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THE FIGURES DRAWN FROM SPECIMENS OF THE INSECTS

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E . D OB" OT.iT^ , P . L , ?^ ^'W , r^

PREFACE.

In presenting a new edition of the Epitome of the Insects of China to the
entomological public, I have endeavoured to bring it down to the present state
of the science. The former edition, like all the writings of Donovan, was
arranged in accordance with the system of Linnseus, and bore the date of 1798.
At that period the science of Entomology was in its infancy ; but in the
subsequent forty years the progress which has been made, has indeed been
rapid. I have endeavoured to render the specific characters moi'e precise, the
nomenclature more correct (giving the priority to the oldest specific name),
and the synonyms more numerous. The localities in many instances were
incorrectly given in the former edition ; and I have added many additional
observations, either incorporated in the text or given as foot notes, omitting
nothing which appeared in the former at all likely to instruct or interest the
reader. Alphabetical and systematic indices have also been introduced. I
dare not hope that this edition is faultless : I have endeavoured to render the
beautiful figures of Donovan as serviceable as possible, and must trust to the
indulgence of the more skilful specific entomologist. One circumstance may
be mentioned which will, at all events, be deemed an improvement, namely,
the introduction of numbers both for the plates and for the several figures on
each plate. Those who have consulted synonymical authorities in Entomology
are aware of the trouble and confusion which have originated in the want of a

PREFACE.

regular numeration of these plates, which was caused by the original periodical
ap23earance of the work, whence it happens that we are referred to Part II.
plate 1. (as it may be), and not to a consecutive series of numbers upon the
plates, which were, indeed, entirely without a number, and appeared promis-
cuously.

A German edition of this work was commenced at Leipzic in 1801, edited
by J . G. Grubner, but I am not certain whether the entire work was repub-
lished or only one of the parts.

Of the Entomology of China little more is known at the present time than
Donovan was acquainted with. It is true we continue to receive numerous
boxes of insects from China, chiefly purchased in the shops of Canton, but,
like every thing Chinese, there is such an absolute monotony in these arrivals,
that it is almost impossible to discover in a quantity of these boxes a single
.species which is not contained in all the rest. It is evident that a considerable
employment is produced by the rearing of the Atlas moth and some other
species, and in the collection of the other insects which we I'eceive in such
abundance. The Chinese boxes are made of a soft wood, about 16 inches by
1 1 in size, and of a sufiicient depth to admit a tall needle ; a layer of butter-
flies and moths stuck close to the point of the needle is placed at the bottom
of the box, with another layer of beetles, flies, &c. closely packed together and
stuck high up on the needles, the points of which are passed through the wings
of the butterflies forming the under layer.

Donovan well observed that " the Chinese, like their neighbours the
Japanese, are well acquainted with the natural productions of their empire,
and Zoology and Botany, in particular, are favourite studies amongst them."

That the Chinese also pay considerable attention to Entomology is evident,
not only from the fact of the employment of silk having had its origin in that
country, but also from the numerous beautiful drawings of insects upon rice

PREFACE.

paper, brought to Europe in great quantities. Many of these figures are, how-
ever, evidently fictitious, although some are occasionally found accurately cor-
rect and most elaborately pencilled.

The few but interesting hints which Sir George Staunton (who accom-
panied the embassy of the Earl Macartney to China) has given on the
practical Entomology of China in the account of his Travels, which was
published shortly before the appearance of the first edition of this work, were
embodied by Donovan in his pages, and from whence we may be induced
to hope that at some fiiture time, some of the insects, as well as plants, of that
vast empire may become no less objects of utility and importance than of
curiosity ; the Chinese cochineal insect,* and that from which the wax of the
East is procured, are two species that deserve particular attention. The
medical precepts of the Chinese will certainly find but few votaries in Europe,
but as articles of medicine, amongst others, the Mylabris Cichorii, regarded as
the Cantharides of the ancients and still used as a vesicant by the Chinese,
may be of importance, as it is said to possess more virtues than the Cantharis
vesicatoria of Europe.

From the vast extent of the Chinese empire and our comparative ignorance
of its insect productions, it is almost impossible to speak with any precision
upon the interesting subject of its entomological geography. Many of its
insects bear a great resemblance, and occasionally appear identical with those

* Dr. Anderson found eight species of Coccus at Madras. One of these, he says, was found on a young
citron-tree, citrus sinensis, just landed from China ; it was more deeply intersected between the abdominal
rings than any of those of the coast, and he therefore named it C. Diacopeis. Collection of Letters from
Madras, January 28, 1788. The Cactus Cochinillifer had been found previous to the appearance of the
first edition by Mr. Kincaid at Canton; its Chinese name is Pau wang. This had been transmitted to the
Nopalry of the Hon. East India Company at Madras, and promised to be of future advantage to the com-
mercial concerns of Great Britain.

PREFACE.

of the eastern parts of India. These are, therefore, doubtless the inhabitants
of the immediate neighbourhood of Canton, which Hes in the same degree of
latitude with Bengal. A valuable addition has indeed been made to our
knowledge of the entomological productions of Mongolia, and some of the
adjacent northern portions of China, by M. Faldermann's pubhcation* of the
Coleopterous insects brought from those regions by M. Bungius ; from which
it would appear that the entomological productions of such portions of China
as lie between 40° and 50" of north latitude are quite unlike those of the
neighbourhood of Canton lying beneath the tropic of Cancer, bearing, indeed,
a far greater resemblance to those of central Russia. It is to be hoped
that M. Faldermann will speedily publish the descriptions of the species
belonging to the other orders of insects brought from this interesting portion
of the globe.

J. O.W.

* Coleopterorum ab illustriss. Bongio in China boreali, Mongolia et montibus Altaicis collect, et ab illustr.
Turczamnoffio et Sichuckino e provincia Irkutzh missorum. (In Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sciences de
St. Petersbourg, Tom. 2. 1835.)

INSECTS OF CHINA.

Order. COLEOPTERA. Linnceus.
COPRIS MIDAS.

Plate 1. fig. 1.

Tribe. Lamellicornes, Latreille. (Genus, Scarabseus, Linnmus.)

Family. Scarab^idx, Mac Leaxj.

Genus. Copris, Geoffroy. (Scarabseus p. Donovan.)

Ch. Sp. C. thorace retuso tricorni, cornu intermedio lato emarginato, capitis clypeo 3-sinuato

denteque utrinque laterali valido recurvo armato. Long. Corp. 1 J una.
C. with the thorax blunt in front and armed with three horns, the middle one broad

and notched at the tip, the shield of the head with three sinuations, and armed

on each side with a thick horn. Length 1^ inch.
Syn. Scarabseus Midas, Fabricius Ent. Syst. I. p. 45. Syst. Eleiith. I. p. 36. Oliv.

Ent. I. t. 30./. 183.

The original description of Fabricius was taken from a specimen in the Banksian
cabinet, the locality of America being assigned to it ; some mistake must, however, have
occurred in this respect, as it is now well known that East India is the true country of
this curious species, which has received its specific name, Midas, from the size of the
ear-like pair of horns at the sides of the head. The accompanying figure was taken
from a specimen in the collection of Drury, which was said to have been received from
China. Some interesting observations, on the habits of this species, have been published
by Col. Sykes in the first volume of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London.

2 COLEOPTERA.

ORYCTES RHINOCEROS?

Plate 1. fig. 2.

• Family. DYNASTiDiE, Mac Leay.

Genus. Oryctes, Illiger. Scarabseus p. Linn.

Ch. Sp. O. thorace subbituberculato, capitis cornu simplici, clypeo bifido, elytris punctatis.
Long. Corp. 1| unc.
O. with the thorax depressed in front, and with the rudiments of two tubercles, head
with a single horn, clypeus bifid, elytra punctate. Length 1 inch, 5 lines.
Syn. Scarabaeus Rhinoceros, Linn. Syst. Nat. L IL p. 544. Fabricius Syst. Eleuth.

\.p. 14. R6esel. Ins. IL Scarab. 1. tab. A./. 7.
Scarabeeus Nasicornis, Donovan, 1st edit.

Donovan observed upon this species, which he considered as identical with the
European Oryctes nasicornis, that " the male is furnished with a long recurved horn on
the head : the female has only a small rising on that part. It is found in Europe as well
as China." It is evident, however, from the form of the thorax, and striation of the
elytra of Donovan's figure, that he had confounded two distinct species. I have little
doubt that the insect here figured is intended for the Oryctes Rhinoceros, although the
elytra are not represented as being punctured.

ONITICELLUS CINCTUS.

Plate 1. fig. 3.

Family. Scarabxid;e, Mac Leay.

Glnus. Oniticellus, Zeiyler. Scarabeeus p. Fabricius.

Cii. Sp. On. niger, elytrorum margine pallido, clypeo emarginato. Long. Corp. lin. 4J.

On. black with the margin of the elytra pale coloured, the clypeus notched. Length
4 J lines.
Syn. Scarabeeus cinctus, Fabricius Ent. Syst. \.p. 69. Herbst. Col. ll.p. 327. n. 21.0.

Oliv. Ent. 1. 3. 169. 209. t. 10./. 90.
Onitis cinctus, Schonh. Syn. his. 1. p. 33. no. 20.

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COLEOPTERA.

SCARABJ^US (HELIOCANTHARUS) SANCTUS ?

Plate 1. fig. 4.

Gekus. Scauab.eus, Linn. Mac Leay. Ateuchus, Latreille, Dejean.

(Sub-Gen. Heliocantharus, Mac Leay.)

Ch. Sp. Sc. cupreo-nitens, clypeo 6-dentato, thorace serrato, elytris striatis. Long. Corp.

1 unc.
Sc. black slightly shining with brass or copper, clypeus with si.x teeth, thorax with
the margins serrated, elytra striated. Length 1 inch.
Syk. Copris sanctus? Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 34.

Scarabseus sacer, Donov. ]st edit.
Scarabaeus sanctus, Mac Leay, Horie Ent. p. 500, var. c ?

The insect here figured was regarded by Donovan as identical with the Scarabaeus
sacer of Linnseus, a species inhabiting the south of Europe. " It is," he observes, " a
native of China, and is also found in other parts of the East Indies, in Egypt, Barbary,
the Cape of Good Hope, and other countries of Africa, and throughout the south of
Europe.'' The insects inhabiting these various countries are now ascertained to be
specifically distinct ; so that the reference of the species here figured to the Scarabseus
sacer cannot be adopted, and it is not improbable that it is identical with the sanctus of
Fabricius.

This tribe of insects is especially interesting from its containing the sacred beetle of
the Egyptians, by whom it was regarded as a visible deity ; but a more refined system of
religious worship prevailed in their temples among the priests and sages. They deemed
it only the symbol of their god, and, ascribing both sexes to the beetle, it became a striking-
emblem of a self-created and supreme first cause.*

This insect was more especially the symbol of their god Neith, whose attribute was
power supreme in governing the works of creation, and whose glory was increased, rather
than diminished, by the presence of a superior being, Phtha, the creator. The theological
definition of the two powers, being independent, yet centering in one spirit, is implied by
the figurative union of two sexes in the beetle. In the latter sense it signified therefore
but one omnipotent power. The Scarabseus, typifying Neith, was carved or painted on

* "The father, mother, male and female art thou." Synesius. Hymn. Phtha. — "The Egyptian spirit
Phtha gave chaos form, and then created all things." Jamblichus de Mysteriis, sect. 8.

COLEOPTERA.

a ring, and worn by the soldiers, as a token of homage to that power who disposed of the
fate of battles ;* and sculptured on astronomical tables, or on columns,! it expressed the
divine wisdom which regulates the universe and enlightens man.

* Authors quote a doubtful passage in Horapollo Hieroglyph, lib. 1. to support this opinion. That sucli
rings were worn by the ancient Egyptians is beyond conjecture, many remains of them, and some very perfect,
have been found in the subterranean caverns and sepulchres in the Plain of Mummies near Saccara and Giza.
Those which we have examined are remarkable for the convexity or full relievo of the figure sculptured on
them ; in some it is of the natural size of the insect, but generally smaller; the stone, cornelian, without a rim,
and turning on a swivel ring of gold.

t Linnaeus says the Scarabffius sacer is sculptured on the antique Egyptian columns in Rome. " Hie in
columnis antiquis Romse exsculptus ab ^gyptiis." St/st. Nat. Does Linnaeus allude to any remains of those
colossal obelisks which Augustus transported to Rome when he subjugated Egypt, or others of more recent
date ? It would increase the interest of our inquiries to learn that the Scarabseus was among the hieroglyphics,
on the two very ancient obelisks, carried from Heliopolis, tlie city of the Sun.

We are informed by ancient writers, that the Scarabseus engraved on the astronomical tables of these
people, implied the divine Wisdom which governed the motion and order of the celestial bodies ; that those
tables were huge and massy stones or columns of granite, with the characters and figures large and highly
embossed ; in short, such as were supposed capable of long resistance to the corroding hand of time. Among
those the Scarabaeus was probably the most conspicuous, its size gigantic, and the figure frequently repeated ;
for this we have observed even on small Egyptian antiques.

Various valuable remains of tablets, with figures of the Scarabaus sacer, are preserved in the British
Museum and other collections of antiquities in this country. Those we have examined are of various
descriptions, some smaller than the insect itself, others of a monstrous size. The stones on which they are
sculptured generally gree7i nephritic or jade stone, or a kind of basaltes, and black marble ; the figure basso
relievo on a tablet or slab, but oftener in relievo, with the prominent characters of the insect very accurately
defined, particularly the six dentations of the clypeus and those of the tibiae. Tire reverse of the embossed side
is flat and smooth, and abounds in characters altogether unknown, though, from the number of religious
objects of worship occasionally interspersed, we may presume they contain an ample store of the ancient
sacerdotal language : the most remarkable were the scarabffius, the sceptre and eye (Osiris), the human figure
with a dog's head (Anubis), the hawk (Horus), and the Ibis, or sacred bird. On the thorax of one fine
specimen we remarked four elegant figures. One of them is holding a cornucopia in the left hand, and a
branch in the right : this is perhaps a subordinate deity of the Nile, that river having been once found de-
pictured on an antique Alexandrian coin, hke an aged man, holding the cornucopia, and a branch of the
Papyrus ; denoting its abundance and produce. (In many of the mummies which have been recently unrolled
in this country, carved Scarabeei have been found in various positions, especially upon the eye and breast of
the body.— 5ee Pettigrew's History of Mummies. J. O. W.)

The digression on the mythological history of this insect may be considered by some as a tedious deviation
from the pursuit of the naturalist ; with others we trust it will be more favourably received ; for it proves to the
unprejudiced mind how deeply the history of nature, and in the present instance the science of Entomology,
involves a most important enquiry into the first philosophical opinions of the human race. The means, how-
ever trifling, must not be contemned, which illumine the most sublime of all human researches — The Study of
Mankind.

COLEOPTERA. 5

GYMNOPLEURUS SINUATUS.

Plate 1 . fig. 5.

Gexus. Gvmnopi.furus, lUiger. Ateuchus p. Fubricius.

Cii. Sp. Gymn. clypeo eraarginato, niger subcupreus, antennarum apice flavo. Long. Corp.
lin. 8.
G. with the clypeus notched, black with a slight coppery tinge, tips of the antennse
yellow. Length two-thirds of an inch.
Syn. Ateuchus sinuatus, Fabricius Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 60. OUv. Ins. 1. 3. tab. 10./. 90.

tab. 2\.fg. 189.
Scarabseus Leei, Donovan, \st edit.

The Scarabseus Leei of Fabricius (to which Donovan referred the insect here figured)
is totally distinct, and is identical with the Scarabaeus fulgidus of Olivier. The original
specimen, described by Fabricius, from the collection of the late Mr. Lee, is now in the
collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope.

COPRIS MOLOSSUS.

Plate 2. fig. 1.

Genus. Copris, Geoffroy. Scarabseus, Linnaus.

Ch. Sp. C. niger, thorace punctatissimo, retuso, bidentato, utrinque impresso ; clypeo lunato,

S unicorni integro, elytris laevibus. Long. Corp. 1 unc. 4 lin.
C. black, thorax very much punctured, retuse in front and bidentate, with two lateral

impressions, clypeus lunate, the male having a single erect horn, elytra smooth.

Length Ij. inch.

Syn. Scarabaeus Molossus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. W.p. 543. No. 8. Fabricius Syst. Eleuth.

1. p. 42. Herbst. Col. W.p. 178. t. 14. /. 1. OUv. Ent. 3. p. 100. var. c.
t. 5./. 37. $. Drury Ins. PL 32./. 2. 'ind edit. p. 64.

S. Molossus and S. Bucephalus are very common in China. The first seems a local
species ; the latter is said to be found in other parts of the East Indies. Olivier has
given three varieties of Scarabaeus Molossus. The specimen figured in the annexed plate
is the var. c. of that author.

The larvae of the larger kinds of coleopterous insects, abounding in unctuous moisture,
are not less esteemed as food among some modern nations, than they were by the epiciires
of antiquity. In Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies, the larva of the Prionus
damicornis, or Macokko beetle, is an article of luxurious food ; and in China many insects
in that state are appropriated to the same purpose. Thus, also, the Romans introduced

<3 COLEOPTERA.

the larvae of the Lucani and Cerambyes in their voluptuous repasts ; previously feeding
them on farinaceous substances to give consistence to the animal juices.

The learned author of the last account we have of China, says, " Under the roots of
the canes is found a large white grub, which being fried in oil is eaten as a dainty by the
Chinese." Donovan suggests that perhaps this is the larva of Scarabaeus Molossus, which,
like many other of the Scarabsei,* may live sedentary in the ground, and subsist on the
roots of plants : the general description and abundance of this insect in China favours such
opinion. The same author observes in another part of his work, that " the aurelias of the
silk worm which is cultivated in China, after the silk is wound off, furnish an article for
the table." This also is a very ancient custom among the Asiatics, and even Europeans
before the sixteenth century, if we may credit Aldrovandus :f it is certain the worms,
if not the chrysalides, were administered in medicine in early ages.! Fabricius also
expressly states that the insect here figured is medicinally employed in China.

ONTHOPHAGUS SENICULUS.

Plate 2. fig. 2\ and 2".

Genus. Onthopiiagus, Latreille. Scarabseus p. Fabricius, Donovan.

Cii. Sp. O. thorace antice, clypeo postice bicorni, elytris substriatis strigis duabus baseos e

punctis ferrugineis, punctoque uno alterove flavescente apicis. Long. Corp. lin. 5 j.
O. with the thorax in front, and the hinder part of the clypeus with two horns, elytra

slightly striated, with two rows of basal pale spots and with two yellowish apical

spots. Length nearly half an inch.
Syx. Scarabeeus seniculus, Fab. Ent. Syst. \.p. 43. 142. Oliv. Ent. 1. 3. p. 124. t. 7.

/. 56. a. b. Panzer in Naturforscher, 24. t.l.f. 5.
S Scarabseus brevipes, Herbst. Archiv. t. 19. y. 16.
Habitat. Tranquebar {Fabricius), Cliina, Donovan, Weber MSS.

The annexed figures exhibit the two sexes of Scarabaeus Seniculus. In some speci-
mens the spots are very indistinct and reddish ; in others the wing-cases have faint red
striae. The female has the rudiments of horns on the thorax.

* The larvae of the Scarabsei live in the trunks of decayed trees, in putrid and filthy animal substances, or
in the earth. The last are the most injurious, because they destroy the roots of plants. All the known kinds
of these larvoe are of an unwieldy form and whitish colour, the skin free from hairs, and only the head and fore
feet defended with a shelly covering. (As it is most probable that the habits of this large Copris are analogous
to those of the English C. lunaris, I should be rather inclined to regard the cane grub mentioned in the above
extract as the larva of a Calandra. J. 0. W.)

t The German soldiers sometimes fry and eat silk worms. Aldrov.

I Silk worms dried, powdered, and put on the crown of the head, help the vertigo and convulsions ; mun-
dify or cleanse the blood, &c. &c. Schroderus, Seraino, S^c. SfC.

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COLEOPTERA.

COPRIS BUCEPHALUS.

Plate 2. fig. 3.

Genus. Copris, Geoffroy. Scarabaeus p. Linn. S^c.

Ch. Sp. C. thorace retuso quadridentato, capitis clypeo angulato, cornu $ brevi erecto luuicl

emarginato, $ breviori truncate subemarginato. Long. Corp. unc. 1, lin. 8.
C. with the thorax retuse in front and 4-toothed, clypeus angulated, the male witli a

short erect horn not notched at the tip, the female with a much shorter and

truncated horn. Length 1^ inch.
Syn. Scarabaeus Bucephalus, Fabricius Ent. Syst. \. p. 51. 166. Herbst. Col. IL p. 174.

t. 13./. I. 2. Oliv. L 3. 99. t. 4./. 26. t. 10./. 92. t. 22. f. 92. $

This species has been confounded with C. Molossus. Both species are here repre-
sented on the same plate, in order that the difference between them may be precisely
observed.

CETONIA (TETRAGONA) CHINENSIS.

Plate 3. fig. 1 and l\
Family. Cetoniidx.

Genus. Cetonia, Fabricius. Scarabseus p. Linnaus, Donovan.
Sub-Gen. Tetragona, Gory.

Ch. Sp. C. viridi-senea, clypeo emarginato, thorace postice lobato, elytris acuminatis, corpore

subtus pedibusque subspinosis, castaneis, tarsis nigris. Long. Corp. unc. 1 , hn. 0.

C. brassy green, clypeus notched and slightly spined, thorax lobed behind, elytra

acuminated, body beneath, with the legs, chestnut-coloured, tarsi black. Length

1^ inch.

BUS Chinensis, Forster Cent. Ins. I. p. 2. 2.
Cetonia Chinensis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. I. IL p. 126. b. Oliv. Ent. \. 6. p. 11. t. 2.

/. 5. a. b. Herbst. Col. IIL p. 199. 2. t. 28./. 2.
Scarabasus oblongus. Brown Illustr. t. 49./. 4.
Smaragdinus major, Voet. Col. t. 5.f. 40.

COLEOPTERA.

Family.
Genus.
Cn. Sp.

Syn.

EUCHLORA VIRIDIS.

Plate 3. fig. 2.

Melolonthid^, Mac Leay.

EucHLOEA, Mac Leay. Scarabaeus p. Linnceus, ^c.

E. supra viridis subtilissime punctata, subtus cum pedibus aurea vel cupreo-aenea.

Long. Corp. lin. 11.
E. green above, and very finely punctured, body beneath with the legs golden or

coppery bronze coloured. Length nearly 1 inch.
Melolontha viridis, Fabricius Ent. Syst. L IL p. 160. no. 23. Oliv. Ent. 1. 5. p.

29. 31. t. 3. /. 21. Herbst. Col. IIL p. 149, t. 26. f. 5. Mac Leay, Horce

Entomol. 1. p. 148. (Euchlora v.)

RHINASTUS STERNICORNIS.

Plate 4. fig. 1.

Tribe. Rhyncophora, Latreille.
Family. CuRCULiONiDa;, Leach.
Division. Cholides, Schonherr.

Genus. Rhinastus, Schonherr. Cholus p. Germar. Curculio p. Donovan.
Ch. Sp. Rh. longirostris, femoribus dentatis, corpore polline flavescente obtecto lateribus
nigris, rostro utrinque spinoso. Long. Corp. (sine rostro) lin. 1 1 .
Rh. with the rostrum long, with a short spine on each side at the tip, thighs toothed,
body clothed with a fine yellow powder, except a black stripe on the sides of the
thorax and elytra. Length (without the rostrum) nearly 1 inch.
Syn. Rhinastus sternicornis, Schonherr. Syst. Curcul. vol. 3. p. 558.

Cholus sternicornis, Germar. Ins. spec. \.p. 214. t. \.f. 4.
Curcuho Chinensis, Donovan, \st edit.

This insect seems nearly allied to Curculio mucoreus, an Indian species, described
by Linnaeus, but not figured by any author : the lateral stripe of black, and the
denticulations on the posterior thighs of our insect clearly remove it, however, from the
Linnsean species.

Except the lateral black stripes, and the rostrum, this insect is totally covered with
a bright brown powder, or rather, with very minute hairs which adhere but slightly,
and resemble that substance. We observe a similar farinaceous appearance on the
Curcuiwnes, Lacteus, Niveus, S;c. and especially on that gigantic beetle Scarabcens
Elephas.

PLi^.TE 111

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COLEOPTERA. n

I have not the least doubt that this insect is identical with the Brazilian species,
Rhinastus sternicornis, of Schonherr, although the specific name given to it by Donovan
implies it to be a native of China. Some mistake had doubtless arisen relative to the
original country of which it is an inhabitant which led our author into this error

CALANDRA LONGIPES.

Plate 4. fig. 2.

Division. Rhyncophorides, Schonherr.

Genus. Calandra, Fabricius. Rhyncophorus, Herbst. Curculio p. Linn, Sj-c.

Cii. Sp. C. nigricans ; elytris ferrugineis, rostro apice utrinque reflexo (in uno sexu dorso bi

serrato,) pedibus anticis elongatis. Long. Corp. (excl. rostro lin. 13.)
C. blackish-brown, elytra ferruginous; rostrum, with the apex on each side reflexed,

and in one sex with the upper edge doubly serrated, the fore legs long. Length

13 lines.
Syk. Curculio longipes, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 2. 395. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 431. Oliv. Ins.

83. tab. 86. Jig. 191. (See Drury, Illustr. vol. 2. t. 33.)

In his earlier works, Fabricius erroneously gave the Cape of Good Hope as th(
locality for this very common Chinese species.

RHINA BARBIROSTRIS.

Plate 4. fig. 3.

Genus. Rhina, Latreille. Curculio p. Donovan, SfC.

Ch. Sp. Rh. longirostris ; niger, rostro barbato, tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. Corp. (rostr.
excl.) lin. 11.
Rh. with a long rostrum, its sides thickly clothed with hairs on the male, black,
punctured, anterior tibiee long and armed with three spines beneath. Length
without the rostrum 1 1 lines.
Syn. Curculio barbirostris, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1. p. 2. 418.

Rhina barbirostris, Latreille Genera, vol. 2. p. 269.

Donovan, misled by the Fabrician reference of this insect to the locality " In Indiis,"
introduced it into the present work. It is, however, a native of South America. Drury
has figured the female of another species in his Illustrations, vol. 2. pi. 34. f. 2. from the
Island of Johanna.

c

COLEOPTERA. 1 1

crimson, in various reflections of light. This scaly covering is not unlike that of Poly-
ilrusus argentatus found in England ; but of a brilliance scarcely inferior to the gem-like
spangles on the Entimus imperialis of Brazil. — Hypomeces squamosus is represented in
its natural size, in the annexed plate; and, in justice to an insect of such uncommon
beauty, an additional plate is given, to exhibit its appearance in the opaque microscope.
— It is extremely common in China.

The insect represented in fig. 6 is entirely black when divested of its scaly covering.
Fabricius considered it as specifically distinct from H. squamosus, which opinion was
adopted by Donovan. It is, however, considered by Schonherr, and other recent writers,
as a variety only of that species, the C. unicolor, Fabr. and C. rusticus, Weber, being
also equally regarded as varieties.

CLEONIS PERLATUS.

Plate 4. fig. 7.

Division. Cleonides, Schonherr.

