' >4 T OUW-/ V 1 ,«-s..f/l Date Due "' 'iSsr ■ >,^vA' • NO^ i^^^ HFH 1 im- -OK '9 ^ Ut-v ■■ '<<• N0V?9 3W SC (|Af n ;c n \CS Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2009 witii funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/naturalhistoryofOOfaul "DUTCH CHURCH," SCARBOROUGH HEIGHTS. Pholo by A.. V. Coleman. TheNatural History of the Toronto Region ONTARIO, CANADA ' EDITED BY Jr H. FAULL, B.A., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Botany, University of Toronto TORONTO PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE 1913 Copyright, Canada, 1913, by J. H. FAULL PRINTED BY WILLIAM BRIGGS TORONTO THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. Councillors Officers for 1913-1914. President - - ■ Frank Aenoldi, K.C. 1st Vice-President - - Peofessor J. C. McLennan, Ph.D. 2nd Vice-President - J. M. Clark, K.C. Hon. Secretary - - J. Patterson, M.A. Eon. Treasurer - - William Scott, M.A. Hon. Librarian - - Professor D. R. Keys, M.A. Hon. Curator - - - J. B. Williams, Esq. Editor ^ . . - George Kennedy, M.A., LL.D. f Professor J. H. Faull, B.A., Ph.D. C. D. Hov.-E, Ph.D. A. B. McCallum, F.R.S. Professor J.Playfair McMxjbbich, M.A., LL.D. W. B. TiNDALL, Esq. ^ J. B. Tyrrell, C.E. Committee for Publication of this Book. A. P. Coleman, Ph.D., F.R.S. J. H. Faull, B.A., Ph.D. A. B. McCallum, F.R.S. William Scott, M.A. R. F. Stupart, F.R.S.C. J. B. Tyrrell, C.E. E. M. Walker, B.A., M.B. J. B. Williams, Esq. The Aims and Objects of the Canadian Institute. 1. The dissemination of useful knowledge by means of a course of popular lectures free to the public. 2. The fostering of public interest in science, art and discovery. 3. The publication of original scientific contributions in the form of the Transactions of the Canadian Institute. 4. The maintenance of a valuable research library of the transactions of learned societies through the medium of the exchange of publications. 3 PREFACE This work has been prepared by the Canadian Institute for the members of the Twelfth Geo- logical Congress and for all who may have an interest in the history and natural history of the city and vicinity. The articles have been generously contri- buted by specialists in their respective fields, and represent more than mere compilations. The maps and illustrations have either been prepared for this book or are reproduced here from original sources by permission. Credit is given in connection with each. To the contributors, the publishers, and to the many friends who have so freely aided with information or advice, the members of the publication committee desire to express their sincere indebtedness. J. B. Tyreell, President. J. H. Faull, Editor. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Toronto : An Historical and Descriptive Sketch. By David Reid Keys, M.A. - 11 II. The Indians who formerly Inhabited or Visited the Site of Toronto. By Alexander Francis Chamberlain, M.A., Ph.D. 44 III. Geology of the Toronto Region. By A. P. Coleman, Ph.D., F.R.S. - - 51 IV. The Climate of Toronto. By R. F. Stupart, F.R.S.C. 82 V. Life Zones. By C. D. Howe, Ph.D. - 91 VI. The Seed Plants of Toronto and Vicinity. By Principal William Scott - - - 100 VII. Ferns and Fern Allies. By T. J. Ivey, M.A. 141 VIII. Mosses and Liverworts. By G. H. Graham, M.A. 150 IX. Mushrooms and Other Fungi. By Thomas Langton, M.A., LL.B. - - 158 X. The Algae. By J. H. Faull, Ph.D. - 174 XI. Lichens. By J. H. Faull, Ph.D. - - 180 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XII. Mycetozoa, or Slime Moulds. By J. H, FauU, Ph.D. - - - - - - 188 XIII. Insect Galls of the Vicinity of Toronto. By A. Cosens, M. A., Ph.D. - - - 193 XIV. Zoology. Edited by J. Playfair McMurrich 205 XV. Mammals. By James H. Fleming - 206 XVI. Birds. By James H. Fleming - - - 212 XVII. Reptiles. By J. B. Williams, F.Z.S. - 238 XVIII. Amphibia. By W. H. Piersol, B.A., M.B. 242 XIX. Fishes. By C. W. Kash - - - - 249 XX, Invertebrates other than Insects and Mollusks. By A. G. Huntsman, B.A., M.B. - - 272 XXI. MoLLUSCA. By A. D. Robertson, B.A. - 288 XXII. Insects and their Allies. By E. M, Walker, B.A., M.B. . - - - 295 XXIII. Excursions - - -• - - - 404 ILLUSTRATIONS AND^MAPS. PAGE " Dutch Church," Scarborough Heights Frontispiece Map of Toronto and Vicinity - - - - - 51 Edge of Escarpment at Hamilton - - - 61 Fossil Leaves (Interglacial), Don Valley - - 71 Typical Southern Ontario Hardwoods - - - 91 Map — Life Zones of Eastern North America - - 97 Fern Colony, Osmunda Claytoniana - - - 141 Sphagnum Bog Vegetation, Wilcox Lake - - 152 Pond at Swansea - - - - - - -188 Detail Map of the County of York and portions of adjacent Counties of Peel, Hal ton, Simcoe and Ontario ------- Pocket Detail Map of the Counties of Lincoln and Welland, with portions of Halton, Wentworth and Haldi- mand -._---. Pocket Road Map, Toronto and Environs - - - Pocket The Natural History of the Toronto Region CHAPTER I. TORONTO: AN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH By DAVID REID KEYS, M.A., University College, University of Toronto When that genial and versatile geologist, the late IN". S. Shaler, ^vrote the history of his native State, Xentucky, he drew attention to the peculiar position it held among the American commonwealths. Ken- tucky alone, he said, is the child of another common- "wealth, Virginia, and owes the majority of her early inhabitants to the soldiers disbanded at the close of the American revolutionary war. In the same man- ner, and almost to the same extent, the first settlers in Upper Canada, as it was then called, were the loyalist soldiers of the British army, and the other U. E. Loyalists whose devotion to a lost cause led them to prefer expatriation to life under a new flag. To make the parallel still more exact, not a few of these sturdy loyalists came from Virginia and founded some of the first families of our province. 11 XATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOXTO REGIOX The early history of the Jesuit settlements in Ontario, which might find a Kentiickian parallel in tales of " the dark and bloody ground," lie outside our subject, being dealt with by Professor A. F. Chamberlain, the best authority on the Indians of this region, in a special paper. The geological basis for the history of Toronto has also been made the subject of an article by Professor Coleman. In that article it appears that from far distant ages the neighbour- hood of Toronto was distinguished as the embouchure of a great river from the Xorthland, discharging the waters of the vast inland seas of that early era into a lake which was much larger than the present Ontario. Had this river remained to our time Toronto might have been already a second Chicago. But the oldest records say that the site was a well-known Indian trading-post and centre of exchange, one of the most popular etymologies for the name being " a place of meeting," and a place of meetings Toronto has cer- tainly been. Two great trails crossed here, one from the north, the other from the west ; and danger and honour have met more than once at the crossing.* The first reference to Toronto quoted by Dr. Scad- ding in his delightful volume of " Collections and Recollections," is found in a Memoir on the state of affairs in Canada, transmitted to France in 1686 by the Governor of the day, the Marquis de Denonville. Referring to preparations for meeting a hostile ad- * " Send danger from the east unto the west, So honour cross it from the north to south, And let them grapple." — Shakespeare, I Hen. IV, I: Hi. 12 TORONTO: Al^ HISTORICAL SKETCH vance of the English, he writes to the minister de Seignelaj : " M. de la Durantave is collecting people to entrench himself at Michilimaquina and to occupy the other pass which the English may take by Toronto, the other entrance to Lake Huron. In this way our Englishmen will have somebody to speak to. All this cannot be accomplished without considerable expense, but still we must maintain our honour and our prosperity." By the middle of the next century (A.D. 1749) a stockade was erected and a trading post established at Toronto. This measure was in- tended to cut off the Indian trade from the English post which had been established at Oswego, or Choue- guen, as it was then called. The new French fort was named Fort Rouille, after the Colonial minister, and was visited soon after its foundation by the famous " apostle of the Iroquois," the Abbe Picquet. He found the bread and wine good, an opinion which subsequent French visitors have not always shared, but doubted the wisdom of establishing a rival to the trading posts at Forts Frontenac and Xiagara. The 1755 destruction of Oswego at the beginning of the Seven Years' War seems to have led to the abandon- ing of the new trading post, although the name con- tinues to appear occasionally in dispatches. " The Journals of Major Robert Rogers," which were pub- lished in London, A.D. 1765, give an account of the visit he paid to Toronto in September, 1760, in the course of an expedition to take possession of Detroit. After describing the joyful reception and the impor- 13 XATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOX tant information -which the Indians gave him, he con- tinues : " I think Toronto a most convenient place for a factory, and that from thence we may very easily settle the north side of Lake Erie." It is interesting to note an observation of Sir "Wm. Johnson made in 1767 : " I have heard traders of long experience and good circumstances affirm that for the exclusive trade of that place (Toronto), for one season, they would willingly pay £1,000 — so cer- tain were they of a quiet market — from the cheap- ness at which they could afford their goods there. "^ In its early acceptation the name Toronto was applied to all the district lying north as far as Lake Simcoe, and it was also used for that lake on eigh- teenth century maps. During the revolutionary war it was happy in having no history, but at the conclusion of the con- flict the influx of U. E. Loyalists began. Major- General Simcoe, who had fought under Lord Corn- wallis, was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the new province of Upper Canada^ created under the constitutional act of 1791. Under his administration Toronto was first laid out on its present site by Surveyor-General Bouchette. At this date also, Yonge Street was planned as a road to the Georgian Bay and named after Sir George Yonge, then Secretary of War. The town itself was christened York in honour of the soldier-son of George III. 14 TOROXTO: AX HISTOEICAL SKETCH The plan of the future capital was drawn in that rectangular form which the military engineers of the Romans impressed on the conquered provinces of Europe, and of which the city of Chester is an inter- esting survival. However suitable for the camp of a Roman legion, or for the compact walled cities which grew out of such camps, this rectangular mode of laying out streets has proved far from practical for the widely extended cities on the American con- tinent, where land is plenty and wars are rare. Pro- fessor Shaler had a theory that the Roman empire fell because of the economic waste due to the vast cost of the Roman roads. It is highly probable that the yearly loss due to the Roman system of laying out cities would build any road in the Roman empire. Few cities show this fault in so marked a degree as Toronto. In its growth from the tiny rectangle enclosed by George, Duke, Berkeley and Palace (now Front) Streets, about an eighth of a square mile in extent, to its present area of over thirty-two square miles, there has been hardly any variation in the rigid angularity of its outlines. Xeither hill nor dale, creek nor river, bluff nor ravine has been allowed to deflect the monotonous straight lines of its streets. This is the more surprising since the few exceptions which help to prove the rule are so strik- ing. The fine vista effects of the City Hall at the head of Bay Street, Osgoode Hall at the head of York, and the Parliament Buildings facing the Queen's Avenue were as barren of influence on the 15 XATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEO^TO EEGION minds of our town-planners as the meandering ways of Eosedale. We cannot blame the first builders of the city for neglecting the aesthetic. Ample provision was made for the parks and squares of the future city. The original Parliament Buildings were constructed on the shore to the south-east of the little capital, and the road along the shore to the Old Fort at the western entrance to the harbour, while as straight as Appius or Agrippa could have desired, was bordered by groves of oak, and in the early prints suggests a scene of sylvan beauty. By some the name Toronto is said to mean " oaks by the water." If so it ceased to be appropriate with the coming of the railways in the " fifties." Long before that date York had received its bap- tism of fire and blood. The war of 1812 was due in great part to the bad feeling that had remained in the South and Wesit, particularly Kentucky, since the Indian wars. This feeling was intensified by the massacre of Frenchtown, or Eaisin River, in Jan- uary, 1813, when several hundred Kentuckian pris- oners were killed by the Indian allies of General Proctor. In the following April a large force, under General Pike, of E'ew Jersey, attacked York, which then contained about five hundred inhabitants and a somewhat larger garrison. In the defence of the fort a terrible accident occurred which has been described as follows by an eyewitness : "A gun was aimed at one of the vessels, and the officers, desirous 16 TORONTO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH of seeing if the ball would take effect, ascended the bastion. In the meantime the artilleryman, waiting the word of command to fire, held the match behind him, as is usual in such circumstances ; and the trav- elling magazine, a large wooden chest, containing cartridges for the great guns, being open just at his back, he unfortunately put his match into it, and the consequence was dreadful indeed. Every man in the battery was blown into the air. The officers were thrown from the bastion by the shock, but escaped with a few bruises ; the cannon were dismounted, and the battery was rendered completely useless. I was standing at the gate of the garrison when the poor soldiers who escaped the explosion with a little life remaining were brought into the hospital, and a more afflicting sight could scarcely be witnessed." The American general. Pike, was killed by the explosion, as well as a large number of his men, and on the capture of the town the Parliament Buildings were burned. It was partly in reprisal for this act that the British forces destroyed the Grovernment Buildings at Washington some months later, when General Ross captured that city. That New Eng- land was opposed to the war the Hartford Convention clearly showed. While thus tending to separate the- Union it did much to consolidate the Provinces, for- the Erench were quite as vigorous in their defence as the Loyalists of the Upper Province. There caiii be no doubt that the success with which the Cana- dians repelled the invader was mainly owing to th© 2 17 KATUKAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGION military character of the early settlers, to which refer- ence has already been made. Among the first inhabitants of York were many half -pay officers of both the army and navy, including several surgeons. The social predominance which naturally fell to their share led to a political leader- ship that culminated in the " family compact." By one of the little ironies of history the seat of this cabal was the " Grange," afterwards the home of Professor Goldwin Smith. It was built by Mr. D'Arcy Boulton, in the outskirts of the town. Dr. Smith was fond of telling how Justice Boulton's two carriage horses, Bonaparte and Jejf arson, had once attacked a bear in their pasture before the " Grange." The house stands in beautiful grounds at the head of John Street and was bequeathed with Professor Smith's collection of historical portraits to the city. The military governors — Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had eloped with the daughter of the Duke of Richmond after the famous Waterloo ball, and Sir John Colborne, who founded Upper Canada College in 1829 — were both supporters of the oligarchy. But it was Sir Francis Head, " the tried reformer," under whose rule the discontent of the reformers led by 1837 William Lyon Mackenzie came to an outbreak. Toronto, which had resumed its old name on its 1834 incorporation as a city three years before, again approved its loyalty, and the rising was put down. 1839 But the defeat of the reformers was to result in the triumph of reform. The Earl of Durham, who suc- 18 TOEOXTO: AN HISTOKICAL SKETCH ceeded Head, sent in his famous report, which is said to have been written by Charles Buller, his sec- retary, the friend of Tennyson and the pupil of Car- lyle. To this we owe the establishment of responsible 1846 government and the abolition of abuses. As a result Toronto, now one of the capitals of a united Canada, made rapid advances, and though its prosperity was temporarily checked by the adoption of free trade in England, it' received an added impetus by Lord Elgin's Reciprocity Treaty with the United States. During these years the growth of both city and province had been slow but steady. The early set- tlers came mostly from the south, including the " Pennsylvania Dutch," of whom a number took up land to the north and east of Toronto, in the neigh- bourhood of Markham. After the war of 1812-13 this influx ceased, and the new settlers came from the British Isles, especially Scotland and the north of Ireland. To this day Toronto is the greatest Orange centre except Belfast. After the famine the Irish came in great numbers and suffered terribly from the ravages of the fever and the cholera epi- demics which raged in 1847 and 1854. The Roman Catholic Bishop Power, after whom Power Street is named, sacrificed his life in the former year while ministering to these unfortunates. The first Toronto " boom " broke after the Cri- mean War in 1857. The opening of the Xorthem, Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways had facili- tated transportation, stimulated commerce and en- 19 NATUKAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO EEGION couraged immigration. The war had raised the value of all agricultural products, and the price of land on Yonge Street advanced to figures that would seem small now but were thought extravagant by the prudent of that day. The gold fever in Australia and British Columbia had fired the imagination and helped to bring about this era of speculation. It was not long before the Civil "War in the United States once more gave an impulse to trade in Canada, soon lessened, however, by the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty. During the war a number of Southerners took up their abode here, making their rendezvous in the Caer Howell Hotel on the Queen's Avenue. The excellent schools and colleges had already begun to attract students from both ISTorth and South. The provincial school system had been modelled after those of Ireland and of Prussia by the Super- intendent of Education, Dr. Ryerson. Upper Can- ada College, the Eton of Canada, had been brought to a high state of efficiency under Principal George R. R. Cockburn. The University, founded as King's College in 1842, had been freed from the con- trol of the Church of England in 1850, and was in other ways keeping pace with the spirit of the age. Bishop Strachan, who had been President of the Uni- versity, although now over seventy, had collected the endowment of a new Anglican institution. Trinity College. The Presbyterians had also their theological school, Knox College, which after many moves and more than a half-century in affiliation with the Uni- 20 TOEOXTO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH versitj of Toronto, is now (1913) erecting what will probably be its permanent home on the west side of the University lawn. St. Michael's College was founded by the Basilian Fathers from Annenay, France, in 1852, and affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1881. It occupies a pleasant site to the east of the Queen's Park, on St. Joseph Street. Another Anglican school of divinity, now called Wyc- liffe College, was established in 1377 and is located on Hoskin Avenue, north-west of University College. The rise of the historical method and the growth of modem science rendered an increase in libraries and laboratories an imperative necessity if higher education in Ontario was to keep abreast of the age. Confederation was the result, and the University now includes four Arts colleges within its system, in addi- tion to a number of affiliated institutions less closely connected with it. University College represents the original foundation and is still maintained by the state, Victoria (Methodist) federated and removed from Cobourg to Toronto in 1892, Trinity followed in 1904, and St. Michael's in 1910. This wise pol- icy, aided by the enlightened support of the govern- ment, the upward trend of the school system, and the desire for learning characteristic of the Canadians has made the University one of the largest on the ji continent and the best attended in the British Em- pire.* Its various faculties of Arts, Law, Medicine * Exclusive of India. 21 IS^ATUIIAL HISTORY, TORO^'TO REGION and Applied Science had last year 4,136 students and 432 members on its teaching staff. This wonderful advance in the field of higher edu- cation, appealing as it will to the scientific reader, may be taken as typical of the material growth of the city. That growth has been largely the result of the policy of protection brought in under Sir John A. Macdonald in 1878, which gave an immense im- petus to manufacturing in Toronto. In 1881 the population was 82,000, and in 1891 it had grown to 181,000. Germany itself could scarcely show more rapid progress. Would that Toronto had followed the German system of extension and town planning! With the wastefulness characteristic of the American continent, an area almost as large as that of Paris was paved and drained. The natural result followed, and during the next ten years the city only grew to 208,000, the boom having burst early in the decade. With the turn of the century came a change. Sir Wilfrid Laurier's epigram that the twentieth century was to be Canada's seems to have won favour " there where the will and the power are one." A series of events brought Canada into the public eye. The British preference did as much for the increase of British immigration as it did for British trade. At the same time the tide of American immigrants flowed across from the Western States in constantly increasing volume. From the European continent, too, a flood of foreigners entered the Dominion, which has thus become the scene of a new *' Wandering of 22 TOROls^TO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH the Xations," of a more peaceful character than that which helped to destroy the Roman empire. This movement has come not to destroy but to fulfil the destiny of Canada as the melting-pot of nations and the solvent of Anglo-Saxondom. At the May Day 1913 meeting of United Workers of Toronto speeches were given in Polish, Bulgarian, Finnish, Yiddish, and Italian, as well as English, advocating education and favouring peace. It is reassuring to know that the dominating proportion of the population of the Dominion, 54 per cent, in 1911, is still of British origin. The English gained 562,000, or 44.5 per cent, from 1901 to 1911, the French 406,000, or 24.5 per cent., the Germans 82,000, or 26 per cent. The Irish population increased 62,000 to 1,050,000, and the Scottish 198,000 to 998,000. The only other Europeans making six-figure records in Canada are Austro-Hungarians, 129,000, and Scandinavians, 107,000. Both the Indian and Xegro records are decreasing. The total population was 5,371,315 in 1901, and 7,206,634 in 1911, a gain of 1,835,328, or 34 per cent. In this advance Toronto more than held its own. According to the census of 1911 the population was 376,240, and the official estimate (June 5th, 1913) is 488,000. Territorially the city extends about ten miles from east to west along the lake front, and by the recent addition of ITorth Toronto its northern and southern limits lie equally far apart. 23 Is'ATUEAL HISTORY, TOEONTO REGION" During the first decade of the new century Toronto's progress has been phenomenal. It has also been all-embracing. Millionaire manufacturers, suc- cessful merchants, retired farmers, half-pay officers, English gentlemen, Italian navvies, Polish push-cart vendors, Greek bootblacks, and such a polyglot horde from the Balkans that three thousand are said to have left for the seat of war last year — all these and many more have come to spend or gain a fortune in Toronto. After having been for a generation a miniature Bel- fast, with a tincture of Edinburgh and a tinge of Glasgow, Toronto bids fair to become a Canadian Chicago with an unassimilated foreign element that is both a burden and an incentive to the charitable organizations of the city. Nowhere is this change so apparent as in the dis- trict known for half a century as the " ward," and bounded by Queen, Yonge, College, and the Avenue. In the early days of Queen Victoria's reign the late Chief Justice Macaulay used to walk across the fields from his residence near the present site of the Bishop Strachan School to the Court in Osgoode Hall. Fifty years ago it was quite built up and peopled almost entirely by North of Ireland immigrants, mostly members of the Orange order, and well represented in the City Council by the late Mayor Warring Ken- nedy and on the School Board by Mr. Frank Somers. At the present time the " ward " still retains at its diagonally opposite angles, N.E. and S.W., the relics of the mimificence of the earliest landowners in the 24 TOEO^^TO: Al!^ HISTOKICAL SKETCH open spaces of Osgoode Hall, presented as a gift to the Law Society by Sir John Robinson, and Wykham Hall, formerly the residence of Sir James Macaulay, and now the seat of the Bishop Strachan School. At the opposite corners of the other diagonal, S.E. and IST.W., the energy and generosity of the !N'orth of Ire- land still find fitting representatives. The one contains the immense establishment — stores, factories, stables and garages — of the T. Eaton Company, unsurpassed as an example of rapid commercial success. The firm in its building operations seems to be executing an echelon movement by squares to reach the opposite north-western angle of the " ward." Here the splen- didly-equipped surgical wing of the new General Hos- pital bears witness to the generosity of Mr. J. C. Eaton, the present head of the Company. Within the central space between these points lies closely congested the greater part of Toronto's foreign population. Six synagogues and half a dozen foreign missions indicate the cosmopolitan character which the " ward " has now assumed and the efforts which are being made to assimilate and Canadianize its new denizens. To the lover of the picturesque and the cosmopolitan a walk through this region is an unfailing source of delight. The eye of the pessimist sees " slums " writ large over the district. The opti- mist rejoices in the sight of this teeming life, so eager to reproduce itself, so hopeful of the outlook in this land of magnificent opportunities, so confident of gaining, not only a comfortable livelihood, but an 25 :N"ATUEAL HISTOEY, TORONTO EEGION assured competence bv the growth of the nation's wealth. One hears of push-cart men becoming semi- millionaires within a few years, and the stimulus of such tales is not lost in the telling. In Toronto, as in !N^ew York (Borough of Manhattan), the downtown landowners are mostly corporations or Jews. But, typical as it is in many respects, the " ward " is not all of Toronto. The backbone of the city's population, its pith and marrow, are still Canadian. And as Canadians their interests are chiefly in th& home life. A drive in a tally-ho, a view from the tower of the University or of the City Hall will con- vince the visitor of this fact. Few, if any, of the cities of America, certainly none in Europe, can show 80 many miles of comfortable and even commodious dwelling-houses in proportion to the population. But here, too, conditions are changing. Seven years ago there were only three apartment houses in the city. ISTow they number 300. With the great increase in land values, the decrease in the supply of domestics, and the lowness of the Ontario .birthrate, such sub- stitutes for the true home are sure to be multiplied. Hitherto they seem to have had no effect in diminish- ing the rapidity of the city's territorial growth. That growth has been guided to some extent by the geological conditions. The successive hill-pla- teaus which mark the earlier shore-lines of Lake Ontario formed boundaries to the north, and so the city till quite recently expanded east and west along the lake front till it extended from the Humber Bay 26 TOEO^TO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH and Eiver on the west to Searborough Beacli on the east, taking in the Harbour and Ashbridge's Bay, and thus having nearly twenty miles of coast-line within the city limits, owing to the semicircular form of the Island and the double coast at Simcoe Park. But when the electric trolley climbed the bluff known to geologists as the " Iroquois shore," less than three miles north of the bay, the development of this lofty and healthy district began, and within three years it has become the most fashionable part of the city. Land which cost eighteen dollars a foot ten years ago is now held at $175, and hundreds of acres have changed hands at even greater advances than this. The average value of the houses on the Avenue Road hill ranges from $12,000 to $15,000. This is with- out taking into account the mansions which line the hill and dominate the city with an unsurpassed dis- tinction of site and variety of type. The old Eng- lish hall, the !N^orman-French chateau, the Italianate mansion, and the mediaeval castle are all to be found, and so spacious are the grounds surrounding them that there is no sense of incongruity produced by the different styles. The castle of Sir Henry Pellatt, at the head of Walmer Eoad, with its adjacent stables and gardens, will form when completed one of the most magnificent residences on the continent. Proud as Torontonians may well be to see such splendid dwellings rising in the city, and to know that they represent in concrete form the result of the busi- ness energy, acumen and executive skill of some of 27 js^atueal histoky, toroistto region their fellow-citizens, there is even greater cause for pride in the general diffusion of a comfortable com- petence that is evident in every quarter and along every car line in the city. ISTowhere is it more in evidence than on Toronto's unique summer resort, " the Island." Years ago Charles Dudley Warner called it our Lido, but both the Lido and the Island have been altered much since then. The former shows by its vast cara- vanserais and monotonous rows of wooden bath- ing-houses that it has become a summer resort for thousands of European and American tourists; the latter has become the holiday home of the multi- tude of citizens whose business or whose tastes keep them in town during the summer. Families of all degrees of wealth and social standing pass their vaca- tions here, and in consequence there is much greater diversity of character in the residences than on the Lido. There is no tramway, however, as at Venice, but the geologist is sure to be a walker and will find much to interest him in a visit to. this silting spit of land which by creating its future harbour determined the site of Toronto. Hanlan's Point, on the west, is the popular resort, with its baseball grounds, its out- door entertainments, its aquatic sports and its air of a perpetual kermesse. A few minutes' walk to the south and we come to the older cottages dating from the eighties, when the " mania for summer-outings " first struck Toronto. Goldoni called it a mania ; to us of the twentieth century it is the highest wisdom. 28 TOKONTO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH It was a professor of mathematics wlio led the way, and certainly there is no better place to study hydro- dynamics in its relation to geography. At the south- ern extremity of this row of cottages stands the Lake- side Summer Home for Sick Children, the gift of Mr. John Eoss Robertson, who also built the Hos- pital for Sick Children on College Street, the most appealing of Toronto's many charitable institutions. Few sights are so touching as the annual moving in May of the little patients and their nurses from the city to the Lakeside Home. Turning to the left, we pass the lighthouse which for years has guarded this point and is the one building that knew the Island as a peninsula. Eor it was not till 1853 that the Eastern Gap, now the ordinary entrance for vessels from the south and east, was broken through in a violent storm. Beyond the lighthouse are the pump- ing station and filtering basin of the water-works, and in the offing we see the bell-buoy which marks the end of the intake pipe and whose mournful note suggests recollections of water famines and dis- infected microbes, now happily matters of ancient history. A pretty little church hard by is used by different denominations in turn, recalling the fact that Church Union has made more progress in Canada than elsewhere and that there is a good pros- pect of the Congregational, Methodist and Presby- terian Churches uniting within the coming decade. On May 22, 1913, an Anglican Church Unity Society was organized in Toronto. As we go east little road- 29 JS^ATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKOi^TO KEGIOJiT wajs riin north from the main plank walk towards the inner lagoon, giving charming glimpses of a truly Venetian combination of canals and streets. One of these cross roads leads to Centre Island Park, famed for family picnics and amateur baseball matches. East of this, on the northern or harbour shore of the Island, are the grounds and clubhouse of the Eoyal Canadian Yacht Club, the scene of many delightful social functions. Toronto first became celebrated as the home of the world's champion rower, E. J. Hanlan, and its supremacy in aquatic sports has been well main- tained. O'Connor and Lou Scholes were also world champions, the latter winning the Diamond Sculls at Henley in 1904. His brother John had previously won the amateur light-weight boxing championship of England and America, a combination of honours not likely to be repeated in one family. Goulding, the champion walker of the world, and G. S. Lyon, the champion amateur golfer of America at the St. Louis Exhibition, are also Torontonians. Ath- letics are extremely popular. Thousands take part in both summer and winter sports, for which the climate usually gives ample opportunity. Although lacrosse is the national game, hockey is the favourite in winter and baseball in summer. The cool and beautiful location of the ball grounds at Hanlan's Point helps to swell the attendance, which sometimes reaches twenty thousand. Toronto has seldom expe- rienced more dramatic moments than when the Upper 30 TORONTO: AN HISTOEICAL SKETCH Canada College hockey team won the junior cham- 1902 pionship of Ontario in the last minute of the second extra ten, or when the Toronto team won the base- ball pennant from ISTewark in the tenth inning of the last match of the season. Clean, manly sport in Toronto owes much to the Young Men's Christian Association. This body showed its hold on the citizens by collecting over $600,000 in a two weeks' whirlwind campaign in 1910. The new main building is on College Street, near Yonge, and deserves the inspection of all who are interested in the training of young men. There are several branches throughout the city and a separate organization for young women, as well as a number of settlements, one of which is under the special charge of the University students. The above forms of Christian activity may be called the resultant moraines of the churches for which Toronto is famous. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and of an Anglican bishop, and the Canadian centre of the other chief Protestant denominations. One picturesque local society, which would have interested such travellers as Hepworth Dixon or Bayard Taylor, and which we read of in Dr. Scadding's " Toronto of Old," seems not to have survived its founder, David Wilson, of Sharon, after whom the members were called " Davidites," " Wil- sonites," or " Sharonites." Their Temple, built in 1825, twenty years before the first Mormon one at Nauvoo, 111., was of quaint construction and curious 31 l^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOX rites, and "resembled a high-piled house of cards.'^ Sharon was some distance north of the city, but the leader used to drive into town periodically with his seraphic band, and treat the citizens to a procession of the '' Children of Peace," followed by a sermon on the depravity of public affairs. By virtue of their name let them live in David's record " one day more.'" recalling, like the tufa hills in the Hackensack Valley, an outburst of long-forgotten fervour. The archiepiscopal church of St. Michael has been compared to York Minster, and has stained glass- windows that came from Munich, although they do not equal those in the Frauenkirche. Among the Anglican places of worship the most notable are the mother church of St. James, whose spire (316 feet) was for years the highest on the continent, the cathe- dral of St. Albans in process of erection, and Arch- deacon Cody's beautiful new Gothic church of St. Paul's, the third enlargement (a definitive edition, let us hope) of that "house of prayer" since 1900. The Metropolitan Methodist Church is beautifully placed in Magill Square on Queen Street East, and has one of the largest organs in America. This im- posing pile has the distinction of having set the fash- ion for large and handsome churches in Toronto, and is itself due to the good taste of the late Rev. "William Morley Punshon, afterwards President of the Wes- leyan body in England. Many other beautiful and 32 toeo:n^to: an histokical sketch spacious churcli edifices adorn the city, which is as renowned for its congregations and preachers as for its churches. To the archaeologist and the lover of local his- tory the most interesting fane in Toronto is the " Holy Trinity," overshadowed, like its namesake in 'New York, by the stupendous erections of modern commercialism. For here, in the parish rectory on the little square, lived and wrought and wrote the late Dr. Henry Scadding, author of " Toronto of Old," and one of the most reverend figures in the early history of the city. In this place, too, wor- shipped the Earl of Elgin, coming from his govern- mental residence in Elmsley Villa, afterwards the seat of Knox College, and now the site of the Central Presbyterian Church. Another name connected with Holy Trinity is that of Bishop Selwyn, of New Zea- land, the famous missionary, whose preaching in the church, as well as that of Scoresby, the Arctic navi- gator, Dr. Scadding duly records.* Its own per- petuation as a down-town mission is ensured by the bequest of its founders, two English sisters. Little 1846 did these ladies, or the rector who chronicled their pious gift, imagine that before another generation had passed the sylvan parish church which they remembered would be surrounded, like a boulder at * Half a century before, General Simcoe, the founder of Toronto, had set up the tent of Captain Cook, the circum- navigator and explorer of Polynesia, near the foot of John Street as his summer residence. 3 33 KATUEAL HISTOKY, TOROXTO REGIOX the bottom of a pothole, bj the advancing icecap of a new commercial age.* The Peabody of " Little York " was Jesse Ketchum, a Buffalo tanner whose memory should serve as a bond between these sister cities so nearly akin in all but nationality. He owned the land between Yonge, Adelaide (then Xewgate), Bay and Queen (then Lot) Streets, and supplied sites for eight or ten churches and other religious edifices within this district. All are now gone — the last to be removed being Knox Church from Queen Street West to its present beautiful building on Spadina Avenue. The failure to secure the former site and the rest of the block as a Court Square was one of the most extraordinary oversights in town-planning that even Toronto can show. Opposite to St. An- drew's Presbyterian Church on King Street West another opportunity was lost. Here three squares were public property and were largely free from buildings. A site for a Court of Honour like that which Cleveland is spending millions to acquire lay ready to hand and might have been secured for a few hundred thousands. But Jesse Ketchum died in 1867 and his example has been followed by few of Toronto's wealthy citizens. A Guild of Civic Art exists, and, with the aid of one public-spirited alder- man, has made a start in restoring the old lake-side * A boulder of the drift, lifting itself up through the natural turf, served as a desk for the recording clerk of the first Parliament of Upper Canada. — Scadding, " Toronto of Old," p. 29. 