VWK. i V ]/ m . B <[/i yP USJyh s mi. Wi mn '*kmu WmmKBk n L^ ■ ■ VJ U^ -M \ : \J LHKH L*t\lMl v> v L mk -HE ^/ V \J W v ■ <3 ^y v/ ■*/ y»/V ^ 5 &pp *>• ^k ^ V k» rc ii */ w I, THE J NATURAL HISTORY OF MANY CURIOUS AND UNCOMMON Z OOPHYTES, COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE By the late JOHN ELLIS, Esq. F. R. S. S O C. REG. U P S A L. S O C. AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ENGLISH CORALLINES, AND OTHER WORKS. SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED AND DESCRIBED By the late DANIEL SOLANDER, M. D. F. R. S. &c. WITH SIXTY. TWO PLATES ENGRAVEN BY PRINCIPAL ARTISTS LONDON: TRINTED FOR BENJAMIN WHITE AND SON, AT HORACE'S HEAD, FLEET-STREET} AND PETER ELMSLY, IN THE STRAND, M.DCC.LXXXVI, T O Sir JOSEPH BANKS, Bart. PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c. THE LIBERAL PATRON OF SCIENCE, AND THE ENLIGHTENED CULTIVATOR OF NATURAL KNOWLEDGE THESE SHEETS, CONTAINING A CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY, OF THE LATE JOHN ELLIS, Esq, F. R. S. ARE, WITH THE STRICTEST PROPRIETY, AND THE MOST PROFOUND RESPECT, INSCRIBED BY HIS MOST OBEDIENT AND MUCH OBLIGED SERVANT, THE DAUGHTER OF THE AUTHOR, MARTHA WAT To ADVERTISEMENT, THE Public have a claim on the Editor of the following meets, to account for the imperfect ftate in which they now make their appearance ; and, at the fame time, it is hoped that a fhort account of the endeavours of the Author to promote fo curious and laudable a ftudy, will not be deemed an impertinent intrufion on the patience of the reader. Mr. Ellis, having difcovered that feveral fubje&s, which had been arranged by Natural Hiftorians under the title of Marine Vegetables, were in reality Animal Productions, publifhed, in the year 1755, the refult of the refearches he had made in the inveftigation of that branch of knowledge, in a quarto work intitled, " An Effay towards " a Natural Hiftory of Britifh and Irifh Corallines." The approba- tion with which this work was received, gained the Author the ac- quaintance and patronage of many of the raoft refpedtable characters of the age : and an innate defire to dive deeper into the hidden treafures of nature, induced him to make thofe inquiries which pro- duced feveral Memoirs, which were read at different times before the Royal Society, and publifhed in the Philofophical Tranfadtions ; par- ^ed Lift!"" ticularly thofe " on the animal nature of Zoophytes, called Corallina" and " the AElinia Sociata, or Clujlered Animal Flower" in the 57th volume, which gained him the honour of Sir Godfrey Copleys, medal from that learned body, delivered to him by the Prefident, Sir John Pringle, on the 30th of November, 1768, together with a moil flat- tering compliment in a fpeech from the chair, on the nature and s^ech utility of the difcoveries of the Author. annexed. Thus encouraged, Mr. Ellis became more anxious in the purfuit of liis favourite ftudy ; and being then the king's agent for the pro- B vince vl ADVERTISEMENT. vince of Wejl Florida ; and agent for the ifland of Dominica ; and in correfpondence and intimacy with the learned Dr. Linna-us, and the moft celebrated natural hiftorians of the age ; he was enabled to collect information from the moft diftant countries, which he purfued with unremitting ardour ; and with the afiiftance of his ineftimable friends, Dr. Fothergill and Dr. Sola?ider, he intended to have laid be- fore the public a complete hiftory of Zoophytes. In this, however, he was unfortunately difappointed ; his declining health preventing him from proceeding farther than the completion of thefe plates, which were all engraven under his immediate inflection, fome at his own expence, and more by the munificence of the late Dr. Fothergilly whofe love of fcience and ample fortune induced him to promote the laudable defigns of many, whom a more limited fituation reftrained from carrying their purfuits to the extent of their wifhes. For the arrangement of the defcriptions we are indebted to Dr. Solander ; whofe premature death prevented this and other valuable works from appearing in fo complete a manner as they would other- wife have done : fince it muft be univerfally allowed that the world fuffered in Br. Solander, the lots of one of the greateft Natural Hif- torians ever known ; while his more intimate friends deplore that of an invaluable member of fociety. Thefe are the circumftances under which the following fheets are now publifhed, at the requeft of Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. who has thought the work not unworthy of his attention, and permitted it to be dedicated to him ; and it is prefumed, that, even in its prefent ftate, it will meet with a favourable reception, fince it throws many new lights upon a fubject hitherto but nightly inveftigated. Mr. Ellis's fondnefs for Natural Hiftory was not confined to any particular branch. Botany was likewife to him a fource of in- finite amufement ; which he endeavoured to render ufeful to fo- ciety in general, but more particularly to the Weft India iflands and America. The hiftorical account of Coffee, publifhed by him in 1774, was defgned to encourage the confumption of that article, raifed ADVERTISEMENT. raifed by the planters in the Wejl Indies : while the accounts of the Mango/ion and Bread Fruit frees, with directions for conveying feeds and plants from the moft diftant parts of the globe in a ftate of vegetation, were publifhed with a view to introduce thofe, and many other plants into our own fettlements, where they might become beneficial to the public for the purpofes of medicine, agriculture and commerce. And his active mind was conftantly employed in de- viling means for promoting the welfare of fociety, until the time of his death, which happened on the 15th of October, 1776. B 2 papers Papers of John Ellis, Efq. read at the Royal Society, and printed m the Philofophical 1'ranfaclions. Vol. xlviii. /OBSERVATIONS on a remarkable Coralline, in a Letter to p. 115. o the Rev. Thomas Birch, D. D. Sec. R. S. Read March 17th, *7S3- p- 3°5- A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a Clutter*. Polype, found in the Sea, near the Coaft of Greenland. Read November 8th, 1753. p. 504. A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a particular Species of Corallines. Read February 7th, 1754. p. 627. A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning the animal Life of thofe Corallines, that look like minute Trees, and grow upon Oyfters and Fuci all round the Sea-coaft of this Kingdom. Read June 13th, 1754. Vol. xlix. An Account of a curious, flefhy, coral-like Subftance ; in a Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. with fome Obfervations on it, com- municated to Mr. Collinfon. Read January 22d, 1756. p. 806. A Letter to Philip Carteret Webb, Efq. F. R. S. attempting to afcertain the Tree that yields the common Varnifh ufed in China and Japan ; to promote its Propagation in our American Colonies; and to fet right fome miftakes which Botanifts appear to have enter- tained concerning it. Read November 25th, 1756. Vol. l. An Account of a Red Coral from the Eajl Indies, of a very fingu- p* l89, lar Kind ; In a Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. Read March 24th, 1757. g Remarks on Dr. Job Baflers Obfervationes de Corallinis, &c. In a Letter to the Earl of Macclesfield, President of the Royal Society. Read June 9th, 1757. An MR. ELLIS'S PAPERS. ix An Anfwer to the preceding Remarks. Read January 19-th, 1758. P- 44?- An Account of feveral rare Species of Barnacles : In a Letter to p. 845. Mr. Ifaac Romllly, F. R. S. Read December 21 ft, 1 758. An Account of fome Experiments relating to the Prefervation of Vol. m. Seeds : In two Letters to the Earl of Macclesfield, Prefident of the Royal. Society. Read January 18th, 1759* The Method of making Sal Ammoniac in Egypt; as communica- p. 504. ted by Dr. Linnaeus, from his Pupil Dr. Hajfelquift, who had been lately in thofe Parts. Read January 31ft, 1760. An Account of the Plants Halejia and Gardenia: In a Letter to p- 929. Philip Carteret Webb, Efq. F. R. S. Read November 20th, 1760. An Account of an Kncrmus, or Star-fijb, with a jointed Stem, taken Vol. lii. on the Coaft of Barbadoes, which explains to what Kind of Animal thofe Foffils belong, called Star-Jlones, AJlerice, and AJlropodia, which have been found in many Parts of this Kingdom : In a Letter to Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Co/la, F. R. S. Read December 17th, 1761. An Account of the Male and Female Cochineal Infe&s, that breed p. 661 . on the Cadlus Opuntia, or Indian Fig, in South Carolina and Georgia : In a Letter to Peter Wych, Efq. Read December 23d, 1762. An Account of the Sea Pen, or Pennatula Phofphorea of Linnaus ; Vol. lih» likewife a Defcription of a new Species of Sea Pen, found on the Coaft of South Carolina, with Obfervations on Sea Pens in general. In a Letter to the Honourable Coote Mole/worth, Efq. M. D. and F. R. S. Read December 22d, i/6^. An Account of an Amphibious Bipes. Read June 5th, 1766. Vol. tvi.. Obfervations upon Animals, commonly called Amphibious. p_ ,93> Prefented by Dr. Parfons, F. R. S. Read June 26th, 1 766. An Account of fome peculiar Advantages in the Structure of the p- 204- Afperce Arterice, or Wind Pipes of feveral Birds, and in the Land Tortoife. Read June 9th, 1766. Extract of a Letter from John Ellis, Efq. F. R. S. to Dr. Linnaeus, VoJl,olvu- of Up/al, F. R. S. on the Animal Nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina. Read July 9th, 1767. An k MR. ELLIS'S PAPERS. p. 428. An Account of the ASlinia Sociata, or cluttered Animal Flower, lately found on the Sea-coafts of the new-ceded Iflands : In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of Hill/borough, F. R. S. Read November 12th, 1767. Vol. lvjii. A Letter to the Prefident, on the Succefs of his Experiments for preferving Acorns for a whole Year without planting them, fo as to be in a State of Vegetation, with a View to bring over fome of the mod valuable Seeds from the Eqjl Indies, to plant for the Benefit of our American Colonies. Read March 10th, 1768. Vol. lix. Obfervations on a particular Manner of Encreafe in the Animal- cula of vegetable Infufions, with the Difcovery of an indhToluble Salt arifing from Hemp-feed put into Water till it becomes putrid. Read May 28th, 1769. Vol. lx. A Copy of a Letter from John Ellis, Efq. F. R. S. to Dr. L'mnaus, F. R. S. &c. with the Figure and Characters of that elegant Ameri- can Ever-green Tree, called by the Gardeners the Loblolly Bay, taken from Blofloms blown near London ; and (hewing that it is not an Hibifcus, as Mr. Miller calls it ; nor an Hypericum, as Dr. Linnaus fuppofes it ; but an intire new Genus, to which Mr. Ellis gives the Name of Gordon/a. Read December 20th, 1 770. p. 524. The Copy of a Letter from John Ellis, Efq. F. R. S. to Mr. Wil- liam Alton, Gardener to her Royal Highnefs the Princefs Dowager of Wales, at Kew, on a new Species of Illicium Linncei, or Starry Annifeed Tree, lately difcovered in Weft Florida. Read December 13th, 1 770. Vol. lxvi. On the Nature of the Gorgonia ; that it is a real Marine Animal, and not of a mixed Nature between Animal and Vegetable : In a Letter to Daniel Solander, M. D. F. R. S. Read June 29th, 1775. Copy Copy of the Prefdent Sir John Pringle's Speech, November 30, 1768, on delivering Sir Godfrey Copley's Prize Medal to John Ellis-, Efq. F. R. S. for his Papers on Natural Hi/lory read to the Royal Society in 1767. MR. ELLIS, YOU have obliged the Pr.hlie in general, and this Society ivs particular, Sir, with fo many judicious experiments, and accu- rate drawings; fo many acute reafonings, and ingenious obferva- tions ; and fo many valuable improvements in natural knowledge, that it has been difficult to determine which of them are beft intitled to thofe marks of approbation which the will of the late Sir Godfrey Copley has directed and enabled us to confer by an honorary distinc- tion— In public acknowledgment of the merit and confequential encouragement of the profecution of fuch laudable Studies. You have opened fuch a wonderful view of fome of the mofl extraordinary productions of nature, and have purfued your difcove- ries with fo much fagacity and judgment, that you might have rea- fon to expect many of thefe teftimonies of your fuccefsful labours in Natural Hiftory, if it were cuflomary to repeat them. But as it has only been ufual for the Council to fingle out fome one or two in particular, I am directed by them to deliver this Medal to you, as- an exprefs testimony of their approbation of your excellent papers of the year 1767, on the animal nature of the genus of Zoophytes, called Corallina, and the Atiinia Sociata, or Cluttered Animal Flower, lately found on the fea-coafts of the new-ceded iflands, now publifhed in the Tran factions for the year 1767. It would be impertinent in me, Sir, to pretend to expatiate on the 1 nature xii STR JOHN PRINGLE'S SPEECH. nature of your difcoveries, and the confequences that flow from them ; becaufe it is not in my power, nor perhaps in any one's, to ex- plain them with as much clearnefs and diftindtnefs as you yourfelf have done. Therefore, inftead of making any weak efforts to do fo, I will only refer Gentlemen to the perufal of your own accounts of them, in thofe communications which the Committee of Papers have judged moft defervedly worthy of a place amongft the Tranfac- tions of this Society. It only remains, therefore, to put the Medal into your hands, as the moil: public mark that the Council can give of their high fenfe of the great acceffion which natural knowledge has received from your moll ingenious and accurate investigations. A N ARRANGEMENT O F ZOOPHYTES. I. ACTINIA. ANIMAL FLOWER. Animal fe affige?is baji^ This animal fixes itfelf by carnofum^ oblongum, te- its bafe ; it is of a flefhy fub- res, co?itra6lih) vivipa- fiance, and a roundifh ob- rum, l°ng form, capable of ex- tending or contracting itfelf; it produces its young alive through its mouth. The mouth, which is in the middle of the upper part, is capable of great extension, and is furrounded by rows of claws or tentacles. It has no other opening but that. Obf. It fometimes pro- duces its young from a creep- ing tubulous bafe. I have fome doubt, whether the animal, which I have called ASli?iia fociata, or Clufter'd animal flower, pro- B perly Os terminale> dilata- bz/e, te?itaculis cin&um. Aperturaprteter os nul- la. Obf. Ex baft tubulofa repente hiterdum proli- fera. A C T I N I A. perly belongs to this genus, as it produces its offspring from an adhering tubulous bafe, and the eonftruclion of the inner parts upon diffection fcem to differ from the reft. At prefent I fhall rank it as a fpecies, till future difcoveries inform us better. i. Actinia Cereus. Actinia tentaculis de7tu- datis ?iu?nerofiffimis^ cor- pore lo?igitud'maliter ful- cato. Sea Torchthijlle. This animal flower has many claws, which it cannot contract ; the body of it is ftriated or furrowed length- ways. Hydra tentaculis denudatis numerojiffimis^ corpore lon~ gitudinaliter fulcato. Gartner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 78. tab. 1. fig. 1. This animal was found on the coaft of Cornwall by my worthy friend Jofeph Gasrtner, M. D. F. R. S. and is defcribed by him in the Philofophical Tranfactions. The claws are of a beautiful feagreen color, ending at the points in a lively rofe color ; the difk or center of the claws and the body are of a brown color.. 2. Aclinia Bellis. Sea Daijie. This animal flower has a head like the calyx of a flower, having many variegated claws, which it draws in. Its body is covered with little warts. Hydra calycifiora, tentaculis retraSiilibus variegatis, corpore verrucofo. Gartner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 79. Aclinia calyci/Iora, ten- taculis retraElilibus varie- gatis, corpore verrucofo. tab. 1. fig. 2. This ACTINIA. This was likewife found by Dr. Gaertner in Cornwall. The ftem is quite fmooth, and inclining to a carnation color. The outiide of the cup and body of the animal is marked with white protuberances or warts, and from a fiefh color changes infenfibly towards the border of the cup, firft into purple, then into a violet, and at laft into a dark brown. The feelers that furround the difk are al- moft tranfparent, and of different lengths and colors ; fome of them are of a pale afh color with brown fpots, others of a chefnut color with white fpots. The difk or upper part is formed like a ftar, compofed of variegated rays of a beautiful mixture of brown, yellow, am color and white. 3. Actinia gemmacea. Studded Sea Star-flower. Actinia difciflora^ ten- This animal flower has a taculis ret rati Mb us fab- difk furrounded by femitran- diaphanis, corf ore milia- fparent claws, which it has the ribus gla?idulis longitudi- power of drawing in. Its body ?ialiter flriato. is floated lengthways with thoufands of little glands. Hydra difciflora, te?itaculis retraBilibus jubdiaphanis^ corpore cylindrico miliaribus glandulis Icngitudinaliter flriato. Gaertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 82. tab. 1. hg. 4. This is likewife one of Dr. Gsertner's from the coaft of Cornwall, and only to be met with in the fiflures of the rocks. The color of the ftem is of a pale red near the bafe, the reft of a yellow mixt with grey afh color. The glands of the middle row are white, the reft of the fame color with the ftem. The feelers are of a whitifh color, varied at the B 2 upper ACTINIA. upper part with feveral crofs lines and brown fpots, of an irregular figure, like the backs of fome fnakes. 4. Actinia Mefembryan- ^. themum. Sea Fig-marygold. A&inia difciflora, ten- This animal flower has a taculis retraEtilibuS) ex- difk furrounded by claws, timq difci margine tuber- which it has the power of culato. drawing in ; the outward mar- gin of the difk has a row of tubercles. Hydra difcijlora, tentaculis retra&ilibus, extimo difci margine tuber culato. Gaertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 83. tab. 1. fig. 5. Dr. Gaertner remarks, that the color of this animal is always red in the fummer, and then changes about the latter end of autumn to a dufky green or brown. The feelers or claws are of various colors, as red, blue, white, and even fometimes variegated, and the hemifpherical tubercles often vary as much as the feelers in color. I have taken notice of this as the moft common of all the Aftinias ; it is to be met with almoft on all the rocky coafts of this kingdom, particularly in great abundance on the rocks a little to the eaftward of Brighthelmftone in Suffex ; what I have feen there has been of the color of a liver, but at Haftings further to the eaftward there are a great variety of fpecies of Actinia not yet defcribed, or very badly. In thefe 4 Actinias, called Hydras by Dr. Gartner, I have made ufe of his defcriptions, as thinking them ex- preflive of the fubject, and only changed his name of Hydra to that of Dr. Patr. Browne of A6i.inia. The ACTINIA. 5 The 4 following fpecies were fent to the Earl of Hillf- borough, by Mr. Greg from Dominica. They were pre- ferved in fpirits, fo that their color and true appearance, when alive, cannot well be known, which occafions their defcriptions, particularly the three laft, to be lefs exact. 5. Adlinia fociata. Cluftered Animal flower. Tab. r. Fig. 1.2, Actinia tenuis, tuba- This animal flower is of a formis, capitulo fubglobofo flender make and trumpet tentaculato, ex tubulo car- fhape, with a roundifh head nofo adhcere?tti prolifera. furnifhed with circles of claws ; from its bafe are produced flefhy adhering tubes, and from thence its progeny arifes. Tab. 1. Fig. i. 2. ASiinia fociata. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. 1. 2. Though I have had the clutters of this animal drawn erect on a rock, I am perfuaded from the flendernefs of their make, their fituation would be more natural, if they were inverted. Perhaps thefe may be the clufters of Waterbottles, which Hughes in his Natural Hiftory of Barbadoes, p. 296. mentions to grow to the uppermoft part of the rock, where his animal flowers are found. The natural fize of a clufter of this animal flower may be feen in Plate 1. fig. 1. At A, one of them is expanding its claws. Fig. 2. exprefTes one of them differed lengthways, and magni- fied to fhew the ftrudhire of the infide. B in fig. 1. is the beginning of a young one growing up out of the tube at the bafe. 6. Adinia 6 ACTINIA. Sea Star-flower with a fmooth ft em. This animal flower has a thick, flefhy, fmooth and al- moft cylindrical flem, ending abruptly at the top, which is iurnimed with circular rows of tentacles. ABinia After. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. $y. pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. 3. This was fent by John Greg, Efq. from the ceded Iflands in the Weft Indies, to the Earl of Hillfborough. 6. Actinia After. Actinia ftirpe crajfa, camofa, ftubcyli7idrica^ Icevi, truncatay tentacu- lis radiata. 7. Actinia Anemone. Actinia carnofa com- plaitata^ diftco ftubhexa- gono te?7taculis plurimis cinElo. Sea Ane?none. This animal flower is of a roundifhcomprefled form, with a difk inclining to fix angles, furrounded by many rows of tentacles. ASlmia Anemone. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol.57, pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. 4. 5. This was likewife fent Earl of Hillfborough by 8. Actinia Helianthus. from the Weft Indies to the J. Greg, Efq. Sea Sun-ftower. This animal flower is fhaped like a falver, of a flat round form, furrounded by a very great number of tentacles. Attinia Helianthus. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. p. 436. tab. 19. fig. 6. 7. The Actinia carnofta com- planata hypocraterifor- MiS) difco rotundo tenta- culis plurimis prcedito. ACTINIA. The tentacles or claws of all thefe animal flowers, that were preferved in fpirits, are greatly contracted. This elegant one was likewife fent from the Weft la- dies to the Earl of Hillfborough, by Mr. Greg. 9. Actinia Dianthus. Actinia Icevis fubcyl'm- drica, difco qai?iquepar- tito foliaceo, tentaculis exiguis albis ornato^ ofculo elevato Jiriato. Sea Carnatio?i. This animal flower is fmooth and fomewhat cylindrical in its ftem. The diflc or upper part is divided into 5 leaf-like figures, which are adorned with many minute white claws,, that furround its mouth, which is elevated and ftriated. AEiinia Dianthus. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag.436. tab. 19. fig. 8. I found this animal flower in plenty adhering to the under part of fome rocks, oppofite to the town of Haft- ings in SufTex ; it hangs downwards, and has the appear- ance, when the tide is out, of a ilender longftalked yel- low fig : but being put into a glafs veiTel of fait water, upon its bafe, it finks down and exhibits this form, as it is expanding its feelers. 10. Actinia Calendula. Actinia Jlirpe fubtur- hi7iata, difco tentaculis petalijormibus cinEio. Sea Marigold. This animal flower has a topfhaped item, and its difk furrounded by tentacles or claws, fomething like the pe- tals of a flower. Tab. i. Fig. 3. Tab. 1. Fig. 3, 73 be 8 HYDRA. The A)iwial Flower, Hughes's Hid. of Barbadoes, pag. 293. tab. 24. fig. 1. This animal flower is defcribed by Hughes in his Hiftory of Barbadoes, and the figure reprefented in the plate is taken from thence. Mr. Hughes obferves, that thefe animals on being dis- turbed fink into holes ; which is very different from the reft of this genus : befides, he fays he obferved four dark colored threads, fomething like the legs of a fpider, rife out from the center of what he calls the flower, with a quick fpontaneous motion from one fide to the other of the circular border of leaves : thefe in reality, he fays, were fo many arms or feelers, clofing together in imitation of a forceps, as if they had hemmed in their prey, which the yellow border foon furrounded and clofed to fecure. From the foregoing defcription, the animal fhould feem rather to be a particular fpecies of Tubularia, with its tube in the hole of the rock ; but this muft be left to future obfervations ; at prefent we fhall call it an Actinia. II. HYDRA. Animal bajt fe affigens, evagu77t1 gelatin oj "um> li- neare^ 7111 dum^ co?itrac- tile. Os tertiii7tale^ cirrhis fetaceis cinEium. Prolibus lateralibus (autiwmo ovisj deciduis. FRESH WATER POLYPE. This animal fixes itfelf by its bafe ; it is gelatinous, li- near, naked, can contract it- felf, and change its place. Its mouth, which is at one end, is furrounded by hair- like feelers. It fends forth its young ones from its fides, which drop off; but in the autumn it produces eggs from its fides. Though H Y D R A. Though there are feveral fpecies of this genus, I (hall mention but two of them, and thefe differ but little from, each other, which is chiefly in the number and length of their feelers. I fhouid not have introduced this genus, but that the knowledge of the properties of this animal tends greatly to illuftrate the nature of Zoophytes in general ; as this. alone belongs to the frefh water, and all the others are inhabitants of the fea. i. Hydra fufca. Hydra te?itaculisfuboc- tonis longijfimis. Lo?igarmed frefh-water Polype- This frefh-water polype has very long arms, often 8 irr number, and feveral times longer than its body. Ellis Corallin. tab. 28. fig. C. (The claws are here Shortened, for the conveniency of introducing them within, the iize of the plate.) Hydra fufca. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1320. 2. Hydra vulgaris. Hydra tentaculis Ion- gioribus fubfeptenis^ cor- pora lutefcente pofice at- tenuato. "The commo7i frefh-water Polype of the ditches. This frefh-water polype has longifh arms,, generally about 7, which are twice as long as its body ; it is of a yellowifli color, and fmaller towards the bottom. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 430.. Frefh-water Polype. tab. 19. Hydra gr if ea. Linn. Syfc. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1320. C In ■iO F L U S T R A. In Auguft 1770, I found feveral of this kind of frefh- water polype, which I kept for fome months, and found that they fend forth 12 claws when they are in perfec- tion. For a further defcription of this extraordinary animal, with the remarkable experiments on its reproduction when cut in pieces, I fliall refer the reader to a moft cu- rious treatife, wrote particularly by Mr. Abraham Trem- bley, F. R. S. on this fubjecl; ; and likewifein the intro- duction to my Effay on Corallines, the reader will find a fhort defcription of its properties ; as alfo in my letter to the Earl of Hillfborough, in the 57th Vol. of the Phi- lofophical Tranfadtions, upon the Actinia Sociata, III. FLUSTRA. Animal affixum, raro tubulis radicalibus. Stirps membra7iacea fo- ilaceci) ex feriebus cellula- rum multijidis et diver- gentibus coalita^ quafi contexta. Cellulae ringentes, ca- THE SEA MATT Is an animal that grows on other bodies, and fometimes, but rarely, it adheres by little radical tubes to them. The ftem is a membranaceous leaf-like fubflance, confuting of many rows of cells united together, which fpread out as they grow, and divide into many parts ; the whole fur- face having the appearance of being wove like a matt. It fends forth through the pitula F L U S T R A. n pitula Hydriformia fun- mouth-like openings of its do ad?iata exferentes. Ovaria : bullulcz fupra cellulas. cells, fuckers or feelers, fhaped like the frefh-water po- lype ; thefe are fixt at the bottom of each cell. The ovaries appear to be the pearl-like fluds, which we rind at the tops of the cells. This genus was formerly called Efchara, before Dr. Linnaeus changed it to Fluflra. The criticks find fault with him for altering the old name ; for my part, I think he has done it very properly. The name of Efchara fig- nifying the cruft on the flefli that proceeds from the wound of a burn, a term ufed in furgery, and therefore improper : but Fluflra, being derived from (pXoog, teges, a matt, is more defcriptive of the appearance of thefe fubftances, which look as if they were woven like matts, and therefore much better adapted. Befides it was neceflary to feparate the membranaceous from the flony fubftances, both of which were formerly under the name of Efchara : otherwife we might as well rank the foft, fpongy and flefhy fubftance, called Alcyo- nium digitatum, or Dead-man's toes, as a Madrepora, there being nothing but the difference of their compo- nent parts that prevents it ; the Madrepora being ftony, and the Alcyonium fpongy. i. Fluftra truncata. Flu fir a foliacea dicho- foma, laciniis linearibus truncatis, tubulis radica- libus inflru&a. Squarc-top'd Sea Matt. This Sea Matt grows in a fubdivided manner, with nar- row fquare-top'd leaves ; the bafe is furniihed with adhering root-like tubes. C 2 Fua/s i2 F L U S T R A. Fucus marimis fcrupofus albidus a?iguflior comprejfus^ ex- tremitatibus quafi abfcijfu. H. Ox. 3. pag. 646. feet. 15. tab. 8. fig. 17. Ray's Synopf. pag. 43. Narrow-leaved Hornwrack. Ellis Corallin. pag. 69. tab. 28. fig. a. A. B. Fluftra truncata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1300. This Sea Matt is common on the fea coafts of this king- dom. The cells open on both furfaces, and are placed back to back, like the cells in a honeycomb. They are of an oblong fquare fhape, with a little helmet-like figure on the top of each. Their color varies from a pale yellow to a yellowifh brown. T7.tB*02' 2. Fluftra foliacea. Broad-leaved Sea Matt, flG. Fluftra foliacea ramofa, This Sea Matt grows in laciniis cuneiformibus ro- branches, that divide into fundatis. wedge-fhaped forms, rounded at the top. Tab. 2. Fig. 8. Fucus telam lineam fericeamve textura fua cemulans. Ray's Synopf. pag. 42. Broad-leaved Hornwrack. Ellis Corallin. pag. 70. tab. 29. fig. a. A. B. C. E. Fruftr a foliacea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1300. This is very common on all our fea coafts. I have given a figure a little magnified in Tab. 2. fig. 8. to fhew its manner of fixing to fhells, and growing up into the form of a plant : but I have more particularly defcribed it in my Eflay on Corallines, pag. 70. The trunck near the bafe is remarkably fortified with feveral layers of the fame kind of cells, which have grown un from the fhell, and fixt themfelves one over another, to F L U S T R A. 13 to ftrengthen the animal againft the violence of the waves ; which is very different from any thing in the growth of vegetables. 3. Fluftra pilofa. Hairy Sea Matt. Fluftra foliacea varie Sea Matt with irregular ra~ ramofa, poris fetaceis. mifications and hairy cells. Irregular fpongy foliaceous Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 73. tab. 31. Fluftra pilofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1301. This hairy Sea Matt is found frequently incrufting the fmaller fucus's on thefe coafts, and now and then rifing up into irregular leaf-like forms, with cells on both fides. 4. Fluftra papyracea. Paper Sea Matt. Fluftra papyracea utrin- Sea Matt like paper, with quecellifera,fummitatibus cells on both fides, having the fecuris aciei inftar trim- tops of its branches formed catis. like the edge ol an axe. The cells of this Sea Matt are of an oblong fquare figure, fwelling out a little in the middle of each fide. The openings of the cells are defended by a helmet-like figure ; from hence the polype-fhaped fuckers extend themfelves. This Sea Matt is of a flender and delicate texture, like thin femitranfparent paper, of a very light ftraw color. It was firft found on the coaft of Suffex, adhering; to a fhell. I have fince met, on the fame coaft, about Haftings, in the year 1765, with feveral fpecimens, whofe tops were 14 F L U S T R A. were digitated, and others that were very irregularly divided. Tab. 3. - piuftra carbafea. Lawn Sea Matt. Fluftra foliacea dicho- Subdivided Sea Matt, like t&ma, cellulis u?io Jlrato lawn, with a fingle layer of difpofitis. cells. Tab. 3. Fig. 6. 7. This Sea Matt has larger cells than any of this genus that I have met with ; they are egg-fhaped at the top, the lower part of the fides are a little contracted, they then end abruptly at the bafe. The walls that furround the cells feem to be formed of a very {lender tube. The figure here reprefented was drawn from a fmall fpecimen, fent me by the ingenious Dr. David Skene from Aberdeen : fince which, I have received a more compleat fpecimen from my worthy friend Mr. Parfons, M. B. profeffor of chemiflry, at Chrift Church College, in Oxford, who collected it at Leith, near Edinburgh ; this is regularly dichotomous, and is of a brownifh yellow color ; the middle of the cells are almoft tranfparent. Tab. 4. 6. Fluftra bombycina. Fig. b. B. B 1. 