Gekus. Cleonis, Schonherr. Cleonus, Dejean. Curculio p. Linn. ^c.

Cii. Sp. Cleonis niger, subtus densfe, supra tenuiter cinereo-albido tomentosus, thorace vittis
sub-tribus albidis notato, elytris punctato-striatis, ventre tuberculis numerosis
glabris atris notato. Long. Corp. lin. 6.
C. black ; beneath densely, above slightly clothed with greyish scales, thorax with
three slight whitish stripes; elytra punctate-striate, abdomen marked with nu-
merous black smooth tubercles. Length I inch.

Syn. Curculio perlatus, Fabricius Syst. El. 11. p. 516.

Lixus faunus, Oliv. Ent. V. p. 267. t. 24./. 342.

LAMIA RUBUS.

Plate 6. fig. 1.

Tribe. Lonoicornes, Latr. (Cerambyx Linn.)

Family. Lamiid^e.

Genus. Lamia, Fabricius. Cerambyx p. Linn, S^c.

Cii. Sp. L. grisea, thorace utrinque spinoso bimaculato, elytris basi scabris, humeris apiccque

mucronatis, albo-guttatis. Long. Corp. unc. 1. lin. 9.
L. grey coloured, thorax on each side with a spine and with two oblong spots on the

back, elytra rough at the base, with the shoulders and apex spined, spotted with

white. Length 1| inch.
Syn. Cerambyx Rubus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. II. 625. 21.

Lamia Rubus, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. 290. Oliv. Ent. 67. t. 7./. 57.

This is the largest species of this genus found in China. It is also very abundant in
different parts of the East Indies. Some interesting observations upon its habits have

COLEOPTERA.

been published by W. W. Saunders, Esq. F. L. S. in the first part of the Transactions of
the Entomological Society of London.

LAMIA RETICULATOR.

Plate 6. fig. 2.

Ch . Sp. L. nigra, thorace elytrisque fulvis, thorace nigro-lineato, elytris reticulatis, antennarum

articulo 3"° fasciculate. Long. Corp. lin. 13.
L. black, thorax and elytra rich golden brown, the former marked with black lines,

and the latter with irregular black marks, antennse with the third joint furnished

with a whorl of hairs. Length 13 lines.
Syn. Lamia reticulator, Fabricius Ent. Syst. \.p. 2. 278. 7io. 44. Oliv. Ins. 67. tab. 12.

/. 8.5.

This is altogether a beautiful insect ; but the singular structure of tlie antennae
deserves particular notice : it is entirely brown except the first articulation, which is
black ; the third has a large verticillated tuft of black hair at the summit ; at the base of
this articulation it has another tuft, but smaller ; and a similar tuft, but still smaller, is
situated on the two following articulations.

LAMIA PUNCTATOR.

Plate 6. fig. 3.

Ch. Sp. L. atra, elytris albo punctatis, antenuis longis articulis albo nigroque variis. Long.
Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.
L. black shining, the elytra with farinaceous white spots, the antennae long, the joints
varied with black and white. Length 1^ inch.
Syn. Lamia punctator, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1. 22L 30. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 298. Olio. Ent. 4.

69. t. 8./. 50. a. b. Schonh. Syn. Ins. 3. p. 386.
Cerambyx Chinensis, Forster Cent. Iiis. 39.

Cimex farinosus, Drury, Edit, l"'^ vol. 2. pi. 31. /. 4. Bonovcm, Edit. 1'"" (nee
Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2.626.)

Donovan states that among some Chinese drawings of the late Mr. Bradshaw, he
observed one on which the metamorphosis of this insect was delineated. The larva was
partly concealed in the hollow of a piece of decayed wood ; it was of a whitish colour,
with the head and tail black, as described by Fabricius. The true Cerambyx farinosus
of Linnaeus, with which this insect was confounded by Donovan, is an inhabitant of
South America.

COLEOPTERA.

BUPRESTIS (CHRYSOCHROA) VITTATA.

Plate 7. fig. 1.
Tribe. Steiinoxi, Latreille.
Genus. Buprestis, Linneeus.
Sub-Gen. Chrysochroa, Carcel et Delup.

C'li. Sp. B. aureo-viritlis, elytiis bidentatis, punctatis; lineis quatuor elevatis, vittaque lata
aurea. Long. Corp. 1 unc. 5 lin.
B. golden green, elytra with two apical teeth, punctured, with four elevated lines and
a broad golden stripe. Length 1 inch 5 lines.
Sys. Buprestis Vittata, Fabricius Syst. Eleuth. 2. p. 187. Oliv. Eut. 2. 32. p. 9. t. 3.

/. 17. a—d. Herbst. Col. 9. tab. 138./. 4.
Buprestis ignita, Herbst. Archiv. t. 28. a. f. 3.

The family Buprestidae is one of the most extensive and brilliant tribes of coleopte-
rous insects. Brasil and New Holland produce some gigantic species, but none more
beautiful than those of India. We need adduce no other proof of this, than Buprestis
chrysis, sternicornis, attenuata, ocellata, and vittata. These wrought into various devices
and trinkets decorate the dresses of the natives in many parts of India. The Buprestis
vittata in particular is much admired among them. It is, we believe, entirely peculiar to
China, where it is found in vast abundance, and distributed from thence at a low price
among the other Indians. The Chinese, who always profit by the curiosity of Europeans,
collect vast quantities of this Bupiestis, and other gay insects, in the interior of the
country, and traffic with them.

The Buprestis ignita of Linnseus, with which the present species has been partially
confused, has not the brilliance of colours that so eminently distinguishes B. vittata, but
in form and size it agrees with it. The only figure of that species is given by Olivier,
from a specimen formerly in the cabinet of Gigot d'Orcy, of Paris. The specimen in the
cabinet of Sir J. Banks, referred to by Fabricius as B. vittata, agrees with Sulzer's figure
of that species, as well as the specimen represented here, so that the reference by Fabri-
cius of Sulzer's figure to B. ignita is incorrect.

Fabricius has given as a part of the specific distinction of these insects, that B. ignita
has three spines at the end of each wing case, or elytron, and B. vittata no more than hvo.
This may form a sufficient characteristic in those species ; but we must remark, that it is
not so in Buprestis ocellata. We have two specimens that have two spines at the end of
each elytron, and another with three, as Fabricius has described it. We also find several
insects nearly allied to B. vittata, the stripe of gold on each side excepted ; one of these
has six teeth, another four teeth, and a third only two.

Donovan observes that the Buprestides are supposed, for the most part, to undergo their

14 COLEOPTERA.

transformations in the water, or marshy ground. This opinion cannot, however, be
adopted, as it is now well ascertained that they reside in the early stages of their existence
in timber. The Chinese plant represented is the Canna Indica, or Indian flowering
Reed.

BUPRESTIS (CHRYSOCHROA) OCELLATA.

Plate 7. fig. 2. upper, and 2" under side.

Cii. Sp. B. viridi-nitens, elytris lineis tribus elevatis, macula ad basin alteraque apicali aureis,

ocello magno flavo. Long. Corp. 1 unc. 4 lin.
B. shining-green, elytra with three elevated lines, a large yellow round spot in the

middle of each, having a golden red spot above, and another behind it. Length

Ij. inch.
Syx. Buprestis Ocellata, Fabricius Stjst, Eleuth. 2. p. 193. no. 38. Oliv. Ent. 2. p. 27.

t. I./. 3. a. h. Herbst. Col. LX. p. 70. *. 144./. 1. De Geer Ins. 7. 633.

tab. M.f. 12.

The Buprestis ocellata is very rare. Olivier says it is from Chandernagore in the
East Indies. Mr. Drury possessed an extraordinary variety of this insect from China, in
which the two spots united at the suture so as to form only one large spot on the back
when the wing cases are closed.

These spots are strikingly characteiistic of this species. They are situated in the
centre of each elytron ; are somewhat pellucid, and in fine specimens are cream colour,
surrounded with a crimson circle. These spots are sometimes brown ; probably they
become so after the insect dies.

Our figures represent this insect with expanded wings ; one of those is designed to
exhibit the beautiful appearance of the under surface, particularly the effulgent abdomen
and purple colour of the interior part of the elytra.

MYLABRIS CICHORII.

Plate 8. fig. 1. and l\

TiuiiK. Tkaciiei.ides, Latreille.
Family. Meloid;e.

Genus. Mylabius, Fabricius. Meloe p. Linn.

Cii. Si>. M. nigra elytris macula basali fasciisque duabus latis undatis fulvis. Long. Corp.
9—12 lines.
M. black, each of the elytra with a round basal spot, and two broad irregular bands
of a fulvous colour. Length from |ths to 1 inch.
Syn. Meloe cichorii, Linn. Syst. A'a^ 1. IL p. 680. 5. Fabr. Sysf. Eleuth. W.p. 81. 2.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. vol. 3.;5. 31. Billb. Monagr. Mylabr. p. U. A. t. \ .f. ii.

PLATE Yi:

^//^;/:y //./ //^-^/^z

COLEOPTERA. 15

This insect is very common in China and some other parts of the East Indies. The
small specimen (fig. 1. a.) is rare, and is, probably, the male. According to Olivier,
" the Cantharides of the ancients, and those of the Chinese, are not the same as ours.
The Chinese employ the Mylahrh Cichorii, and it appears from Dioscorides Mat. Med.
Lib. 2. Cap. 65, that the ancient Cantharides were the same as those now used by the
Chinese." " The most efficacious sort of Cantharides," says Dioscorides, " are of many
colours, having yellow transverse bands ; the body oblong, big, and fat ; those of only
one colour are without strength." The description Dioscorides has given does not agree
with our species of Cantharides, as they are of a fine green colour, but is more applicable
to the Mylabre de la Cic/iorei, which is very common in the country where Dioscorides
lived. Olivier s Entomologie, on Hist. Nat. des Insectes. Vol. I. Introd.

By the term Cantharides, in an European Pharmacopa'ia, we understand the Meloe
vesicatorius* of Linnaeus, an insect whose medicinal properties are very generally
known. t The Cantharides of the ancients can scarcely be ascertained ; it was a term
indiscriminately applied to several kinds of insects, and too often without regard to their
physical virtues. Pliny speaks of the Cantharis as a small beetle that eats and consumes
corn ; and of another that breeds in the tops of ashes and wild olives, and shines like
gold. The ancients were certainly well acquainted with our common sort, though it is
confounded with others in a general appellation.^ Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny, Matthiolus,
and other physical writers of antiquity, treat of the medicinal uses of Cantharides ; but it
is not clear that they alluded to only one species : indeed Dioscorides also mentions those
of only one colour as being employed as vesicants. The ancients often confounded the
term Scarabseus with Cantharis ; but whether because they knew that the common kinds
of Scarabsei produce the same effects as the Cantharis, is uncertain. — The Scarakeus
auratus, and Melolontha, several Coccinellce, Cimex nigro-Uueatus, 8§c. 8^c. have a place
in the Materia Medica as Cantharides.

* Geoffrey calls this a Cantharis. The Linnaean Cantharis is a distinct genus. (Telephorus, Latreille.)
t Applied externally to raise blisters. It is a violent poison taken inwardly, except in small portions.
I The common sort has been called Musca Hispanica by some Latin authors, and hence Spanish fly by
Boyle.

16 COLEOPTERA.

SAGRA SPLENDIDA.

Plate 8. fig. 2. $ fig. 2\ 9 ?
Tkibe. Eupoda, Latreille.
Family. Sagrid;e.

Genus. Sagra, Fabricius. Tenebrio p. Linn, S^c.

Ch. Sp. S. cyaneo-purpurea, temoribus posticis dentatis, tibiis apice sinuatis. Long. Corp.
lin. 9.
S. glowing purple, changeable to yellow or green, posterior femora dentate, tibiae with
a deep notch at the tips. Length 9 lines.
Syn. Sagra splendida, Weber Obs. Ent. p. 61. Fabricius Syst. Eleuth. 2. p. 27.

Sagra femorata, Donovan, \st edit, in tab.
Tenebrio femoratus, Donovan. \st edit, in text.

Donovan correctly observed, that the insect here figured differed from the figures
referred to by Fabricius under Sagra femorata, the only described species at the period of
the publication of the first edition of this work. Weber, however, subsequently published
a monograph upon the genus, and this Chinese species appears to be identical witli
his Sagra splendida. The smaller figure appears also to be identical with the Sagra
purpurea of Weber, which Fabricius was inclined to regard as the male of the former,
although he gave it as distinct with the character : — " Sagra purpurea, nitida, femoribus
posticis unidentatis tibiis integris." It appears to me, however, that it is merely the
female of S. splendida.

Order. ORTHOPTERA. Olivier.
MANTIS (SCHIZOCEPHALA) BICORNIS.

Plate 9. fig. I.
Tribl. Cursoria, Latreille.
Family. Mantid^.
Genus. Mantis, Limi.
Sub-Gen. Schizocephala, Serville.

Cii. Sp. M. thorace filiformi Isevi, testaceo, Oculis oblongis porrectisacuminato spinosis, elytris
alls brevioribus. Long. Corp. 4^ unc.
M. with the thorax filiform smooth and pale huffish coloured, eyes oblong, porrected,
and produced into a sharp point, elytra shorter than the wings. Length 4| inches.
SvN. Mantis bicornis, Linn. Syst. Nat. L 11. p. 691.

Mantis oculata, Fabricius Ent. Syst. t. 2. p. 19.
Schizocephala stricta, Serville Revis. Orthopt. p. 29 ?
La Mante C'hinoise ctroite cornue. Stall. Repres. rles Mantes.

■^^

^^

O yTf^u/a-iy^/t/ C/r/2^y

■r/2^/Y6 .

/.^Mit^Aj /'m>;v/^j t^.Cm/j/j^^^^y'7,7tvv//r,vy//j.

ORTHOPTERA. 17

Two figures of insects, very much resembling our species, are given in tlie work of
Stoll, &c. ; one kind he calls La Munte Hroitcment coruue, the other La Mante Chinoisc
etroite coruue. The first is from the coast of Coromandel and Tranquebar, the other, as
its name implies, is a Chinese insect. Donovan states that he could not discover an}'
material difference between these figures and the specimen here figured, and was inclined
to consider them altogether as one species.

It is a considerable disadvantage to the works of Stoll, as well as to the naturalist who
consults them, that no scientific names, or definitions, are given to the figures of many rare
insects included amongst them, hence they have been but rarely referred to by Fabricius.

The Mantis oculata of Fabricius is an African insect, and was described from the
collection of the Right Hon. Sir J. Banks, Bart., Donovan compared his Chinese specimen
with it, and found it precisely the same species.

MANTIS (EMPUSA) FLABELLICORNIS.

Plate 9. fig. 2.

Sub-Gen. Empusa, Latreille. Gongylus, Thunberg.

Ch. Sp. M. thoracis parte antica dilatata membranacea ; femoribus anticis spina, reliquis lobo

terminatis, antennis pectinatis. Long. Corp. 2| unc.
M. with the front of the thorax furnished with a large membrane, the two anterior

thighs terminated by a spine, and the four posterior by a rounded membranous

lobe, antennae pectinated. Length 2^ inches.
Syn. Mantis flabellicornis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. p. 16. no. 16. Serville Revis.

Orthopt.p. 21. (Empusa fl.)

This Mantis is described by Fabricius only. Stoll has given the figure of an insect
not unlike it in his publication ; and we have seen a specimen similar to it, which was
found by Professor Pallas near the Caspian sea. It is allied to Mantis Gongylodes,* a
native of Africa and Asia, but bears a closer affinity to Mantis Pauperataf from Java,
Molucca, and perhaps other islands in the Indian sea.

Fabricius enumerates fifty-one species of this genus in his last system ; a considerable
portion of these are from Asia : had he included the America and New Holland species,
his genus would have been far more comprehensive. Few naturalists have had the op-
jiortunity of observing the manners of these creatures in distant countries ; nor can we
always rely on the information those few have given. Of the European species we can

* Serville, indeed, considers it possible that M. flabellicornis may be the male of M. gongylodes.
t Figured by Stoll under the name of La Mante Goutteuse Brune ?

D

1-

^^^'

18 ORTHOPTERA.

speak with more precision, because some indefatigable naturalists have attended minutely
to them ; Roesel in particular has treated at considerable length on the manners of the
Mantis religiosa of Linnaeus.

Descriptions can only convey an imperfect idea of the extraordinary appearance of
many creatures included in the genera Mantis and Locusta. Among them are found
species that bear a similitude to the usual forms of other insects ; but, from these we
almost imperceptibly descend to others, bearing as strong a similitude to the vegetable
part of creation ; seeming as if Nature designed them to unite the appearance of a vege-
table with the vital functions of an animal, to preserve them from the ravages of voracious
creatures, or to connect that chain of progressive and universal being, which
" The great directing Mind of All ordains."

Many of these creatures assume so exactly the appearance of the leaves of different
trees, that they furnish the entomologist with unerring specific distinctions ; thus we have
L. citrifoUa, laurifolia, myrtifolia, oklfolia, graminifoUa, and others, equally expressive
of their resemblance in form, and colours, to the leaves of those respective plants.
Travellers, in countries that produce these creatures, have been struck with the pheno-
menon, as it must appear, of animated vegetable substances; for the manners of the
Mantis, in addition to its structure, are very likely to impose on the senses of the unin-
formed. They often remain on the trees for hours without motion, then suddenly spring
into the air, and, when they settle, again appear lifeless. These are only stratagems to
deceive the more cautious insects which they feed upon ; but some travellers who have
observed them, have declared they saw the leaves of those trees become living creatures,
and take flight.

M. Merian informs us of a similar opinion among the Indians, who believed these
insects grew like leaves on the trees, and when they were mature, loosened themselves
and crawled, or flew away. But we find in the more pretending works of Piso similar
absurdities.

" Those little animals," says that author, " change into a green and tender plant,
which is of two hands breadth. The feet are fixed into the ground first ; from these,
when necessary humidity is attracted, roots grow out, and strike into the ground ; thus
they change by degrees, and in a short time become a perfect plant. Sometimes only
the lower part takes the nature and form of a plant, while the upper part remains as
before, living and moveable : after some time the animal is gradually converted into a
plant. In this Nature seems to operate in a circle, by a continual retrograde motion."*

* Donovan quoted, in a note, Ovid's account of the Transformation of Phaeton's Sisters into trees. " Luna
quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem," &c. which he seems to think had its origin in some such idea as this.

ORTHOPTERA. 19

Roesel treats this account with more than merited severity ; not because he could
contradict the relation of Piso, but, because he had never observed the same circumstance
attend the Wandering Leaf, or Mantis Oratoria, in Europe ;* although he afterwards
describes even the first symptom of the transformation as related by Piso. When he
speaks of the death of the European species, his words are, " As their dissolution
approaches, their green eyes become brown, and they unavoidably lose their sight : they
remain a long while on the same spot, till at last they fall quite exhausted and powerless,
as if asleep." As to the change after they remained long on the ground, such as sending
forth fibres, roots, and stems, from the body of the insect, it is only astonishing such a
well-informed naturalist should have deemed it matter of surprise. Could he be ignorant
of the many instances that occur, of animal substances producing plants ?t or was he not
informed that the pupa which commonly sends forth a bee, a wasp, or cicada, has some-
times become the nidus of a plant, thrown up stems from the fore part of the head, and
changed in every respect into a vegetable, though still retaining the shell and exterior
appearance of the parent insect at the root ? J We own at first sight with Roesel that the
account of Piso seems" an inattentive and confounded observation," but that an insect
may strike root into the earth, and, from the co-operation of heat and moisture, congenial
to vegetation, produce a plant of the cryptogamic kind, cannot be disputed. We have
seen species of clavaria both of the undivided and branched kinds, four times larger than
the insect from which they sprang ; and can we then deny that the insect mentioned by
Piso might not produce a plant of a proportionate magnitude? In short, we are not
sufficiently acquainted with the productions of Brazil to contradict any of his assertions,
concerning this transformation. Piso does not say of what kind this vegetable was ; it
must surely be of the fungi kind : reasoning then from analogy, it might be an unknown
species of clavaria with numerous and spreading branches ; and, finally, the colour of

• Among the annotations on the last edition of Roesel's Iiisecten Belustiyung we find one relating to this
part of the works of Piso. " Der seel Her geheime Rath Trew, %c. Couns. Trew assures Mr. Roesel that
Piso not only very often gave out the credible observations of others as his own, but himself believed the most
incredible relations, and pretended to be an eye witness thereof." We quote this in justice to the remarks of
Roesel. Note in page 10, section Das Wandlende Blat.

t Such as Mucor crustaceus, &c.

X Specimens of these vegetated animals are frequently brought from the West Indies ; we have one of the
cicada from the pupa, as well as others produced from wasps and bees in the perfect or winged state. Mr.
Drury had a beetle in the perfect state, from every part of which small stalks and fibres have sprouted forth ;
they are very different from the tufts of hair that are observed on a few coleopterous insects, such as the
Buprestis fascicularis, of the Cape of Good Hope, and are certainly a vegetable production.

no ORTHOPTERA.

his plant, on which authors lay much stress, might be green, though a colour not so
predominant in that tribe of vegetables as some others.*

The largest and most interesting of the Indian species of Mantis is found in the isle of
Amboyna. Stoll contradicts the account of Remrd;\ who says these creatures are
sometimes thirteen inches in length ; but we have a specimen almost of that size.J It is
related by Renard, and others, that the larger kinds of Mantes go in vast troops, cross
hills, rivers, and other obstacles that oppose their march, when they are in quest of food.
If they subsisted entirely on vegetables, a troop of these voracious creatures would deso-
late the land in their excursions; but they prefer insects, and clear the earth of myriads
that infest it : if these become scarce from their ravages, they fight and devour one
another. When they attack the plants, they do great mischief. It is said of some
Locusts and Mantes that the plants they bite wither, and appear as if scorched with fire :
we have not heard of this pestilential property in any of the larger species of Mantes.

Of the smaller kinds, the Mantis Oratoria is the most widely diffused, being found in
Africa and Asia as well as in all the warmer parts of Europe. These creatures are
esteemed sacred by the vulgar in many countries, from their devout or supplicating
posture. The Africans worship them ; and their trivial names in many European lan-
guages imply a superstitious respect for them.§

England produces no species of this tribe. The entomologists in this country must
consequently rely on the accounts of those, who have observed them in other parts of the
world. We shall select a few remarks from Roesel's extensive description of Mantis
Oratoria and Gongyloides, because, if we may presume from the analogy they bear in
form to Mantis Flabellicornis, the history of one will clearly elucidate that of the other.

Roesel says, some of the Mantes are local in Germany ; they are found chiefly in the
vintages at Moedting in Moravia, where they are called Wdnhamkl. \\ The males die in
October, the females soon after.^ The young brood are preserved in the egg state, in a
kind of oblong bag, of a thick spongy substance ; this bag is imbricated on the outside ;

* Tliese arguments of Donovan, altliough sufficiently ingenious, prove only the accidental possibility of the
insect producing plants, and not the transformation which Piso believed to be the ordinary nature of the
creature. (1. O. W.)

f Poissons des Molucques par M. Renard, Amsterl. 1754.

t Donovan here evidently alludes to some of the Phasmidse.

§ Louva Dios by the Portuguese. Prie Dieu by the French.

II Probably a provincial terra for a dealer in wine.

IT Goetz, in his Beytrage, observes, that they live sometimes ten years.

ORTHOPTERA. 11

it is fastened lengthwise to the branch of some plant.* As the eggs ripen they are
protruded through the thick substance of the bag, and the larva, which are about half an
inch in length, burst from them. Roesel, wishing to observe the gradual progress of these
creatures, to the winged state, placed the bag containing the eggs in a large glass, which
he closed, to prevent their escape. From the time they were first hatched they exhibited
marks of a savage disposition. He put different sorts of plants into the glass, but they
refused them, preying on one another : this determined him to supply them with other
insects to eat : he put af/ts into the glass to them, but they then betrayed as much
(cowardice as they had barbarity before; for the instant the Mantes saw the ants they
tried to escape in every direction. By this Roesel found the ants were the greatest
persecutors of the Mantes. He next gave them some of the common musca (house flies),
which they seized with eagerness in their fore claws, and tore in pieces : but, though
these creatures seemed very fond of the flies, they continued to destroy one another
through savage wantonness. Despairing at last, from their daily decrease, of rearing any
to the winged state, he separated them into small parcels in different glasses ; but here,
as before, the strongest of each community destroyed the rest.

Another time, he received several pairs of Mantes in the winged state ; profiting by his
former observation, he put each pair [a male and female] into a separate glass, but they
still shewed signs of an eternal enmity towards one another, which neither sex nor age
could soften ; for the instant they were in sight of each other, they threw up their heads,
brandished their fore legs, and waited the attack : they did not remain long in this posture,
for the boldest throwing open its wings, with the velocity of lightning-, rushed at the
other, and often tore it in pieces with the crockets and spines of the fore claws. Roesel
compares the attack of these creatures to that of two hussars ; for they dexterously guard
and cut with the edge of the fore claws, as those soldiers do with their sabres, and some-
times at a stroke one cleaves the other through, or severs its head from the thorax. After
this the conqueror devours his vanquished antagonist.!

We learn from Roesel also, the manner in which this creature takes its prey, in which
respect we find it agrees with what is related of the extra European species. The
patience of this Mantis is remarkable, and the posture to which superstition has attributed
devotion, is no other than the means it uses to catch it. When it has fixed its eyes on an

* To that of the vine by Mantis Oratoria.

t The Chinese take advantage of these savage propensities, and keep these pugnaceous insects in little
bamboo cages, training them to fight for prizes, as cocks are fought in this country. This custom is so com-
mon, that, according to Mr. Barrow, (Travels in China) " during tlie summer months, scarcely a boy is to be
seen without his cage of these insects." (J. O. W.)

22 ORTHOPTERA.

insect, it very rarely loses sight of it, though it may cost some hours to take. If it sees
the insect a little beyond its reach, over its head, it slowly erects its long thorax, by means
of the moveable membranes that connect it to the body at the base ; then, resting on the
four posterior legs, it gradually raises the anterior pair also ; if this brings it near enough
to the insect, it throws open the last joint, or crocket part, and snaps it between the spines,
that are set in rows on the second joint. If it is unsuccessful it does not retract its arms,
but holds them stretched out, and waits again till the insect is within its reach, when it
springs up and seizes it. This is the uncommon posture before alluded to. Should the
insect go far from the spot, it flies or crawls after it, slowly on the ground like a cat, and
when the insect stops, erects itself as before. They have a small black pupil or sight
which moves in all directions within the parts we usually term the eyes, so that it can see
its prey in any direction without having occasion to disturb it by turning its head.

The most prevalent colour of this tribe of insects is fine green, but many of these fade
or become brown after the insect dies : some are finely decorated with a variety of vivid
hues ; the most beautiful of these that we have seen are from the Moluccas.

TRUXALIS CHINENSIS.

Plate 10. f5g. 1.

StCTiON. Saltatoria, Latreille. (Gryllus, Linn.)

Family. Locustid.e. (Acridites, Latreille.)

Genus. Truxalis, Fabricius. (Gryllus, Acrida, Linnaus.)

Ch. Sp. Tr. viridis, capite thoraceque vittis quatuor, elytrorum linea centrali sanguineis, alls

albido hyalinis. Expans. alar. 5| unc.
Tr. green, with four longitudinal stripes on the head and thorax, and a central line

along the tegmina pink, wings stained pale buff hyaline. Expanse of the wings

5| inches.
Syn. Truxalis Chinensis, Westw.