34 TOEO^TO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH drive and promenade which was planned by Simcoe and which might be made as beautiful as the English garden at Geneva. When the plans of the Harbour Commission have been carried out Toronto will have achieved its destiny and secured the most beautiful and most valuable lakefront in America. And as the Duke of Brunswick gave a model theatre to the Swiss city of his adoption, so a native Torontonian has built the Alexandra Theatre in addition to start- ing the subscription for the new hospital. The Car- negie Library on St. George and College Streets is as perfect a model in its way as St. Andrew in partibus himself. The reading-room is unexcelled. The col- lection of paintings and sketches and photographs to illustrate the early history of Toronto is in the eastern gallery of the building, and is a permanent monument to the historic flair^ the civic patriotism and public- spirited munificence of Mr. John Ross Robertson. It is also the best appendix to the present article, every page of which is indebted to Robertson's "Landmarks of Toronto" (5 vols. Toronto, 1894- 1908). The Public Library is also the centre for the exhibitions of the Canadian Academy of Art, the Ontario Society of Artists, and the Art Club. Lit- erature is united with art in the work of the Arts and Letters Club, the Round Table, and the Strolling Players, the last being rather social than scientific. Among purely social clubs the old-established down- town Toronto Club, on the corner of York and Wel- 35 :n'atueal histoey, toeonto eegioit lington, and the new up-town York Club, on the cor- ner of Bloor and St. George, are recognized as pre- eminent. The Albany, the Eeform and the National have political leanings, although the last has lost much of its original significance. The Canadian and Empire are luncheon clubs, meeting weekly and lis- tening to addresses from distinguished men, usually strangers, on topics of the hour. They indicate the growing intellectual interests of the community and the rising tide of Canadian sentiment. The most interesting historically of these luncheon clubs is the U. E. L. Association, the descendants of the United Empire Loyalists, who meet annually to celebrate the coming of their ancestors to Canada. Scientific sub- jects are dealt with by the Eoyal Astronomical So- ciety, the Folklore Society, the Canadian Historical Society, and the Canadian Institute. The Institute has a home of its own on College Street, south of the University Chemistry building, with a good scientific reading-room and the best collection of Transactions of learned societies in Canada. It was founded as an engineering and scientific club in the year 1851, and its own publications illustrate in a very interest- ing manner the changes and developments in the methods of research during the last two generations. But though often called the city of colleges, the interests of Toronto are essentially commercial and manufacturing. Even here, however, the printing and publishing trade holds a record. Toronto is said to be the fifth city on the continent in this line, being surpassed only by 'New York, Boston, Chicago and 36 TOEONTO: AN HISTOEICAL SKETCH Philadelphia. Leading English firms like the Mac- millans print Toronto on their title pages in addition to London and New York. The largest manufac- tured output is in agricultural implements, liquors, hardware, musical instruments and ready-made cloth- ing. The Hydro-Electric and Niagara Power com- panies supply the motive force for hundreds of fac- tories, and new inventions are constantly adding to the number. There are more than 20,000 auto- mobiles licensed in Ontario, and three-fifths of them are said to be in Toronto, giving an average of one to every sixth or seventh family. The retail trade is not less flourishing, and while a couple of great departmental stores would seem to the onlookers to get the bulk of this business, there is evidence in the tasteful and even luxurious appointments of many shops that large profits are being made elsewhere. The jewellers in particular are noted for their beau- tiful stores, and, as in the case of the churches, the taste of one man set the fashion for the rest. Dia- monds are imported free, but other goods paid a duty of $775,000 last year, which probably indicates a business of $10,000,000, wholesale and retail. From the macrocosm of the city we pass to the microcosm of the university. Here the meetings of the International Geological Congress will be held, so a brief account of the buildings will be of interest. The original King's College was on the site of the present Parliament Buildings in the Queen's Park. But in 1850 the institution was secularized, the name changed, and the system of administration altered to 37 Is'ATUEAL HISTORY, TOEONTO REGIOi^ that of the University of London. The University thus became merely an examining body. The teach- ing of the Arts faculty was handed over to a new foundation known as " University College," which became " the vital centre of the University."* For this new college the beautiful Norman-Gothic build- ing was constructed which is still its pride and its home. On St. Valentine's Day in 1890 a fire de- stroyed the eastern half of the stately pile, which con- tained the Library and the Convocation Hall. As in the case of the rare Arabian bird, this loss, appar- ently irreparable at the time, proved ultimately a gain, and the opening of a new era of expansion in the history of the University. Toronto for once sym- pathized, Quebec sent ten thousand dollars, and the Ontario Legislature passed an Act the next day pro- viding for the restoration of the building in a manner more suitable to the enlarged classes which had begun to crowd its halls. The generosity of individual citi- zens supplied funds for a new library, to which came contributions in books from all parts of the world. Germany alone sent seven thousand volumes. The building is on the east side of the lawn. To the south-west rises the new Convocation Hall, due in part to the gifts of the alumni. The inner hall has admirable acoustic properties, and contains an organ, made by Casavant, of Quebec, in perfect keeping with its surroundings. Other University buildings around the lawn are the Medical, with its Palladian * Chancellor Burwash, " The University of Toronto and its Colleges," p. 39. 38 TOEOXTO: AN HISTOEICAL SKETCH towers, and the Biological, to tlie south of the Library ; the School of Practical Science built of red brick, and the Thermo-dynamic building with its tall double chimney, to the south of the lawn; and the splendidly equipped Physics and Chemistry build- ings, south of the Convocation Hall. On the comer of College Street is the department of Mineralogy and Geology in a building worthy of the important part which these sciences have borne, and are destined to bear in the development of Toronto, Ontario and the Dominion. Between the Mineralogy and the Thermo-dynamics buildings is the practical labora- tory for mining and assaying. Farther east is the bureau of the Students' Y.M.C.A., soon to be removed to the magnificent Hart Hall now in course of erec- tion to the north-east of University College at a cost of $1,100,000, the gift of the Hart Massey family. This vast structure will house with unparalleled com- pleteness the various non-academic activities of stu- dent life : physical, literary, histrionic, and religious. Still more opulent in its appointments is the depart- ment of Household Science, situated on the corner of Avenue Road and Bloor Street, in a building as beau- tiful in its external architecture as it is complete in its internal arrangements. Mrs. Massey-Treble, who has fitted this golden slipper on the Cinderella of the sciences, is likewise endowing the department in a manner consistent with its home and the new dignity she has conferred upon it. To the south of this building lies the complex of Victoria College, the Methodist member of Confederation. The newest of 39 K'ATUEAL HISTORY, T0E0:N^T0 REGIOis' the buildings might have been removed bodily from Oxford. Its name, " Burwash Hall," commemorates the first chancellor under the new regime, to whose influence and statesmanship the federation movement owed much of its success. This hall is also the gift of the Hart Massej family. It is to be a residence for Victoria male students, the women being already provided for in Annesley Hall. The University residences for men are north of Hoskin Avenue, and are also the gift, in part, of gen- erous friends. Xorth of this, on the corner of Bloor and Devonshire Place, is the stadium. On the oppo- site corner is the Meteorological Office, the first estab- lished in the British Empire outside the United Kingdom (1840). East of the stadium, on Bloor Street, is McMaster Hall, the Baptist University of Ontario, which, after years of affiliation with the state institution, got an independent charter about twenty years ago and has been doing steady and suc- cessful work in its own field ever since. It has secured twenty-five acres north of the city and is pre- paring to move to the new site. Trinity College, the Anglican representative "which entered federation a few years ago, has already sold its grounds on Queen Street West and will pres- ently build on its destined site south of McMaster Ball. Ten years ago these grounds, now almost com- pletely covered with buildings, were used by the fac- ulty as a golf-course, so rapid has been the develop- ment of the University. 40 TORONTO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH But one building remains to be mentioned, the most interesting of them all. This is the University Museum, of which at present only the west wing is finished, on Bloor Street, east of McMaster Hall. It is to be completed ultimately by adding the front on Bloor Street and an eastern wing on Avenue Road, opposite the Department of Household Science and Annesley Hall. The museum owes much to private benefactions and is partly supported by the Province. It contains a great variety of collections and is admir- ably arranged to show the evolution in the progress of civilization. Egyptian and American antiquities are especially well represented. Lovers of the red man should not fail to see the Paul Peel collection of paintings in the west hall of the main building. To members of the Congress the main interest, of course, will be in the mineralogical and geological or paleon- tological specimens, of which detailed accounts will be found elsewhere in this handbook. 3ilembers who take an interest in the flora of Toronto and its vicinity will find an article on that subject also. It may be added here for their benefit that the Department of Botany and the Faculty of Forestry have their home together on the east side of the Queen's park, on the south corner of Grosvenor Street. The park itself has very beautiful flower- beds, but the most charming sights of this kind are to be seen in some of the private gardens of Rosedale, on the slopes in the neighbourhood of the new Govern- ment House. 41 IsTATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEO^TO REGION If the flowers of Toronto have grown more beauti- ful, the trees have degenerated sadly. Umbrageous groves of oak, beech and maple, diversified by occa- sional clumps of towering pine, seem to have charac- terized the scene — " When wild in woods the noble savage ran." Many noble elm-trees were scattered through the city, fifty years ago, and a few still survive. One splendid specimen is to be seen east of the Queen's Park, and just north of Wellesley Street. The pines do not seem to be able to endure civilization any better than the noble savage himself. The new tree surgery, or rather dentistry, is being applied to a number of the survivors of the forest, with what success remains to be seen. The favourite imported tree for shading purposes was the horse-chestnut, which, had it been planted regularly, as in Bushy Park, near Richmond, would have made the University Avenue one of the sights of America. But the effort was made to imi- tate nature, for the avenue was laid out in the days of the romantic movement, which in this case had a far from romantic result. The hatred of trees which was a heritage of the early settlers survived in Toronto till quite recently. In the University grounds the trees are labelled with their scientific names, as in Boston. May the fragrance of flowers and the beauty of trees combine with other pleasant memories in the minds of our visitors, as typical of Toronto, the " place of meetings " ! 42 X TOEONTO: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH SOME TORONTO STATISTICS. Area of city, 1913, 33.75 square miles. Total park area, 1912, 1,605 acres; 1913, 1,743 acres. Population, 488,000 (estimate of city statistician). Death-rate, 12.8 per 1,000 (estimate of city statistician). Number of buildings erected in 1913, 10,217; estimated value, $27,400,000. Assessment of city, 1913, $436,000,000; tax-rate, 19% mills. Net debt of city, 1913, $33,000,000. Revenue, 1912, $8,500,000. Miles of streets, 1912, 413; 1913, 509. Miles of side- walks, 1912, 561; 1913, 610. Miles of sewers, 1912, 336; 1913, 360. Miles of water mains. 1912. 434; 1913. 458. Miles of gas mains, 1912, 456; 1913. 473. Miles of street railway, 1912, 107; 1913, 114. Total revenue from street railway since 1891 (to 1911), $6,339,000. Revenue from street railway (exclusive of taxes), 1912, $890,000. Passengers carried, 1911, 121,000,000; 1912, 135,- 786,000. Attendance at Exhibition, 1912, 962,000. Hydro-Electric meters in use, 1913, 18,000, with 15,500 horse-power. Clearing House returns, 1911, $1,852,000,000; 1912, $2,170,000,000. Custom House returns, 1911: Imports, $100,000,000; Duty, $17,800,000. 1912: Imports, $120,000,000; Duty, $20,261,000. Total number of police, 588. Total number of firemen, 336. Total loss on fires, 1912, $1,113,000. Number of tavern licenses limited to 110; fee, $1,600; shop licenses, 50; fee, $1,600. Number of volumes in city libraries, 180,000; in Univer- sity and Law libraries, 250,000. Number of automobiles in Ontario (Provincial fee, $4), 21,500. Number of births, 1912, 11,100; marriages, 6,153; deaths, 6,313. 43 CHAPTER II. THE INDIANS WHO FORMERLY INHABITED OR VISITED THE SITE OF TORONTO. By ALEXANDER FRANCIS CHAMBERLAIN, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Anthropology, Clark University, 'Worcester, Mass., Sometime Fellow in Modern Languages, University College, Toronto. The region which is now occupied bj the capital of the Province of Ontario was familiar to two of the great Indian peoples of northeastern E'orth America. The city's name, Toronto, although its exact derivation has not yet been satisfactorily deter- mined, comes from one of the dialects of the Iro- quoian stock; and the natives who inhabited the western end of Lake Ontario, at the close of the eighteenth century, were the Algonkian Mississagas, or Mississaugas, whose tribal appellation still sur- vives in Mississauga Avenue, in what was formerly the village of Parkdale, now a part of the city itself. The name is likewise preserved in Old Fort Missis- sauga, at the mouth of the ISTiagara River; Missis- sauga Eiver, in the District of Algoma ; and Missis- sauga Strait, between Manitoulin and Cockburn 44 mDIAIs^S WHO INHABITED TOKOXTO Island, in Lake Huron. Appearing, witli a certain kind of normality, as Messissaga, Mississaga, Missis- sauga, or Mississagua, this word is spelt in the old records in more than a score of different fashions, running all the way from Messagues to Michesaking and Missinasagues. The Mississagas are the same people termed in some of the early French docu- ments Cheveux leves (or Cheveux releves), Nation du Boisj etc. Among the names given them by the various tribes of the Iroquoian stock were tho fol- lowing: Assisagigrone, Awighsaghroone, Achsisa- ghek, ISTuakahn (Tuscarora name), Tisagechroone, etc. The word Missisaga, more correctly Missisagi, is derived from Missisaking, which in the language of these people, whose dialect is practically Ojibwa (or Chippewa), or very close to it, signifies " at the place of many river-mouths" {missi, saking), an appellation belonging properly to the River Missis- sauga, in the District of Algoma, the home of these Indians, when first heard of, in the early years of the seventeenth century — they are then described as " living around the mouth of the River Mississague," where the French met them in 1634. After the destruction of the Huron settlements by the Iroquois, the Mississagas began, early in the next century, to migrate into that part of what is now the Province of Ontario, lying between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario, and, about 1720, the French established a post for trading with them at the western end of Lake Ontario. Some fifteen years later, they are 45 :n^atueal history, Toronto region reported as having villages or settlements at Missis- auga River, Manitoulin Island, Kente, Toronto River, Matcitaen, and the west end of Lake Ontario, besides at Lake St. Clair (and Detroit). In 1Y46 the Mississagas were admitted as the " seventh tribe " into the Iroquois League, having sided with the latter people against the French — the MS. in the Toronto Public Library (date c. 1801) still classes the " Mis- sissagui," or " tribu de I'aigle," as an Iroquois tribe (i.e., "tribu des sauvages hurons"). For a time, some of the Mississagas even lived within the bor- ders of what is now the State of New York. Their eastward progress in Ontario was barred by the Ottawas and the French, — thej had a conflict with the latter near Cataraqui in 1705 ; and Charlevoix (1720) describes a "fire-dance" executed by the Mississagas of that region some years later. They figure prominently in the New York Colonial Docu- ments of the eighteenth century. The descendants of these Mississagas, who migrated from the region north of Lake Huron, are to be iound in the Missis- saga Indians, numbering between eight hundred and nine hundred, who live to-day at Rice Lake and Aln- wick, Mud (Chemung) Lake, Scugog Island (Lake Scugog), and in the settlement of the New Credit (Brantford). Some dwelt formerly on Grape Island, «tc., in the Bay of Quinte. The Indians at the New Credit are the most progressive of a;ll the Mississagas, and they are the ones who formerly lived on the River Credit (given 46 INDIANS WHO INHABITED TOKONTO this name because here the Indians obtained goods " on credit " from the whites) not far from Toronto, whence they moved in 1847. They have been largely successful in the assimilation of the culture of the whites and now compete with them in several ways on an equal basis. The Mississagas are practically all Christians, having been converted before the middle of the nineteenth century through the efforts of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada, aided by Eev. Peter Jones, a half-blood Mississaga, chief and historian of his people, who translated in 1835 The First Book of Moses called Genesis into " the idiom of the Mississaga form of the Chippewa," as School- craft phrased it. In language, customs, habits, religious practices, etc., the Mississagas did not differ seriously from the Ojibwa or Chippewa, — Peter Jones described him- self, e.g., as belonging to " the Messissauga or Eagle tribe of the Ojebway Nation," this bird serving as the " totem " or ensign of his people. The Missis- sagas buried their dead in the ground and blackened their faces as a sign of mourning. They had the custom of keeping alive the memory of the dead by conferring his name on some one else or adopting some one of the same name, — a number of white men and women have been named for this purpose by them, from Dr. Ryerson, in 1826 by the Indians of the Credit, to the writer of these lines, in 1888 by those of Scugog. The Mississagas were a fishing and hunting people; the mouth of the River Credit was 47 N^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOI^ then a celebrated place for spearing salmon, and the- Indians annually camped at that spot for the purpose. When indisposed, the Indians of the Credit, in the early days, are said to have resorted to what is now " The Island," fronting the city of Toronto, to take advantage of its health-giving atmosphere. The Credit Indians made sacrifices to the lake as well as to the river, the forest, etc. When overtaken by storm on Lake Ontario, they were accustomed to appease the angry spirit of the waters by the sacrifice of a black dog, around whose neck they tied a stone and cast him into the lake. Caves in the hills around Burlington Bay and the head of Lake Ontario were thought to be the abodes of spirits, — one of these was called Manitoa wigwam, " the devil's house." A spirit, who used often to sing and beat his drum, was said to live in a deep hole in the water, at the foot of a hill near the Credit village, but, soon after the coming of the white man, the spirit raised a great flood, and went down the river into Lake Ontario. The east bank of the Credit, about a mile from its mouth, was reputed to be the dwelling-place of the " Mamag- wasewug," or " fairies," who used to paddle a stone canoe, disappearing into the solid rock on the shore when closely pursued. These " fairies " were the good genii of the huntsman, and to them were made offerings of bits of cloth, tobacco, etc. They often used to steal fish out of the Indians' nets. " Fairies '* were to be met with also all over Burlington Bay. 48 INDIANS WHO INHABITED TOKONTO The Mississagas had many feasts and festivals, especially in the old heathen days : the dog-feast, the deer, salmon, sturgeon, wild goose and sacred bear-oil feasts, etc. Some of the legends of the Mississagas have been recorded by Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, who has likewise studied their language. An interesting story is told of a Mississaga woman of the Credit, who had been to the city of Toronto to sell baskets. She returned by train. It was her first experience of railway travel, and, on getting off, she threw herself flat on the ground, declaring that she was " waiting for her soul to come." Mrs. Moodie, in her " Rough- ing it in the Bush," has some interesting anecdotes about the Mississagas of the region about Peter- borough, Ont. Archaeological specimens from all parts of the country inhabited by the Mississagas are to be found in the Provincial Archaeological Museum, some from the site of the city of Toronto itself. Further information concerning the Mississaga Indians will be found in the following works : 1. Anon, (date 1801-1805). MS., pp. 52, 8vo. French and Indian. In the Public Library of the City of Toronto. Contains some 500 Mississaga words, some 400 phrases and sentences, about a dozen proper names and half-a-dozen short songs. The dia- lect represented is that of the Mississagas between York and Lake Simcoe. This MS. is important as giving one of the earliest known extensive vocabu- 4 49 NATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOI^TO REGION laries in the languages of the western Algonkian peoples of Canada. 2. Chamberlain, A. F. Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the Mississaugas. Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 150-160. See also other papers by same author in this Journal. 3. Chamberlain, A. F. The Language of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog. Philadelphia, 1892. Pp. 84. The Bibliography lists practically aU the literature relating to these Indians. The text contains historical notes, myths and songs, vocabu- lary, etymological discussions, etc. 4. Jones, Rev. P. History of the Ojebway Indians. London, 3861. Pp. vi, 278. £0 CHAPTER III. GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION. By A. P. COLEMAN, Ph.D., F.R.S. INTEODUCTION. Toronto, which lies on the north shore of Lake Ontario near its western end, is a convenient centre from which excursions may be made by land or water to various points of geological interest in the region of the Great Lakes. Railroads radiate east, west and north, and steamers ply to the east, west and south, giving easy access to lake ports, especially Niagara. Toronto itself and its suburbs include some of the most important Pleistocene sections in North Amer- ica, and vdthin a radius of one himdred miles the main geological formations from the Archaean to the Devonian may be studied. Though the region has ■undergone no faulting or folding since the Archaean it has experienced important elevations and depres- sions and has preserved the record of a very complex and extraordinary series of events in the latest geo- logical periods, including the action of ice sheets, of great lakes of different ages and levels, and of impor- tant rivers and waterfalls. 51 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOI^ The region is not one of high relief, the most ele- vated points to the south not exceeding 850 feet and to the east or north within 100 miles probably not going beyond 1,200. The highest point in the penin- sula between the Great Lakes rises to something over 1,700 feet near Dundalk, 76 miles northwest of Toronto. Lake Ontario is 246 feet above the sea. Lake Erie 572 feet and Lake Huron 581. Although the variations in elevation are moderate there is great variety of surface features, including gently sloping lacustrine plains, rolling uplands, and an escarpment which crosses the region from south to north with a sudden rise of 300 or 400 feet. It has adjoining it some of the greatest lakes in the world, as well as many smaller bodies of water, and it is well watered with streams of every dimension up to Niagara River, some, like the Thames or Grand River, with gentle, meandering flow, and others with rapids or waterfalls having a sheer leap of 160 feet. Except in the Archaean portion to the north the rocky structure is uniform and undisturbed, the beds of sedimentary rocks dipping very gently to the southwest without folds or faults or interruptions by eruptive rocks. From middle Palaeozoic times to the present, so far as known, the region has been dry land except where lakes have covered it owing to Pleistocene shif tings of level or to the damming of valleys by ice masses. The most dramatic episodes in its history are the advances and retreats of the continental ice m GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO EEGION sheets during the Glacial Period. The palaeontol- ogist will find a variety of Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian fossils in the bed rocks of the region, the Pleistocene geologist may study a complex and impor- tant series of later deposits, the physiographer will observe a more interesting set of surface phenomena than could have been expected in a district without mountains, and the d^Tiamic geologist may study the effects of glacier ice, of rivers, 'vaterfalls and waves, and also see the evidences of important changes of level within post-glacial ages. Within one hundred miles of Toronto the follow- ing geological formations are displayed : Recent Shore cliffs and wave-built bars. Pleistocene . . Glacial, Interglacial and Post-glacial beds. Devonian — Onondaga and Hamilton beds. Silurian — Cataract, Medina, Clinton, Niagara and Guelph Palaeozoic Archaean beds. Ordovician — Trenton limestone, Utica and Collingwood shale, Lorraine shale and Queenston shale. . Granites, gneisses, greenstones and greenschists. The vast interval between the lower part of the Archaean and the Palaeozoic is unfilled, and the 53 NATUKAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGIOiN' perhaps equally vast gap between the middle of the Palaeozoic and the end of the Pliocene is likewise without a record. It is probable that during both great intervals the region was a land surface under- going denudation. What took place during these times can only be inferred from the general geologi- cal history of North America. The different formations within easy reach of Toronto will be taken up briefly as given above, beginning with the oldest and advancing to the most recent. ARCHAEAN. Archaean rocks are exposed ninety miles to the jtiorth of Toronto, and may be reached by any of the four northward-running railways, the nearest point by rail being Washago. After passing the boundary of the Archaean the traveller is struck by the change of scenery, rounded hills of reddish gneiss rising irregu- larly above valleys generally occupied by a lake ; for the region stretching two thousand miles to the north of the Palaeozoic border is tj^ical " rocky lake " country, with thousands of rock-rimmed bodies of water, summer playgrounds for the city dweller and tourist. They include the Muskoka lakes and dozens of others less kno^vn, as well as the eastern shore of Georgian Bay. At the nearest points to Toronto the Archaean -consists mainly of Laurentian granite and gneiss, with masses and bands of greenstone or greenschist, 54 GEOLOGY OF THE T0R0:N^T0 REGION" all crystalline rocks of eruptive origin, the dark green diorite or gabbro or hornblende schist being earlier than the flesh-colored granite and gneiss. The schistose cleavage generally to be observed in these rocks has a steep dip in most cases, and when traced for a distance tends to sweep as wide curves. The mapping of a considerable area usually shows that the granite masses are oval in shape and pass out- wards into gneiss, the quartz and feldspar and mica taking on a parallel arrangement; while the green- schists and other rocks are apt to be squeezed into synclinal bands between the oval gneissoid masses. This is the arrangement characteristic of the batho- lithic type of mountain structure, and the present surface of hummocky hills displays a cross section through the base of former batholithic domes, long ago carved down to mere stumps. Near Parry Sound rocks of the Grenville series, mica schists and fine-grained gneisses with crystalline limestone or marble, have been caught in the moun- tain-building process and are found in long bands between the elongated domes of granite and gneiss. In all cases the metamorphosed sediments just men- tioned, and the green eruptives which have been upheaved by the ascending granite of the domes, are the oldest rocks. They formed the cold and solid crust which was invaded by the molten granite. The later members of the Archaean, such as the Huronian, have not been found in the region within 100 or 150 miles of Lake Ontario, and the next for- 55 IS'ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION mation, the Ordovician, follows after an interval long enough to destroy the Laurentian mountains, which were carved down to low hills, the region having been reduced to a peneplain. Though the Archaean rocks are not found in place within ninety miles of Toronto, specimens of all their varieties, including marble, may be collected from the drift boulders in the neighborhood of the city. The old Archaean surface sinks gently beneath the next sheet of rock and advancing southwards may be found by drilling at greater and greater depths below the surface. At Thornhill, fourteen miles north of Toronto, it has been found in a well at 1,200 feet below the surface and 600 feet below the level of Lake Ontario. At Toronto granite and gneiss and sometimes crystalline limestone are found at depths of 1,100 to 1,300 feet below Lake Ontario, showing a slope of about forty feet to the mile in the old land surface. It is nearly 1,000 feet below sea level at Toronto, and 2,500 on the north shore of Lake Erie. As the ancient surface must have been leveled to a peneplain by denuding forces which can only act above the level of the sea, it is evident that vast areas of the old continental mass were warped down to form sea bottom before the Palaeozoic history of the region began. 56 GEOLOGY OF THE TORO:NrTO REGIOl^ PALAEOZOIC. Ordovician. The rocks of the Archaean are usually well exposed on the flanks of hills, while the valleys are more or less drift-covered; but the Palaeozoic rocks seldom rise as hills and their beds have only a slight dip, so that they are commonly buried under boulder clay or old lake deposits. Their outcrops are to be looked for mainly along lake shores or river valleys and there are hundreds of square miles of southern Ontario where no exposures of solid rock have been found. The Ordovician (Lower Silurian or Cambro- Silurian) forms the bed rock in most of the Toronto region, occurring at many points on the shore of Lake Ontario and less often at a distance from it. The subdivisions usually recognized are as follows: Queenston. Lorraine. TJtica. Collingwood. Trenton. Black River. Ordovician < Feathering out toward the north upon the uneven surface of the Archaean peneplain south of Bala, Washago and other points between Georgian Bay and the Thousand Islands one finds solid beds of Black River limestone. They are well exposed in quarries 57 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION at Longford, south of Washago, near the northern branch of the Grand Trunk Railway on Lake Couchi- ching, and also at Kingston, at the east end of Lake Ontario. The limestone may rest immediately on the steeply tilted gneiss, or there may be a thin sheet of coarse sandstone or conglomerate at the bottom. There is no doubt that the Black River beds once extended farther north and are now being stripped from the older crystalline rocks, exposing once more the Pre-Cambrian continental surface. The Black River limestone is used for building stone and for lime-burning. It is not highly fos- siliferous, the commonest fossils being Columnaria halli, Calapoccia canadensis, Maclurea logani and Gonioceras anceps. Immediately above the solid limestones mentioned above there is often a limestone formed in thinner sheets with partings of shale, the Trenton limestone. This occurs on the east side of Lake Simcoe, along Trent River, and at several points on the shore of Lake Ontario, such as Cobourg, Port Hope and, Trenton. It is much thicker than the Black River and is richer in fossils. The beds are so gently tilted that they appear horizontal to the eye, but by com' paring the same horizon at different points a dip toward the southwest of thirty or thirty-five feet to the mile has been found. The following fossils are frequently found in the Trenton rocks : 58 GEOLOGY OF THE TOEOKTO EEGIOIT Prasopora selwyni. Dalmanella testudinaria. Rhynchotrema inequivalve. Orthis tricenaria. Rafinesquina alternata. Hormotoma trentonensis. Protowarthia cancellata. Isotehis gigas. Bumastus milleri. Ceraurus pleiirexanthemus. Resting conformably on the grey shaly lime- stones there are 150 to 250 feet of black bituminous shales belonging to the Utica and Collingwood forma- tions, easily attacked by the weather, so that they are generally buried under the drift ; but low exposures of them may be found near Lake Ontario at Bow- manville, Oshawa and Whitby, and also near Colling- wood, at the south end of Georgian Bay. The shale has a distinctly bituminous odor when broken, and fragments put on a fire bum for a time, though the mass that is left still retains its shape. Oil was dis- tilled from the shale at Collingwood in early days, but the discovery of petroleum put an end to the industry. At several points the black and partly combustible shale has roused false hopes of the finding of coal. The shale is often very fossiliferous, iron pyrites being a frequent fossilizing material. Graptolites and certain trilobites, such as Triarthrus hecMi and Ogygites canadensis (formerly called Asaphus) are 59 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION verj common. The following list gives the commoner fossils : Ogygites canadensis. Triarthrus beckii. " spinosus. Lingula cobourgensis. Lingula progne. Rafinesquina alternata. Diplograptus bicomis. The Lorraine (Hudson River) shale follows the last formation without a break and extends, as low outcrops, along the shore of Lake Ontario from Toronto to Port Credit. Its best exposures are in the Don Valley brickyard, east of Rosedale, Toronto, along the Humber River south of Lambton Mills, and at a brickyard on the shore of Lake Ontario just west of Port Credit. The shale is grey and non-bituminous, and at intervals of a foot or two there is a layer of impure limestone, which must be selected out before the shale is ground for brick-making. The limy layers are very fossiliferous, and Professor Parks gives a list of more than sixty species found along the Don and Humber Rivers. The commonest forms are as fol- lows : Diplograptus pristis. Bythopora delicatula. Dekayella ulrichi. Rafinesquina alternata. 60 GEOLOGY OF THE TOEONTO REGION Plectambonites sericeus. Catazyga erratica. Cyrtolites omatus. Byssonychia radiata. Whiteavesia pholadiformis. Modiolopsis modiolaris. " concentrica. Orthoceras crebriseptum. Isotelus maximus. Calymene eallicephala. Richmond marine beds overlie the Lorraine toward the north and come as far south as Streets- ville, but are not found along the shore of Lake Ontario. Going westward from Port Credit, Queens- ton red shale soon shows itself in river valleys and reddens the soil of the fields. It follows the Lorraine shale conformably and has the usual slight dip south- westwards. Continuing toward the west it forms the lowest part of the escarpment which rims from Queenston to Hamilton and then bends northwards to Georgian Bay. It is well seen at Queenston and in the lower part of the ISTiagara gorge, and may be followed along the foot of " the mountain," as the escarpment is called locally. At Waterdown and Milton it is manufactured into bricks. The Queenston shale is very sparsely fossiliferous and in most places seems entirely barren, in this respect resembling many other red sedimentary rocks. The Richmond beds farther to the north contain many fossils of an Ordovician type. 61 Is^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION SrLiTBiAir. The Silurian (Upper Silurian) of southwestern Ontario includes a number of fairly distinct subdivi- sions which have been classed in various ways, the Niagara Limestone standing out most prominently at the crest of the escarpment before mentioned. Professor Parks gives the following classification of the Silurian : Salina .... Impure limestone and shale with gyp- sum and rock salt. Guelph .... Dolomite. T,T.. ( Lockport — Dolomitic limestone. JNiagara . -i ~^ , „, -, ^ [ Rochester — Shale. Clinton .... Limestone and shale. Medina .... Sandstone and shale. Cataract . . . Sandstone, etc. All of these subdivisions except the Guelph and Salina are well exposed in the Niagara gorge, the Cataract red or grey sandstone and shale resting upon the red Queenston shale at the mouth of the gorge. As one follows up the gorge the Cataract beds disappear beneath the rapids, and afterwards the Medina is lost, so that at the falls the lowest rock visible is the Clinton limestone. The Niagara (Lockport) limestone is thin at Queenston Heights, at the mouth of the gorge, but grows thicker as one approaches the falls, owing to the gentle southward dip of the beds. Dr. Parks mentions the following fossils as com- mon in the Niagara and lower formations of the Silurian. GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION Cataract Medina Clinton, Rochester Lockport and Zaphrentis bilateralis. Clathrodictjon vesiculosum. Orthis flabellites. Platystrophia biforata. Anoplotheca planoconvexa. Dalmanella elegantula. Leptaena rhomboid alis. Rhinopora verrucosa. Helopora fragilis. Phaenopora explanata. Encrinunis punctatus. ^Acidaspis sp. (Arthrophvcus alleghaniensis. Lingula cimeata. Favosites niagarensis. Halysites catenulatus. Dictjonema retiforme. Aulocopina granti. Fenestella elegans. Pachjdictja crassa. Spirifera niagarensis. Pentamerus oblongus. Spirifera crispus. Atrypa reticularis. Whitfieldella (several species). Rhjnchotreta cuneata americana. Caryocrinus ornatus. Stephanocrinus angulatus. Dawsonoceras annul atum ameri- canum. Bumastus ioxus. ^ Dalmanites limulurus. 63 NATURAL HISTORY, TOROi^TO REGIOIST The lower sandstones and shales at Niagara are poor in fossils, but the Clinton, Rochester and Lock- port beds contain a considerable fauna, the conimon- est species near the Falls being Spirifera niagarensis and Atrypa reticularis. The Guelph dolomite should in reality be separ- ated from the Niagara, since it differs so greatly in petrographic characters, and in fauna from the lower members of the series. It nowhere appears in the escarpment, but may be seen in quarries near Guelph, Gait, Elora and other places on the tableland. The rock is yellowish and porous from the weathering out of fossils, which are numerous. The commonest forms are Megalomus canadensis and species of Mur- chisonia and Pleurotomaria. The fossils are gener- ally large species as compared with the Niagara fossils in the beds below. Coelocaulus (Murchisonia) macrospira. Poleumita sulcata. Conchidium (Pentamerus) occidentale. Eotomaria galtensis. Megalomus canadensis. Pycnostylus galtensis. Halysites catenulatus. Trimerella grandis. Whitfieldella hyale. Calymene niagarensis. The Salina, lying farther to the southwest, is not well displayed in Ontario, but is of importance 64 GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGIOIT because of its gypsum deposits near Paris and of its salt beds, which in a moist climate like that of Ontario cannot exist at the surface but are found beneath the Devonian rocks along Lake Huron and to the southwest at depths of several hundred feet below the surface. These beds furnish most of the salt used in the central provinces of Canada. In the State of New York an interesting fauna, includ- ing large examples of Eurvpterus and Ptervgotus, occurs in impure limestones of this age from which cement is manufactured, but the similar beds in Ontario have been little exploited. Of the Devonian only the lower portion, the Onondaga (Comiferous), occurs in the region here described. It is found on the north shore of Lake Erie not far from Niagara Falls, as low outcrops of limestone with many thin layers of chert concretions. It is highly fossiliferous, many parts being prac- tically coral reefs ; and several species of coral may be collected in stone heaps in the fields or by the road- side. The commonest fossils are: Cystiphyllum vesiculosum. Favosites emmonsi. Heliophyllum halli. Syringopora hisingeri. Streptelasma prolificum. Michelinea convexa. Atrypa reticularis. Chonetes mucronatus. Rhipidomella vanuxemi. 