There is a group of them ; the infide of one of the
latter lying upwards to view.

All thefe marine mells were found thirty, and fome forty miles
from the fea, thofe of our own, and thofe of the Mediterranean
and Indian feas* found in company together, in the fame tomb.
To what catailrophe could this be owing, but to the Mofaic de-
luge ? For the teftaceous inhabitants, of fo many diilant mores
and oceans to- be thus brought together, and to have the fame
alpine fepulture with thofe of our own fliores and feas, could be
owing to nothing lefs ; and are irrefragable teftimonies againft
every fyitem tending to fupport a partial or topical deluge ; thofe
fyftems generally doing more honour to their authors ingenuity,
than to their caufe; experience being the beft teft, and fuperlor
to all their. arguments, how artfully fo ever they are contrived, and
under whatever Circean charms they appear to delude the under-
ftanding, to lefferi the authority of a hiftory unimpeached by
Pagan antiquity ; the fage Greek giving it his applaufe (b)^ and the
wife Roman, though a fatyrift, doing it no difcredit fcj.

(z) Plot's OxforJfh. tab. 4. fig. 18.

Conchites anomius rugof.is. Lift. Ang!. p. 238.

Gryphites latiufculus longirofter. Lh. Lith. Brit. n. 473.

(a) Gryphites ventricofior. Id. n. 495. 497. (b) Lwginus.-

(c) Quidam fortiti metuentem Sabbata Patrem,

Judaicum edifcunt, et fervantj ac metuunt jus,

Tradidit arcano quodcunque volumine Mofes. Juv. Sat. 14.

I have

no OF FOSSIL - SHELLS, &c.

I have not obfcrved any foflil-remains of cntftaceous and other
iiflics with us.

Thefe following of laiid-anlmah have been found.

1. The horns of a red deer, entire, with part of the fkull. It
was found about twenty-five years ago in the middle of a free-
flone-rock near the iron-work at Bebfide, then belonging to Mr.
Thomlinfon. It was demolifhed by his workmen, except one Antler,
now in the pofTeffion of Mrs. Fielding of Bebftde-\xa\\.

2. An Antler of a roe-deer. This was found three yards deep
in marie at the weft-boat-farm, near Hexham, under the mount
before the houfe. It is in my cuilody*

3. The fkcleton of an animal of an uncommon magnitude,
faid in Camden to be Human, but more generally believed to be the
remains of fome larger kind of quadruped, facrificed at the altar
of Hercules by a Syrian legion in Roman pay ; turned out of the
earth by the torrent of the ftreamlet Cory at their ftation of Col-
cejier, or Corbow, fome time before the year 1695. The thigh-bone
is faid to be near two yards long, the fkull and teeth proportio-
ably large, and the whole animal reckoned feven yards in length,
before it was broken and disfigured by the incurious finders.
The form of the fkull, and other bones, which diftinguifli a man
from other animals, undoubtedly determined the learned editor
of that valuable work to call it human ; othcrwife from his known
prudence, we may believe he never would have affirmed it,
notwithilanding the opinion of the Lord Deriventivater in his fa-
vour, who faw it. Inflances of men of a remarkable tallnefs
often occur in hiftory. Our Britijh anceftry, the Cimbrl^ were of
a gigantic flature, immanea corpora (dj.

(d) FU.HI&. i. 3. c. 10.

Ad

OF FOSSIL * SHELLS, 8cc. iii

; /-. •

_ — Ad Cimbros ftragemque volabant

Qui nunquam .attigerant majora Cadavera corvi.

Juv. Sat. 8. •
Agricola •

Grandiaque effoffis mirabitur ofia fepulchris.

VIRG. Geo. i. v. 493.

The Teutonic king, Theutobochiis, fubdued by Marius, the Roman
general, was fo tall, that he out-topped the trophies, the Spolia of
the field, carried on the points of f pears, elevated, — infigne fpec-
taculum (e). There have been inftances, well attefled, of human
remains being found of the extraordinary length of feventeen
feet. A friend of mine, on whofe veracity I can rely, law a
woman at dmfterdatn, in Holland, who to her moulders was ten
feet. What difcredits the account of the Cbr^n'^-fkeleton mod
in the Britannia, is the opinion of the learned and curious Dr.
Todd, prebendary of Carlijle, who, by the defire of Dr. Hallsy, took
particular pains to inform him concerning it in a letter, bearing
date T.-jt\\ February, 1710-11, He allures us, that it might as well
have been calculated at 200 or 300 yards, as feven ; the ribs,
lhank-bones, and teeth, lying at a great diftance from each
other, and many of them no longer than the bones of ordinary
oxen ; the latter fo numerous, that a bufhel or them might be
gathered in an hour. He gives it as his belief", that they are the
remains of oxen, or other large quadrupeds, facrificed to Hercu-
les, laid after the Roman manner under the pavements and foun-
dations of their fortrefTes (f),

Vcgc-

(i) Barbararum rex ipfe Theutobocus infigne fpe<5tacu1um fuit : qu vir o-'>ceritatis exi-
mijc fuper trophaa ipfa eminebat. Flor. Hift. 1.3. c. 3.

(f) Ph. Tr. No. 330.

See Sir Hans Sloanis curious account of the Denies exerti, the tusks, teeth, ? of

elephants, found under-ground, in his pofleffion ; and his remarks ;-;. i.n.1; ,:j i»; has.: read of

ii2 OF FOSSIL - SHELLS, See.

Vegetables are more frequently found foffil, than animals.
Oaks of a great fize, firm and found, have been taken out of a
large mofs on JBewick-M.QOTt called King's Mofs, by the road from
Chillingham to Aln-wick, near a noted aperture in a freeftone-
rock, called Catherines cave. In another mofs, on Harup-
Moor, near it, there are roots of trees of an unufual fize,
Handing in fome places very thick ; fome of them found, of a
beautiful colour within, like the Alder, our Engli/Jj mahogony.
On moft of our other moors, fubterrene or foffil trees have been
found in the mofTes, fome very hard, and as black as ebony. The
foreft of Allendale, the foreft of Loiues, and the forefts of Reedfdale
and Cheviot, all afford the like memorials.

Hazel-nuts have alfo been found foffil, in great quantities.
Robert Hall, a labourer of Bewick, an old man, living September 3,
1760, found many in draining a mofs on the eftate of the late
Dixy Windfor, Efq; at Wapperton, 'to whom he gave them, who prc-
ferved them for the infpecStiou of the curious.

An hazel-bum, with nuts upon it, was found in finking a
coal-pit about feventeen years ago at Lotting ton, near Newbnrn,
fifteen fathom deep, in a mofs-earth ; fair and frefii to look
upon, till expofed to the air, when they mouldered away.

Impreffions of vegetables, and fometimes entire fruits, and
the nervous parts of leaves, are frequently found on the Hone-
beds of our rivers, and fea-fhores, and metallic veins j the fairell

in aniientand modern authors ; with an accurate examination of the Skeletons, and parts of
flceletons, {hewn up and down as undeniable arguments of the exiffance of giants.

Ph. Tr. No. 403, 404. Dr. Thomas Molyncux's Effay concerning the bones of giants.

Ph. Tr. No. 261. Count Ferdinand de Marfiglfs Diflirtation in his Hiftory of the Da-
nube, Tom. 6. upon the fkeletons and bones of elephants dug up near and in the Roman
Aggtrtt.

in

OF FOSSIL-SHELL S, &c. 113

in iron-Hone ; of which I have met with feme very curious, both
indigenous and exotic.

1. An acorn, without the hufk, filled with iron-Hone, the focket
of the ftalk confpicuous, alfo the thicknefs of the me 11 by a
frafture ; the conic point, or fmall end, in its natural colour.
From Simonburn, above the bridge.

2. The reticulaj: nerves, or mafhes, of a leaf, found between the
lamina of blue clay, Several yards below the furface, at the fame
place.

3. Polypody. A fair impreffion of it in iron-ftone. From the
ixon-mine at Bebftde.

The late curious Dr. Jabez Cay, of Neivcajlle Upon Tyne, had
feveral fine impreffions of this fern, and of the Filix florida, or
Ofmund Royal, from the coal-pits at Kcttton> and Neivbiggen, near
that town. They were in the nodules of iron-ftone, called Cats-
heads, by our minemen; Cat'fcamps, at Whitehavcn, in Cumber-
land ; Ball-mine, in Staffordjhire ; and Minera Ferri Pilzfonnis, by Dr.
Lifter. Not above one in iive or fix have ferns in them, which lie
in the middle. They fplit with a flight ftroke at the very place,
if expofed to the winter's rigour, and mew the vegetable linea-
ments in their utmoft beauty. He had alfo impreflions of ferns
in coal-flate from Brunton and -8<mtW/-colleries (gj.

4. An American fern in relief. From ^^/kfc-ironmine. The
imprefllon beautiful in the iron-ftone (hj.

(s) Lapis minerae ferri, pilaeformi fimilis, hi ctijus meditullb, unum vcl plura filids
folia reprefentantur. Ph. Tr. No. 277.

(b) See Dr. Hill's Hift. of Foflils, plate 6th.

VOL. I. Q^ Anothe-r,

ii4 OF FOSSIL-SHELLS, &c.

Another, the leaves longer, and in fomewhat bolder relief.
They are frequent in this mine.

5. An elegant reticular impreffion of the bark of a nine, with
the leaves in pairs in each mam ; in iron-ftone, from the fame
mine.

6. Another fmall reticular work, the maflies filled with a black
tfiining fubftance, the remains of fome refinous plant j in free-
ftone, from the fea-ftrand at Hartley.

f. Another, the maflies fomewhat larger, in a concave nodule
of freeilone from the fhore of the brook at Simonburn. The maflies
are filled with the fame kind of ftone.-

8. Another curious reticular work, in rhomboidal hollows,
pretty deep, in a ferrugenous nodule from Lee-Hall, upon North
Tyne. It is of the fame kind with that figured by the learned and
ingenious Da. Cofta, F. R. S. in the Philofophical Tranfactions (*).

9. Another, in freeftone, the mafhes large, and the rhomboi-
dal hollows partly filled with ftojie, and a gloffy black fubftance,
with black wavy ftrise between them. The black fubftance and
lines feem to be the remains of a refinous bark, turned in bitumi-
nous earth to that colour. From Simonburn.

10. Several orders of fmall polygonal cells, roundifh, inclin-
ing to oval, a fmall apex or point in the center, perforated, with
undulating lines between them ; in freeftone, from the fame
place. It feems to be the impreffion of the bark and leaves of"

(i) Ph. Tr. vol. 5. part I. for 1757, artic. 28. p. 228.

fome

Of FoSSIt- SHELLS, &c. 115

fome refinous tree. The fagaccous Da Cvjla has given a figure of
one like it in the Ph. Tranfadt. before cited. The ftone is of- a
line fhape, thin at one edge, and channelled through the middle^.
like the molding of a cornice.

11. Another, with large oval cell$j and the apices oval, in the
fame kind of flone, and of the fame fliape, but pot channelled
through the middle. From the ojlium of Sbit/ington-'brook.. Tliey
are very frequent, both with channels and without, on the flior.es
of our brooks and rivers. I found one near a eoal-work upon
Catlefy-hill, the cells deep and numerous, feparated only by thin
partitions. I have another from the more of the river Coquet,
above Rothbury.

12. An elegant reticular work With oblong hollows, evidently
the impreflion of the bark of fome tree when the fap was in it,
the rugofe ftrias as fair as if juft made. In freeftone, from a quarry
at Simonburn, below the fchool-houfe.

13. Another of the fame kind, in freeftone, from the more of
the brook Hextold, at Hexham ; the hollows deeper, but the fine
rough fkin obfcured by the floods.

14. Two pine-branches, very fair, with impreffions of the bark,
one of them forked ; and a rhomboidal impreflion of the cortex,
of another in relief ; in freeftone, from the fliore of the brook
below Simonburn-ca.ft.le.

15. Another pine-branch, with part of the bark, and fome of
the leaves very fair, of a tawney- black colour ; in freeftone, from
Gofton; many oval cells on the exterior furface, with central
apices.

. A

fig OF FOSSIL- SHELLS, 8cc.

1 6. A bending ear of corn, in freeftone from Simonburn ; exter-
nally figured like the laft, but wrinkled and uneven.

17. A fair impreffion of a. Bamboo, or great Indian reed, in free-
fldne, from the fea-fhore at Hartley. I have feen one on the fame
fhore, in company with the ingenious Edivard Delaval, Efq;
F. R. S. as big in diameter, as the fmall part of a man's arm. They
are frequent irt the freeftone-rocks at Simonburn with impreffions
of the common reed.

CHAP.

CHAP. VII.
OF ORES AND COALS,

AMONG the various productions of this county, themoft
lucrative, and with the greateft avidity enquired after, are
our Lead and Coals, though the road to them be unpleafant and
troublefome, dark and intricate, expenfive and hazardous :

Trifles fine SOLE Domus.- VIRG.

The hopes of treafure have incited many to travel it ; fome
have perifhed in the enterprize; and others have had a golden
journey ; bur thefe have generally been genius's in the favour
of fortune, every way -qualified for under ground adventures,
by an intimate acquaintance with mineralogy, founded on expe-
rience and obfervation, and Supported by patience and perfeve-
rance. To enumerate alt my countrymen thus happily fuccefs-
ful by thofe laudable talents and endowments', would take up-
many pages ; fuffice it to fay, that fome of them have been
founders of families^ of a confpicuous and exalted rank.

The antiquity of working" them may be carried higher than;
the Romans. They were. the objects of Bntijh commerce before-
their arrival. Cxfar has recorded, that there were metals in the
maritime parts of the ifland, but he adds, not, plentifully. He
was too great a ftranger to it to be acquainted with all its produc-
tions j.

'Of ORES AND COALS.

:tions; he but juft fhewed it to the Romans. After its reduction
and fubmiiTion to their victorious legions under Claudian, it paid
tribute in its richefl and moft valuable ores ; particularly of lead,
of which feveral pigs have been found in different parts with
the emperors names upon them (a)-; and Pliny allures us, that
the mines were fo rich, that by an imperial edict a certain quan-
tity was only to be worked, the veins, in the language of the
minemen, appearing at the very day, whilft the mines of lead
in their province of Spain were few and poor (bj. Tacitus ac-
quaints us, that our ores, our metalla, were the lures of the Ro~
man Eagle, and rejn-unerated them for their .toils, for their
victories (c).

Our iron-mines were as well known to them as thofe of lead,
as appears from an altar difcovered at one of their walled towns,
Condercum, or Btunvell, infcribed to Jupiter Dtlichemts, the Deity
who prefided over this metal, now in the curious library of Ro-
bert Shafto, Efq;

There is reafon to believe, that they had alfo copper-works.
For by their famous military way of Watling-flreet, near a hamlet*
called Ridleys, belonging to Thomas Selby, Efq; of Bittlefden, there
are conic heaps of copper-Scoria, or flag, ftill remaining. Some
of it was lately eflayed by an ingenious mineraliil of my ac-
quaintance, from which he extracted feveral grains of fine cop-

(a) Stuk. Caraus. Vol. i. p. 176.

• Itin. Curiof. p. 173.
Ph. Tr. No. 459. Camd. Britan. Edit. Opt. p. 679.

'(b) In Britannia fummo Terrae Curio adeo largi, ut Lex ultra dicatur, ne plus certo
'modo fiat. Plin. Na't. Hift. 1. 34. c. 17.

(c) Vita jgricola.

per.

OF ORES AND COALS. 119

per. Stones, charged with this metal, in fpots and veins, are
often found on the more of the river Coquet, and the alpine
brooks of that neighbourhood.

On the weft fide of Kimmer-lake, near Eglingham, there has
been another copper-work ; the veftiges of it very fair in a hil-
lock of flag covered over with grafs, of the very fame kind as
that near Ridley s. On the Ihore of the rivulet of Eramijh^ and
on the fides of the hills .above fngram, there are large mafles of
a light brown flone, charged with this metal, in flakes and fpots.-

The Saxons and Danes in this country were too much perplexed
by wars and inteftme and civil broils to have any fuch works.
And even for fome time after the conqueft by the Normans, we
•find that mines on the northern borders were very rare. There
were fo few in the reign of King Edward III. that the governor of
Berwick upon Tweed, 1 356, was obliged to have minemen from
the foreft of Dean, and the moreibuthern parts, to aflifl him in
retaking the town from the Scots (d). Iron-works in the preced-
ing reign, 10 King Edward II. were fo fcarce, that the Scots in a
predatory expedition in that year, met with none worth their
notice till they came to Furnefs, in LancaJIrire, where they feized
all the manufactured iron they could find, and carried it off with
eager joy, though fo heavy a carriage, and preferred it to all
other plunder

The Romant were as well acquainted with our pit-coal, as with
our ores and metals. In digging up fome of the foundations of
.their walled city, Magna, or Caervorroa, 1762, coal-cinders, fonv.

Hoi. Chron. Vol. u. p. 386. (e) Id. p. 323.

vei '•

OF ORES AND COALS.

very large, were turned up, glowed in the fire like other cin-
ders, and not to be known from them when taken out.

The principal lead-works with us are at

Allen-Head, Shilden,

Goal-Clugh, Fallo wfield.

have been worked for time immemorial. The
ore lies in the form of a tree, recumbent. The method of our
miners working them, is by finking a fliaft till they come to a
vein, and then they make crofs-cuts, and with eager purfuit fol-
low the feveral branches, or firings, as they call them. They
had formerly another method, flill practifed about a mile to the
fouth-eaft from thefe, near Rokehope, within the liberties of the
bifhoprick of Durham. This was by flooding, or hufljing, as they
phraze it; making a large bafon or refervoir of water, which
•being let out by a fluice in a full ftream through a cut or opening
from a defcent, with an irrefiftible impetuofity fweeps away, on
frequent repetitions, all the various fubftances which compofe
the roof of the mine, freeflone, iron-ftone, whin-ftone, lime-
flone, fpar, and talc, and, at length, the ore itfelf, with gravel,
'land, and other extraneous matter, in gentler currents.

Coal-CIugh-Mine is. three miles to the fouth-wefl from Allen-
near the fource of the rivulet of Weft- Allen ; by a clugh, or boggy
hollow, as the name imports, black and hideous to look upon.
ft is faid to be the deepeft lead-mine in England, 100 fathom, a
Subterraneous waggon-rway, of a mile in length, leading to its
Oftium.

The

OF ORES AND COALS. rat

The lead-mine at Shihlen was very rich till of late years. It
now gives employment to feveral hands> and has two fubtcrrcne
engines to carry off the water.

The lead-mine at Falloivfeld was exceedingly rich for many
years, till it was drowned. It is called by the miners, the old
man, who always mention its internal wealth with rapture. It
was lately opened, and a fire-engine erected. It gives employ-
ment to about eighty men.

There is a lead-mine now working near Shilden, reputed rich
in ore, difcovered by a meer accident, by a countryman's Humb-
ling upon a piece of ore lying at the very day.

There are other veins of ore in that neighbourhood, but not
of confequence enough to be particularly mentioned.

There was formerly a le.ad-mine in Rothbury-foKft, the ore in
fmall lumps, enclofed in a white talcy ftone.

There was alfo another on the brow of a hill by the brook
above Stonecraft, near Satlingftones ; the ore in the fame kind of
ftone, of which I have gathered feveral fpecimens, both on the
ihore and in the bottom of the rivulet.

Another was opened fome years ago at Sharply, near
by Sir Lancelot Allgood> of Nunivick, Knt. the ore good, but not
in fufficient quantities to continue working it.

A firing, or fmall vein, was lately difcovered in the middle of
the villa of Little Houghton ; the ore lodged in coarfe fpar, talc,
and ordinary marcafite, found near the day ; in good cflecm,

VOL. I. R and

132 OF ORES AND COALS.

and worked by the owner, Mr. Henry Penreth, merchant in New-
cafile, for fome time, but difcontinued after a few trials.

There was lately a boring for lead-ore at Overton, near Simon-
burn on the eftate of Sir Ralph Milbank, of Hannaby, Bart, but it
was found not to anfwer the expence of working. I have two
ipecimens of the ore, one of them a fmall nodule, very ponder-
ous, of that kind which our miners call, Fl.oat-Orc.

Northumberland-\£3.d.-ore. yields a moderate mare of filver, is foft,
duclile, and fufes kindly in the fire. The ingenious Dr. Wood-
ward informs us, that there is a lead-ore got at

brought to Neivcajlle to be worked, which yields betwixt twenty
or thirty ounces of filver per ton, which is the richeft he knew of
in England (f). The great Mr. Boyle acquaints us he has known
it obferved, that lead-ore, which is poor in its own metal, affords
more filver than others ; and affures us, that he had fome lead-
ore, which on trial yielded three parts in four of good lead, and
yet in the cuppel fcarce yielded an atom of filver (g).

From the lead-mines at Allen-Heads and Falloivfield, I have been
furniflied with fome lead-ores, curious and beautiful, deferving
notice.

1. TefiTellated lead-ore, ponderous and rich, the tcffelx moflly
of a parallelepiped figure, and of a fine natural polifh.

2. Globofe, multangular lead-ore, with plain fides, in the
manner of cryftalline fpar, but not regular ; called by the

(f) Cat. of Foffils, Part 2cl. p. 84. (g) Ph. Tr. No. 19. p. 339.

miners^

OF ORES AND COALS. 123

miners, Diced Ore. I have another fpecimen, broken, exhibit-
ing a beautiful natural politure.

3. Diced ore rifing in fcveral orders from a plate of the com-
mon ore.

4. Half lead-ore, and half cryftalline fpar> of a parallelepiped
figure.

5. Tuberous, cavernofe lead-ore, with many fliort arborefcent
columns, of unequal lengths, fome on a plane, and others on
the fides and fteeps, glofly and fparkling. Thefe five from Allen-
Heads.

6. Lead-ore of various colours, like thofe of the Iris, or rain-
bow, called by the miners, Peacocks-tail Ore, from its refembling
the colours in the train of that beautiful bird, red, purple, blue,
green, and yellow; the laft colour owing to its own metal, the
blue and green to copper, the red and purple to iron. This ore
may be preferved in all its beauty under a cover, not expofed to
the air. Without that caution, it gradually lofes its admired
tincts. It is broad-grained, fufes badly in the lire, and yields
not fo much lead as ore of the fame texture of an uniform co-
lour. The fores of the common ores in fufion frequently exhibit
the fame colours, and are preferved fometimes by the refiners for
prefents to the curious. They call them the Skimmings of lead-
ore. An ingenious gentlewoman from the fouth, lately here,
on having fome prefented to her, diverted herfelf in making
them into flower-works of various kinds ; of which I have fome
in frames under glafles, beautiful imitations of nature, fome of
carnations, and others of tulips and ranunculus's, both in little

R 2 bafkets,

OF ORES AND COALS.

bafkets, and without, of the fame materials. The colours are
fplendid and permanent.

7. Snow-white, arborefcent lead-ore, like fome of the fubma-
rine corallines.

8. Another piece, the branches fewer and fhorter, and more
irregular, the intervals a beautiful froil-work.

9. A .cylindric column of white lead-ore, tubulous, three
inches long, and two inches in diameter, the furface thick fet
with arborefcent moots, of unequal lengths.

10. White lead-ore compofed of feveral tranfparent tubes, of
unequal lengths, the longeft two inches and a half, am! bifid at
the end, in the bafe three inches over, ajt the extr^ni. y tv-'O
inches ; a fmall cylindric column, an inch long, affixed ^y uie
ends on one fide, making a cavernula or hollow nn'lei neath,
towards the middle, the furface fparkling with poir>-ed fluds ;
the reft, towards the bafe, alfo gloffy with ramofe efflorefcences.

11. A column of white lead-ore, tubulous, compreiTcd, and
tapering, with a ramofe moot at the extremity, and a longitudi-
nal furrow down the middle on one fide ; oblique tranfverfe ftrise
on the other fide ; the furface glolTy with fliort pointed Oioots.

12. White lead-ore, with a vein of blue lead-ore running
through it, very bright, with a concretion of the fame at one
end, angular and pointed, like cryftalline fparks, the blue emu-
lating the lapis lazuli in luftre.

Thefe

OF ORES AND COALS. 125

Thefe feven, the party-coloured, and white figured ores, are
from the mine at Fallawfield. The tubuious arborefcent kinds,
have the appearance of ftilla<Stitious crystallizations. They are
the eafieft in fufion of all the lead-ores.

The only iron-work of any eminence with us at prefent, is at
Bebfidc, on the fouth fide of the river Blyth, about four miles
from the fea-port of that name. The ore is digged out of the
hanging banks by the river with great labour and pains, of vari-
ous colours, and of various degrees of texture and hardncfs,
fome as foft as common clay till hardened by the air. The
heavieft and richeft in metal is moftly. of a liver-colour, or a
deep brown.

There was fome years ago an iron-work at Lee- Hall, on the
edge of the river of North Tyne, near Bellingham. The ore is plen-
tiful in the ftrata of a romantic precipice on the eaft fide of the
river; both the liver-coloured cruftaceous, and clay-kinds ; the
firft ponderous and i'ch m metal, fome of it of equal weight
with malleable iron that has pafTed the fire. It was under the
direction and conduct of Mr. JVooJ, fon of Mr. Wood, famous for
being the projector of the halfpence and farthings for Ireland by
patent. He made a good deal of bar-iron, but charcoal becom-
ing fcarcc, he removed to Lanccjlnre, where he attempted to make
it with pit-coal. This has been attempted by others, but not
with that happy fucccfs one could wifh. for. The ingenious
mineralifts of Cokbrook-Dale, in Shropfoire, have the art, from
iron-ore and coal, both got in the fame dale, to make iron
brittle or tough at pleafure. They call cannon io foft, as to bear
turning, like wrought iron.

The

i26 OF ORES AND COALS.

The famous Mr. Boyl obferves, that about three tons of iron-
ftonc in fome iron-mines will yield one ton of metal. And on
the authority of Mathejius he informs us, that a little gold is not
unfrequently found in iron-ore fh}t

We have forne iron-ftone and ore of a peculiar ftructure, figure,
and colour, deferving notice.

.**

1. A ponderous mafs, feven inches long, and thirteen inches

over, in the thickeft part, grey, with fibrous fepta of black talc,
villofe and nappy, like velvet. From the fhore of North Tyne, be-
low Chipchace-rm\\.

2. Of the fhape and fize of a carpenter's hand-plane, ponde-
rous. From the fhore of the brook below Simonbttrn-czRle.

3. Very much refembling a Bonum Magrtum-plumb, with a fliort
ftem or pedicle ; one fide fmooth, the other tuberculofe and gra-
nulated, irregularly, but very neat. From the fliore of the brook
at Simonburn.

c. llefembling half of a nectarine fplit in two, of a fine grain
or texture, a faint red, with uNeucleus, covered with a thin film or
flcin, tinged with yellow. From the fame fhore.

5. Like the head of a fmall iron-bolt, broken off", with an ena-
mel of a copper-colour.

(h) Ph, Tr. No. 19.

Of the manner of making iron, fee Mufat de Fifica J?" de E.-.-pfrienze, See. by Senior
Boccone.

6. Of

OF ORES AND COALS. 127

6. Of a digitated figure, an inch and three quarters long, two
inches and an half over at the bafe, and two inches over at the
extremity ; compofcd of cups or crufts including one another.

7. Another, fmaller, an inch and three quarters long. Both
thefc have a thin film or enamel, of a yellow and brown colour,
the extremities rounded, obliquely.

8. Another, fomewhat curvated, rounded and fvvelling in the
middle by a thick arborefcent Coxtex, the cup at the fmall end
fallen off, and preferved for view.

g. Another, an inch and a half in length, two inches and a
quarter over at the bafe, and two inches at the extremity, the
brims of the cups projecting, forming the figure of a fcrew, the
ridges or eminences equidiftant, with a cuticula fornewhat rough,
and where rubbed, appears as if gilt by the golden Pyrites or
marcafite.

10. Another, an inch and three quarters long, two inches over
at the bafe, and an inch over at the extremity, the edges of the
cups a little raifed, and confpicuous under a thin film, exhibiting
a llight view of its configuration and flruclure. Thefe fix from
ftrata of iron-Hone on the north fide of the brook at Simonburn,
above the bridge.

There are fome others with vegetable delineations, mentioned"
in another place.

We have at prefent no Copper- works. From the feveral marca-
fites and pyritse found in the coal-mines at Plejfcy, Neiubiggen, and
other coal- works, large quantities of vitriol or copperas, as it is

called

128 OF ORES AND COALS.

called by the artificers, are made at Hartley, and at Dent's Hole,
near Newcajlle. The pyritse are found in flrata, in fmall no-
dules ; the marcafites in perpendicular fifTures. They both
hold copper, but in fo fmall a proportion that it is not worth
working. Sulphur and arfenic is frequently extracted from
them. The pyrites is fomc times found folid and unmixed
with extraneous matter, both in our lead and coal-works, but
chiefly in the former ; of various figures, in irregular clutters ;
orbicular, or in large balls ; alfo tabulated, in regular cubes. I
have feen large mattes of the firft fort from the lead-mines at
Allen-Hands, and of the latter I have a fmall fpecimen from the
coal-work at Cbirton, in the form of cubic pfeudo-cryftal ; two
cubes joined together, one of them unfortunately mutilated by
a fracture, of a pale yellow colour, glaring and mining like po-
lifhed fteel.

Our coal-works are numerous. The principal, for export, are
thofe at

Plefley, Killingworth-moor,

Hartley, Newbiggen,

Tyncmouth-moor, Wylam,

Chirton, Byker,

Long Benton, Walker.

Thefe mines are of various depths. The deepeft and of the
greateft curiolity is that at

Walker, by the river Tyne. It is 100 fathom. The feam of coal
is 8 feet, and 5 inches and a half, thick. There are two ventila-
tors worked with a machine by the help of the fire-engine. This
machine is alfo applied to turn a wheel for raifing coals, bring-
ing

OF ORES AND COALS.

ing up a cor ve of 20 pecks, ico fathom, in the fpace of a mi-
nute, the horfcs moving in a walk^/e^). Half of this mine be-
longs to William Ord, of Fenham, and the other half to Jofeph Rcay,
ai^d William Penreth of Neivcaflh, Efqrs; held by leafe from the
corporation of Neivcaftle.

The Long Benton-rmncs have been in high reputation for feveral
years, but are now faid to be going off. One of them is on the
fouth fide of the village. It is called the bafon. It is in depth
72 fathom. The main feam is in thicknefs about 7 feet. There
is another on the weft fide of the village. It is called, The De-
light. It is in depth 74 fathom, and i yard. The main feam is
7 feet thick.

Killingivorth-moor-mine, called alfo New Bcnton, was lately
opened by the proprietors of thofe of Long Bent on. It is in depth
70 fathom. The main feam is near 7 feet thick ; the feveral
flrata of earths and minerals obferved in it for 36 fathom, are
as follow; \Jt. clay, idly, a brown gravel ; ^dly. a foft pale blue
{lone ; ^thly. a white poft, or a very hard chalk-like {tone ; $thly.
a foft green {lone ; 6thly. a hard blue ftone ; ythly. a white poft
mixed with whin j %thly. of metal, or black flaty ftone, 4 feet ;
qthly. coal, 8 inches thick ; \othly. metal, 6 inches ; 1 1 thly. coal,
1 6 inches. I had this account from the miners on the fpot.

in Sir Harry Laivfoii's, liberty, is 70 fathom, and i
yard in depth. The main feam is 5 feet, 10 inches thick. Within
two feet of the roof is a band or load of {tone which reduces the
coal-feam to 5 feet, 9 inches. It is called, the high main coal-

(i) See the defcription and drawing of fuch a machine, &c. by Keen Fitzgerald, Efq; in
the Philofoph. Tranfaft. Part 2. for the year 1758, p. 727.

VOL. I. S feam.

OF ORES AND COALS.

feam. The chief ftrata of earths and minerals obferved in this
mine, are blue metal ; white poll, 6 fathom ; a flaty (lone, 5-
yards ; and next to the coal, an hard white ftone-poft, 10 fathom,
and i yard. Seams of coal, of various thicknefs, lie varioufly
between the ftrata, not workable. There is another mine hard
by, of the fame quality with this. There is a dyke in it, called
Thiflle-pit-dyke, lying north-weft and fouth-eaft. It is believed
to keep a very true courfe. Many fmall dykes branch from it, re-
fembling the root of a tree, in different directions.

I have had a fight of the boring-notes of fome of the other
mines, but they are not fufFered to come under the public view,
being kept as Arcana by the proprietors.

By the beft obfervations of the mine-men, the coal-feams gene-
rally rife to the north-weft, and dip to the fouth-eaft.

There are two forts of vapour terrible to men concernea in
coal-mines ; one fulminating, and the other arfenical ; the firft
volatile and a<ftive, making the candles burn precipitately, taking
fire, and giving an explofion like the blowing up of a citadel
with gun-powder, deftroying the men, and ruining the works ;
the other grofs and foul, not fuffering the candles to burn, in an
inftant extinguishing both them and the human lamp, killing by
its poifonous nature. On the 4th of June, 1 76 1, two overmen,
father and fon, of the name of Joblln, were both killed by the
firft in one of the mines at Byker, and remain there. In the fame
year, a young man was fufFocated by the latter on entering Neiv-
biggen-mine, but recovered by being laid on his belly, with his
mouth in a frefii hole made in the earth, the ufual remedy on
fuch occafions.' Againft this fort of vapour or damp, as it is
called, a large iron-lamp, full of coals, is kept continually burn-
ing

OF ORES AND COALS.

ing in the mine ; and to guard againft both kinds, a free cur-
rency of air is circulated through all the works, entering one,
and coming up another.

Two expedients have been tried by the late ingenious Mr.
lljle Spedding, of Whitehaven, for the fafcty of the workmen in
coal mines, infeftcd with the fulminating vapour ; one is by
framing the perpendicular fhafts or pits with timber where $t
is fufpected to be, and to place a tube of about two inches fquare
in a fmall hollow behind it, elevated four yards above the Oftinm
of the mine, to collect the damp air to one fide of itrand to con-
vey it out of its precincts ; the other is by the ufe of fteel and
flints fixed ia. a fmall engine with a wheel, which give a glim-
mering light to the miners ; this fort of vapour not firing by
fparks, though it does by flame. When it comes out of the top
of the tube it is cold as froily air, yet after it has been imprifoned
and confined in a bladder even for near a month, it will take fire
at a lighted taper or candle, if gently prelTed into it through
the orifice of a pipe, and when the candle is withdrawn, will
continue burning till it is all fpent.

In the grounds at JBenwell, about a quarter of a mile north
from the river Tyne , a coal-mine took fire at a workman's candle,
negligently placed, and continued burning about 3.0 years,
though at firft fo fmall, that a propofal was made to put it out
for fo low a reward as, 2 s. 6d. but it was not accepted. It after-
wards acquired fuch force and ftrength from the kindled ful-
phurs and bitumens, that it raged with fury, in various direc-
tions and depths ; fometimes taking its courfe eaft and weft, and
at laft to the north, into the grounds of Fenham, near a mile from
its firft appearance, committing great ravages in its way, only
confpicuous by its flames and columns of fmoak in the night.

S 2 The

132 OF ORES AND COALS.

The eruptions at Fenham were in near twenty places. I have not
heard that it caft forth ftones of any confiderable magnitude.
Flowers of fulphur, mixed with fal ammoniac, were found con-
creted on pieces of alum-flone, flate, and the neighbouring furz,
of which a phyflcian of Ne-wcqftle upon Tyne, Dr. Hodgfon, gave
an account to the Royal Society (IJ, who could difcover neither
common fait or nitre in the foil or fprings about it, the coal-
water being all vitrioline, and tinging red with galls, and other
neighbouring fountains being deftitute of mineral falts. But he
obferved, that the coal-ways were mended with a fort of flate,
compofed of coal, alum-flone, and mareafite, caft in heaps and
burnt, from which he had often collected both brimftone and fal
ammoniac.

Some of the fait ejected by this bitumenous vulcano was, up-
wards of fix inches broad. It was firfl obferved and gathered by
Dr. Richard Gilpin, in whofe company Dr. Hodgfon proved it by
an experiment to be fal ammoniac. For colour, fome of it was
grey, fome fnow- white, freed from the black f&tor of the coal by
the intenfe heat of the fire.

Factitious, fulphurous air collected from the folution of me-
tal at the time of their effervefcence, efpecially iron, 3!) of filings
being mixed with 3!) of oil of vitriol, and gviij of common water,
will exhibit the lame phenomenon on trial after the fame man-
ner as the fulminating damp, and if the flame of the candle is
fuflered to enter the neck of the bladder, the inclofed air will
take fire, and go off like a gun with a great explofion.

Dr. Broivnrigg, an eminent phyfician at Whitehaven, drew up
a hiftory of damps, which was communicated to the Royal So-

(k) Ph. Tr. No. 130.

ciety

OF ORES AND COALS. 133

ciety by the late learned and reverend Dr. Hales, but dropt his
defign of finifhing it, to the regret of thofe who are acquainted with
his great abilities. He has obferved, that the fire-engine feems
not yet to have attained to its greatefl degree of perfection. He
thinks there is reafon to hope, that either by increafing the fleam,
or by augmenting the force, it may be brought to work with
much fmaller boilers, and with a very moderate expence of
fuel ; and under fuch circumflances it may be applied to a vaft
variety of purpofes, and become of much greater ufe to man-
kind (1). His late friend, Mr. Carli/le Spedding, before-men-
tionedj an excellent mechanic, was fuperintendent of five at White-
haven, to which he made many considerable improvements. The
fame has been, done by Mr. William Brown, of Throckley, in this
county, particularly in the engine erected for the coal-mine at
Walker, already noticed, in great reputation for his fkill in me-
chanics, and his fagacity and prudence in the direction and
management of coal-mines.

Thofe round Neivcqftle were ordered to be fired, ipth King
Charles I. 1643, by the Marquis of Neivcaftle, General of the
King's forces, then in the town, befieged by the Scots, whofe
General, Lejley, preferved them by furprizing the boats and
veflels (m.)..

They had alfo a narrow efcape from being fired by the Scots
after their defection from the parliament, 1648, under their
Leader, Monroe, who, on the news of a party of his countrymen
rifing againft him, under the conduct of the Marquis of Argy &,
fpirited up by their minifters, ordered his troops homewards,

(I) Ph. Tr. Vol. 49. Part 2d. for 1756.
(m) IFhitlock's Memorials, p. 78.

the

I34 OF ORES AND COALS.

the ncareft- way over the Tweed, in fuch hafte, fays Whitlock, that
they had almoft left their plunder "behind them, had they not
preferred it to life (n).

Coals of curiofity for their hardnefs, colour, and figure, ob-
ferved in our mines, are as follow.

1. A hard, glofTy coal, in large mattes, preferable to all
others for flrength and duration. It is ufually called Splint by
the miners. From the mine, called The Delight, at Long Benton.
There is fome of this coal in the mine at Wylam, belonging to
"John Blacket, Efq;

2. Coal with a thick enamel of filvery marcafite. From the
mines at Plejfey, belonging to Matthew Ridley, Efq;

3. Coal glowing with all the colours of the rainbow in the
moft beautiful enamel, much exceeding thofe obferved in lead-
ore, and more permanent, if preferved with the fame care,
under a cover, dry, and from duft. From Chirton-m'me, and
from one at Inghoiv, near Stamfordham. That from Inghoiv has
the fined tincts, mod fplendid and rich, as if raifed in parts,
and in a kind of relief. Some of it has a high natural polifh,
like a mirror. Some of the common coal in this mine is a
glofly black, of a fine politure, and breaks into rhomboid and
parallellapid figures.

4. The Ampelites, or canal-coal, very fine. From the mines at
Long Benton, and Walker, but in no great quantities. That from
Walker very much refembles the inflammable fofli-1, gagates, or
jet. Snuff-boxes, and other toys, are frequently made of this
kind by ingenious artifts.

(n) Idem, p. 331.

CHAP. VIIIJ
OF TJIEES AND PLANTS.

IN the Briti/h, Roman, and Saxon times, Northumberland abounded
with forefts and groves of oak, and other timber ; many vil-
las taking their names from their woody fituation ; as Woodring-
ton, i. e. a town in a wood, encompaffed with it, as in a ring ;
Woden, i. e. the extremity or end of the wood ; Dru-ridge, i. e. a
grove of oaks ; the oak being called Dru by the Britons, from its
being a facred tree, their priefts or Druids performing their ido-
latrous rites under its made. The ocean, as if offended with
their impiety, has fwept away their grove at Druridge, the
flumps and roots frequently vifible in the mud after the retreat
of the tides, large and numerous, and fometimes branches and
trunks by their fides. Cheviot is upon record for its oaks and
brufhwood, in fuch abundance, that it was called the Great
Wood of Cheviot, by way of eminence (a). In the reign of King
Egfrid, the Chriflian Saxon, Hexham was furrounded with thick
woods (bj. In the reign of K. Henry VIII, Cheviot was in a man-
ner difrobed of its beautiful verdure ; fhrubs, and fome crooked
old trees being only to be feen. Glen-dale was much in the fame
flate ; as were Reed's-dale -, the vale of South Tyne, from Hexham to
Tynemouth ; the country between Neivcaftle and Morpeth, and Bam--

(a) Lei. Itin. Vol. 7. p. 63.

(l>) Prior Richard. Inter x fcriptD:e»

broughJJjire,

J36 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

broughjijire. Between Morpeth and Alnivick there was a fine mew
of wood, and many parks ; but little between Alnivick and Ber-
ivick (c).

Under the authority and countenance of the legiflature in tl*
reign of K. Edward VI. upon the divifion and cnclofure of pro-
perty, our woods increafed, and their owners began to think
them worthy of their care and cultivation ; all the vale-foils, and
many declivities and hills, being naturally inclined to wood.
The houfes built fince that period, Ihew its plenty, particularly
of oak; the planks thick and broad ; the beams of a furprizing
length and magnitude, two often lying near one another, where
one might ferve ; ftrength and fecurity being then preferred to
order, and the beauty of defign.

was a favourite tree with our anceftors in the days of
j»-chery, fome of which are Hill remaining, of a great fize ; the
larger! in the church-yard at Beltingham. In the cliffs, on the
weflern margin of the Allen, they grow naturally, their roots
and fibres receiving their nourifhment from fuch light earth as
they find between the crevices and broken ilrata of the rocks ;
their verdure beautiful by the pafling ftream.

Hollies feem alfo to be as natural to our alpine foils, on the
banks of rivers. The largeft and handfomeft I have obferved, are
on the eaft-fide of Weft Allen, at Monk, oppofite to Whitfield-ha\\.

Silver-firs grow to an extraordinary fize near the hills of Cheviot.
Before the weft front of Brandon-White Houfe, there are two very
jlarge,; one of them judged fit to be a mail for a 20 gun fhip ;

(c) Lei. Itin. Vol. 7. p. 63.

being

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 137

being at the root about feven feet in circumference. A great
encouragement this to replant the neighbouring hills and moun-
tains, whofe made and verdure would be one of the greatcft
beauties of our country, and the timber a fund of wealth !

The larix, or larch-tree, is one of the moft ornamental and
valuable trees of our groves and plantations ; its form graceful,
its timber known from experience to exceed any tree for dura-
tion under falt-water, except the cyprefs (d.)

The Cyprefs, the Cedar of Libanus, the Wey mouth-Pine, the Balm
of Gilead-Fir, the SpaniJJj chefnut, and the Walnut-tree^ thrive
very well in the warmer and better foils ; fome of them near the
fea. In the garden of Ralph William Grey, of Backivorth, Efq;
there is a Cyprefs about twenty feet in height ; alfo a SpaniJJj chef-
nut and a walnut-tree Handing together, fit for timber ; the latter
bearing nuts, and the cyprefs full of cones, 2ift Atigiifl, 1762.
There are two walnut-trees at Afoington, the feat of George Sandi-
ford Crow, Efq; of a remarkable fize j one fix feet, nine inches
in the girth, the trunk to four leading branches, nine feet, four
inches and a half \ the other fix feet in the girth, the trunk to two
leading branches, fix feet four inches and a half. The nuts both
here, and at Backivorth, arrive at no higher perfection than to ferve
for pickles. This tree does not lofe its leading moots at either
place, as it does in the vale of North Tyne ; which is owing partly
to mifmanagement, and partly to the foil ; the gardeners ufually
cutting off the tap-roots, and the foil frequently upon an ochrc-
ous iron-miver ; both which hinder their thriving, bring on an
atrophy and decay ; the bark turning fcabrous, and the trunk
deformed with blotches and fears. In a grove at Fenbam, the feat

(d) Wiftorfs Naval Architecture, fol. Am/I. 1671.

VOL. I. T of

138 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

of William Ord, Efq; the other refinous trees make a fine fliew 5
their bark florid, and their (hoots vigorous.

The Beech and Englift Elm are cultivated with great fuccefs,
both for their fhade and timber. The former was facred in the
times of Paganifm among the northern nations, on which they
wrote their laws (e).

The Scotch Elm grows to a great fize ; its natural fituation by
the fides of brooks and rivers, and even in the clefts and preci-
pices, and fometimes on bleak and barren hills, with the am,
being its rival in combating winds and tempeils.

The more valuable fruit-trees, as the Peech, the Apricot, the
Neclarine, and the Vine, have of late been favoured with fire-
walls, to forward their vegetation, and to give their fruit that
mellownefs and flavour, which our northern SUN denies them.
In fome of the warmer vales they fucceed pretty well without
that aid, but in mofl other places they demand it. It muft be
confeffed, that fruit from the fire-walls is preferable to all others,
and will admit of no competition, either for tafle or beauty ; par-
ticularly the grape ; however affifled by fituation, expofure, walls,
and glafles.

The White-Heart Cherry is a fhy bearer on mofl of our walls ;
the other kinds, the Black Heart, the May-Duke, 8cc. bear in great
perfection ; the Morel, againft a north wall, excellent.

No culture has yet been found capable to give the. golden Pippen
its true flavour in this climate, except it is treated like the vine,
&c. planted againfl a fire-wall. The other orchard-trees, both

(e) Ola Rudbatk. Atlantic*. Pars 3. FoL 1698.

apples,

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 139

apples, pears, and plumbs, do, for the moil part, extremely well,
under proper management and culture, neither defective in fla-
vour nor fize ; not difdaining to be planted even near the fea, if
well flickered.

Few counties produce a better ftore of wild plants. I fhall only
take notice of fuch as are mofl remarkable for their beauty, or
for their medical and ©economical ufes.

i. The Bird-Cherry (f). In woods, by waters, plentifully. The
flowers are white, in large pendulous clutters, of an ageeeablc
fcent ; the fruit black, round at firft, and afterwards of a cord-
ated figure. Upon very old, tall trees, I have feen the fruit as
large as thofe of the garden black currant. It is of an agree-
able tafte in its full ripenefs, but the birds feldom let it continue
on the tree till it is in that ftate, commonly feeding upon it on its
firft changing from red to black. The alpine common people
are very fond of it.

The Mountain-A/J}, or the Quicken-Tree (g). In woods, and about
rocks, by waters. The fruit is of a beautiful yellowifh-red, in

pen-

(f) Pfeudo-Liguftrum. Dad. Pempt. 777. bene. Cerafus avium nigra et racemofa. Ger.
1322. emac. 1504. Raj. Hift. n. 1549. Syn. iii. 463. Cerafus racemofa fylveftris frudlu
non eduli. C. B. Pin. 451. Town. Inft. 616. Boerh. Ind. A. n. 244. Padus Theophrafti.
Dill. Cat. Gieff. p. 66. Padus Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 309.

Padus glandulis duabus foliorum fubjedlis. Royen* lugdb. p. 267. Hall. Helv. p. 357.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 185. Flo. Suec. p. 144. n. 396. Hag-berry Tree, vulgo, Narthumbr.
et Cumbr.

(g) Ornus. Dod. Pempt. p. 834.. Onus. Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 289. Sorbus Sylvef-
tris. Cam. Epit. p. 161. bene. Ornus feu Fraxinus Sylveftris. Park. Theatr. 1419. Sor-
bus aucuparia, /, B. i. p. 62. Tourn. Inft. p. 634. Bacrh, Ind. A. tr. p. 248. Raj.

T ?. Hift.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

pendulous clufters. It was a facred tree with the Pagans of the
northern nations, who wrote their laws upon its wood, as well
as upon the beech *.

3. The Elder-Tree (h). In hedges. About Ne-wbrough, the two
Wardens, the Hermitage, and Hexham, plentifully. The interior
bark has been long in reputation for curing burns and fcalds ;
the fpring-fhoots for a table-pickle ; the flowers for a cordial by
infufion and diilillation ; the fruit for making an excellent
wine.

4. Marfo-EIder (i). In moift woods, plentifully. The flowers
are white, in large umbels, fucceeded by red fruit, gloflTy and
beautiful.

Thefe four trees do not flower with us till the beginning of
June. The fruits are ripe in the latter end of autumn.

Hift. n. p. 1457. Syn. iii. p. 452. Sorbus foliis pinnatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 196.
Royen. lugdb. p. 272. Sorbus foliis pinnatis, glabris, frudu minimo. Hal. Helv. p. 350.
Rawne-Tree, vulgo, Nurtbumlr. et Cumbr.

* 01. Rudbeck. Atlant.

(h) Sambucus. Dod. Pempt. 845. Sambucus. Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 319. Ger. 1234.
emac. 1422. Sambucus fru&u in umbella nigra. C. B. Pin. p. 456. Town. Inftit. p. 606.
Boerb. Ind. A. n. p. 233. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 461. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 230. Sambucus
caule perenni ramofo. Linn. Hort. Cliff. Sambucus caule arboreo ramofo, floribus umbel-
latis. Royen. lugdb. p. 243. Sambucus arborea umbellatis floribus. Hall. Helv. p. 466.

See an account at large of its medical virtues in Martyn's Tourn. 1 1. loco fupra citato,

(i) Sambucus paluftris. Dod. Pempt. 846. Sambucus aquatica. I. B. i. p. 502. Cam.
Epit. p. 977. l/ene, cum Charadtere. Sambucus aquatica florefimplici. C. B. Pin. p. 564.
Raj. Syn. iii. p. 460. Opulus Ruellii Tourn. Inft. p. 607. Opulus Linn. Hort. Cliff, p.
109. Royen. lugdb. p. 233. Hall. Helv. p. 463.

5. Dwarf-

OF TREES AND PLANTS, 141

5. Dwarf-Elder, Walivort, or Daneivort (k). On the weft fide of
the church-yard-wall at Chat ton, by the river Till. At Purloy-Green,
near Sbit/iqgton-hall, in Tynedale, plentifully. In a farm-yard at
Tecket, fparingly. It flowers in June. The flowers are white, in
large umbels'; the fruit black. It is diuretic and aperient, ufed
in obftruclions of the Vifcera, droplies, and jaundices. For in-
flammations, fcalds, burns, and the venomous bite of any ani-
mal, it has been ufed with eminent fuccefs. It is faid alfo to
afliiage the pain of the gout. It has an agreeable fmell in an;
ointment f .

6. The Euonymus (I}. At the weft end of the reclory-wood at
Simonburn. At Capons-clugh, near AllerivaJJj ; alfo in the Bnjh-"wood,
on the banks of South Tyne, near the fame place. The older moots
are four-eornered ; the corners or angles brown ; the flat fides of
a pea-green. The younger moots are all green, refembling jef-
famy. The flowers are at the extremity of the branches, of a
yellowifli-white. The fruit is angular, of a purplifh-red, with
an ovated feed of a bright orange-yellow. It flowers with us in

(k) Ebulus. Dad. Pempt. p, 381. Ebuliis, Chamaea&e. Offic. Dal. Pharm. p, 319.
Ebuius live Sambucus humilis. Ger. p, 1238. emac. p. 1426. Park. Theatr. p. 208.
Ebulus five Sambucus herbacea. I. B. i. p. 546. Sambucus humilis five Ebulus. C. B.
Pin. p. 456. Raj. Hift. n. 1611. Syn. iii. p. 461. Tourn. Inft. p. 606. Martin.
Tourn. n. p. 234. Sambucus caule herbaceo fimpliciffimo. Linn. V'irid. Cliff, p. 25.
Hort. Cliff, p. no. Roytn. lugdb. p. 243. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 353. Sambucus her-
bacea, floribus umbellatis. Hall. Helv. p. 466.

f For its medical powers, fee Martyn's Tourn. loco citato.

(I) Euonymus. Dod. Pempt. p. 783. tene, fed foliis integris, Tab. p. 1647, foiiis ferra-
tis. Cam. Epit. p. 102. bene, cum Chara&ere Gefn. Tourn. Inftit. p. 617. bene. Boetb.
Ind. A. ii. p. 237. Euonymus Theophrafti. Ger. p. 1284. emac. p. 1468. Euonymus,
Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 321. Euonymus foliis oblongo-ovatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 38.
Flo. Suec. p. 47. n. 138. Royen. 436. Hall. Helv. p. 423,

June.

,4» OF PLANTS AND TREES.

June. The fruit is ripe in the latter end of autumn, and does
not fall off till towards Chriftmas. It is the moil beautiful of all
our winter flowering-lhrubs. It is not common.

The black berry -bearing Alder (m), with white flowers at the Al<e
of the leaves, faid to grow in Thorny "holme t in ?F£z«$r£/-park, in
Weftmorland *, and plentifully in the moift woods and hedges in
ibme of the fouthern counties, efpecially about London, does not
grow with us where I have been.

7. Upright Juniper (n). Among the bullies and trees on the
banks of the Tyne near Ryding, below Hexham. It is fometimes
removed into the gardeiWhrubberies. It grows to no great height
with us.

8. Procumbent alpine Juniper (o). On barren heaths. On Broad-
pool-Common, near Simonburn. It is conftantly loaden with fruit, but
little regarded with us. In the highlands of Scotland, over againit

(m) Frangula. Dud. Pempt. p. 784. Tab. p. 1046. Cam. Epit. p. 978. Icon bona.
Tourn. Inft. p. 612. Mart. Tourn. I. p. 263. Alnus nigra baccifsra. I. B. i. p. 506.
C. B. Pin. 428. Raj. Hift. ri. p. 1604. Frangula, Alnus nigra Offic. Dal, Pharm. p.
318. Ramnus inermis floribus monogynis hermaphroditis. Linn. Hort, Cliff, p. 70. Flo.
Suec. p. 68. n. 194. Raytn. lugdb. p. 224. Frangula Ora folii integra. Hall. Helv. p.
164.

* Ray. Marten, locis eitatis.

(n) Juniperus vulgaris celfior arborefcens. Cltif. p. 38. Juniperus vulgaris arbor. C. B.
Pin. p. 488. Juniperus foliis feflilibus patentibus. Royen. lugdb. p. 89. Linn. Hort. Cliff.
p. 464. Flo. Suec. p. 300. n. 824. Hall. Helv. p. 146.

(o) Juniperus. Matt. p. 121. bine. Juniperus, Offic. Ger. p. 1189. emac. p. 1372.
Dal. Pharm. p. 280. Juniperus montana. Cafalp. \. 9. c. 58. cum Sexus Obfervat. Ju-
niperus vulgaris. I.E. n. p. 293. Raj. Hift. p. 1411. Syn. iii. p. 444. Juniperus vul-
garis fruaicofa. C. B. Pin. p. 488. Tourn. Inft. p. 388. Boerh. Ind. A. 11. p. 108. Dill.
GUT. p. 59. Martyn. Tourn. u. p. 51. Juniperus (a. varietas) humilior dumofa. Hall.
Helv. 146.

the

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 143"

the ifle of Skie, and in the Skle-ijle, the natives are faid to bathe
their children in the infufion of the wood, when the fmall pox
is epidemical, and thofe who neglect this precaution are obferved
to die, of which there are feveral inftanccs *..

9. The Sweet Briar or Eglantine (p). On the edge of the military
road by the iath mile-ftone, on the weft-fide, about forty yards
from it. There is a very large bufh of it, grateful by its fcent
to the paflenger. I have alfo obferved it growing fparingly on*
the bank on the north fide of the Coquet^ at JVarkivortb, almoft
oppofite to the church.

10. The Framboifei Hmdbcrry^ or Rqfpberry (q). About hedges ,.
and in woods, in ftony places, plentifully. On the north fide of
the brook below Tecket, among the moift rocks, it bears as large
fruit as any I have feen in gardens, the branches hanging over
the rocks, and down to the ground, with their weight j of a moft
grateful tafte, far fuperior to thofe that are under culture, and
nourimed with dungs.

11. DOUBLE white-flowered Deivberry-BuJh (r). In a ftony place
near the foot of the bank in Tecket-vfood, by the path leading

* Ph. Tr. No. 312;.

(p) Rofa fylveftris foliis odoratis. Dod. Pempt. p. 187. C. B. Pin. p. 483. Rofa foliis
odoratis, Eglantina difla. I. B. II. p. 42. Rofa Eglanteria. Taberm. Icon. 1087. "Rofa.
aculeata foliis odoratis fubtus rubiginofis. Linn. Sp. PI. 491. Rofa foliis fubtus rubiginofis
et odoratis. Hall. Helv. p. 350.

(q) Rubus Idasus fpinofus. C. B. Pin. p. 479. Tour/i. Inft. p. 614. Martyn. Tournr.
II. p. 223. Rubus Idaeus ;'pinofus frudu rubro. 7. B. 11. p. 59. Roj. Hift. 11. p.
1640. Syn. iii. p. 467. P. jbus Jdaeus, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 324. Rubus caule ere&o
hifpido, foliis ternatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 204. Hort. Cliff, p. 192. Royen. lugdb. p.
273. Rubus foliis ternatis & quinatis, cofta plerumque inermi, fruftu rubro, villofo.
Hall. Helv. p. 344.

(r) Rubus caule aculeato, foliis ternatis, flore albo pleno.

weftward

;i-44 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

weftward from the rectory-den, at Slmonburn^ to the brook, plen-
tifully. The flowers are large, of a bright white, in a double
feries. It.conftantly produces the fame flowers, both in its wild j
Hate, and under culture. It is a variety of the common Dew-
berry (s). It flowers at the fame time, in the latter end of May.

12. The herbaceous Stone-Bramble (t). Amongft the gravel at the
bottom of a high bank about two-hundred yards below the re-
mains of a mill at Wejl Dibden, called PVhinetfy-mill, in Hexham-

Jhlre. The children of the neighbourhood, who gather the
berries to eat, call them ivlld Cherries. They are of a beautiful
red. It is a fcarce plant.

13. The Cloud-berry ', Knot-berry, or Knout-berry (u) '. On Cheviot,
plentifully. The fruit is red, of an infipid tafle. It is accounted
a good antifcorbutic.

(:) Rubus minor. Dod. Pempt. p. 742. cum Icone. Rubus minor fruftu caeruleo. 7. B.
iii. p. 59. Raj. Hift. n. p. 1640. Syn. iii. p. 467. Rubus repens frudlu caefio. C. B.
Pin. p. 470. Tourn. Inft. p. 614. Martyn. Tourn. n. p. 223. Boerh. Ind. A. U. p. 60.
Rubus caule aculeate, foliis ternatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 192. Flo. Suec. p. 49. n. 410.
Royen. lugdb. p. 273. Hall. Helv. p. 344. Chamasbatus, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 323.

(t) Rubus faxatilis alpinus. Cluf. Pannon. p. 115, 116. cum Icone. Rubus faxatilis five
petraeus. Cluf. Hift. p. 117. Chamaerubus faxatilis. C. B. Pin. p. 479. Raj. Hift. i. p. 654.
Syn. iii. p. 261. Rubus alpinus humilis. 7. B. n. p. 61. Tourn. Inft. p. 615. Boerh. Ind.
A. n. p. 61. Dill. Giff. p. 56. Rupp.Flo. Jen. p. 115. Chamaerubus, Offic. Dal. Pharm.
p. 323. Rubus foliis ternatis nudis flagellis reptantibus herbaceis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 494.
plo. Suec. p. 149. n. 410. Rubus caule repente annuo foliis ternatis. Flo. Lappon. p. 206.
Reyen. lugdb. p. 173. Hall. Helv. p. 344.

(u) Chamaemorus, Offic. Gcr. p. 1089. emac. p. 1272. Dal. Pharm. p. 323. Raj. Hift.
p. 654. Syn. 260. Chamaemorus Anglica. Park. Theatr. p. 1014. Rubus Idteo minor!
affinis, Chamsemorus. 7. B. u. p. 62. Rubus alpinus humilis, Vaccinia Nubis, i. e.
Clcud-berrifs vulgo didus. Pluk. Almag. p. 325. Rubus paluftris humilis. Tourn. Inft. p.
615. Rubus caule bifolio & unifloro, foliis fimplicibus. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 208. t. 5.
f. i. Hort. Cliff, p. 192. Rubus foliis fimplicibus, caule unifloro. Flo. Suec. p. 15.
n. 413.

14. LARGE,

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

•

14. LARGE, .Mountain-Strawberry, ivith Jhining- • rugbfe--, leaves-
In die bottom of the wood at the OJlium of Ge/*0«-burn, on the
north Tide. On the flrand of the brook at Slatetfald, by the path
to Simonburn. The fruit is conic, of the fize of a finall nutmeg,
finer tailed than the garden-kinds.; It loves a water-fand and
gravel, and a low fliady fituation. Jt is a variety of the fma.ll*
rough, mining-leaved, common flrawberry of the woods.

The fmall white Strawberry (x), does not grow with us, but
as it may have efcaped out of gardens.' It grows plentifully
on the tops of the brick-garden-walls at the Half-way houfe be-
tween Newcaftle and Tyneitionth,. with no other nourishment than
what it receives from the mortar, of lime and fand, between
the bricks ; of a much finer flavour than when it grows under
culture on the ground below.

••^.J • *— 'A'VC v ' ^t. , \~ jV; MViV-i ' '»* V.V;'".» ,'

15. Berry-bearing Heath, Crow-berry, or Crake-berry (y). On rhoift
alpine rocks, and upon heaths. On Calleley-h\\\, plentifully;
where the fruit is the largeft of any I have feen, of the fize of the
garden-black currant.

•"i"i •

1 6. Thyme-leaved, Marflj-Wor tie-berry, or Crane-berry fz). On fmall
hillocks among the Sphagnum in mountainous mofles. On both

fides

(u) FRAGRARIA foliis ternatis rugofis glabris, flagellis reptans, fruflu rubro conico.

• (x) Fragaria minor flagellis reptans, frudlu fubrotundo dulci & fubalbido. Fragaria fruc-
tu albo. Cam. Epit. p.- 766. <y. Hail. Helv. p. 343. Aft. Suec. 1720. p. 97.

(y) Erica baccifera. Cam. Epit. p. 77. Cluf. Pannon. p. 28. Erica baccifera 'procum-
bens nigra. C. B. Pin. p. 486. Raj.Hifi. p. 1631. Syn. iii. p. 444. Empetrum monta-
num fru£tu .nigro. Tourn. Inft. 579. Empetrum procumbens. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 470;
Flo. Suec. p. 303. n. 832. Royen. lugdb. p. 206. Hall. Hel. p. 162.

• (z) Vaccinia paluftria. Dad. Pempt. p. 770. cum fruftu. Oxycoccus paluftris foliis
parvis acutis ferpilli inftar, Menz. Pug. Oxycoccus five Vaccinia paluftria. /. B. r. p.

. I. U 5is.

i4<5 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

fides of the Roman wall, in the mofles, weftward ; in great abun-
dance in wet fummers. The flower is of a beautiful fcarlet, con-
fiding of four long fegments, revolute, with eight ftamina. The
fruit is ripe in autumn, of a florid red, fpotted with a deep pur-
ple, and on its going off entirely of a deep purple. It is ufed
for tarts, for which it is much valued ; of a moft grateful tafte,
cooling and refrigerant.

17. We have the fmall deciduous-leaved black Wortle-berry ( a) , in
moift woods, and about madowy rocks, in great abundance. The
fruit is well tafted, but not to be eaten too freely ; being a great
aftringent, and has been known to caufe fuch a conftipation of
the bowels as has been fatal *. It is a fuccedaneum in the ftiops to
Myrtle-Berries, from which it obtained the name of Myrtillus.

1 8. Procumbent perennial-leaved Wor tie-berry (b). About moift al-
pine rocks, and in hilly ftony places upon heaths. On the ledges

525. 'Raj. Hift. p. 685. Tourn. Inft. p. 665. Vitis Idaea paluftris. C. B. Pin. p. 470. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 267. Occicoccus Rupp. Flo. Jen. Hall. Helv. p. 413. Vaccinium ramis fili-
formibus repentibus, foliis ovatis perennantibus. Linn. Flor. Lappon. p. 145. Vaccinium
ramis filiformibus, foliis ovatis perennantibus, pedunculis fimplicibus ftipula duplici. Flo.
Suec. p. 114. n. 315.

(a) Vaccinia nigra. Dod. Pempt. p. 768. Myrtillus. Mattb. p. 231. bent. Cam. Epit.
p. 135. Myrtillus, Off. Dal. Pharm. p. 294. Vitis Idaea foliis oblongis, crenatis, fiuflu
nigricante. C. B. Pin. 470. Tourn. Inft. p. 608. Vitis Idaaa angulofa. I. B. i. p. 520.
Raj. Hift. II. p. 1488. Syn. iii. p. 457. Vaccinium caule angulato, foliis ovatis ferratis
deciduis. Linn. Suec. n. 313. Vaccinium caule angulato, foliis ferratis annuls. Lapp.
ji. 43. Hort. Cliff, p. 148. Royen. lugdb. p. 239. Hall. Helv. p. 415.

•* BrefslerienftSy 1722. M. Oclobr. a clariff. Hall, citat.

(b) Vaccinia rubra. Dod. Pempt. p. 770. Vitis Idaea rubra. Cam. Epit. p. 136. bent.
Vitis Idaea femper virens fruftu rubro. /. B. I. p. 522. Raj. Hift. p. 488, &c. Syn. iii.
p. 457. Vitis Idaea foliis fubrotundis non crenatis baccis rubris. C. B. Pin. p. 470. Vac-
cinium foliis perennantibus obverfe ovatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 148. Royen. lugdb. p. 239.

Hall, Helv. p. 414.

Of

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 147

of the rocks by a fpring at Zowg-crag, near JfW/m^-ftrcet, by the
road to Thockrington from Gunivarton. On the moor-edge, by Di-
ligate-\\Vi\\, near Hexham, plentifully. The root is creeping and
woody. The ftalks are flender, and branched, from half a foot
to a foot in length. The leaves are like thofe of Box, of a deep
glofly green, and alternate. The flowers are on pedicles, in a
pendulous clufter at the extremity of the branches, five, fix or
feven together, according to the flrength of the plant. They
are monopetalous, of a cylindric campaniform fhape, lightly cut,
of a bright white, and fometimes of a pale red ; the ftamina
corniculated, the tube revolute. The fruit is red, of a grateful
acid tafte. The leaves are bitter. Ufed in the form of tea, they
are accounted good againft rheums and diftillations of the head.

19. Upright deciduous-leaved Wortle-berry, or great Bill-berry-bujlj,
(c). In woods, in wet mofly places. In the Duke of Portland's
wood, called the Eajl Common, near Hexham. It is from a foot to
two feet and a half high ; the lower part naked, very much
branched at the top. The leaves are of an ovated form, and in
the older and more robuft plants pretty long, mining, and full
'of veins. The flowers are on pedicles, one or two together, cy-
lindric, contracted and reflex at the brims, with four or five den-
ticles', lightly cut. They are white, with a blufli of purple.
They have eight or ten ftamina, four of them corniculated,
two of them bending inwards, and the other two flraight;
the tube thick and cylindric. The ovarium is globofe, and four

(c) Vitis Idaen. n. Cltif. Pan. p. 77, 79. Hift. p. 61, 62. bene. Viti Idaea magna, qui-
bufdam Myrtillus grandis. /. B. i. p. 518. Raj. Hift. p. 1487. Syn. iii. p. 457. Town.
Inft. p. 6c8. Vitis Idsa foliis fubrotundis exalbidis. C. B. Pin. p. 470. Vaccinium altif-
fimum, foliis fubrotundis exalbidis. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 39. Vaccinia Offic. Dal. Pharm.
p. 294.. Vaccinium foliis ovalibus deciduis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 113. n. 312. Vaccinium
foliis annuis deciduie. Flo. Lapnon. n. 142. Hall. Helv. p. 414.

U 2 cornered.

148 OF TREES AND PLANTS;

cornered. The fruit is round and gloffy, of a farinaceous bluifli-
black. It is efculent, and well tailed. It is full of feeds, in four
cells. It flowers in the latter end of May, and fometimes later.

i •.-,;.;. rnoit .lisfiofiiricf- bv:^ siahr:.;'. cu; c.jilrfr offT vvp.

20. The perennial-leaved Arbutus, or Uva Urjir with red fruit (d).

In the Duke of Portland'?, wood, near Hexham, plentifully. I
never met with it any where elfe, except at little Wancyhoufe-crz.g,
where I met with one very fine plant of it in a turf-foil among
the rocks. It very muc.li refernbles the ever-green Q\ perennlal-
leaved Wortle-berry with red fruit. The ftalks are longer, and of
a more firm texture, part procumbent, and part upright, accord-
ing to their age and ftrength, from a foot to two feet in length.
The leaves are alfo longer, gradually expanding to an ovated
form. The flowers are in pendulous clufters on the fummits of
the branches. They are campaniform ; the brims reflex and ob-
tufe ; the antheras bicorneous ; the fruit round and glofly, of an
infipid tafte. The calyx is of a purple colour divided into five
parts.

yn: ;.i»..S!)I D/i i' .tioj or:.

21. Yellow flowered, climbing Honey-fuckle (e). In hedges, and

thickets. In a hedge by the ford crofs North Tyne from Haughton-^
Strothers to Chipchace. Amon'g the bruih-wood .in the Roman fofs
by the isth mile-ftone on the military road, near the Wall-houfes.
Its ufual height is about fix feet. The leaves are of an ovated

(d) Uva Urfi. Cluf. p. 63. Hifpan. p. 79. bene. Tab. p. 1080. Tourn. Inft. p. 599.
Arbutus caulibus procumbentibus, foliis integerrimis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 1-62. t. 6. f. 3.
Flo. Suec. n. 339. Hort. Cliff, p. 163. Riyen. lugdb. p. 440. Hall. Helv. p. 415.

(e) Caprifolium Germanicum. Dad. Pempt. p. 411. Tourn. Inft. p. 608. Periclymcnum
non perfoliatum Septentrionalium. Lob. p. 603. ex Dad. Pericl) menum non perfoliatum
Germanicum. C. B. Pin. p. 302. Lonicera floribus capitatis, terminatricibus floribus omni-
bus diftinftis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 58. Royen. lugdb, p. 237. Caprifolium fioribus race-
molls. Hall. Hclv. p. 465.

form

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 149

form with obtufe points, of a deep green and glofly. The flowers
are in large clutters on the tops of the branches, of a bright and
beautiful gold-yellow, fome times with a blufh of red. It has a
moft grateful fragrance. Hence it is admitted into the mmb-
berries of the genteeler gardens, and often trained to a head for
a place among the low Frutices in borders. It is not without its
medical virtues. The diftilled water of the flowers is commend-
ed for inflammations of the eyes,. An ointment made of the
leaves is ufed with fuccefs in ulcerous tumours of the legs.
Againft a warm wall, under culture, it holds its leaves in the
winter. I found it fo in two young plants, in one winter, whilft
thofc in the hedges were deciduous. It flowers in July and
Auguft.

i

22. Upright a?pine Honey -fuckle (f). In the fiflures of fteep rocks.
On the rocks under the Roman wall, on the weft fide of Sheiving-

Jheels, and by crag-lake. It is a low Frutex, upright, and bufhy
towards the head. The leaves are rough and hairy, but not fer-
rated. The flowers are white, and fuccceded by two oblong red
berries, which as they ripen run into one Jingle flriated oval
berry, containing commonly about eight feeds. It flowers in July.

23. Woody Night-Jhade, or Bittler-fweet (g). About moift hedges,
and way-fides, by waters. In the hedges about Hexham, Bywell,

and

(f) Periclymenum return quartum, Cluf. Hift. p. 59. bene, cuti flore & fru&u. Xylol-
teum alterum. Dod. Pempt. p. 412. ex Clujio. Chamaecerafus alpina frudhi rubro gemino
duobus pun£lis notato. C. B. Pin. Tourn. Inft. p. 609. Periclymenum redium fructu ru-
bro. Raj. Hift. p. 492. fmgulari majore, Park. L nicera pedunculis bifloris, foliis ovatis
cbtufis integris. Linn. Hort. ClifF; p. 58. Caprifolium floribus geminis, foliis oblonge ob-
tufis integerrimis. Hall. Helv. p, 464.

(g) Dulcamara. Dod, Pempt. p. 402. Amaradulcis. Gtr. p. 279. eniac. p. 350. Sola-
num lignofum, feu Dulcamara. Park. Theatr. p. 350. Raj, Hift. I. p. 672. Syn. iif.

p. 265.

i5o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

and Cat-bridge. On the banks of the Wansbeck, at Shipiva/}), among
the bufhes. By the path to the Bathing-well at Cornhill^ plenti-
fully. The flowers are of a beautiful purple, with a yellow
tube, in clufters, fucceeded by round red berries. It flowers in
June and July.

There is a variety of it with hairy Mujkfcented leaves (h), in the
hedges at Drayton, and Crooked Cofsbam, under Port-fea down, near
Portfmouth, in HampJJnre ; of which I find no mention in authors.

24. Herb-paris, True-love, or One-berry (i). In moift woods. In
Cottingivood, near Morpeth, where Dr. Turner obferved it *. At the
weft end of the rectory-wood at Simonburn, plentifully. The root
confiiis of long bulbous fibres, jointed, and creeping, fending
forth new plants at diftances. The (talk is round, green, and
fucculent, ten or twelve inches high, naked to within two or
three inches of the top, where are four, and fometimes five,
ovated liliaceous leaves ; nervous, and mucronated, of a plea-
fant green, in a verticillate order. The flower i« of a pale yellow
and green, variegated. The ovary is nearly oi : d, ai>d four-
cornered. The berry is ripe in the latter end of Au^uft, of a glofTy

p. 265. Solarium lignofum, Dulcamara, Offic. Dale Pharm. p. 171. Solatium fcan-
<k-ns, feu Dulcamara. C. B. Pin. p. 167. Tourn. Inft. p. 149. Martyn. Tourn. n. p. 277.
Solanum caule inermi perenni flexuofo, foliis fuperioiibus haftatis. Linn. Hort. ClifF. p. 60.
Flo. Suec. p. 66. n. 189. Rcyen. lugdb. p. 223. Solanum foliis aliis trifidis, aliis fimplici-
bus. Hall. Helv. p. 507.

(h) Solanum maritimum caule inermi perenni flexuofo, foliis fubhirfutis mofchatis.

(i) Herba Paris. Dod. Pempt. p. 444. I. B. iii. p 613. cum optima Defcriptione. Gcr.
p. 328. emac. p. 61. Park. Theatr. p. 390. Raj. Hift. i. p. 670. Syn. iii. p. 264. Tourn.
Inft. p. 233. Martin. Tourn. 11. p. 8. Herba Paris, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 170. Sola-
num quadrifolium bacciferum. C. B. Pin. p. 167. Aconitum monococcum, Cordi. Hift.
p. 151. b. cum bona Defcript. Paris foliis quaternis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 155. Flo. Suec.
p. 118. n. 325. Hort. ClifF. p. 153. Royen. lugdb. p. 461. Hall. Helv. p. 412.

* Turn. Hift. PI.

bluiih-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 151

bluifh-black, not efculent. The feed is contained in four cells.
The calyx confifts of four patent mucronated leaves, larger than
the flower, which hath eight ftamina. It flowers in May and June.

25. Tuberous Mofchatel, or MuJk-Wood-Croivfoot (k). About moift
hedges, and on the borders of woods. On the bank under the
hedge, below St. Mungo's well at Hall Barns, oppoiite to the church
of Simonburn, clofe by the brook. Under the bufhes by the road
on the left hand from Simonburn to Tecket, plentifully. In the
hedges about Hexham. The root confifts of bulbous jointed fila-
ments, fending forth new plants at diftances. The radical leaves
are ternate and lobated, like thofe of the white flowered alpine
fumitory, and of the fame pleafant green colour, on a long pe-
dicle. The ftalks are fmooth, and flender, about four inches
high, with a pair of lobated leaves in the middle, on fhort pedi-
cles. The flowers form a kind of fquare head at the top, four in
a lateral oppofite order, crowned with a fifth, each monopetalous
cut into four or five fegments, of a yellowifh-green colour, fmell-
ing faintly of mufk. They are fucceeded by fmall greenifli
berries of a fpherical fhape. The feeds are difpofed on a cornered
Placenta, feldom more than three coming to maturity. It flowers
in April and May.

26. We have the Arum, Wake-Robin, or Cuccoiv-pint, both without
and with black fpots on its fagittated leaves (I), in wood-bottoms,

and

(k) Mufchatellina foliis fubariae bulbofae. 7. B. iii. p. 206. Raj. Hift. p. 684. Syn. iii.
p. 267. Tourn. Inft. p. 156. Vaill. p. 127. Ranunculus nemerofus, Mofchatellina diilus.
C. B. Pin. p. 178. Mufchatellina. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 40, &c. Hall. Helv. p. 412.
Adoxa. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 153. Flo. Suec. p. 118. n. 326. Royen, lugdb. p. 252. Hill,
Nat. Hift. PI, p. 410.

(/; Arum. Dad. Pempt. p. 528. Cord. Hift. p. 102. bene. 7. B. u. p. 783. Raj. Hift.
p. 1208. Syn. iii. p. 266. Arum, OfEc. Dal, Phartn. p. 256. Arum vulgare maculatum et

nan

i52 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

and on moid hedge-banks. It is in great abundance under the
bufhes in Chipchace-'ifanA, in a light, mellow, fandy foil, thrown
up by floods. The root is faid to be deterfive and cofmetic, to
deface wrinkles, cleanfe the fkin, and clear the complexion,
prepared by drying and powdering, and made into a pafte. We
are afTured by an eminent naturalift that it was thus prepared
and ufed in Italy * j and we are told by another, that it is ufed
by the common people in France, in whitening linen f .

27. Lily of the Vally (m). Among the bullies above the fear by
the mill at Nether-warden, near Hcxham. The fragrant pendulous
flowers are fucceeded by rouad berries of a beautiful orange-red,
of the fize of a common garden-pea. They moftly drop off be-
fore they come to maturity with us, which makes them but
feldom obferved. A green colour is prepared from the leaves
with lime, lafting and beautiful £.

Thefe are the Chief of our Berry-bearing plants. Next of thofe
that bear no berries.

non maculatum. Park. Theatr. p. 372. Arum maculatum, maculis candidis vel nigris,
et non maculatum. C. B. Pin. p. 195. Turn. Inft. p. 158. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 78. Hift.
Qxon. iii. p. 542. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 203. Arum foliis fagittatis cucullo refto. Hall, Helv.
p. 26.

* Ceefalpin. 226. t Tournf.

(m) Lilium Convallium. Dod. Pempt. p. 205. Cam. Epit. p. 618. Icon bona. Lilium
Convallium, Offic. Ger. p. 331. emac. 410. Dal. Pharm. p. 169. Raj. Hift. i. p. 669.
Syn. iii. p. 264. Lilium Convallium vulgo. I. B. iii. p. 531. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 539. Martyn.
Tourn. n. p. 81. Lilium Convallium album. C. B. Pin. p. 304. Tourn. Inft. p. 77.
Liliago. Valll. p. Ii6. Polygnatum bifolium fcapo florigero aphyllo. Hall. Hclv. p. 286.
Convallaria fcapo nudo. Linn, Flo. Lapp. n. 112. Hort. Cliff, p. 124. Sp. PI. p. 314.
Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. 317.

*

J Ex foliis cum cake fit pulcher, et durabilis, Color viridis. Hall. Loco fupra citat.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 153

i. Bay-leaved, fiveet-fcented Willow (n). In moift hedges and mea-
dows, and about ditch-banks. In the Roman fofs between Sheiv-
ingjheels and Carraiv. In the hedge by a ftreamlet on the fouth
fide of their ftation at Houfe-Jlecds ; and many other places by the
Roman wall, in great abundance. The young fhoots in May,
after a warm fhower, are very fragrant. It is frequently the
fummer ornament of the pheafant's chimney. The down of the
catkin is like cotton, of a beautiful whitenefs. Infects terebrate
the leaves to dfipofite their 0<va. The organ, with which they
perform it, is well defcribed by Malphigius in his anatomy of
plants. We find the fame Cuniculi on the leaves of the common
willow, and on the twigs of the wild rofe, and of the oak. Thofe
of the oak are ufually called Oak-apples, from their globofe figure
and likenefs to a fmall apple, and Oak-galls, from their being tinc-
torial and giving a black dye. Thofe of the wild rofe are large,
of an irregular figure, filimentofe, of a greenim-yellow, tinged
with red. The twig of a young white thorn in a dwarf-hedge
in my garden had the moft remarkable gall-tumour of any I
have obferved ; a villofe, filiform matter covering it all round,
except at the lateral and terminale buds, fo like the downy coat
of that little animal the Mole, that I at firft fight fancied it was
part of the fkin of one, till I raifed the bark with a penknife, and
found it to be the generative Nidus of an infect ; the obftructed
juices taking that form on the exterior Cortex through the pores,
the hairs being fo many tubes whereby the wounded twig re-
ceived nouriftiment from the air and dews ; an effort of nature
to keep itfelf from deftruction.

(n) Salix folio laureo five lato glabro odorato. Raj. Hift. p. 1420. Syn. iii. p. 499. Sa-
lix foliis ferratis glabris, flofcu'is pcntrandis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 454. Flo. Suec. p. 289.
n. 792. Salix foliis ferratis glabris ovatis acutis fubfeffilibus. Royen. lugdb. p. 83. Salix
foliis elliptico lanceolatis utrinque glabris & rigentibus, non auriculatis. Hall. Helv. p. 152.

VOL. I. X Myrtle-

154 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

s. Myrtle-leaved fweet Wilhiv, Cattle, or Dutch-Myrtle (o). On
moid heaths, and about mofles. On the heath between Haly-
Jlone and Harbottle-*&§&*, in great abundance. On the banks of
Kimmsr lake, near Eg ling ham. At the former place it is in fuch
quantity, that it is like a little grove, perfumes the air at fome
diftance with its odours after a warm fhower of rain or the morn-
ing and evening-dews. The wood is fweet-fcentecl as well as the
bark*. It is ufed in fcenting linen.

3. Rofe-Bay, Willow-Herb (p). Among the rocks and bufhes
under the Roman wall on the weft fide of Sheiving-J]jee!s, and by
Crag-Lake. On the banks of South Tyne, by Slaggiford, in Knarefdale,
plentifully. The root is woody, thick, and creeping, of a red-
difh-brown colour. The ftalk is from two to three feet high,
thick, fmooth, lightly furrowed, and branched, of a green co-
lour, tinged with red. The leaves are feffile, or clofe to the ftalk,
numerous, long, narrow, and pointed, of a lively green. The
flowers are large, on bending pedicles of an inch long in the
Alte or infertion of the leaves. The Calyx is compofed of four
oblong, pointed, purple fegments. The Corolla confifts of four

(o) Rhus myrtifolia BELOICA. C. B. Pin. 414.

Gale, frutex odoratus SEPTENTRIONALIUM. 1. B. i. 2. 224. Raj. Syn. 443. Myrica
foliis lanceolatis, fru&u ficco. Linn. Flo. Lapp. 373. Hort. Cliff. 445. Roy. lugdb. 527.

* Gaule, a lowfruttx, fweet in burning. Lei. Itin. Vol. I. p. 39.

(p) Chamasnerium Geftierl de Bry Floril. t. 42. line. Lyfimachia Chamasnerion di£ta
Jatifolia. C. B. Pin. p. 71. Hift. Oxen. u. p. 269. f. 3. t. 2. f. i. Lyfimachia fpeciofa
quibufdam ONAGRA di£ta, filiquofa. 7. B. 11. p. 906. Raj. Hift. p. 860. Syn. iii. p. 319.
Epilobium foliis lanceolatis integerrimis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 146. Hort. Cliff, p. 145.
Royen. lugdb. p. 250. Fpilobium floribus difformibus piftillo declinato. Flo. Suec. p. no.
n. 304. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 399. Epilobium fpicatum,flore, difformi, foliorutn nervo emi-
ncnte, ore leviter ferrata. Hail. Helv. p. 408.

roundifli,

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 155

•J \J

roundifh, patent leaves, of a bright red. The Jlamina are white,
with bright brown Anther*. The piftil or ftyle is long and fili-
form, divided at the fummit into four parts and reflex, fucceed-
ed by a long cylindric pod or capfule, with four valves, and as
many cells, for the feeds, which are numerous, oblong, and
winged with down. It is preferable to all our rock-plants for
beauty. It is fo hardy, that many of them grow in the lateral
chinks of the taller rocks with hardly any vifible earth to fuflain
them. It is introduced into Tome of our gardens under the name
of the French willow ; but being a great runner, it makes a
better figure in its more confined fituation among the rocks, than
under culture. It flowers in July and Auguft. It is reputed a
fcarce plant.

4. The great, hairy, purple Willow-Herb, or Liofejlrife (q), ufually
called Codlings and Cream, from the fmell of the leaves, VfczAppks
and Cream, is plentiful in ditches and by waters. We have it in
great abundance in the ditches, and on the ditch-banks, by the
mill at Bar-wesford, on North Tyne.

5. The purple-fpiked Willoiv-Herb, or Loofeftrife (r). In bogs, and
by waters. In a boggy meadow by a ftreamlet, between two

hang-
C^J Lyfimachia filiquofa hirfuta magno flore. C. B. Pin. p. 245. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 27.
t. ii. f. 3. Lyfimachia hirfuta majore flore purpureo. /. B. ii. p. 905. Epilcbium hirfu-
tum magno flore et fpeciofo. Dill. GifT. p. 131. Chamaenerion villofum magno flore pur-
pureo. Tourn. Inft. p. p. 303. Epilobium foliis longis, dentatis, villofis, flore magno.
Hall. Helv. p. 410.

(r) Pfuedo-Lyfimachium purpureum alterum. Dod. Pempt. p 86. cum Cluf. Icone. Ly-
fimachia altera Matth. Cam. Epit. p. p. 687. bene, Lyfimachia fpicata purpurea. C, B.
Pin. p. 246. Lyfimachia purpurea quibufdam fpicata. /. B. ii. p. 902. Lyfimachia purpu-

X 2 rea

i>6 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

hanging banks at Belfay, near the chapel, plentifully. At the
weft end of Halypike-lakz, among the dwarf willows and rufhes,
fparingly. The root is woody, thick, and divaricated. The
ftalks are firm, four-cornered, with a blufh of red towards the
bafe, very much branched, from a foot and a half to three feet

* •

high. There are two, and fometimes three leaves, at a joint,
long, narrow, and pointed, of a dufky, green colour. The
flowers are hexapetalous, of a ftrong purple, in verticillate cluf-
ters, in the alte of the leaves, in long beautiful fpikes. The feeds
are yellow, finall, oblong, and pointed, in a bilocular capfule.