Gryllus nasutus, Donovan, 1st Edition.

Donovan considered this insect as a variety of the Linnaean Gryllus nasutus, which he
states to be found in Africa, Asia, and the south of Europe; adding, its varieties are
numerous ; and in size and colour depend on the climate they breed in. Sulzer represents
it with red wings : in the Chinese specimens these are tinged with green. As several
species are thus evidently confounded together, I have separated that here figured undt r
the specific name of T. Chinensis.

£.-^r//.rv^uJ w/^a/y/j. /.r7r//.jy^//j { ^/^/^ce^tj^j^

.{^ ao/r//^'//^^n^^.

ORTHOPTERA.

TRUXALIS (MESOPS) VITTATUS.

Plate 10. fig. 2.

Sub-Gen. Mesops, Serville.

Cii. Sp. Tr. capite prominulo, testaceus, capite thorace femoribusriue posticis vitta laterali

argeiitea. Long. Corp. If inch.
Tr. with the head shghtly prominent ; of a testaceous colour, with the head, thorax

and posterior femora marked with a lateral silvery stripe. Length of the body

If inch.
Syn. Truxalis vittatus, Fahr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 27.

A single specimen of this insect, brought from China, and in the possession of Mr.
Francillon, was employed as the original of this figure. From the form of the head it
appears to belong to Serville's sub-genus, Mesops, but the wings extend beyond the body.

GRYLLUS (PHASGONURUS) PERSPICILLATUS.

Plate 11. fig. 1.

F.'VMiLV. GRYLLID.E. (Gryllus Tettigonia, Linneeus.)

Genl-s. Gryllus, Linneeus. (Locusta, Latreille.)

Sub-Gen. Phasgonurus, (TTei^w. Steph. Locusta, Serville.)

Ch. Sp. G. capite pallido, antennis fuscis, thorace virescenti postice rotundato, elytris concavis

viridibus nervosis ; basi ocello dorsali fenestrate. (Long. Corp. elytr. claus.

2 J unc.
G. with the head pale, antennae brown, thorax green, rounded behind, elytra concave,

green, nervose, with a dorsal fenestrated ocellus at the base. Length, with the

wings closed, 2| inches.
Syn. Locusta perspicillata, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. p. 36.

Donovan states that Fabricius erroneously describes this insect as a native of America,
and that it is not figured elsewhere. Fabricius refers to Dr. Hunter's Museum, now
belonging to the University of Glasgow.

ORTHOPTERA.

GRYLLUS (CONOCEPHALUS) ACUMINATUS?

Pkite 11. fig. 2.

Sub-Gkn. Conocepiialus, Leach, Serville.

Cii. Sp G. " thorace rotundato, vertice subulato, alis virescentibus." {Linncpus loc. cit.
subtvs.) (Expans. alar. fig. Donov. 4 unc.)
G. with the thorax rounded, forehead pointed, wings green. Expanse of the wings,
according to Donovan's figure, 4 inches.

Syn. Gryllus acuminatus? Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 696. Fahr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. ;39. Ser-

ville Revis. Orthopt. p. 52. (Conocephalus ac.)

Donovan states that the insect here figured inhabits China and every other part
of India. Linnseus, however, referring to Gronovius and Sloane's Jamaica, gives
America as the locality of his G. acuminatus; whilst Fabricius says, "Habitat in omni
India et in Europa Australi." In this confusion of locality, I have thought it best to
mark the specific name of this figure with doubt.

LOCUSTA (RUTIDODERES) FLAVICORNIS.

Plate 12. fig. 1.

Family. Locl'Stid,t., Leach. (Acriditos, Latreille.)

Genus. Locusta. (Acrydium, Latreille.)

Sub-Gen. Rutidoderes, Westw. Acridium, Serville.

Ch. Sp. L. thorace subcarinato ; viridis, elytris immaculatis, alis basi rufis, tibiis posticis

sanguineis flavo-serratis. Expans. alar. 4 unc.
L. with the thorax somewhat keeled ; green, with the elytra not spotted, wings at

the base red, posterior tibiae sanguineous with yellow teeth. Expanse of the

wings 4 inches.
Syn. Gryllus flavicornis, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. p. 51.

v

^5»te^

Q^'^t:^^^ /7W/ //^ '///// ^. ^ /<^/^^^//^^/ ^/^///^/^^Vl>

.=.,J^9-c^6^^ay //urr/////<^\H:^y.

ORTHOPTERA. 25

GRYLLOTALPA CHINENSIS.

Plate 12. fig. 2.

Family. Achetid*. (Giyllus Acheta, Linn.)

Genus. Gryllotalpa, Latreille,

Ch. Sp. G. luteo fulvescens, tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. Long. Corp. 1 unc.

G. of a fulvous-clay colour, anterior tibise with four teeth. Length 1 inch.
Syn. G. Chinensis, Westw.

Gryllus Gryllotalpa, Donovan, \st edition.

The genus of Mole-crickets, Gryllotalpa, comprises several distinct, although very
closely allied species, the inhabitants of various countries, differing especially in
the number of teeth of the anterior tibise and the neuration of the tegmina. Donovan
regarded them as varieties only, observing that the species here figured " differs in no
rcjspect from the European species except in size and colour," the English mole-cricket
" being twice as large and of more of a mouse colour."

LOCUSTA (PHYMATEA) MORBILLOSA.

Plate 13.

Family. LocusTiDa;.

Genus. Locusta.

Sub-Gen. Phymatea, Westw. Phymateus, Thunberg, Serville.

pit. Sp. L. thorace quadrato, rubro, verrucoso ; elytris ftiscis, flavido punctatis ; alis rufis,

nigro punctatis. Expans. alar. 4-|- unc.
L. with the thorax squarish, red, warty ; elytra bluish-brown, with pale yellow spots ;

wings red, with black spots. Expanse of the wings 4-^ inches.
Syn. Gryllus morbillosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 700. (e Cap. Bon Spei). Fabricius Eni.

Syst. '2. p. 50. Serville Revis. Orthopt. p. 86. (Phymateus m.)

Donovan states that " the Gryllus morbillosus appears in the early edition of the
Sy sterna NatunE and the works of Roesel as an Indian species, and that Mr. Drury
assured him he had received it several times from China. Another sort is also found at
the Cape of Good Hope, which is rather larger and deeper in colour than the Chinese
variety."

If this be correct, it will, 1 apprehend, be necessary to consider these two soi'ts as

E

26 ORTHOPTERA.

distinct species, to retain the specific name morbillosus for the African species, and to give
a new name to the Chinese species.

When this insect is at rest, the wings are folded and much of its beauty is concealed ;
but when these are expanded, its appearance is altogether magnificent. It has nothing
of the shining and metallic splendour of the Coleoptera, for its colours are translucent,
and assume their richest hues when they pass before the light. The elytra are purple,
variegated with yellow ; the wings of a glowing crimson, spotted with black ; the
abdomen is surrounded with alternate zones of black and yellow, and the legs are
throughout of an elegant scarlet, inferior only in brightness to the coral red of the head
and thorax. Upon the whole, this species is embellished with such a profusion of
various and beautiful colours, that it may be considered as a most splendid example of
the Linnsean Hemipterous order of insects. It is represented on the Iris Chineiisi.s in a
flying position.

This is not supposed to be a numerous species in China ; on the contrary, it is
probably uncommon. Several others of the locust are abundant in that country, and in
seasons favourable to their increase do incredible mischief.* Both the Locusta tartarica
and Locusta migratoria inhabit Tartary on the northern confines of China, from whence,
at certain periods, they descend like an impetuous torrent over the neighbouring
countries in quest of food, strip the earth of verdure, and scarcely leave the vestige
of vegetation behind them. The Locusta migratoria, whose myriads are said to darken
the face of heaven in their flights, sometimes direct their course westward, cross rivers,
sea, and an immense extent of country, till they reach Europe ; and though many are
lost in these bold migrations, the survivors are in suflficient numbers to commit vast
depredations. This species has been known to visit England,! but not in any
abundance. In Little Tartary and the European provinces of Turkey, in Italy, and in
Germany,! they do great mischief in these migrations. The Locusta flavicornis and

* " Famines sometimes happen in this part of the province ; in some seasons inundations produced by
torrents from the mountains, and as often the depredations of locusts, are causes of this disaster." {Sir
J. Staunton, Chap, on Tien-sing.)

t The last appearance of this species in England was in 1748. Donovan had specimens of it from Smyrna,
Germany, and Cliina, and deemed it too common and general an inhabitant to merit a figure as a Chinese
insect.

I Roesel speaks of this locust infesting the provinces of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, in such
immense numbers in the years 1747, 1748, and 1749, that an Imperial and Royal Hungarian edict was
issued, with printed instructions for the best means of exterminating them. {Der Heiischrecken-und
Grillensammlung, §-c. ^c. vol. II. page 193.)

r J

'3^m^.^/^y WMM^/a^ruL <

HEMIPTERA. 27

nasuta are two other abundant species in China, and no doubt there are many other
common kinds in that country we are at present unacquainted with. The locust is only
detrimental when in immense numbers ; for in China, as in other eastern countries, they
are considered as an article of food, and regularly exposed for sale in the public
markets.*

Order. HEMIPTERA. LinncBUS, Latreille.
^ ' FULGORA CANDELARIA.

Plate 14.

SuB-OuDEii. HoMOPTERA, Latreille.
Family. FuLoouiDiE.

'^ Genus. Fuloora, Linnceus.

Ch. Sp. F. fronte rostrata, adscendente ; elytris viiidibus luteo-maculatis ; alls flavis apice

nigris. Expans. alar. 3 unc.
F. with the forehead produced into an ascending rostrum ; elytra green, spotted
with luteous; wings yellow buff, with the tips black. E.Npanseofthe wings
3 inches,
l^ O Syn. 'Fu\gora. candeWm, Lmn. Syst. Nat. 2.703. Roesel Ins. -2. ]S9. t. -20. Siilzer

Ins. t. 10./. 62. Fab. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 2. Syst. Rh. p. 2. De Geer Ins.
3. 197. 2. Act. Holm. 1746. t. \.f. 5. 6.

The phenomena resulting from the properties and effects of light having engaged the
attention of the earliest philosophers, we must conclude that phosphorical appearances,
and those especially of animated bodies, could not fail to attract their particular notice.
Indeed it is evident from the writings of the accurate observers of nature in remote ages,
that they were acquainted with certain insects that have the property of shining in the
night. These were known only by general terms, expressive of that property ; yet it is
probable that some of the Linnasan Lampyrides, which are abundant in the south of
Europe, as well as in Asia and some parts of Africa, were the first of the illuminated

* Sir G. Staunton Hkewise speaks of" a large species of Gryllus " that is kept in cages for amusement in
China, and was exposed for sale with other in-sects in the shops of Hai-ten. Neither the species of this, or the
locusts noticed in the preceding note, are mentioned. (This remark evidently applies to the Mantidse men-
tioned in the note to Empusa flabellicornis.)

28 HEMIPTERA.

insects known to them.* Some of the males, which are furnished with wings and are
illuminated like the females, were striking objects of natural history, and could scarcely
have escaped their notice. The Greeks included all shining insects under the name
lampyris ; and the Latins called them cicindela, noctiluca, luciola, lucernata, &c.
Whether any of the Fulgorcs were known to the ancients is uncertain ; probably they
were not, the most remarkable species being peculiar to the warmest parts of America.
Asia, once the seat of learning, does indeed produce a few species; but we have no
account of these in ancient natural history.

The Fulgorae seem to have been entirely unknown in Europe till the latter end of the
seventeenth century, when two writers published descriptions and figures oV Fulgora
Laternaria; Madame Merian, of Holland, in her splendid work on the Metamorphoses
of the Insects of Surinam, and Dr. Grew, of London, in his Rarities of Gresham
College.

Reaumurf is the next author who described the Fulgora Laternaria, and after him
Roesel, in his " Amusing History (or Recreation) of Insects.":|: This brings us to the
period in which Fulgora Candelaha, our Chinese species, was first known in Europe ; a
circumstance of much importance to naturalists at that time, because the first-mentioned
species was a solitary example of its singular genus. Tlie transactions of the Stockholm
academy includes the earliest figure and description of this extraordinary insect.

Roesel has given three figures and a description of it, and from his account we learn
that it was known in England before he was acquainted with it. On its peculiar
qualities he had been unable to derive any information concerning it, but his description
is notwithstanding extremely prolix. We have selected the most interesting passage,
because it clearly marks the progressive advancement of the knowledge of natural history
in Europe so late as the middle of the present century.

" According to my promise," says Roesel,§ " I now produce the second sort of
Lantern-carrier, which I never saw before, and of which I have never read in any work
on insects. The scarcer, however, it may be, the more I am indebted to Mr. Beurer,
apothecary of this place,|| &c. for the permission he has granted me to draw and enrich
my collection with it. Mr. Collinson has sent it to him from London, under the name

* The lampyris of Pliny is expressly the insect with a shining tail,
f Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes. 1734.

I Insecten Belustigung.

^ Versprochener massen liefere ich nunmehr die zweite Sorte des Lanternen-Tragers, &c. Vol. i. pi. 30.
Locust, page 189.

II Nurenberg.

HEMIPTERA. 29

Lanternaria Chinensis, for which reason I have called it the Asiatic or Chinese Lantern-
carrier." Roesel being a respectable entomological writer of his time, we must infer
that Fidgora Caiidelaria was extremely scarce in Europe when his plate and descriptions
were published. The commercial concerns of Europeans witli the Chinese having
greatly increased since that period, has facilitated many inquiries concerning the natural
productions of China ; and amongst a variety of other insects that are now usually
brought from that country, specimens of Fulgora Candelaria are extremely common. In
China, few insects are found in greater abundance.

Having noticed the early history of this insect, we come to consider the peculiar pro-
perties of its singular genus ; upon which the following observations were made by our
author : " Among these we find the most astonishing that insects can possess, that of ema-
nating light ; not merely a momentary shining appearance, as is produced by many viscous
substances, but a clear and constant resemblance to the element fire, and capable of
diffusing light to surrounding objects, though totally destitute of every principle that can
do mischief. To the unphilosophical mind it appears at first impossible, and it cannot
fail to astonish the best informed ; indeed, some readers might be inclined to doubt the
veracity of travellers in foreign countries who have seen a vegetable* or an animal
produce light, if our own country could not supply us with abundant analogous proofs
of such phenomena. The presence of this animated phosphorus, if we may so express
it, is observed on several insects that are natives of England ; it is needless to enumerate
them, because the most striking example must be recollected by every rural inhabitant
or admirer of poetical simplicity :

' ■ On every hedge

The glow-worm lights his gem, and through the dark

A moving radiance twinkles.' Thomson.

y " The account which Madame Merian gave of the effect of the light produced by the

^Fulgora Laternaria-\ was greatly discredited, though Dr. Grew had related some sur-

* An instance of this occurs in the south of Europe. An account in the Philosophical Transactions relates
of the Dictamnus Albus (Fraxinella), that " in the still evenings of dry seasons it emits an inflammable air, or
gas, and flashes at the approach of a candle. There are certain instances of human creatures who have taken
fire spontaneously, and been totally consumed."

t The account which Madame Merian has given of the light of the Fidgora Laternaria is so surprising,
that it will certainly prove acceptable to many readers. It is indeed a digression from the account of Fulgora
Candelaria, but will tend to prove, that insects of this genus emit a more vivid light than any of the illuminated
kinds hitherto known.

" Once," says Madame Merian, " when the Indians brought me a number of these Lantern-carriers, I put

30 HEMIPTERA.

prising particulars of a specimen of it from Peru.* Her account has, however, been
generally believed since the missionaries'!" in countries which produce those insects have
confirmed her account. It is admitted that the Chinese Fulgora has an illuminated
appearance in the night. ' The foreheads of many Fulgorae (especially those found in
China) emit a lively shining light in the night-time, which, according to some authors, is
sufficient to read by.' — Yeats. |

" The light of the Fulgorae is generally imagined to issue from the trunk, or
elongated projection of the forehead ; but Roesel offers a conjecture on the light of the
Fulgora Laternaria, which, on further investigation, may enable naturalists to determine
whether the light is entirely produced by an innate property of the trunk, or receives
additional splendour from some external cause. He notices a white farinaceous sub-
stance on several parts of the wings and body as well as the trunk, which, he observes,
looks like the decayed wood which shines at night. We mention this conjecture of
Roesel, though the same occurred to us before we perused his observations. We have
invariably found a similar white powder on other insects of this genus, but usually upon
the trunk only. The remarks of Roesel were necessarily very limited, two species of the
Fulgorae only being then known. We possess twelve distinct species, and have made
dissections and observations on several others; from all which we are inclined to imagine

tlieni into a wooden box, without being aware of tlieir shining at niglit ; but one night, being awakened by an
unusual noise, and much frightened, I jumped out of bed and ordered a light, not knowing whence this noise
proceeded. We soon perceived that it originated in the box ; we opened with some inquietude, but were still
more alarmed after opening it, and letting it fall on the ground, for a. flame appeared to issue from it, which
seemed to receive additional lustre as often as another insect flew out of it. When we observed this some time
we recovered from our terror, and admired the splendour of these little animals." Dissert, dc rjeneratione et
metamorphibus Insectorum Surinamensis.

* Cucujus Peruvianus. " That which, beside the figure of the head, is most wonderful in this insect, is the
shining property of the same part, whereby it looks in the night like a lantern, so that two or three of these
fastened to a stick, or otherwise conveniently disposed of, will give suflicient light to those who travel or walk
in the night." Grew. Museum Regalis Societatis, p. 158.

t Le ver-luisant. Ceux que nous voyons a la camp^gne dans las nuits d'ete ne jettent qu'une foible lueur :
mais ils y en a dans les Indes modernes qui repandent un eclat trfes-vif. Ce sont, pour ainsi dire, des phosphores
animez. " Les Indiens," dit le savant auteur de la Theologie des Insectes, " ne se servoient autrefois dans
leurs maisons, et dehors d'aucune autre lumifere. Lorsqu'ils marchent de nuit, ils en attachent deux aux gros
doigts du pied, et en portent un a la main. Ces insectes repandent une si grande clarte, que par leur moyen
on peut lire, ecrire, et faire dans une chambre toutes les autres choses necessaires." Lesser. Liv. 2. c. 3. rem. 8.
" Le trait rapporte par le P. du Tektre dans son Histoire des Antilles, auroit bien du etre cite, il dit avoir
III son breviare a la clarte d'un de ces vers-luisans."
; Yeats. Institutions of Entomology.

Cmz6m\>'6^/^i-,

HEMIPTERA. ;31

that the white powder has a phosphoric appearance in the living insect, and increases
the light when the end of the trunk is illuminated.

" One of the Fulgoraj of considerable magnitude, from the interior of India, enabled
us to make many observations. The trunk is of the same form as that of the Fulgora
Canddaria ; the colour is a dark but beautiful purplf^ ; the apex scarlet, of a perfectly
pellucid appearance, and still retains a reddish glare ; the spots of white sprinkled on
the purple colour of the trunk exhibit also a slight appearance of phosphoric matter.
On the trunk of the Fulgora Candelaria these white spots are very conspicuous.

" Though the generic name Fulgora seems to imply some effulgent property in the
insects that compose the genus, it is uncertain whether all possess that property. They
are indeed furnished with a trunk, but it is smaller in proportion in several species than
in F. Laternaria, Candelaria, Flammea, Phosphorea, and some others. It has not been
determined whether any of the European Fulgorae shine in the night-time." *

^ CICADA ATRATA

Plate 15.

'' Family. Cicadid.e.

O ® .

Genus. Cicada, Linnceus. Tettigonia, Fabricius.

Cii. Sp. C. atra, alls albis basi nigris, venis testaceis. Expans. alar. 4j unc.

C. black, with iridescent white wings black at the base, and with yellowish brown
nerves. Expanse of the wing 4| inches.
- Syn. Cicada atrata, Fair. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 24. no. 28. Syst. Rhyng. p. 42.

Though the observations of Sir G. Staunton on the natural productions of China
were necessarily very general, the study of insects appears to have engaged his par-
ticular attention ; and on that account we must lament that untoward events precluded
him from observing more minutely the peculiarities of some kinds, and the economical

* (Notwithstanding the observations of Donovan and the various authorities cited by him, it is certainly a
matter of doubt, at the present day, whether the Fulgoree in reality possess any luminous property. No recent
author or traveller has noticed its existence in these insects, although it is related in every work of travels as
exhibited by the Elateridee and Lampyridse. Moreover, the farinaceous matter noticed by Rdsel exists in many
other insects known to be not in the least degree luminous, and of which the woolly or waxen appendages in
Lystra lanata, the Dorthesise, Cocci, &c. is but a modification or more extensive developement. M. Wesmael,
of Brussels, has, however, just reasserted the luminous properties of the South American Fulgora on the
authority of a friend who had witnessed it alive. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1837, App. J. O. W.)

32 HEMIPTERA.

purposes of others. We therefore peruse the following account of an unknown species
of Cicada with particular regret, because it withholds information interesting to the
naturalist, and from its air of novelty is likely to promote an erroneous opinion con-
cerning that singular tribe of insects.

" The low and sometimes marshy country through which the river* passes, is fa-
vourable to the production of insects ; and many of them were troublesome, some prin-
cipally by their sting, and others by their constant stunning noise. The music emitted
by a species of Cicada was not of the vocal kind ; but produced by the motion of two
flaps or lamella which cover the abdomen or belly of the insect. It is the signal of
invitation from the male of that species to allure the female, which latter is quite un-
provided with these organs of courtship."!

Again, when describing a town higher up the river, that author says, " The shops of
Hai-tien, in addition to necessaries, abounded in toys and trifles, calculated to amuse
the rich and idle of both sexes, even to cages containing insects, such as the tioisi/
Cicada, and a large species of the Gryllus.":[:

The reader may imagine from the first account, that the music of every other species
of Cicada is of the vocal kind, or that it is peculiar to this Chinese insect to be furnished
with lamellae that cause a sound. The latter account confirms such conjecture, by
alluding in a specific manner to the noisy Cicada, as to an insect described in a former
part of the work. We must remark, that not only the males of the species mentioned
by that author are furnished with those lamellae, but the whole of that section of the
Linnaean Cicadae which Fabricius has called Tettigonia. The males of the species
included in the other sections of that genus are certainly furnished with them also ;
though some of them are too minute to be observed without a glass. These lamellae vary
in size in different species ; but the accounts we have of them from travellers in foreign
countries, and naturalists both ancient and modern, prove that they all emit a certain
sound to allure the female. As we are unable to ascertain the Chinese species Sir
George mentions, neither figure nor description accompanying his account of it, we must
therefore speak generally of the whole genus, and then confine our remarks to those
species we are acquainted with from China. Among these are C. splendidida, sa/iguinea,
and'^atrata. The latter, we believe, is the largest species of the Chinese Cicadae known
in Europe.

* Pei-ho.

t Chap. 3. Vol. II. octavo.

I Chap. 4. Vol. II.

HEMIPTERA. 33

Some species of this tribe were known to the ancients. With them it was the emblem
of happiness and eternal youth ;* and if we examine the legends of pagan mythology,
we find they were deemed a race of creatures beloved by gods and men. The Athenians
wore golden Cicadae in their hair, to denote their national antiquity ; or that like those
creatures they were the first born of the earth ; and the poets feigned that they partook
r)f the perfection of their deities. f Anacreon depictures in glowing colours the unin-
terrupted felicity of this creature : his ode to the Cicada is appropriate to our inquiry. J

In the infant state of music, men seem to have preferred the natural sounds of some
animals to those of their uncouth instruments. We cannot otherwise account for the
extravagant praise bestowed on the noise of this little creature. It is true, authors agree
that the sounds of some kinds are exceeding loud and liarmoniovis, and in the early ages
of the world these might have a powerful influence on the human mind. It is related
that the ancient Locri, a people of Greece, were so charmed with the song of the Cicada,
that they erected a statue to its honour.§

The ancients had attentively observed the manners of its life, though they indulged

* Probably because it was supposed to live only a short time. The renewal of youth is illustrated by the

story of the Tithonus transformed by Aurora into a Cicada.

t These pagan deities were without flesh or blood, and composed of aerial and watery humours. Such

they imagined the moisture of the Cicada, and perhaps for that reason first assigned it a place among their

demi-gods.

1 Happy creature ! what below Thine the lavished voice of praise,

Can more happy live than thou ? Harbinger of fruitful days ;

Seated on thy leafy throne, Darling of the tuneful nine,

(Summer weaves the verdant crown,) Phoebus is thy sire divine ;

Sipping o'er the pearly lawn Phoebus to thy notes has giv'n

The fragrant nectar of the dawn ; Music from the spheres of heav'n :

Little tales thou lov'st to sing, Happy most, as first of earth,

Tales of mirth— an insect king : All thy hours are peace and mirtli ;

Thine the treasures of the field, Cares nor pains to thee belong.

All thy own the seasons yield ; Thou alone art ever young ;

Nature paints for thee the year, Thine the pure immortal vein.

Songster to the shepherds dear : Blood nor flesh thy life sustain ;

Innocent, of placid fame. Rich in spirits — health thy feast,

What of man can boast the same ? Thou'rt a demi-god at least.

Green's Trans. Ode 43.

§ Some say, that once a certain player of Locri, contesting in the art of music with another, would have
lost the victory, by the breaking of two strings of his instrument, but a Cicada flew to his aid, and resting on
the broken instrument, sung so well, that the Locrian was declared victor. The Locrians erected a statue to
the Cicada as a testimony of their gratitude. It represented the player with the insect on his instrument.

F

34 HEMIPTERA.

in many poetical fictions concerning it ; and particularly wlien they affirmed that it
subsisted on dew. They have told us that it lives among trees,* which circumstance
discountenances the opinion of those moderns who imagine the grashopperst were the
Cicadas of the ancients.

Neither were they ignorant that the males only were furnished with those instruments
which externally appear to produce its sound, or the purpose for which that sound was
emitted ;:{; though it was reserved for more accurate naturalists to discover the complex
organs by which it was caused and modulated. Aldrovandus, near two centuries ago,
described the lamellae, which he compares to the fruit of some herbs, called by modern
botanists Thlaspi.^

Among later naturalists who have noticed the Cicadas of foreign countries, are Me-
rian,|l Margravius,^ &c. Merian says, its tune resembles the sound of a lyre which is
heard at a distance ; and that the Dutch in the plantations of Surinam (where they are
very plentiful) call it the Lyre-player.** Margravius, in his natural history of Brazil,
compares it to the sound of a vibrating wire : he says the tune begins with Gir, gii/r,
and continues with Sis, sis, sis. One species is called Kakkerlaktt in the Indies, perhaps
because the sound emitted by it may be likened to the pronunciation of that word. Mr.

* Dr. Martyn supposed this refers to the smaller branches in hedges, rather than to the lofty trees in
forests : we cannot entirely coincide with that opinion.

t Giushopper. Cicada. They live almost every where in hot countries. Lovel. Hist. Animal, containing
the sumnie of all authors ancient and modern, p. "274, 8fc. SfC.