'Fluftrn.fronde/cenSjfron- dibus obtujis dkhotomis et trichotomis co?ifertis ra- dicajitibus^ uno ta?itum fcrato cellulojis. Silken Sea Matt. This Sea Matt has very deli- cate thin leaves, divided here and there at the extremities, fometimes in two, fometimes in three parts, growing toge- ther in tufts, fending forth radical tubes, and having but one layer of cells. Tab. 4. Fig. b. B. B 1. This F L U S T R A. This was brought from the Bahama Iflands by Mr. Mark Catefby, F. R. S. I have fome elegant fpecimens from the Eaft Indies, that approach very near to this kind, but they have no radical tubes, and their fides bend inwards. *5 7- Fluftra verticillata. Fluftra adnata, fcepe fro?idefcens, frondibus li- nearibus fubcomprejfis baft attenuatis, cellulis turbi- nates ciliatis, feriebus al- tera fuper alteram difpoji- tis. Bajketwork Sea Matt. Tab- 4« Fig. a. This Sea Matt grows on fu- A* cus's, often fending out flattifli linear branches, narrow at the bafe. Thefe conftft of rows of top-fhaped ciliated cells,, difpofed in whirls, one row above another. Tab. 4. Fig. a. A. This elegant little Sea Matt I found growing on a red pennated cartilagenous fucus, called Fucus Nereideus, from the Mediterranean Sea. The cells when magnified appear furrounded by fharp denticles, with a briftle fituated in the front of each cell, bending inwards like a horn : the mouths of the cells in- cline forward, and their whole femi-tranfparent fubftance appears full of fmall points. I am indebted for this, among many other rare fea productions, to my ingenious and worthy friend Dr. John Fothergill, F. R. S. 8. Fluftra dentata. Fluftra plano-foliacea adnata^ bine cellulis fubo- valibus nitidis, ojculis den- tatis inclinatis. Toothed Sea Matt. This Sea Matt grows upon fucus's ; the cells compofe one fingle layer : they are nearly oval, and of a fhining color, like 6 F L U S T R A. like pearl. Their little open- ings are furrounded by {harp teeth bending inwards. Ellis Phil. Tranfact. Vol. 48. pag. 630. tab. 22. rig. 4. D. Corallin. pag. 73. tab. 29. fig. D. D 1. This Sea Matt, when magnified, has a white femi- tranfparent appearance, full of little dots or points. It is found adhering to fucus's and fhells all round the coaft of thefe kingdoms. It is always brighteft when taken in the greater depths of the fea. There are- frequently little helmet-fhaped bullae on the tops of the cells, which are fuppofed to be the ovaries. The figure at D. in tab. 22. vol. 48. Phil. Tranf. was drawn for me by Mr.G. D. Ehret, F. R. S. when we were at Brighthelmftone, in SufTex, while it was alive in fea- water, in June 1754. Here the figures of the polypes are exaclly reprefented as they appeared through the mi- crofcope. 9. Fluftra bullata. Studded Sea Matt. Fluftra adnata, cclhdis Sea Matt with projecting ovaiis cxtantibus albis, of- white egg-fhaped cells, having ciilis rotimdis, j'pimdh ar~ little round mouths, armed matis. with fmall fpines. Ellis Corallin. tab. 30. fig. d. D. I have often met with this little Sea Matt upon fucus's, both on the coaft of SufTex and Cornwall. Sometimes it is found furrounding their ftems, at other times fpread on their leaves. 10. Fluftra F L U S T R .A. *7 10. Fluftra arenofa. Fluftra crajlacea are- nofa lutofa^ ports Jimpli- cibusfiibqui?icuncialibn$. Sandy Sea Matt. This Sea Matt is formed of fand and flime into a crufta- ceous body, with fmall mouths placed almoft in a quincunx order. Rnglijh fandy Millepora. Ellis Corallin. pag. 74. tab. 25. fig. e. This fandy Sea Matt, of which but a fmall part is drawn at fig. e. tab. 25. Effay on Corallines, was fent me from Holyhead, in Wales. Its form, when intire, was exactly like the upper femi- circular part of a colt's hoof. The furface of each of the cells was a little hollow in the middle, with a fmall hole in each : from the appearance it made, when I received it intire, I judged it to be what Imperatus calls his Lorica Marina. There is a layer of fand and flime under as well as over the cells which compofe it. It is very friable when dry. Whether it belongs to this genus or not, I fubmit to the curious. 11. Fluftra tubulofa. Fluftra adnata mem- Pipy Sea Matt. hranacea, cellulis fimpli- cibus ovato-ob/ongisy ofcu- lis tubulojis ereclis. Membranaceous adhering Sea Matt, with a iingle layer of oblong-oval ceils, and a tubuious erect opening to each. This Sea Matt was fent by Mr. Greg, among many other curious fea productions, from Dominica, adhering to a fucus, and differs from all the reft of this genus, in D ha vine i8 C E L L A R I A. having a tubulous mouth to each of its cells. The whole is of a deep yellowifh femi-tranfparent color, and of a membranaceous texture. 12. Fluflramembranacea. Chagrin Sea Matt. Fluftra piano -foliacea Membranaceous adhering indivifa adnata^ hinc eel- Sea Matt, with oblong qua- lulis quad?~a?igulis oblon- drangular cells, pointed at the gts, adangulosfuperiores upper projecting angles. pi"omi?iuliS) muc?'onatis. Flujlra membranacea. Linn. SyfL Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1301. This Sea Matt was brought from Weymouth, in Dor- fetfhire, and was found adhering to the Fucus digitatus. There are difperfed here and there, at regular diftances over the furface, little tranfparent, fhort, erect tubes ; but to what ufe I mall not pretend to determine, unlefs they are the ovaries. IV. C E L L A R I A. A n i ma 1 crefcens plant ce habitu. Stirps cruflacea, lapi- defcenS) e cellulis feriatls compojita, plerumque ra- moja et articulata, tubu- lis adherens. Capitula polypiformia e poro *vel ojculo J/ngu'a cellules exfe7'ens. CELLEFEROUS CORALLINE Is an animal growing; in the form of a plant. The ftem is cruftaceous, in- clining to ftone, compofed of rows of ceils, for the moil part jointed and branched, ad- hering by little tubes. It fends forth polype-like fuckers from the little open- ings of each ot its cells. Ovaria C E L L A R I A. 19 Ovaria imerta, nifi but- The ovaries are uncertain ; lulas fapra cellulas voca- but moft probably the little muS) qucz in nonnullis fpe- hemifpherical covers, that ap- ciebics extant. pear over the cells, do that office. Linnaeus, in a note at page 1315 of his Syftem of Nature, Ed. 12. remarks, that the veficles which we obferve in the ivory-tufted Celleferous Coralline, and in the Goat's-horn Coralline, feem to unite this genus in a natural order to the Veficular Corallines. This genus has likewife an affinity to thofe Fiuftras or Sea Matts that have but one layer of cells, particularly the Cellaria avicularia, or Bird's-head Coralline, where there are feveral rows of cells united together in one lin- gle layer. In this fpecies, and in the Cellaria ciliata, or Ciliated Celleferous Coralline, they have fomething lingular pro- jecting from their cells, which is little figures not unlike birds heads, particularly the former, the ufe of which is not yet known. In this fpecies I have obferved in the microfcope while it was alive, in a watch-glafs full of fea- water, thefe birds heads opening and fhutting their beaks all the time that the polypes were extending and con- tracting themfelves in their cells. The arrangement of the cells of the Cellaria loriculata, or Coat of Mail Coralline, obliges me to conlider the Cellaria farciminoides, or Bugle Coralline, as belonging to this genus ; becaufe the Cellaria loriculata has its cells placed back to back, which has the appearance of tending to the roundnefs of the Bugle Coralline. I had formerly ranged the Bugle Coralline with the ar- ticulated Corallines : but the fhape and difpofition of the D 2 cells, 2o C E L L A R I A. cells, together with the radical tubes, bring it nearer to this genus. And yet both this and the Cellaria Cereoides,* or Torchthiftle Coralline, when they grow old, differ from the reft of this clafs ; for then we fee them ap- proaching towards the genus of Millepora, by having ad- ditional ranges of cells lurrounding their firft cells, efpe- cially the former. In my obfervations on this genus I cannot pafs over the Angularity of the Cellaria neritina, or Snail-bearing Co- ralline. The likenefs to Nerits of its rows of little round adhering bodies, which are open on one fide, together with their fhell-like figure and pearly mining look, in- clined me to believe at firft that they were the young ones of fuch a fmall kind of lhell-fifh. But by comparing them with the figures of others of this genus, they appear rather to be what we have called Ovaries. Or perhaps they are the young of the animal defended by a teftaceous covering like a little fhell-fiih, which at the time of its maturity feparates from its umbilical chord, by means of which the microfcope difcovers to us, that it has been connected to its cell, from whence it drops and foon adheres to a proper fubftance as a bafe, begin- ning to form a Coralline like the parent animal. This feems more probable, than to confider each of them as an ovary, which ufually contains many eggs of the fame animal. A late writer, who is a ftrong advocate for the vegeta- tion of Zoophytes, fuppofes thefe little pearl-like figures, as alfo thofe like the heads of birds in the Bird's-head Co- ralline (or Cellaria avicularia) to be their Neclariums, analogous to what is fo called in the flowers of fome plants. In CELLAR! A. 21 In Come well preferved fpecimens of this fpecies of Co- ralline, collected at the Bahama Iflands by the Rev. Mr. Clarke, I have obferved- fomething very like teftaceous lit- tle bodies at the extremities of their radical tubes : from thefe bodies the tubes have crept along till they have been properly fixt. The Coralline then begins to grow creel, and the polypes appear in the cells ; after this the eggs or young ones appear, one at the fide of each cell ; it is then perfed:. I have mentioned thefe three ftages of the Co- ralline, becaufe I think them fomething analogous to the different changes in mod infects. In the Zoophyte, the various dates are all connected together at length ; but in. the infect,, thefe different ftates are brought about by dif- ferent changes of the exterior furface of the fame body. I muft, before I conclude thefe remarks, obferve, that the advocates for vegetation in thefe bodies, call the wrinkled adhering tubes at the bafe, roots : but they fhould examine them ftricflly, and they would find them meer cylinders,, and that they do not grow fmaller to- wards their extremities, which is evidently the cafe with the roots of vegetables. _. ,. . , r Soft-feathered Celleferous Co- 1. Cellana plumofa. ratline. Cellaria cellulis tinila- Celleferous Coralline with teralibus alternis extror- alternate fharp-pointed cells, fum acutzs, ramis dicho- looking one way, and end- tomis ereSiis faftigiatis. ing at top in dichotomous' branches. Scft-feathered Cora/line. Ellis Corallin. pag. 33. tab. 18. Scrtularia fafiigiata. L inn . Sy ft. Nat. Ed . 12. p. 1 3 1 4. 2. Cellaria *r 4*4 C E L L A R I A. 2. Cellaria neritina. Cellaria dichotomafer- rug'mea, cellulls altemis tmilateralibus extrorfum mucro?7atis, ovulis Jub- tejiaceis nitidis interje&is, ofculis margin e fubfufco cinSlis. Snail-bearing Qdralline. This Coralline is of a red- difh brown color and dichoto- mous, with alternate pointed cells, looking one way ; hav- ing a little egg on the outride of each, with an opening fur- rounded by a dark-colored margin. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol.48, pag. 115. tab. 5. fig. a. A. Corallin. pag. 35. tab. 19. Sertularia neritina; Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1315. 3. Cellaria avicularia. Cellaria latiufcula di- chotoma ereEla^ ceiiulis iinilateralibus alterftis bi- fetisy ore gale at o, appe?idi- culis injlar avium capiium marginalibus \. Bird's-head Coralline. This celleferous Coralline is fomewhat broad, dichoto- mous, and erecl : the cells are alternate and look one way, having a helmet- like figure over the opening, with two little fpines on the top of eacli : on the outward margin of each is a little figure like a bird's head. Bird "s-head Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 36. tab. 20. No. 2. fig. a. A. Sertularia avicularia. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. 4. Cellaria C E L L A R I A. 23 4. Ccllaria reptans. Creeping Celleferous Coralline. Cellaria repens dicho- This creeping celleferous toma articulately cellnlis Coralline has dichotomous altemis unilateralibiiS) of- jointed branches, with its cells culis bifetis, facing one way and placed al- ternately; their mouths have . two little briftles. Creeping Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 37. tab. 20. No. 3. fig. b. B. Sertularia reptans. Linn. Sy ft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 15. This celleferous Coralline is very common on the Eng- Hfh coaft, and is generally found adhering to fhells and fucus's. There is one thing very remarkable in the radical tubes, by which fome of this fpecies adhere, and that is little hooks difpofed along the fides of them, like thofe in briars. See fig. F. in plate 20. Effay on Corallines. This is very different from the roots of vegetables. 5. Cellaria fcrupofa. Stony Angular-celled l Cor -alline* Cellaria repens lapidofa This creeping celleferous dichotoma^ cellulis angu- Coralline is ftony and dicho- latis alternis imilaterali- tomous, having alternate cells bus. looking one way, with an an- gle projecting on the outward fide of each. Creeping ftony Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 38. tab. 20. No. 4. fig. c. C. Sertularia fcrupofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 15. 6. Cellaria 24 C E L L A R I A. 6. Cellaria ciliata. Ciliated Celleferous Coralline. Cellaria cellulis alternis ciliatis, ore obliquo patuloy ramis dichotomis ereSlis. This Coralline has alternate cells ; the mouth of each is fpread open and oblique ; the branches are eredr. and dicho- tomous. Ciliated Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 38. tab. 20. No. 5. fig. d. D. Sertularia ciliata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 16. 7. Cellaria eburnea. Cellaria cellulis alternis truncatis prominulisy ova- rii s gib bis rojlratis, ra- mis articulatis patulis. 'Tufted Ivory Cell. Coralline. This Coralline has alternate truncated cells, a little pro- minent, with roundifh ovaries, that have a tubular opening on one fide ; the branches are fpreading and jointed. Tufted Ivory Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 39. tab. 21. No. 6. fig. a. A. O Sertularia ebur7iea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 16. 8. Cellaria loriculata. Cellaria cellulis oppofitis oblique truncatis, ramo- fiffuna dichotoma articu- lata* Coat of Mail Cell. Coralline. This Coralline has its cells in pairs placed back to back, and opening oblique each way ; it is very much branched ; the branches are dichotomous and jointed. Coat C E L L A R I A.' 2i Coat of Mail Cora:!:;::. Ellis Corallin. pag. 40. tab. 21. No. 7. fig. b. B. Sertularia loriculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 14. Shepherd*s-purfe Cell. Coralline. This Coralline is branched and jointed, and has oppofite tranfparent keel-lhaped cells, with a little tube, ("welling at top like a tobacco-pipe, that appears to come out ot them. Shepherd* s-purfe Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 41. tab. 22. No. 8. fig. a. A. Sertularia Burfaria. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 14. 9. Cellaria Burfaria. Cellaria ramofa articu- lator, cellulis oppofttis pel- lucidis carinatis, tubulo adnato fube'avato auSiis. 10. Cellaria cornuta. Goat* s-hom Cell. Coralline. Cellaria veficulifera ra- This Coralline, which bears mofa articulata, cellulis veficles, is branched and Jimplicibus tubidofis curva- jointed ; it has fingle tubu- tis altera fuper alteram^ lous crooked cells arifing out fetd ad ofculu?nlongiffimd. or each other, with a long bridle at the mouth of each. Goat* s-hom Coralline. Eilis Corallin. pag. 42. tab. 21. No. IO. fior. C C. o Sertularia cornuta. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1316. 11, Cellaria cheiata. Bull* s-hom Cell. Coralline. Cellaria- ramofa, cellulis This Coralline is branched, Jimplicibus corniformibus having its cells fliaped like E concatenatis 26 CELLARIA. concatenates, ore margi- horns, difpofed like links to- nato. gether, with a margin round the mouth of each. Bull 's-hom Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 42. tab. 22, No. 9. fig. b. B. Sertularia loricata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1316, 12. Cellaria anguina. Snakes-head Cell. Coralline. Cellaria cellulis Jimpli- This Coralline has only fin- cijfimis, tubulis obtujis cla- gle cells, of a blunt tubular vatis, apertura laterali. club-fhape, with an opening on one fide. Snake Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 43. tab. 22. No. 11. fig. c. C. D. Sertularia anguina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1317. 1 3. Cellaria farciminoides. Bugle Cell. Coralline. Cellaria articulata di- This Coralline is jointed chotoma, articulis fubcy- and dichotomous ; the joints lindricisy cellulis rhombeis are almofc cylindrical, and co- obteclis. vered on all fides with lozenge- fhaped cells. Bugle Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 46. tab. 23. "Tubularia jijlidofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1302. Tab. 5. 14. Cellaria cereoides. "Tor chthijlle Cell. Coralline. Fig. b. B.C.D. Cellaria articulata ra- This Coralline is jointed and mofa> articulis fubcy lindri- branched, with joints almofl ClSy C E L L A R I A. 27 cis, ofculis cellularum an- cylindrical. The little mouths clique prom'mulis. of its cells on all fides are a little prominent. Tab. 5. Fig. b. B. C. D. E. This ere£t cellular Coralline is about three inches high ; the larger joints are about three quarters of an inch long, of a dirty white color, and of a ftony coral-like fubftance. It grows in erect tufts, irregularly joined together : the joints are united by little wrinkled tubes : thefe tubes frequently grow out of one of the cells on the fide of the joints ; and it is particularly remarkable, that from the end of fome of the tubes fo iituated, a joint grows full o£ cells, which are placed both above and below the tube, fo that the joint, with its cells, is fupported intirely by the little tube in the middle. This joint, thus fufpended by the tube, is reprefented at fig. C. tab. 5. where it is magnified, with the upright and crofs feclion E. and D.D. to mew the fituation of the cells. This was brought from Algiers, on the coaft of Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, and prefented to me by Gufta- vus Brander, Efq. 15. Cellaria tulipifera. Tulip Cell. Coralline. Tab. 5. Fig. a. Cellaria Jiirpe articu- This Coralline has a femi- A« lata lapidea fuhdiaphana^ tranfparent, jointed, ftony item. articulis clavatls, cellulh The joints are club-fhaped. terms dentatis connexis ex From the upper part of the apicibus articulorum exe- joints arife three little den- untibuSy etfcepe terminan- tated cells united together ; tibus. thefe are placed oppofite to one another, and often at the end of the flem. Tab. 5. Fig. a. A. E 2 This 28 C E L L A R I A. This elegant little celleferous Coralline grows on the Fucus minimus denticulatus triangularis of Sloane's Hii- tory of Jamaica, tab. 20. vol. 1. and faftens itfelf by lit- tle adhering radical tubes. It is fcarce hair an inch high, but moft beautifully formed, of a perfect white enamel. The three little tubular cells are (o combined as to give a tolerable reprefentation or a tulip. The fig. A. tab. 5. fhews the magnified appearance of it, and fig. a. a. a. the. natural fizc as it grows on the fucus. It is found on this fucus near moft of the Weft-India iflands. Tab. 4." j5# Cellaria Flabellum. Fa?i Cell. Coralline. Fig. c. c* Cellaria lapidea articu- This Coralline is jointed, lata ramofa dicbotoma, ar- and of a ftony confiftence, ticulisfubcimeiformibusimo having its branches regularly latere cellulojis. fubdivided. The joints are almoft wedge-fhaped, and full of cells on one fide. Tab. 4. Fig. c. C. This is one pf the moft elegant Corallines of this tribe : it is about two inches high, and is found in tufts, fending out many little tubes by which it adheres. Its milk- white cells being difpofed in a flat and regular fubdivifion of its branches, gives it the appearance of fo many little fans. The back-part of the joints are- convex and ftriated, but the fore-part, where the mouths of the cells are, is flat. There are three rows of cells in each joint, two cells in each of the two lower rows, and three cells in the unpermoft. This. C E L L A R I A. 29 This was fifft difcovered by Mr. Catefby in the Ba- hama Iflands. I have feen a fort from the Eaft Indies fomething like this, but the joints are curved and bent inwards at the fides : befides, they are longer in propor- tion, having a greater number of cells in each joint, which are difpofed in two rows lengthways, and alter- nately placed with refpedr. to one another ; fo that it is a different fpecies from the American one. Figf. c. and c 1 . fhew the natural fize of both fides of the Celleferous Fan Coralline, and C. and Ci. the magnified appearance of the fame. 17. Cellaria cirrata. Curled Cell. Coralline. JAB,d4, Cellaria lapidea articu- This Coralline has jointed lata ramofa dichotoma in- ftony curled branches, regu- curvata, articulis fubcilia- larly fubdivided. The joints tisy ovato-truncatis, uno are a little ciliated, egg- latere plants, celliferis. fhaped, and flattim at top ; full of cells, and level on one fide. Tab. 4. Fig. d. D. This beautiful little Coralline is about two inches: high. It rifes from a ftem, formed of many pale-yellow little tubes, and looks like a bunch of curls of a cream color. It is formed of joints full of ftony cells, which are conneded together by flexible tubes. The back of the cells is ftriated and convex, the front is flat : on the fides of the joints are little hooked fpines, and at the top a few fmall hairs. There are two rows of cells in each joint, three in the upper row and two in the under ; the openings are oval. I am 3° TUBULARIA. I am indebted to Dr. John Fothergill for this fpeci- men : he received it from the Eaft Indies. Fig. d. is the natural fize, and D. andDi. the magni- fied figure of a piece of it. 'Three-celled Cell. Coralline. This Coralline is branched, dichotomous, jointed, and creeping ; the joints are near- ly top-fhaped, with angles at their fides ; they have three cells in the front of each. This little Coralline, which is of a ftony femi-tranfpa- rent nature, was fent from Aberdeen by the ingenious Dr. David Skene. 1 8. Cellaria ternata. Cellaria ramofa dicho- toma articulata repens, articulis angulath fub- turbinattS) cellulis teniis wiilateralibas. V. TUBULARIA. Animal tubulofum^ cor- neuniy fimplicijfwiu?/^ vel ramofum, gelatina viva prceditum^ habitu pla?it tentaculo- rum duabus feriebus crna- tum, fujlinens ; una me- dium cingens, altera ex ore fefe exjerensi PIPE CORALLINE. This Pipe Coralline is an animal with a horny tube, or one branched into many, full of a living gelatinous fub- ftance, fixt by its bafe, and growing in the fhape ol a plant. On the top of thefe tubes are little heads furnimed with two rows of claws : one row furrounds the middle of the heads, and the other is placed round the mouth. Ovaria TUBULARIA. 3t Ovaria inter tcntacula The ovaries appear among inferior a. the lower range of claws. This genus approaches very near to the Serpula with its animal Nereis, efpecially thofe with fingle items. I have never yet feen any more than the three following fpecies, that belong properly to this genus. i. Tubularia indivifa. Oaten-pipe Coralline. Tubularia tubulis fi?n- This Pipe Coralline, with plicijfimis aggregalis, fur- fingle tubes growing in cluf- fum leviter dilatatis, baji ters together, is wider up- attenuatis implexis. wards and narrower below, where they are interwoven one with another. Tubular Coralline like oaten pipes. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. D. Ellis Corallin. pag. 31. tab. 16. fig. c. Tubularia indivifa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1301. 2. Tubularia Larynx. Pipe Coralline, like the wind-pipe. Tubularia tubulis f?n- This Pipe Coralline has plicibus aggregatis, hinc many fingle tubes, wrinkled inde annulofo-rugofs in- here and there, growing in feme attemiatis. clufters together, and are nar- rower at the bottom. Tubular Coralline wrinkled like the wind-pipe. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. C. Ellis Corallin. pag. 30. tab. 16. fig. b. Tubularia mufcoides. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1302. 1 3, Tubularia 32 SERTULARIA. 3. Tubularia ramofa. Bra?iched Pipe Coralline. Tubularia tubulis ramo- This Pipe Coralline is Jis, axillis rapiulorum con- branched, and the infertions tort is. of the branches are twifted. Small ramified tubular Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 31. tab. 16. fig. a. tab. 17. fig. a. A. "Tubularia ramofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1302. I have often met with fpecimens of this Coralline that have been regularly branched in a doubly pinnated form ; and when I was at Emfworth, on the borders of SufTex, I found a fpecimen of this Tubularia, with its ovaries placed in a circle round the lower part of its heads. VI. SERTULARIA. VESICULAR CORALLINE. Animal polycephahtm^ crcfccns habit u plant ce^ ba- fque affixum. Stirps tubulofa, cornea , deuticulis calyciformibus ob- fita^ medulla a?iimalis con- tinua capitula polypiformia emittentibus. Ovaria: vcfcuhefngu- laresy polypos majoresy ova vel prolem vivam conti- ncntes. This is a many-headed ani- mal, growing in the fhape of a plant, and fixt by its bafe. Its tubulous horny Hem is full of cup-fhaped denticles, through which proceed little heads in the form of polypes, from the gelatinous medul- lary part, which is continued through the infide. The ovaries are little blad- ders, either containing a larger kind of polype-head, which fends forth clufters of eggs, or (in other fpecies) the young ones already formed and alive. In S E R T U L A R I A. In my EfTay on Corallines, page 32, 1 have taken no- tice that the branched tubular Coralline was like the Hydra, or frefli- water Polype ; but with this difference, that on account of its expofed fituation in the fea, nature had clothed it with a horny fkin. And in this genus or Sertularia, nature has been ftill more favourable in pro- viding little cup-like denticles to fecure their many ten- der heads fafe, when they are drawn in upon any alarm of danger ; whereas the heads of the tubular Corallines have no fuch prote&ion, for which reafon they are not fo often found in the turbulent parts of the ocean as in fhel- tered recedes of harbours. It is well known, that the young of fhell-lifli are pro- duced with the fhell upon them ; the young fea polypes have alfo their proper horny covering on, fo that the fol- lowing obfervations will appear agreeable to truth. The young animal difcharged from its ovary adheres by its bafe, and with its claws quickly procures nourishment fufficient to increafe its bulk : by this means, then, the ftem ad- vances, and many more heads with their claws come forth, and ftretch themfelves out for food ; this caufes a further increafe of nourifhment to be drawn in by thefe additional active organs, which circulates through the whole animal, and enables it, agreeable to the order of nature, to fend forth from its bafe creeping adhering tubes full of the fame living medullary fubftance with the reft of the body. Thefe tubes not only fecure it from the motion of the waves, but likewife from thefe rife other younp- animals or Corallines, which growing up like the former, with their proper heads or organs to procure food, fend out other adhering tubes from below, with a further increafe of thefe many-headed branched animals; fo that in a fhort time a whole grove of vehicular Coral- F lines 34 S E R T V L A R I A. lines is formed, as we find them on.oyflers and other fliell- fiih, when we drag for them in deep water. Nothing can explain this extraordinary and wonderful proceeding of nature fo clearly, of an animal produced by fuckers like a plant, as the inftance I have already given in the Philofophical Tranfactions, vol. 57. p. 436. of the in- creafe of the cluftered Animal Flower, or Actinia fociata, where the animal and its organs are large enough, with- out the ailiftance of a microfcope, to convince us of the truth of this furprizing fact ; and yet thefe organs are to- tally different from thofe of a plant. Here then we fee branched animals formed as infects are, with a horny fheath to cover them, which anfwers the purpofe of bones, while the fofter parts are contained in the iniide. When we view the different manner and various forms in which thefe Sertularias grow, we fhall flill find that, notwith- ftanding their external appearance, they all agree in the general character of this genus. Some fend out but few and fliort tubes from their bafe, and rife up into firm ftiff fingle ftems, growing thicker and alfo broader at their bottom as they grow old ; fuch. as we may obferve in the Sertularia argentea, or Squirrel's- tail Coralline, S. Thuja, or Bottle-brufh Coralline, S. abietina, or Sea-fir Coralline, and S. Pinafter, or Sea-pine Coralline, and many others. Some arife from little tubes ramified like a fponge ; thefe enter into, and compofe large ftems, as in the Sertularia an- tennina, or Lobfter's-horn Coralline, and the S. Myrio- phyllon, or Pheafant's-tail Coralline. Some fend out tubes more remote, from whence arife fhorter and more diftant branches, as the Sertularia pumila, or Sea-oak, Coralline, and the S. geniculata, or Knotted fea-thread Coralline : but the moft fingular are thofe which, from a congeries of little tubes, form ftems and branches, not 1 unlike S E R T U L A R I A. 35 unlike the outward appearance of the Gorgonias, fuch as the Sertularia verticillata, or Horfe-tail Coralline ; the S. fpinofa, or Silk Coralline ; the S. halecina, or Her- ring-bone Coralline ; and the S. frutefcens, or Shrubby Coralline ; thefe feem to form the firft or leading ftem as a fupport for the next to climb up, fo that in fome old flems, particularly of the Herring-bone Coralline, I have obferved the inner tubes of their ftems have been rotted and deftroyed, by being inclofed by fo many others on their furface. See page 1 8, EfTay on Corallines. Some writers feem at a lofs to account for the growth of thefe kind of Sertularias, whofe ftem and branches are thus compofed of many capillary tubes, and therefore are of opinion, that their manner of vegetating is obfcure, and that probably they grow not only in length' and thicknefs, but likewife in fubftance and number of tubes, as plants do. In order to account for the tubes flicking toge- ther, they fuppofe that they are provided with an in- termediate fubftance, by which fome are flightly glued together, others rendered more compact, and fome even become folid and hard. But it appears evidently on examination, that this ge- latinous fubftance is common to all the genus, and is no other than what the radical parts of them all poffefs in common, in order to adhere firmly to their feveral ftations. So that inftead of thefe radical tubes lying horizontally, and adhering in lines like the Sertularia pumila, or Sea-oak Coralline, on its fucus, and many others after the fame manner, they raife themfelves up from their bafes (where thefe little tubes are firft fixed) and fupport one another by this natural gluten in an erect form, making a ftem F 2 ou t 36 SERTULARIA. out of the continuation of thefe radical parts : from this ftem fo formed proceed their branches, furnifhed with den- ticles and polype-like heads, as we may obferve in Phil. Tranf, Vol. 47. tab. 17. fig. G. where there is a mao-ni- fied reprefentation of the Sertularia halecina, or Herring- bone Coralline, drawn as it was alive in fea-water. 1 . Sertularia tamarifca. Sea-Tamarijk Coralline: Sertularia alternatim This has alternate branches ra7?iofai dei7ticulis oppoji- and oppofite tubulous denti- tis tubulofis crenath) ova- cles, waved at top. The ova- riis ovato-truncatis hi- ries are of an oval form, cutoff de?7ticulatisi ore tubulofo. at the top, with two fmall points at the corners, together with a little tube for a mouth to each. Sea-Tamarijk. Ellis Corallin. pag. 4. tab. 1. No. i» fig. a. A. Sertularia tamarifca. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1 307. This is the larger): kind of Sertularia, and but rarely found on thefe coafts. I have received it lately from Dr. David Skene, of Aberdeen. The figure was taken from one found in Ireland ; where in the winter feafon they are full of veficles, one inferted at the bottom of each pair of denticles. The ovaries of thofe from Scotland had no points ; but this might be owing to their being young. 2. Sertularia abietina.. Sea-Fir Corallirie. S-srtularia alternatifn The Sea-Fir Coralline is al- pinnata^ denticulis fubop- ternately pinnated with denti- pofnis S E R T U L A R I A. 37 pojitis ovato-tubulofis,ova- cles placed almoft oppofite, of riis ovalibus. an oval tubulous fhape. Their ovaries are of an oval form. Sea-Fir. Ellis Corallin. pag. 4. tab. 1. No. 2. fig b. B. Sertularia abiethia. Linn.Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1307. This elegant Coralline is frequently found on our coaft, adhering by its vermicular tubes to moft kind of (hells : it grows very erect, and is frequently infefted with little minute fhells called Serpulas* The fide branches are of- ten pinnated. In the winter the ovaries are in fuch abun- dance as almoft to cover the denticles, but placed in a very regular order. In this ftate I have received them from. Brighthelmftone, in Suffex. 3. Sertularia polyzonias. Great Tooth Coralline. Sertularia^ arfe ramo- This Coralline is loofely fay denticulis ovatis alter- branched, having alternate ntSy cvariis obovatis tranf- denticles ; the ovaries are verfe rugojis. nearly egg-ihaped and wrin- kled acrofs. Great Tooth Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 5. tab. 2. No. 3. fig. a. b. A. B. Sertularia polyzonias. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1312. We find this Coralline often growing erect, and fend- ing out loofe fpreading branches. A variety is found climbing up other Corallines. I received fome fpecimens from the Ifle of Wight, where there were many young ones climbing up the firft ftem by radical tubes, and forming a firm ftrong trunck with long alternate branches; thefe fpecimens were about three or four inches high. , Others 0 8 SERTULARIA. Others I have met with that have grown loofely and un- connected into complicated rnaffes of a femi-tranfparent pale yellow color ; the ovaries, as in the other, were* wrinkled tranfverfely. 4. Sertularia argentea. Squirrel' s-t ail Coralline. Sertula.ria.denticulisfub- This Coralline has nearly oppojitis mucronatiS) ova- oppofite and {harp-pointed riis ovalibus, ramis al- denticles, oval ovaries, and al- ternis paniculatis. ternate tufted branches. Squirrel's Tail. Ellis Corallin. pag. 6. tab. 2. No. 4. Sertularia argentea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. 5. Sertularia cuprefllna. Sea-Cyprefs. Sertu\a.ria.denticulisfub- This has nearly oppofite and oppojitis oblique truncatis, oblique blunt denticles, with ramis paniculatis fparjis long loofe branches in pani- longioribus^ ovariis obova~ cles. The ovaries are nearly lib us. oval. Sea-Cyprefs. Ellis Corallin. pag. 7. tab. 3. No. 5. fig. a. A. Sertularia cuprejfina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. Thefe two laft Corallines, though fuppofed by Lin- naeus to be the fame, when they come to be compared, have quite a different habit and manner of growing. The latter, or Sea-Cyprefs, is always found in very deep water, and the fide branches often as long again as the Squirrel's Tail, befides the difference of their denticles and ovaries. I have feen, indeed, varieties or the Squir- rel's-tail Coralline, but they are eafily known. We find this is the commoner!: of all the Veficular Corallines round the SERTULARIA. the coaft of thefe kingdoms, efpecially at the Ifle of Shep- pey ; but the Sea-Cyprefs is chiefly found in deep water on the coaft of Yorkshire, Scotland, and the north of Ireland, and not to be had in fuch plenty. 6. Sertularia operculata. Sea-Hair Coralline. Sertularia de?iticulis op- This Coralline has pointed pofltis fubereSlis, ovariis denticles, which are oppofite y obovatis operculars, ra- the points bend, upwards. The mis alternis. ovaries are egg-fhaped, and have a cover to each. The branches are alternate, Sea-Hair. Ellis Corallin. pag. 8. tab. 3. No. 6* fig. b. B. Sertularia operculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1307. There are befides the two larger points to each denticle, two little briftles on each lide of each denticle, which may be feen in the microfcope by a fide view. This was omitted in the figure, as not being placed in a fide view for the painter when it was drawn.. 39 7. Sertularia rofacea. Lily flowering Coralline. Sertularia denticulis op- pojitis tubulojis t run cat is, ramis alternis, ovariis co- ronato-fpinofls. This Coralline has oppofite tubulous truncated denticles, alternate branches, and ova- ries crowned with little fpines. Pomgranate flowering Coralline.. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 23. fig. 5. Lily or Pomgranate flowering Corallines Ellis Coral- lin. pag. 8. tab. 4. Sertularia rofacea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1306. This 4 o S E R T U L A R I A. This moft delicate white tender Coralline is often Found growing on fhells, and often climbing up other Coral- lines. The ends of fome of the branches turn into little radicles, as if it were going to climb up other fubftances, as is expreffed at fig. B. Effay on Corallines. The ova- ries are moft: exactly reprefented through the microfcope ; thofe that are unexpanded are in the younger ftate, and iii this form I have now whole branches moft beautifully adorned with regular rows of them ; thofe with the points flicking out appear to be in this ftate, when they have difcharged their fpawn. This objecl affords great enter- tainment in the folar microfcope, from the beautiful bloflbm-like appearance of its ovaries, before they are ex- panded, where they look like fo many double flowers. 8. Sertularia pumila. Sea-Oak Coralline. Sertula.iia.de nticulis op- This Coralline has oppofite pofitis mucro?iatis recur- denticles pointed and bent vatis, ovariis fubrotundis. back; the ovaries are roundifh. Sea-Oak Coralline. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 23. fig. 6. F. F. and Vol. 57. tab. 19. fig. 11. Corallin. pag. 9. tab. 5. No. 8. fig. a. A. Sertularia pumila. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. I3°6. This is met with on feveral fpecies of fucus, but of- tener on the Fucus ferratus, or Sea-Oak with ferrated leaves ; and, as it is often found on the more on the go- ing out of the tide, adhering to the broad leaves of that large remarkable Fucus, it affords us the more frequent opportunities of feeing this animal alive, extending its claws, provided it is immediately, while moift, put into fome clean fea-water. In this ftate it may be kept for fome SERTULARIA, 4T fome days by renewing the water ; we may then cut off fmall pieces, and put them in a watch-glafs full of fea-water, and in a little time they may be examined in the aquatic microfcope. See the figure in the Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 23. lig. b. F. F. where it is mod exactly reprefented, as it appeared alive. This to perfons not acquainted with the nature of Zoophytes will appear a moft furprizing as well as a moft agreeable fcene or entertainment, as I have frequently experienced with perfons, who have accompa- nied me to the fea fide : the propereft and moft portable microfcope for this purpofe I have given a very good figure of in my Effay on Corallines. 9. Sertularia Thuja. Sertularia denticulis di- jlichis alternis apprejjls, ovarii s ovatis marginatis^ canle angulato rigidopani- culatO) ratnulis creberrimis dichotomis attenuatis. Sibbald Scot. Illuftr. Bcttle-bruJJi Coralline. Bottle- brufo Coralline. This Coralline has two rows of denticles, clofely adhering alternately to both fides of the branches. The ovaries are oval, with a margin or rim about their openings. The ftem is waved and very ftiff: on the upper-part is a tuft of dichotomous little branches, which grow fmaller at the ends. tab. 12. Ellis Cbrallin. pag. 10. tab. 5, No. 9. fig. b. B. and in the frontifpiece. Sertularia 'Thuja. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. G 10. Sertularia. 42 SERTULARIA. 10. Sertularia Lonchitis. Sea Spleenwort. Sertularia artkulata pin- This Coralline has a jointed nata> denticulis altemis and pennated ftem, with two dijlichis apprejfis^ ovariis rows of alternate denticles ad- ovatis operculatis. hering clofely to it. The ova- ries are oval, and have a cover to each. Sea Spleenwort or Polypody. Ellis COrallin. pag. n. tab. 6. Sertularia L,ichenaftrum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. Pag- I3i3- I have received fpecimens from the Eaft Indies of a Ser- tularia very like this in appearance, but fmaller, where both the denticles and branches are exactly oppofite, and the joints both on the ftem and branches much clofer to- gether. The S. Lonchitis was found in the harbour of Dublin. 11. Sertularia falcata. Sertularia de?iticulis fe- cundis imbricatis trunca- tis, ovariis ovato-oblongis, ramis pimiatis alternis, caule jlexuofo. Sickle Coralline* This Coralline has a waved ftem, and branches alternately pennated ; i' ele are furm •',■. d wuh a fingle row of blunt denticles, lying clofe one be- hind the other. The ovaries are of an oblong oval fhape. Sidle Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 12. tab. 7. No. 11. fig. a. A. and the center of the frontifpiece. Sertularia falcata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1309. In SERTULARIA. In the center of the frontifpiece to my Eflay on Coral- lines I have given a figure of this beautiful Coralline, as it appears alive in the fea. The figure in tab. 7. was drawn from a dried fpecimen. 12. Sertularia Pluma. Podded Coralline. Sertularia denti cutis fe- This Coralline has bell- cundis imbricatis campa- fhaped denticles, lying clofe nulatis, ovariis gibbis cri- above one another ; the ova- Jiatis^ fur cults pinnatis tan- ries are gibbous and crefted ; ceolatis altemis. the little fprigs rife alternately, and are pinnated. 'The Podded Corallme. Ellis Corallin. p. 13. tab. 7,, No. 12. fig. b. B. Sertularia Pluma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1309, This neat feathered Coralline is* generally found climb- ing up, and furrounding fucus's, particularly the podded Fucus. Its little tubulous radicles are difpofed in circles round the ftem of the Fucus in fuch a manner, by uni- ting together, that the force of the fea cannot feparate it without tearing the Fucus to pieces. The fide branches that fupport the denticles are jointed ; and the denticles, whofe margins are ferrated, are fupported in the front of each by a little projecting hollow fpine, which, in the Sertularia Pennatula, one of this tribe, is longer and more diftindl, but cut oft' at the end, as will appear in tab. 7. fig. 1. 2. This little fpine does not appear in our figure, on account of the painter's drawing the Coralline from an oblique back view of the branches. See the figure in ErTay on Corallines, tab. 7. The pods or ovaries have generally five criflated ribs, pointing obliquely upwards, G 2 and 43- 44 SERTULARIA. and proceeding from the back tube. This Coralline is common on the Britim coaft. I have lately received from Dominica, fome very large fpecimens of this kind, fix inches high, that are loofely branched, and grow ere£t on {hells. The ovaries of thefe are more oblong, and refemble thofe of a bean-pod, and have eight or nine furrounding criftated ribs. Befldes thefe, we often meet with a very minute va- riety on the Fucus natans, or Gulph-weed, and fome other varieties from the Mediterranean and the Eaft Indies. 13. Sertularia Myriophyl- lum. Sertularia pinnata, pin- nis altemis, rachi nodofa^ nodidis exter?ie arcuatis dijlantibus\ dentkulis fe- cundis truncatis Jlipula- tifque. Pheafanfs-tail Coralline, tab. 8. Sertularia Myriophyilum. pag. 1309. Pheafanfs-tail Coralline. This Coralline, with feather- like branches alternately dif- pofed on the front of the mid- rib or ftem, the back of which has arched knots, placed at a diftance from each other ; the denticles are even at top, each like a cup fupported by a focket, with a fhort fpine in front, and are placed in a row above one another on the un- der part of the little feather- like branches. Ellis Corallin. pag. 14. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. The SERTULARIA. The form of the ftem of this Sertularia is different from all the kinds hitherto known, on account of the arched knots on its ftem : when it is put into water, the two rows of little branches, or pinnae, become nearly ftraight, or incline a little at their ends, with their denti- cles towards each other. I have never yet feen their ovaries, nor any other fpecimen, but that which was col- lected near the harbour of Dublin, part of which is very exaclly reprefented in my Effay on Corallines. An ele- gant fpecimen of this is preferved among my other Zoo- phytes in the Britifh Mufeum. 14.. Sertularia antennina. 45 Sertularia fur calls fub- fmplicibus verticillatis^ fe- talis denticulis fecundis ca- lyciformibuS) ovariis axilla- Lobfter s-hom Coralliite. This Coralline has ftngle ftems, but there is a variety that is branched. Thefe are furrounded with whirls ot ribus pedunculatis oblique briftle-like fmall branches, truncatis. which have on the upper fide rows of cup-fhaped denticles ; their ovaries have foot-ftalks, and are obliquely open to- wards the ftem : thefe are placed round it at the infertion of the branches. Lobfers-horn Coralline^ or Sea-Beard. Ellis Corallin. pag. 1 5. tab. 9. Sertularia antennina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 10. The branched variety of this Coralline is reprefented in the Philofophical Tranfadtions, Vol. 48. tab. 22. as it appeared alive in fea-water ; and was, in June 1754* moft 46 SERTULARIA. moft accurately drawn at the fea fide at Brighthelmflone, by my late worthy friend Mr. G. D. Ehret. 15. Sertularia halecina. Herri?ig-bone Coralline, Sertularia ramofa pin- This Coralline is alternately natd) ramulis alternis, branched and pinnated ; the de7tticulis tubiformibus bi- denticles are formed like tubes articulatiS) ovariis ovali- with two joints : the ovaries bus, pedunculis lateraliter are oval, each united along coadunatis. the fide to a little tubular ftalk. Herring-bone Coralline. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. E. F. G. Corallin. pag. 17. tab. 10. Sertularia halecina. Linn. Syft, Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1308. This Coralline is particularly defcribed in my EfTay on Corallines, and likewife in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 48. tab. 17. in both which places it is reprefented as it is alive in the fea. 16. Sertularia pinnata. Jo'mted Sea-brijlle Coralline. Sertularia fimplex pin- This Coralline has a iingle nata et articulatay pinnis pinnated ftem ; the little altemis arcuatis, denticulis branches are placed alternate- femicampa?iulatis fecimdisy ly, and expand themfelves ovariis ovatis co?tfertis ore like an arch on each fide : the coronatis. denticles are on one fl.de, and half bell-fhaped : the ovaries are oval, coming out in cluf- ters along the ftem ; their openings look like little crowns. Sea SERTULARIA. Sea Erijlles. Ellis Corallin. pag. 19. tab. n. No. 16. fig. a. A. Sertularia pinnat a. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 12. This Coralline differs very much from the fetacea, or fmall briftle : it is three inches high, twice as big every- way as the other ; and differs not only in being jointed, but the denticles are half bell-fhaped, and much nearer together ; befides, the ovaries are in clufters all along the upper fide of the ftem, and when the young ones are ready to come out, the tops of the ovaries are divided like a coronet. This defcription is taken from a very good fpecimen, preferved in fpirits, with its polypes and ovaries perfectly diftinct. 47 17. Sertularia fetacea. Sertularia Jimplex pin- nattZ) pi?mis alternis fub- incurvatis, de?iticulis ob- foletis rejnotijfwiis fecundiS) Little Sea-brijlh Coralline. ^his Coralline has a fingle pennated ftem ; the pinnse, or fmall fide branches, are alter- nate and a little bent : the ovariis oblongo-tubulatis denticles are but juft vifible ; axillaribus. they are on the upper fide of the little branches, and very remote from each other : the ovaries come out juft above the infertionof the little branches, and are of an oblong tubulous fhape. Sertularia plnnata (&. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1 3 1 2. This little beautiful Coralline, which is about one inch and an half high, is more frequently met with than the former. 5 18. Sertularia 48 SERTULARIA 1 8. Sertularia fpinofa. Sertularia mollis ramofa pellucida, ramulis cre- berrimis teneris dichotomis, [pints terminantibus, den- ticulis obfolctis fecundis dif- tantibus, ovariis vefcuice- formibus. Silk Coralline. This Coralline is fmooth, tranfparent, and branched ; the fmaller branches are very tender, many, dichotomous, and gradually end in points ; the denticles are but juft via- ble, and placed at a diftance from each other on the fame fide, from whence the ovaries that are like veficles proceed. Silk Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 20. tab. 11. No. 17. %. b. d. B. C. D. Sertularia fpinofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 131 2. This Coralline has fomething very lingular in it, each polype-head being inclofed in a veficle, which falls o£r when the head decavs : whether thefe are the ovaries as well as mouths to fupply the animal with food, future obfervations muff, explain to us, but at prefent it feems moft probable. 19. Sertularia dichotoma. Sertularia longijfima ra- mofa dichotoma, denticu- lis campanulatis, pedun- culis amiulofs, ovariis o-vatis axillaribus, pedun- culis cojitortis* Sea-thread Coralline. This Coralline is very long, and branched in a fubdivided manner ; it has bell-fhaped denticles, fupported by ftalks full of rings : the ovaries are oval, and fit upon twitted foot- ftalks at the infertion of the branches. Sea- S E R T U L A R I A. 49 Sea-thread Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 21. tab. 12. No. 18. fig. a. c. A. C. Sertularia dichotoma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 131 2. It is found on the SufTex coaft, but in greater plenty on the coaft of Holland. 20. Sertularia geniculata. K.7iotted Sea-thread Coralline. Sertularia denticulis al- This Coralline has alternate ternis calycijormibus^ pe- cup-fhaped denticles, with dunculis contort is ', ovariis twifted ftalks ; the ovaries are ovato-truncatis axillari- oval, and jflattifri at top. bus. Knotted Sea-thread Coralline. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 22. fig. 1. Corallin. pag. 22. tab. 12. No. 19. fig. b. B. Sertularia geniculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 3 1 2. This creeping little Coralline has but few branches, and they are alternate : it is found adhering by little tubes to the podded Fucus, and fometimes to the Sea-Oak Fucus. I have met with it on the coaft of SufTex, grow- ing upon the Afcidia inteftinalis of Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1087. which is a foft, white, membranaceous animal, nearly egg-fhaped, that fixes itfelf by its bafe to rocks and mells ; has two openings, one at the top and the other a little lower, from whence it fquirts out the water. On this the Knotted Sea-thread Sertularia, or Coralline, fends forth its root-like tubes, nearly in ftrait lines ; from whence arife, at a fmall diftance from each other, young fprigs about an inch high, properly fur- niftied with their denticles and polype-heads, fo as to H . form <0 SERTULARIA, form a beautiful little grove-like figure of this animah This moft elegant fpecimen I have preferved in fpirits. The figure of this animal, without its ovaries, was- drawn by Mr. Ehret, in June 1754, at Brighthelmftone,. and is reprefented in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, Vol.48, tab. 22. No. 1. A. to fhew the medullary part of this animal in the ftem, united to the feveral heads in their cup-like denticles. This is a molt exact figure of one ot thofe on the Afcidia before mentioned, when: viewed through the microfcope in fea-water. The figure at tab. 12. fig. B. EfTay on Corallines, has the ovaries^ but not the cup-fhaped denticles : this was taken from a dried fpecimen, where the joints are very much fhrunk, fa as to look knotty. 2 1 . Sertularia verticillata. Horfe-tall Coralline, Sertularia fubramofay deniiculis campanulatis pedtmculatis margin e den- tatis fubereElis verticilla- tifque, ovariis ovato-tu- bulojis. This Coralline is loofely branched ; the denticles are bell-fliaped, indented on the margin, fit on foot-ftalks, and are placed in whirls at regular diftances round the flem. The ovaries are egg-fhaped, and end in a tube. Horfc-tail Coralline with bell-fiaped cups. Ellis Coral- lin. pag. 23. tab. 13. No. 20. fig. a. A. Sertularia verticillata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 3 1 o. Since I publiflied my EfTay on Corallines, I have met with fome fpccimens, with their ovaries, which were oi an oval figure, ending in a tubular mouth. This Coralline is remarkably tender and brittle, and the bell-fliaped denticles are fo glutinous, that it is very difficult SERTULARIA. 51 difficult to feparate them from the paper when they are expanded. The ftalks that fupport them are very ele- gantly twifted, like the ftems of fome modern drinking glaiTes. 22. Sertularia volubilis. Climbing Bell Coralline. Tab. 4. Fig. e. Sertularia denticulis This Coralline, with bell- f-E- F. catnpanulatis dentatis al- fhaped denticles, indented on ter?iiS) pedunculis longif- the margin, grows alternate- fimis contortis^ovariisova- \y ; the denticles are fupport- tis interdum tranverfe ed by very long twifted foot- rugojis. ftalks ; the ovaries are egg- fhaped, and fometimes wrink- led acrofs. Tab. 4. Fig. e. f. E. F. Climbing Coralline with bell-foaped cups. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol.48, tab. 22. fig. 2. Small climbing Coralline with bell-foaped cups. Ellis Corallin. pag. 24. tab. 14. No. 21. fig. a. A. Sertularia unijlora. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 437. tab. 19. fig. 9. Sertularia volubilis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 13 11. There are different varieties and fizes of this twining bell-fhaped Coralline, from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long ; particularly the branched fort in tab. 4. fig. e. f. E. F. which is very rarely met with. This has wrinkled ovaries, but moft of the others are fmooth. Thefe are all found climbing up and growing upon other veficular Corallines ; moll of them are to be met with on the coaft of SufTex. H 2 23. Sertularia 52 SERTULARIA. 23. Sertularia repens. Sertularia dentkulis cy- lindricis oblique truncatis altemis, pedunculis con- tortis denticulis breviori- buSy ovariis Ellis Corallin. pag. 25, Creeping Coralline. This Coralline has alternate cylindrical denticles, opening obliquely ; with twitted ftalks, fhorter than the denticles -y the ovaries are unknown. tab. 14. fig. b. B. Sertularia Syringa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1311. 24. Sertularia rugofa. Snail-trefoil Coralline. Sertularia denticulis al- This Coralline has alternate ternis rugojis, ramis va- wrinkled denticles and irregu- gisy ovariis rugojijjijnis lar branches ; the ovaries are very much furrowed, and have three erect points at the open- ing of each. Ellis Corallin. pag. 26. tab. tridentatis. Snail-trefoil Coralline. 15. No. 23. fig. a. A. Sertularia rugofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. Thefe Corallines grow upon others on the Britifh coaft. 25. Sertularia lendigera. Sertularia articulata fitbdichotoma imptexayden- ticulis cylindricis fecundis parallelis ad genicula mi- noribuSy ovariis Nit Coralline. This Coralline is jointed ; the branches are fubdivided and irregularly interwoven ; they have cylindrical parallel denticles coming out on one fide, and growing lefs at the joints ; the ovaries are un- known. Nit S E R T U L A R I A. Ss Nit Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 27. tab. 15. No. 24. fig. b. B. Sertularia lendigera. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1 3 1 1 . 26. Sertularia Uva. Grape Coralline. Sertularia fubramofa, This Coralline has but few denticulis obfoletisy ova- branches ; the denticles are riis ovatis racemojis. ' fcarce to be diftinguifhed ; the ovaries are oval, growing in clutters. Grape Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 27. tab. 15. No. 25. fig. c. C. D. Sertularia Uva. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1311. Thefe two laft are parafite- Corallines, growing on Fu- cus's and other Corallines, on the Britifh coaft. 27. Sertularia Cufcuta. Dodder-like Coralline. Sertularia denticulis ob- There is no appearance of foletis, ovariis ovatis ax- denticles on this Coralline ; illaribus, ramis oppojitis the ovaries are oval, and placed Jimplicibus. at the infide of the infertion of the branches ; the branches are fingle and oppohte. Climb'mg Dodder-like Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 28. tab. 14. No. 26. fig. c. C. Sertularia Cufcuta. Linn. Syfi:. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 131 1. This was fent me among other fea productions from the weft coaft of England, adhering to and creeping up the Fucus filiquofus. 28. Sertularia 54- SERTULARIA. 28. Sertularia puflulofa. Pimpled Coralline. Sertularia articulata This Coralline is jointed, f par Jim ct alternation ra- and alternately, but thinly mojh, geniculis fuperne branched : the appearances of objohte de?iticulatisi ova- the denticles which lie along riis the upper part of the joints, are but juft vifible. Dichotomous tubular Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 54. tab. 27. fig. b. B. This Coralline was brought to me from the Ifle of Wight. The fpecimen from whence the figure was taken was an imperfect: one ; fince then, I have from the fame place received feveral perfect ones, four inches long. It confifts of very delicate tender branches, which arife from adhering tubes. Several of the tubes are united loofely near the bafe, like the Silk Coralline ; from thence they rife up into long branches, fending forth alternate fhort branches, forming a joint at every branch : towards the upper part of every joint are feveral fhallow den- ticles, having a little circular rim with a point in the mid- dle of each, not unlike a pimple or puftule : as they are moft exactly drawn in the Effay on Corallines, at tab. 27. fig. B. through the microfcope. I am perfuaded many people, from the defcription of this, as well as the Dodder Coralline, without examining them in the microfcope, would take them for decayed Confervas ; but they are true Sertularias, as the fpeci- mens fhew. 29. Sertularia SERTULARIA. 55 29, Sertularia frutefcens. Sertularia ramofa tubu- lofa pinnata, pi?i?iulis fe- taceis ahernis arre&is, denticulis fecundis cyli?j- drico-campanulatis, ova- riis Tab. 6. Shrubby Coralline, Tab. 6. Fig., a. This Coralline has a ftem A- full of fmall united little tubes, from whence come forth rows of fmall branches dif- pofed alternately in a pinnated order, bending upwards ; the denticles are of a cylindrical bell-fliaped form, placed one above another on the fame fide; the ovaries are unknown. Fig. a. A. This Coralline was found at Scarborough, in York- shire. The ftem is black and hard, the branches of a dark brown : it is more firm and woody than any of this genus, and appears to be the very fame fpecies with that which Dr. Pallas fent me from Holland, incruftated with an Alcyonium, by the name of Sertularia Gorgonia. See tab. 9. fig. 1. 2. 30. Sertularia Pinafter. Sertularia Jimplex pin- nata,pinnis ahernis ', den- ticulis oppGjitis baji cauli appreffis, apice tubulofis incurvis, ovariis fecundis. majoribus ovato-quadran- gulis, angulis mucrona- tisy ore tubulofo. Sea-Pine Coralline. Tab. 6, Fig. b*. This Coralline has a fingle B. pinnated flem ; the little branches are alternate, with oppofite denticles, the bottom, of which adheres clofe to the branch, but the top part is tubular, and bent upwards ;, the ovaries are large and. ranged on one fide ;. they are q£ 56 SERTULARIA. of an oval form with fquare fides, the angles end in points at the corners on the top ; in the middle of each is a little tubulous opening. Tab. 6. Fig. b. B. Tab. 7-31. Sertularia Pennatula. Sea-Pen Coralline. Fig. 1. 2. Sertularia fimplex pin- This Coralline has a fingle nata^ pinnis incurvis ar- pennated ftem; the pinnae or ticulatiS) denticulis fecun- fide fmall branches are jointed dis campanulatis corniculo and curvated ; the denticles truncato fuffultis, margi- are ranged on one fide, each nibus crenatis Jpinis duo- fupported by a little horn-like bus oppofttis inJlruc7is,ova- tube; they have a crenated riis margin, with a little fpine on each fide, oppofite to each other; the ovaries are not known. Tab. 7. Fig. i. 2. This Coralline is as remarkable for the elegance of its form, as its likenefs to the feather of a pen. It is of a yellowifh-brown color, about five or fix inches high. There are many of them rife together from the fame ad- hering tubes, with ftifF jointed items. The little crooked tubes that fupport the denticles are longer in this fpecies than in any of the like kind, being twice as long as the denticles. It is not uncommon among the iflands in the Eaft Indies. 32. Sertularia SERTULARIA. 57 Tab. 6. 72. Sertularia Filicula. Fern Coralline. Fig. c. 0 c. Sertularia ramofijjima This Coralline is very much pinnatay Jlirpe Jlexuofa^ branched and pinnated ; the ramulis ex angttlis ahermsi ftera is bent to and fro into denticulis ovato tubulofis ; alternate angles ; the little fuigulo ad axillam arre8lo\ branches are produced from ovariis obverfe ovatis apicc the angular points ; thefe are tubulatis. furnifhed with oppofite oval- tubulated denticles : in each axilla, or part where the little branches come out, is an erect fingle denticle. Tab. 6. Fig. c. C. This is one of the moft delicate fpecies of our Engliih vehicular Corallines. It has been taken by fome authors and collectors of thefe fubftances, for a leffer fpecies of the Sertularia abietina, or Sea-Fir : but the Angularity of its waved ftem, with its erect fingle denticle at the in- fertion of the branches, together with the fingle pair of denticles on each part of the ftem, that form the angles, make it a very diftinct fpecies from any of this genus. It is commonly found upon the coafc of Scarborough, in Yorkfhire. 33. Sertularia quadriden- _ , , . . . b oar-toot oea Coralline. Tab. 5, tata. Sertularia /implex arti- This creeping Coralline culata repens, denticulis fends forth fingle flems, that quatemis oppofitis ventri- are jointed ; the joints have coJiSf articulis fubiurbina- generally four denticles of the I Fig. g. G. 58 S E R T U L A R I A. tis bafi contort isy ovarii s figure of the ftomach, eacfi oppoiite to the other ; the ar- ticulations are nearly top- fliaped, and twifted at the bafe ; the ovaries are unknown. Tab. 5. Fig. g. G. I found this little Coralline adhering by its radical tubes to a fpecies of Fucus, called by Linnaeus, Fucus lendigerus. In the plate I have given a figure of the Fucus with the Coralline creeping up it, ot its natu- ral fize. It was taken up at fea by an Eaft-India fhip 011. the coaft, of Africa, not tar from the iiland of Afcenfion. 34. Sertularia fpicata. Sertularia Jlirpe tubu- lofa paniculata annulata^ ramulis creber.imis tricho- t07nis ad annul os verticil- latim difpojitis, denticulis terms cylindr.icis ccecifque terminalibusy ovariis 0- •vat is axillaribus. Spiked Coralline.. This Coralline has a tubur- lous ftem, furrounded by rings,, and ending in a panicle, con- firming ol many clofe - fet branches, which are fubdi- vided in a threefold order ; thefe are inferted in whirls round the rings, and end in three cylindrical denticles, whofe openings are very fmall ; the ovaries are oval, and in- ferted in the angles of the branches. j.j c. Sertularia Evanfii. Evans's Coralline. Sertularia ramofa^ ra- This Coralline has oppofite mis oppojitis, denticulis branches, and fhort- denticles brevibui S E R T U L A R I A. 5<* brevibus oppofttis^ o-variis placed oppolite to each other ; 7'ai?iojis lobatis oppofitis ex the ovaries are lobated, and tubulo reptanti enafcenti- arife from oppofite branches, bus. which proceed from the creep- ing adhering tube. This Coralline is about two inches high, very Hea- der, and of a bright yellow color. It creeps on fucus's. The ovaries differ from all the reft of the genus : they are lobated, and the lobes are placed opposite to one another: thefe appear to be full of fpawn, of a deep orange color, which is fent forth from holes at the end ot the lobes. This was firft difcovered by Mr. John Evans, a fea- officer in the Eaft-India Company's fervice, among fome fea productions brought from Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in the year 1767. 36. Sertularia muricata. Sea Hedge-Hog Coralfaie. Tab. 7. Fig. 3. Sertularia articulata, This Coralline has ajointed4- de?iticulis pedunculatis ex ftem, with denticles on toot- fmgulis articulis alterfiis^ ftalks proceeding alternately ovariis fubglobojis criftatis from the joints ; the ovaries muricatis pedunculatis ^ ex are globular, full of points tubulis radiciformibus e- from crefted ribs ; they fit on nafcentibus. foot-ftalks, and arife from root-like tubes. Tab. j~. Fig. 3. 4. Dr. David Skene, of Aberdeen, firft difcovered this Coralline. The fpecimens he fent me were imperfect, as wanting the denticles ; they feem to be, by what I could judge of the ftalks and imperfect pieces, not un'ike the I 2 knotted 6$ PENNATULA, knotted Sea-thread ; but differ remarkably in having their cchinated ovaries arife from the adhering tubes. VII. PENNATULA. S E A-P E N Animal nutans, libe- Is an animal that fwims rum, multiforme^ ojjiculo freely about in the fea, of fujjuhum, many fhapes, having a bone in the iniide to fupport it. Polypos tentaculis ra- It fends forth from the up- diatis oviparis a parte fu- per part of its flem, polype- periorl cxjerens. like mouths furrounded by claws ; through thefe it pro- duces its eggs. Balis nuda,. The lower part of the ftem is bare. This genus of animals differs remarkably from all the other Zoophytes by their fwimming freely about in the fea, and many of them having a mufcular motion as they fwim along. I know of none of them that fix themfelves by their bafe, notwithstanding what has been wrote.. They have no opening at the bottom, as was formerly thought, nor any other paffage but through their polype mouths ; by thefe they take in their food, and through thefe they produce their eggs, as in mod; Zoophytes.. They have the remarkable property of fending forth a; ftrong phofphoreal light in the fea. When we compare them to the other Zoophytes, they, approach neareft to the Gorgojiia, as having a bone in the iniide like them, which is covered with flefn, and their upper parts full of polype-like mouths. x Nothing PENNATULA. 