6. The lejjcrfpiked Willow-Herb > or Loofe-JIrife (sj. In bogs. At
the weft end of Halypike-lako. with the former. On a wet fwampy
bank on the north fide of the river Aln at Denivick, near Alnivick.
The ftalks are four-cornered, and very much branched, from a
foot, to a foot and a half high. The leaves are fomewhat broad
at the bafe, and ovated towards the ends, of a fmooth lively
green. The flowers are in thin fpikes, rifing from the alse of the
leaves, of a bright purplifh-red. Under culture it rivals the
former for ftature, and out-does it for beauty. The branches
are numerous. The flowers alfo become numerous, in verticil-
late clufters, on very mort pedicles, in tall fpikes, making a
great mew on the larger borders of flowers and mrubs. It is not
a common plant.

rea fpieata. Raj. Hift. p. 1036. Lythrum foliis oppofitis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 178. Flo.
Suec. p. 142. n. 393. Lythrum foliis oblongis acutis, floribus verticillatis. Flo. Lapp,
n. 197. Salicaria floribus fpicatis floribus conjugatis. Hall. Halv. p. 405, 406.

(s) Lyfimachia minor rubro flore, Clnf. Pann. p. 477, 478. Lyfimachia purpurea minor,
f. ii. ej. Hift. p. 51. 52. Raj. Hift. p. 1036. Lyfimachia purpurea Pannonica. 7. B. ii.
p. 305. Lyfimachia rubra non filiquofa. C. B. Pin. Salicaria trifolia, caule hexagono.
Tourn. Jnft. 253. £. Syn. Linn. Flo. Suec. p. 142. ii. HaI!.[He\v. p. 406. cum defcriptione
optima.

7. The

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 157

7. The Hooded Wilfav-IIcrb ft), is not unfrequent on ditch-
banks, and moift fhady places, about Hexham. The ftalks are
four-cornered, very much branched, and of a weak texture. The
leaves are on pedicles, and crenated. The flowers are two in
number in the alx of the leaves, rifmg erect with a ventricofe
tube from the calyx, and galeated, of a bluilh-purple. The
leaves are of a bitter tafte, and have the fcent of garlic. It is
aftringent, and was formerly ufed for wounds and haemorrhages,
but is now little regarded. It flowers at the fame time with the
other willow-herbs, in July and AugufL

• .

8. The yellow Willow-herb, or Loofejlrife (u). In ihadowy rrioift
meadows, and by waters. By the fide of the pond at the fouth-
\veil end of Wide-haugh, near Dilfton, by the road to Hex ham, fpar-
ingly. On the banks of North Tyne at Low Park-End, near Nun-
ivick, in great abundance. The root is fibrous and creeping,
fending forth new plants at diftances. The ilalk is round, firm,
lightly hairy, with a blufh of red towards the bafe, branched at

(t) Judaicae herbae alia fpecies. Dad. Pernpt. p. 93. lene. Lyfimachia caerulea galericu-
lata feu gratiola cserulea. C. B. Pin. p. 246. Raj.HiA. i. p. 572. Tertianaria aliis Lyfi-
machia galericulata. 7. B. iii. p. 435. Scutellaria paluftris repens cserulea. Hift. Oxon. iii.
p. 416. Scutellaria* Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 155. Cafiida paluftris vulgatior flore csruleo.
Tourn. Inft. p. 182. Martyn. Tourn. p. 157. Dill. Gift p. 117. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 18.
Raj. Syn. iii. p. 244. Scutellaria foliis cordato-lanceolatis crenatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 239.
Hort. Cliff, p. 316. Royen. lugdb. p. 310. Caffida foliis cordatis, longe decrefcentibus, fer-
ratis, floribus gemellis. Hall. Helv. p. 635.

(u) Lyfimachium legitimum. Dod. Pempt. p. 84. Lyfimachia lutea major. C. B. Pin.
p. 245. Lyfimachia lutea. /. B. ii. 901. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1021, Syn. iii. p. 282. Lyfi-
machia, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. r88. Lyfimachia foliis lanceolatis, racemo compofito ter-
minatrice. Linn. Virid. Cliff, p. 415. Flo. Suec. n. 166. Royen. 1 ivJb. p. 416, Lyfima-
chia foliis lanceolatis, corymbo terminatrice. Flo. Lapp. n. 8r. K.irt Cliff. r
chia foliis ovato lanceolatis, floribus ad fumnios ramos fpicatis. Hall. Helv. ^

158 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

the top, and from two to three feet high. The leaves are feflile,
ufually three at a joint, verticillatim, and two on the branches,
oblong, and lancolated, of a pale green, and hairy underneath.
The flowers are in cinders on the tops of the branches, of a pale
yellow, with a circle of pale red in the bottom of each, in the
more robuft plants. The feed is difpofcd on a round placenta.
The calyx is deeply divided into five parts. It flowers in June
and July. Under culture, in a moid warm border, it grows to
between four and five feet high, and makes a gay figure with
its large beautiful panicles. The leaves were formerly accounted
good for cooling inflammations in wounds, but are now dif-
ufed.

The lejjer yellow Willow Herb, or Loofe-Jlrife, with globofe flowers
in the Alts of the leaves, in beautiful fpikes (x), does not grow
with us that I have obferved.

t • -' l •

9. The Conyza, or Middle Fleabane (y). On ditch-banks, and by
waters. On the banks of a rivulet between Segill and Halywellt
in great abundance. In a lane leading to the fea-banks from
Ellington, near Blakemore-haM, fparingly. We have it alfo on the
banks of Owfe-burn, above the bridge, at Newcoftle ; and in a

(x) Lyfimachia bifolia, flore globofo lutea. C. B. Pin. p. 245. Lyfimachia ex alis foli-
orum thyrfifera. Linn. Flo Lapp. n. 82. Hort. Cliff, p. 52. Lyfimachia racemis fimplici-
bus lateralibus. Virid. Cliff, p. 13. Royen, lugdb. p. 416.

(y) Conyza media qfleris flore luteo. C. B. Pin. p. 265. Raj. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 113. Syn.
ill. p. 174. Conyza media Matthiuli, flore magno luteo, humidis locis proveniens. /. B. ii.
p. IQ50. Conyza media, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 87. After pratenfis autumnalis conyzae
folio. Tourn. Inft. p. 492. Helenium pratenfe autumnale, conyzae foliis caulem amplexan-
tibus. Vai'l A&. 1720. p. 405. Conyza foliis lanceolatis acutis, caule annuo, corymbofo.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 405. Royen. lugdb. p. 157. After foliis amplexicadlibus, crifpis, fub-
tus incanis, luteo flore radiato. Hall. Helv. p. 726, 727.

ditch-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 159

ditch-bottom on the left hand in going up the hill from the Half-
way houfe to Tynemwth. I do not remember to have fcen it any
where elfe with us. The root confifts of thick bulbous fibres,,
fending forth new plants at the joints. The ftalks are round, ro-
buft, hairy, and glutinous, branched at the top, from two to
three feet high. The leaves are of a fagittated form and mucro-
nated, with a plicated undulated margin, very hairy, and gluti-
nous underneath. The flowers are in clufters on the top of the
flalk and branches, each on a feparate pedicle. They are yel-
low, and large. The feed is winged with down. The calyx is
covered with a ihort down. It flowers in AugufVand September.
It makes a very different appearance in different fituations. On
the moift bank by the brook near Halywell, and in the lane near
Ellington, the ftalks are upright, firm, and robuft ; the flowers
are of a bright gold-yellow, the eye or diik bold and prominent,
affording by their numbers a pleaiing fight in the harveft-feafon.
On the banks of the O-wfe-burn, and in the ditch-bottom near
the Half-ivay houfe, above-mentioned, the ftalks are procumbent,
the flowers of a pale dull yellow, and the difk but lightly raifed ;
owing to their ftarved fituation, in a wet hungry foil. Under
culture on a moift border under a wall it grows to four feet high,
the flowers numerous, large, bright, and beautiful, in uniform
petiolated clufters, all of a height. But this muftbe remember-
ed, that it is a great runner, and requires being kept within
proper bounds;

10. Great Sca-AJicr, orSfarivort (z). In fait marfhy places. On
the ftrand at the Oftium of WarB-rivulet, by_ the ford, near Budle.

On

(z) Tripolium. Dod. Pempt. p. 317. Tripolium, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 87. Tripo-
Jium majus caeruleum. C, B. Pin. p. 267. After maritimuspurpureus Tripolium di&us. Raj.

ftp OF TREES AND PLANTS.

On the banks of Willmgton-burn, near the Half-way houfe, by the
Tynemouth-rozA. The root is fibrous. The ftalks are round and
robuft, from two to three feet high, and branched. The leaves
are long, fmooth, and lanceolated, of a dark green. The flowers
are in clufters on the tops of the flalks and branches, on feparate
pedicles. They are large, of a light purple, and fometimes
white, with a yellow difk. It flowers in Augufl and September.
Under culture it grows to four feet high, in a moift foil. It is
introduced into the borders of fome of the better gardens under
.the name of the Michaelmas-After, and the Michaelmas-Daifie.

^

11. We have thefmallSea-djter, or Starwort (a), plentifully by
the OJlium of JVillington-burn, near Sowden-psans. It is ufually
from a foot to a foot and a half high ; in flower at the fame time
with the former ; the flowers more tinged with purple. It holds
its diftinction of fize under culture ; and is a pretty plant in its
flowering ftate, in a moift foil. The feed of both thefe Afters is
winged with down.

12. Purple flowered Fox-Glove (bj. Among the rocks under the
Roman wall by Cnz^-lake, in great abundance. On Four/tone-hills,

Ilift. p. 270. After caeruleus glaber, littoreus, pinguis, Tripolium majus didus. Hift.
Oxon. iii. p. 121. After maritimus paluftris, cseruleus falicis folio. Tourn. Inft. p. 483.
After foliis lanceolatis integerrimis glabris, ram is inaequatis, floiibus corymbofis. Linn. Flo.
Suec. p. 250. n. 697. Royen. lugdb. p. 168.

(a) Tripolium (majus et) minus. /. B. ii. p. 1064. After maritimus casruleus minor.
Raj. Syn. p. 175.

(b) Digitalis purpurea. Dod. Pempt. p. 169. /. B. ii. p. 812. Raj. Hift. i. p. 767. Syn.
iii. p. 283. Tourn. Inft. p. 165. Dill. GifT. 145. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 199. Martyn. Tourn.
p. i. 227. Digitalis, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 195. Digitalis purpurea folio afpero. C, B.
Pin. p. 243. Bocrk. Ind. A. p. 228. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 478. Digitalis foliis calycinis ova-
tis acuminatis. Royen. lugdb. p. 292. Hall. Helv. p. 616.

and

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 161

and among the rocks at Tecket plentifully. It is remarkable, that
this plant has not yet been obferved through the whole county
of Cambridge *.

*

13. There is a beautiful VARIETY of it among the rocks at the
former place (c). It is purple on the outfidc, and dotted with
purple within, on a white ground, like the former; .but the
extremity of the fegment is longer, and more elegantly varie-
gated ; and the radical leaves are more deeply crenated. Under
culture it conftantly holds thefe two diilimftions ; and being
planted by the fide of the other, the difference is obvious to the
moft common obferver in the time of flowering. It is fo mani-
fefl to our alpine common people where it grows, that they di-
flinguifh it by the fine name of the Ladies Finger, whilft they ex-
prefs little value for the common one.

14. The ivhitefoivered Fox-Glove (d) ; has been obferved to grow1
in the hedges by the road under Blenkenfopp-caftlc, by the inge-
nious Ifaac Thompfon, of Neivcaftle, Efq; but I have not feen it. It
flowers at the fame time with the two former, in June and
July. . /

15. Nettle-leaved Bell-FIcnver, great Throatwort, or Canterbury-Bells
(e). About hedges, and on the borders of woods, frequent. It

flowers

* Martyn. loco fupra citato. Inter venenatas cenf. Boerbaavio : exteris ChTicinis ignota

eft.

(c) Digitalis purpurea petrae.i, fo'iis radicalisms profun.iius crenatis, floris e.xtremitats
longiorc, et frequentioiibus maculis infignita.

(d) Digitalis, ii. Dod. Pempt. p. 16;. Digitalis flore magno, candido. I. B. iii. p. 813.
Digitalis alba, folio afpero. C B. Pin p. 244.

(e) Ceivicaria major. Dad. Pempt. p. 164. Campanula vulgatior, Foliis Urtica-, vel
major et afperior. C. -B. Pin. p. 94. Campanula major et afperior, fojio Urtica;. /. B. ii.

VOL. I. Y p. 805.

jds OF TREES ANP PLANTS.

flowers in June and July. Under culture it makes a handfome
appearance with its pendulous flowers,, white, tinged with pur-
ple, in fpikes, in a lateral feries ; often rifmg to the height of
five or fix feet, with flowers half-way down. It varies in its co-
lour in the woods, fometimes of a. pure white, but it does not
hold it under culture.

1 6. The Icffer Throat-wort, or' Canterbury Bells (f). In limeftone-
paftures, and on dry hedge-banks. In a field by the lime-kills at
Wall, near C/jolferford-bridge. In the wood-banks at Ncthcr-War-
don, near Hexham. On the banks of the Tyne, and in the mea-
dows about By<well. Its ufual height is from a foot and a half to
two feet. Under culture it rifes to three feet high, and fometimes
higher. The flowers are of a deep, purple, numerous in the alee
of the leaves, and on the tops of the ftalks and branches ; a fingle
plant fometimes having twenty-nine flowers on the top. It
flowers in June and July. -

17. Small, fimple-Jlalked, Mountain Throativort, or Canterbury-Bells,
'with 'very Jhort, oblong leaves fg). In Crag-Cofe, near Barwesford.
It is a pretty variety of the former. It is a foot high, and fome-
times lefs. It has no radical leaves that I can obferve. Thofe
on the flalk are very frnall, and it is not branched. The flowers
Hand in an upright clufter on the top, compact and neat. It

p. 805. Hift. Oxan. p. 459, Raj. Syn. Hi. p. 276. Dill. Gifl". p. ii6. Tourn. Inft. p. 109.
Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 23. Trachelium, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 185. Campanula foliis afpe-
ris, imis cordatis, reliquis Jonge acuminatis,. ferratis, calycibus hirtis, ala multifiora. Halt.
Helv. p. 49.

(f) Campanula pratenfis, flore conglomerate. C. B. Pin. p. 94. Raj. Syn. p. 277.
Trachelium pratenfe flore conglomerato. Hift. Oxen. ii. p. 401. f. 5. Tab. 4. f. 43. Cam.
panula floribus feflilibus congeftis, latioribus foliis infidentibus. Hall. Helv. p. 492.

(s) Trachelium oblongo folio alpinum. Boccone. t. 98. p. 70.

flowers

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 163

flowers in Auguft. It is an elegant little plant. I never met with
it in any other place.

1 8. The Giant-Throatwort (h), faid to be plentiful about Shapt in
Weftmorland*, does not grow with us where I have been.

1 9. Great 'white Mullein, High Taper, or Coivs-Lungivort (i). On
old walls, about houfes, and by way-lides. Its ufual height is
from three to four feet. Under culture it grows to five or
fix feet. The flowers are in a long fpike, of a beautiful pale
yellow. It flowers in July and Auguft. A preparation is made of
it for inebriating and taking fifties, which fhews it is of a dele-
terious quality.

20. The great Burnet (k), which was long in reputation as a
cordial, and an aftringent, but now difregarded, is frequent
about hedges, on the borders of woods, and by waters. It

(h) Trachelium majus Bclgarum. Cluf. Hift. ii. p. 172. Campanula maxima, foliis la-
tiflimis. C. B. Pin. p. 94. Campanula pulchra a Tojfano Carolo miiTa. 7. J5. ii. p. 807.
Campanula foliis ovato lanceolatis, caule fimplicifiimo, floribus fecundis fparfis. Linn. Virid.
Cliff. 17. Hort. Cliff, p. 65. Royen. lugdb. p. 245.

* Ray's Select Remains. Itin. ii. p. 212.

(i) Verbafcum mas latifoliuin Juteum. C. B. Pin. -p. 239. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1094. Syn.
iii. p. 287. Tourn. Inft. p. 146. Verbafcum, Tapfus barbatus, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 189.
Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 325. Verbafcum caule fimplici floribus feflilibus clavato, foliis utrin-
que lanigeris. Linn. Hort. CiifF. p. 55. Verbafcum foliis utrinque tomentofis decurrentibus.
Virid. ClifF. p. 13. Royen. lugdb. p. 421. Verbafcum foliis ovato-acutis utrinque tomcnt)-
fis, floribus in fpica denfiflima feflilibus. Hall. Helv. p. 507. 508.

(k) Pimpintlla f. Sanguiforba major. Maltb. diofc. p. 103. Icr.e. Pimpinelh fylvcfiris f.
Sanguiforba major. Did. Pempt. p. 105. Pimpinella Sanguiforba major. C. Ii. Pin. p. 160.
Hift. Oxin. iii. p. 264. Pimpinella fpica brevi rubra. Mar. Umb. p. 57. qui primus a Tra-
gtfelinis diftinxit. Sanguiforba fpicis ovatis. Llr.n. Hort. Clift". p. 39. Flo. Slice, p. 46. n.
130. Pimpinella tctraftcmon, f.liis ob'on'qe cordatis, fpica brcvi. Hall. Flelv. p. 469.

Y 2 flowers

1 64 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

flowers in June and July. The flowers are in fhort ovated heads,
of a rcddifh brown ; beautiful, beyond expreffion, when held
up to the light under a bright fun.

21. The leffer Burnet ( I) is plentiful in mountainous paftures,
efpecially in a limeflone-foil. It is in great abundance in the paf-
ture at 'Long Rigge, near Nunivick^ by the road-fide. It is ufed in
the fpring for cleaning and purifying the blood, either by infu-
fion or decoction, or eaten as a fallad. It is a mild and gentle
healer of wounds, flops hemorrhages, both internal and ex-
ternal *.

,'

22. Nut ant flowered Geum, or purple Mount ain-A*v ens (m). On the
banks and ftrands of alpine brooks, and on the borders of woods,
plentifully. We often find it with a beautiful double flower, of
the fame colour as the fingle one, purple on the outfide, and a
pale red within, but it is only an accidental variety, blowing
double not above a feafon. The feed is plumofe, and beautiful
in the fun.

(1} Pimpinella f. Sanguiforba minor. Matt}], diofc. p. 1034. bene. Sanguiforba minor.
Tabern. p. no. bene. Sideritis fecunda Column. Ecphr. i. p. 123. 124. cum Icone optima. 124.
Pimpinella fanguiforba minor hirfuta. C. B. p. 160. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 263. Tourn. Inft.
p. 157. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 175. Sanguiforba minor. I. B. iii. p. 113. Sanguiforba
minor montana hirfuta laevis. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 50. Pimpinella et fanguiforba, Offic.
Dal. Pharm. p. 112. Pimpinella polyftemon pinnis ovatis, ferratis, fpica brevi. Hall.
Helv. p. 470.

* Hallcr. Martyn. locis fupra citatis.

(m) Caryophyllata alpina nutante flore. Cluf. Pann. p. 434. Icon bona. Caryophyllata
montana. i. Cluf. Hift. p. 103. Caryophyllata aquatica flore nutante. C. B. Pin. Caryo-
phyllata aquatica flore rubro ftriato. /. B. ii. p. 398. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 253. Geum flori-
bus nutantibus, fru6lu olongo, feminum cauda molli plumofa. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 195.
Flo. Suec. n. 424. Caryophyllata pinnis frequentioribus, extrema femitrifida, flore conni-
vente, nutante. Hall. Helv. p. 336.

23. Blue-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 165

2}. Blue-flo-wered -Columbine (n) In Will ing ton-d.cn, by the path to
the village from Walls-End, plentifully. In Dillon park, near Hex-
ham. With its blue flowers the Jellies at great tables ufed antiently
to be coloured. They were thus ferved up at the royal entertain-
ment of the renowned King Henry V. on his wedding-day "*.

24. Great tufted Wood-Vetch, ivith variegated, fiveet-fccnted
(oj. In the recTiory-wood by the brook at Simwiburn; alfo in the
banks of wood on both fides of Shnonburn-czRlc, plentifully. It
is remarkable for its lively verdure, and numerous clutters of
pendulous flowers, elegantly variegated with purple and white ;
after a warm gentle mower diffufmg a moil delightful fragrance ;
by the help of a bufli or a tree growing to the height of feven
or eight feet. Extremes of rain and fhade are equally enemies
to its beauty and fcent, appearing then to a ftranger as a diffe-
rent fpecies, tetro Odore, as deferibed by Plukinet f, in which (late
he muft have obferved it, and not in its perfection. It makes a
fine mew under culture, planted againft a tree, running up to a
great height with its climbers. The feeds, whether rifmg fpon-

(n) Ifopyrum DIOSCORIDI?. Column. Phyt. p. I. t. i. Icon pulchra. Aquilegia.
Dirflen. p. 3. b. bent. Aquilegia flore fimplici. I. B. iii. p. 484. Raj. Hift. p. 706. Syn.
iii. p. 2/'.; Aquilegia Mvsftris. C. B. Pin. p. 144. Tourn. Inft. p. 428. Hift. Oxen. iii.
p. 457. j>— '. Gift", p. 82. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 131. Marlyn. Tourn. i. p. 71. Aquilegia,
Offic. Dal. Pnarm. p 180. Aquilegia. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p, 215. Flo. Suec. n. 443.
Royen. lugdb. ^. 182. Aquilegia fbliis rotunde lobatis. Hall. Hclv. p. 310.

* Hoi. Chron. Vol. 2. p. 579.

(o) Vicia perennis mul'.iflora, majore floVe ex csruleo et albido mixtis. Magn. bot. app.
p. 307. Cracca. fylvr.tica rotundifolin, flonbus ex albo variis. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 212.
Vicia fpicata multiflora maxima. Rdj. Hift. p. 903. Syn. iii. p. 323. Vicia pedunculis
multifioris, ftipulis crenatis. Roycn. lugdb. p. 365. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 777. Vicia foliis
ovatis, filiquif, racemofis pendulis. Hall, ilelv. p. 599, 6co,

f Pluk. Phyt. 71. et f. i.

taneoufly

166 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

taneoufly about the parent-plant, or carefully fawn, conflantly
produce plants that bear the fame beautiful flowers.

25. Procumbent Wild Liquorice, or Liquorice-Vetch fp). On dry
banks. In great abundance on the brow of a hill, called Cockle-
hill, at Learmouth, near Cornhill, About the old ramparts at Wark-
caftle, on the banks of the Tweed, by the road to Carbarn. In the
hilly paflures at Many-laws, under Floddon-hill. In Warden-banks,
near Hexham. The root is thick, woody, and divaricated, of a
grateful tafle, like that of the fhops. The ftalk is of a lively
green, with. a blufh of red. The leaves are pinnated, ovated,
and fhining. The flowers are of a pale greenifti-yellow. It
flowers in July. The feed is rcniform.

26. The annual, climbing, white flowered Fumitory (qj, grows plen-
tifully about a large rock above Tecket-vra.ter-fa.il; alfo among
the rocks at Little WancyhouJ'e-QY^g. It flowers in July and Au-

guft.

(p) Sylveftre F;enumgraecuni. Dad. Pempt. p. 547. cum Icone. Fsenumgraecum fylvef-
t o, five Glycyrrhiza fylveftris quorundum, I. B. ii; p. 330. Glycyrrhiza fylveftris flori-
bus luteo pallefcentibus. C. B. Pin. p. 352. Glaux vulgaris leguminofa, five Glycyrrhiza
fylveftris. Raj. Hift. i. p. 935. Aftragalus luteus perennis, procumbens vulgaris, f. fyl-
veftris. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 107. f. 2. t. 9. f. 8. Town. Inft. p. 416. Raj. Syn. iti. p. 326.
Bocrb. Ind. A. p. ii. p. 53. Glaux vulgaris, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 225. Aftragalus legu-
miiiibus lunatis biventricofis, caulibus procumbcntibus. Lim. Hort. Cliff, p. 362. Flo.
Suec. n. 591. Royen. higdb. p. 392. Aftragalus caule ex alis fpicato ramofo procumbentc,
foliis ovalibus. Ha'l. Hclv. p. 565, 566.

(q) Fumaria foliis tcnuiflimis, floribus albis, circa Monfpelium nafcens. C. B. Pin. p. 14?.
Fumaria alba latifjlia. R'tj. Syn. i;i. p. 335. Fumaria fdiquis lijiearibus cirriferis. Linn.
Sp. PI. 701.

27. We

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 167.

27. We have the annual fair flowered Nettle-Hemp fr), in the
corn-fields between Bdyjlone and ffarebottle-ca.ftlc ; alfo on the
banks of North Tjrne, near ^males-mouth. It flowers in Auguft. The*
flowers are large, yellow, with a purple lip.

38. Meadow Clary (s) is not unfrequent on dry banks, and about'
the ruins of buildings. It is plentiful by the ruin of the old
abbey at Holy I/land \ alfo at Norham-czftXe. It- flowers in June and'

ty. Great wild Bafil(tJ is in great plenty among the bufh.es in
the Roman fofs a litrle to the eaft of S&z/^/z-wall-houfcs, clofe to
the military road. It has a faint aromatic fmell> not- unplea-'
fant.

(r) Cannabis fplirfa flore tiiajore. Rivln.'t. 32% optime'. Carinabis fpuria anguftifolia, varie-
gato fiore, polonica. Barrel. Icon. 1158. Lamiutn annum procerius, Urticae foliis, flora-
luteoamplo, labro purpureo. Hift. Oxen. p. 386. Cannabis fpuria flore fpeciofo luteo. Raj.
Hift. p. 5611. Syn. iii. p. 335. Cannabina flore magno luteo, labiis purpureis. Boerh.
Hift. p. 159. Galeopfis corolla flava, labio inferior! maculato. L;n*'Lapp. p. 193.

(i) Horminum pratenfe foliis ferratis. C. B. Pin. p. 238. Raj..H'i(t.p. 544. Hift. Oxen.
»'• P- 393- Horminum pratenfe foliis fenatis, flore caeruleo. Tourn. Inft. p. 179. Martyn.
Tourn. n. p. 244. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 237. Salvia foliis ovatis incifo-crenatis, verticilis
fubnudis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. -p. 12. Flo. Suec. n. 28. jR^w.-lugdb. p. 310. Salvia foliis
ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis, verticillis raris & diflitis. Hall. Helv. p. 638.

(t) Clinopodium Origano fimile. C. B. Pin. p. 224. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 374! Tourn. Inft.
p. 195. Rupp.Vlo, Jen. p. 188. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 158. Clinopodium tnajus. Roj. Hift. i.
p. 558. Clinopodium. Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 152. Clinopodium foliis ovatis, capitulis
verticillatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 305. Flo. Succ. n. 479. .Reyen. lugdb. p 313. Clino-
podium verticillis denfiffimis, diffitfe, foliis- -ex menta, ovatis acuminatis. Hall. Helv. p.
653-

30. White'

1 6-8 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

30. White Horebound (u), ufcd for afthmas and pulminary com-
plaints, grows abundantly on the fea-banks, by the road near
Rambrougb-caft\.Q. I h.ave not obferved it any where elfe with us.

31. Virvain fx). By high ways, and about houfes. At By-well,
plentifully. It is accounted a nervine and cephalic. The Roman
priefthood wreathed their brows with it at their folemn feflivals,
and perfumed their altars with its allies *. It was in no lefs ve-
neration with the Britiftj Druids.

32. Nep QY Catmint (y). On dry banks, about hedges. In the
hedge in the weft-lane under the bank of wood at Nether-
Warden ; alfo in the hedges about Hexham, but not very common ;
in flower in June and July.

33. We

(u) Marrubium. Matlh. diofc. p. 828. bene. Marrubium album. 7. B. iii. p. 316. Raj.
Hift. p. 556. Syn. iii. p. 239. Marrubium album vulgare. C. B. Pin. p. 230. Hid. Oxon.
iii. p. 376 Town. Inft. p. 192. Rt<pp. Flo. Jen. p. 187. Marrubium album praflium, Offic.
Dal. Pharm. p. 152. Marrubium denticuli calycinis fetaceis uncinatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff.
p. 312. R-.yen. lugdb. p. 315. Hall. Helv. p. 64.

(x) Verbenaca. Mattb. diofc. p. 1052. pulchre. Cam. Epit. p. 97. Verbenaca refla.
Do-L Pempt. p. 150. bene. Tab. p 132. Communis Verbena ct facra recta. Lob. Icon*
p. 534. Verbena communis flore cseruleo. C. B. Pin. p. 269. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 408.
Tanrn. Inft. p. 200. Martyn. Tourn. p. 330. Bocrb. Ind. A. 18;. Verbena vulgaris. /. Z?.
iii. p. 443. Raj. Hift. i. p. 535. S)n. iii. p. 236. Verbena, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 148.
Verbena foliis multifido-laciniatis, fpicis filiformibus. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. u. Royen.lugdb.
p. 327. Verbena foliis laciniatis fupcrioribus, tripartitis, fpicis anguftis longiffimis. Hall.
Helv. p. 661.

* VIRG. ^n xii. v. 119, &c.

(y) Herba Cattaria. Mattl. p. 719. bene. Cain. Epit. p. 484. online. Mcntha felina
Cattaria. Talern. p. 348. bene. Mentha Cattaria. 7. B. iii. p. 225. Raj. Hift. i. p. 548.
cum Defcriptione optima. Mentha Cattaria vulgaris et major. C. B. Pin. p. 228. Hift.

Oxctt.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

33. We have Wood-Sage (zj, in great abundance about fhadowy
rocks, and on the borders of woods. It is fome times gathered
and fold by the common herbarifts for the true Scordium, to which
it is accounted no bad Succedaneum. It is an uncommon plant in
fome parts of England, efpecially in Cambridge/hire.

34. Englifh Sea Wormwood ( a) . On a projecting, cavernous fea-
rock near Hoivick, called Rumble-Churn, from the noife of the cur-
rents under it. At Holy I/land, where Dr. Turner obferved it *. It
is commended as a plant of extraordinary virtues, yielding an
aromatic oil, a volatile and fixed fait, of great ufe in hyfleric,
hypocondriac, and hydropic cafes f. Infufed in ale, it gives it ant
aromatic flavour, and is good for the fcurvy and dropfy, and for
all difeafes caufed by the coldnefs of the liver, or want of
digeflion J.

Oxon. iii. p. 414. Cattaria major vulgaris. Tourn. Inft. p. 202. Martyn. Tourn. p. 159.
Boerb. Ind. A. p. 174. Nepeta, Mentha Cattaria, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 150. Nepeta
floribus interrupte fpicatis, pedunculatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 310. Flo. Suec. n. 486.
Roynt. lugdb. p. 316. Cattaria foliis cordatis, petiolatis, venicillis fpicatis. Hall. Helv.
p. 649.

(z) Scorodonia. Cordl Hift. p. 91. Scorodonia f. Salvia agreftis. Raj. Hift. p. 576.
Syn. iii. p. 247. Scorodotis f. Scordium foliis Salviae. /. B. iii. p. 293. Scordium alte-
rum f. Salvia agreftis. C.^B. Pin. 247. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 183. Chamaedris elatior Salviaj
folio, flore ochroleucho. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 423. Chamsedris fruticofa, fylveftris Meliflse
folio. Tourn. Inft. p. 205. Martyn. Tourn. p. 171. Teucrium foliis cordatis crenatis
petiolatis fpicis laxis fecundis. Linn. Cliff, p. 301. Royen. lugdb. p. 306. Chamxdris foliis
cordatis, fcapis florigeris nudis, fpicatis longiffimis. Hall. Helv. p. 632.

(a) Abfinthium marinum album. Ger. p. 940. emac. p. 1099. &"]• Hift. i. p. 3*0.
Syn. iii. p. 188. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 126. Abilmhium Seriphium. f. marinum Anglicum.
Park. Theatr. p. 102. Abfinthium Seriphium .Belgicum. C. B. Pin. p 139. I. B. iii.
p. 178. Town. Inft. p. 458. Hift. Oxon. iii. 9. Abfinthium Seriphium. Ofiic. Dal. Pharm.
99. Artemifia foliis compofitis multifidis tomentofis, ramis floriferis nutantibus. Linn. Flo.
Suec. p. 241. n. 671.

* Hift. PI. f Nat. Hift. of Lancafhire, p. 94. % Dr. Beal. Ph. Tr. No. 124.

VOL. I. Z 35. We

i7o OF PLANTS AND TREES.

35. We have the round-leaved Sea-Scurvy -Grafs (bj plentifully on
the eaft fide of Z)«H/?0»£r0wjj7j-caftle-wall, and among the fea-rocks.
It alfo grows under the bufhes with the common Ground-Ivy on
the bank below Howick, near the Oflinm of the brook, on the
fouth fide.

36. Small bloody $EA-CranesbiIl (c). On the fea-banks between
Crefswell and Druridge, plentifully. The flowers are large, of a
deep red, ilreaked with purple, each on a feparate pedicle.

37. Great, bloody CranesUll ( d). In mountainous bufhy pafture S,
and by way fides, in flony places. Under the fhady rocks at Low
Park-End, near Nunivick. In a hilly pafture at the fouth-wefl end
of the village of Walwick. The flower is very large, purple,,
with a light tinge of red.

38. Crovu-foot-CraneJbill -with 'white Flowers, elegantly Jlriated ivith
purple (e). In a hilly pafture on the north fide of the rectory-
houfe at Simonburn.

(b) Cochlearia. Dad. Pempt. p. 594. /. B. if. p. 942. Raj. Hift. i. p. 827. Syn. iii. p.
302. Cochlearia folio fubrotundo. d B. Pin. p. no. Tourn. Inft. p. 215. Cochlearia
major Batavica fubrotundo folio. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 308. Cochlearia Batava rotundifolia,
hortenfis. Dal. Pharm. p. 206. Cochlearia foliis radicalibus fubrotundis, caulinis oblongis
finuatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 356. Hort. Cliff, p. 332. Royen. lugdb. p. 335.

(c) Geranium maritimum humile pedunculis fimplicibus unifloris purpureo rubris, radice
craflb repente.

(d) Geranium majus f. montanum. Gefn. t. coll. p. 79. Geranium fanguineum flore
maximo. C. B. Pin. p. 318. Tourn. Inft. p. 267. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 279. Hift. Oxon.
ii. p. 515. Boerh. Ind. A. p. p. 264. Geranium fanguineum five Haematodes craflb Radice.
I. B. iii. p. 478. Geraneum Hsematodes. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1061, Syn. iii. p. 360. Gera-
niunvf.anguineum, OfEc. Dal. Pharm. p. 237. Geranium pedunculis fimplicibus unifloris.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 343. Flo. Suec. n. 571. Rtyen. lugdb. p. 350. Hall. Helv. p. 365.

(e) Geranium pedunculis bifloris Iseto-purpureo albis, foliis rugofis femitrilobis latioribus,
lobis dentatis, lateralibus bipartitis.

39. Crow-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 171

3 9. Crow-foot Crane/bill with 'white Flowers, Jlriated ivith a JJorid
red (f). In the fame pailure with the former. I only met with a
fingle plant of each. I removed them to try what effects culture
would have upon them. They conilantly produced the fame
flowers. They are beautiful varieties, and are admitted from

flips into fome of the gardens in the neighbourhood.
•

40. Shining Stone Doves-foot Crane/bill (gj. At the eafl end of the
village of Wai-wick, by the military road. It is a pretty plant.

41. Great Celandine (h). Under a hedge by the road-fide to Hex-
ham from the Weft-boat, near a fmall fpring. It is an excellent
remedy for the jaundice, which it has cured when other means
have proved ineffectual.

42. Perennial, yellow, horned Sea-Poppy (i). At the weft end of
Willington-k.zj, near /ftwabt-pans, plentifully. The root is long,

flender, /•

(f) Geranium pedunculis bifloris hillari-rubro albis, foliis rugofis femitrilobis latioribus,
lobis dentatis, lateralibus bipartitis.

Ambo, Varietates Geranii Batrachoidis montani. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1061. Syn. iii. p. 360.
DaL Pharm. p. 237. /. B. iii. p. 475. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 514.

(g) Geranium alterum montanum faxatile rotundifolium. Column. Echphr. i. p. 138.
Icon. 137. optime. Geranium lucidum faxatile. C. B. Pin. p. 318. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 360.
Geranium faxatile. Raj. Hift. p. 1060. Geranium annuum, rotundifolium, montanum, faxa-
tile lucidum. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 512. f. 5. t. 15. f. 6.

(h) Chelidonium majus. Dod. Pcmpt. p. 48. Icon. bona. Chelidonium majus vulgare.
C. B. Pin. p. 144. Hift. Oxon, ii. p. 257. Tourn. Inft. p. 231. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 183.
Bocrh. Ind. A. p. 305. Chelidonium majus. Raj. Hift. i. p. 858. Chelidonium majus,
Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 210. Chelidonia. I. B. iii. p. p. 482. Chelidonium pedunculis
nuikifloris. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 201. Flo. Suec. n. 430. Roy en, lugdb. p. 478. Chelido-
nium lobis fubrotundis. Hall. Helv. p. 305.

(1) Papaver cornutum. Mattb. p. 1060. bene. Papaver corniculatum majus. Dod. Pempt.
p. 448. Papaver corniculatum luteum. I. B. iii. p. 398. C. B. Pin. p. 171. Raj. Hift. i.

Z 2 p. 8S7.

j72 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

ilender, and of a yellowifh-white. The ftalks are round, firm,
and branched, from a foot and a half to two feet high. The
leaves are large, deeply laciniated, and of a bluifh green. The
ilowers are large, on the tops of the ftalks and branches, of a
bright and beautiful yellow, as intimated by Catullus.

Oreforidulo nit ens 9

Alba part henice velut
LUTEUMVE PAPAVER.

The calyx is bifoliate. The feed is reniform, difpofed in long
pods or bilocular capfules, divided in the middle by a thin mem-
brane.

For the effects of this plant taken inwardly, I refer to Mr. New-
ton's account of it in the Philofophical Tranfactions ; very divert-
ing, if he was not impofed on by his C<?rm/7j-hoft, and the Ple-
beians from whom he had it, who fometimes put a ruftic jeft on
the inquiiitive and curious ftranger *. It flowers in June and
July.

43. Sea-Holly , or Eryngo (k), does not grow with us where I
have been.

p. 857. Hift. Oxon. i. p. 273. Papaver corniculatum, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 209. Glau-
cium flore luteo. Tourn. Inft. p. 254. Chelidonium pedunculis unifloris. Linn, Hort. Cliff.
p. 205. Royen. lugdb. p. 478.

* Lowthorp. Phil. Tranf. ii. p. 642.

(k) Eryng'um rnarinum. Dod. Pempt. p. 370. Cluf. Hift. ii. p. 169. I. B. iii. p. 86.
Raj. Hift. p. 384.. Syn. iii. p. 222. Eryngium maritimum. C. B. Pin. p. 386. Hift. Oxon.
iii, p. 165. Tourn. Inft. p. 327. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 134. Eryngium, Offic. Dai. Pharm.
p. 131. Eryngium foliis radicalibus fubrotundis plicatis fpinoils, floribus pedunculatis. Linn.
Hort. Cliff, p. 87. Flo. Suec. n. 220. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 319. 320.

44. Common

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 173

44. Common Eryngo(l). Between the G/rt/}-houfes and Dent's Hole,
near Neivcaflle. The root it about a foot in length, of the thick-'
nefs of one's finger. The radical leaves are fix or eight inches
long, deeply divided, as it were, into fo many lobes, ferrated at
the edges, the denticles ending in very fiiarp prickles. The
ftalk is ftriated, round, tough, and branched, ufually two feet
high, with alternate amplexicaule leaves like the radical ones,
of a bluim-green. The flowers are fmall, in round ifli umbells
on the tops of the ftalks and branches ; each flower confiding of
five whitifh petals ; and each petal, for its fecurity, guarded by
a fharp prickle. The root candied with fugar, and dried, is ufed
as a pectoral by decoction. It is a fcarce plant in moil counties,,
notwithstanding its name.

45. Sampire (m). On the fea-rocks near Alnmouth, plentifully. The
root is oblong, and of an aromatic tafte. The radical leaves are
large, divided into numerous oblong, narrow, pointed, and thick
fegments, of a deep green, fucculent, and of a faltifh tafte. The
ftalk is ten inches high or more, round, thick, and very much
branched. The flowers are yellow, in large umbels. It is ufed
as a table-pickle. .The ingenious Mr. Evelyn admired it as a fallad.

46. Thrift, or Sea-GilliJlo'wer (n). At DunJlonbrougb-caRle, on, the
fea-banks, where there are great varieties of it j the moil beau-
tiful:

(I) Eryngium montanum. Matth. p. 679. Eryngium campeftre. Dod. Pempt. p. 730.
Eryngium vulgare. Cluf. Pann. p. 668. C. B. Pin. p. 386. I. B. iii. p. 85. Raj. Hift. iii.
p. 384. Syn. p. 222. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 165. Tourn. Inft. p. 327. Rupp. Flor. Jen. p. 222.
Boerb. Ind. A. p. 134. Dal. Pharm. p. 132. Eryngium ramofiflimum, pinnis foliorum ala-
tis, pinnatifque. Hall. Helv. p. 415.

(m) Crithmum marinum. Raj. Hift. i. p. 457. Syn. iii. p. 217.

(n) Armerius montanus tenuifolius major. Cluf. Hift. i. p. 287. Gramen polyanthemum
majus. Dod. Pempt. p. 564. Caryophyllus montanus major fiore globofo. C. B. Pin. p.

211.

I74 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

tiful with bright red flowers, fometimes taken into gardens for
edgings. It flowers in Auguft and September.

47. Orpine, or 'Live-long (o). About hedges, and in paftures. In
the fecond field on the left hand from Simonburn to Nun-wick, plen-
tifully. At Rodham, about the hedges, fparingly. The ftalks and
leaves are fucculent, of a bluim-green, frequently with a blufli
of red j the leaves ferrated ; the flowers in a kind of umbel,
large, and of a beautiful purple. Its ufual height is from a foot
to a foot and a half in its wild flate, and from two to three feet
under culture. It flowers in June and July.

48. Sharp-pomted-leaved Stone-crop (p). On old walls, and about
rocks. On an old wall at Lipivood, near jffiy^w-bridge. On the
rocks by 7>rto-water-fall, on the north fide. Under culture it
has the appearance of a foreign plant, as if it lived under a
warmer fun. If it was lefs frequent, it would certainly be in-
troduced into flower-borders, among; the more humble plants,

2M. Limonium majus, flore globofo. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 600. Statice. Tourn. Inft. p. 341.
Statice caule nudo fimplkiffimo capitato. Lin, Hort. Cliff, p. 115. Roycn, lugdb. p. 191.

f

(o) Tdephium floribus purpureis. Lob. Icon. p. 389. Telephium vulgare. C. B. Pin.
p. 287. Raj. Hift. i. p. 689. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 467. Anacampferos, vulgo Faba craffa.
/. B. iii. p. 681. Tourn. Inft. p. 264. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 228. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 269. Tele-
phium, Craflula, Fabaria, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 174. Sedum foliis planiufculis patentibus
ferratis, corymbo terminatrice. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 176. Flo. Suec. n. 386. Royer:. lugdb
p. 456. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. 'p. 442. Sedum foliis ferratis, ellipticis, umbella caulem tcrmi
nante dcnfiffima. Hall. Helv. p. 394, 395.

(p) Sedum minus, v. Cluf. p.'lx. Sempervivum minus, i. Dad. p. 128, 129. Aizoo
hsmatodes. Lob. Icon. p. 378. Sedum minus luteum folio acuto. C. B. Pin. p. 283
Hift. Oxon iii. p. 471. Sedum minus flore luteo. I. B. iii. p. 692. Sedum minus hcema
todes. Raj. Hift. p. 691. Sedum foliis fubulatis, oppofitis, confertis, adnatis, bafi mem-
branacca fo'uta, umbella racemofa. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 176. Rcycn. p. 456. Sedum folii*
teretibus, in fpinulam terminatis, umbella fparfo. Hal'. Helv. p. 397.

for

OF. TREES AND PLANTS.; 175-

for the oddity of its form, and large beautiful umbels of ftellate
pale yellow flowers.

49. Small acrid Stonecrop, or Wall-Pepper (qj. On old walls, topped
with earth. On the roofs of houfes, and about rocks upon
heaths, not unfrequent ; alfo upon the fea-banks. The flowers
are yellow, and ftellate, on the tops of the ftalks.<

50. There is a VARIETY of it among the rocks on the brink of
Cn^-lake; hardly to be diftinguifhed but by the cauline leaves
in the time of flowering, which then appear in an imbricated7
fixfold feries on the ftalks (r). Thefe two, planted in pots, in a
water-fand and gravel, make a beautiful fliew with their ftellate:
flowers, of a. bright gold-yellow. .

51. Small, infipid, comprejfed-leaved Stonecrop-(s). On alpine rocks.
On the precipices, on the weftern borders, by the rivulet of Ir thing
near Wardrew-fyxw. The leaves are of a pale or whitim-greeny
not acrid. The flowers are yellow, on the tops of the ftalks.

(q) Sedi tertium genus, Fuchf. p. 36. Itnti Sempervivum minimum. Malik; p. 1119;
Cam. Epit. p. 856. bcne. Illecebra f. Sempervivum tertium. Dad. Pcmpr. p. 129. Sem-
pervivum minimum vermiculatum acre. C. B. Pin. p. 283. Sedum parvum acre floreluteo.
/. B, iii. p. 694.. Raj. Hift. p. 1041. Hift. Oxon. iii. p.- 471. Tourn. Inft. p.. 263. Illicebra,
Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 175. Sedum foliis oblongis obtufis teretiufculis feffilibus patentibus
panicula ramofa. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 177. Royen. lugdb. p. 456. Sedum acre, foliis conicis,
confertiffinjis, floribus in fummis alis feffilibus luteis. Hull. Helv. p. 396.

(r) Sedum foliis fubovatis adnato-feffilibus gibbis erefliufculis fexfariam imbricatis. Linn.
Flo. Suec. p. 141. n. 390.

(i) Sedum rupeftre repens, foliis compreflis. Dill. Elth. p. 343. t. 256. f. 333. Sedum
foliis fublatis confertis adnatis, bad membranacea (bluta, umbella racemofa, -Linn. Hort.
Cliff, p. 176. Flo. Suec. p. 141, n. 388. Royen. lugdb.. p. 456.

52;. Meum, .

176 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

52. Meum, or Spignel(t). On a hill by the village of Thockring-
toity on the north fide of it ; where it is called Hook-a, and the
hill ffook-a'-hill, by the common people, from the frequent hook-
ing or digging of it up for ufe. The root pierces deep into the
ground, of the thicknefs of a man's finger, brown on the out-
fidc, and white within, with a tuft of fibres of decayed leaves
at the crown. The radical leaves are on long pedicles, large,
divided into numerous, oblong, capillary fegments of a deep
green, foft in handling, and pleafant to the eye. The (talks are
round, ftriated, and branched towards the top, with leaves like
the radical ones, but (mailer, and alternate. The flowers are
white, in umbels. The feed is oblong, ftriated, and of an aro-
matic fmell, when dried. It grows in great abundance upon this
hill, but no where elfe with us that I know of. In the fields
about two miles from Sedberg by the road to Orton, in Weft norland,
it is faid to be in great plenty, where it is called by the common
people, Bald-money ; alfo at Long-well, in Selftde, about three miles
from Kendal, and in feveral other places in that county *.

53. Alexanders (u). In gravelly places, and about rocks, near
the fea. On a gravelly bank at the OJlium of Willing ton-burn., near

Hoivden-

(t) Meum. Dod. purg. 478. optime. Riv'tn. t. 62. bene. Raj. Hift. i. p. 432. Syn.
iii. p. 207. Boerh. Jnd. A. p. 49. Dal. Pharm. p. 121. Meum foliis Anethi. C. B. Pin.
p. 148. Tourn. Inft. p. 312. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 225. Meum Athamanticum. Morif. Um-
bell. p. 4. femen. F. f. & 79. So. Meum vulgare tenuifolium. Hift. Oxon, iii. p. 270.
Athamanta foliis capillaribus, femiiiibus glabris ftriatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 93. Upf.
p. 60. Royen, lugdo. p. 97. Meum. HAL Helv. p. 416.

* Wilfan. Syn. p. 66.

(u) Hippofelinum THEOPHRASTI, vel Smyrnium DIOSCORIDIS. C. B. Pin. 154. Ma-
cerone, quibufdam Smyrnium, femine magno nigro. /. B. iii. p. 126. Hippofelinum. Raj.

Hift.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 177

On the fea-rocks at Tynemouth-ca.ft.\&. The root is
moderately large, white, and acrid. The ftalk is robuft, round,
jointed, ftriated, and branched, three or four feet high. The
leaves are pinnated, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers are
of a greenifh-white, in large umbels. The feed is large, black,
and ftriated. It is a fcarce plant. Both the roots, young moots,
and leaves, are ufed as a fallad in the fpring with vinegar and
fallad oil ; the roots fometimes boiled ; very nourishing -, good
for the fcurvy ; and, according to Boerhaave, for the afthma. It
flowers in June and July.

54. Smallage (x), the leaves of which are like thofe of Alex-
anders, but not fo large, is not unfrequent by flow running waters
and fprings in fhady places. It is an excellent remedy for the
dropfy, boiled in fmall ale. I have known an eminent cure done
by it in the fouth of England. The perfon cured was a young
woman of twenty-eight years of age. She was reduced to fuch
weaknefs that me could not fit up in a chair, and ref ufmg to be
tapped, her death was daily expected ; when a perfon of great
medical experience accidentally hearing of her cafe, out of mere
humanity recommended the ufe of this fimple remedy, whereby

Hift. i. p. 437. Smyrnium. Tourn. Tnft. p. 316. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 208. Smyrnium majus.
Mar. Unib. ii. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 277. Hippofelinum & Smyrnium, Offic. Dal. Pharm.
p. 123. Smyrnium foliis caulinis ternatis, petiolatis, ferratis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 105.
Sp. PI. 262.

(x) Apium paluftre. Cam. Epit. p. 527. uptime. Eleofelinum. Dad. Pempt. p. 695.
Apium paluftre & Apium officinarum. C. B. Pin. p. 154. Raj. Hift. i. p 447. Syn. iii.
p. 214. Tourn. Inft. p. 305. Hift Oxon. iii. p. 293. Boerh. InJ. A. p. 58. Ritf'p. Flo. Jen.
p. 229. Apium & Eleofilinum, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 126. Apium foliis caulinis cunei-
formibus. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 107. Sp. PI. 264. Rcycn. p. 115. ///'//. Nat. Hift. PI.
p. 349. Apium foliis femitrifidis, ora loborum circumferrata. Hall. Helv. p. 427.

VOL. I. A a in

i73 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

in a week's time me found herfelf better, and in a few weeks
more was perfectly recovered, and never, for tbefe twenty years
paft, bad any return of it, continuing in a good ftate of health ;
at this time, I believe, alive and well. It flowers in June and
July. — ' -' •

55. Long-leaved Water-Hemlock (y). In ditches and by waters,
on the banks of North Tyne at low Park-End, near Nunivick, in a
bed of water-land, thrown up by floods, among the bufhes. The
root is of the thicknefs of the common hemlock, oblong, white,
and fibratecl. The ftalk is round, ftriated, and branched, three
or four feet high. The leaves are pretty much like thofe of
fmallage, but longer, and more deeply divided. The flowers arc
white, in large umbels. It flowers in July and Augufl. It is of
a deleterious quality, and in the fpring has been too often ga-
thered and eaten by miflake for Smallage, and proved fatal. We
have fome dreadful accounts of its poifonous effects in authors *.
The root is more poifonous than the leaves ; and it is remarkable,
that though it kills both men and horned cattle, horfes eat of it
without danger f.

(y) Slum alterum. Dod. Pempt. 589. Slum olufatri facie. Lob. Icon. p. 208. Ger.
emac. p. 256. Raj. Hift. p. 450. Syn. iii. p. 212. Slum aquaticum, fcrliis multifidis
longis et ferrau's. Morif. Hift. iii. p. 283. f. 9. t. 5. f. 4. Slum aquaticum foliis rugofis
trifidis dentatis. Mor. Umbellif. p. 63. t. 5. Cicuta. Linn. Cliff, p. 100.- Mat. Med.
p. 129. Royen. lugdb. p. icg. Cicuta aquatica. Linn. Lapp. p. 103. Cicuta (vlrofo) un-
bellis folio cppofitis petiolis marginatis obtufis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 225. Syft. p. 960. I. Sium
pinnis laciniatis, pinnulis trifidis, nervo non foliofo. Hall. Helv. p. 436.

* Wepferi Wik. Cicutae Aquat. toto Libro. Boerh. Prsele&. Dr. Watfon. Ph. Tr. 1748.
Mr. Pulteney. Ph. Tr. Vol. xlix.

t Gmelin. Flo. Sibir. Par. i. p. 203.

jr<5. Hem-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 179

36. Hemlock-Dropivort (z). In a maiihy place, by a fpring, in
St. John-lee bank, near Hexham. The root confifts of a number oi:
tuberous or knobby fibres, full of a yellowifli acrid juice. The
ftalk is round, ftriated, and branched. Tlie leaves are large,
pinnated, and indented at the edges. The flowers are white, in
umbels. It flowers in June and July. It is a deleterious plant,
and on its firft coming up in the fpring has been often gathered
and eaten through miflake for the ferrated- leaved Water-Parfnep (a)
as a fallad by incautious people, who have died in lefs than four
hours by its virulent poifon, though not immediately perceived ;
of which there are feveral inftances in the Philofophical Tranfac-
tions, and other literary, periodical works *.

57. The great Marfh-Valerian (b), the root of which is ufcd
as a nervine, and accounted one of the bed of all the nervous

fimplcs,

(z) Oenanthe cicutre facie, fucco virofo crocante. Label, adv. p. 326. Oenanthe cicutre
facie LOBELLII. Park. Theatr. p. 894. Raj. Hift. i. p. 4 1.1. Syn. iii. p. 210. Oenanihe fucco
virofo, cicutae facie, LOBELII. /. B. iii. p. 193. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 288. Oenanthe Chas-
rophylli foliis. C. B. Pin. p. 162; Town. Inft. 313. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 51. Oenanthe apii
folio maxima, fucco virofo, cicutse facie. Mor. Umb. p. 16. Oenanthe petrofelini folio,
venenofa. Dal. Pharm. p. 123-24. Oenanthe foliis omnibus muhifidis obtufis fubxquaiibus.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 99. Flo. Suec. n. 237. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 740.

(a) Slum DIOSCORIDIS, five Paftiuaca aquatica major. Park. Theatr. p. 1240. Sium
majus latifolium. Ger. emac. p. 256. Raj. Hift. i. p. 4^3. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 282. Sium
aquaticum primum, latifolium majus. Mor. Umb. p. 15. Sium maximum latifoliurn. I. B.
iii. p. 175. Sium latifolium. C. B. Pin. p. 154. Town. Inft. p. 308. Ru£p. Flo Jen. p.
230. Sium Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 125. Sium foliis pinnatis, umbella terir inatricc. Linn.
Hort. Cliff, p. 98. Sp. PI. p. 251. Flo. Succ. n. 235. Rqen. lugdb. p. 104. Hall. Helv.
p. 435. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 337.

* Ph. Tr. No. 480. p. 227. and No. 1 14. p. 856.

(b) Phu. DIOSCORIDIS. Column. Phyt. p. 92, &c. t. 26. Icon pulcbra. Ecphr. ejufd. i.
p 210. Valeriana fylvcftris. i. Cluf. Hift. p. Ix. beue. Did. Pcmpt. p. 349. purg. p. 87.

A a 2 o; time.

i8o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

fimples, is plentiful by water-courfes, about bogs, and in damp
woods. It is in great abundance among the bufhes by the ftreamlet
on the fouth fide of the road near Nunivick-m.\\\ ; alfo in the rectory -
wood at Simonburn. We are told by the learned Fablus Columna,
that with a dram and a half of the powder of the root (pulled
up before it fent forth the ftalks) taken in wine, water, milk, or
any other proper liquid, he cured not only himfelf, but others,
of the epilepfy, by once or twice taking ; to infants, and thofe
of tender years, feized with convulfive fits, he ordered it to be
taken in milk, who, by the relation of their friends, were, with
God's bleffing, perfectly cured *. We are afTured by the late
Czmtndge-ipTofeSbT, Mr. Martyn^ F. R. S. that he had feen it ufed
with great fuccefs for the hyfteric paffion, and for violent pa-
roxyfms of the afthma. The method was to boil an ounce of the
roots in a pint of water, to let it ftand off the fire clofe covered
till it was cold, and then take draughts of it in a glafs. He
gives a preference to the wood-plants to thofe that grow in watry
places f. The famous Halkr feems to have a lefs opinion of its

optime. Dal. Pharm. p. no. Valeriana fylveftris major. Ger. p. 917. emac. 1075. Park.
Theatr. 122. C. B. Pin. p. 164. Raj, Hift. i. p. 388. Syn. iii. p. 200. Hift. Oxsn. iii. p.
101. Tourn. Inft. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 74. Valeriana major fylveftris, foliis latioribus. Mor,
Umb. p. 50. Valeriana fylveftris magna aquatica. /. B. iii. p. 209. Valeriana foliis om-
nibus pinnatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 16. Flo. Suec. n. 30. Reyen, lugdb. p. 234. Hall. Helv.
p. 662.

* " Addo & hanc proprietatem jamdiu in multis, atque memetipfo expertam, ut pulveris
" radicis plants hujus fponte ortae, extirpatse antequam caulem edat, cochlearii dimidium
" cum vino, aqua, ladte, aut alio quovis decenti fucco, & aegroti commoditate, & astate
" femel fumptum, aut bis, Epilepfia correptos liberet. Hanc exhibendarn pueris, & prse-
" fertim infantibus, hoc morbo facile laborant, quibus lafte propinandum pulverem juffi,
" amicis dono dedi : qui deinde, Divino prius numine fautore glorificato, pulvere hujus
" plantae illis reftitutam fanitatem affirmarunt. Hoc & aliis adultis nonnullis."

Column. Phyt. loco fupra citato,
f Martyn. Tourn.

virtues.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 181

virtues. He only recommends the life of the leaves, bruife'd,
for frefh wounds J. It flowers in June and July.

58. Narrow-leaned Mountain-Valerian (c). On the borders of Ram-
flow-wood, near the mill, by Work-burn, in Tynedak. It is a

{lender plant, from two to three feet high. The flower is in clofe,
compact umbels, white, with a blufh of red. It flowers in June
and July. It is not common.

59. The fmall Bog Valerian (d), and the leaft Bog-Valerian fe), are
frequent in wet mountainous meadows, and about bogs. They
differ only in fex, and ip the fize, and commonly in the colour,
of the flowers ; the firfl producing female-flowers, fmall, of a

J Hall. Htlv.

(c) Phu minus. Cam. Epit. p. 22. eximie pro anguftiori. Valeriana fylveftris major mon-
tana. C. B. Pin. p. 164. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 200. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 101. Valeriana fecunda
foliis anguftioribus. Mar. Umbell. p. 50. Valeriana foliis aguftioribus. Rivin. t. 2. Valeriana
fylveftris foliis anguftioribus. Val'.l. Mem. p. 252. Linn. Lapp. n. 236. hue magis per-
tinent. Hall. Helv. p. 66 1.

(d) a. Femina : cum rudiment is organorum marium.

Valeriana paluftris minor, elatior, flofculis minoribus. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 101. Valeriana
paluftris inodora, parum laciniata. C. B. Prodr. p. 86. Valeriana fylveftris feu paluftris
minor altera. Raj. Cat. Angl. p. 299. cum defcriptione, Syn. iii. p. 200. Valeriana aqua-
tica minor, Sore minore. Raj. Hift. p. 389. Vuill. p. 252.

(e) f. Mas. cum fexu feminino imperfeEtiori.

Phu minimum. Matth. p. 41. Phu minimum feu Valeriana montana paluftris. Cam. Epit.
p. 23. optime. Valeriana minima. Dod. purg. p. 88. bene. Pempt. p. 350. Phu minus,
Valeriana minor. Tabern. p. 165. bene. Valeriana fylveftris ii. minor. Cluf. p. Iv. Vale-
riana minor pratenfis feu aquatica. /. B. iii. p. 211. Valeriana paluftris minor. C. B. •
Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 101. Valll. p. 252. pro diverfa. Dill. GifT. p. 47. cum fexus defcriptione.
Valeriana minor. Raj. Hift. p. 388.

a. /?. Valeriana foliis caulinis pinnatis, polygama. Linn. Virid. Cliff, p. 5. Valeriana
foliis caulinis pinnatis, fexu diftin£ta. Hort. Cliff, p. 16. Flo. Suec. p. u. n. 31. Valeri-
ana foliis imis ovalibus, fuperioribus plerumque pinnatis, fexu diftin«5ta. Hall, Helv. p. 663.

pure

182 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

pure white ; and the latter male-flowers, pretty large, of a bright
white, with a blufh of red ; in neat umbels. They flower in
May and June. The laft is plentiful in a bog under bufhes near
the Ojllum of the brook below Nunwick, from five to nine inches
high ; the finl in another by the OJlium of the brook at TVark,-on
the fouth fide, from nine to fourteen inches high. Culture
makes no alteration in them.

60. Great Burnet Saxifrage (J). In dry paflures, and on banks
about hedges. Under the hedges at Fair-Jlww and Long-Rigge,
near Nunivick. On a gravelly bank, on the north-eaft fide of the
bridge at Bar-wesford^ near Chipchace. The root is oblong, white,
and acrid. The ftalk is round, floated, fiftulous, and branched,
two feet high. The leaves are fimply pinnated, each compofed
of a double row of ovated, ferrated foliola, on pedicles, joined
to a middle rib, with an odd leaf at the end. The flowers are
white, in umbels, moderately large. It flowers in June and July.
It is of an acrid, but not unpleafant, taflc. It is much com-
mended as a pectoral or fcomachic by the Germans, efpecially the
followers of Stahl, and, according to Halkr *, defervedly.

(f) Saxifraga magna. Dad. Pempt. p. 315. Purg. p. 494. cam bona Icon;. Piaipinella
Saxifraga. Mattb. p. 1032. Cam. Epit. p. 775. bene. Ger. p. 887. iinac. p. 1044.. Raj.
Hill. i. p. 445. Syn. iii. p. 213. Dal. Pharm. Tragofelinum majii^, Pimpinella major.
Tabirn. p. 88. btne. Saxfraga hirfma major. I. B. iii. p. 109. Park. Theatr. p. 04.-.
Pimpinella Saxifraga major umbella Candida. C. B. Pin. p. 109. Marif. Umbell. p. 13.
t. 5. cum folio here depiflo. Hilt. Oxin. iii. p. 284. Rut'j>. Flo. Jen. p. 230. Tragofeli-
num majus umbella Candida. Tourn. Inft. p. 309. Bserh. Ind. A. p. 54. Pimpinella major
Germanica foliis magis incifis. Batr. Icon. p. 243. Pimpinella. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 106.
Pimp'nclla foliis pinnatis : folio! is radicalibus fubrotundis ; fummis linearibus. Sp. PI. 263.
Pimpinella fo'iolis fubrotundis. Flo. Suec. p. 86. n. 246. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 348. Tra-
gofelinum pinnis femik'batis, circurnftrratis. Hall. Helv. p. 428.

* Ibid.

.61. Small

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 183

&. Small Burnet Saxifrage (g). In dry part tires, and on hedge-
banks. In the rectory-den at Simonbtirn, plentifully. The root
is oblong, very flender, white, and acrid. The Halle is round,
Hriated, and branched, fparingly let with leaves, divided into
five long fegments. The radical leaves are limply pinnated ; the.
folioles in a double feries on two -fides of a pedicle, with a fmgle
leaf at the end, roundifh, crenatcd, and of a dufky green co-
lour. The flowers are white, in umbels. It flowers in July and
Auguft. It is one of the ingredients in the Puhis ./'ri compofttus
of the fhops. The common licrbarifts frequently gather the
root of the fmall Sanguiforba for it.

62. We have the Mountain-Saxifrage, with finely -divided leaves (hj,
in the fame den, under the road to Tecket, fparingly. It flowers
at the fame time with the former ; of which it is a variety. The
petals arerevolute, or turn up, and bend inwards; which makes
them feem as if they were cut.

(g) Tragofllinum minus, Pimpinella minor. Tabcrn. p, 88. line, Pfmpinella Saxifraga-
minor. Cam. Epic, p. 775. Dal. Pliann. p. 125. . Mir if. Umbell. p. 13. t. 5. Pimpinella
Saxifraga minor- foliis Sanguiforbre. Raj. Hid. i. p. 445. Syn. iii. p. 213. Saxifraga hir-
fina minor foliis fanguiforbse. /. B. iii. p. 3. Pimpinella Saxifraga major altera. C. B. Pin.
p. 159. Pimpinella Saxifraga major noftras. Park. Theatr. Pimpinella Saxifraga vulgar is
pimpinellse minoris foliis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 285. Pimpinella Saxifraga hirfina minor mon-
tana foliis alte incifis. Barr. Icon, p. 738. Tragofelinum alterum majus. Taurn. Inft. p.
309. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 54. Trogofelinum pinnis fubrotundis, circumferratis. Hall, Helv..
p. 429.

(h) Saxifraga parva. Dod. Pempt. p. 315. optime. Pimpinella, faxifraga minor. Lob.
Icon. p. 709. ea-Jem Icon. Saxifraga Pimpinella Germanica minor. Clnf. Pann. p. 697.
Hift. p. cxcvii. eadem. Tragium alterum DIOSCORIDIS. Column. Phye. p. 61, &c. Tab. xvii.
Pimpinella crifpa f. petrasn. Tabern, p. 89. Saxifraja hirfina minima • Pimpinella crifpa,
Tragl. I. B. iii. p. 113. Pimpinella Saxifraga minor. C. B. Pin. p. 160. Raj. Hift. p. 445.
Pimpinel'a Saxifraga minor fo'iis difiedtis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 285. Pimpinella Saxifraga
minor crifpa. Morif. Umbell. p. 17. T. 5. Tragofelinum minus. Tiurn. Inft, p. 3cg. Tra-
gofelinum pinnis laciniatis, fuperius tenuiflimis. Hall. Helv. p. 429.

6. Meadow

184 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

63. Meadow Saxifrage (i) is plentiful inmoift meadows and paf-
tures. The flowers are in umbels, of a yellowifh-white. Each
flower confifts of five petals, almoft equal and entire. They are
hooked or turn inwards at the ends, which makes them appear
as if they were notched. The feed is thick -and large, with
threey?rz> fo remarkably deep, as to make it feem date, or winged.
Both it and the root are ufed for the gravel. It flowers in June
and July.

64. BaJlard-Stone-ParJley (k). On ditch-banks. On a gravelly
bank by the road on the fouth-eaft fide of the bridge at Barives-

ford ; alfo in the lane between the EJge-houfe and Cbol/erton-roa.d.
The flowers are white, in umbels. It flowers in July and Auguft.
the feed is very fmall, brown, and ftriated. It is put to the fame
ufe as the former.

65. Tuberous efcuknt Earth-Nut (I). In dry mountainous paftures
and meadows. In the redtory-den at Simonburn, plentifully. The

Tuber,

(i) Siler alterum pratenfe. Dod. Pempt. p. 310. lent. Silaum quibufdam, flore luteolo.
I. R. iii. p. 170. Sefdi pratenfe. C. B. Pin. p. 162. Morif. Umbell. p. 17. Semen V. u.
Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 225. Dill. GifT. p. 120. Sefi'i pratenfe MONSPLIENSIUM. Hid. Oxon. iii.
p. 287. Saxifraga ANGLIC A facie fefili pratenfis. Ger. p. 890. emac. 1087. Raj. Hift. i.
p. 453. Sefili pratenfe noftras. Park. Theatr. p. 905. Saxifraga vulgaris, Offic. Dal.
Pharm. p. 127. Angelica pratenfis Apii folio. Tourn. Inft. p. 313. Peucedanum foliis pin-
natim divifis laciniatis, oppofitis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 94. Rayen. lugdb. p. 98. Peuceda-
num pinnis duplicate pinnatis, foliis latiufculis, longe trifidis. Hall. Helv. p. 442.

(k) Sifon, five Officinarum Amomum. /. B iii. p. 107. Raj. Hift. i. p. 443. Dot.
Monfp. 242. Sifon quod Amomum Officinis noftris. C. B. Pin. p. 154. Amomum, Offic.
Dal. Pharm. p. 124. Sium aromaticum, Sifon Officinarum. Tourn. Inft. p. 308. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 21 1. Dill. GilT. p. 139. Bierh. Ind. A. p. 57. Sifon DIOSCORIDIS. Hift. Oxon.
iii. p. 283. Sifon. Mor. Umbell. p. 14. Sifon foliis pinnatis, umbellis eredb's. Linn. Sp.
PI. 252. Rcyen. \ugdb. p. 105.

(1) Bjlhocaftanum. Dod. Pempt. p. 433. Raj. Hift. i. p. 440. Syn. iii. p. 209. Morif.
Umbell. p. 5. Dal. Pharm. p. 123. Kulbocaftanum majus folio Apii. C. B. Pin. p. 162.

Hift.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 18,-

\.t

Tuber, or bulb, lies deep in the ground ; brown on the outfide,
and white within, of an irregular roundiih. ihape ; of a grateful
tafte, wholefome and nutritive.

66 Yellow-flowered Tragopogoti, or Goats-Beard (m). In meadows,
and in ilony places, by waters, plentifully. It is one of thofe
plants which, by an invariable law in nature, performs its con-
flant Vigilix, by clofing its leaves about noon. From which re-
markable property the common people call it, Go to Bed at Noon.
The root and young moots are efculent, of an agreeable tafte,
without any acrimony or vifcidity, very nouriihing. It flowers
in July.

67. Purple-flowered Tragopogon, or Scorzonera (nj, does not grow
with us, but as it may have efcaped out of gardens.

Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 274. Tourn. !lnft. p. 307. Bocrb. Ind. A. p. 70. Nucula terreflris SEP-
TENTRIONALIUM. Lot. Icon. p. 745. Apios. Turn. Hift. PI. p. 40. Ph. Tr. No. 202.
Bunium. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 208. Royen, lugdb. p. 107. Hall. Helv. p. 782. inter addenda.

VulgO. KlPPER-NuT, PlQ-NuT, &HAWK-NuT.

(m) Barba hircina. Dorjlen. p. 80. bene. Tragopogon f. barbula hirci. Mattb. p. 537.
bene. Cam. Epit. p. 312. cum Chara&ere. Tragopogon luteum. Lab. Icon. p. 550. Ger. p.
595. emac. p. 735. Raj. Hift. i. p. 252. Syn. iii. p. 76. Tragopogon luteum majus. /. B.
ii. p. 1058. Tragopogon pratenfe luteum majus. C. B. Pin. p. 274. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 79.
Tourn. Inft. p. 477. Bterb. Ind. A. p. 90. Dill. Giff. p. 91. Vaill. p. 266. Tragopogon
pratenfe. Linn. Sp. PI. 789. Tragopogon calycibus florem fuperantibus. Hort. Cliff, p. 382.
Flo. Suec. n. 648. Royen. lugdb. p. 119. variet. prima. Tragopogon foliis carinatis, am-
plexicaulibus, gramineis, flore luteo. Hall. Helv. p. 758.

(n) Scorzonera elatior anguftifolia PANNONICA. Park. Theatr. p. 410. Viperina anguf-
tifolia elatior. Ger. emac. p. 737. Tragopogonis fpecies five Scorzonera major an^uftifolia
fubcaeruleo flore. /. B. n. p. 1062. Scorzonera anguftifolia fubcaerulea. C. B. Pin. p. 275.
Raj. Hift. i. p. 249. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 83. Town. Inft. p. 476. Tragopogon purpureo-
cseruleum, porri folio, quod Artifi vulgo. Tragopogon calycibus corollas radio longioribus,
foliis integris acuminatis ftriclis, pedunculis fuperne ijciafTatis. Linn. Hort. Upf. 243.

VOL. I. Bb 68. Blue-

186 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

63. Blue-flowered Mountain SONCHUS, or Soiju-Th'ifth (oj. On the
borders of corn-fields about Willington and Hoivden-P 'ans , Sparingly.
Its ufual height is from three to five feer. The flowers arc on vil-
lofc glutinous pedicles, in a long fpike, of an elegant blue co-
lour. It flowers in July and Auguft. The feed is ovated and
comprefTed, with three^r/V or furrows, and winged with down*

69. The great, Englt/h, foft, or gentle Thi/lle, or melancholy Thlflle
(p}, is common in moid alpine woods and meadows. The (talk
is very handfome, gradually tapering from the bafe to the top,
from two to three feet high. The flower is large, of a bright
purple. The calyx is imbricated. It flowers in June and July.

70. The purple-fa-wered dwarf Carline Thlflle fqj is not unfrequent
in mountainous paftures, and on dry banks. The leaves are

difpofed

(o) Sonchus caeruleus. Cam Epit. p. 281. bene. Sonchus levis cseruleo flore. Cluf. Paa-
non. p. 650, 651. Sonchus levior Aujlriachus iii. cceruleo flore. Ejufd. Hift. p. cxlvii. Son-
chus levis quartus folio caeruleo. Tabern. p. 191. Sonchus caeruleus latifolius. /. B. ii. p.
1005. Raj, Hift. p. 225. Vaill. p. 258. Scbeucbz. Itin. i. p. 50. Sonchus levis laciniatus» vel
Sonchus alpinus caeruleus. C. B. Pin. p. 124. Hift. Oxan. iii. p. 62. Ladluca montana lati-
folia laciniata flore caeruleo. Town. Inft. Seheuchz. Itin. vi. p. 459. Sonchus flore cxruleo.
Royen. lugdb. p. 126. Sonchus LAPPONUM altiflimus, floribus caeruleis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n.
290. Sonchus caule eredo, foliis pinnato haftatis, apice cordato triangulis, floribus racemo-
fis. Hort. Cliff, p. 385. Royen. p. 128. Sonchus floribus fpicatis caeruleis. Hall. Helv. p. 754.

(p) Cirfium BRITANNICUM. Cluf. Pann. p, 657. Cirfium ANGLICUM ii. Ejufd. Hift.
p. cxiviii. cum Icone non optima. Cirfium BRITANNICUM Clufil repens. I.E. iii. p. 46.
Raj. Hift. i. p. 306. Syn. iii. p. 193. Cirfium fingulari capitulo fquamato, vel incanurn
alterum. C. B. Pin. p. 377. n. v. ex CLUSIO. Scheucbz. Itin. iv. p. 332. Cirfium BRI-
TANNICUM repens, foliis majoribus fubtus incanis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 149. Town. Inft. p.
447. Cirfium Helenii folio, capitulo inagno. Vaill. Act. 1718. p. 200. Cirfium foliis lon-
giflime lanccolatis, ferratis, fubtus tomentofis. Hall. Helv. p. 683. Cirfiun irmranum
foliis longis ferratis fubtus incanis. Ibid. t. 21. Icon elegantiffima.

(q) Chamseleon exiguus. Trag. Hift. p. 852. bene. 1. B. iii. p. 62. Carlina minor pur-
pureo flore. Cluf. Hift. p. clvi. cum Icone. Carlina acaulos minor, purpureo flore. C. B.

Pin.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 187

difpofed on the ground in the form of a circle, on pedicles, femi-
pinnated ; the pinnules fometimcs with two, and fometimcs with
three, lobes, ferrated, and ending in ftiarp fpines. The flalk is
hardly an inch long. The head is very large, and long with
brown, triangular fcalcs, mining, and not prickly. The feed is
a little hooked, and winged with down, about two inches long.

71. We have the elegant -woolly-headed Thljlle (r) about the
hedges under the hill by the church at Waifs-End, near Ne'w-
caftle, fparingly. The flalk is firm, of a man's height, and
branched. The leaves are very large, a foot or more in length,
rough, fucculent, and downy underneath, femi-pinnated ; the
pinnules long, with two lobes, the nerve of each lobe ending in
a robuil fpine, the terminale fpine longed. The flower is purple,
long, and bending. The heads are very large and fpherical,
with acute upright fcales, covered with a fine filk-like down,
each fcale terminated with a yellow prickle. The feed is white,

Pin. p. 380. Raj. Hift. i. p. 310. curn defcriptione op'.ima. Cailina montana minor, acau-
los. Barrel. Icon. 493. Carduus humillimus SEPTENTRIONALIUM, flore purpuro-rubente.
Hift. Oxan. iii. p. 156. Ciifium acaulos flore purpureo. Town, Inft. p. 448. Vaill. A'6h
1718. p. 201. Carduus acaulis, calyce glabro. Linn. Act. Stockh. 1741. p. 204. Flo. Suec.
p. 236. n. 656.

(r) Carduus Eriocephalos. Dad. Purg. p. 445. uptime. Pempt. p. 723. Clitf. Pann.p. 666.
Hift. p. cliv. Carduus tomentofus, CORONA FRATRUM Hcibaiiorum. Lob. ii. p. 9. eait-.m
Icon. Carduus tomentofus, CORONA FRATRIS diclus. Park. Theatr. p. 978. Raj. Hift. i. p.
311. Syn. iii. p. 195. Carduus capit^ lomentofo. I. B. iii. p. 57. Carduus capitc rotunJo
tomentofo. C. B. Pin. p. 382. Hill. Oxen. iii. p. 155. Town. Inft. 441. Ri'pp. Flo. Jen. p.
150. Carduus E:iocephalos, Offic. Da!. Pharm. p. 105. Eriocephalos capite rotunJo
maximo. Vaill. p. 204- .Carduus foliis feiTilibus bifariam pinnatifiJi?, laciniis alternis erefli1,
calycibus globofis villofis. Linn. Sp. PI. 823. Hortus Upf. 249. Carduus foliis finuatis
clecurrentibus : denticulis & fuperficie fpir.ofis, calycibus l.migeris. Roysn. lugdb. p. 133.
Cirfium foliis fpinofif, hirfutis, fcmipinnatis, pinnis fcmilobis, capita rigente, tomentofo,
fphaerico. Ha'!. Re!v. p 680.

B b 2 com-

l88. OF TREES AND PLANTS.

compreffed, almoftoval, and obliquely truncated. The placenta

isefculent, as is the ftalk, wholefome and nouriihing.

, j The elegant purple-flowered Ladies Thljlk (s) is plentiful in the
lane"' at »,/,, leading to the church, very near the village.
I have obferved it alfo under a hedge on the banks of the Tync
by the Qftium of Ml I ing ton-burn, on the weft Me, near Hwdtn-
pans I have not feen it in any other parts with us. The leave
are very lar^e, with an undulated, plicated margin, variouily
fcrrated, the denticles ending in fharp fpines, of a deep glofly
Ereen, the nerves milk-white, which give it a beautiful appear-
ance The ftalk is from five to fix feet high, firm, and branched,
The flowers are large, of a bright purple. The calyx is armed
with robuft prickles. It flowers in July and Auguft. The feed
is ufed by emulfion for acute pains and difeafes of the breaft
with fuccefs*; efpecially for that kind of pectoral rheumatifm
which is faid to be fometimes confounded with the pleunfy.

fl) Carduus MARI*. Trag. p. 8S0. bcne. Ger. p. 989. — P- "49- *«7- Hift- i- P-
„,. Syn. iii. p. 87. Dal. Pharm. p. 105. Marianus carduus. Cord. Diof. 1. m. c. 14.
Carduus laaeus. Matih. p. 676. folii. incifis, Cam. Epit. 445- Carduus leucographus . Dod.
Pempt. P. 7ai, 7*2. Silybum, Carduus Mari., & laaeus. Lob. Icon. ii. p. 7. ***> Icon.
Carduus Marianus, f. lafleus. Tabern. p. 699. Carduus Marianus, f. had, macuhs no-
tatus / B iii p. 52- Carduus albis maculis notatus vulgaris. C. B. P.n. p. 381
«>».'. iii. P- 155- rourn. Inft. p. 440- Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 143, H4- &•*. Ind. A- p.
,,6 Dill Giff. p. 129. Silybum albis maculis notatum, flore purpureo. Fadl. p. 219-
Icon «.' Carduus fquamis calycinis margine & apice fpinofis. Linn. Hort. Cl.ff. p. 393-
Hort.Upf. 250. Rvm. lugdb. p. .33- Silybum nervis foliorum albis. He
684.

* Semina in medkina adhibentur, amara, farinofa, ad emulfiones in morbis pedoris lau-
data etiam certioribus experimentis, (BRESLAV. 1718. P- H9- 1063.) quibus conftat, d
lores punaorioa & coagulatuo! fanguinem earuoi ufu fublatos fuifle.

Two

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 189

Two drams of it infufed in fix ounces of the diftilled" water of
its leaves effe&s a cure f-

73. The purple-flowered, nutant Muk-Thiflle (t), which is one of
the mod common thiftles by way-fides and in wade places in fome
of the fouthern counties, efpecially about Cambridge, but not about
London, is very rare with us, except about Newcaflle,. between the
G/flA-houfes and D«i^-hole, where it is in great plenty,
flowers in July and Auguft. The flowers are very large, and
pendulous, of a bright purplifli-red. The calyx is armed with
yellow prickles, exceedingly fharp and robuft. The feed is of a
light brown, fmooth, and glofly, crowned with hairs. It has a
faint fcent of mufk, very perceivable about the time of flowering,

74 The procumbent, purple-flowered Star-ThiJlle (u), which is plen-
tiful on waftes, and by high-ways in many of the fouthern

counties,

•f- MARTY N. locis citatis.

/,; Carduus nutans. /. B. iii. p. 5*- cum bona Icone. *,;. Hift. i. p. 3o8. Carduus
alatus major, flore rubro mofchato, capite nutante. Hift. 0«». iii. p. 153- Carduus me
chatus flore arr-plo, capite deflcxo. Valll Aft.- 1718. p. I95- /™ *«« M.RIAN-, n. c. Ono-
pyxos amplo capite purpureo, anguftifolius. Barrel. Icon. 1116. omnlno nojlrum refer!, <I,j-
Luittamtn. VAIL. Onopordon. Park. Theatr. p. 681. Carduus foliis fpinofis fem.de-
currentibus, floribus nutantibus, fquamis calycinis fuperne patentibus. L,nn. A&. Stockb..
mi p 204 Flo. Suec. n. 655. Carduus foliis finuatis decurrentibus marg.ne fpmofls,
ioribus folitariis nutantibus. Hort. ClifF. p. 393- *<!<«• '"gdb- P- J3^ Carduus foliorum
laciniis complicatis & fpinofis, capitulo fpinofo nutante. Hall. Helv. p. 676.

(u) Carduus ftellatus. Dcd. Pempt. p. 733- Purg- P- 44^. bene. Gr.r. p. 1003. emac. p.
,166. Raj. Kift. i. p. 317- Syn. iii. p. 87. Dal. Pharm. p. 107. Carduus ftellatus foliis
Papaveris erratic!. C. B. Pin. p. 387- DilUn. App. p. 15- Carduus ftellatus, five Calci-
trapa. /. B. iii. p. 89. Tourn. Inft. p. 44°- Martyn.Toum. i. p. 149- Hippophaeftum vel
Hipphaes DIOSCORIDIS. Column. Phyt. p. 85, &c. TAB. xxiv. Jacea ramofiffima, capite
longis acukis, ftellatim nafcentibus, armato. Hift. Oxm. iii. p. J44- Calcitrapa Officma-

rum;

ir>o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

counties, is only obferved to grow with us in the fame place with
the former. The italk is ufually from a foot to two feet in length,
and branched. The leaves are foft, very hairy, with a broad
nerve, and pinnules at diftances, long, lanceolated, and mode-
rately cut, or laciniated, not prickly. It flowers in June and
July. The flowers are of a lively purple. The outer florets are
difpofed in the form of a radiated circle. The calyx is imbricat-
ed, and armed with rigid fpines. The feed is cordiform. It is
ufed with fuccefs at Paris for urinary obftructions ; one dram in-
fufed in a glafs of white wine. The exterior Cortex of the root,
gathered about the end of September, dried in the made, and
finely powdered, is likewife ufed there in the fame manner, and
in the fame quantity, for an intermitting fever, on the approach
of the fit *. The root was formerly ufed by other foreigners as a
Jucccdancum to the Eringo-xoot f.

75. T\\o, purple-jloivered Saw-wort (x), is fcarce with us. A plant
of it was found at Weft-Dibden, near Hexham, with the Chamtcrubus ;

rum More purpurafcente. Vaill. p. 209. Centaurea calycibus, tubulato-rpinofis, feflilibus,
faliis lincaribus, pinnatifidis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 423. Rr.ycn. lugub. p. 140. Calcitrapa
foiiis laxe pinnatis, mollibus, capitulis ad latcracar.'is fcffilibus. Ha'l. rlclv. p. 683.

* Tournefort. Martyn. f Cainerarius.

(x) Serratula. Matth. p. 945. Cam. Epit. p. 682. Dad. Pcmpt. p. 42. C. B. Pin. p. 235.
/. B. iii. p. 23. Raj. Hift. i. p. 331. S>n. iii. p. 23. Dill. G,iT. p 168. Bocrb. hid. A. p.
14.4. Dal. Pharm. p. ic8. Serra'ula MATTHIOLI. Cluf. Pann. 547. Mi ft. p. viii. ex DOD.
Serratula tinfloria i. Tabcrn. 156. Foliis omnibus intcgris. Serracula tin^oria ii. ejufd. p.
175. Foliis inferhribus integris, fuptrioribus incifts. Serratula tinctoria iii. ejulU. foliis om-
nibus ineifts. Serrafjla purpurea. Gcr. p. 576. emac. p. 713. Serratula vulgaris foliis laci-
ni:itis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 133. Serratula, vu'garis facie, foliis integrh. Ejufd. ibid. Jacea
nemorenfis, quas Serratula vulgo. Tourn. Inft. p. 4.14. Serratula foliis pinnatifidis, lacinia
tcrminatrice maxima. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 391. Flo. Stiec. n. 660. Hort. Upf. 249. Royen.
lugdb. p. 143. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 5*7. Carduus inermis, fuliis glabiis, imis ovatis,
fupcrioribus ad bafm pinnatis. Hall. Htrlv. p. 678.

from

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 191

from which I have a thriving one under culture from a flip of
it. The ftalk is {lender, from two to three feet high, and branch-
ed at the top. The leaves arc firm, fmooth, and ferrated at the
edges, fometimes limple and ovated, and fometimes with acute
femi-pinnules, the terminale one largeil. The calyx is cylin-
dric, elegantly imbricated, and fmooth. The flowers are in a
kind of umbels ; compofed of uniform purple florets. The
feed is crowned with hairs, of a brownifh mining yellow. Few
of them feem to arrive at a fecundating flatc, efpecially thofe
that are very fmall, which may be the reafon why it is fuch a
fcarce plant with us. It flowers in July and Auguft. It is tinclo-
rial. A fine yellow is drawn from it, which is very much va-
lued. It is, therefore, like other tinctorial plants, fit for wounds.
It is commended for thofe that are occafioned by falls, and for
ruptures, but it is feldom ufed *»

76. The Golden-Rod (y) is frequent on the flrands of alpine1
brooks, and about rocks. The root is fibrous. The ftalk is from
a foot to three feet high, and branched. The bottom-leaves are
ufually ovated and ferrated ; the upper ones ovated and lanceo-
lated, firm, hairy, and crenated, on pedicles. The flowers are in
fpikes, at diftances, of a pale fhining yellow. The florets, of
which they are compofed, are few and large. The tube is bi-
corneous. The femi-florets have three nerves with a contracted
apex, cut into five or ten parts. The calyx is of a pale mining

* Ad Colorem flavum expetitur, &c. HALLER.