Cicada, a Sauterelle," or, according to others, a balm cricket. — Non est quod vulgo, a grashopper, vocamus ;
sed insectum longfe diversuni, corpore et rotundiore et breviore, qui arbusculis insidet et sonum quadruple ma-
jorum edit, a grashopper, rectfe locustum reddideris, Mori ex Ray. Ainsworth.

X Xenarchus, an old Grecian play-writer, used to say jocosely, that "the Cicadse were very happy because
they had silent wives." Aristotle also knew the sexual difference of them ; he mentions them as a delicious
food : he preferred the males when young, but more so the females before she laid her eggs.

§ Thalaspi parvum Hieraciifolium, sive Lunariam luteam Monspel. et Leucoium luteum marinum. Label.
Stirpium Adversaria nova, p. 74. — Aldrov.

II Merian. Insecta Surinamensia.

% Georgi Margravii rer. nat. Brasiliae. Lib. 7. p. 257.

** De Lierman.

ft Scopoli ,Carn. Yeats describes the Kakkerlak of the American islands as a species ofBlatta, cock-roaches.
Are there not two insects of that name ? — one of them is, we believe, a Blatta. Indeed, Latreille has made
use of the name Kakkerlak for a genus of Blattidse.

" SaK<ereZ?e, sorte d'insecte. A locust or grashopper. Boyer. — Cigale, ix flying insect. The Cicada of
the ancients, unknown in England. Boyer.

HEiVIIPTERA. 3r)

Abbot, an accurate observer and collector of natural history in iVort/i Aiucr/ca, has
discovered four new^ species of Cicada, one of them nearly equal in size to our Cicada
Atrata. This, he says, was found in great abundance one season in some swampy
grounds near the Susquehanna river, and was remarkable on account of its loud noise,
which at a little distance resembled the ringing o^ horse-ht'l/.s*

Some naturalists have supposed that the sound of the Cicada is caused by the
flapping of the lamellae against the abdomen ; and others, that it is only a noise occa-
sioned by the rustling of the segments of the body in the contractile motion of tliat
part. Beckmanf imagines it is caused by beating the body and legs against the wings :
he has endeavoured to explain the meaning of ancient authors, and deduce its etymology
from that circumstance.^

Reaumur and Roesel have dissected several of the Cicadse, and discovered that the
lamelloc cannot have that free motion necessary to cause such a sound ; but that it is
produced by some internal organs of the insect, and only issues through the opening-
concealed under the lamellae as through the mouth of a musical instrument. §

* Communicated by Mr. Abbot, in North America, to Mr. Francillon, in London.

t Roes. Insecten Bellustigung. — Ciiiiistiani Beckmanni, Bornensis, manuductionem ad latinam linguam :
nee non de originibus latinse linguae, &c.

X It is the common opinion that the word Cicada has its origin from quod cito cadat, which, after a
general interpretation, implies that the Cicadse soon vanish, or are short-lived. Beckman maintains that this
opinion is absurd, and proves that its name is derived from singing, because w acuv signifies a sound produced
by the motion of a little skin ; and that ciceum or cicum is a thin little skin of a pomegranate that parts the
kernels. — Beckman not knowing the insect, or not imagining that the little skin was an appendage to the
abdomen, concluded it must mean the transparent wings, and consequently that the sound was produced by
beating them against the body : but this interpretation, if applied to the lamellaa instead of the wings, will
directly prove the origin of its name, and knowledge of the ancients.

^ For the satisfaction of the curious reader, we detail the most interesting particulars concerning the
organization of these parts from Reaumur's Histoire des Insectes, and Roesel's Verschiedene uuslaendische
sorten von Cicaden, Sfc.

The music of the Cicada is not caused by the motion of the lamellae as some have supposed. Reaumur
observes, that although the lamella have a kind of moveable hinge, they have also a stiff and pointed tooth, or
spine, that prevents them from being lifted far back ; and if strained are very liable to be broken.

From the anatomical description of Roesel, we find that, within the two hollows that are seen when the
lamellae are lifted up, two very smooth skins are visible ; these are highly polished, of nearly a semicircular
shape, and reflect prismatic colours : there is between these a hard brown projection, or corner which unites
with another piece above them in a longitudinal direction, to the under part of the breast. This longitudinal
piece divides a triangular red space or field into two parts, one on the right side, and the other on the left.
Above these, in a transverse direction, are seen two small yellow skins; the lamelliie in their natural position
conceal these organs because they fold exactly over them.

Reaumur, in the exterior appearance of these parts, could discover nothing that could lead to determine the

.36 HEMIPTERA.

The suppositions of these authors seem well founded ; we have examined many
species that were unknown to them, and find the spine before mentioned so placed
m many insects as to prevent the motion of the lamellae. We have a specimen from
America, which, in addition to the usual organs of sound, have two large hollow pro-
tuberances or drums ; one on each side of the abdomen ; and must, we imagine, produce
a louder sound than any yet discovered ; a species very similar to this is also brought
from New Holland.

The proboscis of these insects is a hard or horny tube, in which a very acute slender
sucking-pipe is concealed. The horny tube is not unlike a gimlet in form, and is used
bjr those creatures to bore through the bark of trees, to extract the juices on which it
feeds. Linnaeus has named the species of one division, in his System, Mannifera, because
they had been observed to fly among ash trees, bore many holes in them, and when the
manna had oozed out return and carry it off.

With this proboscis they bore holes in the small twigs of the extreme branches of
trees and deposit their eggs in them, sometimes to the amount of six or seven hundred.
As each cell contains no more than from twelve to twenty eggs, it does great damage to
the trees they frequent. Stoll says, " the common one,* which is found at Surinam in
the coffee plantations, greatly injures those trees ; the females depositing their eggs in

oi;gaiis of the sound ; and he was not satisfied that the shght motion of the lameliis on these parts could
produce the loud singing noise of the Cicada. He opened a few cicadae on the back part of the body, so tliat
the inner structure of the under side was displayed, and especially the parts connected to the curious organs
he had discovered under the lamellae. At last he discovered two large muscles, which at their point of union
formed a space almost square, and were connected with the red triangular fields he had observed on the under
side : as he concluded these formed a material part of the organs he wished to discover, he examined them
attentively, and found that, by moving them backwards and forwards, he could make a cicada sing that had
been dead many months. Although the sound was not strong, it tended to prove that he had discovered the
instrument that produced it. — In another part he says, it is evident the sound is caused by the little skins con-
nected to the muscles, because when they were rubbed with a bit of paper they emitted that kind of sound.

Roesel has discovered two little pieces of horny substance that are connected by a sort of fibre within the
skins, in the body, and he supposes when this is in motion, it strikes against the before-mentioned thin skins,
and produces a sound, by the same means as a hollow body, or drum, when struck with a stick : and also that
this noise may be varied or modulated by a slight motion of the lamellae, but cannot be produced without the
assistance of the internal nerves and muscles connected with the organs first describe!.

Authors agree that the Cicadfe of hot countries emit the loudest sound. It appears from the papers of
Mr. Smeethman (who resided a considerable time in Africa) published by Mr. Drury, that the sound of some
kinds peculiar to that part of the world is so loud as to be heard at half a mile distance : and that the singing
of one within doors silences a whole company. — The same attentive observer says, the open parts of the country
are never without their music, some singing in the evening, and others only in the day.

• La C'igale Vieilleuse. Cicada Tibicen,

HEMIPTERA. 37

die young shoots, and in holes they bore with their sheath. They live on the juices of
the trees."

M. Merian gives a figure and account of the metamorphosis of a cicada found in
Surinam. She has mistaken the winged insect to be only the pupa of the^ Fu/gora
Latevuaria, which is too absurd to deserve contradiction ; in other respects her account
is interesting, and particularly that part which relates to the pupa state, or chafer, as it
is termed. " The pomegranate tree," says Merian, " so well known in all other countries,
grows also in the fields of Surinam. On them I have found a species of chafer, which
is naturally very lazy, and consequently very easy to be caught. It carries underneath
the head a long trunk, with which it easily penetrates the flowers, in order to extract the
honey from them. On the 20th of May, when they were laying quite quiet, the skin of
the back burst open, and green flies, with transparent wings, issued from them. These
flies are found in abundance in Surinam, and have such a rapid flight, that it took me
many hours to catch one."

The pupa Donovan received from China with Cicada atrata very much resembles
that figured by Merian. It has the long sucking trunk or proboscis ; but the most
formidable of its weapons seem to be the fore feet, which are thick, strong, and armed
with spines or teeth ; with these it may do more injury to the plants, by tearing off" the
tender shoots, than by wounding the trunk to extract the moisture.

The upper and under side of a male of Cicada atrata are represented, not only to
illustrate our preceding remarks, but because Donovan believed no figure had been given
of it by any author, unless De Zweite Chineesche decide of Stoll (PI. 20. fig. 118.) is
intended for this insect.

The general appearance of both sexes of Cicada atrata is very similar, except that
the female is furnished with a sheath, and the male with lamellae. The sheath of the
female is partly concealed within a valve at the extremity of the abdomen, and is only
protruded when the creature lays her eggs. In the figure of the under surface of a male
insect, exhibited in the annexed plate, the lamellse are distinguished by two stars : the
single star denotes the situation of tiie spine, mentioned by Roesel and Reaumur.

The Camphor-tree, Launis CampJiora, is represented in the plate. The tree whic!i
produces the useful drug camphor is very abundant in Japan and China. Sir G. Staunton
says, it is the only species of the laurel genus growing in China, where it is a large anJ
valuable timber tree, and is never cut up for the sake of the drug; but that substance is
obtained by decocting the small branches, twigs, and leaves, and subliming the camplior
in luted earthen vessels. A purer sort is brought from the island of Borneo and Japan,
which is supposed to be a natural exudation from the tree when the bark is wounded.
Sir G. Staunton says, the Camphor-tree is felled in those countries for tlje sole purpose
of finding the drug in substance among the splinters.

HEMIPTERA.

Plate 16. fig. 1.

Ch. Sp. C. nigra, facie, thoracis maculis duabus, abdomineque sanguineis. Exp. alar, if unc.
C. black, with the face, two spots on the thorax, and the abdomen blood red. Ex-
panse of the wings 2-| inches.
Syn. Cicada Sanguinea, De Gecr Ins. 3. 221. tab. 34. Jiff. 17. Donovan, \sf edit.

' Tettigonia Sanguinolenta, Gozen Entomol. Beitr. II. ;;. 1.50. Fabricius Ent. Syst.
4. p. 25. Germar in Silberm. Rev. Ent.

The specific name'^ sanguinea of De Geer having the priority, is here retained in pre-
ference to that of Fabricius (Ent. Syst.), which is identical with that of another species
of the Linnsean Cicadae, as well as with that which, in his Systema Rhyngotorum, he has
proposed in lieu of C. haematodes of his earlier works, which is however distinct from
the LinnseanX!. haematodes, and for which it will be necessary to employ another specific

c> CICADA AMBIGUA.

Plate 16. fig. 2.

Ch. Sp. C. olivacea, elytris hyahnis, marginibus anticis testaceis. Expans. alar. 3| unc.

C. olive coloured, with the elytra clear, the anterior margin testaceous. Expanse of
the wings 3| inches.
Syn. - Cicada ambigua, ponov. 1st edit.

Received by Mr. Drury from China.

"^ LYSTRA LAN ATA.

Plate 16. fig. 3.

Family. Fulgoridje.
•/ C> Genus. Lystra, Fabricius.

Ch. Sp. L. elytris apice nigris, punctis cceruleis, fronte lateribusque rubris, ano lanato. Ex-
pans, alar. 1| unc.
L. with the elytra black at the tips, spotted with blue, with the front and sides of the
head red, abdomen woolly at the extremity. Expanse of the wings 1| inch.
Syn. ^ 5 Cicada lanata, Linn Syst. Nat. 2. 711. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 30. Syst. Rhyng.
p. 56. Sulzer Ins. t. 9./. 11. Stoll Cicad. t. 10./. 49.

'?^

^. '^/2ifa//a

^7#/^y/^//^/////^

r,

I"

-e ^c/V^ I J //A/^ y/////^///./

^. ^ya/^i^j

//•>^///////./.

HEMIPTERA. 39

One of the most beautiful species of the Indian Cicadee. The wing cases are black,
elegantly reticulated, and spotted with bright blue. At the extremity of the abdomen
it has a tuft of long and very delicate hairs, intermixed with others that are rather con-
voluted and of a coarser texture. The whole of this insect, but particularly between the
abdomen and wings, is sometimes profusely covered with a fine powder of a snowy white-
ness, similar to that observed on the Flata limbata in the imperfect state ; hence we
may conclude it is also one of those insects which furnish the white wax* so highly
esteemed in China.

° CICADA SPLENDIDULA.

Plate 16. fig. 4.

Cii. Sp. C. elytiis fusco-aureis, femoiibus anticis incrassato-dentatis rufis. Long. Corp. alls

claus. I unc.
C. with golden brown elytra, the anterior femora incrassated , toothed and red, thorax

and scutellum varied with yellow and black. Length, with the wings closed,

i inch.
Syn. Cicada splendidula, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 4. ;;. 25. Syst. Rhyiitj. p. 42.

Figured from the unique specimen in the collection of Mr. Drury, described by
Fabricius.

^ CERCOPIS ABDOMINALIS.

Plate 16. fig. 5.

^ Family. Cercopid.^.
^ Genus. Cercopis, Fabricius.

Cii. Sp. C. atra nitida, thorace immaculato, elytris basi fasciaque media flavescentibus ; ab-
domine sanguineo. Long. Corp. alis clausis \ unc.
C. black shining, thorax without spots, elytra with the base and a central fascia
yellowish, abdomen sanguineous. Length, with the wings shut, 4 inch.
Syn. Cicada abdorainalis, Donovan, \st Edit.

0 Cercopis Heros ? Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 89.

Vide Sir G. Staunton's Hist. Emb. Chi

HEMIPTERA.

^ TETTTGONIA FRONTALIS.

Plate 16. fig. 6.

Gexus. Tettigonia, Latreille, Germar.

Ch. Sp. T. pallida, occipite thoraceque punctis qiiinquq n'gns, fronte puncto nigro inter
oculos, elytris sanguineis. Epans. alar, fere 1 unc.
T. pale, with five black spots on the head and thorax, and one in front between the
eyes, elytra red. Expanse of the wings nearly 1 inch.
Syn. ^ Cicada frontalis, Donovan, \sf Edit.

C'Cicada ceeruleipennis ? Fab. Syst. Rh. p. 73.

"^ FLATA NIGRICORNIS.

Plate 17.

Genus. Plata, Fabricius.

Ch. Sp. F. exalbida, alis deflexis, elytris punctis marginis interioris antennisque nigris.
Expans. alar, fere 2 unc.
F. whitish, with the wings deflexed, the elytra being spotted with black along the
posterior margin, antennae black. Expanse of the wings nearly 2 inches.
Syn. Plata nigricornis, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 45.

s, o Cicada lirabata, var. Fab. Sp. Ins. 1. p. 322. Donovan, \st Edit.

This singular insect, and the plant on which it is represented, have an equal claim to
attention, both as objects of natural curiosity, and importance in domestic economy. The
larva is an elegant and beautiful creature, and China is indebted to its labours for
the fine white wax so much esteemed in the East Indies. The plant is not less in-
teresting, as it produces the vegetable tallow, in general use throughout the Chinese
empire.

The novelty of these productions could not fail attracting the notice of those learned
Europeans who were first permitted to reside in China, and whose object was to promote
sciences and arts, as well as the christian knowledge. Both the Wax-insect and Tallow-
tree are spoken of in their writings as extraordinary and peculiar advantages to the
country. Du Halde, especially in his splendid work I'Histoire de la Chine, treats
largely on these productions, in the sections Cire blanche cVInsectes et I'arbre qui parte le
suif. His relations are, perhaps, too prolix, but they are evidently the result of attentive

^o

cy UI//7 // /^ V r^ ? v'/7 ^'y

HEMIPTERA. 41

observation, and serve to illustrate the Natural History, and economical purposes of the
subjects we are noticing.

The following is the account given by the author : " De la Cire Blanche, faitc par
(les insectes, ct nominee Tchang pe la, cest-a-dire, Cire blanche cTinsectes. — Ki dit. La Cire
blanche dont il s'agit ici, nest pas la meme que la cire blanche des Abeilles. Ce sont de
petits insectes qui la forment. Ces insectes succent le sue de I'espece d arbres nommee
Tong tpn, et a la longue ils le changent en une sorte de graisse blanche, qu'ils attachent
aux branches de Tarbre.

" II y en a qui disent que c'est la fiente de ces insectes, qui s'attachant a I'arbre, forme
cette Cire, mais ils se trorapent. On la tire en raclant les branches dans la saison de
TAutomne ; on la fait fondre sur le feu, et I'ayant passee, on la verse dans I'eau froide
ou elle se fige, et se forme en pains. Quand on I'a rompue, on voit dans les morceaux
brisez, des veines comme dans la pierre blanche ou congelation nommee Pe che cao ; elle
est polie et brillante : on la mele avec de I'huile, et on en fait des chandelles. Elle est
beaucoup superieure a celles que font les Abeilles.

" Chi tchin dit. Ce n'est que sous la Dynastie des Yuen qu'on a commence a con-
noitre la cire formee par ces insectes. L'usage en est devenu fort commun, soit dans la
medecine, soit pour faire des bougies. II s'en trouve dans les Provinces de Se tcliuen de
Hon quang, de Yunnan, de Fo kien, de Tche kiang, de Kiang nan, et generalement dans
tons les quartiers du Sud-Est. Celle qu'on ramasse dans les Provinces de Se tchuen et
&' Yunnan, et dans les territoires de Hen tcheou, et de Yung tcheou est la meilleure.

" L'arbre qui porte cette cire, a les branches, et les feiiilles semblables a celles du
Tong ^in. II conserve sa verdure durant toutes les saisons : II pousse des fleurs blanches
en bouquets durant la cinquieme Lune ; il porte des fruits en bayes, gros comme le fruit
du Kin rampant.

" Quand ils ne sont pas murs, ils sont de couleur verte ; et ils deviennent noiratres,
lorsqu'ils murissent, au lieu que le fruit de Tong fin est rouge. Les insectes qui s"y
attachent sont fort petits. Quand le soleil parcourt les quinze derniers degrez des
Gemeaux, ils se repandent en grimpant sur les branches de Tarbre ; ils en tirent le sue,
et jettent par la bouche une certaine bave, qui s'attachant aux branches encore tendres,
se changent en une graisse blanche, laquelle se durcit, et prend la forme de cire. On
diroit que c'est de la gelee blanche que le froid a durcie.

" Quand le soleil parcourt les quinze premiers degrez du Signe de la Vierge, on fait
la recolte de la Cire, en Tenlevant de dessus les branches. Si Ton difTere a la cueillir
que le Soleil ait entierement parcouru ce Signe, il est difficile de la detacher, meme en
la raclant.

" Ces insectes sont blancs quand ils sont jeunes, et c'est alors qu'ils font leur cire.

42 HEMIPTERA.

Quands ils deviennent vieux, ils sont d'un chatain qui tire sur le noir. C'est alors que
formant de petits pelotons, ils s'attachent aux branches de Farbre. Ces pelotons sont au
commencement de la grosseur d'un grain de mil : vers I'entree du printemps ils com-
mencement a grossir et a s'etendre. lis sont attachez aux branches de Farbre en forme
de grappes, et a les voir, on diroit que Farbre est charge de fruits. Quand ils sont sur le
point de mettre bas leurs oeufs, ils font leur nid de meme que les chenilles. Chacun de
ce nids ou pelotons contient plusieurs centaines de petits ceufs blancs.

" Dans le tems que le soleil parcourt la seconde moitie du Taureau on les cueille, et
les ayant enveloppez dans des feiiilles de Vo (espece de simple a larges feiiilles) ; on les
suspend a differens arbres. Apres que le Soleil est sorti du Signe de Gemaux, ces
pelotons s'ouvrent, et les ceufs produisent des insectes, qui sortant les uns apres les
autres des feiiilles dont ils sont enveloppez, montent sur Farbre ou ils font ensuite
leur cire.

" On doit avoir soin d'entretenir le dessous de Farbre toujours propre, et de le
garantir des fourmis qui mangent ces insectes. On voit deux autres arbres auxquels on
pent attacher les insectes, et qui porteront egalement de la cire ; Fun qui se nomme
Tien tchu, et Fautre qui est un espece d'arbre aquatique, dont les feiiilles ressemblent
assez a celles du Tilleul.

" Qualitez et effects de cette cire. — Elle est d'une nature qui n'est ni froide ni chaude,
et qui n'a aucune qualite nuisible. Elle fait croitre les chairs, elle arrete le sang, elle
apaise les douleurs, elle retablit les forces, elle unit les nerfs; et rejoint les os, prise en
poudre dont on forme de pillules, elles fait mourir les vers qui causent la phtisie.

" Tchi hen dit. La Cire blanche est sous la denomination du metal : ses esprits
corroborent, fortifient, et sont propres a ramasser et a resserrer. C'est une drogue
absolument necessaire aux chirurgiens : elle a des effects admirables, quand on la fait
entrer avec de la peau de Ho hoang dans la composition de Fonguent, qui fait renaitre et
croitre les chairs." Du Halde, Vol. IV. p. 495, large Folio, 1735.

Sir G. Staunton, in his learned work, has also described the Wax insect ; he found
it at Turon Bay, in Cochin China, and has caused it to be represented in a vignette
plate, with the following description. " Among other objects of natural curiosity,
accident led to the observation of some swarms of uncommon insects busily employed
upon small branches of a shrub, then neither in fruit nor flower, but in its general habit
bearing somewhat the appearance of a privet. These insects, each not much exceeding
the size of the domestic fly, were of a curious structure, having pectinated appendages
rising in a curve, bending towards the head, not unlike the form of the tail feathers of
the common fowl, but in the opposite direction. Every part of the insect was, in colour,
of a perfect white, or at least completely covered with a white powder. The particular

HEMIPTERA. 43

stem frequented by those insects, was entirely whitened by a substance or powder of that
colour, strewed upon it by them. The substance or powder was supposed to form the
white wax of the East. This substance is asserted, on the spot, to have the property, by
a particular manipulation, of giving in certain proportions, with vegetable oil, such
solidity to the composition as to render the whole equally capable of being moulded into
candles. The fact is ascertained, indeed, in some degree, by the simple experiment of
dissolving one part of this wax in three parts of olive oil made hot. The whole, when
cold, will coagulate into a mass, approaching to the firmness of bees' wax."

From the accurate description and figures of the latter author, it is evident, the
creature that produces the white wax of China, is an imperfect insect, or technically
speaking, the pupa of an insect, which, in its mature state, is furnished with wings. This
is clearly the fact, for the rudiments of wings are visible in the figures alluded to. *

Stoll, in his work on Cimices and Cicada, gives a figure of this immature insect
under the title of De Waldraagster (Nyniphe) or La Cigale Porte Laine, fig. 144,
together with the winged insect at fig. 145 ; and it is on this authority the latter is
introduced in the annexed plate. There is, indeed, much similarity between the pupa
and the imago, and some striking characteristics are common to both. They agree in
the structure of the antennae and proboscis, or sucking trunk ; the abdomen of the winged
insect is also loaded with a fine white powder, and is furnished at the extremity with a
tuft of down and hairs, similar to that so eminently conspicuous in the pupa state. We
have, however, observed the white powder and tuft on the abdomen of Lystra lanata,
and have reason to imagine it also forms a white wax, similar to that of the present
species.

Fabricius, in his Species Insectorum, described this insect as a variety of Cicada
limbata, which is of a light green colour, with a red margin ; that which Stoll has
figured, and with which this agrees, is of a pale brown, with a black margin. These are
the species and variety Fabricius describes, for the specimens referred to by Fabricius,
in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, agree precisely with our insects. Fabricius notes
the habitat i^frica. Stoll received the green specimen from the Island of Ceylon ; the
pale sort from Africa. The larva we have represented is from China ; and the imago
was brought from the East Indies, by the late Mr. Ellis.

* This may account for a passage in Gordons description of China, where he says, " In the plains" of
Houquang " are vast numbers of httle worms that produce wax, in the same manner as bees do honey," if
we understand by worms, insects not arrived at maturity ; for the larva of Bonibyx Mori, is also termed a silk
worm, though it belongs to the moth tribe when perfect.

44 HEMIPTERA.

Croton Sebifcrmn — Poplar-leaved Croton, o?- Tallow-tree. — The Tallow-tree is not the
natural food of the Wax insect, but as they mutually illustrate the same inquiry, they are
represented in the same plate ; and it is further presumed, that a short account of this
useful plant will be deemed a proper sequel to the history of the insect.

Du Halde, when describing the Tallow-tree, says, " II est de la hauteur d'une grande
cerisier. Le fruit est renfermee dans un ecorce qu'on appelle Ve}i Kiou, et qui s'ouvre
par le milieu quand il est mur, comme celle de la chataigne. II consiste en des grains
blancs de la grosseur d"un noisette, dont la chair a les qualitez du suif ; aussi en fait-on
des chandelles, apres I'avoir fait fondre, en y melant souvent un peu d'huile ordinaire, et
trempant les chandelles dans la cire qui vient sur I'arbre dont je vais parler : il s"en
forme autour du suif une espece de croute qui I'empeche de couler. Page 18. Vol. I.

Sir G. Staunton speaks nearly to the same effect : " From the fruit of the Croton
sclnferum, of Linnasus, the Chinese obtain a kind of vegetable fat, with which they make
a great proportion of their candles. This fruit, in its external appearance, bears some
resemblance to the berries of the ivy. As soon as it is ripe, the capsule opens and
divides into two, or, more frequently, three divisions, and falling off discovers as many
kernels, each attached by a separate foot-stalk, and covered with a fleshy substance of a
snowy whiteness, contrasting beautifully with the leaves of the tree, which, at this
season, are of a tint between a purple and a scarlet. The fat, or fleshy substance, is
separated from the kernels by crushing and boiling them in water. The candles made of
this fat are firmer than those of tallow, as well as free from all offensive odour. They
ai'e not, however, equal to those of wax or spermaceti." This author further adds,
" The wax for candles is generally the produce of insects, feeding chiefly on the privet,
as is mentioned in the chapter of Cochin China. It is naturally white, and so pure as to
produce no smoke ; but is collected in such small quantities, as to be scarce and dear.
Cheap candles are also made of tallow, and even of grease of too little consistence to
be used, without the contrivance of being coated with the firmer substance of the tallow-
tree or of wax." Vide Chapter on Sou-choo-foo.

The tallow-tree is now cultivated in the West Indies, where it thrives well, and
produces fruit, and by proper attention may hereafter become useful.

Jm^^it^.

Oy

j'C/'i/zi^uz' (- y^ui/^:ii^'.

HEMIPTERA. 45

BELOSTOMA INDICA?

Plate 18.

Sl'b-Ouder. Hemipterita, Kirby.

Section. Hydrocorisa, Latreille.

Family. Nepid*, Leach.

Genus. Belostoma, Latreille. Nepa p. Linn.

Cn. Sp. B. " squalid^ lutea, maculis fuscis, femoiibus anticis nigro-lineatis, coxis quatuor

posticis immaculatis." Long. Corp. 3 unc.
B. dirty clay coloured with brown spots, the anterior femora with black lines, and

the four posterior coxse immaculate. Length 3 inches.
Syn. Belostoma indica? Enc. Meth. X. p. 272.