5 65 NATTJEAL HISTOEY, TORONTO REGIOl^T Spirifera duodenarius. Stropheodonta demissa. Conocardium cuneus. Paracyclas elliptica. Platjceras carinatum. Proetus rowi. PLEISTOCEIs^E. General Features. As previously mentioned, the greater part of the region under consideration is covered with drift deposits of the Pleistocene, sometimes to the thick- ness of 600 or TOO feet; and a very complex history has been worked out from them. Between the Devonian and the end of the Pliocene no record has been preserved, but it is certain that superficial ero- sion went on to a great extent in the long period of dry land conditions after the middle Palaeozoic. There was time to strip much of the Palaeozoic beds from the Archaean floor and to cut back for many miles toward the west and south the Silurian shales under their protective capping of l^iagara limestone, thus producing the striking escarpment which crosses the province. Great river valleys were carved below the present level of the sea, showing that the land stood higher than now, the most important being the " Laurentian River," as it has been named by Dr. Spencer, which drained the Upper Lakes region through what is now Georgian Bay to the Ontario 66 GEOLOGY OF THE TOEONTO EEGIOls^ vallej, which it entered near Toronto. Probably the Ontario basin did not then exist and the valley- sloped eastwards toward the sea. When the first record begins the surface possessed a higher relief than now, the escarpment rising as cliffs of 300 or 400 feet, and the old river valley at Toronto having a depth of at least 200 feet below the general level. Glacial Deposits. The greater part of the region is covered with glacial deposits, especially bonlder clay, and mor- aines are frequent, sometimes rising as tumultuous hills as in the Oak Ridges north of Toronto, at others having low and inconspicuous forms. They have been worked out in much of the region by Mr. F. B. Taylor, but no general map of the glacial deposits has yet been published. With the moraines in various places there are kame deposits of coarse gravel and sand where sub-glacial rivers emptied, and in some cases narrow esker ridges of sand indi- cate the course of such rivers beneath the ice. The general surface of the boulder clay is apt to be gently rolling, as north of Toronto, but in some places there are drumlin hills of a more striking kind. The boulder clay is charged with a great variety of stones, including Archaean rocks, such as granite, gneiss, diorite and crystalline limestone, and Palaeo- zoic rocks, such as limestones, shales and sandstones of the Ordovician. The matrix is commonly bluish 67 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOl^ grey clay, due to the grinding up of grey shales ; but it becomes red or brown where the underlying rock is of that colour, e.g., over the Queenston shale, showing how local the source of the clay has been. There are at least five sheets of boulder clay of different ages exposed in the vicinity of Toronto, but in most other parts of the lake region only one or two are to be found. The oldest tills are harder and more resistant to weathering than the later ones. The latest sheet is considered to have been formed by the Wisconsin ice sheet of American geologists. The oldest may be Pre-Kansan. It has not been possible to separate these till sheets with any certainty up to the present, except at Scarborough Heights, where almost the whole series is displayed. The ice which covered the region came from the Labrador centre, but did not pass, as might have been expected, southwards or southwestwards across the country, since the valleys of the present Great Lakes deflected it into more westward directions. The ice followed these wide and deep depressions as great lobes, which were confluent when the glaciation was at its maximum, but which separated again when the ice sheets began to wane. The ice sheets, after passing through the Ontario valley, spread out towards its western end and then climbed the escarpment, leaving polished and striated surfaces on the Niagara limestone beyond the cliffs. Striae and even deep gouges and grooves were left on the Devonian limestones around Lake Erie. 68 GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION The hills of Archaean rocks to the north of the Palaeozoic beds were powerfully scoured on the northeastern (stoss) side, showing roches mouton- nees forms, but the lee side is often rugged and more or less covered with boulder clay or loose erratic blocks. Some have supposed that the basins of the lakes were largely hollowed by the continental ice sheets, but it is improbable that any important amount of excavation was accomplished in this way. The dam- ming of valleys by morainic materials was far more important and no doubt gave rise to the innumerable rocky lakes of the Archaean region to the north. The heaping up of a great interlobate morainic mass between the valleys of Lake Ontario and Lake Huron blocked the channel of the ancient Laurentian River and deflected the waters round the southwest- ern peninsula of Ontario into Lake Erie and the Niagara River, thus changing the whole arrangement of land and water. This land of irregular morainic ridges may be followed from a point near Trenton to Aurora, north of Toronto, and then to the top of the escarpment toward the west; while less conspicuous loops sur- round the southwestern end of the Ontario basin. Intekglaciai, Periods. Between the sheets of boulder clay there are beds of stratified sand and clay evidently formed by water, and hence interglacial. The earliest of these inter- 69 I^ATFKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION glacial episodes was long, and that it included great changes of climate and of physical conditions is proved by the extent and character of the deposits and by their fossils. This set of interglacial beds, which has been called the Toronto Formation, includes a thickness of 185 feet of sand and clay deposited as a delta by a great river flowing from the north into an interglacial Lake Ontario. Three outcrops are of special interest, one at the Don Valley brickyard, another at Scarborough Heights, and a third near Christie and Shaw Streets. At the brickyard, which is just east of Rosedale, the lowest boulder clay is seen resting upon the Lorraine shale, followed by 25 feet of stratified clay and sand containing many shells and leaves of trees as well as logs of wood. Above this there are 21 feet of strati- fied clay with a little peaty matter, but no other organic remains. This is followed by a second sheet of boulder clay and then by 80 feet of stratified clay from which no fossils of any kind are known. Boulders on the Iroquois terrace above imply a third boulder clay removed by wave action. The fossils from the Don valley interglacial sec- tion include a dozen species of the Unionidae, four of which now live in Lake Ontario, three others in Lake Erie, while the other five do not occur in Canada but are found in the Mississippi waters. There are in addition twenty-nine species of smaller shells. 70 FOSSIL LEAVES (Interslacial). DON VALLEY. A. P. Coleman. I'hoto by J. H. White. GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO EEGIOif The leaves and wood belong to more than thirty species, which include Asimina triloba, Carya alba, Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Crataegus punctata, Juniperus virginiana, Madura aurantiaca, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Taxu^ canadensis. Thuja occidentalis, Tilia americana, and several species of ash, poplar, oak and elm, and two extinct species of maple. The whole assemblage of trees indicates a climate decic'edly warmer than Toronto at present, about like that of Ohio or Penn- sylvania. The section at Scarborough Heights, some miles east of Toronto on the shore of Lake Ontario, includes 36 feet of sandy beds with unios and wood beneath the water level, 90 feet of peaty stratified clay, and 55 or 60 feet of stratified sand. The peaty clay encloses a little wood, fragments of leaves, mosses and seventy-two species of beetles, of which only two still live. The stratified sand contains wood and a few small shells. The fossils are con- sidered to indicate a climate somewhat cooler than the present, like that of Lake Superior, for example. The Scarborough beds are evidently delta deposits laid down in a lake rising 150 feet higher than Lake Ontario. Later the lake was drained and valleys were cut in the delta by rivers, as may be seen at a striking bit of clif? architecture called the " Dutch Church." This is carved by rain and stream ero- sion from boulder clay which filled the old valley during the second ice advance. 71 li^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Above this sheet of boulder clay resting on the eroded surface of the delta there are three other layers of till with stratified sand or clay between, the whole reaching a thickness of two hundred feet. None of the upper interglacial beds seem of much importance compared with the earliest, the Toronto Formation. At certain sand pits in western Toronto near Christie and Shaw Streets, a little north of Bloor Street, there are interglacial deposits of a quite dif- ferent character, cross-bedded sand and gravel laid down by powerful currents. In these beds bones of bison, Cervalces horealis, and of mammoth or mastodon have been found, as well as ivory and a few shells. The relations of these sands to the other beds are uncertain, but they are undoubtedly inter- glacial. Interglacial beds have been found at the Whirl- pool, Niagara, near Dundas, at the head of Lake Ontario, and at some other points; but few or no fossils have been obtained from them, and it is not known whether they should be correlated with the Toronto Formation or not. There is some reason to believe that the Aftonian interglacial beds of Iowa, which have yielded Cervalces, as well as a number of other mammals, may be of the same age as the Toronto Formation. Glaciai. Lakes. Each advance of the ice must have ponded back the water before it in the present lake basins, but 72 GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION thus far no deposits formed in these interglacial lakes, except perhaps near Toronto, have been iden- tified. Each retreat of the ice must also have been followed up by bodies of water whose outlet was blocked toward the east. The last ice retreat, that of the Wisconsin sheet, has left unmistakable evi- dence of a succession of glacial lakes which covered much of the region. Of these lakes two are of greatest importance — Lake Iroquois, which occupied the basin of Lake Ontario, but at a higher level ; and Lake Algonquin, which covered most of the great upper lakes with a single vast sheet of water. These ancient lakes have been somewhat carefully mapped, and their shores are as mature and often almost as well preserved as those of the present Great Lakes, though now, of course, covered with vegetation. Lake Ieoquois. The shores of Lake Iroquois, with their wave-cut cliffs and well-defined gravel bars, have been traced almost all round Lake Ontario, by Gilbert and Fair- child in New York, and by Spencer and Coleman in Ontario; but there is a wide gap at the north-east end of the basin, where no shore has been found. The shore in that quarter was of ice. Since the St. Lawrence outlet was blocked, Lake Iroquois emptied through the Mohawk Valley in New York into the Hudson. The beach is continuous except where cut by river valleys and at Scarborough 73 NATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Heights, where the waves of Lake Ontario have removed it for half a mile. The old shore is deformed, rising 116 feet above Lake Ontario at Hamilton, 176 feet at Toronto, 385 feet at Trenton, and 495 feet on an island to the northeast of Trenton, It gives convenient routes for high roads and railroads, and sites for three cities, St. Catharines, Hamilton and Toronto. The last named city is, however, expanding beyond the old shore cliffs, spreading out on the upland of boulder clay to the north. Fine gravel bars extend across the ancient river valleys, enclosing bays which are readily observed. The most striking of these bars runs like a wall northeast of Hamilton, cutting off a Dundas Bay of Lake Iroquois, as well marked as the modem Hamilton Bay, separated by a sand bar from Lake Ontario. Two long bars occur at Toronto, one projecting westward from West Toronto, cutting off an old Humber Bay, the other extending two or three miles southwest from Scarborough Heights, forming an old Don Bay. The latter bar in shape and the arrangement of its lagoons resembles the present Toronto Island. The belt of gently sloping shallow water deposits between the Iroquois beach and the shore of Lake Ontario is generally from two to five miles wide and provides some of the most valuable fruit lands in Canada, where apples, grapes and peaches are culti- vated on a large scale. 74 GEOLOGY OF THE TOKOISTTO REGION The sliore deposits of Lake Iroquois at Hamilton and Toronto have a thickness of more than one hun- dred feet, and in the gravel bars remains of mam- moth, caribou and other mammals, as well as fresh- water shells, have been found. As the lake had one shore of ice the water must have been cooler, and probably the climate also, than that of the present Ontario valley. Lake Algonquin". Lake Algonquin, as worked out bv Spencer, Tay- lor, Goldthwaite and others, was probably the great- est of the glacial lakes, including the basins of Lake Superior, Lake Nipigon, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, and a large amount of the lowlands adjacent. Its outlet appears to have been first by Niagara River over ISTiagara Falls into Lake Iroquois, but later by the Trent Valley. Its beaches occur near London, Barrie and other points west and north of Toronto. They are even more strongly developed than those of Lake Iroquois, since the lake was larger and perhaps somewhat longer lived than the one in the Ontario basin. ITiAGAEA Falls. The history of jSTiagara Falls begins with the outflow of the Algonquin waters through the Erie valley and then northward over the Niagara escarp- ment into the basin of Lake Iroquois. The history of the falls has interested geologists ever since the 75 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION visit of Sir Charles Lyell in 1842, and many papers have been written on the subject. The most impor- tant contributions to the literature have been made by Gilbert, Spencer and Taylor, who do not entirely agree as to the succession of events. All agree that the falls began at the Niagara escarpment near Queenston on the Canadian side and Lewiston on the American when the ice of the Ontario lobe had so far withdrawn as to set free a large part of the basin. It is probable that the falls began as three separate plunges over the three harder rock layers of the escarpment, the Cataract sand- stone, the Clinton limestone and the Niagara (Lock- port) limestone. The upper limestone is the thick- est and most resistant of the three beds, so that ulti- mately the two lower falls worked their way back to the upper fall, probably at Niagara Glen; since then there has been only one fall. The Niagara gorge is 300 feet deep at Queenston Heights, but diminishes to 158 feet at the Canadian or Horseshoe Fall. Dr. Spencer has sounded below the falls, finding a depth of water of 192 feet, making a total depth of 340 feet for the chasm. '• The width of the gorge varies to an important ' degree, having two stretches which are narrower than the rest, at Niagara Glen and just below the railway bridges, both accompanied by powerful rapids. These narrower portions may be accounted for by supposing the greater part of the drainage of the Upper Lakes to be diverted to the Trent Valley 76 GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION outlet or to the Mattawa-Ottawa outlet, leaving only the supply from the Erie basin to continue the work of cutting back, which then progressed much more slowly. It has been determined by Dr. Spencer that, since accurate surveys have been made, the rate of recession of the Horseshoe Fall is 4.2 feet per annum, and that the shape of the rim has been greatly changed. The American Fall has a much smaller flow of water, about 7 per cent, of the whole, and can scarcely handle the great blocks of rock which have tumbled from the cliff. Dr. Spencer estimates its recession at only 0.6 of a foot per annum. If the falls have receded at the uniform rate of 4.2 feet per annum for a distance of 6I/2 miles, the time required would be about 8,000 years; but the times of much slower recession suggested above may greatly increase this estimate, and Dr. Spencer's figure, 39,000 years, is perhaps not excessive. One of the most interesting points along the Niagara gorge is the Whirlpool, a mile below the railway bridges, where the river makes a complete loop, the entering current plunging under the escap- ing current. The cause of the sudden bend in the river channel and of its westward bulge is to be found in an old drift-filled channel which the falls discovered in the course of its recession and par- tially cleared out. The ancient stream was much smaller than the Niagara. 77 NATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEOXTO EEGI0:N' The geological history of the region in Post- glacial times begins with the removal of the remnants of ice which blocked the St. Lawrence outlet, when the water sank from the Iroquois stage to sea level for a time, though the great inflow of fresh water prevented the basin from becoming salt. Meantime, the region to the northeast was slowly rising and at leng-th cut off the basin of Ontario from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, when Lake Ontario came into being. It probably fell far short of its present westward extension at first, but the differential elevation of its outlet at the Thousand Islands has backed up the water, which now stands 246 feet above the sea. THE SOILS OF THE TOEOls^TO EEGION. There are many varieties of soil in the district surrounding Toronto, resulting from the events of Pleistocene times just detailed. Residual soils due to the decay of ancient rocks in place scarcely exist in the region, which is almost wholly covered with glacial drift or with old lake deposits. The glacial materials include certain moraines to the north so thickly strewn with stones as to be almost valueless to the farmer, a few kames of barren gravel, and some wide stretches of hopeless outwash sfcnd, all practically useless when stripped of their forest growth; but they also supply the strong clay soils of the broad rolling surface of till covering much of the province, sometimes rather stony, but rich in lime, potash and phosphorus derived from the ground- 78 GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO EEGIOJs" up shale, limestone and Archaean rocks. These rich but somewhat heavy soils make the basis of the agri- culture of southern Ontario, which is still the most productive province of Canada. The old lake bot- toms of Iroquois and Algonquin origin afford also a great variety of soils of a somewhat different kind, mostly derived from the glacial deposits of their shores either by the action of waves or of rivers entering and forming deltas. Where the waves have eaten into promontories of boulder clay the enclosed boulders are sometimes left in the fields in hopeless numbers, but usually the lake-formed soils are free from stones. They range from the gravels of ancient bars, where the soil is thin and too well drained, into sandy slopes of very light soil, which merge lower down into sandy loam, and finally in the flatter parts form wide stretches of rich silty alluvium. The soils due to lake action have proved themselves excellently adapted for fruit growing, especially the sandy loams, so that the band of Iroquois deposits round Lake Ontario is largely covered with orchards and vineyards. There is probably no part of ^orth America more favorable to mixed farming and fruit growing than the part of Ontario south of the Archaean region. GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIO:NtS NEAK TOEOXTO. A number of excursions have been planned for the members of the Geological Congress in and near 79 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Toronto. For details in regard to them the special guide books prepared for the purpose should be con- sulted. Here it will merely be necessary to outline the possibilities. One may visit several geologically interesting localities in Toronto or its vicinity by street-car com- bined with short walks, as follows : The Don Valley Brickyard, showing Lorraine shales and glacial and interglacial beds with many fossils, may be reached by taking a Church Street car to Rosedale, and walking a mile, first north along Glen Road, then east on Binscarth Road, where a path leads down to the Don Valley and the brick- yard. The Sand and Gravel Pit on Shaw Street, showing crossbedded river deposits of interglacial age with mammoth, etc., may be reached by taking a Bloor car northwest to that street. A few minutes' walk to the north brings one to the pit, which is on the west side of the street. Toronto Island, showing a modern sand and gravel bar built of materials transported from Scar- borough Heights to the east, may be reached by tak- ing a Yonge Street car to the waterfront on Toronto Bay. Ferries ply to the island a block to the west of Yonge Street. Scarborough Heights, showing the finest Pleisto- cene section in Canada, including 355 feet of glacial and interglacial beds, may be visited in two ways: first, by taking a King Street car as far east as pos- 80 GEOLOGY OF THE TOKONTO KEGION sible, turning south to the beach and walking east along the foot of the cliffs; or, second, bj taking a King Street car to the Woodbine, and then a sub- urban car on Kingston Road to Stop 32. A lane leads two-thirds of a mile south to the cliffs. Lambton Mills, to the northwest of Toronto, may be reached by taking a Dundas Street car to West Toronto and then a suburban car to Lambton Mills. An old gravel bar, belonging to the Iroquois beach, runs westwards almost to the Humber. South of Lambton Mills along the Humber River there are good exposures of Lorraine shale, and also for two miles up stream on the west side. Excursions out of town may be made by C. P. R. northwards to Forks of the Credit, where there is an excellent Silurian and Ordovician section on the escarpment ; and to Longford and Washago, or Parry Sound; or by G. T. R., C. P. R. or C. N. R. to Muskoka, where Archaean rocks are displayed. One can go by rail or steamer to Hamilton, forty miles west of Toronto, where the Iroquois beach is finely displayed, and the escarpment exposes a Silur- ian section; and one can go east by C. N. R. or G. T. R. along the old Iroquois shore, with the hills of an interlobate moraine rising to the north. One can cross Lake Ontario to the Niagara River and go by electric railway to the Niagara Gorge and Falls. For details in regard to these excursions one is referred to the special guide books. 6 81 CHAPTER IV. THE CLIMATE OF TORONTO. By R. F. STUPART, F.R.S.C., Director Dominion Meteorological Service. Toronto is situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario on a peninsula formed bj the Great Lakes (Huron, including the Georgian Bay, Erie and Ontario). The land in this peninsula reaches an approximate height of 700 feet above the lake in a ridge which parallels the Ontario shore line at a distance of about twenty miles and then trends away to the northwestward, increasing to a height of 1500 feet just south of the Georgian Bay. These geo- graphical features play an important role among factors affecting the climate of Toronto. An Observatory was established at Toronto in 1840, and meteorological observations have been taken continuously ever since. Up to 1907 there was practically no change in the location of the instruments, although as time went on the city grew up around the University property, within the bound- aries of which the Observatory was placed. It was not, however, until 1906, that any building was erected near enough to impair the Observatory 82 THE CLIMATE OF TORONTO records, and shortly after this, in the spring of 1907, the instruments were removed to a somewhat con- fined area half a mile distant, where thej remained for eighteen months, until removed to the present Observatory in September, 1909. During two years prior to removal from the old site, comparisons were made with thermometers placed at the site now occu- pied, and very close agreement was found. In addi- tion to this long series of observations at the Govern- ment Observatory, there was an almost unbroken series of observations by the Rev. Charles Dade, between 1830 and 1839. The Toronto Observatory, in addition to being the local meteorological observing station, is the central office of the Dominion Meteorological Service, whence are issued all weather forecasts and storm warnings and also all Government bulletins and reports, concerning the climatology of Canada. The mean annual temperature, as determined from readings of the maximum and minimum ther- mometers during 71 years' observations, is 44°. 4. The highest annual mean was 47°. 2 in 1898, and the lowest was 40°. 8 in 1895 — a difference of 6°.4. The greatest difference between any two successive years was 3°.8 in 1882-3, and the least was 0°, in 1841-2. The seasonal mean temperatures are: Winter, 23°. 4; Spring, 41°. 0; Summer, 65°. 8; Autumn, 47°.5. There are some indications that the climate has changed slightly with the gradual clearing away of IS^ATUKAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGION the vast American forests. It would appear that both Summer and Autumn are a little warmer, and that Winter is colder than in the earlier days of settlement, while the Spring average temperature shows little or no change. Considering the seasons from a popular stand- point, the writer believes that their duration might be stated as follows: Spring— March 10th to May 20th. Summer — May 21st to September 10th. Autumn — September 11th to November 25 th. Winter — November 26th to March 9th. The first part of March is usually rather cold, but days of bright sunshine and swelling buds, together with the rapid disappearance of the snow, which now lies only in patches in sheltered places, give omen of spring, which soon comes on apace. The maple tree has bloomed as early as March 20th, and a few hardy plants may occasionally be found in bloom ten days later. A few migrating birds will also appear after the middle of the month, and by the 31st, when the ground exposed to the sun is usually i free of frost, ploughing is frequently possible. The months of March 1903 and 1910 showed ,. the largest positive departures from average for ll months of that name, the latter especially being characterized by an extraordinary warm spell during the last week, when temperatures of over 70° were recorded. 84 THE CLIMATE OF T0E0:N'T0 The coldest March was that of 1885, with a mean temperature of 18°, this following one of the coldest winters on record. April is a month of much bright sunshine, which averages 193 hours, and the rainfall is less than in any other month of the year. Owing, however, to the position of Toronto upon the shores of Lake Ontario, winds off the lake, which in winter some- what temper the climate, now letard the upward trend of temperature, and vegetation makes rather slow progress. Up to the 20th light falls of snow may also occur, but this snow is quickly melted. After the 20th there is usually a marked improve- ment in the weather conditions, vegetation then mak- ing more rapid strides, and the swallows and insects become numerous. The date of seeding varies with the drying of the ground and will often be quite early in the month, but it is seldom general until the 20th. At this date, also, violets and a few other wild flowers are found in the woods, and elm and poplar are usually in bloom. The three warmest Aprils were those of 1844, 1878, and 1895 — that of 1878 was exceptionally warm, with a mean temperature of 49". 2, but 3°. 2 lower than the temperature of a normal May. Occa- sionally very high thermometer readings are recorded towards the end of this month, the highest record being 89°.9 on the 22nd, 1842. May. — By the first of May the somewhat fre- quent cool periods, which retard growth in plant life 85 :n'attjeal history, toroxto region during April, are now practically over, and with leaps and bounds vegetation goes forward. By the 15th day most of the spring wild flowers are in bloom and many trees are in full leaf. About ten days later horse chestnut, lilac and apple are in bloom, and incubation by migratory birds is well on the way. The average date of the last spring frost is May 4th. The warmest May on record was that of 1911, with a mean temperature of 61°. 2, and the coldest that of 1867, with a mean of 46°. 5. It is not uncommon in this month for the daily maxima temperatures to exceed 70° for spells of a week or ten days. One of the outstanding features of the Toronto summer is the fact that wholly overcast and rainy days are of rare occurrence, the rainfall occurring in showers and thunderstorms, while days of bright sunshine are numerous ; in fact, from the middle of June until the end of August one may almost count on days of at least part sim.shine. There is an aver- age of 791 hours of sunshine in the three months. By May 20th the normal daily temperature has risen to 53°. 5, with an average daily maximum of 64° and occasional days of 80°. June has an average daily maximum of 72°, July 78°, and August 76°. and during the first ten days of September it is still above 70°. Spells of great heat occasionally occur, but temperatures of 90° are not of frequent occur- rence. TTp to 1911 the highest temperature ever recorded was 98°. 6, but a period of heat during the first few days of July, 1911, broke all records, and 86 THE CLIMATE OF TOEON^TO on six consecutive days the following temperatures were registered: 98°, 101°, 103°, 97°, 95° and 92°. The average warmest day of the year is July 15th, but the normal changes very little between July 5th and August 12th. The warmest summer on record was that of 1911, with a mean of 68°. 8 ; the warmest June was that of 1895, with a mean of 6Y°.9 ; the warmest July that of 1868, with mean of 75°. 8, and the warmest August that of 1900, with mean of 71°. 6. The coolest summer was that of 1869, with a mean of 62. °2, and in this summer the temperature was over 80° on but five days. The summer rainfall is quite evenly distributed, each month averaging a little under 3,00 inches. The greatest rainfall was 15.88 inches, in 1841, and the least was 1.95 inches, in 1899. The heaviest monthly rainfall in summer was 8.15 inches, in July, 1841, and the least a trace in August, 1876. The heaviest falls ever recorded were 3.45 inches during a thunderstorm on the 4th August, 1878, and 3.88 inches during a 22-hour rain in July, 1897. The downward trend of the temperature curve is not rapid during the autumn, and it is not until October 7th that 50° is reached, and November 26th is the average date on which mean temperature drops to the freezing point. The warmest autumn was that of 1908, with a mean of 51°. 6, and the next warmest, 1912, with a mean of 51°. 2, in each year the three months being above average. The warmest September was that of 1881, with a mean of 67°. 8; 87 IS^ATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION the warmest October that of 1900, with a mean of 56°. 4, and the warmest November that of 1902, with a mean of 42°. 9. The coldest autumn was that of 1873, with a mean temperature of 43°. 5. On November 26th the normal mean temperature sinks below the freezing point and then gradually lowers until the minimum of the winter is reached, about February 4th, of which the normal mean is 19°.6 ; from this onward the curve rises, at first slowly and then more rapidly, until on the 26th March it again crosses the 32° mark. The normal Toronto winter is not then very severe, and extremely low temperatures are of infrequent occurrence, except in abnormal years. The coldest winter was that of 1874-5, with a mean of 17°. 3, and other exceptional winters were 1903-4, with a mean of 17°. 4; 1904-5, with a mean • of 18\7 ; 1884-5, with a mean of 18°.3. The mild- est winter was that of 1889-90, with a mean of 30°. 6. Other very mild winters were 1877-8, with a mean of 28.5; 1879-80, with a mean of 28.8; 1881-2, with a mean of 29°. 3, and 1905-6, with a mean of 28°.2. The Decembers of 1881 and 1889, with a mean temperature of 34°. 3, were the warmest on record, and that of 1911, with a mean of 33°. 9, was also unusually mild. The coldest Decembers were those of 1859, 1872 and 1876, with mean temperatures, respectively, 17°.9, 18°.7 and 17°.2. The highest temperature ever recorded in December was 5 6°. 2 on 88 THE CLIMATE OF TOEOI^TO the 14th, 1901, and the lowest — 21° on the 21st, 1871. January and February have much the same mean temperature. February, 1875, was the coldest month on record, with a mean temperature of 10°. 2. On fourteen consecutive days the temperature fell below zero, with an absolute minimum of 16 below; the mean minimum of the month was — 0°.6. Other notably cold months were January, 1866, with mean temperature of 16°; January, 1857, 12°. 7; January, 1875, 16°.l ; January, 1884, 16°.0; Feb- ruary, 1885, 11°. 1 ; January, 1893, 14°. 7; January, 1904, 16°.0, and January, 1912, 13°.9. The normal annual snowfall in Toronto is 65 inches. A few flurries usually occur in !N^ovember, and occasionally several inches may fall, but it is not until December that the ground becomes snow- covered, and this, as a rule, not until well on in the month; there is not sleighing at Christmas in more than one year in five, and in many winters the ground is bare during Christmas week. During January and February there is usually sleighing, but towards the end of February the snow melts fast, and it is only occasionally that the surrounding country is snow-covered into March. Heavy snow- falls have occurred in some years in March, but these are the exception rather than the rule, and an old and very prevalent idea that a heavy snowstorm usually occurs about March I7th is not borne out by the records. The heaviest snowfall on record is 16 inches, and this has occurred on several occasions. 89' Is^ATUEAL HISTOEY, TORONTO REGI0:N^ CO ci V u S3 03 CO cu CO 00 CO lO 00 CM oo CM oo' CM o c^ oo CM CD 00 CV] 1ft oo oo CM CO o o OS CM OS OS o OS CM CO oo CM CM CM oo CM Cvj Ift 00 CM ■5 Ift 00 CM 1—1 00 CM o O CO CM CM lO o CO 00 o la o CO OO a CO o CO CM o CO cm CO I— 1 o CO CM OS 1—1 C5 CO CM o o CO CO Ift CM o CO CD OS cc o CO CM OS lO o CO OS Ift d CO o OS d CO •UBaj^r «o oo CO to OS CM 05 o CD CM o o CO oj CM CM OS CM Ift 00 Ift OS CM 3 OS CM CO CD OS CM Ift CO OS CM CM CO CD OS CM CO g CO 0 cc •9-[qisso(I JO CO t^ •^ oc CO o CD o CD Ift Ift ■^ ■^ OS CM CM CD 1* •sJinojj 00 oo o i-H o 1—1 1—1 1—1 CM o CO CM CM 00 CM CO Ift CM 00 o CM OS 1—1 Ift oo Ift CD 00 1* o CM e^oo 1— ( OO 00 o o CO CM 00 OS o 00 CM oo 2 •= |l '3 j= (^5 •I^^ox 00 OO Iffl CO CO o cvi oo OS CM CD ^i o CO CM oo 1—1 CO o CM CM CO oo CM 1—1 •>* oo JO -ON 1— ( CM »— 1 O T-t ■^ 1—1 t^ CO 1—1 1-< CO •MOUg 03 la CM CD o CO 5§ JO -ON ID ira t^ o CM 1—1 CM 1—1 1— ( 1— 1 1-1 1— t 1— f CM o 1—1 CD CM 1—1 1-H •uiBH ^ o 1—1 CM OS cvi CD CM o CO CM oo 1— ( CO CM OS cvi CO Ift 1—1 CD oo CM < •1S9A\0'7 9majis3 ;o CM 1 ITS CM i 1 05 CD CM oo CM oo CO o o CD CM OS Ift o 1 o CM 1 lO d CM 1 oc CO CM 00 00 CO OS OS CM CO o CM d OS OS 00 CM d o 1—1 CO CM CO o 1—1 £[iVQ nB9i\[ C5 CO I— 1 o 1— 1 T-t CO CO 1—1 00 Ift OS — H OS o OS o oo' oo Ift 1—1 CM Ift CM CO d 1-1 JO n'eaj,^ CM CM oi CM 1—1 CM in CD CM CD oo CD CD CD CD CM Ift o CO CD CO CO d CM •<:«' •^ >* •uiTitnmij\[ U139J\[ CM CM 05 CM CO CO CO CO CO OS CM Ift CM 00 Ift 1— I Ift CM o Ift 1—1 OS CO d CO o d CM CO •ranni!XBi\[ uB9j\r ^ CM oi CM CO CO CO o cm' cc CM OS CO CM 00 CO o: kfl CM Ift CM CO CO evi ift a 1-5 43 o. c 3 1-5 "3 1-5 3 < Q, 02 a > ^ 1 1 90 TYPICAL SOUTHERN ONTARIO HARDWOODS. Courtesy of B. E. Fernow. CHAPTER V. LIFE ZONES. By C. D. HOWE, Ph.D. In approaching Toronto from the United States either by the way of Buffalo or Detroit, one finds himself, immediately upon crossing the international boundary, in the Carolinian Area of the Upper Aus- tral Zone of Merriam. The northern boundary of this area may be approximately made by drawing a line from the mouth of the St. Clair River through London to Hamilton, and thence along the lake shore to Toronto. Both the mean annual temperature and the average temperature of the four grov/ing months are slightly higher than the average for the southern portion of the province. The rainfall is somewhat greater and the snovsrfall is considerably less than the average for the province. The milder climate of the southwestern portion of Ontario has resulted in the projection of the flora of the lowland portions of the Southern States into Canada, as is disclosed by the presence of such trees as : the tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) ; chest- nut (Castanea dentata) ; black walnut (Juglans nigra) ; sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) ; mockernut hickory (Hicoria alba) ; Kentucky coffee-tree (Gym- 91 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO KEGION nocladus dioicus) ; Judas-tree {Cercis canadensis) ; sassafras {Sassafras sassafras) ; honej locust {Gle- ditschia triacan'hos) ; papaw (Asimina triloba), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The original forest, however, was doubtless made up chiefly of oaks, hickories, maple, beech, basswood and elm, with the trees mentioned above as secondary species. Since the soil was of fine agricultural qual- ity, the forest has almost entirely given way to farms. One is urged to visit Rondeau Park if he wishes to see a magnificent remnant of the forest type that originally covered the area. The southern relationship of the flora is also strikingly shown by the herbaceous forms. Probably fifty species or more, many of them ranging as far south as Florida, are found in Canada only in the region described above. Among these may be men- tioned : Rue anemone (Ranunculus thalictroides) ; corydalis {Corydalis flavula) ; mouse-ear cress {Sisymbrium thalianum) ; swamp saxifrage {Saxi- fraga pennsylvanica) ; Indian physic {Gillenia tri- foliata) ; wild indigo {Baptisia tinctoria) ; wild lupine {Luyinus perennis) ; hoary pea {Tephrosia virginiana) ; tick trefoil {Desmodium pauciflorum) ; bush clover {Lespedeza virginica) ; Carolina vetch {Vicia caroliniana) ; flax {Linum virginianum) ; milkwort {Polygala sanguinea) ; flowering spurge {Euphorbia corollata) ; swamp rose mallow {Hibis- cus moscheutos) ; great pinweed {Lechea villosa) ; loose-strife {Ly thrum alatum) ; harbinger of spring 92 LIFE ZONES (Erigenia hulhosa) ; purple milkweed {Asclepias purpurascens) ; green milkweed (Acerates flori- dana) ; ground pink (Phlox suhulata) ; waterleaf (Uydrophyllum appendiculatum) ; bluebells (Mer- tensia virginica) ; puccoon (Lithospernum gmelini) ; basil (Pycnanthemum flexuoswn) ; ground cherry (Physalis virginiana) ; purple foxglove (Gerardia purpurea) ; tall bluebell (Campanula americana) ; blazing star (Liatris cylindracea) . The Carolinian Area corresponds to the Lacus- trine Area, Alleghanian-Ozark District of Die Vege- tation, der Erde of Engler and Drude. It lies within the Broad-leaved Summer Forest of Schimper; the Deciduous Dicotylous Forest of Warming ; the Chest- nut Zone of Majr. In approaching Toronto from Montreal one passes through the Alleghanian Area of the Transition Zone of Merriam. The northern boundary of the area is approximately formed by a line drawn from Ottawa to the southern portion of Georgian Bay. The area represents a transitional region from the prevailing needle-leaved forests of the north to the prevailing broad-leaved forests of the south, and its forests are consequently of mixed composition. Over the greater part of the area, however, the needle-leaved forests, and the broad-leaved forests occupy distinct sites. The needle-leaved forest, according to the situation in which it occurs, may be divided into two types ; the white pine— red pine type and the coniferous swamp type. 93 Js'ATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION" The white pine-red pine type within the area has been practically all removed hj lumbering opera- tions and its powers of reproduction greatly reduced by repeated fires, so that its sites are now chiefly occupied by poplar (mostly Populus grandidentata) and paper birch (Betula alba var. papyrifera). The original forest occupied the thin soils covering the granites and crystalline limestones and the deeper gravelly or sandy glacial and post-glacial deposits. The ground cover of the few stands of pme that remain is usually composed of the following species in order of their abundance: Wintergrecn (Gaul- theria procumhens) ; bracken fern {Pteris aquilina) ; blueberry (Vaccinium canadense and Vaccinium pennsyhanicum) ; bunch-berry {Cornus canadensis) ; bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera) ; beaked hazel- nut (Corylus rostrata) ; pipsissewa (Chimaphila um- hellata) ; partridge-berry {Mitchella repens) ; wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) ; trailing arbutus {Epigaea repens). The trees of the coniferous swamp type are: Balsam {Abies balsamea) ; arbor vitae {Thuja occi- dentalis) ; black spruce {Picea mariana) and larch {Larix laricina). They occur in various mixtures. Any of the first three mentioned may often predom- inate, and more rarely the last. Among the more characteristic subordinate plants of this type may be mentioned: Mountain holly {Nemopanthus mucro- nata) ; winterberry {Ilex verticillata) ; chokeberry {Pyrus arhutifolia) ; cotton grass {Eriophorum vir- 94 LIFE ZOXES ginicum) ; cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnarnomea) ; small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) ; pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) ; manna grass (Gly- ceria canadensis) ; orchid {Hahenaria hyperhorea) ; and sphagnum moss. The broad-leaved forest occupies the deep glacial drift soils, which for the most part are gravelly or sandy loams. It is usually found on the higher slopes and ridges when these are well covered with soil, but it may occur on sandy flats when the water table is near the surface. At least one-half of the forest is composed of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) , and about one-fourth consists of beech {Fagus grandi- flora). The other species in order of their abun- dance are: Basswood (Tilia americana) ; yellow birch (Betula lutea) ; hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) ; hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) ; elm (Ulmu^ americana) ; white ash (Fraxinu^ americana) ; bal- sam (Abies halsamea) ; black cherry (Prunus sero- tina) ; large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata) . The names of some of the characteristic plants which may be found beneath the broad-leaved forest are given below: Prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynos- haii) ; witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) ; striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum) ; round-leaved dog- wood (Cornus circinata) ; witch hobble (Viburnum alnifolium) ; wood fern (Aspidium spinulosum) ; wood rush (Luzula vernalis) ; yellow clintonia (Clin- ionia borealis) ; false Solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa) ; wild