(y) Virga aurea. Ger. p. 348. eniuc. p. 430. Raj. Hid. i. p. 278. Syn. p. 8l. Dal. Pharm.
p. 88, 89. Virga aurea vulgaris. Park. Theatr. p. 542. Hid. Oxm. iii. p. 124. Virga
aurea Jatifolia ferrata. C. B. Pin. p. ztS. Virga aurea vulgaris latifolia. I. B. \\. 1062.
lourn. Inft. p. 484. Valll. A£l. 1720. p. 396. Solidago floribus per caulem fimplicem un-
dique fparfis. Linn. Flo. I-app. n. 306. Solidago caule ereiSo, racemis alternis ercftis.
Hort. Cliff, p. 409. Flo. Succ. n. 685. Raytn, lugdb. p. 161. Hall. Helv. p. 729.

green.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

green. The feed is conic, and ftriated, with an acute bafe, and
a round, plumofe crown. It flowers in Auguft.

77. There is a VARIETY of it -with purpli/Jj Stalks, andfrm lightly
ferrated Leaves, of a fmooth pleafant green (zj, among the furz on

Fourjtdne-hills, and among the rocks under the Roman wall by
Gv^-lake.

It is aftringent and bitter. It is ufed by decoction for internal
bruifes, and outwardly in an ointment for wounds. For old pu-
trid fores and ulcers it is excellent, cleanfmg and healing them.
A great cure was obtained with it in an ulcer of the Urethra by
an ingenious foreigner, which is mentioned with refpect by the
learned Gottenberg^profeQbr, who calls it — pulchram Sanationem *.
Three drams of it, powdered fine, and taken in a convenient li-
quid three times at due intervals in eight hours, helps pcrfons
afflicted with the flone, whom it fometimes has cured by bring-
ing it away f.

78. Round, ivhite-floivered, Mount ain-Cud-weed, or Cat's-foot (a}. On
dry alpine heaths. At Temple-Green, near Wark, in Tynedale. On a
dry bank near Thocktington by the road to Watling-ftxezt. On Etall-
moor, by the road to the coal-work, plentifully. It grows after

(z) Virga aurea alpina, laurinis rigidioribus foliis. Boccone. p. 33. t. 16.
* HALLER. loco citato. t Ibid.

(a) Pilofella minor. Dod. Pempt. p. 68. Icon, interior. Cluf. Pann. p. 486. Hift. p. 330.
Pilofella minor quibufdam aliis Gnaphalii Genus. /. B. iii. p. 162. Gnaphalium monta-
num, flore rotundiore. C. B. Pin. p. 263. Elichryfum montanum, flore rotundiore can-
dido. Tourn. Inft. p. 453. Valll. Acl. 1719. p. 387. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 120. Dill. GifT. p.
60. Gnaphalium montanum folio rotundiore, purpurea et alba. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 89.
t. xi. f. 32.

the

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 193

the manner of the garden-daify, in tufts, with procumbent ftalks
which take root at the joints, and fend forth new plants. The
leaves are oblong, indented at the edges, with a nerve through
the middle, and pointed; of a fmooth deep green on the upper
part, and hoary -underneath. The flower-flalks are three or four
inches high, round, and hoary, with Ihort, narrow, pointed
leaves. The flowers are at the top, in a kind of umbel, each on
a feparate pedicle, the largeft in the center, of a bright white ;
the difk fometimes adorned with a beautiful blufh of red.

79. Round, purple-foivered Mountain-Ctidiveed, or Cat*s-foot (b). At
Temple-Green, with the former, by the road-fide. The flowers are
of a bright purplifli-red, neat and compact. They retain their
beauty under culture.

80. The long •white-flowered Mountain Cudweed, or Cat's-foot, is plen-
tiful with the two former. The flalks are taller, and not fo firm,
The flowers are lefs elegant. They are long, irregular, and of a
dull white ; though they are all of the fame family, and diftin-
guifhed only by their fex ; the two firft bearing male, and this
female flowers (cj. They are called Everlafting flowers by our
fhepherds and common people on thewaftes, from their holding
their colour after they are gathered. The flowers of the two firft

(b) Elichryfum montanum, flore rotundiore fub-purpureo. Tourn. Inft. p. 453.

(c) Pilofella minor. Dod. Pempt. p. 68. Icon exterior. Gnaphalium montanum longiore
& folio & flore. C. B. Pin. p. 263. Elichryfum montanum longlore & folio & flore albo.
Tourn. Inft. p. 453. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 237. Valll. Aft. 1719. p. 387. Gnaphalium
montanum album. Ger. p. 516 rmac. p. 640. Raj. Hift i. p. 283. Syn. iii. p 83. Gna-
phalium montanum five PES CATI. Park. Theatr. p. 6gr. PES CATI, Oflic. Dal. Pharrn.
p. 90. Gnaphalium caule fimphciflimo, corymbo terminatrice, Sarmentis procumbentibus.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 400. Flo. Suec. n, 672. Reyen. lugdb. p. 147. Gnaphalium fexubus
tola planta dift ncla. Hall. Helv. p. 698.

VOL. I. C c are

i94 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

are as beautiful on the ftalks at two year's end, as in the time
of flowering, if gathered dry, and kept free from duft. They
ilower in May and June. The feed is minute, with a plumofe
crown. The leaves are ufed for defluxions of the lungs, and for
the convulfive or whooping cough in children.

8 1. Purple-flowered Yarrow, or Mill/oil (d). By way-fides, and
on new ditch-banks, not unfrequent with the white fort (ej ; of
which it is a variety.

The common Yarrow is commended for internal haemorrhages,
and defluxions of all kinds. It is an excellent remedy for ilub-
born cancers, with garden hyfibp ; an equal quantity of both
pounded together, and a fpoonful of the juice drank in a glafs
of white wine every morning falling. A young gentlewoman
in the fouth of England, of about thirty years of age, had a can-
cer in her breaft, fo dangerous, that nothing lefs than amputa-
tion, it was thought, could fave her life ; which fhe declining,
a gentleman of great medical experience, and of a humane dif-
pofition, recommended the ufe of this fimple remedy, by taking

: ' *

(d) Millefolium purpurei floris. Dad. Pempt. p. 100. Millefolium vulgare purpureum
minus. C. B. Pin. p. 140. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 38. Achillea vulgaris flore purpureo. Vaill.

(e) Milk-folium. Soot. Icon. 36. Millefolium feu Achillea. Dod. Pempt. p. 100. Milli-
folium vulgare. Park. p. 693. Raj. Hift. i. p. 345. Syn. iii. p. 91. Millefolium vulgare
album. C. E. Pin. p. 140. Toitrn. Inft. p. 496. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 122-3. Hift. Oxon.
iii. p. 38. Bocrb. Ind. A. p. 122. Dill. GilT. p. 140. Millefolium Stratiotcs pennatum
terreftre. I. B. iii. p. 136. Millefolium, Offic. Da'.. Pharm. p. 95. Achillea vulgaris
flore albo. ACT. REG. Par. Ann. 1720. p. 320. Achillea vulgaris, flore albo. Vatll. Aft.
1720. p. 415. Achillea foliis pinnato-pinnatis. Linn, Flo. Lapp. n. 311. Achillea foliis
duplicato-pinnatis, glabris, laciniis linearibus acute laciniatis. Hort. Cliff, p. 413. Flo. Suec.
11.705. Royen. lugdb. p. 175. Achillea pinnis foliorum plurimis, longe aequalibus, pin-
natis, pinn,ulis trifidis & quinquefidis. Hall. Helv. p. 715.

Of

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 19$

of which the cancer gradually abated, and, at length, died away
into a hard Neuckus, turning round in her breaft, and continuing
fo without any uneafy fenfation to the day of her death, which
was at the age of feventy.

Yarrow ^ with beautiful bright yellow Flowers (f), is lately intro*
ducedinto the borders of fome of the better gardens with us.

The white double-lowered Goofe-Tongue (g)i faid to grow near
Winder-mere, in Weftmorland, does not grow with us that I have ob-
ferved.

82. Tanfi (h}, which was formerly thought only to grow in
gardens, is in great abundance on the banks of the river Till;

(f) Stratiotes iutea. Cluf. Hifp. p. 371. betle. LuGd. Stratiotes millefolia flavo
flore. Cluf. Hift. p. 330. Millefolium minus f. Stratiotes chiliophyllos. Dad. Pempt.
p. 101. ex CLUSSIO. Millefolium luteutn. Lei. Icbn. p. 748. Tabern. p. 131. Raj. Hift. i.
p. 347. Millefolium tomentofum luteum. C. B. Pin. p. 140. /. B. iii. p. 138. Hift. Oxon*
iii. p. 39. Pontedr. p. 259. Achillea lutea tbmentofa minor tenuiffime laciniata. Vain*
p. 418. Achillea foliis linearibiis pinriatifidis, villofis, foliolis tripartitis, intermedio longiore.
Linn. Hort. ClifF. p. 413. Royen. lugdb. p. 175. Achillea pinnis folioriorum srqualibus,
tomentofis, pinnulis primis trifidis, fecundis fimplicibus. Hall. Helv. p. 716;

(g) Ptarmica vulgaris pleno flore. Cluf. Hift. cum Icone. Dracunciilus pratenfis flore
pleno. C. B. Pin. p. 984 Achillea foliis integris, minutifljnle ferratis, flore pleno,

(h) Tanacetum. Trag. p. 158. bene. Don. Penipt. p. 36. lent. DE BOOT. Icon. 66. Raj.
Hift; i. p. 366. Syn. iii. p. 93. Dal. Pharm. p. 98. Tanacetum vulgare luteum. C. B.
Pin. p. 132. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 2. Tourn. Inft. p. 461. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 290, 291,
Valll. Ad. 1719. p. 369. Tanacetum vulgare flore luteo. 7. B. iii. p. 131. Tanacetum
Millefolii foliis. Lob. Icon. p. 749. ex Dori. Artimifia DIOSCORIDIS. Tabern. p. 10.
Tanacetum foliis pinnatis planis, pinriis ferratis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 295. Tannacetum
foliis pinnatis, pinnis pinnatifidis incifis ferratis. Hort. ClifF. p. 398. Flo. Suec. n. 666.
Royen. lugdb. p. 185. Tanacetum foliis pinnatis, pinnis fempinnatis, floribus umbellatis.
Hall. Helv. p. 694.

(3. Varieftas oris foliorum crifpls, DOD. & LOBELIO

C c 2

i96 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

alfo on the bank of the Tweed* between Cornhill and Car ham. It is
alfo frequent. in many other places, about hedges. It flowers in
June and July. It is bitter, aromatic, and a vermifuge. A dram
of the dried flowers by infufion is commended for the hyfterics.
It promotes perfpiration, and flrengthens the bowels *. The
leaves bruifed, and applied to the head at night on going to bed,
eafes and comforts the body after violent fatigues f. Four ounces
of the juice is ufed for intermitting fevers |.

83. Feverfew fi), a valuable Uterine, is plentiful among the
rocks by Tecket-wa.ter-fa.lL It ufed formerly to be feen only in
gardens ; from which it has likely by fome means efcaped. It
fometimes produces plants with double flowers, fpontaneoufly (k)\
which are frequent in gardens.

84. Filipendula^ or Dropivort (I). In a pafture called the Crag-
clofe, a quarter of a mile north from Barivesford, on the right

hand

* Fuh, Gherli Oflerv. p. 58. f Boccone Oflerv. p. 80. J Ptntedra.

(i) Febrifuga. Dorflen, p. 121. Parthenium feu Matricaria. Mattb. p. 902. Matricaria
Dod. Pempt. p. 35. Ger. p. 526. tmac. p. 652. Raj. Hift. i. p. 357. Syn. iii. p. 93.
Matricaria vulgaris five fativa. C. B. Pin. p. 133. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 32. Tourn. Inft.
p. 493. Va.lL p. 365. Boerb. Ind. A. p. no. DHL Giflf. p. 140. Matricaria vulgo minus
Parthenium. 7. B. iii. p. 129. Matricaria Officinarum, ACT. REG. Par. A. 1720.
Matricaria, Parthenium, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 97. Matricaria foliis compofitis planis,
foliolis ovatis incifis, pedunculis ramofis. Linn. Hort. ClirF. p. 416. Royen. lugdb. p. 173.
Matricaria foliis, pinnatis, pinnis latis, incifis, femiflofculis breviffimis. Hall. Helv. p. 719.

(k) Matricaria flore pleno. C. B. Pin. p. 134. Parthenium pleno five polyphyllo flore.
Ci«f. Pann. & Hift.

(I) Filipendula. Mattb. p. 865. Cam. Epit. p. 608. bene. Dod. Pempt. p. 56. 7. B. iii
p. 189. Ger. p. 900. tmac. p. 1058. Raj. Syn. i. p. 623. Syn. iii. p. 259. Morif. Umbel),
p. 3^. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 129. Dal. Pharm. p. 163. Filipendula vulgaris. Cluf. Pana.

p. 710.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 197

hand of the road to Chipchace, in great abundance. I never ob-
ferved it in any other place with us. The root is compofcd of
tuberous or knobby fibres. The flalks are ftriated, fiftulous, and
naked to the top, from a 'foot to two feet high. The leaves are
long, pinnated, and ferrated at the edges. The flowers are in
an umbellated panicle ; each ufually compofed of fix orbiculated
petals, of a bright white, and often with a beautiful blufli of red.
The calyx in its maturity is reflex, and divided into fix parts. It
flowers in June and July. Under culture it grows to three feet
high, and is branched at the top. The root is aftringent, ape-
rient, and diuretic. It was formerly in good account for the hx-
morrhoids, but now rarely enters into ufe.

85. Melilot (m). On the banks of the river Wan/beck, by a grind-
ftone-quarry, near Afoington. By the path to the bathing-well
at Cornhill, near a ftreamlet. The flalks are firm, fiftulous, and
branched, from two to four feet high. The leaves are ternate,
oblong, and ferrated at the edges, of a deep filming green, on
pedicles. The flowers are of a pale yellow, in a pendulous late-

p. 710. Hift. p. ccxi. Hift. Oxon. p. ,322. C. B. Pin. p. 163. Tourn. Inft. p. 293. Martyn.
Tourn. i. p. 258-9. Boerh. Ind. A. p 43. Filipendula foliis pinnatis, foliolis uniformibus.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 191. Flo. Suec. n. 404. Royen. lugdb. p. 277. Filipendula foliis lon-
gis, anguftis, extreme trilobate, minimis pinnulis intermiftis. Hall. Helv. p. 307.

(m) Melilotus. Rivin. t. 6. uptime. Trifolium odoratum five Melilotus. Dad. Pempt.
p. 567. uptime. Trifolium odoratum five Melilotus vulgaris, flore luteo. /. B. ii. p. 370.
Melilotus officinarum GERMANISE. C. B. Pin. p. 33 i. Tourn. Inft. p. 407. Martyn.
Tourn. ii. p. 1 12, 113. Rupf.Flo. Jen. p. 208. Melilotus vulgaris. Park. Theatr. p. 719.
Raj. Hift. p. i. p. 951. Syn. iii. p. 331. Melilotus, OiKc. Dal. Pharm. p. 226. Trifo-
lium odoratum f. Melilotus fruticofa lutea vulgaris vel Officinarum. Hift. Oxon. p. i6r.
Trifolium floribus racemofis leguminibus nudisdifpermis, cruile ere£lo. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p.
376. Flo. Suec. n. 619. Royen. lugdb. p. 381. Melilotus filiquis turgidis, brevibus, obf-
cure tranfverfim rugofis. Hall. Helv. p. 587.

ral

s

198

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

ral feries, in fpikes. It flowers in July and Auguft. On the warm
fertile banks of the Wansbeck, it is robuft, tall, and thriving.
B} the ftreamlet at Cornhill, it is flender, ftiort, and meager, owing
to the fterility and coldnefs of the foil.

It is an acrid, bitter plant, but of no difagreeable odour. The
diftiiled water of the flowers being mixed with other aromatic
waters, has the remarkable property not only of retaining, but
of increafing their fcent *. It is ufed in the fweet-fcented water
at Paris, called Eau de Cordn'e'-\t The flowers give eafe, by infu-
fion, in cholic-pains, and inflammations of the bowels :£. The
leaves are in moil frequent ufe as an emollient in external ap-
plications, efpecially for painful tumours, and wounds difficult

to heal.

*«o~v-~' '>['•' •:

86. Strawberry-Trefoil (tl)t On the banks of Hafypike-lake, plenti-
fully.

87. Annual, Hare s-foot-Trefoil (o) . On dry hedge-banks, and barren
places. On an old hedge made up of earth and flone by the

road

Cafalpinus.

Tournfort. Geffcroi. iii. p. 836.

J Chomel.

(n) Trifolium fragiferumnoftras purpureum folio oblongo. Hid. Oxon. ii. p. 144. t. 13. f. 2.
Raj. Syn. iii. p. 33. Tourn. Inft. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 313. Trifolium fragiferurr. Raj. Cant.
p. 166. (a quo, et Martyno^ diftinguitur a Frifico CLUSII). Trifolium fpicis fubovatis, calyci-
bus inflatis, dorfo gibbis. Linn. Hort. ClifF. p. 373. Rayen. lugdb. p. 378. Hall. Helv.
p. 582.

(a) Lagopus. Dod. Pempt. p. 577. Flo. "Jen. p. 206. Lagopus, PES LEPORIS. Lob.
Icon. ii. p. 39. Lagopus vulgaris. Park. Theatr. p. 1107. Raj. Hift. i. p. 948. Lago-
pu?, PES LEPORINUS, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 226. Lagopus trifolius quorundam. /. B. ii.
p. 377. Trifolium arvenfe, humile, fpicatum, five Lagopus. C. B. Pin. p. 328. Tourn.
Inft. p. 405. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 314. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 330. Dill. Gifs. p. 99. Boerb.

Ind.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. s9y

r6ad oppofite to Ch^-clo'fe, near Bar-wesford. It flowers in Au-
guft ; when it is beautiful with its mining pale purple glume
or panicle. It is an aftringent, and commended for the dyfen-
tery, but is fcldom ufed.

%$.Tormentil-Cinquefoil(pJ. On dry banks, and ftony places. On
a gravelly bank about a hundred yards weft from j4itnvick-gra.nge,
on the north fide of the lane that leads to Hexham. It flowers in
June and July. The flowers are of a fulphur-yellow.

89. Creeping Torment il, ivith petiolnted deeply indented Leaves (q). On
alpine heaths. On the top of great Waiieyhoufe-crag. About the
rocks in a hilly pafture on the weft fide of Goat-flones, by Raven s-
hugh-crag, near Simonburn, with the common fpecies, with cauVme
fejjtle Leaves (rj. The root of both is of great ufe as a ftyptic.

Great

Ind. A. ii. p. 31. Trifolium Lagopoides purpureum arvenfe, humile, annuum, five Lagopus
minimus vulgaris. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 141. Trifolium fpicis villofis ovalibus, dentibus calyci-
nis fetaceis sequalibus. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 375. Flo. Suec. n. 616. Royen. lugdb. p. 379,
Trifolium fpicis villofis, calyce & deniiculis plumofis. Hall. Helv. p. 583.

(p) Penlaphyllum minus. Cam. Epit. p. 760. optime. Quinquefolium petrjeum majus.
Tabern. p. 122. benti Quinquefolium folio argenteo. C, B. Pin. p. 225. Tourn. Inft. Martyn.
Tourn. ii. p. 202. Penlaphyllum ere&um foliis produnde feflis fubtus argenteis flore luteo.
7. B. ii. p. 398. Raj. Hift. p. 613. Syn. iii. p. 255. Hift. Oxon. p. 190. t. 19. f. ii.
Potentilla foliis digitalis, caule ejeclo corymbofo. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 417. Polenlilla foliis
digitalis incifo-ferratis, caule refto. Horl. Cliff, p. 193. Potentilla foliis quinatis anguftif-
ftmis, fubtus lomentofis, caule eredlo. Hall. Helv. p. 341.

(q) Tormentilla alpina. Cam. Epit. Hall. Helv. p. 341. Tormentilla alpina major. Park.
Theatr. Raj. Hift. i. p. 1618. Tormentilla reptans. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 257. Pentaphyllum
reptans alatum foliis profundius ferratis. Plot. Nat. Hift. of Oxfordflrire, c. 6. p. 7. Tab.
9. f.S.

(r) Tormentilla. Cam. Epit. p. 685. optime. Dad. Pempt. p. 118. 7. B. ii. p. 598. Raj.
Hift. i. p. 617. Syn. iii, p. 257, Dal. Pharm. p. 161. Linn, Horl, Cliff, p. 194, Royen.

lugdb.

200 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Great ciircs have been done with it by decoction in old ul-
cers *.

yo. Purple-flowered MarJh-Trefoil (s) is not unfrequent in ditches,
and about bogs, on the w&ftes.

91. We have the trifoliate purple-flowered Wood-Sorrel (t) in the
woods, and under bulhes, about Hexham. It flowers in April and
May. It is a pretty variety ; not altering under culture.

92. The lobated-leaved Sanicle, 'with -white umbellated flowers (uj, is
frequent in moift woods. It flowers in May. It is a celebrated

lugdb. p. 276. Tormentilla fylveftris. C. B. Pin. p. 326. Town. Inft. p. 298. Rupp. Flo.
Jen. p. 53. Linn. Lapp. n. 213. Pentaphyllum aut potiu^ Heptaphyllutn flore aureo te-
trapetalo tormentilla dictum. Hift. Oxen. p. 190. t. 19. f. 13, Potentilla foiiis quinatis,
flore tetrapctalo, caule erefto. Hall. Helv. p. 34.1.

* Deco&o in fanandis pravis ulceribus magna cum felicitate ufus eft. — Vefal. de rad. Chin.
a Clariff. HALL, citat.

(s) Pentaphyllum paluftre Cardi. p. 95. Icon tuna. Quinquefolium psluftre. Cam. Epit.
p. 762. Quinquefolium quartum, Dod. Pempt. p. 177. Pentaphyllum rubrum paluftre.
Lob. Icon. p. 691. Raj. Hift. i. p. 611. Pentaphyllum vel potius Hept^hyllum flore
rubro. I. B. ii. p. 398. Quinquefolium paluftre rubrum. C. B. Pin. p. 326. Pentaphyl-
loides paluftre rubrum. Toum. Inft. p. 397. Pentaphyllum f. Heptaphyllum majus ereclum
rubrum paluftre. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 189. Comarum. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 214. Flo. Suec.
422. Hort. Cliff, p. 195. Royen. lugdb. p. 276. Hall. Helv. p. 337.

(t) Trifolium acetofum flore purpureo. Cam. Epit. p. 584. n. 2. Oxys flore fubczruleo.
Town. Inft. p. 88. Oxalis radke dentata, foiiis ternatis, fcapo nudo unifloro purpureo.

(u) Sanicula. Ded. Pempt. p. 140. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 88. Royen. lugdb. p. 93. Hall.
Helv. p, 4^9» 450. Dill, GifT. 64. Sideritis tertia Diofcoridis. Column. Phytobas. p. 59.
Tab. xvi. Sanicula Officinarum. C. B. Pin. p. 319. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 616. Tourn. Inft.
p. 326. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 225. Boerk. Ind. A. p. 73. Dal. Pharm. p. 131. Sanicula,
five Diapenfa. Raj. Hift. i. p. 475. Syn. iii. p. 221. Sanicula foiiis radicalibus fimplicibus,
flofculis omnibus feffilibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 222.

aftringent,

OF TREES ANfi PLANTS.

afiringerit, ufed for \vounds, and for hemorrhages, both internal

and external, with extraordinary fuccefs f.

'

93. V/e have the G lobe-Ranunculus , or Locker-gowlons (ivj, in rrioift
mountainous woods and meadows, in great abundance. The
ftalk is round, green, and fucculent, tapering from the bafe to
the top, two feet high. The flower is large, orbiculated, and
turns in at the edges, of a beautiful bright yellow. The feed is
jet-black and glofTy. It flowers in May and June J.

.»

94. The white, fweet-fcented-jlo'wered Woodroof (x), remarkable for
having a fixed alcaline fait more abundantly than any other

f Dudum Celebris eft vi aftringente ficcante, vulneraria, e"xterna, interns ; etlam quando
fanguis effufus refolvendus eft. HALLER.

(w) Ranunculus flore globofo. Dod. Purg. p; 287. optima. Pempt. p. 43. Ranunculus
flore globofo, quibufdarii Tmlliits flos1. I. B. iii. p. 419. Ranunculus montanus dcomti folio
flore globofo. C. B. Pin. p. 182. Ranunculus globofus. Park. Theatr- p. 331. Raj. Hift.
p. 700. Pfeudo-Helleborus ranunculoides, flore globofo. Hift. Oxan. iii. p. 467. f. 12. t. 2.
f. 2. HelleborUs niger, ranunculi folio, flore globofo majore. Tourn. Inft. p. 272. Helle-
boro-ranunculus, flore luteo globofo. Boerh. Ind. i. p. 297. Helleborus flore claufo credo
petiolato, caule fimplicifllmo. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 474. Helleborus foliis angalatis multi-
fidis, flore globofo. Hort. Cliff, p. 227. Rsyen. lugdb. p. 484. Helleborus uniflorus, peta-
lis & filiquis plurimis. Hall. Helv. p. 318.

J In alpibus fuaviolentia fua placet, ibid. HAI.L.

(x) Afperula odorata flore albo. Dod. Pempt. p. 355. bent. Afperula odorato flore. Cluf.
Pann. p. 686. Hift. p. clxxv. Afperula f. Rubeola montana odorata. C. B. Pin. p. 334.
A fperula odorata alba. Hift. Oxtm. iii. p. 331. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 149. Aparinelatifoliahumilior
montana. Tourn. Inft. p. 114. Marten. Tourh. }. p. 64. Afperula fylvatica. Rupp. Flo Jen.
p. 4. Afperula. Raj. Hift. i. p. 483. Syri. iii. p. 224. Afperula odorata, Offic. Dal. Pharm.
p. 134. Afperula foliis o&onis lanceolatis, floribus fafciculatis pedunculatis. Linn. Sp. PI.
103. Flo. Suec. n. 114. Afperula foliis pluribus, floribus pedunculo elevatis. Hort. Cliff.
P- 33- Roy™, lugdb. p. 255. Rubeola foliis odtonis, feminibus hifpidis, ex fummo caule pa-
niculata. Hall. Helv. p. 457.

VOL. I. Dd plant;

202 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

plant _(., is frequent about the roots of trees in woods, and under
damp hedges. The leaves are verticillate and ftellate. The
flowers are milk-white, monopetalous, cut into four fegments,
and cruciform. The feed is hooked at the end, fet with hairs.
It flowers in May. It is ufcdby infufion for inflammations occa-
fioned by falls, and for wounds. The flowers in a conferve are
commended for paralytic complaints.

95. Enchanter s Night/hade (yj is plentiful under trees on wood-
" banks. It is in great abundance by the OJlium of Gofton-burn, on
the north fide, near Wark, in Tynedule ; alfo at the weft end of the
rectory-den at Simonburn. The root confifts of white, jointed, fuccu-
lent fibres, fending forth new plants at diftances. The {talk is
round, {lender, and branched, from a foot to two feet high. The
leaves are in pairs, on long pedicles, lightly hairy, nearly cordiform,
fometimes indented at the edges, and fometimes not, and fome-
times undulated, of a pale green. The flowers are in pairs, in
the alas of the leaves, on pedicles, in thin fpikes. They are di-
petalous, fmall, and white, fometimes with a blufh of red. The
calyx is of a reddim-green. The feed is bilocular. It flowers
in May and June. The leaves are ufed in an ointment for the
haemorrhoids *.

I have not obferved the leffer Enchanter s Night/hade, 'with ftnall^

cordifonn, and deeper-ferrated Leaves (z)^ to grow with us.

96. Per-

4. Sal fixus inter omnes alcalina vl excellit. Gmelin. A&. Petrop. v. p. 286.

(y) HerbaDivi STEPHANI. Tabern. p. 730. Iconbona. Solanifolia, Ciraea difta major.
C. B. Pin. p. 168. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 617. Circaea LUTETIANA. Lob. p. 266. Icon floris
mala. Raj. Hift. i. p. 401. Syn. iii. p. 289. Tourn. Inft. Circasa Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 7.
Flo. Suec. n. 5. Royen. lugdb. p. 303. Hill. Nat. Hift. PL p. 164. Circaea major, foliis
longioribus, obiter crenatis. Hjll. Helv. p. 456. * Cbomel.

(z) Circaea minima. Column. Ecphr. ii. p. 80. Tourn. Inft. Scheucbz. It. i. p. 34. Sala-
nifolia Circaea alpina. C. B. Pin. p. 168. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 617. Circaea Lutetiana minor.

Park.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. a 03

96. Pcrforate-leaved St. Joints-wort fa) is in great plenty among
buflies on dry banks, and on the borders of woods. Ir- flowers
in July and Auguft. It is eminently aflringent. The flowers arc
fo turgid with a red fluid, that by (liftillation they yield an oil
like a refmous balfam. Hence it flands in the firil clafs of vul-
neraries. For its extraordinary power in helping weak nerves,
it obtained the name of Fuga Dxmonum. An eflence of the tops
of it, with eflence of Yarrow or Milfoil, is a celebrated febrifuge,
a great reftorcr and ftrcngthener of weak fpirits ; and of great
fervice to thofe who are under afflictions from worms *. It is
commended for ulcers in the kidneys by decoction, cleanfmg and
healing them. A decoction of the flowers is advifed for difor-
ders of the lungs f . An infufion of them in fallad-oil is an an-
tient and approved remedy for wounds.

97. Small, procumbent, perforate St. Johns-ivorf ( bj is lefs common. I
met with it under the buflies by the brook at the welt end of the

Park. Theatr. Raj. Hift. i. p. 401. Circasa calyce colorato. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 3. Cir-
caea minima, foliis brevioribus dentatis. Halt. Helv. p. 456.

(a) Hypeiicon. Dod. Pempt p. 76. uptime. Hypericum. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1018. Syn. iii.
p. 342. Dal. Pharm. p. 233. Hypericum vulgare. C. B. Pin. p. 279. Hift. Oxon. ii.
p. 459. Tourn. Inft. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 26, &c. Town. Inft. p. 254. Martyn. Tourn.
ii. p. 26, &c. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 98. Dill. Gift", p. 103. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 275. Hy-
pericum, perforata, fuga d<emonum. Tabcrn. Icon. p. 864. Hypericum vulgare f. perforata
cauleroturido, foliis glabris. /. B. iii. p. 381. Hypericum floribus, caule annuo, foliis punc-
t.uis obtufis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 380. Flo. Suec. n. 625. Hall. Helv. p. 630.

* A£i. Hnfn. i. Obfv. 40. t Eocrhaav.

(b) Hypericum minus. Dotl. Pempt. p. 76. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 469. Hypericum mini-
mum fupinum. I. B. iii. p. 384. Hypericum minus fupinum, vel fupinum glabrum. C. B.
Pin. p. 279. Tourn. Inft. Hypericum minus fupinum. Park. Theatr. Raj. Hift. i. p. 1019.
Syn. iii. p. 343. Hypericum floribus trigynis, caulibus ancipitibus proftratis. Linn. Sp. PI.
785. Hypericum humifufuin, foliis perforatis, punclis in margine nigris notatis, Hall. Helv.
p. 360.

D d 2 . rectory-

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

reftory-den at Simonburn. The leaves are more firm, and the per-
forations more obfcure than thofe of the former.

98. Small upright St.Johns-ivort(c) is frequent in damp woods, and
about moid fhadowy rocks. It is in great plenty on the tops of
the large rocks in the middle of the brook below Tecket, between
the two banks of wood. In the time of flowering it makes a
beautiful appearance both in its wild flate and under culture.
It flowers in June and July.

99. The elegant impcrf orate St.Johrfs-'wort (d), faid to grow on the
rocks between Sbap and Anna-well*, and on Conzic-£ca.r, near
Kendal'f, in Weftmorland, does not grow with us where I have
been.

(c) Hypericum pulchrum. Trag. p. 74. *Tragi. 7. B. iii. p. 383. Raj. Hift. p. 1019.
Syn. iii. p. 343. Hypericum minus eredtum. C. B. Pin. p. 279. Hypericum minus gla-
brum ereftum pulchrum. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 470. Hypericum floribus trigynis, calycibus
ferrato-glandulofis, foliis cordatis, glabris. Linn. Sp. PI. 786. Hypericum foliorum baft
latifllma, foliis calycis brevioribus obtufis. Hall. Helv. p. 361.

In flore & calyce ampullae refiniferae, ut in primo Hyperico. Lifter, apud Lowthorp. ii.
p. 696, 697.

(d) Hypericum elegantiflimum non ramofum, foHo lato. /. B. iii. p. 383. Raj. Hift.
p. 102 1. (3 Linn. Flo. Suec. p. 225. Afcyrum five Hypericum bifolium glabrum non per-
foratum. C. B. Pin. p. 280. Androfemum campoclarenfe. Column. Ecphr. i. p. 73. t. 74.
Icon optima. Androfaemum bifolium, glabrum, perfoliatum, non perfoliatum. Hift. Oxon.
ii. p. 471. f. 5. t. 6. f. 9. Androffemum glabrum non raraofum. Magn. Bot. Monfpel. Hype-
ricum foliorum era pun&ata, calyce ferrata. Hall. Helv. p. 361. Sequent! defcriptione.

Prioris (Tragi) fatis adfine eft, caule fub floribus longe nudo, raris foliis, folia maxima,
ovata, & exovatis acuminata, non perforata, ora infignita ferie propria pun&orumnigrorum.
Flores fimiles, fed pauciores, in umbellam aphyllam congefti. Calycis foliola ferrata, quovis
dente terminato globulo refmofo : fub quavis anthera globulus etiam niger.

* Raj. Syn. loco citato. -f- Wllfon. Syn.

ioo. Hairy

OF TREES AND PLANTS. , 205

100. Hairy perforate St. Johris-iv ort, or Tutfan St. Johns-wort fe), is
plentiful under the trees in damp woods. Among the moift rocks
by the brook below Tecket it grows to the height of three or four
feet. It flowers in July and Auguft.

101. Square-flatted, imperf orate St. Peter 's-iuort (f) is frequent about
bogs in woods, paftures, and the moilt ftrands of brooks. It is
in great abundance at the fouth end of the pailure on the north
fide of the reclory-houfe at Simonburn, alfo in a bog under the
buflies by a fpring at the weft end of the recflory-den, at the fame
village. It is a beautiful plant under culture. It flowers in July
and Auguft.

I have not obferved the procumbent hoary-leaved St. Peter s-ivort
,(g) to grow with us.

(e) Androfsemum aUerum hirfutum. Column. Ecphr. i. p. 75. t. 74. Icon optima. An-
drofasmum hirfutum. C. B. Pin. p. 280. Hypericum Androfaemum ditStum. /. B. iii.
p. 382. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 343. Hypericum majus five Androfsemum MATTHIOLI. Raj.
Hift. p. I02O. Androfasmum afcyron dictum, caule rotundo hirfuto. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 471.
f. 5. t. 6. f. n. Hypericum villofuin treclum, caule rotundo. Tourn. Inft. p. 255. Hy-
pericum floribus trigynis, calycum ferraturis capitatis, caule tereti. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 380.
Flo. Suec. n. 626. Royen. lugdb. p. 44. Hypericum villofum, calyce ferrato, foliis perfo-
ratis. Hall. Helv. p. 361.

(f) Afcyrum. Dod. Pempt. p. 78. Ger. p. 434. emac. p. 542. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1019.
Dal. Pharm. p. 233. Hypericum afcyrum dictum, caule quaurangulo. /. B. iii. p. 382.
Town. Inft. p. 255. Rupp.Flo. Jen. p. 99. Bwrh. Ind. A. p. 24. Dill. Gifl". p. 171.
Raj, Syn. iii. p. 344. Hypericum feu Androfemum Afcyrum di6lum, caule quadrangulo,
glabro. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 471. Hypericum floribus trigynis, caule quadrate herbaceo.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 380. Flo. Suec. n. 624. Royen. lugdb. p. 473. Hypericum caule
quadrangulo, foliis perforatis, flore non pundato. Hall. Helv. p. 362.

(s) Hypericum fupinum tomentofum alterum. Cluf. Hift. p. clxxxi. Hypericum fupi-
num. Dod. Ptmpt. p. 76. Icon. 77. Hypericum fupinum tomentofum minus vel Monfpe-
Ijacum. C. B. Pin. p. 279. Hypericum paluftre fupinum tomentofum. Tourn. Inft. p. 255.
Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 31, 32.

102. Square-

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

10^. Square-talked, yeJloiv-foivered Moneywort (h). Under bufiies in
moid woods, frequent. The flalk is procumbent, taking root
at the joints. The leaves are round ifh, in pairs, on very mort
pedicles. The flowers are al-fo in pairs, on long pedicles. They
are monopetalous, but fo deeply cut as to feem pentapetalous,
with elliptic fegments. They are of a beautiful yellow. The
calyx confifts of five cordated foliolcs. It flowers in May and
June. It is a very great aftringent, good for all kinds of deflux-
ions, internal and external * ; very much commended for curing
ulcerous tumours in the legs of old people ; alfo for wounds,
few plants healing them fooner or more effectually.

103. Small, Thyme-leaved, purple-flowered Money-wort (i). In marfhy
places, and about bogs, not unfrequent. On the north fide of
the flreamlet by ^o;«£-fmelting-mill, near Hexham, plentifully.

104. Perennial^ yellovu-jlo-wered Pimpernel of the Woods (k). In moift
woods, and on the flrands of brooks and rivers. In Chipchacs-

ifland,

(b) Nummularia. Dad. Pempt. p. 600. Ger. p. 505. emac. p. 630. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1099.
Syn. iii. p. 283. Dal. Pharm. p. 188. Nummularia f. centimorbia. /. B. iii. p. 370.
Nummularia major lutea. C. B. Pin. p. 309. Hift. Oxen. ii. p. 567. Martyn. Tourn. ii.
p. rj2, 133. Dill. GiiT. p 98. Nummularia fupina live Nummularia Officinarum. Rupp.
Flo. Jen. p. 84.. Lyfimachia humifufa, folio rotundiore flore luteo. Tourn- Inft. p. 141.
Lyfimachia foliis fubrotundis, floribus folitariis, caule rcpente. Linn. Virid. Cliff, p. 1 3.
Hort. Cliff, p. 52. Flo. Suec. n. 168. RoyM. lugdb. p. 416. Ha'l. Helv. p. 482.

* Boerhaav. *

(!) Nummularia fiore purpuraftente. C. B. Piodr. p. 136. cum defcriptione. Martyn.
Tourn. ii. p 134. Nummularia rubra. 7. B. iii. p. 371. Lyfimachia, folio rotundiore,

flore purpurafcente. Tourn. Inft p. 141.

•

(k) Nummularia fylvatica. Gefn. Hort. p. 268. Foliis bene depiflis. Anagallis, Cluf.
Hift. p. clxxxii. Pann. p. 4,3. Anagallis lutea. Lob. p. 566. ex Clufio, Tab. p. 717. Raj.
Hift. p. 1024. Anaga'.lis iutea NUMMULARIA fimilis. /. B. iii. p. 370. Anagallis lutea

nemorum.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 207

ifland, in great abundance, in a light fandy foil, fertilized by
floods. The ftalk is procumbent, taking root at the joints, {lender,
lightly tinged with red. The leaves are on fhort pedicles, ovated,
and fparingly lanccolated ; in which lies the difference between
it and the yellow-flowered Money-wort. The flowers are mono-
petalous, in pairs on fliort pedicles, of a beautiful yellow. The
calyx is divided into five ftellate fegments.

105. Annual fcarlet- flowered Pimpernel (I)- In corn-fields. In the
fields about St.John-lee and ffexham, plentifully. The ftalks are flen-
der, fquare, and branched. The leaves arc ovated, and fparingly
lanceolated. The flowers are in pairs on pedicles, of a bright
and beautiful fcarlet. The calyx is deeply divided into five acute
fegments, of the fame colour. The tube is fliort and white.
The ftamina about the tube are bearded, and crowned with fum-
mits or antherse of a bright gold-yellow. It flowers in June and

July. ;VMi;;''

106. Annual Uue-fl'j'wered Pimpernel (m). Among corn, but not
common. In the corn-fields about Alnivick, fparingly. In its whole

form

nemorum. C. B. Pin. p. 252. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 569. Lyfimachia humifufa folio fubro-
tundp acuminate flore luteo. Tcurn. Inft. p. n 2. I'ailL p. 144. Lyfimachia foliis ovato-
acutis, floribus folitariis caule procumbente. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 52. Hall. Helv.
p. 481.

(I) Anagal is mas. Cam. Epit. p. 394. optime. Dod. Pempt. p. 32. Gcr. p. 494. ernac.
p. 617. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1023. Anagallis phaenicea maf. /. B. iii. p. 369. Anagallis flore
phoeniceo. C. B. Pin. p. 252. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 568. Tonrn. Inft. p. 1842. Raj. Syn.
iii. p. 282. Park. Theatr. p. 558. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 126. £>;'/.'. Gift". Hall. Helv. p. 481.
Anagallis terreftris mas, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 187. Anagallis foliis ovatis. Linn. Hort.
Cliff, p. 52. Anagaliis foliis indivifis. Royen. lugdb. p. 416. Linn, Flo. Suec. n. 169.

(m) AnagalHs femina. Cam, Epit. p. 395. Dad. Pempt. p. 32. Ger. p. 494. cmac, p. 617.
Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1024. Syn. iii. p. 282. Anagallit terreftris femina, Offic. Dal. Pharm.

p. 187.

sc8 OF TR.EES AND PLANTS.

form it is fomewhat larger than the former, and conftantly holds
its diftinction in the colour of the flower, notwithftanding the
authority of two great names who think otherwife, and chat they
are changeable by culture *.

107. Divarf-Ciftus, or little Sun-flower (n). In dry mountainous
paftures, and by way-fides in gravelly places. On the gravelly
bank by the road on the eaft fide of the bridge at Barrwesford) near
Chipchace, plentifully. It flowers in June and July.

1 08. Thyme-leaved Ciftus, or Tittle Sun-flower (o). On the Roman-\va.l\,
above the rocks, by G-^-lake. The ftalks are procumbent, very

p. 187. Anagallis caeruleo flore. C. B. Pin. p. 252. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 569. Tourn. Inft.
p. 142. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 56. Park. Theatr. p. 558. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 15. Boerb.
Ind. A. p. 204. Dill. Giff. p. 132. Hall. Helv. p. 482.

* LINNAEUS uframque conjungit, & ROYENIUS Anagallidem vocat, foliis indivifa, p. 416.
Sed nunquam puto, aut rubra incaeruleum, aut in illam ifta cultu tranfiit. Cl. HALL, loco
citato.

(n) Hclianthimum. Cord. Hift. p. 89. Hyflbpus. campeftii?. Trag. p. 221. tene. Flos
Solis. Dad. Pempt. p. 193. Flos folis, live panax chironlum. Cam. Epit. p. 501. cum cha-
ractere. Chamseciftus. i. Cluf. Hift. p. 73. Helianthemum GERMANICUM. Tabern. Icon,
p. 1062. bene. Helianthemum ANGLICUM luteum. Ger. p. noo. emac. p. 1282. Helian-
themum vulgare flore luteo. /. B. ii. p. 15. Tourn. Inft. p. 248. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. i.
Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 95. Dill. GifT. p. 82. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 272. Chamae'ciftus vulgaris
flore luteo. C. B. Pin. p. 465. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1013. Panax Chironium, HELIANTHE-
MUM, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 233. Ciftus ftipulis quaternis, foliis oblongis, utrinque gla-
bris, caule procumbente. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 206. Royen. lugdb. p. 476. Helianthemurn
foliis fubhirfutis, omnibus longe ellipticis. Hall. Helv. p. 358.

(o) Chamsedftus ferpylli folia. Cluf. Pann. p. 62, 63. bene. Chamseciftus ii. Cluf. Hift.
p. 73. Ciftus humilis ferpyllifolia. Tabern. p. 1061. Chamseciftus repens ferpyllifolia lutea.
C. B. Pin. p. 466. Raj. Hift. p. 1014 Chamaeciftus ferpylli folio flore luteo. Park.
Theatr. p. 657. Helianthemum folio ferpylli flore majore aureo odorato. Tourn. laft. He-
lianthemum foliis ad caulem ovalibus, ififerioribus longe ellipticis. Hall. Helv. p. 359.

much

OF TREES AND PLANTS.11 209

much branched, and woody, ufually about four inches long.
The leaves are firm, fmooth, and of a lively glolfy green. Cul-
ture makes no change in it. It flowers in July and Auguft.

. 109. Male Speed-well, Fluellin, or true Paul's Betony (p). In woods,
and about ihadowy rocks. Among the rocks under the Roman
wall on the weft fide of SheivingJ}jeelsy and in RajnJJjo'w-\vooA, by
the road-fide, plentifully. The flalks are moftly procumbent,
firm, hoary, and taking root at the joints. The leaves are in
pairs at the divarication of the branches, moderately firm, hairy,
ovated, and crenated at the edges, of a pale green. The flowers
are in fpikes. They vary in their colour ; fomctimes of a pale
blue, with red or blue veins ; fometimes white, with red veins ;
and fometimes entirely white. They are monopetalous. The
ovary is cordiform and comprefTed. The feed is roundim and
yellow. It is an aflringent and bitter plant. It is ufed by infufion
for defluxions from the head in great colds, coughs, and diffi-
culty of breathing, and all difeafes of the breaft and lungs, with
juft commendations*. Two ounces of the juice drank at a
time, and often, is advifed for alleviating the anguifh and tor-
ture of the gout f. The Th'tnte-leaved, Female Fluellin, or Paul's

(p) Veronica. Cam. Epit. p. 461. optime. Veronica mas fupina' & vulgatifiima. C. B.
Pin. p. 246. Raj. Hift. i. p. 851. Syn. iii. p. 281. Town, Inft. p. 143. Martyn. Tourn.
ii. %p. 330. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 224. Veronica fupina vulgaris foliis ferratis. Hift. Oxon. ii.
p. 318. Veronica caule repente, fcapis fpicatis, foliis oppofitis ovatis ftrigofis. Linn. Flo.
Lapp. n. 5. Hort. Cliff, p. 8. Veronica floribus fpicatis, foliis oppofitis, caule procum-
bente. Flo. Suec. n. 8. Veronica foliis ficcis ovatis ferratis, caule procumbente, ex alis
racemofa. Hall. Helv. p. 530.

* In tufli, aflhmate leviori, ad catarrhales no&urnas fuffocatlonis, in majoris etiam pe£lo;is
morbis (BRESLAURIENSES, 1722. M. Febr. BUCHWALD, p. 287.) infufum onmino laudem
meretur. HALLER. 1. c.

f Boerhaav.

VOL. I. E e Bctonv

aio OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Betony (q) is ufually gathered and fold for it to the fhops by the
common herbarifts.

no. Great Bijlort, or Snakeiveed (r). In moifl meadows, by wa-
ters. In a meadow below Almvick-ca&le, on the banks of the river
Aln, oppofice [aDen-wick-mill, plentifully. In an ifland in the river
Tyne below Ncivburn, called the King's Meadow. The root is cy-
lindric, varioufly and uncertainly contorted, of a reddifh-brown
without, and red within. The bottom-leaves are on long pedi-
cles, edged with fmall foliaceous appendages ; the upper ones
narrow, and amplexicaule. They are of a deep green on the
upper part, and whitifh underneath ; fmooth or rugofe at the
.edges, according to the age or fize of the plant. The ftalk is
round, flender, and jointed, from a foot to two feet high. The
flowers are in a fhort, thick fpike, ufually of a rofe-colour, with
a filvery fcale under each, on a pedicle, and monopetalous, cut
into four or five ovated moderately pointed fegments. It flowers
in June and July. The root is a very great aftringent, and com-
fy) Veronica pratenfis. Dod. I. 41. bene. Veronica minor ferpyllifolia. Lob. Icon. p. 472.
Veronica femina quibufdam aliis BETONICAPAULI. 7. B. iii. p. 285. cum bona defcriptione
& icone. Veronica pratenfis ferpyllifolia. C. B. Pin. p. 247. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 319.
Tourn. Inft. Veronica pratenfis minor. Park. Tbeatr. p. 551. Raj. Hift. p. 848. Syn.
iii. p. 279. Veronica foliis inferioribus- oppofitis ovatis fuperioribus alternis lanccolatis,
floribus folitariis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 9. Rcyen. lugdb. p. 302. Veronica foliis ovatis,
raro crenatis, floribus longe fpicatis, glabris, fruftu bifido. Hall. Helv. p. 533.-

(r] Biftorta. Cam. Epit. p. 683. Icon bona. D:d. Pempt. p. 33. & de purg. p. 40. Bif-
torta major. Cluf. Hift. p. Ixix. Ger. p. 322. emac, p. 399. Raj. Hift. i. p. 186. Syn. iii.
p. 147. Biftorta major rugofioribus foliis. I. B. iii. p. 538. Dill. Gift", p. 89. Biftorta ra-
dice minus intorta. C. B. Pin. p. 192. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 585. Tourn. Inft. p. 511. Boerh. Ind.
A. ii. p. 86. Biftoita foliis ovato-oblongis acuminatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 150. Hort.
Upf. 95. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 406. Biftorta foliis imis appendkulatir, femine triquctro.
Hall. Helv. p. 178.

mended

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 211

mended for defluxions, both by outward and inward applica-
tions *.

in. The fmall^ foboliferousy ivhite-floivered Biftort, or Snakeiveed '\,
ivith nofoliaceous appendages at the bottom-leaves fsj, does not grow
with us that I have obferved.

ii2. Great Oxlip (t). In woods, and under buflies, by waters,
frequent. It produces beautiful varieties under culture, by
which I obtained two, very fine ; the flowers of one are red, with
filver edges, and a yellow eye ; thofe of the other red alfo, the
eye yellow, divided into five angles, in the form of a ftar, the
ftalk a foot and a half high, tapering from the bafe to the top,
on which I have fometimes numbered nineteen pips.

* Sed liceat monere, haec medicamenta tune demum adhiberi pofTe, quando unice adftringen-
dum eft, & fibra roboranda, nocere vero quoties aliquid corrigendum eft in eo ipfo humore,
qui fluxionem facit v. 9. in dyfenteriis. HALLER. 1. c.

t Flos perpetuo albus, utmale varietatem candido fiore diftinxerit PONTEDRA. — HAL-
IER. 1. c.

(s) Biftorta minor five alpina. Cam. Epit. p. 684. Icon egregla. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 585.
ex CAM. Biftorta alpina minima fobolifera, EJUSD. ibid, ex CLUSIO. Biftorta alpina
pumila varia. Park. Theatr. p. 392. Raj. Hift. i. p. 187. Scheuchz. Itin. ii. p 130.
Biftorta alpina minima foliis imis fubrotundis & rninutiffime ferratis. Raj. Syn. iii p. 147.
Biftorta foliis ad oram nervofis, imis ovalibus, fuperioribus linearibus, femine gigartino.
Hall. Helv. p. 179.

(t) Primula veris altera. Mattb. p. 1150. Cam. Epit. p. 884. £««?. Primula veris major
flore pallido. Dod. Pempt. p. 146. cum Icone. Primula veris pallido fiore elatior. Cluf.
Hift. i. p. 301. Town. Inft. p. 124. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 199. Primula veris caulifera
pallido flore inodoro. /. B. iii. p. 496. Dill. Gifl". p. 44. Verbafculum pratenfe vel fyl-
vaticum inodorum. C. B. Pin p. 241. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 554. Va'dl. 164. Primula pra-
tenfis inodora lutca. Ger. p. 635. emac. p. 780. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1081. Syn. iii. p. 284.
Herba PETRI, OfHc. Dal. Pharm. p. 188. Primula foliis rugofis, hirfutis, fpica inclinata,
flore palliJo, m.ijori, inodoro. Hall. Helv. p. 483.

E e 2 113. I met

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

113. I met with a pretty variety of it among bufhes in a field
behind the fchool-houfe at Walls-End ; the flowers red, punctated
with white, with a yellow eye (u).

The elegant purple-Jlowered Birds-Eye^ 'with Auricula-like Leaves
(ivj, faid to be plentiful in the boggy meadows about Shap in
Weftmorland*) does not grow with us that I have obferved.

114. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage fx). About fhadowy fprings,
and water-courfes, not unfrequent. Under the trees by St.
Mango's well, at Hall-barns, near Simonburn, fparingly, with the
common oppofite-kavedfpecies (y). The root is fibrous and creep-
ing. The ftalk is round and fucculent, four or five inches long.
The leaves are reniform, hairy, crenated, and alternate, on long

- {u) Primula foliis denticulatis rugofis, floribus capitatis lutco-rubrls, albo pundlatis.

(w) Primula veris rubro flore. Cluf. Pann. p. 340. Hift. p. 300. Tourn. Inft. Primula
veris minorpurpurafcens. /. 5. iii. p. 498. Raj. Hift. p. 1084. Verbafculum umbella-
tum alpinum minus. C. B. Pin. p. 242. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 555. Rc.j. Syn. iii. p. 285.
Primula floribus ereftis faftigatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 79. Primula foliis crenatis glabris,
limbo florum piano. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 50. Flo. Suec. n. 162. Sp. PI. 143. Hill.
Nat. Hift. p. 261, 262. Primula foliis glabris, rugofis, fubtus farinofis, umbellifera. Hall.
Helv. p. 484.

* Ray's Seleft Remains. Itin. ii. p. 212. (Under the name of Paralyjis Jlorf rubro.)

(x) Saxifraga aurea foliis pediculis oblongis infidentibus. Raj. Hift. i. p. 207. Syn. iii.
p. 158. Sedum paluftrc luteum majus foliis longis pediculis infidentibus. Hift. Oxon. iii.
p. 477. f. 12. t. 8. f. 8. Cryfofplenium foliis amplioribus auriculatis. Tonrn. Inft. p. 146.
Cryfofplenium. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 149. Cryfofplenium foliis alternis. Flo. Suec. n.
317. Sp. PL 398. Hall. Helv. p. 189. /////.Nat. Hift. PI. p. 404.

(y) Saxifraga aurea repens oppofitis foliis reniformibus fubhirfutis crenatis breviter pedi-
culaiis.

Chryfofplenium foliis oppofuis. Linn. Sp. PI. 398. Sav. Monf. 128. /////. Nat. Hift.
PI. p. 404.

pedicles,

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 213

pedicles, of a pale green. The flowers are in a little clufter on
the top of the {talk, on fhort pedicles, of a bright gold-yellow.
The calyx is patent, and divided into four roundifh revolute feg-
ments. It flowers in April and May.

115. The lejfer oppoftte-leaved Golden Saxifrage (zj, which the
curious Gotfenburgh-Profeflbr affures us he never faw*, is one of
the moft common plants we have by fhadowy fprings and water-
courfes.

n<5 Tuberous white Saxifrage (a) . About old flone- walls topped
with earth, and among bufhes by waters. On the banks of the
rivulet oppofite to JSwrn-houfe, near Simonburn. On an old hedge
of earth and flone at Barnvesford, by the road to Chipchacc, in
great abundance. The roots are fibrous and flender, with many
fmall whitifh-red bulbs, of the fize of a garden-pea. The bot-
tom-leaves are reniform, deeply crenated, as if divided into
lobes, an inch in diameter, on pedicles three inches long. The
flalk is a foot high or more, and branched, fparingly fet with

(z) Saxifraga paluftris ANGLICA. Park. Theatr. p. 427. Raj.tl'A. p. 1032. Saxifraga
paluftris foliis tenuiflimis, f. Saxifraga paluftris ANGLICA. Raj. Syn. iii p. 350. Saxi-
fraga paluftris ANGLICA. Ger. emac. p. 567. Alfine fpergulae facie minima, feminibus nudis.
Tourn. Inft.

* Speciem five varietatem, foliis conjugate, pi£tam apud DODON./EUM & LOEELIUM, nun-
quam vidi. HALLER. 1. c.

(a) Saxifraga tertia. Mattb. p. 9; 8. Saxifraga quarta. Cam. Epit. p. 719. Saxifraga alba.
Dod, Pempt. p. 315, 316. Ger. 693. emac. p. 841. Raj. Hill. ii. p. 1048. Dal. Pharm.
p. 235. Saxifraga rotundifolia alba. C. B. Pin. p. 309. Town. Inft. p. 252. Maityn.
Tourn. ii. p. 236. Rupp. Flo. Jen. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 222. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 354. Dill.
GiiT. p. 50. Saxifiaga alba radice granulofa. /. B. iii. p. 706. Sedum bicorne album ro-
tundifolium ere£tum radice granulofa. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 473. Saxifniga foliis reniformibus
lobatis, caule ramofo, radice granulofa. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 167. Flo. Suec. n. 350.
Royen. lugdb, p. 453. Hall. Helv. p. 401. Hill. Nat, Hift, PI. p. 431.

leaves,

2i4 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

•leaves, alternately. The flowers are large, of a bright white.
The calyx is hairy. It flowers in May and June. The Tuber a arc
ufed by infufion in wine, or by decoftion in water, as a diu-
retic *.

We have it in gardens with a beautiful double flower (I).

117. EngUJIj MarJJj Saxifrage (c). About alpine bogs and lakes.
At the eaft end of Bromley-lake, on the ftrand, plentifully. The
flalks are procumbent, four or five inches long, with many
branches and joints. The bottom-leaves are an inch long and
narrow. The upper ones are fliort, linear, firm, and rigid, in
pairs at the joints. The flowers are on the tops of the flalks
and branches. They are moderately large, milk-white, and
flellate. The ovary opens into five parts. The feed is reniform,
It flowers in July and Auguft. It is a pretty plant in its flower-
ing ftate.

i

[i 8. The long-leaved Moiife-ear-Chickiveed, •with a large Floiver (dj^
is not unfrequent on dry banks. It is plentiful between the Glafs-

houfes,
* MARTYN. 1. c.

(b) £. Flore pleno. ACT. HAFN. Ann. iii. Obf. 81. BOERH.

(c) Polygonum foliis gramineis alterum. Lies. Flo. Prufs. p. 204. Icon. 64. beni,
Arcuaria. G. B. iii. p. 723. VailL 7. Arenaria paluftris. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 89. Alfine
nodofa GERMANICA. C. B. Pin. p. 251. Saxifraga paluftris ANGLICA. Ger. emac. p. 567.
Park. Theatr. p. 427. Raj. Hift. p. 1032. Saxifraga paluftris fotiis tenuiffimis, f. Saxi-
fraga paluftris. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 350. Alfine Spergulas facie, feminibus nuJis. Town.
Iilft. p. 244. Alfine paluftris Erics folio Polygonoides, articulis crebrioribus, flore albo
pulchello. Pluk. Aim. p. 23. t. 7. f. 4. Spergula minor, foliis Knaivel, flore majufculo
albo. Dill, GifT. p. 158. Spergula foliis oppofitis, peduncuT fimplicibus. Linn. Hort.
Cliff, p. 173. Flo. Suec. n. 378. Hill Nat. Hift. PI. p. 438. Alcine foliis fufciculatis,
petrolis fimplicibus, petalis integris. Hall. Helv. p. 389.

(d) Holoftium caryophyllacum. Tabern, p. 233. bene. Auricula mjris pulchro flore albo.
/. B. iii. p. 360. Caryophyllus arvenfts hirfutus, flore majore. C. B. p. 2.10. Myofotis arvenfis,

hirfuta

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 215

koufes, and Dents-hole, near Nenvcaftle upon Tync. The flowers are
large and white, with yellow antherse.

1 1 9. The great, perennial, March-Chickiveed (e) is in great abun-
dance under trees on both fides of the brook at Simonburn. The
root is (lender and creeping. The ftalks are numerous, fiftulous,
weak, and full of joints. The leaves are large, nearly cordiform,
mucronated and hairy, in pairs at the joints, of a pale green
colour. The flowers are large, white, and flellate, with green
antherse, on pedicles. It flowers in May.

120. Maiden-Pink (fj. On dry banks, and in barren paftures.
On the furz-bank in the reftory-glebe at Embleton. In a dry
pafture at Wooler-haugh-head, near Cheviot. On Cbapel-\\\\\ at Bel-
ford. On a dry bank by the rivulet at Siv /«£z/r«-caftle. The root

is fmall, white and fibrous. The flalks are part procumbent, and
part upright, feven or eight inches long, and branched. The

hirfuta flore majore. Tourn. Inft. p. 245. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 125. Vuill. Bot. Par.
p. 41. t. 30. f. 4. optime. Ceraftium foliis calycibufque hirfutis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 1741.
Royen. lugdb. p. 450. Myofotis foliis oblongis, obtufis, flore calycem excedente. Hall.
Helv. p. 384.

(e) Alfine major. Dod. Pempt. p. 29. Alfine major repens perennis. /. B. iii. p. 362.
Alfine altiflima nsmorum. C. B. Pin. p. 250. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 550. Tourn. Inft. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 347. Scheuchz. Itin. ii. p. 150, Alfine foliis ovato-cordads. Linn. Hort.
Cliff, p. 173. Flo. Lapp. n. 186. Royen. lugdb. p. 449. Alfine foliis cordatis petalis bi-
partitis. Hall. Helv. p. 386.

(f) Caryophyllus montanus. i. Tabern. Icon. p. 287. Caryophyllus minimus, pulchel-
lus, fupinus, maculis aureis argenteifve afperfus. Lob. Icon. 444. Betonica coronaria, five
Caryophyllus minor, folio viridi nigricante, repens, flore argenteis pundis notato. /. B.
iii. p. 329. Caryophyllus fimplex, fupinus, latifolius. C. B. Pin. p. 208. Martyn. Tourn.
i. p. 155. Caryophyllus minor, repens, noftras. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 988. Syn. iii p. 335.
Dill. Elth. p. 412. Dianthus lloribus folitariis, fquamis calycinis lanceolatis, corollis cre-
mtis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 164. Flo. S«ec. n. 342.

leaves

zi6 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

leaves are oblong and narrow, in pairs. The flowers are on the
tops of the ftalks and branches, very beautiful, of a light red,
with circles of a deeper red in dots ; blowing in a conflant fuc-
ccflion from Midfummer to near Martinmas, and under culture
to near Chriflmas, fevere frofls only making them defift. The
cauline leaves refemble thofe of the dwarf Garden-Pink ufed in
edgings, and the flowers thofe of the Sweet William, from which
it is fometimes called the MULE-PINK.

121. Purple-flo*wered Centaury fg) is frequent in dry hilly paftures.
It flowers in July.

122. I met with a beautiful variety of it on the bank of the
re<5tory-den at Simonbuni, by the road-fide ; the ftalk twelve inches
and a half high ; the bottom-leaves an inch and a quarter, and
the upper ones an inch, long ; the two lowefl branches four
inches and a half in length ; the flowers of a lively purple (h).
It flowers at the fame with the former.

123. Short, bujfjy, annual Centaury ', "with bright purple Flowers (i)
is frequent in a large flexuous opening of the wood in the fame

(s) Centaurium minus. Dod. Pempt. p. 336. lene. Cam. Epit. cum chara<3ere. C. B.
Pin. p. 278. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1092. Syn. iii. p. 286. Tourn. Inft. 122. Martyn. Tourn.
i. p. 162. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 223. Dill. Giff. p. 127. Dal. Pharm. p. 189. Centau-
reum minus flore purpureo. I. B. iii. p. 353. Gentiana foliis lineari-lanceolatis, caule
dichotomo, corollis infundibuliformibus quinquefidis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 81. Gen-
tiana.foliis trinerviis, ovatis, floribus umbcllatis, tubo ftrifliflimo. Hall. Helv. p. 475.

(h) Gentiana caule altiore dichotomo, floribus lanceolato-ovatis, umbellatis, Iste pur-
purcis.

(i) Centaureum minus rubrum. Hift. Oxaa. p. 566. Centaureum purpureum, mini-
mum. Mar. Hort. Bles. Centaurium minimum, purpureum ramofum. Magn. Bot. Monfp.
Martyn. Tourn, i. p. 163.

den,

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 217

den, at the eaft end. It flowers in July and Auguft. It is alfo a
variety of the former, and differs from it only by its low ftature,
buminefs, and brightnefs of its flowers. The common fort is
ufed with great commendations in intermitting fevers, by in-
fufing a handful of the tops of it in white wine, or giving a
dram of the extract of it with as much powder of Jefuits bark,
when there are obftructions .in the bowels, which cures without
any return *. It is ufed by infufion in a glafs of white wine as a
pectoral, to give appetite, and for diforders occafioned by worms,
but it is not an agreeable draught, which makes an extract from
it to be commonly preferred.

124. Telloiv Centaury (k) is frequent in the dry hilly paftures
about a quarter of a mile weft from Honeyclugh-crzg, near Chefter-
•wood and WhinetlyY on South Tyne. It flowers in Auguft. The
flowers contain a yellow fluid which by diftillation yields an oil
like a refmous balfam, like that mentioned of St. Johns-"worf\.

125. Blue-fouuere d annual, autumnal Gentian, or Felivort (I). In dry
mountainous paftures. In Chz^-clofe, near Burivesford, in great
abundance. It flowers in September.

126. There

* MARTTN.

(k) Centaurium luteutn. Cluf. Hifp. p. 356. Cam. Epit. p. 427. lent. Centaurium.
luteum. I. B. iii. p. 355. Centaureum luteum perfoliatum. C. B. Pin. p. 278. Raj.
Hift. p. 1093. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 565. Tourn. Inft. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 164. Gentiana
caule dichotomo, foliis connatis, corollis oftofidis. Linn. Ho;t. Cliff, p. 81. Royen. lugdb.
p. 433. Hall. Helv. p. 480.

f LISTER apud LAWTHORP. ii. p. 638. DERHAM. in Epift. ad RAI.

(1) Gentiana. viii. Cluf. Pann. p. 289. five fugax ii. Hift. p. 315. Gentiana pratenfis
flore lanuginofo. C. B. Pin. p. 188. Tourn. Inft. p. 81. DHL GifT. p. 172. Raj. Syn.:
iii. p. 275. Scheuchz. Itin. iv. p. 334. Gentiana annua foliis centaurii minoris. Martyn. \

VOL. I. F f Tourn.

ai8 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

1 26. There is a VARIETY of it at the north-weft end of the fame
clofe with Milk-white Flowers (m) ; in flower at the fame time.

127. Blue-jlowered, centaury -leaved, annual, autumnal Gentian (n).
In the fame clofe. It is fometimes found very fmall, but, for
the moft part, is taller than the former ; the flowers more fpa-
ringly fet. It flowers in September. It varies in the colour of
the flower ; fometimes of a beautiful purple.

128. I met with an uncommon and beautiful VARIETY of it in
the fame clofe. The root is flender. The flalk is four inches
high and branched. The flowers are on the tops of the branches.
The calyx is broad, roundifh, or ventricofe. The tube is long,
with blue fegments, and intermediate plicated florets (oj. It
flowers late in September.

129. Daifie-leaved annual Cardamine (p). In the fame clofe. The
radical or bottom-leaves are on pedicles, and ovated, fometimes

entire,

Tourn. i. p. 278. Gentiana corollis hypocrateriformibus fauce barbati's. Linn. Hort. Cliff.
p. 81. n. 203. Gentiana foliis arr.plexicaulibus, floris fauce barbata. Hall. Helv. p. 473.

(m) Gentiana alpina autumnalis minor fugax annua flore albo.

(n) Gentiana xi. Cluf.Pann, p. 291. fugax v. Hift. p. 315, 316. bene. Gentiana minor.
Tabern. p. 728. exCLUsio. Gentiana fugax quinta CLUSII flore caeruleo colore elegantif-
fimo. I. B. iii. p. 527. Raj. Hift. p. 720. Gentianella alpina aeftiva centaurii minoris
folio. C. B. Pin. p. 188. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 480. Gentiana humillima, caule ramofo, tubo
floris longiffimo. Hall. Helv. p. 475.

(t>) Gentianella annua azureo flore. Barrel. Icon. 48. bene. Gentiana asftiva calyce tur-
gido pentagono. Raj. Syll. extr. p. 132. Gentiana cserulea calyce turgido. Scheucbz. Itin.
i. p. 37. Gentiana calycis pentagon! alls maximis. Hall. Helv. p. 476.

(p) Plantula Cardamines asmula. Cluf. Pann. p. 458. cum bona Icone. Et Sinapi

pumilum alpinum. Cluf. Pann. p. 549. Hift. p. cxxix. Plantula Cardamines alterius aemula.

Ejufd.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 219

entire, and fometimes with one or two deep ferratures. The
cauline leaves are feflilc and ovated. It is from three to four or
five inches high. The flowers are milk-white. The calyx is
brown. The feed is alfo brown, of a flat mape, in long bilocu-
lar capfules or pods ; tranfparent and gloffy in September, when
the feed is perfected. It is alfo found with petiolated cauline
leaves, as figured by Linnxus,

130. Daify-leaved annual Wall-crefs, or Tower-MuJlard (q). On an
old wall topped with earth near Co/well, by the Choller ton-road to
Wallington, on the north fide. The bottom-leaves are often ele-
gantly difpofed in the form of a circle. They are ovared, fpar-
ingly laciniated, and ferrated, rough, hairy, and rigid. Thofc
on the ftalk are amplexicaule, laciniated, and lightly ferrated,
The ftalk is from five to nine or ten inches high, branched at the
root, and almoft naked above, ftraight and erect. The flowers
are milk-white, fucceeded by long pods. The calyx is tubulous.
There is no fbyle. It flowers in June and July.

Ejufd, Hift. p. cxxix. Sinapi pumilum alpinum folio Btllidis, Cms. /. B. ii. p. 870.
Nafturtium alpinum Bellidis folio minus. C. B. Prodr. Raj. Hift. p. 817. Scbeuchz. Itin. i.
p. 44. cum defcriptione. Nafturtium minus Bellidis folio. Hift. Oxen. ii. p. 221. Car-
damine pumila Bellidis folio, alpina. Ger. emac. Icon bona. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 330. Bar-
barea montana integro folio. Boccone. p. 138, & p. 109. t. 88. Et Barbarea alpina integro
folio faxatilis. EJUSD. p. 74. t. 88. Cardamine foliis fimplicibus ovatis petiolis longiiliinis.
Linn, Flo. Lapp. n. 206. t. 9. f. 2. Flo. Suec. n. 564. Hall. Helv. p. 560.

(q) Eryfimo fimilis hirfuta. Matth. p. 432. Eryfimo fimilis hirfuta rcn ladniata alba. C. B.
Pin. p. 101. Prodr. ejufd. p. 42. cum Icone ; laciniata, p. 44. Barbarea muralis. I. B.
in. p. 869. Saj. Hift. p. 799. Eryfimum minimum album hirfutum. Hift. Qxon. ii. p. 219.
Turritis minor. Magn. Bot. Monfp. Tourn. Inft. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 318. Turritis foliis
omnibus dentatis hifpidis alternis amplexicaulibus. Linn. Hort. Clift'. p. 3^9. Flo. Suec»
n. 54.5. Royen, lugdb. p. 339. Turritis foliis afperfis dentatis, caule fimplici. Hall. Helv.
p. 561.

F f 2 131.

120 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

131. Long leaved Milk-wort (r) is common under hedges and
biilhes in- dry pafturcs, and on the borders of woods. It is in the
reclory-den at Simonburn'm great plenty. The ftalks are from fix
to eight or nine inches high. The flowers are in a long fpike,
in a lateral feries. The leaves are a little bitter. It flowers in

July- ;fe£#J#i *>&'+$:%$& « ^ .;•:<-/

..'*:••. 5C»Vi;»."

It varies in the colour of its flowers, being fometimes blue or
purple, and fometimes variegated with white, and not unfre—
quently of a pure white.

••••' •'- f_r«f/--.i I* rf •- ';'T' nr. :> ',. . ,„ j... ..

132. Small round-leaved Milk--wort (sj is frequent in dry moun-
tainous pailures, and in the opening of woods, by way-fides. It
is at the eafl end of the fame den, on a dry fhadowy bank, near
the road. The flowers are moilly blue, or of different degrees
of purple or red, but rarely white.

133. Small Marjh Milk-wort, 'with Myrtle or Box-like Leaves (t) is
frequent on moifl alpine heaths, and about damp fhady rocks. It

(r) Polygala vulgaris major. Cluf. Pann. p. 315. Hift. p. 324. 7. B. iii. p. 337. Raj.
Hilt. ii. p. 1335. Vaill. Tab. xxxii. f. i. eximie. Polygala major. C. B. Pin, p. 215. Poly-
gala tetrapetala filiculofa, bicapfularis, fongo angufto folio major. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 326.
Polygala foliis linear! lanceolatis, caulibus diffufis herbaceis. Linn. Virid. Cliff, p. 70.
Hort. Cliff, p. 352. Flo. Suec. n. 586. Royen. lugdb. p. 393. Polygala foliis omnibus
acutis. Hall. Heir. p. 607.

(s] Polygala vulgaris minor. Cluf. Polygalon multis. 7. B. ii. p. 386. Polygala vulgaris.
C. B. Pin. p. 215. Tourn. Inft. p. 174. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 205. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 236.
Dill. Giff. p. 78. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 287. Polygala, Offic. Ger. emac. p. 448. Raj. Hift.
i'1' P- I335- Dd- Pharm. p. 196. Polygala latifolia humilior, fpicis brevioribus, floribus
dilute purpureis. Zanich. p. 214. t. 38. Polygala foliis imis fubrotundis, fuperioribus an-
guftis acutis. Hall. Helv. p. 606.

(t) Polygala myrtifolia paluftris humilior et ramofior. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 287. Polygala
buxei minoris folio flore caeruleo. Vaill. Tab. xxxii. f. 2. Et Polygala minor foliis circa
radicem rotundioribus. EJUSD. ib. p. 161. n. 4.

is

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 221

is in great plenty on JSroadpooI-common, and in the paftures at
Goat-fanes, by Raven 's~bugh-cra.g, near Simonburn. The root is
fibrous, and fends forth many Italics ; four, but rarely five,
inches long; frequently procumbent from their weaknefs. The
under leaves are round and firm ; the upper ones narrow ; both
of a lively green. The flowers are in fpikes, in a lateral feries,
for the moft part of a beautiful blue, fometimes variegated with
white in elegant capillary lines ; holding their colour in drying.
It is a very bitter plant, and retains its bitternefs a long time.

134. Long-leaved Sun-Dew (u) is frequent in marfliy places in
woods, and about bogs. It is in a bog on the north fide of Slater--

feld, near Simonburn, plentifully.

135. Round-leaved Sun-Deiv (-wj is lefs common. It is in the
Duke of Portland's wood near Hexham. They are both low plants,
about four inches high. The flowers of both are in thin fpikes,
on pedicles. They are fmall, of a bright white. They have
the name of SUN-DEW from the drops of a clear fluid {landing
always on their red hairy leaves in the hottefl day. They are fo
fatal to fheep, that the common people call them, the red Rot ;
owing to vermicular OVA inferted in the leaves, which fecundate

in

(u) Ros folis. Dod. Pempt. p. 474. bene. I. B. iii. p. 761. Rorida five foils ros, &
Drofion recentiorum. Lob. Icon. p. 811. Icon propria. Ros folis folio oblongo. C. B.
Pin. p. 357. Hift Own. iii. p. 620. f. 15. t. 4. f. 2. Raj. Hift. ii. p. iioo. Syn. iii.
p. 356. Tourn. Inft. p. 245. Ros folis major feu longifolius. Barrel. Icon. p. 251. n. u.
Drofera fcapis radicatis foliis oblongis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. no. Flo. Suec. n. 258.
Royen. lugdb. p. 417. Rorella caule fimplici, foliis ellipticis. Hall, Htlv. p, 372.

(iv) Rorida f. Res folis major. Lob. Icon. p. 811. Ros folis folio rotundo. C. B. Pin.
p. 357. Raj. Hift. ii. p. iioo. Syn. iii. p. 356. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 620. Tourn. Inft.
p. 245. Boerh. Ind. A. p, 216. Ros folis, Offic. /. B. iii. p. 761. Dal. Pharm. p. 238.

Ros

222 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

in the liver, the animalcules prey ing it pon it till it can no longer
perform its natural functions, and death enfues.

136. Butter-ivort, or York/hire Sanick (x). On the dripping
banks of alpine brooks, and about bogs, plentifully. The root
is a fmall imbricated or fcaly bulb. It fends forth fometimes one,
and fometimes two or three flalks, from two to four or five inches
high, {lender and fucculent. The leaves are from an inch to
two inches long, difpofed on the ground in the form of a circle.
They are of a yellowifli-green, and in the mod fultry weather
are covered with a mining pinguid fluid. The flower is on the
,top of the ftalk, and nutant, of a violet-colour.

137. There is a variety of it in mountainous boggy meadows,
with a very large flower, of a duller purple, and a remarkable
long {pur (y).

It is a cathartic. In Parkinfon's time, it was the phyfic of the
poorer fort of people in Wales, made into a fyrup *. In the Lap-

Ros foils minor f. rotundifolius. Barrel. Icon. p. 251. n. i. Drofera fcapis radicatis, foliis
.orbiculatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 105. Flo. Suec. n. 257. Rcyen. lugdb. p. 417. Rorella
caule fimplici, foliis rotundis, retufis. Hall. Helv. p. 372.

(x) Pinguicola. Cluf. p. 310. Pann. p. 360. cum bona Icone. Pinguicola GESNERI.
/. B. iii. p. 546. Raj. Hift. p. 751. Syn. iii. p. 289. Tourn. Inft. Sanicula montana,
flore calcari donata. C. B. Pin. p. 243. Pinguicola, f. Sanicula EBORACENSIS. Park.
Theatr. p. 532. bene. Viola paluftris, Pinguicola. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 477. Pinguicola
nedario eylindraico longitudine petali. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. ir. Flo Suec. n. 21. Sp.
PI. 17. Royen. lugdb. p. 304. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 168. Pinguicola calcare gracili,
cylindrico, violaceo flore. Hall. Helv. p. 6 u, 612.

i

(y) Pinguicola flore amplo, purpureo, calcare longiflimo. Raj. Hift. p. 752. Tourn. Inft.
a. Major. Hall. Helv. p. 612.

* Park. Theatr. p. 534.

land-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 223

it is of frequent ufe. To fheep it is very hurtful.
Goats, horfes, and horned cattle will not eat of it f.

138. Round-leaved Winter-green (z). In woods, and upon heaths.
On the edge of the moor by Dilfigatf-'Hall, near Hexham. In the
Duke of Portland's wood, and in other woods, near that town. In
the bank of wood oppofite to the weft-end of the Recftory-den, at
Simonbuniy on the north-eaft fide of the freeftone quarry.
On the hedge-bank by the road up the hill to Simonburn-ca.tt.lQ,
near a fmall fpring. On the borders of Ram/h<rto-vroodt by the
way-fide, near fVark, in Tynedale, plentifully. The root conflfts
of white, fucculent, or bulbous fibres ; flender, divaricated, and
jointed, fending forth new plants at diftances. The leaves are
roundifh, with an obtufe point, firm and fmooth, on long pe-
dicles. The ftalk is five or fix inches high, or more, angulated,
and naked more than half way up. The flowers are in a thin
fpike, on fhort bending pedicles. They are campaniform, of a
bright white, fometimes with a blufh of red.

It varies in the form and fize of the leaves. Thofe on the
moor by Dilligafe-ffall, are nearly orbiculated, thick, fucculent,
and of a gloily green, often two inches and a quarter long, on
pedicles of the fame length. At all the other places they are

f Linn. Amnen. Acad. Vol. 2. p. 238.

(z) Pyrola. Cam. Epir. p. 723. I.E. iii. p. 535. ex defcriptione, Raj. Hi ft. ii. p. 1233.
Syn. iii. p. 363. Ger. p. 330. e.-nac. p. 408. Dil'. Gi/T. p. 94. Dal. Piiarm. p. 237.
Pyrola rotundifolia major. C. B. Pin. p. 191. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 504. Tourn. Infr. p. 256.
Boerb. Ind. A. p. 278. Pyrola major et clatior foliis oblongis, piftillo florum incurvo. Rupp.
Flo. Jen. p. 236. Pyrola foliis fubrotundis, fcapo racemofo. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 162.
Pyrola ftaminibus adfcendentibus, piftillis declinatis. Flo. Suec, n. 330. Pyrola flaminibtis &
piftillo declinatis. Flo. Lapp. n. 169. Hall. Hclv. p.. 421. Pyrola tuba incurva. Hall. It.
Helv. 29.

firm,

224 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

firm, finaller, rather oblong than orbicular, with an obtufe
point, and fome times lightly ferrated. It flowers in June. The
tube is incurvated or hooked. The ftamina are reflex or turn
up to guard the ovary.

139. Small Winter-green -with roundi/Jy ferrate-leaves (a). On the
borders of Ramjhoiu-\focx\, by the road-fide, with the former,
plentifully. I never obferved it in any other place. The leaves
are roundifli, mucronated, firm, and lightly ferrated. The ftalk
is from three to four or five inches high, and of the fame fliape
as the former. The flowers are in a fliort fpike, clofe and com-
paft, of a bright white, and always with a beautiful blufli of
red. The tube is fhort, ftraight, broad at the end, and divided
into five parts. The ftamina are revolute or bend inwards, to
protect the ovary. It flowers at the fame time with the former.

The leaves of both kinds are aftringent. They are ufed for
wounds and bruifes, by decoction, infufion, fomentation, or in
an ointment. They are commended for ulcers in the breaft.

140. Winter-green, -with Cbickiveed-Jloivers (b), faid by Mr. Ray to
grow among the bufhes in mountainous places north of the

(a) Pyrola folio ferrato. /. B. iii. p. 536. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1233. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 505.
Pyrola folio mucronato fenato. C. B. Pin. p. 181. Tourn. Inft. p. 256. Raj. Syn. iii.
P- 363- Pyola folio mucronato. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 236. Pyrola tenerior. Park. Theatr.
p. 509. Pyrola fecunda CLUSII. Ger. emac. p. 408. Pyrola altera, Offic. Dal. Pharm.
p. 237. Pyrola floribus racemofis difperfis, ftaminibus piftillifque reclis. Linn. Flo. Suec.
P- 33'- Pyola foliis obiter ferratis fubrotundis, racemofis floribus, tuba refta. Hall. Helv.
p. 420. Pyrola tuba recta minor, folio frequentius ferrato, fpica breviore & denfiore. Hall.
Here. 7.

(b) HerbaTrientalis. I. B. iii. p. 506. Pyrola Alfmes flore EUROPE A. C. B. Pin.
p. 191. Alfinanthemos. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 286. Trientalis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 139. Flo.
Suec. n. 302. Royen, lugdb. p. 432.

Roman

OF TREES AND PLANTS. tgs$

Roman Wall, has been much fought for by myfelf and others, but
hitherto in vain.

141. Perfoliate-grafs of Parnajfus (cj. In moid fandy places, and
about bogs. On the fea banks, called the Links, between Dm-
ridge and Crejpwell, compofed of drifted fea-fand. On the ftrand
at the eaft end of Bromley lake, plentifully. The root confifts of
fmall perennial fibres. The leaves are corcliform at the bafe,
and amplexicaule, pointed at the ends, of a pale green colour.
The ftalk is five or fix inches high, {lender, and angulated, with
a'fmgle leaf. The flower is moderately large, compofed of five
white petals, with numerous beautiful veins. The anthers are
elliptic and comprefTed, with fphserical yellow fummits. The
younger {lamina clofely embrace the ovary ; the older ones are
expanded. The ovary is conic and four-cornered, with four
valves, and a kind of hiatus on the apex, but no tube. The feed
is yellow, oblong and numerous, difpofed in a fingle capfule on
four placenta's, parted half-way by a membrane, without an
axis, us in the poppy. The calyx is compofed of four folioles,
fhorter than the flower. It flowers in Auguft and September.
The leaves and the roots were formerly commended in a decoc-
tion or infufion for difeafes of the eyes, and obftructions of the
liver, but are now difregarded.

(c) Gramen Parnafllum. Dod. Pempt. p. 564. Gramen Parnaffium. Ger. emac. p. 840.
Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1049. Gramen Parnafli DODONJEO, quibufdam Hcpatiais Flos. I. B. iii.
p. 537. Gramen Parnafli, flore albo fimplici. C. B. Pin. p. 309. Parnaflia paluftris &
vulgaris. Tourn. Inft. p. 246. Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 159, 160. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 243.
Dili. Gift", p. 172. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 355. Pyrola rotundifolia minor pal uflris flore unico
ampliore. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 505. Hepatica alba, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 236. Parnaflia.
Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 113. Flo. Lapp. n. 108. Flo. Suec. n. 252. Roy en. lugdb. p. 420.
Hall. Helv. p. 316.

VOL. I. G g 141. Yellow

226 OF TREES AND PLANTS,

142. Yellow Star of Bethlehem (d). In the wood-bottom at the
weft end of the Reflory-Den at Simonburn, plentifully. The root is a
fmall, futculent, round bulb. It fends forth two leaves, eight
or nine inches long, half an inch broad, and ribbed lengthways.
The ftalk is angulated, eight inches high, with two fmall nar-
row leaves near the top. The flowers are ftellate, on pedicles,
in a kind of umbel. They are green on the outfide, bordered
with yellow, and of a fair yellow within. The tube is a trian-
gular prifm ; the ftigma divided into three parts. It flowers in
April and May. The flowers are very beautiful under a warm
fun, being then reflex ; but are expanded at other times, except
in-cold, cloudy, or haizy weather, and at night, when they clofe
till the morning, and fun-mine appears.

143. Little purple-floivered Orchis (e). In Crag-clofe, near Barives~
ford. The flowers are in a very fhort, compact fpike, elegantly

(d} Bulbus fylveftris. Dud. Pempt. p. 222. Cluf. Pann. p. 19. Hift. p. 188. Ornitho-
galum luteum. Tabern. p. 633. bene. C. B. Pin. p. 71. Raj. Hift. p. 1154. Syn. iii. p. 372.
Town. Inft. Bulbils fylveftris FUCHSII, flore luteo, f. Ornithogalum luteum. /. B. ii. p. 623.
Ornithogalum luteum majus floriferum. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 381. f. 4. t. 13. f. 12. Stel-
laris arvenfis, flore luteo umbellato. Dill. GifT. p. 38. Ornithogalum fcapo angulofo diphyl-
]o pedunculis umbellatis fimplicibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 270. Sp. PI. 306. Hill. Nat.
Hift. PI. p. 376. Ornithogalum fcapo diphyllo, pedunculis fimplicibus terminatricibus,
filamentis omnibus fubulatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 124. Royen. lugdb. p. 31. Phalangium
radice fubrotunda, foliis & floribus umbellatis. Hall. Helv. p. 293.