Nepa grandis, Donovan, \st edit. Stoll Cimic. 2. t. 7. f. 4. (Exclus. synon.

Linn. Fabr. Merian, R'usel, and De Geer.)

M. Merian has given a plate and description of the South American Belostoma
grandis in her work on the Insects of Surinam. We learn from that account, that in the
larva and pupa state it lives in the vi^ater ; that it is a voracious creature, and feeds not
only on the weaker kinds of aquatic insects, but on some animals much larger than itself.
The pupa* is represented on the back of a large frog in the water, and is designed to
portray the manner in which it fastens on those creatures, holding them between its strong-
curved fore feet, and extracting the juices of their bodies through its singularly constructed
beak. M. Merian says, the winged insect was produced from one of these pupae on the
twelfth of May, 1710.

Every writer on this insect since M. Merian appears indebted to her for their account
of these few particulars ; for though all the European species of the same family undergo
precisely the same changes in their aquatic dwellings, among decayed vegetables, &c. at
the bottom of the water, and quit it only in the winged state,")" we are indebted to her for
the time of the appearance of this exotic species in that state, as well as for a correct
figure of its pupa.

Linnaeus, following Merian, gives Surinam as the country of B. grandis; Margravius,

* The pupa is semi-completa : unUke the pupa of the Lepidoptera, &c. it scarcely differs in appearance or
manners of life from the complete insect, but has only the rudiments of the wings. See the lower figure in the
accompanying plate.

t Nepa cinerea and linearis are English species of this family ; these live in the water till they have wings,
when they occasionally quit it to pursue other winged creatures.

46 HEMIPTERA.

Brasil; and Fabricius, America generally. Donovan observed a slight difference between
the Chinese specimen and the figures in preceding works referred to by Fabricius ; but
he nevertheless gave it as the Nepa Grandis of Fabricius, on the authority of the collection
of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. The Asiatic species are, however, now re-
garded as specifically distinct from those of America, and hence I have given this doubt-
ingly as the B. indica of Saint Fargeau.

BELOSTOMA (SPH.ERODEMA) RUSTICA.

Plate 19. fig. 1.

Ch. Sp. B. rotundata, ecaudata, fusca, thoracis elytrorumque maigine antico albido. Long.
Corp. lin. 7 J.
B. round, without a tail, brown, with the margin of the elytra and the front of the
thorax pale. Length of the body 7| lines.
Syn. Nepa rustica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 62. 3. (Exclus. syn. Enc. Meth. X. p. 273. et

Laporte Revis. Hemipt. p. 18. Diplonychus rusticus.) Laporte op. cit. p. 83.
Nepa plana, Sulz. Hist. his. t. 10./. 2. Stoll Cim. 2. t. 1 . f. fi.

Insects in general discover an extraordinary degree of care and ingenuity in depositing
their eggs in the most secure situations, or places where the infant brood, when hatched,
may be provided with proper sustenance. Those of the aquatic kind usually lay them
in recesses in the mud or sand, or under loose stones that lie at the bottom of the water :
others, with as much care, and more ingenuity, hollow out the interior substance of the
large stalks of water plants, and deposit their eggs in them ; or, rising out of the water,
lay them in the extreme branches of those plants, to secure them from other aquatic
depredators. Belostoma rustica displays even more sagacity, or attachment for its eggs,
than those creatures ; for it never leaves them. Till they are hatched, it bears them on
its back, in a cluster of an oval shape ; these eggs are of an oblong form, and are fastened
by the narrowest end to a thin film, or plate of cement, that causes them to adhere to the
polished surface of the wing cases'; when these eggs, about a hundred in number, are
hatched, it casts off the exuviae of the cluster, and differs no longer in general appearance
from the male of the same species.

Our figures represent the situation of the eggs on the back, and the insect also after
they are cast off. It is not commonly received with the eggs upon it. Found on the
coast of Coromandel, as well as China.

■-?<

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4*

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tyy

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£. c [ yid /I r/uc w^

HEMIPTERA.

NEPA RUBRA.

Plate 19. fig. 2.

Gexis. Nepa, LinncBUS.

Ch. Sp. N. oblongo-ovata, depressa, fusca, longe bicaudata, nbdomiiie supra rubro, liriea

nigra. Long. Corp. (cauda exclus.) 1-j iinc.
N. oblong-ovate, depressed, brown, with two long filaments at the anus, abdomen

above red, with a black dorsal line. Length \\ inch.
Sy\. Nepa rubra, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 713. 2. Fubr. Syst. Rhym/. p. 107.

CALLIDEA OCELLATA.

Plate 20. fig. 1.

Section. Geocokisa, Latreille.
Family. ScuTELLERiDyE, Leach.

Genus. Callidea, Laporte. Chrysocoris, Hahii. Cimex p. Linn. Tetyra p. Fabricius.
Cii. Sp. C. carnea thorace scutelloque maculis flavescentibus, quibusdam puncto occllari atro.
Long. Corp. | unc.
C. orange-red, thorax and scutellum with yellow spots, some of which have a black
central spot. Length J inch.
Syn. Cimex ocellatus, Thnnberg Nov. Sp. f. 72.

Tetyra dispar. Fab. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 81. Syst. Rhynrj. p. 129. Stoll Cimic. t. 37.
/. 260. Donov. 1st edit.

This curious insect is among the number of those lately brought from China. A
figure of the upper surface is represented on a leaf of the Camellia Sesanqua, one of the
vignette plates of Sir G. Staunton's History of the late Embassy to that country ; a
coloured figure and a short account of it may therefore prove acceptable to the readers of
his volumes.

Stoll has also given a figure of it, and has also represented another sort, which he
considers as the female (letter A) ; it has no black points in the yellow spots of the
thorax and scutellum : he mentions the Isle of Formosa as the native country of his
specimens.

Fabricius observes, that it varies according to the sex by having an acute spine on
each side of the thorax, as represented in the accompanying figures ; this statement is,
however, denied in the Encyclopedic Methodique, vol. x. p. 410, by Messrs. Saint Fargeau

48 HEMIPTERA.

and Serville. The absence of these spines, although not perhaps a sexual character,
certainly indicates a remarkable variety. I have certainly seen specimens destitute of
these spines.

The pupa figured at the bottom of the plate on the left hand side is probably that
of Tetyra Druraei or some allied species. Donovan is entirely silent respecting it.

ASTEMMA SCHLANBUSCHII.

Plate 20. fig. 2.

Family. Lyg.eid.i.

Genus. Astemma, Laporte. Lygceus, Fabr.

Cn. Sp. a. sanguinea, thorace fascia abbreviata, scutello, elytroriim puncto alisque atris.

Long. Corp. fere J unc.
A. red, thorax with an anterior abbreviated black band ; scutellum, wings, and a spot

on each wing-cover, black. Length nearly | inch.
Syn. Lygeeus Schlanbuschii, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 155. Syst. Rh. p. 222.

The accompanying figure does not represent the anterior transverse thoracic black
band mentioned in the Fabrician description ; the species varies in this respect. The
pupa figured on the right hand side at the bottom of the plate is most probably that of
this insect, although Donovan is entirely silent concerning it.

CALLIDEA STOCKERUS.

Plate 21. fig. 1.

Family. Scutellerid;e.

Genus. Callidea, Laporte. Ciniex p. Linn. Tetyra p. Fabr.

Cn. Sp. C. ceerulea, thorace punctis 6, sc. 3 parvis anticis, 3 majoribus posticis ; scutello 7,
apiceque nigris. Long. Corp. Un. 6.
C. blue, the thorax with 6 spots, three small in front, and three behind larger ; the
scutellum with 7 large spots, and the apex black. Length 6 lines.
Syn. Cimex Stockerus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p.7\5. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 79.

Cimex Stollii, Wolff.

This insect seems to be very common in China ; for we rarely receive a parcel of the
insects of China that does not include many of them. There are several distinct, but very

M

"^

p//y^j .

HEMIPTERA. 49

closely allied, species, which have been regarded as varieties, but which appear to be
constant in their variations, being- inhabitants likewise of distinct countries. These vary
not only in their tints and the number of their spots, but also in their outline, which
seems clearly to prove them specifically distinct. Donovan mentions one of these as " a
charming miniature variety of C. Stockerus from Africa cequin. about one-third of the size
of the Chinese specimens, and of a very deep blue colour. The marks both on the upper
and under side precisely resemble those in the annexed figures."

RAPHIGASTER AURANTIUS.

Plate 21. fig. 2.

Family. Fentatomid*.

Genus. Raphigaster, Laporte. Edessa p. Fabr.

Cii. Sp. R. aurantius, capite thoracis margine antico, abdominis maculis marginalibus pedi-

busque atris. Long. Corp. 1 \ unc.
R. orange-coloured, with the head, anterior margin of the thorax, lateral spots of the

abdomen, antennae and legs, black. Length \\ inch.
Syn. Cimex aurantius, Fair. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 105. Syst. Rhyng. p. 149. (Edessa a.)

Sulzer Ins. t. 10./. 10. Stoll Cimic, t. 6./. 39.

CHARIESTERUS CRUCIGER.

Plate 21. fig. 3.

Family. Coiieid*, Leach.

Genus. Chariesterus, Laporte, Burm. Lygseus p. Fabr.

Ch. Sp. Ch. thorace acut6 spinoso; oblongus, supra niger, thorace lineis, elytris cruce, fenu-
gineis. Long. Corp. lin. 10.
Ch. with the angles of the thorax acutely spined ; oblong, black above, thorax with
two lines and the margins orange, elytra with an orange cross. Length 10 lines.
Syk. Cimex cruciger, Fabr. Mant. his. 2. 289. 104.

Lygseus cruciger, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. /). 141.

Donovan states, that this insect was " from the collection of Mr. Francillon, who re-
ceived it from China. Fabricius describes it as a native of Brazil." This is certainly
the true locality of the species. Donovan's figure was taken from a specimen which
wanted the terminal joint of the antennae.

H

HEMIPTERA.

CERBUS TENEBROSUS?

Plate 21. fig. 4.

Genus. Cerbus, Hahn. Anisoscelis, Latr. Lygseus p. Fabr.

Ch. Sp. C. cinnamomeo-fuscus, antennis apice tibiisque dilutioribus. Long. Corp. unc. 1.

C. cinnamon-brown, with the tips of the antennae and tibiae paler. Length 1 inch.
Syn. Lygaeus tenebrosus? Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 13.5. Burm. Handh. der Ent. 1.

p. 340.

Lygaeus Phasianus, Donov. \st edit.

Donovan gave this as identical with the Lygaeus Phasianus, Fabr. from tropical Africa,
although his specimens vi^ere brought from China by the late Mr. Ellis. This figure
appears rather to represent a female of the common Lyg. tenebrosus.

HARPACTOR BIFIDUS.

Plate '21. fig. 5.

Family. Reduviid-e.

Genus. Harpactor, Laporte. Reduvius p. Fabr.

Ch. Sp. H. ater, elytris fascia rufa, scutello spina erecta apice bifida. Long. Corp. ^^ unc.

H. black, elytra with a red bar, scutellum with an erect spine forked at the extremity.
Length -^ of an inch.
Syn. Riduvius bifidus, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 4. 204. Syst. Rhyng. p. 285.

Cimex bifidus, Donovan, \st edit.

' ■/• J? ■

-7

LEPIDOPTERA.

Order. LEPIDOPTERA. Linn<Bus.
PAPILIO PARIS.

Plate 22.

Tribe. Diurna, Latreille. (Papilio, Linnceus.)

Family. Papilionid;e, Leach.

Genus. Papilio, Linnisus, (Section, Equites.) Latreille, Boisduval, ^-c.

Ch. Sr. P. alis nigris, aureo-viridi pulverulentis, posticis caudatis, macula (in utroque sexu)
magna azureo-cserulea, ocello fulvo ad angulum ani, his subtus maculis septem
marginalibus ocellatis. Expans. alar. 4 unc.
P. with the wings black, powdered with golden-green atoms, the posterior with a
broad tail and a large shining blue spot in both sexes, and a reddish eye at the
anal angle ; beneath with seven marginal eye-like spots. Expanse of the wings
about 4 inches.

Syn. Papilio Paris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 745. No. 3. Fubr. Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 1.

No. 1. Drury Exotic Ins. V. I. t. 12. /. 1. 2. Cravier Pap. 2. pi. 103.
/. A. B. Esper. Ausl. Schmett. t. 2. /. 1. Encycl. Meth. IX. p. 69. Bois-
duval Hist. Nat. Lep. \.p. 2C8.

The simile proposed by Linnseus, both for the arrangement and specific nomenclature
of butterflies, is gleaned from ancient and fabulous history. The species are divided
into sections of Trojan and Greek princes, heroes, deities, nymphs, and plebeians : and
the species have received names in accordance with this fanciful theory, which, at least,
in the writings of Linnaeus is well conducted, and seems liable to less objection than the
characters assigned to each section : for many species placed among the Equites, and a
more considerable number with the Plebeii, are inconsistent with the essential criterion
Linnaeus has given. This arrangement has necessarily undergone material alterations in
the Entomologia Systematica of Fabricius and other still more recent works ; alterations
certainly justified by the more comprehensive views now taken of this pleasing branch of
Entomology. The Equites of Fabricius, with many additions, and a few exceptions, are
the same as those in the two Linnaean sections : Papilio Priamiis is, however, removed
from the head of the Equites Trojani, and the precedence given to Papilio Paris.

Papilio Paris is an insect of considerable beauty. The general colour on the upper
surface is obscure brown, nearly approaching black, but finely contrasted with brilliant
green atoms, profusely sprinkled over it. The posterior wings are adorned with a large

5-2 LEPIDOPTERA.

blue spot, wnicli derives additional lustre from the dusky colour surrounding it. Another
species, very similar to Papilio Paris, but without this spot, is also found in China.
It has been supposed to be the female of our species, which opinion is adopted in the
Encyclopedic Methodique. Fabricius names it Bianor, after Cramer, pi. 103. fig. (J.
Dr. Horsfield has described and figured another species, from Java, in his Lepidoptera
Javanica, under the name of Papilio Arjuna, but which is so closely allied to Paris, that
it may eventually prove to be only a geographical variety. Its larva is cylindrical, with
a coriaceous shield-like plate, extending over the three anterior segments of the body ;
the chrysalis is greatly angulated, with the head notched. Another species, or at least
strong variety, has been lately received from the Himalayan mountains

PAPILIO CRINO.

Plate -23.

Cii. Sp. p. alls iiigris atomis viridi-aureis, fascia communi cseruleo-viridi ; posticis caudatis,
ocello anali rufo, his subtus lunulis viridibus cseruleis cinereisque. Expans. alar.
3|unc.

P. with tlie wings black and sprinkled with golden-green atoms, with a greenish-blue
bar running across all the wings, the posterior pair tailed, with a red eyelet at the
anal angle; beneath with green, blue, and ashy lunules. Expanse of the wings
3 1 inches.
Syv. Papilio Crino, Jones. Fabricius Eni. Sysl. 3. 1. p. 5. Enc. Mtth. IX. p. 66.

Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1 . p. 207.

Papilio Regulus, StoU Suppl. Cramer. 5. pi. A\ . f. 1 .

This splendid butterfly is extremely rare, and its precise country is doubtful. Fabri-
cius says, " Habitat in Africa. Mus. Dom. Drury." Donovan, however, who had access
to Drury 's collections, says, " We have found an unique specimen of this species in the
collection of Mr. Drury, and on that authority we include it as a native of China. Fabricius
erroneously gives Africa as its locality." In the Encyclopedic Methodique, Africa is
given. Boisduval gives " Indes orientales ;" his miique specimen having been sent to
him by M. Drege as from Cochin China, but wliich Boisduval thinks may possibly be
erroneous. The manuscripts of Drury, now in my possession, throw no light upon the
subject further than that there are several unnamed species indicated as inhabitants of
China as well as of Sierra Leone. But from the strong affinity between Crino, Palinurus,
Paris, &c. it is scarcely to be doubted that China or India is the real locality of Crino.

Renealniia exaltata, a majestic plant, near seven feet in height, bearing a fine pendant
group of flowers at the summit, is figured in the plate.

PIATE >:5I

CUy

u

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///•///'.

LEPIDOPTERA.

PAPILIO COON.

Plate 24. fig. 1.

Cii. Sp. p. alis angustatis, anticis elongato-ovatis fuscis ; posticis Cauda spatuliformi, atris,
maculis baseos palmatis, lunulis submargiiialibus albis maculdque duplici ad
angulum ani flava. Expans. alarum 4^ — 5J unc.
P. with narrow wings, the anterior elongate ovale, brown on both sides ; the posterior,
with a spatulate tail, black, with palmated basal spots and submarginal lunules of
a white colour; and two yellow spots at the anal angle. Expans. of the wings
4J — 54 inches.

Syn. Papilio Coon, Jones. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 10. Enc. Meth. IX. p. «.5.

Boisduvul Hist. Nat. Lep. p. 201.
Papilio Hypenor, Enc. Mith. W. p. 65.

The original Fabrician description was derived from a specimen in the collection of
Mr. Drury, and Donovan s figure is copied from the drawings of Mr. Jones, referred to
by Fabricius. The translation of the Fabrician description of the lower wings is incor-
rectly rendered in the Encyclopedie Methodique, and in consequence another description
is given of a Javanese specimen of this species, under the name of P. Hypenor. It has
recently been received in considerable numbers from Java, from whence I possess a
specimen with the wings much longer and narrower than they are here represented.

PAPILIO AGENOR.

Plate 24. fig. 2.

Ch. Sp. p. alis nigris, basi sanguineis, anticis striatis, posticis dentatis, disco albo maculisque
marginalibus atris. Expans. alar. 6 unc.
P. with the wings black, bloody at the base, the anterior with longitudinal paler
markings, the posterior dentate with a white disc and bl.ick marginal spots. Ex-
pansion of the wings 6 inches.
Syn. Papiho Agenor, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 747. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. I. p. 13. Enc.

Mith. IX. p. 28. Clerk Ic. t. 15. Cramer, pi. 32. A.B. Herbst. Pap. t. 8.
/. 3.
Papilio Memnon, $ Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 193.

This is one of the largest Chinese Papiliones we are acquainted with. The upper
and under surfaces so nearly agree, that Donovan considered a figure of the first unne-
cessary. M. Boisduval has advanced several forcible reasons for regarding this and

54 LEPIDOPTERA.

several other allied insects (P. Laomedon, of Cramer, Anceus, Achates) as females of the
very variable Asiatic species, Papilio Memnon ; the caterpillar of which, according to
Dr. Horsfield, is green, with the anterior segments narrowed and retractile, the third
being elevated at the top and marked with an eye-like spot on each side. It feeds upon
the species of Citrus.

The plant figured is Plumbago Rosea. Rose-coloured Lead-icort.

PAPILIO PERANTHUS.

Plate 25.

Cii. Sp. p. alls nigris, supra basi caerulescenti-viridibus, subtus apice pallidis, posticis obtuse
dentatis, caudatis, subtus luaulis rufescentibus serie digestis. Expans. alar.
4 unc.
P. with the wings black, greenish blue at the base; beneath paler at the external
margins, posterior pair dentate and tailed, with red lunules on the under side ar-
ranged in a transverse series. Expansion 4 inches.

Sy.v. Papilio Peranthus, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. \. p. 15. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 66.

Bohduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. \.p. 203.

The original Fabrician description was made from a specimen from Cochin China in
the Banksian collection. Donovan mentions another which came from Canton, and
]\1. Boisduval gives Borneo, Java, and Celebes, as its localities.

The insect is represented on a small twig- of Annido Bambos (Bamboo or Cane), a
well known plant, mentioned by Sir G. Staunton as being one of the most useful pro-
ductions of China.

PAPILIO TELAMON.

Plate 26. fig. 1.

Cii. Sp. p. alls caudatis, concoloribus, flavescentibus, maculis fasciisque nigris, posticis
utrinque striga sanguinea nigromarginata. Expans. alar. 3 unc.
P. with the wings coloured alike pale yellowish, with black spots and bands, the pos-
terior with very long narrow tails, and a red streak bordered with black at the
anal angle. Expansion of the wings 3 inches.

S\jr. Papilio Telamon, Donovan. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 250.

The singular delicacy and beauty of this Papilio is not the only claim it has to the
particular attention of Entomologists : it is clearly an undescribed species ; and perhaps

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LEPIDOPTERA. 55

tlie only specimen of it 3^et brought to Europe is that from which our figure is copied.
It was taken near Pekin, by a gentleman in the suite of Earl Macartney, in the embassy
to China ; and was originally in the possession of Mr. Francillon, of London, who kindly
permitted drawings and descriptions to be made of this and every other insect in his
magnificent collection that could enhance the value of this publication. It is still so
rare that M. Boisduval states that he had never seen a specimen of it.

Papilio Telamon bears a distant resemblance to P. Protesilaus, but a much stronger
to P. Ajax : pursuing then the metaphorical method of arranging the butterflies in the
Linnaean manner, the name of the father of Ajax, who was one of the distinguished
Grecian Princes at the siege of Troy, has been given to this species.

PAPILIO AGAMEMNON.

Plate 26. fig. 2.

Ch. Sp. p. alls iiigris viridi-maculatis, posticis breviter caudatis, his subtus ocello lunato ma-
culisque rubris. Expans. alar. 3J unc.
P. with the wings black and spotted with pale green, the posterior pair with short tails
and ornamented beneath with a lunate eyelet and red spots. Expansion of the
wings 3| inches.
SvN. Papilio Agamemnon, Linn. Sysf. Nat. 2. p. 748. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. i. p. 33.

Enc. Meth. IX. p. 46. Boisduval Lep. \.p. 230.
Papilio jEgistus, Cramer, 106. CD. {corrected, p. 151.)

Papilio Agamemnon is found in several parts of Asia (China, Bengal, Java, the
Moluccas and Philippine Islands, Manilla, Timor). The under side is beautifully adorned
with a number of bright green spots of various sizes. The general colour is pale pink,
diversified with shades of chestnut brown. The upper side is much plainer ; the general
colour is black, except the spots, which are green, and precisely agree in shape with
those on the under side. Dr. Horsfield has figured the transformations of this insect
(Lepid. Javan. pi. 4. f. 12), the larva is short and thick, with a forked tail ; the chrysalis
has the head very obtuse. This species is the type of Dr. Horsfield's second section of
the genus, having the club of the antenna oval and compressed.

LEPIDOPTERA.

PAPILIO PROTENOR. s

Plate 27.

Ch. Sp. p. alis anticis fuscis nigro-stiiatis ; posticis dentatis, nigris, atomis pallidis, macula
duplici rufa anguli ani. Expans. alar. 5J unc.
P. with the anterior wings brown with black longitudinal stripes, the posterior dentate,
black with pale atoms, and a double red spot at the anal angle. Expans. of the
wings 5i inches.
SVN. Papilio Protenor, Fubricius Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 13. Cramer, pi. 49. A. B. Enc.

Method. IX. p. 30. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 198.
$ Papilio Laoniedon, Jones. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 12. Donovan, \st edition,
(nee Cramer, pi. 50./. A. B.)

The collection of the late Mr. Latham contained the original specimen from which
Mr. Jones' drawing (referred to by Fabricius) was made. The present figure was copied,
by Mr. Jones' permission, from that drawing.

PAPILIO EPIUS.

Plate 28. fig. 1.

Cii. Sp. p. alis nigris, flavo maculatis; posticis dentatis fascia irregular!, maculis adjectis
Havis, maculaque anguh analis rufa. Expans. alar, fere 3J unc.
P. with the wings black, spotted with yellow ; the posterior pair dentate with an irre-
gular yellow bar, accompanied externally with additional spots and a large red
spot at the anal angle. Expanse of the wings nearly 3| inches.
Syn. Papilio Epius, Jones. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 35. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 43.

Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 238.
Papilio Erithonius, Cramer, pi. 232. A. B.
Papilio Demoleus, Esper. Ausl. Schmett, tab. 50. f. 1 — 4.

Papilio Epius and Papilio Demoleus are so similar in their marks and colours, that
many authors have confounded one species with the other. Papilio Epius is chiefly
distinguished by the red spot in the interior margin of the lower wings, having no blue
eye-shaped mark above it.

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LEPIDOPTERA. 57

PAPILIO DEMOLEUS.

Plate 28. fig. -2.

Ch. Sr. P. alls nigris, flavo-maculatis, posticis dentatis fascia flava subrecta ocelloque anali
dimidiatim casruleo rufoque. Expans. alar. 3| unc.
P. with black wings spotted with yellow, the posterior dentate with a nearly straight
and regular yellow fascia, and an ocellus at the anal angle blue above and red be-
neath. Expanse of the wings 3J inches.
Sv.N. Va.piVM Bemoleus, Lin7i. Syst. Nat. 1.753. Fahr. Ent. Syst. 3. ]. 34. Kleeman

{Rosel, add.) t. \.f. 2. 3. Cramer Ins. t. 231./. A. B. Boisduval Hist. Nat.
Lep. 1 . p. 237. Encyd. Meth. IX. p. 43.
Papilio Demodocus, Esper. Ausl. Schmett. t. 51./. 1.

Linnaeus gives tlie Cape of Good Hope as the habitat of this species ; and Boisduval
also mentions the coast of Guinea, Senegal, and Madagascar. Fabricius, however, par-
ticularly says, " Habitat in Indise orientalis Citro, Dr. Koenig," describing the larva as
.solitary, smooth, of a yellowish green colour, with a reddish head, two tentacles on the
neck, and a bifid tail. Boisduval has, however, applied this observation to P. Epius,
stating that P. Demoleus had been reared at Senegal by M. Dumolin, and that its larva
feeds on the citron trees.

MORPHO RHETENOR.

Plate 29.

Family. NymphaliDjE, Swainson.

Genus. Morpho, Fabricius {Syst. Gloss, in lUig. Mag.)

Ch. Sp. M. alis supr^ nitidissim^ cyaneis ; subtiis umbrino griseoque variis, ocellis csecis.

Expans. alar. !i\ unc.
M. with the wings on the upper side dazzling cyaneous blue, beneath varied with

umber and grey, with blind eyelets. Expanse of the wings about 5\ inches.
Syn. Papilio Rhetenor, Cramer, pi. 15. A. B. Herbst. Pap. t. 11. /. 1. 2. Esper. Pap.

Exot. t. 42./. 1. Sulzer Ins. t. 13./. 1. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 444.

Whatever effect the artist can produce by a combination of the most brilliant colours
employed in painting, must be far surpassed by comparison with the dazzling appearance
of this splendid creature. It is impossible to find in any part of the animal creation
colours more beautiful or changeable. Pale blue is the principal colour, but new tints

I

58 LEPIDOPTERA.

meet the eye in every direction, varying from a silvery green to the deepest purple ;
and the whole surface glittering with the resplendence of highly polished metal.

This splendid species was long confused with Papilio Menelaus of Linnaeus, the
authors of the Encyclopedie Methodique, however, cleared up the confusion, proving
them to be quite distinct. The species, and indeed the entire group to which it belongs,
are, however, natives of South America. Sulzer, indeed, states that his specimen came
from China, and evidently on this authority Donovan introduced the species into this
work.