6 s Nothing can be a fironger proof that the Gorgonias are Tingle animals with many heads, than their near affinity to the pen-fhaped animals of this genus. i. Pennatula Britannica. Pennatula ftirpe car- nofa teretiy rachi fcabra, polypis tentaculatis ordine Jimplicii Pennatula phofphorea. The Britijh Sea-Pen. This Sea-Pen has a round flefhy ftem; the midrib be- tween the fins roug-h, with minute fcales, and fingle rows> of tentaculated fuckers on each fin. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53, tab. 19. fig. 1- Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1322. I call this the BritifhQea-Pen, to diftinguim it from the following, which I call the Italian Sea-Pen, and becaufe it is found in great plenty flicking to the baits on the fimermen's lines, round the coafts of this kingdom ; efpe- cially when they make ufe of mufcles to bait their hooks. Great numbers have been taken on the coaft of Scotland, efpecially near Aberdeen. They are of a bright red color, and have the property, with the reft, of {Lining in the dark, in a moll remarkable manner, like the Italian Sea-Pen. 2. Pennatula Italica. Italian Sea-Pen. This Sea-Pen has a round Pennatula Birte car- nofa teretiy rachi patirta flefhy Hera ; the midrib is , fpincl krevi broad and full or warts, and ad, bafin dorji cujujque on the back oi the fins, at the pinnae, bafe, there is a fiaort fpine in. fi< Red 62 P E N N A T U L A. Red Sea-Pen. Phil. Tranf. Vol. $$. tab. 21. fig. 1. 2. Pennatula rubra. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1322. The Italian Sea-Pen differs from the Britim fo much, that there is no room to doubt but they are very different fpecies. The Britifh is much longer, more flender, and not fo fiemy as the Italian ; but the broad, warted, midrib and fpiny fins of the latter, diftinguifh it plainly ; be- iides, the denticles are placed fo thick as to appear like a double row. This varies in color from a deep red to a pale red. Doctor Shaw obferves of this, that on the coaft of Algiers it fends forth fo great a light in the night, that the fimermen can diftinguifh the fiih as they fwim by it, fo as to know where they caft their nets. This was brought from the coaft of Italy. I am indebted to my learned friend Thomas Pennant, Efq. F. R. S. for the curious fpecimen reprefented in the Philofophical Tranf- actions. 3. Pennatula fpinofa. The 'Thorny Sea-Pen. Pennatula Jlirpe car- This Sea-Pen has a flefhy nofa, racht Icevi, pinnls Hem, a fmooth midrib, and imbricatis plicatis fpino- thorny fins folded one over fis. another. Penna grifea. Bohadfch mar. 109. tab. 9. fig. 1 — 3. Phil. Tranf. Vol. ^. tab. 21. fig. 6 — 10. Pennatula grifea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1321. I have changed Bohadfch's name of grifea to fpinofa, as being more defcriptive of its character, the fins differing from any of the fpecies yet known by their long fpines. The fuckers, wlych I have carefully examined, and had drawn PENNATULA. 6^ o drawn from the microfcope, have the appearance of an elegant flower. This was brought from Italy, and fent to me by Thomas Pennant, Efq. F. R. S. 4. Pennatula mirabilis. The Strange Sea-Pen. Pennatula ftirpe fit- This Sea-Pen has a long formi, rachi diftiche pin- {lender ftem, whofe midrib is nata, pinnis lunatis re- pennated on both fides ; the mods altemis. pinna? or fins are placed alter- nate, and at a diflance from each other, and fhaped like a half- moon. Polypus mirabilis. Muf. Ad. Fred. pag. 96. tab. 19. fig. 4. Pennatula mirabilis. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 17. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1322. This Sea-Pen, whofe figure I have taken from Dr. Linnes's Mufeum Adolph. Fred, feems not properly to belong to this genus, or is only a part of one, and wants the flefby bafe. I have a fpecimen fent me from Holland with a flefhy bafe, whofe pinnae or fins anfwer to his defcription ; but fome of the upper part of it being broken off, prevented my giving a figure of it. 5. Pennatula antennina. The Peacock-ft/h Sea-Pen, Pennatula ftirpe ftm- This Sea-Pen has a fingle plici, rachi quadrangu- ftem; the midrib is fquare, and lari, lateribus tribus po- full of polype-like fuckers on lypifera. three fides. Penna del. pefce pavone. Bohadfch mar. 112. tab. 9, fig. 4. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 3. Pennatula. 64- P E N N A T U L A. Pennatula aniennina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1323. This extraordinary Sea-Pen was difcovered by Dr. Bo- hadfch, of Prague, while he was at Naples in the year 1757. He fays, when it was brought to him, it was two feet ten inches long, and very poffibly had been much longer, as it was broke off at the Safe. The bone, which was fquare, was covered over with a yellowiih membrane, and three fides of the upper part of the trunk were covered with tentacles, the fourth, bare. Pie fays, he numbered them, and found 13 10, and that thefe tentacles are not drawn in, as in the other Sea-Pens. Other authors mention, that the tentacles are only on one fide ; but Dr. Bohadfch had an opportunity of feeing it as it was taken out of the fea. 6. Pennatula Satntta. The Arrow Sea-Pen. Pennatula Jlirpe fdi- This Sea-Pen has a very formic rachi utrinqueap- flender ftem ; the midrib is proximate pinnata, apice clofely pinnated on both fides, nudo. and the bafe naked. Pennatula Sagilta. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 16. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1322. This very fmall animal, according to Dr. Linnaeus, is found (ticking in the fifh, called by him Lophius Hiftrio, having its ftern pierced into their fides. The figure in the Philofophical Tranfactions is copied from Linnaeus's Amoenitates, Vol. 4. tab. 3. fig. 13. having never (ccn it myfelf. For my own part, I am doubtful whether it belongs to this genus. 7. Pennatula P E N N A T U L A. 65 y.PennatulaCynomorion. The Finger Sea-Pen. Pcnnatula ftirpe brevi This Sea-Pen has a fhort, rugofa acuta, rachi crajfa rough, ftriated and pointed cylindrica gramilofa un- Item ; the midrib is cylindri- diquc poly pi f era. cal and flefliy, with its fkin like fhagreen, producing po- lype fuckers all round it. Malum irifanum marhium. Rondel, pifc. 2. pag. 130. The Finger-Jhaped Sea-Pen. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 21. rig. 3. 4. 5. Alcyonium Rpipetrum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1294. Since I have defcribed this Sea-Pen in the Philofophical Tranfactions, it has been mentioned by fome curious per- fons that have wrote on natural hiftory, that this Sea- Pen had no bone in it ; but being fo fortunate, by the friend- fhip of Thomas Pennant, Efq. F. R. S. as to have two fpecimens, Dr. Solander, in order to be fatisned of the truth of the ailertion, defired to diffect one of them, in which we found a bone, as in the others. 8. Pennatula reniformis. The Kidney-Jljaped Sea-Pen. Pennatula reniformis^ This Sea-Pen has its upper ftirpe lumbrici facie, a I- part maped like a kidney, and Sera latere polypifera. its item like a worm ; one fide of the upper part of it is full of polype fuckers. The Kidney-Jhaped purple Sea-Pen. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 19. fig. 6 — 10. This beautiful purple Sea-Pen was found on the coaft of South Carolina, by John Greg, Efq. of Dominica. K It 66 PENNATULA. It is remarkably different from all this kind. From the ftifThefs of its ftem, it is very probable, it is fupported by a bony fubftance. The under fide of its kidney-fhaped body is flat and full of ramifications, which correfpond with the polype mouths on the upper fide, which is a little convex : there are but fix claws to each polype fucker, which proceed from hexangular cells. Dr. So- lander, in his letter to me from Rio Janeiro, on the coaft of Brazil, mentions, that whenever the fifhermen brought them any fhrimps, they were fure to find three or four of thefe among them. Tab. 8. g. Pennatula argentea. The Silver Sea-Pen. Fig. i. 2. 3* Pennatula lanceolata This Sea-Pen has much the femice fade, Jlirpe Icevi appearance of a writing pen ; tereti, pinnis creberrimis it is of a long fpear fhape, with imbricatis dentatis virga- a round fmooth ftem \ the up- tis. per part is very clofe fet with fins, which lie one upon the other ; they are dentated and ftriped. Tab. 8. Fig. i. 2. 3. This curious animal was brought from Batavia by Wil- liam Webber, Efq. F. R. S. Its fins are not unlike thofe of a bat, with feveral iliarp points. They are ftriped black and white, with a mining furface, not unlike fil- ver : they are often found above a foot long, and are faid to be very luminous in the fea at night. There is one of them in the Britifh Mufeum near eighteen inches long. In the figure here reprefented, the bone appears to be burft through the bottom, and one of the fins are magni- fied, to fhew it more diftinclly. xo. Pennatula GORGONIA. 67 10. Pennatula Encrinus. Great clufler Sea-Polype. Pennatula ftirpe qua- This Sea-Pen has a very drangulari attc?tuata Ion- long, fquare, bony ftem, which gijflma ojfea membrana cal- grows very fmali towards the lofa veftita, polypis ovi- top, and is covered with a cal- paris apice in iwibellam lous membrane : it fends forth congeftis. from the top, in form of an umbell, a clufter of polypes, from whence the eggs or fpawn is produced. Clufler- Polype. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. pag. 305. tab. 12. Corallin. pag. 96. tab. 37. Vorticella Encrinus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1317. The ingenious Dr. Bohadfch, of Prague, has very pro- perly placed this curious animal among the Sea-Pens. The twifting of the bone in the ftem feems to be an accident, and not the character of the animal. VIII. .GORGONIA. THE GORGON Animal crefcens plantce Is an animal that grows with facie. the appearance of a plant. Os (five fulcrum) va- The bone, or inward fup- riat confflentid in diverjis port, varies in different fpe- fpeciebus, et eft vel coria- cies in its confiftence, and is ceum^fuberofum^ Ug7iofu?n, either like leather, cork, wood, corneu7n> ojfeum, tefta- horn, bone, fhell, made of ceum, fibris vitreis con- glafty fibres, or like ftone ; it textumvellapideum; ftri- is ftriated, grows fmaller at K 2 atum. 68 G O R G O N I A. atum, attenuatum bafique the ends, as it rifes upwards,. explanation^ te&um carne and fpreads out at the bale. molliori vafculofa et celln- This bony or hard part is co- lofa (fed exficcata, co?i~ vered with a foftifh flefh, full fiftentid fpongiofa et fria- of fmall vefTels and cells, bili ;) which, when dry, becomes of a fpongy and friable conuft- ence. Ofculis polypiferis nu- Thefe cells are furnimed trimentum forbentibus, o- with little mouths, out of viparifque^ inftruBiwi* which the polypes extend themfelves to procure nouriih- ment, and fend forth their fpawn. This genus of Zoophytes, being the moft remarkable for its fize, as well as the variety in the confidence of its internal hard part in feveral different fpecies, it be- comes more necefTary to be particular in explaining how the growth and ftructure of it departs from that of vege- tables ; efpecially as the generality of mankind are ftrong- ly prepoffeffed, from their external ramified appearance and other circumftances, that they are really true marine vegetable fhrubs ; others, that they are of a mixt nature, between animals and vegetables. In my Effay on Corallines, I have called this genus by the name of Keratophyton ; but as the name of Gorgonia, from Pliny, has been fubflituted by the celebrated Lin- naeus inftead of it, I fhall adopt it accordingly. My former defcription of this animal, En ay on Coral- lines, pag. 59. was taken from dried fpecimens, and was as well as their fhrivelled and friable fituation would admit. Since that time, I have had frequent opportuni- ties G O R G O N I A. 69 ties of examining many fpecies perfectly well preferved, which I had defired might be immerfed in fpirits the in- ftant they were taken out of the fea : by this means, I became pofTefTed of many curious ones, both from the Mediterranean and Weft-India feas. So that what for- merly appeared to me to be a friable calcareous matter, I now find to be a real flefhy fubftance ; and that the in- ternal hard part is of the fame ufe to thefe animals, as bones are to other animals, that are cloathed with flefh. Such of thefe animals as were carefully preferved in fpirits, appeared as if they were alive, with their polype-like fuckers extended in the action of catching their food, and afforded me great pleafure to be able to examine them with fome exactnefs. I firft differed them longitudinally, and perceived that their flefh was furnifhed with an infinite number of mi- nute mufcles and tendons, contrived in fuch a manner, that, at the will of thefe animals,, they might extend the openings of their cells on the outward furface, in order to fend forth their polype-like fuckers, to ftretch out their arms in fearch of food, or contract the fame open- ings fuddenly, the inflant the polype fuckers were drawn, back into their cells, the better to fecure thefe tender parts from external injury. Proceeding thus far, I was led on to obferve, what kind of communication there was between the fuekers and the bone of the animal ; for this end I examined feveral fpe- cimens, both dry, as well as thofe that were preferved in fpirits, with good magnifying glaffes, and could diftinctly trace an infinite number 01 -minute winding canals, that lead from the fuckers through the flefh into thofe parallel longitudinal tubes, which ciofely furround the bone or folid part on all fides ; perhaps thefe may not improperly be G O R G O N I A. be called the periofHum ; for all along that fide of thofe tubes by which they adhere to the bony part, I could difcover the pores very plainly from whence the juices flow, that fupply it with proper materials to anfwer this great end. It is to thefe longitudinal tubes, that the bony parts of thefe animals owe their ftriated or channelled appearance, when they are ftript of their Hem, particu- larly the red Coral, the verticillated Sea-Feather, and many others ; but more remarkably in their kindred ge- nus the Ifis, particularly that fpecies, called the Ifis Hip- puris, or black and white jointed Coral, as I fhall fhew hereafter. I fhall now proceed to relate the feveral obfervations that I have made on them, from time to time, aad en- deavour to anfwer the arguments that have been advanced by late writers to prove their being of a mixt nature ; that is, that they are animals, vegetating in the manner of plants with flowers, bark, and wood. As to their firfr. beginning, thefe animals produce their eggs through their polype-like mouths, as I have fhewn in the direc- tion of the Alcyonium manus marina ; Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 11. In all the fpecimens which I have received preferved in fpirits, I have found eggs; but after thefe' eggs are pro- duced, the manner of their hrfr. growing has only been obferved by Donati, (fee Phil. Tranf. Vol. 47. pag. 104. tab. 3. fig. HI KL) who examined them alive at the fea- fide. He fays, " Whilft the firft cellule is (hut up, or the egg of the " Coral is in its fubftance, we do not find any one hard " part in it like bone or marble ; it is all foft : but af- tc terwards, when the cellule opens, we begin to ob- " ferve fome hard lamella ; and when it is grown bigger, " and G O R G O N I A. a n t< (< u and arrive at the height of about a line and a half (the eighth part of an inch) it widens at bottom and at the top, and grows narrower in the middle, affuming the proper confidence and hardnefs of coral ; and as this grows, the polypi are multiplied, and new branches of coral are formed." So that we fee, as foon as the Polype from the eggftate extends itfelf, and draws in nourifhment, its hard part, or bone, appears even before it is one-eighth of an inch high. The ftems then of thefe animals, when they firfl grow up, are always full of cells with their polypes, even down to the bafe ; but as they advance towards their full fize, inftead of fo many polype mouths (in fome particular fpe- cies) we find the flefhy part of the trunk and bafe com- pofed of organs full of parallel connected tubes ; thefe fpread themfelves downwards, over rocks or fhells in va- rious directions, drawing nourifhment from the polype mouths above, to fecure the animal more firmly in its fixa- tion ; for from under thefe tubes, as in the flem, pro- ceeds and is formed a hard or bony part, which adheres moft ftrongly to the rocks, &c. and enables the animal to refift the violence of the waves. As the tubes on the bafe confift of the fame flefhy organical parts with thofe of the flem and branches, they muff undoubtedly receive their fupply of animal juices from the nourifhment drawn in by the polype mouths above them : this will appear clear to us, when we confider they are real Polypes, only with the addition of a bony part : and it is well known in experiments made on the Hydra, or frefli- water Polype, when it has many heads, that if one of them only is fed, all the refi: will receive nourifhment, and grow ; that is, new heads will arife from the fides, and there will be a circulation of vital juices through the whole to the bafe, , which f2 GOR.G0.N--I A. which circulation is not Co eaiily demonftrated in vege- tables. From thefe connected radical and fiefhy tubes belong- ing to the bafe of the Gorgonia, many young ftems of the fame fpecies frequently rife, which are furrounded with little mouths; fo that when we coniider them to be a kind of Polype, we fhall not be furprized at this manner of increafe, no more than we are at prefent at the cluf- tered Animal Flower, or Actinia fociata, defcribed in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 57. tab. 19. where the young ones are produced from the adhering fiefhy tube, that proceeds from the bafe of the old ones. Betides, if we contider them to have the fame proper- ties with the Hydra, or frefh-water Polypes, which re- peated experiments prove to us are fo foon reproduced, after they are either cut in pieces or maimed, we fhall not be fo much amazed, when we meet with inftances of the flefli of the trunk and ftem of the Gorgonia, which by fome accident has mortified, and the furlace of its bone become rotten, and now the receptacle of many kinds of extraneous marine animalcula, and yet find the branches at top with all their mouths alive and in vigour. This bony part fo decayed now grows no more than the (hell of the oyfter, when the fifh is dead. It becomes only a batis during the time it has ftrength left to fupport the living part above, as the fhell or rock that fupports them both below. But it often happens that the living part above grows downwards, by pufhing forth connected ra- dical tubes and polype mouths on the dead part, as it would on a rock, or any other firm bafis, to fecure itfelt the better, forming at the fame time a new layer of bone, or hard part, on the decayed flefh ; and this is the reafon why in making crofs fe&ions of fome of the ftems of the larger G O R G O N I A. 73 larger Gorgonias, we frequently meet with layers or calcareous matter inclofed between the circles, which is evidently nothing elfe but the decayed fiefh of the ani- mal, which has been covered and inclofed by the fubfe- quent growth of the fame animal. This is totally different from any thing that we know of in the growth of trees. To explain the difference between the concentric cir- cles in a crofs feclion of the horny part of a Gorgonia, and thofe of wood, I have given in plate 2. fig. 6. 7. a figure of a crofs and upright fedtion of a piece of wood (lignum fantalum) magnified to mew the utricular veflels, that interweave the upright longitudinal veflels, proceeding horizontally from the pith in the center through all the circles to the bark on the outfide. In the fame plate, at fig. 2. 3. is a horizontal feclrion of a Gorgonia cerato- phyta, where the feveral waved laminae are feen adhering together, but no appearance of crofs fibres. Dr. Donati, who was remarkably careful in examining the Red Coral, or Gorgonia pretiofa, tells us in the Phi- lofophical Tranfadtions, Vol. 47. pag. 97. " That he has obferved tranfverfe fedtions of fome pieces of this Co- ral, which exhibit different lines, or annual bands, whereof one part is of a rofe color, others yellowifh, others white, and others more or lefs charged with co- <{ lor, which form concentric circles like the coats of an " onion." It is evident from hence, that there can be no circula- tion of juices, or the colors would have been the fame. It is not improbable that thofe different colors may be owing to the difference of food at particular feafons ; for we know that thofe animals with polype-like mouths on their flefhy outrides have their appointed feafons of grow- ing, which happen when they find more plenty of food L at cc cc cc cc <7 4 G O R G O N I A. at one time of the year than another, and in proportion to a certain temperature of the air, like other fixt ani- mals ; for inftance, oyfters, which we obferve at certain feafons producing a new fhelly ftratum, or layer, next to the flem in the infide of their upper and under fhell : indeed, in many of the Gorgonias their feveral layers of hard parts, or bone, are very like thofe of fhells both in their confiftence and polifhed mining quality. This is remarkable in the Gorp-onia verticillata. See Tab. 2, fig. 4. where there is a fmall trunk of its natural fize, and the top of it magnified at fig. 5. to fhew the fhell- like difpofition of the laminae. As I have endeavoured to prove that there is no com- munication between the circles in the bony part of the Gorgonia, fo it is evident there is none between the la- minae or layers of the oyfter-fhell ; becaufe we often find them bored all over by fea infedls, and yet if the inner- moft lamina next to the fifh is found, the animal is found to be in perfect health and vigorous, as I have often experienced. But perhaps the formation of the bony part of the Gor- gonia, and the nature of the connection of the different circles of laminae, of which they are compofed, may be more naturally and fat is factor ily illuffrated by examining the bony part of the Pennatulas, or Sea-Pens, a genus of Zoophytes not far removed from the Gorgonias, on ac- count of their polype mouths, as well as having a bone in the infide, and flefh without. One of the chief differ- ences is, that as the Gorgonias are always fixt, there is a neceility, that in order to keep them firm in their places they fhould be fpread out at the bafe, both in the bony as well as flefhy parts ; whereas the Pennatula, or Sea-Pen, which is made for fwimming about in the fea, has its bone G O R G O N I A. bone formed fmall at the bafe, and the flefh thicker, yet tapering to the end. The Pennatula Encrinus, which I had described fome years ago under the title of Hydra ar&ica, or Great Greenland Polype (fee Effay on Corall. tab. 37. and Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 12. pag. 305.) will iliuftrate the nature of the bony part of thefe ani- mals, where at fig. H. a crofs feclion of the bone magni- fied reprefents the different laminss, mewing the manner of their increafe in proportion to the growth of the ani- mal and the fquare form of the bone. There is fomething amazing in the manner that the Gorgonias take to fix themfelves to rocks and other hard bodies in the fea, to be able to withftand the impetuofity of the waves. This wonderful contrivance of Nature is certainly inffcincl: in this low order of animals. How pleafing it is to view the various turns and windings of the beautiful, thin, fpread, fcarlet bafe, formed by the bone and flefh of the Gorgonia pretiofa, or common Red Coral. In the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 50. tab. 34. fig. 10. is the figure of a remarkable groupe of Red Bar- nacles, called the Tulip Barnacle, covered partly with the bafe of a G. pretiofa, or Red Coral. This red appear- ance of the Barnacles fuggefted to me, when I wrote that Memoir, that the fine red tint of the Coral might have been communicated to the Barnacles, as thev both grew together. This rare fpecimen is in the curious cabinet of Dr. J. Fothergill, F. R. S. Every good collection of Red Coral from the Mediter- ranean is full of examples, where not only Barnacles and Wormfhells, but even fmall branches of the white Madrepores are totally covered over with the bone or hard part of the Red Coral. L 2 I have 75 76 GORGONIA. I have made an obfervation before on the caufe whv the circles of calcareous matter are now and then to be found in the horizontal fe&ions of the ftems and trunks of the horny Gorgonias. I fhall now give an- other example in what manner this may happen, to con- firm what I have faid before. Let us examine fig. i. pi. 2. and we fhall obferve diftinclly the bone of one Gorgonia inclofing, and formed over that of another of the fame kind. The Tree Oyfters and Wormfhell at A. had certainly fixt to the flrfl: or in- nermoft branch, fo that this mafs of fhells appears to have killed its flefhy part. The fucceeding Gorgonia fpreading itfelf over and round the flrfl:, extends itfelf likewife over a great part of the fhells, and when it had almoft reached the ends of the branches of the firft, it was torn off and thrown on fhore, in which bare fitua- tion, diverted of its Hem, I received it from the Weft Indies. This fliews us plainly how the calcareous matter or dead flefh of the one may be inclofed by the bone of the other, and form thofe loofe calcareous circles which, we fo often meet with in crofs fections of thefe bodies. If then the bark of the Gorgonias is infifted on to be ftmilar to the bark of trees, this queftion will naturally arife : Is it the nature of trees to inclofe their outward bark, fo that their rough bark may be diftinguifhed fome years after among their regular annual circles, when the tree is cut horizontally ? This I believe has fcarce been feen by the moft diligent inveftigator of nature. In my EfTay on Corallines, pag. 61. tab. 26. I have given an account of the lingular growth of the Gorgonia Flabellum. This account was introduced there to fhew that the friable calcareous part was not formed of acci- dental infe&s, fuch as might and do infeft fea-plants ; but G O R G O N I A. 77 but that it belonged to, and fabricated, or rather pro- duced, the horny part of the animal, as being both one and the fame body. At that time one could not fo clear- ly, for want of recent well-preferved fpecimens, judge exactly whether thefe bodies were compofed of one or many animals. However, according to later obferva- tions, this fpecimen clearly fhews, that the animal Gor- gonia has with its tubes and mouths, in order to ftrengthen and repair the broken part at B and D, covered over the fide reticulated part with a new layer of fleih and bone, continuing it in a femicircular form, thereby ftrengthen- ing and connecting the upper and under parts of the flem, very different from any thing I have yet feen among ve- getables. On the upper part of the fame Gorgonia, at C. is flill a more remarkable inftance of the growth of thefe ani- mals. Here the animal having met with fome interrup- tion in its growth, probably from fome impending rock, it evidently has grown downwards, and fpread over its own reticulated branches, fo as to have covered all their openings. Who would expect, on the ftricteft view of the Gorgo- nia, to find it cloathed with fcales of different forms ? and yet the cafe is fo. Examine the mouths of the G. Pla- comus and the G. muricata, and fee how well they are defended by glaffy fpiculae ranged in order. View the G. exferta and the G. verticillata, thefe we mail find to have remarkable fcales j but the G. lepadifera exceeds all the reft in having its mouths fortified by fcales of vari- ous fizes and fhapes, well adapted to protect thefe tender parts. When we examine with the microf :ope the fcales that cover their other flemy parts, we find them (till of a different fhape, fo that we are induced to think, from thefe 78 G O R G O N I A. thefe obfervations, that the figures of their fcales are adapted by nature to fuit particular parts, as they are in fnakes, lizards, and fifh. Befides the application of thefe fcales, or vitreous cor- pufcles, to the ufe of an outward covering, Nature feems to have adapted fome kinds of them to the forming the harder parts within, as for inftance in the red Coral, where, upon magnifying the flefhy part that was pre- ferved in fpirits, I found it full of thefe vitreous red cor- pufcles, reprefented highly magnified at fig. A. tab. 35. Effay on Corallines ; but thefe were folid, and not hollow, as I took them to be at that time. This hint I received from Dr. Donati, who obferves, that the corpufcles, which we find in the flefh of Red Coral, compofe the hard part of it; being depofited on it by means of a pel- licle full of minute vefTels that lies upon it, which con- tain a whitifh juice. See Phil. Tranf. Vol. 47. p. 99. In the Gorgonia Briareus the hard part, or bone, is compofed of beautiful purple glaffy fpiculae, lying length- ways almoft parallel to each other, and united into a fo- lid mafs ; and if we examine the flefhy part, we mall find the fame kind of fpiculae lying irregularly and thinly dif- perfed through the foft fubftance of it, moft probably for the fame purpofe as in the Red Coral. The figures of thefe corpufcles, when magnified, are not unlike cater- pillars with many feet; fee PI. 14. fig. 2. As the Gor- gonias, whofe hard parts are like wood, horn, or ftone, depofit or produce a fimilar fubftance (which is their bone) when they fpread their bafes on rocks and fhells ; fo this G. Briareus depofits a layer under its flefh, con- fifting of thefe vitreous purple fpiculae, which prove it evidently to belong to this genus of Gorgonia, and not to the Alcyonium, which contains no hard or bony parts. The G O R G O N I A. 79 The laft thing which I mail offer againft their growing like vegetables, is the fituation and growth of the me- dulla, which is obferved in fome particular fpecies of thefe animals. This, had it been limilar to the pith in the young branches of trees, would have been a very ftrong argument in favour of their partaking of a vegetable na- ture : but the cafe is otherwise. For inflance, let a young branch of a Gorgonia ceratophyta be differed longitudi- nally, fo as to mew the courfe of the medulla in the lead- ing branch, as well as the fide branches, tab. 9. fig. 5. 6. Divide, at the fame time, and in the fame manner, a young fprig of any common tree, a lime-tree, for in- flance, fig. 7. 8. In the lime-tree we fhall obferve a free communication of the pith between the leading branch and the fide branches ; but in the Gorgonia the pith or medulla of the leading branch has no communication in the leafr. with the fide branches. The primary branch being furrounded with a horny tube to the extremity, and when it is longitudinally difTected, we plainly difcover the feptum, that is, the continued fide of the tube, which prevents any communication. The branches here arife on the fide of the leading branch, each forming or pro- ducing a medulla proper to itfelf, without any communi- cation with the medulla of the primary branch. It is ex- actly the fame in the genus of Antipathes. The medulla in thefe fpecies of Gorgonias confifts of certain white membranes, placed at diftances nearly equal to their dia- meter, eroding the little tube that contains them, like fo many diaphragms ; whereas the medulla of young branches of trees confifts of fpongy mining globules, clofely compacted together. 1. Gorgonia So G O R G O N I A. Tab. io. i.GorgoniaUmbraculum. The Screen-like Gorgon. Gorgonia flabelliformis This Gorgon appears to be fub reticulata, ramis ere- reticulated, and is fhaped like berrimis teretibus diver- a fan ; it has many round di- gentibusy came rubra ver- verging branches, covered with rucofa obdu&is. a reddiin flefh, full of little warts or mouths. Tab. io. This little Sea-Fan is of a reddifli brick color. It fends forth two or three thick branches from its fhort item, which arifes from a broad bafe. Thefe branches fupport many long flender ones, all tending to the circumference ; thefe are united here and there by little fide branches, forming together a kind of net. It was brought from Batavia by William Webber, Efq. F. R. S. Tab.u. 2. Gorgonia flammea.' The Jiery Red Gorgon. Gorgonia comprejfa ra- This Gorgon grows very mofa fubpinnata, ojfe com- flat, and branches out ; fome planato corneo, came mi- of the branches are pinnated. niata, ofculis creberrimis The bone, or inner part of it, parvis notata. is of a horny texture, and very much compreffed ; this is co- vered over with a fcarlet flefh, full of fmall mouths. Tab. ii. This fpecies of Sea-Feather is brought to us by the Eaft-India fhips from the Cape of Good Hope, and is the G O R G O N I A. 81 the brighter!: colored of all this genus, not unlike fire ; but the flefh as it becomes dry is apt to fall from the bone; the main ftems grow up a little, waving as they tend to- wards the tops. The mouths are oblong ; they are larger and fewer on the main ftems, than on the fmall fide branches, where they are in great abundance. 