(e) Orchidis genus rarius & elegans. Gefn. Tab. Coll. p. 93. Orchis PANNONICA iv.
Cluf. Hift. p. 268. Pann p. 236. bene. Raj. Hift. p. 1215. Syn. iii. p. 277. Orchis
minor flore guttato fanguineo. Cam.Uort. p.m. Cynoforchis militaris pratenfis humilior.
C. B. Pin. p. 81. Orchis militaris pratenfis humilior. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 492. t. 12. f. 20.
non bene. Tourn. Inft. p. 432. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 149. t. 31. f. 35, 36. Orchis mili-
taris minima RIVINI. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 279. t. 2. f. i. Orchis bulbis indivifis, nedarii
labio quadrifido pun&is fcabro, cornu obtufo, petalis diftinftis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 726.
A&. Upf. 1740. p. n. A£l. Stoch. 1741. p. 207. Orchis radicibus fubrotundis, fpica
denfa, crufculis labelli ampliter divergentibus. Hall. Helv. p. 263.

vari-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 227

variegated with purple and white and bloody fpots. The fpur is
hardly a line broad. It flowers in Auguft.

144. Round purple-flowered Orchis (f). In the fame clofe. The
Howers are in a fliort, broad, compad: fpike, of a beautiful pale
rofe-colour. The fpur is flender, of about half the length of the
ovary. It flowers in Auguft and September.

• t

145. Siveet-fcented purple-flowered Orchis (gj. In mountainous
wet meadows. In the meadow on the north and north-cart fide
of Cra^-lake, under the Roman wall. The flowers are of a dufky
purple, in a fliort, clofe fpike, of an agreeable odour. The fpur
is as long, or longer, than the ovary. It flowers in June.

146. Sweet-fcented,, purple-flowered Mountain-Orchis, 'with long
leaves (h). On dry alpine banks, upon heaths, and on the banks
of corn-fields, and other unfilled places. On a dry bank by the
road on the eaft fide of Simonburn-ca.Q.\e, near the brook. On the
bauk of a corn-field on the north-weft fide of the oflium of the
brook at Warkt in Tynedale, plentifully. On Broadpool-Common,
between Confoeels and Blake-laivy near Simonburn, by the road-fide,,

(f) Orchis rotundus. 7. B. ii. p. 765. Orchis flore globofo. C. B. Pin. p. 81. Hid,
Oxon. iii. p. 292. Raj. Hift. p. 1216. Orchis rotunda. Raj. Syll. Stirp. ext. p. 191,
Orchis radicibus conicis, fpicabrevi, denfa, petalis caudatis. Hall. Helv. p. 365.

(g) Orchis purpurea fpica congefla pyramidal!. Raj. Hift. p. 1215. Syn. iii. p. 377.
t. 1 8. Icon, optima. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 492. Orchis radicibus fubrotundis, bracteis flore
brevioribus, nedtarii labio trifido, feta longiffima. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 429. Royen. lugdb.
p. 14. Orchis radicibus fubrotundis, fpica deafa, labello squaliter tripartite, calcari ovaiii
longitudine. Hall. Helv, p. 364.

(b) Cynoforchis montana purpurea odorata. C. B. Pin. p. 81. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 491.
Orchidis genus parvum, flore prorfus purpureo, odoris fuavifiimi. J. B. iii. p. 763. Raj. Hift.
p. 1215. Orchis montana purpurea odorata. Town. Inft.

G g 3 next

228 .OF TREES AND PLANTS,

next the fields, fparingly. The flalk is ilcnder, from fix to nine
inches high. The flowers are in a thin fpike, of a uniform
bright purple, and fometimes with two different ihades, lighter
and deeper, of a high fragrant fcent, which it retains under cul-
ture. It flowers in July.

147. Sweet-fcented Butterfly-Orchis, or Satyr ion (ij. In mountain-
ous meadows, frequent. The flowers are white, with a yellowifh
tinge ; the fpur an inch, or an inch and a half, long. They are
in a thin fpike, and of a grateful fmell. It flowers in June.

148. There is a VARIETY of it on the borders of mountainous
woods, and dry fhady banks, with tall fpikes of bright white
odoriferous flowers, and a longer fpur, from an inch and a half
to two inches ; the ftalk often a foot and a half high ; the leaves
next the ground remarkably large and broad (k). It is not un-
irequent on the borders of Ratrifljoiv-vfood, by the way-iide, near
the mill. It is alfo frequent on the dry fhadowy banks by the
flreamlet below Honeyclugh> near Ghefteriv ood. It retains its beauty
and grateful fragrance under culture. It flowers in June and

July. • "•;;• ' - *>*4 — . .

(i) Tefliculus Candidas, odoratus major. Cord. Hift. ii. c. 29. Tefticulus bifolius ejufd.
\. 2. c. 104. Tefliculi fpecies v. Cam. Epit. p. 625. lent. Orchis ferapias primus. Dod.
Pempt. p. 237. Coron. p. 219. Icon. bona. Orchis alba calcare longo. I. B, ii. p. 771.
Manga. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 495. Raj. Hift. p. 1221. Orchis alba bifolia minor, calcare ob-
longo. C, B. Pin. p. 83. Toum. Inft. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 151. t. 30. f. 7. Orchis bul-
bis indivifis, nectarii labio lanceolate integerrimo, cornu longiflimo, petalis patentibus. Linn.
Flo. Suec. n. 723. Ad. Upf. 140. p. 5. Sp. PI. 939. Mat. Med. 411. Orchis radicibu&
conicis, labello lingulato fimpliciffimo. Hall. Helv. p. 266.

(k) Orchis la' ifolia maxima. Cluf. Pann. p. 237. Orchis ampliffima foliis binis fplenden-
tibus. /. B. ii. p. 772. Orchis bifolia latiffima. C. B. Pin. p. 82. Raj. Syll. Stirp. ext.
p. 191. Tourn, Inft. Orchis amplioribus foliis. Hall. Helv. p. 266} 267.

148. Small,

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 229

149. Small, autumnal, fiveet-fcented, yelloiv-Jtoivered Orchis, or
norchis (1). At the north end of Crag-clofe, near B'arwesford*
The root is a tingle fphserical bulb, more firm than thofe of the
other orchis's. It fends forth two and fometimes three leaves.
The ftalk is {lender and naked. The flowers are of a pale greenifh
yellow, of a grateful fweet odour. Three of the petals of each
flower are fimple and roundifh ? Two others, and the lip, are
cruciform. There is no fpur.

150. Autumnal Pfue do-Orchis (m) . In the fame clofe, with the
former. The roots confift of cylindric, bulbous fibres. Thcf
leaves are obtufe and elliptic, even thofe on the ftalk. The
flowers are in a long, compact fpike, of a pale yellowifh-grcen,
with very fhort tumid fpurs, and have no fcent. The three larger
petals of each are white ; the two fmaller ones of a greenifh-
yellow. The beard is like that of the MONORCHIS, divided inter
three parts.

(I) Orchis pufiila pallida odorata vi. Cltif. Pann. p. 239. Orchis vii. Ejufd. Hift. p. 269.
Orchis parva autumnalis lutea. /. B. iii. p. 768. Orchis odorata mofchata, f. Monorchis.
C. B. Pin. p. 84. Raj. Hift-. p. izij. Syn. iii. p. 378. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 497. Scheuchz.
Itin. vii. p. 516. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 152.. Icon. t. 2. Hall. Here. 6. Monorchis mon-
tana minima, flore obfolete, vix confpicuo. Michel. Nov. PI. Gen. p. 30. t. 26. Icon
pulcbra. Herminium bulbo fupra radicato, nedtaiii labio trifido. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 740.
Aft. Upf. 1740. p. 29. Herminium radice globofa. Flo. Lapp. p. 317. Orchis radice
fubrotunda, labello, & duobus petalis cuculli cruciformibtis calcare nullo. Hall. He!v.
p. 269.

(m) Pfeudo-orchis alpina flore herbaceo. Michel. Nov. PL Gen. p. 30. t. 26. Limodo-
rum montanum flore albo virefcente. Chomel. Comment. Acad, Scient. Peris. 1705. p 517.
Satyrium bulbis fafciculatis ; foliis lanceolatis : nectarii labio trifido acuto, intcnneuio ma-
jore. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 733. Aft, Upf. 1740. p. 19. Orchis pahnr.ta alpina, fpica;
denfa albo-viridi. Hall. Here. 68. Orchis radicibus multis, cylintlricis, labcllo, trihdo,

calcare breviffimo. Hall, Helv. p. 270.

•» •>

156, Small

230 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

151. Small autumnal Satyr ion, "with oblong caulinc leaves (n). In
the fame mountainous pafture with the two former. The
cauline leaves are broad and elliptic. The flowers are in a thin
fpike, with a very fhort broad fpur. They are moftly of a
greenifli-yellow, but fometimes with a fmall tinge of purple,
with two ferratures in the lip.

152. Long-leaved Marjb Hellebore (o). In bogs. In a bog by
the brook at Slaterfield, near the path to Simonbitrn. The flowers
are moderately large, and pendulous. They are white, with a
tinge of purple on the outfide. The interior part of the heel is
elegantly flreaked with purple. On the under lip is a fmall
yellow fpot. It flowers in July and Auguft.

«

153. Broad-leaved Mountain Hellebore (p). In woods and fhadowy
places. In the plantation at Nunivick by the road to Park-End,

under

(n) Orchis palmata flore viridi. C. B, Prodr. p. 30. Raj. Cantabr. p. 107. b-^na def-
criptione. Tcurn. Inft. Scbcucbz. It. vii. p. 516. Orchis palmata flore luteo viridi. Raj,
HifK p. 1224. Orchis palmata, OPHRIOS flore viridi. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 499. Orchis
palmata, flore galericulato, dilute viridi. Less. Prufs. p. 182. Icon. 59. bene. Orchis
flore viridi, inftar floris OPHRIOS, petalo inferiore, et propendente bifido. Rupp. Flo. Jen.
p. 242. Satyrium bulbis palmatis, foliis oblongis obtufis, ne&arii labio trifido linear! : in-
termedia obfoleta. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 730. A£l. Upf. 1740. p. 18. Satyrium foliis ob-
longis caulinis. Flo. Lapp. n. 313. Royen. lugdb. p. 14. Orchis radicibus palmatis, la-
.bello bifulco, mucrone ex divifionc eminente, calcare breviffimo. Hall. Helv. p. 270.

(0} Helleboiine anguftifolia paluftris f. prateniis. C. B. Pin. p. 187. Helleborine paluf-
tris noftras. Raj. Hift. p. 1231. Syn. iii. p. 384. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 487. town. Inft.
Scbcucbz. Iiin. vii. p. 519. Helleborine floribus obfolete carneis, labello obtufo. Hall.
Helv, p. 275.

•/

(p) Helleborine. v. Cluf. Hift. p. 273. iv. Pann.^p. 275. Dad. Pempt. p. 384. /. B.
iii. p. 516. Rufp. Flo. Jen. p. 237, Dal. Pharm. p. 255. Helleborine latifolia montana.

G.B.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 231

under tall beach and EngUJJj elms, plentifully. The root con-
fifts of many thick bulbous fibres. The flalk is of the thick-
nefs of a large writing-quill, round and fmooth, from one
to three feet high. The leaves are perfoliate and alternate, fix
or feven in number, two inches broad in the middle, four inches
and a half long, and lanceolated, of a lively green. The flowers
are in a thin fpike of eight or nine inches long, in the larger
plants, pendulous, of a yellowifh-green, with a fpot of dufky
purple at the bottom of the lip. It flowers in Auguft.

The Ladies Slipper (q), faid by Dr. Turner* to grow in a boggy
place in a field at Newton on the Moor, near Alnwick, is not now
obferved to grow there.

j 54. Creeping Hellebore Orchis, or Satyridn, 'with Plantain-like leaves
(r). In mountainous woods. I met with a plant of it in Ram-

Jhoiv-

C. B. Pin. p. 186. Rej. Hift. ii. p. 1230. Syn. iii. p. 383. Tourn. Inft. 436. Hift. Oxon.
iii. p 486. cum Icone, t. u. f. i. monftrofa, ex Hort. AICHST. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 153.
Dill. GiiT. p. 131. Serapias bulbis fibrofis, ne&arii labio obtufo petalis breviore. Linn. Flo.
Suec. n. 734. Act. Upf. 1740. p. 21. Serapias multifolio, multifloro. Hort. Cliff, p. 429.
Royen. lugdb. p. 13. a. Helleborine floribus ex viridi & purpureo variis, labello acuminate,
foliis breviffimis. Hall. Helv. p. 275.

(q) Pfeudo-damafonium. Cluf. Pann. 272. bona defcriptione. Elleborine recentiorum i.
Ejufd. Hift. p. 272. Calceolus MARIANUS. Dad. Pernpt. p. 180. f. I, 2. Tourn. Inft.
p. 437. Calceolus MARIJE. Hort. AICHST. Vern. Ord. viii. t. 6. f. i. bene. Raj. Syn.
iii. p. 385. Damafonii fpecies quibufdam f. Calceolus MAV.IJE. I. B. iii. p. 518. Hel-
leborine flore rotundo f. Calceolus. C. B, Pin. p. 187. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1232. Hift. Oxon.
iii. p. 480. t. ii. f. 14. Calceolus. Rupp.flo. Jen. p. 277. Hall. Helv. p. 276. Cy-
pripedium radicibus fibrofis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis caulinis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 735. Aft.
Upf. 1740. p. 24- Cypripedium foliis ovato-lanceolatis. Flo. Lapp. n. 138. Royen. lugdb,

P- 13-

* Turn. Hift. PI.

(r) Orchis minor flofculis albis radice repente. Cam. Hort. p.m. Icon. xxxv. uptime.
L B. ii. p. 770. cumaliena Icone. Pfeudo-crchis. C. B. Pin. p. 84. Raj. Hift. p. 1226.

Orchis

.2f>2 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

-wood, by the road to the mill on the fouth fide of Wark's-
burn, in Tynedale. The root confifts of bulbous fibres, ilender,
divaricated, and implicated. It fends forth fliort broad leaves
next the ground, with nerves, like thofe of plantain ; and there
are very fmall ones on the flalk, which is about a foot high.
The flowers are in a thick fpike, in a lateral feries; of a pale
greenifli-yellow, hairy and tetrapetalous, in which it differs from
the Helleborines. It flowers in Auguft.

i jr. Tivayblade, "with ovate d leaves fs), is frequent under bufhes
in moid woods. It flowers in June. The leaves are large, of a
lively green.

156. I -met with a VARIETY of it with three leaves (t) in the
bank of wood oppofite to the weft end of the Rectory-den at Si-
monburn, which produced only tivo leaves under culture.

Orchis minor radice repente f. Pfeudo-orchis. Raj. Syll. p. 193. Helleborine fylvatica
repens plantaginis folio. Hift. Oxan. iii. p. 487. t. 14. f. 9. Pyrolaanguftifolia polyanthos
radice geniculata. Laf. Prufl". p. 210. Icon. 68. bane. Helleborine fylvatica radice repente.
Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 238. qui et ipfe novit tetrapetalem efle. Orchioides floribus pallidis ino-
doris. Trnv. Comm. lit. 1731. Spec. 8. p. 60. 1736. Tab. vi. cum egregia Icone. Saty-
rium bulbis fibrofis, foliis cvatis radicalibus, floribus fecundis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 732.
A&. Upf. 1740. p. 20. Satyrium foliis ovatis radicalibus. Flo. Lapp. n. 314. Royen.
lugdb. p. 14. EpipaClis. Hall. Helv. p. 277.

(i) Pfeudo-Orchis bifolium. Dod. Pempt. p. 242. Ophris bifolia. C. B. Pin. p. 87.
Town. Inft. p. 437. Boerb. Ind. A. ii. p. 153. DHL Gift", p. 75. Bifolium majus feu
Ophris major quibufdatn. I.E. iii. p. 533. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1232. Syn. iii. p. 385. Bi-
folium majus vulgare. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 489. Bifolium, Oflic. Dal. Pharm. 255. Ophris
foliis ovatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 429. Flo. Suec. n. 738. Act Upf. 1740. p. 28. Rcyen.
lugdb p. 15. Hall. Helv. p. 277.

(t) Ophris trifolia. C. B. Pin. p. 87. 0. Linn. Suec. 1. c.

156. MarJ}j

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 233

157. Marft Tivayblade, "with fmall cordlform leaves (n), is not un-
common about alpine bogs. It flowers in July and Auguft.
The leaves of the large fort are ufed with great commendations
for wounds *.

158. Bird's Neji (iv). In woods, and in banks under hedges,
frequent. The root is a group of bulbous, implicated, cylindric
fibres. The ftalk is a foot high, or more, on which are fhort,
thin membranes, refembling leaves, of a rcddifh-brown. The
flowers are in a long fpike, of the fame colour f. It flowers in
June and July.

159. Orobanche or Broom-rape (x). In barren fliady places.
Among the furz on Four/tone-hills, near Hexham, in great abun-
dance.

• C'l- &*

(u) Bifolium minimum. /. B. iii. p. 534. Ophrys minima. C. B. Pin. p. 87. Prodr.
p. 31. Ophrys foliis cordatis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 739. Flo. Lapp. n. 247. A6L Upf.
1740. p. 29.

* Pro infigni vulnerario habetur. HALLER. 1. c.

(w) Neottia. Dod. Pempt. p. 553. Pfoudoleimodoron. Cluf. Hift. p. 270. bona
Icon, non autem defcriptio. Orchis abortiva fufca. C, B. Pin. p. 86. Orobanche
adfinis Nidus Avis. /. B. ii. p. 782. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1228. Nidus Avis. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 381. Tourn. Inft. p. 438. Orobranche, radics e fibris compafla, major,
flore obfoleto. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 503. f. 12. t. 16. f. 18. Neottia bulbis fafciculatis nec-
tarii labio bifido. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 742. Ad. Upf. 1740. p. 33. Ophris aphylla. Hall,
Helv. p. 178.

t In hac Plants aditus ad tubam apertifllmus eft.

(x) Orobanche major. Cluf. Pann. p. 242. Orobanche i. C'uf. Hift. p. 270. Limodo-
ron f. Orobanche. Dod. Pempt. p. 552. Orobanche flore majore. /. B. ii. 780. Oro-
banche major Garyophyllum olens. C. B. Pin. p. 87. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 502. Tourn. Inft.
p 175. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 192. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 240. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 288. Oro-
banche, Offic. Dal. Pharm. 197. Orobanche f. Rapum Geniflse. Ger. p. 1130. einac.

VOL. I. H h p. 1311.

834 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

dance. The root is a round imbricated bulb. The flalk is from
a foot to two feet high, with a few membranes inftead of leaves,
of a dufky brown. The flowers of the younger plants are in a
thick, and the older ones in a thin, fpike, as is ufual. They are
of a faded purple. It flowers in June and July.

r6o. r^\\Q.Jlenderjlratw-colour£d Orobanche-) •with oblong flowers (y), is
not unfrequent in the woods near Wark in Tynedale, about the tree-
roots under putrid leaves, an inch or two only under the furface.
I have obferved it in RaHi/how-wood by the road-fide, near the
mill ; alfo under the bufhes on the bank on the eaft fide of the
ojlium of Wark's-bum. The ftalk, membranes, and flowers, are
of a pale yellow, or flraw-colour, beautiful in the time of flower-
ing, in July and Auguft.

16 1. Great Toothivort (z). In damp woods. In the wood-bot-
tom at the weil end of the rectory-den at Simonburn. The root is

p.. 1311. Park, Theatr. p. 1362. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1227. Orofaanche caule fimpliciffimo.
Linn, Hort. Cliff, p. 321. Flo. Suec. n. 519. Roytrt. liigdb. p. 299. Orobanche caule
fimplici, albido, foliis fub flore longioribus. Hall, Helv. p. 610.

(y) Orobanche, quae Hypopitys dici poteft. C. B. Pin. p. 88. Prodr. p. 31. Oroban-
choides noftras, flore oblongo flavefcente. Town. Aft. 1706. Orobanche verbafculi odore.
Plot. Oxford/h. p. 146. t. 9. f. 6. Orobanche flore breviore Juplici, verbafculi odore.
Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 504. f. 12. t. 16. f. 20. Hypopithys lutea. Dill. Gift", p. 99. Mono-

tropa flbribus lateralibus otStandris, terminatrici decandra. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 329.

\ "

(z) Anblatum. Cord. Hift. p. 89. Dad. Pempt. p. 553. cum benalcone. Ekntaria. Matth.
p. 964. bent. Dentaria major. Cam. Epit. p. 705. five A$v\fa( i. Cluf. Pann. p. 452. Hift.
p. clx. Anblatum cordi f. a£uAA«. /. B. iii. p. 783. Anblatum flore e rubro candicante.
Tourn. Coroll. 48. Orobanche radice dentata major. C. B. Pin. p. 88. Raj, Hift. ii.
p. 1229. . Syn. iii. p. 288. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 503. Scheuchz. i. p. 35. Dentaria CRO-
CODYHA. Tabern. Hift,-. 1231. Squamaria. Rivin. monop. irr. t. 88. bene. Rt/pp. Ffo.
Jen. Hall. Helv. p. 611. Squamate f. Deataria major. AICHST. Vern. Ord. I. t. I. f. I.
bene. Dentaria major u$vMai Orobanche facie. Barrel, Icon. 80. Lathraea caule fimpliciffimo,
corollis pendulis, labio inferiore trifiJo. Linn. Sp. PI, 606. Flo. Suec. n. 518. Hill.
Nat. Hift. PI. p. 507.

a diva-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 235

a divaricated bulb, elegantly imbricated. It is white, with a
bluiili tinge. It fends forth one, and fometimes two or three
ftalks, from four to fix inches high, thick, round and fucculent,
of a light purple, with a few oval ferrated membranes on the
lower part, inftead of leaves. The flowers are monopetalous,
and bilabiate. They are in a fpikc, in a pendulous lateral
feries ; commonly in pairs, with one between each pair, of a
beautiful fiefh-colour on their firfl appearance, on fhort white
pedicles, not eafily feen for a broad white pointed membrane on
the back of each, fmooth and glofly. The calyx is campaniform
and divided into four parts, of a flefh-colour, with a fhort white
down upon it, as is on the flowering part of the ftalk. The ovary
is compreflfed, ovated, pointed, and uni-locular. The feed is of
a greyifh-black, roundifh, and numerous, difpofed on a pla-
centa. In its older flate it aflirmes a lefs gay appearance. The
ftalk is then of a languid purple, and the flowers of a dull white.
It flowers in April and May.

I have not obferved the bulbous, fcven-leaved Dent aria, ivithfivs
black clujlered berries in the al/e of the leaves (a), to grow with us.

162. Naked, channelled Horfe-Tail (b)y called Shave-grafs, from its
being ufed by artificers for polifhing, and faid by a late learned

and

(a) Dentaria baccifera. Cluf. Pann. p. 445. Dentaria iv. Cluf. Hift. p. cxxi. Dentaria
bulbifera. Lol. p. 687. Dervtaria feptifolia. Titbern. p. 144. Dentaria heptaphyilos bacci-
fera. C. B. Pin. p. 322. Raj. Hift. i. p. 784. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 254. Town. Inft. p. 225.
Park. Theatr. p. 619. Deniaria, Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 200. Dentaria foliis inferioribus
pinnatis, fupernis fimplicibus. Linn. Hoit. Cliff, p. 335. Flo. Suec. n. 565. Rojen. lugdb.
p. 340. Hall. Helv. p. 557.

(b) Equifetum foliis nudum non ramofum five junceum. C. B. Pin. p. 16. Rupj>. Flo.
Jen. p. 282. Equifetum nudum. Raj. Hift. i. p. 129. Syn. Hi. p. iji. Equifetum

H h 2 caule

2-6 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

fc?

and able botanift not to be common in England f , is plentiful in a
flood-foil under bufhes on the banks of North Tyne, near Nunivick
and Chipchace ; and many other places. The dairy-women in the
neighbourhood ufe it for fmoothing their milk-veflels. It thrives
very well under culture in river-fand, mixt with a little gravel.

163. Hare1 s-Tail Ruflj ( c ) , grateful tofheep, and fattening them,
called by the fhepherds Mofs-crops, is plentiful in mountainous
mofles. The leaves in the fpring are of a deep and beautiful
red.

164. Great Cat 's-Tail, or Reed-mace (d)> is not imfrequent in
flow-running waters and ponds. It is in a pond at Ainivtck-ba.nk-

footj

caule fimpliciffimo, afpero, vaginis non laciniatis. Hall. Helv. p. 143. fequenti defcrip-
tione.

" Caulcs cubitales et ultra, abfque foliis aut ramis. Vaginae longe minimae, abfque den-
" tlculis, breviffimis apicibus nigris notataa. Caulis fulcatus in eminentibus Jugis denies
*' habet ad lentem vitream facile confpicuos, pene uti Cyperoidea gramina, ut inftar linze
" metalla poliat."

f MARTYN.

(c) Juncus alpinus cum cauda leporina. /. B. iii. p. 514. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1306-
Stbeuchz It. t. p. 41. Juncus alpinus capitulo lanuginofo, f. SCH^NOLAGUROS. C. B. Pin.
j>. 2. Prodr. p. 7. Scheucbz. Hid. Gram. p. 302. t. 7. f. i, 2, 3. & Agroft. Prodr. 26. t. 7.
Gratnen junceum lanatum aherjm DANICUM. Park. Theatr. p. 1271. Hift. Oxon. iii.
p. 224. t 9. f. 6. Rt gramen junceum f. Juncus alpinus capitulo lanuginofo. Hift. Own.
ib. Icon, ex C. B. Li-nagroftis alpina major, capitulo fmgulari minori. Miibil. Nov. Gen.
PI. p. 54. Linagroftis capite fmgulari ALOPECUROIDES. Valll. p. 117. Linagroftis fuliis
teretibus, fpica unica fubrotunda. Hall. Helv. p. 250. Eiiophorum culmis teretibus vagi-
natis, fpica membranacea. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 45. Eriophorum fpica lanis involuta Act. Upf.
1736. p. 47. Eriophorum fpica ere<Sta, cauk tereti. Flo. Lapp. n. 23. Riyen. lugdb. p. 51.

(d) Typha. Mattb. p. 863. Cam. Epit. p. 607. Ger. p 42. emac. p. 46. Raj. Hift.
ii. p. 1312. Syn. iii. p. 436. Dal, Pimm. p. 259. Linn, Hort. Cliff, p. 439. Flo. Suec.

n. 772.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

feqt, near Hexkam, to which it is a great ornament, with its
beautiful glume or panicle, on a ftalk five or fix feet high.

165. Great Speariuort (e)^ is in a pond at the fouth-weft end of
Wide-haugh) near Hexbam, fparingly. The root is fibrous. The
ftalk is round, fmooth, fiflulous, and branched, three or four
feet high. The leaves are feffile, a foot long, and an inch broad,
thick, fmooth and pointed. The flowers are at the top of the
ftalk and branches, of a beautiful orange-yellow, three quarters-
of an inch in diameter ; holding, their colour in drying. It.
flowers in June and July.

1 66. Great 'white Water-Lily^ or Water-rofe (f). In the lakes under
the Roman Wall, on the north and north-weft fide of She-wing-

n. 772. Royen. lugdb. p. 73. Typha paluftris. Dad. Pempt. p 604. Tabern. p. 24.6.
Typha paluftris major. C. B. Pin. p. 20. I.B. ii. p. 539. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 24.6. f. 8.
t. 13. f. I. bene. T'ourn. Inft. p. 540. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 26. DHL GifT. p. 154. Boerh.
Ifld. A. ii.- p. 167. Typha paluftris maxima. Ptrk. Thea:r. p. 1204* Typha clava craf-
fiflimo. Hall. Helv. p. 260.

(e) Ranunculus lanceatus major. Tabarn. p. 48. Icon bona. Ranunculus longo folio •
maximus, £/»£««• PtllfWi /. B. iii. p. 865.. Ranunculus longifolius paluftris major. C. B.
Pin. p. 180. Hift. Oxon. ir. p. 442. Tourn. Inft. p. 292. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 81. Boeiti,
Ind. A. p. 54. Ranunculus flammeus major. Raj. Hift. i. p. 587. Syn iii. p. 250. Park.
Theatr. p. 1215. Flammula, Offic Dal. Pliarm. p. 159. Ranunculus foliis lanceolatis,
caule ere&o. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 228. Flo. Suec. n. 457. Ranunculus erects, foliis
longis, feflilibusi capitulo fquamulus diftinfta. Hall. Helv. p. 322.

(f) Nymphaea alba. Card. Hift. p. 98. Afattb. p-.- 893. Cam. Epir. p. 634. Dod. Pempt.
p. 585. /. B. iii. p. 770. Ger. 672. emac. p. 819. /<«/'. Hift. ii. p. 1320. Syn. iii. p. 368.
Dal. Pharm. p. 238. Nymprwea alba major. C. B. Pin. p. 193. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 513.
Town. Inft. p. i6o. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 130. Nymphaea folirs cord;itis integertiinii-calyce
quadrifido. Linn. Sp. PI. 510. Nymphza calyce tetraphyllo, corolla multiplici. Flo.
Lapp. n. 219. Flo. Suec. n. 427. Hort. Cliff., p. 203. Raym. lugdb. p. 480. Nymphsea
calyce tetraphyllo, frudiu rotundo. H>ill. Helv, p. 3:3.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

/, plentifully. In GnW«*-lake, fparingly. It flowers in July
and Auguft. It raifes its head in a gradual expanfion above the
.water about fevcn in the morning, and about four in the after-
noon finks down again to its former ftation, into a ftate of reft,
clofing its leaves ; a faculty common to an abundance of other
plants, and very wonderful, having their conftant periodical
vigil* ; defigned by the fupreme Author of nature, as is thought
for the great end of fecundation *. With the root, and the pine-
bark, the poor Swedes are faid to have kept thcmfelves alive in
the want of other food in times of great dearth f. The diftillcd
water of the flowers and leaves is an antient and approved remedy
in fevers, and for all kinds of inflammations. It is alfo of an-
ticnt ufe as a cofmetic, clearing the fldn of pimples, and other
deformities, caufed by hear, giving it an agreeable foftnefs. A
bath made of the leaves, gives compofure and reft to per'fons
under fatigues from long and unfeafonable watchings, by only
-wafliing the feet at going to bed, when it is warm. Made into
a fyrup, it promotes fleep. The Turks make a liquor of it, of
which they are very fond $.

i<£7. The great yellow Water-Lily (g) is plentiful in the fame
lakes, and in many flow running waters ; in the rivulets of Pont

and

* See Mr. Pull's curious Obfcrvations on the Sleep of Plants in the PHIKXOPHICAI
Tranfactions.

t Under, de venen. p. 651. j Tavernhr. Halkr. \. c.

(S) Nymph,, lute,. MMk. p. 894- fe* ut « in Cam. Epit. P. 625. cum Charge.
1W. Pempt. P. 585. /. B. iii. p. 7?I. Ger. p. ^. emac_ {, ^ Ra} ^ .._
Syn. „,. p. 368. Dal. Ph.rm. p. 238. Nymphaa lutea major. Cluf. Hift. ii p |Xxvii
C. B. Pin. p. m. Park. Tbeatr. P. Ia,a. Hid. Oxm. iii. p. S13. Tn ^ ^
B*#. Ind. A. p. 28, DS11. Qiff t, ,„. Nymphx- calyce n.agno pentap|ly],o. Linn.

Flo.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 839

and Blyth ; alfo in the pond at Wide-haugh, near Hexham, with the
great Spear-worf. It flowers in July and Auguft. The flowers
keep their colour pretty well in drying under proper manage-
ment.

1 68. The beautiful, fmlriated, f mall yellow Water-Lily ( hj ; the
double-flowered, fweet-fcented Frogbit (i), both faid to be plentiful in
a ditch by the fide of vfW^ry-caufey, in the Ifle of Ely, clofe to
the great wooden bridge by the road from London to Cambridge * ;
the true Acorus, ov fweet-fmclling Flag (k), faid to grow plentifully
in the river Soar about Normanton, in LeiceflerJJjire f ; and the Water-

'~ji ' 1C i 1-" . '-: ,ti '•' . I • i .. ' .1 i- .•'.'

Flo. Lapp. n. 218. Flo. Suec. n. 426. Hort. Cliff, p. 203. Sp. PI. 510. Riyzn. lugclb.
p. 480. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p»472. Nymphaea calyce magno pentaphyllo, frudu pyri-
formi. Hall. Helv. p. 302. •

(b) Nymphza lutea minor flore fimbriato. 7. B. ii.'p. 772. C. B. Pin. p. 194. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 368. Nymphoides aquis innotans. Teurn. Inft. p. 153. Martyn. Tourn. ii.
p. 135. Menyanthes foliis cordatis integerrimis, corollis ciliatis. Linn. Sp. PI. 142.

(i) Nymphaea alba minima flore odorotiffimo. Raj. Syn. iii. et. Cant. p. 101. p. 290.
Morfus Ranae flore pleno odorotiffimo. Aferret. Pin. p. 79. 0. Hydrocharis flore pleno.
Hall. Helv. p. 301.

* Merret. \. c. Nymph, fimbr. flb. in fluvio CAM. infra CANTABR. copiofiflime.
Martyn, 1. c.

(k) Calamus aromaticus. Cord. Diofc. p. i. MifM. Nov. PI. Gen. p. 43. t, 31. Aco-
rum legitimum. C.'uf. Pann. p. 257. Hift. p. 231. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 261. Calamus aro-
maticus vulgaris, muhis Acorum. 7. B. ii. p. 734. Acorus verus f. calamus aromaticus
OFFICINARUM. C. B. Pin. p. 34. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 37. Boerh. Ind. A. ii. p. 167.
Dill. Giff. p no. Dal. Pharm. p. 259. Acorus -verus f. Calamus OFFICINARUM. Park.
Theatr. p. 140. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1313. Syn. iii. p. 437, Typha aromatica clava rugofa.
Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 246. f. x. t. 13. f. 4. Acorus Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 277. Sp. PI. 324. .
Reyen. lugdb. p. 6. Hall. Helv. p. 259.

f Mr. W. Pultenefs Obfervations on the Plants of Leiceflerjb. Ph. Tr. Vol. xlix.

Ake,

840 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Aloe, or Frefo-Water-Soldier (I), faid to grow plentifully in the
fens of Lincolnjfrire and £//, and by yfw<//y-caufey with the fweet
Frogbit £.; do not grow in any of our waters, fo far as I have
obferved.

-i 69. The -yellow Water-Iris^ or Flag-Flower (mj, is common. It
flowers in June. The flowers are of a cauftic tafte. The root was
formerly ufed as a fuccedaneum to the true Acorus. It is aflringent
and acrid, and cannot be taken inwardly without danger to the
bowels. Four ounces of the juice caufes a violent conftipation f.
It is therefore at prefent juftly denied a place in all judicious me-
dical forms, and wifely turned out of the confectionary. Ap-
plied to an aching tooth, it is faid to give fpeedy relief 4-. The
true ACORUS is of very different powers*.

169. We

(!) Stratiotts f. militaris aizoides. Lob. Hift. p. 904. Aloe paluftris. C. B. Pin. p. 286.
Stratiotes foliis Aloes, femine longo. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 29. Stratiotes. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n.
222. Flo. Suec. n. 444. Hort. Cliff, p. 221. Stratior.es foliis cnfifbrmi-triangulis ciliato-
aculeatis. Sp. PI.

t Merret. Raj. Syn. -1 c.

(m) Iris lutea f. Pfeudo-acorus. Cord. Hif. ii. c. 43. Pfeudo-Acorum. Matih. p. 22.
Acomm falfum. Cam. Epit. p, 6. bene. Pfeudo-Iris. Dad. 'Pempt. p. 248. Butomon. Cluf.
p. 232. Iris paluftris lutea. Tabern. p. 643. Ger. p. 46. emac. p. 50. Raj. Hift. .ii.
p. 1 1 86. Syn. iii. p. 374. Town. Inft. p. 360. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 26. Pfeudo-iris
paluflris. Hort. AICHST. Vern. Ord. 8. t. 7. f. 3. pulcbre. Acorus adultcrinus. C. B.
Pin. p. 34. Blair. Pharm. Bot. p. 31. Iris paluftris lutea f. Acorus adulterinus. I.B.u.
.p. 732. Hift. Oxon. ii. p. 353. t. 6. f. u. Dill. GifT. p. 79. Dal. Pharm. p. 247.
Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 16. Iris foliis enfiformibus, corollis imberbibus, petatis interioribus
ftigmate minoribus. Hort. Cliff, p. 19. Flo. Suec. n. 33. Rcyen. lugdb. p. 18. Iiis
imberbis, lutea, nervo folii eminente. Hall. Helv. p. 281.

t Blair. 4 Allen. Synopf. p. 321. Cl. Hall. cit.

* " Ad ventriculi debilitatem fidum medicamentum eft, five acidis cruditatibus turgeaf,
" five flatibus vexetur in hiftericis corporibus, five naufeabundus ad vomitum nimis facilis

«' fit.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

'170. We have the blue-floivered Iris (n) in boggy place?, but it is
not common. The root has a contrary 'effect from the former.
It is a violent cathartic. It is a favourite remedy with fome
people for the dropfy. A learned foreigner * ufed to give the
juice of it every other day, from one to four ounces, mixed
with half an ounce of cream of tartar ; whofe example was fol-
lowed by others. The flowers are tinctorial. An elegant green
colour is drawn from them f. It flowers in June.

The pale purple-flowered Water-Gladloh (o), faid to be plentiful
in Winander-msre , and Hull>s-'wateri in Weftniorland, and in Grayfori-

terne

f( fit, Qofis cruJi qualem exiftimo efficaciflimi fumi, ad duas drachmas, r.eque male puto
" in vino Burgundico infundi, quod confi'ium eft CHOMELII. Aquam diftiliatarn, non, ut
" BOERHAAVIUS & HERMANNUS ingratam, fed omnino arornaticam exhibet. I. A. WE-
" DEL. in difs. propria.

" Facillimus eft agnitu. Longa folia, tres & ultra lineas lata, a nervo insequaliter divi-
" dun'tur, & altera medietas tranfverfis 'rugis plicatur. Typha flava, unica, foliis brevior.
<'< Sapore aromatico omnes ftirpes ifeptentrionis indigenas 'facile fuperA. HALL. HELV".
p. 259.

(n) Gladiolus caeru^eus. Trar. p. ^99. Iris fylveftriy. Cord. Hift. i. 5i. c. 40. Mittb.
p. 17. Tab. p. 64.8. Iris fylveftris rnajor. Cam. Epit. p. 2. Iris latifolia major vulgai is.
Cluf. Hift. p. 224. Iris in BELGIO purpurea. Dtrd. Pempt. p. 233. Iris Vulgaiis violacea.
f. purpurea fylveftris. 7. B. ii. p. 709. Irisvulgaris GEK.MANICA f. fylveflrris. C. B. Pin.
p. 30. Tourn, Inft. p. 358. Rupp. Flo; Jen. p. 25. Iris vulgar!?. Raj. Hift. ii. p. 1180.
Dal. Pharm. p. 247. Iris corollis barbatis, caule foliis longiore, multifloro. Linn. Hort.
Cliff, p. 18. Royen. lugdb; p. 17. Hall Helv. p. 280.

* Chomel. f Ex floribus elegans color viriclis paratur. Haller. I.e.

(o) Gladiolus aquaticus f; Gladiolus paluftris. Did. Pempt. p. 950. Gladiolus ftag-
nalis DORTMANNI. Cluf. cur. 40. Raj. Hid. ii. p. 1325. Syn. iii. p. 237. Lucoicum
paluftre, flore fubcxruleo. C. B. Pin. p. 202. DORTMANNA paluflris, floribus fpurfis

VOL. I. I i per.ditlis.

242 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

terns near Cockermoutb, in Cumberland f, is not obferved to grow inr-
any of our waters; neither have we the flowering RuJJy (p).

171. MarJJj-^fphodel, or Bqflard-Afphodel fq), is frequent in boggy
mountainous grounds. It is in a marfhy pafture under the rocks
by the Roman wall on the weft fide of Sheiving-Jheels ; alfo in the
bogs at Hord-lee, near Bellingham, plentifully. The flowers are in
a fpike. They are ftellate, of a bright and beautiful yellow,
punctated with red. It flowers in July. By a wonderful in-
flinct in nature, Deer are faid to Haunch the blood of their
wounds, and to heal them by lying down upon it. It is a quick-
healing plant, and in dangerous wounds requires to be reftrained
by a lefs active ingredient £..

pendulis. Rudb. Act. Upf. 1720. p. 97. t. 2. optime. Lobelia foliia linearibus biloculari-
bus integerrimis, caule fubnudo. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 714. Lobelia foliis bilocularibus
fubulatis. Flo. Lapp. n. 279. Hort. Cliff, p. 426.

f Wilfon. Syn. Ray. I. c.

(p) Gladiolus paluftris. Cord. Hift. p. 121. bona defcriptio. Juncus floridus. Mattb.
p. 1037. bene. Cam. Epit. 781. /. B. ii. p. 524. Raj. Hift. p. 700. Blair. Bot. E1T.
p. 215. cum Charaftere. Gladiolus aquatilis. Dod. Pempt. p. 600. Juncus floridus major.
C. B. Pin. p. 12. Juncus cyperoides floridus paluftris. Lob. Ic. p. 86. Juncus cyperinus
floridus. Tabsrn, p. 250. Sedo affinis juncoides umbellata paluftris. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 468.
f. 12. t. 5. f. penult. Juncus cyperoides paluftris. Hort. AICHST. Vern. Ord. t. 4. f. •>.
Butomus flore rofeo. Town. Inft. p. 270. Butomus Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 24. Rudbek.
p. 96. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 273. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 159. Flo. Suec. n. 328. Hort. Cliff,
p. 155. Royen. lugdb. p. 35. Hall. Helv. p. 299.

(q] Afphodclus luteus paluftris. Dod. Pempt. p. 208. Pfeudo-a'phodolus primus vel-
major. CLUS. Hi/}. Pfeudo-afphodelus paluflris ANGLICUS. C, B. Pin. p. 29. Phalan-
gium ANGLICUM paluftre, IRIDIS folio. Tourn. Inft. p. 368. Raj. Syn. iii p. 375. An-
thericum foliis enfiformibus, filamentis lanatis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 268. Sp. PI. 311, An-
thericum fcapo foliofo laxe fpicato, filamentis villofis. Flo. Lapp. n. 136. Royen. lugdb.
p. 45.

I PH. TRANSACT. No. 117.

172. Adders-*

OF TREES AND* PLANTS. 243

172. Adders-tongue (r). On the borders of a wood by a foot-
way below Honey clugh-CTa,gt on the eail fide of a ftreamlet, near
Chejlerwood, in great abundance, on a dry bank, ufed for meadow.
I never met with it in any other place with us. The root is orbi-
culated at the crown, with cylindric bulbous fibres, an inch and
a half or two inches long, equally and uniformly extending
everyway in the ground, three or four inches deep. It fends
forth a fmgle ovated leaf, without a nerve, thick and fucculent,
of a yellowim-green. The ftalk is from three to near five inches
high. The tongue is flender and mucronated, for the mofl part
fimple, but fometimes bifid, and not unfrequently trifid. The
fructifications are clofely arranged in a double feries to the middle
of it, with an elegant kind of ferrature at the edges. It flowers
in May and June. It is ufed with great commendations for green
wounds. Made into an ointment with Dwarf-Elder^ it is an effec-
tual and never-failing remedy for cattle bitten by the adder,
and other pernicious reptiles.

173. Moonivort (s). In dry hilly paftures. On both fides of
the Roman Wall at Tower-tciy^ near Wall-wick. In a-pafture near

the

(r) Ophiogloffum. Cam. Epit. p. 364. bene. Hall. Helv. p. 131. Hort. EYSTETT.
Vern. Ord. vi. t. 7. f. 2. 7. B. iii. p. 708. Ger. p. 327. emac. p. 404. Raj. Hift. i. p. 126.
Syn. iii. p. 128. Dill. Gifl". p. 67. Dal. Pharm. p. 62. Ophioglofion. Mattb. p. 594.
Dad. Pempt. p. 139. Lingua vulneraria. Cord. Hift. ii. c. 118. p. 153. OphioglofTum vul-
gatum. C. E. Pin. p. 354. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 595. t. 5. Plum. Filic. AM ERIC. p. 36.
t. B. f. 5. Tcurn. Inft. p. 548. Eocrh. lud. A. p. 27. OphioglofTum frond c ovata. Linn.
Flo. Suec. n. 839. OphioglolTum folio ovato, fpica c'iftica. Hort. Cliff, p. 472.

(s) Lunaria minor. Cam. Epit. p. 643. Icon bona. dr. p. 328. etna;, p. 405. Park.
Theatr. p. 507. Raj. Hid. i. p. 127. Lunaria. Dad. Pempr. p. 139. Cord. lylv. p. 221.
Dal. Pharm. p. 62. Lunaria botrytis minor. C'.uf. Hift. p. cxviii. Lunaria boirytis. 7. B.
iii. p. 709. ACCHTETT. Vern. Old. Fru£t. t. 3. f. 3. Barrel. Icon. 252. n. in. Epime-
tlium. COLUMN. Phytobas. p. 65, &c. TAB. xviii. pulcbre. Lunaru racemofa minor 5c

I i 2 vulga-

244 OF TREES AND PLANTS;

the high Wood-houfe, or Weft-ivood, a mile from the weft boat, near
Hexham. The root is fibrous, black on the outfide, and yellow
within. It fends forth a fmgle round pedicle with a pinnated
leaf, formed of four or five pair of folioles, with a terminale
one, each fmall at the bafe of an elegant lunulated figure. A
little flalk rifes from the Al<s of the leaves, on which are numer-
ous peduncles, with greenifh-yellow flowerets. It flowers in
May. The fructifications are mature in June, like a white
powder.

I have not obferved die flowering Water-Fern, oxOfmund-Royai
which is faid to be in the ditches on -Brigjteer-mofe) near Kendal,
in Weftmorland *, to grow with us.

174. Small rough Spleen-wort ( u) is frequent about alpine fha-
dowy rocks. It is plentiful about J>cto-rocks, both .above and

below

vulgaris. C. B. Pin. p. 354. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 594. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 127. Dill. GifT. Raj.
Syn. iii. ;p. 128. Ofmunda foliis lunatis. Tottrn. Inft. p. -547. Scheuchz. It.- i. 'p. 46. -Hull.
Helv. p. 130. Ofmunda fcapo caulino ,unico, frond e pinnata folitaria, Li/in.-flo. Suec.
11,842. Ofmunda folio pinnatifido : pinnis lunulatis. Flo. Lapp. n. 389. Ofmunda fronde
pinnata caulina, pinnis lunulatis. Hort. Cliff, p. 472.

(t). Filix floribus infignis. I.-B. iii. p. -733. Filix ramofa, non dentata, florida. C. B.
Pin. p. 35.7... Ofmunda regalis f. Filix florida. Park. Theatr. .p. 1038. Ger. emae. p. 1131.
Raj. Hift. i. p. 151. Plum. Filic. AMERIC. p. 35. t. B. f. 4. Martyn. Totirn. ii. p. 152.
Ofmunda vulgaris & paluftris. Tourn. Inft. p. 547. Filix botrytis five florida major pin-
nulis non dentatis ex adverfo nafcemibus. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 593. Ofmunda fcapo pa-
niculata polyphyllo. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 840. Ofmunda frondibus caulinis fimpliciter pin-
natis, pinnis lanceolatis. Hort. ClifF. p. 472.

» Wilf. Syn.

(u) Afplenon fylveftre. Trag. p. 550. Icon lona. Struthiopteris. Cord. Hift. Hall. Helv.
p. 132. Lonchitis afpera. Dod. Pempt p. 469. Ger. p. 978. emac. p'. 1140. Raj.
Hift. i. p. 138. Syn. iii. p. 118. Lonchitis alteraNcoTRicoRUM. CLUS. Pann. p. 705. Hift.

p. ccxiii.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 245

below the water-fall ; alfo about the rocks by the fpring at Long-
Crag, near Watlingftreet. The younger plants are difpofed on the
ground in the form of a ftar.

i . . I • : .

175. T\\o. flowering Stone-Fern (w) is plentiful among the rocks
under the Roman wall, on the wefl-lide of Sheiving-fheels. It is alfo
among the rocks by Cnj^-lake, towards the weft end, in great
abundance. It grows in tufts. The root is compofed of long,
black, capillary fibres. The ftalks are naked for four or five
inches, finooth, and ilender. The foliola are of a lively green,
elegantly cut ; part like thofe of curled pariley, and part narrow
and reflex at the edges, on which are the fructifications, per-
fected in Auguft and September, of a beautiful orange-yellow.

176., Hind' s-Tongue (x.) is fcarce with us. I have obferved it to
grow fparingly among 'the rocks by a fmall cataract, or water-
fall,

p. ccxiii. Lonchitis afpera minor. Cam. Epit. p. 665. Park. Thentr. p. 1042. Lonchitis
altera foliis POLYPODII. /. B. iii. p. 744. Lonchitis minor. C. B. Pin. p. 359. Lon-
chitis vuigatior folio vario. Hift. Oxvn. iii. p. 569. Polypodium anguftifolium folio vario.
Tourn. Inft. p. 540. Boerb. Ind. A. ii. p. 25. Pteris fronde pin.natifida lanceolata, laciniis
parallelis integerrimis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 844. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 137. Pteris fronde
pinnata, foliolis linearibus parallelis. Royen. lugdb. p. 497.

(w) Adianthum album floridum f. Filicula'petraea crifpa. -Plubut. p. 9. t. 3. f. 2. ubi
utrumque foliorum genus pin^itur. Raj. Hift. i. p. 159. Filix botrytis minima, f. filicula
petrcea florida ANGLICA foliis pi urifariam divifi?. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 593. f. 14. 1.4. f. 4.
habet etiam utrumque foliorum genus. • Ofmunda J^eflmorlandica foliis tenuiffime difleiSt^.
Petiver. n. 798. Filicda montana florida perelegans f. Adianthum album floridurm Bhir.
Obferv. p. 1 10. Filix ramis duplicato ramofis, latiffime divifis, pinnulis piofunde crcnatis,
per foecunditatem integris. Hall. Helv. p. 133.

(x) Scolopendrium. C.rd. Hift. p. 113. Phyllitis. Maltli. p. 831. Cam. Epit. p. 579.
Icon buna. Dad. Pempt. p. 467. Ger. p. 976. emac. p. 1138. Raj. Hift, i. p. 134. Syn.
iii. p. 1 16. Phyllitis vulgaris. Clnf. Hift. p. ccxiii. Phyllitis f. Lingua cervina TRAGI.

/. B.

246 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

• £ JT — - *

fall, at Honey clugh-c.r-a.gi near Chejleriuood, on SW/j J/M*?. It is alfo
fparingly about the rocks in the clugh, or gill, at Sandoe, near
Hexham. The fructifications are on the back of the leaves in ob-
lique lines, perfected in autumn. It is of a naufeous tafte. It
is commended for the fpleen and obftrucliions in the liver. It is
.ufed by infufion in ale in the fpring with us, for attenuating and
fweetening the blood. In Italy, the leaves are in frequent ufe for
Lburns and fcalds *. It enters into vulnerary draughts f.

177. Spleen-wort, or Miltivajl (y), one of the five capillaries,
faid to be on Trout-beck-}} ridge, in Weftmorland J, does not grow
with us where I have been.

/. B. iii. p. 756. Lingua Cervina OFFICINARUM. C. B. Pin. p. 353. Tourn. Inft. p. 544.
Baerh. Ind. A. p. 23. Dal. Pharm. .p. 63. Plumier. Filic. AMERIC. p. 34. t. A. f. 4.
Lingua cervina vulgaris. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 556. Afplenium frondibus linearibus integris
bafi cordatis inflexis; petiolis hirfutis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 474. Flo. Suec. n. 853.
Roym. lugdb. p. 498. Hall. Helv. p. 134.

* Welfth. iMiflom. p. 30. f Haller. 1. c,

(y) Scolopendria vera. Trag. p. 551. Icon bona. Scolopendrion f. Afplenon. Cord. Hift.
p. 175. Afplenium. Dod. Pempt. p 468. Afplenium f. Ceterach. 7. B. iii. p. 139. Ger.
p. 978. emac. p. 1140. Raj. Hift. i. p. 139. Park. Theatr. p. 1046. Hift. Oxon. iii.
p. 561. Tourn. Inft. p. 544. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 84, 85. Plum. Filic. AMERIC. p. 33.
r. B. f. 3. Ceterach OFFICINARUM. C. B. Pin. p. 354. Dal. Pharm. p. 63. Afplenium
fronde pirmaiifida laciniis alternis adnatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 474. Rcyen. lugdb. p. 498.
Hall. Helv. p. 135. fequenti defcriptione.

" In cefpites denfos ex nigris radiculis cafcitur. Folia fola edit, abfque caulibus, dura,
" pallide viridia, ea ad medium nervum alterna adnafcuntur, & proximis bafibus confluunt.
<c Pars averfa mufcofo, paleari, f.ubigine tota obducitur. Scrobiculi feminales ad nervum
" inclinati. Tourn. Tab. 318.

" Inter quinque plantas capillares numeratur, & in ufum rarius recipitur. Splenem di-
" minuere veteres djxerunt, quod coagula hypochondriaca refolveret, quse fplenem magnum
" faciunt. BOERB."

t Wilfm. Syn.

178. Engli/fj

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 247

178. Engli/f} black Maiden-hair (z)^ another of the five capillaries,
of great ufe as a pe&oral, is frequent about alpine rocks. It is
in the fi flu res of the rocks by Thrto-water-fall. It is among the
rocks under the Roman wall, on the weft fide of Sheiving-Jheels,
and by Ov^-lake, in large tufts, from five to nine inches long.

I have not obferved ihefmall Sea-fern fa), in fhape and colour
very much refembling the former, but more robuft, to grow
about our fea-rocks.

179. Black Maiden-hair (bj, is frequent at the roots of trees in
alpine woods, and about moift rocks. It is in the bank of wood

under

»

(z) Trichomanes. Cord. Hift. p. 170. Mattk. p. 1202. Cam. Epit. p. 925. Dad. Pempt.
p. 471. Park. Theatr. p. 1051. Raj. Hift. i. p. 140. Dal. Pnarm. p. 64. Tii homa-
nes f. Polytricon. /. B. ii. p. 754. Dill. Giff. Trichomanes f. Polytricum OFFICI-
NARUM. C. B. Pin. p. 356. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 591. Town. Inft. p. 539, Plumier. Filic.
AMERIC. p. 26. t B. f . i . Baeih. Ind. A. p. 25. Afplenium fronde pinnata, foliolis fub-
rotundis crenatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 474. Flo. Lapp. n. 388. Flo. Suec. n. 854.
Royen. lugdb p 498. Hall. Helv. p. 135.

(a) Ch.imasftlix marina ANGLICA. Lob. Icon. p. 814. I. B. iii. p. 737. Raj. Syn. iii.
p. 119. Filiculamaritimaex infulis fta?chadibus. C. B Pin. p. 358. Filix marina ANGH-
CA. Raj. Hift, i. p. 140. Lonchitis maritima. Tourn. Inft. Afplenium fronde pinnata,
foliis ovatis, margine fuperiore gibbo incifis. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 474. Royen. lugdb.
p, 458. Hall. Helv. p. 136. fequenti defcripdone.

" Priori fatis fimilis eft, tota robuftior, cauliculis nigri«, foliis conjugatis amplioribu?, ob-
" lique triangularibus, ita ut ea pars, quae fini folii propria eft, ventricofa bafi, & qu.ifi ap-
" pendiculata fit. Infcriptiones per paria, tria ad feptem, fed altero in latere plures."

(1) Adianthum foliis longioribus pulverulentis pediculo nigro. C.B. Pin. p. 355." Bift.
Oxon. iii. p. 588. t. 4. f. 16. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 26. Adianthum nigrum OFFICJNARUM.
/. B. iii. p. 743. Raj. Hift. i. p. 152. Syn. iii. p. 126. Marlyn. Tourn. i. p. JO. Dal.
Pharm. p. 65. Adianthum nigrum OFFICINARUM pinnulis obtufioribus, & eadem pinnulis

acuti-

OF TREES AND PLANTS,

under the freeftone-quarry on the weft fide of Hall-barns, near
§imonburn. It is alfo in the wood by the flate-quarry at Blake-law,
oppoiite to Loiv Moralee, near Wark, in Tynedale. The root is
fibrous, creeping, and divaricated, fending forth new plants at
diftances. The flalk is naked for about three or four inches, of
a blackim-green, fmooth and glofly. The pinna is cordiform,
broad at the bottom, and fhorter all the way up ; of a pale, 'but
beautiful green, keeping its colour in drying. It is often gathered
and fold to the fhops for the Trichomanes by the common herba-
l-ills, with which it is fo nearly allied in virtue, that it is ad-
judged by a slearned author at Paris to be one of the chief pecto-
rals, and is therefore admitted there, and with us, among the
capillaries, but not by the Germans *.

180. White Maiden-hair, Wall-rue, or Tent-'wort fcj, is not com-
mon. It is fparingly on both .fides of the bridge over the Tyne at

Cor-

acutioribus. Tottrn. Inft. p. 541. Adiunthum nigrum. Blackw. Tab. 220. lent. Afple-
nium f'ondibus duplicate pinnatis, foliis inferioribus majoribus, folii-s obverfe ovatis, fuperne
crcnatis. Royen. lugdb. p. 498. Afplenium ramis ratnofis, confertis, furfum decreicentibus.
Hell. Helv. p. 136.

* " Inter capil'lares plantas apud Gallos & Anglos refenur nomine Adiantbi fligri, Ger-
" manicis officinis incognitum. CHOMELIUS inter peftorales prsecipuo loco ponit, p. 82."
HALLER. 1. c.

(e) Capillus veneris. Dorjltn. p. 61. bene. Ruta muraria. Trag. p. 529,530. Dad.
Pempt. p. 470. 7. B. iii. p. 753. C. B. Pin. p. 356. Tourn. Inft. p 541. Plum. Filic.
AMERIC. p. 29. t. A. f. 3. Boerb. InJ. A. p. 26. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 123. Paronychia.
Mattb. p. 1041. Ccfin. Epit. p. 785. uptime. Adunthum album. Cr.rd Diorc. iv. c. 526.
Tab. p. ^96. Raj. Hift. i. p. 146. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 9. Salvia vitas f. Ruta mu-
raria. Label, p. .811. Park. Theatr. p. 1050. Ger. p. 983. etnac. p. 1144. Da!. Pharm.
p. 64. Filicula petrsea RUTJE facie. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 585. Afplenium frondibus alter-

natim decompofitis, foliolis cuneitormibus crcnulatis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 8s?. Sp. Pi.
iluoi . • '

1081.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 249

Gorbrldge. It is alfo fparingly in the fi flu res of the church-wall of
St. Peter, in Eywell. There is a plant of it in a filTure of the
chancel-wall of the church at Slmonburn, on the north fide. It
was more frequent before many of the old towers and other an-
tient caftellated buildings were pulled down. It was in great
plenty, and larger than common, in the joints and crevices of
the old ruin of Simonburn-ca.ft.le, before it was taken down, and
an artificial one raifed in its room, for an object of pleafure, by
its owner, Sir Lancelot Allgood, of Nunivick, Knight. Some of the
plants that were flickered within the hollows from the winds,
were four, and others near five, inches high, fuftained by no
other nourishment than the mortar, a mixture of lime and fand,
and fuch falts as might be derived from the walls, mellowed by
age, and parting freely. The fructifications are on the back-
part of the foliola, perfected in September, of a coal-black. It is
one of the five capillaries, and is not unfrequently ufed as zfuc-
cedaneum to the true maiden-hair. Its chief ufe is as a pectoral,
in the form of tea *. There are fome who advife it for the fcur-
vy f. It fometimes enters into emetic draughts :£.

1 8 1. Polypody (d) is frequent at the roots of trees and about
rocks in damp mountainous woods, and old fliadowy ftone-

walls,

1081. Rayen. lugdb. p. 498. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 140. Afplenium ramis duplicate ra-
mofis, pinnis ferratis, aequalibus, &laxe difpofitis. Hall. Helv. p. 137.

* Alleyne. Chomel. f Etmuller, ex experimento Micbaells.

J Boerhaavius, HIPPOCRATJS imitator. CL. HALLER. 1. c.

(d) Polypodium. Trag. p. 539. Cord. p. 171. Mattb. p. 1292. /. B. iii. p. 746. Raj.
Hift. i. p. 137. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 117. Ger. p. 972. etnac. p. 1132. Filicula f. Pi-lypo-
dium. Cam. Epi'. p. 993. Polypodium majus. Dad. Pempt. p. 464. Polypodium vulgare.
C, B. Pin. p. 357. Park. Theatr. p. 1039. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 56?. Tourn. Inft. p. 540.

VOL. I. K k Martyn.

ajo OF TREES AND PLANTS.

walls, topped with earth. The fructifications are on the back
of the leaves, in orbiculated or round dots, in a double feries,
parallel to the nerve, perfected in autumn, of a beautiful orange-
yellow. The root is of a naufeous, but fweetifh tafle. A drachm,
or two of the juice of it taken at a time, is commended for the
hypochondriac affection *. It is cathartic or purgative, but not
effectual under a lefs quantity than four ounces -f. It is there-
fore feldom ufed alone. It is an ingredient in pectoral and he-
patic draughts f .

182. Oak-Fern (e) is frequent in the fiffures of moift rocks, and

on the banks of damp woods. It is in the fiffures of the rocks

by the ftone-grotto above TV^^-water-fall, and among the rocks

on the banks of Crook-burn, between the lime-kiln and Town-

fheele, about a mile and a half weft from Tecket. It is in the bank

Martyn. Tourn. ii. p. 182, 183. Plum. Fil. Americ. p. 27. t. A. f. 2. Boerb. Ind. A.
p. 24. Polypodium quercinum, OFFICINARUM. Dal. Pharm. p. 63. Polypodium pinna-
turn, pinnis lanceolatis integris. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 380. Hall. Helv. p. 137.

* BOERHAAVE Prat. f CHOMEL. plant. Us. p. 487.

J HALLER. 1. c.

(e) Dryopteris f. Querna-Filix. Lob. Adv. p. 363. Icon. p. 825. Dryopteris f. Filix
Querna repens. Park. Theatr. p. 1041. Filix pumila faxatilis ii. Cluf. Hift. p. ccxii. Fi-
lix minor non ramofa. I. B. iii. p. 740. Raj. Hift. i. p. 46. Tourn. Inft. p. 537. Filix
faxatilis foliis non ferratis. C. B. Pin. p. 358. Pluknet. Almg. t. 159. f. 3. Icon. bona.
Scheuchz. v. p. 425. Filix non ramofa minor fylvatica repens. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 580.
f. 14. t. 4. f. 17. Polypodium tenerum minus. Boerb. Ind. A. p. 25. Polypodium pin-
natum, pinnis lanceolatis pinnatifidis, integris, inferioribus nutantibus. Linn. Flo. Lapp.
n. 382. Hall. Helv. p. I 38.

" Pinnae totae nervis confpicuis piclz, ut Filix femina. Extremae pinjias longe & diffbr-
" miter in unum fegmentum confluunt." Holler. 1. c.

Of

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 2j-i

of wood below the freeflone-quarry oppoiitc to the upper end of
the rectory-den at Simonburn, plentifully with the black Maiden-hair,
where it is larger than common, in a moift clay-foil, covered
with mofs, rotten flicks, and putrid leaves, to whofe fertilizing
falts it owes its groflhefs and luxuriancy. The root is black,
fibrous, and creeping, fending forth new plants at fmall diftan-
ces. The ftalk is naked for three or four inches or more, fmooth,
flender and fragile. The pinnules are broad at the bottom, and
narrower all the way up, lanceolated, and ending in a remark-
able long fegment, of a yellowifh-green, with many nerves.
The fructifications are in dots on the back of thefotiola, perfected
in autumn. Its ufual height is from feven to twelve inches.

183. Creeping Water-Fern, or the lejjer MarJh-Fern ff), is not com-
mon. It is in the fi/Tures of the cavernous dripping rocks of
Tecket-wa.ter-fa.il ; alfo in the hollows of the fhadowy dripping
rocks on the edge of the brook below Tecket, on the north fide,
in large tufts. I obferved it too on a moift bank at the end of
the deep crag in Honeyclugh, below the fmall cataract, near Chef-
terwood, on the eaft fide. The root is tufted and knobby at the
crown, with long blackifh creeping fibres. It fends forth a great

,'j.i [j ..'. .'Jlij^-V.j

(f) Filix fontis admirabilis ad marem vulgarem non ramofam, accedens, non dentata. I. B.
iii. p. 109. defer. Et Filix tenuiflime & profunde denticulata MONTHELGARDICA. Icon,
ib. Filix minor paluftris repens. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 122. Synonyma mutavit cl. HALLER,
examinatis notis & defcriptionibus. Hanc enim frequentia orbiculorum feminalium," illam
inordinate pinnae diftinguunt & parvitas. Polypodium pinnis ramorum integris, frequenti-
bus, ordinatitn defcrefcentibus. Hall. Helv. p. 139. fequenti defcriptione.

.*' Ad filicem marem omnino accedir, flatura, frequentia confertorum ramorum, qua
" priores fuperat, pinnarum longitudine, & oris parallelis, &c. Sed margines integerrimi
«« fu'nt, & bafibus confluunt, uti in priore (n. 81.) Ortiiculi feminales numcrofi, ad 10
«« paria, & ultra, concinno ordine difponuntur." HALLER. 1. c.

K k 2 number

2C2

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

number of flalks, naked for four or five inches, flender, round,
fmooth, of a dark glofTy green, and fometimes with an amethyf-
tinc tinge, efpecially thofe in the fiffures of the dripping rocks,
from nine to fifteen inches high. The pinnules and folioles are
narrow at the top, of a lively pleafant green : the folioles are
finely cut. The fructifications are on the back part, in numer-
ous neat dots, perfected in September, of a dark or blackifh-
brown.

184. Crejled Male-Fern (g) is plentiful on wood-banks. A hand-
ful of the root, infufed in white wine, is advifed by a learned
foreigner * as an excellent remedy for tumours that threaten a
dropfy. It is alfo commended for killing worms, and taking
away pains in the flomach f.

185. The fmatl ere/led Fern (h) is frequent about damp rocks in
mountainous woods. It is plentiful among the rocks in the

wood-

^•rr v{f-^f :<ri:

(g) Filix. Dorfen. p. 124. Cam. Epit. p. 991. Filix mas. Fucbf. p. 594. bene. Mattb.
p. 1290. Dod. Pempt. p. 462. Filix mafcula. Cord. p. 169. Filix vulgo mas didla f. non
ramofa. /. B. iii. p. 797. Filix mas non ramofa dentata. C. B. Pin. p. 358. Hid. Oxon.
iii. p. 578. cum Icone, t. 3. f. 6. Tourn. Inft. p. 536. t. 310, 311. Beerk. Ind. A. p. 26.
Dill. GifT. p. 103. Filix mas vulgaris. Park. Theatr. p. 1036. Raj. Hift. i. p. 143.
Filix mas non ramofa, pinnulis latis, denfis, minutim dentatis. Ger. emac. p. 1129. Filix
mas pinnulis criftatis. Valll. Bot. Pans. p. 53. t. 9. f. 2. Polypodium fronde duplicate
pinnata, foliolis obtufis crenulatis, petiolo ftrigofo. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 475. Flo. Suec.
n. 846. Royert. lugdb. p. 499. Hall. Helv. p. 139.

* CHOMEL. fupp. a I'biji. des pi. ufuel. p. 145. conf. p. 489. f HALLER. I. c.

(b] Filix mollis five glabra vulgar! mari non ramofae accedens. I. B. iii. p. 738. Faill.
Bot. Paris, p. 53. t. 9. f. 4. Filicula fontana latiori folio ad imum folummodo ramofa.
Pluknet. Aim. p. 150. t. 180. f. 6. oranino vidctur. Filix non ramofa major, pinnulis latiuf-
culis longioribus, in profundos denticulas divilbs. Hift. Oxon. iii. f. 14. 1.3. f. u. videtur

taauntt

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 253

wood-banks by the brook below Tecket. It is a lower and flen-
derer plant than the former, with fomewhat deeper ferratures at
the edges of the pinnules ; otherwife they are pretty much alike,
both in the clofenefs of the branches and pinnules, and number
and difpofition of the fructifications, which are commonly fix or
feven together.

1 86. The Male-Fern, -with thin-fct deeply-indented leaves (i), is
unfrequent about moifl fhadowy rocks. I have obferved it about
the large rocks by the brook below Tecket ; alfo below the catc-
raft at Honeyclugh, near Chefterwood. The pinnules are much
longer than thofe of the former. They are more frequently and
deeply crenated, fometimes even to the very nerve. The fructi-
fications are in orbicular dots on the back part, about fix in a.
group together, perfected in the latter end of autumn.

187. Dwarf Stone-Fern (k) is in the fifiures of the dry cavernous.
parts of the fleep freeftone rocks on both fides of the brook be-
low Tecket, fparingly. The root is fibrous and tufted. It fends
forth many flalks, four inches long, fmooth, and firm, of a pala

omnlno. Filix non ramofa latifolia dentata. "Tourn. Inft. p. 536. Polypodium fronde dupli-
cato-pinnata : pinnis obtufis coadunatis crenatis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 848. Polypodium
ramorum pinnis obtufis ellipticis, crenis imis pinnarum bifidts. Hall. Helv. p, 139:'

(!) Filix petraea femina i. Tabern. p. 793. Icon bona. Filix mas non ramofa, pinnulis-an-
guftis rarioribus profunde dentatis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 579. f. 14. t.- 3. f. 8. bene. Pluknet.
Phyt. p. 130. t. i jO. f. 4. Raj. Hift. p. 144. Syn. iii. p. 121. Polypodium fronde tfu-
plicato-pinnata, pinnulis lanceolatis, acutis, pinnatifidis. Linn. Flo. Lapp, nv 386. Flo;-
Suec. n. 847. Royen. lugdb. p. 499. Hall. Helv* p. 140.

(k) Adianthum album. Label. Adverf. p. 361. Icon. p. 810. omnino •uideiur. Filicula-'
fontana. Tabern. p. 792. Filicula fontana minor, C. B. Pin. p. 358. Polypodium pinJ-
narwn pinnis bidentatis, & tridentatis, breviflirais.- liail, Helv> p. 140.

whitifh-

254 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

whitifh-grecn. The branches are thin fet, the fhorteft about an
inch long, the middle ones larger, producing but few pinnules,
and fparingly, not more than nine. The largeft have three fer-
ratures, the reft only one. The fructifications are round, about
five together.

There is a variety of it in the nffiires of the moifter rocks of a

more firm texture (Ij, owing chiefly to its fituatioru
•kfd 'yjtul i " *:'

188. The leajl Stone-Fern (m) is on the eaft fide of a large rock
in the brook oppofite to Tecket, fparingly. It is from an inch to
two inches long, rarely more. The folioles are fhorter and lefs
than thofe of the Trichomanes. I have obferved it in a fiflure of
the fame rock with the faffron-ycllow ByJJus, and the fmall fringed
Lichen^ rifing through the middle of them. It dies down to the
root on the approach of winter, commonly before October. Its
fmallnefs often makes it overlooked and unobferved.

•_
189. Thejfotf cut Stone-Fern*, *with flender brittle Jlalks (n), is not

unfrequent about alpine-rocks. I have obferved it among fome
of thofe at Tecket ; alfo at Little PFaneyhoufe-cra,g, near Sivethope-
lake. The ftalks, in general, are half a foot high. The branches
are fparingly difpofed. The pinnules are lobated and ferrated.

(I) Adianthum filkinum durius crifpum minimum. Barrel. Ic. 432. n. i. Iconbona.

(m) Filix faxatilis omnium minima elegantiffima. Pluknet. t. 89. f. 3. lean eerie rejpcndet.
RAJ. Hift. iii. p. 78.

(n) Adianthum album folio filicis. /. B. iii. p. 739. omnino. Filix faxatilis cauliculo
tenui fragili. Pluknet. t. 180. f. 5. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 125. Adianthum filicinum aquaticum
mollius minimum. Barrel. Icon. 432. n. 2. Polypodium fronde duplicate pinnata, pinnis
remotis, foliolis fubrotundis incifis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 384. Flo, Suec. n. 849. Royen,
lugdb.-p. 500. Hall. Helv. p. 140.

The

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 255

The largeil lobes only are cut to the nerve. When the lobes arc
rounder, broader, and not fo deeply cut, it makes a variety diffe-
rent from the next to be defcribed. The groups of fructifica-
tions are larger, and in old plants entirely cover the back part of
the lobes.

190. The Jlender Stone-Fern, ivlth ore/led folioks (o), is frequent In
the clefts of alpine-rocks. I have obferved it in the fiffures of
7>c&tf-rocks, and other places. It very much refembles the for-
mer. It differs from it by its narrow pinnules, and bifid acute
ferratures, ending in fpinules, like the fmall crejied Fern, and cut
to the very nerve ; alib by the fmaller number of fructifications ••
on the back of the folioles, which never cover them entirely.

191. The fmall branched Female-Fern fp), is not uncommon irr
woods. It is a foot high. The branches are in pairs on the
ilalk, and gradually Ihorter. Thefe alfo are branched, and have
diftincl pinnules, firm, clofe, and long, marked with parallel
lines. The fructifications are in groups, and yellow.

192. The great branched Male-Fern, with crefted pinnules (qj, a
beautiful fern, is not common. I have obferved it among the

(«) Filix Rhsetica tenuifiime denticulata. I. B. iii. p. 740. Filix pumila faxatilis altera.
Pluknet. p. 151. -t. 179. f. 5. Segmenta latiora pinxit. Polypodium pinnis ramorum laxe
pinnatis, pinnulis acute dentatis. Hall. Helv. p. 140.

(p) Filix arborea. Trag. p. 538. bent. Filix petrsea femina iv. Ta&ern. p. 794. Filix
ramofa minor pinnulis non dentatis. C. B. Pin. p. 358. Tourn. Inft. Filix ramofa minor.
/. B. iii. p. 741. Raj. Hifr. i. p. 151. Polypodium trifidum, ramis pinnatis, pinnis pin-'
natifidis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 387. Polypodium pinnis ramorum pinnatis, pinnulis con*
fertis, oblongis, integerrimis. Hull. Helv. p, 141. Nm eft Dryopteris TRAQJ. Phikntt.

tr 179. f- 4«

(q] Filix mas ramofa pinnulis dentatis. Pluknet. t. 181. f. 2. Icon bona, Raj. Hift, 5.
p. 150. Syn. iii. p. 124. Polypodium pinnis ramorum pinnatis pinnulis lax-is, obtufis,
obiter fetraiis. Hall, Helv. p. 141.

damp

256 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

damp rocks by the brook below Tecket, and under the trees on the
banks of North Tyme, on the fouth fide of the oftiumot Wark's-bum,
iparingly. The branches are in pairs on the flalk, and gradually
ihortcr, like thofe of the common Male-fern. They produce
others in pairs after the fame manner. They have pinnules,
rather broad than winged, fparingly difpofcd, with deep acute
ferratures, each denticle ending in a herbaceous fpinnule. The
whole plant is firm, and of a. lively gloffy green.

193. Great rough Spleen-wort (r) .is not unfrequent. It is on the
fliadowy banks of North Tyne, on the fouth fide of the oftium of
7fflr£'.r-burn, where there are a great variety of ferns. The ftalk
is chaffy. Many of the pinnules are of an equal breadth. They
liave remarkable triangular foliaceous appendages at the bafe ;
and are acutely crenulated at the edges, the deeticles ending in
fpinules. The fructifications are in round dots on the back part
of the margin, about twelve or more, in a double fe'ries. Its whole
form is more rough and firm than any of the other ferns, and
eafilv diftinguilried from. them at firlt fight by its chaffy com-
pletion, of a reddiih-brown.

194. The prickly auriculate Male- Fern (s) is plentiful among the
damp fliadowy rocks by the brook below Tecket ; alfo among

£;;•,* fT./'wn

thofe

(r} Lonchitis afpera major. Afattb. p. 992. Cam. Epit. -p. 664. .Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 566.
Lonchitis afpera mas. Tabern. p. 799. Lonchitis altera cum foliis cknticiilatis, f. Lonchi-
tis altera MATTHIOLI. /. B. iii. p. 744. Lonchitis afpera. C. B. Pin. p. 359. Raj.
Hift. i. p. 138. Syll. ext. p. I/O. Tourn. Inft. t. 314. '^Scbeucbz. Itin.'i. p. 42. Polypo-
dium fronde pinnata lanceolata foliolis lunulatis -ciliato ferratis 'declinatis pediculis ftrigofis.
Linn. Hoit. Cliff, p. 475. Polypodium pinnis ad bafin appendiculatis, oris ciliaribus. Jfa/'.
Helv. p. 141-

•(s) Filix aculeata H,onchttidi -affinis. plutnet. p. 151. t. 180 f. 3. oprime. Jtaj. Hid.
iii. p. 8.4. Filix Lonchitidi affinis. R-ij. Syn. iii. p. 127. (Ubi quatu;r fi'tcts recenfentur

q ite

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 257

thofe below the fmall cataract in Honey c lug h, near Chejlervuooa'..
The ftalk is chaffy. The branches are gradually fhorter all the
way up. Two, and fometimes four, pair of the pinnules are
diftinct and auriculate, but many of them run into one great
fegment. The folioles are prickly at the edges, and lanceolatcd
at the ends ; of a lively glofTy green on the upper part, and rough
underneath. The fructifications are on the under difk, in orbi-
culated or round dots, in a double feries, in number fourteen,
perfected in the latter end of autumn. It makes very different
appearances according to its different ftages of growth, and fitu-
ation. Seminal plants, about moift dripping rocks, afllime the
form of the fne-cut Stone-fern, and continue fo for about a year
under culture, with tumid confpicuous veins, and then change
to the ftate defcribed.

195. T\\.e great, prickly, auriculate Male- Fern (t), a variety of the
former, is on the wood-bank, under the fleep rocks, below Tecket.
It differs from it by its fize, and the number of diftincl: pinnules,
even to ten pair, which are auriculate. In other refpects it is

like it*.

'

qua vel ad duas vel ad unam vide n t ur reduci poffi.) Polypodium pinnis ratnorum pauciflimis
diftindtis, & auriculatis, oris eiliaribus. Hall. Helv, p. i 42.

(t} Filix aculeata major. C. B. Pin. p. 358. mas. Prodr. p. 151. Filix Lonchitidi af-
finis. I. B. iii. p. 739. Lonchitis aculeata major. Tourn. Inft. p. 538. Filix mas pinnu-
latis latis auriculatis fpinofis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 580. t. 3. f. 15. Icon optima. Raj. Syn. iii.
p. 121. non autem PLUKENETI, t. 79. f. 6. Filix mas aculeata noftras alis expands muf-
cofa lanugine teftis Pluknet. p. 151. t. 180. f. r. Omr.ino viJetur, etfi diftinguat Rajas,
Syn. iii. p. 121. Polypodium pinnis ramorum plerifque diftin<3is, auriculatis, eiliaribus.
Hall. Helv. p. 142.

* Olim C. BAUHINL*S fuam aculeatam majorem multis modis ludere deprehendit, ut Qt,.
HALLER. obfcrvatum, 1. c.

VOL. I. L 1 For

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

For the firfl difcovery of the fructifications of ferns in England,
we are indebted to a curious and fagacious naturalift of Brijlol,
Dr. William Cole, who gave an account of it to the fecretary of
the Royal Society, Dr. Robert Hook, Sept. soth 1669. The learned
Sivammerdam has an epiftolary diflertation on the feed of the
male-fern in his Biblia Nature, and at the end of it a curious en-
graving, reprefenting the feed-veflels, their mechanifm, and the
feed as viewed by a good magnifier.

MoJJes and Submarines are numerous. I mall only take notice
of fuch as are of oeconomical ufe, or curious, according to my
propofed plan.

I. Long, implicated Tree-Mofs, or Ufnea of the Jh ops (u). On the
fteep perpendicular precipices at great JVaneyhoufe-crag, in great
abundance. It is five or fix inches long. The fructifications are
in the form offcutelfo, or difhes, on the fides and at the extremi-
ties of the more robuft and rigid plants. It was a principal in-
gredient in the famous perfumed powder, called Pulvis Cyprius j
formerly of fo great account at Montpelier in France, as to form a
confiderable article of trade *. The Laplanders ufe it for their feet
after much fatigue in walking. It is faid to be a rare plant in
England -\. It varies in its form according to its age, being very

(u) Mufcus arboreus, Ufnea OFFICINARUM. C. B. Pin. p. 361. Raj. Hift. i. p. 114.
Syn. iii. p. 64. n. i, &c. Dal. Pharm. p. 59. Lichen longiffimus, ex cinereo candicans,
rugofus, mollior, receptaculis florum refufcentibus. Michel. Nov. PI. Gen. Ord. v. n. 2.
t. 39. f. 2. Hall. Helv. p. 70. n. 4. Mufcus arboreus ramofus longiflimus cinereus.
Scheuchz. It. vii. p. 514. Lichen ramis filiformibus ramofis pendulis confertis. Linn.Ylo.
Lapp. n. 457. Lichen filamentofus pendulus, ramis implexis, fcutellis radiatis. Flo. Suec.
n. 984. Ufnea vulgaris loris longis implexis. Dill. Hift. Mufc'. p. 56. t. u. f. I.

* /. B. ii. where is the whole procefs of making it.

t DALI. Ph. 1. c.

bufhy

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

bufhy and tangled in its younger ftate. In its older one it is
more open and lefs implicated, as it grows in length and thick-
nefs. Thofe that bear the fructifications are robuft, with dicho-
tomous branches, fome with finer, and others with more rigid
points, or fibrils. Thefe Micheli has figured four different times
as four different plants. One of thefe, which is the firfl he men-
tions, he calls the knotty Vfnea (ivj. The knots are only the fruc-
tifications, which before they expand into the form of difhes,
are orbicular, and look like knots. The fructifications of the
alpine crejled coralline Mofs are formed after the fame manner.
He has drawn it more after nature than Dilhnius. The fecond
is that I have referred to among the Synonyms, ufed by the judici-
ous Haller. It has longer and finer points. Dillenlus acquaints
us he never obferved it in all his fearches *. The third is with
rigid (x), and the fourth with fmall (y)t fibrils at the ends. It
is in all thefe forms on the face of the fame fleep and lofty pre-
cipices. It is one and the fame plant under all thefe appearances
in its ftate of fructification. An over-fondnefs for being the au-
thor of the difcovery of new and unknown plants, natural to the
moft ingenious men, ftimulated by a generous ardour for the
enlargement of knowledge, led the learned and curious Micheli
into this miflake ; and a want of opportunity for obfervation,
made it not mended by others.

(w) Lichen nodofus, cinereus, longiffimus, receptaculis florum refufcentibus. Michel.
Ord. v. t. 39. f. i.

* Ufnea loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 59.

t. II. f. 2.

(x) Lichen cenereus longiffimus, rugofus, junceus, & fubafper. Michel. Ord. v. t. 39.
f-3-

(y) Lichen ex cinereO candicans, longiffimus, furculis rigidioribus, receptaculis florum
refufcentibus. Ibid. t. 39. f. 4.

L 1 3 a. Slack

26o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

2. Black Manc-Ufnea, or Rock-Hair (z). On the perpendicular
Jh'ep of great Waneyhoufe-ci'^.^ with the former. On Raven s*-hugh-

crag, near Simonburn ; alfo on the precipices under the Roman wall
by CVv^-lake, plentifully; in pendulous tufts, from four to feven
or eight inches long, of a greenifh-black, and fometimes entirely
black.

3. Black Wool-Ufnea (a). On a large rock above the water-fall
at Teckef, on the north-weft fide. On the branches of the Erica,
or common heath, projecting over the tops of the rocks at Long-'
Crag, by Wat ling-facet, near Sivinburn-ca.ft.le. It has very much
the appearance of black wool, fpreading, and varioufly impli-
cated, foft in winter and in the fpring, but afterwards dry and
rigid.

4. Stringy fpreading Ufnea (b). On alpine rocks, and the trunks
of old trees. On a large rock on the fouth-eaft fide of the brook
below Thrto-water-fall, plentifully.

(z) Lichen capilla'ceus longiflimus f. Mufcus arboreus nigricans, Ufnea Officinarum.
Michel. Ord. v. n. 7. p. 77. Hall. Helv. p. 70. Mufcus arboreus capillaceus longiflimus
niger. Scbeucbz. It. vii. P-5J3- Mufco-fungus trichoides e nigredine cinereus jubae inftar
faxibus & lapidibus adnafcens. Hift. Oxon. iii. p; 633. n. 15. Mufcus corallinus faxatilis
foeniculaceus. Pet, Muf. n. 78. Paj. Syn. iii. p. 65. n. 7. Conferva arborea fufco-vi-
rens, jubs inffar c ram;s arborum denfe dependens mollis. Dill. GifT. p. 20. Lichen ramis
filifoimibus ramofis pendulis, alis compreflis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. 11.456. Ufnea jubata ni-
gricans. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 64. t. 12. f. 7.

(a) Mufcus coralloides lana? nigras inftar faxis adherens. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 65. Lichen fila-
mentofus ramofiffimus decumbens implicatus. Linn. Flo. Suet. n. 987. Ufnea lanae
nigrx inftar faxis adhaerens. DHL Hift. Mufc. p. 66. t. 13. f. 8.

(b) Mufcus caule rigido inftar fili chalybei. Raj. Syn. iii. p 65. Conferva arborea ex
cinerco& fufco virens ititorta & extenfa rigida. Dill. G iff. 200. Lichen filamentofus fub-
ramofus decumbens implic.ito-fl-xuofus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 988. Ufnea rigida horfum
vorfum extenfa. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 66. t. 13. f. 10.

5.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 261

5. Small, black, Jo/id, coralline Mofs (c). On a large rock on the
fouth fide of the brook oppofite to Tecket, by the path to Upperton.
On the rocks by Cr^-lake. It is a very fmall elegant plant, in
tufts, half an inch long, divaricated and branched, the two laft
branches ending in two fliort horns, of a glofTy black.

6. Ero'wn, prickly, folid, Coralline Mofs (d). On the rocks by Crag--
lake, in tufts. The ftalks are an inch long, comprefTed, and<
branched ; the branches ending in very minute fpinnules, with-
out any confpicuous receptacules for the fructifications : of a~
bla\ckifh-brown, or chefnut colour.

7. Crifp, *w arty, folid, coralline Mofs(e). On the rocks xmder the
Roman wall by Sheiving-Jheels, and by Cr^-lake, at the weft end, ,
plentifully. It grows in broad tufts, fometimes taking up a
fpace of half a foot, or more, nouriflied by a thin coat of earth,

(c) Lichen fruticofus alpinus minimus nigerrimus. Hall. Helv. p. 70. t. 2. f. i.