Thai LcLva (Bohca, or broad-leaved Tea), is figured in the plate. Sir G. Staunton
says, the bohea tea is supplied in China from the province of Fochen : the green tea from
Kiang-nan. The leaves of these teas vary in some degree in form according to the age
of the plant ,• those of the bohea are the broadest ; Thea stricta has much longer leaves,
they are lanceolated, and more deeply serrated than those of the bohea. Many authors
have considered them varieties of the same species. It flowers in England in August and
September.

ACR.EA VESTA.

Plate 30. fig. 1.

Family. Helicon iid^e, Svjauison.

Genus. Acrk.a, Fabricius. (Heliconia p. Fabricius olini.)

Cii. Sp. a. alls oblongis integerrimis, utrinque corticinis ; omnium supra limbo posteriori
fusco serieque punctorum interrupto. Expans. alar. 2^ unc.
A. with the wings oblong and entire, of a pale yellow brown ; with a dark brown
border in which are white spots. Expanse of the wings 2^ inches.
Syn. Papilio (Helic.) Vesta, Jones. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 163. Enc. MHh. IX. p.

233.
Papilio Terpsichore, Cramer Pap. pi. 298./. A. B. C.

Papilio Vesta is the only insect of the Heliconii division of Butterflies described by
Fabricius as peculiar to China, in his Ent. Syst., the majority being inhabitants of Africa.
It is a rare species. The Papilio Vesta of Cramer is a very diflerent insect, being the
P. Ei^ato of Fabricius.

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LEPIDOPTERA.

PIERIS PASITHOE.

Plate 30. fig. 2.

Family. P.^pilionid.*, Leach.

Genus. Pieris, Fabricius, Boisduval (Papilio, Heliconia, Linn.)

Ch.Sp. p. alis suboblongis, nigris, supra ceerulescenti-albo-maculatis ; posticis subtus disco

flavo, nigro venoso, fasciaque basali ferruguinea. Expans. alar. 3| unc.

P. with oblong wings of a black colour spotted on the upper side with bluish white,

the posterior pair with the disc beneath yellow, with black veins and a broad red

basal fascia. Expanse of the wings 3i inches.

Syx. Papilio (Helicon.) Pasithoe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 755. Fab. Eat. Sijst. 3. 1. 179.

Pieris P. Encijct. Meth. IX. p. 148. Boisduval Hist. Nut. Lep. \.p. 451. Drtiry

Illust. Exot. Ent. 2nd edit. v. 2. p. 16.
Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Dione, Drury. \st edit.
Papilio Porsenna, Cramer, jA. A2.Jig. D. E. and pi. 352. /jr. .A.B.

PIERIS HYPARETE.

Plate 30. fig. 3.

icis

Cii. Sp. p. alis suboblongis, integerrimis, albis, utrinque apice, subtus venis nigris, posti

subtus, plus minusve flavis, maculis sanguineis limbo nigro apicali digestis.
Expans. alar. 3 unc.
P. with the wings rather oblong, entire, white with a black margin on both sides and
with black veins beneath ; the posterior on the under side more or less stained
with yellow, with a row of six red spots in the black border. Expanse of the
wings about 3 inches.

SvN'. Papilio (Helicon.) Hyparete, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. (nee Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3.

1. p. 176. E71C. Meth. IX. p. 153. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 455.
Papilio Autonoe, Cramer, 187. C. D. et 320. A.B.

Several distinct, but nearly allied, species have been confounded together under the
name of Hyparete ; Donovan observed, " We have two sorts of this species ; one with the
marginal row of red spots on the posterior wings disposed in a deep border of black ; the
other has the red spots on a whitish ground. They are certainly the two sexes of Papilio
Hyparete. Found near Canton, in China." The sexes do not, however, vary in this
respect, the latter individuals mentioned in this passage are therefore most probably the

60 LEPIDOPTERA.

P. Eucharis of Drury (Epicharis, Enc. Meth. and Boisduval ; Hyparete, Fabricius), or the
P. Autonoe of Cramer and Boisduval.

The leaf represented in the plate is that of Sophora Japonica ( Sh'ming-leavtd Sophora),
an elegant and valuable timber tree, of which Sir G. Staunton speaks as very frequent in
China.

PIERIS (IPHIAS) GLAUCIPPE.

Plate 31. fig. 1.

Sub-Gen. Iphias, Boisduval.

Ch. Sp. p. alls supra albis, anticis macula magna apicali (medio fulvo) nigra, subtus (nisi
dimidio basali anticarum) cinereis, strigis minutis fuscis irroratis. Expans. alar.
4 unc.
P. with the upper sides of the wings white, the anterior having a large black spot at
tip, the middle of which is rich orange; beneath, except the basal half of the
anterior wings, greyish with brown waves. Expanse of the wings 4 inches.
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Glaucippe, Liim. Syst. Nat. 2. 762. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. 1.

p. 198. No. 618. Herbst. Pap. Fab. 96. /. 1—3. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 119.
Drury Exot. Lepid. 1. pi. 10. /. 3. 4. 2nrf edit. p. 20. Horsfield Lep. Jav.
p. 130. (ColiasGl.)
? Pap. CaOirhoe, Fab. Mant. Ins. 2. 20. 215.
Iphias Glaucippe, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. '[.p. 596.

P. Glaucippe is an elegant insect : very common in China, and it is said, in some
adjacent parts of Asia, also Bengal, Java, &c. The Papilio Cullirrhoe of Linnaeus is
considered as the female of this species : few authors deem it more than a variety (/3),
Dr. Horsfield has described and figured the caterpillar and chrysalis of this species in his
work upon the Lepidoptera of Java above referred.

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LEPIDOPTERA. 61

PIERIS (THESTIAS) PYRENE?

Plate 31. fig. 2

Sub-Gen. Thestias, Boisduval.

Ch. Sp. p. " alls Integerrimis, rotundatis, flavis ; primoribus apice (medio fulvo) nigris ; subtus

nebuloso-maculatis." Linn, loc cit. infra. Expans. alar, fere 2^ unc.
P. with the wings entire, rounded, yellow ; the anterior with a large black spot, the

centre of which is bright orange ; beneath with cloud-like marks. Expanse of

the wings about 2 J inches.
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Pyrene, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 762. 8G I Enc. Mcth. IX. p. 120.

Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. I. 593. (Thestias P.) Drury Exot. Ent. 2nd edit.

I. p. ll.pl. 5./. 2.
Papilio Sesia, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. \.p. 203. Donovan, \st. edit.

The insect here figured, judging at least from the upper side, agrees with the Liiuiseau
description of P. Pyrene, the habitat of which is given by Linnaeus as China. Fabricius,
however, who refers to Linnseus, gives America as its locality. It is now satisfactorily
ascertained that it inhabits China and various parts of the East Indies.

The plant figured is Limodorum Tankervillce , an elegant and much admired production
of China.

COLIAS (CALLIDRYAS) PYRANTHE.

Plate 32. fig. 1.

Genus. Colias, Fabricius. Papilio (Danai Candidi), Linnaus.

Sub-Gen. Callidryas, Boisduval.

Cii. Sp. C. alls integerrimis, rotundatis, albis, puncto apiceque nigris; subtus cinereo undu-

latis puncto fulvo. Expans. alar, fere 3 unc.
C. with the wings entire, rounded, and white, having a discoidal spot and the margin

black ; beneath with ashy waves and a fulvous spot. Expanse of the wings

nearly 3 inches.
SvN. Papilio Pyranthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 97. Boisduval

Hist. Nat. Lep. I.;?. 611.

Papilio Gnoma of Fabricius ; P. Alcyone, Cramer ; P. Nepthe, Fabricius ; and P.
Chryseis, Drury (1st edition) ; are in all probability varieties of this insect.

62 LEPIDOPTERA.

COLIAS (CALLIDRYAS) PHILEA.

Plate 32. fig. 2.

Cu. Sp. C. alls integerrimis, subangulatis, flavis ; anticis macula, posticis limbo, liiteis. Expans.

alar. 3J unc.
C. with the wings entire, somewhat angulated, bright yellow, with a large discoidal

spot in the anterior and a broad margin of the posterior pair orange. Expanse

of the wings 3| inches.
Syn. ■ Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Philea, Liim. Stjst. Nat. 2. 764. Fabricius Ent. Sxjst. 3. 1.

p. 212. Cramer Pap. pi. 173. E. F. Roesel Ins. Bel. t. 3./. 5. Boisduval

Hist. Nat. Lep. \.p. 619. (Callidryas P.)

Linnaeus says of this species, " Habitat in Indiis," which may be either taken for the
East or West Indies ; Roesel calls it " die bidianische goldborte ;"' and Donovan states
that his specimen was received from China. The real locality, however, not only of this
l)utterfly, but of all the species of the section to which it belongs, is South America and
the West Indies. M. Boisduval gives the Argante of Hubner, Lolia of Godart, Aricia of
Cramer, Melanippe Cramer, and Larra of Fabricius, as varieties of the female of this
species.

The plant represented in the plate is Mdastoma Chuioisls.

MORPHO (DRUSILLA) JAIRUS.

Plate 33.
Familv. Nymphai.id.t,, Swainson.

Glnus. Morpho, Fabricius. (Papilio, Daii. Festiv. Fabr. olim.)
Sub-Gen. Drusilla, Swainson Zool. Illust. 1. pi. II. (Hyades, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep.

\.pl.l3.f.\.)
Cii. Sp. M. alis integris, fiiscis ; posticis disco baseos albo, supra oculo maximo, subtus
duobus dissitis. Expans. alar. 4J unc.
M. with the wings entire, brown ; the posterior, with the basal disc white, with a
single large eye on the upper and two on the lower side. Expanse of the wings
4 J inches.
SvN. Papilio F. Jairus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 54. Cramer Pap. pi. 6. A. B. and

pi. 185. A. B. C. Enc. Ml'th. IX. p. 445.
Papilio Cassise, Clerk Icon. tab. '29. Jig. 3.

A specimen of this extremely rare Butterfly was contained in the collection of Dr
Hunter, now the property of the University of Glasgow ; a fragment in the British Mu

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LEPIDOPTERA. ' ti3

seum ; and one in fine preservation in the collection of Mr. Francillon. Except these,
and the specimens from which the figures in the annexed plate are copied, Donovan had
never seen it in any cabinet whatever. It had been figured only by two authors, Clerk
in his Icoiies insectonon rariorum, and Cramer in his Papillons exotiquca. The figures
of Clerk and Cramer do not strictly agree : we observe those of the first much lighter
coloured, and the white space on the upper wings considerably larger than in any of the
figures in Cramer's plates.

Fabricius says it is a native of the East Indies. One specimen figured by Cramer
was brought from the isle of Amboyna. It seems therefore not peculiar, like some in-
sects, to China.

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) BERNARDUS.

Plate 34.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latreille. (Papilio Nymphalis, Fabricius.)

Sub-Ge\. Charaxes, Boisduval. (Jasia, Stvainson.)

Cii. Sp. N. alls fulvis, anticis apice atris, fascia media flava, posticis caudatis striga punctoriim

ocellatorum. Expans. alar. 3J unc.
N. with fulvous wings, the anterior black at the tips with a broad pale yellow band,

the posterior tailed, with a row of black ocellated spots. Expanse of the wings

3J inches.
Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Bernardus, Jones. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. 1. ;;. 71.

This uncommonly rare Chinese butterfly has not been figured in any other work.
Fabricius described it only from the drawings of Mr. Jones. I possess a specimen in
which the central fascia is nearly white, and is continued half way across the posterior
wings, and the black spots in the latter are very broad and confluent, without white in
the centre.

The plant represented is the Camdlia Japonica (Japan Rose), a native of Japan and
China, which blossoms from January to May. It is a lofty and magnificent plant, rising
to the height of several feet : there is a variety of it with double flowers, perfectly white ;
and another in which the flowers are variegated with white and red.

LEPIDOPTERA.

ARGYNNIS ERYMANTHIS.

Plate 35. fig. 1.

Genus. Augynnis, Fabricius.

Ch. Sp. a. alls subrotundatis, subdentatis, fulvis, anticis fascia flavcscenti transversa media

iiigro-maculata, apice nigris ; posticis serie punctorum duabusque lunularum

nigraruni. Exp. alar. 2 — 3 unc.
A. with the wings rather rounded and indented, fulvous, the anterior with a transverse

pale yellow fascia, spotted with black, the tips black ; the posterior wings with a

row of black spots and two rows of narrow spots. Expanse of the wings from 2

to 3 inches.
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Erymanthis, Drury Exot. Eyit. vol. I. pi. 15./. 3. 4. Cramer,

pi. 238./. 9. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. \.p. 139. Enc. Mcth. IX. p. 257.
Papilio Lampetia, Cramer Pap.pl. 148. Jig. E.

It is the rarity, and not the beauty of this butterfly, which induced Donovan to add it
to this selection. It is probably far from common in China, being very seldom sent to
Europe among the insects of that country.

CYNTHIA ORITHYA.

Plate 35. fig. 2.

Genus. Cynthia, Fabricius. (Papilio Nymphales gemmati, Linn.)

Cii. Sp, G. alls denticulatis, supra nigris aut fuscis, singularum ocellis duobus iride fulva ;

anticis costa strigisque apicalibus albis, his subfalcatis ; posticis rotundatis. Ex-
pans, alar. 2. unc.
C. with the wings dentate, the anterior subfalcate, the posterior rounded ; above

blacker brown shaded with blue, each having two eyelets with a fulvous circle ;

the anterior margin and several apical fascise white. Expanse of the wings

2 inches.
Syn. Papiho N. Orithya, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 770. (nee Abbot and Smith Lep. Georr/.

V. \: t. 8.) Roesel Ins. 4. t. 6. /. 2. Cramer Pap. pi. 19. C. D. 32. E. F.

281. E. F. 290. A.B.C.D.
Papilio N. Orythia, Fabr. Ent- Syst. 3. \.p. 91. Donovan, \st edit.

Donovan observes, that " the varieties of Papilio Orythia are numerous, and seem
to differ according to climate of the countries of which they are natives. It is common
in North America, Jamaica, India, &c. The variety from North America is almost wliolly

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LEPIDOPTERA. 65

brown, and those from Jamaica have less blue in the disk of the lower wings than tliosi-
from China." Donovan, however, clearly here mistook distinct species for varieties. The
American species thus named by Abbot and Smith is the P. Larinia of Fabricins, and in
my copy of the Entomologia Systematica, which belonged to Professor Weber, the com-
panion of Fabricius, the words " India orientali " are introduced in lieu of Jamaica.

Papilio Clelia of Cramer, which is found on the coast of Guinea, has been supposed a
variety of Papilio Orythia. Fabricius, in the Entomologia Si/.stoncitica, has made it a
distinct species. It greatly resembles P. Orythia, but has no more blue colour on the
posterior wings than is concentrated in a large spot near the base.

LIMENITIS LEUCOTHOE.

Plate 35. fig. 3.

Genus. Limenitis, Fabricius. (Papilio Nymphales Phalerati, Linn.)

Ch. Sp. L. alls dentatis, supra fusco-nigris, subtiis fulvis ; utrinque fasciis tribus macularibus

albis ; posticanim fascia intermedia punctis nigris antrorsum foetis. Expans. alar.

2^ unc.
L. with the wings dentate, above brownish black, beneath clay coloured ; with three

rows of white spots on both sides, the intermediate fascia of the posterior wings

with black spots towards the base. Expanse of the wings 2 J inches.
Sys. Papilio Leucothoe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 780. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. \.p. 129.

Enc. Meth. IX. p. 430. Herbst Pap. tab. 240./. 5. 6.
Papilio Polyxina, Donov. \st edition.

Donovan regarded this as a new species, giving the following as the true Leucothoe
of Linnaeus. The description given by that author, and especially his notice of the third
row of spots in the posterior pair of wings being composed " ex maculis 7 albis puncto
nigro fcetis," clearly applies to this and not to the following insect.

LEPIDOPTERA.

LIMENITIS EURYNOME.

Plate 35. fig. 4.

L. alls dentatis supra fusco-nigris, subtus fulvis ; fasciis interruptis macularibus albis,
subtus fusco cinctis, anticis fascia longitudinali baseos h maculis duabus triangu-
laribus composita. Expans. alar. 2i unc.

L. with the wings dentate, above brownish black, beneath fulvous, with interrupted
white maculated bands, which on the under side are edged with brown, the ante-
rior have also a longitudinal basal fascia, composed of two triangular white spots,
the bases of which are opposed to each other. Expanse of the wings 2 J inches.

Liraenitis Eurynome, Westw.

Papilio Leucothoe, Donov. \st edit.

Papilio Aceris major ex India, Esper. Pap. tab. 82./'. 1.

CYNTHIA (ENONE.

Plate 36. fig. 1.

Ch. Sp. C. alls denticulatis supra luteis margine omni nigro ; posticis basi late nigris, macula
cyanea. Expans. alar. 2i unc.
C. with the wings denticulated, above pale clay-coloured, with all the margins black,
the base of the posterior black with a large cyaneous blue spot. Expanse of the
wings 2 J inches.
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) (Enone, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 770. " alis denticulatis, pri-

moribus albido maculatis subbiocellatis, posticis basi cyaneis ocellis duobus."
Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 90. Kleman Ins. \. t.S.f. \. 2.
Vanessa (Enone, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 318.

Donovan says, that this insect is found throughout Asia (wliich is the locality assigned
to it by LinnEeus and Fabricius), and is very common in China. In the Encyclopedic
Methodique, the Cape of Good Hope is given as its habitat. The Linnsean specific
character is applicable to the female; the male (according to M. Godart), which is here
figured, having no eyes on the upper side of the wings.

LEPIDOPTERA.

CYNTHIA ALMANA.

Plate 36. fig. 2.

C. alis anticis falcatis, posticis intus subcaudatis, omnibus supra fulvis, ocellis sesqui-
altero, subtus fuscescentibus, posticis linea flavida transversa media. Expans.
alar. 2| unc.

C. with the anterior wings falcate, the posterior subcaudate at the inner angle, all ful-
vous above, with an ocellus on each ; beneath brownish, the posterior with a yel-
lowish transverse line in the centre. Expanse of the wings 2J inches.

Papilio (N. G.) Almana, Lmn. Syst. Nat. 2. 769. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 89
Cra7ner Pap.pl. 58. F. G. Herbst. Pap. t. 172. 1. 2.

raiice.

The angulated form of the wings of this butterfly gives it a remarkable appears
The eyes on the wings somewhat resemble those of the Peacock butterfly, to which, in
some other respects, it bears no distant similitude. It is common in Cliina ; Fabricius
gives its habitat Asia.

NYMPHALIS (ACONTHEA) LUBENTINA.

Plate 36. fig. 3.

Ch. Sp. N. alis subdentatis, fusco-virescentibus ; anticis utrinque fascia alba, maculari ; pos-
ticis apice punctis chermisinis, serie duplici digestis. Expans. alar. 2J unc.
N. with the wings subdentate, brownish-green, the anterior on each side with a row
of white spots, the posterior with scarlet spots arranged in a double series towards
the extremity. Expanse of the wings 2 J inches.
SvN. Papilio (Nymph.) Lubentina, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 121. Enc. Meth. IX.

400. Cramer Pap. pi. 155. C. D. Herbst. Pap. t. 146. 1. 2.
Aconthea Lubentina, Horsfield Lep. Jav. pi. 5. /. 5.

Papilio Lubentina is figured only in the works of Cramer : his specimen is not pre-
cisely like ours, but agrees in all the essential peculiarities, and is unquestionably the
same species. The semitransparent spots on the anterior wings are much larger in
Cramer's fis'ure than in the insect before us.

LEPIDOPTERA.

NYMPHALIS JACINTHA.

Plate 37. fig. 1.

Cfi. Sp. N. alls lepando-dentatis, fuscis ; anticis striga punctorurn alborum, posticis apice albis
niargine fusco lunulis albis. Expans. alar. 4 — 4i unc.
N. with the wings scalloped, brown ; the anterior with a row of spots on the anterior
pair at tlie tips, posterior externally white, the margin being brown with white
lunules. Expanse of the wings from 4 to 4'J inches.
Syj(. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Jacintha, Drury, app. vol. 2. pi. 21. f. \. 2. Fabrichis

Ent. Syst. 3. l./J. 60. ?
Papilio (Nymph.) Liria, Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 126. $1
Papilio Perimale, Cramer, pi. 65. C. D. 67. B.

This curious butterfly was found in the province of Pe-tche-lee, in China. It is in all
probability the female of Pap. (N.) Liria, Fabr.

It is represented, with P. Antiochus, on a leaf of the Urtica Nivea (White Nettle)."*

NYMPHALIS ANTIOCHUS.

Plate 37. fig. 2.

g>

Expans. alar. 2| unc.
N. with the wings above holosericeous black, with a broad shining orange bar com-
mon to all the wings, but abbreviated in the anterior pair. Expanse of the wings
2| inches.
Syn'. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Antiochus, Linn. Mant. 1. 537. Drury, app. vol. 3. pi. 7. /'.

3. 4. Fabrichis Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 44. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 409.
Papilio Eupalemon, Cramer, tab. 143. /. B. C. Le Veloute. Daxibenton, pi. enl.
68./. 3. 4.

This insect is very rare in European cabinets of insects. The specimen figured by
Drury came from the Brazils, and Cramer's from Surinam. Fabricius, however, describes

* Sir G. Staunton speaks of a cloth that the Chinese manufacture from the fibres of a dead nettle. Query,
Is this the species employed for that purpose ? no other is noticed by that author ia the lists of plants collected
in China. The nettle is of general use in Russian Tartary also ; the Kuriles, and other Siberian tribes, make
cloth, cordage, thread, &c. of it. Gordon, &c.

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LEPIDOPTERA. C9

It as a native of China ; and Donovan states that the insect figured in the collection of
drawings of Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, was a native of China, as well as the specimen in his
own collection. There must, however, have been some mistake in respect to these spe-
cimens, for not only are all the immediately allied species natives of South America, but
Stoll observed its transformations in that country, and says, that the caterpillar feeds on
the tamarind ; it is green, with two long spines on the head, and numerous other shorter
spines on the body.

NYMPHALIS SYLLA.

Plate 38.

Ch. Sp. N. alls dentatis, supra nigiis viridi-maculatis striatisque ; anticis fascia maculari nivea.
Expans. alar. 3| unc.
N. with the wings dentate, black on the upper side, with green spots and lines, the
anterior with a row of white spots, the central fascia of the posterior wings exter-
nally radiated. Expanse of the wings 3| inches.
Syn. Papilio Sylla, Cramer Pap. t. 43./. E.G.

Papilio Sylvia, Herbst. Pap. t. 247./. 2. 3.

Papilio (N.) Gambrisius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. \. p. 8.5. Donuv. 1st edit.
Nymphalis Sylvina, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 381.

A specimen of this very rare Papilio was taken in one of the small islands on the
eastern coast of China, and was in the possession of Mr. Francillon. Sir J. Banks, Bart,
had a specimen of it from another part of the East Indies. It also occm-s in Java and
Amboyna (Enc. Meth.).

LEPIDOPTERA.

DEILEPHILA NECHUS ?

Plate 40. fig. 1.

Section. Creplscularia, Latreille.

Family. Spiiingid;e, Leach.

Gexus. Deilefhila, Ochsenh. Sphinx p. Linn. S^c.

Cii. Sp. D. " alls integris ; anticis viridibus ; striga testacea ; posticis nigris ; maculis baseos
fasciaque flavis." Fabric, loc. cit. subtus. Expans. alar. 3| unc.
D. with the wings entire, the anterior green with a testaceous streak, (" with testa-
ceous marks," Donov.) the posterior black with spots at the base, and a row of
spots near the extremity. Expanse of the wings 3h inches.

SvN. Sphinx Nechus? Fabiicitis Ent. Syst. 3. \.p. 311. Cramer Ins. t. \18.f. B.

The number of Cliinese species of this genus, already described, is very limited : the
insect represented in the accompanying figures is the largest of them ; but as this is
inferior in size to several kinds found in Europe, we conceive there must remain many
larger species of the genus unknown to collectors of foreign insects, and yet very common
in China. In the latter part of Sir G. Staunton's work, that author mentions the larva
of a Sphinx JSIoth which furnish an article for the table of the Chinese. We regret that
the indefinite expression cannot assist us to determine the species, and scarcely the genus,
of the insect alluded to.*

The specimen figured in the annexed plate was in the collection of Mr. Francillon,
who received it from China. The habitat of D. Nechus, given by Fabricius, is America ;
and Cramer has represented a small variety of the same species from North America.

* European naturaHsts are entirely ignorant of the Chinese insects in the state of larva and pupa, if we
except a few species of the Cimices, Cicada, and some altogether uninteresting insects, that have been acci-
dentally brought among others from that country. Hence it must remain undetermined whether they correspond
in form with those of other parts of the world. It is, however, highly probable, from their great affinity to
those in the perfect state, that in the state of larva they may also agree. The extensive collection of the larvae
of sphinges made by Mr. Abbot in North America affords no singularly constructed animal distinct from those
found in Europe; they vary indeed in their colours, but preserve uniformly the characters found on the same
genus in other countries. We noticed among the drawings of the late Mr. Bradshaw the figure of a Chinese
sphinx, apparently S. Hylas, together with a larva similar to that of the S. Stellatarum : it was green, and,
like all the known larvae of the family (except the Adscitce division), was perfectly free from hairs : it was also
furnished with a horn at the posterior part of the body.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Moreover, Donovan's figure and description do not precisely correspond with the Fabrician
description, so that on both these grounds I have considered it advisable to give the specific
name with a mark of doubt. Sphinx Batus and Sphinx Gnoma are nearly allied to this
insect, particularl)' the former ; both are found in different parts of the East Indies.

GLAUCOPIS POLYMENA.

Plate 40. fig. 2.

Family. Zyg«nid;f., Leach.

Genus. Glaucopis, Fabr. Sphinx, Linn. Donov.

Cii. Sp. G. nigra alis maculis luteis, anticis tribus, posticis duabus ; abdoniine cingulis duobus

coccineis. Expans. alar, fere 2 unc.
G. black, wings spotted with deep yellow, the anterior having three and the posterior

two spots, abdomen with two scarlet bands. Expanse of the wings nearly 2

inches.
Syn. Sphinx Polymena, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 806. no. 40. Cram. Ins. t. 13./. D. Fair.

Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 396. Drury Exot. Ent. 1. t. 2Q. f. I.

This beautiful creature is probably scarce in China ; at least it is very rarely found
among the insects brought from that country.

It is figured on the plate with the Rosa semperflorens ( Ever-bloivhig China Roi-e).

SESIA HYLAS.

Plate 41. fig. 1.

Genus. Sesia, Fabricius. Sphinx, Linn. Donov.

Ch. Sp. S. alis fenestratis, abdomine barbato viridi, cingulo purpureo. Expans. alar. 2| unc.

S. with transparent wings, body pale yellow green, abdomen with a brush at the tip
and a purple belt round the middle. Expanse of the wings 2| inches.
Syn. Sphinx Hylas, Linn. Mant. 1. 539. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3. \.p. 379.

Sphinx Picus, Cramer Ins. t. 148./. B.

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LEPIDOPTFRA. 73

CALLIMORPHA ? THALLO.

Plate 41. fig. 2.

Section. Noctuuna?
Family. Arctiid*, Stephens?
Genus. Callimorpha? Lalreille. Sphin.x, Zinn.