lily of the valley (Mianthemum 95 :natural history, Toronto region^ canadense) ; large flowered trillium {Trillium gran- diflorum) ; hepatica (Uepatica triloba) ; cohosh (Actaea rubra) ; false miterwort {Tiarella cordi- folia) ; bishop's cap (Mitella diphylla) ; blue violet (Viola cucullata) ; black snakeroot (Sanicula mary- landica). A mixed broad-leaved-needle-leaved forest fre- quently occurs on the flats and bases of slopes along streams and lakes, and sometimes on low ridges ris- ing above the pure broad-leaved forest. Hemlock is the principal needle-leaved tree in these situations, and while it may occur in greater proportion, it usually forms about one-third of such stands. Sugar maple and beech make up another third, while the remaining members are yellow birch, balsam, bass- wood, hop hornbeam, arbor vitae, black spruce and white ash, in order of their abundance. The herba- ceous flora does not differ essentially from that of the pure broad-leaved forest. Another mixed type is to be found in the drained swamps along the margins of slow-moving streams. In composition it is about one-third each of arbor vitae and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The other third consists of balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, black spruce, maple, and elm. The herbaceous flora is a mixture of that of the broad-leaved forest and that of the coniferous swamp. Along the railways from Montreal to Toronto forests of the types described above can be seen only in patches, for they have been chiefly supplanted by 96 LEGEND Hudsonian Zone Canadian Zone BOR£AI REGION Tran»iti'onfiI Zon« Alleqhanian Area Upper Auctr«1 Zone Carolinian Area Lower Austral Zone Au5^^o riparian Area Lower Austral Zone ^^^ Semi tropical Area Tropical LIFE ZONES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA t'Aftrr C.H.Merriom) This Map has been prepared by J. Patterson, M.A. LIFE ZONES farms, to a less extent, however, along the Canadian Pacific than along the Grand Trunk Railway. Along the former, especially between Montreal and Have- lock, Ontario, one sees many illustrations of the pop- lar-birch type arising on burned areas, together with patches of the characteristic broad-leaf and coniferous forest types. Along the latter one sees only small remnants of the original maple-beech forests in the farm wood-lots, with frequent cedar swamps on the heavier, poorly-drained soils. The Alleghanian Area as described above corre- sponds to the Lake District of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Region of Engler and Drude. With reference to the other authors, they place it in the same classes as given above under the Carolinian Area. The Canadian Zone lying north of the Alleghan- ian Area, as shown on the accompanying map, has a forest in its southern portion similar to that of the Alleghanian Area, but as one goes northward the broad-leaf component becomes smaller and the needle- leaf component larger, as is shown by the greater abundance of balsam, white spruce, and black spruce. The white pine and red pine decrease in abundance. When the Hudson Bay drainage area is reached, sugar maple, beech, white ash, red oak will be found to have dropped out, and the forest becomes prevail- ingly coniferous, with black spruce forming the greater portion, sometimes two-thirds, of the stands. White spruce and balsam become minor species. The 7 97 K^ATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO REGION broad-leaf component is represented by poplars, and they often constitute one-fourth of the forest. As has been shown in the article (p. 51) bj Professor Coleman on the geologj of the region, the city of Toronto for the most part stands on light sandy soils deposited in the Iroquois stage of Lake Ontario, and the vegetation is characteristic of such soils. The trees are mostly oaks and pines. There are, however, patches of heavier soils, and where their forest remains it is composed of beech and hem- lock, notably in Ashbridge's woods in the eastern part of the city. Xorth of the old Iroquois beach the soil gradually becomes heavier, with an increasing clay content, and the oak-pine forest is replaced by a maple-beech forest. On the western edge of the city, in High Park and on the Humber plains, the vegetation is dis- tinctly Carolinian in its relationships, while on the eastern side it is Alleghanian, the city being the dividing line between the two types of flora. The transition 'between the two types is very abrupt in High Park, where one may pass in a few minutes from the Carolinian of the sand plains to the Alle- ghanian in the bottom of the deep ravines. Toronto and vicinity offer excellent opportunities for the study of vegetation in its various habitats ; in fact there are few places where one can find on so small an area so many abrupt changes in the charac- ter of vegetation due to variations in soil and in the micro-climatic conditions. One interested in such 98 LIFE ZONES study is urged to visit the sand plains of tlie Humber Kiver, the flood plains and ravines of the Humber and Don, the marshes near the mouth of the Humber and those along Ashbridge's Bay, the beach at Toronto Island, Scarborough Bluffs, the clay regions north and east of the Iroquois beach line, and the peat bogs at Bond Lake. 99 CHAPTER VI. THE SEED PLANTS OF TORONTO AND VICINITY. By PRINCIPAL WILLIAM SCOTT. Toronto has a great variety of soil and surface. The soil varies from the purest of sand to the heaviest of clay. The Island, which faces the city, is com- posed of almost pure sand; the valleys of the Don and the Humber are almost pure clay. In the imme- diate vicinity of the city are to be found cold bogs and swamps. The elevation of the land above the sea level varies from 250 feet at the lake front to 577 feet at the Forest Hill station on the Belt Line railway, and 817 feet at Richmond Hill. These conditions com- bine to produce a great variety of flowering plants. It is needless to say that man and the domestic animals have destroyed many plants that at one time were abundant here. Many rare and beautiful spe- cies that formerly flourished on the Island are, if not entirely extinct, rarely to be met with. " Ladies' tresses " could always be found in abundance. The exact locality where they were so common is now several feet under the sand which was pumped over the land to raise it. The only locality in which 100 THE SEED PLANTS OF TORONTO Scleria verticillata was known to grow has been " improved " so that this rare plant is now extinct. A few years ago both the valleys of the Humber and the Don were the homes of many varieties of Orchids and rare plants, as Ginseng and the Painted Cup. These have disappeared. May not unwise methods of teaching I^Tature Study have contributed to this unfortunate result to some extent ? In the flora of Toronto and its immediate neigh- borhood there are 104 families, 398 genera and 798 species enumerated in the accompanying list. The following is a fairly complete list of the Phanerogamia found near Toronto. Taxaceae (Yew Family). Taxus canadensis, Marsh (Ground Hemlock). Rather rare. Don Valley. Also in inter- glacial Don Valley deposits. PiNACAE (Pine Family). Pinus resinosa, Ait. (Red Pine). " strobus, L. (White Pine). " sylvestris, L. (Scotch Pine). Introduced. " laricio austriaca, Endl. (Austrian Pine). Introduced. Larix decidua, Mill. (European Larch). Introduced. " laricina, Koch. (American Larch or Tam- arack). Infrequent in the imme- diate neighbourhood, but abundant in swamps within easy reach in every direction. 101 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGIOIs^ Picea abies, Karst. (Norway Spruce). The most commonly planted ornamental spruce. Introduced. " canadensis, BSP. (White Spruce). " mariana, BSP. (Black Spruce). Abies balsamea, Mill. (Balsam Fir). Almost absent within a ten-mile radius, but abundant to the north. Practically at its south- ern limit here in lowlands. Tsuga canadensis, Carr. (Hemlock). Very common. Thuja occidentalis, L. (White Cedar). Abundant. Juniperus communis, L. (Common Juniper). Rare. Typhaceae (Cat-tail Family). Typha angustifolia, L. (Narrow-leaved Cat-tail). Grows plentifully on Toronto Island. " latifolia, L. (Common Cat-tail). Spaeganiaceae (Bur-reed Family). Sparganium eurycarpum, Engelm. (Bur-reed). " simplex, Huds. Najadaceae (Pondweed Family). Potamogeton americanus, C. & S. " amplifolius, Tuckerm. " crispus, L. " filiformis, Pers. " heterophyllus, Schreb. " lucens, L. " natans, L. 103 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOEONTO Potamogeton pectinatus, L. " perfoliatus, L. " praelongus, Wulf. " pusillus, L. " zosterifolius, Schumacher. Most of these species grow in Ashbridge's Bay* and several in Howard Lake. Zannichellia palustris, L. (Homed Pondweed). Najas flexilis, Rostk. Found in abundance in still water. JuNCAGiwACEAE (Arrow Grass Family). Scheuchzeria palustris, L. Grows on the Island. Triglochin maritima, L. (Arrow Grass). " palustris, L. Both species grow on the Island. AxiSMACEAE (Water-plantain Family). Sagittaria arifolia, jSTutt. Toronto Island and Bond Lake. " graminea, Michx. " heterophylla, Pursh. Toronto Island. " latifolia, Willd. (Arrow-Head). Alisma plantago-aquatica, L. (Water Plantain). Hydeochakitaceae (Frog's Bit Family). Elodea canadensis, Michx. (Water Weed). Howard Lake and Toronto Island. 103 l^ATUKAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGION" Vallisneria spiralis, L. (Tape Grass, Eel Grass). Both genera are commoii around the Island. Gbamineae (Grass Family). Andropogon furcatus, Muhl. " scoparius, Michx. (Beard Grass). Both species are common in High Park. Sorghastrmn nutans, ISTash. (Wood Grass). Found in High Park. Digitaria humifusa, Pers. " sanguinalis. Scop. (Crab Grass). Panicum capillare, L. (Old-witch Grass). " depauperatum, Muhl. " dichotomum, L. " miliaceum, L. (European Millet). Intro- duced. " virgatum, L. (Switch Grass). Several clumps grow on the Island. " xanthophysum, Gray. Echinochloa crusgalli, Beauv. (Barnyard Grass). Setaria glauca, Beauv. (Foxtail). " italica, Beauv. " verticillata, Beauv. In waste places in the city. " viridis, Beauv. Cenchrus tribuloides, L. (Bur Grass). At York on Grand Trunk Eailway. Zizania palustris, L. (Indian Eice, Water Oats). Leersia oryzoides, Sw. (Eice Cut-grass). 104 THE SEED PLANTS OF TORONTO Leersia virginica, Willd. (White Grass). Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. Plialaris arundinacea, L. (Reed Grass). Introduced. " canariensis, L. (Canary Grass). Introduced. Hierochloe odorata, Wahlenb. Milium effusum, L. Oryzopsis asperifolia, Michx. " pungens, Hitchc. Muhlenbergia mexicana, Trin. " racemosa, BSP. " sylvatica, Torr. Brachyelytrum erectum, Beauv. Phleum pratense, L. (Timothy). Introduced. Alopecurus geniculatus, var. aristulatus, Torr. Sporobolus cryptandrus, Gray. On Island. " heterolepis, Gray. " vaginiflorus, Wood. Agrostis alba, L. (Red Top). " alba var. vulgaris, Thurb. " hyemalis, BSP. " perennans, Tuckerm. Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauv. (Blue-joint Grass). Ammophila arenaria, Link. (Beach Grass). Rare, but found on the Island. Cinna arundinacea, L. " latifolia, Griseb. Holcus lanatus, L. (Velvet Grass). Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. (Common Hair Grass). Avena fatua, L. " sativa, L. Introduced. 105 NATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGION Danthonia spicata, Beaiiv. Arrhenatherum elatius, Beauv. (Oat Grass). Phragmites communis, Trin. Plentiful on the Island. Eragrostis hypnoides, BSP. " minor, Host. Dactylis glomerata, L. (Orchard Grass). Poa annua, L. (Low Spear Grass). compressa, L. (Canada Blue Grass), debilis, Torr. nemoralis, L. pratensis, L. (Jime Grass), triflora, Gilib. trivialis, L. Glyceria fluitans, E. Br. " nervata, Trin. Festuca elatior, L, (Meadow Fescue). " ovina, L. (Sheep's Fescue). Bromus ciliatus, L. " kalmii, Gray. " racemosus, L. " secalinus, L. (Chess). Lolium perenne, L. (Common Darnel). Agropyron caninum, Beauv. (Awned Wheat Grass). " repens, Beauv. (Couch Grass). Hordeum jubatum, L. (Squirrel-tail Grass). " sativum, L. Elymus arenarius, L. " canadensis, L. 106 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOKONTO Hjstrix patula, Moench. (Bottle-brush Grass). Com- mon in High Park. Cyperaceae (Sedge Family). Cjperus aristatus, Rottb. Found on the Island. " diandrus, Torr. Found on the Island. " esculentus, L. Found on the Island. " schweinitzii, Torr. Found on the Island. " strigosus, L. Found on the Island. Dulichium arundinaceum, Britton. Eleocharis acicularis, R. & S. " obtusa, Schultes. " palustris, R. & S. " tenuis, Schultes. Scirpus americanus, Pers. " atrovirens, Muhl. " debilis, Pursh. " fluviatilis, Gray. " sylvaticus, L. " validus, Vahl. Scleria verticillata, Muhl. Formerly common on the Island. Carex aquatilis, Wahlenb. " aurea, ITutt. " deweyana, Schwein. " eburnea, Boott. " flava, L. " gracillima, Schwein. 107 K^ATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Carex granularis, Muhl. " latifolia, Boott. " laxiflora, Lam. " lupulina, Muhl. " pennsylvanica, Lam. " plantaginea, Lam. " platyphylla, Carey. " retrorsa, Schwein. " rosea, Schkuhr. " scoparia, ScKkiihr. " straminea, Willd. " tribuloides, Wahlenb. " umbellata, Schkulir. On streets east of High Park. " varia, Muhl. " vesicaria, L. Aeaceae (Arum Family). Arisaema triphyllum, Schott. (Indian Turnip). Calla palustris, L. (Water Arum). Grows near Grenadier Pond. Bymplocarpus foetidus, ISTutt. (Skunk Cabbage). Found in wet places around the city. Acorus calamus, L. (Sweet Flag). Lemnaceae (Duckweed Family). Lemna minor, L. (Duckweed). " trisulca, L. (Duckweed). Wolffia punctata, Griseb. Grows in Grenadier Pond. 108 THE SEED PLANTS OF TORONTO PoNTEDERiACEAE (Pickerel-wccd Family). Pontederia cordata, L. (Pickerel- weed). Grows near Grenadier Pond. Heterantliera dubia, MacM. Grows on the Island. JuisrcACEAE (Rush Family). Juncns articulatus, L. " balticus, Willd. " bufonius, L. " canadensis, J. Gay. " effusus, L. (Common Rush). " nodosus, L. " tenuis, Willd. Luzula campestris, DC. (Wood Rush). c " saltuensis, Femald. Common on the steep banks of the Don. LiLiACEAE (Lily Family). Tofieldia glutinosa, Pers. Zygadenus chloranthus, Richards. Grows at Mt. Dennis. Uvularia grandiflora, Sm. " perfoliata, L. (Bellwort). Allium tricoccum, Ait. (Wild Leek). ''I Lilium canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily). " philadelphicum, L. (Wild Orange-red L.) " tigrinum, Ker. (Tiger L.) Introduced, s Erythroniimi albidum, Wutt. (White Dog's-tooth Vio- let). Grows in the Humber Valley. 109 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Erjthronium americanum, Ker, (Yellow Adder's- tongue). Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. (Star of Bethlehem). Introduced. Asparagus officinalis, L. Escaped from cultivation. Clintonia borealis, Raf. Common at Mount Dennis. Smilacina racemosa, Desf. (False Spikenard). " stellata, Desf. Maianthemum canadense, Desf. Streptopus roseus, Michx. (Twisted Stalk). Poljgonatum biflonim, Ell. (Solomon's Seal). Convallaria majalis, L. (Lily of the Valley). Intro- duced. Medeola virginiana, L. (Indian Cucumber Root). Common in woods west of city. Trillium erectum, L. " grandiflorum, Salisb. " undulatum, Willd. (Painted Trillium). Smilax herbacea, L. (Carrion-flower). " hispida, Muhl. Both species grow in the Humber Valley. Ibidaceae (Iris Family). Iris versicolor, L. (Blue Flag). Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Mill. (Blue-eyed grass). ' Orchidaceae (Orchid Family). Cypripedium hirsutum. Mill. (Showy Lady's Slip- per). " parviflorum, Salisb. (Smaller Yellow L.). 110 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOKONTO Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens. (Larger Yel- low L.). Orchis spectabilis, L. (Showy Orchis). Habenaria clavellata, Spreng. " flava, Gray, " hyperborea, R. Br. " orbiculata, Torr, " psycodes, Sw. X Serapias helleborine, L. Plentiful in High Park and Don Valley. Spiranthes cernua, Richard (Ladies' Tresses). Epipactis pubescens, A. A. Eaton. " repens, Crantz. Corallorrhiza maculata, Raf. " odontorhiza, Nutt. Common in swamps. " trifida, Chatelain (Coral Root). Microstylis monophyllos, Lindl. Liparis loeselii, Richard. ^ Calypso bulbosa, Oakes. Found up the Don. Salicaceae (Willow Family). • Salix alba, L. (White Willow). Introduced. ^ " babylonica, L. (Weeping Willow). Introduced. " cordata, Muhl. " discolor, Muhl. " fragilis, L. (Crack Willow). Introduced. " humilis. Marsh. ^ " lucida, Muhl. (Shining Willow). 0 " nigra, Marsh. (Black Willow). Ill NATTJKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Salix petiolaris, Sm. " purpurea, L. (Purple Willow). Introduced. " sericea, Marsh. J Populus alba, L. (Silver-leaved Poplar). Introduced. " balsamifera, L. (Balsam Poplar). " candicans, Ait. (Balm of Gilead). Very rare. " deltoides, Marsh. (Cottonwood). Very rare. " grandidentata, Michx. (Large-toothed As- pen). " nigra, var. italica, Du Roi. (Lombardy P.) Introduced. " tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspen). Myeicaceae (Sweet Gale Family). Myrica asplenifolia, L. (Sweet Fern). Common north of High Park. JuGLAJv^DACEAE (Walnut Family). Juglans cinerea, L. (Butternut). " nigra, L. (Black Walnut). Infrequent. Al- most its northern limit. Carya cordiformis, K. Koch. (Bitternut Hickory). Fairly common. " glabra, Spach. (Pignut). Very rare. " ovata, K. Koch. (Shell-bark Hickory). Fairly common. Betulaceae (Birch Family). Corylus americana, Walt. (Hazelnut). Humber Val- ley. 112 THE SEED PLANTS OF TORONTO Corylus rostrata, Ait. The common species. Ostrya virginiana, K. Koch. (Ironwood). Common. Carpinus caroliniana, Walt. (Blue Beech). Betula alba, var. papyrifera, Spach. Common. " lutea, Michx. (Gray Birch), Common. Alnus incana, Moench. (Alder). Abundant in lovf grounds. Fagaceae (Beech Fimily). Fagus grandifolia, Ehrb. (Beech). Very common. Quercus alba, L. (White Oak). " coccinea, Muench (Scarlet Oak). " macrocarpa, Michx. (Bur Oak). " rubra, L. (Red Oak). " velutina. Lam. (Black Oak). Ueticaceae (Nettle Family). x/Ulmus americana, L. (White Elm). " fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm). " racemosa, Thomas (Cork or Rock Elm). Nearly exterminated. Moms alba, L. (White Mulberry). An occasional escape. Cannabis sativa, L. (Hemp). Humulus lupulus, L. (Common Hop). Escaped. / Found in waste places. 'f Urtica gracilis. Ait. (Nettle). ""Laportea canadensis. Gaud. (Wood Nettle). Pilea pumila. Gray. (Clearweed). 8 113 ISTATUKAL HISTOKY, TORON-TO EEGI0:N' Santalaceae (Sandalwood Family). Comandra umbellata, Nutt. (Bastard Toad-flax). LoEAJSTTHACEAE (Mistlctoc Family). Arceuthobiuin pusillum, Peck (Dwarf Mistletoe). Abundant on Black Spruce at Wilcox L. and Snelgrove. Aeistolochiaceae (Birth wort Family). Asarum canadense, L. (Wild Ginger). Common in rich woods. Polygonaceae. (Buckwheat Family). Rumex acetosella, L. (Sbeep Sorrel). " britannica, L. (Great Water Dock). " crispus, L. (Yellow Dock). " pulcher, L. " patientia, L. " verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock). Polygonum acre, HBK. (Water Smartweed). ampbibium, L. aviculare, L. convolvulus, L. (Black Bindweed), hydropiperoides, Micbx. lapatbifolium, L. mublenbergii, Wats. orientale, L. (Prince's Feather). Intro- duced, pennsylvanicum, L. 114 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOEO:t^TO Polygonum persicaria, L. (Lady's Thumb). Eagopyrum esculentum, Moench (Buckwheat). Per- sisting after cultivation. Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family). — Chenopodium album, L. (Lamb's Quarters). " botrys, L. (Jerusalem Oak). " glaucum, L. (Oak-leaved Geranium), " hybridum, L. (Maple-leaved G.) " urbicum, L. Atriplex patula, L. Salsola kali, L. (Russian Thistle). Very rare. Amarantaceae (Amaranth Family). Amarantus blitoides, Wats. " graecizans, L. (Tumble Weed). " retroflexus, L. (Pigweed). AlZOACEAE. MoUugo verticillata, L. (Carpet Weed). Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family). y Stellaria longipes, Goldie. " media, Cyrill. (Common Chickweed). Cerastium viscosum, L. " vulgatum, L. (Common Mouse-ear Chick- weed). ISilene antirrhina, L. (Sleepy Catchfly). " latifolia, B. & R. A field pest. 115 liTATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION" Silene noctiflora, L. (Night-flowering Catchflj). Saponaria officinalis, L. (Bouncing Bet). Escaped. PoETULACACEAE (PuFslanc Family). Portulaca oleracea, L. (Purslane). Clajtonia caroliniana, Michx. (Spring Beauty). " virginica, L. (Spring Beauty). Cekatophyllaceae (Hornwort Family). Ceratophyllum demersum, L. (Hornwort). Nymph AE AC EAE (Water Lily Family). Nymphaea advena, Ait. (Yellow Pond Lily). Castalia odorata, Woodville and Wood (Water L.). Ranuncijlaceae (Crowfoot Family). Ranunculus abortivus, L. (Small-flowered Crowfoot), " acris, L. (Buttercup). " aquatilis, var. capillaceus, DC. (Com- mon White Water Crowfoot) . " fascicularis, Muhl. (Early Crowfoot). " hispidus, Michx. " pennsylvanicus, L. (Bristly Crowfoot). " recurvatus, Poir. " repens, L. (Creeping Buttercup). " rhomboideus, Goldie (Dwarf Butter- cup). " sceleratus, L. (Cursed Crowfoot). Thalictrum dioicum, L. (Early Meadow Rue). " polygamum, Muhl. 116 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOEONTO Anemonella thalictroides, Spach. (Rue Anemone). Hepatica acntilobaj DC. (Hepatica). " triloba, Chaix. (Hepatica). Anemone canadensis, L. " cylindrica, Gray. " quinquefolia, L. (Wood anemone). " yirginiana. Gray. Clematis virginiana, L. Caltha palustris, L. (Marsh Marigold). Coptis trifolia, Salisb. (Goldthread). Common at Mount Dennis. Aquilegia canadensis, L. (Columbine). Actaea alba, Mill. (White Baneberry). " rubra, Wild. (Red Baneberry). Magis'oliaceae (Magnolia Family). Liriodendron tulipifera, L. (Tulip Tree). Planted. The Lake Erie district constitutes its northern limit. Menispeemaceae (Moonseed Family). Menispermum canadense, L. (Moonseed). More common in Niagara area. Beebeeidaceae (Barberry Family). Podophyllum peltatum, L. (May Apple or Man- drake). Jeffersonia diphylla, Pers. (Twinleaf). Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. (Blue Cohosh). 117 l^ATUKAL HISTORY, TOEONTO REGIOJS" Latteaceae (Laurel Family). Sassafras variifolium, Ktze. At its northern limit here. Benzoin aestivale, ^ees. (Wild Allspice). Especially in iN^iagara district. Papaveeaceae (Poppy Family). Chelidonium majus, L. (Celandine). Sanguinaria canadense, L. (Bloodroot). Common up the Don. Argemone mexicana, L. (Mexican Prickly Poppy). PuMAEiACEAE (Fumitory Family). Adlumia fungosa, Greene (Climbing Fumitory). Dicentra canadensis, Walp. (Squirrel Corn). " cucullaria, Bernh. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Ceucifeeae (Mustard Family). Thlaspi arvense, L. (Penny Cress). Lepidium sativum, L. (Garden Cress). Introduced. " virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass). Coronopus procumbens, Gilibert. (Svnne Cress). Capsella bursa-pastoris, Medic. (Shepherd's Purse). Camelina sativa, Crantz. (False Flax). Cakile edentula, Hook. (American Sea Rocket). Brassica arvensis, Ktze. (Charlock). Conringia orientalis, Dimort. 118 THE SEED PLAINTS OF TOEONTO Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. " sophia, L. Erysimum clieiraiithoides (Worm-seed Mustard). " parviflorum, 'Nutt. Eadicula uasturtium-aquaticum, B. & R. " palustris, Moench. " sylvestris, Druce. Dentaria diphylla, Michx. (Toothwort). Cardamine douglassii, Britton. Arabis canadensis, L. (Sickle-pod). Resedaceae (Mignonette Family). Beseda alba, L. (Mignonette). Introduced. Saeeaceniaceae (Pitcher-plant Family). Sarracenia purpurea, L. (Pitcher-plant). Deoseeaceae (Sundew Family). Drosera longifolia, L. " rotundifolia, L. (Sundew). Ceassulaceae (Orpine Family). Sedum acre, L. (Stone-crop). Introduced. Saxifeagaceae (Saxifrage Family). Saxifraga virginiensis, Micbx. (Early Saxifrage). Tiarella cordifolia, L. (False Miterwort). MiteUa diphylla, L. (Miterwort). " nuda, L. 119 Is^ATUEAL HISTOKY, T0E0:N'T0 EEGION Clirjsospleniuin americanmn, Schwein. (Golden Sax- ifrage) . Pamassia palustris, L. Grows in Humber Valley. Eibes cynosbati, L. (Prickly Gooseberry). " floridum, L'Her. (Wild Black Currant). Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel Family). HamameKs virginiana, L. (Witch Hazel). Common. Platanaceae (Plane Tree Family). Platanus occidentalis, L. (Buttonwood or Plane Tree). K'ear its northern limit here, but frequent in the interglacial de- posits. RosACEAE (Rose Family). Spiraea salicifolia, L. (Meadow-Sweet). Pyrus coronaria L. (American Crab). Himiber plains. Amelanchier canadensis, Medic. (Shad Bush). " spicata, C. Koch. Crataegus coccinea, L. " crus-galli, L. " oxyacantha, L. (English Hawthorn). In- troduced, Sparingly escaped. " punctata, Jacq. " tomentosa, L. Pragaria vesca, L. (Strawberry). " virginiana, Duchesne (Strawberry). 120 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOEONTO Waldsteinia fragarioides, Trattinick (Barren Straw- berry) . Potentilla anserina, L. (Silver Weed). " argentea, L. (Silvery Cinquefoil). " canadensis, L. " intermedia, L. " monspeliensis, var. norvegica, Rybd. " paradoxa, ISTutt. " recta, L. Genm canadense, Jacq. " strictum. Ait. Rubus allegheniensis. Porter (Blackberry). " hispidus, L. " idaeus, var. aculeatissimus, Kegel & Tiling- (Wild Red Raspberry). " occidentalis, L. (Black Raspberry). " odoratus, L. (Purple Flowering Raspberry). " triflorus, Richards (Dwarf Raspberry). " villosus, var. humifusus, T. & G. (Dewberry), Rosa blanda, Ait. " Carolina, L. " bumilis, Marsh. " rubiginosa, L. ( Sweetbrier) . Prunus americana. Marsh (Wild Plum). A north- em record. " pennsylvanica, L. (Bird Cherry). " pumila, L. (Sand Cherry). Humber Val- ley near Lambton. " serotina, Ehrh. (Black Cherry). " virginiana, L. (Choke Cherry). 121 :n^atueal histoky, toeo:n^to kegio:n" Leguminosae (Pulse Family). Gynmocladus dioica, Koch. (Kentucky Coffee-tree). Planted here, but found in Lake Erie district sparingly. Lupinus perennis, L. (Wild Lupine). Trifolium agrarium, L. (Hop Clover). " arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover). " bybridiun, L. (Alsike Clover). Intro- duced. " pratense, L. (Red Clover). " procumbens, L. (Low Hop Clover). " repens, L. (White Clover). Melilotus alba, Desr. (White Melilot). " officinalis, Lam. (Yellow Melilot). Medicago hispida, Gaertn. (Bur Clover). Intro- duced. " lupulina, L. (Black Medick). " sativa, L. (Alfalfa). Introduced. Anthyllis vulneraria, L. ' Robinia pseudo-acacia, L. (Common Locust). Es- capes. Desmodium canadense, DC. " nudiflorum, D.C. " paniculatum, DC. Lespedeza capitata, Michx. " hirta, Hornem. Both species grow in High Park. Vicia caroliniana, Walt. (Vetch). " cracca, L. (Vetch). 122 THE SEED PLA^^TS OF TOKOiTTO Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel. (Beach Pea). " palustris, L. Apios tuberosa, Moench. (Groundnut). Common in the Humber Valley. Amphicarpa monoica, Ell. (Hog Peanut). Common. LiNACEAE (Flax Family). Linum striatum, Walt. Common on the Island. " usitatissimum, L. (Flax). Introduced. OxALiDACEAE (Wood Sorrcl Family). Oxalis acetosella, L. (Common Wood Sorrel). " corniculata, L. (Lady's Sorrel). " stricta, L. Gekaniaceae (Geranium Family). Geranium carolinianum, L. " maculatum, L. (Wild Cranesbill). " robertianum, L. (Herb Robert). Erodium cicutarium, L'Her. RuTACEAE (Rue Family). Ptelea trifoliata, L. (Hop Tree). In the Humber Valley. Its northern limit in the Niagara district. Ailanthus glandulosa, Desf. (Tree of Heaven). Planted. PoLTGALACEAE (Milkwoft Family). Polygala paucifolia, Willd. (Fringed Polygala). " polygama, Walt. 123 ITATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEOi^TO EEGIOi^" Poljgala senega, L. " verticillata, L. EuPHOEBiACEAE (SpuFgc Family). Euphorbia helioscopia, L. (Sun Spurge). " hirsuta, Wiegand. " lathyrus, L, " maculata, L. " platjphylla, L. " poljgonifolia, L. Calliteichaceae (Water Starwort Family). Callitriclie palustris, L. Anacaediaceae (Cashew Family). Ehus cotinus, L, (Smoke Tree). Planted. " toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy). " typhina, L. (Staghom Sumach). Celasteaceae (Staff Tree Family). Evonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burning Bush)^ In the Humber Valley. " obovatus, 'Nutt Plentiful up the Don. Celastrus scandens, L. (Bitter-sweet). Common. Staphyleaceae (Bladder Nut Family). Staphylea trifolia, L. (Bladder Nut). Northenk limit in the Niagara district. 124 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOEONTO AcEEACEAE (Maple Family). Acer negundo, L. (Manitoba Maple). Planted. " platanoides, L. (ITorway Maple). Planted^ " pseudo-platanus, L. (Sycamore Maple). Planted. " rubrum, L. (Red Maple). ' " rubrum, var. tridens, Wood. " saccbarinum, L. (Silver Maple). " saccbarum, Marsh. (Sugar Maple). " saccbarum, var. nigrum, Britton. (Black Maple). " spicatum. Lam. (Mountain Maple). Sapindaceae (Soapberry Family). Aesculus glabra, Willd. (Ohio Buckeye). Planted. " bippocastanum, L. (Horse Chestnut). Planted. Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not Family). Impatiens biflora, Walt. (Spotted Touch-me-not). " pallida, ISTutt. In Humber Valley. Rhamistaceae (Buckthorn Family). Rhamnus alnifolia, L'Her. (Buckthorn). " cathartica, L. (Common Buckthorn). Planted and escapes. Ceanothus americanus, L. (]!^ew Jersey Tea). ViTACEAE (Vine Family). Psedera quinquefolia, Greene (Virginia Creeper). Vitis vulpina, L. (Frost Grape.) 135 iN-ATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEOl^TO KEGI0:N' TiLiACEAE (Linden Family). Tilia americana, L. (Basswood). " europea, L. Planted. Malvaceae (Mallow Family). Malva rotundifolia, L. " verticillata, L. Hibiscus trionum, L. (Flower-of-an-hour). Intro- duced. Common at York Mills. Hypericaceae (St. John's-wort Family). Hypericum ascyron, L. (Great St. John's Wort.) At Mount Dennis. " mutilum, L. " perforatum, L. (St. John's Wort). Cistaceae (Rockrose Family). Helianthemum canadense, Michx. (Frostweed). Lechea minor, L. Both species found on Humber plains. ViOLACEAE (Violet Family). Viola blanda, Willd. " canadensis, L. (Canada Violet). " conspersa, Eeichenb. " cucullata, Ait. " pubescens. Ait. " renifolia, Gray. " rostrata, Pursh. (Long-spurred Violet). 126 THE SEED PLAN"TS OF TORONTO Viola rotundifolia, Michx. (Early Yellow Violet). " selkirkii, Pursh. " sororia, Willd. Thtmelaeaceae (Mezereum Family). Dirca palustris, L. (Leatherwood). Very rare here. Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster Family). Shepherdia canadensis, Nutt. Lttheaceae (Loosestrife Family). Decodon verticillatus, Ell. (Swamp Loosestrife or Water Willow). Onageaceae (Evening Primrose Family). Ludvigia palustris, Ell. (Water Purslane). Epilobium angustifolium, L. (Great Willow-herb or Eireweed). " coloratum, Muhl. Oenothera biennis, L. (Evening Primrose). Gaura biennis, L. Circaea alpina, L. " lutetiana, L. (Enchanter's Night Shade). Hat.obagedaceae (Water Milfoil Family). Myriophyllum spicatum, L. (Water Milfoil). Proserpinaca palustris, L. (Mermaid Weed). Hippuris vulgaris, L. (Mare's Tail). All these gen- era grow in Ashbridge's Bay. 127 I^TATUEAL HISTOKY, TORONTO EEGION Aealiaceae (Ginseng Family). Aralia hispida, Vent. (Bristly Sarsaparilla). " nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla). " racemosa, L. (Spikenard). " spinosa, L. (Hercules' Club). Planted. Panax quinquefolium, L. (Ginseng). " trifolium, L. (Dwarf Ginseng). Umbelliferae (Parsley Family). Sanicula marilandica, L. Hjdrocotjle americana, L. Osmorhiza clajtoni, Clarke. " longistjlis, DC. Cicuta bulbifera, L. " maculata, L. (Spotted Cowbane). Carum carvi, L. (Caraway). Escaped. Slum cicutaefolium, Schrank. (Water Parsnip). Cryptotaenia canadensis, DC. Taenidia integerrima, Drude. Thaspium barbinode, iJsTutt. (Meadow Parsnip). Heracleum lanatum Micbx. (Cow Parsnip). Daucus carota, L. (Wild Carrot). CoKNACEAE (Dogwood Family). Comus alternifolia, L. " amomum, L. (Silky Cornel or Kinnikinnik) . " canadensis, L. (Bunchberry). " circinata, L'Her. (Round-leaved Dogwood). " paniculata, L'Her. ^' stolonifera, Miehx. (Red-osier Dogwood). 128 THE SEED PLAJNTS OF TOEONTO Ericaceae (Heath Family). Chimaphila mnbellata, 'Nutt. (Prince's Pine). Moneses uniflora, Gray. Pjrola americana, Sweet. " elliptica, Nutt. (Skin Leaf). " secunda, L. Monotropa uniflora, L. (Indian Pipe). Pterospora andromeda, 'Nutt. (Pine Drops). Ledum groenlandicum, Oeder. (Labrador Tea). Epigaea repens, L. (Mayflower or Trailing Arbu- tus.) Is stiU to be found at High Park. Gaultheria procumbens, L. Chiogenes hispidula, T. & G. Grows at Mount Dennis. Gaylussacia baccata, C. Koch. (Teaberry). Vaccinium corymbosunij L. (Swamp Blueberry). " pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Low Sweet Blue- berry) . " vacillans, Kalm. (Late Low Blueberry). These three species are common on the Humber plains. Pbimtjlaceae (Primrose Family). Lysimachia nummularia, L. (Moneywort). " quadrifolia, L. (Loosestrife). " terrestris, BSP. " thyrsiflora, L. (Tufted Loosestrife). Steironema ciliatum, Raf. Trientalis americana, Pursh. (Star Flower). Found in abundance west of the city. 9 129 l^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO EEGIOIT Oleaceae (Olive Family). Fraxinus americana, L. (White Ash). " excelsior, L. (European Ash). Planted. " nigra, Marsh. (Black Ash). " pennsylvanica, Marsh. (Eed Ash). Not common. Sjringa vulgaris, L. (Lilac). Introduced. Ligustrum vulgare, L. (Privet). Introduced. Gentiaijcaceae (Gentian Family). Gentiana andrewsii, Griseb. (Closed Gentian), " crinita, Froel. (Fringed Gentian). " quinquefolia, L. " saponaria, L. (Soapwood Gentian). Menyanthes trifoliata, L. (Water Buckbean). ApocYisrACEAE (Dogbane Family). Vinca minor, L. (Common Periwinkle). A rare escape. Apocynum androsaemifolium, L> (Dogbane). " cannabinum, L. (Indian Hemp). Both species grow on the Island. AscLEPiADACEAE (Milkwced Family). Asclepias incamata, L. (Swamp milkweed). " phjtolaccoides, Pursh. (Poke milkweed), " sjriaca. L. (Common Milkweed). " tuberosa, L. (Pleurisy-root or Butterfly-^ weed). 130 THE SEED PLAN'TS OF TOEOI^TO Cjnanclmin nigrum, Pers. Introduced. Found in abundance in Don Valley. CoNvoLvuLACEAE (Convolvulus Family). Ipomoea purpurea, Roth. (Morning Glory). Convolvulus arvensis, L. (Field Bindweed). " sepium, L. (Hedge Bindweed). " spithamaeus, L. Quite common in High Park. Cuscuta gronovii, Willd. (Dodder). PoLEMONiACEAE (Polemoiiium Family). Phlox divaricata, L. (Blue Phlox). Hydeophtllaceae (Waterleaf Family). Hydrophyllum canadense, L. " virginianum, L. BoBAGii^ACEAE (Boragc Family). Cynoglossum boreale, Fernald. " officinale, L. (Common Hound's Tongue) . Lappula echinata, Gilibert. " redowskii, Greene, var. occidentalis, Rydb. " virginiana, Greene (Beggar's Lice). Lycopsis arvensis, L. (Small Bugloss). Myosotis arvensis. Hill (Forget-me-not). " laxa, Lehm. (Forget-me-not). Lithospermum arvense, L. (Corn Gromwell). 131 ISTATUEAL HISTORY, TOEONTO REGION Lithospermiun latifolium, Michx. Echimn vulgare, L. (Blue-weed). Veebenaceae (Vervain Family). Verbena hastata, L. (Blue Vervain). " urticaefolia, L. (White Vervain). Both species grow in the Don Valley. Labiatae (Mint Family). Teucrium canadense, L. (American Germander or Wood Sage. Scutellaria galericulata, L. (Skullcap). " laterifolia, L. (Mad-dog Skullcap). " parvula, Michx. Agastache nepetoides, Ktze. (Giant Hyssop). !N'epeta cataria, L. (Catnip). " hederacea, Trevisan. (Ground Ivy.) Prunella vulgaris, L. (Heal-all). Physostegia virginiana, Benth. Common on the Island. Leonurus cardiaca, L. (Motherwort.) Stachys palustris, L. (Plentiful on the Island. Monarda didyma, L. (Oswego Tea). " fistulosa, L. (Wild Bergamot). Hyssopus officinalis, L. Introduced. Origanum vulgare, L. (Wild Marjoram). Pycnanthemum virginiauum, Durand and Jackson. Grows on the Island. Lycopus americanus, Muhl. " virginicus, L. (Bugle Weed). 133 THE SEED PLANTS OF T0E0:N'T0 Mentha arvensis, var. canadensis, Briquet. " piperita, L. (Peppermint). Grows on the Island. " rotundifolia, Huds. Grows on the Island. " spicata, L. (Spearmint). Collinsonia canadensis, L. (Rich-weed). SoLANACEAE (Nightshade Family). Solamim dulcamara, L. (Bittersweet). " nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade). " rostratum, Dunal. (Buffalo Bur.) Physalis pruinosa, L. (Strawberry-Tomato). Nicandra phjsalodes, Pers. (Apple of Peru). Lycium halimifolium. Mill. (Common Matrimony Vine). Hyoscyamus niger, L. (Henbane). Datura stramonium, L. (Thorn Apple). ScKOPHULAEiACEAE (Figwort Family). Verbascum blattaria, L. (Moth Mullein). " thaspus, L. (Common Mullein). Linaria minor, Desf. " vulgaris. Hill. (Butter and Eggs). A form of this species with white, spurless flowers grows at York Mills. Scrophularia marilandica, L. Pentstemon hirsutus, Willd. (Beard-tongue). " laevigatus, Ait, Willd. (Beard-tongue). Chelone glabra, L. (Turtlehead). At Mount Dennis. 133 :n'attjeal histoey, toeonto eegio:n' Mimulus moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Flower). Found in High Park. " ringens, L. (Monkey Flower). Veronica anagallis-aquatica, L. (Water Speedwell). " officinalis, L. (Common Speedwell). " serpyllifolia, L. (Common Speedwell). Oerardia pedicularia, L. Humber plains. " purpurea, L. (Purple gerardia). " virginica, BSP. (Smooth False Foxglove). Castilleja coccinea, Spreng. (Painted Cup). Val- ley of Humber. Melampyrum lineare. Lam. (Cow Wheat). Pedicularis canadensis, L. (Common Lousewort or Wood Betony). " lanceolata, Michx. Grows near Grena- dier Pond. Lentibulakiaceae (Bladderwort Family). tJtricularia vulgaris, var. americana, Gray (Greater Bladderwort). Oeobanchaceae (Broom-rape Family). Epifagus virginiana, Bart. (Beech-drops). Orobanche uniflora, L. (One-flowered Cancer-root). BiGNONiACEAE (Bignonia Family). Tecoma radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper). Culti- vated. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Planted. " kaempferi. Planted. 134 THE SEED PLAXTS OF TOEOXTO Pheymaceae (Lopseed Family). Pliryma leptostachja, L. PLANTAGrwACEAE (Plantain Family). Plantago lanceolata, L. (Eib Grass). " media, L. (Hoary Plantain). " major, L. (Common Plantain). RuBiACEAE (Madder Family). Galium aparine, L. (Cleavers). " asprellum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw). " boreale, L. (jSTorthern Bedstraw). " lanceolatum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice). " trifidum, L. " triflorum, Micks. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw). " venim, L. (Yellow Bedstraw). Mitchella repens, L. (Partridge Berry). Capeifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family). Diervilla lonicera. Mill. (Bush Honeysuckle). Lonicera canadensis, Marsh (American Fly Honey- suckle). " dioica, L. " flava, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle). " tartarica, L. (Tartarian Honeysuckle). Es- caped. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Moench. (Indian Cur- rant). " racemosus, Michx. (Snowberry). 135 STATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOiT Linnaea borealis, var. americana, Relider. (Twin- flower). Triosteuni perfoliatmn, L. (Tinker's Weed, or Wild Coffee). Vibumum acerifolium, L. (Arrow-wood). " dentatiim, L. (Arrow-wood). " lentago, L. (Sweet Viburnum). " opulus, var. americanum, Ait. (High-bush cranberry) . " prunifolium, L. (Black Haw). " pubescens, Pursh. (Downy Arrow-wood). Sambucus canadensis, L. (Common Elder). " recemosa, L. (Red-berried Elder). DiPSACACEAE (Teasel Family). Dipsacus sylvestris, Huds. (Teasel). CiJcuRBiTACEAE (Gourd Family). Sicyos angulatus, L. (One-seeded Bur Cucumber). Common in waste places about the city. Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Campanulaceae (Bluebell Family). Campanula aparinoides, Pursh. (Marsh BelMower). " rotundifolia, L. (Harebell). LoBELiACEAE (LobcHa Family). Lobelia inflata, L. (Indian Tobacco). " kalmii, L. A white form, as well as the blue, occurs on the Island. 136 THE SEED PLANTS OF TOKO]N'TO Lobelia siphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia). " spicata, Lam. CoMPOsiTAE (Composite Family). Eupatorium perfoliatiim, L. (Boneset). " purpureum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed). " urticaefolium, Richard. (Wbite Snake- root) . Liatris cylindracea, Michx. Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. (Gum-plant). Intro- duced from the ITorth-West. Solidago caesia, L. canadensis, L. graminifolia, Salisb. hispida, Muhl. juncea, Ait. latifolia, L. nemoralis, Ait. patula, Muhl. serotina, Ait. squarrosa, Muhl. uliginosa, ISTutt. Aster azureus, Lindl. " cordifolius, L. " divaricatus, L. " dumosus, L. " ericoides, L. " junceus, Ait. " laevis, L. ' " lateriflorus, Britton. 137 KATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOXTO EEGIOiT Aster lindleyanus, T. & G. " macrophyllus, L. " novae-angliae, L, " paniculatus, Lam. " puniceus, L. " tradescanti, L. " umbellatus, Mill. Erigeron acris, var. asteroides, DC. " annuus, Pers. " philadelphicus, L. " pulchellus, Michx. " ramosus, BSP. Antennaria plantaginifolia, Eichards. (Plantain- leaved Everlasting). Anaphalis margaritaceae, B. & H. (Pearly Everlast- ing). Gnaphalinm decurrens, Ives. (Everlasting). " polycephalum, Mickx. (Common Ever- lasting) . Inula heleniiim, L. (Elecampane). Ambrosia artemisiifolia, L. (Eagweed). " trifida, L. (Great Eagweed). Xanthiiim echinatimi, Murr. (Cocklebur). Eudbeekia hirta, L. (Black-ejed Susan). " laciniata, L. Helianthus annuus, L. (Common Sunflower). " decapetalus, L. " divaricatus, L. " strumosus, L. 138 THE SEED PLA^^TS OF TORONTO Helianthus tnberosus, L. (Jerusalem Articlioke). Escaped. Bidens cernua, L. (Stick-tight). " connata, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks). " frondosa, L. (Beggar-ticks). Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. Grows on Ontario Street. "Achillea millefolium, L. (Yarrow). Anthemis cotula, L. (Maj-weed). Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L. (Ox-eye Daisy). Tanacetum vulgare, L. (Tansy). Artemisia absinthium, L. (Wormwood). " annua, L. " canadensis, Michx. " caudata, Michx. " ludoviciana, ISTutt. " vulgaris, L. (Mugwort). Tussilago farfara, (Coltsfoot). Common on Scar- borough Cliffs. Petasites palmatus. Gray. Erechtites hieracifolia, Raf. (Fireweed). Senecio balsamitae, Muhl. " vulgaris, L. (Groundsel). Arctium lappa, L. (Burdock). Cirsium altissimum, Spreng. " arvense. Scop. (Canada Thistle). " lanceolatum, Hill. (Bull Thistle). " muticum, Michx. (Swamp Thistle). Centaurea cyanus, L. (Bachelor's Button). Intro- duced. " solstitialis, L. (Bamab/s Thistle). 