3. Gorgonia juncea. RuJJj-Iike G or go ft. Gorgonia fimpliciffina This Gorgon has a Angle teres utrinque atte?2iiata^ round ftem, fmaller at each ojfe cor?ieo fufco^ carne end. The bone is of a dark- ochracea bifulcata, ofculis colored horny confiftence ; crebris linearibas ?iotata. this is covered with an orange- colored flefh, full of longifh little mouths. This orange-colored Sea-Whip was found by Mr. Greg in the new ceded iflands, growing on a fhell, and is very flexible when alive, and about three feet long. There are two fmall furrows, one on each fide, which are con- tinued the whole length of the animal : thefe are the tubes, funk in, with which the fuckers and mouths did communicate, when the animal was alive. 4. Gorgonia ceratophyta. Gorgonia dichotoma^ axillis divaricatisy ramis virgatis afcendentibus bi- fukatis, came purpurea^ polypis nlveis oftotentacu- latis di/iiche /par/Is, ojfe atro comeo fuffuha. Horned Gorgonia. T a b . 1 2 . Fig. 2. This Gorgon grows in a fub- 3. divided manner; the branches fland afunder, and grow erecl, like twio;s. Thefe have two furrows on them ; their flefh. is of a purple color, and their polypes fnow white, having M eight 82 GORGONIA. eight claws each. They are placed in irregular rows on each fide. It is fupported by a black horny bone. Tab. 12. Fig. 2. 3. This Sea-Shrub grows a foot high, and makes a mofl beautiful appearance with its bright purple flefh and white polypes. It was taken up alive, and immerfed in fpirits by John Greg, Efq. of Dominica, and fent in this ftate to the Earl of Hilliborough, who did me the honor to prefent it to me. Tab. 12. 5. Gorgonia viminalis. SpaniJJj Broom Gorgon. X* i O. 1 » Gorgonia ramisfubtere- This Gorgon has loofe5 tibus divaricatis fetaceis roundifh, ilender, and erecl fpcirfis ere&isy carneflava* branches, with yellow flefh, polypis albis oEiotentacida~ and polypes with eight claws tis diftichis. in rows on both fides. Tab. 12. Fig. i. This {lender Sea-fhrub-like animal was found near the harbour of Cbarleftown, in South-Carolina, by J. Greg, Efq. who fent it to me preferved in fpirits about the year 1762. It grows about a foot high or more ; the bone is ol a black horny texture. 6. Gorgonia rnuricata. Sea Hedge- Hog Gorgo?/. Gorgonia comprejfa ra- This Gorgon has comprefled mofa dichotoma, came fubdivided branches, covered crajfa fubalbida, ofculis with a firm whitifh flefn, full cylindrkis arretlis murica- of cylindrical little mouths, tis* G O R G O N 1 A. 8 tisj ojfe ancipiti corneo ni- which ftand erect, and are de- gricante. fended by ftony fpicula?, or fpines. The bony part is flat- tim, with two edges, of a horny nature and blackim co- lor. This is very common all about the American iflands in the Weft Indies. The polypes have eight claws, and are protected by thefe fpines. This is one of Mr. Greg's col- lection ; and upon diffecting it, I firft difcovered the fpawn, which confifts of round white eggs, like thofe de- fcribed in the Alcyonium digitatum, or Dead Man's Toes, and when it is fent forth, it pafTes through the polypes as it does in the Alcyonium. 7. Gorgonia verticillaris. Sardinian White Gorgon. Gorgonia teres pinnata ramofa^ ramidis a/temis parallelism ofculis verticilla- tis incurvatis, came fqua- nlulis albidis vitreis ob- ieEid, ojje e/aminis fubtefta- ceis nitidis compojito. S. This Gorgon has round pin- nated branches ; the little fide branches are alternate and pa- rallel, with mouths bending inwards, and placed in whirls about the ftera and branches. The flefh is covered with lit- tle white glaffy fcales, and the bone is compofed of layers of a mining pearl-colored fhelly fubftance. Sea-Feather. Ellis Corallin. pag. 60. tab. 26. fig. T. V. Gorgonia verticillaris, Linn. Syft, Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1289. M 2 This 84 G O R G O N I A. This fpecies of Sea-Feather exceeds all the reft of this genus both in neatnefs and elegance of form. It is found near Sardinia, in the Mediterranean Sea, and grows to two and three feet high. The flem is full of parallel tubes, that grow clofe round the bone. In the younger branches the bone is very brittle, and of a pale yellow- color ; as the number of layers increafe, the furface of each layer has a mining pearl-like look, very like fome kind of fea-fhells. See plate 2. fig. 4. 5. Tab. 13. 8. Gorgonia lepadifera. Barnacle-bearing Gordon,. Fig. 1. ■ • ■* " & Gorgonia dichotomayof- This Gorgon is dichoto- culis confertis rejiexis cam- mous : it is almoft covered panulatis imbricatis, came with mouths, which are placed fquamulis albis obdu&a, clofe together, hanging over ojfe in ramnlis majoribus one another ; they are bell- ieftaceoy in minoribus cor- fhaped, bent downwards, and neo. full of fmall fcales. The flefh is covered with minute whitifh fcales. The bone in the larger branches is teftaceous, or ra- ther like bone, and in the final ler ones horny. Tab. 13. Fig. i. 2. PI ant a marina Refedce facie. Clufii Exot. p. 122. Gorgonia lepadifera. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1289, This Gorgonia is found on the coaft of Norway : the ipecimen figured here was brought from Archangel, and prefented to me by Dr. Solander. This very curious animal rifes ufually to eighteen inches high. The heads and mouths bend downwards, 1 and GORGONIA. 85 and have the appearance of Tome fpecies of Barnacles ; they are covered with white fcales of different fizes, placed one over the other. The opening of each mouth is fur- rounded by eight little pointed varves or fcales, which clofe together in the dried fpecimens. If we compare the fcales of the Coluber Ceraftes (of which there is a raoft elegant figure in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 56. tab. 14.) we fhall obferve fomething fimilar in the fcales on the mouth of that animal, to thofe on this Gorgonia, but varying in fhape according to the form of their mouths : we may likewife fee what a variety ol ihapes the fcales are of on the reft of the body of this viper, to fuit the various turnings and twiftings of this active ani- mal : in this Gorgonia, which is a fixt animal, the fcales on the ftem and branches, which do not move, are much of one form, differing greatly from thofe on the heads, which are always in motion, while the animal is alive and catching its food.. 9. Gorgonia pedlinata. The Comb-like Gorgon. Gorgonia teres, ramu- This Gorgon is round ; its lis fecund is parallelis afcen- fmall branches come out pa- dentibus, came rubra, of- rallel, and only on one fide> cults creberrimis rotundis and grow erect. The flefh prominulis, offe duro albo is reddifh ; the mouths are. fragili, round, numerous, and pro- ject a little. The bone is white within, hard and brittle, Seb. muf. 3. tab. 105. fig. 1. a. Gorgonia pe&inata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1.2. pag. 1 292, This 86 GORGONIA, This curious Sea-Feather has been lately introduced from the Eaft Indies. There is an elegant fpecimen ot it in the Britifh Mufeum, lately prefented by Lord Pigot. In the fpecimen which I have, there are little mouths on all the branches down to the bafe : thofe on the larger branches are much bigger, and project more, than thofe on the erect fmall branches. 10. Gorgonia Placomus. Great Norway Gorgon. Gorgonia plana dicho- This Gorgon has its branches toma^ ramis flexuofis ra- difpofed in a dichotomous or- rius anajiomofantibus, of- der and a flattifh form ; they cults conicis fetaceis emi- bend irregularly towards one nentibus, ojfe fubftantid another, but rarely unite. fere lignofd. Their mouths are conical, project, and are furrounded at top by little fpines. The bone or fupport is nearly of the fub- ftance of wood. Warted Sea-Fan. Ellis Corallin. pag. 67. tab. 27. fig. a. A. A 1. A 2. A3. Gorgonia Placomus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. pag. 1 290. This Sea-Fan is of a reddifli brown color ; it grows on the coaftof Norway, to a very large fize, feveral feet high; it is now and then found on the coaft of Great-Britain. There is a good fpecimen of it in the Britifh Muleum, which was fent to me from Stavanger, in Norway, in the year 1755. I have two varieties of this fpecies from the Eaft Indies ; one very fmall, three inches long, with its flelri and mouths covered with reddifh glaffy fpines ; the other of a cinereous color, with its internal part very like the G O R 6 O N I A, 87 the confiftence of leather j this is about five inches high. ri. Gorgonia pinnata. Weft-India pinnated Gorgon. Tab. 14. Fig. 3,. Gorgonia ramofa pin- This Gorgon is branched and nata, ramulis fuboppojitis pinnated ; the fmall branches comprejjisy o/culis polypi- are comprefTed and nearly op- fern in mdngmibm feria- fite. The polype fuckers come tint diJpoJitiS) came al- out of the mouths in regular bido-jlavejcente intus pur- rows on each margin. The purafce?itei ojje cornea. flefh is yellowifh, with fome appearance of purple on the infide. The bone is horny. Tab. 14. Fig. 3. This elegant Sea-Feather is very common in the Weft Indies. It is often found of a fine purple color, at other times yellow. This fpecimen was fent in fpirits, with all the polype fuckers extended, by Mr. Greg, who was very attentive, in his collecting them, to fhew in what man- ner they appeared alive. It is often confounded by au- thors with the G. fetofa of Linnaeus, or Sea-Feather of Sir Hans Sloane. 12. Gorgonia exferta. Gorgonia teres fparfe ramofa, ramulis alternisy ofculis oBovalvulis. alter- nisy pohpis otlotentacula- t:s exjertis, carnejquamu- lis albis veftita, cjje Jub- fufco cornco, Bareheaded Gorgon. ThisGorgon is round, thinly 2. branched, and the branches alternate. The mouths, or cells, are placed alternately ; thefe have eicrht valves, and the polypes have as many, claws,, and appear on the out- fide Tab. 15, Fig, i, 88 GORGONIA. fide of the cells. The flefhv part is covered with very mi- nute white fcales. The bone is of a dark-color, and horny. Tab. 15. Fig. i. 2. This elegant Sea-Shrub is about two feet high, very loofely branched, with long flender white branches. The fuckers ftanding out uncovered, when dry, occaiioned my calling it the Bareheaded Gorgon. It was brought from the Weft Indies, and is at prefent in the fuperb cabinet of her Grace the Dutchefs Dowager of Portland, who was fo obliging as to give me the fpeci- men reprefented in the plate, where one of the cells and the polype is magnified. Tab. 15. 13. Gorgonia patula. Flat Gorgon. Fig. 3. 4- Gorgonia compreffa tor- This flat Gorgon has tuofe ramofa fubpinnata branches growing waved and ruberrima) of cutis diftichis partly pinnated ; it is of a fubrotundis halone fubal- very bright red color. It has bfdo ipiclujjiy ojfe fubfufco two rows on each fide of lit— comeo, tie round mouths, included in whitifh circles. The bone is of a darkifh color, and horny fubftance. Tab. 15. Fig. 3. 4. This beautiful crimfon Sea-Feather was brought from the Mediterranean. The celebrated Donati fent me a piece of this fpecies, preferved in fpirits, with its polypes extended, which is expreiled in the plate at fig. 4. 14. Gorgonia G O R G O N I A. 89 14. Gorgonia verrucofa. Warted Gorgon. Gorgonia in piano ra- This Gorgon grows with mofa flab ellt for mis ^ ramis round irregular branches in a teretibus flexuofis, ofculis flat fan fhape. The mouths prominulis papillof.s albi- are like white prominent warts. dis, ojfe tereti fubflantia The bony part is of a fub- lign of 0- cornea. ftance between wood and horn. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 50. tab. 34. fig. 19. a. Gorgonia verrucofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1291. There are various fpecies of this warted Sea-Fan in the Weft Indies, the Mediterranean, and on the coaft of Cornwall. There are fome of them, whofe warts are more prominent and clofer together than others. This Sea-Fan, when dry, is of a dirty white or cinereous color. The fpecimen which I have quoted from the Phi- lofophical Tranfaclions, is incrufting the Lepas calceolus, or Slipper Barnacle. 15. Gorgonia anceps. Sea-Willow Gorgon. Gorgonia ramofa fub- This Gorgon is branched dichotoma^ came depreffa- nearly in a fubdivided manner. ancipiti^ marginibus of- The flefh is flat on each fide, cu/ofls, ojfe fubtereti atte- with a row of little mouths nuato fubfla'ntid corneo- along both the margins. The fcbcoriacea. bone is roundifh, and fmall at the ends, of a horny nature, inclining to leather. Sea-Willow. Ellis Coraliin. pag. 68. tab. 27. fig. g. Gorgonia anceps. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1292. N Of GO GORGON A. Of this fea-fhrub there are feveral varieties. The larger! kind, which is figured in Sloane's H. Jam. is di- chotomous ; there are many of the fmaller kinds that are more diffufed in their manner of growing- When thev are recent from the fea, they are of a fine violet color ; but when we receive them, fome are yellow, others white. They are now and then found on the coaft of Great-Bri- tain and Ireland ; but not frequently. Tab. 13 Fig. 3. 16. Gorgonia pretiofa. Gorgon ia in piano ra- moja dichotoma fubatte- miata, came miniacea lubrica molli vafculofa, of- culis oElovalvibus conicis jubhiaiitibus fparfis, poly- pos albidos oElotentaculatos bifariam cirratos exfcren- tibus, ojfe lapideo ruber- rimo extus ftriato et fo- veolato. True Red Coral. This Gorgon grows fpread. flat, with dichotomous branches that leffen towards their extre- mities. The flefli is of the color of red lead, foft, flip- pery, and full of minute vef- fels. The mouths are irregu- larly placed on the furface, and rife up in a conical form, confifting of eight valves jufl opening, from whence proceed polypes of a white color with eight claws ; each claw has a double row of fibres on both edges. The bone is ftony, and of the brighteft red, marked with minute furrows on the outride, and with little hollow places here and there, that have correfponded with the cells. Tab. 13. Fig. 3. 4. Red G O R G O N I A. 91 Red Coral. Ellis Corallin. pag. 93. tab. 35. fig. a. Ifis nobilis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1288. The characters of this moft valuable, as well as beau- tiful animal, have been fully defcribed by the celebrated Donati, in the Philofophical T'ranfactions. Fie was fo kind as to fend me a fpecimen, with the polypes extended, preferved in fpirits ; it was fpom this, that I have had the figure drawn in tab. 13. fig. 4. In another fpecimen. which he fent me I difcovered the eggs, in differing the cells, which are fmall round bodies, as in the other Gor- gcnias. Though Dr. Linnsus has called this animal an Ifis, he informs me, that I have more properly ranged it among the Gorgonias. The genus of Ifis is fufficiently diftin- ifhed by its joints, as I fhall fhew hereafter. 17. Gorgonia craffa. Gorgonia teres dichoto- ma, ramis crajfis virgatis divaricatis afcendentibus^ car?ie violacea crajfir, of- culis prominulis csquidi- ftantibiiS) po typos oEioten- t acuta to s marginibus cir- ratis exferentibuS) ojjejub- fufco corneo. FleJJjy Gorgon. This Gorgon is round and dichotomous, with long ficfhy branches, which bend a little out, and then grow upright. The flefh is of a violet color, plump, and full of little riling mouths, difpofed on the fur- face near one another at equal diflances : thefe fend forth po- lypes with eight claws, that have fmall fibres on each fide. The bone is of a dark brown color, like horn. N 2 hithophyton 0 2 G O R G O N I A. Lithophyton Americanutn^ maximum > cinereum^ cortice punElato. Aft. Par. 1700. pag. 34. tab. 2. Hughes Hift. Barbadoes, tab. 27. fig. 1. This Gorgon was fent by Mr. Greg, preferved in fpirits, to the Earl of Hillfborough. The flefh is very thick, and the bone very final 1 at the extremities : in large old fpecimens the bone is very black, and like horn. 18. Gorgonia Flabellum. Gorgonia reticulata^ ramis interne comprejffis^ came flava [inter clum purpurea) ojculis minutis J'parjisj polypis oElotenta- culatis, ojfe nigro corneo, in ramis majoribus tenui- ter Jlriato. Venus' 's Fan. This Gorgon grows in form of a net, with its branches compreffed inwardly. The flefh. is yellow, fometimes pur- ple, with fmall mouths, placed irregularly, having polypes with eight tentacles. The bone is black, horny, and {lightly ftriated on the larger branches. Flabellum Veneris. Ellis Corallin. pag. 61. tab. 26. fig. A. Gorgonia Flabellum. Linn. SyfL Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1293. Both the trunk and branches of this Sea-Fan are pin- nated, and by the means of the fmall branches crofling each other and blending together, they compofe this ele- gant reticulated form. Mr. Greg has likewife fent over many fmall fpecimens of this Sea-Fan preferved in fpirits, with the polypes extended, which have eight claws. This elegant Sea-Fan is found principally in the Ame- rican feas, where they grow to three and four feet high. They G O R G O N I A. 93 They are likewife brought from the Mediterranean and the Eaft-Indian feas. 19. Gorgonia fuberofa. Gorgonia ramofa fub- dichotoma^ ramis lojigio- ribus crajjis teretibus af- ce?ide?itibus^ came minia- ceafpongiofa, of cults fub- Jlellatis in quincimces fere difpoftis, offe pallide ru- bro fuberofo. Ellis Corallin. pag. 63. Cork-like Gorgon. This Gorgon is branched in a fubdivided manner, with very long upright, round, thick branches. The flefhy part is of the color of red lead, and fpongy ; the mouths are like little ftars difpofed al- moft in a quincunx order. The bone, or inward hard part, is of a pale red, and of the fubftance of cork. tab. 26. fig. P. Q^R. This foft fpongy Coral-like Gorgon is evidently one of this genus, from the different hardnefs of the inner fub- ftance or bone of the animal, compared with the flefhy part on the furface ; where the flefri is rubbed off the in- ner part, it is ffriated as in others of this genus. I have feen fpecimens of it eight or nine inches long. The branches are nearly cylindrical, growing a little flenderer towards the top : they are in thicknefs about the fize of a large goofe-quill ; and are found on the coaft of South- Carolina and the Bahama Iflands. 20. Gorgonia Briareus. The Gorgon Briareus. Tab. 14, Fig. i. Gorgonia fubramofa This Gorgon rifes with very 2. teres crajfa, baji fupra few, thick, fucculent branches, rupes 94 G O R G O N I A. rupes late explanata^ from a broad bafe that is fpread came interne fubalbida upon rocks. The flehh is of a externe cinerea, polypis majoribus oElotentaculatis cirratis, ojfje ex aciculis o. nata hifpida, pinnulis fe- and pinnated ;' the little pinnce facet's alternis, pinnulis are lull of fmall fpines, and aliis (fed raris) trarrverfe difpofed alternately on the exeuntibus.. branches : and at right an- gles, oppofite to thefe, are- a few other little pinnos. Tab. 19. Fig. 9. 10. This fpecimen was brought from Gibraltar,, and is iuppofed to be taken in the lea thereabouts. The fpines are long and fmall, and of an amber color when magni- fied : the furface of the Antipathes appears to be an alii color. 4. Antipathes 102 ANTIPATHES. Tab. 19. Fig. 1 1. ,12. Antipathes myrio- phylla. Yarrow-like Antipathes, Antipathes incurva ra- mojijjima pinnata^ pimiu- lis hinc ramofisfetaceis. b 19. This Antipathes is full of pinnated branches that bend downwards ; thefe pinnated branches have other little fpiny branches on their upper fide. Fig. 11. 12. The form of this Antipathes is very elegant, from the bending of its many pinnated branches downwards all round it, which gives it the appearance of a fine fhady little tree. The ipines are but fhort in this, in propor- tion to the laft. '\ he color is of a yellowifli brown. It was brought from Batavia, and was collected near the fpice iflands. 5. Antipathes alopecu- roides. Foxtail Antipathes. Antipathes ramofa^ ra- mis ar&e paniculatis hi- fpidis-Jetaceis, This branched Antipathes has its young branches, which are full of fpines and fmall prickles, difpofed in clofe pa- nicles. The trunk of this Antipathes rifes from a broad fpread bafe, and divides immediately into feveral large branches of one-third of an inch diameter ; as thefe rife up, one fide of them appears flat, with a groove or channel along the middle of it, where there are the remains of many lit- tle branches that have grown in rows on each fide ot it. It then divides into branches, and often into other branches, all which are in form of clofe panicles, not un- like ANTIPATHES. .103 like the foxtail-grafs. Thefe panicles are compofed of very rough thorny minute branches, which are twice as long on one fide of the ftem as the other. The out- fide of this Antipathes is of greyifh color ; the infide is black and very brittle. It is near two feet high. This was brought from South-Carolina, and prefented to Corbyn Morris, Efq. F. R. S. and has not before been- defcribed. 6. Antipathes CuprefTus. Cyprefs Antipathes. Antipathes Jimp lex fca- This Antipathes grows in bra paiiicuLitay ramis re- the form of a iingle panicle, curvatis. full of minute prickles, with the little branches bending up- wards. G or gonia Abies. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1290. Dr. Linnaeus has clalTed this elegant fea production un- der his genus of Gorgonias, to which'it is very nearly al- lied ; but the fie ill of this tribe is fo remarkably gelati- nous, and the whole bone, or hard part, is io covered with inines, which even are to be dillinguimed in the in- terior laminae, that there is fufficient reafon for making it of another genus. There is a moil elegant fpecimen of this in the Britifh Mufeum, and very good figures of it in Rumphius and Seba.. It grows in the Eaft-Indian ocean among the fpice iflands. X. ISIS, io4 ISIS, X. I S I S. ISIS, or JOINTED CORAL, Animal crcfcens pi ant & Is an animal growing in the forma. form of a plant ; Stirps lapidea, articu- whofe Item is flony and joint- fj2ta9 articutis Jlriis longi- ed : the joints are furrowed tudinaliter exaratis, Jub- longitudinally, and united to- Jlantia fpongiofa vel cornea gether, in fome by a fpongy, connexis. in others by a horny fubftance. Caro molUor, p or of a It is covered over by a loft atque cellulofa, porous and cellular fleili, Ofculis polypiferis, ten- full of little mouths, from taculalis, oviparis obduBla. whence the polypes with their claws come forth, through whom the eggs are produced. This genus of Zoophytes is very nearly allied to the Corgonias, having a hard part within, which is the fup- port or bone of the animal, and a fofter part without, which is its flem. This foft part is furnifhed with or- gans that ferve both for nutrition and generation. Thefe are its polype-like fuckers, which are contained in, and extend themfelves from its cells, when in fearch of food. The difference between the Ins and Gorgonia is this, that the bony part of the Ills is jointed, which is not fo in the Gorgonia. Thefe joints are an admirable con- trivance of Nature, to fecure the brittle branches of thefe animals from being torn to pieces. Without this, they could not arrive to the height of which iome oi them are found, viz. of two or three feet : for by bending freely to and fro with thefe foft joints, they eafily refift the vio- lent motions of the fea. When the animals grow old, their (lems have no more joints, that part being then fbong ISIS. 105 flrong enough to withftand the force of the waves. The foft geniculations then are only found in the ilenderer parts of the branches. 1. Ifis ochracea. Jointed Red Coral. Ifis ftirpe e?'ofo-ftriata . This Ifis has a ftony ftem, lapidea rubra dichotoma irregularly channelled, as if explanata ramojtjftma ar~ eaten into ; the branches are ticulata, geniculis nodofts many, dichotomous, and fpread fpongiofis fulvis, carnefla- out; the joints are connected vefcente, ofcidis ftellatls, by deep yellow fpongy knobs. polypos otlote?itaculatos ob- The flefh is of a pale yellow, ducentlbus. full of fi;arry mouths, that co- ver polypes with eight claws. Red Coral from the Eafv Indies. Ellis Philof. Tranf. Vol. 50. pag. 189. tab. 3. Ifis ochracea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1287. This beautiful His is found in the Eaft-Indian Ocean among the fpice iflands. It is fo very liable to fall to pieces, when dry, that good fpecimens of it are very rare. There is likewife a variety of_it, whofe ftony part and flefh are quite white ; but the fpongy geniculations are of a brownifh yellow. 2. Ifis Hippuris. Black and White jointed Coral. Tab. 3. Fig. 1—5 Ifis ftirpe artkidata la- This Ifis has a jointed ftony pidea, ramulis fparfts, ojfe Hem, which rifes into many articulis cylindricis lapideis loofe branches. The bone or a/bis julcatis, internodiis fupport of the animal confifts cornels nigris conftritlis of white, cylindrical, ftony, P connexls. io6 I S I S. cofinexisy came fubalbida channelled joints, connected porofa crajfay ofculis in together by black contracted quincunces difpofitis^ poly- horny intermediate ones. The pos oSiotentaculatos obtc- flefli is whitifh, plump, and gentibus. full of minute veflels ; the fur- face of it is full of the little mouths of the cells, which are diipofed in a quincunx or- der, covering the polypes with eight claws. Tab. 3. Fig. i — 5. I/is Hippuris. Linn. Syfl. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1287. There are many varieties of this much admired Ifis. Some are dwarfifh, not above fix inches high ; others, from a foot to two feet and more. In fome, the ftony joints are longer, and the black horny joints very fliort : in others, the black horny ones are longer, but always more contracted, as may be feen in the 84th table of the 6th vol. of Rumphius's Herb. Amboinenfe, where it is excellently defcribed. In tab. 3. there are feveral fedions of this Coral mag- nified, to mew the manner in which the Polypes from their cells draw in their nourishment, for the further ex- tenfion and increafe both of the bony as well as the flemy part of the animal. Fig. 2. is a longitudinal fection of the trunk of this Coral without joints appearing on the outride ; but in the middle of its infide is a fmall ramification, where both its horny and ftony parts are covered over with layers of the ftony part alone, which fliews its growth to be dif- ferent from that of fhrubs. We likewife find that this Coral fpreads its bafe on rocks, by various turnings and 3 windings, Fio. ISIS. 107 windings, both of its bony and Hefhy part ; and likewife, as it rifes, we find it incloiing fhells and other extraneous fubftances, that ftick to it, like the Gorgonias. This beautiful Coral is otten brought by our Eaft-India (hips from Prince's Illand, in the Straits of Sunda, on the fouthern coaft of Sumatra. Specimens with the flefh on them are rarely to be met with, as the failors generally fcrape off the flefh to fhew the beauty of the black and white joints. 3. Ills coccinea. Dwarf Scarlet IJis. Tab. 12. Ills piunila varie ra- This little Ills has its mofa, ramulis divarica- branches irregularly fpread. tisy ojfe articulato lineari Its bone is jointed, ilender, fubjiriato ruberrimOy in- very red, and a little ftriated ; ter?iodiis brevibusfpongio- the joints are united by fhort, fis fulvtSy came intus pal- fpongy, yellowifh genicula- lide rojea, extus cellulis tions. The flefh on the in- elevatis verructformibus fide is of a pale rofe color ; on coccineisy ofculis minimis. the outfide it is covered with little riling wart-like fcarlet cells, each having a little mouth. Tab. 1 2. Fig. 5. This Dwarf Ills differs from the Dichotomous Ills of the Cape, in being much fmaller, and irregular in its branches. Nothing- can exceed the brig-htnefs of its fcar- let color. It is about two or three inches high, and was collected on the coaft of Mauritius, in the year 1767, and prefented to Dr. J. Fothergill, with many other rare fea productions, by the furgeon of an Eaft-India ihip that P 2 put io8 C O R A L L I N A. put in to refit there. At the fame time there was a va- riety of this fpecies found that was perfectly white. c XL COR ALL IN A. CORALLINE Animal crefcens habitu Is an animal growing in the plantce. form of a plant ; Stirps fixa^ e tubis ca- whofe ftem is fixt to other pillaribus per cr uft am cal- bodies, and is compofed of caream porofam ftefe exfe- capillary tubes, whofe extre- rentibuS) compofita. mities pafs through a calca- reous cruft, and open into pores on the furface. Rami f articulis Jlirpium rotun- dato-comprejfis cuneiformi- bus ; ramulorum compref- fis plants ; ultimis compla- fiatis ancipitibus acutis. Flat joi?ited Coralline. TrichotomousCorallinewith different fhaped joints : thofe of the item are roundly com- preffed, and wedge-fhaped ; thofe of the branches flatly comprefled ; thofe at the ex- tremities are flattifh, going oft fharp on each fide, like a two- edged fword. Upright Engli/h Coralline, with Spear-like Heads and flat faints. Ellis Corallin. pag. 49. tab. 24. No. 4. fig. c. C. This is of a fea-green color, and was collected on the coaft of Cornwall by the Rev. Dr. William Borlafe. It has a very different appearance from the officinal Coral- line, of which fome authors, who have not feen it, would make it a variety. 19. Corallina loricata. Corallina trichotoma, articulis comprejfis ccn- Coat of Mail Coralline. This Coralline is trichoto- mous, with joints that are vexiufculis n8 CORALLINA. vexiufculis cuneiformibus : roundly comprefYed, and lateribus a?jgulatis ; ulti- wedge-fhaped ; the fides an- mis fublobatis : lobis parvis gular ; the joints at the ends cbtujis. are fomething like fmall obtufe lobes. This Coralline is much larger than the Coralline of the mops, being four times as big. It was found in the Mediterranean Sea. Fig. a A. Tab. 21. 2Qt Corallina palmata. Corallina trichotoma, articulis comprejfis con- vexiufculis cuneiformibus^ apice fubcorniculatis, arti- culis ultimis latis, lobis di- gitiformibus inftruSiis. P almated Coralline. Trichotomous Coralline with roundifh-comprefTed, wedge- fhaped joints, having the ap- pearance of horns on the tops ; the upper joints are broad, and furnifhed with mort fin- ger-like lobes. Tab. 21. Fig. a. A. This was found in the American feas, and is of a gloffy white color. Tab. 23. 21. Fig. 14. Corallina officinalis '5- Corallina trichotoma^ articulis Jiirpium fubcom- prejfn fubcuneiformibus^ ramulorum cylindricis ; term'malibus nonnullis ca- pitatis. Coralline of the Shops. Trichotomous Coralline with the joints of the ftem a little comprerTed, and not unlike a wedpre : thofe of the branches are cylindrical, and thofe of the ends often terminating in little iinobs. Tab. 23. Fig. 14. 15. Coralline C O R A L L I N A. 119 Coralline of the Shops. Ellis Corallin. pag. 48. tab. 24. No. 2. fig. a. A. A 1. A 2. B. Bi. B2. Corallina officinalis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1304. This Coralline is particularly defcribed in my EfTay on Corallines, and the figure reprefented highly magnified, both with the calcareous fubftance taken off by vinegar, and before it was immerfed, to ihew its pores. A diflec- tion of it is likewife magnified at fig. 15. in tab. 23; to mew how near the internal conftruclion of its cells agrees with thofe of the Millepora lichenoides. It is found on the fea-coaft of thefe kingdoms, and va- ries in its color ; it is found red, greenim, yellowifh, and white. 22. Corallina elongata. Trailing Coralline. Corallina trichotoma> Trichotomous Coralline with articulis ftirpiumfubtereti- the joints of the ftem of a cuneiformibus ; ramorum roundifh wedge-fhape : of the cylindricis ; fummis obtn- branches of a cylindrical fhape: Jiuf cults ; nonniillis capita- of the tops a little blunt, and tiS- knobs on fome of them. Slender trailing Englijh Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 49. tab. 24. fig. 3. This Coralline was found on the coaft of Cornwall, and is remarkably flenderer, longer, and fmaller than the offi- cinal Coralline, and of a reddifh or purplifh color. 23. Corallina fubulata. Coralline 'with pointed branches. Tab.2i„. r^ 11 • ^IG- k" Corallina trichotoma^ This Coralline is trichoto- B. articulis Jiirpium ancipiti- mous \ the joints of the fiem bus i2o CORALLINA. bus cuneifcrmibiiS) ex apke are wedge-friaped and two- utriufque lateris prolijeris : edged, fending out fmall ramulis brevibus fubula- pointed branches from the top t'ts ; articulis teretibus. of each of their fides, with round joints. Tab. 21. Fig. b. B. The appearance of this Coralline is very flat, white, flender and fmall, and looks as if it. was very clofely pen- nated, or with fine white fibres coming out on each fide, like a branched feather. It is themoft delicate of all the tribe, and was lately brought from the Weft Indies. Tab. 21. 24. Corallina granifera. Graniferous Cora/line. Fig. c. C» Corallina trichotoma^ Trichotomous Coralline with articulis Jiirpium compref- the joints of the ftem com- fis cimeifoj"inibus\ ramulo- prefled and wedge-fhaped : rum fubteretibus^ ovariis thofe of the branches roundim; ovalibus pedimculatis op- from thefe the egg-fhaped ova- pojitis interdum proliferis. ries with ftalks grow oppofite to each other, and are fome- times proliferous. Tab. 21. Fig. c. C. This differs from all the other trichotomous Corallines, in having proliferous ovaries, or branches growing out of them, bearing other ovaries. It is of a fea-green color and flender texture. It was found on the coaft of Africa, in the Mediterra- nean Sea. 25. Corallina C O R A L L I N A. 121 25. Corallinacorniculata. Coralline with horned Joints. Corallina dichotoma, ar- This Coralline is dichoto- ticulis Jlirpium bicomibus', mous ; the joints of the ftems ramulorum teretibus. have two horns ; thofe of the fmall branches are roundifh. White jlender jointed Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 56. tab. 24. No. 6. fig. d. D. Corallina cor nicu lata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1305. This Coralline grows on fucus's, and is found in plenty in Cornwall. The younger joints, as they fubdivide, are. roundifh. There is a variety of this kind from the Weft Indies with much larger joints, that all appear horned, the branches as well as thofe of the ftems. I have lately examined fome fpecimens of this Coral- line from Cornwall, and have found that they bear the fame kind of ovaries at the angles of their upper divisions in the fame manner with the two following fpecies ; fo that it may be a variety of them, or perhaps one of them in another ftate of growth. 