Ch. Sp. C. alls oblongis integeirimis nigris anticis fasciis duabus, posticis unica flavis ; capite
rubro. Expans. alar. 2 unc.
C. with oblong entire black wings, anterior pair shaded with blue at the base, and
with two pale yellow fasciae; posterior wings with a pale yellowish space, head
red. Expanse of the wings 2 inches.
S^N. Papilio Thallo, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 756. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3.\. p. 173.

Sphinx pectinicornis, Litm. Syst. Nat. 2. 807. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3.\.p. 399. Ed-
wards Aves, 36. t. 226.
Phaleena tiberina, Cramer, t. 32./. C. D.
Sphinx Thallo, Donov. \st edit.

Donovan entered into a lengthened observation, shewing that Fabricius had given a
Papilio Thallo in all his works when no such Papilio was in existence, and that Edwards'
figure of the insect in question was derived from a mutilated or mended specimen. The
former error is, however, rather to be attributed to Linnaeus, who introduced all the con-
fusion by describing Edwards' figure both as a Papilio and Sphinx.

The figures of Cramer and Edwards do not precisely agree ; in the former, the
disk of the posterior wings is yellowish, with a deep border of black : in the other, the
yellow occupies only a space near the base, and forms a semi-lunar mark near the ante-
rior margin of those wings. Donovan suspected, with Cramer, that they are but the two
sexes of one species. Cramer says both his specimens came from China, from whence
Donovan's insects were also received. The real affinities of this and some other allied spe-
cies are very perplexing, they seem, however, to connect the Zygaenidae with the Arctiidae.

LEPIDOPTERA.

CALLIMORPHA ? RUFICOLLIS.

Plate 41. fig. 3.

Ch. Sp. C. " alis integerrimis nigro-purpurascentibus, fascia communi maculisque duabus
flavis, thorace antice brunneo." Expans. alar. IJ iinc.
C. with the wings entire, black purple, a semicircular yellowish band communicating
across all the wings, and two spots of the same colour near the apex, collar red-
dish. Expanse of the wings 1 1 inch.

Syn. Sphinx ruficoUis, Donov. \st edit.

This and the following species were considered by Donovan to be undoubted non-
descripts : both species were in the collection of Mr. Francillon, who received them from
China.

CALLIMORPHA ? BIFASCIATA.

Plate 41. fig. 4.

Ch. Sp. C. alis fulvis ; anticarum fascia apiceque nigris. Expans. alar. 1 unc.

C. with orange or fulvous wings, anterior pair with a black bar across the middle, and
the tips black. Expanse of the wings 1 inch.

The plant represented is Thuja Orkntalis (China Abor-vitte Tree), an ornamental
evergreen, much esteemed by the Chinese, and very frequently represented in their land-
scapes. Sir G. Staunton remarks, in the account of the journey from Pekin to Canton,
that great quantities of this plant grew to a prodigious height in the valley in which
stands the city of Yen-choo-foo.

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LEPIDOPTERA.

SATURNIA ATLAS.

Plate 42.

Family. Bombycidv'e.

Genus. Saturnia, Scliraiick. (PhalfEna Attacus, Linn.)

Cn. Sp. S. alls anticis falcatis, luteo variis, macula fenestrata anticis sesquialtera. Expans.

alar. 8 unc.
S. with the anterior wings falcate ; yellow brown, varied with paler markings, each

wing with a triangular talc-like spot in the middle, the anterior having also a

smaller one near the tips. Expanse of the wings 8 inches.
Syn. Phalrena Attacus Atlas, Linn. Sijst. Nat. 2. p. 808. Petiv. Gaz. t. 8./. 7. Fab.

Ent. Syst. III. \.p. 407. Cram. Ins. 381. C. 3S2. A.

The nocturnal Lepidoptera are remarkable for the neatness and simplicity of tlieir
colours. Their elegancies consist in the infinite variety and delicacy of intermingled
tints : the contrast of spots, specklings, and lineations, which constitute the minutiae of
insect beauty. Some species are to be excepted in this remark ; the larger kinds are
often gaudy, and the smallest exhibit a display of the richest colours, fancifully disposed,
and most elegantly diversified.

The European species are numerous, and pretty well ascertained : those of remote
countries remained, at the period of the publication of the first edition of this work, and
still remain in great obscurity. The species inhabiting- China are almost unknown ;* for
Fabricius describes not more than twenty species in all the cabinets in Europe. From
this scanty number a few are selected to illustrate the genus, and if these appear deficient
in point of interest or variety, it may stimulate others to collect new species whenever
an opportunity occurs. The moths, not only of China, but of every country except
Europe, have received but little attention. In Europe, the number of this tribe exceeds
that of any other: on the contrary, the extra European species are comparatively the
most inconsiderable of our acquisitions. The Papiliones, or butterflies, are a showy and
lively race : they sport in the open fields by day, and attract the traveller's curiosity ;
hence our cabinets abound with them. But the moths, infinitely more numerous, and
not less pleasing, are seldom seen ; in the gloominess of their dispositions, they seek the

' Fab. Ent. Syst. These are chiefly described from insects in the collection of " Blonson Londini," of
which no figures are extant, and the collection unknown.

76 LEPIDOPTERA.

obscurity of the forest in the day, and only venture on the wing when the sun is down.
In Europe we visit their nocturnal haunts without difficulty or dread; but, in hotter cli-
mates these are oftentimes impenetrable, or the lurking places of ferocious animals ; and
few will expose themselves to their attacks to increase the catalogue of exotic moths.*

Phalsena Atlas is the first species we have to notice. It is one of the largest of the
moth tribe,t and is, indeed, a gigantic creature. The species is common, but not peculiar
to China, being found in other parts of Asia, and in America. The influence of climate
is easily traced in the individuals from different countries ; that from Surinam is the
largest, and of the deepest colours. The Chinese kind is the next in size ; the colours
incline to orange, and the anterior wings are more falcated, or hooked, at the ends. We

* The far greater number of moths can only be taken in the woods at night. This is termed mothing by
collectors. The moths begin to stir about twilight, and when almost dark, commence their flight. The collector
is furnished with a large gauze folding-net, in which the insects are caught indiscriminately, for it is impossible
to distinguish one species from another, and often is so dark, that the object itself can barely be discerned.
Different species have their favourite haunts, some the lanes and skirts of woods, but many of them prefer the
open breaks in the most retired places. As it would be unsafe, or impossible, to penetrate the woods in many
countries, it is better to collect the larvae, or caterpillars, for these may be found on the trees in the day-time,
and if kept in little gauze cages, and carefully fed, will change into chrysalides, and produce the moths. This is
certainly tedious, and few travellers will divert their attention from more important observations ; but were they
to appropriate their leisure to this branch of science, they would materially improve entomology. Mr. Abbot
investigated a small district of Georgia, in North America, in this manner, and our cabinets are indebted to
his labours for several hundred species, altogether new in Europe. The reader may estimate the importance of
these discoveries, by referring to the two expensive volumes of North American Lepidopterous Insects ; and re-
flecting, that the originals of all the species included in that work are but a small selection from those he has
furnished us with. Viewing these as the result of one man's research, in an inconsiderable portion of North
America, what a variety of new and splendid kinds would be the reward of those, who should explore the more
genial regions of Asia, Africa, and South America, with equal diligence and information !

We have hazarded an assertion which may seem inadmissible, that the Phalsenae are infinitely more nu-
merous than the Papiliones, or any other tribe of insects. Not that we possess more, but because, in every
country that has been investigated, experience justifies such opinion. For instance, in Great Britain we have
only sixty 'Papiliones, and by mere accident two or three local species have lately been added ; of the Phalaenae
we have more than 900. The same comparative proportion is observed throughout the countries of the Euro-
pean continent ; and it is singularly analogous, that our opinion is confirmed, by the recent discoveries of Mr.
Abbot in America.

t When Linnaeus described it, few of the very large species of Phalsena were known. There are two spe-
cies from the interior of Africa, which are larger than the Chinese Atlas, and several others scarcely inferior in
magnitude.

" (There are now about eighty-five indigenous British butterflies, and between seventeen and eighteen
liundred moths. J. O. W.)

LEPIDOPTERA. 77

have two other Asiatic varieties still smaller, with the wings extremely falcated. These
are to be regarded as distinct species.

The larva of Phalaena Atlas is figured by AI. Jlleriaii, in the Insecta Surinamensia,
plate 52 : it is about four inches in length, green, with a yellow stripe disposed longitu-
dinally. Upon each segment are four distinct round tubercles, of a coral-like orange
colour, which are surrounded with very delicate hairs. The pupa is large, and inclosed
in a web of an ochre colour. The silk of this web is of a strong texture, and it has been
imagined, that if woven, it would be superior in durability to that of the common silk
worm. Seba has also represented the larva at fig. 1. plate 57. vol. 4. Thesaurus Naturte.
It is nearly six inches in length, and bulky in proportion ; the Phaleena is also large?
than that figured by Merian, which is a small specimen of the Surinam species. According
to Merian, there are three broods of this insect in a year ; they are very common, and
feed on the orange trees. Linnseus says, tliey adhere so tenaciously to the leaves that
they can scarcely be taken off.*

The common silk worm, or Phalaena Mori, belongs to this family, and merits obser-
vation as a native of China. The art of weaving its threads into silk is of the earliest
date. The discovery is attributed to the Seres, a people of the East Indies, supposed the
Chinese.! I" the days of Solomon, we are told, a woman named Pamphilia, of the Island
of Co, was skilled in the art of making cloth of the silk brought from the country of the
Seres. The most ancient of the Chinese writers ascribe the invention to one of the women
of the emperor Hoaug ti, named Si ling, and in honour Yuenfei.'^ When Rome dege-
nerated into voluptuousness, Persia, its dependency, furnished this article of luxury ; but
it is supposed they were indebted to the Chinese for it, and being supplied only in small
quantities, it was consequently dear. In Rome it was so scarce, as to be worn only bv
persons of the first distinction.

The Chinese historians affirm, that the discovery was considered at first of such im-
portance, tliat all the women in the palace of the emperor were engaged in rearing the
insect and weaving its silk. In after times, the silk of China M'as a principal article of
commerce ; but latterly, its value has been materially lessened by the culture and fabri-
cation of silk in other countries. As the Chinese know little of the use of Hnen, the silk
is a staple article of their own consumption. The Jesuit missionaries mention several

* Larva verticillata verrucis pilosis nee folliculos grandes, tenaces, vix extricandos. Linn. Syst. Nat.
t Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres. Virg. Georg. II. 122.

t Du Halde, Des Soyeries. Les plus aiiciens ecrivans de cet empire en attribuent la decouverte a une
des femmes de TEmpereur Hoang ti, nommee Si ling, et surnommee par honneur Yuen fei.

A

78 LEPIDOPTERA.

sorts of it in use among the Chinese ; some admired for beauty, and others for durability.
It is generally supposed these are not merely the effect of different manufacture, but
are the produce of distinct insects.* Sir G. Staunton speaks of the culture of silk worms

* M. Merian says, in the description of the Surinam variety of Phalsena Atlas : " Telam ducunt fortem,
quare bonum fore sericura rata, istius ahquam collegi copiam et in Belgium transmisi, ubi eadem optima
judicata est : ut itaque, si quis Erucas istas congregandi laborem non detrectaverit, et bonee notae bombycem,
et maximum hinc lucrum sibi comparare posset." The thread of which this coccon's web is composed is so
strong, that it has been imagined it would make good silk. I have brought some of it into Holland, which has
been esteemed such ; so that if any one would take the trouble to collect a number of these caterpillars, they
would be found good silk worms, and produce great profit. Merian. — Abbot informs us, the Moths of the
Emperor tribe in general are called silk worms by the people of Georgia ; and in the description of Phalaena
Cecropia is still more explicit : for he says, " the caterpillar spins on a twig ; the outside web is coarse, the
inner covered with silk, like a silk worm's coccon. It is said this silk has been carded, spun, and made into
stockings, and that it will wash like linen." Abbot's Ins. by Dr. J. E. Smith. — These insects are all of the
same natural order, P. Cecropia is rather smaller, but very similar to P. Atlas, and this information at least
corroborates the assertion of Merian.

An opinion that the Chinese rear several kinds of insects for the sake of their silk has long been prevalent.
Dr. J.ettsom proposes a query on this subject, " Which species of moth or butterfly is it, the caterpillar of
which, in China, affords that strong grey kind of silk, and how is it manufactured or wore? How are these
silk worms or caterpillars preserved, fed, and managed ? The introduction of such a new silk into England
would be a useful acquisition, and redeem entomology from the censure it is now branded with, of being a mere
curiosity void of any real utility." " If Lesser and Lyonet are to be relied on, the Theoloyie des Insectes
answers this query. " At this day there are to be found in China, in the province of Canton, silk worms in a
wild state, which, without any care being taken of them, make in the woods a kind of silk which the inhabitants
afterwards gather from the trees. It is grey, without lustre, and is used to make a very thick and strong cloth,
named there Kien Tcheon. It may be washed like linen cloth, and does not stain." A gentleman resident in
the East Indies speaks of a large Phatena producing silk in that country : " We have a beautiful silk worm
north-east of Bengal, that feeds on the Ricinus, whence I call it Phaltena Ricini ; it is sea-green, with soft
spines, very large and voracious, and spins a coarse, but strong and useful silk. The moth is of great size,
with elegant dark plumage. Is it known to European naturalists ?" In a collection of papers published by
Dr. Anderson in Madras, 1788, 1789. — M. Le Bon, Reaumur, Roesel, and several others, have attempted to
weave the silk of spiders as a substitute for that of silk worms, but their experiments rather amuse and point
out the ingenuity of the proposers than promise to be useful ; for after many trials, it appears that the silk of
spiders would be inferior in lustre and far more expensive than that of silk worms. Sir G. Staunton alludes to
these experiments in his description of the Java forests. " In some open spots were found webs of spiders,
woven with threads of so strong a texture, as not easily to be divided without a cutting instrument ; they
seemed to render feasible the idea of him who, in the southern provinces of Europe, proposed a manufacture
from spiders' threads, which is so ridiculous to the eyes of those who have only viewed the flimsy webs such
insects spin in England." JIany other substances of a soft texture have also been wrought into a variety of
trifling articles, as gloves, stockings, &c. of the fibres of Asbestos earth, or mountain flax, beard of the large
Pinna shell, &c. &c.

Naturalist and Traveller's Compa

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LEPIDOPTERA. 79

in China, but only of the common sort. It will gratify curiosity, if not prove advan-
tageous, should future observers ascertain vs^hat kind of insects the Chinese appropriate
to making silk, and whether P. Atlas is of the number, as has been conjectured. It is
indeed to be observed, that in India several distinct species of Saturnia are known to bv
employed in the production of silk ; the most important of which are the Tusseh (S.
Paphia, Linn.), the Arrindi (S. Cynthia, Drury), and the Kolisurra silk worm of the
Dukhun.*

HELEONA MILITARIS.

Plate 43. fig. 1.

Family. AncTiiDiE ?

Genus. Heleona, Swains. Zool. Illustr. N. Ser. 116.

Ch. Sp. H. alls patulis concoloribus luteis apice maculisque violaceis, anticis extus albo-macu-

latis. Expans. alar. 3J unc.
H. with the wings extended at rest, the anterior and posterior pairs coloured alike,

luteous yellow, with the extremity and spots at the base violet, the anterior with

whitish spots at the tips. Expanse of the wings 3| inches.
Syn. Phalsena militaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 811. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 3. 2. p. 416.

Roesel. Ins. 4. t. 6./. 3. Cramer. Ins. t. '29./. B.

The natural situation of this and some other allied insects is doubtful ; it forms tlie
type of Mr. Swainson's group Heleona, but is considered by that author to belong to the
tribe of Sphingides, and family of Zygaeidse (Anthoceridse, Swainson).

* See the Memoirs of Dr. Roxburgh in the Linnasan Transactions, and of Lieut.-Col. VV. H. Sykes in the
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society.

LEPIDOPTERA.

EUSEMIA LECTRIX.

Plate 43. fig. 2.

Genus. Eusemia, Dalman. Phalaena, Linn, Sfc.

Ch. Sp. E. alis incumbentibus nigris, maculis cseruleis flavis albisque, posticis rubro alboque
maculatis. Expans. alar. 3 unc.
E. with the wings incumbent, black, anterior with blue, yellow, and white spots, pos-
terior with red and white spots. Expanse of the wings 3 inches.
Syn. Phalaena (Noctua) lectrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 834. Fabr. Enl. Syst. 3. 1. p.

475.
Eusemia lectrix, Dalm. Monogr. Castn.

This is so scarce an insect, that Mr. Drury informed Donovan he had only been able
to procure a single specimen in the course of thirty years collecting insects.

EREBUS MACROPS.

Plate 44. fig. 1.

Familv. Noctuid*.

Genus. Erebus, Latreille. Thysania, Dalman.

Ch. Sp. E. alis dentatis, fuscis, nigro-undulatis ; anticis ocello magno luteo, annulo nigro
cincto. Expans. alar. 5^ unc.
E. with the wings dentated, brown with black waves, the anterior having a large
luteous ocellus, surrounded by a black ring. Expanse of the wings .5^ inch.
Syn. Phalaena (Attacus) Macrops, Linn Syst. Nat. 4. p. 225.

Noctua Bubo, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 2. 209. Ent. Syst. III. 1. ;>. 9. Donovan, \st
Edit. (Phalaena B.) Sulzer. Ins. t. 22./. 2. Cramer. Pap. t. 171./. B.

This is the largest of the Chinese Noctua ; some very similar species, but without the
orange eye, and of a smaller size, are peculiar to China.

PIATE.XLIV,

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LEPIDOPTERA.

HIPPARCHUS ZONARIUS.

Plate 44. fig. 2.

F.\M1LY. GEOMETRID.E, LeUcll.

Genus. Hipparchus, Leach.

Cn. Sp. H. alis viridibns, margine posteiiore late rufescente, singulis macula marginali viridi
Expans. alar. \\ unc.
H. with the wings green, deeply bordered with pale red, with a green spot on tin
exterior margin of each wing. Expanse of the wings 1 \ inch.
Syn. Phaloena Zonaria, Donov. \sl edit.

CALLIMORPHA? PANTHOREA.

Plate 44. fig. 3.

Genus. Callimohpha?

Cii. Sp. C. alis caeruleo-nigris, fascia maculari apicis alba. Expans. alar. 2^ unc.

C. with blue-black wings, having a row of white spots along the posterior margins.
Expanse of the wings 2i inches.
Syn. Phalaena Panthorea, Cram. Ins. t. 322./. C.

Phalsena pagaria, Fah. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 153. Donov. \st edit. (Phaleena,
Geometra, p.)

The insect here figured, and those represented in plate 41. fig. 2. and plate 43. fig-. 1.
are very intimately allied together ; nevertheless, Donovan separated them, placing one
in each of the three great divisions, Sphinx, Bombyx, and Geometra.

NEUROPTERA.

Order. NEUROPTERA. Limmus.
^SHNA CLAVATA.

Plate 45. fig;. 1.

Family. Libellulid^e, Leach.

Genus. ./Eshna, Fabr. Libellula p. Linn. Donov. Cordulegaster, Leach.

Cu. Sp. M. abdomine clavato, basi gibbo ; corpoie nigro, fusco viridique variegate. Expans.

alar. 3 J unc.
jE. with the abdomen clavate gibbose at the base ; body black, varied with brown and

green; stigma brown. Expanse of the wings 3^ inches.
Syn. iEshna clavata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. II. p. 385. Spec. Ins. 1. p. 526. 4.

Linnaeus divides the dragon flies (Libellula, Linn) into two sections: — " \. alis paten-
tibus acquiescentes ;" and "2. (alis erectis) oculi distantes remotique." Fabricius divides
the Linnaean Libellulae into three distinct genera ; tlie first retains the Linnaean name,
the second and third are called Aeshna and Agrion. Their most essential characters
are taken from the form and situation of the mouth, and therefore require a deep magnifier
to determine them with accuracy. Donovan states, that he had examined those parts in
the greater number of the species Fabricius has described, and found his characters agree,
except in one instance ; which Donovan nevertheless considered a proof of the impracti-
cability of adopting the whole of his system : he describes Libellula Chinensis, and refers
to the only figure that has been given of it, in one of the plates of Edwards's Natural
History of Birds, 1745.* Had Fabricius ever seen and examined this rare species, he
must have referred it to his genus Agrion, each of the lips being bifid, or two-cleft, as
in Libellula virgo and puella, — the essential characteristic of the genus Agrion ; for the
mouths of the Libellulae of Fabricius differ altogether in structure, and are not notched
in the slightest degree, as Libellula clavata, ferruginea, 6-maculata, and the European
species, Libellula depressa, will suflSciently illustrate.

Donovan, however, rejecting the Fabrician generic distribution, states, that iEshna
clavata must be arranged with L. grandis and forcipata ; but it is nearer allied to Cor-
dulegaster annulatus. Leach (Libellula Boltoni of Donovan's British Insects.)

* That Fabricius should have erred in the location of a species which he had never seen, but knew only
through a rude figure, is not surprizing ; but surely such a circumstance can be no proof of the impropriety of
a system founded, as Donovan clearly shews, on characters of stability. J. O. W.

V // / /

NEIIROPTERA.

LIBELLULA VARIEGATA.

Plate 45. fig. 2.

Genus. LiiiELLULA, Linn. Sfc.

Cii. Sp. L. alis fusco-maculatis et undulatis, basi flavis, posticis versus apicem macula magna
fusca puncto flavo ; apice albo. Expans. alar. 3 unc.
L. with the wings spotted and undulated with brown, yellow at the base, the posterior
towards the tips with a large brown fascia, having a small yellow spot, the tips
yellow. Expanse of the wings 3 inches.
Syn. Libellula variegata, Linn. Am. Acad. 6. 412. 86. Sijst. Nat. I. 2. p. 904. Drury

Exot. Ent. '2nd edit. 2. p. 94. nee Fubr. op. cit. p. 382.
Libellula Histrio, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 1. 337. 24.
Libellula Indica, Fabr. Eyit. Syst. 2. 376. Gumn Icon. R. An. Ins. pi. 60./. 1.

Donovan, \st edit.
Libellula Arria, Drury Exot. Entom. \st edit. o. I. pi. 4d. /. 1.

Another species of Libellulida; peculiar to India, and found in China, greatly re-
sembles this insect ; it is probably a variety of it.

LIBELLULA 6-MACULATA.

Plate 45. fig. 3. ^ et ?

Ch. Sp. L. ahs anticis maculis tribus costalibus atris; ultima stigmate niveo; posticis fasciis

flavcscentibus. Expans. alar. 1 1 unc.
L. with three black spots on the costa of the anterior wings, stigma white, posterior

wings with yellow clouds. Expanse of the wings 1 ^ inch.
Syn. Libellula 6-maculata, Fab. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 381.

These delicate insects appear to be male and female ; they are almost a miniature
resemblance of the two sexes of Libellula depressa found in Europe ; one havmg the
abdomen yellow, and the other blue.

NEUROPTERA.

AGRION CHINENSIS.

Plate 46. fig. i.

Genus. Aguion, Fabr. Calepteryx, Leach.

Cii. Sp. a. alls anticis testaceo-obsoletis, posticis viridibus, apice fuscis. Expans. alar. 2| uiic.
A. with the anterior wings brownish, posterior green with brown tips. Expanse of

the wings 2| inches.
SvN. Libellula Chinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 904. 15. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 379. Edw.

Aves t. 1 12. Gucrin Icon. R. Ayi. Ins. t. 60./. 4. (Agrion c.)

Tlie only two specimens of this species with which Donovan was acquainted, were
in the collection of the late Duchess of Portland ; one of which afterwards passed into
the possession of Mr. Francillon.

LIBELLULA SERVILIA.

Plate 46. fig. 2.

L. alls liyalinis, basi flavis; corpora riibro. Expans. alar. 2| uuc.

L. with the wings hyaline, yellow at the base, body red. Expanse of the wings 2|

inches.
Libellula Servilia, Drury Exot. Ent. \st edit. app. vol. 2.
Libellula ferrugata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 336. U.
Libellula ferruginea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 380. Donovan, 1st edit.

Very common in Ch

LIBELLULA FULVIA.

Plate 46. fig. 3.

L. luteo-testacea, alls fulvescentibus, marginibus anticis testaceis macula media sub-
pellucida, stigmate ad apicem fusco. Expans. alar. 2^ unc.

L. luteo-testaceous ; wings fulvescent, with the anterior margins testaceous, having a
pellucid spot in the middle, and the stigma brown. Expanse of the wings 2-|
inches.

Libellula Fulvia, Drury Exot. Ent. vol. 2. pi. 46. fy. 2.

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DIMEROSOMATA.

Order. DIMEROSOMATA. Leach.

EPEIRA (NEPHILA) MACULATA.

Plate 47.
Class. Ar.achnida. Lamarck. Aptera [>. Limutus.
Ordeii. Dimerosomata, Leach.
Family. ARANEiDit, Leach:
Genus. Epeira, Walckender.
Sub-Gen. Nephila, Leach Zool. Misc.
Ch. Sp. E. corpore elongato, cephalo-thorace holosericeo argenteo, abdomine cylindrico f'usco-

rubro lineis punctisque albis ; pedibus longissimis atris. Long. Corp. If unc.
E. with the body elongated, cephalo-thorax holosericeus and silvery, abdomen cy-

lindric, red-brown with spots and lines of white, legs very long and black. Length

of the body Ij inches.
Syn. Aranea maculata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 4-25.

This remarkable creature is peculiar to some parts of the Chinese empire. It is not
the largest of the genus known ; yet it is of sufficient magnitude to excite terror and
disgust. To an European, who has seen only the indigenous spiders of his own country,
a species five or six inches in length, and nearly the same in breadth, must appear a
frightful creature : Epeira Maculata sometimes exceeds that size ; but it has not the
forbidding aspect of most insects of the same genus. The legs are unusually long, and
the body slender. In its general appearance it resembles some kinds of the Phatangia
that are known in England by the vulgar name Harvest-men, being generally seen about
that time of the year.

It has been observed, that nature oftentimes adorns the most deformed and loathsome
of her creatures in the richest display of colours ; and this is especially noticed in many
sorts of snakes, toads, lizards, &.c. Spiders seem also of this description : to a form the
most hideous we frequently find united a brilliance of colours, and elegance of marking,
that is scarcely excelled by any of the butterfly tribe, — the most beautiful of all lepidop-
terous insects. Our present subject is a striking proof of the latter part of this obser-
vation. The three figures in our plate of Epeira Maculata exhibit a front and a profile
view of the insect, together with the front of the head at the third figure. The head is
furnished with two very strong black mandibles, each terminated in an extremely acute
point. The fore part of the cephalo-thorax, which is wholly of a fine silky appearance,
and the colour of silver, bending over the mandibles in the form of an arch, or circular

head-piece, gives it the resemblance of a black head with a crown of silver on the brow.
This appearance is heightened in no small degree by three rugged prominences, one in
the centre, and another on each side, on the upper part ; and by the minute black eyes,
which, like those of most spiders, sparkle with the lustre of small gems. These eyes
are eight in number, four are placed immediately in the front of the silver-coloured
circular front piece, and on each side are two placed close together thus : " :

The body is really beautiful, the chief colour is deep brown, strongly tinged with
bright purple ; a broad stripe of orange colour passes down the abdomen from the
cephalo-thorax to the apex : the whole is elegantly marked with a variety of cream-
coloured lines and spots intersecting each other. Very little hair is found on any part
of this spider except on the cephalo-thorax, which being rubbed off, discovers a hard
testaceous black substance beneath.