(d) Lichen terreftris anguftior ramofiflitnus fufcus. Mrcbel. Ord. v. p. 78. n. 17. Hall.-
Helv. p. 70. Vaill. Dot. Paris, p. 115. Mufcus montanus, fufcus, ramofifiimus, non tu-
bulatus. Raj. Hift. iii p. 21. Syn. ii. p. i\ n. 7. Vaill. Paris, t. 26. f. 8. nan uptime,

Jt omnino nofter eft. Lichenoides non tubulofum, ratnofiflimum, fruticuli fpecie, rufro-ni-
grefcens. Dill. GiflT. p. 202. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 66. n. 10. CoralloWes fruticuli fpecie,.
fufcum fpinofum. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 12. t. 17. f. 31.

(e). Lichen alpinus ramofus glaucus botryoides. SJxucbz. It. ii. p. 137. t. 19. f.' 4.
Michel. Ord. v. p. 78. n. 22. t. 53. f. 7. //.//. Helv. p. 71. Ft, Lichen cinereus, fru-
ticofus, faxatilis, racemulis, feminum undique obdu&us, rec?ptnculis florum nigricantibus.
Michel. 1. c. n 20. t. 53. f. 5. judice LINN.SO. Lichenoides non tubulofum cinereum
ramofum totum cruftaceum. Raj. Syn. iii. p, 65. Corallina alpina valde crifpa. Pet. Gaz.
p. 158. t. 65. f. 7. Mufco-fungus coralloides terreftris denfe ramificatus cinereus Scveluti •
incruftatus NORV/ECICUS. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 633. f. 15 t. 7. f. 12. Lichen caule ra-
mofo folido, foliolis cruftaceis te&o. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 439. Royen. lugdb. p. 512.
Coralloides crifpum & totryforme alpinum. Dill, Hift. Mufc. p. 114. t. 17. f. 33.

formed

o6s OF TREES AND PLANTS.

formed of decayed putrid mofs. The ftalks arc from an inch 'to
an inch and a half long, and branched, with fhort fibrils, and
warty excrefcences of a greyim-white, as if powdered. The fruc-
tifications are on the fides of the more rigid fibrils, in the form
of very fmall black tubercles, fometimes fmooth, and fometimcs
uneven, appearing through a magnifier as if two or three were
joined together. It is a fcarce plant. Dillenius refers us to the
Welch mountains, and the tranfmarine Alps, for it.

8. Cyprefs-like, folid, coralline Mofs (f). On the rocks at Long-
Crag, by TTdJ/w^-ftreet ; alfo on the rocks by 7>r&?/-water-fall,
plentifully. It is from an inch and a half to two inches high.
The younger plants are thick fet with folioles, the older ones
with few, of a light brown, with a tinge of bright grey, in
their recent ftate, and glofly. The fructifications are at the top
of the more robuft plants, on fhort rigid fibrils, in the form of
orbicular or round tubercles, firfl of a light glofTy brown, and
afterwards black. Some of both colours are on the fame plant
in March. It is accounted a fcarce plant, and not very plentiful,
even at Snow den.

9. Crejled, fne-leaved, folid, coralline Mofs (g). In a remarkable
fiflure, or ftnus, on the top of great Wane}'boufe-cra.g, called the.
Bier, plentifully. On the eaft fide, and near the bottom, of a
large fhadowy rock on the fouth fide of the brook below Teckct-

(f) Lichsnoides non tubu'ofum, ramulis fcutellis nigris terminatis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 66.
Coralloides cupreffiforme, capitulis globofis. Dill. Hift. Mufc, p. 117. 1.17. f. 35.

(g) Corallina montana fruticofior. Raj. Syn. i. p. 18. Lichenoides non tubulofum ra-
mofiffimum frudliculi fpecie cinereo-fufcum. Syn. Ejufd. iii. p. 65. Lichen eredlus ramo-
fifllmus, ramis teretibus nudis filiformibus obtufis. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 440. t. n. f. 4.
CoraHoides alpinum corallinae minoris f.icie, Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 116. t. 17. f. 34.

water-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 263

water-fall, near the top of the bank. It has only a thin coat of
earth, formed of rotten mofs, to fiiftain it. The ftalks are from
an inch to an inch and a half long and branched. The folioles
are fine, clofe, and thick fet, down to the very bafe of the
younger plants, of a grey colour, with a caft of fca-green, and
fometimes with a blum of red. The fructifications are on the tops
of the branches of the more robuft and aged ones. They are
fail roundifli, and afterwards expand to a flat circular form, a
quarter of an inch in diameter, of a beautiful black, wi.-h a
purplifh caft ; in their recent ftate refembling the nap of velvet.
Above them is a creft of fine fliort f pinnules. It is a fcarce plant.
Dlllenius refers us to the Welch mountains for it. It is in its
greateft beauty in the latter end of September.

i o. The prickly, dijlorted, tubulous, horned Mofs, 'with foliaceous ex-
crefcences fh), is not unfrequent on dry barren heaths, and on
old walls topped with earth. It is on an old wall on the fouth
fide of the military road, a quarter of a mile weft from Carraw,
plentifully. It is from two to three or four inches high, and
branched, in the form of a little bufli, dichotomus, diftorted,
rigid and prickly. The fructifications are fmall and orbicular,
at the top of the incurvated fibrils, firft of a flefli-colour, and
afterwards brown ; perfected in autumn. It varies in its fize
and fhape, according to its age and fituation. On fhadowy
heaths and walls it is robuft, and frequently comprelTed. In a

(b) Lichen coralloides, tubulofus, rrnjor, montantis, e cinereo-viridi refufcens, caulibus
recurvis, nonnihil foliofis, inordinate difpofitis, receptaculis fbrum craflioribus refufcentibus.
Michel. Ord. vi. p. 80. n. 10. t. 40. f. 5. Hall. Helv. p. 68 Mufco-fungus cornicula-
tus major cinereus ramulis latioribus, & fere verrucofis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 633. n. 8.
Lichenoides tubulofum ramofum rigidius, majus & crafiius, cinereo-fufcum. Dill. Giff.
p. 203. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 67. n. 16. Coralloides fparfum, caulibus tortuofis & fpinolis.
Dill. Hift. Mufc, p. 101. t. 16. f. 25.

more

264 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

more expofed fituation, on dry walls, and naked rocks, it is
meager and flender, but in both thefe ftates it is covered with a
fcabrous cruft. It fometimes, indeed, lofes its coat by being
weather-beaten, or by age, and then it is fometimes taken for a
different fpecies.

JJT ii. The glabrous, prickly, tiibulous, horned Mofs (I}, is frequent
about dry alpine rocks, and on old walls, topped with earth.
It is plentiful on the fame wall with the former. Ic is alfo upon
7>c&tf-rocks. It is in the form of a little bufh, from an inch to
three inches high, ufually of a dark grey or brown. The
branches are glabrous, flender and rigid, ending in reflex
fliarp fibrils.

12. Thefoft, grey, tubulous, horned Mofs (k), is not uncommon in
the openings of woods, and barren fhady places. I ru,"eobferved
it under the buflies by the road between Broadpool-common and
Thorough-gales, near Simonburn, in autumn It is three or four
inches high, of a whitifh-grey, fparingly fet with branches and
foliaceous excrefcences. The fructifications are on the tips, fmall
and orbicular, of a reddifti-brown.

(!) Lichen terreftris, atro-fufcus, mmor, ramoflor, ac rigidior, & veluti aculeatus.
Michel. Ord. v. n. 18. p. 78. Lichen coralloides duiior, alpinus, minimus, ramofiffimus.
Hall. Helv. p. 69.

(k) Mufcus corniculatus. Tabern. p. 809. Icon lona. I. B. iii. p. 767. Lichenoides
tubulofum cinereum, minus cruftaceum, minufque ramofum. Dill. GiIT. p. 203. •Rf/j- Syn.
iii. p. 67. n. 17. Lichen frufliculofus, tubulofus, dichotomus, ramis fimplicibus fubu'atis.
Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 981. Lichen caule ere£lo dichotomo, ramis iubulaas. Flo. Lapp,
n. 435. Ryea. lugdb. p 512. Coralloides corniculis longioribus & rarioribus. Dill. HA,
Mufc. p. 102. 1. 16. f. 26,

The

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

The horned mofies were formerly ufed for coughs and difficulty
of breathing, but are now not regarded.

13. White coralline Mofs, or Rein-Deer Mofs (I). On heaths, and
about moifl rocks, plentifully. It is of a bright white, very
much branched, foft and tender in its younger ftate. The fruc-
tifications are on the fibrils of the more robuft plants, firfl of a.
glofly brown, and afterwards black, in the form of tubercles,
but they are rarely feen. It is of great ufe in the Lapland-*
oeconomy, being the food of the Rein-deer in winter. They
become fat with it, and give plenty of good milk, of which both
butter and cheefe are made. In defecl: of it, they are fed with
the Mac k Mane^Ufnea *,

14. Brtown+tipt) ttibulous, coralline Mofs (m). On moift rocks, and
fometimes on the ground with the former. On the rocks at Shit-

• -9 '

(!) Lichen cdralloides, tubulofus, major, candidus, ramofiflimus, receptaculis, florum
Vefufcentibus, perexiguis. Michel. Ord. vi. n. i. p. 79. t. 40. f. I. Hall. Helv. p. 6g.
Mufcus corallinus f.. Coralloides montana. Tabern. Icon. p. 810. Pet. n. 76. Mufcus
coralloides. /. B. iii. p. 865. Mufcus coralloides, f. cornutus montanus. C. B. Pin.
p. 361. Lichcnoides tubulofum, ramofiflimum, frudiculi fpecie, candicans. Dill. GifT.
p. 202. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 66. n. 14. Mufco-fungus coralloides montanus ramofiffimus ci-
nereus vulgaris. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 633. f. 15. t. 7. f. 9. Coralloides corniculis candi-
tliffimis. Tourn. Inft. p. 565. Lichen frudticulofus perforatus ramofiffimus, ramulis nu-
tantibus. Linn. Flok Suec. n. 98. Lichen caule erefto tereti ramofiffimo, alis perforatis.
Flo. Lapp. n. 437. Royen. lugdb. p. 511. Coralloides montanum fruticuli fpecie ubiqua
candicans. DHL Hift. Mufc. p. 107. t. 16. f. 29.

* Hoc mufco RANGIFERI fere pafcuntur. Inde forte iis animalibus lac pinguiffimum,
& ex eo butyrum fcbi fere odere, cafeus vero copiofiflime paratur. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 437.
& n. 163.

(m] Lichenoides tubulofum ramofifiimu'nn, fruticuli fpecie candicah?, corniculis refuf-
centibus. Dill. GiiT. p. 203. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 67. n. 15. Coralloides fruticuli fpccies
candicans, corniculis refufcentibus. Dill. Hift. Mu'b. p, no. t. 16. f. 30.

VOL* I. M m lingtort,

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

lington> near Wark, in Tynedak, plentifully. The llalks of the
young plants are round, of a bright white, tipt with brown.
Thofe of the old ones are comprefTed, and entirely brown j which
are the diftinctions between it and the former.

«

15. Great, foft, open, coralline Mofs (n). On moid heaths. On
Broadpool-common by Ravensbugh-crag, at the roots of the Eric/e,
plentifully. It is three or four inches high, perforated at the
divarications of the branches, and alfo at the ends, with fpinmi-
les elegantly difpofed in the form of a ftar.

16. Small, foft, open, coralline Mofs (o). With the former, fre-
quent. It is from an inch to three inches high, with very fhort
branches at the top, perforated like the former. At the bottom
and on the lower part are fmall folioles, of a pale green above,
and white underneath, fparingly crenated. The upper part is
thick fet with foliaceous excrefcences. The fructifications are
on the tips of the fibrils or branches of the more robuft plants,
fmall and orbicular, of a reddifh-brown, perfected in Septem-
ber.

(n) Lichenoides tubulofum, cauliculis mollioribus & craflioribus majus. Raj, Syn. iif.
p. 67. n. 20. Ccralloides perforatum majus, molle & craflum. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 98.
t. 15. f. 21.

(o) Lichen coralloides tubulofus, albidus, minor et mollior, caulibus craflioribus, minus
ramofis, receptaculis florum perexiguis, refufcentibus. Michel. Ord. vi. p. 79. n. 7. Li-
chenoides tubulofum, cauliculis mollioribus & craflioribus, minus. Baj. Syn. iii. p. 67.
n. 21. Lkhen frudticulofus perforatus, ramulis breviflimis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 979.
Lichen caule ramofo, alis perforatis, ramis breviffimis acutis. Flo. Lapp. n. 438. Reyen.
lugdb. p. 511. Coralloides perforatum minus, molle, & tenue. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 99.
t. 1 6. f. 22.

17. There

OF TREES AND PLANTS. '*67

17. There is a VARIETY of it on Tecket-rocks a little more than
an inch long, thick fet with foliaceous excrcfcences, in the form
of a Jtag' 's-horn (p).

18. There is another VARIETY among other moffes in thefauf
or large aperture, called the Bier, on the top of great Viancyhmife-
crag, near Siv ef hope-lake, with {lender ftalks, two or three inches
high, divided into two ftaight, upright forks, or tubules (q).

• •-:••; :: ',. .

19. There is a third VARIETY in the fhadowy clefts of Raven s-
hugh-crag, and of the precipices by Cr^-lake, with ihort, thick,
cylindric ftalks, an inch and half long, fparingly fet towards the top
with fhort, flendery£ta, with numerous minute crenated folioles.
larger on the lower part and at the bottom, of a pleafant fea-
green above, and lilvery underneath, fhrivelling up in drying (r).
It is in its greateft beauty in September, when the fructifications
are perfected, of a reddifh-brown, and orbicular, on the obtufe
ends of the ftalks. It is very foft and tender, and loves to be
flickered from cold and rain by other plants, or the projections
of the rocks, and therefore is commonly found growing in
broad tufts in places not expofed, in fome cavernous part or
warm recefs, towards the bottom.

(p) Mufcus coralloides, faxatilis, cornua CERVI referens. C. R. Pin. p. 361. Litho.
bryon coralloides. Column. Echphr. ii. p. 83. Coralloides cornua CERVI referens corni-
culis brevioribus. Town. Inft. p. 565. Lichenoides tubulofum cinereum humiie, DAM.S
cornua referens. Dill, Giff. p. 203. /?. Linn. Flo. Suec. p. 358.

fa) Coralloides mollis & tenetior caule bifurcato.

(r) Coralloides foliolis crenatis Izte virentibus fuperne; fubtus argenteis, caule molli cy-
Jindrico, leviier fetaceo.

M m a 20. Small

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

20. Small, branched Moff, ivith fcarlet Heads (s). On moift rocks,
nnd upon heaths. On the rocks of Tecket. On JBroadpool-common
by Raven s-lmgh-cra.g. On Calleley-\i\\\, in great abundance. The
{talk is an inch high, fparingly branched. The heads, or fructi-
fications, rife in February, of a beautiful fcarlet.

21. ProTifermis, Cup-Mofs, 'with fcarlet tubercles (t). On dry alpine
rocks. On the rocks in Rot be ley-park, near Wallington. The tu-
bule or ftalk is an inch high or more, of a grecnifh-grey, and
fometimes of a light-grey. The fructifications are elegantly dif-
pofed round the edges of the cup, in the form of tubercles, and
in its proliferous ftate often entirely efface it. They are of a
bright fcarlet. Infufed in lye* they are faid to {hike a purple,
fair and durable. It appears in October, and holds its beauty
all the winter, till late in the fpring. The fcarlet turns to ZL deep
purple in drying.

22. Thigh-

(s) Lichen cora'.loides, tubu'ofus, cinereus, minor, parum ramofus, receptaculis florum
coccineis. Michel. Ord. vi. p. 8e. n. 15. Hall. Helv. p. 68. Mufcus coralloides apicibus
coccineis. Raj. Hift. i. p. 113. Cat. ftirp. Brit. p. 297. Lichenoides coralliforme, api-
cibus coccineis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 68. n. 24. Mufco- fungus montanus, corniculatus,
minor, ereflus, apicibus coccineis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 633. n. 2. Coralloides ramulo-
i'um, tuberculis coccineis. Dili Hift. Mufc. p. 96. t. 15. f. 19.

(t) Lichen pyxidatus, (rugofus, prolifer, & non prolifer) acetabulorum oris coccineis &
tumentibus. Michel. Ord. viii. p. 82. n. 3. t. 41. f. 3. Et, Lichen pyxidatus prolifer,
acetabulis rudibus & minus cavis receptaculis florum coccineis. EJUSD. n. 4. Lichen
f forte) pyxidatus acetabulorum oris coccineis non tumentibus. Scheucbz. Itin. ii. p. 136.
Lichen pyxidatus prolifer acetabulorum oris coccineis & tumentibus. Hall. Helv. p. 65.
Lichen pyxidatus acetabulorum oris coccineis & tumentibus. Vaill. Bot. Paris, t. 21. f. 4.
Mufcus pyxioides labellis faturate croceis Bocccn. Mus. di Piante. p. 142. t. 104. Mufcus
mu'tiformiter pyxidatus acetabulis coccineis. Pct.n.j^. Plot. Staff. 1.14. f. i. Mufco-
fungus pyxidatus calyce altero alteri innato apicibus nonnunquam coccineis. Hift. Oxon. iii.

P- 632,

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

22. Thigh-bone-like Cup-Mofs fit). Among the heath by Raven' s-
hugb-crag. The tubule is an inch and a half or two inches high.
It is robuft, and very much refemblcs a thigh-bone, from which
it has its name. It is not in the Flora Angelica.

*

23. Radiated Cup-Mofs (vj. On the rocks by Crag-hike, fre-
quent. The cups are large, with manyfhort folioles, elegantly
difpofed. They are fometimes proliferous, and fend forth young
plants both from the center and the margin, in which Hate it is
exceedingly beautiful. The tubercles or fructifications are of a-
fine fcarlet. .

24. Horned Cup-Mofs '(iv). On the rocks at Ravfri'f-bugb-CTa.g, at
the roots of the ericse. The flalks or tubules are often three or

p. 632. f. 15. t.'y. f. 4. Lichenoides tubulofum pyxidatum tuberculis amsene coccincis,
proliferum. Dill. Giff. p. 205. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 70. n. 36. Lichen fcyphifer fimplex in-
tcgerrimus, ftipitecylindrico, tuberculis coccineis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 972. Coralioides
fcyphiforme, tuberculis coccineis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 82. t. 14. f. 7.

(u) Coralioides fcyphiforme, oflis femoris- facie. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 91. t. 15. f. 15.

(v) Lichen pyxidatus ramofus & prolifer receptaculis florum refufcemibus. Michel. Ord.
viii. p. 82. t. 41. f. 7. Et, Lichen pyxidatus ENDIVITE folio, &c. p. 82. n. 10. t. 42.
f. P. P. pulchre. Et, Lichen pyxidatus ramofus & prolifer medius. Id. n. 8. ut -vldetur^
CL. HALL. Judice. I. c. Lichen pyxidatus, prolifer, marginibus ferratis. Hall. Helv. p. 65.
Mufcus pyxiodes. Barrel. Rar. Icon. 1278. n. 2. Lich»noides pyxidaturn marginibus
ekganter foliatis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 69. Lichen caule funplici, c.ilyce turbinato, centro
multiplicitur prolifero. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 432. Coralioides fcyphiforme, marginibus ra-
diatis & foliatis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 85. t. 14. f. 9.

(iv) Lichen pyxidatus & corniculatus prolifer, e veridi obfolete lutefcens. Michel, p. 80.
Ord. vii. n. i. t. 41. f. i. Lichen pyxidatus & corniculatus prolifer. Scheuchz. It. Alp.
i. p. 42. t. 5. f. 3. Hell. Helv. p. 66. Coralioides fcyphiforme cornutum. Dill. Hift. •
Mufc. p. 92. t. 15. f. 1 6.

four

27o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

four or more in a group, from two to three inches high, with
laciniated folioles at die bafe, and on the lower part; of a lively
lea-green above, and filvery underneath. Some of the younger
plants are naked, in figure like a horn, and often miflaken for
a fpccies of the horned mofs. The more robuft and aged ones
are branched and proliferous. It is elegantly drawn in its diffe-
rent ftages of growth and variations by Dillenius and Micheli *.

25. Branched Cornu-copia Cup-Mofs (xj. About the decayed flumps
of trees in woods, and moift alpine rocks, frequent. It is two
inches high, with .crenated folioles at the bafc, of a light grey.
The fructifications appear in the fpring on the points of the fer-
ratures of the cup, in the form of frnall round tubercules.

a.6. The clumfy indented Cup-Mofs (y) is frequent among the erice
under Raven* s-bugb-ci-a.g, in winter and in the fpring. The ilalk

* Lads citatis.

(x) Mufcus cornucopioides ciiftatus. Boccon. Mus. di Piante. t. 107. & t. 8. p. 21. Li-
chen pjxidatus prolifer verrucofus oris tumentibus & nigris. Tourn. Inft. Valll. Dot. Paris,
p. 115. Hall. Helv. p. 66. Lichenoides tubulofum cinereum, valde cruftaceum, ramulis
brevioribus & crebrioribus ex acetabulis enafcentibus. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 68. n. 26. Coral-
loides cornu-copioides incanum, fcyphis criftatis. Dili. Hift. Mufc. p. 94. t. 15. f. 17.

•(y) Lichen pyxidatus teres acetabulis minoribus repandis. Michel, p. 80. Ord. vii. n. 2.
t. 41. f. 2. Eft pyxidati adultlor IS ramofa atas. Hall. Hclv. p. 66. Tourn. Inft. p. 549.
Paill.Bot. Paris, p. 115. Lichenoides tubulofum minus ramofum, cauliculiscraflioribus difFor-
mibus. Ray. Syn. iii. p. 68. n. 22. Corallinamontana, diffbrmis. Ejufd. Syn. ii. App. p. 332.
Lichen fcyphipher fimpliciufculus fubventricofus, calycibus dentatis. Linn. Flo. Suec. n.
977. Lichen caule fimplici, apice acuto aut calyce turbinato terminatrice. Flo. Lapp. n.
433. t. ii. £.5. Coralloides craflius fubincanum, calycibus dentatis. DHL Hift. Mufc.
p. 95. t. 15. f. 1 8.

£. Lichenoides tubulofum magis rajjofum, maxime diffbrme, Raj. Syn. iii. p. 68. in
aJuhiirt.

or

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 271

or tubule is an inch and a half long, with laciniated folioles at
the bottom, and on the lower part. It is firft erect, and after-
wards incurvated, of the thicknefs of a common writing-quill,
ilmple, and fome with one or two branches, {lender towards the
bafe, and more robuil upwards, with foliaceous excrcfcenccs, of
a dull grey, with a greenifh caft.

27. The tall, Jlcnder^ brown, indented, Cnp-Mofs (z), is not un fre-
quent on the rocks by Cr^-lake, many of them together in a
group. It is two inches high, {lender, and of a bright mining
brown. The denticles of the ferratures of the cup turn up, and
become pedicles to fuftain the tubercles or fructifications, which
are of a reddifh-brown and entirely efface it.

28. There is a VARIETY of it at the roots of the erica about the
rocks at Raven s-hugb-crag, with incurvated {pinnules or branches,
rifing towards the middle of the flalks. The cups are oblong,
deep, and moderately laciniated at the edges, fomewhat refem-
bling the fockets of a candleflick ; as does the whole plant a
branched one, in miniature (a).

(z) Lichen pyxidatus & corniculatus ramofus a'pinus e fufco-cinereus, pyxidulis crenatis.
Michel, p. 81. Ord. vii. n. 9. t. 41. f. 5. ttomen, nan autem Icon, CL. HALL, judice, loco
infra cit. fub. n. 30. 1.41. f. 5. Lichen pyxidatus, ramofus, acetabulis fimbriatis. EjufJ.
ib. n. 10. Town. Inft. p. 545. Valll. Bot. Paris. Mufco-fungus pyxidatus gracilior ramo-
fus, calycibus ferratis. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 362. f. 15. t. 7. f. 6. Lichenoides pyxidatum
cinereum elatius, ramulis pyxidatim dcfinentibus. Rij. Syn. iii. p. 69. n. 32. Lichen
fcyphifer ramofus denticulatus filiform'.s. • Linn. Fb. Suec. n. 975. CoralloiJes fcyphiforme
ferratum elatius, cauliculis gracilibus glabris. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 88. t. 14. f. 13.

(a) Coralloides montanum elatius & ramofius, e fufco glabro, calycibus oblongis leviter
laciniatis.

This

272 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Tliis fpecies is always of a fmooth fhining completion, which
is a difti notion reckoned peculiar to it.

29. The final!, rattle-leaved Trumpet-Cup-Mofs (b), is frequent in.
dry barren places upon heaths, alfo on old walls topped with
earth under trees, and about rocks. It is an elegant little plant,
of a trumpet-like form. The cups change to flender filiform pedi-
cles to fuftain the fructifications, which are in the ihape of mi-
nute fcarlet tubercles. It is very rare to find it in this ftate. I
met with it on the rocks by O^-lake.

30. TheJIender indented Cup-Mofs (c) is not unfrequent with the
former, and the Chalice-MoJs (d). It is fometimes proliferous to
the third degree, in which ftate it is very beautiful.

The

(l>) Lichenoides tubulofum pyxidalum exiguum, fufco-virens. Di'l. GifT. p. 204. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 70. n. 37. Coralloides fcyphis gracilibus tubiformibus, PEDICULARIS folio.
Dill. Hift. Mufc. t. 14. f. 10.

(jt) Lichen non ramofusacetabulis flmbriatis. Michel, p. 83. Ord. viii. n. -13. t. 41. f. 5.
Town. Inft. p. 549. Mufco-fungus pyxidatus gracilior & levis calycibus ferratis. Pluknet.
Amalth. p. 149. Lichenoides tubulofum & pyxidatum marginibus ferratis. Dill. Giff,
p. 204. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 69. n. 30. Lichen pyxidatus marginibus ferratis. Hall. Helv,
p. 65. Lichen fcyphifer fimplex denticulatus, ftipite cylindrico. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 973.
Lichen fcyphiforme gracile, marginibus ferratis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 84. t. 14. f. 8.

(il) Mufcus pyxioides faxatilis. C. B. Prodr. p. 152, &c. Lichen pyxiJatus minor. Vaill,
Bot. Par. p. 115. t. 21. f. 6. 'Michel, t. 41. f. i. non vero n:men. Lichen tabulofus pyxi-
datus cinereus. Hall. Helv,. p. 64. Lichen fcyphifer fimplex crenulatus, tuberculis fufcis.
Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 971. Sp. PI. 1151. Coralloides fcyphiforme, tuberculis fufcis. Dill.
Hift. Mufc. p. 79. t. 14. f. -6.

(?. Lichen pyxidatus major. Taurn. Inft. p. 549. t. 325. f. D. Vaill. 1. c. f. 8. Mldell.
p. 82. ncmm, non aatem Icon. Lichenoides tubulofum pyxidatum cinereum. Dill. GifT.

p. 204.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

The Chalice-Mofs was formerly ufed in a powder, decoiftion, Or
fyrup, for curing the convullive or whooping cough in chil-
dren * ; for which it kept up its character as a fpecific, till the
Cortex Penwiana, a more powerful analeptic, was found to anfwer
the end more effectually f.

»

31. Tree-Lungwort, or Oak-Lung^ of a re ticular figure, and of a
pale brownim colour, with bro-wnfcute!l<s at the edges (e)t is fre^
quent on old oaks and other trees in thick woods. It varies in its
reticular form and devarications, according to its different ftages
of growth. It was antiently ufed with great commendations for
a dry hectic cough, and other difeafes of the breaft, in a fyrup
or decoction; but it very rarely enters into modern prefcrip-

p. 204. Lichen caule fimplici, calyce turbinato, margine tenui. Linn. Flo. Lapp. p. 428.
Royen* lugdb. p. 512. interdum duar. unciar. altitudine in f axis alpium humidh, et truncis arie-
rum. unius plantte dute Darietatest unde unica icsn eft ap*d veteres, Cam. Epit. fcilicet. p. 783.
Magnolium, & alios.

* WILLIS Pharm. rational, f. i. c. 6. de tufli puerorum convulfiva.
f HDXHAM. de acre & morbis epidem. Vol. i. p. 76, 77.

(e) Pulmonaria. Dorften. p. 24. b. Icon bona. Matthiol. p. 1639, &c. Cam. Epit.
p. 783. Dad. Pempt. p. 474. frag. p. 524. Lichen arboreus f. Pulmonaria arborea. /..!?.
iii. p. 759. Tourn. Inft. p. 549. Michel, p. 86. Ord. xiv. n. i. con/, t. 45. f. j. qua
varietal e/e videtur. Hall. Helv. p. 73. Boerh. Ind. A. p. 17. Mufcus Pulmonarius.
C. B. Pin. p. 361. Dal. Pharm. p. 59. Blackball, t. 336. Mufcus arboreus pulmonarius.
Raj. Hift. i. p. 114, Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum playtyphyllum. Dill. Gifll
p. 208. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 76. n. 86. Mufco-fungus arboreus platyphyllos ramofus e viridi
fufcus. Hift. Oxen. iii. p. 634. f. 15. t. 7. f. i. Platjfma redculatum marginibus fcutel-
liferis. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 88. Lichen fo'iis oblongis ciivifis, fuperficie reticulata punc-
tata. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 444. Royen. lugdb. p. 509. Lichenoides pulmoneum reticula-
tum vulgare, marg;nibus peltiferis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 212, 213. 1.29. f. 113.

I " Adftringit omnino, uti tota fere lichenum claffis, & exiguo in ufu eft." HALLER.
J. c. HOFMANN. dt Med. OJficin p. 447.

VOL. I. N n tions.

274 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

tions, being accounted too great an aflringent |. The common.
people in Herefordjkire dye their {lockings brown with it. They
call it Rags.

32. The Jinuated ajjj-coloured Ground-Liverwort, Ground- Jeiu's-Earr
or Star of the Earth (f), fo famous in modern times for curing
the bite of a mad dog, on the recommendation of Dr. Mead,
given before the approach of the hydrophobia in powder with-
pepper *, an equal quantity of each, with bleeding and cold
bathing, is frequent at the roots of trees in damp woods, and
about hedges, with the large reddi/h-brown/pecies (g).

33-

(/} Lichen pulmonarius miximus e cinereo refufcens, inferne fubrufus, receptaculis
florum rubris plano-orbiculatis. Michel, p. 84. Ord. xii. n. 2. Lichen pulmonarius, faxa-
tilis, rufefcens, fuperne planus, inferne reticulatus. 1'ourn. Inft. p. 549. Lichen pulmo-
narius, faxatilis digitatus. Valll. Bot. Paris., p. 116. t. 21. f. 16. Icon nan dona., Mi-
CHELI judice. 1. c. Mufco-fungus terreftris latifolius cinereus, HEPATIC.* facie. Hift..
Oxon. iii. p. 632. f. 15. t. 7. f. i. Lichen terreftris cinereus. Raj. Hift. PI. i. p. 117.
Cat. ANGL. p. 185. Syn. ii. App. 23. Hall. Helv; p. 74. Lichenoides peltatum terreftre
cinereum majus, foliis divifis. Dill. GifT. p. 208. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 76. n. 87. Platyfma
fmuofum fcutellis ovato-rotundis. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 89. Lichen cinereus, Offic. Dal.
Pharm. p. 59. Blackuiall. t. 336. Lichen foliis planis fubrotundis lobatis obtufis, calyce
piano lacinula propria adnato. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 441. Royen. lugdb. p. 508. Liche-
noides digitatum cinereum, LACTUC./E foiiis finuofis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 200. t. 27.
f, 102.

* OLDENBURG ad RAIUM Epift. poftb. p. no. idque experimentis comprobavit. GEORG.
DAMPIER. Ph. Tr. n. 237. Pulvis antilyj/us Officinarum LONDINENSIUM fit ex eo ipfo
LICIIENE & pipere nigro. Dofis una fcrupulorum iv. Sir HANS SIOANE 1. c. conf. MOR-
TIMER in Ph. Tr. n. 443. p. 319. D. MEAD. Lib. de Ventn. Ed. 4. p. 156. HALLE K.
I.e.

(g) Lichen pulmonarius, major, inferne obfcurus, defuper e cinereo virefcens, recepta-
culis fiorum nigricantibus, primum circinatis, deinde teretibus. Michel. Ord. xii. n. 4.
p. 85. t. 44 f. 2. Hall. Helv. p. 73. Barrel. Icon. 1278. n. i. Lichen pulmonarius
faxatilis digitatus. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 116. t. 21. f. 18. nimis piflorie. Lichenoides pef-

tatum

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 275

33. Fine green Lichen, or Liverwort with black warts (h). On
the rocks under the Roman wall by Ch^-lake, fparingly. The
digitated lobes of the older plants are large, concave, or turned
inwards at the edges. They are of a lively glofTy fea-green on
the upper part, whitifh at the edges underneath, and the reft
of a dark brown. The fructifications are in the form of fmall
warts or 'tubercles, of a coal-black. It does not hold its colour
in drying, but the whole plant with the fructifications, turn
brown. From one of thefe it is fometimes defcribed by authors,
for want of an opportunity of feeing it in its recent ftate. It is a
very uncommon plant. Dillenius obferved it in the woods about
Giffa, but allures us that he never met with it any where elfe.

34. Smooth, pitted. Endive-like Lichen or Li*uerwort*(iJ. On dry
rocks, and on the ground. On a large millftone-rock above Tecket-

tatum terreftre refufcens. Dill. Gifl*. p. 208. Syn. iii. p. 77. n. 88. Lichen foliis planis,
-fubrotundis, lobatis, obtufis, calyce piano lacinula propria adnata. Linn. Flo. Lapp. 11.441.
Lichenoides digitatutn refufcens, foliis LACTUCJE crifpis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. t. 27. f. 103.

(h) Lichen pulmonarius maximus, verrucofus, fuperne e cinereo virefcens, inferne obf-
curus, receptaculis florum rubris circinatis. Michel. Ord. xii. n. 3. p. 85. Lichen pulmo-
narius digitatus ericetorum, Ixte virefcens, nigris pundtis notatus. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 298.
Mufcus pulmonarius corpufculis fufcis papillatus. Ltefel. PrufT. p. 172. n. 474. Lichen-
oides peltatum terreftre virefcens foliorum fuperficie verrucofa. Dill. GifT. p. 208. Li-
chen maculatus montanus non defcriptus. Wagn. Hift. Nat. Helv. p. 280. Lichen folia-
ceus repens lobatus obtufus planus, fubtus avenius villofus. Linn, Flo. Suec. n. 962. Li-
chen foliis planis fubrotundis lobatis obtufis, calyce piano ovali lacinula propria adnato,
niveus. Flo. Lapp. n. 442. Lichenoides digitatum laete virens, verrucis nigris notatum.
Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 207. t. 28. f. ic 6.

(!) Lichen foliaceus adfcendens laciniatus crifpus glaber lacunofus albus, margine elevato.
Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 958. Lichen niveus finubus dxdaleis laciniatus, ramis eredis, calyce
orbiculato. Flo. Lapp. n. 446. t. II. f. i. Lichenoides lacunofum candidum glabrum,
•ndiviae crifpae facie. Dill. Hift. Mule. p. 162. t. 21. f. 56.

N n 2 water-

276 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

water-fall, on the north-weft fide j alfo on another large rock on
the north-fide, near the top of the bank, plentifully. It covers
almoft the whole face of the firft rock eaftward, and is fuftained
by a little thin fpongy earth, formed of decayed putrid mofs.
The leaves are erect, concave, or -turned inwards at the edges,
and laciniated, brown underneath, and of a filvery glofly white
above, with a caft of fea-green in the younger plants. The fruc-
tifications are on the older ones, in the form of minute brown
tubercles, which on a filvery ground form a beautiful variega-
tion. It is not in the Flora Angelica. We are referred to the tranf-
marine Alps for it by Dillenius.

35. Purple, tinctorial Lichen or Liverwort, with black fcutellte or
diffjes (k). On the fteep rocks under the Roman wall by Crag-
lake, towards the weft, end, plentifully ; alfo on a fteep rock at
Raven* s-hugh crag. The folioles are implicated, elegantly lacini-
ated, and fometimes bifid at the ends, about an inch long, of
a dufky purple colour, and blackilh when dry, thick fet with
long, rigid, black hairs, in one or two lines underneath, confpi-
cuous at, but not growing on, the edges. The fcutellie or fructi-
fications are orbicular, and turn inwards. The common peo.Ue
in the mountainous parts of Wales, Derbyjhire, and Scotland, ufe it
in dying purple, prepared by powdering and urine. The Welch

(k) Lichen Pulmonarius, tir.&orius, foliis eleganter, & tenuiter divills: inferne nigri-
cantibus, & cirrhofis, fuperne purpureis, & lacunatis, receptaculis floruin concoloribus.
Michel. Ord. xxii. n. 2. p. 90. t. 49. f. 2. Lichen petrous purpureus DERBIENSIS. Park.
Theatr. p. 1315. Raj. Hift. i. p. 116. Mtrr. Pin. p. 72. Lichen cruftae modo faxis ad-
nafcens, tindlorius. Town. Inft. p. 549. Lichen nigricans Omphalodcs, EJUSD. ib. Vaill.
I?ot. Paris, p. 116. n. 13. t. 20. f. 10. Lichen imbricatus, foliolis multifidis glabris obtu-
fis canis, punftis vagis eminentibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 947. Sp. PI. p. 1143. Lichc-
noides faxatile tinftorium, foliis pilofis purporeis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 74. n. 70. DHL Hift.
Mufc. p. 185. t. 24. f. 80.

call

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 277

call it Kenkerig. The Scotch call it Cork or ArcelL Our northern
people feem to call all the ftone-mones, that yield a red or purple
dye, Cork. They gather this in the fpring, being then in the
greateft perfection.

36. The grey, blue-pitted Lichen, or Liverwort (I), the Vfnea Cra~-
mi humani of the old M.ateria Medica, faid by Linn/sus to give a pur-
plifh. dye ; the curled lichen with yellow folioles zndfcutelfe (m),
faid by the fame curious author to yield a yellow dye, and to be
a fpecific for the jaundice among the common people in Sweden,
are frequent on old walls, rocks, and trees.

37. Grey crujlaccous Lichen, or Stone-Mofs, 'with purplijlj-red fciitellis •
or di/hes (n). On the rocks at the two Waneyhoufe-cr&gs, plenti-
fully ; alfo on the rocks at Long-Crag, by Watlingjlreet, fparingly,

(1) Lichen pulmorrarius, foliis eleganter divifis^ inferne nigerrimis & cirrhofis, fuperne
lacunatis, & glauco cinereis, receptaculis florum fufco-virefcentibus. Michel. OiJ. xii. n. I.
p. 90. t. 49. f. I. Hall. Helv. p. 77. Lichen opere phrygio ornatus. Vatll. Bot. Paris,
t. 21. f. i. Mufco fungus lichenoides minor cinereus vulgatiffimus. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 634.
f. j^. t. 7. f. 6. non bene. Lichenoides crufta foliofa fuperne ex cinereo glauca inferne &••
cirrhofa fcutellis nigricantibus. Dill. Gi IT. p. 206. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 72. n. 61. Lichen
imbricatus, foliolis fmuatis fcabris lacrunofis, fcutellis folio coricoloribus. Linn. Flo. Suec.
n. 946. Lichenoides vulgatiffimum cinereo- glaucum lacunofum & cirrhofum. Dill. Hift. •
Mufc. p. 188. t. 24. f. 83.

(m) Lichen DIOSCORIDIS & FLINII fecundus, colore flavefcente. Column. Ecphras. i.
p. 330. cum bona hone, p. 331. Michel, p. 89, &c. Tcurn. In(h Vaill. Hall. Heiv. p. 76.
Lichenoides crufta foliofa fcutellata flavefcente. Dill. GifT. p. 206. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 72.
n. 59. Lichen foliaceus laciniatus crifpus fulvus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 967. Lichen fulvus
fmubus dxdaleis laciniatus. Flo. Lapp. n. 450. Royen. lugdb. p. 510. Lichenoides vu]^
gare finuofum, foliis & fcutellis luteis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 180. t. 24. f. 76.

(n) Lichenoides tartareum lividum, fcutellis run's. Dillen. Hift. Mule. p..?»r t. 18.
f. 14.

with

278 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

with the two common fpecies, with reddi/h-br-o'wn (o) and with
large black fcutellx (p). It is ufually in broad orbicular groups,
moderately thick, adhering clofe to the rocks ; but in its older
flate, eafily raifed in large plates and entire with a knife; of a
whitim-grcy, or filvery colour. Thefcut£l/<eor fructifications are
numerous ; firft white, afterwards of a light red, and at length
of a deep purplifh-red and glolTy, with a white circle round the
edges, fometimes crenated, and fometimes not. It is exceed-
ingly beautiful in its flate of fructification, elegantly variegating
large rocks at the two former places. It is accounted a fcarce
plant. Dillenius refers us to the Welch alpine rocks for it. It is
not in the Flora Angelica.

38. Grey, tinfforial) critftaceous Lichen, or Sfone~Mofs, "with large
yellow di/hes (q). On the rocks at the two Waneyhoufe-cra.g& ; alfo
on thofe of Raven s-hugh and Tecket, plentifully. It is thick, le-
prous, and fpreading, of a rugofe granular furface, and often
mealy, of a filvery grey colour. The orbicular fcutclU or fructi-
fications are large, moderately concave, of a fair pale yellow,

(o) Lichen cruftaceus arboribus adnafeens ex cinereo-aibicans, receptarulis florum crebris
fubfufcis-limbo albo.crenato cindis. Michel. Ord. xxxiv. n. 29. p. 97. Lichen leprofus al-
bicans, fcutellis fubfufcis, marginc cinereo fubcrenato. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 94.3. Liche-
noides cruftaceum & leprofum, fcutellis fubfufcis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 71. n. 45. Dill. Gifl".
p. 205. Hift. Mufc. p. 13}. t. 18. f. 16.

(p) -Lichen faxatilis amplioribiw & -eleganti'flimis fcyphis nigricantibus ornatus. Rupp.
Flo. Jen. i. p. 351. ii. .p. 299. Lichenoides cruftaceum & leprofum, fctitellis nigric.intibus
.majoribus & minoribus. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 133. t. 18. f. 15. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 71.

fq) 'Lichenoides cruftaceum & Jeprofum, acetnbulis majoribus luteis, limbis argenteis.
D.RICHARDSON. 'Raj. Syn. iii. p. 71. n. 46. Lichen cruftaceus albidu?, fcutellis luteis,
margine albo. Linn. Sp. PI. 1141. Lichenoides cruftaceum & leprofum acetabulis majoribus
luteis, lirrbis argentiis. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 132. t. 18. f. 13.

with

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 279

with a white circle round the edges. Our common people on
the waftes, who call it Cork, dye a fine red with it. They prepare
it by drying, powdering, and fleeping it in urine, as the French
do the Fertile. The Welch call it Caddlod and Ken Givi>:, and life
it. alfo in dying red, prepared after the fame manner. It is a
beautiful plant in its ftate of fructification. It was thought pecu-
liar to Wales, till Dr. Richardfon obferved it on the alpine York/hire
rocks- In the Flora Angelica, it is called the

39. Crayji/h-eye-like, tinctorial, crujlaceous Lichen, or Stone-Mofs (r)\
On moor-ftones, of the fine rag-kind, about Crag-JJ}eels, and Black--
how-barn, i. e. the Black-hill-burn, near Wark, in Tynedalc. The
Stones are fo remarkably white with it, that they may be dif-
cerned at a confiderabk diftance, in all feafons of the year. The
dimes or fructifications are of the fame colour. The limb is con-
vex, yellow, and flefhy on being cut through. It is the PeriJ!e
d1 Alive rgnc, or Orfeille de Terre, of the French, in the province of
Auvergne, for ftriking a purple or red, known to them before the
difcovery of the Orchel, an extraneous lichen from trie recks of
the Archipelago, the GzHary-iflands, Cape-Verde, 8cc. to which it is
inferior in qxiality, but in more common ufe. They prepare it
with urine and lime. The Orchel is prepared with urine and pot-
am. It is a fcarce plant.. It is not in the Flora Angelica.

40. Hard, -white, tinctorial, crujlaceous Lichen, or Stone-Mofs, 'with
black tubercles (s). On alpine rocks, frequent. On the rocks at

(r) Mufcus cruftaceus fcutellaris leprofus cinereus. Psiiv. p. 79. Lichenoides crufta-
ceum & leprofum, fcutellare cinereum. Dill. Glfl'. p. 205. Raj. Syu. iii. p, 70. n. 42.
Lichen cruftaceus leprofus, fcutis cinereis. Valll. Bot. Paris, p. 116. n* 22. Lichenoides
Ifcprofum tinflorium, fcutellis lapidum cancri figura. Dillcn, Hift. Mufc. p. 130. t. 18. f. 10.'

(s) Lichen leprofus candidus, tuberculis atris. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 1058. Sp. Pf. 1140.
Lichenoides tartareum tinflorium candidum, tubercuiis atris. Dill. Hift. Mute. p. 1^8.
t. 18. f. 8.

Ravetfs-

s8o OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Raven s-hugh-cva.g. On the rocks by Crag--lake. It is moderately
thick, granular, and of a cracked fin-face, fometimes mealy.
The tubercles or fructifications are of a convex form, coal-black,
appearing in January. The Welch ufe it in dying fcarlet. They
prepare it by powdering, and infufmg it three weeks in urine.
They prefer it to what they call Kcnkerig.

41. Yellow, Map-like, cruftaceous Lichen^ or Stone-Mofs ft). On the
whinftone-rocks by Cra§--lake, at the fouth-weft end, clofe by
the Roman wall, plentifully. The fructifications are in the form
of black Areolte on a yellow ground, refembling the lines of a
map, making an elegant and beautiful variegation. It is a
fcarce plant. Dillenius refers us to the Welch mountains, and to
the tranfmarine alps, for iL

42. Greeni/Jj-ivhite, farinaceous Mofs, te///j fungus-like Tubercles (u).
On mountainous moffes, alfo on the tops of large rocks, in a

(t) Lichen cruftaceus faxatilis, luteus, tiigris lineis varius. Michel. Ord. xxxiv. n. 19.
p. 97. Hail. Helv. p. 84. Ltchenoides cruftaceum tenuiflimum, fegtnentis quadratis flavo
& nigro colore eleganter variegatis. Dill. GifT. Lichen leprofus flavefcens, liniolis nigris
mappam referens. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 940. Lichenoides nigro-flavum, tabulz geogra-
phicas inftar pidum. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 126. t. 18. f. 5.

(u) Lichen cruftaceus terreftris, crufta granulfa ex albo fubcinerea, receptaculis florum
rotundis carneis pediculo infidentibus. Michel. Ord. xxxv. p. 100. t. 59. f. ult. Hall.
Helv. p. 82. Fungus omnium minimus turbinatus croceus. Boccon. Mus. ii. p. 150. t. no.
Fungus granulofus incarnatus, f. non vefcus. xxxiii. Ltefel. PrufT. p. 97. n. cclv. Fun-
.gelli incarnati coloris minuti Mufco innati. Menz. pugill. rarior. t. 6. Lichen terreftris Eri-
cetorum, bafi mufcofa capitulis fungiformibus carnei coloris. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 298. Li-
chenoides fungiforme, crufta leprofa Candida, capitulis & pediculis incarnasis. Dill. Gi/T.
p. 205. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 70. n. 40. Lichen leprofus candidus, tuberculis iivcarnatis.
Linn. Sp. PI. 1141. Coralloides fungiforme carneum baft leprofa. DilLn, Hift. Mufc.
p. 76. t. 14. f. i.

moift

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

281

moift turf-foil, with other mofles. On the top of great Waney-
/joufe-crag. On a large rock on the fhadowy bank below Teckst-*
water-fall, on the fouth fide. On the heath-grounds by Halypik:-
lake, plentifully. It lies on the mofs-earth, and fometimes on the
fphagnum with reflex folioles, in the form of a mouldinefs. The
tubercles or fructifications are of a beautiful flefh-colour, and cut
through like a. fungus. It is an elegant little plant. It was never
known to grow in England, till the late Dr. Richard/on^ of Bycrleyt
in York/Jure, found it on the alpine molTes in that county.

43. Creeping Wolf "* s-Claw-Mofs , or Club-M.^fs^ "with alternate folioles and
branches (v)t is not unfrequent on alpine heaths, and fhadowy rocks.
It is among the rocks by Chz§--lake. It is alfo on the heath on the
fouth fide of the Roman ftation at Houfe-Jleeds, by a fmall rill, near
the military-road. It is a very rambling plant. It is fixed down
to the ground by fmall fibres, rifmg from the under fide of the
branches. The folioles of the younger plants are of a lively-
green, thofe of the older ones are yellowifh', at the ends of the
branches of which are Ihort juliferous fpikes, of a pale yellow
or ftraw-colour. Under the fcales of thefe are the fructifications
in cordated capfules, in the form of a yellow powder ; per-
fected in Auguft. It is ufed for cutaneous inflammations, fif-

<(>v) Mufcus terreftris f. Lycopodiurn. Dod. Pempt. p. 472. Mufcus terreftris repens G
clavatus. C. B. Pin. p. 360. Mufcus clavatus f. Lycopodium. Ger. p. 1374. emae. p. 1562.
Park, Theatr. p. 1307. Raj. Hift. i. p. 120. Syn. iii. p. 107. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 623.
Mufcus clavatus procumbens. Hort. EYCHST. ./Eft. Ord. viii. t. 12. f. 2. Vatll. p. 123.
Lycopodium Tabern. p. 814. Dill. Giflf. App. p. 87. Dal Pharm. p. 6r. Lycopo-
dium caule repente, foliis patulis, pedunculis fpica gesnina terminatis. Linn. Flo. Lapp.
n. 418. Flo. Suec. n. 859. Hort. Cliff, p. 476. Rtyen. lugdb. p. 506. Hall. Hch-.
p. 92. Lycopodium vulgare pilofum anfragofum & repens. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 441.
t. 58. f. i.

VOL. I.

Oo

fures

282 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

fares and chaps of the fkin, the pain and anguifh of which it re-
lieves by its remarkable emollient and anodyne powers *.

44. Creeping Cyprefs-Mofs, or Heath-Mofs (ivj, is frequent on Che-
viot, in places fomewhat wet. It creeps on the ground, like the
former, and is branched in a dichotomous manner, fometimes
with five, fix, or feven fhort ramifications, two inches long. The
younger plants are of a lively green. The older ones are more
upright, and yellowifh. The fhort juliferous fpikes are of a
flraw-colour. The fructifications are between the fcales in reni-
form bilocular capfules, like a fmall yellow powder, perfected
in September.

45. Upright Fir-Mofs (x) is plentiful among the moid rocks un-
der the Roman wall, on the weft fide of Shewing-Jbttls ; alfo among

the

* " Vis ifta mitigans & anodyna procul dubio a mechanica figura particularum oritur,
" unico, quod fciam, exemplo virium medicarum per mechanica principia evidentiflime ex-
" plicatarum." HALLER. 1. c.

(w) Mufcus clavatus foliis CUPRESSI. C. B. Pin. p< 3^9. Raj. Hift. r. p. 121. Mufcus
teueftris ramofus pulcher. /. B. iii. p. 767. Mufcus terreftris, cupreflinus, nanus, ftirienfis.
Scbeiiclz. It. i. p. 43. Lycopoditnn foliis quadrifarium imbricatis acutis, furculis ereclis, di-
rhotomis fpicis feffilibus teretibus. Linn, Sp. PI. 1104. Lycopodium caule repente, ramis
tetragonis. Flo. Lapp. n. 417. t. 91. f. 6. Flo. Suec. n. 861. Hort. Cliff, p. 476.
Roycn lugdb. p. 506. Hall. Helv. p. 93. Lycopodium SABINA facie. Raj, Syn. iii.
p 108. n. 3. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 455. t. 58. f. 2.

(x) Mufcus ere£lus ramofus faturate viridis. C. B. Pin. p. 360. Mufcus terreftris
Abieti-formis. Rnj. Hift, i. p. 121. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 624. f. 15. t. 5. f. 9. Selago foliis
& facie ABIETIS. Rupp. Flo. Jen. p. 330. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 106. Hall. He!v. p. 94.
Mufcus terreftris. Scheucbz. It. i. p. 44. t. vi. f. 2. vb! fofeults, nefj} quo', dfcribit. Se-
la'ro ttrtia THALII. Breyn. Eph. Nat. Cur. Dec. i. An. iv. v. Obf. 149. cum bona Icone.
Lycopodium fcliis fparfis oftifarii?, furculo dichotomo erefto faftigiato, floribus fpaifis. Linn.

SP.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. i8j

the rocks under the fame wall by Ov^-lake, towards the wed
end, where it is frequently fix or feven inches high. The
root confifls of fmall capillary fibres, from which rife one, and
fometimes two or three ftalks, with branches in a dichotomous
manner, firft two, then other two, and fometimes two more,
according to its age and ftrength. The folioles are oblong, nar-
row and pointed, a little convex on one fide, and concave on the
other, more clofe and thick fet upwards than at the bottom of
the ftalks and branches, efpccially at the ends. The young
plants are green ; the older ones ycllowiih. The fructifications
are in the rt/^of the folioles in yellow reniformcapfules, like a yel-
low powder, perfected in Auguft and September. It is a beauti-
ful plant in its ftate of fructification, the folioles and capfules
being then of a bright gold-yellow. It is an emetic and cathar-
tic, and is ufed as fuch by fome people.

46. Trailing Hypnum, 'with waved jins (y)t is among the rocks
under the Roman wall by Gv^-lake ; alfo among thofe at little
Waneyboufe-criig, fparingly. It is of a compreffed fhape and creep-
ing, fometimes limple, and fometimes branched, two or three
inches long, of a yellowifli-green, and glofTy. The fructifica-
tions rife in April from the al/e of the leaves, on capillary pedi-
cles of a fine red. The capfules are oblong, and of a ftraw-co-
lour with calyptra. At the bafe of the pedicle is a fquamofe mat-
ter, or involucrum, called by Dillenins> PERICH^ETIUM, which is

Sp. PI. 1 102. Lycopodium caule ere&o dichotomo. Flo. Lapp. n. 420. Flo. Suec.
n. 857. Hort. Cliff, p. 476. Royen. lugdb. p. 506. Selago vulgaris ABIETIS rubrae facie.
Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 435. t. 56. f. i.

(j>) Hypnum repens crifpum, cauliculis comprefiis, Lycopodii in morem per terram ft>arfi*>
Raj. Syn. iii. p. 88. n. 46. Hypnum pennatutn undulatum, Lyropodii inftar fparfum.
Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 271. t, 36. f. ^.

O O 2

284 OF TTIEES AND PLANTS.

the great characteristic of the Hypna. It is a beautiful plant, and
retains its colour a long time in drying.

47. Hoary Hypnum-like Mountain Bryum, "with the frucJificatims in or-
bicular capfules on the fides of the branches (z), is common on alpine
rocks in large tufts. It is on Tecket-rocks ; alfo on thofe by Crag-
lake, and the two

48. Long-, tranf parent Mother of Thime-leaved Bryjim, 'with fharp
jlooping heads (a), is on the fhady dripping rocks on the edge of

the brook below Tecket, plentifully. It is accounted a fcarce
plant. Dillenius refers us to the Welch mountains, and to the tranf-
marine Alps for it.

49. Branched Polytricum, bearing heads from its tops (b), is frequent
on J3ro3f//>o0/-common, by Raven s-bugb-crag. It is a fcarce plant.
We are referred to Sno*wden for it by Dillenius.

50. Small Stone-Licken, or Liverwort, with crznated foliolcs (c}t is
frequent on Tecket-rocks.

(z) Bryum hypnoides, capitulis plurimis ere&is, lanuginofum. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 97. n. 28.
Hall.Helv. p. 102. 1.3. f. 4. Mufcus trichoides lanuginofus alpinus. Petlv. n. 85. Muf-
cus terreftris vulgari fimilis lanuginofus. LWHYD. Hift. Oxon. iii. p. 625. f. 15. t. 5.
f. 7. (commode). Mufcus alpinus ramofior ere&is flagellis brevioribus & lanuginofis. Pluk-
net. Almag. p. 255. 1.47. f. 5. nonbene. Bryum capfulis ereflis, caule credo, ramis la-
teralibus brevibus fertilibus. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 396. Flo. Suec. n. 894. Bryum hyp-
noides polycephalon lanuginofum montanum. Dill. Hift. Mufc. p. 372. t. 47. f. 32.

(a) Bryum pendulum, Serpilli folio longiore pellucido, capfulis oblongis cufpidatis. Dill.
Hift. Mufc. p. 416. t. 53. f. 80.

(b) Polytrichum alpinum ramofum, capfulis e Summitate ellipticis. Dill. Hift. Mufc.
p. 4*7- t- 55- f- 4-

(c) Hepntica media, capitulo hemifphaerico. Mich. Gen. PI. p. 3. t. 2. f. 2. Marcantia
calyce communi (Juinquefido hemifphserico. Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 424. Flo. Suec. n, 932.
Rtyen. lugdb. p. 507. Lichen pileatus parvus, foliis crenatis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 114. Dill.
Hift. Mufc. p. 519. t. 75, f. 2.

51. Licben-

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 285

51. Lichen-like Mn'mm, with divided leaves (d)> is not common.
I obferved it on a large rock on the edge of the brook oppofite
to Tccket, on the fouth fide, fparingly. It is difpofed in an orbi-
cular form, from the fize of a fhilling to that of a crown-piece,
of a deep purple at the bafe, and of a bright yellowifli-green at
the edges, elegantly laciniated. The fructifications are globuli-
ferous, on capillary pedicles about an inch long, mature in Sep-
tember. It is a beautiful plant.

For the firft difcovery of the flowers and feeds of mofles, we
are indebted to Micheli.

.1 .•>!.,; : . j

Next of Submarines. •

1. White Sea-Coralline (e). On the fhore near Dunjlonbrough-
caille, on the north fide, plentifully in fpring and autumn, on
fhells and other marine bodies, in tufts. It is commended as a
vermifuge, given from ten grains to two fcruples in a dofe.

2. Capillaceous^dichotomous, purple fucus, "with mult ifid and yellow ex-
tremities, and 'white tophaceous hairy cafes on the bottom and part of the
upper branches (fj. With the former frequent. It is four or five

(d) Blafia pufilla, lichenis pyxidati facie. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 14. t. 7. Elafia. Linn.
Flo. Suec. n. 933. Mjuum lichenis facie. Dill. Mufc. p. 237. 1.31. f. I.

(e) Mufcus coralloicles fquamulis loricattis; C. B. Pin. p. 364. Mufcus coralloides can-
didus coralloides fquamatus. 7. B. Hift. ii. p. 249. Et, Corallina. Ejufd. iii. p. 810.
Tourn. Inft. p. 570. Sertularia ramis teretibus, articulis cylindricis lupideis sequalibus.
Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 536. Flo. Suec. n. 1134.

(f) Fucus tricoides noftras aurei coloris, ramulorum apicibus furcatis. Raj. Syn. iii.
p. 45. Plukntt. Phyt, t. 184. f. 2.

inches

s8<J OF TREES AND PLANTS.

inches long, very much branched, in a dichotomous manner,
and divided at the points, fome bifid, or trifid, and others mul-
tifid, of the thicknefs of aftrong horfe-hair, with cafes regularly
briftkd.or fet with fhort hairs. It is of a deep purple, except at
the ends, which are of a pale yellow. It is alfo frequent with-
out the briftled incruftation.

3. Small fcarlet Fucus, 'with a porous incrujlation on the branches fg).
On the fame fliore, fparingly. It is three inches long, mode-
rately branched, of a bright fcarlet. The incruftation is white,
porous, and in parts hairy, fpangled with glittering teftaceous
corpufcles. It is alfo frequent without the incruftation.

4. Small fcarlet and ivhite fucus (h). On the fame fhore, and
other places on the coaft, fparingly. It is membranaceous and
divaricated, two or three inches long, of a beautiful fcarlet and
white. The fcarlet holds its colour in drying. The white turns
to a ftraw-colour.

5. Purple, membranaceous, efcuknt Fucus (i). On the fhores of
Crejpwell, Dunjlonbrough, and Berwick, plentifully. Our fifher-
men call it Dulfe. In Scotland it is called Dils, and in Ireland,
Dulejh.

(g) Fucus membranaceus ceranoides varie difle&us. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 44. Alga minor
fuave-rubcns varie divifa. Mart. Dec. p. 32. t. 32. Fucus membranaceus ramofiffimus,
ramulis linearibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 1012.

(h) Fucus pulcre albo ruben?, foliis latis breviffimis laciniatis.

(i) Yucusfcotlcus latiflimus edulis dulcis. Silbald. SCOT, illuftr. 26. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 46.
Raj. Hift. i. p. 74. Fucus caule tereti breviflimo, 'folio maxitno enfiformi fubfimplici.
Linn. Flo. Lapp. n. 460. Flo. Succ. n. icio.

Of

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

287

Of Lythophita or Jlony fubmarines, I have obferved only tbefe
two.

i. A Sca-MuJhrome, in the form of the tuberculofe headed Ly-
coperdon, with a kind of an oblong thick pedicle of a gloffy white,
like an enamel, with irregular blotches of a mining vermilion-
red. Broken, it fhews a laminated texture, and a Congeries of
Tubuli vermiculares from top to bottom (k).

2V AfcJJlk) echinated Sea-MuJhrome, of a glofly white, with the

fame Tubuli vermiculares within (1). I had both thefe from

the fea-flrand at Rofs-links, near Belford. They feem to be the pro-
duction of fome fea-cavern.

From the Moffes and Submarines, proceed we to the Mujloromes.
They are not lefs numerous. I mail only mention thofe that
are of highefl rank at table, and fuch as deferve notice for their
configuration and beauty.

i. White efculent Mufhrome with red gills and a convex crown, -with
divaricated prominent ridges and furrows, forming a kind of reticular
•work (m). I met with it on the common between Gofton and
Long Lee, near Wark, in Tynedale. I took the figure off with the

(k) Coralloides fungiforme maritimum lamellatum plleo albo-rubente glabro tuberculofo,
pediculo oblongo brevi, tubulis vermicularibus intra crebenimis.

(1) Coralloides fungiforme maritimum lamellatum feffile, albo-nitidum, echinalum, tubu-
lis vermicularibus flexuofis crebre confertum.

(m] Fungus camprcftris fuperne albus, eleganter rcticulari modo ftriatus, fub:us lamellis
pulchre rubris.

Tbltrjtm-

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

Thurjlon-c\?.y. It is a beautiful variety of the common Cham-
pignon (n).

2. Large white efcuknt Muffjrome, 'with a remarkable broad Crown
and long pedicle (o). In the bank of wood oppofite to the reftory-
den at Simonburn, not unfrequent in autumn. It is entirely white.
It is accounted by the curious to be of a finer flavour than the

Champignon *.

3. Efculent, yellow , contorted Mit/hronte, or Chanter ell (p). In fha-
dowy paftures, and on the borders of woods. I have obferved it
under the trees at the weft end of the rectory-den at Simonburn,
and other places. It is of a pale yellow, and vafiouily contorted,
of an agreeable tafte.

(n) Fungus campeftris albus fuperne, inferne rubens. 7. B. iii. p. 824. Raj. Hift. i.
p. 87. Syn. iii. p. 2. n. I. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 174. n. 8. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 75.
Ji. 7. Hall. Helv. p. 50. Fungus cfculentus. Park. Theatr. p. 1317. n. 12. Fungus,
Offic. Dal. Pharm. p. 57. Amanita campeflris alba fuperne, inferne rubsns. Dill. Gifl'.
p. 177. Agaricus caulefcens, pileo convexo fquamato albido lamellis ruffis. Linn. Flo.
Suec. n. 1045.

(o) Fungus Pileolo lato, longiflimo pediculo variegato. C. B. Pin. p. 371. Vaill. Bot.
PiJ'is.' p. 74. Amantia ficca & levis, pileo magno piano, orbicular!, pediculo longo, p!e-
rumque bulbiformi. Dill. GifT. p. 180. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 3.

* M. LISTER. Raj. Syn. 1. c.

(p) Fungus luteus f. pallidus CHANTERELLE didlus fe contorquens efculentus. 7. B. iif.
p. 832. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 2. Fungus angulofus & velut in lacinia fe<5tus. C. B. Pin. p. 371.
J'aill. Bot. Paris, t. 11. f. 14, 15. Amanita lutea oris contortis. Dill. Gifl". p. 179.
Agaricus caulefcens lamellis ramofis decurrentibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 1049. Agaricus
caulefcens fulvus, pileo concavo margine refiexo, lamellis ereflis, ftipite brcviffimo. Flo.
Lapp. n. 493.

OF TREES AND PLANTS,

4. Purple efculent MuJJjrome, ivitb -white gills, and a ivbits pedicle (<}).
In dry fhady places. I obfcrved it in a lane at the north end of a
fmall village called Donkley-Wood, near Hordke, upon North Tyney
near Bellingham, in September, plentifully. The pedicle is fliort,
thick, and not bulbous. The head is a little deprefled in the
center, rough at the edges, and ftriated ; fometimes of a beauti-
ful purplifli-red, and fometiraes of a rofe-colour, with an ad-
mixture of white. The gills are thick, and thin fet, with inter-
mediate rugae, or a kind of half gills. They are white, and in
their older flate yellowifh.

5. Efculent purple Mufhrome, with a bulbous pedicle (r). In Woods,
in October and November, frequent. The pedicle on its firft
rifing is a thick bulb, protected from the chilling night-dews
and cold air by a clofe filky film, up to the very edges of its little
head. It rifes gradually higher ; but in its higheft ftate is very
fhort and thick, carrying a head of a vaft fize, fometimes a foot

(q) Fungus major rubefcens pediculo brevi craflb lamellis crebris albentibus. Raj. Syn.
iii. p. 4. n. 1 6. Fungus efculentus albus & fubpurpureus varius, lamellis prorfus albis.
Michel, Gen. PI. p. 155. n. 9. Fungus fubtus niveus, brevi petiolo, pileo ad oras rugofo,
varii colons. Hall. Helv. p. 39. n. 27.

(r) Fungus efculentus bulbofus dilute purpureus. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 149. n. i. t. 74.
f. I. Hall. Helv. p. 52. n. 88. Fungus totus violaceus exitialis. Boccon. Mus. Fifi-
ca. t. ad p. 301. f. 5. Fungus major violaceus. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 67. n. 45. Fungus
caeruleus major. Buxbaum. Cent. 4. t. 9. Et, Fungus eleganter cseruleus pediculo bulbofo.
Ejufd. Plant, circa HAL. p. 121. Et, Fungus lividus pediculo bulbofo. Ejufd. Cent. 4.
t. 22. Agaricus caulefcens, pilei margine violaceo tomentofo, ftipite cserulefcentc lana
ferruginea. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 1066.

@ Amanita pediculo bulbiformi, pileo fufco, lamellis, & pediculo brevi bulbiformi. Dill.
GUT. p. 184.

•y. Fungus pileo magno orbiculari fublivido, lamellis albis, pediculo brevi bulbiformi vio-
laceo. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 3. n. 13.

VOL. I. P p In

syo OF TREES AND PLANTS.

in diameter. The gills are of various orders, and moderately
clofe fct. It is entirely of a beautiful purple or violet colour,
but of fhort duration, foon changing to a pale dull purple, or
dufky yellow.

6. Small violet, or amethyftine MuJJjrome (s). In the bank of wood
oppofite to the upper end of the rectory den at Simonburn, plenti-
fully in September, among mofTes, and on rotten flicks under
the deciduous putrid leaves. It is of a firm texture. The ftalk
or pedicle is flender, tubulous, and thickeft at the bottom. The
head is convex, and final 1, for the length of the ftalk, which is
from an inch to two inches and a half. The gills are thick, and
thin fet. It is all over of a beautiful violet or amathyftine colour,
with a farina on the head, like what we fee on floes. The gills
hold their colour a long time, but the head foon lofes its bloom,
changing to a pale bluifh-grey.

7. Small blue and green Mujhrome, <with blue and rofe-coloured gills (t).
Among the mofs on the trunks of old trees in thick woods. I ob-
ferved it on the lower part of the mofly trunk of a Scotch elm in
the bank of wood by the brook below Teckct, plentifully, in Octo-
ber. The pedicle is an inch long, and flender, of a fine blue
with an admixture of green. The head is hasmifphccrical, and of

»l»''

(s) Fungus dilute violaceus, pileolo parvo, pediculo gracili, pnealto, fiftulofj. Michel.
Gen. PI. p. 150. n. 8. Fungus durior totus amethyftinus, lamellis craffioribus. Hall.
Helv. p. 52. n. 87. Fungus minor amethyftinus. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 67. n, 43. Fun-
gus czruleus minor pediculo gracili. Buxbaum. Cent. 4. t. 12. f. i.

(t) Fungus parvus elegans, Cantharidum colorem, fplendorem & odorem aemulans, pile-
olo cum veriice laevi, reliqua parte pulchre ftriato, lamellis carnei;, pediculo cylindrico
fiftulofo. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 168. Striis Ji/iert% cilore adetdit. Fungus ex cxruleo viridis,
lamellis ca:ruleo-rofvis. Hull. Helv. p. 51. n. 83.

the

OF TPxEES AND PLANTS. 291

the fame colour, but changes by age to a pale whitiih-grey. The
gills are thick for its fize, and not clofe let, of a blui(h-rofe-co-
lour. It is pellucid, and held up by the (talk to the light, or ly-
ing frefli in its higheit bloom on a table, has the beauty and
luflre of a polifhed gem.

8. Small fcarlet MitJJjrome, with yelloiu gilts and a yellow pedicle (u).
In the openings of woods. In an opening by a broad flcxuous path
towards the eaft end of the rectory-wood at Siminburn, frequent,
in autumn, in fmall groups. The pedicle is an inch long, and
thick, of a gold yellow. The gills are thick, moderately dole
fet, and of the fame colour. The head is convex, an inch and a
half in diameter, of as bright a fcarlet as can be imagined, on
its firft rifing from under the herbage and fallen leaves ; but va-
nities by degrees to a reddifh yellow, out of its fhady fituation,
and, on being brought into ahoufe, with the earth about it, lan-
guifhes in a night's time to the fame colour. It is flefhy and
very brittle.

9. Scarlet Mujhrome, 'with 'white JiJ/ile conic rays, "white gills, and a
*white bulbous pedicle (v). Under fir-trees, not unfrequent. I ob-
ferved it in confiderable plenty in a fir-grove at Brandon-\\\\\tz-
houfe, by the rivulet of BramiJJj, in September. The bulb is
thick and round, from which rifes a pedicle of a bright white,

(u) Fungus montanus pileo coccineo, lamellis aureis, (lipite btevi aureo ciafliufculo. Fun-
gus coccineus, inferne auran'it coloris. D. BREYNIUS. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 159. Fun-
gus parvus, pileolo hemifphserico, defuper coccineo, inferne lamcllis aureis, pediculo i'umma
parte plerumque coccinca, ima vero auren. Ibitl. n. 2.

(v) Fungus pileo coccineo radiis multifidis conicis albis varius» lamellis crebris albis, pe-
diculo albo ad bafin globofo,

P p 2 with

2$>i OF TREES AND PLANTS.

with a fmall round head, of a beautiful fcarlet, gloffy like fattin,
with white fuiile conic rays at diftnnces, like thofe of the flellate
Lycopsrdon, forming an elegant vai legation. The pedicle gradu-
ally rifes higher, from an inch to three or four inches. The
head alfo gradually expands, from an inch to three inches in dia-
meter. The gills are fine, clofc fet, and white. It is of a good
fmell, and excelh all others that I have feen for beauty. It holds
its colour and glofs a long time in drying, under proper ma-
nagement.

10. Bloody Alu/hrome, 'with •white ivarts, 'white gills, and a 'white
bulbous pedicle (-w)> is frequent in meadows. The bulb is of a
remarkable thicknefs. The pedicle rifes gradually to an un-
common length, with an annular membrane, which foon va-
nifhes, of a pure white. The head is firft companiform, and
and afterwards flat, of a vaft fize, fometimes a foot in diameter;
of a deep blood-red, variegated with warts, and ftriated at the
edges. The gills are thin, numerous, and white. It is of a
moil ungrateful foetid fmell, and poifonous. We are informed
by a learned foreigner, that it killed five men with its virulent
poifon in Lithuania *. It is much coveted by fmall flies, and for
thatreafon is fometimes called thzFlie-MuJhrome,

(w) Fungorum pernicioforum genus, xii. Cluf. Sp. 4. p. ccclxxx. cum Icone. Fungus
mulcaiius. Trag. p. 941. Cord, in Diof:. p. 68. Fungi venenati mufcarii fpecies iv. I. B.
iii. p. 841. Fungus pileolo defuper fature rubro, & ad Laccte colorem accedente, ad eras
ftriato, infcrne albo, pediculo palmari, cylindrico & anulato. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 186.
Fungus non vefcus II. Ltefelii. PrufT. p. 88. (qui anulum diam vidit.) Agaricus caulefcens
petiolo albo ad bafin globofo, pileo fanguineo, verrucis & lamellis albis. Linn, Flo. Lapp,
n. 515. Fungus pileo fanguineo verrucofo, lamellis albis, anulo fugaci, pediculo bulbofo.
Hail. Helv. p. 39. nomen hoc, et Linnaei, optimum,

* L-ffiSEL. 1. C.

II. Reddiflj-

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

1 1. Reddi/fj-brown Alu/hrome, with red zones -or circles round an Um-
bilicus in the center, and fiejh-coloured gills and pedicle (x). In alpine
woods. In the rectory-wood at Simonbitrn, frequent, in Auguft
and September, under oak-trees. The pedicle is ihort, thick,
and cylindric, an inch or an inch and a half long, of a pale red
or flelh-colour. The head turns in at the edges, regularly deep-
ening from the rim to the center, forming a concave or Umbilicus,
with beautiful zones or circles round it, of a pale red, on a red-
dim-brown ground, from two to four inches in diameter. The
gills arc clofe fet, of a pale red or flefli colour, and turn white
by age. It is beautiful in its younger ftate, and keeps its colours
a long time in drying.

12. Vijcid deep green Mii/Jjrome, 'with a "white circle round the eJ^£s,
and white ^'//jy and a white anulated pedicle (y). In the bank of
wood oppofite to the upper end of the rectory-den at Simonburn, not
unfrequent in September among moiles, and on rotten flicks,
with the fmall violet or amethyftine Muflirome. The pedicle is
white, {lender and tubulous, an inch and a half or two inches
long, with an anular permanent membrane toward the top. The
head is hemifph^rical, of a deep green, with a circle of bright
white at the edges, a little vifcid andglofly, an inch in diameter.
The gills are thick and not very clofe, of a bright white. It

(x) Fungus pileo ex fufco rubens, in medio umbilicatus, zonis rubeUis cinftus, margine

inflexo, lamellis carneis, ftipite cameo cylindrico » . .

Fungus la&efcens, acris, pileolo ampliore, centro cavo, & fubfufco, reliqua parte zonuiis
circularibus lateritii coloris dilutis, & faturis aheniatun pofuis veluti fafctata, lamellis, &
pediculo albis. Micbe:. Gen. PI. p. 143. Amanita major ru'-efcens, aut fubfulva, pediculo
brcvi, lamellis crebtis, albentibus. Dill. Gill. p. 181. /L 'eutjn. Toum. i. p. 45.

(y) Fungus pileolo vifcido, intcnfe viiidi, margine, lamellis, & ftipite rnalato albis.

holds

294 °F TREES AND PLANTS.

holds its colour a long time in drying, except the gills, which
turn brownifh.

13. Glojjy, dark-grey, conic Muforome, •with ivhitt gills, and a -white,
bulbous, fall, emulated pedicle (z). In dry fhady paftures, in au-
tumn, not un frequent. The pedicle is four inches long, with
brown dots on a white ground, of a fine ihape, tapering from
the bafe to an anular permanent membrane, which in its younger
ilate clofes the mouth of the gills, like an opercnlum, and opens
on its farther expanfion, mewing their delicate whitenefs. The
head is of the fhape of a large obtufe cone, of a dark grey, or
afti-colour, of a'filky luftre, which it retains in drying.

14. The great, ttihite funnel-like Mitfirome, -with white gills, and a
J/jort, "whfte, cylindric pedicle (a), is not uncommon in the openings,

and on the borders, of alpine woods. I have obferved it with
the fmall fcarlet and gold-yellow mumrome in the rectory-wood
at Simonburn ; alfo on the borders of Ramjhoiv- wood, by the road-
fide, above the mill, near Work, in Tynedale, in autumn. The
pedicle is an inch long, and about as much in thicknefs. The
head is at firfl reflex at the edges, which afterwards gradually
rife upwards, and form a great hollow, like a funnel, fomc-
times five inches deep, and twelve inches over at the brims. The
gills are very clofe, with intermediate fhorter ones, or a kind of

fzj Fungus pilco conico cinereo laete nigrefcens, lamellis albis, ftipite procero albo bul-
bofo, anulo non fugaci cin£lo.

(a) Fungus lu&eus, maximus, infundibuli forma. VallL Bot. Par. p. 61. Amanita
major lafte&ens, pileo rx albo purpurafcenie, Samellis crcbris, caulebrevi. Martjn. Tourn.
i. p 43.

half

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 295

half gills. It is entirely white in its younger ftate, and turns to
a buff-colour by age, with a clufky purplim call.

15. The final/ Mufljrome, ivith a ivhite nut ant head, ivhlte gills, and
a "white capillaceoTis pedicle (b), is frequent in woods, on the decayed
ftalks of plants, in autumn ; with the fmall white fpecies, ivith
a capillaceous pedicle of a finning purple (c).

. > v.

1 6. The fmall, 'while, pellucid Mufhrome, 'with five rays from the
axis to the circumference, iiiftead of • gills (d), is frequent in the bot-
toms of damp woods in winter, and after rains, on rotten flicks
and putrid leaves. I have often obferved it in the wood by the
brook below Tecket.

17. Small, pellucid^ redd't/h-brown Auriculate Mujljrome, -with gills
of the fame colour (ej. In woods, not uncommon ; on the decayed

(b) Fungus minimus totus albus, pileolo hemifphaerico utrinque ftriato, lamellis rafLribus.
Michel. Gen. PI. p. 166. n. 3. t. 80. f. u. Hall. Helv. p. 36. n. 8. Fungus parvus
candidiflimus lamellatus pediculo longo gracili. Rnj. Syn. iii. p. 9. n. 46. Buxlaum.
Cent. iv. p. 21. 1.32. f. 3. Fungus minimus albus umbilicatus firiatus. Paill. Bot. Par.
p. 71. n. 6.

(c) Fungus pileolo candicante lamellis paucis, pediculo fufco fplendente. Vail. Bot. Par.
p. 69. n. 58. t. n. f. 21, 22, 23. Michel, p. 168. n. 5. Hall. Helv. p. 36. Fungus
caule nigro, capilhiri, Androfaces capitulo. Boccone. Mus. di Piante. p. 143. t. 108. Fun-
gus minimus adian hi aurei pidiculo, an Mithridaticus MENZELII. Sherard. Raj-. Hift.
iii. p. 19. Syn. iii. n. 49. Amanita minima mufcofa. Dill. Gi(T. p. 182.

(d) Fungus minimus albus, pileolo hemifpha;rico in arborum caudicibus. Michel. Gen.
PI. p. 146. n. 34. t. 74. f. 7. Hall. Helv. p. 36. Fungus minimus candidus, abfque la-
mellis. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 12. n. 11.

(e) Agarlco- fungus quercinus, tener, auricular!?, totus ex fufco rubefcens, lamellis cre-
berrimis Aguicum fquamo.rum, rufefceus, pediculo donatum, fubtus la-

- oiellis denfis. Mubsl. Gen. PI, p. 123. n. 18. t. 65. f. 7.

flumps

20«

6 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

flumps of fallen oaks. I never met with it on the flumps of any
other trees. It is three quarters of an inch in diameter, and in
its mature flate covered with a white powder. The gills are fine
and clofe. It is foft, pellucid, and nutant on the leaft motion.
It is fometimes deformed, by growing in groups one over
another.

1 8. Small, yello'wiJJj-'white Auriculate-MaJl^rome^ ivith gills of the
fame colour (£}. On the trunks of old elms, by waters, in hori-
zontal groups. It is frequent in the rectory- wood at Simonburn;
alfo at the bottom of the adjoining wood at Tecket, in autumn, by
the brook. It is fometimes disfigured, by its numbers grow-
ing over one another, horizontally.

19. There is a VARIETY of it on the fame trees in autumn with
large laciniated lobes (gjt very beautiful.

20. There is another Variety refembling a fmall Piften (h).

2 1 . Small, 'white, Auriculate-MuJhrome, "with 'white Gilts (i). On
the decayed flalks of plants in wood-bottoms, frequent. It is

(f) Agaricum auriculas, vel flabelli forma, fuperne fubobfcurum, inferne album, & la-
mel'a'um. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 123. n. 4. t. 65. f. I.

(g) Agarico-fungus-carnofua ex albo flavefcens ad ora lobis laciniatis, fubtus lamellatus.

(b) Agaricus parvus lamellatus p?£tunculi forma elegans. Dill. Gift. p. 192. Raj. Syn.
Hi. p. 21. n. 23. Fungus parvus lamellatus peftunculi forma alno adnafcens. Vaill. Bot.
P<iris. p. 70. n. 63. t. 10. f. i.

(i) A garico-fungus minimus, tencr, albus. Hall. Kelv. p. 58. Agaricus lamellatus mi-
nimus albus. Buxlaum. Cent, v. t. 7. f. 3.

very

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 297

very fmall, thin, and nutant, of a bright white. The gills are
fine, and clofe.

Thefe j4uriculate-mu{hromes, with gills, are all fixed to the
trees, or decayed ftalks of plants, horizontally, by a kind of pe-
dicle, in fome fo fmall as to be almoft imperceptible*

32. The great dujky yellow Mufhrome, 'with Tubules underneath, and
a tall, thick, bulbous pedicle (k), is frequent in woods, in autumn.
On being cut, and the wound held up to the fun, the fluid gives
all the colours, in its changes, of the rainbow. It is tin6torial»
and gives a purple to linen *. It is faid to be efculent, and not
unfrequent at the Italian tables f. We are told by Linnets that
Cows eat it, but that it makes their milk naufeous J.

23. The reddi/h-brOnvn Mujhrome, with yetloiv Tubules underneath*
and a Jlender anulated pedicle (IJ, is lefs common. I obferved it, in
its mature ftate, at the upper end of the rectory-wood at Simon-

(k) Suillus efculentus crafius, fupcrne fulvus, inferne initio albidus, dein ex flavo fubvi-
refcens, pediculo ventricofo, & fupernae ^.parti pilei concolore. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 127.
Fungus porofus craflus. Raj.Syn. iii. p. n. n. 2. Boletus magnus Julii Menfis. Dill.
Gifl". p. 188. Suillus fulvus inferne ex flavo virefcens. Hall. Helv. p. 29. fequenti optima
defcriptione.

" Varia diverfis temporibus fabrica eft. Pediculus juniori bulbofus, adulto longior, &
" gracilior, modo terreus, modoex fanguineo varius. Pileolus plerumquefigura coni trun-
" cati, fuperne fulvus, aut leoninus, aut terreus, vel glaber, vel elegantur reticulatus bi-
'* color. Facies inferior in juniori flava cum virofe, adultiori terrea & inelegantior. Semper
" Vero mollis caro eft, pori laceri ; ampli, pediculus abfque anulo."

* Ph. Tr. No. 110. f Michel, 1. c. J Flo. Oeconom.

(1) Boletus luteus. Dill. Giff. p. 18. t. 10. n. i. Fungus Cent. v. p. 7. t. 14. Suil-
lus anulatus terreus inferne flavefcens. Hall. Helv. p. 29.

VOL. I. Qjl btirn,

2?8 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

burn, under oak-trees in the middle of O<5lober. The tubules
were covered for the whole length with the fructifications, in
the form of a yellow powder. The exterior coat or film over
their mouths was rotted off and periflied, which fhewed them to
great advantage.

The tubules of thefe are capable of being feparated from the
crown, or the upper flefhy part.

24. YelloiviJJj-ivhite Mufljrome -with quadrangular tubules, and a thick
pedicle (m). Under the fir-trees on the hill by the Roman wall at
Tower-fay, near Walivick, frequent, in Auguft and September.
The root is fucculent, and gradually rifes to a thick pedicle,
from an inch and a half to two or three inches long, and fome-
times more. The head is from two to four inches in diameter.
It is very foft and tender. The tubules or pores on the under
part are fquare, terminated with dentated and orbicular protu-
berances. It is intirely of a yellowifli-white, and turns to a gold
yellow by age. Cut tranfverfely, it mews the form of the tu-
bules. It ilains the fingers on being touched, like the faffron
clay-ochre, and diffufes a moft ungrateful fmell. It retains its
form, yellow colour, and fcent a long time in drying.

25. AJh-coloured, tejjellated Mujhrome, 'with quadrangular tubules or
•pores underneath (n). On alpine heaths. I met with it in Septem-

(m) Polyporus Alni radicibus innafcens, molli & crafla pulpa, pijeolo defuper ex fpadiceo
fulvo, inferne luteo-viridi, pediculo brevi, fupern:e pileoli parti concolore. Michel. Gen.
PI. p. 130. t. 70. f. I. Polyporus ampliflimus albidus, alveoli's quadrangulis. Hall.He\v.
p. 25. n. I. Pilei fades inferior fit alveo/is quadratis, quos terminant eminentia juga dentata.

(n) Polyporus alpinus cinereus, pileolo fuperna parte lacero & veluti teffellato, inferne
favi ample perforate. Michel. Gen. PL p. 130. t. 71. f. 2.

ber.

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 299

ber on Bewick-common, in Glendale. I alfo met with it at High-
Moralee, near7F<zr£, in Tynedak. I took off the figure of its tefTel-
lated head with the Thurfton-c\xy, which fliews it to great exaft-
nefs. The pedicle is ftiort and thick. The head is convex, live
inches in diameter, with decp/n>, cracks, or clefts, refembling
a teffellated or reticular work. The Alveoli, tubules, or pores
underneath are fquare, and of an umbre-colour. Cut through
tranfverfely, their form is confpicuous.

The pores or tubules of this kind of mufhromes cannot be
feparated from the crown or upper part.

26. Bright 'white efculent MuJJjrome, 'with long aculeated Sptnnules
underneath, and a tall pedicle fo). On the upper part of the bank
of wood oppofite to the rectory-den at Simonburn, in September,
fparingly. It is intirely of a bright white. The pedicle is two-
or three inches long. The head is from two to three inches in
diameter. It has a fine fmooth Ikin, and changes to a yellowilh-
white in drying.

27. Pale yelloiv efculent MuJIirome, 'with aculeated Spinnules under-
neath, and a foort thick pedicle (p). In the fame bank, in Auguft,
plentifully. The pedicle is fhort and thick, of a yellowifh-white.
The head is two or three inches in diameter, of a pale yellow,
It grows both fmgle, and in groups. The heads of the firfl are

(o) Fungus pene candidus prona parte erinaceus. /. B. iii. p. 828. Raj. Hift. i. p. 108.
Syn. iii. p. II. n. 6. Hift. Oxon. p. 637. Erinaceus efculentus albus craflus. Michel.
Gen. PI. p. 132. t. 72. f. 2. Hall. Helv. p. 31. n. i.