139 IS^ATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOiN^TO REGION Cichorium intybus, L. (Chicory). Leontodon autumnalis, L. (Fall Dandelion). Tragopogon porrifolius, L. (Oyster Plant). Escaped. " pratensis, L. (Goat's Beard). Taraxacum officinale, Weber. (Dandelion). Sonchus arvensis, L. (Field Sow Thistle). " asper, Hill (Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle). " oleraceus, L. (Coxamon Sow Thistle). Lactuca canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce). " scariola, L. (Prickly Lettuce). Prenanthes alba, L. (Rattlesnake-root). " altissima, L. Hieracium canadense, Michx. (Hawkweed). " florentinum, All. (King Devil). Grows in Don Valley. " scabrum, Michx. REFERENCES. Gray's New Manual of Botany (Robinson & Fer- nald). 7th. Ed. Britton and Brown — An Illustrated Flora of the JSTorthern United States and Canada. Scott, Wm. — Flora of Ontario (A Check-List of the Plants in the Herbarium of the Education Department) . 140 KERN COLONY. OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA. J. U. FauU. I'hoto by L. U. Graham. CHAPTER VII. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES. By T. J. IVEY, M.A., Science Master. Harbord Collegiate Institute. OwixG to the sandy or heavy nature of the soil in and about Toronto, and the comparatively dry atmosphere, the representatives of this group of plants are not numerous, and the individual species, on the whole, are rather medium-sized. In certain localities throughout the province, however, where conditions of soil and moisture are suitable, mag- nificent specimens are often found. In the northern part of the province specimens of the Bracken fern, for example, have been found to attain a height of six or seven feet, and in one locality in the eastern part of the province the Boulder fern, where protected by a shaded limestone cliff, has been observed to pro- duce fronds five feet in length; the average size for both these being perhaps about two to three feet. There are many localities, too, throughout the pro- vince where typical rock-loving ferns are numerous, such as at Niagara and Credit Forks, where the rocks are chiefly calcareous. Here occur such species as Purple Pellaea, Xarrow-leaved Spleenwort, Maiden- 141 :n'atueal history, Toronto regiojs' hair Spleenwort, and Goldie's fern. There are also certain northern forms characteristic of the igneous rocks of the northern part of the Province. Amongst these we have the Kew York fern, Woodsias, Fra- grant Shield fern, and several Lycopodiums. Cer- tain forms, again, which are quite common in other countries are quite local and rare in this, as is the case with the male fern. Hart's Tongue, and Wall Eue. The following list includes the more commonly occurring Pteridophjta, as well as a few that are quite local and rare. POLYPODIACEAE. 1 Adiantum pedatum, I^- (Maidenhair). Fairly common in secluded parts of rich woods. 2. Polypodium vulgare, L. (Common Polypody). Common in the crevices of limestone rocks and at the foot of granite cliffs at E'iagara Glen, Credit Forks, and throughout the province generally. 3. Phegopteris polypodioides, Fee (Long Beech- fern). Rather rare on shaded bank at Highland Creek, but quite common in the northern part of the province, where Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Broad Beech-fern) is reported to occur with it occasionally (Shaw) ; also rare in rich woods at Inglewood, Ont. (White). 4. Phegopteris dryopteris, Fee (Oak Fern). Uni- versally common in rich woods. 142 TEENS AND FERN ALLIES 5. Pteris aquilina, L. (Brake or Bracken). Com- mon everywhere, mostly in open, sandy ground. 6. Pellaea atropurpurea, Link. (Purple-stemmed Cliff-brake). Occurs extensively at Niagara Glen and at Credit Forks and in many other localities, usually high up in crevices of limestone cliffs. 7. Cryptogramma stelleri, Prantl. ( Slender Cliff- brake). Reported rare at Credit Forks on the face of limestone cliffs (White). 8. Woodwardia virginica, Sm. (Virginia Chain- fern. ) Apparently very local. There is a large colony of it near Snelgrove, in Peel County (White). Far- ther north it occurs more commonly in sphagnum bogs and marshes near Port Sydney, Muskoka, and other localities. 9. Asplenium viride, Huds. (Green Spleenwort). Reported rare in crevices of limestone rocks at Credit Forks (White). 10. Asplenium trichomanes, L. (Maidenhair Spleenwort). Common on moss-covered logs and limestone rocks at Niagara Glen and Credit Forks. 11. Asplenium angustifolium, Michx. (Narrow- leaved Spleenwort). Very local. Occurs with Aspidium goldeanum and Asplenium acrostichoides at Niagara Glen and at Madoc in eastern Ontario, in rich, damp woods. Reported also rare in low woods at Credit Forks (White), and from the Don Valley, Toronto. 12. Asplenium acrostichoides, Sw. (Silvery Spleen- wort). Although common in northern Ontario, near 143 IN-ATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Toronto it appears to be quite rare. In southwestern and eastern Ontario it is also fairly common. 13. Asplenium filix-femina, Bernli. (Lady Fern). Very common and varied in form according to habi- tat and locality. Occurs in moist woods. 14. Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Link. (Walking Fern), On moist moss-covered limestone rocks at Niagara Glen. In similar habitat at Credit Forks (White). Also from several other localities in On- tario. 15. Polystichum acrostichoides, Schott. (Christ- mas Fern). Common generally in rich rocky woods. 16. Aspidium thelypteris, Sw. (Marsh Shield Fern). Common everywhere from south to north along the grassy borders of marshes. 17. Aspidium noveboracense, Sw. (New York Fern). Reported rare in low woods from Peel County (White). Common northward. 18. Aspidium marginale, Sw. (Evergreen Wood- fern) . One of the most common ferns, occurring in open rocky woods. 19. Aspidium goldianum, Hook. (Goldie's Fern). Occurs in the Niagara peninsula, at Niagara Glenn and in eastern Ontraio, in low rich woods in cal- careous soil. 20. Aspidium boottii, Tuckerm. (Boott's Shield- fern). Several plants found at Madoc, Ont., at the foot of a limestone cliff in shaded situation. Here it occurred with Aspidium spinulosum intermedium and Aspidium marginale. 144 FEEXS AXD FERX ALLIES 21. Aspidium cristatum, Sw. (Crested Shield- fern). Quite a common fern along the borders of swamps and marshes, in grass. 22. Aspidium cristatum, var. clintonianum, D. C. Eaton. Found quite commonly in several localities. At York Mills, Niagara Glen, in northern and east- ern Ontario in more shaded habitat than the species. y^3. Aspidium spinulosum, var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. This is perhaps our most common fern, occurring in rich woods everywhere. 24. Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. (Bladder Fern). One of the most common swamp ferns. It is very common in southern Ontario, but is rare locally northward. 25. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. (Brittle Fern). Widely distributed throughout Ontario, and varied in form and habitat; occurring in some places on exposed rocks, but mostly in shade. 26. Woodsia ilvensis, R. Br. (Rusty Woodsia). This is a typical northern fern, occurring on secluded rocks. 27. Dicksonia punctilobula, Gray (Hay-scented Fern). This is also a common northern species, growing around rocks in the open. Occurs also in shaded situations near Madoc. Reported from Ingle- wood in rocky woods (White). 28. Onoclea sensibilis, L, (Sensitive Fern), with he var. obtusilobata is very common in low, grassy ields and thickets throughout Ontario. 10 145 I ITATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGION 29. Onoclea struthiopteris, Hoffm. (Ostrich Fern). This is one of our best known ferns, grow- ing mostly in moist, open situations. Under favour- able conditions it reaches a height of four or five feet. 1 OSMTJNDACEAE. 1. Osmunda regalis, L. (Eojal Fern or Flower- ing Fern). Common northward along the borders of streams and ponds, also throughout Ontario locally. 2. Osmunda claytoniana, L. (Interrupted Fern). ISTear Toronto, in Ashbridge's " Wood," High Park, and along the Humber Eiver. Distributed through- out Ontario. 3. Osmunda cinnamomea, L. (Cinnamon Fern). This species is often found in the same localities as the preceding, but usually in more moist and shaded localities. Ophioolossaceae. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. (Adder's-tongue). Very rare near High Park, Toronto. Near Port Sydney, Muskoka, Ont., it occurs in long grass in damp ground, in shaded situation. 2. Botrychium lunaria, Sw. (Moonwort). This has been reported from [N^orthern Ontario. 3. Botrychium simplex, Hitchcock (Little Grape- fern). Found in one locality in open woods near High Park, Toronto. Also reported frequent on upland pastures in Peel County (White). 146 FEENS AND FEEN ALLIES 4. Botrychium lanceolatum, var. angustisegmen- tum, Pease and Moore (Lance-leaved Grape-fern). Found in one locality near Port Sydney, Muskoka, Ont. Also reported from Peel Co. (White). 5. Botrychium ramosum, Aschers. Occurs with Botrychium lanceolatum var. in rich woods. 6. Botrychium obliquum, Muhl. Common north- ward in open grassy fields. Also from Peel Co. (White). 7. Botrychium ternatum, var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Large specimens of this plant occur rarely in High Park, Toronto, in open sandy soil. I 8. Botrychium virginianum, Sw. (Eattlesnake ' Fern) . This is the most common of the Botrychiums in rich woods throughout Ontario. Equisetaceae. 1. Equisetum arvense, L. (Field Horsetail). Common in wet sandy soil everywhere. 2. Equisetum sylvaticum, L. (Wood Horsetail). Oommon in damp woods, in light soil near Toronto; ilso in many other localities throughout the province. 3. Equisetum hyemale, L. (Scouring-rush). Oc- ;urs around Toronto on damp hillsides and ravines. 4. Equisetum fluviatile, L. (Pipes or Swamp lorsetail). Very common in muddy secluded itches, amongst grass or in shallow water. Found long the Humber Eiver, Toronto. 147 I^ATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO EEGIO:?^ 5. Equisetum variegatum, var. jesupi (?). This occurs locallj, but is quite common in certain locali- ties— at Toronto Island, along Humber River, To- ronto, and at one locality in Eastern Ontario near Madoc. Found in damp sand. 6. Equisetum scirpoides, Michx. Appears to be the second most common Equisetum around Toronto. It is to be found growing on moist mounds in low woods. Lycopodiaceae. 1. Lycopodium selago, L. This species, as far as reported, has been found only in Northern Ontario in low rocky woods. 2. Lycopodium lucidulum, Michx. (Shining Club- moss). Frequent in High Park, Toronto, but rap- idly disappearing. 3. Lycopodium inundatum, L. (Bog Club-moss). Found mostly northward along the boggy shores of lakes and ponds. 4. Lycopodium annotinum, L. (Stiff Club-moss). Reported common in woods, Peel Co. (White) ; also common northward. 5. Lycopodium obscurum, var. dendroideum, D.C. Eaton (Ground Pine). Found occasionally in rich woods. Common northward. 6. Lycopodium complanatum, L. (Ground Pine or Trailing Christmas-green). One plant found at Credit Forks, Ont. (^Miite). Common northward. 148 FEENS AND FEKN ALLIES 4 7. Lycopodium tristachyum, Pursh. A large bed in dry shallow soil found near Port Sydney, Mus- koka, Ont. 8. Lycopodium clavatum, L. (Common Club-moss), also the variety monosiacJiyon, Grev. and Hook, occurs in several localities northward. Species re- ported rare in one locality, Peel Co. (White). Selaginellaceai:. 1. Selaginella rupestris, Spring. Common in sev- eral localities throughout Ontario on dry rocks. 2. Selaginella apus, Spring. This species also occurs locally throughout Ontario, in damp grass, often along the borders of lakes. ISOETACEAE. 1. Isoetes echinospora var. braunii, Engelm. (Braun's Quillwort). Found in one locality in sandy bottom of lake and river near Port Sydney, Muskoka, and very locally elsewhere in the Archaean district. REFERENCES. Gray's IsTew Manual of Botany (Kobinson & Fer- nald), 7th ed. Britton and Brown. An Illustrated Flora. Clute. Our Ferns in their Haunts. 149 CHAPTER VIII. MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS. By G. H. GRAHAM, M.A. The Geological Survey of Canada has published comprehensive lists of the Brjophjta — Part VI on the Mosses, VII including the Liverworts — and these contain a good representation of Southern Ontario forms, and especially of the Lake Erie and Eastern Lake Ontario Districts. As Toronto lies between the two it probably comprises in its flora a majority of the species found in both. If this be the case the following list contains little more than a third of the mosses and liverworts growing within easy collecting distance of the city. The author is under special obligation to Pro- fessor Coleman for the list of interglacial mosses from Scarborough and the Don. Hepaticae — Liverworts. Family Ricciaceae. Riccia fluitans, L. In ponds. ISTear High Park and in Rosedale Eavine, Toronto. 150 MOSSES AND LIVERWOKTS Riccia natans, L. Abundant at Guelph and at Niag- ara Falls in stagnant pools. Family Marchantiaceae. Conocephalus conicus (L. ), Dum. Abundant every- where in woods. Lunularia vulgaris. In greenhouses locally. Marchantia polymorpha, L. Rather common. Preissia quadrata (Scop.), Nees. (Preissia oommu- tata, Nees). Found repeatedly at York Mills. Family Metzgeriaceae. Aneura multifida, Dum. Rich woods. Common. Family Jungermanniaceae. Bazzania trilobata (L.), S. F. Gray. Ravines west of High Park. Geocalyx graveolens (Schrad.), Nees. Ravines west of High Park. Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.), Dum. Ravines west of High Park. Porella platyphylla (L.), Lindb. Woods at Wilcox Lake, near Toronto. Ptilidium ciliare (L.), Nees. Radula complanata (L.), Dum. Family Anthocerotaceae. Anthoceros sp. Common in lowlands in High Park and East Toronto. 151 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Musci — Mosses. Family Sphagnaceae. Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. Common. " cymbifolium, Ehrh. Common. " squarrosum, Pers. Common. There are sphagnum bogs at "Wilcox Lake, High- land Creek, Snelgrove, and other places almost as accessible, and remains of a sphagnum vegetation just west of High Park. Up to about 1905 there was one at Swansea, and in it there was a typical and abundant bog flora, including pitcher plants, sun- dews, etc. Family Georgiaceae Georgia pellucida (L.), Rabenh. Everywhere com- mon. Family Polytrichaceae. Catharinea undulata (L.), W. & M. Abundant in woods. Polytrichum commune, L. " juniperinum, Willd. Family Dicranaceae. Ceratodon purpureus (L.), Brid. Common. Dicranum flagellare, Hedw. In woods at Bond Lake, near Toronto. Leucobryum glaucum (L.), Schimp. Woods in Long Branch Park, Toronto. Dicranella varia, Schimp. Wet clay banks, Bloor Street West. 152 MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS Family Grimmiaceae. Grimmia apocarpa (L.), Hedw., var. gracilis (Sehleich.), W. & M. Growing on stones in woods along the Humber River. Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. Family Tortulaceae. Barbula unguiculata (Huds.), Hedw. Banks of the Humber River. Weisia viridiila, Brid. Dry claj banks in woods northeast of Taylor's brickyards. Family Funariaceae Physcomitrium turbinatum (Michx.), Brid. Wet, shady woods at York Mills. Funaria hygrometrica (L.), Sibth. Common on waste ground. Family Timmiaceae. Timmia megapolitana, Hedw. Swamps at Jefferson, near Toronto. Family Aulacomniaceae. Aulacomnium heterostichum (Hedw.), B. & S. " palustre, Schwaegr. Common in wet places. Family Bartramiaceae. Bartramia pomiformis (L), Hedw. Not uncommon. 153 :N'ATUIIAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO KEGIOif Family Bryaceae. Pohlia nutans (Schreb.), Lindb. High Park. PhodobrjTim roseum (Weis.), Limpr. Humber Valley. Brjum caespiticium, L. " intermedium, Brid. " pendulum (Hornsch.), Schimp. Mnium cuspidatum (L.), Lejss. " medium, B. & S. Family Leskeaceae. Tbuidium delicatulum (L.), Mitt. Katber common. Pterigynandrum filiforme (Timm.), Hedw., var. minus L. & J. On stones in woods, Humber River. Family Hypnaceae. Hylocomium prolifenim (L.), Lindb. Woods at Wilcox Lake. " triquetrum (L.), B. & S. Common. " umbratum (Ehrh.), B. & S. Swamp at Mount Dennis. Brachythecium acutum (Mitt.), Sulliv. Woods at York Mills. " salebrosum (Hoffm.), Br. & Sch. Dry rotten stumps in woods, High Park. Climacium americanum, Brid. " dendroides (L.), Web. & Mohr. Bond Lake. 154 MOSSES A^'D LIVEEWOKTS Calliergon schreberi (Willd.), Kindb. Wilcox Lake. Variable in habit of growth. Campylium chrjsophjllum (Brid.) Bryhn. Banks of Hiunber River. " hispidulum (Brod.), Mitt. Bond Lake. " st^llatmn (Schreb.), Bryhn. High Park. Hypnum crista-castrensis, L. " filicinmn, L. " imponens, Hedw. Woods at Jefferson. " patientiae, Lindb. Bond Lake. " starkii, Brid. Plagiothecium denticulatum (L.), B. & S. Bond Lake. " pnlchellum (Dicks.), B. & S., var. nitiduliun (Wahl.), Husn. High Park. Mosses feom the Inteeglaciai. Beds of Toeois'to. (Scarborough and Don Valley.) 1. Hylocomium spec. 2. Drepanocladus capillifolius, Wamst. 3. " vemicosus (Lindb.). 4. " lycopodioides (Brid.). 5. " adimcus (Hedw.). 6. " fluitans (?) (Del.). Y. Hygrohypnum palustre (?) (Huds.). 8. ' " montanum (?) (Wils.). 1-3 and 7 det. by A. J. Grout, Ph.D. 4-8 det. by Mrs. E. G. Britton. 155 NATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGION The following notes refer to the occurrence of these species in the present-day flora. Drepanocladus capillifolius has been collected near Montreal, but is probably rare in Eastern America. It is frequent on the Pacific coast. Drepanocladus vernicosus is a rather rare species of swamps and bogs to the south, but is said to be common in similar habitats in Canada north of Lake Superior and to the west. It has also been found in Prince Edward Island and Anticosti. Drepanocladus lycopodioides is certainly rare in our range. It grows in bogs and peat meadows and is found as far north as Greenland. Drepanocladus aduncus occurs on wet earth, stones, pools, spring places, swamps, and is reported through- out Canada, including the Lake Ontario district. Drepanocladus fluitans is a moss of swamps, pools and peat bogs. Its range extends from Labrador to British Columbia. Hygrohypnum palustre is uncommon to the south,, but is said to be frequent in Canada on rocks in rivers. It is reported from New Brunswick, Gaspe, Owen Sound, Lake Superior, and British Columbia. Hygrohypnum montanum is regarded as an alpine or subalpine moss of JSTew England, Canada and ]^ewfoundland. It is common to several stations in Canada, and among others to Owen Sound. It grows in mats on wet or submerged rocks. 156 MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS REFERENCES. Barnes and Heald — Keys to the Genera and Species of E^orth American mosses (TJniv, of Wiscon- sin). Grout — Mosses with a Hand-Lens. Grout — Mosses with Hand-Lens and Microscope (ISTew York). 157 CHAPTER IX. MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGI. By THOMAS LANGTON, M.A., LL.B. Foe probably fifty years persons who have received scientific training have been studying the fungi of particular districts in the United States, and have from time to time published the results of their researches; but no persons so qualified have made much investigation into the fungi of Canada or even of Ontario, or, if investigations have been made, the results have not been published so as to be generally accessible. The Geological Survey, which has for many years been compiling a Catalogue of Canadian Plants, has not yet reached the fungi, and so far as I have been able to learn has made very little preparation for making a list of them. There have not been wanting, however, amateurs who have as a recreation collected the larger or more conspicuous fungi which they have met with, and have either endeavoured themselves to identify them or have sent them to experts in the United States for identification, and have experimented in them as delicacies for the table. Of recent years there has been a considerable popu- lar inclination towards the study of at least the 158 MUSHEOOMS AXD OTHEE FUXGI edible fungi. Isot many years ago there was scarcely any literature on the subject which was easily avail- able, or was of much use, on this side of the Atlantic, but within the last ten or twelve years several popular handbooks have been published in the United States which are more or le^s useful in Canada ; and there must be spread over the country quite a number of persons who are examining, and sometimes adding to the supplies of the domestic table, the edible fleshy fungi of their neighbourhood, without venturing to put forth to the public any account of them. It is to be hoped that before long some of these workers will publish in some way at least descriptions or lists of what they have found, so that others may be helped and a foundation may be laid for a general list of the fungi of Canada. There are undoubtedly several of such persons within the district with which we are at present con- cerned, viz., the district within a radius of fiity miles from Toronto. A district so defined would include almost the whole of the counties of York, Peel, Halton, Wentworth, Lincoln, and Dufferin, as well as large parts of Welland, "Wellington, Simcoe, Ontario and Durham. In these counties the neigh- bourhoods of Fergus, Elora, Guelph, Preston, Ham- ilton, Orangeville, Georgetown, Oshawa, Niagara Falls and the Niagara River Gorge, Caledon Moun- tain, and the shores of Lake Simcoe and Lake Scugog, have long been fruitful botanizing fields, and should be able to return a good account of the fungi. 159 K'ATURAL HISTOEY, TOROXTO EEGIOX The only fungus student of Toronto that I am aware of who has made public anything of his researches is also one of the earliest. In 1871, Daniel Knode Winder published a pamphlet of twenty-four pages " to enable the reader to identify our best species of mushrooms." This little book contained descriptions, with figures, of seven of the principal edible species and a catalogue of 108 species collected by the author, of which he specified thirty-seven which he had himself eaten. He does not say in what district his collections were made. If the thirty-seven specially mentioned were found near Toronto, there are ten of them which I have not met with, viz. (adopting the author's nomen- clature), Agaricus gamhosus, Agaricus odorus, Agari- cus rachodes, Agaricus prunulus, Agaricus villaticus, Agaricus excoriatus, Agaricus orcella, Hygrophorus pratensisj, Hygrophorus niveus, and Hygrophorus virgineusj and of the others in his list there are forty which I have either not met with or not iden- tified. Any collecting that I have done has been largely confined to places within easy reach of Toronto, including, however, some places outside of the fifty- mile radius from Toronto, such as the Muskoka Lakes and the shores of some parts of the Georgian Bay. In all, I have found probably about four hun- dred species, but of these I have not been able to feel sure of the identification of more than 150. I have kept descriptions, and in most cases drawings or 160 MUSHROOMS A^D 'OTHER FUNGI photographs of nearlj three hundred specimens which I have not been able to identify with confidence. Besides these, there are many which I have not attempted to do anything with, and no doubt there are many which I have not fallen in with or have not noticed. It would seem, therefore, that there is an abundant field for study in this district. Edible Fungi near Toronto. In regard to the edibility of the species which I have collected, I have not experimented much; but I have tried twenty-nine species, twenty of which have met with sufficient approval to be always gath- ered for the table, when found conveniently and in sufficient quantities at a time. While there are to be found near Toronto many edible species, comparatively few species occur in ' sufficient numbers at a time to make them worth while gathering. Edible Russulae, for instance, in 1 most places come up scarcely a dish at a time in li any one place. The same may be said of the Boleti. I There are, of course, exceptional places, such as De Grassi Point on Lake Simcoe, where, in the extensive groves of oaks, Russulae are extraordinarily plentiful in July and August. On the other hand, in about September any one who finds the Honey-coloured : Mushroom (Armillaria mellea) and the Brick-top (Hypholoma suhlateritium) good eating will have no difficulty in obtaining an ample supply. Large quantities also of the Fairy Ring Mushroom (Maras- n 161 IsTATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGIOIs" mius oreades) may in their season be easily gathered. It is, indeed, surprising that this last species is not better known and more used. It is excellent and can be readily dried so as to be kept for winter use. A wide-awake mycophagist may also in our streets and parks find casual dishes of Coprinus micaceus, Hypholoma incertum, or Hypholoma appendiculatum, Collyhia velutipes and some puffballs by seizing the right moment, before the lawn mower or the destroy- ing foot of the small boy or the too rapid natural pro- cess of decay has removed them. So also consider- able patches of the Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atra- mentarius) when once discovered may furnish a suc- cession of crops. Besides the above, however, not many species offer any very reliable supplies. It may almost be said that they are only made use of by those who are interested in them as a subject of study. By the curious, in good woods in summer, almost daily sup- plies may, in places frequented by summer holiday- makers, be obtained of certain woods-loving species, e.g., Clitocyhe infundibuliformis, Collyhia radicata, Collyhia platyphylla, Pleurotus ostreafus and sapidus, Cantharelltis cihariits and several Hydnums, Eus- sulas and Boleti; but there would not seem to be any considerable use made anywhere in this country of wild-growing fungi. We may except perhaps the morels and large puffballs, such as Calvatia gigantea, and, of course, the common Field Mushroom (Agari- cus campester) ; many country dwellers do know and 163 MUSHEOOMS AND OTHER FUNGI look for these. Of recent years also our foreign immigrants may sometimes be seen searching for and gathering fungi which were familiar to them in their native land. Of course, the chief cause of this general neglect of fungi as articles of food is the still pretty general notion that all toadstools are poisonous. Recent research has shown that mushrooms of all kinds have nutritive qualities much inferior to what was at one time supposed to be the case; but in this respect they probably stand as high, while they have at least as conspicuous gastronomic attractions, as the uni- versal turnip. There seems to be no good reason why the general advance in nature study should not bring us to a sufficient knowledge of the fungi to enable us to use the good and to know and eschew the few poisonous or deleterious ones which grow amongst the good. Poisonous Species. Some really poisonous species, of course, there are, and, until the recognition of them forms part of ordinary rural lore, any general use of wild-grow- ing fungi as articles of food need not be hoped for. Almost every year, about the month of September, the newspapers report a case or two of fatal mush- room poisoning. It would seem that Amanita phal- loides is, in all cases, the culprit. In the district with which we are at present concerned, lying within a radius of fifty miles from Toronto, there would 163 I^ATHRAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGIOX seem to be not more than two or three species which are likely to be taken for edible mushrooms but are poisonous. There are several more or less hurtful species which by their peculiar appearance or dis- agreeable taste warn off or offer no temptation to the experimenter. The Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) and Amanita phalloides (including all its varieties, and Amanita verna among them) are, so far as I have discovered in the Toronto district, the only forms which are dangerous, and of these Amanita, muscaria raises a warning signal by its bright orange or yellow-orange colour, and is naturally avoided as a poisonous " toadstool." Both these species are extremely common in woody places near Toronto towards the end of August or during the first two weeks of September. The variety of Amanita phal- loides, which has a brownish pileus, has probably been frequently mistaken by those who have no know- ledge of the subject for the common field mushroom, with unfortunate and often fatal result ; but any one who has even a slight acquaintance with the botanical points of difference could soon without difficulty dis- tinguish the one from the other. There is, however, some danger, it seems to me, that an inaccurate begin- ner in the study of fungi may from insufficiently careful examination mistake the white varieties of Amanita phalloides for Lepiota naucinoides, where they are together in the collection basket, or where from some accidental cause the one has trespassed on the domain of the other. Young specimens, too, 164 MUSHROOMS AXD OTHER FUKGI of Agaricus silvicola or Agaricus silvaticus suffi- ciently resemble some forms of Amanita phalloides as to make great care necessary in eating them. MusHEooM Cultivation. Xot long ago it was reported that in France a commercially successful experiment had been made in cultivating Pleurotus cornucopicides, a fungus nor- mally growing on wood, but not, so far as I know, found in Canada. In this country, however, no pro- gress seems to be made in the cultivation of edible fungi, other than the common field mushroom, which alone is extensively grown for the market. I have, indeed, from time to time seen in our shops for sale morels and not a few specimens of the shaggy-maned mushroom (Coprinus comatus), which latter went by the name of " French morels " ; but I was not able to learn whence they were procured. Most likely they had been gathered by an unusually enterprising person from some favoured place where they were particularly abundant without artificial aids. Some such places I have occasionally seen, where for sev- eral years in succession a crop springs up sufficiently large to make it worth while gathering for near-by family use, though not for the market. Appended is a list (of course, far from complete) of fungi to be found near Toronto. It has been con- fined to those the identification of which has seemed to me to be satisfactory. For the most part, these are fungi of common occurrence in temperate coun- 165 NATUKAL HISTORY, TOROI^TO EEGI0:N' tries. I liave been informed, however, by persons in the United States to whom I have sent specimens that the following are rather rare plants there : Poly- porus squamosus, Pleurotus dryinus, Tremella fron- dosa, and Oyrocephalus rufus. On the other hand, from what is said in popular handbooks, I should judge that there are elsewhere quite a number which are considered common species, but which I have met with either rarely or not at all. For example, the Beef -steak fungus {Fistulina hepatica), the edible qualities of which are so enthu- siastically and tantalizingly lauded in the books, Clitopilus prunulus, Agaricus gamhosus, Agaricus rubescens, Lepiota rachodes, Hygrophorus virgineus, Clitocyhe illudens, and Armillaria mucida I have never seen ; and Pleurotus ulmarius, Lactarius vole- mus, Russula virescens, Clitocyhe nehularis, Clito- cyhe clavipes, Clitocyhe media and most species of Tricholoma, Volvaria and Cortinarius are rarities. PARTIAL LIST OF FUNGI TO BE FOUND NEAR TORONTO. BASIDIOMYCETES. HYMENOMYCETES. I Agaeicaceae. Leucosporae. Amanita muscaria, Linn. " phalloides, Fr. Lepiota gracilenta, Krombh. 166 MUSHROOMS AND OTHEE FUNGI I Agaeic ACEAE — ( Continued ) . Leucosporae — (Continued). Lepiota naucina (Fr.), or naucinoides Armillaria mellea, Fr., Vahl. " procera, Scop. Tricholoma album, Schaeff. " personatum, Fr. Clitocybe amethystina, Bolt. " clavipes, Pers. (( decastes, Fr. (I gilva, Pers. {( infundibuliformis, Schaeff. <( laccata, Swp. It media, Pk. u nebularis, Batsch. (( ochropurpurea. Berk. (I robusta, Pk. CoUybia confluens, Pers. (( dryophila, Bull. a longipes, Bull. « platyphylla, Fr. a radicata, Relh. (( velutipes, Curt. Mycens I galericulata, Scop. Omphalia campanella, Batsch. a epichysia, Pers. 45. Ring-necked Duck. Marila collaris. Migrant, not common. D 46. Golden-eye. Clangula clangula americana. Regular migrant and winter resident, g5undant!!^ 47. Barrow's Golden-eye. Clangula islandica. Ac- cidental, one record. 48. Buffle-head. Charitonetta alheola. Regular migrant, common. O 49. Old-squaw. Heralda hyemalis. Regular win- ter resident, aT5imdaBl^ 50. Harlequin Duck. Histrionicus histrionicus. Accidental, at least four records. 51. King Eider. Somateria spedahilis. Winter resident, not very common. IJI 52. Scoter. Oidemia americana. Regular fall migrant, not common. ft 53. White-winged Scoter. Oidemia deglandi. Reg- ular migrant, common. 54. Surf Scoter. Oidemia perspicillata. Regular fall migrant, not very common. 216 BIKDS 55. Ruddy Duck. Erismatura jamaicenensis. Keg- ular fall migrant, said to have been formerly very abundant. 56. Snow Goose. Chen hyperhoreus Tiyperhoreus. Migrant, very rare (AuJc, 1913, p. 226). 57. Blue Goose. Chen caerulescens. Accidental, one definite record. 58. Canada Goose. Branta canadensis canadensis. Regular migrant, formerly common. 59. Hutchins' Goose. Brania canadensis hutchinsi. Accidental, one definite record. 60. Brant, Branta hernicla glaucogastra. Acci- dental, two records. 61. Whistling Swan. Olor columhianus. Acciden- tal (Aul-, 191.3, p. 226). 62. Trumpeter Swan. Olor buccinator. "No recent records. Family Aedeidae. 63. Bittern. Botaurus lentiginosus. Summer re- sident; abundant migrant, breeds. 64. Least Bittern. Ixohrychus exilis. Common summer resident, breeds. 65. Cory's Least Bittern. Ixohrychus neoxenu^. Sixteen specimens have been recorded from here, no recent ones ; formerly bred. 66. Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias herodias. Regular migrant, common. 67. Green Heron. Butorides virescens virescens. Regular migrant, not common. 217 ijq^ATUKAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO KEGIOIT 68. Black-crowned Night Heron. Nyciicorax nyc- ticorax naevius. Regular migrant, not common. 69. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Nydanassa vio- lacea. Accidental. One record. Family Geuidae. 70. Little Brown Crane (?). Grus canadensis? Ac- cidental; the two Toronto birds probably belong to this species and not to Grus mexicana. Family Rallidae. 71. King Rail. Rallus elegans. Irregular mi- grant, probably accidental. ? 72. Virginia Rail. Rallus virginianus. Summer resident", common, breeds. 73. Sora. Porzana Carolina. Summer resident, common; breeds. 74. Yellow Rail. Coturnicops novehoracensis. Regular fall migrant, rare. 75. Florida Gallinule. Gallinula galeata. Sum- mer resident, common; breeds. > 76. Coot^ Fulica americana. Regular migrant, common; probably breeds. Family Phalaeopidae. 77. Red Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius. Reg- ular fall migrant, rare. 78. Northern Phalarope. Lobipes lohoius. Reg- ular migrant, rare. 218 BIKDS 79. Wilson's Phalarope. Steganopus tricolor. Ir- regular migrant, very rare. Family RECtrRviEOSTKiDAE. 80. Avocet. Recurvirostra americana. Acciden- tal, two records. Family Scolopacidae. 81. Woodcock. Philohela minor. Regular mi- grant, not now common ; probably breeds. 82. Wilson's Snipe. Gallinago delicata. Regular migrant, not uncommon ; rare breeder. 83. Dowitcher. Macrorhamphus griseus griseus. Regular migrant, not common. 84. Long-billed Dowitcher. Macrorhamphus gri- seus scolopaceus. Accidental, two records referable to this doubtful form. 85. Stilt Sandpiper. Micropalama himantopu^. Fall migrant, rare. 86. Knot. Tringa canutus. Regular migrant, not uncommon. 87. Purple Sandpiper. Arquatella maritima marir tima. Fall migrant, rare. 88. Pectoral Sandpiper. Pisohia maculata. Fall migrant, sometimes common. 89. White-rumped Sandpiper. Pisohia fuscicollis. Regular migrant, not common. 90. Baird's Sandpiper. Pisohia hairdi. Fall mi- grant, not uncommon. 219 Is^ATUKAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO EEGIO:^^ 91. Least Sandpiper. Pisohia minutilla. Regu- lar migrant, common. 92. Red-backed Sandpiper. Pelidna alpina sakha- lina. Regular migrant, abundant. 93. Curlew Sandpiper. Erolia ferruginea. Acci- dental, one record. 94. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Ereunetis pusillus. Regular migrant, common. 95. Sanderling. Calidris leucophaea. Regular mi- grant, abundant. 96. Marbled Godwit. Limosa fedoa. Irregular migrant, very rare. 97. Hudsonian Godwit. Limosa Jiaemastica. Ir- regular migrant, very rare. 98. Greater Yellow-legs. Totanus melanoleucus. Regular migrant, common. 99. Yellow-legs. Totanus flavipes. Regular mi- grant, common. 100. Solitary Sandpiper. Helodromas solitarius solitarius. Regular migrant, local and not uncom- mon. 101. Western Willett. Catoptrophoriis semipalma- tus inornatus. Irregular migrant, very rare. 102. Ruff. Machetes pugnax. Accidental, one record. 103. Upland Plover. Bartramia longicauda. Mi- grant, very rare; formerly bred. 104. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Tryngites suhrufi- collis. Fall migrant, rare. 220 BIRDS 105. Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis macularia. Sum- mer resident, abundant ; breeds. 106. Hudsonian Curlew. Numenius hudsonicv^. Regular migrant, sometimes abundant. 107. Eskimo Curlew. Numenius horealis. Acci- dental, two records. Family Chakadeiidae. 108. Black-bellied Plover. Squatarola squatarola. Regular migrant, sometimes common. 109. Golden Plover. Charadriu^ dominicus dom- inicus. Fall migrant, not so rare as it was. 110. Killdeer. Oxyechus vociferus. Summer resi- dent, not uncommon ; breeds. 111. Semipalmated Plover. Aegialitis semipal- mata. Regular migrant, common. 112. Piping Plover. Aegialitis meloda. Summer resident, rare; breeds. 113. Snowy Plover. Aegialitis nivosa. Acciden- tal, two records. Family Apheizidae. 114. Ruddy Turnstone. Arenaria interpres mori- nella. Regular migrant, common. Family Odontophoeidae. 115. Bob-white. Colinus virginianus virginianus. Formerly resident and abundant, now exterminated ; formerly bred. 221 NATUKAL HISTORY, T0E01!^T0 EEGIOI^ 116. Canadian Ruffed Grouse. Bonasa umhellus togata. Resident, becoming very rare ; breeds. Family Columbidae. 117. Passenger Pigeon. Edopistes migratorius. Extinct, once an abundant migrant; formerly bred. 118. Mourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura carol- inensis. Summer resident, not common; breeds. Family Cathaetidae. 119. Turkey Vulture. Cathartes aura septentrio- nalis. Accidental, one recent record. Family Buteonidae. 120. Marsh Hawk. Circus hudsonius. Regular migrant, common, rare summer resident; breeds. 121. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter velox. Com- mon migrant, rare resident; breeds. 122. Cooper's Hawk. Accipiter cooperi. Pare migrant, rare winter resident. 123. Goshawk. Astur atricapillus atricapillus. Regular fall migrant, sometimes common, rare win- ter resident. 124. Red-tailed Hawk. Buteo horealis horealis. Common fall migrant ; probably breeds. 125. Western Red-tail. Buteo horealis calurus. Accidental, one record. 126. Red-shouldered Hawk. Buteo lineatus linea- tus. Common migrant, rare, resident ; breeds. 233 BIKDS 127. Swainson's Hawk. Buteo swainsoni. Acci- dental, five records. 128. Broad-winged Hawk.^ Buteo platypterus. Regular migrant, common in fall. 129. Rough-legged Hawk. ArcJiibuteo lagopus sancti-joJiannis. Regular fall migrant, sometimes abundant, uncommon winter resident. 130. Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaetos. Acciden- tal, four records. 131. Northern Bald Eagle. Haliceetus leucocepJia- lus alascanus. Migrant, and rare winter resident. Family Fai^conidae. 132. White Gyrfalcon. Falco islandus. Acciden- tal, one record. 133. Duck Hawk. Falco peregrinus anatum. Reg- ular fall migrant, rare. 134. Pigeon Hawk. Falco columharius columhar- ius. Regular fall migrant, never very common. 135. Sparrow Hawk. Falco sparverius sparverius. Common migrant, rare summer resident ; breeds. 136. Osprey. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Regular migrant, not common. Family Aluconidae. 137. Barn Owl. Aluco pratincola. Accidental, one record. Family Steigidae. 138. Long-eared Owl. Asia wilsonianus. Common migrant, rare summer resident; breeds. 223 i^T'ATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKOiSTTO EEGION 139. Short-eared Owl. Asio flammeus. Regular migrant, sometimes abundant. 140. Barred Owl. Strix varia varia. Regular mi- grant, sometimes common, rather rare winter resi- dent. 141. Great Gray Owl. Scotiaptex nebulosa nehu- losa. Irregular winter migrant, sometimes common. 142. Richardson's Owl. Cryptoglaux funerea rich- ardsoni. Irregular winter migrant, rare. 143. Saw-whet Owl. Cryptoglaux acadica acad- ica. Regular fall migrant, sometimes common, rare resident ; probably breeds. 144. Screech Owl. Otus asio asio. Regular mi- grant, sometimes common. 145. Great Horned Owl. Buho virginianus virgini- anus. Winter resident, usually common, rare resi- dent ; breeds. 146. Arctic Horned Owl. Bubo virginianus sub- arcticus. Rare migrant. 147. Labrador Horned Owl. Buho virginianus heterocnemis. Rare migrant. 148. Snowy Owl. Nydea nyctea. Regular win- ter migrant, sometimes common. 149. Hawk Owl. Surnia ulula caparoch. Irregu- lar winter migrant, rare. Family Cuculidae. 150. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus americanus. Summer resident, not very common; breeds. 234 BIEDS 151. Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus erythroph- thalmus. Suminer resident, fairly common; breeds. Family Alcedinidae. 152. Belted Kingfisher. Ceryle alcyon. Summer resident, common; breeds. Family Picidae. 153. Hairy Woodpecker. Dryohates villosus villo- sus. Kegular migrant, sometimes common, rather rare winter resident. 154. Northern Hairy Woodpecker. Dryohates vil- losus leucomelas. Winter migrant of recent record (Proc. U.S. Nat. 3Ius., 1911, p. 604). 155. Downy Woodpecker. Dryohates puhescens medianus. Resident and common migrant ; breeds. 156. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides arc- ticus. Accidental, only a few records. 157. Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides americanus americanus. Accidental, one record. 158. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus variiis varius. Regular migrant, abundant ; rare breeder. 159. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. Pkloeotomus pileatus ahieticola. Accidental, last record in 1882, probably a former resident. 160. Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erthro- cephalus. Summer resident, formerly common; breeds. 161. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Centurus carolinus. Accidental, only a few records. 15 225 NATUEAL HISTORY, TOROI^TO REGION 162. Northern Flicker. Colaptes auratus luteus. Summer resident, common ; breeds, rare winter resi- dent. Family Capeimtjlgidae. 163. Whip-poor-will. Anirosiomus vociferus vocir ferus. Regular migrant; rare breeder. 164. Nighthawk. Chordeiles virginianics virgini- anus. Common summer resident; breeds. Family Miceopodidae. 165. Chimney Swift. Chaetura pelagica. Common summer resident ; breeds. Family Trochilidae. 166. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Archilochus co- lubris. Migrant, abundant, rare summer resident; breeds. Family Ttkaistnidae. 167. Kingbird. Tyrannus tyrannus. Summer resident, common. 168. Crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus crinitus. Regular migrant, rare summer resident ; breeds. 169. Phoebe. Sayornis phoehe. Summer resident, common; breeds. 170. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Nuttallornis horealis. Migrant, only a few records. 171. Wood Pewee. Myiochanes virens. Summer^ resident, breeds ; common migrant. 226 BIEDS 172. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Empidonax flavi- ventris. Regular migrant, usually not abundant. 173. Alder Flycatcher. Empidonax trailli alnor- um. Rare migrant. 174. Least Flycatcher. Empidonax minimum. Regular migrant, sometimes abundant ; rare breeder. Family Alaudidae. 175. Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris alpestris. Migrant, no recent records. 176. Prairie Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris pra- ticola. Regular migrant, abundant, rather common resident; breeds. Family Corvidae. 177. Blue Jay. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Resident, sometimes abundant ; rare breeder. 178. Canada Jay. Perisoreus canadensis canaden- sis. Accidental records of two migrations. 179. Northern Raven. Corvus corax principalis. No recent records, probably once a resident. 180. Crow. Corvus hracTiyrhynchos brachyrhyn- chos. Resident, abundant; breeds. 181. Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Summer resident; breeds. 182. Cowbird. Molothrus ater ater. Summer resi- dent, common, a parasite. 183. Yellow-headed Blackbird. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Accidental, one record. 237 I^ATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION 184. Red-winged Blackbird. Agelaius 'p'hoeniceus pJioeniceus. Summer resident, abundant; breeds, 185. Meadowlark. Sturnella magna magna. Sum- mer resident, common; breeds. 186. Orchard Oriole. Icterus spurius. Summer resident, very rare ; breeds. 187. Baltimore Oriole. Icterus galhula. Summer resident, common; breeds. 188. Rusty Blackbird. Euphagus carolinus. Reg- ular migrant, sometimes abundant. 189. Bronzed Crackle. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. Summer resident, common; breeds. Family Feitstgillidae. 190. Evening Grosbeak. Hesperiphona vesperiina vespertina. Irregular winter migrant, occasionally abundant. 191. Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola enucleator leucura. Irregular winter migrant, often abundant. 192. Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus pur- pureus. Resident; breeds, sometimes abundant in winter. 193. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor. Irregular winter resident, sometimes abundant. 194. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera. Irregular winter resident, usually rare. 195. Hoary Redpoll. Acanthis hornemanni exili- pes. Winter migrant, rare. 196. Redpoll. Acanthis linaria linaria. Irregu- lar winter migrant, often abundant. 228 BIEDS 197. Holboell's Redpoll. Acanthis linaria holboelli. Accidental winter migrant, three records. 198. Greater Redpoll. Acanthis linaria rostrata. Winter migrant, very rare. 199. Goldfinch. Astragalinus tristis tristis. Re- sident, common ; breeds, often abundant. 200. Pine Siskin. Spinus pinvs. Winter resident, sometimes abuDdant. 201. House Sparrow. Passer domesticus. Intro- duced, abundant ; breeds. 202. Snow Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis niv- alis. Winter migrant, usually abundant. 203. Lapland Longspur. Calcarius lapponicus lap- ponicus. Irregular winter migrant, not common. 204. Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus gram- ineus. Summer resident, abundant ; breeds. 205. Savannah Sparrow. Passerculus sandwichen- sis savanna. Summer resident, common; breeds. 206. Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus savan- narum australis. Accidental, two records. 207. Leconte's Sparrow. Passerherhulus lecontei. Accidental, one record. 208. Nelson's Sparrow. Passerherhulus nelsoni nelsoni. Rare migrant, eleven records. 209. Lark Sparrow. Chondestes grammacus grani- macus. Summer resident, very rare; breeds. 210. White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leuco- phrys leucophrys. Regular migrant, usually com- mon. 229 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO EEGIOl^ 211. 'White-throated Sparrow. Zonotrichia albi- collis. Regular migrant, abundant, rare summer resident; breeds. 212. Tree Sparrow. Spizella monticola monti- cola. Winter resident, sometimes abundant. 213. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina pas- serina. Summer resident, abundant; breeds. 214. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla pusilla. Summer resident, abundant, migrant ; breeds. 215. Slate-colored Junco. Junco Jiyemalis hyema- lis. Regular migrant, abundant, irregular winter resident ; rare breeder. 216. Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia melodia. Summer resident, abundant ; breeds ; occasional win- ter resident. 217. Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospiza Uncolni lin- colni. Regular migrant, not common. 218. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana. Sum- mer resident, common ; breeds ; 219. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca iliaca. Reg- ular migrant, not common. 220. Towhee. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythroph- {halmus. Summer resident; breeds; common mi- grant. 221. Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis. Accidental, very few records. 222. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Zamelodia ludovici- ana. Regular migrant, fairly common. 223. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea. Regular migrant, not very common summer resident ; breeds. 330 BIEDS Family Tanageidae. 224. Scarlet Tanager. Piranga erythromelas. Regular migrant, sometimes common. 225. Summer Tanager. Piranga rubra rubra. Ac- cidental, one record. Family HiEUNDiiirrDAE. 226. Purple Martin. Progne subis subis. Sum- mer resident; breeds, increasing in numbers. 227. Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunir frons. Summer resident, formerly common and bred, now a rather rare migrant. 228. Barn Swallow. Hirundo erythrogastra. Reg- ular summer resident, common; breeds. 229. Tree Swallow. Iridoprocne bicolor. Regular summer resident, common ; breeds. 230. Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia. Regular summer resident, common ; breeds. 231. Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx ser- ripennis. Rare summer resident; breeds. Family Bombycixlidae. 232. Bohemian Waxwing. Bomby cilia garrula. Ir- regular winter resident, rare. 233. Cedar Waxwing. Bomby cilia cedrorum. Re- sident, irregular in winter, often abundant; breeds. Family Lanitdae. 234. Northern Shrike. Lanius borealis. Rare winter resident. 231 I^ATUEAL HISTOET, TOEOXTO EEGI0:N" 235. Migrant Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus mi- grans. Eegular summer resident, not common; breeds. Family Vhbeonidae. 236. Red-eyed Vireo. Vireosylva olivacea. Reg- ular summer resident, common, breeds. 237. Philadelphia Vireo. Vireosylva philadelphica. Eegular migrant, not very common. 238. Warbling Vireo. Vireosylva gilva gilva. Eeg- ular migrant, not common. 239. Yellow-throated Vireo. Lanivireo flavifrons. Eegular migrant, rare. 240. Blue-headed Vireo. Lanivireo solitarius soli- tarius. Eegular migrant, common. Family Mniotiltidai;. 241. Black and White Warbler. Mniotilta varia. Eegular migrant, abundant, rare summer resident; breeds. 242. Nashville Warbler. Vermivora ruhricapilla ruhricapilla. Eegular migrant, abundant. 243. Orange-crowned Warbler. Vermivora celata celata. Eegular migrant, always rare. 244. Tennessee Warbler. Vermivora peregrina. Eegular migrant, rare. 245. Northern Parula Warbler. C ompsothlypis americana usneae. Eegular migrant, abundant. 246. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina. Eeg- ular migrant, sometimes fairly common. 232 BIRDS 247. Yellow Warbler. Dendroica aestiva aestiva. Eegular summer resident, abimdant; breeds. 248. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens. Regular migrant, abun- dant. 249. Myrtle Warbler. Dendroica coronata. Reg- ular migrant, not usually common in spring, abun- dant in autumn. 250. Magnolia Warbler. Dendroica magnolia. Reg- ular migrant, abundant. 251. Cerulean Warbler. -DencZrotca cerwZea. Spring migrant, only a few records. 252. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica pensyl- vanica. Regular migTant, abundant; uncommon summer resident, probably breeds. 253. Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea. Regular spring migrant, not very common, very few fall records. 254. Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata. Reg- ular migrant, usually not very common. 255. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica fusca. Regular migrant, common, sometimes abundant. 256. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens. Regular migrant, abundant. 257. Kirtland's Warbler. Dendroica Tcirtlandi. Accidental, one record. 258. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsi. Regular migrant, usually not common. 259. Palm Warbler. Dendroica palmarum pal- marum. Regular migrant, usually not common. 233 NATTJEAL HISTORY, TOROl^TO REGIOIT 260. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor. Acci- dental, two records. 261. Oven-bird. Seiurus aurocapillus. Regular migrant, abundant; a not very common summer resident; breeds. 262. Water Thrush. Seiurus noveloracensis no- vehoracensis. Regular migrant, usually not very- common. 263. Grinnell's Water-Thrush. Seiurus novelora- censis notahilis. Birds referable to this form occur with the preceding (Aulc, 1908, p. 487). 264. Louisiana Water-Thrush. Seiurus motacilla. Accidental, two records. 265. Connecticut Warbler. Oporornis agilis. Reg- ular migrant, not common. 266. Mourning Warbler. Oporornis Philadelphia. Regular migrant, not uncommon ; rare summer resi- dent; breeds. 267. Maryland Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas trichas. Regular migrant, common; rare summer resident. 268. Wilson's Warbler. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla. Regular migrant, common. 269. Canada Warbler. Wilsonia canadensis. Reg- ular migrant, common, probably a rare summer resi- dent. 270. Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla. Regular mi- grant, abundant; fairly common summer resident; breeds. 234 BIEDS Family Motacillidae. 271. Pipit. Anthus ruhescens. Regular migrant, often common in fall. Family Mimidae. 272. Catbird. Dumetella carolinends. Regular summer resident, common ; breeds. 273. Brown Thrasher. Toxostoma rufum. Regu- lar Slimmer resident; breeds. Family Tboglodytidae. 274. House Wren. Troglodytes aedon aedon. Reg- ular migrant and fairly common summer resident. 275. Winter Wren. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. Regular migrant, common; rare summer resident; breeds. 276. Short-billed Marsh Wren. Cistothortis stelr laris. Two records. 277. Long-billed Marsh Wren. Telmatodytes paltis- tris paliLstris. Common summer resident ; breeds. Family Ceethiidae. 278. Brown Creeper. Certhia familiaris ameri- cana. Regular migrant, common; probably a rare summer resident. Family Sittidae. 279. White-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis. Common migrant and winter resident. 235 KATUEAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGIOl^ 280. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis. Common migrant and a not imcommon winter resi- dent. Family Paeidae. 281. Chickadee. Penthestes atricapillus atrica- pillus. Resident, common; breeds. 282. Hudsonian Chickadee. Penthestes liudsonicus liudsonicus. Accidental, one record. Family Sylviidae. 283. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regidus satrapa sa- trapa. Regular migrant, abundant; rare winter resident. 284. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Regulus calendula calendula, regular migrant, abundant. 285. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Polioptila caerulea caerulea. Three records. Family Tuedidae. 286. Wood Thrush. Hylocichla mustelina. Regu- lar migrant, not common, rare summer resident; breeds. 287. Veery. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. Regidar migrant, abundant ; fairly common summer resident; breeds. 288. Gray-cheeked Thrush. Hylocichla aliciae ali- ciae. Regular migrant, rare in spring, not uncom- mon in fall. 236 BIRDS 289. Olive-backed Thrush. Eylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Regular migrant, abundant. 290. Hermit Thrush. Eylocichla guttata pallasi. Regular migrant, abundant ; probably a rare summer resident. 291. Robin. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. Summer resident, abundant ; breeds ; irregular win- ter resident. 292. Bluebird. Sialia sialis sialis. Summer resi- dent, abundant; breeds. REFERENCES. R. Ridgway. The Birds of Xortli and Middle America. Bull. U.S. Xat. Museum, ^N"©. 50. 1901-1911. R. Ridgway. A Manual of Xorth American Birds. Philadelphia. 1887. F. M. Chapman. Handbook of the Birds of Eastern Xorth America. Xew York and London. 1912. T. Mcllwraith. The Birds of Ontario. William Briggs, Toronto, 1894. 337 CHAPTER XVII. REPTILES. By J. B. WILLIAMS, F.Z.S. Out of about thirty Reptiles, that are found in the Province of Ontario, only eleven occur in the neighbourhood of Toronto. Of these only two are turtles — the small Mud Turtle, and the large Snapping Turtle. With a large marshy area, like Ashbridge Bay, close to the city, one would have expected a gTeater variety; but Toronto never seems to have been very rich in reptile forms. The Blue-tailed Lizard, which occurs north-east of the city at Peterborough, and north-west around the Georgian Bay, has never been found here ; and we have no poisonous snakes in this district. Rattlesnakes were, formerly, plentiful in the country from Hamilton to JSTiagara, and a few still linger in the ^Niagara glens, and they are also found at the Georgian Bay ; but, like the lizard, they seem to prefer rocky districts, and there is no record of their ever occurring near Toronto. ISTine snakes are found in this neighbourhood; four of these, viz., the Red-bellied, Dekay's Brown, Grass, and Ring-necked, are small snakes varying from a foot to eighteen inches in length; the other 238 EEPTILES j&ve, viz., the Riband, Garter, Water, Milk, and Hog-nosed, are larger ones, averaging about three feet in length. Thej are all quite harmless, if left alone, and several of them are really useful. The Grass Snake is very fond of cut-worm caterpillars that do so much injury to lawns and gardens, and the Milk Snake feeds very largely on field mice and voles — two of the farmer's great enemies. Order Ophidia. Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata, Baird & Gir. JSTot very common; are said to feed on soft-bodied insects. DeKay's Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi, Baird & Gir. The commonest of the small snakes ; feeds on earthworms and insects; viviparous and produces from twelve to twenty-four young at a time ; often found on the waste land at the sides of railroads. Riband Snake, Eutainia saurita, Baird & Gir. A very graceful and beautiful species; not very com- mon ; it used to be found at the Woodbine and Balmy Beach ; feeds on small frogs and earthworms. Garter Snake, Eutainia sirtalis, Baird & Gir. The commonest of the large snakes ; frequents woods and grassy fields ; feeds on frogs, toads and earthworms ; viviparous, having as many as twenty young at a time. Water Snake, Tropidonotus sipedon, Holbr. Fairly common about streams and ponds; feeds on 239 XATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOXTO EEGIOX fish and frogs; viviparous, and very prolific, some- times producing forty young at a time. Grass Snake, Liopeltis vernalis, Jan. Fairly common, and well wortli protecting, for its beauty, as well as for its usefulness. Feeds largely on cater- pillars. Ring-necked Snake, Diadophis punctatus, Baird & Gir. Eather rare ; said to feed largely on insects. Milk Snake, Ophiholus doliatus, Baird & Gir. Fairly common, especially on the west side of the city; feeds largely on field mice and voles, which it crushes to death between the folds of the body; in captivity they will sometimes eat smaller snakes that are kept with them, and they have a curious habit of vibrating, the tip of the tail when they are excited, just as a rattlesnake does. Hog-nosed Snake, or Blowing Adder, Eeterodon platyrliinus, Latreille. Used to be fairly common at High Park, but is rarer now ;- feeds on frogs and toads, but seems to prefer the toads. When annoyed it hisses and spreads the skin of the head and neck in a very threatening way, but it is not at all ven- omous ; and, in captivity, soon becomes quite tame. Order Testudixata. Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, Schw. A large and voracious reptile ; quite common at the Island. They are credited with the destruction of many young ducks and other waterfowl. In cap- 240 REPTILES tivity they will feed on small fish, raw meat, or earthworms. Mud Turtle, or Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta, Ag. A very common and prettily marked species; often seen sunning themselves on logs. In captivity they will feed on small fish, raw meat, earthworms, and insects. REFERENCES. Cope, E. D. The Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of l^orth America. Eep. U. S. JS^atl. Mu- seum for 1898. Washington, 1900. Jordan, T>. S. Manual of the Vertebrates of the j^orthern L'nited States. Chicago, 1894. 16 241 CHAPTER XVIII. AMPHIBIA. By W. H. PIERSOL, B.A., M.B. The following list contains all the Amphibia that have been reported from the neighbourhood of Toronto or are kno^vn by the author to occur in that region. A few additional species, that may occur but have not yet been reported, are mentioned at the end of the list. Ueodela. Mud-puppy, Necturus maculosus, Rafinesque. In quiet waters, at depths of 2-20 feet ; Don and Hum- ber rivers, Island lagoons, wharves. Spawns in quiet waters under stones, etc.,- at depths of 3-12 feet. May Ist-June 5th. 'No metamorphosis. Spotted Salamander, Amhystoma punctatum, Linn. On all sides of the city in woods, preferably dark woods with light undergrowth and little grass. At the breeding season, near pools, under any object that will give shelter, at other seasons in or under decaying logs and stumps, sometimes under stones. Spawns in pools, eggs in large masses attached to grass or twigs. April 1-30, usually April 10-17. Metamorphosis in September-October of same year. 242 AMPHIBIA Salamander, Anibystoma jeffersonianum. Green. Localities as for Ambjstoma punctatum. Xot com- mon except in woods to the east of Toronto on Scar- borough Heights. Spawns in pools, small masses of eggs being attached in rows to slender branches or to weeds. March 24-April 20, usually April 1-10. Metamorphosis in September-October of same year. Black Newt, Desmoganthus nigra, Green. Only known as from Toronto by a specimen so labelled in the Biological museum ; no more definite locality is mentioned. Usually in or near clear, cold springs or brooks in rocky localities. Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Green. This includes the varieties Plethodon cine- reus cinereus and Plethodon cinereus erythronotvs (Cope), intermediates, and also individuals with more red marking than is typical. It occurs on all sides of the city. Remains under shelter by day. Damp woods with considerable undergrowth are pre- ferred, but occasionally specimens are found in drier localities, even in open fields under stones. Spa'um- ing by choice within the cracks in decaying logs and stumps, but in default of such under stones. A clus- ter of 3-12 eggs attended by the female. June 15- July 4. ISTo aquatic stage. Metamorphosis takes place in August-September of the same year. Salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum, Schlegel. One specimen reported from the Humber Valley. Habits, etc., so far as known, are similar to those of Plethodon. 243 NATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Newt, Diemyctylus viridescens, Rafinesque. This includes the terrestrial variety, miniatuSj Raf. The species occurs on all sides of the city, in pools, bays of the larger bodies of water, (e.g., Howard Lake and Island Lagoons), and in the quieter portions of streams where there is considerable vegetation grow- ing in water. The eggs are deposited singly on water plants, almost daily for some weeks, April 15- June 15, and the metamorphosis takes place in Sep- tember of the same year. The terrestrial stage lasts one or more years; it is first interrupted by the return to water in breeding season, and as age increases this aquatic phase is lengthened and at last becomes permanent. Anura. Common Toad, Bufo lentiginosus, var. americanus. Cope. Occurs everywhere, in woods, along hedges and fences, in gardens. The spawn is in coiled strings, submerged at the edges of quiet waters. April-July. Tadpole black. Metamorphosis occurs after about eight weeks. Swamp Tree Frog, Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied. Low and marshy land, Humber and Don valleys. Spawn in masses containing 20 to 100 eggs, sub- merged on grasses and twigs in pools in open mea- dows, ditches, etc. April 1-20. Tadpole black and sluggish. Metamorphosis occurs in ten to twelve weeks. 344 AMPHIBIA Common Tree Frog, Hyla versicolor, LeConte. Oc- curs in woods containing bushes and low trees on all sides of the city. Spawns among grasses at edges of pools, eggs in small masses close to surface of water, or floating. May 20-Julj 1. The tadpole has a very considerable metallic lustre and shows very rapid movements. The metamorphosis takes place in about seven weeks. Spring Peeper, Hyla pickeringii, Holbrook. Found only to west of city, though it probably occurs on the north and east as well. In woods containing bushes and low trees. The eggs are attached in very small groups to grasses at the margin of pools, close to surface of water. April 10-May 1. The tadpole has but very little dark pigment The metamor- phosis occurs in about eight weeks, while the tail is yet long. Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens, Shreber. In the neighbourhood of streams and pools, or even at con- siderable distances from water in long grass. On all sides of the city. Spawns in shallow parts of pools, egg masses submerged. April 15-May 20. Tadpole very dark. Metamorphosis takes place in about ten weeks. Pickerel Frog, Rana palustris, Leconte. 'Ee?iT the edges of marshes and brooks, where the water may be reached by a few very long leaps. Has been found only along streams to the west of the city, but probably occurs to the north and east as well. 245 Is^\TURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOK" Spawns in shallow, quiet waters, the egg masses sub- merged, April 25-Ma7 15. Tadpole quite light in colour. Metamorphosis takes place in ten to twelve weeks. Wood Frog, Rana sylvaUca, LeConte. On all sides of the city, in moist woods with considerable undergrowth. Spawns on the bottom of pools, at a depth of about one foot. March 30-April 30. Tad- pole dark gTay. Metamorphosis takes place in about ten weeks. Green Frog, Rana clamitans, Latreille. On all sides of the city, by marshy margins of bays, pools, rivers, or small streams. The spawn is spread on the surface of the water amongst weeds. May 25- August 10. Tadpole light coloured. Metamor- phosis occurs only after one or two years. Bullfrog, Raiia cateshiana, Shaw. In the marshy margins of bays, rivers or large ponds, in the water or on a lily-leaf. The spawn is spread on the sur- face of the water, amongst weeds. June 20- July 25. Tadpole brownish green, large ; tail very long. Meta- morphosis occurs only after one or two years. The following species may occur near Toronto, but they have not yet been reported nor have they come to the writer's notice : Cricket Frog, Acris gryllus, LeConte. Northern Frog, Rana septentrionalis. Cambridge Frog, Rana cantahrigensis, Baird. 246 AMPHIBIA REFERENCE Cope, E. D. The Batrachia of iN'orth America. Bull. U. S. Xat. Mus. Xo. 34. 1889. Dickerson, Mary C. The Frog Book (Doubledaj, Page & Co.). 1906. Wright, A. H. The Anura of Ithaca, X.Y.— A Key to Their Eggs. Biol. Bull., vol. 18, No. 2. 1910. Cochran, M. E. The Biology of the Red-backed Salamander. Biol. Bull., vol. 20, Xo. 6, 1911. Eycleshymer, A. C. The Habits of jSTecturus macu- losus. Amer. :N'at. vol. 40, p. 123. 1906. Gage, S. H. The Life History of the Vermilion- spotted Xewt. Amer. Xat., vol. 25, p. 1084. 1891. Garnier, R. A Xew Species of Menobranchus. Proc. Can. Inst., vol. 5, p. 218, 1887. Hodgins, J. G. Proteus of the Lakes. Can. Jour., vol 1, p. 19. 1856. Jordan, E. O. Habits and Development of the Xewt (Diemyctylus viridiscens). Jour, of Morphology, vol. 8, 1893. Jordan, E. O. The Spermatophores of Diemyctylus. Jour. Morph., vol. 5, p. 263. 1891. Montgomery, H. Some Observations on the Meno- branchus maculatus. Can. Xat. and Geol., KS., vol. 9, p. 160. 1881. IN'icholson, H. A. Contributions to a Fauna Cana- densis. Can. Jour., vol. 13, p. 493. 1873. 247 l^ATUKAL HISTORY, TOEO^^TO EEGIOIT Piersol, W. H. Spawn and Larva of Ambjstoma jeffersoniannm. Anaer. ISJ'at., vol. 44, p. 732. 1910. Piersol, W. H. The Habits and Larval State of Plethodon cinereus erythronotus. Trans. Can. Inst, vol. 8, part 4. 1909. Reed, H. D. A ISTote on the Coloration of Plethodon cinereus. Araer. Nat, vol. 42, p. 460, 1908. Smith, B. G. The E'ests and Larvae of Xectnrus. ' Biol. Bull., vol. 20, 'No. 4. 1911. Smith, B. G. The Structure of the Spermatophores of Ambjstoma punctatum. Biol. Bull., vol. 18, ISTo. 4, 1910. Smith, B. G. iSTotes on the J^atural History of Amby stoma jeffersonianum. Ambystoma punc- tatum, and Ambystoma tigrinum. Bull. Wiscon. jSTat Hist. Soc, vol. 9, Xos. 1-2. 1911. Wright, A. H. Notes on the Breeding Habits of Ambystoma punctatum. Biol. Bull., vol. 14, No. 4. 1908. Wright, A. H., and Allen, A. A. The Early Breed- ing Habits of Ambystoma punctatum. Amer. Nat, vol. 43, p. 687. 1909. Wilder, H. H. Desmognathus fusca and Spelerpes bilineatus. Amer. Nat., vol. 33, p. 231. 1899. Wilder, I. W. The Life History of Desmognathus fusca. Biol. Bull., vol. 24, Nos. 4 and 5. 1913. 248 CHAPTER XIX. FISHES. By C. W. NASH. The following list includes all the fishes found within a radius of ten or twelve miles from the city of Toronto of which I have authentic records. MAESIPOBRAXCHII. (The Lampreys.) Peteomyzidae. 1. Silver Lamprey. Lamper Eel. Icihyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). — The Silver Lamprey is abun- dant in Lake Ontario, usually in deep water, but it runs up the small streams to spawn in the spring. It is a most destructive parasite on the large com- mercial fishes, fixing itself to their bodies by means of its suctorial disk and causing deep ulcerated wounds at the point of attachment, which very fre- quently result in death. When spawning they form nests in the bed of the stream among cobble-stones and pebbles; in these the eggs are deposited, after which the parent fish all die. After emerging from the eggs the larvae burrow in the mud or sand near the margin of the stream and there remain in the larval condition, blind and toothless for a long period, 249 ]S^ATUEAL HISTOEY, TORONTO REGIOIsT sometimes until they have attained a length of eight inches. GAXOIDEI. (Ganoid Fishes.) ACIPENSERIDAE. 2. Lake Sturgeon. Rock Sturgeon. Acipenscr rubicundus (Lesnenr). — The fishermen make a dis- tinction between the young and the old of this species, calling the former Rock Sturgeon and the older fish Lake Sturgeon. There is, however, but one Stur- geon in our waters; the difference in the size and shape of the snout and in the number and development of the spines between the immature fish and the adult is sometimes very great, hence the idea that two species are found. The Lake Sturgeon is found in Lake Ontario, but rarely near Toronto. It is a food fish of considerable commercial importance, its flesh being used either fresh or dried and smoked. From its roe the delicacy known as caviare is made. This fish attains a large size, specimens six feet in length and weighing one hundred pounds or more being not uncommon. The spawning season extends from the end of May to the beginning of July, during which period the fish run from the lakes up the rivers for a considerable distance for the purpose of depositing their ova. Amiidae. (The Bowfins.) 3. Dogfish. Bowfin. Mudfish. Amia calva (Linn.). — This fish is found in the weedy waters of 250 FISHES the bays and rivers in the vicinity of Toronto. It is one of the most voracious of our fishes, feeding upon all forms of small fry and insects, and where abun- dant is very destructive to the more valuable forms of fish life. Its flesh is said to be soft, nauseous and quite uneatable. In May and June the Dogfish resort to weedy bays and marshes, where they spawn, the parent fish remaining with the eggs until they are hatched, and afterwards protecting the young for some time. The female is larger than the male, sometimes reaching a length of twenty-four inches, while the male rarely exceeds eighteen. TELEOSTEI. (The Bony Fishes.) ORDER XEMATOGXATHI. (Catfishes.) SiLTJEiDAE. (Catfishes.) 4. Common Catfish. Bullhead. Ameiurus nehu- losus (Lesueur). This species reaches a maximum length of about eighteen inches and a weight of four pounds ; the average of those taken in our waters is, however, much less. It is the common Catfish of the Province, occurring abundantly in all quiet streams, ponds and bays, especially in those having a mud bottom. Early in June, when about to spawn, the Catfishes select a spot in quiet, shallow water near aquatic weeds, and there they make a nest, from eight inches to one foot in diameter, by clearing out a slight depression in the mud or sand. In this nest about two thousand eggs are deposited, over 251 :N'ATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO EEGIOi^r which the parents keep guard, the male being most assiduous in the work of protection. In about a week the eggs are hatched, and the young, which look very like little black tadpoles, follow the parent fish along the shores until nearly the middle of July, when they are left to shift for themselves ; after this the fry soon scatter and disappear into deep weedy water. They grow rapidly, and under favorable cir- cumstances are said to attain maturity in three years. The Catfish is an omnivorous feeder, nothing in the shape of animal food being beneath its notice, nor is it particular where it obtains its food, for I have taken it at all depths, from the surface of the water to the bottom, though its general habit is to grub about on the mud, seeking for what it may devour. As an article of food this fish does not rank in the first class in the estimation of most people ; there are others, however, who prefer it to any of the so-called " coarse fish," while to the small boy who goes fishing it is a source of endless delight and a joy forever. 5. Stone Catfish. Noturus flavus (Eafinesque). This species is found in the larger streams falling into Lake Ontario, but is not common. It is an unpleasant fish to handle because of the painful wounds produced by its pectoral spines. There is a minute pore at the base of the pectoral spine which is the outlet of a noxious fluid secreted by a poison gland. When this poison is discharged into a wound it causes a very painful sore. 252 FISHES OKDER PLECTOSPONDYLI. (Carplike Eishes.) Catostomidae. (The Suckers.) 6. Drum. Lake Carp. Carpiodes thompsoni (Agassiz). — Occasionally taken by the gill-net fisher- men in Lake Ontario. It attains a weight of five or six pounds, but is not valued as a food fish. 7. Northern Sucker. Long-nosed Sucker. Catosto- mus catosiomus (Forster). — Occasionally taken in Lake Ontario. 8. Common Sucker. White Sucker. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). — This is the most abundant of all the Suckers in Ontario waters, and the most generally distributed. It is found in lakes, rivers and even in land-locked marshes and ponds. It spawns in early spring, soon after the ice goes out, and then forces its way up the flooded streams and through the swiftest rapids to reach the spawning beds. At this time vast numbers are speared and netted by fish-hungry people in the rural districts, for at this season its flesh is eatable, though coarse and full of bones. Comm^ercially it is of very little value, but as it affords food for Bass, Lake Trout, and all other predaceous and voracious fishes, it is of considerable economic importance. Its food consists largely of soft-bodied insects and the smaller crus- taceans, and it will readily take worm bait. The largest I have ever seen would weigh from three to 253 ^TATUEAL HISTORY, TOEOIsTTO EEGION four pounds, but thej were exceptional; from one and a half to two being about the average size of the spring run of Suckers. 9. Common Mullet. Red-horse. Moxostoma aureo- lum (Lesueur). — This is the handsomest and best of all the Sucker family. It was formerly an abundant spring visitor to the Humber and Don Elvers, but owing to persistent netting during the spawning sea- son it is now very seldom seen. In the early spring, as soon as the ice moves out, Mullet run up the streams to spawn, forcing their way through the swiftest torrents in order to reach the gravelly beds, upon which the ova are deposited. After spawning they retire to deep water. While in the streams they will readily take worm bait, and as they frequently attain a weight of four or five pounds they afford good sport in the waters they frequent. Ctprinidae. (The Carps.) 10. Creek Chub. Horned Dace. Semotilus atro- maculatus (Mitchill). — This species sometimes at- tains a length of twelve inches ; it is very abundant and generally distributed in all the streams of this vicinity. As a food fish it does not take high rank, though it affords a great deal of sport for rural school- boys. It spawns in early summer on the stony shal- lows in the streams it frequents. 11. Red-sided Shiner. Leuciscus elongatus (Kirt- land). — This beautiful little fish is found in most of the streams having a muddy bottom. 254 FISHES 12. Butterfish. Golden Shiner. Abramis cryso- leucas (Mitchill). — Common in the quiet, weedy waters of Toronto and Ashbridge's Bay. Its flesh is edible, but soft and weedy-flavored. Spawns in early summer. 13. Shiner. Redfin. Dace. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). — This handsome fish is abundant in all streams of any size, particularly so in those where rapids alternate with deep pools and eddies. It spawns in early summer on stony shallows. As a food fish it is of no value, its flesh being soft and tasteless, but it is unexcelled as bait for Maskinonge, Bass, etc, 14. Notropis atherinoides (Rafinesque).- 15. Long-nosed Dace. Niagara Gudgeon. Rhi- nichthys cataractae (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Abundant in the rapid streams. 16. Black-nosed Dace. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). — Very common in all streams. 17. Lake Chub. Couesius plumheus (Agassiz). — Occurs in Lake Ontario, but is not common in this locality. 18. Carp. Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) (Intro- duced).— There are three varieties of this species, the German or Scale Carp, the Mirror Carp, and the Leather Carp, the distinction between them being based upon the scale arrangement. The Leather Carp is nearly without scales. The Mirror has a few scales of unequal size, irregularly placed ; while the German variety has the body completely covered 255 NATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOls^ with scales, this last being the most abundant form in our waters. I^o greater mistake was ever made than the introduction of this fish into iN^orth Ameri- can waters. In England, where it is well known, it was considered about the most worthless fish they had, and one of the most difficult to get rid of, where once it had become established. On some parts of the continent of Europe, however, where good fish are scarce, the Carp was cultivated and fed in ponds with care, and, probably because the people knew no better, it was more appreciated. In this country, where fish of the highest quality should be obtainable by every one, there is no place for the Carp. DeKay states that it was first introduced into New York waters in 1831. In 1870 it was taken to California, and in 1877 the United States Fishery Commis- sioners imported a considerable number and propa- gated them only too successfully. Since then they have spread into all accessible waters and have become an unbearable nuisance" wherever found, for not only are they damaging our fisheries, but also, by reason of their destruction of the wild rice beds, they are causing the wild fowl to avoid the feeding grounds to which they formerly resorted during the autumn flight. The food of Carp consists princi- pally of insects and vegetable matter, preferably, per- haps, of the seeds, young shoots and tender roots of aquatic plants ; when feeding it constantly grubs up the bottom, thereby stirring the mud and keeping the water in such a dirty condition that none of our 256 FISHES valuable fish will remain in it. The spawning season in onr waters commences in June and seems to last till August. The fish are very prolific, make rapid growth, and attain a large size, specimens weighing over twenty pounds having frequently been taken in American waters, while in Europe they have been known to reach ninety pounds. OKDER APODES. (The Eels.) Anguillidae. (The True Eels.) 19. American Eel. Anguilla chrysypa (Rafin- esque). — Common in Lake Ontario and all waters falling into it. Until recently the reproduction of the Eel has been involved in mystery, but the careful investigations of competent observers have resulted in showing that the Eel spawns in salt water, usually on mud banks off the mouths of rivers, to which they resort in late autumn. When the young Eels are from two to three inches long they ascend the rivers in vast numbers, travelling continually until they meet some obstacle which cannot be overcome. Pro- fessor Baird has estimated " that in the summer one may see hundreds of waggon loads of young Eels at the foot of ISTiagara Falls, crawling over the rocks and squirming in the seething waters." Where the obstruction to their passage permits it, the fish will leave the water and travel through wet grass in order to continue their journey. As a food fish Eels are 17 257 NAXUEAL HISTOEY, TOKONTO EEGION justly esteemed, and in the markets they always sell for a high price. OEDEE ISOSPONDYLI. (The Isospondylous Fishes. ) HioDONTiDAE. (The Moon-eyes.) 20. Mooneye. Hiodon tergisiis (Lesueur). — Oc- casional in Lake Ontario and sometimes strays into Toronto Bay, but is rare in this vicinity. It is a very handsome and good game fish, taking bait very readily, but its flesh is of no value as food. DoRosoMiDAE. (Gizzard Shads.) 21. Gizzard Shad. Dorosoma cepedianum (Le- sueur).— Taken in Lake Ontario, but very rare. It is a handsome species, but of no value for food. Cjlupeidae. (The Herrings.) 22. Gold Shad. Sawbelly. Pomolohus chryso- chloris (Eafinesque). — Has been occasionally taken in Lake Ontario. 23. Gaspereau Alewife. Pomolobus pseudohar- engus (Wilson). — This fish is said to have been intro- duced into Lake Ontario in 1873 by mistake, the intention having been to stock the water with shad. Whether this is correct or not, the Gaspereau is now firmly established here, and in spite of the vast num- bers which die every summer it seems to be increas- 258 FISHES ing. From early in March until early in November they are to be found near the shores of Lake Ontario, but are at the height of their abundance during June and July, and it is during these months that the great mortality takes place, millions of dead fish being cast up on the shore, and the surface of the water being literally strewed with the dead and dying. Where they go in the cold months of winter is uncer- tain, probably only into the deep water of the lake, though it is possible that they may work their way down to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They are eatable, but being small and bony are not much appreciated. Salmonidae. (The Salmons.) 24. Frost-fish. Round Whitefish. Coregonus quadrilateralis (Richardson) — Common in Lake On- tario and highly esteemed as a food fish. It spawns in October and jSTovember, visiting the shallow parts of lakes and sandbars for that purpose. 25. Common Whitefish. Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitchill). — Formerly very abundant in Lake On- tario, but now scarce near Toronto. Although this is one of the most valuable of our commercial fish, its habits are not yet fully understood; undoubtedly they vary much according to locality; the depth of water, currents or their absence, and climatic con- ditions all having some influence upon the movements of the fish in search of food, and upon the time and place of spawning. In Lake Ontario there is a move- ment of the Whitefish in early summer from the 259 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION deep water into shoal water near the shore ; towards midsummer they retreat to the deep and cold parts of the lake, where they spend most of their time. In the autumn they again move in towards the shore, seeking their spawning grounds ; these are chiefly rocky reefs and shoals, composed of what is known as honeycomb rock. It is said that gravelly and sandy shoals are sometimes resorted to for spawning purposes, but this is doubtful. Spawning takes place in October and November, and may possibly be extended by some individuals, or under exceptional circumstances, into December; both the time of spawning and of incubation depend largely upon the temperature. The autumn movement commences in September, but does not become general until Octo- ber; the fish then continue to run in greater or less numbers until the spawning is ended, when they again retire to deep water for the winter. It is a curious fact that even during the spawning season a large number of Whitefish are always to be found in the deep water, but there is no evidence that they ever spawn there. 