The description given by Fabricius accords m every respect with our specimen.
The only insect with which it could possibly be confounded is Aranea Pilipes, which
also has never been figured ; it differs, however, from Aranea Maculata in the very hairy
clothing of the legs, and it has also two silver stripes down the back : a striking specific
distinction to separate it from our inSect. It is also a native of the East Indies, but not
of China, that we are informed.

Order. DECAPODA. Latreille.
ORITHYIA MAMILLARIS.

Phitu 48.
f^LAss. CnusTACEA, C'Mijcr. AjitcTa p ZinnffM*.

Order. Decapoda, Latreille.
SiXTioN. BiiACHYURA, Latreille.
Family. Portunid;e.

Genus. OuniiYiA. Fabricius. CanceT p. Linu. Dunov.
Cii. Sp. O. testa utrinque trispinosa, taberciilatu, maculis duabus rutls, froutc tridentato.

Long. test. 1^ unc.
O. with the carapax having three spiiius on each side and tubeiculated, wilh two red

spots, the front tridentate. Length 1^ inch.
Syn. Cancer niainillaris, Fubr. Ent. Syst. 2. 465. 91.

It is worthy of remark, that this is the only species of the old genu.s Cancer, which
Fabricius mentions as a native of China.

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STOMAI'ODA.

Order. STOMAPODA. Lutrcille.
SQUILLA MANTIS.

Plato 49.

Genus. Squilla, Fabricius. Ciincer, p. Linnmus.

Cii. Sp. Sq. manibus compressis 6-dentatis, articulo ultimo abdominis cariiiu centrali, dentilms

tribus utrinque apiccque bidentato. Long. Corp. 4^ unc.
Sq. with the terminal joint of the large pair of claws six toothed, the last abdominal

segment with a central carina, three teeth on each side and two at the extremity.

Length of the body 4.^ inches.
Syn. Cancer Mantis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 1054. Fab. Ent. Syst. 2. .511. Desmnrest

Cons, siir les Crustaces, p. 2.51. Encycl. Meth. pi. 324. De Geer Ins. vol. 7.

t. 34.

The Linnsean Cancri are numerous, and include many species not less singular in
appearance than the extraordinary creature before us. Indeed, some species are so
extremely different from the rest, both in structure and manners of life, that even Do-
novan could not hesitate in concluding the Linnsean character of the genus to be defective
and indefinite. This may be observed in several of the species Linnaeus himself described,
and throughout a more extensive number of those discovered since the time of that
author. It is evident Linnaeus could never reconcile the subdivisions of the two prin-
cipal families, the Brachyuri and Maa^ouri, or crabs with short and long tails ; and
later naturalists have ventured, with propriety, to alter this part of his arrangement.

Desmarest gives the Mediterranean as the locality of Squilla Mantis , but the species
here figured, which is very common in the Chinese boxes of insects sent to this country,
agrees with the extended characters given of S. Mantis. Fabricius says of it, " Habitat
in mari Asiatico, Indico, Meditcrranco, Italis esculentus."

MYRIAPODA.

SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS?

Plate 50.

Class. Ametabola, Leach. Myriapoda, Latreille. Aptera p. Linnaus.

FaMILV. SCOLOPENDRID.E.

Genus. Scolopendra, Linnteiis.

Ch. Sp. Sc. pedibus utrinque 21, posterioribus spinosis. Long. Corp. 6 unc.

Sc. with twenty-one feet on each side, the posterior pair spined. Length of the body

6 inches.
SvN. Scolopendra morsitans, De Geer Ins. vol. 7. t. 43. Jig. 1. (in Indii). Linn.? Syst.

Nat. 2. 1063. (" Hab. in Indiis"). Fabrieiits Ent. Sijst. 2. p. 390. (" Hab. in

Indid orientali.")

Travellers agree that the temperate parts of Asia would be a terrestrial paradise,
were it not for the multitude of troublesome insects and reptiles with which they are in-
fested. In a well cultivated country like China, many of these creatures can scarcely
find shelter ; but such as harbour in the walls or furniture of human dwellings are as
abundant in that, as any other country lying within or near the tropics. Amongst the
latter, none produce more terrible effects than the Centipede, whose poison is as veno-
mous as that of the scorpion, which is also a native of China.

Sir G. Staunton mentions a remarkable circumstance that occurred during the em-
bassy to China to which he was attached. The ambassador and his suite were accom-
modated in a temple near the suburbs of Tong-choo-foo. " In some of the apartments
the priests had suffered scorpions and scolopendras to harbour through neglect. These
noisome creatures were known only by description to some of the gentlemen in the
embassy, who had not visited the southern parts of Europe : the sight of such, for the
first time, excited a degree of horror in their minds ; and it seemed to them to be a
sufficient objection to the country, that it produced these animals." Sir George however
adds, that no accident happened in that instance. — The species of Scolopendra he alludes
to, is probably Morsitans, which is common in many parts of the world, but is particularly
found of a frightful size, and in vast abundance, in the two Indies.

Many authors have described this creature. In tiie voluminous works of Seba we
find several specimens of it from different countries, differing materially in size, and some
trifling particulars. The largest of these exceed our figure in magnitude, being near
fourteen inches in length : this he calls Millepeda major ex nova Hispania. His figure
of Millepeda Africana is about the size of our Chinese specimen. He has also a third

^ / ' / /

/'/.y/^v/-/

MYRIAPODA. 89

and fourth figure, MUlepeda Orkntalis and Millepeda Ceylotiica, mas:- the latter is the
same length as our figure, but the body is very narrow. Millepeda Orientalis is also the
same length, but the body is very broad. Some of these insects are not four inches in
length. These will be regarded as distinct species ; and, indeed, it is questionable
whether the Chinese species be strictly entitled to the specific name of Morsitans, as
Guerin (Encyclop. Meth. x. p. 393), and Pohl and Kollar, in their work on the noxious
insects of Brazil, have given the name of Morsitans to the Brazilian species, which has
also twenty-one pairs of legs ; to this species, however. Dr. Leach gave the specific name
of Alternans. The entire genus has, indeed, need of a monographical revision. It will
be seen that the antennae in this figure are much shorter than in that of De Geer, &c.

Authors agree that they vary exceedingly in size* and colour. De Geer describes
them to be sometimes deep reddish brown; at others, the colour of yellow ochre. The
figure in Catesby's Natural History of Carolina is light brown ; we have specimens of
a livid yellow, and have seen others strongly tinged with red.

The last pair of legs is considerably larger than the others, and is armed with small
black spines. The legs terminate in very sharp hooks or nails of a shining black colour.
All the other legs are also furnished with a smaller nail of the same shape and colour.

M. Gronovius says, that all its feet are very venomous ; but the most formidable of
its weapons are the two sharp hooked instruments that are placed under the mouth, and
with which it destroys its prey.

Leuwenhoeck having examined these instruments with a microscope, found a small
opening at the extremity of each, and a channel from them into the body of the creature.
Through this channel he supposes the Scolopendra emits the poisonous fluid into the
wound it makes with the hooked instrument. That author further remarks, that he has
seen a liquor on that part of living scolopendras. A figure of these instruments on the
under side of the head is represented in one of the dissections in our plate.

The same author, wishing to ascertain the influence of the poison of Scolopendra
morsitans, placed a large fly within its reach. The Scolopendra at first took it between
a pair of its middle feet, then passed it from one pair of feet to the next, till the fly was
brought under the sharp pointed instrument or crotchets at the head, which it plunged
into the fly, and it died instantly. Notwithstanding this experiment, De Geer, Catesby,
and other authors assert, that its bite seldom proves fatal to larger animals ; but all agree

* These creatures differ from most insects in their manner of growth, insomuch that it is impossible to as-
certain when they are of their full size. The segments of the body increase in number as they advance in
age, which circumstance renders it difficult oftentimes to determine the species without a minute examination
of its other characters.

N

90 MYRIAPODA.

that its poison is as dangerous as that of the scorpion. (See also Worbe in the Bulletin
tie la Soc. Philomat, Jan. 1824, Amoreux Insectes venimeux, and the recent work of
Puhl and Kollar above referred to, for further details relative to the poisonous properties
of these insects.)

This Scolopendra has eight eyes : they are very small ; four are placed on each side
of the head near the antennae. In the dissections a figure is given to exhibit the manner
m which the four eyes are placed on one side.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

In this Index tlie names employed both in tlie present and former editions are introduced, in order to render the refereiK
which have been made by writers to the former edition available. The names, generic, sub-generic, or specific, first einjiluyed
the present edition are distinguished by a *.

*Acr8ea Vesta, PI. 30. f. 1.

*Agrion Chinensis, PI. 46. f. 1.

Aranea maculata, PL 47.

*Argynnis Erymanthis, PI. 35. f. 1.

*Astemma Schlanbuschii, PI. 20. f. 2.

*.'Eshna clavata, PI. 45. f. 1.

*Belostoma *Indica ? PI. 18.

•Belostoma *(Sph8erodema) rustica, PI. 19. t'. 1.

Buprestis ocellata, PI. 7. f. 2.

Buprestis *(Chrysochroa) ocellata, PI. 7. f. 2.

Buprestis vittata, PI. 7. f. 1.

Buprestis *(Chrysochroa) vittata, PI. 7. f. I.

*Calandra longipes, PI. 4. f. 2.

*Callidea *ocellata, PI. 20. f. ].

*Callidea Stockerus, PI. 21. f. i.

*CalIimorpha? bifasciata, PL 41. f. 4.

*Callimorpha? *panthorea, PL 44. f. 3.

*Callimorpha? ruficollis, PL 41. f. 3.

*Callimorpha? Thallo, PL 41. f. 2.

Cancer Mamillaris, PL 48.

Cancer Mantis, PL 49.

Cerambyx farinosus, PL 6. f. 3.

Cerambyx reticulator, PL 6. f. 2.

Cerambyx Rubus, PL 6. f. i.

*Cerbus *tenebrosus? PL 21. f. 4.

*Cercopis abdoniinalis, PL 16. f. 5.

Cetonia Cliinensis, PL 3. f. 1.

Cetonia *(Tetragona) Chinensis, PL 3. f. i.

*Chariesteius cruciger, PL 21. f. 3.

Cicada abdominalis, PL 16. f. 5.

Cicada aiiibii>,iia, PL 16. f. 2.

Cicada atrata, V\. 15.

Cicada frontalis, PL 16. f. 6.

Cicada lanata, PL 16. f. 3.

Cicada limbata var. PL 17.

Cicada sanguinea. Pi. 16. f. I.

Cimex aurantius, PL 21. f. 2.

Cimexbifidus, PL 21. f. 5.

Cimex cruciger, PL 21. f. 3.

Cimex dispar, PI. 20. f. 1.

Cimex Phasianus, PL 21. f. 4.

Cimex Slanbuscliii, PL 20. L 2.

Cimex Stockerus, PI. 21. f. l.

*Cleonis perlatus, PL 4. f. 7.

*Colias *(Callidryas) Philea, PI. 32. f. 2.

*Colias *(Callidryas) Pyranthe, PL 32. f. I

*Copris Bucephalus, PL 2. f. 3.

*Copris Midas, PL 1. f. i.

*Copris Molossus, PL 2. f. i.

Curculio barbirostris, PL 4. f. 3.

Curculio Chinensis, PL 4. f. 1.

Curculio longipes, PL 4. f. 2.

Curculio perlatus, PI. 4. f. 7.

Curculio pulverulentus, PI. 4. f. 6.

Curculio squamosus, PL 4. f. 5. and PI. 5,

Curculio verrucosus, PL 4. f. 4.

*Cynthia Almana, PL 36. f. 2.

•Cynthia CEnone, PL 36. f. 1.

*Cynthia Orithya, PL 35. f. 2.

*DeiIephila Nechus, Pi. 40. f. 1.

*Epeira *(Nephila) maculata, PI. 47.

*Erebus *macrops, PL 44. f. 1.

*Euchlora viridis, PL 3. f. 2.

*Eusemia lectrix, PL 43. f. 2.

*Flata *nigricornis, PL 17.

Fulgora Candelaria, PI. 14.

92

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

*Glaucopis Polymelia, PI. 40. f. 2.

*Gryl'otalpa *Chinensis, PI. 12. f. 2.

Gryllus acuminatus, PI. 11. f. 2.

Gryllus *(Conocephatus) acuminatus? Pi. 11. f. 2.

Gryllus flavicornis, PI. 12. f. 1.

Gryllus Gryllotalpa, Pi. 12. f. 2.

Gryllus morbillosus, PI. 13.

Gryllus nasutus, PI. 10. f. 1.

Gryllus perspiciilatus, PI. 11. f. 1.

Gryllus *(Pliasgoneurus) perspiciilatus, PI. 11. f. 1.

Gryllus vittatus, PI. 10. f. 2.

*Gymnopleurus *sinuatus, PI. 1 . f. 5.

*Harpactor bifidus, PI. 21. f. 5.

*Heleona militaris, PI. 43. f. 1.

*Hipparchus Zonarius, PI. 44. f. 2.

*Hipporhinus verrucosus, PI. 4. f. 4.

*Hyporaeces squamosus, PI. 4. f. 5. and PI. 5.

*Hypomeces squamosus *var. PI. 4. f. 6.

*Lamia *punctator, PI. 6. f. 3.

»Laniia reticulator, PI. 6. f. 2.

*Lamia Rubus, PI. 6. f. 1.

Libellula Chinensis, PI. 46. f. 1.

Libellula clavata, PI. 45. f. 1.

Libellula ferniginea, PI. 46. f. 2.

Libellula Fulvia, PI. 46. f. 3.

Libellula Indica, PI. 45. f. 2.

Libellula *Servilia, PI. 46. f. 2.

Libellula 6-maculata, PI. 45. f. 3.

Libellula *variegata, PI. 45. f. 2.

*Limenitis *Eurynome, PI. 35. f. 4.

*Limenitis *Leucothoe, PI. 35. f. 3.

*Locusta *(Rutidoderes) flavicornis, PI. 12. f. I.

*Locusta *(Phymatea) morbillosa, PI. 13.

*Lystra lanata, PI. 16. f. 3.

Mantis *(Schizocephala) *bicornis, PI. 9. f. 1.

Mantis flabellicornis, PI. 9. f 2.

Mantis *(Enipusa) flabellicornis, PI. 9. f. 2.

Mantis oculata, PI. 9. f. 1.

Meloe Cichorei, PI. 8. f. 1.

Melolontha viridis, PI. 3. f. 2.

*Morpho *(Drusilla) Jairus, PI. 33.

*Morplio Rhetenor, PI. 29.

♦Mylabris Cichorii, PI. 8. f. 1.

*Myrina *(Loxura) Atymnus, PI. 39. f. 1.

Nepa grandis, PI. 18.

Nepa rubra, PI. 19. f. 2.

Neparustica, PI. 19. f. I.

'Nymplialis Antiochus, PI. 37. f. 2.

'Nymphalis *(Charaxes) Bernardus, PI. 34.

*Nymphalis Jacintha, PI. 37. f. 1.

* Nymphalis *(Aconthea) Lubentina, PI. 36. f.

*Nymphalis *Sylla, PI. 38.

*Oniticellus cinctus, PI. 1. f. 3.

*Onthophagus seniculus, PI. 2. f. 2.

*Orithyia mamillaris, PI. 48.

*Oryctes *Rhinoceros? PI. 1. f. 2.

Papilio Agamemnon, PI. 26. f. 2.

Papilio Agenor, PI. 24. f. 2.

Papilio Almana, PI. 36. f. 2.

Papilio Antiochus, PI. 37. f. 2.

Papilio Atymnus, PI. 39. f. 1.

Papilio Bernardus, PI. 34.

Papilio Coon, PI. 24. f. 1.

Papilio Crino, PI. 23.

Papilio Demoleus, PI. 28. f. 2.

Papilio Epius, PI. 28. f. 1.

Papilio Erymanthis, PI. 35. f. 1.

Papilio Gambrisius, PI. 38.

Papilio Glaucippe, PI. 31. f. 1.

Papilio Hyparete, PI. 30. f. 3.

Papilio Jacintha, PI. 37. f. i.

Papilio Jairus, PI. 33.

Papilio Laomedon, PI. 27.

Papilio Leucothoe, PI. 35. f. 4.

Papilio Lubentina, PI. 36. f. 3.

Papilio Meecenas, PI. 39. f. 2.

Papilio (Enone, PI. 36. f. I.

Papilio Orythia, PI. 35. f. 2.

Papilio Paris, PI. 22.

Papilio Pasithoe, PI. 30. f. 2.

Papilio Peranthus, PI. 25.

Papilio Philea, PI. 32. f. 2.

Papilio Polyxena, PI. 35. f. 3.

Papilio *Protenor, PI. 27.

Papilio Pyranthe, PI. 32. f. 1.

Papilio Rhetenor, PI. 29.

Papilio Sesia, PI. 31. f. 2.

Papilio Telamon, PI. 26. f. 1.

Papilio Vesta, PI. 30. f. 1.

Phalfena Atlas, PI. 42.

Phalsena bubo, PI. 44. f. 1.

Phaleena lectrix, PI. 43. f. 2.

Phalaena militaris, PI. 43. f. 1.

Phalsena pagaria, PI. 44. f. 3.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Phaleena zonaria, PI. 44. f. 2.
*Pieris "(Iphias) Glaucippe, PI. 31.
*Pieris Hyparete, Pi. 30. f. 3.
*Pieris Pasithoe, P). 30. f. 2.
*Pieris *(Thestias) *Pyrene? PI. 31.
*Raphigaster aurantiiis, Pi. 21. f. 2.
*Rhina barbirostris, PI. 4. f. 3.
•Rhinastus •sternicornis, PI. 4. f. 1.
*Sagra *splendida, PI. 8. f. 2.
*Saturnia Atlas, PI. 42.
Scarabseus Bucephalus, PI. 2. f. 3.
Scarabseus cinctus, PI. 1 . f. 3.
Scarabseus Leei, PI. 1 . f. 5.
Scarabaeus Midas, PI. I. f. 1.
Scarabaeus Molossus, PI. 2. f. i.
Scarabffius nasicornis, PI. 1 . f. 2.
Scarabaeus sacer, Pi. 1 . f. 4.

Scarabaeus *(Heliocantharusj 'sanctus? PI. 1. f.

Scarabaeus seniculus, PI. 2. f. 2.

Scolopendra morsitans, PI. 50.

♦Sesia Hylas, PI. 41. f. i.

Sphinx bifasciata, PI. 41. f. 4.

Sphinx Hylas, PI. 41. f. 1.

Sphinx Nechus, PI. 40. f. 1.

Sphinx Polymena, PI. 40. f. 2.

Sphinx ruficoUis, PI. 41. f. 3.

Sphinx Thallo, PI. 41. f. 2.

*Squilla mantis, PI. 49.

Tenebrio femoratus, PI. 8. f. 2.

•Tettigonia frontalis, PI. 16. f. 6.

Tettigonia splendidula, PI. 16. f. 4.

*Thecla Maecenas, PI. 39. f. 2.

*Truxalis *Chinensis, PI. 10. f. i.

*Truxalis *(Mesops) vittatus, PI. 10. f. 2.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

INSECTA.

I._MOUTH WITH JAWS.

Order. COLEOPTERA.

Tribe. Lamellicornes, Latr.

Famihj. ScARAB^KiDiE, Mac L.
Scarabaeus (Heliocantliarus) sanctus? PI. 1. f. 4.
Gymnopleurus sinuatus, PL 1. f. 5.
Copris Midas, PI. 1. f. 1.
C. Molossus, PI. 2. f. 1.
C. Bucephalus, PI. 2. f. 3.
Onthophagus seniculus, PI. 2. f. 2.
Oniticellus cinctus, PI. 1. f. 3.

Fmnily. Dynastid;e, Mac L.
Oryctes Rhinoceros, PI. 1. f. 2.

Family. Melolonthid;e, Mac L.
Eiichlora viiidis, PI. 3. f. 2.

Family. Cetoniid;e, Mac L.
Cetonia (Tetragona) Chinensis, PI. 3. f. 1.

Tribe. Stehnoxi, Latr.

Family. Buprf,stid;e, Leach.
Buprestis (Chrysochroa) vittata, PI. 7. f. 1.
— ocellata, PI. 7. f. 2.

Tribe. Trachelides, Latr.
Family. MeloidjE, Westw.
Mylabris Cichorii, PI. 8. f. 1.

Tribe. Rhyncophora, Latr.

Family. Curculionids, Leach.
Hipporhinus verrucosus, PI. 4. f. 4.
Hypomeces squamosus, PI. 4. f. 5. and PI. 4. f.
_ var. PI. 5.

Cleonis perlatus, PL 4. f. 7.
Rhinastus sternicornis, PL 4. f. 1.
Rhina barbirostris, PL 4. f. 3.
Calandra longipes, PL 4. f. 2.

Tribe. Longicornes, Latr
Family. Lamiid*, Westw.

Lamia Rubus, PL 6. f. 1.

L. reticulator, PI. 6. f. 2.

L. punctator, PL 6. L 3.

Tribe. Emtoda.
Family. Sagrida:, Westw.
Sagra splendida, PL 8. f. 2.

Order. ORTHOPTERA. Oliv.

Tribe. Cursoria, Latr.

Family. Mantidj,, Leach.
Mantis (Empusa) flabellicornis, PL 9. f. 2.
M. (Schizocephala) bicornis, PL 9. f. 1.

Tribe. Saltaioria, Latr.

Family. LocusTius, Leach.
Truxalis Chinensis, PL 10. f. 1.
T. (Mesops) vittatus, PI. 10. f. 2.

Locusta (Rutidoderes) flavicornis, PL 12. L i.
L. (Phymatea) morbiUosa, PL 13.

Family. Gryllid;e, Leach.
Gryllus (Phasgonurus) perspicillatus, PL 11. L 1.
G. (Conocephalus) acuminatus ? PL 1 1 . f. 2.

Family. Achetiu«, Leach.
Gryllotalpa Chinensis, PL 12. L 2.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order. NEUROPTERA. Linn.

Family. Libellulid*, Leach.
^shna clavata, PI. 45. f. 1.
Libellula variegata, PI. 45. f. 2.

Libellula 6-niaculata, PI. 45. f. 3.
L. Servilia, PI. 46. f. 2.

L. Fulvia, PI. 46. f. 3.

Agrion Chinensis, PI. 46. f. 1.

II.— MOUTH SUCTORIAL.

Order. LEPIDOPTERA. Linn.

Tribe. Diuiina, Latr.

Family. Papilionids, Leach.
Papilio Paris, PI. 22.
P. Crino, PI. 23.

P. Coon, PI. 24. f. 1.

P. Agenor, PI. 24. f. 2.

P. Peranthus, PI. 25.

P. Telamon, PI. 26. f. 1.

P. Agamemnon, PI. 26. f. 2.

P. Protenor ?, PI. 27.

P. Epius, PI. 28. f. 1.

P. Demoleus, PI. 28. f. 2.

Pieris Pasithoe, PI. 30. f. 2.
P. Hyparete, PI. 30. f. 3.
P. (Iphias) Glaucippe, PI. 31. f. 1.
P. (Thestias) Pyrene? PI. 31. f. 2.
Colias (Callidryas) Pyranthe, PI. 32. f. I.
C. (C. ) Philea, PI. 32. f. 2.

Family. Heliconiid.e, Swainson.
Acreea Vesta, PI. 30. f. 1.

Family. Nymphalid*, Swainson.
Morpho Rhetenor, PI. 29.
M. (Drusilla) Jairus, PI. 33.

Nymphalis Jacintha, PI. 37. f. 1,
N. Antiochus, PI. 37. f. 2.

N. Sylla, PI. 38.

N. (Charaxes) Bernardus, PI. 34.

N. (Aconthea) Lubentina, PI. 36. f. 3.

Argynnis Eryraanthis, PI. 35. f. 1.
Cynthia Oiithya, PI. 35. f. 2.
C. CEnone, PI. 36. f. 1.

C. Almana, PI. 36. f. 2.

Limenitis Leucothoe, PI. 35. f. 3.
L. Eurynome, PI. 35. f. 4.

Family. Lyc;ENiD^, Swainson.
Myrina (I.oxura) Atymnus, PI. 39. f. 1,
Thecla Maecenas, PI. 39. f. 2.

Section. Crepuscularia, Latr
Family. Spiiingid/t:, Leach.

Deilephila Nechus? PI. 40. f. 1.

Sesia Hylas, PI. 41. f. 1.

Section. ?

Family. Zy^enid^e, Leach.
Glaucopis Polymena, PI. 40. f. 2.

Section. Noctuiina, Latr.

Family. Bombycid.e, Leach.
Saturnia Atlas, PI. 42.
Eusemia Lectrix, PI. 43. f. 2.

Family. Arctiidx, Stephens.
Callimovpha? Thallo, PI. 41. f. 2.
C. ? ruficollis, PI. 41. f. 3.

C. ?bifasciata, PI. 41. f. 4.

C. ? panthorea, PI. 44. f. 3.

Heleona militaris, PI. 43. f. 1.

Family. NocruiD.E, Leach.
Erebus macrops, PI. 44. f. I.

Family. Geometrid^e, Leach.
Hipparchus Zonarius, PI. 44. f. 2.

Order. HEMIPTERA. Linn.

Sub-Order. Heteroptera, Latr.

Section. Geocorisa, Latr.

Family. Scutellerid*, Leach.
Callidea ocellata, PI. 20. f. 1.
C. Stockerus, PI. 21. f. 1.

Raphigaster aurantius, PI. 21. f. 2.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family. CoreiDjE, Leach.

Chariesterus cruciger, PI. 21'. f. 3.
Cerbus tenebrosus? PI. 21. f. 4.

Family. Lyg;eid«, Leach.
Astemma Schlanbuschii, PI. 20. f. 2.

Family. Reduviid^, Leach.
Harpactor bifidus, PI. 21. f. 5.

Section. Hydrocorisa, Latr.

Family. Nepid^, Leach.
Belostoma Indica? Pi. 18.
B. (Sphserodema) rustica, PI. 19. f.

Nepa rubra, PI. 19. f. 2.

Sub-Order. Homopteua, Latr.

Family. CiCADiDa;, Leach.
Cicada atrata, PI. 15.
C. sanguinea, PI. 16. f. 1.
0. ambigua, PI. 16. f. 2.

C. splendidula, PI. 16. f. 4.

Family. FiTLuoRiDyE, Leach.
Fulgora Candelaria, PI. 14.
Lystra lanata, PI. 16. f. 3.
Plata nigricornis, PI. 17.

Family. CercopidjE, Leach.
Cercopis abdominalis, PI. 16. f. 5.
Tettigonia frontalis, PI. 16. f. 6.

CRUSTACEA.

Order. DECAPODA.
Orithyia mamillaris, PI. 48.

Order. STOMAPODA.
Squilla mantis, PI. 49.

ARACHNIDA.

Epeira (Nephila) clavipes, PI. 47.

AMETABOLA.

Scolopendra morsitans, PI. 50.

, Clmncery Laue.

^- P- METCALF