(p) Erinaceus efculentus pallide luteus. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 132. 1.72. f. 3. Hall.
Helv. p. 32. n. 2. Erjnaceus colons pallide lutei. Dill. GiiT. p. 188. t. i. Fungus eri-
naceus. Vaiil. Bot. Paris, p. 58.

ufually

5oo OF TREES AND PLANTS.

ufually not deformed. Thofe of the latter moftly are disfigured
by their numbers, multiform, and turned upwards with the
fpinules ereft, in a crcft-like manner. It holds its colour in.
drying.

28. Yelloiviffj-ivhite, c onic, cavernofe Muftjrome, or Morel fq). Under
nfh-trees, in a flood-foil, by waters, frequent, in April and May,
after warm fhowers. In C/^w-wood, on the banks of South-Tyne,
near Allerivajh. On the banks of North Tyne, near Chipchace ; alfo
on the banks of the brook at Simonburn. The pedicle is fhort,
thick, wrinkled, tubulous, and white. The head is of a diffe-
rent form, according to its different ftages of growth, fituation,
and flate of the feafon ; fometimes like a tall pyramid, fwelling
at the bafe ; fometimes like a fhort, ventricofe obtufe cone, and
fometimes like a long acute one ; always with numerous cells,
larger or fmaller, according to its fize, forming a beautiful re-
ticular work *. Under the fhade of afli and beach trees, on the
edge of the brook oppolite to the upper end of the rectory-dea
at Simonburn^ in a rich fandy loam thrown up by torrents or
floods, I have gathered it fo large, as to weigh a quarter of a
pound, in the middle of a mild May, warm, with gentle mowers.
It is of a yellowifh-white, and changes by age to a pale reddifli-
yellow, and in drying to a ftraw-colour. Snails are very fond of
it, and there are commonly fome within the large ones, which
eat them up by degrees, if not gathered.

(q) Tuber. Trag. p. 932. Fungorum efculentorum G«nus, i. Cluf, Hift. PI. rar.
p. cclxiil. Fungus rugofus, vel cavernofus, f. tnerulus, ex albo nonnihil rubefcens. 7. B.
iii. p. 836. Fungus porofus amplior orbicularis. C, B. Pin. p. 370. Boletus efculentus,
rugofus, amplior, & orbicularis. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 203. t. 85. f. I, 2. Boletus petiolo
rugofo, pileo locellulofo ovali. Hull. Helv. p. 24. nomen optimum.

* See The Defcription of it by M. Lyjler, M. D. in his Journey to Paris.

29. There

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 301

29. There is a variety of it in the fame kind of foil, and under
the fhade of airi-trees, in a fmall ifland formed by North Tyne,
near Lee-hall, and a cottage on the brow of the hill above it,
called, Carejf-boufe, and on the banks of South Tyne, in Knar's-dale^
of an afh-colour (rj, changing by age, and in drying, to a rufty
grey. It never arives. to the fize of the former, but is always
fmall.

They are both ingredients in culinary fauces. When
dried, they give a fcent to a room like that of a ilrong beef-
gravy; and when ufed, tafte like it, rich and high-flavoured.

30. Fxtid Pfeudo -Morel) or Baftard-Morel (s). In the fame places
with the former,. not unfrequent. It fo much refembles them
in its exterior figure, that it is often gathered for them by mif-
take, or inadvertency. The head is more flender, open at the
bottom, and the Cavernula more narrow and longer. The ftalk
is alfo not fo robuft. It is of a brown colour, with an admixture
of a fordid greenifh-yellow, which it retains in drying; of an
ungrateful foetid fmell, which it Hkewife retains, and commu-
nicates it to a room, if ftringed and hung up in ever fo fmall a
quantity. Thefe are diftinctions fufficient to know it by, not to
miftake it for the genuine kinds, whofe heads are always clofe
at the bottom, and of no ungrateful fcent, either in their recent
0* dried Hate.,

(r) Fungus porofus, rugofus, albicans, quafi fuligine infeflus. C. B. Pin. p. 370. Bo-
letus efculentus rugofus albicans, quafi fuligine infe£tus. Tourn. Inft. p. 561. t, 329. f. A.
Morchella minor oblonga, fuligine quafi infefla. Dill. GilT. p. 188. uptime,

(s) Phallo- Boletus efculentus, pileolo parvo, conico, ex fulvo fubobfcuro, pediculo leu-
coj haeo, fiftulofo. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 203. t. 84. f. 3.

3*'

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

31. Fttid, /now-white, IIorn-Mtifhroms (t). This was for fome
yeirs an annual production at the foot of my own garden, at
the fouth-eaft end, at Simonburn, and was with difficulty rooted
out ; its ftringy fibres, and globular buttons, appearing in dig-
ging three feet under the furface. It annually grows in great
plenty at the eaft end of a plantation of firs, beach, and Scotch
elms, on the other fide of the brook by the road to Hall-Barns
from Simonburn, naufeous to the traveller by its foetid fmell. It
comes up in April and May, in mild fhowery weather. The
root is a round bulb, with bulbous fibres, from which rifes a
thick, tall, cylindric pedicle, with a conic head, at firft covered
with a reticular film, like a mantle of the fineft wrought-work,
mow-white, fplendidly gay, and gradually opens, and (hews re-
ticular cells of the fame brightnefs. At firft fight one cannot
help admiring its beautiful form, but a near approach fenfibly
convinces us of its interior qualities, and that, like fome other
objects of outward elegance, it is better feen at a diftance than
near. After it is arrived at its maturity, it quickly languishes
and melts away into a gelatinous fubftance.

32. Aflj- coloured, crifp, laciniated Mujhrome, or CURLED ELVELA,
••with a thick, "wrinkled or finuofe, fjluhus pedicle (u). In damp

woods.

-(t) Fungus Phalloidcs. /. B, iii. p. 843. Boletus Phalloicles. Tourn. Inft. p. 562.
Raj. Syn. iii. Phallus HOLLANDICUS. Park. Theatr. p. 1322. Fungus Phalloides BA-
TAVICUS, pileo laciniato, & veluti crifpo. Raj. Hift. iii. p. 25. Phallus vulgaris, totus
albus, volva rotunda, pileolo cellulate, ac fumma parte umbilico pervio, ornato. Michel.
Gen, PI. p. 201. t. 83. Vulgo. Stink-born. MARTYN. Tourn. ii. p. 174.

(u) Firngoides fungiforme crifpum laciniatum & varie complicatum, pediculo craffo
ftr'ato rlmofo & fiftulofo. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 204. t. 86. f. 7. egregie. Pierxquefortt
Spfdes MiCHEHl ibi recenfttee hue pertinent. — Fungus pro capitulo laminas aliquot laciniatas

folia

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 303

woods. Under the tall beach-trees in the plantation at Nunivlck,
near the avenue, plentifully in July, efpecially after rains. The
pedicle is thick, unequally ftriated or furrowed, and frftulous,
moftly conic ; but it fometimes varies in its form, and is broad,
and deformed, as if two or three were coalefced or joined toge-
ther. The head is one large, expanded, lacerated Lamina, of
various forms, but always more fmooth than the flalk, and not
perforated. Sometimes the flalks are deformed and palmated at
the ends, without a head, like the white coralline mufliromes.-

33. Afh-colomed) blcollate Mujhrome, or MITRE-MUSHROME, ivith'
ajlender, ftriated^ fetid pedicle fvj. With the former, not unfre-
quent, of which it is a variety. The ttalk is (ingle, flender, mo-
derately wrinkled or ftriated, two or three inches long. The
head is a bicellate lamina, refembling a BiJJjop's Mitre ; fometimes
varying in its form, and running into a long convex-like fhape.
It is of a light grey, or afh-colour, darker towards the bottom
of the flalk.

34. Dark grey, companiform, conic Mujbrome, or CORNUCOPIA-MUSH-
ROME (iv). In woods. In the middle of the bank of wood oppo-

folia querna imitantes emittens. Raj. Hift. PI. iii. p. 25. Boletus petiolo rugofo, pileo
latiffimo laciniato. Hall. Helv. p. 23. Elvela pileo deflcxo adnato lobato difformi. Linn.
Flo. Suec. n. 1103.

(v) Fungoides fungiforme pullum, crifpum, & varie complicatum, pediculo tenuiori non
fiftulofo. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 204. n. 7. t. 86. f. 9. Fungus autumnalis velut apex fla-
minis. Afenz. pugill. rar. t. 6. Boletus mitram Pontiflcis referens pullus. Rupp. Flo. Jen.
p. 302. &, Boletus mitram Pontificis refe;ens pullus. EJOSD. ib. Boletus petiolo rugofo,
pileolo planioii. Hall. Helv. p. 23. £. Linn. Flo. Suec. p. 384.

(w) Fungoides nigricans majus Cornucopias forma. Vail!. Bot. Par.is. p. 57. t. 13..
f. 22. optimt. Peziza conica labro reflexo. Hall. Helv. p. 21.

fite

3o4 Otf TREKS AND PLANTS.

fite to the wefl end of the re£tory-den at Simonburn, in September,
plentifully. It is a membranaceous tube, reflex at the edges, from
two to three inches long ; externally of a dark glofly grey, and
internally of a glofiy brown.

35. djly-cokured, companiform, conic Mujhrome, -with Intimated edges*
or TRUMPET-MUSHROME (xj, With the former, frequent, in the
middle of September. It grows fafciulatim, or in groups. It is
an incurvated membranceous tube, reflex at the brims and laci-
niated ; from two to three inches long ; of an afli-colour without,
and of a reddifh-brown within.

36. Petiolated, immbranceous,fcartet Cup-MuJhrome (y). On decayed
hazel twigs and branches under mofTes and putrid leaves at the
eaft end of TVokf-wood, plentifully, in January. The flalk or
pedicle is fometimes three quarters of an inch long ; the cup as
much in diameter, and half an inch deep, of a bright fcarlet
within, and of a flefli-colour without, exceedingly beautiful,
pellucid when held up to the light.

37. Small, fejjile, orange-yellow, membranaceous Cup-Mufhrome (zj. On
an old Hone-wall, topped with earth, on the north fide of the

(x) Fungoidafter cefpitofus, fupcrne fufcus, inferne cinefeus. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 201.
t. 82. f. 5. uptime. TROMBETTO di morto maggiore a cefpi. ID. ib. Fungoides tubulofum
laciniatum fufcum. Buxbaum. PI. Halens. p. 130. cum Icone. Fungus tubae Fallopianse
aemulus. Raj. Hift. iii. p. 34. Peziza tubae Fallopianae aemula. Dili. Giff. p. 194. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 20. n. 17. Peziza conica orelacero. Hall. Helv. p. 21.

(y) Fungoides coccineum acetabuli forma. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 207. n. 13. Town. Inft.
Fungus membranaceus feu coriaceus acetabuli modo concavus colore intus coccinco feu ker-
mefmo faturo. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 18. n. 5.

'(z) Peziza lutea minima verna. Dill.G\S. p. 195. Peziza difciformis miniata planior.
Hall, Halv. p. 20*

military-^

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

military-road, a quarter of a mile weft from Carra*wt in the
fpring, plentifully, among other mo/Tes.

38. Small, feffile, white, proliferous Cttp-MuJJjrome (a). About the
decayed roots of fir-trees, but not common. I obferved it on
thofe by the road in the rectory-den at Simonburn, in the fpring,
fparingly. It rifes in the form of a fmall globule, and after
fome time opens, and fliews a large cup, a quarter of an inch
in diameter, of a gloffy white. Other globules rife on the fides
and in the center of the cup, which give it the appearance of a
cup and balls in miniature. Thefe by degrees open, and a£Tume
the form of cups. It is a beautiful fpecies. Two or three com-
monly grow together, at fmall diftances.

39. Tufted, yellow, clavated, coralline Mujbrome (b). In the open-
ings of thick woods, in autumn, fparingly. I met with it in
one of the walks in the vicarage- wood at Hartburn. It is flattifh
and fucculent, ilender at the bottom, tumid in the middle, gra-
dually tapering to an obtufe point, two inches long ; growing in
tufts, twenty or thirty, or more together, of a beautiful faffron-
yellow.

40. Branched, tufted, yello-w, clavated, Coralline Mufhrome (cj. In
damp woods. At the weft end of the rectory-wood at Simonburny

not

(a) Cyathoides, quod Fungus femnifer, minor, fere hemifphxricus. Raj. Syn. ii.
App. p. 333. & ed. iii. p. 20. n. 21. t. i. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 222. n. 5.

(b) Clavaria cefpitofa, media, lutea. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 209. t. 87. f. II. Clavaria
cefpitofa mollior apice obtufo. Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 60. cutn bona Icone. Digitellus
clavatus croceus. Martyn, Tourn. i. p. 228. n. i.

(c) Efculentorum fungorum genus xix. Species i. Cluf. Hift. rar. Planet, p. cclxxiv.
Fungi digitelli lutei. frag, p. 940. Fungus ramofus flavus. /. B, iii. p. 837. Raj. Hift. i.

VOL. I. R r p. 103.

OF TREES AND PLANTS.

not unfrequent in the fpring and autumn. It is from an inch
and a half to three inches long, of a comprefled form, and fuc-
culent, one or two branches rifing towards the middle, with
large clavated apices, of the fame beautiful colour as the former.

41. Branched, ivhite, coralline Mujhrome (d). In the upper part
of the bank of wood oppofite to the weft end of the rectory-den
at Simonburn, fparingly, in autumn, among the putrid leaves and
mofTes. It is thick, fucculent, and very much branched, three
inches long, of a bright beautiful white.

42. Branched, gelatinous, reddijh-broivn Mufljrome, "with globofe apices
(e). I met with this on a fallen crab-tree at the weft end of Tecket-
wood, in great abundance, in autumn. It is about half an inch
long, and divides in the middle into three branches, each termi-
nated by a fmall pellucid globule.

43. Seffile, round, pulverulent MuJJyrome, with Jlellar rays (f). On
dry hills, in autumn. I obferved it on Glanton-pike, near TVhit-
tingham, in September, plentifully.

p. 103. & Syn. iii. p. 16. Fungus xix. Latfel. PrufT. p. 84. Coralloides flavum. Tourn:
Inft. p. 562. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 209. Digitellus coralliformis, luteus, minus ramofus.
Martyn, Tourn. i. p. 228. n. 4. Fungoides-coralliforme. Dill, GifT. p. 190. Corallo-
fungus flavus. Vaill. Bot. Paris, p. 41. t. 8. f. 4. Coralloides flavum rampliffimum. Hall.
Helv. p. 15. Clavaria ramis confenis ramofiflimis, inasqualibus. Linn. Flo. Suec. n. 1106.

(d) Efculentorum fungorum genus xix. Sp. 3. Cluf. p. cclxxv. Fungus ramofus albidus.
7. 8. iii. p. 837. Raj. Syn. iii. p. 16. Coralloides albidum. Michel. Gen. PI. p. 209.
n. 2. Corallo-fungus candidifflmus. Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 41. t. 8. f. 2. Digitellus coralli-
formis, candidiflimus minus ramofus. Martyn. Tourn. i. p. 229.

(e) Fungus ex fufco rubefcens, gelatinofus, ramofus, apicibus orbiculatis pellucidis.

(f) Lycoperdon globofum, album, cortice primario in ftellulas elegantifiimas difleflo, ac
diftributo. Michel, Gen. PI. p. 218. n. 10. t. 97. f. 3.

45. Great

OF TREES AND PLANTS. 307

45. Great, round, pulverulent Mujhrome, ivithjlellar rays, mid aj/jorf,
thick pedicle (g). On Chapel-hill, at Belford, in the latter end of
autumn. On Broadpool-common, between Con-foeds and Elake-
law, near Simonburn, in September, after rains, frequent. The
pedicle is about an inch and a half or two inches long. The
head is very large, round, and fnow-white, with many ftars of
a moderate fize, very handfome. I met with a confiderable num-
ber of them on that hill in September.

46. LeJ]er,petiolated, round, pulverulent MuJJjrome, -with large fijjile rays,
andaftellatc ofculum (h). On the banks of the rivulet ofBramiflj, near
Ingram. The pedicle is about an inch long. The head is round,
of the fize of a fmall pipin ; the ftars large, Mile, as if imprefTed
with a tool, very beautiful. I met with great numbers of them
on the banks of that rivulet in the middle of September.

47. I obferved, at the fame place, a beautiful VARIETY, of a
comprefled form, with broad and elegant undulations between
the ftars, refembling the marine Brain-Stone (i).

(g) Fungus pulverulentus, crepitus lupi dictus, coronatus, & inferne ftellatus. Raj.
Syn. iii. p. 27. n. n. t. I. f. i. Geafter major, umbilico fimbriato. Michel. Gen. PI.
p. 220. n. i. t. ico. f. i, 2, 3. Fungus ftellatus. Boccon. Muf. i. t. 305. Lycoperdon
volva multiplier! patente, capitulo glabro, ore acuminato dentato. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 479.
Flo. Suec. n. 1113.

(h) Geafter medius, radiis plerumque multifidis, umbilico feu ore ftellato. Michel. Gen.
PI. p. 220. n. 5. t. 100. f. 5. Lycoperdon volva ftellata, radiis multifidis, ofculo ftellato,
Hill. Nat. Hift. PI. p. 51.

(i) Geafter comprefllformis, Aftroitis marini inftar, elegantiffime undulatim ftriatus, ra-
•diis multifidis, umbilico feu ofculo ftellato.

R r 2 48. Small

3o8 OF TREES AND PLANTS.

48. Small turret-like pulverulent MuJ/yrome, -with fjjile rays, and aft d-
late ofculum (k). I met with this beautiful and uncommon fpe-
cies on a ditch-bank by the military road, at a fmall diftance
from a remarkable precipice in the Roman-wall, called the Peel;
where there were two or three of them together in September.

Mulhromes iricreafe by feed, and by their ftolens or fuckers,
and conftantly produce the fame fpecies as other plants. For the
firfl clear difcovery of their propagation by feed, we are indebted
to Micheli. He not only beheld them with his microfcope, but
demonilrated them by experiments. He preferved and fowed
feveral fpecies, and brought them to perfection. For later dif-
coveries, we are obliged to our own conntryman, Dr. Hill. Be-
fore their difcoveries were made, the learned Dr. Lifter was of
opinion, that the lamella, or gills of muihromes, were the cap-
ful<s or pods for their feeds, but did not give any proof of their
exiftence by experiments.

(k) Geafter volvas radiis & operculo elevatis. D. Watfon. Ph. Tr. No. 474. Lycoper-
don volva ftellata radiis fiflilibus. Hill, Nat. Hid. PI. p. 52.

CHAP. IX.
OF BIRD S.

i. /~\tf the higheft and ftecpeft part of Cheviot, fo called from
^-^ its being the chief of the mountains round it, the Eagle (a)
fometimes has its airy. Two beautiful ones were bred there a
few years ago, one of which was mot by a gentleman's fervant.
A fportfman afterwards killed one of the parent-birds. In the be-
ginning of January, 1735, a very large one was Ihot near Wark-
•worthy which meafured, between the points of die wings extend-
ed, eleven feet and a quarter. There was another killed, 1761,
near Tindal-houfe, by William Carr, of ' Etall, Efq; They are faid
to be in fuch plenty in the North of Scotland, in the Orkneys, that
whoever kills one is intitled to a hen from every houfe in the pa-
rim. It is a beautiful Bird, robuft, and of a mighty fpirit, and
fierce nature ; the hooked beak fharp and terrible, the mouth
wide, the eyes large, in a kind of hollow, bright and fparkling
like fire; the iris of a greenifh flame-colour, the pupil black,
preferred in their vigour and ftrength from external injuries, not
only by a periophthalmium or nictitating membrane, which ferves
other birds inftead of eye-lids, but alfo with four opercula or eye-
lids, two above and two under, with which it covers its eyes in-
flantaneoufly, whenever it is difpofed. It is fo quick-fighted,

(a) Chryfaetos. Will Orn. p. 2,7. t. I. Raj. Av. p. 6. n. i. Cbarlet. Av. p. 70. n. I.
Falcp cera lutea, pedibus alatis, corpore rufo. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 18. n. 56.

that

310 O F B I R D S.

that in its moft towering flights, far out of human obfervation,
it can difcern the fmalleft thing upon the ground or in the water
even the minuteft of the finny race, or the youngeft leverets in
their feats ; darting upon its prey with the celerity of an arrow.
It builds in the mod retired, inacceffible places, and lays four
eggs.

2. We have . the Bald Buzzard (b}, fo called from its yellowifh-
white crown, which at a diflance looks like baldnefs, about the
alpine mofles ; where it is known to the fhepherds and many of
the common people by the name of the Bayard-Eagle. It is, in-
deed, fo like an eagle, that it is mentioned as one by an antient
and curious naturalift under the name of Halyztus (c). The eyes
are not hollow as in the eagle's, but prominent j the iris of a
bright fparkling yellow. The back and wings are of a dark
brown ; the under part of the body white ; the legs and feet blue,
from which it had the name of Cyanopoda given it by Gefner (d)t
i. e. the Blue-legged Falcon. It lives upon water-fowl, and upon
fifties. It breeds annually on the mofles near Greenfy-lake, among
the tall herbage andjunci. It lays four eggs, white, of an ellip-
tic fhape.

3. We have the Glead, or Swallow-tail' d Falcon (e) ; the only one
hitherto known with that remarkable diftinclion, in the alpine,

(b) Balbufardus. Turn. Av. apud GESN. Will. Orn. p. 37. t. 6. Raj. Av. 16. n. 3. Falco
pedibus ceraque cxruleis; corpore fupra fufco, capite albo. Linn. Faun. Succ. p. 19.
n. 57.

(c) Aldr. Orn. 1. 2. c. 3.

(d) Gefn. Av. 74.

(t) Milvus. Charlet. Av. p. 72. n. 14. Will. Orn. p. 41. t. 6. Raj. Av. p. 17. n. 6.
Falco cera flava ; cauda forcipata, corpore ferrugeneo, capite albidiorc. Linn. Faun-. Suec.
p. 19. n. 59.

and

O F B I R D S. 311

and fome of the vale, woods. It is in the greateft numbers in the
weft and north- weft parts, where many of them ufually join com-
pany, and in towering undulating flights look out for young
poultry, which is no fooner perceived by the old ones, than they
warn their little offspring by a fignal to take flicker under then-
wings ; but the unwary wanderer is fure to be feized and carried
off. It is a great deftroyer of wood-pigeons, and in the fcarcity
of fuch dainties condefcends to live upon mice.

4. The Dove-coloured Falcon, with black pointed wings, and the
bread elegantly variegated with brown and white in tranfverfe
lines, ufually called the Hen-Harroiv, and the Henharrier (f),
breeds annually on Cheviot, and on the fliady precipices under
the Roman wall by Cra^-lake, and on thofe of great Waney-honfe-
crag near Siveetbope-lake. The Hen is of a rufty brown, with a
white fpot under, the eyes ; the breaft and belly of a reddifh-
white ; the train variegated with black and yellowifh-red tranf-
verfe lines alternately, the red broadeft ; the rump white, which
in flying has the appearance of a ring, from which fhe acquired
the name of the Ring-Tail. They are feldom feen together, ex-
cept in the breeding-feafon ; which, with their different coloured
plumage, has made them often taken for a diftinct fpecies. The
male on the approach of any body whilft the hen is with her
eggs or her young, flies about in great perplexity, and makes a
harfh odd kind of noife. She lays four eggs in the recefles of
the fteepeft precipices by the lakes, and on the ground upon
Cheviot, among the Erica. The young being furprized in the

(f) Pygargus> Sellan. Icon. 15. Pygargus, f. Albicilla Hinnularia. JVill. Orn. 31. Raj.
Av. p. 7. n. 5. Charlet. Av. p. yo. n. 4. Falco cera flava j re&ricibus albis, verfus apices
nigris. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 19. n. 58.

neft

3i2 O F B I R D S,

neft when they are near full feathered, make a bold defence on
their backs with their iharp talons and hooked beaks, as I found
by an encounter I had with a pair of them in my younger days,
on the north fide of Cheviot,

Thefe birds make great deftruclion of the wild ducks, and
other water-fowl, that breed in the lakes, and the mountain-
rivulets. They alfo do great mifchief to the game ; and of the
domeflic poultry they make fad havock in the fpring.

5. We have thejrnall, brown, red-eyed Buzzard, with a yellow Cera
and eye-lids, and a train fhorter- than the wings (g) ; alfo the
rujly brown, yellow-eyed Honey-Buzzard, with a black Cera, and a
grey head (h), about mountainous woods and heaths.

• "V-. >• -i T. M ''•>v«i; ./CT'.l-l ''">

6. The Falcon, called the Keftrel (i), is not unfrequent about
alpine hedges and woods, but its moft favourite recefs is in the
folitary ruins of the old caftlcs and towers. I have obferved
it in the hedges by the fteep mady cliffs at Tecket, and at a very
near diftance viewed it with a particular attention to its form
and colour. It is of the fize of a pidgeon. The head is ele-

(g) Sub-buteo, feu Hypotriorchis. Charlet. Av. p. 72. n. to. Falco pedibus cera palpe-
brifque flavis, capite fufco, nucha alba, abdomine albicante maculis oblongis. Linn. Faun.
Suec. p. 21. n. 64.

(b) Buteo apivorus, f. vefpivorus. IVilL Orn. p. 38. t. 3. Raj. Av. p. 16. n. 2. Acci-
piter Palumbarius. Alb. Orn. 2. p. 8. t. 8.

(i) Tinnunculus, f. Cenchris, Will. Orn. p. 50. t. 5. Raj. Av. p. 16. n. 16. Charlet.
Av. 72. n. 6.

Falco pedibus ceraque flavis ; dorfo refufcente ; pe<£lore maculis longitudinalibus fufcis 5
cauda rotundata. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 22. n. 67.

gantly

O F B I R D S. 313

gantly variegated with numerous fmall fpots of black on a grey
ground ; the throat whitifii ; the back and cover-feathers of the
•wings of a yellowifh red or nifty brown, punctated with black
towards the ends ; the breaft variegated with linear, and the
belly with oval, black fpots on a yellowifh-red ground ; the
thighs of the fame colour, with fewer fpots of black ; the legs
moftly naked and yellow ; the fail-feathers brown, in number
twenty-two ; the train hoary, with a broad black fillet towards
the end, which is roundifh.

7. The Sparro-iv-Hawk (k) is the moft common Falcon we
have. -It is of the fize of a fmall pigeon. The upper plumage
is of a dufky brown, with a few white fpots on the wings ; the
under part of the neck, the breaft, and belly, white, variegated
with a dark brown in tranfverfe wavy lines ; the train brown,
with five tranfverfe bars or fillets of black, the wings extending
only to the middle of it. It builds in the hollows of inacceffiblc
rocks {haded with brufhwood. It lays four eggs, white, with a
zone or circle of red fpots at the obtufe end., It is a Falcon of
great fpirit. It is very deftructive to partridges, and the fmaller
birds.

8. The Falcon, called the Merlin (IJ, is frequent in woods,
where it breeds. It is not much larger than a blackbird. The

(k) Accipiter fringillaTius. Belkn. Icon. 19. 6.

— . f. recentiorum Nifus & Sparverius. Will. Orn. p. 51. t. 5.

Raj. Av. p. 18. n. 2.

Falco cera viriJi ; pedibus flavis 5 pe&ore albo undulis tranfverfis fufcis ; cauda fufca ni-
gricamibus. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 23. n. 68.

(1) jEfalo. Cbarltt. Av. p. 77. n. 5. Smerillus. Turn. Av.

VOL. I. S f beak

3i4 O F B I R D S.

beak is hooked, of a deep blue. The eyes are bright and fpark-
ling; the iris of a hazel-colour, the pupil black. On the throat
is a yellowifli-white ring, encircling the head like a coronet.
The whole upper part of the body is of a dufky yellowifti-red
ground, variegated with black and a deep greyifh-blue. The
breaft and belly are a yellowifli-whitc, with brown linear fpots.
The train is variegated with fourteen zones of black and a
brownifli white j only ten of thefe zones in the male or tarcel.
The legs are yellow ; the claws of & gloffy black. Age, as in
all other birds, alters the colours in this ; the variegations on
the upper part vanifhing to a dufky blue. It is very deftruclive
to the game, at which it flies with molt amazing courage and
celerity, giving them a mortal wound in the neck, with one in-
ftantaneous ftroke.

'.v& -id ::l?H i>ff) ,i.Jiai •(/;../ .•;;•.•:! t£ Cli : ::i K ih: <f

9. We have the great afh-coloured Shrieke or Butcher-Bird (m)
in mountainous thorny thickets, and among furz. It is of the
lize of a blackbird. The beak is black, hooked at the point,
with a denticle on each fide, as in the Keftrel and Sparroiv-Haivk.
The tongue is bifid or furcated at the end. The noftrils are
roundifh, covered with many black, fhort, rigid fet& or bridles
like whifkers. About the eyes and auricles is an oblong lift of
black. The head, back, and wings are of a bluim-grey. The
fail-feathers are tipped with white, the outer ones fhorteft. The
throat, breaft, and belly are of a paler colour than the upper
part, with a few dufky fpots or undulating lines on the throat.
The train, legs, feet, and claws are black ; the outer toe joined

(m) Lanius cinereus major. Will. Orn. p. 55. t. 10. Raj. Av. p. 18. n. 3. Lanio AD-
CER-BiRD. Charlet. Av. 72. n. 13.

Ampelis cserulefcens, alis caudaquc nigricantibus. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 68. n. 181.

at

O F B I R D S. 3i_j

at the bottom of the middle one by a membrane. It is a very
timourous and fhy bird, wary to.efcape danger, ufually fitting
on the bufhes with its tail erect. It makes its neft of the heath
and tnofs-herbage, and lines it with wool, and the downy parts
of plants. It preys upon beetles, and their hexapod-worms, and
grafshoppers. With the cruelty of a coward it feizes upon the
young of other birds in the neft. It adventures alfo on the pa-
rents, particularly the little harmlefs fong-birds, wantonly mur-
dering many of them before it taftes one, which made the fal-
coners, who fometimes trained it to take larks, Sec. call it the
murdering Pie ; and the common people in DerbyJJnre*^
and CheJJjire f, the Wierangle, from the German name
i. e. \\\z fuffocating Angel.

10. We have the q/Jj-coloured Shrieke, or Butcher-Bird (n), in the
fame mountainous parts. It is of the fize of a Bulfnch. The
head is large, the beak black, and the tip hooked, with two
angular appendages or denticles, without cafes or cavities to re-
ceive them. The tongue is divided at the extremity into many
parts, hairy, as is its receptacle, the palate. There are black
fliff briftles about the noftrils as in the larger fpecies. About the
eyes and auricles is an oblong black lift, and another above it
of white. The head and rump are hoary ; the middle of the
back, and the middle feries of the fmall feathers on the wings
of a duiky greyifh-red. The fail-feathers are blackifli, fpotted

* Hill. Hift. of Birds. t Cbarlet. Av.

(n) Lanius tertius. Will. Orn. 54. Icon mala. Lanius minor mfus, f. tertius Ar. r>s.
Raj. Av. p. 1 8. Marto:'* Ncrthampt. t. 13. f. 5. Mai'ii, et, f. 6. Pa-inln. Icon opt,
Ampelis dorfo grifeo macula ad oculos longitudinali. Linn. Fi«un. Su;c. p. 68. n. 18,

Lanius minor (Foemina). Raj. Av. p. 19. n. 5.

S f 2 at

-

OF BIRDS.

at the infertion with white. The throat, brcaft, and fides of the
body, are of a pale reddifli white ; the lower part of the belly
white. The claws are black, and very fharp ; the outer toe con-
nected by a membrane to the middle one.

The hen refembles the great butcher-bird in colour, and has
often been taken for a diftinct fpecies. The head is cinereous.
The back is of the fame colour, variegated with tranfverfe lines
of black. The bread and belly are whitilh, tinged with yellow,
in beautiful wavy lines. The fail-feathers are moftly of a uni-
form blackifh colour. The train is marginated with grey, and
tipped with white. It builds in hollies, and the black and white
thorn. It lays fix eggs, white, with a circle of reddiih-brown
at the obtufe end.

ii. The Leffer Horned 0-wl (o)y is a native of our woods, and
folitary defert places. It is a bird of great beauty, of the fize
of a wood-pigeon ; the wings, when extended, meafuring
about three feet ; the beak pretty large, hooked, and black ;
the tongue thick, and bifid at the extremity; the eyes large, the
iris a beautiful yellow ; the auricles large and handfome ; the
face adorned with a double circle of feathers, the exterior ones
elegantly variegated with fmall linear fpots of white, red, black,
and yellow ifh ; the interior moftly red ; and where they meet,
they are both edged with black ; the back and wings have the
fame beautiful plumage, variegated with black, yellow, white,
and a reddifh-brown. The horns or auricles are compofed of
fix feathers, above an inch long, edged with yellow and white,

and black in the middle, like thofe in the wings. Six or feven

\

(a) Otus minor, capite aurito pennis fex Otus f. Afio. Raj. Ornith.

p. ico. t. 12, cum buna hone. Otus five no&ua aurita. Raj. Syn. Will. Orn. p. 64.

black,

O F B I R D S. 317

black, and very narrow, tranfverfe AreoU adorn the train, the in-
termediate fpaces greyifh above, and yellowifh underneath.
The feathers on the middle of the throat, and the breaft, arc
black, variegated with white, and a rcddim-brown. Thofc on
the lower part of the belly, and on the legs, down to the claws,
are of the fume colour. The claws are large, black, fliarp, and
crooked ; the middle toe, on the infide, formed edgcwife ; the
outmoft foretoe capable of being turned backwards, as in other
owls, to anfwer the ufe of an anterior toe. It afFe<5ts moftly to
live and breed in hollow trees, and flies abroad in the evening.
The bird here defcribed was mot at AJJrington, near Morpetb, and
prefented to me. It has been fuppofed not to be an Englffi na-
tive till of late years.

12. The Churn Owl, or Goatfucker (p), is frequently obfervetf
and mot on our waftes and forefts where it breeds. It is of the
fize and lhape of a cuckow ; the head and auricles large ; the
beak fmall, deprefled at the bafe, the point a little crooked, foft
and black ; the mouth enormouily wide, fet round with whif-
kers, each compofed of eight hairs or briftles. The anterior part
of the head down to the back is cinereous, the middle of each
feather black ; the middle of the wings of a cinereous caft, the
reft of the wings and back a reddifh-brown, white and black, in
beautiful waves, with fome finglc larger ipots, in an elegant
difpofition; the breaft and belly adorned with fhort tranfverfe
areolt of a pale red and black. The tail is near live inches long,
compofed of ten feathers, the middle ones cinereous, with very
narrow, tranfverfe black fades ; broader in the reft, and the in-

(p) Strix, Caprirnulgus, Fur no&urnus. Pel/on. Icon. 28. a. Will. Orn. p. 70. t. 14^
Raj. Av. p. 26. n. i. THE NIGHT-JARR, a contlnui nifte fufurro. Charltt. Av. p. 78;
Hirundo cauda Integra, ore fctis ciliato. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 92. n. 248.

termediate

3i-8 OF BIRDS.

terraediate fpaces cinereous, a pale red and black. The legs are
fhort and fraall, feathered on. the fore-fide about half way, and
reaching almofl down to the toes, which are blackilli, and the
claws black, and fmall ; the interior edge of the middle one fer-
rated, as in the heron-fpecies. It lives on feeds, infects, beetles,
and their hexapods ; and is rarely feen before the evening. The
bird here defcribed was fliot in Reeds-dale by Chrijlopher Reed, of
Chipchace, Efq; who fent me two of them, both young ones. Its
neft is frequently found in thickets, and among brushwood.

13. The Royflon-Cro'w (q) is not unfrcqucnt in woods, and on
the fea-coaft. It much delights to feed upon fea-infects, and
fmall mell-fifh.es ; at the opening of the latter of which it is very
dexterous. It takes one up with its bill, and flies to a great
height with it in the air. It then fuddenly lets it fall upon the
lea-rocks, where it is fractured by the fall. It thus frequently
provides itfelf with a good fifh-meal. When it is tired of a fiih-
diet, it retires for a while into the country, and lives upon the
aurelias of infects, hexapods, and flone-fruits in the woods and
hedges ; and for variety, upon feed-corn, and fometimes dines
on grorTer food with the raven. It ufually builds upon alder-
trees, and lays four eggs.

14. The Jay (r) is common in our alpine woods, and deferves
notice for its beautiful plumage, and active fprightlincfs. The
head is of an elegant greyifh-brown, with fome linear black

(q) Comix femicinereus. THE ROYSTON-CROW. Cbarlet. Av. p. 75. n. 2. Comix
cinerea frugilcga. Will. Orn. p. 84. t. 77. Raj. Av. p. 39, n. 4. Comix capite, gula,
alls, tauciaque nigris, trunco cinerafcente. Lin. Faun. Suec. p. 24. n. 71.

(r) Pica glandaria. Cbarlet. Av. p. 46. n. 2. Corvus variegatus, tetfricibus alarum
creruleis ; liueis tranfverfis albis nigiifque. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 25. n. 74.

ftreaks ;

' \

O F B I R D S.

ftreaks ; the beak ftrong, large, and black ; the tongue of the
fame colour, bifid at the tip ; the Ihoulders and breaft of a pale
reddifli-brown, tinged fomewhat with carmine. Fifteen of the
remigss or fail-feathers in the wings are covered with fome iliort
ones of a beautiful azure, black and white in alternate lines, fo
gloffy and fplendent, as to have the appearance of a rich ena-
mel. It lives upon acorns, and both wild and garden fruits.
They will come two or three together out of the wood into my
little garden at Stmonburn in the rafp and goofeberry-feafon, and
can hardly be frightened away, proclaiming it, as it were, in
loud clamours from tree to tree to be their own property.

1 5. The Green Woodpecker (3) has been obfcrved in fome of our
vale-woods, but is not common. It was frequent in Z)/^sn-park
before the wood was cut down. It is a beautiful bird, in an ele-
gant head-drefs, a rich crimfon, or vermilion, variegated with
fmall black fpots in an irregular order ; the eyes bright and
piercing; the pupil large, and black, with a double circle in-
ftead of an iris ; the interior one of a brownifh-red ; the exterior
white ; a black lift round the eyes, with a crimfon fpot under
each. The throat, bread, and belly, are a pale green ; the
upper part of the neck, the back, and the fmall feathers on the
wings, of a deeper and a finer green ; fome of the tail-feathers
of a dulky hue, with white fpots, the rump a pale yellow, or
ftraw-colour. The tongue is round, with a bony point, dented
on each fide, capable of being contracted or extended, to a great
length, at pleafure, by the help of two cartilages in mufcular
cafes. It darts it with a wonderful force into the barks of trees,

(s) Picus viridis. HJCKWALL. WITWALL. GREENWOOD-PECKER. Cbarkt. Av. 93.
n. 3. Witt. Orn. 93. n. 21. Picus viridis, vertice coccineo. Linn. Faun. Suec. 28. n. 80.

where

320 OF BIRDS.

\\here it pierces infects, ants, and1 their chryfalis, commonly
called Ant's Eggs, the co/fi or hexapod-worms, hatched from the
oi' a of beetles, which it often explores on the ground. It breeds
in the cavernous trunks of old trees.

1 6. The great fpotted Woodpecker (t), is a native of the fame
•woods. It is fomewhat larger than a blackbird ; the beak more
than an inch long, triangular, and channelled lengthways,
tapering from a ftrong broad bafc to a point ; ihonfct* or briftles
{landing round the noftrils, black and curled. The eyes are
handfome, the iris red, the pupil large and black ; the tongue
formed like that of the green Picas ; the chaps ftreaked with
white, met on each fide by a tranfverfe crimfon-line from the
neck in the male, but not in its mate ; the interior part of the
tail a bright crimfon. The head is black, {haded with green ;
the back and exterior plumage of the wings black, the latter
variegated with fpots of white, and a white fpot on the infertion
of the wings. The bird here defcribed was fhot in Coutitefs's wood
upon North Tyne, and prefented to me.

1 7. The JeJ/er fpot ted Woodpecker (u) has 'been obferved and fhot in
woods with the former. It is like it in fhape, but considerably
lefs ; in the fame rich plumage ; the head and rump of the male
of a fplendid crimfon, a peculiarity which the females of both

(t) Picus rarius nvyor. Will. Orn. 94. t. 2.1. Raj. Av. 43. 4. Charlet. Av. . 93. n. 2.
Picus albo nigroque variegatus, vertice nigro, redricibus tribus laterajibus utrinque albefcen-
iibus. Linn. Faun. Syce. p. 29. n. 81.

(u) Picus yarius minor. Will. Orn. p. 94. t. 21. Raj. Av. 43. n. 5. Cbarlet. Av. p. 93.
n. I.

Picus albo nigroque varius, re&ricibus tribus lateralibus apice albo-variegatis. Linn.
Faun. Suec. p. 29. n. 82.

are

0 F B I R D S. 32I

are without, being only diftinguifhed with white. The toes, the
end-feathers of the tail, and the guts of all the fpecies, aredif-
pofed alike. Two of the toes are placed behind, and two be-
fore, the lowed bones of the foretoes united. The end-feathers
of the tail are all bifid, the four middle ones entirely black,
ilrong and bending inwards, to fupport the body in climbing
trees. The guts lie deep in the anterior part of the body, to pre-
ferve them from being hurt by the violent flrokes made with the
bill on trees, with the head downwards. They have this farther
peculiarity, they want the Appendices of the blind guts. Their
eggs are white. They are faid to make themfelves a dwelling
fometimes fo artfully, and the entrance fo perfectly round,, in a
folid tree, as not to be excelled by the moft Ikilful geometrician.
Our common people call them Pick-a-trees, alfo Rain-fowl, from
their being more loud and noify before rain. A polite and ob-
ferving nation, the old Romans, called them by the fame name,
Pluvi£ Aves, for the fame reafon. It is an adlive fprightly bird,
climbing a tree with wonderful expedition and fwiftnefs, never
weary in feeking its living. The vermicular offspring of beetles,
and fmall infects, are its favourite food. The bird here defcribed
was mot in Z)/#?0«-park, near Hexham.

18. The Alcyon, or Kings-ffier, (<v), is not tmfrequent on the
fhady banks of our larger rivers, and deferves notice for its
beauty. It weighs about an ounce and a quarter. The beak is
almoft two inches long, of a trigonal form, flraight and fharp,
and of a black colour to the corners of the mouth, which are
white 5 the infide of the mouth yellow ; the tongue fhort, broad,
pointed, and not bifid at the tip ; the eyes pretty large, and of a

(v). Kpida, Alcyon fluviatilis, vuigo Pifcator Regis, THE KINGS-FISHER. Charlet. Ar,
p. 3. n. 13.

VOL. I. T t piercing

322 OF BIRDS.

piercing luftre; a red fpot between them and the noftrils, and
another above them, fucceeded by a white one, fliaded with red,
The crown of the head is of a deep green, with tranfverfe lines
of blue. The whole upper plumage of the neck and back, to
the infertion of the tail, and of the wings, a beautiful azure,
bright and fplendent, beyond expreffion, the eye hardly able to
look upon it for any length of time without being dazzled, a
near attention fhewing fome elegant tranfverfe ftrice of a deeper
tinct ; from the Ihoulders variegated with blue and green of a
great luftre. The throat, breaft, and belly, are a reddifh-brown,
on a white ground. The tail is fhort, not more than an inch
and an half in length, compofed of twelve feathers, of a deep
blue, with a blackifh. caft. The legs and feet are fhort and fmall,
black before, and red behind, as are the foles of the feet and
back-toes ; the outer toe of each foot adheres to the middle ones
for the fpace of three joints ; a circumftance very remarkable,
and peculiar to this bird. We have it frequently on the banks
of the rivers of North and South Tyne, where it burroughs, ufually
about half a yard under the furface of the earth, and lives upon
fmall fifhes. The banks of our other large and fhady trout-
ilreams alfo have its company.

19. We have the Water-Ouzel (ivj in mountainous rivulets,
about cataracts arid water-falls, but it is not common. It is of
the fize of a blackbird, but of a fhorter body, and thicker neck ;
the beak ilcnder, ftraight, and fharp, about an inch long, and
black ; the tongue alfo black, fmall, and fomewhat bifid at the tip ;
the eyes large, the iris of a hazel-colour ; the eye-lids encircled

(w) Merula aquatica. If 'HI. Orn. p. 104. t. 24. Raj. Av. p. 66. n. 7. Cbarlet. Av.
p. 115. n. 12. Motacilla pe&ore albo, corpore nigro. Linn. Faun. Suec. p, 82. n. 216.

-tfith

or BIRD s. »,,

•3 i>

with white. The head and upper part of the neck arc of a
rufty, brownifh-black. The flioulders, hack and wings, a glofly
black, and deep grey, variegated ; the throat and bread fnow-
white, edged with a pale red. The tail is iliort, foruewhat above
two inches, compofed of twelve feathers. The legs, feet, and
claws, are black ; the outer fore-toe joined at the bafe to the
middle one. It lives upon infects. It makes its neft in the con-
cave parts and hollows of large rocks, with clay, mofs, and the
deciduous leaves of trees, of a globofe figure. There was lately
one on the fhadowy dropping rock at

20. The Bittern or Bittour (x) is frequent about mofTcs. It is
very near as large as the common Hern/fiaw, the beak ftrong at
the bafe, ftraight, convex, fharp at the edges, and gradually ta-
pering to an acute point ; the tongue triangular, and fhort ; the
mouth wide, and a black fpot at each angle. The crown of the
head is fomewhat deprefied, and adorned with black ; the throat
and fides of the neck a reddifh-brown, variegated with black,
in narrow, tranfverfe lines ; long feathers upon the neck and
breaft, black in the middle ; the exterior part of the thighs
fpotted with black. The plumage of the back and wings is
beautiful, being cinereous, black, and a pale red, in elegant
variegations. The legs are robuft, long, and naked above mid-
way up the thighs ; the toes armed with fharp claws, the middle

(x) Ardea ftellaris. 7J7//. Orn. p. 207. t. 50. 52. Raj. Av. p. roo. n. n. Ardea ver-
tice nigro; peflore pallido maculis longitudinalibus nigricamibus. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 48.
n. 134. Stellaris. Afterias. THE BITTORN. Cbarlet. Av. p. no. n. 5. fequemi obferva-
tione.

" Hoc fibi peculiare habet, quod off era Arteria in ea tota continua eft, Larynx nulla. Undo
" vox ejus incondita, cui fimiles illi foni dicuntur, quos /Jafiixa,- vocat ARIST. in PROBLEM.
" Sea. *."

T t 2 one

324 O F B I R D S.

one ferrated underneath, for holding faft its anguillaceous prey,
and other lubricous fifties ; the outer fore-toe united at the bafe
to the middle one by a membrane. The back-claw exceeds all
the refl in fize and length. From a notion that it preferves the
teeth, it fomctimes has the honour of being fet in filver for a
tooth-pick. The eggs are of a greenifli white, ufually about
four or five in number, laid in a tuft of mofs, fedges, or rufhes.
The bird here defcribed was mot in Widdrington-^&Tk, and pre-
fented to me. Mofl of our alpine mofles have its company. A
mofs to the north of Many-Laws, in the parim. of Carham, is rarely
without it, where it is called the Mire-Drum, from its fmgular
loud note, especially in the fpring, which is then its congratula-
tory ovation to its mate on the arrival of it, when there is a kind
of refufcitation of beauty throughout all nature, and univerfal
gladnefs.

21. The ajh-coloured Heron, or Htrnjliaiv (y), is common. It
builds gregatim upon trees. On a farm of Sir Harry Grey's, by
the weftern margin of a trout-ftreamlet, called Glen, under Che-
viof, there is ufually a fine hernery, at the vernal revolution.
It is very entertaining to fee the polity, the pleafures, and amufe-
ments of this pifciverous community. Some are centinels, and
take their poft on the fide of a funny bank, to fee that no danger
is near, whilft the reft of the fociety are at work, fome in build-
ing their little temporary city, fome in laying their eggs, fome
in attending their young, others up above the thighs in water
exploring food for them, returning from the Glen, and other
neighbouring ftreams, with a conftant fupply of fifh-provifions.
An univerfal harmony reigns among them; not a bird to be

(y) Ardea cinerea major, ff-'ill. Orn. p. 203. t. 49. Raj. Av. p. 98. n. i. Charht. Av.
p. 109. n. i. Ardea ciifta dependcnte. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 48,49. n. 133.

feen

O F B I R D S. 325

feen but contributes its utmoft to the happinefs of the reft, and
to the profperity and well-being of the riling generation.

22, The Black-Cock fz) is a native of our alpine waftes and fo-
refts. The head is large, the eyes of a lively and piercing afpect ;
the eye-brows adorned with a fcarlet protuberance, bright and
beautiful ; the cars patulous ; the beak black, and fomewhat
curvated. The whole upper plumage is black as jet, except
fome white on the wings, and a tinct of deep blue on the neck
and back, extremely gloffy and beautiful. The tail is forked, com-
pofed of fixteen feathers, black, and of an hoary white at the
tips, the three exterior ones on each fide long, and reflex. The
legs are feathered ; the toes naked, and connected to the fail
joint by a membrane, with a cutaneous ferrated edging on each
fide.

The Hen is of fo different a colour, that to aftranger me might
feem a different fpecies. She has the fame fcarlet eye-brows,
patulous ears, and white in the wings, as the male ; but the reft
of her upper plumage is a yellowifh-red, and greyj variegated
with tranfverfe lines of black ; the breaft, belly, and legs, hoary;
the tail ilraight, and not reflex. Thefe admired birds were for-
merly very frequent on our alpine commons among the erlce, but
the eager purfuit of fportfmen after them, and the burning of
the erica, which afforded them both food and flicker, has made

(z) Tetrao f. urogallus minor. Will. Orn. p. 124. t. 31. Raj. Av. p. 53. n. 2. Te-
trao remigibus fecundariis a medio bafin verfus albis, cauda bifurca. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 62.
n. 168. Urogallus minor, & Gallina Corylorum. Char It t. Av. p. 82. nun fpecie, fidfexu
tantum differunt.

Mares, BLACK-GAME, i

r ....._ i nomtnantur.

iemina: & pulli, GREY-CAME, J

therm

32(5 O F B I R D S.

them take refuge on the moll remote and folitary heaths and
mountains, and even there they arc become fo extremely fcarce,
that he is reckoned very fortunate who in a whole week's fearch
meets with a brood. They are now as rare at the better tables,
as they ufed to be abundant. It is the opinion of many of our
alpine people, that more are deftroycd in the fpring, when hyme-
neal joy makes them fearlefs, than at any other time, by infidi-
ous and vigilant poachers. The Black Cock, here described, was
killed, 5 Auguft, 1756. It weighed 44 ounces, and meafured
53 inches between the tips of the wings extended.

23. The Gor-Cock, or Heath-Cock (aj, is more frequent than the for-
mer in mountainous places. The wings are of a yellowim-red,
variegated with tranfverfe wavy lines of black ; the breafl and
belly of the fame colour, with large white fpots. The beak is
Ihort and black ; the noftrils covered with feathers ; the eye-
brows naked, and adorned with a carneous femilunar fringe of
a bright fcarlet, more broad than in the hen. It is alfo diftin-
guifhed from her by white fpecks on the tips of the feathers
at the bafis of the beak, and a pretty large white fpot on each
fide of the bafis of the lower chap, and the deep unmixed yel~
lowifh-red on the throat, and upper part of the breafl. In other

(a) Gallina corylorum. Will. Orn. 126. t. 21. Raj. Av. 55. n. 6. Tetrao re&ricibus
cinereis pun&is nigris fafcia lata nigra exceptis intermediis duabus. Linn. Faun. Suec. 63.
n. 17.

•-cock. •»

foor-hen. >
r-pouts. J

Mas, Moor -cod.

Femina, Moor-ben. \ Incolis montanis.

Pulli, Moor-pouts.

Red-Game.

Gor-fowl. ^ Aliis.
Gor-cock

:]

refpecls,

OF BIRDS.

3-7

refpefts, they are pretty near of the fame colour throughout ; the
tail not forked. The legs of both have a downy plumage, as
well as thofe of the black game, to prefcrve them from being
frozen and torped by the feverity of the winter's frofts and
mows.

24. The Pheafant (b), admired for its beautiful form and plu-
mage, and for the table, is a native of our vale-woods. The
beak in the more aged is whitifh, with two carneous tubercles
at the bafe, veiling the noftrils. The iris of the eyes is a fplen-
dent yellow ; round which is a confiderable naked fpace of a
bright fcarlet ; the plumage between them black, with a change-
able glow of purple. The ears are patulous, and the feathers
near them long and elevated. The crown and neck are of a
changeable glofly green, deeper on the latter, the fides of which
have a purple glow. The reft of the upper plumage is of a
glofly black or purple, as feen in different lights. The hen is
not fo richly attired, being nearly of the colour of a quail. It
is lefs frequent than formerly ; owing perhaps as much to the
destruction of our woods, which gave it both food and flicker,
as to the unwearied pains taken by fportfmen to bring it to the
table.

25. The Grey Plover, or Stone-Plover (c), is frequent on our
alpine heaths, about mofles ; feeding, gregatim, in Atiguft, on

(b) Phafianus. Charlet. Av. p. 8r. iii.

(c) Pluvialis cinerea, Italis Montana, THE GREY PLOVER, or STONE-PLOVER. Charlet*
Av. p. 113. i. Raj. Av. p. i. n. 3.

Tringa nigro-fufca fubtus alba, roftro nigro, pedibus virefcentibus, Linn. Faun. Su'ec.
p. 57. n. 155.

the

328 O F B I R D S.

the fruits of heath and mofs-plants, fmall beetles and other in-
fects. It is of the fize of a pigeon. The head and eyes are
fmall, the iris of a hazel colour. The beak is black, ftrong at
the bafc, and obtufe at the extremity ; the mouth large. The
head and neck are of a greenifh-grey, fhaded with brown, and
variegated with numerous black fpots. The reft of the upper
plumage is of a dark brown, tipped with a greenifh-grey, with
fome white on the edges of the fail-feathers. The breaft, belly,
tail, and rump, are white. The tail is about three inches long,
and variegated with tranfverfe bars of black and white. The
legs are of a green ifli-grey, with tranfverfe inciflures or indei .»;-
ings ; the claws black, fmall, and obtufe.

26. The fmall black-breajled Whiftling Plover (d) is in confiderable
plenty on the waftes towards Cumberland. In the breeding feafon
it deludes the boys in fearching for its ncft by running before
them, and then taking fhort broken flights, alternately, till it
has allured them to a great diftance, when on a fudden it flies
out of the reach of their obfervation.

27. The green migratory Plover (e) is frequent on mountainous
heaths. It comes in the fpring, and leaves us at the end of au-
tumn. It is of the fize of a pigeon. The beak is an inch long,
black, furrowed at the noflrils, ftrong and obtufe at the points.

(d) Pluvialis minor nigro -flavus. Rudb. pi&.

Churardrius aigro Ituefcente variegatus, pe&ore nigro. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 57. 156.

(e) Pluvialis viridis. Will. Orn. p. 229. t. 57. Raj. Av. p. 3. n. 7. Cbarlet. A.V. P. 113.
n. 2. migrateria eft: asftate enim nulla npttd not cernitur, vere perpauca.

Charardrius nigro lutefcenteque variegato, peftore concolore. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 57.
n. 157.

The

O F B I R D S. 329

The neck is fhort, and the body (lender. The ground-colour of
the bread and of the upper plumage is black, variegated with
yellowim-green ipots. The belly is white. The legs are black,
long, flender, and naked for a fmall fpace above the knees. It
wants the back-toe,

28. The Dotterel (f), a migratory bird, exceedingly coveted by
fportfmen for the table, is an annual vifitant in the fpring, about
the middle of April. It is of the fize of a fong-thrum. The
beak is an inch long, ftraight, and black. The head is elegantly
variegated with black and white fpots, with a white line above
the eyes. The neck and back are cinereous ; the wings and
breaft of a yellowilh-red, the belly white, the rump grey. The
tail is cinereous, marginated with white, compofed of twelve
feathers. The legs are naked for a fmall fpace above the knee,
of a greenifh-yellow ; the claws black. It has no back-toe. It
feeds, gregatim^ upon beetles, and other infects. The bird here
defcribed was fhot on the common between Presfen and Carham,
near a large morafs, much frequented by fen-birds. Moft of the
commons on Tweed-fade have its company, particularly thofe of
Carbarn and Heton.

29. The Land-Rail, Corn-Crake^ or Daker-Hen (g), is frequent in
our vale-meadows. It is of a flender comprefTed mape, and of

(f) Morinellus. Cbarlet. Av. p. 3. n. I.

Charadrius petStore ferrugeneo ; linea alba tranfverfa collum pe&ufque diftinguente. Linn.
Faun. Suec. p. 58. n. 158.

See Dr. M. Lifter's Letter to Mr. Ray. Ph. Tr. No. 175.

(g ) Crex Ariftotelis. Turn. Av. Charlet. Av. p. 3. n. 3.

Ortygometra ALDR. Will. Orn. p. 522. t. 29. Raj. Av, 5?. Ortygometra alis rufo-
ferrugineis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 59. n. 162.

VOL. I. U u the

330 O F B I R D S.

the quail-fpecies, reputed their leader and guide in their migra-
tory expeditions. It meafures between the tips of the wings ex-
tended nineteen inches. The beak is more, of a livid grey co-
lour, and furrowed on each fide towards the bafe. The head is
fmall ; the eyes are large, the iris is reddifh, and the pupil black.
The plumage of the head, neck, and back, are of a bright
brown, elegantly fpotted with black. The wings are of a yel-
lowifh-red. The throat and breaft are grey. The belly is va-
riegated with a dark brown and white ; the upper part of the
thighs brown, with tranfvcrfe lines of white, undulating, or
wavy ; the lower part naked ; the legs pretty long, and of a livid
colour. It is known by its note of Crex, Crex, or Crake, Crake, in
loud and inceffant repetitions. In Italy, it is called, // redelle
<3>uatie, The king of quails *. The quail is fourteen inches be-
tween the tips of the wings extended. The rail and it, on the
approach of winter, leave us for a milder climate. The latter
make the greateft part of the revenue of the bifhopric of the

ifland Caprxa, near Naples f.

:," . 'riti -jfr/'1 •[ I)-.: :::>i:;;:Ti't K'j.'/nr ,.rr>r.-^:n '*p;u;I y. I&M

30. The Mountain-Finch, or Brambling (h), a beautiful bird, is
one of our vilitants in winter. It is of the fize of the fky-lark.
The beak is half an inch long, robuft, yellow, and black at the
point ; the head pretty large and round ; the crown a glofly yel-
lowifli-red ; the reft of the head, neck, and upper part of
the back, a beautiful glofly black, with a changeable caft
of purple, elegantly edged with a mining yellowim-red j the

* .Ray's Ornithol. p. 171. f His Topogr. Obferv. vol. i. p. 231.

(I) Fringilla montana f. Montifringilla. Will. Orn. p. 187. t. 45. f. 5. Fringilla
montana. Raj. Av. p. 88. Fringtlla alarum bafi fubtus flavifiima. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 75.
n. 198. Montifringilla. THE BRAMBLE, BRAMBLING, or BRIER-FINCH ; utpote ruin
fepe infidens, eorumque fruftibus viditans. Cbarlet. Av. p. 88. n. 4.

bafe

O F B I R D S. 331

bafe of the wings a. gold-colour underneath, and of a yellowifh-
red above ; the wings black, variegated in the middle with a
tranfverfe bar of white, and a yellowifli-red ; the white extended
through the five fail-feathers. The tail is black, forked, and
edged with a yellowifh-red, in lighter and deeper fliades. It is
twelve inches between the tips of the wings extended. The bird
here defcribed was taken in a fnare at Weldon, near Harelo<w-\u\\t
and prefented to me.

31. The Si/kin (i), an elegant little fong-bird appears by our
river-fides, among alder-trees, about the fame time as the
Brambling or Mountain-Finch, in great frofts and fnows. It is kept
in cages about Hexham for its fong.

, , • ^ f j ; j **, , i J \ _ > ( ) J . , J l ., . . i i v • : - ' i * J/ x ' . - 1* -L i o X j i. t rf ; J '. ,•

32. The Titlark (k) vifits us in the beginning of May, if the
weather is fine, and leaves us in the beginning of September. It
is confiderably lefs than the fky-lark ; meafures between the tips

(!) Spinus f. Ligurinus, (Ji» TW Xiyupo» T^J <£>»•«, a vocis argutic,) THE SISKIN : quern
GESNERUS eandem avem cum 5«rrn»quafi SIRENE, a vocis dulcedine, facit. Nee immerito
quidem, ut ex fimul collatis defcriptionibus colligere eft. Eft rara avis, in frigidioribus re-
gionibus non nifl rarenter apparens, nee in ANGLIA plus quam femel vel a TURNERO vifa.

Charlet. Aves. p. 87. n. 2. Will. Orn. p. 192. t. 46. Raj. Av. p. 91. n. i. Frin-

gilla rernigibus medio luteis ; primis quatuor immaculatis ; reflricibus duabus extimis, rsli-
quifque apice, albis. Linn. Faun..Suec. p. 77. n. 203. fequenti defcriptione.

" Corpus fupra cinereo-luteum, ita ut omnis penna interius cinerea, exterius lutea macula
" nigricante. Corpus fubtus cinereo-album macula in fmgula penna nigricante. gula albo
" flavicat. remiges nigrae circa bafm anterius flavs. pofterius albidoe; hinc lutea macula in
" ala, at primae pennx quatuor tots nigrae. Reftriccs lutex apicibus nigris, fed fingulaa
" utrinque extims & duas iatermedias totas nigras."

(k) Alauda Pratorum, ALDROV. Will. Orn. p. 150. Raj. Av. p. 69. n. 3. Alauda
lineola fuperciliorum alba, reflricibus duabus extimis introrf.im albis. Linn. Faun. Suec.
n. 191.

Una of

332 O F B I R D S.

of the wings extended about ten inches ; the body flender, and
the head fmall. The beak is half an inch long, flender, and
fharp at the point ; the tip of the tongue jagged ; the iris of the
eyes a hazel-colour. The upper plumage is black and a yel-
lowifh-green, with a cafl of grey, in elegant variegations ; the
rump of a yellowifh-green ; the throat and belly white ; the
breafl and fides under the wings a yellowifti- white, fpotted with
black. The tail is near three inches long, compofed of twelve
feathers, variegated with a yellowim-green, brown, and white.
The legs and feet are yellow. It makes its nefl among brufli-
wood and furz, of mofs, ftraw, and horfe-hair. It is a merry
active bird, fmgs upon trees; its note like the canary bird's,
but fhorter, and not fo varioufly modulated. If preferved in a
cage with care, it is hardy and long-lived, not fubject to colds,
or cramps. In its diet, if a neftling, it muft be treated like a
nightingale ; if an old one, like a woodlark. Its natural food in
the woods are beetles, and their hexapod-worms, and other
infects.

33. The Ruticilla, or the fmall Red/} art, Red-Tall, Fire-Tail, or Star-
Finch (I), a beautiful fong-bird, entertains us all fummer, and
difappears on the approach of winter. The beak is black and
flender, the eyes of a hazel-colour ;. the throat and fides of the
head under the eyes black, with a white fpot above the eyes j
the upper plumage "a bright grey j the breafl, rump, and tail,
red. The tail is two inches and a half long. The tongue is
bifid. The legs are black. It meafures nine inches between the
tips of the wings extended. It makes its neft in old walls and
hollow trees, and lives upon the fame kind of food as the titlark.

(I) Ruticilla. Will. Orn. p. 159. Raj. Av. p. 78. n. 5. Charlet. Av. p. 97. n. 10. Mo-
tacillagula nigra, abdominc rufo, capite dorfoque cano. Linn, p'aun. Suec. p. 84. n. 224.

It

O F B I R D S. 333

It is of a timorous and fhy nature, but taken young and brought
up, it is very gentle and familiar ; and for winter's warmth will
fing in 'the night, as well as in the day, and learn the notes of
other birds.

34. The Golden-crowned Wren (mj, an elegant little bird, is a
fummer-inhabitant of our alpine woods, and has been fhot on
the fea-coaft in September, before its departure to a warmer cli-
mate. It is of the fize of the common wren, but looks lefs from
the feathers lying clofer, and fmoother. It is very near fcveu
inches between the tips of the wings extended. The beak is
near half an inch long, flcnder, flraight, and black ; the tongue
long and bifid ; the eyes encircled with white ; an oblong fpot
of beautiful faffron-yellow extended between them from the
beak beyond the crown of the head, contracted and dilated at
pleafure, fo as either to fhew or conceal its beauty. For this
iingularity, the Tufcans call it the Marigold-Flower. This admired
faffron-tinct is marginated with yellow and black. The fides
of the neck are a glofTy yellowifh-green ; the upper part of the
neck, and back, a yellowifh-green and grey, variegated ; the
wings black and yellow, in a neat variegation, with a narrow
tranfverfe bar of white towards the middle ; the breaft and belly
a pale yellowim-white, with a tinge of green. The tail is an
inch and a half long, grey, and edged with a yellowifh-green.
The legs and feet are a dufky yellow. It lives upon infects. Its
fmallnefs, and the foliage of its favourite tree the oak, make it
feldom obferved. The late Francis Fofter, of Felton, Efq; fhot one
near that place, which he prefented to Mrs. Thompfon of Northum-

(m) Regulus criflatus. Will. Orn. p. 163. t. 41. Raj. Av. p. 79. n. 9. Char/et. Av.
p. 95. n. I. Motacilla remigibus fecundariis exteriore margine flavis, medio nigris. Linn.
Faun. Suec. p. 87. n. 235.

lerland-

334: O F B I R D S,

ber/and-facet, in Neivcafth upon Tyne, in whofe poffeflion it now
is, the cafe well preferved.

35. The Crofs-Bitt (n)^ an uncommon extraneous bird, was
fhot a few years ago by Thomas Middkton> of River-green, Efq;
captain of Clifford's fort, near Tymmouth, and younger brother to Sir
John Lambert Middleton, of Belfay, Bart. It -chiefly frequents fir-
groves for the fake of the cones, on the feeds of which it feeds.
For the breaking of them, its bill feems wonderfully adapted by
nature in its form and ftrength. It breaks off the cone, holds it
up with its foot, and with its bill pares off the fcales, explores
the feed, and picks them carefully out. It feeds alfo upon
hemp-feed, and juniper-berries.

36. The Hoopoe (o), a curious and uncommon bird, comes to
us in the fpring, and leaves us in September. It weighs about
three ounces. The beak is two inches and a half long, black,
ilender, fomewhat curvated, and fharp at the point ; the tongue
fhort, triangular, and tapering from a broad bafe to the tip.
The head is adorned with a beautiful creft,compofedof a double
ferics of feathers, two inches long, extending from the beak to
the anterior part of the head, raifed and let fall at pleafure.
They are tipped with black, partly white underneath, the reft
of a yellowifh-red, as is the neck. On the breaft are black linear
fpots on a white ground, the black vaniming by age, except on
the fides. The back and wing-feathers are variegated with

(n) Lcxia f. Curviroftra ; THE CROSS-BEAK., or SHELL-APPLE. CbarL-t. Av. p. 76.
n. 7. cum optima Icone, p. 77. IVilL Orn. p. 181. t. 44. Raj. Av. p. 86. Coni-rofor.
Rudbeck. Lapp. p. 75. Loxia roftro forficato. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 66. n. ijj.

(o) Upupa. Pel'cn. Av. Icon. 72. a. bene. Charlct. Av. p. 97. cum optima Icone.
Drn. p. 100. t. 24. Raj. Av. p. 48. n. 6. Linn. Faun. Suec. p 30. n. 85.

black

O F B I R D S. 335

black and white alternately ; the former in little fpots, the latter
in tranfverfe lines. The tail, is compofed of ten feathers, about
four inches and a half long, with a-handfome white crefcenton
a black ground in the middle,, the gibbofe part being towards'
the rump, which is white, and the horns towards the end of the
tail, to which the wings nearly extend, when clofed. The eyes
are fmall and fprightly, the iris of a hazel-colour ; the lower
eye-lid larger than the upper. The legs are Ihort and llendcr,
the outer toe at the bafe connected to the middle one without the
help of a membrane •; the claws pretty large and fharp. It wants
the blind guts as well as the wood-peckers, and feeds like them •
on beetles and their hexapod-worms. It builds in woods, in
hollow trees, and lays two eggs, of an am-colour. It is very
irregular in its motion in flying, as full of perplexity and dif-
compofure. It fits moftly on the ground; fometimes on the
'willow, very folitary ; ufing a note like its name, Hoopoe, in loud
and quick repetitions. The bird here defcribed was mot in the
latter end of September on the fea-banks near Chibburn, and pre-
fented to me. Mr. Ray refers us to Northumberland and Surrey.
for it *.'

Tereus is reprefented by Ovid as turned into this bird, and with
his creft difplayed purfuing his wife Progne. .

" Vertitur in Volucrem cut funt pro vertice Criftae
" Protinus immodicum furgit pro cufpide roflrum
" Nomen EPOPS Volucri, Facies armata videtur."

For the variety and order of its plumage, its elegant and beau-
tiful crown, renewed every winter, the Egyptians made it the

. * Ornitkil.

fym-

OF BIRDS.

fymbol of the feafons of the year, placed it near their mercurial
crofies, on the head of their deities. Orus, the hieroglyphic of
the world, had the head of one placed on the top of his ilaffby
that fuperftitious nation.

37. The white Stork (p), an uncommon bird in England, was
killed near Cbollerford-bridge. in the beginning of the year 17615,
by Mr. James Moor, who keeps the noted good inn at that place.
It is fomewhat larger than our heron, the neck thicker, which
makes it appear not fo long ; the body of the fize of the domeftic
goofe ; three or four feet high when erect. The head is large,
and a little deprefled on the crown ; the eyes alfo large, and of
a piercing afpect ; the beak long and robuft, with a fliarp point,
of a beautiful red for the whole length. The legs and feet are
of the fame colour ; the legs long and naked a great way up ;
the toes long.; the claws black, of the fhape of the nails of one's
fingers. The plumage of the whole body is white, except the

fp) Ciconia. Bellon. Av. Icon. 45. a. bene. Cbarlet. Av. p. 108. n. i. Cicon'u alba.
Will. Orn. p. 210. Raj. Av. p. 97. n. i. Ardea alba, remigibus nigris. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 50. n. 136. fequenti defcriptione.

•'* Alba Cunt caput, collum, venter, cauda. nigrce remiges. roftrum pcdefque rubri. fades
" magna ex parte alba."

Haec avis, quam fancla pietatis cultrix fit, erga parentes fuas fenefiute jam marcefcentes,
notum eft ex LEGE CICONIARUM, apud ARISTOPHANEM fepius celcbrata ;] quae inde
nomen traxit : quamque flagrant! arnore foetus profequatur, patet ex INCENDIO DEL-
PHENSI quod dum defcribit HADRIAN. JUNIUS in EATAVIJE Hift. cap. 17. obfervatum
fuit, inquit, " Ciconiam a pabulatione reducem, cum flammas nido fuo imminentes videret,
" conatam omnibus pullo grandiuf.ulos, involucres tamen, eripere mediis ex ignibus ; tan-
" dem defperata omni ope & quafi conclamata, paflis alis in nidum fe praecipitem dedifl'e,
" pullisque toto corpore obtcflis incumbere vifam fuiffe, veluti depofita vitae fpe, ultro cum
" chariflimis pignoribus mortem oppetituram." Charlet. Av. 1. c.

quill

O F B I R D S. 337

quill and the cover feathers of the wings, which are black ; the
tail fcarce an inch long, and not feen for the wings over ir. The
quills are large, making excellent writing-pens. With its bill it
makes an unufual kind of noife, by ftrikingone chap againft the
other, in a quick and forcible manner. It feeds upon fifli, frogs,
and ferpents, but will not meddle with toads. It is common in
many parts beyond fea, in Holland, and Germany. It builds on old
towers, and other buildings, and fometimes on the tops of tall
truncated trees. The cafe of the bird killed here was fixed againft
the weft front-wall of the inn, where it remained for a long time,
with the erroneous name of that more rare bird, the Flamingo, put
up under it in writing ; a bird of quite a different figure and co-
lour. However, this wrong name drew together crowds of peo-
ple from the adjacent parts to fee it, who for fome time returned
fatisfied that they had feen the Flamingo, the moft remarkable
bird hitherto known.

I might name fome other migratory Fiffipedcs, as the Woodcock,
&c. but as they are common, I pafs on to the Palmipedes.

i. The Cormorant fa}" is frequent in our larger rivers and lakes,
efpecially in thofe towards the fea. Its upper plumage is a deep
olive-brown, with a changeable glow of green ; the brcaft and
belly a bright white. The beak is three inches and a half long, ro-
buft, and curvated at the extremity ; the upper mandible black,
and ferrated at the edges ; the lower one comprefled, and co-
vered at the bafe with a naked yellow fkin. The legs are ftrong,
and armed with a kind of cancellated fcales ; the interior part
of the claw of the middle toe ferrated. It breeds upon the

(a) Corvus aquaticus. Will. Orn. p. 248. t. 63. Raj, Av. p. 122. n. 3. Peiccanus
fubtus albicans j rechicibus quatuorJecim. Lir.n. Faun. Suec. p. 42. n. 116.

VOL. I. X x iflands

538 O F B I & D S.

iilands of Farn and Coquet, and other folitary retreats on the fea-
coaft, in cavernous rocks and precipices ; and fometimes upon
trees, with the Heron. It was formerly trained in England, and is
ilill in China, for catching fifh. The bird here defcribed was fhot
in North Tyne, near Haughton-ca.tt.le, in 1 762. It meafured between
the wings, extended, four feet, fix inches, and from the points
of the bill and the train, three feet, five inches.

2. The lefjer Cormorant, the Shag, or Crane (b), is frequent in the
fame waters with the former. It is fomewhat 'larger than a
domeftic duck, meafuring forty-four inches between the tips of
the wings extended. The head is large, and deprefTed on the
crown ; the eyes fmall, and {landing more forward, and lower
down the head than any other known bird ; the beak four inches
long, flraight, and fiender, and of a roundifh figure ; the upper
chap black, and curvated at the point ; the under one of an
olive-colour, with a caft of yellow. The body is fmall, flat, and
depreiTed, like the dun-divers. The upper plumage is a
glofly black, with a changeable glow of purple and green,
beyond exprefTion beautiful, and only to be conceived by fight.
The under part is brown and grey, with a black tinge under
the tail, which is fix inches long. The wings extend, when
clofed, to the bafe of the tail ; the legs are fhort, broad, com-
prefled, and feathered down to the knees ; below which they
have a cutaneous, cancellated armature. The interior part of
the claw of the middle toe is ferrated. It breeds annually on
the ifland of Farn, and in other places among the rocks on the
fea-coaft, but mod commonly upon trees. In fwimming, little

'more of it is to be feen than the head, erect. It is an excellent

/

(l>) Corvus aquaticus minor f. Graculus palmipes. Will. Orn. p. 249. t. 63. Raj. Av.
p. 123. Pelccanus fubtus fufcu< : r.:ctricibus duodecim. Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 42. n. 117.

diver,

OF BIRDS, 339

diver, and expert in getting out of danger on the fight -of a gun ;
becoming invifible, with the fpced of an arrow, the moment
the fire flafhcs in the pan.

3. The St. Cuthberfs Duck (c) is a beautiful native of the ifland
of Farn, the monadic retreat of St. Cuthbert, with whofe name it
has been honoured by thofe two eminent ornithologies, Mr. Ray,
and Francis Willoughby, Efq; who in their travels through England,
heard of it no where but here ; preferved fpecimens of the male
and female being fhewn to Mr. Ray by Sir William Forjler, of Eam-
brough. They are both larger than a domeftic duck ; the eyes
bright and piercing ; the beak of a femicylindric form, obtufc
at the extremity, ferrated on the fides, with a rough membrane
at the bafe, and feathers extending from the head below the
noilrils. The crown of the male is black, edged behind with a
changeable glow of green ; the neck, breaft, back, and three
fail-feathers in each wing are a bright white ; the reft of the plu-
mage jet-black, throughout. The female is grey, variegated
with brown and black fpots, with a narrow tranfverfe line of
white in each wing. They are remarkable for their foft plumage,
and large well-flavoured eggs. In winter they frequent the
large rivers. . The male here dcfcribed was mot in the river Tynet
near Hexham, in a hard froft, and prefented to me.

4. The Sheldrake, Bergander, or Burrough-Duch (d)^ is alfo a na-
tive of the ifland of Farn. It is larger than a common duck,

The

(c) Anas plumis moliflimis, vulgo EIDER. Bartb. ASt. i. p. 90. Worm. .Muf. p. 310.
Anas CUTHBERTI f. FARNENSIS. Will. Orn. p. 278. Raj. Av. p. 141. n. 3. Anas roflro
femicylindrico; ungue obtufo ; cera fuperne bifida rugofa. Linn. Faun. Succ. p. 33. 11.94.

(d) Tadorna. Eellm, Av. Will. Orn. p. 278. t. 70. Raj. Av. p. 140. n. i. Vulpanfer.
ftt/a/«cuniculorum/»w»V, tf rupiurn cavernh, nure vulpis, nidulatiir, BERGANDER. BUR-

X x 2 ROUGH-

3,}o OF BIRDS.

The beak is ihort, broad, fomewhat reflected, and of a deep red1
colour, except the noftrils, and the extremity, which are black ;
a carneous tubercle between the bafe of the upper chap and the
head, oblong, and prominent. The head, and upper part of the
neck, are green, with a changeable tinge of black, glofly and
mining like Satin, at a remote view feeming entirely black ; the
reft of the neck a bright white ; a broad fillet of a beautiful orange
encompaffing the upper part of the body, the fhoulders and
breaft ; the reft of the breaft, and the belly a bright white, with a
beautiful black lift through the middle lengthways, terminated
with a pale orange tinc~t under the tail. The wings are elegantly
variegated with black and white, and the middle of the back
is all white. The tail is white, moftly tipped with black. The
legs and feet are of a pale carmine, and the fkin fo pellucid,
that the courfe of the veins may clearly be feen through it. It
is more admired for its beautiful clothing, than for the table ;
bearing no price for the table on account of its ungrateful tafte.
I have feen them brought up from the egg under a common hen
at Ghucefter-hill, near Wark-worth, out of curiofity, and for their
beauty. They were as tame and familiar, as other domeftic
fowls. Cavernous rocks, and clefts or cavities in the earth, are
the fituation it prefers to all others for breeding in. Hence it
obtained the name of the Bur rough-Duck.

5. The Penguin (e), a curious and uncommon bird, was taken
alive a few years ago in the ifland of Farn, and prefented to the

ROUGH DUCK. Cl.'arlct. Av. p. 103. n. 2. Alb. Orn. p. 9. t. 94. SHELDRAKE or BUR-
ROUGH-DucK. Dale. Harw. App. p. 405.

(e) Anfcr magellanicus. Cluf. exot. p. 101. Anfer magellanicus f. Penguin. Worm.
Muf. p. 300. t. 301. Penguin nautis noftratibus dicta. Will. Orn. p. 242. t. 65. Pen-
guin. Raj. Av. p. 118. n. i. Leigh. Lancafh. cum optima -Icone, Alca roftri fulcis o£lo j
macula alba ante oculum, Linn. Faun, Suec. p. 43. n. 119.

late

O F B I R D S. 341

late John William Bacon, Efq; of Ether/ton, with whom it grew
fo tame and familiar, that it would follow him with its body
erect to be fed.

6. The Conlterneb, or Pope (f), a remarkable bird, is an annual
vifitant of the ifland of Farn, where it breeds. It is lefs than the
common duck. The beak is of a different ftructure from the
duck-kind, of a triangular form, fhort, broad, and comprcfled
fide-ways, curvated • and fharp at the extremity, with a callous
fubftance at the bafe, as in parrots. It is of two colours, cinere-
ous towards the bafe, and a bright red at the point. It hath
three or four tranfverfe furrows in it. The eyes are large ; the
iris grey, the eye-lids armed with a black cartilage •-, a fmall car-
neous protuberance on the upper one, livid, and triangular;
with another of the fame kind on the under one, but roundifh ;
a grey lift round the eyes. The upper plumage is black, the
lower one a bright white, with an elegant black fillet or collar
on the throat. The wings are very fhort ; the tail two inches
long. The legs of the old ones are red ; thofe of the younger
ones, not full grown, a bright yellow ; the claws a bluim-black.
It wants the back-toe. Its legs are fo fhort, and fituated fo far
backwards, like the divers, or loons, that it is with difficulty it
can take wing, without the advantage of fome little eminence,
a ftone, or a mole-hill, which makes it often a captive if fur-
prized upon a level ground ; but it does not tamely part with its

(f) COULTERNEB. TOMMY NODDY. Northumbr. GOLDEN HEAD. BOTTLE-NOSE-.
Ebvrac. POPE. Ccrnub. Puphinus ANGLICUS. Gcfn. Av. p. 725. Pica marina. Aldr.
Orn, l.ig. t. 37. Alb. Orn. 2. p. 73. t. 78, 79. Anas artica. Cluf. exot. p. 104. Olear.
Muf. t. 15. f. 5. Worm. Muf. p. 3-2. fffll.Orn. p. 244. t. 65. Raj. Av. p. 120. Alca
roftri fulcis quatuor, oculorum regione temporibufque albis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 42'.
n. 118.

liberty,

3 ]2 OF BIRDS.

liberty, giving many fevere flrokcs with its {harp beak and claws.
When it is once on the wing, it fkims with great celerity on the
f urface of the water. It puts itfelf to little trouble in providing
a neft to breed in, being content with any fubterrene cavity, but
feems bed pleafed with a rabbit-burrough, turning the poor
animal out of its own tenement by force, if -not deferted before
its arrival. The legs are larger than thofe of a duck, of a red-
diili colour. It lays only one at a time, and fo on to the fifth.
They leave us in Anguft, and return in the beginning or middle
of May. Such of the young as are not able to fly, they leave be-
hind to fliift for themfelves.

7. The Guillimet (g) breeds annually on the fleep cliffs of the
iiland of Farn. It meafures between the tips of the wings, ex-
tended, thirty inches. The beak is near three inches long,
black, ftraight, and fharp at the point, with a fmall denticle near
it, hanging over the under chap, when the mouth is Ihut. The
whole upper plumage is a cinereous-black, the under one white.
It lavs very large eggs, above three inches long, iharp at one
end, and blunt at the other, of a bluim-green, fome of them,
ftreaked with black.

8. The Razor-Bill (h)> is another of the .F^nz-ifland vifitants in
the fummer. It is lefs than the common duck ; between the

(f) GUILLIMET. SEA-HEN. Northumbr. Dunelm. SCOUT. Ebarac. GUILLIM. Cumbr.
Corwl.

(h) Alca. Worm. Mus. p. 363. #?#• Orn. p. 243. t. 64. f. i. t. 65. f. 2. Alcahokri.
Raj. Av. p. 119. jflb.Orn. 3. p. 90. t. 95. Alca roftri fulcis quatuor; linea utrinque
alba a roftro ad oculos. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 43. n. 120. The AUK. Nortlmmbr, Dunelm.
Ebarac. RAZOR-BILL. Dtrcejlr. MURRE. Carnub.

tips

O F B I R D S. 343

tips of the wings, extended, twenty-fix inches. The beak is two
inches long, black, comprefTcd fide-ways, curvated at the point j
a deep furrow above the noftrils, and between it and the bafe a
fhort plumage, as fof t as velvet ; two more deep furrows below
that, tranfverfe, and white ; and another faint one near the ex-
tremity. The mouth is a bright yellow within, like the Coulter-
neb's ; a white lift defcending from each fide of the head to the
angles ; the upper part of the throat reddim, the reft of the under
plumage a bright white ; the upper one black. It and the Coulter-
neb) and Guillemet, are conftant companions, their wings, tails,
legs, and feet, all formed alike, for fwimming, and fkimming
upon the furface of the water, and not for high flights, or for
walking ; all wanting the back-toe ; all leaving and vifiting
again their favourite ifland of Farn about the fame time ; all
laying but one large egg, unlefs ftolen from them ; thofe of
this bird two inches and three quarters long, white, with black
fpots, the fmaller ends not fo fharp as thofe of the Guillemet.
They make no neft, but lay them on the ledges of the bare
rocks. They are well tafted, and much efteemed, particularly
thofe of the Auk.

Nor untrembling canft thou fee
How from a fcraggy rock, whofe prominence
Half o'erfhades th' ocean, hardy men
Fearlefs of dafhing waves do gather them.

The common fea-birds breed on the fame cliffs in great num-
bers *. I had the curiofity about tvVenty years ago to vifit this
famous bird-ifland, towards the middle of J«/y, when there is
the greatcft mew of birds and eggs, and faw the lar* crJie as thick
upon the rocks, and among the marine herbage, as reprefcnted

' * Sec Rays fele£l Remains. Itin. ii. p. i8i> top. 185.

by

3H O F B I R D S.

by Holingshead |, and Lcland \. The birds on being difturbed,
rife, as it were, in battalia, and darken tbe very air, except the
Coulternebs, and the beautiful Sheldrakes, Cuthbert Ducks, and Cormo-
rants, which take refuge in their fubterrene or cavernous retreats,
if they can reach them.

9. The Golden Eye (i), fo called from .the iris of the eyes, being
of a beautiful yellow, like burnifhed gold ; and called by the
Italians, ^uattroOchii, i. e. four eyes, from a round white fpot at
each angle of the beak, is not unfrequent about the -Frfrw-iilands
and on the fea-coaft. It is fhort, and thick bodied ; the head
large, of a changeable colour, according to the lights it is viewed
in, black, purple, and a grafs-green, glofly and {hi n ing, like
filk. The neck is fliort, of a lilvery white, as are the moulders,
breaft and belly. The wings are black and white., ^ariegated in
a remarkable manner; the middle feathers white, nnd the exte-
rior and interior ones black, both in the cover and the fail-fea-
thers. The lower part of the back is black ; the tail of the fame
colour, three inches and a half long, compofed of fixteen fea-
thers. The legs are fhort and robuft; of a deep yellow. It
meafures between the tips of the wings, extended, twenty-feven
inches. The bird here defcribed was fhot on the fea-coaft, near
Druridge, and prefented to me.

10. The Bernacle (k) is frequent near the river Tiveed, and
Holy IJlaad, in winter. It is confiderably fmaller than a goofc,

f Hoi. Chro. Vol. i. J Lei. Itin. Vol. 6. p. 60.

(1) Glaucion. Glaucus. Belion. Av. Icon. 33. 6. Glaucion BELLONII. Aldr. Or. 1.13.
0.38. Will, Orn. p. 9.8 1. Anas oculorum iridibus flavisj capite grifeoj collar! albo.
Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 37. n. 104.

(k) Anfer Scoxicus verus Bernicl.i Bcrnicla f. Bernacla. Will.

Orn. p. 274. , Raj. Av. p. 137. Bernicla. BERNACI.E. ScorcH-GoosE. CLAKE-GOOSE.
Char let, Av. p. 103. n. 4. Anas capita colloque nigris. Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 32. n. 91.

and

OF BIRDS. uS

and larger than a duck. The beak is fhort, broad and black.
The plumage of the head, neck, and lower part of the thighs,
is black ; the belly cinereous ; the back variegated with black
and grey ; the fail-feathers a dark grey ; the fhort plumage of
the wings, white, black, and cinereous, in alternate variega-
tions. The tail is black. The back-toe is fhort, and flcnder.
The cafe of one fluft was fhewn Mr. Ray, at Sir William Foijlers*
of Bambrongh *'.