26. Cisco. Lake Herring. Argyrosomus artedi (Lesueur). — The Cisco was formerly common in Lake Ontario. Of late years, however, it has not been taken there in any quantity. Its spawning sea- son is in November and early December. 27. Long-jaw Herring. Lake Herring. Argyroso- mus prognathus (H. M. Smith). — This fish may read- ily be distinguished from any other Whitefish found 360 ^ FISHES in the Great Lakes by the general form of its body, together with the very long lower jaw. There is much difference of opinion among fishermen as to the spawning time of the Long- jaw, which seems to extend over a prolonged period. Fish with matured roe have been taken as early as May 17th, and ripe fish have also been reported late in June and through July. Very little is positively known as to the loca- tion of the spawning grounds of this species, though it is said that they are in deep water. 28. Lake Trout. Salmon Trout. Gray Trout. Togue. Tuladi. Cristimover namaycush (Wal- baum). Occasionally taken in Lake Ontario off the Toronto shore. This is the largest species of the family resident in fresh water, reaching a length of several feet and a weight of sixty pounds or even more, though specimens exceeding twenty pounds are now rare. The Lake Trout is one of the most rapa- cious of our fishes and will devour almost anything, though its principal food consists of Herrings, young Whitefish, and other soft-finned fishes. It frequents deep waters and is usually taken near the bottom. The spawning season commences early in October and continues in December, the ova being deposited on reefs of honeycomb rock in from ten to one hundred feet of water. There is a great difference of opinion as to its value as a game fish. Some anglers con- sider it affords a great deal of sport; others have no regard for it. I agree with the latter, having always found it a heavy, lumpish fish, with no fight 261 Is^ATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION^ in it. Commercially, however, it is of great impor- tance, being always in demand and furnishing an excellent article of food. 29. Brook Trout. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitch- ill). — Brook Trout were formerly abundant in all the spring streams near Toronto, but of late years, owing to the pollution of the water and incessant fishing, they have become nearly exterminated. The size attained by this fish depends largely upon its habitat and food. In small streams it may mature at a length of six or eight inches and a weight of only a few ounces, while in large bodies of water, with an abundant food supply, they will reach eighteen inches or more in length and a weight of from six to eight pounds. In the cool days of late autumn the Brook Trout run up to the headwaters of the streams, and there, on the gravelly shallows, deposit their ova ; the spawning season extending from September in the north to December in the south. The number of eggs produced depends upon the age and size of the fish. Yearlings (that is, fish in their second year) will produce from fifty to two hundred and fifty ova, while a large fish may produce as many as fifteen hundred. The eggs are about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter and of a warm orange colour. The period of hatching depends upon the tempera- ture of the water, ranging from thirty-two 4Ays in w^ater at 54° to one hundred and sixty-five days in water at 37°. In the early parts of the summer Trout frequent the ripples and shallower parts of 2G2 FISHES the streams, but as tlie temperature rises and hot weather sets in they retire to the deeper pools or the vicinity of cold springs, where they remain until the return of autumn starts them up stream again. Though commonly called Brook Trout, our fish is really a Charr, and is closely allied to, if not identical with, the famous Charr of !N"orth Britain and the continent of Europe. ORDER HAPLOML (Pike-like Fishes.) Umbridae. (Mud Minnows.) 30. Mud Minnow. Dogfish. Umbra limi (Kirt- land). — Common and generally distributed in muddy streams and inlets. The name is said to be derived from a habit this fish has of burrowing into the mud when the water evaporates from the ditches and ponds it frequents. It is seldom seen in clear water, preferring to hide at all times under stones or among weeds. It reaches a length of about four inches. LuciiDAE. ( Pikes. ) 31. Green Pike. Lucius reticulatus (Lesueur). This small Pike does not seem to be at all common in our waters. I have taken a few in Toronto Bay. Its usual haunts are weedy streams, ponds and bays, where it lies in wait for the fish, frogs and other living creatures upon which it preys. It is said under favourable circumstances to attain a lenglh 263 I^ATUEAL HISTORY, TORON-TO REGION of two feet and a weight of eight pounds, but those I have seen were never more than half that size. As a food fish it is not generally appreciated, for its flesh seems to have absorbed too strong a flavour of the weeds among which it lives. 32. Common Pike. Northern Pike. Lucius In- dus (Linnaeus). — Common and generally distrib- uted in all waters where there are sufficient weeds to afford it shelter. The Pike is one of the most vora- cious of our fishes, feeding upon any form of animal life which it is able to overpower. Under favourable circumstances it attains a large size, but in Toronto waters it is so constantly pursued that it does not get a chance to attain its full dimensions, and Pike of over ten pounds weight are becoming very rare. Spawning takes place in early spring, as soon as the ice breaks up ; the fish running up on to rush beds or grassy shallows for that purpose. The females are very prolific ; one weighing thirty-two pounds was estimated by the late Professor Buckland to contain 595,000 ova. Many anglers profess to look upon the Pike with contempt, and treat its claim to be con- sidered a game fish with derision. This is because it is usually taken by them in the summer months, when it is not in good condition. It is then soft in flesh and weedy in flavour ; but in the autumn, after the weeds have died do\vn, it is a different fish ; then its flesh is firm and good, and its fighting powers will tax the angler's skill to the utmost. 264 FISHES PoEciLiiDAE. (The Killifishes.) 33. Killifish. Fresh-water Killy. Fundulus diaph- anus (Lesueur). — Abundant in bays and shallow inlets near the lake ; usually found quite close to the shore line, associated in small shoals. A fairly good bait fish, though not as attractive as the bright shiners and chub. This species attains a length of about four inches. OKDER HEMIBRANCHII. (The HaH-gills.) Gasteeosteidae. (The Sticklebacks.) 34. Brook Stickleback. Eucalia inconstans (Kirt- land). — Common in small streams and ponds, where it secretes itself among water plants, ready at any moment to attack any small fish which approaches its lair, or to dart upon passing insects small enough to become its prey. This species is a nest-builder and is particularly vigorous in the defence of its eggs or young. It grows to a length of two and a half inches. 35. Ten-spined Stickleback. Pygosteus pungitius (Linnaeus). — Found in Toronto Bay and Ash- bridge's Bay. Not abundant. 36. Two-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus hispin- osus (Walbaum). — In the breeding season the male is brilliant bluish or greenish above, with indistinct dark bars, and generally bright red below. Length in our waters about three inches. Rather common 265 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO EEGION in spring in the inlets and streams falling into LakQ. Ontario. The male of this species constructs a rather elaborate nest, of sand, pieces of sticks, weeds, etc., in which the female deposits her ova. When this is done the male stands guard over it, fanning with his fins to promote circulation of the water, only leav- ing his post to dart at an intruder or secure some small insect for food. OEDEE ACAl^THOPTEEI. GEOUP PEECOIDEA. (The Perch-like Fishes.) Centrarchidae. (The Sunfishes.) 37. Speckled Bass. Calico Bass. Pomoxis spar- oides (Lacepede). — The Speckled Bass is found in Ashbridge's Bay, Toronto Bay, and most of the ponds and sluggish streams near Toronto where there is an abundance of aquatic vegetation,. under which it lies in wait for the insects, crustaceans and small fish upon which it feeds. It spawns in the early sum- mer, and is said to scoop out a nesting-place in the sand in the same manner as the Sunfishes and Black Bass. As a food and game fish it stands high in the estimation of anglers, though it is not a very persistent fighter. Being gregarious and congre- gating in schools, under overhanging weeds and such like places, it may be captured in great numbers when a favourite haunt is discovered. This species readily adapts itself to life in artificial ponds and is 266 FISHES worthy of much more attention from fish culturists than it has heretofore received, for when taken from clear water it is one of the best table fish we have. 38. Rock Bass. Amhloplites rupestris (Rafin- esque). — The Rock Bass grows to a length of about a foot and a weight of a pound and a half, though such large specimens are not often seen now. A com- mon species in all suitable waters of this locality. Its usual haunts are dark holes in streams and lakes, where aquatic vegetation flourishes, and it is often to be found in considerable numbers about docks or timber work which shades the water. From these places it emerges towards nightfall and roams about in search of the insects, crustaceans and small fish which form its food. When taken from clear, cold water it is esteemed as a table fish. 39. Blue Sunfish. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). — This species was formerly common in Toronto and Ashbridge's Bay, but is now seldom seen. As a table fish it is highly esteemed, and, in proportion to its size, possesses greater fighting qualities than any fresh-water fish we have. 40. Yellow Sunfish. Pumpkin Seed. Eupomotis gibhosus (Linnaeus). — Very common in all waters of this district. Though rather too small to be of value as a game or food fish, yet it affords great sport to the younger anglers, and is by no means to be despised upon the table. Spawning is in May and June, the fish resorting to shallow water, where the ova are deposited in nests scooped out in the sand 267 Is^ATUEAL HISTORY, TOROXTO REGION or mud by the action of the fins. Over these the males keep guard until the young are hatched, in the meantime driving off all intruders and promoting cir- culation of the water by fanning with ventral fins and tail. 41. Large-mouthed Black Bass. Yellow Bass. Green Bass. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). — At one time this fish was abundant in the waters of this locality, but it is now very scarce. The spawning season begins in May and ends at the beginning of July. A nest is scooped out of the sand or mud, in which the adhesive eggs are deposited. These are guarded by the parent fish until hatched. Incuba- tion lasts from one to two weeks, according to the temperature of the water, and the young bass, after emerging from the eggs, remain in the nest for about a week. As the weather becomes cold this Bass seeks deep places, often hibernating under rocks, sunken logs, or in the mud. In the summer its favourite localities are under overhanging banks or in holes among weeds, where it lies in wait for the frogs, fish and crustaceans which constitute the greater part of its food. Percidae. (The Perches.) 42. Yellow Pickerel. Pike-Perch. Dore. Stizos- tedion vitreum (Mitchill). — The Yellow Pickerel is common in some parts of Lake Ontario, but is not often taken near Toronto. Its spawning time is in early spring, when it runs on to gravelly or sandy 268 FISHES bars or even up rivers for the purpose of depositing its ova. As soon as the water becomes warm they work off into deep water, where they remain during the hot months. As it is a deep-water fish it does not often afford much sport for the angler, but as a commercial and food fish it is decidedly the best we have in the lakes, its flesh being firm, white, flaky and well flavoured. Under favourable circumstances this species reaches a large size, specimens of twenty- five pounds' weight having been recorded. These are, however, very rare, and a ten-pound fish is now considered a_ very good one. It is extremely vora- cious, feeding upon such other fish as it can over- power, and the insects and crustaceans found in its haunts. 43. Sand Pickerel. Blue Pickerel. Sauger. Stizos- tedion canadense (Smith). — This is a smaller fish than the last, rarely exceeding eighteen inches in length and a weight of two pounds. It is also less valued as a food fish, its flesh being softer and of inferior flavour. Occasionally taken by lake fisher- men off the Toronto shore. 44. Yellow Perch. Perca flavescejis (Mitchill). — This species reaches a length of ten or twelve inches and a weight of a pound or rather more. The largest I ever saw taken near Toronto weighed one pound and two ounces. It is one of the most abun- dant of our fishes and is found in all the waters of this locality. As a food fish, if taken when the water is cool it is only excelled by the Yellow Pickerel. 269 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION During the hot summer months the Perch of shallow, weedv waters become soft and lose their fine flavour. To anglers accustomed to Black Bass and Lunge it is rather an insignificant species, but it has this to recommend it, that it can be caught by anybody, with any sort of tackle, at all times of the year. The Perch spawns in early spring, and the eggs, which are very small, are enclosed in a long, narrow trans- lucent strip of adhesive mucus. 45. Tessellated Darter. Boleosoma nigrum olm- stedi (Storer). — Common in all streams and sandy bays. 46. Blue Darter. Rainbow Darter. Etheostoma coeruleum (Storer). — Gayest of all the Darters, and, indeed, the gaudiest of all fresh-water fishes. It makes its home in the ripples and shallows of the rivers and in the shady retreats of brooks. In the vicinity of Toronto this fish is rare. I have found it only in two streams on the eastern side of the district. Serranidae. 47. White Bass. Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque). — The White Bass is taken occasionally in Toronto Bay and at the mouth of the Humber River. It is gregarious, usually swimming in shoals containing a large number of individuals. As a game fish it ranks high, for it takes minnow bait readily, and during the summer months rises to a fly well. It is an excellent table fish when fresh caught. It spawns in May or June. 270 FISHES ORDER PLECTOGNATHI. (The Plectognathous Fishes.) Suborder LORICATI. CoTTiDAB. (The Sculpins.) 48. Miller's Thumb. Blob. Cottus idalops (Raf- inesque), — Found in only a few streams in the dis- trict. Suborder AN'ACANTHINI. Gadidae. (Codfishes.) 49. Burbot. Ling. Lota maculosa (Lesueur). — This species is common in Lake Ontario and is occa- sionally taken by the net fishermen in this district. REFERENCES. D. S. Jordan. Manual of the Vertebrates of the l^orthern United States. 1888. D. S. Jordan and B. W. Evermann. The Fishes of ISTorth and Middle America. Bulletin No. 47, LT. S. :Nrational Museum. Parts I-IV. 1896-1900. C. W. Nash. Fishes of Ontario. Department of Education, Out. 1908. 271 CHAPTER XX. INVERTEBRATES OTHER THAN INSECTS AND MOLLUSKS. By A. G. HUNTSMAN, B.A., M.B. In the following account I have tried to bring together the records for the district around Toronto. They are in most groups utterly inadequate to give a proper idea of the forms that are to be found here. I have included a few forms (indicated by an asterisk) which from their known distribution may be expected to occur here. When not otherwise indi- cated the identifications are my own. It is hoped that this may be of use as a basis for future records. Crustacea. Decapoda. The well-known crayfishes occur abundantly and form an efficient corps of scavengers in all our streams and lakes. They form no inconsiderable element in the food of many of the fishes, frogs and birds. Cambarus bartonii (Fabr.) — Niagara.* " " robustus Girard — Don River and Indian Creek (Faxon). 372 INVEETEBRATES Cambarus diogenes Girard — Detroit and Lake Erie.* " fodiens (Cottle). (Faxon). " affinis (Say) — Niagara.* " propinquus Girard. (Faxon). " virilis Hagen. (Faxon). " inununis Hagen — Detroit.* " msticus Girard — Lake Erie.* The following shrimp, received through Dr. E. M. Walker, has been found in the Welland River and may occur here, — Palaemonetes exilipes Stimpson.* Schizopoda. The deep-water shrimp of the Great Lakes, which forms such a considerable part of the food of the whitefish, is also found in the lakes of ISTorthem Europe. It has doubtless been derived independently on the two continents from the marine Mysis oculata. Mysis relicta Loven. — Stomach of ling. Port Credit (obtained by Mr. A. R. Cooper). Amphipoda. The small shrimps of this group often swarm along the quiet margins of the lakes, the streams and the ponds and also on the bottom down to consider- able depths. They serve as food for many of the fishes. Pontoporeia hoyi Smith (by iN'icholson as P. affinis). 18 273 Js^ATUKAL HISTORY, TOROXTO REGIOX Eucrangonyx gracilis (Smith) — Bond Lake. This is perhaps the Crangonyx (?) sp. of Nicholson from the Bay. Gammarus fasciatus Say — Hmnber, Sunnyside, Toronto Bay, Don, etc. " limnaeus Smith — Georgian Bay.* Hyalella knickerbockeri (Bate) — Etobicoke, Hiim- ber, Black Creek, Sunnyside. Isopoda. The aquatic forms are found in company with the shore forms of the previous group, but they are crawlers rather than swimmers. Mancasellus tenax (Smith) — Island. " " dilata (Smith) — Georgian Bay.* Asellus communis Say — Etobicoke, Humber, Sunny- side, Toronto Bay. The terrestrial species, known commonly as pill- bugs or woodlice, are to be found under nearly every board, stone, etc. Oniscus asellus Linn. — near Niagara.* Cylisticus convexus (De Geer) — Saginaw, Michi- gan.* Porcellio rathkei Brandt. " spinicornis Say — Niagara.* " scaber Latreille — Niagara.* Phyllopoda. The phyllopods, though larger than the animals of the three following groups, have a habitat similar 274 INVERTEBRATES to that of many of the latter. They occur sporadic- ally in large numbers in pools that become dry dur- ing the summer months. Like so many of the fresh water animals they have resistant eggs which can withstand drought and frost and which are doubtless transported long distances by water birds. Pristicephalus gelidus (Hay) — Scarboro Junction. Lynceus gouldii (Baird) — Scarboro Junction. Eulimnadia agassizii Packard — Oeorgian Bay.* Cladocera. These minute water fleas flourish in abundance in fresh water everywhere. They form the chief food of the fry of many of our fishes. They are often seen swimming around in immense swarms. The only record is Daphnia pulex? — Tap-water (Acheson). Ostracoda. An examination of debris from the margin or bottom of any pool or stream will show numbers of these minute shelled Crustaceans scrambling over the other objects. The only record for Toronto is a Cypris (?) sp. by Nicholson. Copepoda. These " oar-footed " water fleas are found in a variety of situations in our fresh waters. Best known is " the little Cyclops with one eye " that can be 275 KATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION found in almost any gathering of water. Our only record of the free-living forms is Cyclops quadricornis — Tap-water (Acheson). Many are parasitic in habit, attaching themselves to the gills or skin of fishes. They have been studied by Prof. Ramsay Wright. Ergasilus centrarchidarum Wright — on Perch, Rock Bass and Sunfish (Wright). Actheres micropteri Wright — Black Bass (Wright). Lernaeopoda edwardsii Olsson — on Brook Trout (Wright). Argulus stizostethii Kellicott — on Lunge and Rock Bass, Georgian Bay.* Annelida. Oligochaeta. In addition to the well-known earthworms, of which there are no Toronto identifications, a large number of aquatic forms, mostly of small size, are to be found here. Only the following have been noted. Lumbriculus sp. — Toronto Bay (Nicholson). Saenuris canadensis Nichols. — Toronto Bay (Nich- olson). " sp. — Toronto Bay (Nicholson). Chaetogaster langi Bretscher — Aquaria, Biol. Dept. Nais tortuosa Walton — Aquaria, Biol. Dept. Pristina leidyi Smith — Aquaria, Biol. Dept. 276 i:^rVEKTEBRATES Hirudinea. The leeches or bloodsuckers are partly carnivor- ous and partly parasitic on our aquatic Vertebrates (principally fish and turtles). For the following list of Toronto species I am indebted to Miss C. G. S. Eyerson. Glossiphonia stagnalis (L.) — shores and pools everywhere. (Harbour by l!^ichol- son as Clepsine suhmodesta.) " complanata (L.) — Humber, Toronto Bay, Don. (Harbour by Nichol- son as Clepsine patelliformis) . " heteroclita (L.) — Sunnyside. Placobdella parasitica (Say) — Etobicoke, Weston. " phalera (Graf) — Humber. Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) — shores and pools everywhere. (Harbour by Nichol- son as Nephelis lateralis.) Piscicola (?) milneri (Verrill). — Humber. Placobdella picta (Verrill) — Grenadier Pond. Haemopis marmoratus (Say) — Etobicoke. Beyozoa. These cutious " moss-animals " are sedentary. They are found growing in colonies as much as a foot in diameter, attached to all sorts of objects in the water. Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg) — Georgian Bay.* 277 XATUEAL HISTORY, TORO^^TO REGIOA^ Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) — Bond Lake. Plumatella repens (L.) — High Park. Don. " emarginata Allman — Etobicoke. " punctata Hancock — Georgian Bay.* Cristatella mucedo Cuvier — Georgian Bay.* Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy) — Humber (Osier). ■^ ROTIFEEA. The wheel-animalcules are favourite objects of study for the naturalist with a microscope. Jennings has listed 164 species as occurring in the Great Lakes. Lake Ontario has been scarcely touched. Bovell notices the following from the Humber and Island Ponds, — Megalotrocha alboflavicans Ehrenb. Floscularia ornata Ehrenb. Rotifer vulgaris Schrank. Acheson lists from tap-water, — Anuraea stipata Ehrenb. Brachionus sp. Nematelminthes. The round or thread worms are to be found as internal parasites of practically all our vertebrates, including man himself. Many forms also occur in water or in moist earth. Anguillula fluviatilis — Tap-water (Acheson). Ascaris microcephala Rud. ? — in Bittern (Wright). 278 INVEKTEBRATES Ascaris lumbricoides L. — in Man. " suum Goeze — in Pig. " equorum Goeze — in Horse. Filaria triaeuncha Wright — in Bittern (Wright). Ancjracanthus cystidicola (Schn.) — in Salmon (Wright). Ancyracanthus serratus Wright — in Whitefish (Wright). Echinorhyncns sp. — in Whitefish (Morris). GigantorhjTicus gigas (Goeze) — in Pig. From Montgomery's account of the hair-worms or hair-eels (Proc. Ac. Phil., vol. 59) there are per- . haps four species that may be expected to occur here. Platyhelminthes. Turbellaria. The free-living flat-worms or Planarians are abundant in our waters and may be found on the under surfaces of stones, etc. None seem to have been reported from Toronto. Trematoda. These animals are when adult internal or exter- nal parasites of vertebrates (for the most part). Sphyranura osleri Wright — in Mud-puppy (Wright). Polystoma oblongum Wright — in Mud-turtle (Wright). Octobothrium sagittatum (Leuck.) — in Sucker (Wright). 279 NATURAL HISTORY, TOROi^TO REGIO:^" Fasciola reticulata (Wright) — in Kingfisher (Wright). Echinostoma asperum (Wright) — in Bittern (Wright). Glypthelmins quieta Stafford — in Bullfrog (Staf- ford). Haematoloechus longiplexus Staff. — in Bullfrog (Stafford). " breviplexus Staff. — in Bullfrog (Stafford). " varioplexus Staff. — in Bullfrog (Stafford). " similiplexus Staff. — in Toad and Green Frog (Stafford). Ostiolum medioplexum (Staff.) — in Toad and Green Frog (Stafford). Gorgodera amplicava Loos — in Bullfrog (Bensley, Stafford). Gorgoderina simplex Loos — in Bullfrog (Bensley, Stafford). " attenuata Staff. — in Bullfrog and Green Frog (Stafford). " translucida Staff. — in Toad and Green Frog (Stafford). " opaca Staff. — in Toad (Stafford). Loxogenes arcanum (Niekerson) — in Bullfrog (Stafford). Halipegus occidualis Staff. — in Bullfrog (Stafford). Clinostomum heterostomum (Bud.) — in Bittern (Wright). 280 INVERTEBRATES Cestoda. The tape-worms are internal parasites of verte- brates. Their larvae (cysticerci or bladder-worms) are parasites of other vertebrates or of invertebrates. Dr. E. M. Walker has given me the following list of species that are found here. It is merely a begin- ning. Dipylidium caninum (L.) — in the Dog and Cat (adult). Taenia serrata Goeze — in the Rabbit (cysticercus). " saginata Goeze — in Man (adult). " echinococcus v. Sieb. — in Man (cysticercus). " serialis (Gerv.) — in the Rabbit (cysticer- cus). COELENTERATA. Our only representative of this group that con- tains so very many marine species is the well-known Hydra, that has been the subject of such a large number of experiments in regeneration. Hydra viridissima Pallas — (Dr. E. M. Walker). " polypus L. — Sunnyside. " oligactis Pallas — Michigan.''^ " vulgaris Pallas — Michigan.* POEIFEEA. Our fresh-water sponges are few in kinds, but often grow in great luxuriance. 281 l^ATTJEAL HISTOEY, TORONTO REGION" Carterius tubisperma Mills — Sunnyside. Spongilla lacustris Linn.* " fragilis Leidy.* Ephydatia fluviatilis (L.) is probably the sponge recorded from Grenadier Pond by Goadby and Bovell as Spongia fluvia- tilis. Peotozoa. These simplest forms of animal life form a con- siderable part of the plankton or floating life of our waters, and also occur in debris on the bottom and in moist situations of all kinds. Parasitic species are to be found in members of all the other groups, and they even parasitize other Protozoa. The few species reported from this district are, — (1) By Bovell, from the Humber and Island Ponds, Amoeba princeps. Kolpoda cucullus. Stentor caeruleus. Paramecium aurelia. Vorticella convallaria. Oxytricha gibba. Leucophrys patula. Chilodon cucullus. (2) By Acheson, from tap-water, Amoeba proteus. Dinobryon stipitatum. " radiosa. Salpingoeca fusiformis. Difilugia globulosa. Asterosiga sp. Actinophrys sol. Stylobryon petiolatum. Acanthocystis turpacea? Peridinium sp. Monas lens. Vorticella sp. Dinobryon sertularia. Stentor sp. 282 I]^VEKTEBRATES GENERAL REFERENCES. Decapoda. Faxon, W. A. A Revision of the Astacidae. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. X, 'No. 4. 1885. Hagen, H. A. Monograph of the Xorth American Astacidae. Illus. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., No. III. 1870. Schizopoda and Amphipoda. Smith, S, I. The Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the United States. Eep. U. S. Comm. Fish- eries, Pt. 2 for 1872-1873, p. 637. 1874. Weckel, A. L. The Fresh-water Amphipoda of ISTorth America. Proc. U.S.i^. Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 25. 1907. Isopoda. Richardson, H. Monograph on the Isopods of Xorth America. Bull U.S.X. Mus., Xo. 54. 1905. Phyllopoda. Daday, E. Monographic svstematique des PhjUo- podes anostraces. Annal. Sc. Nat., Zool., ser. 9, Vol. XI, p. 91. 1910. Packard, A. S. A Monograph of the Phjllopod Crustacea of Xorth America, with Remarks on the Order Phyllocarida. Hayden's 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr., Year 1878. Sec. II, Zool., p. 295. 1883. 283 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO EEGIOJ^^ Cladocera. Herrick, C. L. Cladocera of Minnesota. Second Eeport of State Zoologist, Pt. II. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., Zool. Series II. 1895. Ostracoda. Turner, C. H. Fresh-water Ostracoda of the United States. Second Eeport of State Zoologist, Pt. II, Geol. & :N'at. Hist. Surv. Minn., Zool. Series II. 1895. Copepoda (free-living). Herrick, C. L. Copepoda of Minnesota. Second Eeport of State Zoologist, Pt. II. Geol. & IlsTat. Hist. Surv. Minn., Zool. Series II. 1895. Copepoda (parasitic). Bassett-Smith, P. W. A Systematic Description of Parasitic Copepoda, etc. Proc. Zool. See. London for 1899, p. 438. Annelida. Beddard, F. E. A Monograph of the Order Oligo- chaeta. Oxford, 1895. Moore, J. P. Hirudinea and Oligochaeta collected in the Great Lakes Eegion. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, Vol. XXV, p. 155. 1906. Walton, L. B. ISTaididae of Cedar Point, Ohio. Amer. Xat, Vol. XL, p. 683. 1906. 284 IXYERTEBRATES Bryozoa. Davenport, C. B. Eeport on the fresh-water Bryo- zoa of the United States. Proc. U. S. ]^. Mus., Vol. XXVII, p. 211. 1904. Kraepelin, K. Die Deutschen Susswasser-Bryozoen. Abh. Xatnr. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. XVIII. 1887. Rotifera. Jennings, H. S. Rotatoria of the United States, with special reference to those of the Great Lakes. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Vol. XIX, p. 67. 1901. Nematelminthes. Montgomery, T. H. The Gordiacea of certain American collections, with particular refer- ence to the Xorth American Fauna. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. XXXII, p. 23. 1898. Porifera. Potts, E. Contributions towards a synopsis of the American Forms of fresh-water Sponges, etc. Proc. Ac. Xat. Sc. Philad., Vol. XXXIX, p. 158. 1887. Protozoa. Kent, W. Saville. A Manual of the Infusoria. Vols. I-III. London, 1880-1883. Cash, J. The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. Vols. I & II. 1905 & 1908. Published by the Ray Society. 285 :n'atural history, toeoxto regiox SPECIAL REFERENCES. Acheson, G. Biological Study of the Tap-water in the School of Practical Science, Toronto. Proc. Can. Inst., ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 413. 1883. Bensley, P. P. Two forms of Distomum cjgnoides. Centralbl. Bakter., Vol. XXI, p. 326. 1897. Bovell, J. Xote on the Preservation of some Infus- oria, etc. Canad. Journ., new ser.. Vol. VIII, p. 341. 1863. Cottle, T. J. On the two species of Astocus found in Upper Canada. Canad. Journ, new ser., Vol. VIII, p. 216. 1863. Faxon, W. A. A Pevision of the Astacidae. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. X, Xo. 4. 1885. Goadby & Bovell, J. Passing Visits to the Pice Lake, Humber Piver, Grenadier's Pond, and the Island. Canad. Journ.. Vol. III. p. 201. 1855. Hincks, T. On a supposed Pterobranchiate Poly- zoon from Canada. Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., March, 1880. Morris, B. P. Description of an Intestinal Worm from the Duodenum of the "Whii"e Pish of the Canadian Lakes. Canad. Journ., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 442. 1859. Xicholson, H. A. Contributions to a Fauna Cana- densis, being an Account of the Animals dredged in Lake Ontario in 1872. Canad. Journ., new ser.. Vol. XIII, p. 490. 1873. 286 IIsWERTEBRATES Osier, W. On Canadian Fresh-water Polyzoa (I^ote, p. 405). Canad. jSTatur., new ser., Vol. X, p. 399. 1883. Stafford, J. Some undescribed Trematodes. Zool. Jahrb., System., Bd. XIII, p. 399. 1900. Stafford, J. On the American Representatives of Distomum variegatum. Zool. Jahrb., Sys- tem., Bd. XVI, p. 895. 1902. Stafford, J. The American Representatives of Dis- tomum cygnoides. Zool, Jahrb., System., Bd. XVII, p. 411. 1903. Stafford, J. Trematodes from Canadian Vertebrates. Zool. Anzeig., Vol. XXVIII, p. 681. 1905. Wright, R. R. Contributions to American Helmin- thology. Xo. I. Proc. Can. Inst., ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 54. 1884. "Wright, R. R. Xotes on American Parasitic Cope- poda. Xo. I. Proc. Can. Inst., ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 243. 1884. 287 CHAPTER XXI. MOLLUSCA. By A. D. ROBERTSON, B.A. The sources from which the following list is com- piled are various. Records of MoUusca collected in the neighbourhood of Toronto are to he found in papers by A. E. "Williamson and Prof. ISTicholson. The Hon. Justice F. E,. Latchford has also kindly supplied me with a list of forms which he has col- lected. In addition to these lists the collections of Dr. William Brodie in the Biological Museum, Uni- versity of Toronto, and at the Education Department, as well as those made by Dr. A. G. Huntsman and the writer, were examined. Specimens in Dr. Brodie's collection are indicated by the abbreviation] (B) ; those in Judge Latehford's list by (L). The nomenclature follows as far as possible that) of Dall's Land and Fresh-water Mollusks in the Reports of the Harriman Alaska Expedition. Gasteropoda Peosobeanchiata. Family Valvatidae. Valvata tricarinata, Say. Toronto Bay, Grenadier Pond, Etobicoke Creek. " sincera, Say. Grenadier Pond. " piscinalis, Miiller. ? 288 MOLLUSCA Family Viviparidae. Campeloma decisa, Saj. Gasteropoda PuL:sroxATA (Teekesteial). Family Helicidae. Vallonia pulchella, Miiller, (L). Polygyra tridentata. Say. (B). Scarborough Bluffs. " albolabris, Say. Don River. palliata, Say. (B). " monodon, Eackett. (B). Family Pupidae. Bifidaria armifera, Say. (L). Humber River. Vertigo milium, Gould. Scarborough Bluffs. Family Achatinidae. Cochlicopa lubrica, Miiller. (L). Humber River. Family Circinariidae. Circinaria concava, Say (B). Family Zonitidae -Vitrea cellaria, Miiller. (B), (L). Zonitoides arborea, Say. (L). Don River, Humber River, Centre Island. |Gastradonta ligera, Say. Omphalina fuliginosa, Griffith. (L). Family Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis, Linnaeus, (L). Don River, Humber River, Centre Island. 19 289 NATUKAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGION Agriolimax campestris, Saj. (L). Humber River, Centre Island, Scarborough Bluffs. Arion circumscriptus, Johnston. Family Endodontidae. Pyramidula altemata, Say. (B), (L). Don River, Humber River, Scarborough Bluffs. " cronkhitei anthonji, Pilsbry. Scar- borough Bluffs. Family Succineidae. Succinea retusa, Lea. High Park, Centre Island. " avara, var. vermeta, Say. Family Philomycidae. Pallifera dorsalis, Binney (L). Gasteropoda Pulmoxata (Aquatic). Family Limnaeidae. Lymnaea stagnalis, Linne. (L). Centre Island, Grenadier Pond. " columella, Say. Grenadier Pond, Etobi- coke Creek. " catascopium, Say. (L). High Park. " palustris, Mliller. Don River, High Park, Centre Island, Scarborough Bluffs, reflexa, Say. (B) (L). " gracilis. Jay. (L). " caperata, Say. (L). " humilis modicella, Say. (L). 290 MOLLUSCA Planorbis bicarinatus, Say (B), (L). Grenadier Pond, Etobicoke Creek, Humber River. " trivolvis, Say. (B), (L). Grenadier Pond, Centre Island. " campanulatus, Say. (B). Grenadier Pond. " exacuous. Say. (B). Grenadier Pond, Scarborougb Bluffs, deflectus, Say.? (B). " parvus, Say. (B). Grenadier Pond, Eto- bicoke Creek, Scarborough Bluffs. " crista, Linne. ? Grenadier Pond. Family Physidae. Physa heterostropha, Say.? (B). ancillaria, Say. Grenadier Pond, Don River, Etobicoke Creek, Humber River, integra, Haldeman. Don River, Etobicoke Creek. A-ncylus parallelus, Haldeman. Etobicoke Creek, Centre Island, Grenadier Pond. " tardus. Say. Grenadier Pond. " rivularis. Say. Creek in Xorth Toronto. Family Amnicolidae. bnnicola limosa, Say. (B). Grenadier Pond, Eto- bicoke Creek, Centre Island, Don (River. " emarginata, Kiister. •ythinia tentaculata, Linne. (L). 291 NATUKAL HISTOEY, TOKONTO KEGIOl^ Family Streptomatidae. Goniobasis livescens, Menke. (L). Etobicoke Creek, Humber River. " virginica, Gmelin. ? Toronto Bay. Pelycypoda. Family Unionidae. Lampsilis luteolis, Lamarck. (B). " radiatus, Gmelin. (B). " ellipsiformis, Conrad. (B). " ochraeeus, Say. ? Anodonta grandis, Say. (B), (L). Centre Island. " grandis, var. benedictensis, Lea. (B). " cataracta. Say. (L). Centre Island. Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lea. (B). " ferussacianus, var. subcylindraceus. Lea. (L). Don River. Symphynota compressa, Lea. (B), (L). TInio complanatus, Solander. (B). " crassidens, Lamarck. ? " gibbosus, Barnes. (B). " nasutus, Say. (L). " rectus, Lamarck. (L). Family Sphaeriidae. Sphaerium simile. Say. (B), (L). Grenadier Pond. " striatinum, Lamarck. (L). " stamineum, Conrad. (L). " (Musculium) securis, Prime. Don River, Centre Island, High Park. 292 MOLLUSCA Sphaeriuin (Musculium) partumeium, Say. (L). High Park. " (Musculium) transversum, Say. High Park. " (Musculium) truncatum, Linsley. Gren- adier Pond. Pisidium abditum, Haldeman. Centre Island, Gren- adier Pond. " variabile, Prime. (L). REFERENCES. Baker, F. C. The Lymnaeidae of ISTorth and Central America. Chicago Academy of Sciences. Special Publication ISTo. 3. 1911. Baker, F. C. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Bull. Xo. 3., • 1898-1902. Baker, H. B. Key to the Genera of Gastropoda of Michigan, Eleventh Report, Michigan Acad- emy of Sciences. 1909. Binney, W. G. Land and Fresh-water Shells of !N'orth America, Parts II and III, Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 7. 18G5. Binney, W. G., and Bland, T. Land and Fresh- water Shells of Xorth America, Part I, Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 8. 1869. ITicholson, H. A. Contributions to a Fauna Cana- densis. The Canadian Journal, ISTew Series, vol. 13, 1872. 293 I^ATTJEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOi^ Prince, T. Monograph of American Corbiculadae, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 7. 1865. Tryon, Gr. W., Jr. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part IV, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 16. 1873. Walker, Bryant. An Illustrated Catalogue of the MoUusca of Michigan. Report of the Geo- logical Survey of Michigan for 1905. Lan- sing, 1906. Williamson, A. E. Notes on Land and Fresh-water Shells collected in the Environs of Toronto. The Canadian Journal, New Series, vol. 6. 1861. 294 CHAPTER XXII. INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES. By E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B. Judging from its insect fauna, Toronto lies approximately on the boundary line between the Transition and Upper Austral Zones of Merriam. A number of species common in the Niagara Penin- sula reach their northern limits in about this vicinity, particularly in the Don and Humber Valleys and in the sandy uplands of High Park and the adjoining country. Ten years ago it was not necessary for the ento- mologist to travel far beyond the city limits in order to secure a good representation of the species of any order of insects native to the Toronto district With the rapid growth of the suburbs of late years, how- ever, many of the old hunting grounds have been cut up by new streets and converted into building lots, golf-grounds, etc., so that the entomologist must now go farther and farther afield in order to provide himself with specimens of all the species that once were obtainable within the city limits. For general collecting the old Belt Line and the Humber, Don and Credit Valleys, Highland and Black Creeks are to be recommended. For species 295 NATURAL HISTOKY, TOEONTO KEGION inhabiting sandy fields and open sandy woods High Park is still a good locality, and many other arena- ceous forms, particularly among the beetles, may be taken on Toronto Island. Aquatic species may be collected in Grenadier Pond (High Park), the Hum- ber River, Etobicoke Creek, the upper part of the Don and in the lagoons of Toronto Island. Large quantities of material of many species, especially beetles, are sometimes cast up on the beach drift of the Island. For a city of its size comparatively little collect- ing has been done about Toronto, and some of the smaller orders have been wholly neglected. The largest general collection is that of the late Dr. Wm. Brodie, now in the Provincial Museum. The list of Hymenoptera is for the most part merely a list of the named species in this collection. It is believed that they were authentically determined, as Dr. Brodie was in the habit of sending his specimens to Ashmead and other specialists at Washington for determination. This is certainly the case in regard to the Chalcidoidea. The list of Cynipoidea and the gall-forming Tenthredinidae were for the most part furnished by Dr. A. Cosens. For the list of Coleoptera I am indebted to Mr. R. J. Crew, who has collected beetles extensively about Toronto. His specimens were determined by Prof. Wickham. The Lepidoptera have been kindly listed by Mr. A. Gibson, of Ottawa, his list being mainly based on his own collections. The Diptera have not been 296 IXSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES systematically collected by anyone to my knowl- edge. Most of the names here listed were kindly contributed by Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, who has, however, collected at Toronto on very few occasions. The Cecidomyidae were listed by Dr. Cosens. Most of the Syrphidae were col- lected by Dr. Brodie, and some additional species by the writer. A number of species in other families were also listed from Dr. Brodie's collection, while the Dolichopodidae, in addition to the species taken by Mr. Van Duzee, were collected and determined by the writer. In the Hemiptera, very little col- lecting has been done, and the few species listed, with the exception of the Aphididae and Coccidae, are in the collection of the Provincial Museum. The Aphi- didae are nearly all gall-forming species, the list having been kindly furnished by Dr. Cosens. The Coccidae, with one or two exceptions added by the writer, were taken from Mr. T. D. Jarvis's list of the Coccidae of Canada (41st Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 64-77). The Orthoptera and Odonata were collected and determined by the writer and are believed to be fairly complete. The few species belonging to the other orders listed were determined by Messrs. Xathan Banks and W. A. Clemens (Ephe- meridae). In addition to the gentlemen mentioned in the preceding paragraph, I have been ably assisted in the preparation of these lists by Messrs. J. C. Crawford, H. L. Viereck and S. A. Rohwer, who kindly revised 297 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION the list of Hymenoptera, and by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, who arranged the list of Hemiptera, exclusive of the Aphididae and Coceidae. To all of these gen- tlemen I desire to express my sincere thanks. Class ARACHNID A. The Arachnids of the Toronto district have been almost entirely neglected, and are practically un- known. The only records I have found are those of a few mites taken by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell from birds in 1878-1880 and described by Dr. C. Haller in the " Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte " for 1882. The fol- lowing is a list of these species, revised by Mr. Nathan Banks : Pteronyssus simplex, Haller. Analges digitatus, Haller. " passerinus, Linn. " tridentulatus, Haller. Megninia aculeatus, Haller. " forcipatus, Haller. " gladiator, Haller. " pici-majoris, Buchholz. Allanalges gracilepinneata, Haller. Class DIPLOPODA and Class CHILOPODA. Neither the Millipedes nor the Centipedes of the Toronto district have received any attention from zoologists. 