26. Corallina criftata. Crefted Coralline. Corallina dichoto?na ca- Dichotomous hair-like Co- pillarisy articulis tereti- ralline, with round joints, bus, ra?mdis fafciculatis having its branches difpofed in cri/latis, divijuris pe7iul- crefted bunches, with ovaries timis et extre?nis ovarife- at the laft but one and laft di- ris. vifion. Crejled or CocK s-comb Coralline. Ellis Corallin, p. 51. tab. 24. No. 7. fig. f. F. R This 122 CORALLINA. This elegant little Coralline is about one inch to an inch and a half long, and is moft commonly of a red color, fometimes green, and often white. It is ealily known by being difpofed into creft-like tufts ; it differs from the following, by having fhorter points at the ends of the branches, and growing much thicker together. It is- found in great quantities about Weymouth and Penzance in the weft of England, and generally adheres to fucus's. I am inclined to think, notwithftanding this difference, there is a great affinity between this, the corniculata, and the fpermophoros. 27. Corallina fpermo- n ,. , .. „ ,,. ' , r beed-beann? Loralline. pnoros. & Corallina dichotoma ca- Dichotomous hair-like Co- pillarisy articulis fubtere- ralline, with roundifh joints, tibusy divifaris penultimis bearing ovaries at the laft and et ultimis ovariferis, co?~- laft but one divifion, and end- niculis terminalibus feta- ing at the top with long eeis. briftles. Seed-bearing Cora/line. Ellis Corallin. pag. 51. tab. 24* No. 8. fig. g. G. This Coralline is very flender, and feldom above one inch long ; it is generally found of a milk-white color, and never in the crefted form with the foregoing, but more loofe and fpread. It adheres to fucus's, and grows: in plenty near Penzance, in Cornwall. In my Efiay on Corallines, tab. 24. No. 9. fig. h. PL Hi. is a very fmall Coralline, which is milk-white, and I fuppofe is the beginning of the C. fpermophoros. 28. Corallina CORALLINA, 123 28. Corallina rubcns. Red Thread Coralline* Corallina dichotoma fi- Dichotomous thread-like liformisy articulis jlirpium Coralline, with the joints of teretibus ; dichotomies cla- the ftera round, of the divi- viformibus ; inferioribus lions nail-maped, and fome of nonnuttis bicornibus, the lower joints have two little horns. Reddifi Hair-like Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 50. tab. 24. No. 5. fig. e. E. Coralli?ia rubens. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1304. This differs from the three foregoing Corallines in be- ing much longer, and lefs fubdivided at top. It is gene- rally found two inches long, and of a red color, and is very common on the coaft of Cornwall. There is a great affinity between this and the three preceding Corallines. I have introduced them here diftin£t, becaufe their ap- pearance is fo. The three laft are the Corallines that Dr. Job Barter, in the Philosophical Tranfa&ions, Vol. 52. pag. in. and 112. infifts on it are true Confervas. 29. Corallina fragilifiima. Brittle Coralline. Tab.2i. Fig. d, Corallina dichotoma, ar- Dichotomous Coralline with ticulis cylindricis cequali- fmooth, even, cylindrical bus Icevibus, ramis ereclis. joints, and erect branches. Tab. 21. Fig. d. Corallina fragilijfwia. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1305. This is found in the Weft- Indian Ocean, and is much larger and {lifter than the four preceding fpecies. It is R 2 of 124 C O R A L L I N A. of a milk-white color ; but being fo brittle, it is rare to get perfect fpecimens of it. Tab.2i. «Qt Corallina cufpidata. Spear-pointed Coralline. i I G. I » Coral lina/^/£/r^ frefli-water one, and fome of them Polypes of a trumpet- fhape (as Donati obferves). The great Linnasus has with propriety brought the ftony Efcharas of other authors to this genus, to which they naturally belong ; and has conftituted a genus for the foft membranaceous Efcharas, under the title of Fluftras, which I have called, in Englifh, Sea-Matts, as having that appearance when magnified. The particular ftru&ure of feveral fpecies of this genus differs much from one another, as will appear from the following divifions : i) Thofe that are almoft folid, whofe pores are fcarcely vifible without being highly magnified ; but yet, on be- ing broken acrofs, difcover plainly a cellular ftrudure, as has been fhewn in V0L57. of the Philofophical Trans- actions, MILLEPORA. 129 actions, in the Millepora calcarea and Millepora liche- noides. 2). Thofe that grow like the Fluftra of Linnaeus, or Efchara of fome authors, which have their cells difpofed regularly, either in fingle layers as in fome, or in double layers as in others, which laft are placed back to back, like the cells in the combs of bees ; and thefe are either in irregular undivided forms, or divided into branches. The firft are the Millepora Spongites and M. foliacea, and the fecond kind are the Millepora taeniaiis and M. cervi- cornis. 3). Thofe that are compofed of clufters of cellular poros, irregularly arranged, as in the Millepora pumicofa, M. tubulofa, and M. rubra. 4). Thofe that have fmall veffels running through them lengthways in the infide, and which fend out pores only on one fide, as in the Millepora foraminofa, M. reticu- lata, and M. tubipora ; or that fend out their pores in a line on the margin, as in the M. violacea. 5). Thofe that grow with the fame internal longitudinal veffels, and fend out pores on all fides, as in the Mille- pora truncata, M. alcicornisj and M. czerulea. This laft Millepora csrulea has its pores larger than the reft, befides they appear a little inclined to a ftellated form; fo that it very properly joins this genus to the Madrepora, whofe character is a Coral with radiated pores. [i]. MlLLEPORES THAT ARE ALMOST SOLID. I. Millepora calcarea. Chalky Milhpore. TAB.23. r Fig. 13. Millepora ramofa albif- This Millepore is extremely ftma folida dichotoma> ra- white, folid, and dichoto- S mulis 130 M I L L E P O R A. mulis attenuatis coalefce?i- moufly branched; the little tibus. branches often unite together, and become fmaller at the ends. Tab. 23. Fig. 13. This milk-white little Coral has a very different ap- pearance from that called M. polymorpha, or the little Englifh Coral of the Shops, which is found on the coafts of thefe iflands. From the habit and manner of its growing, I fhall conlider it as different fpecies. This grows to four inches high ; the branches become fmaller towards the end, and are generally regularly fub- divided. On breaking the branches flantways, the inter- nal cellular ftru&ure may be feen in the microfcope. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Millepora polymorpha. BritiJJj officinal Coral. Millepora fafciculata This Millepore is in folid Jblida, ramulis difformi- maffes, irregularly ramofe, and bus tuberculatis. tuberculated. Cor allium fumilum alburn^ fere lapideum, ramofum' Ellis Corallin. pag. 76. tab. 27. fig. c. Millepora polymorpha. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 285. This is the Coral of the Shops, and is found in great plenty in the feas round thefe iflands, efpecially near Fal- mouth, and the Ifle of Man. It is of very different co- lors, as red, yellow, greenifh, afh-colored, but feldom white. It is ufed in many places for manure, particu- larly at Falmouth, according to Mr. Ray ; and is fup- pofed by fome late authors, but with no degree of proba- bility, to be driven by the wind and waves hither from the M I L L E P O R A. 131 the American iflands. It is often fhaped like the kernel of a walnut, often in larger comprefTed mafTes, fome- times like a bunch of very fmall grapes, moft frequently in tuberculated branches. It is found from one inch to three inches long. When it is taken out of the fea it is covered with a flime. The pores on the furface are very fmall, fo that to fee them it is neceffary to wipe the flime very clean off, and to ufe a large magnifier. 3. Millepora decuffata. InterfeSled Millepore. Tab.ij, Fig. 9. Millepora cretacea la- This Millepore is full of ??iellata^ laminis varie de- chalky, erect plates, or la- cujfantibus. minae, which crofs one an- other, and unite differently here and there. Tab. 23. Fig. 9. This has been fuppofed to be a variety of the follow- ing ; but the fingularity of its growth obliges me to make them two diftind fpecies. This was found on the coaft of Portugal, where it grows in large mafTes of five and fix inches diameter. 4. Millepora lichenoides. Liverwort Millepore. TAB.23. Fig. Millepora laminis te~ This Millepore has {lender I0_ 12* nuibusfemicircularibusho- femicircular plates, or laminse, rizontalitcr folio/a. that grow horizontally. Tab. 23. Fig. 10 — 12. This moft delicate Millepore is of various colors, as red, purplifli, yellow and whitifh. It is found adhering to and covering the Coralline of the Shops, on the coaft S 2 of 132 M I L L E P O R A. of Cornwall. It is extremely thin and brittle : the ferni- circular plates are of various fizes, and conftantly grow horizontally ; their margins bend over, which makes them convex on their upper fides, and concave under- neath. This is remarkably full of the fame fhaped ova- ries with the Coralline of the Shops. My learned and reverend friend Dr. William Borlafe, of Ludgvan, in Cornwall, was fo kind as to fend me many varieties of this fpecies. The pores on the under part are to be dis- covered by good glafTes. The cellular ftructure of the internal part both of this and the officinal Coralline exact- ly agree, as may be feen in the figures I have given of them. [2]. MlLLEPORES THAT GROW LIKE THE FLUSTRA. 5. Millepora Spongites. Spo?tge-Stone Millepore. Millepora fragilijfima^ This very brittle Millepore cellulis feriatis^ la?nellis has rows of cells, in fingle Jimplicibus tubulofo-turbi- layers, which are of a tubular natis varie coalefcentibus. top-fhape, irregularly uniting together into maffes. Cellepora Spongites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1286. This delicate Millepore is marked on the under fide of the cells with lines between each row ; the openings of the cells have a little margin round them, and there are frequently little round balls on the upper part of many of them, which probably are their ovaries. The cells in their lines are generally alternate to thofe that lie next to them. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea, of various fizes, from two to four inches diameter, and often much larger 5 M I L L E P O R A. 133; lamer; fometimes of a milk-white, at other times of a grey fc> rrey color. 6. Millepora foliacea. Foliaceous Millepore. Millepora lamellofa Millepore with winding la- flexuofa utrinque porofa. minas, or plates full of cells on both fides. Stony foliaceous Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 71. tab. 30^ fig. a. A. B. C. Millepora fafcialis. Linn. Sy ft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1285. This Millepore is very common on the fea-coaft of the Britifh iflands, where it is found in maffes from three inches to a foot long. We frequently obferve it incrufting ftones and fhells, and like fome of the Fluftras, or Sea- Matts, it firfr. forms a fingle layer of cells, and rifes up with a double layer afterwards into twifted leaf-like ftony maffes, with cells on both fides, difpofed in a quincunx order. 7. Millepora taenialis. Tape Millepore. Millepora plana an- This Millepore is flat, nar- gujla ramofa utrinque po- row, and fubdivided into roja, rami's flexuojis coa- branches ; it has cells on both litis. fides ; the branches bend ir- regularly, and often unite to- gether. Porus Cervinus. Ellis Corallin. pag. 72. tab. 30, fig. b. Millepora fafcialis. Linn. Sy ft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283, 6 This i34- & I L L E P O R A. This Millepore grows in very irregular majfifes, but al- ways preferves the fame habit of growing ; that is, the branches are flat, narrow, and regularly fubdivided : they coalefce, twift, and branch out again, leaving cer- tain hollow fpaces between them ; their cells are much fmaller, though of the fame fhape with the cells in the foliaceous Millepore. This Coral was brought from the Mediterranean Sea, and grows in large mafles of fix inches diameter. There is a kind, fomething like this, found on the coaft of Cornwall ; but the branches are not fo flat, and the cells have more elevated openings, liker to the fol- lowing fpecies. See Borlafe Hift. Cornwall, tab. 24. % 7- 8. Millepora eervicornis. Stag s-Horn Millepore. Millepora fubcomprejfa This Millepore is a little dichotoma utrinque celli- compreffed, and dichotomous; fera^ ofculis tubulofis pro- it has cells on both fides, with minulis. tubular openings that project a little. Marfigli Hift. de la Mer, tab. 32. fig. 152. This Millepore exactly agrees with Marfigli's defcrip- tion and magnified figure, and likewife in the appearance of its furface ; for it looks as if it was covered with var- nifli, by the time it is become from red to a yellowifli brown. Its branches are very like a flag's horn, and it is probably what Imperatus calls Porus Cervinus, and not the M. tamialis, which I had formerly taken it for ; it is very brittle, and much narrower than the Tape Millepore, but not fo flat. I have obferved fome of the pores di- vided at the bale, but they are not generally fo, which makes M I L L E P O R A. 13-* makes me doubt its being the Millepora afpera of Lin- naeus. It grows to live or fix inches high, and is found in the Mediterranean Sea. 9. Millepora Skenei. Skene ' s Millepore. Millepora piano-coin- This Millepore is much prcjfa fubramofa utrinque compreffed, and beginning to ceiiifera : cellulis feriatis divide into branches, with cells alternis turbinates ga- on both fides, difpofed in re- leatis : fauce hiantey la- gular rows: the cells are placed bio inferior! denticulo uni- alternately, each has a helmet- co pradito. fhaped cover over its round gaping mouth ; the under lip is furnimed with one little tooth. I received a fmall fpecimen of this Coral from my late ingenious and learned friend Dr. David Skene, of Aber- deen. It is of a bright mining white color, as if covered over with a filver varnifh. It appears to be the beginning of an elegant kind of Millepore, and was found adhering to a rock in the fea near Aberdeen. It differs much from the Millepora pumicofa, which grows in irregular maffes with a much fmaller opening to its mouth. [3,]. MlLLEPORES THAT ARE COMPOSED OF CLUSTERS OF CELLULAR PORES IRREGULARLY ARRANGED. 10. Millepora pumicofa. Pumice Millepore, Millepora multiformis This Millepore appears in fragi/is fcaberrimay e eel- many forms ; it is brittle, very lull* j36 M I L L E P O R A. lulis fub glob oft s mucronatis rough, and compofed of fharp- compojita. pointed roundifh cells. Porous Efchara. Ellis Corallin. pag. 75. tab. 27. fig. f. F. This Millepore is often found incrufting many of the Sertularias in fmall irregular maffes ; when they are thrown on more, the points of their cells are worn off. I have lately received a fpecimen from Aberdeen, with compleat cells, that feems to be of this fpecies. It has fmall cylindrical branches, each about halt an inch long: the cells are placed round about in an alternate order ; they are fhaped like a helmet or head-piece jufr. opening, with a hole in the middle ; the under part is pointed, and projects like the lower part of a bird's beak ; and at the bottom of each of the cells is a hole, which feems to be- long to one of the cells that is covered by the lafl feries. 11. Millepora tubulofa. "Tubular Millepore. Mi\\epora.para/?tica,cel-' This paralitica 1 Millepore lulls tubulifoi-mibus ferie- has fmall tubular cells dif- bus tranfverfe difpofitis. pofed in rows acrofs. Small Purple Ej char a. Ellis Corallin. pag. 74. tab. 27. fig. e. E. This little purplifh Millepore is frequently found creep- ing up the Sickle Coralline (Sertularia falcata) which it adheres to, and furrounds with many united rows of little parallel tubes. Thefe rows are frequently feparated into narrow divisions, which bend a little back, and appear like fo many fmall combs. Thefe maffes are found about half an inch, feldom above three quarters of an inch dia- meter. MILLEPORA. 13-7 meter. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as on our coafts. 12. Millepora rubra. Little Red Millepore. Millepora minima fub- This very fmall Red Mille- lobata rubra., ports ere- pore branches into little lobes, bris minutis punctata. and is full of fmall pores. Madrcpora mhiima fubverrucofa rubra. Brown Hift. Jam. pag. 391. This beautiful little Coral is the fmalleft of the tribe, being feldom above one quarter of an inch high ; the whole furface, when magnified, is full of minute white blind pores ; but on the tops of the lobes we may obferve feveral fmall holes, fcattered here and there, that are fur- rounded by a margin ; thefe are properly the little cells. It has a broad bafe by which it adheres to fheHs, corals, and rocks, and is found not only in the Weft Indies, but in the Mediterranean Sea and the Eaft Indies. 13. Millepora verrucaria. Wart-like Millepore. Millepora limbo conca- This Millepore has a round, vo tenui explanato fub- thin, ftriated, concave bafe, firiato, dfco convexo tu~ with a convex diik full of lit- bulis confertis radiate. tie tubes dilpofed like rays. Madrepora verrucaria, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1272. This very little Millepore is defcribed by feme authors as a Madrepore, and reckoned as a variety of the Madre- pora verrucaria ; but the appearance of the tubular pores will convince the curious obferver, that it is a Millepore ; T and 138 M I L L E P O R A. and perhaps the beginning of fome one already defcribed, probably the Millepora tubulofa. It is about the fize of a fpli.t pea, and found adhering to Fucus's and Fluftras, or Sea-Matts, in the Britifh feas. [4]. MlLLEPORES THAT HAVE SMALL VESSELS RUNNING LENGTHWAYS THROUGH THEIR InSIDES, AND WHICH send out Pores on one Side, or only in a Line on the Margin. 1 4. Millepora foraminofa. Lace Millepore. Millepora reticulata in- This Millepore is formed fundibuliformis inordinate like a net, funnel-friaped, and ■undulato-plicata, latere irregularly waved, and plaited fuperiori tantum porofa. in the margin. It is full of pores only on one fide. Retepora efchara marina. Ellis Corallin. pag. 72. tab. 25. fig. d. D. F. Millepora cellulofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1284. Though this elegant little Coral is found now and fc> D then on our coaft, we cannot boaft of thofe beautiful forms that we find in fpecimens from the Mediterranean Sea. Ours is generally funnel-fhaped ; but the foreign is more loofely folded and waved, and looks like open lace ; the under part is quite fmooth between the openings, but the upper furface is full of cells, which are difpofed in a regular quincunx order. 15. Millepora reticulata. Net Millepore. Millepora ramofa in This Millepore is branched, planu7n expanfa> ramis and expands horizontally ; the c dichotomic M I L L E P O R A. 139 dichotomis bifariam ana- branches are dichotomous, and fko}nofa?itibuS) fupra fca- grow together on both fides ; bris poris afperis ; fubtus the upper part is rough, with Icevibus. pointed pores, the under part fmooth. Millepora reticulata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1284. This Coral is very rare, and was brought from the Eaft Indies. It is very like the Frondipora of Imperatus, or the little Coral figured by Count Marfigli, in tab. 34. fig. 155. and 156. but more expanded; the little fide branches diverge in an acute angle, and meeting with the oppofite ones, grow together and form a net-like figure. Thefe reticulated branches grow in an undulated manner, and coalefce here and there together. It is of a whitifh color and brittle texture. 16. Millepora tubipora. Tubulous Millepore. Millepora proclina7is in This Millepore bends for- plano dichotoma^ ramulis ward, in a flat dichotomous flexuofis fubparallelis den- manner ; the branches are ticulatis, fupra poris pro- waved, nearly parallel, and minulis \ fubtus friatis. denticulated ; the pores pro- ject on the upper fide, and the under fide is ftriated. Ellis Corallin. pag. 95. tab. 35. fig. b. B. Millepora lichenoides. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283. I have already defcribed this tubulous white Millepore in my EfTay on Corallines, and in the Philofophical Tranfactions, to mew that many Corals are compofed of united tubes. The fpecimen there reprefented is only the beginning of one of them, and not fo compleat as I T 2 have *40 M I L L E P O R A. have here defcribed : for in this the tubular pores are more prominent, appearing on the fides like denticles, and the upper part is flat, and fpread out in dichotomous branches. It makes a moft elegant figure, when there is- a group of them together, being milk-white, and growing to about three or lour inches high. 17. Millepora violacea. Violet-colored Millepore, Millepora in piano ra- This flat branching Mille- mofa, ramulis afcenden- pore has round, erect branches, tibus flexuojis tereti-com- a little compreffed, and waved ; prejfis^futurd porofa mar- there is a future with a line ginem ambiente* of pores encompafling the mar- gin. This Coral is of a fine violet-blue ; it rifes from a fpread bafe about three inches high : befides the line of large pores that furrounds the margin, there are two rows of fmall pores, one on each fide of it. The furface, when magnified, is rough, like chagreen, and here and there upon it are clufters of little warts, like ftuds or bul- lulse, which may probably be its ovaries. When the branches are broke acrofs, there appears in the middle a. row of three or four large pores, furrounded by fmall ones. I had formerly a fpecimen of this Coral from W. Webber, Efq. F. R. S. and very lately fome compleat ones from Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, that the divers, had fifhed up about the iflands in the South Sea. j.5]. M.tLLEPORSS M I L L E P O R A. 141 [5]. mlllepores that have internal longitudinal Vessels, and send out Pores on all Sides from THEM. 18. Millepora truncata. Truncated Millepore. Tab. 23 MiUepora. caulefcens di- This Millepore has a ftem,. chotoma^ ramis truncatis which fubdivides into wide divaricattSy poris quin- fpread, blunt branches, that cuncialibus operculatis. have pores with a cover to each, placed in a quincunx order. Tab. 23. Fig. i — 8. Phil. Tranfact. Vol. 57. tab. 17. fig. 1 — 8. Millepora truncata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283.. This curious Millepore, called, by Donati, Miriozoon, is well defcribed by him in the 47th volume of the Phi- lofophical Transactions, where he has {hewn the polype* like fuckers extending; themfelves, and fecuring them- felves in their retreat by a cover to each of their cells. I have further illuftrated it in the Philofophical Tranfac- tions, Vol. 57. by giving a diffection of it, to fhew the cells all round communicating with the longitudinal vef- fels, that pafs through the center of the Coral. 19. Millepora alcicornis, Elk's- Horn- Millepore. Millepora ramofafolida This Millepore is of many comprejja eretla polymor- fhapes ; it is- branched, folid, pha, poris fparjis obfole- compreffed, and erecl,. with; tis.. many obiolete pores here and. there on its furface. Millepora, Fic.r — 8 i42 M I L L E P O R A. Millepora alcicomis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1282. The pores of this Millepore, as it is generally brought to us, are fcarce viiible ; but when they come from the Weft Indies, preferved in fpirits, they are very diftin- guifhable, each appearing funk in a little cavity : in the dried fpecimens they appear level with the furface, and of two ftzes, larger and fmaller. This is one of the com- moneft of the Corals in the Weft Indies, and ufed prin- cipally for burning into lime. It is found in a variety of forms, fome with round irregular branches, others pal- mated, which end in taper figures, like fingers ; as thefe branches grow up, they frequently unite together, form- ing new palmated branches that end in flender digitated forms. This Coral is often found inverting the dead ftems of the Gorgonias, where it appears like fo many beads of a necklace. Sir Hans Sloane, in his Hiftory of Jamaica, has given a figure of a bottle that was taken out of the fea in- crufted with it. This is now to be feen among his cu- rious colle&ion of Corals in the Britifh Mufeum. Tab. 12. 20. Millepora casrulea. Blue Millepore. Fig. 4. r r Millepora plana fcabra, ThisMilleporeis flat, rough, laminis crajjis varie tor- and divided into thick plates, tuofts fubdivifa, apicibus bending different ways ; the fccpe lobars, porifque Jub- tops or thefe are fometimes Jlellatis cylindricis utrinque lobated, and both fides are inJlruElis. furnifhed with cylindrical pores, almoft like ftars. Tab. 12. Fig. 4. This TUBIPORA. This Coral grows in immenfe maffes in the Eaft-Indian Ocean ; it is now and then brought us from Prince's Ifland, in the Straits of Sunda. The lamina?, or plates, are generally half an inch thick, and full of minute pores between the cellular ftarry cells, which both pafs from each furface to the central longitudinal veffels in nearly a perpendicular direction, and with which they are united. The furface of this Coral, when magnified, is full of lit- tle fharp points between the fmall pores and round the larger ; and when we examine the larger flellated pores, we find them furrowed on the infide to the bottom, which makes a proper tranfition from this genus to the Madrepores. *43 XIII. TUBIPORA. Animal incognitum. Stirps lapidea [Cor al- lium] dijjepimentis tranf- verJjSy tubulos perpendicu- lares conneSlentibus. Tubuli articulati, in- vicem co?nmu?iicantes^ Ji- phimculis continuis genicu- latiS) ad genicula radiatis. PIPE CORAL. The animal of the Pipe Co- ral is unknown. The flem is ftony (that is coral) with tranfverfe parti- tions, uniting together the perpendicular tubes. Thefe tubes are jointed, communicating with one an- other by means of geniculated pipes, which pafs through each of them, and are radiated at their joints. Tul oipon 144 T U B I P O R A. TAE-27. 1 , Tubipora mufica. Red Organ-pipe Coral. Tubipora ruberrima, Deep Red Pipe Coral, with feptis tranfverfis tubos per- tranfverfe partitions, conned- pe?idiculares connect entibus. ing perpendicular tubes. Tab. 27. 'Tubipora mufica. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1270. There is but one fpecies yet difcovered of this genus ; but there are many varieties, that are to be met with in the cabinets of the curious. Some of thefe are compofed of longer, and fome of fhorter tubes ; befides, the color fometimes varies from a deep red to an orange-color. They grow to the fize of a foot, often to two, three feet or more diameter. The manner of their growth is much in the fame form with the Aftroite Madrepores, or Star Stones ; they adhere to a fhell or rock at firft, and from a fmall beginning extend themfelves into a hemifpherical form, their tubes appearing like fo many rays ; and as they increafe in length, in order to fill up the lpace be- tween the tubes, new tubes arife upon the tranfverfe par- titions. The diameter or their tubes is, at a medium, about one-tenth of an inch, and in length they vary from a quarter to half an inch between the horizontal par- titions. When Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander faw them in vafl abundance on the coaft of New South Wales, they ap- peared upon the tide of ebb covered over with a flriated gelatinous fubftance, which was (o extremely llippery, that it was dangerous to tread upon them. The animal that inhabits them appeared to fill both the tube and inner little pipe ; but they had not time to examine them alive M A D R E P O R A. H5 alive in fea-water, from the dangerous Situation they were in themfelves. They are likewife found in great plenty in the Red Sea, and among the Molucca iflands, where the natives call them, in the Malay language, Batu-Swangi, that is, the Magicians Stone ; lor the inhabitants of thofe iflands think they have a magical virtue in them, and, for that reafon, hang them on trees, to keep thieves from the fruit ; it being a prevailing opinion among them, that thofe who attempt to fteal, where they are hung up, will be feized with a breaking out full of red pimples. They are alio careful not to fit on them for fear of the ftrangury. On the contrary, the people of Java and Malacca give both old and young the powder of this Red Coral againft the ftrangury. The inhabitants of the Celebes put fome of the powder on any wound that is made by a venomous creature, and for this purpofe always carry a fmall piece of it about them. XIV. MADREPORA. Animal modo frmplexy mo do ramojo-proliferum. Stirps lapidea [Coral- Hum]' feepe plant ce forma crefcens, ceUulofa^ apice vel fuperficie terminata cavttatibus lamellofo-Jlria- tis% polypiferis. MADREPORE CORAL. The Madrepore is an ani- mal fomctimes fingle, fome- times fending forth its pro- geny in the form of branches. The flem or mafs is of a ftony nature (Coral) often growing in the form of a plant, full of cells, which are either on the top or on its furface, and end in lamellated cavities, to which their polype-like ani- mals belong. U By- 146 M A D R E P O R A. By Madrepore Corals, we mean fuch Corals as have their cells difpofed in a radiated form, like ftars. Imperatus was the hrft who had any idea of their be- longing to the animnl kingdom : this hint he took from the obfervations he had made at feveral times on the Ma- drepora ramea, or great branched Cinamon Coral, which at length fully confirmed his opinion. Rumphius defcribes the animal of the Fungus Saxeus, orMadrepora Fungites Linn, fo difiincfly, that there re- mains no doubt but that he fawit very clearly. He fays, while it is alive in the fea, it is covered with a thick vifcid matter, like ftarch : that the more elevated folds or plaits have borders like the denticulated edges of needlework lace : that thefe are covered with innumerable oblong ve- iicles, formed of the fame gelatinous fubflance, which appear alive under water, and may be obferved to move like an in feci: : that as foon as the Coral was taken out of the lea, and expofed to the air, all the mucous part, with the little vtficles, mrunk in between the erect little plates,, or lamella?, and difappeared ; and, in a fhort time, like the Medufa?,. or Sea Jellies, melted away, leaving behind them a moft difagreeable fetid fmell ; fo that it is clear Prom hence that he, before any of the late difcoveries, was acquainted with the animal nature of the Madrepores-. Befides, he has plainly told us, that not only the feveral Corals of the Eaft Indies, butalfo all the other Zoophytes there, when they are frefb, are pofieiied by a gelatinous animal of a fifhy. nature. Dr. Pevfonell afterwards confirmed thefe difcoveries, and confiders the Madrepore Corals in particular as a meer aggregate of the fhells of this animal, which he fays is a ipecies of the Urtica marina ; but it is probable he was millaken in the animal, as will appear hereafter from the more M A D R E P O R A. 14 more exact obfervations, and an accurate figure of the animal by Dr. Donati. Dr. Peyfonell has great merit in fome things ; but many of his difcoveries feem to proceed more from general concluiions, taken for granted from feme particular difcoveries, than from judicious and care- ful experiments. In his account of Sponges, he fir ft makes them the fabric of the Urtica marina ; in another trial he makes them the fabric of little infects, that walk to and fro in the labyrinth of the tubes, and which taken out and placed near them, return into their holes again ; but later experiments fhevv, that he was entirely miftaken in both. See the account of Sponges in the Philofophi- cal Tranfaclions, Vol. $$. pag. 280. Dr. Donati has mod clearly explained the nature and formation of one of this genus of Madrepores by defcrib- ing and delineating the animal, as we find it in Phil. Tranf. vol. 47. p. 105. tab. 4. Pie obferves, p. 106. that " as the figure of this animal bears no refemblance to the " Urtica marina, he cannot fee how one could clafs the " polypus of the Madrepora with the Urtica." Perhaps it may be neceffary to obferve, that as the internal ftruc- ture of the cells of many fpecies of this genus differs in the appearance and difpofition of their lamellae, fo we may reafonably fuppofe, that the Ihape of the particular animals that form them, may vary from one another. But we muft leave the particular figures of thefe animals to future difcoveries. Laftly, nothing can demonftrate more clearly the great affinity there is in the growth of Corals with that of fhells, than to compare the circles of increafe in the fhell of the Limpet, or Patella, with thofe in the un- der part of the Madrepora Fungites. In the Limpet, the animal is under the fhell ; in the Coral, it is upon the ihell. How abfurd, then, is it to fuppofe that Corals U 2 compounded t48 MADREPORA. compounded of many of fuch animals, each upon its cell, do vegetate as plants, becaufe they grow up together in ramified forms. Peyfonel and Linnaeus are both of opinion, that the animals of the Lithophyta, or Corals, conftrucl their own cells by depofiting under them a coralline matter. See Syft. Nat. pag. 1270. [1]. Madrepore Simplices. Corallium (implex. Stella unica. Jab. 28. i. Madrepora Patella. Madrepora fim-phx acaulis, lamellis latere muricatis fub- trkhotomis : tertiis vidivifis majoribus. Tab. 28. Fig. i — 4. La?nellce omnes margine denticulate, latere valde mu- ricatae, dure trichotomy : lamellula intermedia indivifa crafliufcula : tertia reliquis multo major, a centro ad marginem continua, indivifa. Juniores plana?, adulta? convexse. This little Coral is an inch and a half diameter, and a quarter of an inch thick : when 1 firft faw it, I took it to be the Madrepora Fungites in its younger ftate ; but upon examining it ftriclly, and the manner of its grow- ing, fuch as the regular fubdivilions of its lamella? at par- ticular diftances in a trichotomous order, together with their fides being remarkably granulated ; befides, the plates, or lamella?, of the younger kinds of Madrepora Fungites from the Eall: Indies are much more elevated, Iefs numerous, fmooth on their fides, and their edges dentated M A D R E P O R A. 149 dentated or crenated ; fo that if it is not adiftinct fpecies, it is certainly a variety of the following. This was found in the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Madrepora Fungites. Tab. 28. r o Fig. 5. Madrepora fimplex acaulis convexa, lamellis latere fub- a [peris i?idivijis : alternis minoribus fubincompletis : Tab. 28. Fig. 5. 