11. The Soland Goofe (I) is often fhot in autumn in its way
fouthward from Scotland, on the commons near the Tweed and
Till, and fometimes in winter, both there and on the fea-coaft,
and in other parts of the country. It is as large as a common
heath-goofe, fix feet between the tips of the wings extended.
The beak is long, ftraight, fomewhat curvated at the extremity,
dentated on each fide, and of a deep cinereous colour. The
mouth is black within. The plumage, when full-grown, is all
over a bright white, except the Remiges or fail- feathers, which are
black for the fpace of fixteen inches. The crown, and upper
part of the neck, turn yellow with age. The tail is about feven
inches long. The legs are feathered down to the knees, and
black below ; the claw of the middle toe broad, and ferrated on
the infide. It hath four fore-toes, all palmated. The back-
plumage of the young ones is variegated with black and white.
The bird here defcribed was fhot at Keeper-Shield, near Haughton-
caftle, in the great fnow in March, 1763, and prefented to me.

12. The Wild Goofe (mj, in its periodical flights fouth wards in
autumn from the fens in the north of Scotland, where it breeds,

* Rays Topograph. Obfervat. Vol. j. p. 15.

(I) Anfer Baflanus. SoLAND-GoosE. Charlet. Av. p. 100.

(m) Anfer cinereus ferus, torque inter oculos & roftrum albo. Rudbec.k, plot, Anas ci-
nerea; fronte alba. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 33. n. 92.

VOL. I. Y y -often

O F B I R D S.

often alights on the commons near the Tweed and Till ; the whole
corpfe encamping, as it were, till their ftrength is renewed by
relt and food. We have fome of them alfo in winter on the
fame heaths, and on the fea-coaft. It is of the fize of a domeftic
heath-goofe, not fed in the grounds of better culture. The beak
is above two inches long, dentated on the fides, black at the tip,
and towards the bafe, and of a faffron-colour in the middle.
The eyes are large, with a white line under them. The whole
upper plumage is grey; the under one white, with a caft of grey
on the breaft. The legs and bread are of a faffron-colour, and
the claws black. The order obferved by them in their long
flights is very curious, rank and file, like that of Virgil's cranes *.

13. In frofls and fnows of a long continuance, the flately
Swanfn) fometimes repairs for refuge to the rivers Tweed and
Till, and there receives from the fportfman the untimely fate it
would efcape.

* JEn. Ix.

(n) Cygnus, Cycnus. Bellon. Av. Icon. 30. a. lene. Cygnus feruf. Will. Orn. p. 212.
Raj. Av. p. 136. n 2. Anas roflro femicylindrico ; cera flava ; corpore albo. L'nn. Faun.
Suec. p. 31. n. 88.

WILD SWAN, EI.K, or HOOPER. Dale. Harw. App, p. 403.

( 347 )

CHAP. X.
OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

T N S E C T S and Reptiles are numerous, and might fill a volume.
-*- I mall only take notice of fuch as are moft remarkable for their
beauty and curiofhy, and mall point out in my way their culi-
. nary, medical, tinftorial, and other ufes.

1. In warm fummers, the 'white andfcarlet Aranea or Spider (a),
is not unfrequent in gardens. The legs are moderately long,
white, and pellucid ; the anterior articulations black. The un-
der part of the body is of a fulphur-yellow. The upper part is
white, fometimes yellowifh, with a coronated circle on the back
of a bright and beautiful fcarlet, and within it an oblong line of
a bright brown. I have often obferved it in my garden at Simon-
burn.

2. The dark grey and gold-yelloiv Spider (b) is fometimes about
old walls, and ruinous buildings. It is moderately large. The

under

(a) Araneus albicans corona coccinea in a!vo ovali. Lijl. Aran. 51. f. 12. Raj. Inf.
p. 24. n. 12. Araneus horteniis albus ferto dorfjli cinnabarino-rubro. Frijib. Germ. 10.
p. 6. t. 4. Aranea abdomine flavo ; annulo ovali dorfali rubro. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 354.
n. 1227.

(b) Araneus parvus fubrufus inauratus, ipfa alvi apica .inr'ufcata, levipes. J-lJl. Aran.
p. 85. t. 30. Araneus truncorum albo nigroque varius, Frlfch. Germ. 10. p. 16. t. 14.

Y y ?, Aranea

OF INSECTS AND KEPTILES.

under part of the body is of a rhomboidal or deprefTed fhape,
roundifh towards the anus ; of a very dark grey, elegantly varie-
gated with a gold-yellow. The upper part is adorned with the
fame variegations, in beautiful wavy flreaks lengthways. The
legs expand tranfverfely, at diftances, variegated with the fame
colours, in beautiful alternate rings or circles. I met with this
here defcribed under a large coal-cinder on a {lone-wall at the
Roman ftation of Caervorran. I have had thefc two many years in
fpirits.

3. The fnbglobofe yellow Spider, 'with biackfpott (c), is not unfre-
quent in tonfed hollies, and other clofe headed fhrubs, in gar-
dens. The thorax is of a pale yellow, with a flreak of black on
each fide ; the reft of the body of a pale or greenifli yellow, ele-
gantly fpotted with black. The female fits over her ova in a
loofe net of her own weaving, and though timorous at other
times, with difficulty is then made to move, and fliun danger.
I met with this here defcribed in the head of a variegated holly.

Thefe little creatures are patterns and models of induftry, and
curious reticular works, excelling fometimes the fineftjmt'z ; fur-
nifhed with materials out of the ftore-houfe of their own bodies ;
beftowed by nature to enable them to get their living, and with
which both gloves and dockings have been made by the French
virtuofi *.

Aranea abdomine rhomboide depreflb, pedibus tranfterfaliter extenfis variegatis. Linn.
Faun. Suec. p. 351. n. 1217.

(t) Araneus viridis, cauda nigris punflis utrinque ad marginem fuperne notata, ipfo ano
croceo. Lift. Aran. p. 34. f. 5. Raj. Inf. p. 20. n. 8. Aranea pallida } abdomine fub-
globofe flavo; pundis quibufdam ni-gris. Linn. Faurii Suec. p. 353. n. 1224.

* Reaumtr. Inf.

4. The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 349

4. Thefcar/ef Aranea, 7\mf, or Lady-Bug (d) is often fecn in gar-
dens and fields, walking abroad out of the earth among the
plants and herbage on a bright day.

5. The Hornet (e) is rarely feen with us, except in a very hot
flimmer. It is a formidable, but beautiful apis ; the colours a
bright yellow, red, and green, and black ; the thorax black,
and fome of the rings or circles elegantly pectinated. A large
commonwealth of them was difcovered in the hollow of an oak-
tree, by the very brink of North Tyne, in Brome-haugh, near Chip-
chace, in the year 1762, a remarkable hot fummer; and on the
3.oth of Augnji a period was put to it by fufFocation with lighted
ftraw, for the fake of feeing their mechanical fkill in the ftruc-
rure of their combs. They were fix in number ; one of the outer
combs meafuring twenty-one inches in circumference, the mid-
dle comb nineteen inches and a half; the other combs gradually
lefs ; -the waxen cells extremely thin and fine, elegantly varie-
gated with a light and deep brown ; many of them meafuring
an inch and an half in depth ; thofe in the leafl outer comb
empty ; a numerous vermicular generation in all the reft, covered
at the top with a thin film of a pearl-colour, round and promi-
nent, glofTy and mining, like polifhed pearls. So many ranges
of combs, conftructed with fo much beauty, and with the art
of the niceft geometrician, is a furprizing fpectacle ! So noble a

(d) Araneus exiguus coccineus vulgo ANGLICE a TANT di£tus. Lift. Aran. 100. f. 38.
Raj. Inf. p. 41. n. 38. Araneus ANGLICUS coccineus minimus. Petiv. Muf. p. 65. n.
701. Acarus terreflris ruber ; abdornine depreffo. Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 348. n. 1200.

(e) Crabro. Charlet. Inf. p. 38, 39. n. 5. cum bona defcriptione. Swamm. bibt. t. 26.
f. 9. Apis thorace nigro ; antice rufo immaculate abdominis incifuris pundto nigro duplici
contiguo. Linn. Faun. Suec, n. 988.

piece

350 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

piece of architecture cannot be viewed, or reviewed, without
admiration, and a profound reverence of that Being who is the
fountain of wifdom. I am obliged for this curiofity to my re-
fpectful friend, Chriftopher Reed, of Chipchace, Efq; who firll difco-
vered it, and was prefent with me to fee it carefully taken out
by his fervants.

--6. The blue and gold-yello<w Apis (f) is fometimes about broken
clay-banks or fears, by waters, and old ruinous buildings, in
.warm places, but is not common. It is fuperior to all the bee-
tribe for beauty. It is fmaller than the common bee, the thorax-
and the head blue, very fplendent, with a fmall tincl of green,
the body yellow, like burniflied gold for luftre, the wings brown,
the antcnnse black, with twelve articulations ; the laft fegment
of the body but one, and the thorax clentated behind. It flings
like the common bee.

7. They/Aw// black and yellow Apis (g) is frequent in gardens, and
about old houfes. It is a fmall, but beautiful infecft, of the -wafp-
kind ; the thorax, head, and antenna black ; four of the articu-
lations or fegments of the body of the fame colour, with annu-
lar golden fafcie, glofTy and fplendent. Though it is fo fmall, it
will affault and kill a common domeftic flic three or four times
as large as itfelf, and drag it with cafe to its recefs.

(f) Vefpa argillacea variegata f. fuperbe colorata. Frifcb. Germ. 9. p 19. t. 10. f. r. Apis
parietinanitida, collar! caeruleo, abJomine aureo. Linn. Act. Upf. 1736. p. 28. n. c. Apis
nitiJa ; thoiace vjridi csruleo, abdomine inaurnto. Faun. Suec. p. 302. n. 1004.

(g) Apis nigra; tibiis ferrugineis, abdomins maculis utrinque quatuor flavef.entibus.
Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 303. n. ion.

8. The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

8. Thefmall black Apis fh) is not uncommon in gardens. It is
about half the fize of a pifmire. It inferts its ova by terebra-
tion on the ftems and branches of garden-rofes, in a patella-\ik.e
form, which, when they are in •vermiculo, are ftiled by the fa-
mous naturalift, Dr. Lifter, the Engli/Jj Kennes, for giving a rich
fcaiiet or purple dye, without the extraneous aid of an acid to fix
itf.

9. The large bhiift-black and yellow Libella (i) is frequent by
brooks and rivers in June and July. It is a beautiful infect. The
face is of a bright yellow, with two narrow • tranfverfe lines of
black, and one larger of black on the upper part. The fcutd-
hm is black, with golden fpecks. The wings are of a yellowifh-
white, tranfparent, and full of nerves. The body is thick and
cylindric, of a bluifli-black on the upper part, and yellow un-
derneath; the two colours meeting on the fides in elegant den-
ticulations.-

10. n, 12. The blui/Ij-green Libella •with yello-wi/Jj-brown wings (k) ;
the Mazerine-blue Libella, •with blui/Jj-black -wings (I) ; the green Li-

(b) Apis niger minimus hortenfis.- t Ph. Tr. No. 73.

(!) Libella maxima, abdomine breviore latioreque caeruleo. Raj. Inf. p. 49. n. 5. Et,
Libella maxima, abdomine breviore, & craffiore, latioreque caeruleo. Ejufd. p. 140. Libel-
lula thorace viridi nitido ; lineis flavis, alis pallidis, abdomine nigro. Linn. Faun. Suee.
p. 231. n. 768.

Vulgo DRAGON-FLY, ADDER BOLT.

(k) Libella media, corpora e viridi caerulefccnte, alis fulvefceniibus abfniie maculis. R'.j.
Inf. p. 5*. n. ii. Libtliula corpore fericeo nitido ; alis luteo fufcis ; inargine immacukt s. '
Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 227. n. 756.

(I) Libella media, corpore coeruleo, alis fere totis ex ca?ruleo nigricnntibus. P.aj. Inf.'
p. 50. n. 10. Libeliu'a corpore csruleo nitido; alis viridi-cserulefcent bus ; apice fufcis ;
margine immaculaiis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 229. n. 757. Vu'.go. PEACOCK'S NECK.

bella

352 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

bella iv ith yelloivifo-broivn ivings, ivith a ivhite fpot at each of the
apices (m), are common by madowy running ftreams in the warm
fummer-months, with many others of confiderable beauty.

»-.^"*»-- -.- *

They are generated under water, enclofed in a membrane.
Their flight is ftately. Their bodies are compofed of rings to give
celerity to their motion.

13. The fmall black Elater, "with black antenna, and a red thorax (n),
is only feen with us in warm fummers. It is adorned with a
beautiful red lunulated fpot on the back, turned towards the
head ; the exterior wings bluifli, and floated.

14. The black E later, "with afplcndent yelloiviflj-green on the exterior
ivings and thorax (o). The antennse of the male are curioufly pec-
tinated. The wings of the female are more tinged with green,
and the thorax with yellow, which is the difference of colour
between them.

The Elaters are flinglefs and harmlefs, fprightly and active in-
fc6ls, of a nimble wing ; and delight much to reft on a dry wall,
on the fides of pales, or a tree, in the fun-fhine.

(m) Libella media, corpor.e viridi, alis fulvefcentibus maculis parvis albis prope extremum
angulum. Raj. Inf. p. 51. n. 12. Libellula corpore viridi-caeruleo ; alis fubfufcis ; pun£to
rnarginali albo. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 228. n. 758. Hacpracendentisfasmina. Id.

(n) Attelabus oblongus niger, collar! teftaceo. Linn. A&. Up f. 1736. p. 19. n. 3.
Elater niger, thorace rubro. Faun. Suec. p. 185. n. 576.

(o) Scarabaeus nigro-virens corniculis altero tantum verfu pe£tinatis. (Maf.) At. Lifter,
log. p. 387. n. 19. mut. t. 17. t. 14. maf. & f. 14. fcemina. Notopeda nigro-asnea, an-
tennis fimplicibus. Linn, A«St. Upf. 1736. p. 15. n. 3. Elater fufco-viridi-aeneus. Faun.
Suec. p. 184. n. 575.

15. The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 353

15. The orange-yellow and -white Butt erf y (p) is frequent in warm
fhady vales in May and June. The head, antennae, and body,
are of a lead-colour ; the upper wings white to the middle, fuc-
ceeded by a beautiful bright orange on both fides to the margin,
which is decorated with an olive-green and white, alternately.
The under wings are white above, and elegantly marbled and
variegated underneath with a fea-green and white. It is one of
our firfl Butterfjf-v'ifitunts in the fpring, making its appearance in
May.

16. The frnzUJky-blue Butterfly (q) ufually appears in the latter
end of May, or beginning of Juney in warm vales. It is a beauti-
ful infecl:, of a nimble wing. The head, antennae, and body
are a dark grey ; the wings externally a fky-blue, edged with a
narrow white fringe ; and adorned underneath with numerous
little eyes, black, circled with white, variegated near the mar-
gin with fpots of orange, on a bright olive-ground.

(p) Papilio minor alba, alls exterioribus albis macula infigni crocea fplendentibus, infc-
rioribus fuperne albis, fubtus viridi colore variegatis. Raj. Inf. p. 115. n. 6. Papilio al-
bus fubtus viridi colore marmoreatus f. maculis croceis ornatus. Petiv. Muf. p. 33. n. 306.
Papilio hexapus ; alis rotundatis integerrimis ; fecundariis viridi-nebulofis ; primoribus lu-
nula nigra. Linn. faun. Suec. p. 245. n. 801. AURORA, ibid.

f

(q) Papilio parva, alis fuperne purpuro-caeruleis, fubtus cmereis : maculis nigris circulo
purpurafcente cin&is, pun&ifque nigris pulchre depidlis. Raj. Inf. p. 131. n. ir. Papiliun-
culus caeruleus, ocellis plurimis fubtus eleganter adfperfus. Pctiv. Muf. p. 34. n. 318. Ett
Gaz. tjufd. p. 55. t. 35. f. i. Papilio alis oculatis cyaneum caeleftem fpirairibus. Merr.
Pin. p. 144. Papilio hexapus ; alis rotundatis integerrimis casruleis ; fubtus ocellis numero-
fis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 246. n. 803. ARGUS oculatus. ibid. ULTRAMARINE BUT-
TERFLY. Wilks. Inf. t. 3. f. 2.

VOL. I. Z T: 17. The

OP INSECTS AND REPTILES.

jy. The gdd-yelhiv and broivn Butterfly (r) is frequent in fha--
dowy mountainous paftures in July and Auguft. The tipper
wings are of a bright gold-yellow, elegantly waved with a dark
brown ; a beautiful eye, white, with broad circles of black near
the tips ; four of the fame kind, but fmaller, near the extremi-
ties of the under ones ; which are bordered with narrow iemicir-
cular lines of black, a yellowifh-brown, and a pale yellow. It
delights much to reft on dry banks, Hones, and rocks.

1 8. The finally 'elloivi/Ij i-red Butterfly, -with black fpots (sj, appears
in ihady vales and paftures, in the latter end of May, or the be-
ginning of June. The body and antennae are black ; the upper
wings of a yellowim-red, gloily and fplendent, like a rich fat tin,
fpotted with black, and edged with a deep brown j the under
wings of a dark chefnut-colour, with a narrow border of a
bright yellowifli-red, elegantly fpotted with black at the extre-
mities.

19. The large flately Butterfly, called The Admiral (tj, is a vifitant
of gardens and fields in the harveft months. It meafures between

the

(r) Papilio media, alls fulvo f. rufo & nigricante colore variis cum ocello prope extimum
angulum alarum exteriorem. Raj. Inf. p. 123. n. 15. Papilio oculatus ex aureo et fufco-
marmoratus. Petiv. Muf. p. 34. n. 312. Papilio ultima parte alae exterioris clypeolo ni-
gro, quern medium pun&um eburneum ornat decorata. Merret. Pin. p. 198. n. 10. Fa-
pilio tetrapus ; alis rotundatis fufco-nebulofis ; primariis fequi-ocello, fecundariis quiuis
ocellis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 238. n. 785.

(s) Papillio parva, alis exterioribus circa margines nigricantibus, media parte run's, ferici
inftar fplendentibus, maculis longis nigris pidis. Raj. Inf. p. 125. n. 20. Papileo minor
aureus ex nigro permaculatus. Pttlv. Muf. p. 34. n. 317. Papilio hexapus ; alis rotun-
datis fulvis ; utrinque pundlis nigris. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 247. n. 807.

(t) Papilio major nigrefcens, alis maculis rubris & albis pulchre illuftratis. Petiv. Muf.
p. 3^. n. 327. Papilio tetrapus ; alis denticulatis nigris alboque maculatis; omnibus fafcia

arcuata

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

the tips of the wings, extended, three inches. The body, and
exterior parts of the wings are black, glofly and fhining, like
velvet ; irregular bright white fpots of different fizes near the tips
of both the upper wings ; a broad line of a deep beautiful fear-
let through the middle of each, met by a broader of the fame
colour from the extreme margin, of the under ones, which is
diftinguifhed by an elegant feries of fmall round black fpots*
and a little pectinated at the edges. From this irregular circle
of bright fcarlet, on a black velvet-ground, it obtained the name
of the Admiral. I have obferved it in my own garden to have a
particular liking to the yellow Martagon-\i\\y> of a ftrong/cocvlike
fcent, to which it would always return after frequent interrup-
tions, on one of which I caught this here defcribed under a fine
net»

The Eruca is adorned with fmall points of white on a black
ground, with fmall ftreaks of a pale red on the fides, indented
above the holders, which are briftled. The chryfalis is cinereous.
Both it and the Eruca fometimes vary in colour.

20. The tortoife-Jhell Butterfly (u) is not unfrequent in alpine
woods and fhady paftures, in July and AugulL I have alfo ob-
ferved it in gardens,

arcuata coccinea. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 235. n. 777. Lift. Goed. p. 10. f. 4. Raj. Inf.
p. 126. Aibln. Inf. Willies. Inf. t. 2. f. 3. & t. 7. f. 5.

(u) Papilio urticariam referens major, alls amplioribus, quam Ulmariam vocitare foliti
fumus. Raj. Inf. p. 118. n. 2. Et, Eruca mediae magnitudinis, corpore e cinereo nigri-
cante, fpihulis raris in quolibet annulo ramofis fulvis. Ejujd. p. 306. n. 14. Papilio teftu-
dinarius major. Petiv. Muf. p. 34. n. 315. Papilio tetrapus ; alis angulatis fulvis nigro
maculatis ; primariis pun£tis quatuor nigris. Linn, Faun. Suec, p. 232. n. 773. Lift.
Goed. 5. f. 3. Albin, Inf. 56.

Z z 2 21. The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

2t. The leffer tortoife-Jliell Butterfly (v) is frequent in fields and
gardens. ft meafures between the tips of the wings, extended,
two inches. The body is black, the fore-parts of both the upper
wings variegated with ftreaks of black and a pale yellow alter-
nately, terminated by a white fpeck ; three black fpots below, on
a red ground, with a beautiful bright brown next the body ; the
red at the extremities bordered with a black lift, with a feries of
indented fpecks in it of a fky-blue, fucceeded by another black
one, edged on both fides with a light yellow, in an elegant pec-
tinated form. It frequently out-lives the winter by concealing
itfelf in private recefies, where neither winds or rains can hurt
it.

The Eruca is of a deep olive-colour on the upper part, a feriea
of black fpots down the middle, one on each joint ; the fides
edged with a pale yellow line ; underneath another feries of
black fpots, fmaller, on a light hair-coloured ground ; the hol-
ders briftled. The chryfalis is a reddifh-brown.

22. The tortoife-Jhell Butterfly, ivifh lacinlated -wings (•w), is not
unfrequent in vale-meadows, and gardens, in Auguft.

(v) Papilio urticaria vulgatiflima, rufo, nigro, caeruleo, & albo coloribus varia. Raj.
Inf. p. 117. n. i. Papilio teftudinarius minor. Lift. Goed. 3. f. 2. Papilio tetrapus ; alis
angulatis fulvis nigro-maculatis ; primariis punctis trfbus nigris. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 233.
n. 774. Lift. Goed. 3. f. 2. Albln. Inf. 4. f. 6.

(w) Papilio ulmariae fimilis, fed minor} alis laciniatis j interioribus Jinea alba incurva no-
tatis. Raj. Inf. p. 118. n. 3. Pagilio teftudinarius, alis laceris. Petiv. Mus. Papilio alis
laciniatis. Allin. Inf. t. <\. f. 5. Papilio tetrapus ; alis angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis ;
fecundariis v. albo notatis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 234. n. 775.

23. The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 357

23. The peacock 's-eye Butterfly (x), called by a curious foreigner,
The §>ueen of Butterflies *, is often feen in fields and gardens in
the warm fummer-months, and, in cold ones, in clofe retreats.
It meafures between the tips of the wings, extended, fomcwhat
more than three inches. The body is a fine brown. The edges
of the upper ones next the head marbled with ftreaks of black
and «. flraw-colour, with a large and beautiful eye or moon near
the tip of each ; a large eye or moon on each of the under wings, .
the extremities adorned with a beautiful brown, and pectinated.
From the refemblance of thefe eyes or moons to thofe on the
Peacock's tail, it had its name of The Peacock's, Eye.

The Eruca is adorned with numerous minute fpecks of white1
on a black ground; the head jet-black; the holders a light
brown, and briftled ; the chryfalis a pale green.

MOTHS of confiderable beauty are fometimes obferved with us
in warm fummers. They are diflinguiflied from Butterflies by
their Antenn<e, which are attenuated to a point; thofc of Butter-
flies being clavated.. There is another generical diftincftion in
a fpecies of them- more remarkable.. The crown and face re-
femble thofe of an owl, with a. thick plumage on their legs.
They are lucifug*.. They fly abroad only in the evening and flill
filence of the night, not feen. in the . day, unlefs disturbed in
their recefies.

(x) Oculus Pavonis. Lift. Goed. p. I. f. I. Papilio elegantiflima ad urticariam acce-
dens. fnigulis alis maculis oculos itnitantibus. Raj. Inf. p. 122. n. 13. Papilio oculus- Pa-
vonis di&us. Petiv. Muf. p. 34. n. 3-4. Alb'm. Inf. t. 3. £4. IPlIkts. Inf.- t. I. £4.
Papilio tetrapus ; alis angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis ; omnibus ocello cifcruleo-variegatd.
linn. Faun. Suec. p. 234. n. 776.

* Regina omnium. Mouffet. Inf. lat.' p; 92. f. infim*

24. Tlie

358 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES,

24. The large and beautiful moth, called the Bee-Tiger (yj, was
taken fome years ago in one of the rooms at Ff/Vcw-hall, -in Oc-
tober. It is now in the collection of Mrs. Thompfon, in Northum-
berland-Rreet, in Neivcajlle upon Tyne.

25. The white, black, and yellow Moth (z) is frequent in gardens
and hedges in the beginning of fummer. The upper wings
are elegantly variegated with a bright yellow and black, in fpots
and waves, on a white ground ; the under wings white, fpotted
with black ; the body of a bright yellow, with' black fpots.

The Eruca is briftled, as black as jet, with elegant circles of
a bright yellow. It ufually lives all winter in fecure and warm
retreats, and in the fpring ventures abroad into gardens, and re-
gales on the tender buds of goofeberry and currant-trees. I
have found it wandering on the tops of our mountains in fum-
mer, ravaging the bloflbms of the Erica and Vaccinia. The Chry
falis is of the fame colour, very handfome.

The moth here defcribed, appeared in June, from a chryfalis
in my fludy- window, making its way out of a ftraw- coloured
filky clue at the obtufe end. It was afTaulted on its firft appear-
ance by an infidious and furious fpider, and preferved by my
accidentally feeing it, after it had made a better defence than

(y) Wiles. Inf. 1. 12. f. i.

(z) Phalaena media, alis amplis albis, maculis crebris nigris & lineis tranfverfis luteis
variis. Raj. Inf. p. 178. n. 14. Eruca geometrica, pulchre variegata, grofTulariis depaf-
cens. Pet. Muf. p. 4. n. 7. Lift. Goed. p. 25. f. 9. Phalsena feticornis fpirilinguis 5 alis
patentibus albis ; maculis inaequalibus nigris plurimis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 263. n. 849.
GREAT MAGPYE-MOTH. JV'ilkes. Inf. t. 1 1. f. 6.

could

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 359

could well have been expected in its weak and feeble ftate, be-
fore its moift wings were dry and unfolded. In about half an
hour after, it was vigorous and fprightly, and feemed by its
motions to exult under its refufcitation from its reptile ftate to a
volant one, capable of furveying by gentle flights every beauti-
ful vegetable, and regaling on their velvet buds and bloflbms.

26. The final/, beautiful, red and dark brown Moth (a) is frequent'
in vale-meadows, in June and July. The head, antennas, and
body are black. The under wings are of a deep beautiful red,
with a narrow edging of a dark brown. The upper wings arc
of a fine umbre-brown, with a beautiful ftreak of deep red on
each of them, lengthways, near the edges, with two orbicular
fpots of red at the tips. I caught this here defcribed on the
fouth fide of the vicarage-garden at Haltwefel.

The Eruca is of a deep orange-colour, with circles of black. Ic
lives on the Ragwort* The chryfalis is of the fame colour.

27. The gold-yellow and brown Moth (bj is not unfrequent in gar-
dens. It is exceedingly beautiful ; • the plumage of the face of a

(a) Phalaena media, alis exterioribus colore nigro & fanguineo variis, extimo duntaxat
margine nigro. Raj. Inf. p. 168. n. 2<5. Phalaena umbrica, linea maculifque fanguineis.
Petiv. Gaz. p. 52. t. 33. f. 6. Papilio Jacobaese. Derbam. Phyfico-theol. 1. 8. c. 6. n. 6.
Lift. Goed. p. 134. f. 54. All'm. Inf. t. 34. f. H. G. Phalaena feticornis fpirilinguis ; alis
fuperioribus fufcis: linea pundtifque duobus rubris ; inferioribus rubris. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 268. n. 869.

(b) Phalxna media, alis exterioribus duplici area tranfverfa' vitidi-aurata ferici inftar
fplendente infignibus. Raj. Inf. p. 182. Mcrian. Europ. v. i. p. 14. t. 39. Phalxna
ftticornis fpirilinguis i alis deflexis nebulofis ; fafcia una aherave aurea. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 270. n. 875.

gold

360 O? INSECTS AND .REPTILES.

gold colour ; the crown a light brown ; the upper wings a gloffy
yellow, like burnifhed gold, fhaded in the middle and at the
extremities with brown. I found this, here defcribed, under an
edging of wild thyme in a border of my garden at Simonburn.

28. The white Moth, with black fpots (cj, is frequent among wil-
lows in plantations, near houfes. The face and crown are white ;
the wings of the fame colour, adorned with fmall black fpots ;
the upper part of the body fpotted with black, on a pale yellow
ground.

The Eruca is fpotted with black, on a dark brown ground, like
a Leopard ; a fmall yellow fpot on each joint ; the holders black,
briftled, and edged with red. The chryfalis is a dark red, maded
with black.

29. A large white and yellow Moth (d) is frequent in gardens.
•It meafures between the tips of the wings, extended, two inches
and a half. The face and crown are a yellowifh-brown ; the
body a bright grey ; the wings white, gloffy like fattin, edged
with a light yellow.

30. Thcjifoery-grey, brown and yellow Moth (ej, is frequent by
the fides of groves and gardens. It meafures between the tips

of

(c) Papilio alls depreflis albis, pun£tis nigris, ventre quinque pun&orum. Linn. Aft.
'Upf. 1736. p. 124. n. 59. Phalaena peflinicornis elinguis ; alls deflexis albidis ; pundis

nigris, abdomine ordinibus quinque punftorum. Fauna Suec. p. 254. n. 823. Lift. Goed.
p. 210. l 93. Jtlbin. Inf. t. 21. f. 30.

(d) Phaljena alis alb's ad marginem flavis ferici fplendore, ventre grifeo, capite fubfulvo.

(e) Phalaena rbfo'ete cinerea, alas cotpori velut circumvolvens, pedes primores longa &
denfa ianugine hirfutos antrorfum longifllme porrigens. Raj. Inf. p. 186. n. 8. Lift.

Goed.

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 36i

of -the wings, extended, three inches ; the face broad and
round, of a light yellow, with three beautiful circles of brown
and yellow alternately ; a filvery plume on the head, erect ; the
body a ftraw-colour with black circles. The upper wings are a
filvery grey; three tranfverfe wavy lines towards the head, brown
and yellow, alternately ; a large fpace of a beautiful ftraw-co-
lour towards the extremities, with three irregular wavy circles
of brown and yellow, in an alternate order, extremely elegant.
The legs are feathered down to the very ends, like thofe of a
dove ; the feathers long, and as white as fnow. This, here de-
fcribed, was found under the foliage of fome wild plants at
Chipchace, and prefented to me by Mrs. Reed.

The Eruca is a gay little creature ; the face black, with a nar-
row forked line of white ; a lunar circle of red on the crown ;
the holders black and briftled ; the upper part of the body ftriated
•with longitudinal lines of black and a pale yellow, with tranf-
verfe ones of red ; a feries of fhining black fpots on the joints,
on each fide. The foliage of the willow is its favourite retire-
ment and food. The chryfalis is red, fhaded with black.

31. The brown and gold-yellow Moth (f) is not unfrequent in gar-
dens, under weeds. It meafures between the tips of the wings,

extended,

Goed. p. rQ2. t. 80. Phalsena pectinicornis elinguis villofiflima cinerea ; alls exterioribus
lineolis obfoletis nigris maculaque duplici pallida. Linn, Faun. Succ. p. 256. n. 829.
BUFF-TIPPED MOTH. I-filtx, Inf. t. 6. f. 7.

(f) Papifio major, alls praelongis ; exterioribus vel fun's vel ex cinereo nigricantibus ; in-
terioribus fulvis cum fafcia lata nigra propc imum marginem. Raj. Inf. p. 237. ri. 18. Pa-
pilio major, cum exterioribus alis fufcis, internis aureis nigra linca fimbriatis. Mcrret.Ym.
p. 198. Lift. Goed. p. 114. f. 41. Papilio alis depreffis grifeis, obfcure maculatis, infe-

VOL. I. A a a rioribus

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

/••

extended, fomewhat more than three inches. The upper wings-
arc a dark brown ; the under ones a bright gold-yellow, with a
broad flreak of black near the extreme margin.

32. The broivn,' white, and red Moth (g), is alfo frequent under
the leaves of garden-plants. It meafures, between the tips of
wings, extended, three inches and a half; the face broad and
round, of a dark brown, edged with a circle of red. The head
is adorned with a dark brown 'plume ; the upper wings marbled
with white, and a dark brown ; the under ones red, with black
fpots ; the body red, with circles of black ; the plumage of the
legs of the fame colours, in rings or circles.

The Eruca is large, and briftled ; the upper part black ; the
fides, and fete, or bridles, next the head, an orange-colour; a
feries of white fpots on each joint. It is frequent in gardens,
and has an extraordinary affection for table-fallads, and kitchen-
greens. If at any time it is in danger, it rolls itfelf up into an
orbicular form, with the briflles erect, and as foon as its firft
fright is over, it makes the beft of its way to fome mady recefs
for fafety. The prickly covering is given it by our wife creator
to deter birds from preying upon it. The chryfalis is red, with a
deep made of black.

rioribus flavis, margine nigro. Linn. A£l. Upf. 1736. p. 124. n. 60. Phalaena feticornis
fpirilinguis ; alis incumbentibus ; exterioribus caefiis nebulofis ; inferioribus IiUeis, fafcia
atra marginal!. Faun. Suec. p. 268. 11. 870. Albin, Inf. 72. f. C. D.

(g) Phalaena major, alis amplis oblongis albicante & fufco coloribus pulchre variegatis,
interioribus rutilis cum maculis nigris. Raj. Inf. p. 151. n. 3. Lift. Goed. p. 219. f. 99.
Phalsena pe&inicornis eiinguis ; alis deflexis ; fuperioribus fufcis ; rivulis albis ; inferioribus
purpureis ; pun&is fex nigris. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 252. n. 820. Albin. Inf. t. 20. f.
C. D. GREAT TIGER-MOTH, Wilkes. Inf. t. 6. f. 7.

33- The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES,

2 '

33. The beautiful -white and blue Moth (h) is fometi'mes obfervcd
by the fides of moid groves, and near hedges, .under the made
of willows, and other aquatic trees, but is not common. It
meafures between the tips of the wings, extended, three inchest
The face and head are large, covered with a thick and beautiful
plumage, white, fpotted with a deep blue. The upper wings
from the infection to the middle are elegantly marbled with the
fame colours ; and from the middle to the extremities of a
bright grey, pellucid, and full of nerves of a ttraw-colour,
fomewhat prominent. The under wings are alfo a bright grey,
tranfparent, and full of the fame kind of nerves. The body is
adorned with broad circles of a deep blue and white, alternately,
interfered by two blue longitudinal lines ; the plumage raifed,
and looking like the. fringed margin of a rich robe. The legs
are adorned with long bright white feathers to the very tips, and
with a feries of deep blue fpots. The blue vanimes into a black,
and the white into a grey colour, by being expofed to. rains and
weather, which are as injurious to the beauty of this fair part
of the creation, as to an Anemone, a Ranunculus, an Auricula, or
other admired flowers in gardens. I have therefore given de-
fciptions of fuch only, whofe plumage and colouring were in
their native gaiety, in their full beauty and perfection, without
blemifhes. I met with this moth in July, 1761, among fome tall
herbage by the fide of the grove, on the left hand, within the
gate, in going to Nun-wick-Hall.

(h) Phalzna major pulcherrima, alis amplis; exterioribus cinereis maculis & lineii elc-
ganter depi£tis. Raj. Inf. p. 153. n. 5. Lift. Goed. p. 59. t. 20. n. 6. c. Phalasna
pedtinicornis elinguis ; alis deflexis albidis diaphanis ; vafis obfcuris. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 25-2. n. 819. VINULA. ibid. Albin. Inf. t. n. f. 15. Puss-MoTH. Wilkcs. Inf.

t. 12. f. 2.

A a a 2 The

364 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES,

The Entca, for its majeftic form, and beautiful colours, is
called The Beau *. The belly and fides are a yellowim green*
parted by a longitudinal line of deep purple, with a feries of
fmall, oblong, white fpots, one on each joint, in a regular or-
der, and a ihort feries of fmall round eyes above it, and more
irregular ; a deep purple, circled with white, one larger than
the reft, and .{landing lower. The upper part, from the head to
the tail, is of a bluiih-grcen, with bright white fpots, like a
beautiful mantle, or cloak loofely caft over it, with a graceful
eafe, edged with purple and white, feeming as if fattened under
the firft pair of holders, and with two large purple fpots at each
angle or corner of the head, and a fmaller on the moft promi-
nent and elevated part of the neck, contracted, and held up, as
it were, to fhew the beauties underneath. An elegant broad
golden circle is round 'the face ; a deep velvet-rofe colour within^
a fhort narrow line of black down the middle, with an edging
of yellow. The forefeet are black, elegantly fpotted with white.
The tail is long, and forked, with the fame variegations to the
middle, and of a rofe -colour to the extremities. It protrudes
and draws in its tortoife-like head at pleafure, under its rofe-
coloured embroidered veil. If molefted, or provoked, it inftantly
mews its refentment by unflieathing a pair of fcarlet points at
its tail, which, when touched, are foft, and feem n n defigned to
do mifchief. So that it is as harmlefs, as it is beautiful. The
foliage of the willow, and poplar, are its f tvourite refuge and
food. The chryfalls is large, red, and fliaded with black.

i

Vagipennia, or infecls with cafe-wings, of beauty or curiofity,
are not obferved with us in any great variety.

* Erucabicauda elegantiflima, ViNULAdidla. Raj. Inf. I. c. n. 3. Vide, Allin. I.e.

34- The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 365

34. The chefnut-broivn Beetle, or Hedge-Chafer fij, in very warm
fummers appears in fhady vales, by the fides of brooks and
ftreamlcts, and fometimes is heard buzzing againft the windows
of our houfes, — Alls tonans. Hence it is called by the French, All-
ton. The Elytra, or cafe-wings, are a chefnut-brown, the late-
ral fegments of the wings white, the thorax hairy, the tail cur-
vated. By the direction of Providence, Chafers were frequently a
Scourge to the Jeivljlj nation, difrobing the trees and fields of
their verdure, blofibms and fruits, leaving defolation and deitruc-
tion behind them *. They appeared in formidable numbers in
Ireland in a hot fummer, and committed great ravages f. Their
Eruce are frequently as deftrudcive. Whole meadows and corn-
fields were deftroyed by them in Suffolk, -in 1747. The decreife
of rookeries in that country was thought to be the occafion of it ;
thole hexapods being the favourite ' food of rooks, which they
fearch after with indefatigable pains £.' The many rookeries
\vith us is partly the reafon why we have fo few Chafers, even in
the hotted fumrners ; feldom more than one or a pair being feen
at a time.

35. Th&fmall Beetle 'with red Ely trie, dnd a black head and thorax (k)i,
is frequent in woods.

;

(i) Scarabseus arboreus vulgaris major. Raj. Inf. p. 104. n. 1. Scarabsus arboreus ma-
jor caftaneus. Petiv. Gaz. p. 29. t. 19. f. 2. Scarabaeus maximus rufus urhopigio deor-
fum inflexo. Lift. loqu. p. 379. n. I. mut. t. 18. f. 16. Lift. Goed. p. 265. f. iii. Sca-
rabseus teftaceus ; thorace villofo ; abdominis tncifuris lateralibus albis ; cauda inflcxa. Linn.
Faun. Succ. p. 130. n. 345. Albln. Inf..t. 60.

* Prophet. Nabum. c. 3. v. 16, 17. t Ph. Tr. No. 234.

J j .. • No. 484. Vol.44. Par. 2. 1747.

(k) Scarabaeus capite thoraceque nigro ; antennis elytrifque rubris. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 134. n. 355, Scarabaeus parvus niger, elytris antennifque rubris. A6t. Upf. 1736.

p-l6'n<s- The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

36. The fmall, green, purple, and gold-yellow horned Beetle (I), is
fometimes, but rarely, on heaths and mountainous pailures, in
June and July, in warm fummers. The head, face, thorax, belly,
and legs, are of a beautiful purple, bright and mining, like filk.
The Elytra are of a grafs-green, elegantly fpotted with a gold-
yellow. The clavated Antenna or horns, and the eyes, are a
gloffy black; the latter full and prominent. I met with this
here defcribed in the rectory-den at Simonburn, in a remarkable
warm fummer. I have iince obferved it on /f^nk-common,
among the heath, near Wo&dley-Sheeh, in Tynedale^ in July.

37. The beautiful infect of the Scarab or Beetle-kind, called The
Henbane-Cimcx (m), from its favourite plant the Henbane ; is fre-
quent under its foliage in the latter end of May. The head is
black, with a red fpot in the center. The thorax andfcutellum are
variegated with red and black ; the elytra are red, with two
black fpots in the middle; the wings under them are brown;
the antennae and legs black ; the trunk compofed of four joints.

(I) Curculio parvus fplendide viridis. Petiv. Gaz. p. 77. n. 6. Scarabaeus naficornis
purpureo-auratus. fr'nfch. Germ. 12. p. 17. t. 8. Curculio cseruleo-viridis nitens ; an-
ttnnis a'tris. Linn, Faun. Suec. , p. 157. n. 456. fequenti Luna defcriptione.

•*' Eft e mediae magnitudi.riis.fpeciebus hie curculio. Totus capite, thorace, roftro, elytris,
" abdomine, pedibus, c^eruleo-viridi-inauratus feu fericeo .Hitidiffimus. verfus pofteriora
" ad mod inn obtufus. Totum corpus punfl-is minutifllmis excavatis perfufum. oculi & an-
" tinna: folse nigrs ; harum infimus articulus reliquis nullo modo lohgior eft, ut in reliquis.
« tlavatae tamen funt antennx, ut in congeneribus. hie minime falit."

(m) Cimcx fylveftris minor, corpore oblongo, angufio, colore defuper rubro nigris ma-
culis pifto. Raj. Inf. p. 55. Cimex miniatus nigris maculis notatus hyofcyamo fere gau-
dens. Lift. loq. p. 39;. n. 39. mut. t. 31. f. 21. Cimex hyofeamoidcs ruber, maculis
nigris. Pet. Gaz. t. 66. f. 2. Cimex oblongus rubro nigroque variegatus, alis fufcis im-
maculatis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p 208. n. 665.

The

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 367

The ova of this elegant little infect are tinctorical, and yield an
exquifite vermilion, not volatile and fugitive, but fixed and per-
manent, equal to cocheneil, even when aflifted with an acid fait.
They are oblong, and firft of a light orange, and afterwards of
a deeper colour, as the young come to maturity, which arc not
vermicular, but come forth perfect cimices. The tinctorial virtue
is the richeft when the ova have acquired their full orange-co-
lour. Urinous falts and alcalies change it from a vivid crimfon
to an obfcure colour, between a violet and a purple.

38. The fmall Scarab, called the Death Watch fn}, is frequent"
among duft, and in decayed rotten wood, lonely and retired. It
is one of the fmalleft of the Vagipennia, of a dark brown, with
irregular light brown fpots, the .belly plicated, and the wings
under the cafes pellucid, like other beetles, the helmet turned
up, as is fuppofed, for hearing ; the upper lip hard and mining.
By its regular pulfations, like the ticking of a watch, it fome-
times furprifes thofe that are ftrangers to its nature and proper-
ties, who fancy its beating portends a family-change, and the
fhortening of the thread of life. Put into a box, it may be
heard and feen in the act of pulfation, with a fmall probofcis,
againft the fide of it ; for food, more probably, than for hyme-

naeal pleafure, as fome have fancied.

•i „ • •.. *• •••*

Reptiles furnifhed vriihfoellt, as the land, pond, and river-cockle*,

are found in confiderable numbers.

39. In winter, the great Garden-Cochlea fo), is ufually feen
hanging in clufters in the cavities of the rocks at the Hermitage, near

Work-

(n) Scarabacus galeatusPulfator.

(o) Cochlea citrina aut leucophaea, non raro unicolor, interdum tamen unica, interdum
etiam duabus, aut tribus, aut quatuor, plerumque yero quinque fafciis pullis diftin&a.

Lift.

368 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

Warkworth. It is of a chefnut-colour, marbled with yellow, with
broad fafcie or belts, and five convolutions. A thin pellucid film
ferves for an operculum at the mouth to keep out the cold, made by
the little creature with the fame materials that it makes and ^re-
pairs its pretty dwelling, the gluten out of its own body. Statuaries
and china-menders pierce it to get the/antes, which they mix with
whites of eggs, and quick-lime, and grind all together, as we do
paint, till they are incorporated, and fit for ufe. Fraftured marble,
and china, are put together with the greatefl expedition and firrn-
nefs with this compofition. The flatuary, the pictorift, and meda-
lift, alfo apply thefanies of this reptile to their molds, before they
take off the impreffions with wax, making the waxen figures
come off with more cafe, and with a finer fkin.

40. Under the fallen leaves and moffes, upon old fhadowy
{lone-walls, topped with earth, the elegant little torcular Cochlea (p)
is not unfrequent. I met with it in confiderable plenty on one
at Shnonburn, oppofite to St. Mango's Well, on the north fide of the
r,ivulet. It is flraighr, and flender, half an inch long, mucro-
nated, with eight convolutions, of a bright chefnut-colour. The
lubricous, cornuted tenant within is a dark grey.

Lift. Angl. p. u6. t. 2. f. 3. Cochlea. interdum unicolor, interdum variegata, item variis
fafciis depicla. Ejufd. Hift. Conchyl. t. i. n. 54. Cochlea vulgaris, tefta variegata. Pettv.
Muf. 5. n. 14. Cochlea tefta utrinquc convexa flava ; fafcia fubfolitaria 'fufca, labro reflexo.
Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 370. n. 1294.

fp) Buccinum alterum pellucidum fubflavum, intra fcnas fpiras mucronatum. Lift. Angl.
p. 12.4- t. i. f. n. Cochlea tefta oblonga obtufa, ri£tu rotundo, fpiris o£k>, decem, duo-
decim. Linn. Acl. Upf. 1736. p. 41. n. 20. Cochlea tefta pellucida oblonga, fpiris
decim finiftrorfis, apertuia fubrotunda. faun. Suec. p 372. n. 1300.

41. In

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

41. In winter, under flones, near the banks of alpine brooks,
and in fummer, in moift places, the fmaZl, deprejfcd, umbilicated
Cochlea (q), is often obferved. It is half an inch broad, with four
wreaths or convolutions ; of a light brown colour, and pellucid ;
the apex prominent on the upper part ; a fmall round cavity,
or umbilicum, underneath. The little animal carries it upright in
crawling, and is itfelf of a fine blue colour, tinged with white.
It is the favourite food of the Scmg-ThruJJj, which takes it out of
the fhell with great dexterity, by breaking it at the apex.

42. The large frejh-ivater Turbo, with fix -wreaths (r), is plentiful
in Shilden-lake, near Cot-bridge. It is two inches long, with fix
wreaths ; of a light brown colour, and pellucid ; the operculum
large, oval, and teftaceous. The horns of the Umax inhabiting
it are two, mucronated, and fometimes branched like thofe of
a -deer; two fmall black fpots {landing at their bafe, which are
its two eyes ; and behind them two fmall auditorial or branched
apertures.

(q) Cochlea pulla fylvatica, fpiris in actem depreflis. Lift, Angl. p. 126. t. 2. f. 14.
Cochlea noftra umbilicata pulla. Ejufd. Hift. i. p. 29. f. 62. Planorbis terreftris ANGLI-
•cOs, umbillco minore, margine acuto. Pet. Muf. p. 69. n. 734. Cochlea tefta convexa fub-
tus perforata, fpira acuta. Linn. A6h Upf. 1736. p. 40. n. 9. Cochlea tefta utrinque
convexa fubtus perforata, fpira acuta, apehura ovata tranfvcrfali. Faun. Suec. p. 371.

n. 1298. JKfe

••»:' •"''u'--* **•

(r) Buccinum longum, fex fpifarum, omnium & inaximu'm & produclius fubflavum pel-
lucidum in tenue acumen ex ampliffimabafi mucronatum. Lift. Angl. p 137. t. 2. f. 21.
Buccinum fubflavum pellucidum fex orbiiim, clavicula admodum tenui produiSiore. Ejufd.
Hift. 2. t. 123. f. 21. Buccinum fluviatile noftras oblo^gum majus. Pit. Muf. p. 82.
n. 805. Cochlea tefta produfta cuminata opaca, anfradlibus fcnis fubanguhtis, apertura
ovata. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 374. n. 1310.

VOL. I. B b b 43- The

370 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

43. The fmall frefo-'water Turbo, ivith five "wreaths (s), is not un-
common. I met with it in the bottom of a fpring under my gar-
den at Sim&nburn, in great numbers. It is half an inch long, with
five wreaths ; the mouth fmall, and oval. It is covered with a
thin argillaceous kind of cruft, which is not eafily taken off;
the operculum rough, and teftaceous. The horns of the Umax be-
longing to it are very fmall andfhort. . "

44. In the fame lake is the Turbo with four wreaths, a remark-
able large mouth, and a fhort acute apex ft). It is an inch long,
and half an inch broad ; of a light brown colour, pellucid, with
four wreaths. The limax within is yellowifh ; the two horns
ihort, broad, and mucronated ; two fmall black punctules at
their bafe, which are its eyes.

45. In the pond behind the re<5lory-houfe at Simonburn thefmatt
Turbo -with three -wreaths (u) is plentiful. It is half an inch long,

(s) Cochlea parva fubflava, intra quinque fpiras finita. Cochlea paluftris, teftae hiatu
rotundo contra&o ; fpiris laxis. Linn. Aft. Up C. 1736. p. 41. n. 16. Cochlea tefta ob-
Jonga obtufa ; anfra&ibus quatuor laxis cinereis opacis ; apertuia fubovata. Faun. Suec.
p. 376. n. 1313.

(t) Buccinutn pellucidum flavum, quatuor fpirarum, mucrone ampliflimo, teftae apertura
omnium maxima. Lift. Angl. p. 139. t. 2. f. 23. Buccinum fubflavum pellucidum, qua»
tuor orbium, ore ampliflimo, mucrone acuto. Ejufd. Hift. 2. t. 123. f. 32. Buccinum
fluviatile pellucidum fubflavum, quatuor fpirarum, mucrone acuto, teftae apertura patentif-
fima. Ejufd. Fxerc. 2. p. 54. Buccinum fluviatile noftras breve. Petiv. Muf. p. 83.
n. 807. Cochlea tefta diaphana, anfradlibus quatuor, mucrone acuto breviflimo, apertura
acutiffima. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 376. n. 1315.

(u) Buccinum fubflavum pellucidum, trium fpirarum. Lift. Angl. p. 140. Buccinum
fubflavum pellucidum trium orbium. Ejufd. Hift. 2. 1.123. f. 23. Cochlea tefta membra-
nacea fubflava oblonga, mucrone obtufo, anfra&ibus tribus. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 377.
n. 1317.

with

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. 371

with three wreaths ; the operculum large, and oval ; the apex very
fmall, and more obtufe than the lafl; of a yellowifli-brown,
fometimes tinged with white, and pellucid. The horns of the
Umax inhabiting it are fhort, broad, and mucronated.

46. I met with the depreffed, orbicular, frefh-ivater Cochlea, with
four 'wreaths (<v), in great numbers, in a fmall piece of water,

in a meadow on the banks of North-Tyne, called Brome-Haugh,
near Chipchace. It hath four elegant wreaths or convolutions, of
a blackifh-brown. The Umax inhabiting it is of a tawney black>
with two reddifh horns. In warm, pleafant weather, it fails
about on the furface of the water with its fhell erect, very much
refembling the Sea-Nautilus in its motion. It is the only one of the
aquatic Cochlea that will yield a fluid on an injection of a grain of
fait, pepper, or ginger, into its mouth, or by laceration, or pierc-
ing. The fluid it gives is a fine fcarlet, but of fo fugitive a na-
ture, that no acid or aftringent has hitherto been found fufficient
to preferve the elegancy of its tincl, and from turning to an un-
pleafant rufty hue.

Naked amphibeous reptiles, whofe lungs are fo formed that
they can live for fome time under water, as well as upon land,
are lefs common with us than in the fouthern counties.

47. The Viper (-w) is fometimes obferved at the roots of trees
in woods, and among rocks on warm heaths, and under hedges.

An

(v) Cochlea fufca, altera parte planior & limbo infignita quatuor fpirarum. Lift. Angl.
p. 14.5. t. 2. f. 27. Cochlea fufca, limbo circumfcripta. Ejufd. Hift. 2. t. 138. f. 42.
Planorbis minor fluviatilis, acie acuta. Petlv. Gaz. p. 16. t. 10. f. ir. Cochlea tefte
plana fufca, fupra concava, anfraftibus quatuor, margine proininulo. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 373. n. 1306.

(w) Vipera. Bellon. Itin. Cluf. 123. Raj. Quadr. p. 285. Cbarlft. Inf. p. 32. n. r.
Vipera ANGLICA fufca, dorfo linea undulata nigricante confpicua. Pet. Muf. p. 17. n. 103.

B b b 2 Anrniis

372 O.F INSECTS AND REPTILES..

An oil made of it, applied externally, and fallad-oil taken inter-
nally, have been found by experience to be a,n effectual remedy -
rrgainil its poifon.

48. The Blind Worm (x}t fo called from its being erroneoufly
thought to have no eyes, is more frequent than the viper,- on
warm funny banks, in pailures and gardens..

49. The Water^Salamander, or Water-Lizard (yj, is not uncom-
mon in ponds, and ditches. It is remarkable for the tranfpa-
rency of its ildn and veflels. In its body are two long Sacculi
act-it, on which the blood-vefiels are curioufly ramified. The cir-
culation of the blood may be feen by a microfcope as pi !nly as
water running in a river, and more rapidly than any < ommon.
ftream *. .

50. The green Lizard (z) is often obferved upon ;<.':
at the bottom of the erics.

Anguis cinerea, macula dorfi fufcalongitudinali dentala. Linn, Act. Upf. 1736, p. n. r», /..

* "I

Anguis fcutis abdominalibus cxliv, fquamis caudae xxxix. Faun. Suec. p. 97. ivjt'c

(x) Caecilia. Raj. quadr. p. 289. Caecilia, Typhlos. Cherlet. Inf. p. 33. n.-io.
lia ANGLICA cinerea fquamis parvis mollibus compa<Sis. Petlv. Muf. p. 17. n. 10. A
fquamis abdommis caudseque cxxx. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 96. n. 258, LONG. WokM.
Lanceftr. LONG CRIPPLE. Cornubienf. DEAF ADDEK.

(y) Salamandra aquatica. Raj. quadr. p. 273. Charht. quadr. p. 28. n. 9. Lacerta aqua-
tica major mas f. verrucis albis adfperfis membranula ferrata in dorfo extante. Petiv. Muf,
p. 18. n. 3. Lacerta pedibus inermibus fiflis, manibus tetradaitylis, plantis pentadadlylis,
cauda ancipiti. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 95. n. 256.

* Pb. Tr. No. 177.

(z) Laeerta viridis. Charlet, quadr. p. 28, n. 2* Linn. Faun. Suec, p. 95. n. 255.

Marine-

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

373

Marine Infefts are frequent among the fea-rocks, and on the
fhores, after high fpring-tides, and florms.

51. "ThefmallSea-Sfar, with thirteen obtufe rays, of a reddifh
brown colour (a), has been found among the rocks at Neivbiggen.
I have one with fourteen rays, or arms, of the fame colour, from
the more of the bifhopric of Durham*

52. The Sea-Star \vith five rays (b) is common among the fea-
rocks at Hartley, and among many other rocks on the coaft.

The Sea-Stars move in all directions. They have the power of ;
fixing themfelves to any thing, at pleafur-e with their clafpers or
tentacula, which ferve alfo for inftruments to get their living.
When they have found their prey, they inclofe it in their arms,
as in a net, and convey it with great dexterity to the mouth,
which is in the center.

53. Th'e large loco-motive Sea-Nettle, or Medufa (cj, which floats
on the waves, is often call on more by the tides. I have feen it
in great abundance on the fands between Crefswell and Drurldge.
It looks like a mafs of jelly, orbiculated and convex, whitifh and
femipellucid, plain underneath, with an eehinated circle, adorned
with whitim-brown radii. There are feveral varieties of it f .

(a) Stella marina minor radiis tridecim latiufculis, afperis, obtufis.

(b) Afterias radiis quinis latiufculis afperis. Linn. Faun. Suec. p, 367. n. 1285.

(e) Medufa orbiculi margine fedecies emarginato. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 368. n. 1286.
f See Borlafis Nat. Hift. of Cornwall,- p. 356, 357.
StA-BtEBS. Lanccjlt. Dr. Leigh's Lancafhire, p. 133.

54. The.

374 OF INSECTS AND REPTILES.

54. Thef?n all red Sea-Nettle (d) is frequent on the fea-rocks, and
pebbles, to \vhich it fixes itfelf with its clafpers as firm as a lim-
pet, in a convex form. It opens and expands itfelf like an ane-
mone, or a flower of the compofite order, of various tiniSls. It
hath a conic protuberance in the center, which is the mouth.
The leaf-like iibres are the tentacula or feelers with which it
explores its food, and by its contractile power enclofes it as in a
net, like the Sea-Afters. Some of them are of a crimfon colour at
the time of their expanfion, and others of a dark red ; all of a
dull obfcure red colour at the time of their being contracted, and
at reft. I had great pleafure in obferving them unfold their
beauties, and method of fubfifling on the rocks, at Hartley, near
Ssaton-Dclaval, 23 Augnjl, 1762, in company with Sir John HuJ/ey
JDelaval, Bart, and his brother, Ed-ward Delaval, Efcj; F. R. S.

One was in the narrow ftnus of a rock, adhering to one fide
of it ; the exterior colour a dark red ; the numerous feelers of a
lively afh-colour, in continual motion towards feveral very fmall
limpets and mufcles round it, as if feeding upon them.

Another was fixed to the end of a pebble, of a crimfon colour
jn its expanfion, the central protuberance having three different
Hiades, a light and a deep orange and red.

There was alfo one affixed to a large rock of a beautiful red
rofe-colour, encircled at the edge with little oblong tubercles of
a bright Azure. A fmall limpet being placed near it, and in a
few minutes touching it with its horns, it feizedupon it inftantly

(d) ,Urtica rubra Saxo innata. Aldrovandi Tab. de Zoophytis, No. vii.
Urtica rubra. Roncklet. lib. xvii. c. xvii.

with

OF INSECTS AND REPTILES. B7S

with its exploratory feelers, holding it faft. The mouth, or fmall
central cone or protuberance, opened into three ferrated valves,
to which fome of the feelers kept continually moving from the
limpet, ufmg them in the manner of fingers ; at length being
fatisfied, it let it go, and by a gradual contraction fliut up all its
beauties. The limpet looked a little ihrivelled, as if it had loft
fome of its juices, but no lacerations could be difcovered by the
naked eye.

The Sea-Nettles have their name from the difagreeable tingling
they caufe in the hand on touching them. They are faid to tatle
like pepper £. They were received into the Roman cookery |.

{ M. Lift. Annotat. in dpicium Callum de Arte coquinaria. ]. 4. c. 2. p. 107.
•t »• i . • i Mihi fefta Luce coquatur URTICA. Perf. Sat. vi.

( 376 )

CHAP. XL
OF FISHES.

:i.TTTHALES are rare in our feas. A Jper>na-ceti-v?lia.le. (a)
V V was cad on fhore about twenty years ago at Hauxley,
near Warkwarth. It was fifty-four feet long, and thirty-fix feet
broad ; the breadth of the tail fifteen feet ; the teeth about forty-
two, large, folid, and white, fixed in a double feries in the lower
jaw ; thejijlula or fpout in the neck.

Another of the fame kind was found dead at fea, about forty-
•four years ago, by the fifhermen of Creffwell, who towed it on
fhore with their boats ; the head and tail in a wafting ftate ; the
jaw-bone fixteen feet long; the noftril at this time ferving for a
,fpout to a well at Elackmore-Hall. This whale affords the true
fyerma ceti, which is nothing elfe but the liquid fat, thoroughly-
refined by art, the head yielding the purefl and befl, and the
greatefl quantity *.

(a) Cete admirabile aliud. Cluf. Exot. 1. 6. c. 17. Cete Will. Fife. 41. Cctus denta-
.tus. Charlct. Pile. p. 47. n. 3. Cetus, Oilier. Dale. Pharm. p. 379. Balaena major, in-
feriore tantum maxilla dentata, macrocephala, bipennis. Raj. Syn. Pifc. 15. Balaena ma-
croccphala, quae binas tantum pinnas laterales habst. Slbb. Phal 12. Catodon fiftula in
cervice. Artedi. gen. 79. Syn. 108. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 98. n. 262. PARMACITTT-
WHALE. POT- WALL-FISH. Dale. Harvu. App. p. 413. n. 6. SPER.MA-CETJ -WHALE.
.Cberlet. \. c.

* See the curious and ingenious Effay on the Natural Hiftory of WHALES, by the Hon.
Paul Dudley, Efq; Ph. Tr. No. 387.

2. The

OF FISHES.

577

a. The Grampus^ Bottle-nofc, or Great Porpefs (b)> is fometimes
obferved on the coaft. Sixty-three of them came on more at
Shore/lone, sgth Julyy 1734, about noon; lixty of which were be-
tween fourteen and nineteen feet long, and the other three
about eight feet. They were all alive when they came on more,
and made a hideous noife, but were foon killed by the country
people, who removed them one by one, with fix oxen and two
horfes, and made about ten pounds by their blubber. The fame
kind of noife was heard in the fea the night before by the fhep-
herds in the fields, when it is fuppofed they were fenfible of
their diftrefs in fhoal-water. The maxilla of this large fifh are
armed with teeth, above and below. It hath afftula or fpout in
the middle of the head, and three fins. It is a great enemy to
the whale, and purities it with fury. There is fometimes a
fierce engagement, for feveral hours, between it and the mark,
called Vulpecula, or Sea-Fox ; a fifh of great agility and fubtilty,
which watches his rifing to the furface of the water to breathe,
and then gives him many a fevere ftroke with his tail, with fuch
force and dexterity, that the Corni/h call it, The Threfher.

3. The le/er Porpefs (c) is frequent under the promontories, and
in the deep bays, upon the fea-coaft ; many of them fporting

fome-

(b) Orca. Rondtlet. Fife. i. p. 483. Will. Fife. p. 40. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 10. Cbarltt.
Fife. p. 47. n. 5. Dale. Harw. App. p. 412. n. 5. Balaena minor utraque maxilla den-
tata, Orca difta. Sibb. Phal. 6. Delphinus roftro furfum repando dentibus latis ferratis.
Artedi. Gen. 76. Syn. io5. Linn. Faun. Succ. p. 100. n. 267. Borlafe's CORNWALL,
t. 27. f. i. GRAMPUS. NORTH CAPER. Dale. 1. c. BOTTLE-NOSE. Northumbr.

(c) Phor;ena. Road, de Fife. i. p. 473. Will. Fife. p. 31. t. A. f. 2. Phocsena vel
Delphinus feptentrionalium. Ephtm. Germ. An. 3. p. 25. Dal. Harw. App. p. 419. n 3.
Delphinus corpore fubconiformi, dorfo lato, roftro fubacuto. Artedi. Gen. 75. Syn. 104.
Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 99. n. 266. Borlafe's CORNWALL, t. 27. f, 2.

VOL. T. C c c

378 O F F I S H E Si

fometimcs together on the fin-face of the waves, rolling and
tumbling like a parcel of fwrne. Hence it is generally called, A
Sea-Swine. It is large and coniform ; the fiilula or watcr-fpout
in the middle of the head, with fix lefTcr apertures about the
rojlrum ; the niaxille or jaws wide, furniflied with an apparatus of
teeth, forty-eight on each fide, ftanding in a row like little blunt
pegs ; the tongue dentated at the edges, of an equal breadth to
the very extremity, tied down to the bottom of the mouth along
the middle. The' roftrum is long and mufcular, to enable it to
get its living by digging up the fand at the bottom of the feai
The angmlla de arena, or fand-eel, is its favourite food. Its ftruc-
ture, on diflection, appears very much like that of quadrupeds;
The fibrous fat under the fkin feems to be defigned for the pre-^
fervation of the blood in a warm and tepid Hate, and to detain
its fineft and fubtilefl parts from evaporation. Both the phocemts
and the -whale are remarkable for the particular pofition of their
tails, not ftanding erect perpendicularly to the plane of the ho-
rizon, but lying parallel to it, to facilitate their a fee nt to the
furface of the- water, by a jerk, for refpiration, to balance their •
bodies for fwimming, as the anterior fins do in other fifhes, or:
the hinder legs of quadrupeds.

4. An exotic and fingular-coloured Shark (d), was taken in a
falmon-net at the Oflium of the Tweed, a little above the bridge,
in September, 1757. It was fix feet long, and of a greenifh. co-
lour ; the mouth armed with teeth, large, and formidable. The

" Sunt proculdubio longeplures huj us ordinis pifces in mari occidental i & feptentrionalf,
" quorum notitia nos fugit, cum raro capiantur, & mortui folo vulgo obferventur & negli-
" gantur." Linn. Obf. 1. c.

(d) Lamia. Cbarfet. Fife. p. 12. ». 7.

fiflier-

OF FISHES. 379

fishermen, on fir ft hauling the net, were in rapturous expectation
of an extraordinary and unufual draught of falmon, but on-
drawing it near to the more, great was their confirmation and
furprize on the fight of this dangerous creature, which made
the water fly about their ears to a prodigious height. It is fup-
pofed to have followed the Eaft India fleet to Edenburgh -Frith, and
to have directed its courfe fouthwards, in forward and eager
purfuit after the falmon. When the Shark is thus intent upon
his prey, his teeth are erect, but at other times they lie flat.
Two or three pilot-fillies are for the moft part with him, in the
quality of Gujlatores, commonly tailing his food before him. He
has alfo fome other fmall fillies which bear him company, with
tranfverfe folds on the head and back, clinging clofc to his fides,
waiting for fuch morfels as he mall let fall from his mouth.

5. That remarkable fifh, the Rana Pifcatrix, or Frog-Fi/Jj, Toad-
Fi/h, or Sea-Devil (ej, was found alive on the fliore near Crejfivellt
defer ted by the tides, in the beginning of the year 1763. It was
four feet and a half long. It is a fifh of a terrible afpect ; the
head more than equal in fize to the reft of the body, the mouth
bearded, exceedingly wide ; a triple irregular feries of teeth in
the jaws, fauces, and root of the tongue, turned inwards for
holding its prey. The eyes are on the top of the head, very
large. Near the extremity of the roflrum, are two long, flender
bodies, like tentacula ; alfo three fhort ones on the backhand many
Ihort flefhy pinnules on the fides. With thefe it is faid to ex-
plore and allure its prey, by vibrating them at pleafure. It hath
fome protuberant appendages about the roftrum, the eyes, and
other parts of the head. It hath two ventral fins, {landing near

(e) Rana Pifcatrix. Char let. Fife. p. u. n. 4. cum Icone optima & diflc&ione, p. 74.
Will. Pifc. p. 85. t. E. i. Salv. Hid. Aquat. p. 140. Dale. Hariu. App. p. 422. n. 4.

C c c 2 together,

38o O F F I S H E S.

together, each confiding of five rays, thick, fleftiy, and of a pale
reddidi colour. The tail is large, not forked at the end. The
vifcera of this fifh were taken out, and the cafe diftended and
dried, to fhew its interior ftructure ; in which Hate it makes a
moll extraordinary and uncommon appearance: the dreadful
apparatus of teeth, the large gills, and the tranfverfe bone-like
cartilages, being all in view, and wonderful to the beholder.
It was prefented to me, together with a fmall one, by my refpeclful
friend, Edivard Cook, of Blackmore-Hall^ Efq; who afTures me it is
not unfrequent on that part of the coaft.

6. The Wolf-Fi/h is fometimes taken by the fifhermen of Holy-
IJland (f). It is a fingular made fifh. The head is large and de-
prefTed ; the mouth prodigioufly wide ; a vaft number of large
and ftrong teeth in the jaws, on the palate, and deep in the
fauces. The eyes are on the top of the head, large and promi-
nent, of a fierce afpect. The noftrils have each- a double aper-
ture. The body is of a comprefled fhape, of a greyifh-brown
colour, elegantly variegated with black on the fides, tranfverfely.
In handling it is as lubricous and flippery as an eel. It hath no
ventral fins. The back-fin is very long, extending almoft to the
tail ; the pedoral fins large and rounded ; the pinna am long and
low ; the tail of a fquare figure. It is a bold voracious fifh, de-
ftroying in an inftant what it lays hold on with its frightful

(f) Lupus marinus. Charlet. Fife. p. 31. n. 2. fequenti obfervatione.

" Mire vorax mordaxque animal eft, & dentibus fuis terribile. Anchoram enim fi prae-
" hendat mordicus, fonum edit & ftrepitum, & veftigia confpicua relinquit. Ex dentibus
" ejus molaribus fingere folent Gcmmarii fraudulent! Lapides Bufonios, & magno pretio
" vendere."

i

teeth j

OF FISHES.

381

teeth ; which, when found foflil, make the gems called Lapides
Ruffonii *.

7. The Lump-Fi/Jy, Sca-0ivl, or Cockpaddle (g), is frequent on
the coaft, efpecially at Crejjkvell and Holy -I/land. It is a well tafled
fifli, but of a clumfey figure.- The head and mouth are mode-
rately large ; the eyes fmall, and covered with a cuticle ; the
jaws and fauces armed with a great number of fmall fharp teeth.
The back is elevated, the belly flat. It hath a triple feries of re-
flex, fharp, prickles on the fides, and as many on the back. It
is of a beautiful colour, variegated with black, a pale red and
whitifh. The ventral fins are connected at the ends, and are of
a funnel-like fhape ; by the help of which it holds itfelf faft in
florais to the bottom of the fea, and to rocks. There is an ana-
tomy of it by Dr. Tyfon in Willughby^ Ichthyology.

8. We have alfo the Pogge (h), a fingular fhaped little fifli,
about fix inches long ; of an octangular figure to the hinder end
of the back-fin, and from thence to the tail hexangular. The
whole body is covered with bone-like fcales, which being raifed
or elevated in the middle through the whole length, give it thofe
peculiar angulated figures.

* Merret. Pin.

(g) Lumpus ANGLORUM. Ckarlet. Fife. p. 12. n. 8. JVill. Fife. p. 208. Raj. Syn. Fife.
p. 77. Lepus marinus noftras, orbis fpecies. Schonf. Icth. p. 4. Cyclopterus. Artedi. gen.
62. Syn. 87. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 103. n. 275. Hill. Nat. Hift. Anim. p. 292, 293.
LUMP-FISH. SEA-OWL. COCK-FADDLE. Dale. Harw. App. p. 430. n. 4.

(b) Cataphradus. Sconf. p. 3. 1.3. Cbarlet. Fife. p. 35. Will. Fife. p. 211. Raj. Syn.
Fife. p. 77. THE FOGGE. Dale, Harw. App. p. 430. n. 5.

9. The

382 O F F I S H E S.

9. The Cat-Fiji] (i), fo called from the likenefs of its whifkers
upon the upper lip to thofe of a cat, is fometimes taken by our
limermen. The fins are poifonous.

10. The Draciinculus, or Sea-Dragon (k), is frequently taken. It
is of a'n irregular and uncomely form, armed with fpines, the
fides of a yellowim-olive colour, ftreaked with black, crofs-ways.

11. The Weever:(f)'is frequently taken from five to eight inches
by the fifhermen of North Shields. The head is large, and fome-
what comprefled ; the eyes fituated near each other at the top of
it ; the iris a bright yellow ; a large and robuft fpine near the
operculum of the gills ; the dorfal fins poifonous, raifed and con-
cealed at pleafure, in a deep furrow, by which it is enabled to
do the greater mifchief.

12. One of thofe remarkable fifties, called the BaJJe (m}, ap-
proaching the figure of a falmon, of a deep blackifh colour on
the back, and of a filvery white on the belly, was taken near
Cre/well, and brought to me. It is a firm well-tafted fifli.

(i) CAT-FISH. Leigh's LANCASHIRE, p. 146. with a good Icon, bySturt.
(k) Dracunculus. Borlafs's CORNWALL, p. 270. t. 26. f. io, n.

(1) Draco marinus I. Draco .f. Araneus pifcis. Saiv. Fife. p. 71. Draco marinus f. Ara-
neus. Rond. Fife. p. 77. Draco f. Araneus PLINII. Will. Fife. p. 288. Araneus. Charlet.
Fife. p. 29. n. 9. cum bona defcri'tinne. Trachinus maxilla inferiore longiore ; cirrhis def-
tituta. Artedi. gen. 42. Sj.n. 70. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 105. n. 282. VIVER. Gallis.
WEAVER. Anglis. Borlafe's CORNWALL, p. 270. t. 26. f. 3.

-(m) Lupus. Will. Fife. Raj. Syn. Fife. Perca. BASSE. Hill. Fife.

13- At

O F F I S H E S. 583

13. At the oflium of the river Tyne^ the Sturgeon (n) has been
fometimes taken.

14. That valuable fiih, the djjelkis major, or Cod-Fi/fj (o)y is taken
in great quantities in our feas. It preys upon young crabs, lob-

flers, herrings, &c. to which it is very deftructive.

i

15. The Ling (p), a more delicate tailed fifh than the former,
and more valued, is frequently taken. The annual exports of
both to -London are ufually very confiderable, befides our home-
con fumpt ion.

1 6. The Haddotk fq}, a moft defirable fifli, is taken in fuel!
abundance, as to furnifh all tables, and to reward the toil of the
hardy nfhermen.

17. The

(n) Sturio f. Silurus. Sah. Fife. p. 113. t. 102. Sturio. Cbarkt. Fife. p. 32. ffill.
Pffc. p. 239. Paj. Syn. Fife. p. 112. Accipenfer. Rond. Fife. i. p. 410. Accipenfer cor-
pora tuberculis fpinofis afpero. Artedl. gen. 65. Syn. 91. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 101.
n. 271.

(Y) Afellus major. Charlet. Fife. p. 2. n. i. Will. Fife. p. 165. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 53.
Molva. Rond. Fife. p. 280. Gadus dorfo tripterygio, ore cirrato, cauda fubsequali ; radio
prfmo fpinofo. Artedl. Syn. 35. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. in. n. 295. Coo-FisH. KEEL-
ING. Dale. Harva. App. p. 427.

(p) Afinus varius. Rond. Fife, (qula dorfum habet cinereum tnultls maculis nigris confperfum).
Molva major. Charlet. Fife. p. 3. n. 6. Afellus varius. lonft. Fife. t. 46. f. 4. Afellus va-
rius & ftriatus. Sconf. Icht. p. 19. Will. Fife. p. 172. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 57. Gadus dorfo
tripterygio, ore cirrato, colore vario, maxilla fuperiore longiore, cauda xquali. Artedl. gen.
28. Syn. 35. Sp. 63. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. no. n. 294.

(q) Onosf. Afinus. Turn. Epift. ad GESN. Will. Fife. p. 170. Raj, Syn-. Fife. p. 55.
Eglefinus tertia Afellorum fpecies. Gefn. Fife. p. 86. Bellon. de Aquat. p. 126. Afellus

minor.

384 O F F-I S H E S.

17. The Whiting (rj, a foft, but well tailed fim, is lefs plentiful
than the Haddock. There are two {mall bones in the head much
ufcd in making artificial flowers, and their pendulous narrow
foliage.

18. Whiting-Pout (s) is often taken. It is lefs efteemed than
•the whiting. It is a fhort, broad fifh, rarely growing longer than
nine inches, or broader than three.

19. The Coal-Fi/h (t) is taken plentifully near the fea- rocks. It
is nearly of the fhape and fize of a Whiting, a dufky yellow on a
black ground, in an elegant variegation ; the mouth large, and
armed with numerous white teeth j .the lateral line ftraight,
very broad, and white.

20. The Whiting-Pollack fu) is taken in abundance with the for-
mer, from eight to thirteen inches ; the mouth alfo large, and

minor. Scsntf. Icth. p, 18. Tertia Afellorum fpecies. Rand., de Pifc. i. p. 277. Gadus
cirratus albicans, maxilla fuperiore longiore, cauda fub-bifido. Artedi. Spec. 64. Linn.
iF aun. Suec. p. in. n. 297* HADDOCK. ST. PETER'S FISH. Dale. Hariv. p. 428. n. 5..

(>•) Afellus minor & mollis. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 3. n. 2. Afellus mollis major f. albus. Will.
fife. p. 170. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 55. Afellus candidus. Scbonf. Icth. p. 17. Gadus dorfo
•tripterygio, ore imberbi, corpore albo, .maxilla fuperiore longiore. Artedi. gen. 19. Syn.
34. Sp. 62. Linn. Fa.un. Suec. p. no. n. 294.

(s)^ Afellus barbatus. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 3. n. 5. Afellus mollis latus. Will. P,fc. App.
p. 22. t. L. mem. i. n. 4. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 55. WHITING-POUT. Dale. Hanu.
p. 428. n. 4.

(t) Afcllus niger f. mollis nigricans. Charkt. Pifc. p. 3. n. 3. A POLLOCK. Cornub.
COAL-SAY. Nortbumb. CoAi-Fisn. COAL-WHITING. Cbarlet. 1. c.

(u) Afellus virefcens. Sconf. Icth. p. 20. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 53. Gadus dorfo triptery-
gio, ore imherbi, dorfo virefcente. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. in. n. 296. WniTiNG-PoL-
. Dale. Harw.p.^zS. n. j. ROCK POOLER. N'orthumbr.

armed

OF FISHES. 3Rj.

armed with numerous fliarp teeth ; the lateral line of a dufky
hue, broad and crooked. They are both foft, and of a watry
tafte. They afford good diverfion with a hook and line, taking
a bait greedily ; the angler either fitting or Handing upon a rock,
on a ferene cloudy day, ufually taking great numbers, in the
fpace of a few hours.

qi. That beautiful and admired fifli, the Mackrd (<v)> is fome-
times taken, but not often. In the year 1762, which was a re-
markable dry fummer, even to the definition of our herbage,
we had them pretty plentifully in all our better markets.

22. The valuable and juftly efteemed fifli, the Herring (TV}, is
an annual vifitant of our northern coaft, and is fometimes taken
in great numbers, but not enough for export.

33. We have the Turbo f (xj, the moil firm and delicate tafted
fifh of all the flat cartilaginous fpecies, with which not only our
own, but many of the London-tables, are often fupplied.

(v) Scomber. Charlet. Fife. p. 27. n. 4. Schonef. Icht. p. 66. Will. Fife, p j8i. Tab.
M. in. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 58. Scombrus. Salv. Pifo. p. 241. t. 239. Scomber pinnulis
quinque in extreme dorfo, fpina brevi ad anum. Artedi. gen. 30. Syn. 48. Sp. 68. Scom-
ber radiis pecloralium viginti, dorfalium duodecim. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 107. n. 287.

(w) Halec. Charlet. Fife. p. 4. Harengus. Rond. Fife. p. 222. Scbonef. Icht. p. 36.
Will. Fife. p. 219. Tab. P. \. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 103. Clupea, maxilla inferiore longi-
ore, maculis nigris carens. Artedi. gen. 7. Syn. 14. Sp. 37. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 120.
11.315.

(x) Rhombus, (a fgura quadrata , cujus later a funt etnnia esqualia, anguli vera obiiqui).
Charlet. Fife. p. 30. n. n. Rhombus maximus afper non fquamofus. Will. Fife. p. 94.
Tab. F. n. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 31. Pleuronefles oculis a fmiftra, corpore afpero. Artedi.
geru 18. Syn. 32. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 112. n. 298. TURBOT. BRETT. Dale, Harw.
p. 423. n. i.

VOL. I. D d d 24. The

386 O F F I S H E S.

24. The Halibut (yj, of a dufky green colour, larger, longer
bodied, and not fo fquare as the Turbot, is fometimes taken and
fold for it.

25. The Pearl (z}, a pretty large fifh, is frequently taken, and
fold for the Holibut ; though it is not fo thick and well grown,
nor fo firm and well tailed.

26. That excellent fifh, the Sole fa), is taken pretty plenti-
fully.

27. 28. We have alfo the Plaife (b) and the Flounder (c) in great
abundance both on the coaft, and at the oftia of our larger rivers.

29. The

(y) Paffer BRITANNICUS. Cbarlet. Pile. p. 26. n. 6. HyppoglofTus. Rend. Pifc. p. 32 j.
Will. Pifc. p. 99. Tab. F. 6. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 33. Pleuronedes oculis a dextris, totus
glaber. Artedi. gen. 17. Syn. 31. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 113. n. 302. HOLYBUT. TUR-
BUT. Dale. Harw. p. 424.

(z) Rhombus fquamofus. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 26. n. 3. Rhombus non aculeatus fquamofus.
IVill. Pifc. p. 95. Tab. F. i. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 31. PEARL. PRIL. LUG-A-LEAF. Dale.
Harw. p. 423. n. 2.

(a.) Solea. Chat let. Pifc. p. 26. n. i. BuglofTus vel folea. Rond. Pifc. p. 320. Will. Pifc.
p. 100. Tab. F. 7. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 33. Pleurone&es oblongus, maxilla fuperiore lon-
giore, fquamis utrinque afperfis. jfrtedi. gen. 18. Syn. 32. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 112.
n. 29:9.

(b) Paffer Ixvis. Charlet. p. 29. n. I. PlatefTa. Rond. Pifc. p. 316. Will. Pifc. p. 96.
Tab. F. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 31. Pleurone&es oculis & tuberculis fex a dextra capitis,
lateribus glabris fpina ad anum. Artedi. gen. 17. Syn. 30. Pleuroneftes utrinque glaber,
tuberculis fex a dextra capitis. Artedi. Sp. 57. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 113. n. 301. PLAISE.
Du.'e. Harw. p. 423. n. 3.

t

(c) Pafler :vi!;er. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 26. n. 4. Paffer fluviatilis, vulgo Flefus BELLONII.
r/i'.L Fife. p. yi;. Tab. F. 5. Raj. Syn. Pifc, p. 37. Pleuronecles linea laterali afpera,

fpinulis

O F F I S H E S. 387

29. The Thornback (d) is taken in great abundance. The
fmall younger fort, ufually called Maids, are mod efteemed.

30. The admired fifli, the Gar-fJJj, or Needle-fjh (e) is taken
plentifully near Eudle. Its retirement is in the fands at ebb-tides.
On their reflux it fwims about with great alertnefs, regaling ir-
felf not only with the fweets of liberty, but with food. The
flefli is extremely white, and of a delicate tafte, like the Mack-
relfs. The bones are green. Hence it is called by our fifliermen,
the Green Bone.

31. The Sand-Eel (f) is taken in great abundance in the fea-
fands ; the largeft at Budle, and near Crofter. It leads the fame
kind of life as the Gar-fJJj, and fhews as much joy on the return-
ing tides.

32. In

fpinulis ad radices pinnarum a latere oculato. Artedi. Sp. 39. Pleurone&es oculis a dextris,
linea lateral! afpera, fpinulis fupine ad radices pinnarum, dentibus obtufis. Artedi. gen. 17.
Syn. 31. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 112. n. 300. FLOUNDER. FLUKE. Dale. Harm. p. 423,
424. n. 5.

(d) Raja clavata. Rond. Fife. p. i. 353. Cbarlet. Fife. p. u. n. 6. Will. Fife. p. 74.
Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 26. Raja. Sah. Fife. p. 149. Dale. Pharm. p. 378. Raja aculeata, den-
tibus tuberculofis cartilagine tranfverfa in ventre. Aitedi. gen. 71. Syn. 99. Sp. 103. Linn.
Faun. Suec. p. 100. n. 268. THORNBACK. Dale. Harw. p. 422. n. 3.

(e) Acus. Sah. Fife. p. 68. Charlct. Fife. p. 16. 11.20. Acus prima fpecies. Rond. Fife.
i. p. 227. Acus major. Be'Jon. p. 163. Acus ARISTOTELIS fpecies altera major. Win
Fife. p. 159. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 46. Syngnathus corpore medio neptagono, cauda piu-
nata. Artedi. gen. i. Syn. 2. Sp. 2. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 126. n. 335. NfiEDLE-FisH.
HoRN-FisH. GAR-FISH. Cbarkt. \. c. GREEN-BONE. Northumbr.

(f) Sandilz ANGLORUM. Aldr. Fife. p. 252. Pifcis SANDILZ diclus. Seilv. Fife. p. 70.
t.6g. Anguilla de Arena. Ckarlit. Fife. p. 27. n. i. Ammodytes GESNERI. Will. Fife,
p. 113. Tab. G. male. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 38. Ammodytes. Artedi. gen. 16. Syn. 29.

D d d 2 Sp. 55.

O F F I S H E ST,

32. In high tides, in the latter end of May and beginning oF
June, the Cuttle-Fift (g), is frequently brought on more with the
lea-weeds. It is furnilhed with ten horns, with which it rows
itfelf in the water, as with oars ; and when in any danger it
efcapes by difcolouring the water with an inky liquor. Hence
it is called by fome the ink-fim ; and from one half of it being
invefted with a membrane, like a leg within a flocking, it is
called by others, the Hofe or Stocking-FiJlo. Its fubftance feems to-
be a kind of pulp. It has only one bone, and that in the back ;
ufed by filverfmiths in burnifhing plate. It has fpots on the1
back, fomewhat refembling thofe of a trout.

33. Of our FreJ]j-Water-FiJ})es, the Salmon (h)\s the mod valuable.
It is fo plentiful in the Tweed, that the annual export of that
fingle article from Berwick is very confiderable. It is frequent'
in all our other rivers towards the fea, in the A/n, Coquet, and
Tyne, but the 7wm/-falmon has the preference. It is recorded of
an alderman at Neivcaftle, Francis Anderfon, Efq;- that dropping his
gold-feal-ring from his finger into the Tyne, as he was leaning
over the bridge, it was found in the belly of a Salmon, bought in
the market by one of his own fervants.. It is now in the pofief-
fion of Mr. Edward Anderfon, his defcendant, a merchant of that

Sp. 55. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 114. n. 303. SAND-EELS. LAUNCES. Dale. Harw,
p. 426. n. 4.

(g) Sepia. Cbarlet. Fife. p. 51. n. 2. Sah. Fife. p. 165. Rind, i. p. 498. Dale. Pharm.
p. 361. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 366. n. 1281. CuTTLE-FisH. Cbarlet. 1. c. INK-FISH.
HOSE or STOCKING-FISH. Leigh's LANCASHIRE, with a good Icon, bySttttt.