6. Madrepora Fungites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1273. Pall. Zooph. 281. n. 165. Lamellce omnes margine valde denticulatae, latere au- tem vix exafperatae ; tubercula enim minutiiTima funt. Lamella majores continues a centro ad peripheriam ; mi- nores fcpiflime centrum non adtingunt. Centrum ob- long;um. The animal of this curious Coral is defcribed by Rum- phius, who faw it alive, as I have already mentioned in my remarks on this genus. Dr. Linnaeus obferves, that Forfkohl defcribes the animal of it to be of the Priapus (or Aclinia) kind, and, in the fame manner as a fhell- iifb, forms its fhell under itfelf. This Coral is met with in great abundance in the Red Sea, and the Eaft-Indian Ocean ; it is frequently found of five or fix inches diameter, and often of a milk-white color. In many curious colle&ions, fuch as thofe of the Dut- chefs Dowager of Portland and Dr. Fothergill, there are many young ones adhering to the old ones, with large rifing lamella?, as in the old ones. n Madrepora iv:> M A D R E P O R A, £o*'!8, 3- Madrepora Cyathus. Madrepora fanplex clavatG-turbinata^ b afigttenu at a<> Bella tibcofiica : centro prominulo exefo duplicate , Tab. 28. Fig. 7. Marfigl. Hift. tab. 28. fig. 128. No. n. Fw.'gites feu Caryophyllus marinw. Plane, de conch. Ed. 2. pag. 128. tab. app. 18. fig. M. Varietas corallio cylindraceo, bail vix attenuata. This Coral is dragged up in great abundance by the coral -fi fliers on the iouthern coaft of France and Italy : it is always found fingle without branches, and generally adhering to apiece of Red Coral. It is of a white color, and very hard. The lamellae are forty in number, with as many intermediate ftnall ones ; the latter extend to the margin, but do not reach to the bottom of the ftar, like the larger ones. The common or middle flze of this Co- ral is about two inches long, and three quarters of an inch diameter in the broadeft part. This is taken by fome authors to be the beginning of the Madrepora ramea ; but the intermediate lamellae or the latter in a crofs fection appear branched ; befides the M. ramea is of a much loofer texture, deeper channelled on the outfide, and of a ferrugineous color. There are many other kinds of the Single Star Madre- pores found foflil in England, France, and Sweden ; but I fhall confine myfelf to the defcription of only fuch as I have met with that are recent. [2]. Madre- MADREPORA. 151 [2]. Madrepore Fasciculate. Cor a Ilium ramofum. Stellce terminales. 4. Madrepora Anthophyllites. Tab. 29. Mddrcpora. fafciculataj ramis clavatis corniformibus l. lame His cequalibus. Tab. 31. Fig. 5. 6. Madrepora jlexuofa. Pall. Zooph. 315. n. 184, Madrepora cafpitofa.. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1 278. Madrepora flexuofa . Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1278. forte eademmargine Irellarum in foililibus detrito ? Centru?n exefum. 2 7. Madrepora' i52 MADREPORA. 7. Madrepora tibicina. MQ-dfCpovsiJaJcicuJata, ramis cylindraceis : ramulis fub- clavatis, ftellis obconicis profundis} lamellis nonnallis latio- ribus. Ce7itra fubfimplicia. Lamella quaternas vel fexterns; reliquis multo latiores. [3]. Madrepore Dichotomy. Corallium dichotomum. A. Stslla terminales. Tab. 33. 8. Madrepora faftigiata. Madrepora dichotoma fubfaftigiata, ramis fubdiftinclisf ftellis oimtibus terminalibus fubregularibus : annotinis com- prejfo- duplicatis. Tab. 33. Madrepora faftigiata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1280. Pall. Zooph. 301. n. 175. Habitat in Oceano Indias occidentalis. Lamella in fpeciminibus completis denticulatas funt, parcius autem quam in M. angulofa. 9. Madrepora angulofa. Madrepora fubdkhotoma fubfaftigiata^ ftellis omnibus ter- 7ninalibus irregularibus ftnuato-ftexuofts, centris exefis. ct. ramis eredlis ftriclis muricatis faftigiatis, Haec fere regulariter dichotoma. |3». ramis divergentibus brevibus. Madrepora angulofa. Pall. Zooph. 299. n. 174. y. ramis M A D R E P O R A. 153 y. ramis fuperne dilatatis compreflis finuofo-flexuofis TAB.34. fubconglomeratis. Tab. 34. Hae non regulariter dichotomy, faepe trichotomae, pras- cipuevar. j@.. 10. Madrepora Carduus. TAB.35. Madrepora dichotoma, ramis fulcato-muricatis, ftellis Jim* plicibus regularibus, lamellis ferrato-dcntatis. Tab. 35. Seb. muf. 3. tab. 109. fig. 2. Juniores, omnino uti fimplices apparent. |2>. Madrepora lacera. Pallas Zooph. 298. n. 173. B. Stellas e dichotomia apicibufque ramorum. 11. Madrepora axillaris. Tab. 13. r Fig. 5. Madrepora dichotoma, ramis dijlintlis divaricatis, fiellis terminalibas turbinatis j axillaribus comprejfis \ centris dila- tatis exejis. Tab. 13. Fig. 5. Habitat in Oceano Indiae orientalis. Lamellae infra medium quad additamento annotino in- craffatae. 12. Madrepora prolifera. Madrepora fubdichotoma fubprolifera, Jlellis axillaribus terminalibufque Jimilibus, cent r is Jtrnplicibus^ ramis fubcla- vatis hinc coalitis. Madrepora prolifera. Pall. Zooph. 307. n. 178. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1281. X ot. ramis 154 M A D R E P O R A. a., ramis majoribus magis diftindtis. /2>. ramis minoribus magis coalitis. Cor allii officinalis fragment a. Pall. Zooph. 309. not. [4.]. Madrepore Fruticulos;e. Corallium caulefcens, ramofum, ftriatum. Stellce diftincla;, lateralis, remote. TAB.36. 13. Madrepora virginea. Madrepora fruticulofa fubdichotoma ramofjfima^ ramis tortuofis coalefcentibus^ Jlellis fparfis prominulis. Tab. 36. Madrepora virginea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1281. Pallas Zooph. 310. n. 180. Centrum latiufculum, exefum, planum. 14. Madrepora mammillaris. Madrepora fruticulofa dicbotoma, ramis attenuatis, Jlellis quincuncialibus eminentibus conic is regularibus extus Jlriatis* Centrum parvum, exefum. 15. Madrepora oculata. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofjfma fubglabra, ramis flexu- ofis : flexuris exfertis felliferisy Jlellis profundis. Madrepora oculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1281. Pallas Zooph. 308. n. 179. Habitat in Mari Mediterraneo et Oceano India? occi- dental. In MADREPORA. 155 In congerie hujus corallii fepe cavernas fubtubulofse exiftunt. Lami?i& extra margines ftellarum decurrentes. 16. Madrepora hirtella. TAB.37. Madrepora fruticulofa Jubdichoto?na, ramis divaricatis, fiellis Jubdifichis prominentibus, lamellis exfertis ijtaguali- bus} centro cojivexo exejo. Tab. 37. Madrepora kirtella. Pall. Zooph. 31.3. n. 182. 17. Madrepora ramea. TAE.38. Madrepora fruticulofa ferruginea, ramulis obliquis fub- pinnatis adfce?identibus cylindraceis fella terminates. Tab. 38. Madrepora ramea. Linn. Syfl. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1280. Pall. Zooph. 302. n. 176. 18. Madrepora rofea. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofijfima rofea, ramis v err ucu- lojis attenuat'iS) Jiellis incequaliter fparfs : i?iferioribus ra- riffmis. Madrepora rofea. Pallas Zooph. 312. n. 18 r. Habitat in Oceano India; occidentalis ad infulam St. Domingo. 19. Madrepora purpurafcens. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofjftma, ramis divaricatisftb- dificljis, ramulis rugulofs porofs, fellis difichis marginc promiuulis. X 2 Habitat 156 M A D R E P O R A. Habitat in Oceano circa Infulam Dominica; (J. Greg), 20. Madrepora erubefcens. Madrepora frutkulofa ra77ioJiJfi7na, ramis divaricatis diftichis attenuatis^ ramulisjlexuojis Jlriatis, Jlellis margine incraffatis exfertis. Habitat in Oceano Indiae occidentalis prope Infulam Sli' Vincentii (J. Greg). Specimina vifa Gorgoniis adnata erant. Rami inferiores craflij cortice incarnato induti ; ramuli autem albi, [5]. Madrepore Explanat^e. Cor allium indivifum, dilatatum, fuperne tantummodo ftelliferum. Tab. 39. 21. Madrepora afpera. Madrepora foliacea explanata fubaggregata, Jlellis ele- vatis fubdi/linflis, la?nellis afperato-fpinulojis, ambulacrh C07jcavis. Tab. 39. Habitat in Oceano Indiae orientalis. 22. Madrepora fcabrofa. Madrepora foliacea expla?iata concatenate,, lamellis lace- rat is fp'mulofo-f rondo fis circa ce72tra elevatis, a7rybulacris pla7iiujculis. Habitat in Oceano India? orientalis. Centra latiufcula, exefa, plana. 23. Madrepora 6 MADREPORA. 157 23. Madrepora undata. TAB.4.0. Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata^ Jlellis feriali- bus, ambulacris intra fellas e lev at is : carinis rotundatis crafts. Tab. 40. Cor allium latum, planum, elegantiffimum, album, fubtus fubtiliflime ftriatum. Stella; oblongs : centra oblonga, fubfoluta, elevata. Ambulacra extra ftellas de- preffa, planiufcula, tandem intra feriem flellarum elevata in Carinas craffas rotundatas, 24. Madrepora ampliata. TAE.41, Fig. 1. a. Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata, ambulacris carinatis angujlis acutiuj 'cults , corallio fubtus fubdicbotomo flriato. Tab. 41. Fig. i. 2. 25. Madrepora cucullata. Tab.az. Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata^ Jlellis fub- ferialibus profundis^ a?nbulacris acute carinatis fubfexuofs. Tab. 42. Primo intuitu M. Licheni Similis, diftincliilima autem quod fubtus abfque ftellis fubtiliflime ftriata. 26. Madrepora cinerafcens. ~ ^ I AB.4J, Madrepora fubfoliacea explanata aggregata, fubtus acerofo-fcabrofa, Jlellis remotiufculis elevatis, ambulacris fcabrofs. Tab. 43. Habitat 15& M A D R E P O R A. Habitat in Oceano India? orientalis. Cor allium e coeruleo-cinerafcens, crafTius reliquis ex- planatis, facile dignofcitur ex tuberculis acerofis ambu- lacra et fuperficiem internam exafperantibus. [6], Madrepore Composite. CoralHutn undique adfperfum Stellis pluribus annexis, Ambularo prreditis. A. CONCATENATE. Cor allium indivifum. Stella invicem conjunctae. Lamella fine Diffepimento continuatse. Tab. 3r. 27. Madrepora criftata. FiG.3.4. Madrepora foliaceo-crijlata concatenata^ Jlellis feriablius centro impreJfiSy ambulacris explanatis planiuf cults. Tab. 31. Fig. 3. 4. Madrepora Agaricites. @>. Pallas Zooph. 288. Habitat in Oceano paciflco, Indiaeque orientalis. TAB.44. 28. Madrepora Lacluca. Tab. 44. Madrepora LaEluca. Pallas Zooph. 289. n. 168. The figure was taken from a fpecimen in the Britifh Mufeum. 29. Madrepora MADREPORA. 159 29. Madrepora Ficoides. Madrepora foliacco-criftata concatenata^ ftellis fparfts, atnbidacris lateralibus planiufculis ; marginalibus acute ca- riiiatis, lamellis foliaceis. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. 30. Madrepora acerofa. Madrepora foliaceo-c?'iftata concatenata, ftellis ftparjis^ cwibulacris lateralibus pla/iis ; teriniiialibus fubcarinatis, lamellis acerojis. 31. Madrepora Pileus. Tab. 45. Madrepora obionga convexa, centris omnibus dorfalibus concater.atis^ law:ellis majoribus abruptis ; minoribus conti?iui$ fubanaftomofantibu s. Tab. 45. Madrepora Pileus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1273. Habitat in Oceano India? orientalis. In the furrow along the middle is a line of ftars, with their lamella? difpofed on each fide, like parallel pinnae, or rays ; under thefe on each fide are other rows of ftars, as it were, linked together, with their rays nearly paral- lel, and pointing upwards and downwards ; the margin all round is terminated by fharp erecl: lamellae. 32. Madrepora Agaricites. Madrepora foliaceo-criftata concate7iata^ ftellis flexuofo- fubferialibus obconicis fuba?igidatis^ ambulacris acute ca7~ina- tis reSliufculis hinc coalefcentibus. Madrepora 160 M A D R E P O R A. Madrepora ^garicites. Linn. Syft.. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 274. This Coral is of a cinereous color, and is found, in ir- regular maffes of five or fix inches diameter, among the Well-India iflands. 33. Madrepora Lichen. Madrepora foliaceo-crijlata co77catenata, Jlellis ferialibus obco7iicis rotundatis, ambulacris carinato-foliaceis acutijjimis fubfiexuofis obliquatis. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. B. Conglomerate. Corallium indivifum. Stelles conjundbe, elongatse, finuofo-flexuofse, difTepi- mento prseditae. JAB46. 34.. Madrepora labyrinthica. Madrepora coitglomerata, anfratlibus baft dilatatis /ongis, dijjepimentis exefis cequalibus lath, ambulacris Jimplicibus . Tab. 46. Fig. 3. 4. Madrepora labyrinthica. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1274. Madrepora mceandrites. Pall. Zooph. 292. n. 171. Habitat in Oceano Indise occidentalis. [y. Greg). 35. Madrepora finuofa. . Madrepora co?tglo?nerata, anfraElibus patulis flexuofis brevibus, dijfepimentis incequalibus exejis, ajnbulacris jub- duplicatisy Tamellis denticulatis. Habitat J* M A D R E P O R A. 161 Habitat in Oceano Indiae occidentalis. [J. Greg.) Varietas anfractibus amplioribus et toto corallio grof- fiore. 36. Madrepora areolata. TAB.47. r FiG.4.5. Madrepora co?tglomeratai anfraElibus dilatatis, dijfepi- me?ttis exejis fubincequalibus, ambulacris duplicates : hinc dilatatis^ lamellis denticulato-crenulatis. Tab. 47. Fig. 4. 5. Madrepora areolata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1274. Pall. Zooph. 295. n. 171. |2>. Varietas ambulacris anguftioribus et magis elevatis. 37. Madrepora mseandrites. Tab.48. Fig. 1. Madrepora coeiglomerata, dijfepimentis ft?nplicibus fub- Jolutis, lamellis mcrajjatis cequalibus remotis intus attenua- tes fubintegris. Tab. 48. Fig. i. Madrepora mceandrites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1274. Madrepora labyrinthica. Pall. Zooph. 297. n. 172. 38. Madrepora exefa. Tab.49. Fig. 3. Madrepora conglomerata, Jlellis reticulato-concateieatis^ interflitiis abruptis fubco?iicis acutis. Tab. 49. Fig. 3. Madrepora exefa. Pall. Zooph. 290. n. 169. Habitat in Oceano paciflco. Y 39. Madrepora 162 M A D R E P O R A. JAB-5°- . 39. Madrepora abdita. Madrepora fubconglomerata^ anfraSiibus Jlelliformibus angulatis obconicis, ambulacris fmplicibus, lamellis angujlis cre?tulato-denticulatis. Tab. 50. Fig. 2. Forte varietas Madrepora favofas. JAB-48, 40. Madrepora phrygia. Madrepora conglomerata, anfraSiibus longijfimis angujlis, ambulacris perpendicularibus fmplicibus, dijjepime?itis Jimp ti- dbits laminojis lobulatis, lamellis remotiujculis. Tab. 48. Fig. 2. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. Variat ambulacris rectis et flexuofis. 41. Madrepora repanda. Madrepora conglomerata, ambulacris incrajfatis, dijfepi- mentis Jimplicibus Jubjolutis, lamellis numerojis : plurimis intus incrajfatis. 42. Madrepora ambigua. Madrepora conglo?nerata, anfraSiibus Jlelliformibus Jlexuo- Jifque, ambulacris incrajfatis, dijjepimentis fimplicibus craj- fujculis, lamellis dijlantibus. 43. Madrepora M A D R E P O R A. 163 43. Madrepora dasdalea. TAB.46. Madrepora conglomerate!, anfraSlibus profimdis brevibusy dijfepimentis fubexejis laceris3 lamellis Jerrato-dentatis, am- bulacris perpeitdicularibus. Tab. 46. Fig, r. Habitat in Oceano India? orientalis. 44. Madrepora gyrofa. Tab. 51. Madrepora conglomerate! cellulofa, ambulacris duplicatis foliaceis, dijfepi?nentis fmplicibus, lamellis foliaceis cequali- bus. Tab. 51. Seb. Muf. 3. tab. 109. fig. 9. 10. Corallium casteris lsevius, cellulis numerofis cavernofum, 45. Madrepora clivofa. Madrepora conglomerata, a?jfra&ibus baft angujlatisf dijfepimentis fubexejis cequalibus, ambulacris fmplicibus craj- fiufculis, lamellis altemis abbreviatis. Habitat in Oceano Indiye occidentalis. Corallium rotundatum, nodulis magnis insequale. 46. Madrepora Cerebrum. Madrepora conglomerata, anfra&ibus baft fubrotundatis tortuofs longiffimis, dijfepimentis exefis cequalibnSy ambulacris f?nplicibus aiiguftis. Corallium rotundatum, aequale. Y 2 47. Madrepora 1 64 MADREPORA. 47. Madrepora involuta. Madrepora conglomer&ta, anfraElibus bafi di I at at is bre- vibuSy dijjepimentis exefis fubcequalibus anguflis, ambida- cris fimplicibus. 48. Madrepora implicata. Madrepora conglomerata, anfra&ibus rotundatis fubper- pendicularibus, dijjepimentis exejis aqualibus latis, ambula- cris duplicates latis. C. Aggregate. Corallium plerumque indivifum, rariilime lobatum. Stellce diftinctas. Ambulacra porulofa, tuberculofa. 49. Madrepora fpongiofa. Madrepora aggregata foliacea fubexplanata^ ambulacrts confragojis fupra obtufatis ; j'ubtus plants, Jl&llis- ietJimdibuU- fonnibus p tofundis in&qualibus. TAB.52. 50. Madrepora foiiofa. Madrepora aggregata foliacea fub ex pi aetata, ambulacris fuperne confragojis verruculofs ; inferne planhfcidis, flellis cequalibiLS parvis. Tab. 52. Madrepora foiiofa. Pall. Zooph. 333. n. 196. 51. Madrepora M A D R E P O R A. 165 51. Madrepora poculata. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis obconicis, marginibus acu- tis, hinc inde remotis, interjlitiis tcevibus, lamellis imdique granidofis. Pall. Zooph. 319. n. 186. )G>. Ellis Corallin. tab. 32. fig. A r. A 3. mala e fpeci- mine detrito. Tab. 53. 52. Madrepora ftellulata. FiG.3.4. Madrepora aggregata> cylindr -is /tellurian teretibus dijlan- tibus cequalibus niargine elevatisy interjlitiis planiufculis fcabriif cutis. Tab. 53. Fig. 3. 4. 53. Madrepora Aftroites. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis conjertis impreffis, interjli- tiis porofis, lamellis acerofis Jcabrwjculis. Madrepora Afiroites.. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1276. Madrepora radians. Pallas Zooph. 322. n. 190. 54. Madrepora nodulofa. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis conjertis obconicis, interjlitiis lamellijque acerofs fcabriufculis^ corallio fubnodulofo.- Seba Muf. 3. tab. 112. fig. 18. 55. Madrepora muficalis. Madrepora aggregata, cylindris ftellarum Jlriatis dijlan- tibus combinatis membranis tranjverjis. Madrepora i66 MADREPORA. Madrepora mujicalis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1278. • Madrepora Orgtmum. Pall. Zooph. 317. n. 185. Tab 49- r6. Madrepora denticulata. 1 IG. I. ~* 1 Madrepora aggregates, Jlellis incequalibus, lamellis mar- gine elevatis : major ibus bafi procejfu auc7iss jnterjiitiis fulco exaratis. Tab. 49. Fig. i. Tab. 53. r 7. Madrepora faveolata. Fig. 5.6. D/ r Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis Jubangulatis multiradiatis, parietibus hinc i?ide Jubduplicatis. Tab. 53. Fig. 5. 6. Jab. 54. 58. Madrepora Retepora. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis angulatis, lamellis Jilamento- Jis, parietibus reticulatis denticulatis. Tab. 54. Fig. 3 — 5. TAB.55. 59. Madrepora rotulofa. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis cylindraceis pauciradiatis, lamellis circa margincm eretlis acutis : baji Jpinula erecla auEiis. Tab. 55. 60. Madrepora M A D R E P O R A, 167 60. Madrepora interftin&a. TAB.56. Madrepora aggregata, flellis cylindraceis profundus difiinc- tis, interflitiis porofis, corallio fubexplanato duplicato. Tab. 56. Madrepora interftinEla. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1276. Millepora ccerulea. Pall. Zooph. 256. n. 158. 61. Madrepora favofa. TAB.50. 1 Fig. 1. Madrepora avgregata co?iglomeratai anfraEiibits fubjlelli- formibus angulatis patulis, parietibus fmplicibusy lamellis dent at is mar vine connatis elevatis. Tab. 50. Fig. i. Madrepora favofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1275. Madrepora favites. Pall. Zooph. 319. n. 187. 62. Madrepora cavata. Madrepora aggregatafiibconglo7nerata^ a?ifra8libus flelli- formibus angulatis^ parietibus Jimplicibus angufis^ lamellis denticulatis . Forte varietas M. favofa?. 63. Madrepora bulliens. Madrepora aggregata^ fiellis difta?itibus teretibus ob- longifue incequalibus margine elevatisy i?iterflitiis radiato- rugulofis concaviufadis. 2 64. Madrepora •i 68 M A D R E P O R A. yAJSm£?' 64. Madrepora Ananas. Madrepora aggregata, ftellis fubangulatis incequaW muliiradiatis : marginibus convexis lamellofts, lamellis a ticulato-crenatiS) interftitiis concavis. Tab. 47. Fig. 6. Madrepora Ananas. Linn. SyPc. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1 Pall. Zooph. 321. n. 189. 65. Madrepora Hyades. Madrepora aggregata, ftellis fubconfertis obconicis ro- tundis ftuba?igulatiftque^ parietibus crajjis porofts, centris planiufculis convexiftque. JAB-49- 66. Madrepora fiderea. Fig. 2. L Madrepora aggregata, ftellis confertis rotundis ftubangu- latifque, parietibus crajjis convexiuftculisy lamellis allemis margine fubconnatiS) centris fimplicibus. Tab. 49. Fig. 2. Tab-47- 67. Madrepora galaxea. Madrepora aggregata> ftellis ftubconftertis impreftis, parie- tibus craftis planiufculis fubdiftinElis^ lamellis tenuijjimis% cen- tris fub ex efts. Tab. 47. Fig. 7. Lamellce quaternas ad centrum extenfs, tres intermedia? prope bafin conniventes. 68. Madrepora M A D R E P O R A. 169 68. Madrepora Pleiades. TAB.53. Fig. 7.8. Madrepora aggregata, Jiellis fubteretibus^ marginibus acutis elevatisy t7iterjlitiis concavis Iceviufculis hinc caver- nojiufculis. Tab. 53. Fig. 7. 8. 69. Madrepora annularis. TAB.53. FlG.I.2» Madrepora aggregata, Jiellis teretibus cequalibus mar-' gi?ie elevatis, interjlitiis plano-concavis radiatis. Tab. 53. Fig. i. 2. Madrepora AJlroites. Pallas Zooph. 32©. n. 188. Forte varietas minor M. radiatae. 70. Madrepora papillofa. Madrepora fubaggregata, Jiellis cyliiidraceo-papillojis^ marginibus i?icrajjatis rotundatis obliquis. Valde affinis Madrepora? muricatae, et forte illius pri- mordium ; papillae ejufdem figurae, fed iimplici ordine dilpoiitae et contiguae. 71. Madrepora radiata. TAB.47J Fig. 8. Madrepora aggregata, Jiellis cylindraceis margine ele- vatis y interjlitiis latis concavis fulcato-radiatis. Tab. 47. Fig. 8. Pall. Zooph. 321. n. 188. varietas e mufeo Dni- Cra- mer. Z Varietas iyo M A D R E P O R A. Varietas major marginibus flellarum valde elevatis, ful- cis interftitiorum profundioribus. 72. Madrepora latebrofa. Madrepora aggregata, Jlellis Jubteretibus multiradiatis ■margiiie elevatis, i?2terjlitiis radiato-fulcatis Jubcoar&atis incequalibus. Sloan. Jam. I. tab. 21. fig. 4. D. Ramulos^e. Corallium ramofum. Stella diftindtee. A?nbidacra tuberculofa, porulofa. 73. Madrepora damicornis. Madrepora ramulofa ramojijfima, 7~ amis attenuatis fub- divijis, Jlellis fparjim crebris ccecis ciliatis. Madrepora da?nicornis. Pall. Zooph. 334. n. 197. y. 74. Madrepora digitata. Madrepora ramulofa, ramis clavato-complanatis, Jlellis fparjis Jexradiatis : margine fuperiore porretlo Jornicato . Seb. Muf. 3. tab. 109. fig. 11. Madrepora digitata. Pall. Zooph. 326. n. 193. Fornices ftellarum fiepe detritas. Varietas et forte diftincta fpecies in interftitiis inter ftellas lineam habet elevatam, quafi limites indigitantem. 75. Madrepora MADREPORA. 171 75. Madrepora feriata. Fig8'3?' Madrepora ramulofa^ ramis attenuatis acuminatis, ftellis longitudinaliter feriatis : margifiefuperiore porreclo fomicato ciliato. Tab. 31. Fig. i. 2. Madrepora feriata. Pall. Zooph. 336. n. 198. 76. Madrepora muricata. TAB.57. Madrepora ramulofa^ ra?nulis attemiatis, ftellis promi- nentibus cylindraceis oblique truncatis. Tab. 57. Madrepora muricata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1279. Pall. Zooph. 327. n. 149. ct. ramis longis acuminatis abfque ullis ramulis parvis. Coral Hum album porofum maximum muricatum. Sloan. Jam. I. p. 51. tab. 18. fig. 3. Seb. Muf. 3. tab. 114. fig. 1. (2>. ramis divaricatis, ramulis fparfis brevibus acumi- natis diverorentibus. O m y. ramis ramulifque adfcendentibus reclis fubasqualibus casi "pi u>ns. J\ ramis inferioribus decumbentibus anaftomofantibus, ramulis adfcendentibus acutis brevibus. Madrepora muricata |3. Pallas Zooph. 1. c. s. ramis bail in palmani coalitis, ramulis divergentibus. Madrepora fnurkata y. Palias Zooph. 1. c. £. ramis ramulifque numerofis divergentibus, cylindris flellarum turbinatis margine incrafTatis rotundatis. : tf. 3. tab. 108. fig. 6. Z 2 77. Madrepora 172 MADREPORA. TAB.47. j j, Madrepora pontes. Madrepora ramu/ofa, ramis clavato-complanatisy fiellis CQ?itiguis (lamellarum loco) cufpidato-tuberculatis. Tab. 47. Fig. i. Madrepora pontes. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1279. Pall. Zooph. 324. n. 192. 78. Madrepora verrucofa. Madrepora ramulofa ra?7iofJJimay ramis obtufatis, ramu- lis numerofjfimis Jimplicibus verrucceformibus, fiellis fpar- Jjs crebris ccecis ciiiatis. Madrepora damicornis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 279* Pall. Zooph. 334. n. 197. a.. (6. cl. Ramis fubteretibus. |2>. Ramis dilatatis, lobatis. 79. Madrepora limitata. Madrepora ramulofa, ramis fubcomplanatis, fellisfparfs fexradiatis margine cequalibus. Interftitia fcabra. Lineas in interftitiis fubreticulatae, limites inter ftellas formant. 80. Madrepora Botryotes. Madrepora ramidofa, ramis coacervatis crajjis faftigiatis obtuJiS) ambulacris reticulato-co?ifragoJis. 81. Madrepora ALCYONIUM. i73 81. Madrepora granofa. Madrepora fubramulofa criflata fubdigitata^ ramis obtufs, ambulacris omnibus acuta ccirinatis undulatis, ftellis acerofis irregularibus. XV. ALCYONIUM. Animal -plant cz farina crefcem. Stirps^uv?, carnofa,ge- latinofa^ Jpongiofa vel co~ riacea. ALCYONIUM Is an animal growing in the form of a plant. The ftem is fixt, and is ei- ther flefhy, gelatinous, fpon- gy> or a leather-like fub- Epidermis ccllulofa, po- rts Jiellatis feu ofculis pcr- tufa, Polypos tentaculatos ovi- paros exferentibus. fiance; having an outward fkin full of cells, with flar-like open- ings, or little mouths, which fend forth Polype fuckers, through which the eggs are produced. Formerly many of thofe irregular marine maffes, that could not properly be reduced to any genus, were called Alcyoniums ; and thefe were fuppofed by old authors to- be made up of the froth of the fea. Even in thefe more enlightened times many errors have crept into their ar- rangement, and feveral fponges have been very improper- ly placed under this title, for want of attending to the proper definition of the genus : for my part, I mall con- sider thofe only belonging to this genus that agree with the foregoing character, except one that is commonly called Alcyonium Schlofferianum, which, though it is covered 174 A L C Y O N I U M. covered with liars on its outward fkin, does not fend out the polype fuckers here defcribed : but at prefent, till a new genus is conftituted for it, I (hall rank it with this. The reader, when he conies to confider this animal, and attend to the description, will be better able to judge of the propriety of this remark. In looking over the Alcyo- niums of fuch authors as have lately wrote on the fub- jecl: or Zoophytes, I find fome of them more probably be- longing to the Gorgonias, particularly fuch as have an internal harder part, which is undoubtedly the bone or fupport of the animal ; and thefe are very nearly allied to the Gorgonia fuberofa and Gorgonia Briareus, which I could not avoid on this account placing under that genus. The fpecies that I mean are the Alcyonium arboreum Linn, or great Norway Sea Shrub, and probably the Al- cyonium exos Linn, or Manus Latronis of Marfigli. If thefe are cut perpendicularly through the middle, I be- lieve they will appear to have a harder part within, very different from the true character of the genus of Alcyo- nium. Others that are ranged among the Alcyoniums approach more to the genus of Sponges, particularly to thofe that are compofed of fmall fpiculre, which are inti- mately blended with their gelatinous flem ; but thefe fpiculas in fome are remarkably difpofed on the furface, where they furround internally the openings or mouths of the animal. I believe no polype- like fuckers have as yet appeared to proceed from thefe mouths, when the animal was alive, nor any remains when dry ; nor have they thofe ftarry cells on the furface, which are a dirlinguiiriing cha- racter of this genus. Donati, who had an opportunity of examining moft of thefe bodies alive, never di (covered any polypes on the furface of either the Alcyonium Lyncurium Linn, or Tethya Sphartica Donat. .Adriat. tab. 10. or the 3 Alcyonium A L C Y O N I U M. 175 Alcyonium Cydonium Linn, or Alcyonium prim, of Donat. Adriat. tab. 9. The Ficus of Marfigli, which has been introduced as an Alcyonium, is evidently a Sponge. The form is like a fig, for which reafon it was fo called by him. 1. Alcyonium digitatum. Dead Mans Toes Alcyonium albidumcar- Is a whitifli fubftance be- nofo-fpongiofum lobatum, tween flefh and fponge, di- cfculis Jiellatis iindique 770- vided into lobes, the iurface tatum. of which is covered with lit- tle mouths in the form of ftars. Dead Man s Hand, or Dead Alan s Toes. Ellis Corallin. pag. 83. tab. 32. fig. a. A. A 2. Alcyonium Manns marina. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 10 — 13. Alcyonium digitatum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1294. Nothing can better illuftrate the internal form and manner in which both the Aftroite Madrepores and the common officinal Sponge grow, than a perpendicular feclion of this Alcyonium. It is very commonly found on the Kentifh coaft, near the Ifle of Sheppey, where likewife there is another variety, of a deep yellow color, which is frequently to be met with. 2.AlcyoniumPulmonaria. Sea Lungs. Alcyonium pulpofum li- This is of a fkfhy fubftance vidum lobato-comprejfum, and deep yellowifh color ; it ofculis Jiellatis minimis ob- is divided into flattifh lobes, dutlum. which are covered with mi- nute ftars, Sea- 176 A L C Y O N I U M. Sea-Fig. Ellis Corallin. pag. 82. tab. 17. fig. b. B. Alcyoniam Ficus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1295. The name of Sea-Fig was given to this fubftance by the fimermen on the coaft of Kent (where I found it) on ac- count of the internal fbuclure, the cells and their con- tents looking like the feeds in the fig, and not from the external form, as I have already 'mentioned in my EfTay on Corallines. This name of Sea-Fig has occafioned a miftake in fome late authors, who have confounded it with the Sea-Fig of Count Marfigli, tab. 16. fig. 79. which is a true Sponge. 3. Alcyonium gelatino- ~ , ,. Trr 7 0 J c B Puddinz Weed. 11m. <■* Alcyonium luteum ge- This Alcyonium is of a latinofum poly?norphum. yellowifh color, and of a ge- latinous fubftance. It is found in various irregular forms. Sea ragged Staff. Ellis Corallin. pag. 87. tab. 32. fig. d.D. Alcyonium gelatinofum. Linn. Syfi. Nat. Ed. 1 2. p. 1 295. Fucus gclatinojus. Hudl. Flora Angl. pag. 471. This is found at particular feafons full of minute pa- pillae, which fend forth polypes, and properly comes un- der thisclafs. In the month of Auguft, 1752, there was fo great a quantity of it driven near Sheernefs, in the Ifle of Sheppey, as to clog the fifhermen's nets, and interrupt their fifhing. 4. Alcyonium A L C Y O N I U M; 177 4. Alcyonium SchlofTeri. Scblojfers Alcyonium. Alcyonium camofum This confifts of a lead-co- lividum afterifcis luteis, lored flefhy fubftance, adorned radiis obtujis^ omatum. with yellow ftars, that have obtufe rays. Uva mari?ia. Rondelet. hift. aquatil. 2. pag. 130. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 49. pag. 449. tab. 14. Borlafe Nat. Hill, of Cornwall, pag. 254. tab. 25. fig. 1—4. This moft curious fea produ&ion grows on fucus's and ftones on the coaft of Cornwall and Wales. We have but an imperfect figure and account of it in Rondeletius ; but my worthy friend the late Dr. SchlofTer has given us a very good figure and defcription of it in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions. The Rev. Dr. William Borlafe, in his Natural Hiftory of Cornwall, haslikewife given us a figure of two kinds ; one with a hole at each end of the rays, befides the central hole in the epidermis ; and one with only one hole in each ray, and that on the broad part, which he takes to be the fame with Dr. Schloffer's; but I find that the two kinds, mentioned by Dr. Borlafe, are one and the fame animal, and this appears very clearly from a fpecimen fentmefrom North Wales, by my inge- nious friend Thomas Pennant, Efq. where the ftars on it anfwer to both kinds ; for fome of the rays have only one hole, which is on the obtufe end, but the greater!: num- ber of the ftars have a fmall hole at the narrow end of the rays which turns up, befides the hole on the broad part : ■fometimes thefe holes at the fmall end join all together in a circle, and the opening of the outward fkin, or A a epidermis, 178 A L C Y O N I U M. epidermis, exa&ly covers them, as in the magnified figure at C. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 49. tab. 14. It appears from Dr. Borlafe's account, that though there were fibres fuppofed to move in the great hole in the center, yet that the holes on the broad part of the rays were the mouths of the animal. From Dr. SchlofTer'a defcription it appears as if there were little fibres moving both in the holes on the broad part of the rays, which holes he likewife takes to be the mouths of the animal, and alfo fibres in the great opening of the epidermis in the center, which opening he obferved to expand and con- trad: at particular times with great alertnefs and velocity. The number of rays in thefe ftars is from five to twelve; eight is the moft common number. From the obfervations which I have already made on this fubftance in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 49. pag. 454. they don't appear to me to be polypes extend- ing from ftarry openings on the furface, and confequently not to anfwer the character of an Alcyonium, but to be formed at different times with additional rays,, which we may perceive endeavouring to thruft their pointed part towards the opening of the epidermis in the center, and unite with the reft ; befides, the whole in- termediate flefhy part is full of roundifh bodies adhering to fibres, which as they approach the furface appear more pear-fhaped, but lower down they are fmaller and of a globular form : thefe all feem to be the young begin- nings of future rays. In order to examine this fubftance more particularly, I have lately difiected feveral of thefe obtufe rays, which viewed fideways and feparately, have the appearance of a ftomach. In the infide of thefe, which was full of (ruga?) wrinkles, I perceived fmall eggs and a loofe fubftance, as if the food digefted. There is fome thing A L C Y O N I U M. 179 fomething lingular in the contraction and dilatation of the opening of the outward fkin over the holes at the fmaller end of the rays. We cannot confider this as a mouth, when at the fame time it is agreed that the holes on the broad end of the rays are mouths ; fo that the ufe of this central hole muft be left to future obfervation, when it is fufpe&ed it will be found to be a new genus. c. Alcyonium mammil- A1 . .,,.,_, „ \ r Alcyonium with little feats. * AB- '■ loiuim y Fig. 4.51 Alcyonium albidum co~ This whitifn leather-like riaceum,mamillis co?ivexis: Alcyonium is fpread over centro cavo fubJiellatO) co- rocks, with many convex teat- adunatis. like figures, hollow in the middle, with a faint ftar-like appearance, and united clofe together. Tab. 1. Fig. 4. 5. Lapidis AJirottidis Jive ftellaris frimordia. Sloane Hi ft. Jam. Vol. 1. tab. 21. fig. 1. 2. 3. Sir Hans Sloane, who has given a figure of this and the following Alcyonium in his Hiftory of Jamaica, takes it to be the beginning of the Aftroite Coral : but the foft- nefs of the fubftance, of which it is compofed, (hews it to be of a different genus. The Weft-India iflands afford us feveral varieties of this kind. Each mamilla, or cell, has a polype within it, adhering to its bafe by twelve fila- ments, which anfwerto as many tentacula when they ex- tend themfelves. Fig. 4. is the natural fize of a piece of this Alcyonium ; fig. 5. is the figure of. two cells opened perpendicularly to A a 2 mew 1 8a ALCYONIUM, fhew the polypes as they are fixt in them and contracted ; fig. 7. reprefents one of the Polypes taken out of the Alcyonium digitatum, with its tentacula extended, to fhevv how each anfwers to its filament at the bottom, and gives us an idea of thefe when they open their cells and extend themfelves... Jab. 1. 6. Alcyonium ocellatum. Fig. 6. J Alcyonium ferragi- neum coriaceuj/i, cellidis fubcylindricis rugojis, api- cibus radiatis ct ocellaiis. y. Alcyonium with little Eyes. This coriaceous iron - co- lored Alcyonium has many wrinkledcylindrical cells unit- ed together; their tops are radiated, and each has the ap- pearance of an eye in the center. Tab. 1. Fig. 6. This is one of Sir Hans Sloane's firft beginning of the Aftroite Corals. Specimens of this and the former are in the Britifli Mufeum. I have received fome fpecimens of this preferved in fpirits from Mr. Greg, from Dominica ; they are of a tough vifcid nature, and appear to have fome fine fand inixt in their texture. They fpread over rocks with a iingle fuperficies of cells, as the Fluftra does on fucus's and fhells, but never rife into branched figures that I have yet fee.n. They have twelve rays. 7. Alcyonium tuberofum. 'Tuberous Alcyo?iium-. Alcyonium fiavefcens This yellowifh Alcyonium. iubercfum, apkibus Jeepe is full of knobs, many or JubdivifiS) , A L C Y O N I U M. 181 fitbdivifiS) ports tubulojis which are a little divided at cotifertis. top ; the whole is covered over with tubulous pores,, fet very clofe tog-ether. The fubftance of this Alcyonium, now it is dry, is more friable than leather, and not unlike the dried flefh of moft of the Gorgonias. It is two* inches and a half long, and one inch and a half high ; it feems to have ad- hered to a rock. It was found on the coaft of the Ifland of Mauritius, and prefented to me by my worthy friend^ Dr. John Fothergill. 8. Alcyonium gorgo— „ 7.r _, nnirlpc LrOrgO?l-ltke AlcyOfllUm. Tab 9. noiues. Fig. 1. 2. Alcyonium cinereum This Alcyonium is of an arenofo-car?iojum cellulis aih-color, and of a fiefhy fub- radiatis verruciformibus. fiance mixt with land, having radiated wart-fhaped cells. Tab. 9. Fig. i. 2. The cells of this Alcyonium are much fmaller than thofe of the A. mamillofum or A. ocellatum beforemen- tioned, but are compofed of the fame number of rays, that is, twelve to each cell. It is often found incrufting; rocks and corals ; and in the fpecimen here figured, it is incrufting the Sertularia frutefcens. I received this fpe- cimen from Dr. Pallas, who fent it to me to convince me that he had found a new Sertularia, which united the Ser- tularias with the Gorgonias, and gives it the name of Ser- tularia Gorgoniain his book on Zoophytes, pag. 158. It was brought from Curaflba, in the Weft Indies. At iS2 S P O N G I A. At fig. 2. is a magnified part of the ftem of the Sertu- laria, with fome of the wart-fhaped cells of the Alcyo- nium upon it. XVI. SPONGIA. SPONGE Animal Jixum, flexile^ Is an animal that is fixt, polymorphum, torpidijfi- flexible, and very torpid, mum^ contextum vel e Ji- growing in a variety ol forms, bris reticulatisy vel e fpi- compofed either of reticulated nulisy gelatina viva vef- fibres, or maffes of fmall fpines titis ; interwoven together, which are clothed with a living gela- tinous fleffi full of fmall OtcvXis feu foraminibus mouths or holes on its furface, fuperficiei aquam re/pi- by which it fucks in and rans. throws out the water. As to the nature and formation of Sponges, I mall re- fer the reader to my letter on this fubject, addreffed to Doctor Solander, publimed in the Philofophical Tranfac- tions, Vol. 55. p. 280. I fhall only add, that the tex- ture of them is very different in different fpecies ; fome being compofed wholly of interwoven reticulated fibres, when others are compofed of little maffes of ftrait fibres of different fizes, from the moft minute fpiculas to ftrong elaftic mining fpines, like fmall needles of one-third of an inch long; befides thefe, there is an intermediate fort between the reticulated and the finer fafciculated kinds, which feem to partake of both forts. But I muff obferve here, that thofe that are compofed of the ftronger and larger bundles of elaftic fibres, like needles, S P O N G I A. 183 needles, though they have been reckoned Alcyoniums by mort, authors, yet in my opinion it appears, from the ac- curate descriptions given us of thefe bodies, both by Count Marfigli and Dr. Donati, who had feen and examined them alive in fea-water, and who could never difcover any polype fuckers extending out of their pores, that they mould not be reckoned among the Alcyoniums ; for thefe polype fuckers are the diftinguiming character of that genus, as much as the pores without the polypes in thefe elaftic fibrous bodies, is the character of the Sponges. Thefe are the Alcyonium Lyncurium and Alcyonium Cy- donium of Linn. Syft. pag. 1295. The Alcyonium Burfa Linn, alfo appears from the defcription given of it by Rondeletius to be one of the fame kind. This is faid by- Mr. Ray to be found on our coafts, but I have never yet met with it. Count Marfigli calls it Aurantium Mari- num, and fays it appeared to have life in it, when he cut a piece of it with his fciffars. That the furface was co- vered with a great number of glands that tranfmitted the water from the outride to the infide, which was crofTed by a number of fine threads mining like filver -y but he makes no mention of any polypes on the furface. 1. Spongia officinalis. Common Sponge. Spongia mult if ormiste- This Sponge is found in a nax porojiffwia lobata to- variety of forms ; it is elaftic, mentofa. very full of holes ; it grows into lobes, and is of a woolly confiftence. Common officinal Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 5$. p. 288, tab. 10. fig. D. E. Spongia officinalis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1298. This 184 S P O N G I A. This Sponge generally adheres to rocks by a very broad bafe. It is often found inclofing fmall ftones and fhells. Variety of marine animals pierce and gnaw it into irregu- lar winding cavities ; thefe appear on the outride by large holes raifed higher than the reft ; it varies in color from a pale to a deep yellow, and likewife in the confiftence of the fibres. When we cut it perpendicularly, we find the internal part confifting of fmall tubes, which divide into branches as they approach the furiace. Thefe tubes, which are compofed of reticulated fibres, extend them- felves every way, by this means increafing the furface or the Sponge, and ending on the outfide in an infinite num- ber ol fmall circular holes, which are the proper mouths of the animal : each of theie holes is furrounded by a few erect pointed fibres, which appear as if wove in the form of little fpines. Thefe tubes, with their ramifications, in the living ftate of the Sponge, are clothed with a gela- tinous fubftance properly called the flefh of the animal. This the fifhermen, as loon as they are brought on more, are obliged to fqueeze out and wafhthe Sponge cieanK to -prevent its growing putrid. When they are hrft taken out of the fea they have a ftrong limy fmell, and when the Sponge is burnt, the Imell foon difcovers its animal nature. This kind, of which there are many varieties, is chiefly collected about the iilands in the Archipelago, in the Mediterranean Sea, where it is a conliderable article of commerce. 2. Spongia oculata. Branched EngliJ/j Sponge, Spongia ramofijjima This Sponge is delicately mollis, ramis comprejjiuf- foft, and very much branched ; cults afcenddutibus J&pe the branches are a very little conJiuentibuS) S P O N G I A. 185 confluentibuS) poris pro- compreffed, and grow erect, minulis bifarie difpofetis. often uniting together ; they have rows of cells on each margin that project a little. Branched Englifli Sponge. Ellis Corallin. pag. 80. tab. 32. fig. f. F. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 288. tab. 10. fig. B. Spongia oculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1298. This Sponge is of a pale yellow color, and grows from five to ten inches high ; it is often dichotomous, and the branches end obtufely. The fibres are reticulated, and the gelatinous part or flefh is fo tender, that when it is taken out of the water it foon dries away. It is found very common all round the fea coafts of thefe kingdoms. 3. Spongia muricata. Shagg Sponge. Spongia Jlirpe fuberofd The fubftance of the ftem ramofd, ramis cylindricis of this Sponge is like cork, fafciculis villojis undique- and branched ; the branches muricatis. are cylindrical, and furrounded on all fides with obtufe little fhaggy tufts. Branched tuberciriated Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 288. tab. n. fig. F. Spongia muricata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 1 2. pag. 1298. This curious Sponge was fent from our fadlory at Cape Coaft Caftle on the coaft of Africa, where it grows in plenty on the rocks. B b 4. Spongia 186 S P O N G I : A. 4. Spongia criftata. CocK s-Comb Sponge. Spongia plana com- This Sponge is fiat, erect, prejfa ereSia mollis, poris and tender, growing in the prominulis f up erne feria- fhape or cocks-combs, with t-im difpofilis. rows of little holes along the tops, which project a little. CocK s-Comb Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 288. tab. 11. fig. G. This Sponge grows on the rocks to the eafiward of Haftings, in Surfex, and may be eafily difcovered at low water. The common fize of it is about three inches long, and two inches high ; but this varies much in dif- ferent fpecimens. It is of a yellowiih color, and was found many together growing parallel to each other. When it was taken out of the fea and put into a glafs veffel of fea-water, I perceived it to fuck in and fquirt out the water through the rows of holes or little mouths along the tops, giving evident figns of life. 5. Spongia ftupofa. Tow Sponge. Spongia ramofa teres Sponge with round branches, Jlupofa at que villofa. foft like tow, and covered with fine pointed hairs. Downy branched Rnglijh Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol.55, pag. 288. tab. 10. fig. C. This little Sponge is of a pale yellow color, and about three inches high. It was found thrown on the fhore at Hailings, in Suffcx. 6. Spongia S P O N G I A. 187 6. Spongia dichotoma. Dichotomous Sponge. Spongia ramofa tenax. Stiff, branched Sponge, with ramis dichotomis ereclis round, upright, elafticbranches, teretibus fuberofs fubvil- covered with minute hairs. lofis. Dichotomous branched Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 289. tab. 11. fig. I. Spongia dichotoma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1299. This was found on the coaft of Norway, and grows to five or fix inches high ; it is of a pale yellow color, and full of very minute pores. 7. Spongia urens. Stinging Sponge. Spongia multiformis pa- This Sponge is of many rofa, fpinulis intertexta^ forms, full of pores, very brit- tenerrima mollis. , tie and foft, and interwoven with the minuteft fpines. Sponge like Crumb of Bread. Ellis Corallin. pag. 80. tab. 16. fig. d. di. Di. Phil. Tranf. Vol.55. Pag- 2^' tab. 10. fig. A. Spongia foment of a. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1299. The fpecimens, which I have met with of this Sponge, are full oi papilla?, or fmall protuberances, with a hole in each, from whence they fuck in and throw out the wa- ter, as through fo many mouths. It is very common on the Britim coafl, and is frequently found furrounding fucus's. It is alfo found on the coaft of Africa, and in the Eaft Indies. When it is frefh taken out of the fea, it is of a bright orange color, and full of gelatinous flefli ; B b 2 but /88 S P O N G I A. but when it has lain for fome time dry on the fhore, it becomes whitifh and very light, and has the appearance, when it is broke, of the crumb or foft part of bread. If it is examined with a common magnified glals, we find it compofed of an infinite number of minute fpines, which if rubbed on the flefri will raife blifters like cow- itch. It is remarked, that if it is dried in an oven this peculiar property of flinging is much increafed, efpecially that variety of it which is found on the fea coaft of North America. 8. Spongia Ventilabrum. Fa?i Sponge. Spongia Jlabelliformis This Sponge is fhaped like jlupofci) vents lignofis re- a fan, of a tow-like fubftance, ticulatis^ obteSiis ports with woody reticulated veins, favigineis. which are covered with pores like a honeycomb. Sea-Fan Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 289. tab. 11. fig. H. Spongia Ventilabra. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1296. The fize of the fpecimen, which I received from Sta- vanger on the coaft of Norway, is but fix inches high and five broad ; but there are much larger found on that coaft. It has the exact refemblance of a fmali Fan Gor- gonia, only the pores are of angular fhapes, and of a fpongy nature ; fo that, as Dr. Linnaeus remarks, it looks like a Gorgonia covered with a Sponge. TAB.58. g. Spongia tubulofa. Pipy Sponge. Spongia tubulofa ra- This Sponge is full of tubes; mofa tenaX) tubulis fe- it is branched and elaftic ; cundis S • P O N G I A. 189 cundis arre&lsy apicibus the tubes come out on one fide attenuates. of the ftem ; they are erect, and grow flender at the tops. Tab. 58. Fig. 7. Spongia tubuhfa. Linn. Syfl. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1297. This Sponge grows from four to fix inches high ; it is hollow through the whole infide. The reticulations on the furface are firm and elaftic ; it is of a deep yellow co- lor, inclining to an orange. It was brought Irom Bata- via by William Webber, Efq. F. R. S. 10. Spongia palmata. Palmated Sbonge. Tab.^s, V a A ' 6 Fig. 6. Spongia palmata : di- This Sponge is like a hand gifts apice fubdivijisy po- with fingers, which are a lit- . ris prominulis inordinate tie divided at the top ; the difpojitis. mouths are a little prominent, and irregularly difpofed on the furface. Tab. 58. Fig. 6. This Sponge was found on the fea beach at Brighthelm- ftone, in Suffex. It is of a reddifh color inclining to yel- low, and of the fame foft woolly texture with the com- mon Englifh Branched Sponge, or Spongia oculata. 11. Spongia prolifera. Proliferous Sponge. Tab. 58.. Fig. 5. Spongia multoties ra~ This Sponge grows feveral mofo-palmata: digitis di- times branched, one above an- fiintlis. other, in the form of hands, ending; in diflincl fino-ers. Tab. 58. Fig. 5. I received 190 S P O N G I A. I received a large mafs of this Sponge from New Jer- &y ; it grows in great bunches on that coaft, but is not above five or fix inches high. The pores are very fmall and numerous ; the infide is compofed of hard wiry reti- culations, and the outfide is full of minute fpines. Tab. 58. 12. Spongia botryoides. Grape Sponge. Fig. 1-4 [ a J r r 6 Spongiatenenerrimara- This Sponge is very tender, moja quafe racemofa : ra- and branched, as if in bunches ; cemis cavis uviformibiis, the bunches are hollow, in the apicibus apertis. fhape of grapes, and each is open at top. Tab. 58. Fig. i — 4. This beautiful little Sponge is of a bright ihining white color. The bunches are made up of oblong oval figures, open at the end ; thefe openings feem to be the mouths of the animal, to fuck in and throw out the water. When the fur face is highly magnified, it feems covered with lit- tle maiTes of triple equidiflant fhining fpines, as repre- fented at fig. 4. This was found, among many other fea production?, in the harbour near Emfworth, between SulTex and Hamp- fhire. TAB.58. 13. Spongia coronata. Coronet Sponge. Fig. 8. 9. Spongia Jtmplex tubu- This minute fingle tube- lofa minima^ apice fpinu- like fponge is furrounded at lis radiatis coronata. top by a crown of little fpines. Tab. 58. Fig. 8. 9. This S P O N G I A. 191 This little Sponge, when magnified, is covered all over with little rifing points ; it is hollow and open at the top : the rays that compofe the little crown are of a bright mining pearl color ; the body is of a pale yel- low. It was found with the foregoing in the harbour of Emfworth. EXLPLA- [ J92 ] Explanation of the Plates. Tab. i. Fig. i. Actinia fociata, pag. 5. n. 5. A. one of the heads expanding its claws. B. a younger one proceeding from the end of the tube. Fig. 2. one of the animals differed longitudinally to fhew the infi.de magnified. Fig. 3. Actinia Calendula, pag. 7. n. 10. Fig. 4. Alcyonium mammillolum, pag. 179. n. 5. Fig. 5. two cells of the fame magnified and difTected longitudinally to fhew the polypes contracted. Fig. 6. Alcyonium ocellatum, pag. 180. n. 6. Fig. 7. One ol the Polypes of Alcyonium digitatum, pag. 175. 71. 1. with its tentacula extended. Tab. 2. Fig. 1. Gorgonia ceratophyta diverted of its flefh. This affords an inftance of its bone growing over and furrounding one of its former branches, and afterwards covering, as at A. fome Tree Oy- flers that have adhered to the firft branch. Fig. 2. a quarter of a horizontal fection of it. Fig. 3. the fame magnified, to fhew the different layers of its growth. Fig. 4. An old ftem of Gorgonia verticillata, with fcaly layers, fliining and hard, like mother of pearl. Fig. 5. EXPLANATION, k 193 ig. 5. the top of it magnified. Fig. 6. A piece of red Saunders (Lignum Santalum) from the Earl Indies. Fig. 7. the fame magnified, to fhew the utricular vef- fels interwoven with the longitudinal tubes. Fig. 8. Fluftra foliacea, pag. 12. n. 2. a little magnified. Tab. 3. Fig. 1. Ifis Hippuris, pag. 105. n. 2. A. the bone covered with the flefh, full of the cells from whence the polypes are extended. Fig. 2. a longitudinal faction magnified, fhewing the bone furrounded by the flefh, and the polypes contracted in their cells. Fig. 3. the flefh feparated from the bone, to mew the tubes with the holes in them, that fupply the bony part with increafe. Fig. 4. the crofs feclion fhewing the white bone in the center with the tubes furroundins it, and the polypes in their cells on the margin : the in- termediate flefh is full of organical parts, that ferve to receive nourifhment from the mouths, as well as to give them the power of extend- ing their arms in fearch of it. Fig. 5. one of the polypes contracted ; magnified. Fig. 6. Fluftra carbafea, pag. 14. ?i. 5. Fig. 7. the fame magnified. Tab. 4. Fig. a. Fluftra verticillata, pag. 15. n. 7. Fig. A. the fame highly magnified. Fig. b. Fluftra bombycina, pag. 14. n. 6. C c Fig. B. io4 EXPLANATION OF Fig. B F F F F F F F •p j. F one of the leaves magnified, to mew the difpo- fition of the cells that compofe it, with their entrances. g. B i . the back view of the fame leaf magnified. g. c. c i. Cellaria Flabellum, p'ag. 28. n. 16. g. C. the back-part of the cells magnified. g. C 1. the fore-part of the fame magnified. g. d. Cellaria cirrata, pag. 29. n. 17. g. D. the back-part of the cells magnified. g. D 1. the fore-part of the fame magnified. g. e. f. Sertularia volubilis, pag. 51. n. 22. g. F. the fame magnified, with its ovaries at E. Fig. a. Fig. A. Fig. b. Fig. B. Fig. C. Fig. D. Fig. E. Fig. g- Fig. G Tab. 5. Cellaria tulipifera, pag. 27. ». 15. growing on a Fucus (H.) the fame magnified. Cellaria cereoides, pag. 26. ;/. 14. fome of the joints magnified, to mew the fhape of the cells, fome of the joints fupported in the middle by a tube, from whence the cells grow down- wards, as well as upwards, the crofs fection of a joint, to mew the con- nexion of the cells, the perpendicular fection, to (hew the difpoil- tion of the cells. Sertularia quadridentata, pag. 57. n. 33. adhering to the Fucus lendigerus Linn. (F.) the fame magnified. Tab- THE PLATES. 195 Tab. 6. •Fig. a. Sertularia frutefcens, pag. 55. n. 29. Fig. A. the branches magnified, to fhew the denticles. A 1. the ftem compofed of many tubes. Fig. b. Sertularia Pinafter, pag. 55. n. 30. Fig. B. part of the ftem and branches magnified. B 1. the ovaries. Fig. c. Sertularia Filicula, pag. 57. n. 32. Fig. C. part of the ftem and branches magnified. C 1. the ovaries. Tab. 7. Fig. 1. Sertularia Pennatula, pag. 56. n. 31. Fig. 2. a piece of the fame magnified. Fig. 3. Sertularia muricata, pag. 59. n. 36. Fig. 4. the fame magnified, to mew the ovaries full of fharp points. Fig. 5. Corallina Peniculum, pag. 127. n. 36. Fig. 6. one magnified. Fig. 7. the top of the young tube, fhewing how the branches rife out of the head of it. Fig. 8. one of the branches highly magnified, to mew the pores on the calcareous furface. Fig. 9. The fuppofed Corallina terreftris ; fee pag. 127. Fig. 10. the fame magnified. a. a. a. a. a. fuppofed fructification, higher magnified at b. b. b. b. b. Tab. 8. Fig. 1. 2. Pennatula argentea, pag. 66. ?i. 9. Fig. 3. one of the fins extended. Fig. 4. Holothuria tremula, Linn. Syft. Nat. 1090. C c 2 Fig. 5. 196 E X P L A N A T I O N OF Fig. 5. one of the fuckers that furround the head, magnified. Fig. 6. A lea-animal found near the iilands of Grenades. Tab. 9. Fig. 1. Sertularia frutefcens furrounded by the Alcyoniurn gorgonoides, pag. 181. 71. S. Fig. 2. the fame magnified. Fig. 3. 4. The bone of the ftem of Ifis Hippuris fawed afunder, to fhew the infide growth. Fig. 5. The infide of the Gorgonia ceratopliyta, to fhew that the medulla is ftopt at each branch by a feptum. Fig. 6. the fame magnified, to fhew the figure of the medulla. Fig. 7. The infide of a fprig of a lime-tree, to fhew that the medulla is continued. Fig. 8. the fame magnified, to fhew the figure of the medulla. Tab. 10. Gorgonia Umbraculum, pag. 80. n. 1. Tab. 11. Gorgonia flammea, pag. 80. ?i. 2. Tab. 12. Fig. 1. Gorgonia viminalis, pag. 82. n. 5. Fig. 2. Gorgonia ceratophyta, pag. 81. n. 4. Fig. 3. one of the Polypes magnified. Fig. 4. A piece of Millepora ca^rulea, pag. 142. 71. 20. Fig, 5. Ifis coccinea, pag. 107. 71. 3. Tab. T H E P L A T E S. 197 Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Gorgonia lepadifera, pag.84.. n. 8. Fig. 2. the cell of one of the polypes, covered with fcales, magnified. Fig. 3. Gorgonia pretiofa, pag. 90. n. 16. At the bafe, where it adheres to the rock, the flefti is taken oii, to (hew the form of the bone. Fig. 4. a fpecimen fent from Dr. Donati in fpirits ; magnified. Fig. 5. Madrepora axillaris, pag. 153. ?i. n. Tab. 14. Fig. r. Gorgonia Briareus, pag. 93. ?z. 20. Fig. 2. the fpiculs or which the bone is compofed ;. magnified. Fig. 3. Gorgonia pinnata, pag. 87. n. ir. Tab. 15. Fig. 1. Gorgonia exferta, pag. 87. n. 12. Fig. 2. one of the polypes magnified. Fig. 3. Gorgonia patula, pag. 88. n. 13. Fig. 4. a piece of the fame magnified. Fig. 5. Lepas dorfalis^ tefla quinquevalvi corpus tegente ball fquamofa, valvulis lateralibus lawibus ; dorfali rotundata tranfverfim rugofa, flipite fquamulofo. From the Mufquito fhore. Fig. 6. Lepas fafcicularis, tefta quinquevalvi laevi corpus tegente, valvula dorfali bafi dilatata angulo acuto prominente, flipite nudo. From St. George's Channel. Fig. 7. jqS EXPLANATION OF Fig. 7. 8. Balanus clavatus, tefta elongata clava ori- ficio dilatato hiante. From Newfoundland. Fig. 9. 10. Clio Umacina^ nuda, corpore obconico. Phippss Voyage upwards the North Pole, Pag- *95- From Newfoundland. Tab. 16. Gorgonia abietina, pag. 95. n. 22. Tab. 17. Gorgonia reticulata. Tab. 18. No explanation of this plate was found in Mr, Ellis's papers. Tab. 19. Fig. 1. Antipath.es fpiralis, pag. 99. n.i. Fig. 2. the fize of the little warts that are on the furf ace, ^'g' 3- tne fame foaked in water. Fig. 4. 5. the fame highly magnified. Fig. 6. the crofs feclion magnified. Fig. 7. Antipathes Ulex, pag. 100. n. 2. Fig. 8. a piece of it magnified. Fig. 9. Antipathes fubpinnata, pag. 101. n. 3. Fig. 10. a fmall fprig magnified. Fig 11. Antipathes myriophylla, pag. 102. ?i. 4. Fig. 12. a fmall fprig magnified, Tab. THE PLATES, 199 Tab. 20. Fig. a. Corallina tridens, fag. 109. n. 1. Fig. b. Corallina Opuntia, fag. no. n. 2. Fig. c. Coraliina Monile, fag. no. n. 3. Fig. d. Corallina incraflata, fag. in. #.4. Fig. d 1. a fingle joint of it. Fie. D 1. the fame magnified. Fig. d 2. the infide. Fie. D 2. the fame magnified, to fhew the branched fibres that end in cells on the furface. Fig. d 3. the crofs fe&ion of the joint. Fig. D 3. the fame magnified, to fhew the growth of the trumpet-like cells. Fig. D 4. part of the furface highly magnified, to fhew the cavities of fome of the cells, and fome of* their covers cracked. Fig. D 5. one of the polypes out of the cell. Fig. D 6. the furface of the Coralline, where the covers to the cells are intire. Fig. e. Corallina Tuna, fag. in. n. 5. Tab. 21. Fig. a. Corallina palmata, fag. 118. n. 20. Fig. A. part of the fame magnified. Fig. b. Corallina fubulata, fag. 119. n. 23. Fig. B. part of the fame magnified. Fig. c. Corallina granifera, fag. 120. n. 24. Fig. C. part of the fame magnified. Fig. d. Corallina fragilifllma, fag. 123. n. 29. Fig. e. Corallina Tribulus, fag. 124. n. 31. Fig. f. Corallina cufpidata, fag. 124. ?i. 30. Fig. g. Corallina lapidefcens, fag. 112. n. 8. 2oo EXPLANATION OF Fig. h. Corallina Rofarium, pag. in. n. 6. Fig. H. two joints magnified, the upper to fhew the form and difpofition of the cells, and the lower the calcareous part broken open, to fhew the inner great tube, with the branches of cells coming from it, that pafs through the calcareous part, ending like trumpets on the fur face. Fig. H 3. one of the branches highly magnified, to mew the figure of the cells, and ovary between them. Fig. H 2. the ovary. Fig. H 1. one of the eggs. Tab. 22. Fig. 1. Corallina oblongata, pag. 114. n. 10. Fig. 2. Corallina obtufata, pag. 113. ?i. 9. Fig. 3. Corallina rugofa, pag, 115. n. 13. Fig. 4. Corallina cylindrica, pag. 114. ?i. 11. Fig. 5. Corallina fruticulofa, pag. 116. ti. 16. Fig. 6. Corallina marginata, pag. 1 15. //. 12. Fig. 7. Corallina indurata, pag. 116. /;. 15. Fig. 8. Corallina lichenoides, pag. lib. ?i. J4. Fig. 9. Corallina lapidefcens, pag. 112. n. 8. Tab. 23. Fig. 1. Millepora truncata, pag. i<\.i. n. 18. Fig. 2. the top of a branch magnified. Fig. 3. a perpendicular fection. Fig. 4. a horizontal fection. Fig. 5. one of the polypes in its cell. Fig. 6. another view of a polype coming out of its cell. Fig. 7. THE PLATES, Fig. 7. the operculum raifed up. Fig. 8. the operculum clofing the cell. Fig. 9. Millepora decuffata, pag. 131. n. 3. Fig. 10. Millepora lichenoides, pag. 131. n. 4. Fig. 11. a fmall piece of it broken ofT. Fig. 12. the fame magnified, to fhew the ranges of the cells, as they are difpofed over one another. Fig. 13. Millepora calcarea, pag. 129. n. 1. ' Fig. 14. Corallina officinalis, pag. 118. ». 21. Fig. 15. a joint cut through the middle, and magnified, to fhew that the cells are nearly alike to thofe of the three foregoing fpecies of Millepores. Tab. 24. Fig. A. Corallina Flabellum, pag. 124. n. 32. initsfirft ftate. Fig. B. the fame with three feries of increafe, as in the fliells of Oyfters, &c. Fig. C. the fame much farther advanced, when it be- gins to divide into lobes, which fold over each other. Fig. D. the fame beginning to branch from the flenu Tae. 25. Fig. 1. Corallina Peniculum,^rg\ 127. n. 36. full growih Fig. 2. Corallina Phoenix, pag. 126. n. 34. Fig. 3. one of the branches magnified. Fig. 4. Corallina Penicillus, pag. 126. n. 35. Fig. 5. a variety of the fame, with larger branches. Fig. 6. one of the branches magnified. Fig. 7. Corallina conglutinata, pag. 125. n. 33. D d Tab, 2CI 202 EXPLANATION OF Tab. 26. No explanation of this plate was found in Mr. El- lis's papers. Tab. 27. Tubipora mufica, pag. 144. Tab. 28. Fig. 1 — 4. Madrepora Patella, pag. 148. n. 1. Fig. 5. 6. Madrepora Fungites, />#§-. 149. n. 2. Fig. 7. Madrepora Cyathus, pag. 150. «. 3. Tab. 29. Madrepora Anthophyllites, /><3g". 151. n. 4. Tab. 30. Fig. 1. Madrepora fafcicularis, />og\ 151. n. 5. Fig. 2. a piece of it magnified. •£>• -■ ~ r—- w- -- *^&* Tab. 31. Fig. i. Madrepora feriata, pag. 171. ». 75; Fig. 2. a piece of it magnified. Fig. 3. Madrepora criftata, pag. 158. n. 27. Fig. 4. a piece of it magnified. Fig. 5. Madrepora flexuofa, pag. 151. ». 6. Fig. 6. a piece of it magnified. Tab. 32. No explanation of this plate was found. Fig. 3 — 8. are copied from the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 47. tab. 4. Tab. THE PLATES. 203 Tab. 33. Madrepora faftigiata, fag. 152. n. 8. Tab. 34. Madrepora angulofa y. pag. 152. n. 9. Tab. 35. Madrepora Carduus, pag. 153. #. 10. Tab. 36. Madrepora virginea, fag. 154. »• 1-3. Tab. 37. Madrepora hirtella, pag. 155. #. 16. Tab. 38. Madrepora ramea, pag. 155. «. 17. Tab. 39. Madrepora afpera, £#g\ 156. #. 2r. Tab. 40. Madrepora undata,. pag. 157. ^.23. Tab. 41. Fig. 1. 2. Madrepora ampliata, fag. 157. n. 24.' Tab. 42. Madrepora cucullata, fag. 157. ;/. 25. D d 2 Tab. 2c4 EXPLANATION OF Tab. 43. Madrepora cinerafcens, pag. 157. n. 26. Tab. 44. Madrepora Laduca, pag. 158. 77. 28. Tab. 45. Madrepora Pileus, pag. 159. n. 31. Tab. 46. Fig. 1. 2. Madrepora dasdalea, pag. 163. «. 43. Fig. 3. 4. Madrepora labyrinthica, pag. 160. 7/^34. Tab. 47. Fig. 1. Madrepora pontes, pag. 172. 72.77. Fig. 4. 5. Madrepora areolata, ^>#§*. 168. 77.66. Fig. 3. Madrepora exefa, ^/g-. 161. n. 38. Tab. 50. Fig. r. Madrepora favofa, /><2g\ 167. 77. 61. Fig. 2. Madrepora abdita, pag. 162. », 39. Tab. THE PLATES. Tab. 51. Madrepora gyrofa, fag. 163. n. 44. Tab. 52. Fig. 1. Madrepora foliofa, fag. 164. n, 50. Fig. 2. a piece of it magnified. Tab. 53. Fig. 1. 2. Madrepora annularis, fag. 169. zz. 69. Fig. 3. 4. Madrepora ftellulata, fag. 165. ;z. 52. Fig. 5. 6. Madrepora faveolata, />:n Bgf*.? 5A I :m m L*2£V //>/. /. J'JKbvK Tad. ,; Jl^/vCU,' Ta/>. '/'<>/:;. l,CV \*fr 1 1 1< b, >> ■ r-» i^fsA y ^^M?V^ I r'Jk" **&. m ^s Ta#. (j. Tm. W. 7ht. /?. gxM*^-- Tab, i3. Tal. /4. ^t^tu.i Ta%. fS. Vr, , : - - \ 10 7 '8 Cfor-^yvV' TsMtfa Tal. /6. Tat. 77. Tafi. /.v. Tt ■'> 9 Oct- Tal. '20. 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