(h) Salmo nobilis. Scbonef. Icht. p. 64. Salmo. Rtmd. Fife. p. 167. Sah. Fife. p. 100.
Cbarlet. Fife. p. 31. n. i. Will. Fife. p. 189. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 63. Salmo roftro infra
inferiorem maxillam faspe prominente. Artedl. gen. n. Syn. 22. Sp. 48. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 115. n, 306..

corpo-

OF FISHES. 389

corporation. The impreffion is that of Solomon and the queen
of Sheba. On the infide, juft under the fignet, the alderman had
the effigies of a falmon engraved, with the initial letters of his
name on each fide, as a memorial of fo extraordinary an acci-
dent, fimilar to what is told of Poly crates^ king of Sapios, by He-
rodotus *.

34. The Salmon-Trout (i) is taken in great plenty in the fame
rivers with the falmon.

3 5. The Whitling-Trout (k), of a long and comprefled form, is
taken in the Till and Tweed from ten to twenty inches. It is the
moft admired of all the trout-fpecies, the flefli as red as a

Salmons.

36. The Aller-Tront (I), ufually large and well grown, is fre-
quent in the deep holes of our retired and mady brooks, under "
the roots of the Aller, or Alder-tree, from which it has its name.

37. There is a fmall trout in our alpine rivulets, ufually called,
The Rackrider (mj, of great efteem ; the flefh white, but exceed-

* Bourne's Hift. Nnucaftle upon lyne. p. 130.

(i) Trutta Taurina, apud nos in NORTHUMBRIA, ab infigni magnitudine. Turn. Epift.
ad GRSN. Charlet. Fife. p. 36. n. 2. Trutu Salmonata. Will. Fife. p. 193. Raj. Fife.
p. 63. Salmo latus, maculis rubris nigrifque, cauda xqunli. Aitedi. gen. 12. Syn. 24.
Sp. 51. Salmo maculis nigris brunneo cinclis ; pinna pedtorali punftis fex. Linn. Faun,-
Suec. p. 1 16. p. 308.

(k) Trutta, WHITLING, di<fta, Nortlumbr.

(1) Trutta ALLER FANG dicta, NortbumLr. TURN. Epift. prajdiila.

(m] SHOTE. Cornub. RACKRIDER. Nortbumbr,

iagly

390 O F F I S H E S.

ingly well tailed. It is the fmalleft of all the trout fpecies, fel-
dom more than fix inches.

38. In the fame flony rivulets is the beft common trout (n), where
it is frequently taken from ten to near twenty inches. Thofe
that feed in waters with muddy bottoms are lead efteemed, and
are commonly called Afo/}-trouts ; their ilem tailing of the turbid
muddy ilream they live in ; the colour of their flefh white ;
their backs of a tawny black hue.

39. In North Tyne, above Bellingham, the Pike (o) is often taken
three feet long. It is frequent in fome of our other rivers, and
in the larger lakes.

40. In the rivers Brami/Jj and TV//, the Perch (p) is often taken
from twelve to fixteen inches.

41. The Leucifcus, or Dar (q), is frequently taken in the river
Tync from feven to nine inches long, and fometimes longer. It

(>?) Tiutta fluviatilis vulgaris. Charlet. Fife. p. 36. n. i. Trutta fluviatilis. Rond. Pifc.
ii. p. 169. Will. Pifc. p. 199. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 65 Salmo maxilla inferiore longiore,
maculis rubris. Artedl. gen. 12. Syn. 23. Sp. 51. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 117. n. 309.

(o) Lucius. Rend. Pifc. u. p. 188. Salv. Hift. p. 95. Will. Pifc. p. 239. Tab. P. 5.
Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 112. Charlet. Pifc. p. 42. n. 7. Efox roftro plagioplateo. Artedi. gen.
1!\.. Syn. 26. Sp. 53. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 114. n. 304. PIKE, minores, PICKARELLS.
Char let. 1. c. Dale. Harw. p. 433. n. 5.

•{p) Perca. Rond. Pifc. ii. p. 196. Perca major. Charlet. Pifc. p. 41. n. 2. Pcrca fiuvia-
tilis. Sah. Pifc. p. 226. Will. Pifc. p. 291. Tab. S. 13. Raj. Syn. Pifc. p. 112. Perca
lineis utrinque fex nigris, pinnis ventralibus rubris. Aitedi. gen. 39. Syn. 66. Sp. 74,
Terca pinnis dorfalibus diftindis ; fecunda radiis fedecim. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 106. n. 284.
P-ERCH. Ckarlet. 1. c.

A'bidUa. Eelhn. Pifc. Leucifcus. THE DAR. Char/ft. Pifc. p. 37. n. 7.

is

O F F I S H E S.

is a pretty fifh, of a flender roundifli body ; the mouth fmall ;
the iris of the eyes filvery ; the head of an obfcure olive tinge j
the fcales large, in an elegant imbricated order.

42. The Chub or Chevin (r) is frequent in the river Tyne, in large
holes under the trunks of trees, where it grows to a good fize,
fometimes to the length of twelve inches. The fcales are large,
angular, and beautiful ; the fins bluifli ; the iris of the eyes fil-
very, tinged with yellow.

43. The Roch (s) is taken in fome of our lakes from fix to nine
inches. Within the jaws are five teeth ; the lateral line bending
towards the belly ; the fcales large, filvery on the fides, in a re-
gular imbricated order.

44. That admired little fifh, the Smelt (t), is taken in great
abundance in the Tyne, and in our other rivers towards the fea.

45. The Ri 'ver-Eel (u) is frequently taken from two to three feet
long in our alpine ftony rivers ; not fo grofs and corpulent as

(r) Cephalus Fluviatilis. ITdl Fife. Raj. Syn. Fife. Capito fluviatilis. CHUB. CHE-
VIN. POLLARD. Charlet. Fife. p. 37.

(s) Rutilus f. Rubellus. fluviatilis. Cbarlet. Fife. p. 39. n. 20. WilL Fife. p. 262. Raj.
Fife. p. 122. Cyprinus iride pinnifque ventris ac ani pkrumque rubcntibus. Artcd'i, gen. 3.
Syn. 10. Sp. 10. Cyprinus pinnae ani radiis duodecim rubicundis. Linn, Faun; Suec.
p. 124. n. 329.

(t) Eperlanus. Rond. Fife, ii- p. 196. Charlet. Fife. p. 34. Will. Fife. p. 202. Tab.
N. 6. n. 4. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 66. Ofmerus radiis pinnas ani feptendecim. Artcdi. gen. 10.
Syn. 21. Linn. Faun. Succ. p. 118. n. 311.

(u) Anguilla. Rond. Fife. ii. p. 198. Sah. Pirc. p. 65. Ca.vl.-t. Fife. p. 54. JVM. Fife,
p. 109. Raj. Syn. Fife. p. 37. Murxna unicolor, maxilla longiore. Artedi. gen. 24.
Syn. 39. Spec. 66. Linn. Faun. Succ. p. 109. n. 290.

thofe

392 OF FISHES.

thofe that feed in muddy waters, but better tafted, and of a
brighter colour. Under its exterior lubricous coat, it has a
fcaly vcftment, very curious, conftituted of oblong and round
balls, fome reticulated, and finely pencilled, but fo fmall as to
require to be viewed with a microfcope.

46. The Lamprey-Eel (<u) is frequently taken in our larger
rivers towards the fea. It has a feries of feven roundiih aper-
tures on each fide of the head, downwards, which are of the
lame ufe as gills in other fifties.

i. Of our marine cru/laceous Sbell-Fi/hes, the moft valuable is the
Lobfter (iv). It is taken in fuch plenty, that the annual export
ufually amounts from i2oo/. to 15007. of thofe that are taken
between Neivbiggen and Newton by the fea, exclufive of fuch as
are taken at Holy-IJland, which annually amount to a confider-
ablc fum ; as I am afTured by John Crejpwell, of Crejpwell, Efq;
who has for fome years paft paid thofe fums by the order of a
London-fifhmonger, Mr. Kittermqfter, on whofe account all the
mod valuable fea-fifhes on this coaft are taken and fhippcd off
for London, which makes them often difficult to be had at home,
and rarities at our tables.

(v) Lampctra. Rt»id. Fife. p. 308. mil. Pifs. p. 105. Tab. G. n. Raj. Sj-n. Pifc.
p.' 35. Charlet. Pile. p. 34. n. 3. Salv. Pifc. p. 63.

(w) Aftacus marinus. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 55, 56. Aftacus, Offic. Dak. Pharm. p. 367.
Cancer macrourus ; roftro lateribus clentato, bafi fupra dente duplici. Linn. Faun. Suec.
p. 358. n. 1248.

2. The

OF FISH E^&i

2. The Sea-Crab (x) is taken in great abundance ; many of
them very large.

3. The great fubglobofe Echinus, or Sea-Egg (y), is frequently
taken with the fifli in it by the io^r-fiflicrmen of Neivton, near
Embleton. The fhells are of different colours ; fome red, and
others purple, in lighter and deeper fhades. I had one of a fine
purple, with white flrice on the joints, and fo large as to hold
near a quart of water. The fpines are white, flender, and Ihort,
•not above half a finger's length. The progreflive motion of the
fifli is by turning or rolling itfelf upon its fpines in the ocean.
It is no fooner dead, or out of water for a fmall fpace, than its
fpiny armour drops off. It was a great favourite at table among
the antients, and was called The OVUM, or Egg. The flefh is di-
vided into five equal parts. It is eaten at the Turkl/h tables with
pepper and vinegar, at the time of the full moon, when it is tur-
gid, and efteemed a delicacy.

4. The deprefled cordate Echinus, or Sea-Egg (z), is very plen-
tiful on the coaft near Alnmouth and Holy- I/land. On the fouth fide
of the river at Alnmouth^ great numbers of empty fhells are brought
011 more by the tides in tempeftuous weather, moftly about Mi-
chaelmas •, fome of them with their fliort flender^^ or briflles on ;

(x) Cancer marinus. Ckarlet. Pifc. p. 57. Cancer, Offic. Dale. Pharm. p. 368. Can-
cer brachyurus ; manuum digitis atris. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 357. n. 1244.

(y) Echinus ex altera parte planus, ex altera fubfphrericus, purpurafcens, aculcorum vef-
tigiis paruni eminentibus. Anglia, A SEA URCHIN. Lijl. Angl. p. 169. t. 3. f. 18. Ap-
pend, p. 27.

Dr. Shaw's Travels, p. 260.

fz] Echinus minor angulofus, ex utraque pane compreflus. Lift. Angl. Append, p. 18.
t. I. f- 13- Echinus marinus deprefib cordatus. Borlafis CormvaH, t. 28. f. 28.

- VOL. I. E e e others

394 O F F I S H E S.

others polifhed by the fea, of a bright white, with a double
feries of fmall apertures, and elegant jtfn*? and papilla.

The Echini keep the deep waters, near thejhores *.

i. Of the harder marine S/jelt-Ft/hes, the moft valuable is the
Oyjler ; the common fort ; ufually large, and of an excellent
tafte j fuch as would have pleafed the niceft Roman palate.

Cirasis nata forent, an

Lucrinum ad Saxum, Rutupinoque edita Fundo
OSTREA. - J^v. Sat. iv.

They are on a bank belonging to the Right Honourable the
Earl of Tankerville.

2. ThcfmallRock-OyJter(a), a delicate tafted oyfter, is frequent
among our northern fea-rocks.

3. The common Peftunculus, or Cockle (b), is found in great
abundance in the mud and fands at Budle, near Be (ford, vt-y
large, and of an excellent tafte. The ihclls are of various <
Tours, a pale blue, a deep blue, with white bands or fillets ; ifo
white, with blue fillets, tinged with a fea-green ; otiiers vith
orange-fillets on a bright white ground, in lighter and deeper
fliades. Great numbers of them may be gathered on /xo/r-links,.
polifhed by the fea.

* ECHINOS equora celent. Her, Epift, L. i. Ep. 15. Et femel afpefli Littus dicebat
ECHINI. Juv. Sat. iv.

(a) Oflrea parva faxatilis. Lifl, Angl. t. 4. f. 26.

(b) Id. t. 5. f. 34.

4. The

O F F I S H E S. 395

4. The large, high-beaked Fecluncnhis, or Cockle (c), is not unfre-
quent in the fame fands.

£. Thejlender, fmooth Chama (d), is often obferved at the oftium
of the river Coquet, and on the fea-fhore, among the fea-weeds,
after high tides ; where I have frequently gathered them, with
the fim in them. The fhell is white, tender, and pellucid ; the
fifh like that of a cockle, and well tafted.

6. The thick, -white, Jlriated Chama (e), is frequent on

I have obferved it alfo on the fea-fhore, near Embleton, and Work-
'worth. The ftria* are tranfverfe and irregular ; the interior ex-
treme margin tinged with blue.

7. The Sea-Mufcle (f) is plentiful on the fea-rocks near Alnmouth,
and many other places. The fifli pickled is efteemed at fome
tables preferable to a pickled oyfter. Our fifliermen ufe it to bait
their hooks. Some of the fhells are ftreaked with black on a
light olive-ground.

8. The pearl-coloured Solen (g) is plentiful in the fands at Bud!et
and may be taken without any trouble in the night with a lan-

(c) Peflunculus maximus, at minus concavus ; plurimis minutioribus et parum eminen-
tibusftriis donatus, roftro acuto, minufque incurvata. Lift. Angl. p. 187. t. 5. f. 32.

(d) Concha tenuis, fubrotunda, omnium minime cava, cardinis medio finu et amplo
pyriformi. Id. t. 4. f. 23.

(e) Concha craffj, ex altera parte compreift, ex altera fubrotunda. Id. t. 4. f. 24.

(f) Mytulus Marinus faxatilis. Id. t. 4. f. 28.

(g) Concha fufca, longifllma, anguftiflimaqiie, mufculo aJ cardinem nigro ; quibufdam
ifta. Lift. Angl. p. 192. 1.5. f. 37. Append, p. 34, 35.

E e e 2 thorn

396 O F F I S H E S.

thorn and a candle, after the high fpring-tides, about the full
moon, efpecially in February and March, when they may be
eafily feen with one end erect above the fands. The fhells are
ufually from fix to feven inches and a half long, and one broad ;
open at both ends ; the exterior cuticula, or covering, when firll
taken, brown, with a tinge of yellow, which fhrivels and falls
off after the fifli is dead, and expofed to the fun. This fifli is a
tethys, cartilagenous, and glabiated, with fmall auricles, or ears,
and four tentacula ; white, or of a cream-colour ; in great cfteem
at the table in fome places, under proper culinary management,
but only ufed with us as a bait.

9. The orange and 'white So/en is found in the fame fands. It is
in all refpects like the lafl, except the colour, which is a deep
orange and white, in tranfverfe fillets, in alternate variegations.

10. The long and broad Conch-Shell, with alternate fillets of yellow,
carmine and white, in a beautiful variegation (h), is frequent
on the more near Rofs-links, with the common yellow ones.

11. The long and broad Conch, with yellow, dark brown, and
light and deep blue fillets, is found on the fame more. The
iifh is much efteemed in fome places.

12. The large, round, thick, and taivney Conch (i), is frequent on
the whole coaft. The inveftient cutlcula is a black-tawney, which

(h) Concha tenuis, longa, lataque, in me.liis cardinibus cavitate quadam pyriformi infig-
nita. Id. t. 4. f. 19. Hen-Fifli. Hantoniens.

(i) Concha e maximis, admodum crafl'a, rotunda, ex nigro refufcens. Lift. Angl. p. 173.
t. 4. f. 22.

fhrivels

OF FISHES.

597

fhrivels and falls off after it has been for fome time expofed to
the fun and the weather, and (hews its interior chefnut-hue.
They may be gathered from the lize of a fmall cockle to that of
a pretty large fcallop. The flfh is well tailed. The judicious and
admired Mantuan, in his Syftem of Huibandry, recommends the
putting conch-mells, rough and iquaiid, under the roots of new
planted trees, to drain the water from them. They alfo anfwcr
a higher life. Their alcaline falts deftroy the acidincs of the
earth, forward vegetation, warm and ftrengthen the Lbres, give
a fine bark, and vigour and health to trees. He might have
this advantage in his eye, though he does not mention it.

Squalentes infide Conchas. VIRG. Geo. 2. v. 348.

13. The 'white, ivry-beaked, Jlnated Conch (k), is frequent on the
fliore near Rofs-lmks. The (hell is ftrong and thick; the ftrise
deep, tranfverfe, and irregular; the interior extreme margin
ferrated.

14. The thick Orange and "white Jlnated Conch is fometimes ob-
ferved and gathered on the fame fliore. The furrows are white,
tranfverfe, and horizontal, parallel to the margin ; the ridges a
deep orange, with intermediate fmaller ones of a bright white,
very beautiful.

15. 16, 17. TllC fmall, fmooth Conch ivith red and white Fillets, and
\h& fmall fmooth Conch 'with bright yellow and ivhite Fillets, are fre-
quent on the mores near Dniridge and Holy- I/land ; alfo theftaalt,
fmooth, -white Conch, tinged -with red. They are ftrong and thick
(hells for their fizc, not bigger than a fmall bean.

(k) Curviroftrum Sulcis five Striis tranfvcrfis profunde infignicum.

18, 19,

39$ O F F I S H E S.

/

18, 1-9, 20. The Telllna ivith Purple* yellotv, and white Fillet^
and the Rofe-coloured Telllna ivith white Fillets, alfo the white Tellina
with Pearl-coloured Fillets, are frequent on die fhores near Wark-
-vjorth, Embleton, Rofs-Links, and Holy -IJl and > The fhells have a
high natural polifh. ; thofe of the two laft extremely light and
tender, finely formed for making fmali artificial flowers,

. . '. f '. ... .--.J?

J have gathered moft of thefe Bivalve fhells with the fifties in
them. They inhumate themfclves in the Sands at ebb-tides,
.and on their reflux open their valves for food and pleafure.

21. Thofe remarkable bivalves, the Pholades, which inhumate
themfelves in Stones, and live a reclufe hermit-kind of life, are
frequently brought on more in high fpring-tides and ilorms,
both with and without their flony habitations. Some of the
flones are large, ponderous, very hard, and of a livid colour.
I have obferved great numbers of them among the rocks at
Hartley, Blyth, and Alnmouth ; with both the large, white, firmed,
and the fmall and flender, Pbolades, in them, and other kinds.
The Italians call the ftones, Balle di Sa/o, and the fifh, B allure y or
Dattyli de Mare. The fimermen of Anc.ona take the ftones up at
fea, where they find them in great plenty, and keep them in the
harbour, to have the fim ready for the table. It is of a grateful
tafte, and valued next to a fcallop, or an oyfter*.

Pectinated Bivalves, or Scallops, with the fifh in them, are rarely
obferved on our coaft. Single valves, both with equal and un-
equal ears, and others with ears fo fhort, as hardly to be per-
ceivable, are fometimes found on the fhores.

* Ray's Topogr. Obferv. Vol. i. p. 323.

22. I met

O F F I S H E S. 399

/

22. I met with the •white-ribbed Peften or Scallop, fpotted with
red, on the more of Holy-IJland. It is two inches and a half long,
and as many broad.

23. On the ftiore at Rofs-Links, I found the white and purple ribbed'
Peftcn; two inches long, and as many broad, beautifully marbled
and variegated with purple and white (I).

24. In a Creek, on the fouth fide of the Oflium of the river Aln,
I 'met with the brown ech'mated Scallop an inch and three quarters- •
long, and an incli and an half broad (m).

25. From the fame place, I had the Snow-white and bright red >
Peften, with fhort ears ; an inch and a quarter long, and fome-
what above an inch broad,

26. The light yellow and purple ribbed PecJen is frequent on the
more near Warkivorth. It is of a beautiful yellow, elegantly
marbled with a deep purple.

27. 28, 29. The deepyglojfi, purple Peflen, the bright red echinated
Peel en, the pale red P eft en, variegated with purple and 'white, are
frequent on the fame more.

30. From the more at .ZS^/J-Links, I met with a valve of the
white ribbed Peftunculus, or Cockle ;. a itrong. and beautiful fhel!,-
with a double feries of longitudical flrise ; thirteen Jlri<s very

(1) Peften altis Striis albo-pufpureis transverse varicgatis \nhgois. ~Bcrhfe s- Cdrtrwbll.

p. 278.-*. 28. f. 22.

(m) Peflunculus echinatus. >Ibid. f. '19.

deep,

4oo O F F I S H E S.

deep,. and as many fmall narrow ones down the middle of each
ridge ; three other fmall ones crofting them, circular and wavy.

31, 32, 33. ;The common Univalve Shell-FiJJjes, the Neritx (n),
the fmall Turbines (o), the Paiell<e or the Mammillares (p), are nume-
rous upon our lliores ; the two former well tailed and whole-
fome, when boiled, and frequently fold for the table on the
more fouthern coafts ; the other only ufed by the fiihermen to
bait their hooks. The JVmY-ihells are fome of them a pale red,
and others yellow. Some of the Turbines are white, ftriated with
purple ; and others a dark brown, ftriated with white ; the apices
of fome fhort, and obtufe; others acuminated. The Patell* are
of various fixes, fhapes, and colours ; fome flattifh, fome high-
topped or coniform ; fome blue and pellucid on the exterior fur-
face, with fine capillary Radii from the vertex to the margin,
and of a pearl-colour within ; fome with acute rays, filleted
•without with blue and white alternately, and of a glofly Sattin-
white within ; fome white, with red and purple fillets, dotted;
fome red and orange externally, and white within ; fome with
more iharp and acute Radii, with a Iharp apex, brown without,
and powdered with white ; within, ftriated with blue, yellow,
and red ; refembling the pips of fome<beautiful Auriculae.

34. The fmall purple Murex, Turbo, or Whelk, yielding a purple
Sanies, is in great abundance among -the fea-rocks. The Britijb
ladies antiently marked their linen with the purple Sanies or juice

(n) WINKLES. Hantoniens.
(a) WHELKS. lifdem.

(p) LIMPETS.

PAP-SHELLS. >Zj/?. Angl. p. 195. t. 5. f. 40.

FlIIHfcRS.

found

O F F I S H E S. 401

found in it, in a white vein next the head of the fifli, lying tranf-
verfely in a cleft or furrow. It is fetched out with the ftiff point
of a horfe-hair pencil, fhort, and tapering, the fliell being firft
broke, the mouth downward, with a fmart ftroke of a hammer,
on a piece of firm fmooth wood, taking care not to bruife the
fifli. Our northern hiilorian, Bede, mentions it, in words that
exprefs its beauty and duration. There are, fays he, on the
Englijh mores an abundance of the Cochlea which yield a fcarlet
dye. Its beautiful tinge neither fades by the heat of the fun,
or by the weather, but the older it is, the more rich and ele-
gant *.

35> S^j 37- The large, thick, Buccinum, or Whelk (q) and the thin
•wide-mouthed Buccinum, or Whelk (r), with feven volutaj, and tranf-
verfe wavy ilrias, are frequent on the fhores near Rofs-L'mks, and
Holy- I/land; alfo the narrow-mouthed Buccinum or Whelk, with eight
wreaths (s]. The Whelk-fifh, boiled, or roafted, is hard and
firm, and much efteemed at fome tables for its agreeable tafte.
The Hermet or Soldier-Crab* often makes choice of the fmaller
empty mells for its retreat and habitation, doling the aperture
with its forcipated claw. The grey, narrow-mouthed Balanus,
a muldvalve, is often found upon them, many together ; the fifli
in it called a Triton, the body of it oblong, the roflrum fpiral at

* Sunt Cochleae fatis fuperque abundantes, quibus tinflura coccinei colons conficitur.
Cujus rubor pulcherrimus nullo unquam folis ardore, nulla valet pluviarum injuria pallef-
cerej fed quo vctuftior, eo folet efle vetuftior. Hift. Eccles. Edit. Opt. L. i. C. I. p. 277.

(q) Buccinum craflum refufcens, ftriatum et undatum. M. L;Ji. Hift. Animal. Angh
p. 156. Tab. 3. Fig. 2.

(r) Buccinum tenue, levc, ftriatum ct und.ituin. Ibid. p. 157. Tab. 3. Fig. ?.

(j) Buccinum anguilius, tenuiter, admodum ftriatum, octo minimum fpirarum. — IbiJ.
Fig. 4.

VOL. I. Fff the

4o2 O F F I S H E S.

the mouth, with fourteen tentacula, twelve of them cheliform

•i •>
(t). Almoft all the ftones on the fouth fide of the river at Aln-

mouth are covered with this Balanus, alfo many of the Patdlce on
the £hores.

38. Of thefmallTrochus, or ftriated papillaceous top-fhell, with
five Volute (u), I have gathered a quart or two at a time, with
the fimes in them, at ebb-tides among the fea-rocks, near Emble-
ton. The inveftient Cuticula of the fhell is brown, and very
rough. When polifhed by the collifion of the fands and tides j
it is of a beautiful pearl-colour, with brown ftriGe, tranfverfe,
and wavy.

39, 40, 41. The Trochus with fix Volute, and an acuminated apex
(vj ; the fmall ftriated Nun or Venus-Shell (•w) ; and the very fmall
deprejjed orbicular Cochlea, are frequently brought on ftiore empty ;
the firft moft rare and moft beautiful, with red fpots on a pearl-
coloured ground ; the fecond often gathered on the fhores near
Embleton, and at Holy- I/land ; the laft, with only one wreath, is
found in great numbers on the foliage of fubmarine plants.

The frem-water fliell-fifhes, the Mytul'i jluviatiles, or River-
Mufcles, are plentiful in moft of our rivers.

(t) Balanus cinereus, velut e fenis laminis ftriatis compofitus, ipfo vertice altera tefta,
bifida, rhomboide occlufo. Lift. Angl. p. 196. t. 5. f. 41. Balanus ore contradto cine-
reus, Borlafii Corn-wall, p. 278. t. 28. f. 29, 30.

(u) Trociis crebris fttiis fufcis, et tranfverfe et unJatim difpofitis, donatus. Lift. Angl.
t. 3. f. 15.

(v) Trocus albidus, maculis rubentibus, diftinflus, fex minimum fpirarum. Id. p. 166.
t. 3. f. 14.

(•w) Concha Veneris minima nullis maculis infignita. Borlafe's Cornwall, p. 277. t. 28.
f. 13.

42. Of

O F F I S H E S. 403

43. Of the Mytuhts major margaratifents, or great Pearl-Mufcle (x),
I have gathered very large ones in the Tweed, the ^?/«, and North
and Scw^ jy«£ j fome of thofe of the Tweed and the Tyne wrinkled,
twifted, or bunched, which are noted for having the beft pearls,
but it was never my fortune, to find any in them. The Britijh
pearl was a lure for the Roman eagle, and was efteemed by Ju-
lius Ctefar as a reward for his victories*. Venerable Bede, our
countryman, takes notice of them, and gives them high enco-
miums for their beauty : their colours various ; a maiden-blufli,
purple, and fome emulating a gem, the glowing Jacinth, but
moil of them white f. Their origin is afcribed to the fame
caufe as the ftonc in animals, from fome of which ftones
have been taken like feed-pearl, fmooth and mining like
burnifhed gold ; the external coat preferring its brightnefs in
fpirit of vinegar, and as difficult to be dhTolved in it as true
pearls J.

43. The/mail Mufcle (y) is frequent with the former in the fame
rivers ; the fhells broad and flender.

44. The longjlender Mufcle (z) is found in great abundance in the
Tyne and the Aln, where I have often obferved it, with its valves
open, near the banks, on a fine funny day (a)

(x) Li/1. Angl. Append, t. i. f. i.
* Tacitus, in vita /Igrlcvlts.

f Sunt mufculs, quibus inclufam fa?pe margaritam, omnis quidem colons, optimam in-
vcniunt, id eft, et rubicund!, et purpurei, etjacintini, et Prafmi, fed maxime candidi.

Bed. Hift. Eccles. L. i. C. i. Edit. Opt.

% Dr. Jebnflon'* Letter to M. Lifter, Ph. Tr. No. 101. Dr. Widtfiu!* Oblcrvat. 246.
p. 439. in the German Philofophic Epbemeridcs for the Year 1672.

(y) Lift. Angl. App. t. i. f. 2. (z) Id. App. t. i. f. 3.

(a] Lift. Angl. t. 2. f. 31.

F f f 2 45- The

404 O F F I S H E S.

45. The fmall round Mufcle (b) is lefs frequent than the reft. I
found fome of them in a piece of water at Brome-Haugh, near
Chipchace, with the deprejjed orbiculated Cochlea. It is of a globofe
figure, of the fize of a fmall hazel-nut, and of a dark olive
hue.

The exterior coat of the Mytuli, and other fhells, may be eafily
taken off by boiling in any ftrong Lixivium, or lye, and their in-
terior beauty feen in all their pearly fplendor, fit for either cu-
rious flower, or grotto-works, or for medical ufes. The interior
pearly fubftance of the MytuH, reduced to powder, is of equal
efteem in medicine with crabs eyes or pearls.

(b) Id. App. t. j. f. 5.

C 405 )

CHAP. XII.
O F QJJ ADRUPEDS.

THE moft valuable of all our domeftic animals are our fheep\
Our mountains and hills are almoft covered with them.
The largeft, with the fineft wool, are on the hills of Floddon, and
by the rivers Til/, and Tweed ; a fpecies without horns, of the
middle fize, between thofe of Scotland and Torkflnre. The Flcmijl)
manufacturers always preferred our Englijlj wool to the foreign ;
and our anceftors provided wife and good laws againft its expor-
tation, and coming into their hands. King Edward III. in the
fecond year of his reign, procured an act to be patted in his
parliament at Weftminjter, that it mould be all made into cioath at
home, that manufacturers mould be invited from abroad, proper
places affigned them to live and work in, with great privileges
and immunities, and good wages and falaries allowed them
till they were properly fettled, in a profperous thriving way *..

Notwithftanding this wife and good law, foreigners found
means to have our wool from our northern borders, probably
by the agency of the FlemiJJj merchants then fettled at Berwick
upon Tweed. It is recorded to have been excellent combing-
wool. In later times, fome good eflatcs are faid to have been
got by fending it abroad.

Lewis XIV. the glory of France, was the firft diftinguifliecP
patron and encourager of the woolen trade in that kingdom. ••

* Statutes at hrge, 2 K. Edward HI.

The

406 O F QJJ ADRUPEDS.

The jlice fixed upon for a cloath-manufadure was Langitedoc,
•where it was carried on with vigour, by a royal fund eftabliflied
for that purpofe, after the example of our great King Ed-ward
III. Cloath, in Lewis's time, was made from about g s. to ios. a
French ell. It has fmce that period been made at that and other
places in France of a greater finenefs, from IQJ. to 14 s. an ell,
and upwards ; much like our Cloitceftetfaire-cloaths, 7 quarters
wide.

Various trials and experiments have been made both in France
and Flanders to have wool as fine and as good as our's, for the fa-
;bric of their cloaths and fturlV.. All their efforts have proved in-
effectual, owing, as is thought, to the herbage, and the night-air
in winter. The wool of Engli/Jj fheep carried over, and fed upon
their beft herbage, has been, better the firft year, but afterwards
grew worfe and worfe, like their own. This was tried on the
beft ground between Dunkirk, and Graveling, in France, and by a
nobleman * at Belifle, in Flanders, twenty miles from Mentz. The
only way in Flanders of keeping the wool of their own fheep
from degenerating, is by houfing them in the night, in winter.
The fhepherd has a moveable houfe, drawn at pleafure on two
wheels after the Iheep, being their companion, with his little
clog, night and day.

Thofe people then, and other foreigners, having no fine comb-
ing-wool of their own, how come they by it for their numerous
manufactures, which cannot be carried on without it ? This
.queftion is fitteft to be refolved by thofe, in whofe power alone
it is to provide a remedy, and to fecure to Britain this its indige-
nous treafure, preferable to all the mines of India, which, if

* Prince De/oign.

enjoyed

O F QJJ A D R U P E D S. 407

enjoyed in its full extent, would keep our artificers in the va-
rious branches of the woolen trade from leaving with regret
their mother-country for bread, and fceking it among ftrangers,
our natural enemies.

Great improvements have been made of late years in the
breed of our flieep, by changing the males, fowing grafj-feeds,
Sec. Combing-wool is now to be had in moil parts of the coun-
try, very good, long, and foft, fit to make ail forts of the finer
fluffs and hofe ; alfo fome ihort, and very fine, fit for making
eloath, commonly ufed with Spanijh wool, to flrengthen the chain
or warp. It is generally bought for the woolen manufactures
at Leeds and Halifax, in York/] Are. It muft be acknowledged, in-
deed, that the bed of our wool is inferior to fome in Leicejlerjlnre,
and in the fouth marfhes of Lincoln/hire^ which is reputed the
longeft and beft combing-wool in England, remarkably fine and
foft, of a beautiful glofs, chiefly ufed in making AVwzV/>crapes,
bombazines, &c. The coarfe wool of our own growth is ufually
made into bays for export, of which there has been for fomc-
time a manufacture at Hexham, and another lately eftablifhed at
Haltivefel, in a flourifhing profperous way.

Confiderable quantities both of our coarfcr and finer wool is
kept at home by private families for their own cloathing, of their
own manufacture ; who value it the more for being of their
own growth and fabric. Weavers are in few places more plen-
tiful than here. Some of them are very ingenious, making car-
pets of an exceeding good pattern and figure, alfo linens of all
kinds, not inferior to the Scotch or IriJJj. They are kept in em-
ploy by the fame families, whofe whole cloathing is of their own.
manufacture, woolen and linen, fpinning both thcmfelves.

Some

408 O F QJJ ADRUPEDS.

Some perfons of better fafhion employ their leifure in fpinning
\voolen-ftufFs for the ufe of their little offspring, on a fmall ma-
chine of brafs, invented by a mechanic on the Scotch borders ; of
a fimple conftru6tion, conufting only of a wheel, a handle to turn

it round, and two arms to ilx it to the bread.

•

Our Oxen, in the north-earl, and eaft part of the county, are re-
markable for being large and well-made, and are ufually fold
for a great price,

Horfes of ftrcngth and fize for fervice were rare in the north till
the year 1435, when a fine fort were imported from Hungary into
Scotland, by the order of the Scotch king, the accomplished James I.
educated at the Englijh court ; whereby the Engli/h borderers
were furnifhcd with a martial and handfome race, Equi volucres \
their horfes before being only like our alpine hobbies, Segnipedes,
not rouzed by the warrior's or the hunter's horn.

'••. •-; oU

The moft beautiful of all our wild gregarious animals are the
Red-Deer ; become very fcarce by the eager purfuit of fportfmen,
and others, after them ; but feldom feen, except in the forefl
of Knares-dale, where I have feen about five or fix in company,
never more. The moment they behold any of the human fpecies,
they are ftruck with terror, and fly like lightning to fome fecure
and experienced retreat for refuge. One of them commonly
Hands centinel, and alarms the reft on the approach of any dan-
ger. A fawn fometimes has the misfortune of being taken by
iurprize in its {lumbers, and by kind ufage becomes tame and
familiar.

By

O F QJJ A D 11 U P E D S. 409

.By the good laws made for the prcfervation of thefe fine crea-
tures by our anceftors, they lived in a Hate of fecurity and eafe.
The dogs were retrained from difturbing them, by being expe-
dated. For neglecting this excifion, the men of Northumberland
were fined, 14 K. Henry II. They were not excufed doing this
office till the general disforefling of chaces and parks, 9 K. Henry
III. 1225. That king, in the 3oth year of his reign, 1246, caufed
fevere laws to be cnacfted for the punimment of robbers of forefts,
parks, and warrens ; making it imprifonment for a year and a
day, befides the forfeiture of three years value of the convict's
eftate, two parts to be paid to the king, and one to the perfon
injured, allowing a fmall portion for the prifoner's fupport, not
to be releafed under the number of twelve fureties for his future
honefly, all anfwerable for his conducl. Deer being Helen, an
inquifition was made by the king's writ, and if any one was
taken in the aft without it, the penalties were the fame, and if
killed in the purfuit, there was no law, appeal, or remedy, for
his death |.

The forefts of antient note in this county, were
The foreft of Cheviot.
The foreft of Rothbury.
The foreft of Reeds-dale.
The foreft of Erefdon, near Long Horjley.
The foreft of Lowes ; its antient name Loughs, from the
number of loughs or lakes in it !•

The foreft of ^lien-dale.
The foreft of Knarefddk.
% Stat. de Ann. 30 K. Hen. III. \ Ld. Itin. Vol. 7. p. 6.

VOL. I. G g g Thefe

4lo OF QJJADRUPEDS.

Thefe forcfts were all antiently ftored with red deer. There
were near 6000 head of deer, red, roe, and fallow, in the forefts
and parks of the right honourable the Earl of Northumberland, in
the northern counties, 4 Henry VIII. 1512 ; according to an ac-
count given by his Majefty's commiffioners ; and at the Dame
time there were red deer in his Lordfhip's forefl of Rothbury.

In the park of the right honourable the Earl of Tankerville, at
Chillingham, there is a fpecies of wild white cattle, of a diminu-
tive fize ; faid to have been firft brought from the Highlands of
Scotland, but at what particular time cannot be remembered. A
female, with a calf at her foot, is not to be approached without
danger. No fooner are people feen in the park, than fired with
jealoufy for the fafety of her little one, fhe runs with terror and
deftru<5tion in her looks to meet the'm, and the reft of the herd
fly to her affiftance, with the fame wrathful countenances,
threatening vengeance to the forward intruders. When one of
them is killed for the table, it is ufually with a gun by furprize,
as the Americans kill their wild bulls and cows on the continent;
there being no other fafe way of doing it ; the whole troop on
the leafl alarm coming to the defence and refcue of an injured
companion, in a bold and irregular charge.

Hares with us have been as plentiful as in moil counties, but
they are like to be as fcarce as the admired birds of our heaths
and mountains, the Gor and Grey ; unlefs our young fportfmen
would have more regard to their prefervation, and their own
pleafure, and not hunt them down annually, like wolves and
bears, to be extirpated without mercy. The confideration of
their own healths, promoted by the exercife of the chace, mould
prevail with them, methinks, prudently to fave, and not in a

preci-

OF QJJADRUPEDS. 4ir

precipitate fury of clefirc tleftroy an ufeful and innocent race of
beings, intended by providence to give us both food and plea-
fure, and fome part of our ornamentaal and necefTary cloathing,
for the pitiful and brutal ambition only of boailing among their
companions of their killing their twenty, their thirty, and their
forty brace, in a feafon. Savage and inhuman butchery ! Away
with it from Northumberland. Let pofterity enjoy the fame blef-
fings, fo contributive to health, as our forefathers have done,
with moderation.

The Badger, which has various names affigned it (a)y is fre-
quent in the woods, and by the fides of rivers, in our alpine
vales. It is a fierce creature in its own defence, but otherwife
is very harmlefs. It provides itfelf a fubterrene dwelling, and
lives upon infects, reptiles, and the fmaller tribes of wild ani-
mals. It lives peaceably and retired in the neighbourhood of
tame ones, and for that reafon is feldom difturbed, except by the
young people for the fake of making trial of its courage with
fome of their houfe-dogs of noted ferocity, but fome of them
often have occafion to repent of the experiment, lofmg perhaps
a favourite or a valuable dog or two in the combat before it is
killed, or made to fubmit ; and fometimes one of their fportive
company receiving a terrible wound in the leg by a bite of the
incenfed and injured creature, which ufually itrikes to the bone
with its obtufe, ftriated teeth, with difficulty to be removed, but
by its death. It is of the fize, and pretty much of the fliape,

(a) Melef. Gefn. quadr. p. 686. Taxus. Charlct. quadr. p. 18. n. 6. Taxus f. Melef.
Raj. quadr. p. 185. Mcles unguibus anticis longiffimis. Linn. Syft, Nat. 37. Faun. Suec.
p. 6. n. 15.

BADGER. BROCK. Cbarht, 1. c. PATE. GREY, quilnf^em.

G g g 2 Of

OF QJJADRUPEDS.

of fome of our fhepherd's dogs, fmall ; its checks tumid, owing
to the ftrong mufcles about its mouth, which give it a power to
bite fo terribly ; its ears fhort and round ; its natural cloathing
a coarfe briflly hair, of a mixed colour, chiefly a dark grey, ex-
cept the head, which from the crown down the face has a broad
ftripe of white, and below that another of black, extended far-
ther than the eyes, nearly to the neck, with a whitifli border
underneath, which makes the head-attire very comely and
agreeable.

The Marten (b) is another of our mountain and wood-inhabi-
tants, near houfes. It lives upon birds, mice and other fmall
animals. The late humane and much efteemed Ed-ward Charle-
ton, of Reeds-mouth, Efq; had a young one, taken in his neigh-
bourhood, which by kind treatment grew as tame and familiar
as his other houfe-animals, and continued with him two years,
brifk and lively, till he parted with it to a friend It is much
efteemed for its fine fur, a deep brown, with a fhacii-- of black,
bright and glofTy. For fhape it is as long, but flemkver, than
one of our common houfe-cats, with fhorter legs, a little peaked
head, long hazel-eyes, fhort ears, and whiikers at the mouth ;
the tail as long as the whole body, very buihy, with long, thick
hair ; the throat whitifh.

The Putorius, or Pole-Cat (cj, makes its refidence in ftony hil-
locks, thickets, and furz, near villages and farm-houfes. It is

(b) Martes. Gefn. quadr. p. \$\. Cbarlet. quadr. p. 2O. n. 6. Martes aliis Foyna.
Raj. quadr. p. 200. Muftela fulvo-nigricans, gula pallida. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 3. n. 7.
MARTEN. MARTERN. CLariet. 1. c.

(r) Putorius. Gfffi. quadr. p. 767. Cbarlet. quadr. p. 20. n. 5. Raj. quadr. p. 193.
Mullela flavefcente nigricans, ore a'bo, collari flavcfccnte. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 3. n. 8.
POLCAT. Cbarlet. 1. c.

ufually

OF QJJADRUPEDS. 413

nfually called, The Fou'mart, i. e. The Foul-mart, from its in-
tolerable fcent ; owing to a foetid matter, formed in two glands,
near the Amis. Its favourite food is fmall birds, and poultry, or
their eggs, when it can get at them, and when it cannot, is
content to make a meal of mice, and other fmall animals that
fall in its way, but commonly is too fuccefsful in its thievifh
adventures in farm-yards. It is lefs than the Marten, and its fur
of little value.

The Ermine, or White Weafel (d}} is not unfrcquently fcen in
winter, in our alpine vales, near houfes, and farm-yards. It
feeds upon mice, and lives in luxury when it can meet with the
eggs of poultry. When it appears abroad, it is faid to prelage
fnow. On the authority and observation of the judicious Dr.
Richardfon, of Bierley, in TorkJ}jire^ it is affirmed to change its co-
lour from brown to white about the beginning of November^ and
from, white to brown in the beginning of March. I have feen it
before fnow-ftorms in the middle of winter. Its fur-cloathing
was then fnow-white, glofly, and beautiful ; for which it is
much valued.

Befides thefe animals, there arc two others of an amphibeous
nature, living at pleafure on land, or in the water, the Otter, and
Sea-Calf, both in great abundance.

The Otter (e) has its habitation under-ground, like the Beaver^
which it fomewhat refembles, on the ihady banks of our larger

(tl) Muftelj Candida f. Arvmal Ermineum recentiorum. Raj. quadr. p 198. Hermel-
lanus. Cbari;t. quadr. p. ?o. n. 2. Muftcla alpina Candida. Wagn. Hclv. p. 180. /?. Lir.n.
Faun. Suec, p. 3, 4. ERMIN. Charlet. 1. c.

(e) Lutra. Cba'lt. quadr. p. 18. n. 8. R.;. quadr. p. 187. L"t^ 't' Itis ommbu's x<[\i&-
libus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 36. Faun. Suec. p. 4. n. 10. OITER, CbarletA.c.

rivers,

4H OF QJUADRUPEDS.

rivers, in which, and in our alpine lakes, it makes great deftruc-
tion of the more valuable fifties, living in .luxury, and like a
glutton, on falmon, pike, and trout, feeding often only on the
fhoulders of the falmon, and leaving the reft for lefs dainty
palates. In the deep waters it purfues them with a furprifmg
celerity, and with an almoft never-failing fuccefs. It is a crea-
ture of a grim afpect, having large and fierce eyes, and whif-
kers between the nofe and mouth ; the ears fhort and round, not
in the upper part of the forehead, as in other animals, but on
the confines of the neck ; the legs fhort and ftrong ; the feet
broad, and connected by a membrane ; a fharp claw in each
toe ; the tail long, and very bufhy ; the general cloathing of the
fur a chefnut-brown, with a flight tinct of grey, pretty glofTy.

I

The fea-calf (f) in the warm {ummer-months often leaves
-the fea to fleep upon the fea-rocks at the -Fanz-iflands, and other
jocks near Berwick upon Tweed, where they are often killed for
the fake of their fkins for horfe-furniture, and other ufes. To
fleep in fecurity, and to prevent danger by furprize, one of them
ufually ftands ceminel to give the reft notice, and if attacked,
defend themfelves with an extraordinary courage, cafting ftoncs
by the help of their hinder-legs with a furprizing violence, and
fometimes at a great diftance, upon the aflailants. Being in lefs
fear of women than men, they often fall by the hands of men
attired like women. There is one very great peculiarity in its
flructure, being the only viviparous quadruped known to be
without exterior ears ; its ears being only two fmall apertures.

(f) Phica f. vitulus marinus. Gefn. aqu. p. 702. Raj. quadr. p. 189. Vitulus marinus.
Rotid. Pile. i. p. 453. Phoca. Cbarlet. Pifc. p. 48, 49. n. 6. Phoca dentibus caninis tectis.
Linn. Syft. Nat. 36. Faun. Suec. p. 4. n. u. SEAL. SEA-CALF. Cbarlet. ]. c. SEA-
3. Lancrftfi LEIGH'S LANCASHIRE, with a good Icon, by Start.

C H A P. XIII.

EMINENT MEN, NATIVES OF
N'ORTHUMB ERLAND.

TO educate and form the fouls, of men to greatnefs, to raife
in them a paflion for glory, for arms, for arts ; to infpire
them with a refolution to adorn, as well as fojjefs the earth; to pro-
voke them to call away the fordid love of felf, that grand enemy
to virtue, to religion, to our country ; I fliall lay before them
fuch a portion of Northumberland merit, as has come to my know-
ledge, whether it be found in great captains, great fcholars,
great patrons of learning, .of trades, and of rural and domeftic
arts.

And, firft, I mall mention fuch as were great captains. Nor-
thumberland-hero'tfm has been much celebrated in our Briti/Jj an-
nals, wherein the inhabitants ftand early diftinguiflied under the
ftile of A-iiiis ferocijt-ni (a), whofe leaders were as eminent for
their bravery, as their quality ; among whom, not the leaft im-
mortalized in fame, is

Sir John Copeland, of Cope land, by Wooler, and captain of Rox-
brough-CaJlle, in Scotland, ftiled by way of eminence in our hifto-

(a) Camden.

OF EMINENT MEN,

rics, The 'valiant Efquire of Northumberland. In the reign of K. Ed-
^vardjll. 1340, he gave the Scots fueh a drubbing, for their depre-
dations on the borders, as made them both venerate and dread
his courage. He was at the battle of- NeviFs Crofs, near Durham,
Ovfl. 1 7th, 1346, in the fame reign, where he encountered their
valiant King David, and carried him off in triumph from the
field to his caftle of Roxbrough, attended by only eight -of his fer-
'vants. Many jewels were found on his royal prifoner, and
among the reft, the holy crofs of Holyrood-Houfe, which he wore
from a vain hope, that it would make him invincible (a). His
ranfom coft Scotland 100,000 marks fieri ing by a treaty, dated sd
Oftobcr, 1,357, at Berwick upon Tweed (b) ; the furprize of that
town by his nephew, Robert Steuart, provoking the Engli/Jj to raife
it from 90,000 marks to that fum. Sir John was made a Knight
Banneret for this exploit by his fovereign, King Edward ; and had
500 /. per annum fettled upon him and his heirs for even the pa-
vent dated at Eltham, 2Oth "January, 1347 (c).

Famous alfo are the names of Sir Ralph Grey, of Heton ; of Sir
William Lijle, of Felt on ; of Thomas Carr, of Etall j and of Sir John
Forjler, of Bambrough.

Sir Ralph Grey was Knight of the moft noble Order of the Garter,
Captain of Wark-Caftle upon Tweed, and alfo of the caftle of Roxbrough
in Scotland, which, in the 4th of K. Henry VI. 1436, he defended
againft an army of 30,000 refolute Scotchmen, headed by their fove-

(a) Hoi. Chron. vol. i. p. 240-1. And, vol. n. p. 375. Barns's Hift. of K. £Ju>ardlII.
1. i. c. 17.

(t) Rym. Faed. vol. v. p. 46. 56. 59. 6r. Afla Regia, vol. I. 8vo. p. 309. 315. 368.
(c) Hoi. Chron. vol 11. p. 376. Rym. Fasd. vol. v. p. 542. Afl§ Regia, vol. I. 8vo.

reign

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 417

reign K. James I. and conflrained them to raife the fiege (d). He
afterwards fuffered for his loyalty and faithfulnefs to his pious
matter after the fatal battle of Hexham-field, being then captain
of Bambrough-CaJlle (e).

Sir William Lijle was captain of Wark-CaJlle in the £th of K. Henry
VIII. 1523, and with a handful of men, forced the Scotch and
French, to the number of 2 or 3000, under the command of a
French General, the Duke of Albany, who aiTaulted it with very
heavy ordnance, and had entered it, to retire with fhame and
precipitation, after the lofs of 300 men killed, befides fuch as
died of their wounds, and were drowned in the Tweed (f).

Thomas Carr, Efq; was captain of the fame caftle, and was one
of thofe valiant gentlemen who, in the 2d of K. EdivardVl. 1548,
with 200 men, patted in the night to the relief and fuccourof
their countrymen in the town of Haddington, which obliged the
enemy to retreat from before it (g).

Sir John Forjler was made a Knight Banneret in the ift of K.
Edward VI. 1547, for his valour ; and made a fine figure in an
engagement with the Scots in 1557, on the borders, near Cheviot,
coming off with victory, after receiving fome glorious wounds,
and having a horfe fhot under him. By his courage and addrefs
he fupprefled the rebellion in Northumberland, in the reign of

(d) Hoi. Chron. vol. 11. p. 1615.

(e) . p. 666, 667.

(f) • p. 881, 882.

(g) P- 994- i

VOL. I. H h h Queen

4i8 OF EMINENT MEN,

Queen Elizabeth, 1569, being then the Lord Warden of the Middle
Marches (h).

To thefe military, let me add thofe brave naval commanders, Sir
and George Delaval, and Sir Chaloner Ogle.

Sir Ralph as a branch of the houfe Delaval, claims a place
here. He was named after his father, to whofe houfe General
Lejley retired by leave from Cromwell, after the fatal battle of
Worcejler. He entered very young into the navy, and at the revo-
lution was captain of the Tork, a third rate man of war. King
William, from the great opinion he had of his merit, conferred
upon him the honour of knighthood, and made him rear-admi-
ral of the blue, and afterwards vice-admiral of the red, and, as
fuch, had a fignal fhare in the glorious victory over the French
off Cape Barfleur, May i9th, 1692, fo admirably defcribed by him-
felf in the following letter to the Earl of Nottingham, from on
board the Royal Sovereign, near Cherbourgh, May asd, which is the
beft portrait of him, and mews him to have been both a noble
commander, a fine gentleman, and a good Chriftian.

" I believe it my duty to acquaint you, that on the one and
" twentieth inftantr admiral Ruffel having made the fignal for the
" fleet to cut their cables, I obferved the French to be forced from
" the race of Alderney (where they anchored) to the eaflward ;
" and finding, that fome of them endeavoured for the bay of Cher-
" bourgh, I Hood in for that place, where I found three three-
" decked mips of the enemies, but fo clofe to the fhore, and within
" fome rocks, that it was not fafe for me to attempt them, till I

('}) Hcl. Chron. vol. i. p. 361, 397.

"had

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 419

" had informed myfelf of the road ; they being hawled into the
" meal-water, I immediately took my boats, and founded within
<{ gun-mot of them ; which they endeavoured to prevent by fir-
" ing at us. And, that no time might be loft, I went immecli-
" ately on board The St. Albans, where, for the encouragement
" of the feamen, I hoifted my flag ; and, having ordered The Ruby ^
" with two fire-fhips to attend me, I flood in with them, leaving
" the great fliip without, as drawing too much water. But
" coming very near, they galled us fo extremely, and finding the
" fire-fhips could not get in, I judged it beft to retreat without
" fhot, and there anchored : and immediately called all the cap-
" tains, where it was refolved to attempt them in the morning,
" with all the third and fourth rates, and fire-fhips. But, after
" drawing them into four fathom and a half of water, I found
" we could not do our bufinefs, the water being fhoal ; upon
" which, I ordered three fire-fhips to prepare themfelves, to at-
** tempt the burning them, going myfelf with all the barges
" and tenders to take them up, if, by the enemies fhot, they
«' mould mifcarry. Indeed, I may fay, and I hope without
«c vanity, the fervice was warm ; yet, God be praifed, fo effec-
" tually performed, that, notwithftanding all their fliot, both
" from their mips and forts, two of our fire-fhips had good fuc-
" cefs, by burning them ; the other, by an unfortunate fhot, fet
" on fire, being juft going on board the enemy ; indeed, fo brave
" was the attempt, that I think they can never be fufHciently
" rewarded ; and I doubt not, but their Majcfties will do them
«' right.

" The third French fliip being run a-fliorc, and obferving the
c< people on board to go on fhorc by boats-full, I ordered the St.
" Albans and Refewe, and others, to fire upon her, judging it
" might caufe them to quit her ; and after having battered her

H li h 2 " for

420 O F E M I N E N T M E N,

" for fome time, I obferved fhe made no refinance ; I took all1
" the boats armed, and went aboard her ; I found abundance of:
" men on board, and feveral wounded ; but no officers ; and'
" having caufed all the people, as well thofe who were wound-
«' ed, as others, to be taken out, I fet her on fire ; and, had I
" not had timely notice by my fcouts, that thirty mips were
" Handing with us, had fent all the French on more, who are
" now very troublefome to me. The mips we faw, proved to be
" Sir John AJhby, and the Dutch- coming from the weflward : we
"are proceeding together to the eaflward to La Hague, where I"
" am informed, three or four of the enemy's mips are ; and;
" if fo, I hope God will give us good fuccefs : I expect to find
" the admiral to-morrow, where, I hope to hear he has deftroyed
*' fome of the enemy's mips, having left him in chafe of them
*' laft night, {landing to the eaftward, and pretty near them, as
(< I judged. My Lord, I hope you will excufe me, if I prefume
" to pray you will ufe your interefl with the queen, that a re-
" ward may be given to the three captains of the fire-fhips, and
" feveral of the others, for greater zeal, and greater bravery, I
" never faw : I pray your excufe for being thus tedious and par-
" ticular. Pray God preferve their Majefties, and that their arms
" may be ever crowned with fuccefs by fea and land, mall be the
" prayers and endeavours of, &c.

P. S. " Captain Heath burnt Tourville's fhip, The Royal Sun, which
" was the moft difficult ; Captain Greenway burnt the other, called
" The Conquer ant ; The Admirable was burnt by our boats ; Captain
«' Foivlis attempted The Royal Sun, but was fet on fire by the
" enemy's Ihot t, he deferves as well as the others", (i)

(!) Cc.».\l,:.. ;-v;als, &c. vol. 4. p. 287.

The

NATIVES OF NORTHTTMBERLAND. 421

The moft defcrving perfons are generally the objcfts of envy.
By its malignancy, the officers concerned in this gallant action
were neither encouraged nor promoted. Sir Ralph hirafelf,
againfl the inclination of his fovereign, was afterwards ftript
of all his employments. But thofe fliafts which fbruck him out
of thefe, could not wither his laurels. His laurels, thofe ho-
nours gained in the fervice of his country, continued to adorn
his brows, in their full bloom and vigour, fhone fuperior to the
acrimony of the times, attending him in his private as well as
public life, and confecrating him to immortal fame. Retired
thus, and thus revered, he lived the remainder of his time,
about nine years, upon his own eftate, which was very confider-
able. He died in January 1707, and was interred in Weftminjler- -
Abbey, with a folemnity fuitable to his merit.

George Dela-val, of Delaval, Efq; had a genius not only for
arms, but the cabinet. He was appointed by her Majefty Queen
Anne, envoy extraordinary to the King of Portugal, in the room
of the Earl of Galivay, whilft he was only a captain of a man of
war, on the nth of Oct. 1710, and on the i4th of December fol-
lowing, he was fent ambaffador plenipotentiary to the Emperor
of Morocco-^ with inftructions to treat for horfes and provisions,
for the confederate army in Spain. He was raifed for his fervices
to the high rank of admiral. He was killed by a fall from an
unruly horfe, as he was riding out to divert himfelf after dinner,
near his houfe, June aad 1723.

Sir Chahner Ogle, Knt. was born at Kirldey by the river Pent,
and was a younger brother of the late Dr. Ogle, a phyfician at
Nenvcaftle upon Tyne. Being defuned to try his fortune in his
majefty's navy, he was very early advanced by his perfonal merit

and

422 OF EMINENT MEN,

and courage to the command of the Swallow Man of War, wherein
he took Roberts, the famous pirate, on the coaft of Africa, Feb.
5th 1722; whofe ftory, and Captain Ogles taking him, is thus
defcribed by the ingenious Mr. Campbell in his naval hiftory of
King George I. whofe relation I prefer to the brave captain's in
his letter to the Lords of the Admiralty, his pen not having the
politure of his fword.

" There was among the pirates, on the coaft of Africa, one
" Roberts, a man whofe parts deferved better employment ; he
" was an able feaman, and a good commander, and had with
" him two very flout (hips, one commanded by himfelf, of 40
" guns, and one hundred and fifty-two men ; the other of 30
*' guns, .and one hundred and thirty-two men ; and to com-
'• plete his fquadron, he foon added a third, of 24 guns, and 90
*' men.

*' Captain Ogle was in The Swallow, and was cruifing off Cape
«* Lopez, when he had intelligence of Roberts^ being not far from
*' him, of whom he went immediately in fearch, and foon after

* difcovered them in a very commodious bay, where the biggeft
" and the lead fhip were upon the heel, fcrubbing. Captain
" Ogle taking in his lower tire of guns, and lying at a diftance,
*' Roberts took him fora merchant-man, and immediately ordered
•*' his confort, Skyrm, to flip his cable, and run out after him.
*' Captain Ogle crowded all the fail he could to decoy the pirate,
" to fuch a diftance, that his conforts might not hear the guns,
*' and then fuddenly tacked, run out his lower tire, and gave the
" pirate a broadfide, by which their Captain, Skynn, was killed ;
" which fo difcouraged his crew, that after a brifk engagement,

* which lafted about an hour and a half, they furrendered.

" Captain

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 423

" Captain Ogle returned then to the bay, hoifling the king's co-
" lours, under the pirate's black flag with a death's head in it.
" This prudent ilratagem, had the defired effect ; for the pirates,
" feeing the black flag uppermoft, concluded the king's fhip had
" been taken, and came out full of joy to congratulate their
" confort on the viclory. This joy of theirs was, however, of
*' no long continuance, for Captain Ogle gave them a very warm
" reception ; and though Roberts fought with the utmoft bravery,
" for near two hours, yet being then killed, the courage of his
" men immediately funk, and both mips yielded", (kj

For this fervice, Captain Ogkvizs knighted in May following,
1723, and afterwards rofe to the higheft ilations in the navy ;
being appointed rear-admiral of the blue in July, 1739; rear-
admiral of the red in March, 1742; vice-admiral of the blue in
Auguft, 1743; admiral of the blue in June, 1744; admiral of the
white in July, 1747; and admiral and commander in chief of
his Majefty's fleet, on the death of Sir John Notris. As he was a
brave commander himfelf, and owed his own advancement
chiefly to his merit, fo he was ufually forward to diftinguifh it in
others, and promote it. To him we are indebted for difcerning
it in a nephew of the late Colonel Bladen, commiffioner of trade,
and late owner of the cflate of B armor c in this county, and raif-
ing him to the command of the Flamborough Man of War at Jamaica,
his commiflion bearing date March aoth 1733. This was the'
prefent great admiral, Sir Edward Haivke, Knight of the Bath,
whofe courage and conduct has contributed fo much to the glory
of the Britijh arms by fca, that his Majefty has fettled 2000 1.
per annum, on him for his own life, and the lives of his two fons*.

(k) Campb. vol. 4- P- 47!> 472, 473.

Sir

424 OF EMINENT MEN,

Sir Chaloner died in April, 1750; and in July, 1751, Lady Ogle,
his -widow, married Lord Kingjlon, an Irifh peer.

Such are the great Captains which do honour to Northumber-
land ! May we never want fuch to command our fleets and armies,
and to chailife the enemies of Britain !

Secondly, of great fcholars. In this number muft be included
thofe two eminent phyficians, William Turner, and Thomas Gib/an,
cotemporaries, and both born at Morpeth.

William Turner, A. M. and M. D. received his nrft academical
education at Cbrijt's College, in Cambridge. His tutor was the
learned George Folbcry, S. T. P. preceptor to the Duke of Richmond,
brother to King Edward VI. He was elected fellow of Pembroke-
hall, of which his tutor was then matter, who died in 1540. His
countryman, Bifhop Ridley, was then fellow of the fame college;
between whom there was a great intimacy and friendmip ; both
ftrcnuous advocates for the dawning reformation. On the happy
acceilion of King Edward VI. to the throne, Dr. Turner retired
from his college to the court, accepting of the offer of being
domeftic phyfician to the Protector, the Duke of Somerfct ; with
whom he was in fuch efleem, that he was promoted to the
deanery of Wells, being a divine as well as a phyfician. In the
beginning of the next reign, he expofed himfelf to the refent-
ment of Bifhop Gardiner, by writing a book, intitled, The hunt-
ing of the Romifh fox. The bifhop caft him into prifon. By
fome means or other he got out, and efcaped the vengeance
of that bloody prelate, by cro fling the feas. He took refuge in
Germany, where he lived genteely by practifing phyfic. On the
death of Queen Mary, he returned with joy to his mother-coun-
try, and was refettled in his deanery.

He

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 425-

He tvas author of two books of Natural Hiftory, one of birds,
and the other of botany. The" firil is a comment upon Pliny and
Artftotk, upon birds, with a particular and curious account of the
birds obferved by him in Northumberland. It is thus characterized

by Dr. Merret, in his Pinax Mole parvwn, fedjudicio majorem. It

is a very fcarce book. It is in Latin, in a neat (tile ; publifhed 33
King Henry VIII. 1544, ant^ infcribed to Edward Prince of Wales.

His book of botany was printed, 5 King Edward VI. 1551,
under the title of — An Englifh herbal, with cuts, folio. It is faid
to be the firft of that title publifhed in England. Such plants as
he obferved in his exile, . in Germany, arc included in it, as well as
thofe of his own country ; and thofe that are fcarce or curious in
his native county of Northumberland, he does not forget to mention,
and their place of growth. It is in the ftile of that age, and in
the old black letter j fome of the cuts expreffive enough of the
plants, though done upon wood. It is not fo fcarce as his book of
birds.

In Gefner, there is alfo an account of the river and fea-fime$
obferved by him in Northumberland, pf efented to that learned au-
thor, his correfpondent. It is much valued, being generally
cited by the moft learned Icthioligifts of later times.

He died, 7th Juty, 1598 ; and was interred under a monument,
in St. Olave's church, in Hart-ftreetT London (I).

Thomas Gibfori is not behind his countryman, Dr. Turner, in me-
dical and literary fame. Bale beftows on him great encomiums,

'

(/) Carter's Hift. of Cambridge.

VOL. I. I i i declaring,

426 OFEMINENTMEN,

declaring, that he performed ^Egritudinum fanationes incredibiles,
incredible cures of difeafes ; and that it would be a great felicity
to mankind to have fo valuable a life prolonged, which he fin-
cerely wifhed (m). His private ftudies were directed much the
fame way with his brother Turner's, forwarding with zeal both
the reformation and the medical art, writing many theological
tracts, and a botanical piece, on the nature of herbs. The pre-
cife time of his death is not known. He was alive in the laft
year of Queen Mary.

Next to thefe two celebrated phyficians and reformers, I muft
name thofe two learned prelates, Nicholas Ridley, D. D. Bifhop-
of London, and George Carleton> D. D. Bifliop of Chichejler ; alfo
the eloquent, loyal, and pious Richard Hold/worth, D. D. matter
of Emanuel College, in Cambridge, &c. Valentine Gary, D. D. bifliop:
of Exeter ; and that great orientalift, Robert Calvering, L. L. D.:.
bifliop of Peterborough^

Nicholas Ridley, D. D. bifhop of London, in whom the pious
King Edward VI. fo much delighted, was born in Halfwefel-parifti,
and was brother to John Ridley, of Wall-Town, and to Hugh Ridley, .
of Unthank, Efqrs. and coufin to Nicholas Ridley , of Willimotefivick--
caftle, Efq; mentioned by Camden (n). The free grammar-fchool
of Newcajlle upon Tyne had the honour of giving him his firft
education, and Pembroke-hall in Cambridge of compleating it ; the
latter famous for religion and learning, being fliled in the Royal:
Grants — " The noble, and renowned, and mofl precious college,
" wonderfully ftiining among all places in the univeifity ;" — and

"Pi )

(m) Bah Scriptor. Britan. Centur. ix. 1559.
(n) Camilens Britannia.

by

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 4:7

by Queen Elizabeth, on pafiing by the college-door, honoured with
.that venerable and endearing expreilion, worthy of a princefs, —
*•' O antient and religious houfe !" Ufually called, Collegium Epif-
copale, from the number of learned and eminent prelates edu-
cated in it. In this college he was firft admitted fcholar ; and,
after taking his degree as batchelor of arts, was elected fellow
in 1524. His literary fame and merit was fo great, as to procure
him the love and carefTes of both univerfities. Cambridge ftrovc
to keep him, Oxford to tranfplant him, by making him an offer
of a vacant fellowship in LfeWr/z/y-college, which he declined.
In 1525, he took his matter's degree, and made a fhort tour to
France, viiiting the learned in the univerfity of -Paris. He was
chofen proctor at Cambridge in 1534; and, taking his degree of
batchelor of divinity, he was made their chaplain, and one of
their public readers. Honours and preferments came now thick
upon him. Archbifhop Cranmer prefented him to the vicarage of
Herne in Eafl-Kent, gave him a prebend in his church of Canter-
bury, and got him made chaplain to K. Henry VIII. Pembroke- hall
chofe him for their matter, 1540, when he took his degree of
Dr. of Divinity ; and, about 1543, they prefented him to the
living of Soham in the diocefe of Norwich. His patron, the arch-
bifhop, procured him a prebend in the church of Weftminjler.
Ring Edward VI. in the firft year of his reign, 15-47, preferred
him to the See of Rochefter. In 1550, he tranflated him to the
See of London. A little before his death, he nominated him to the
See of Durham, to which the enfuing troubles prevented his be-
ing confecrated. His royal patron died July 6th, 1553 ; and he
himfelf afcended from an cpifcopal, to a celeftial throne, by a
glorious martyrdom, Oct. 6th, 1555, in the 3d of Queen Mary,
after the fum of ten thoufand pounds had been offered for his
life, by his kinfman, the Lord Dacres. He was of a low ftature,

I i i 2 but

;,a8 OF EMINENT MEN,

but of a great foul ; endowed with all the graces and accom-
plifhments that adorn the priefthood, fuch as recommended him
to be one of the compilers of our moft excellent liturgy. God
had bleil him with a graceful elocution, an excellent judgment,
a happy memory, and a wonderful courage, which he employed
zealouily in his fervice. In, his private college, the facred writ-
ings were fo much his ftudy, that he had a great part of them
by heart. In his pulpit, with a becoming zeal, and juft indig-
nation, he rebuked vice in all its forms, and oppofed it with the
magnanimity of a truly chriftian biihop, neither overawed by
the found of titles, nor the pomp of great names, preferring
the confcientious difcharge of his duty before either the fmiles
or frowns of men. Ill cufloms he would break through with a
refolution rarely to be met with, difdaining to accept his bifliop-
rick of Rochefter, but on terms that do him honour. His clergy
he regarded, in reality, as his own family, and cherimed the
lowed with a tendernefs becoming his order. When he found
humble and modeft merit under the prefigures of the world, he
himfelf would look upon it with the affection of a. gardener on a
neglected vine, and offer his hand for its weak and feeble tendrils
to climb by, and flourifh under the influence of his kinder fun.
The moft preffing follicitations from men in power, could not
prevail with him to with-hold his patronage from fuffering vir-
tue. He had a noble feeling for diftrefs. He would join in no
meafures with the court to the prejudice of learning and learned
men. Our countrymen of Clare-Hall, of whom it was then full,
had reafon to love him, for abhorring and defeating a fcheme,
calculated by facrilegious men, for their ruin ; who, not con-
tent with the depredations they had already made in the church,
with a mamelefs brow attempted to lay both religion and learn-
ing under the greatefl difcouragements, to aggrandize themfelves.

His

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 429

His care for the poor was no lefs, than his care for lettered and
oppreffed virtue. The London-^oov were more immediately under
his eye, for whom he procured an ample fupport. The method
he took to do it in, I mall give in the words of the ingenious
author of his life, the Reverend Mr. Downes, though I might do
it in his own, from his farewel-letter, prefcrved among many
others of his, in a curious and valuable collection of letters of
the martyrs, printed by Day, in 410. 1564 (o).

"In the beginning of the year 1553, Bifhop Ridley preached'
'*' before the king, who began to decay apace, at Wejlm'mjler. The
" fubject he chofe to difcourfe upon, was charity; and he, in
" very moving and affecting terms, preffed the king to take care,
" that a conftant and fettled maintenance mould be provided for
" the poor. This difcourfe made fo great an impreffion on the
«' young king, that he fent for the bifhop ; and' after he had
•* commanded him to lit down, and be covered, returned him
" his hearty thanks for his good exhortation ; and defired him to
^communicate to him his opinion, what would be the beft expe-
" dient, effectually to bring to pafs fo great and good a delign.
" the bifhop was very much pleafed to find the king's inclina-
**" tions fo forward ; and with tears of joy, told him, that the
" London-poor, by reafon of their numbers, Hood in need of his
" more immediate concern; and that he would therefore advife
*' him, to order letters to be wrote to the Lord-Mayor and Alder-
" men, to take this affair into confideration, and project a fcheme
" for the relief of the poor, who fwarmed in great numbers

(o) In this letter he takes his leave of all his near relations, addreffes them all by name,
alfo Cambridge, the place cf his education, the college he was of, and the feveral placfs to
which he was preferred. It contains a moft moving and affefting recognition of the moft
material j-aflages of his own life.

" about

430 OF EMINENT M'E'N,

" about the city. The king approved of this advice, and ordered
" letters to this effect, to be forthwith difpatched, before lie
" would permit the bifhop to go out of his prefence.

••" Bifhop Ridley, furnifhed with thefe letters and inflrucSbions,
" delivered them to Sir Richard Dobbs, then lord-mayor of London;
" who immediately called together as many of the aldermen
-" and common-council, as were thought fit to be advifed with
" in the prefent bufmefs ; and not only with great earneftnefs
" pleaded the caufe of the poor, and preffed them to a forward
" zeal in this affair ; but introduced Bifhop Ridley into the council-
" chamber of the city, to be their advocate, and to guide and
" affift himfelf and his brethren in their councils. After divers
" confutations, they refolved, that a general contribution mould
" be made by all the wealthy citizens, to the advancement of a
" work, fo highly conducive to the public good. To this end
" they were fummoned to their refpecftive parifh-churches, and
" there by the lord-mayor, the feveral aldermen, and other grave
" citizens, exhorted to contribute generoufly and bountifully
" to this noble defign ; and they were urged to it the more ear-
*' neftly, by fetting before them the many great advantages that
" the city would reap, if the poor were removed out of their
" ftreets, lanes, and alleys, and beftowed and provided for in
" proper hofpitals. It was therefore moved, that every man
" fhould fignify, what he would give towards the building and
" finifhing fuch hofpitals ; and how much they would contri-
" bute weekly toward their maintenance, until they were fup-
" plied by more liberal endowments. The motion was readily
" a:cepted ; every man fubfcribed according to his ability, and
" books were kept in every ward of the city, in which the fums,
" each perfoo. fubfcribed, were fet down j which books, when

"the

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 431

"'the contributions were finiflied, being delivered to the mayor,
" were by him put into the hands of the king's commiffioners.

" In the fcheme drawn up for the relief of the poor, they
" were ranged under three divifions : in the firft were placed the
" poor diftreffed orphans ; in the fecond, the fick, the lame, and
" infected ; in the third, the lazy and licentious vagabonds. For
" the orphans, Cbrift's Hofpital was provided, where they were-
" furnifhed with neceflaries, brought up in a virtuous and reli-
" gious manner, and fitted for fome honed bufmefs. The hofpi-c
" tals of St. Thomas in Soutbivark, and St. Bartholomew in Wejl-
" Smithfeld, were appointed for the reception of the wounded,
" fick, impotent, and maimed: and the king gave his palace of
"• Bride-well, erected by Henry VIII. for the reception of vagabonds,.
" ilurdy beggars, and ftrumpets ; where they were to receive due
" correction, and be kept to hard labour. For the better endow--
" ment of this, and the other hofpitals, and to fiirnim them
"•with a competent maintenance, the king diflblved the hofpital
" in the Savoy, for the fupport of pilgrims and travellers; but
" which was now employed to moll fcandalous ufes, and made
"• a flicker for lewd and lazyperfons, and the harbour of thieves
" and vagabonds : and he gave their lands, amounting to fix
" hundred pounds per annum, and all their furniture, to the city
*'-of London, for the maintenance of thefe new foundations." (p)

Such was the piety and charity of this great prelate. He was
juftly the admiration of the age he lived in, and will ever reflect
aluftre upon this his native land, and be considered as one, who
had a godlike dignity and elevation of foul, fuperior to all the

(p) Lives of the Compilers of the Liturgy of the Church of England, by the Reverend
Mr. Dcwnes,-

ti-anfitory •

43* OF E M I N E N T M E N,

tranfuory grandeur of this world. There is an excellent print of
him in Mezzotint o by the ingenious Mr. Hwfton, in Mr. Rolt'& hif-
, tory of. the principal reformers.

George Carhtvn, D.D. Bifhop of Chichejler, was born at Norham-
caftle by 7 weed-fide, of which his father was captain ; and fent
his fon to Hough ton le Spring, near Durham, to be educated with
other young gentlemen under the eye and care of the famous
Bernard Gilpin; who, like the fun, cheriflied with his light all
ranks and degrees of men, as well within his pariih, as out of
it ; and, like that great luminary alfo, did not fhine only within
the fmall limits of a country-parifli, but let it fpread, many
times at the peril of his own life, through lands covered with
darknefs and error, letting the world fee the beauty and loveli-
nefs of a good life by die heavenly fplendor of his own. In-
fpired by the divinity, as it were, of his example, Bimop Carkton,
had all the graces that are charming in a divine, was the ad-
miration, not only of his own college of Merton, in Oxford, but
alfo of that univerfity, and of the fynod of Dort, to which he
was fent, with three othe-r eminent clergymen, by King James I.
He wrote the life of his dear friend, Mr. Gilpin, in elegant
Latin- (q), and fome other pieces (r). He died, i K. Charles I.

Richard Holdfivorth, S. T. P. was born at Neivcajlle upon Tyne.
He was named after his father, a clergyman, who, after a good
fchool-education, fent him to St. Johns, college, -in Cambridge. He

(q) Vita Bernardi Gi'pini, a Ges. Carletono confcripta, 4(0. Lend. 1628.
Inter Colieftanea Gul. Batefti, 410. Land. 1681.

{r) One, infilled, A thankful Remembrance of God's Mercy: another, intitled, A Con-
futation of Judicial Aftrology.

was

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 433

was incorporated at Oxford, ijth July, 1617. He was eminent
for his learning in both univerfuies. He was made chaplain to
Sir Henry Hobart, Lord Chief Juftice of the Common Pleas. His
Lordfhip prefented him to a living in the weft-riding of York/I/ire^
which he exchanged for the rectory of St. Peter le Poor, in London,
in 1623, or 1624 (3). Here he exerted every faculty of his foul
for the good of his people, even at the peril of his own life, not
deferring them in the dangerous ficknefs in 1625-, attending them
with his prayers, his counfel, his charity, and like a faithful
fteward and phyfician, adminiftring to all their neceffities, with-
holding no confolation from them in his power. He filled and
adorned fome of the higheft flations ; was chofen, without any
folicitation, divinity-profefTor at Gre/tjam-col\ege in 1630 (t) ; made
archdeacon of Huntingdon, isth January, 1633, on the death of
Dr. Owen Givyn (uj ; and was at St. Peter le Poor, when the ge-
neral return was made for churchwardens, in 1636 fv). He
was elected mafter of Emanuel college, in Cambridge, in 1637; alfo
.Mflrg-tfr^-profeflbr of that univerfity by an univerfal fuffrage;
their vice-chancellor for three years together, 1640, 1641, 1642
(•w). About the latter end of the year 1643, he had a grant of
the deanery of Worcejler, after declining the acceptance of the
biflioprick of Briflol In 1644, he was turned out of all his pre-
ferments by the parliament (x), and committed prifoner to Ely-

(s) Stripe's Edit, of S tow's Survey, fol. vol. 2. Append, p. 24.

(t) Ibid.

(u) Mercur. Ruft. p. 247.

(v) Ibid. p. 257.

(1v) Le Neve's Fafli, p. 438.

(*) Ibid.

VOL. I. Kkk houfe,

434 OF EMINENT M E N,

houfe (y), for his loyalty and (Icady principles. His irreproach-
able life appearing in evidence for him, he regained his liberty.
The difchargc of his duty being nearer his heart, than- the fears-
of dearh, and being as little afraid of the frowns of men, as of-
the approach and peril of a ftern difeafe, or the diflionours of
poverty, he vindicated the doctrines of the church of Englaml'i-
with an eloquence and force that encpofed him again to the re-
fentment of his adverfaries, who ordered him into cuftody, and'
fhut him up for three or four years in the- tower (zj ',• with this
remarkable, but honourable declaration in his favour, — " That
*' if he was permitted to preach, lie would undo all that they
" had done." (a) To the cruelty of imprifonment and fequef*
tration, they added that of plunder. He was very dear to the
king, who defired to have him with him under his confinement
both at Jfolmby-houfe, and the JJle of Wight, but was denied that
favour by his enemies, being only permitted to fee him at
Hampion-coun. His majefty's death afflicted him more than all
the other feverities of his fortune, whom he furvived but a few
months, dying in Auguft, in the fame year, at the age of fifty-
eight. He was interred in his own church of St. Peter k Poor;
on the fouth-eaft fide, where a mural monument was erected
to his memory, with the following inscription, drawn by his
friend, Bifhop Ero-wnriggt of Exeter (b).

(y) Le Nevis Fafti, p. 238.

(z) Stripe's Append, to Stuw's Survey.

(a) Walker's Suffering of the Clergy, Part 2. p. 79.

(b) Bp. Kennel's Hiftor. Regift. p* 572-3.
Fafti Oxonienf. vol. I. col. 828.

RICH-

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 435

P. M. S.
RICHARDUS HOLDSWORTH S. Theol.

Doctor, Verbi divini Prseco omnium
Atteftatione eximius. S. Scripture in Collcgio
Grefhamienfi per multos Annos Interpres

celeberrimus. Collegii Emanuelis in
Academia Cantabrigienfi Prasfectus. Ejufdem
Academic per tres Annos continuos Pro-
Cancellarius exoptiffimus, ad Cathedram
Theologicam per Dom. Margaritam Richmondiaj
Comitiiram inilitutam, et per Mortem fummi
Theologi D. Wardi nuper deftitutam, unanimi
Theologorum fuffragio evocatus. Archidiaconus

Hungtonienfis, et Ecclefise Wigornienfis

Decanus meritiffimus. Sanctas Doftrinai in

Ecclefia Anglicana ftabilitse cordatus

AfTertor, Divitiarum pius contemptor,

Elemofinarum quotidianus Largitor: Toto

Vitae inftituto fandus et feverus. Ex morbo

tandem, quern afliduis fludendi et concionandi

Laboribus contraxit, aeger decubuit, et in

Hac Ecclefia quam per xxvii Annos religio-

fiflime adminiftravit Mortalitatis Exuvias

in Spe beata: Refurrcftionis pie depofuit

Menfis fextilis viceffimo fecundo

Domini MDCXLIX.

' ^Etatis fuse LVIII.

Mementote Prsepofitorum veftrorum, qui
vobis locuti funt Verbum Dei, quorum
incitamcni Fidem, contemplantes quis
fnerit Exitus Converfationes corum. Hcb. xiii. 7.

K k k 2 Valen-

OF EMINENT MEN,

Valentine Gary, D. D. Bifhop of Exeter, \\as born at Berwick
upon Titled, and clefcendecl from the Carys, Barons of Hunfdon. He
was twice fellow of St. John's college, and intermediately of
Cbrift's college, in Cambridge, of which he was warden. He was
vice-chancellor of that univerfity in 1612; reftor of Epping, in
EJftx, and afterwards of Toft, in Cambridge/hire ; Dean of St. Pauls ;
and for his genteel and polite breeding, and excellent learning,
was, at length, preferred to the See of Exeter. To the poor of
that city, when vifited with the great ficknefs, he extended his
charity with a liberal hand. He died in 1626; and was interred
under a plain ftone in the cathedral of St. Pauls. A fepulchral
memorial was alfo creeled for him in his cathedral of Exeter (c),

Robert Cohering, L. L. D. Bifliop of Peterborough, noted for his
fkill in the oriental languages, was born in Neivcaftle upon Tynet
and defcended from the C/averings of Tilt-mouth^, a branch of the
houfe of Calleley (d). He was made the King's Hebrew profeflbr
at Oxford, i sth May, 1715- ; to which a canonry of Cbrift's church
in that univerfity is annexed. He was preferred to the bifhop-
rick of Landaff\ and the deanery of Hereford, $ift. Augujl, 1724,
and tranflated to the biflioprick of Peterborough on the death of
Dr. White Kennet, in January 1728-9; holding his profeflbrihip,
and his living of Marffj, in Buckingham/hire, in commendam. He
died injufy, 1747.

Thirdly, of great Patrons of Learning. The moft eminent patron
of learning is Robert Wood/ark, D. D. He was born in Northwn-

(c) Stow's Survey of London, p. 776.
Fuller's Worthies, p. 305.
Parker's Hiftof Cambridge, p. 125.

(d) Ct/Ilins's Englijh Baron, vol. iii. p, 2981

lerland,

NATIVES OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 437

berland, but at what place is not precifely known. By licence
from K. Edward TV. 1459, ne founded St. Catherine's-hall, in. Cam-
bridge, for a mafter, and three fellows. He was then provoft of
King's college, to which he was appointed, 1 7th My, 1452. He
was chancellor of that univerfity in 14.59, and 1463. The
living of Kingjlon being vacant, he was prefentcd to it by the
college-truftees, Thomas Rotherham and Walter Field. He refigncd
it, nth May, 1458 j and, §& April, 1460, he alfo refigned the free-
chapel of Wittleford-bridgc. He was preferred to the redtory of
Cot on, 1471; and of Fulburne St. Vigarius, 1473.

Fourthly, of great Patrons of Trades. The firft deferving our no-
tice, is Roger Thornton, the Elder, of Neivcajlle upon Tyne ; and
next, a gentleman now living, Sir 'John Hujfey Delaval, Baronet.

Roger Thornton, Efq; was born at /FzV/ow-caftle, by the river Font,
as attefled by a celebrated antiquary (e). He was bred a mer-
chant at Neivcajlle, and is the moft eminent patron on record, for
a private man, of that corporation ; to whom they Hand obliged
for the Town-Court, fince rebuilt, and many other inftances of
public fpirit and generofity. His eftate, great for thofe times,
800 marks per annum (f), was frugally and wifely managed, to
encourage public and private induftry, and to felicitate fociety
byacftsof beneficence and charity. He died, 3d January, 1429 ;
and was interred in All-Saints church, in Newcajlle, by the altar,
on the fouth fide, oppofite to the veilry.

Sir John Hu/ey Delaval, Baronet, is the greater! inftance of pub-
lic fpirit in the encouragement of commerce, that this part of
the world hath produced ; who at his own private expence made

fe) Lei. Itin. vol. 6. p. 56. (f) Idem,

a com-

433 OF. EMINENT MEN.

a commodious harbour at Hartley, by cutting a canal through a
folid rock, 900 feet long, 54 feet deep, and 30 feet broad; em-
ploying about 500 men till it was finifhed. On Tuefday, aoth
March, 1764, two fhips failed in, with full fails, for the firft time;
and on Thurfday, 22 March, the Warkivorth, a vefTel carrying 13 keels
of coals, failed out; being the firft that did fo after it was opened.

Fifthly, of the patrons of rural and dome/lie arts. It is- with
pleafure I can mention, without offence to other gentlemen,
Robert Fenivick, of Letnington, near A/nwick, Efq; who, for his laud-
able ambition of Planting, hath received a juft mark of diftinction
from an honourable fociety, the fociety for the encouragement
of arts; being prefemed with a Gold Medal, 1764, for having
planted 4100 Scotch firs,

END of the FIRST VOLUME.

TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRATA.

•"•':'. ; . " Vol. I.

PREFACE. Page 8. for hands hath, read, hand hath.

CHAP. II. p. 25. for fympathy, read fyraphony.

CHAP. III. p. 39. fur Dentritee, read t)endrit<s,

CHAP. VI. p. 101. at.the bottom (a), for turba, read turbo.

CHAP. VII. p. 118. at the bottom (b),for curio, nWcorio.

CHAP. VIII. .p. 140. for nigra, read nigro.

- p. 154. at the bottom (f),for ferrata, read ferrato.

. p. i$$. for Segill, read Segbill.

• p. 160. at the bottom (z), for inaequatis, rWinajqualibu*.

- p. 169. at the bottom (s),for verticilis, read verticillis.

————— p. 175. at the bottom (s),far fublatis, read fubulatis.

. p. 181. at the bottom (c), for pertinent, read pert! net.

_______ p. 195, at the bottom (f), for folioliorum, read fotiorum.

...,, ib, p. 195. at the bottom (h),for varieftas, read varietas.

. p. 196. at the bottom (i), for Vail, read Paill.

_... p. 213. for Gottenburgb-profeffbr, read Gettingen-profeffor.

j_ p. 229. no note of interrogation after roundifh, but a full flop.

. .p. 276, 278, ^1<}. for Flora Angelica, read Flora Anglica.

278. at the bottom (q), for uteis, readluteis.

.. ..... p. 297. at the bottom (7), for fungus cent. v. p. 7. 1. 14. rw</FunguJ poroftt!

autumnalis vifcidus. Buxbaum, cent. v. t. 14.

...I,, p. 300. at the bottom (q), for loccllulofo, read cellulofa.

..... ... p. 303./0rbice)late, r^bicollate.

CHAP. IX. p. 329. far I wants,, read It wants.

,1C«AP, XI. p. 394. at the bottom *, for feme, read feciel.

Voi« I,

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BINDING SECT. FEB 2 8 J969

DA Wallis, John
670 The natural history

N8W2 and antiquities of North-

v.l umland

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