298 IN'SECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Class IXSECTA. Order OETHOPTEEA. Blattidae (Cockroaches). Iscknoptera pennsylvanica, De G-. Xot unconunon. " borealis, Relin. Rare. Blattella germanica, Linn. Common in old houses. Blatta orientalis, Linn. Common in old houses. Periplaneta australasiae, Fab. Sometimes intro- duced on bananas. Nyctibora holosericea, Burm. Introduced on ban- anas. " sericea, Burm. Introduced on bananas. Leucophaea surinamensis, Linn. Introduced on bananas. Panchlora virescens, Thunb. Introduced on ban- anas. Phasmidae (Stick Insects). Diapheromera femorata, Saj. Not uncommon. Locustidae (Acrididae, Auctt.) (Short-homed Grasshoppers, Locusts). Tettix granulatus, Kirbv. Common in swamps. " omatus, Saj. Low grounds. " hancocki, Morse. Not rare. Dry hillsides. " obscurus, Hanc. Low meadows and swales. Paratettix cucullatus, Burm. Margins of streams, locally common. Tettigidea parvipennis, Harr. Common. 299 ITATUEAL HISTOKY, T0K0:NT0 EEGIOI^ Chloealtis conspersa, Harr. Common. Orphulella speciosa, Scudd. Common in High Park. Chorthippus curtipennis, Harr. Common in low grounds. MecostethiTs lineatus, Scudd. Open swamps. Arphia xanthoptera, Germ. Only one Toronto rec- ord. " sulphurea, Fab. Scrubby, sandy uplands, common. Cbortophaga viridifasciata, De G. Fields, common. Encoptolopbus sordidus, Burm. Dry fields, common. Camnula pellucida, Scudd. Sandy fields, abundant. Hippiscus tuberculatus, Beauv. Open sandy hill- sides, High Park. Dissosteira Carolina, Linn. Roadsides, abundant. Spharagemon bolli, Scudd. Dry hillsides, High Park. Trimerotropis maritima, Harr. Sandy beaches, To- ronto Island. Schistocerca americana, Drury. Once reported, a visitor from the South. Melanoplus atlanis. Riley. Fields, abundant. " femur-rubrum, De G. Abundant. " fasciatus, Walk. Open woods, scarce. " dawsoni, Scud. Sandy, scrubby fields, High Park. A western species. " islandicus, Blatchl. Openings in rich woods. " minor, Scudd. Sandy fields. High Park. " luridus. Dodge. Dry fields, common. 300 mSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Melanoplus bivittatus. Say. Swamps and low grounds, common. " punctulatiis, Scudd. On pine trees, rare. Tettigoniidae (Locustidae, Auctt.) (Long-horned Grasshoppers and Katydids). Amblycorypha oblongifolia, De G. Trees and bushes, rare. Scudderia pistillata, Brunner. Bushes in swamps, northern. " furcata, Brunner. Trees and bushes, common. " curvicauda, De G. Trees and bushes, common. Conocephalus ensiger, Harr. Fields and waste places, common. Orchelimum vulgare, Harr. Long grass in low fields, common. Xiphidion fasciatum, De G. Low meadows and swamps, common. " brevipenne, Scudd. Weeds and rank vegetation, common. " saltans, Scudd. Long grass in dry fields. High Park. A western species. " nigropleura, Scudd. Open swamps, High Park, rare. Ceuthophilus pallipedes, E. Walk. Rich woods, not rare. " neglectus, Scudd. Rich woods. High Park, rare. " terrestris, Scud. Rare. 301 :n^atueal histoky, toeonto eegion Gryllidae (Crickets). Tridactylus apicalis. Say. Damp sandbars along streams. Gryllus pennsylvanicus, Burm. Abundant. " " abbreviatiis, Serv. Abun- dant. " domesticus, Linn. Toronto General Hos- pital. Nemobius griseus, E. Walk. Sandy fields. High Park. " fasciatus, De G. Grassy places, very abundant. " carolinus, Scudd. Low pastures, common. Oecanthus niveus, De G. Shade and fruit trees, common. " nigricornis, Walk. Bushes and rank vegetation, common. " " quadripunctatus, Beut. Eank vegetation, common. Order DEEMATOPTEEA. Forficulidae (Earwigs). Labia minor. Scudd. One specimen. Order PLECOPTEEA. Perlidae. Nemoura perfecta. Walk. Isogenus frontalis, I^ewm. 302 INSECTS AISTD THEIR ALLIES Order EPHEMERIDA. Ephemeridae. Hexagenia bilineata, Saj. Ephemera simulans, Walk. Heptagenia canadensis, Walk. " tripunctata, Banks. " fusca, Clemens (MS). " luridipennis, Burm. Ecdyurus maculipennis, Walsh. " lucidipennis, Clemens (MS). Blasturus sp. ? Caenis diminuta, Walk. Siphlurus alternatus, Say. Baetis propinquus, Walsh. " sp. nov. Callibaetis ferrugineus, Walsh. Order ODONATA. Suborder Zygopteka (Damsel flies). Calopterygidae. Calopteryx maculata, Burm. Common along streams. Agrionidae. Lestes unguiculatus, Hag. Ponds, common. " uncatus, Kirby. Ponds. " disjunctus. Hag. Ponds and lagoons, abun- dant. " rectangularis. Say. Ponds, common. " vigilax, Selys. Grenadier Pond, abundant 303 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Argia moesta putrida, Hag. Bond Lake. Nehalennia Irene, Hag. Common. Amphiagrion saucium, Burm. Very local. Agrion resolutum, Selys. Ponds, locally abundant. Enallagma hageni, Walsh. Very abundant. " calverti, Morse. Rare ; commoner north- ward. " ebrium, Hag. Abundant. " exsulans, Hag. " geminatum, Kell. Common at Grena- dier Pond. " carunculatum, Morse. Grenadier Pond, common. " antennatum. Say. Don River, abundant. " signatum, Hag. Grenadier Pond, com- mon. " pollutum, Hag. Grenadier Pond. Ischnura verticalis, Say. Abundant. Suborder Anisopteka. (Dragonflies). Aeshnidae. Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Very rare. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. Gomphus exilis, Selys. Grenadier Pond. " villosipes, Selys. Don Valley, not com- mon. " furcifer, Hag. Grenadier and neighbour- ing ponds, not uncommon. Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys. Grenadier Pond, rare. 304 INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Basiaeschna Janata, Say. Bond Lake. Aeshna ereraita, Scudd. Grenadier Pond, rare. " canadensis. Walk. Common. " verticalis, Hagen. Common. " tuberculifera, Walk. Hunt Club, Etobicoke Creek, rare. " umbrosa. Walk. Common. " constricta. Say. Common. Anax Junius, Dru. Very abundant. Epiaeschna heros, Fabr. Eather scarce. Libellulidae. Epicordulia princeps, Hag. Grenadier and neigh- bouring ponds, rather scarce. Tetragoneuria cynosura. Say. Abundant. " " simulans, Muttk. Abun- dant. " spinigera, Selys. Grenadier Pond, rare. Cordulia shurtleffi, Scudd. One specimen ; a north- ern species. Somatochlora williamsoni, E. Walk. One specimen; commoner northward. Libellula exusta julia, Uhl. Grenadier Pond, one specimen; abundant northward. " luctuosa, Burm. High Park, common. " pulchella, Dru. Ponds and ditches, abun- dant. " semifasciata, Burm. Pools, common. 20 305 I^ATUKAL HISTOEY, TOKOiirTO KEGION Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn. Ponds, very com- mon. Plathemis Ijdia, Dm. Ponds and ditches, abundant. Erjthemis simplicicollis, Saj. Ponds, common. Pachydiplax longipennis, Burm. Abundant, espe- cially at Grenadier Pond. Sympetrum costifernm, Hag. Don Valley and Is- land lagoons, common. " vicinum, Hag. Ponds and marshes, common. " semicinctum, Say. Ponds, rare. " rubicundulum, Say. Abundant. " obtrusum. Hag. Abundant. " corruptum. Hag. Humber River, one specimen. Leucorrhinia intacta, Hag. Very abundant, espe- cially at Grenadier Pond. Celithemis eponina, Dru. Grenadier Pond. " elisa, Hag. Grenadier Pond. Tramea Carolina, Linn. High Park, one specimen. " lacerata, Hag. Grenadier Pond. Order HEMIPTERA. Suborder Pakasitica. Pediculidae (Lice). Phthirius inguinalis, Leach. Pediculus capitis, De G. " vestimenti, Leach. 306 IISTSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Suborder Homoptera.. Cicadidae (Cicadas). Okanagana rimosa, Say. Cicada sayi, Sm. & Gros. Fulgoridae (Lantern-flies, etc.). Onnenis pminosa, Say. Cercopidae (Spittle Insects). Aphrophora parallela, Say. " quadrinotata, Say. Membracidae (Tree-hoppers). Ceresa bubalus, Fab. " diceros, Say. Thelia godingi, Van D. Telamona ampelopsidis, Harr. " unicolor, Fitcb. Smilia camelus, Fab. Encbenopa binotata, Say. Tettigoniellidae (Leaf -hoppers). Oncometopia costalis, Fab. Helochara communis, Fitch. Diedrocephala coccinea, Forst. Draeculacephala mollipes, Say. Jassidae (Leaf -hoppers). Scaphoideus immistus, Say. Typhlocyba comes, Say. Aphididae (Plant Lice). Chermes abietis, Choi. " floccus, Patch. " pinicorticis, Fitch. 307 , IfATUHAL HISTORY, TOEONTO EEGIOl^ Aphididae (Plant Lice) — (Continued), Chermes similis, Gillette. Hormaphis hamamelidis, Fitch. " spinosus, Shiner. Pemphigus imbricator, Fitch. " popiilicaulis, Fitch. " tessellata, Fitch. " ulmi-fusus, Walsh. " vagabundus, Walsh. Colopha ulmicola, Fitch. Schizoneura lanigera, Hartig. Aleyrodidae (Aleyrodes). Aleyrodes forbesi, Ashm. (Jarvis). Coccidae (Scale Insects). Orthezia insignis, Dougl. Kermes pettiti, Ehrh. " pubescens, Bogue. Gossyparia spuria, Mod. Pseudacoccus citri, Eisso. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Eathv. Coccus hesperidum, Linn. Eulecanium quercifex, Fitch. " cerasifex, Fitch. " vini, Bouche. Physakermes piceae, Schr. Chionaspis furfura, Fitch. " pinifoliae, Fitch. Aspidiotus aesculi, Johns. " ancylus, Putn. " osborni, Newell & CkU. 308 mSECTS AKD THEIE ALLIES Coccidae (Scale Insects) — (Continued). Aspidiotiis ulmi, Johns. Lepidosaphes ulmi, Linn. Suborder Hetekopteka. Thyreocoridae (Negro-bugs). Thvreocoris unicolor, P.B. " pulicarius, Germ. Pentatomidae (Stink-bugs). Eurygaster alternatus, Say. Mormidea lugens, Fab. Chlorocbroa persimilis, Horv. Euscbistus filipes, Say. fissilis, Ubl. " tristigmus, Say. " variolarius, Beauv. Coenus delius, Say. Cosmopepla carnifex, Fab. Perilloides circumcinctus, Stal. " claudus, Say. Podisus cynicus, Say. " modestus, Dall. Coreidae (Squash-bug Family). Anasa tristis, De G. Alydus eurinus. Say. Lygaeidae (Chinch-bug Family). Lygaeus turcicus. Fab. Cymus diseors, Horv. Tingitidae (Lace-bugs). Corythuea arcuata, Say. 309 NATURAL HISTORY, TORON"TO REGION Saldidae (Shore-bugs). Salda coriacea, Uhl. Reduviidae (Assassin-bugs). Reduvius personatus, Linn. Sinea diadema, Fab. Acholla multispinosa, De G. Nabidae (Damsel-bugs). Reduviolus rufusculus, Rent. Clinocoridae (Bed-bug Family). Cimex lectularius, Linn. Miridae (Leaf-bugs). Adelphocoris rapidus, Say. Miris dolabratus, Linn. Phytocoris pallicornis, Rent. Neurocolpus nubilus, Say. Lygus pratensis, Linn. Poecilocapsiis lineatus, Fab. Lopidea media, Say. Plagiognathus obscurus, Ulil. Belostomatidae (Giant Water-bugs). Benacus griseus. Say. Amorgius americanus, Leidy. (Belostoma, Auctt.) Belostoma fluminea. Say (Zaitha, Auctt.). Nepidae (Water-scorpions), Nepa apiciilata, Ulil. Ranatra fusca, P.B. Notonectidae (Back-swimmers). Notonecta undulata. Say. 310 INSECTS AI^D THEIR ALLIES Corixidae (Water-boatmen). Corixa sp. Order Is^EUROPTERA. With the exception of the first four species, which were named by the writer, the determinations were furnished by Mr. ISTathan Banks. Sialidae. Corydalis cornuta, Linn. Chauliodes pectinicomis, Linn. Sialis infumata, ^N'ewm. Hemerobiidae. Polystoechotes punctatus. Fab. Hemerobius humiili, Linn. Hemerobius stigmaterus. Fitch. Chrysopidae (Lace-winged Flies) Chrysopa rufilabris, Burm. " ypsilon, Fitch. Order TRICHOPTERA (Caddis-Flies). Practically no collections have been made in this order. A few specimens were sent to Mr. Banks, who determined them as follows : Phryganeidae. Phryganea cinerea, Walk, l^euronia concatenata. Walk. Limnephilidae. Limnephilus submonilifer, Walk. Pycnopsyche guttifer. Walk. 311 NATURAL HISTORY, TOROJ^TO REGION Hydropsychidae. Hydropsyche scalaris, Hag. Order COLEOPTERA. Cicindelidae (Tiger-beetles). Cicindela scutellaris lecontei, Hald. " sex-guttata, Fab. " purpurea, Oliv. " vulgaris. Say. " repanda, Dej. " 12-guttata, Dej. " hirticollis. Say. " punctulata, Fab. Carabidae (Ground-beetles). Omophron robustum, Horn. " americanum, Dej. " tessellatum, Say. Cychrus lecontei, Dej. Carabus sylvosus, Say. Caloscma scrutator. Fab. " frigidum, Kirby. " willcoxi, Lee. " calidum, Fab. Elaphrus ruscarius, Say. Loricera coerulescens, Linn. Notiophilus aeneus, Hbst. Nebria pallipes, Say. Scarites subterraneus, Fab. Dyschirius aeneolus, Lee. 312 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Carabidae (Ground-beetles) — (Continued). Djschirius longulus, Lee. " sphaericollis, Say. " integer, Lee. Clivina impressifrons, Lee. Schizogenins lineolatus, Say. " ferrugineus, Putz. Nomius pygmaeus, Dej. Bembidium carinula, Chd. " nitidulum, Dej. " nitidum, Kirby. " nigrum, Say. " rupestre, Dej. " eordatum, Lee. " variegatum, Say. " assimile, Gyll. " quadrimaculatum, Linn. " oblongulum, Mann. " postfasciatum, Hamilton. " muscicola. Tachys scitulus, Lee. " nanus, Gyll. " flavicauda, Say. " incurvus, Say. Patrobus longicomis, Say. Trechus chalybeus, Mann. Pterostiehus honestus, Say. " coracinus, Newm. " stygicus, Say. " sayi, BruUe. 313 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Carabidae (Ground-beetles) — (Continued). Pterostichus lucublandus, Say. " luctuosiis, Dej. " corvinus, Dej. " luczotii, Dej. " erjthropus, Dej. " patruelis, Dej. " femoralis, Kirby. Amara avida, Say. " arenaria, Lee. " exarata, Dej. " pallipes, Kirby. " impimcticollis, Say. " interstitialis, Dej. " obesa, Say. " remotestriata, Dej. Diplocbila laticollis, Lee. " " major, Lee. " impressicoliis, Dej. Dicaelus teter, Bon. Badister pulchellus, Lee. Calathiis gregarius, Say. " impunctatus, Say. Platynus hypolithus. Say. " decens. Say. " sinuatus, Dej. " cincticoilis, Say. " extensicollis, Say. " decorus, Say. " aiichomenoides, Rand. 314 INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Carabidae (Ground-beetles) — (Continued). Platjnus pusillus, Lee. " errans, Say. " melanarius, Dej. " propinquus, G. & H. " cupripennis, Say. " excavatus, Dej. " mutans, Say. " octopunctatus, Fab. " placidus, Say. " ciipreus, Dej. " obsoletus, Say. " quadripunctatus, Dej. •^' ruficomis, Lee. " retraetiis, Lee. " nigrieeps, Lee. Olisthopus parmatus, Say. " mieans, Lee. Atranus pubeseens, Dej. Casnonia pennsylvaniea, Linn. Galerita janus, Fab. Lebia grandis, Heutz. " atriventris, Say. " trieolor, Say. " viridis, Say. " pumila, Dej. " ornata, Say. " scapularis, Dej. Dromius pieeus, Dej. Apristus eordieollis, Lee. 315 ISTATTJEAL HISTOEY, TOKOl^TO REGIOIT Carabidae (Ground-beetles) — (Continued). Blechrus nigrinus, Mann. Metabletus americanus, Dej. Axinopalpus biplagiatus, Dej. Cymindis americana, Dej. " pilosa, Say. Brachynus perplexus, Dej. " medius, Harr. " fiimans, Fab. Chlaenius erythropus, Germ. " sericeus, Forst. " bemoralis, Say. " tricolor, Dej. " pennsylvanicus, Say. " niger, Rand. " tomentosus, Say. Brachylobius lithopbilns, Say. Geopinus incrassatus, Dej. Agonoderus lineola, Fab. " pallipes, Fab. " partiarius, Say. Harpalus vulpeculus, Say. " erraticus, Say. " viridiaeneus, Beauv. " caliginosus, Fab. " pennsylvanicus, De G. " pleiiriticus, Kirby. " basilaris, Kirby. Selenopborus opalinus, Lee. Stenolophus fuliginosus, Dej. 316 INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Carabidae (Ground-beetles) — (Continued). Stenolophus conjunctus, Say. Bradycellus rupestris, Say. Tachycellus nigrinus, Dej. " kirbyi, Hom. " badiipennis, Hald. Anisodactylus rusticus, Dej. " carbonanus, Say. " harrisii, Lee. " discoideus, Dej. " baltimorensis, Say. " verticalis, Lee. " interstitialis. Say. Haliplidae (Haliplids). Haliplus fasciatus, Aube. " triopsis, Say. " cribrarius, Lee. " ruficollis, Deg. Cnemidotus 12-punctatus, Say. Dytiscidae (Diving-beetles). Laccophilus maculosus, Germ. Bidessus affinis, Say. Coelambus inaequalis, Eab. " turbidus, Lee. " impressopunctatus, Scb. Hydroporus pulcher, Lee. " undulatus, Say. " consimilis, Lee. " striatopunctatus, Melsh. " tartaricus, Lee. 317 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO REGION Dytiscidae (Diving-beetles) — (Continued). Hydroporus dichroiis, Melsh. " modestus, Aube. Ilybius bigiittulus, Germ. Coptotomus interrogatus, Fab. Agabus seriatus, Say. " punctulatus, Aube. " obsoletus, Lee. " erythropterus, Say. Rhantus binotatus, Harr. Colymbetes sculptilis, Harr. Hydaticus piceus, Lee. Dytiscus fasciventris, Say. " bybridus, Aube. " verticalis, Say. " barrisii, Kirby. Acilius semisulcatus, Aube. Thermonectes basilaris, Harr. Graphoderes fascicollis, Harr. Cybister fimbriolatus, Say. Gyrinidae (Whirligig-beetles). Gyrinus dichrous, Lee. " ventralis, Kirby. Dineutes assimilis, Aube. Hydrophilidae (Waver-scavenger beetles). Helophorus lacustris, Lee. " angustulus, Mann. " lineatus, Say. " tuberculatus, Gyll. Hydrochus excavatus, Lee. 318 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Hydrophilidae (Waver-scavenger beetles) — (Continued), Hydrophilus triangularis, Say. Tropisternus nimbatus, Say. " glaber Hbst Hydrocharis obtusatus, Say. Berosus striatus, Say. Laccobius agilis, Rand. Philhydrus ochraceus, Mels. " perplexus, Lee. Hydrobius globosns, Say. " fascipes, Linn. " digestus, Lee. " subcuprens, Say. Sphaeridinm scarabaeoides, Linn. Cercyon melanoeephalum, Linn. " praetextatum, Say. " unipunctatum, Linn. Cryptopleurum vagans, Lee. Silphidae (Carrion-beetles). Necrophorus americanus, Oliv. " sayi, Lapp. " orbicoUis, Say. " marginatiis, Fab. " piistnlatus, Hersh. " vespilloides, Hbst. " tomentosus, Web. Silpha surinamensis, Fab. " lapponica, Hbst. " inaequalis, Fab. " noveboracensis, Forst. 319 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO EEGION Silphidae (Carrion-beetles) — (Continued). Silpha americana, Linn. Choleva basilaris, Say. " clavicornis, Lee. Ptomaphagus consobrinus, Lee. " parasitus, Lee. " braehyderus, Lee. Liodes globosa, Lee. " obsoleta, Horn. " basalis, Lee. Agatbidium oniscoides, Beauv. Scydmaenidae. Scydmaenus perforatus, Schaurn. " fossiger, Lee. " elavipes, Say. " consobrinus, Lee. " bieolor, Lee. " salinator, Lee. Pselaphidae. Ceophyllus monilis, Lee. Pilopius saginatiis, Csy. Cedius ziegleri, Lee. Ctenistes piceus, Lee. Decarthron abnorme, Lee. " strenuum, Brend. Batrisus globosus, Lee. " lineaticollis, Aube. Bryaxis brendelii, Horn. " rubieunda, Aube. " punctieollis, Lee. 320 INSECTS AND THEIE ALLIES Pselaphidae — (Continued) . Bryaxis propinqua, Lee. Staphylinidae (Rove-beetles). Falagria dissecta, Er. " veniistula, Er. Lomecliusa cava, Lee. Tachjusa cavicollis, Lee. Aleochara lata, Grav. " bimaeulata, Grav. " graciliformis, Fauv. Oxypoda sagulata, Er. Gyrophaena corruseula, Er. " soeia, Er. Gymnusa brevieollis, Grav. Heterothops fumigatus, Lee. Quedius fulgidiis, Fav. " eapueinus, Grav. " vernix, Lee. Listotroplms eingulatus, Grav. " eapitatus. Bland. Creophilus villosus, Grav. Staphylinus badipes, Lee. " vulpinus, Nordm. " maeulosus, Grav. " mysticus, Er. " fossator, Grav. " einnamopteriis, Grav. " violaeeus, Grav. " viridans, Horn. Ocypus ater, Grav. 21 321 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Staphylinidae (Rove-beetles) — (Continued). Philonthus aeneus, Rossi, laetulus, Say. palliatus, Grav. varians, Payk. longicornis, Steph. discoideus, Grav. lomatus, Er. aequalis, Horn, cyanipennis, Fab. sordidus, Grav. Actobius sobrinus, Er. " paederoides, Lee. Xantholimis cephalus, Say. " obscurus, Er. Diochus schaumii, Kraatz. Stenus bipunctatus, Er. colon, Say. juno, Fab. colonus, Er. mammops, Csy. eroceatus, Csy. annularis, Er. Cryptobium bicolor, Grav. " pallipes, Grav. " sellatum, Lee. Lathrobium punctulatum, Lee. " simplex, Lee. " parcum, Lee. " ventrale, Lee. 323 INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Staphylinidae (Rove-beetles) — (Continued). Scopaeus exiguus, Er. Stilicus dentatus, Say. " biarmatus, Lee, Lithocharis confluens, Say. Paederiis littorariiis, Grav. Sunius prolixus, Er. " binotatus, Say. " longiusculus, Mann. Tacbinus memnoniiis, Grav. " repandus, Horn. " flavipennis, Dej. " Inridus, Er. " fimbriatus, Grav. Tacbyporus jocosus, Say. " cbrysomelinns, Linn. " bmnneus, Fab. Ercbomus ventriculus, Say. Conosoma crassum, Grav. " piibescens, Payk. Boletobius cingulatus, Mann. " intrusus, Horn. " anticus, Horn. " cinctus, Grav. Olistbaerns substriatns, Gyll. Oxyporus femoralis, Grav. " vittatus, Grav. Bledius fumatus, Lee. " analis, Lee. " pleuralis, Lee. 323 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO REGION Staphylinidae (Rove-beetles) — (Continued). Platystethus americanus, Er. Oxytelus riigosus, Grav. " convergens, Lee. Apocellus spliaericollis, Say. Geodromicus brunneus, Say. Homalium nifipes, Fauv. Anthobiiim convexum, Fauv. Micropeplus cribratiis, Lee. Trichopterygidae. Trichopteryx haldemanni, Lee. Scaphidiidae. Scaphidium quadriguttatum, Say. Scaphisoma convexum, Say. " suturale, Lee. Phalacridae. Phalacriis consimilis, Marsh. " nitidus, Melsh. Corylophidae. Saeium fasciatiim, Say. " liinatum, Lee. Corylophus truncatiis, Lee. Sericoderus obscurus, Lee. Ortboperus scutellaris, Lee. Coccinellidae (Ladybirds). Anisosticta strigata, Thunb. Megilla maculata, De G. Hippodamia convergens, Guer. " 13-punctata, Linn. " parenthesis, Say. 324 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Coccinellidae (Ladybirds) — (Continued). Coccinella trifasciata, Linn. " novemnotata, Hbst. " transversoguttata, Fab. " sanguinea, Linn. Adalia bipunctata, Linn. Harmonia picta, Rand. Mysia pullata, Say. Anatis 15-punctata, Oil v. Psyllobora 20-maculata, Say. Cbilocorus bivulnenis, Muls. Brachyacantha dentipes, Fab. " nrsina, Fab. " " 10-pustulata, Melsh. Hyperaspis undulata, Say. " signata, Oliv. " proba, Say. " bigeminata, Rand. Scymnus puncticollis, Lee. " marginicollis, Mann. " tenebrosus, Muls. " lacnstris, Lee. Coccidula lepida, Lee. Endomychidae (Fungus-beetles). Phymaphora pulchella, ISTewm. Lycoperdina ferruginea, Lee. Apborista vittata, Fab. Mycetina perpiilchra, Newm. Endomychus bigiittatus, Say. 325 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Erotylidae. Languria mozardi, Latr. Dacne 4-maculata, Say. Mycotretus pulchra, Say. Tritoma thoracica, Say. " flavicollis, Lac. Colydiidae. Ditoma quadriguttata, Say. Colydium lineola, Say. Cerylon castaneum, Say. Cucujidae. Silvanus surinamensis, Linn. " bidentatus, Fab, " imbellis, Lee. Catogenus rufus, Fab. Pediacus depressus, Hbst. Cucujus clavipes, Fab. Laemopblaeus bigiittatiis, Say. " fasciatus, Melsh. " adustus, Lee. " testaceus, Fab. Dendrophagus glaber, Lee. Brontes dubius, Fab. Telephanus velox, Hald. Cryptophagidae. Telmatophilus amerieanus, Lee. Tomarus piilchellus, Lee. Atomaria ephippiata, Zimm. " pusilla, Payk. " ovalis, Csy. 326 INSECTS AXD THEIR ALLIES Mycetophagidae. Mycetophagus punctatus, Say. " flexuosus, Say. Triphyllus humeralis, Kirby. Litargus 6-punctatus, Say. Dermestidae (Dermestids). Byturus unicolor, Say. Dermestes caninus, Germ. " lardarius, Linn. " frischii, Kug. Attagenus piceus, Oliv. Trigoderma omatum, Say. Anthrenus scrophulariae, Linn. " musaeorum, Linn. Orphilus glabratus, Fab. Histeridae. Hololepta fossularis, Say. Hister merdarius, Hoffm. interruptuSj Beauv. foedatus, Lee. bimaculatus, Linn. subrotundus, Say. lecontei, Mars. parallelus, Say. Paromalus gilensis, Lee. " estriatus, Lee. Saprinus fraternus, Say. " patruelis, Lee. Plegaderus sayi, Mars. Aeletes politus, Leo. 327 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Nitidulidae. Cercus pennatus, Mur. Carpopliilus niger, Say. " brachypterus, Say. Colastus semitectus, Say. " trimcatus, Rand. Epuraea rufa, Say. " avara, Rand. Nitidula bipustulata, Linn. " rufipes, Linn. Stelidota 8-maculata, Say. Prometopia 6-maculata, Say. Phenolia grossa. Fab. Omosita colon. Fab. Cychramiis adustus, Er. Cryptarcha ampla, Er. Ips obtusus, Say. " fasciatus, Oliv. " sanguinolentus, Oliv. Rhizophagus sculpturartus, Mann. " remotns, Lee. Latridiidae. Stephostethiis liratus, Lee. Corticaria serricollis, Lee. " serrata, Payk. " elongata, Hum. " angularis, Lee. " eavicollis. Mann. " pumila, Lee. " picta, Lee. 328 IXSECTS AKD THEIR ALLIES Trogositidae. Tenebrioides corticalis, Melsh. " " dubia, MelsL " castanea, Melsh. Calitys scabra, Thunb. Grynocharis 4-lineata, Melsh. Thymalus fulgidus, Er. Byrrhidae (PiU-beetles). Cytilus sericeus, Forst. Bjrrhus americaniis, Lee. Limnichus punctatus, Lee. Georhyssidae. Georhyssus pusillus, Lee. Parnidae. Dryops fastigiatns, Say. Elmis 4-notatus, Say. Stenelmis crenatus, Say. Macronyehus glabratus, Say. Heteroceridae. Heterocerus substriatus, Kies. Dascyllidae. Prionocyphon limbatus, Lee. Cyphon rufieollis, Say. " obscurus, Guer. " variabilis, Thimb. Elateridae (Click-beetles, Elaters). Tharops ruficornis, Say. Deltometopus amoenicornis, Say. Dromaeolus striatiis, Lee. Eomax calceatus, Say. 329 l^ATUKAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Elateridae (Click-beetles, Elaters) — (Continued). Adelocera discoidea, Web. " aurorata, Lee. " obtecta, Saj. " brevicornis, Lee. Alaus oculatus, Linn. " mjops, Fab. Cardiophorus convexus, Say. " cardisce, Saj. " convexuhis, Lee. " gagates, Er. Cryptobypnus abbreviatus, Say. " delumbis, Horn. " exiguiis, Rand. Oedostethus femoralis, Lee. Monocepidius auritus, Hbst. Elater hepaticus, Melsh. " pedalis, Germ. " pullus, Germ. " nigricollis, HH^st. " linteiis, Say. " discoideus, Fab. " semicinctus, Rand. " rubricus, Say. " apicatiis, Say. " obliqims, Say. Drasterius elegans, Fab. Megapenthes rogersii, Horn. Ludius abruptus, Say. Agriotes mancus, Say. 330 I INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Elateridae (Click-beetles, Elaters) — (Continued). Agriotes stabilis, Lee. " fucosus, Lee. Dolopius lateralis, Esch. Melanotus fissilis, Say. " communis, Gjll. " Sagittarius, Lee. " paradoxus, Melsh. Limonius aurifer, Lee. " confusus, Lee. " agonus. Say. Campylus denticornis, Kirbj. Athous cucullatus. Say. " scapularis. Say. Oestodes tenuicollis. Rand. Sericosomus silaceus. Say. Corymbites cylindriformis, Hbst. " spinosus, Lee. " tarsalis, Melsh. " sulcicollis. Say. " fallax. Say. " medianus, Germ. " triundulatus, Rand. " hamatus, Say. " propola, Lee. " hieroglyphicus. Say. " cruciatus, Linn. " aratus, Lee. " metallicus Payk. " inflatus. Say. 331 ITATTJEAL HISTOEY, TOROiTTO REGION Elateridae (Click-beetles, Elaters) — (Continued). Coryinbites rotundicollis, Say. Asaphes decoloratus, Say. " memnonius, Hbst. Throscidae. Throscus constrictor, Say. " chevrolati, Bonv. Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-borers). Chalcophora virginiensis, Dniry. Dicerca divarieata, Say. " tenebrosa, Kirby. Poecilonota cyanipes, Say. Buprestis lineata, Fab. " consiilaris, Gory. " maculiventris, Say. " fasciata, Fab. " striata, Fab. Melanophila longipes. Say. " fulvoguttata, Harr. Antbaxia viridifrous, Lap. " viridicornis. Say. Chrysobothris femorata, Fab. " dentipes, Germ. Agrilus ruficollis, Fab. " otiosus, Say. " bilineatiis, Web. " anxius, Gory. " politus. Say. " couesii, Lee. 332 mSECTS A^"D THEIK ALLIES Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-borers) — (Continued). Brachjs ovata, Web. " aerosa, Melsb. Lampyridae (Fire-flies, etc.). Calopteron terminale, Say. " reticulatum, Fab. Eros simplicipes, Mann. " aurora, Hbst. " humeralis, Fab. Lucidota atra, Fab. Ellychnia cornisca, Linn. Pyropyga nigricans, Saj. " decipiens, Harr. Pyractomena angiilata. Say. Photinus ardens, Lee. " pyralis, Linn. Photuris pennsylvanica, De^ G. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus, De G. Podabrus tricostatus, Say. " rugulosus, Lee. " diadema, Fab. " punctatus, Lee. Silis percomis. Say. Telephorus fraxini, Say. " earolinus, Fab. " lineola, Fab. " scitulus, Say. " rotiindicollis, Say. " tubercnlatus, Lee. " bilineatus, Say. 333 NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Malachidae. Collops 4-mac"ulatTis, Fab. " vittatus, Say. Attains terminalis, Er. " morulus, Lee. Cleridae (Checkered Beetles). Cymatodera bicolor, Saj. " inornata, Say. Trichodes nuttalli, Kirby. Clerus nigriventris, Lee. Thanasimus trifasciatus, Say. dubius, Fab. Thaneroclerus sanguineus, Say. Hydnocera pedalis, Lee. " verticalis, Say. Phyllobaenus dislocatus. Say. Chariessa pilosa, Forst. Laricobius erichsoni, Rosen. Necrobia rufipes, Fab. " violaceus, Linn. Ptinidae (Death-watch Family). Ptinus fur, Linn. " brunneus, Duft. Eucrada humeralis, Melsh. Emobius mollis, Linn. Xestobium tessellatum. Fab. Sitodrepa panicea, Linn. Hadrobregmus errans, Melsh. " pumilio, Lee. Trichodesma gibbosa. Say. 334 mSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Ptinidae (Death-watch Family) — (Continued). Vrilletta convexa, Lee. Xyletinus lugnbris, Lee. Dorcatoma setulosum, Lee. Endecatomus rugosus, Rand. Bostrvclius truncaticollis, Lee. Amphicerus bicaudatus, Say. Lyctus striatus, Melsh. Cupesidae. Cupes capitata, Fab. Cioidae. Cis fuscipes, Mellie. Ennearthron thoracicomis, Ziegl. Sphindidae. Sphindus americanus, Lee. Lucanidae (Stag-beetles). Lucanus dama, Thunb. " placidus, Say. Dorcus parallelus, Say. Platyeerus quercus, Web. " depressus, Lee. Oeruchus piceus, Web. Scarabaeidae (Dung-beetles, Chafers, etc.). Copris anaglypticus, Say. Onthophagus hecate, Panz. " janiis, Panz. Aegialia conferta, Horn. Ataenius gracilis, Melsh. Dialytes striatulus, Say. 335 NATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION Scarabaeidae (Dung-beetles, Chafers, etc.) — (Continued). Dialvtes truncatus, Melsh. Aphodius fossor, Linn. " fimetarius, Linn. " ruricola, Melsh. " granarius, Linn. " vittatus, Say. " inquinatus, Hbst. " leopardus, Horn. " pondromus, Brahm. Geotmpes splendidus, Fab. '' egeriei, Germ. " blackburnii. Fab. Trox erinaceus, Lee. " unistriatns, Beauv. " aequalis, Say. " scaber, Linn. Hoplia trifasciata, Say. " " tristis. Melsh. Dichelonycha elongata, Fab. " subvittata, Lee. " canadensis, Horn. " albicollis, Burm. Serica vespertina, Gyll. " sericea, 111. Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab. Diplotaxis sordid a, Say. " liberta, Germ. Lachnosterna fusca, Froh. " marginalis, Lee. 336 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Scarabaeidae (Dung-beetles, Chafers, etc.) — (Continued). Laclmosterna hirsuta, Knoch. " creimlata, Froh. Cotalpa lanigera, Linn. Aphonus tridentatus, Say. Xyloryctes satyrus, Fab. Euphoria inda, Linn. Osmoderma eremicola, Knoch. " scabra, Beauv. Trichius affinis, Gory. Spondylidae. Parandra brunnea, Fab. Cerambycidae (Longicorn beetles). Orthosoma brunneum, Forst. Tragosoma harrisii, Lee. Asemmn moestum, Hald. Criocephalus agrestis, Kirby. Tetropium cinnamopterum, Kirby. Hylotrupes ligneus, Fab. Phymatodes amoenus, Say. Callidium antennatnm, ISTewm. Romaleum atomarium, Drury. " nifulum, Hald. " taeniatum, Lee. Molorchus bimaculatus, Say. Callimoxys sanguinicollis, Oliv. Batyle suturalis, Say. Cyllene robiniae, Forst. Plagionotus speciosus, Say. Calloides nobius, Say. 22 337 NATUEAL HISTOKY, TOKONTO EEGION Cerambycidae (Longicorn beetles) — (Continued). Arhopalus fulminans, Fab. Xylotrechus quadrimaculatus, Hald. " undulatus, Say. Neoclytus muricatulus, Kirby. " erythrocepbalus, Fab. " longipes, Kirby. Clytanthus ruricola, Oliv. Microclytus gazellula, Hald. Cyrtophorus verrucosus, Oliv. Euderces picipes, Fab. Eneyclops caenileus, Say. Rhagium lineatum, Oliv. Toxotus vittiger, Rand. Pachyta monticola, Rand. Acmaeops proteus, Kirby. Gaurotes cyanipennis, Say. Typocerus velutinus, Oliv. Leptura propinqua, Bland. " plebeja, Rand. " subhamata, Rand. " lineola, Say. " capitata, Newm. " americana, Hald. " haematites, JSTewm. " subargentata, Kirby. " zebra, Oliv. " canadensis, Fab. " vagans, Oliv. " chrysocoma, Kirby. 338 INSECTS A^-D THEIK ALLIES Cerambycidae (Longicorn beetles) — (Continued) Leptura proxima, Say. " biforis, Xewm. " vittata, Germ. " pubera, Say. " ruficoUis, Say. " " sphaericollis, Say. " vibex, ISTewm. " mutabilis, ISTewm. Psenocerus supemotatus, Say. Monohanimus titillator, Fab. " scutellatus, Say. ^ " confusor, Kirby. Goes pulchra, Hald. " debilis, Lee. " pulverulent a, Hald. " oculata, Lee. Leptostylus macula, Say. Lepturges signatus, Lee. Hyperplatys aspersus, Say. Acanthocinus obsoletus, Oliv. Pogonocherus crinitus, Lee. Eupogonius tomentosus, Hald. " subarmatus, Leo. Saperda obliqua, Say. " calcarata, Say. " vestita, Say. " tridentata, Oliv. " puncticollis, Say. " moesta, Lee. 339 NATTJKAL HISTOKY, TOROXTO REGIOI^ Cerambycidae (Longicorn beetles) — (Continued). Saperda concolor, Lee. Oberea bimaculata, Oliv. " " tripunctata, Fab. " ocellata, Hald. Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, Forst. Chrysomelidae (Leaf -beetles). Donacia hypoleuca, Lac. " proxima, Kirby. " subtilis, Kunze. " emarginata, Kirby. " rufa, Say. Haemonia nigricomis, Kirby. Orsodacbna atra, Air. " " childreni, Kirby. " " luctuosa, Lac. • " " tricolor, Melsh. Zeugophora scutellaris, Suffr. " abnormiSj.Lec. " puberula, Cr. " varians, Cr. " kirbyi, Baly. Syneta ferruginea, Germ. Lema trilineata, Oliv. Crioceris asparagi, Linn. " 12-punctatus, Linn. Anomoea laticlavia, Forst. Coscinoptera dominicana, Fab. Babia 4-giittata, Oliv. Cblamys plicata. Fab. 340 INSECTS AKB THEIE ALLIES Chrysomelidae (Leaf-beetles) — (Continued). '. Exema gibber, Oliv. Bassareus mammifer, ISTewm. " " pretiosus, Melsh. " " luteipennis, Melsli. " sellatus, Melsh. Cryptocephalus 4-maciilatiis, Say. " quadruplex, ITewm. " venustus, Fab. " mutabilis, Melsli. Pachybrachys otbonus, Say. " trinotatus, Melsli. " atomarius, Melsh. " femoratus, Oliv. " hepaticus, Melsh. Monachus saponatus, Fab. Diachus auratus, Fab. " catarius, Suffr. Xanthonia 10-notata, Say. " stevensii, Baly. Adoxus vitis, Linn. Glyptoscelis pubescens, Fab. Chrysochus auratus, Fab. Paria 6-notata, Say. Graphops pubescens, Melsh. " marcassita, Cr. Chrysodina globosa, Say. Colaspis brunnea costipeniiis, Dej. " praetexta, Say. " tristis puncticoUis, Say. 341 ITATUKAL HISTOEY, TORONTO EEGION Chrysomelidae (Leaf -beetles) — (Continued). Prasocuris varipes, Lee. Labidomera clivicollis, Kirby. Leptinotarsa 10-lineata, Say. Calligrapha similis. Hog. " elegans, Oliv. " scalaris, Lee. " mnltipunetata bigsbyana, Say. Plagiodera cochleariae, Gyll. " viridis, Melsh. Gastroidea polygon!, Linn. Lina lapponica, Linn. " scripta, Fab. Phyllodecta vulgatissima, Linn. Cerotoma caminea, Fab. Pbyllobrotica decorata, Say. " discoidea, Fab. " limbata, Fab. Lupenis meraea, Say. Diabrotica 12-punctata, Oliv. " vittata, Fab. Trirhabda tomentosa canadensis, Kirby. • Adimonia cavicollis, Lee. ■ Galeruca sagittariae, Gyll. Oedionychis qiiercata limbalis, Melsh. Disonycha altemata, 111. " pennsylvanica, 111. ** triangularis, Say. " collaris. Fab. Haltica bimarginata. Say. 342 IIs^SECTS AXD THEIR ALLIES Chrysomelidae (Leaf -beetles) — (Continued). Haltica carinata. Germ. " ignita, 111. Crepidodera helxines, Linn. " cucumeris, Harr. Orthaltica copalina, Fab. Systena hudsonias, Forst. " frontalis, Fab. " marginalis, 111. Longitarsus testaceus, Lee. Phyllotreta vittata, Fab. " bipnstulata. Fab. Mantura floridana, Cr. Chaetocnema denticulata, 111. " parcepunctata, Cr. Dibolia aerea, Melsh. Psylliodes punctulata, Melsh. Microrhopala porcata, Melsh. Odontota horni, Smith. " nervosa, Punz. Coptocycla aiirichalcea, Fab. Bruchidae (Pea-weevil Family). Brnchus pisi, Linn. " cruentatiis, Horn. Tenebrionidae (Darkling beetles). Phellopsis obcordata, Kirby. Nyctobates pennsylvanicus, De G. Upis ceramboides, Linn. Scotobates calcaratus, Fab. Xylopinus saperdioides, Oliv. 343 NATTJEAL HISTOEY, TOKOIs^TO EEGION Tenebrionidae (Darkling beetles) — (Continued). Tenebrio obscurus, Fab. " molitor, Linn. " tenebrioides, Beauv. Blapstinus metallicus, Fab. Dioedus punctatus, Lee. Gnathocerus cornutus, Fab. Uloma impressa, Melsb. Paratenetus punctatus, Sol. " fuscus, Lee. Diaperis hydni, Fab. Hoplocephala bicomis, Oliv. Platydema excavatum, Say. " ruficorne, Sturm. " americanum, Lap. Hypophloeus parallelus, Melsh. Bolitotberus bifureus, Fab. Boletopbagus depressus, Rand. Cistelidae. Hymenorus niger, Melsb. Isomira quadristriata, Coup. Mycetoehares fraterna, Say. Androchirus erythropus, Kirby. Lasriidae. Arthromacra aenea, Say. Melandryidae. Tetratoma tnmcorum, Lee. Penthe obliquata, Fab. " pimelia, Fab. Synchroa punctata, !N"ewm. 344 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Melandry idae — (Continued) , Prothalpia undata, Lee. Melandrja striata, Say. Enchodes sericea, Hald. Hypulus simulator, Newm. Dircaea liturata, Lee. Eustrophus bicolor. Say. " bifasciatus. Say. " tomentosus, Say. Hallomenus punetulatus, Lee. Orchesia castanea, Melsh. Canifa pallipes, Melsh. Mycterus seaber, Hald. Pythidae. Pytho americanus, Kirby. Rhinosimus viridiaeneus. Rand. Oedemeridae. Nacerdes melanura, Linn. Asclera ruficollis. Say. " puncticollis. Say. Cephaloidae. Cephaloon lepturides, Newm. Mordellidae. Anaspis flavipennis, Hald. " rufa. Say. Tomoxia bidentata. Say. Mordella melaena, Germ. " scutellaris, Fab. " marginata, Melsh. " serval, Say. 345 ITATUKAL HISTORY, T0R0:N'T0 REGION" Mordellidae (Continued). Mordellistena scapularis, Say. " comata, Lee. " tosta, Lee. " nigricans, Melsh. ** fuscata, Melsh. Anthicidae. Stereopalpus badiipennis, Lee. Corphjra terminalis, Say. " fulvipes, Newm. " newmani, Lee. " lugubris. Say. Macratria murina, Fab. Notoxus anehora, Hentz. Anthieus obscurus, Laf. " cinctus, Say. " scabriceps, Lee. " eervinus, Laf. " melanebolieus, Laf. Pyrochroidae. Sehizotus eervicalis, Newm. Dendroides canadensis, Lat. " concolor, ISTewm. " bicolor, !N^ewm. Meloidae (Blister-beetles)' Meloe niger, Kirby. " angiisticollis, Say. " americanus, Leacb. Macrobasis nnicolor, Kirby. Epicauta pennsylvanica, De G. 346 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Rhipiphoridae. Myodites luteipennis, Lee. " zeschii, Lee. Rhinomaceridae. Rhinomacer elongatus, Lee. Rhynchitidae. Eugnamptus angustatus, Hbst. Rhynchites cjanellus, Lee. Attelabidae. Attelabus analis, 111. Otiorhynchidae (Scarred Snout-beetles). Hormorus undulatus, Ulil. Anametis grisea, Horn. Panscopus erinaceus, Say. Phyxelis rigidus, Say. Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Fab. " ovatus, Linn. Pandeletejus hilaris, Hbst. Cyphomimus dorsalis, Horn. Scythropus elegans, Coup. Barypitbes pellucidus, Boh. Curculionidae (Curculios, Weevils), Sitones flavescens, Marsh. Ithycerus noveboracensis, Forst. Podapion gallicola, Riley. Phytonomus punctatus, Fab. " nigrirostus, Fab. Lepyrus geminatus, Say. Listronotus sordidus, Gyll. " callosus, Lee. 347 ISTATUEAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGIOl^ Curculionidae (Curculios, Weevils) — (Continued). Listronotus appendiculatus, Boh. " latiusculus, Boh. Macrops delumbus, Gyll. " sparsus, Say. " porcellus, Saj. " solutus, Boh. Pissodes strobi, Peck. " affinis, Rand. Hylobius pales, Hbst. Lixus nibellus. Rand. " concavus, Say. Stephanocleonus pliunbeus, Lee. Dorytomus laticollis, Lee. " brevicoUis, Lee. " hirtus, Lee. Grypidius equiseti, Fab. Erycus puncticollis, Lee. Onychilis nigrirostris. Boh. Endalus limatulus, Gyll. " ovalis, Lee. Anehodemiis angustus, Lee. Lissorhoptms simplex, Say. Otidocephahis scrobicollis, Boh. Magdalis lecontei, Horn. " pandura, Say. " armicollis, Say. " pallida, Say. Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say. " nebulosus, Lee. 348 I]S"SECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Curculionidae (Curculios, Weevils) — (Continued). Anthonomus profundus, Lee. " scutellatus, Gyll. " signatus, Say. " sycophanta, Walsh. " corvulus, Lee. " pusillus, Lee. " crataegi, Walsh. Orchestes minutus, Horn. " niger, Horn. " ephippiatus, Say. Eleschus ephippiatus, Say. Proctorus armatus, Say. Thysanocnemis f raxini, Leo. Gymnetron teter, Fab. Conotrachelus juglandis, Lee. " nenuphar, Hbst. " crataegi, Walsh. " posticatus. Boh. " anaglypticus. Say. Ehyssematus lineaticollis. Say. Acamptus rigidus, Lee. Tyloderma aereum, Say. Cryptorhynchus parochus, Hbst. " bisignatus. Say. " lapathi, Linn. Copturus operculatus. Say. Acoptus suturalis, Lee. Cnemogonus epilobii, Payk. Ceutorhynchus rapae, Gyll. 349 l^TATUEAL HISTOKY, TORONTO REGION Gurculionidae (Curculios, Weevik) — (Continued). Ceutorhynchus sulcipennis, Lee. " decipiens, Lee. " cyanipennis. " septentrionis, Gyll. Rhinoneus pericarpius, Linn. " pyrrhopus, Lee. Baris transversa, Say. Madams imdulatus, Say. Stethobaris tubulatus, Say. Balaniniis nasicus, Say. " rectus, Say. Brenthidae. Eupsalis minuta, Drury. Calandridae (Bill-bugs). Sphenophorus ochreus, Lee. " costipennis, Horn. " sculptilis, Ubl. Calandra oryzae, Linn. Dryopbtborus eorticalis, Say. Cossonus platalea, Say. " corticola, Say. Rbyncbolus bninneus, Mann. Stenoscelis brevis, Bob. Scolytidae (Engraver-beetles, etc.). Gnatbotricbus materiarius, Fitcb. Pityopbtboriis minutissimus, Zimm. Pityogenes sparsiis, Lee. Xyloterus bivittatns, Kirby. " politus, Say. 350 INSECTS A]!^D THEIE ALLIES Scolytidae (Engraver-beetles, etc.) — (Continued). Xyleborus celsus, Eich. Tomicus caelatus, Eich. " calligraphus, Germ. " pini, Say. Eccoptogaster rugnlosus, Ratz. Hylesinus aculeatus, Say. Phloeosinus dentatus, Say. Dendroctonus valens, Lee. Hylurgops pinifex, Fitch. Anthribidae. AUandrus bifasciatus, Lee. Cratoparis lunatus, Fab. Brachytarsus variegatus, Say. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Superfamily PAprLiONoroEA (Butterflies). Papilionidae (Swallow-tails). Iphiclides ajax, Linn. Papilio glaiicus, Linn, var. tumus, Linn. " troilus, Linn. " thoas, Linn. " polyxenes, Fab. Laertias philenor, Linn. Pieridae (Pierids). Pontia protodice, Bd.-Lec. " napi, Linn. " rapae, Linn. Zerene eaesonia, StoU. 351 l^ATTJEAL HISTORY, T0E0:N^T0 REGIOIST Pieridae (Pierids) — (Continued). Eurymus eurytheme, Bdv. " philodice, Godart. Nymphalidae (Fritillaries, Angle-wings, etc.). Euptoieta claudia, Cram, Speyeria idalia, Dniry. Argynnis cybele. Fab. " aphrodite. Fab. " atlantis, Edw. Brenthis myrina. Cram. " bellona, Fab. Euphydryas phaeton, Drury. Charidryas nycteis, D. & H. " ismeria, B, & L. Phyciodes tharos, Drury. " batesii, Beak. " carlota. Beak. Polygonia interrogationis. Fab. " comma, Harris. " progne, Cramer. Eugonia j -album, B. & L. Euvanessa antiopa, Linn. Aglais milberti, Godart. Vanessa atalanta, Linn. " huntera. Fab. " cardui, Linn. " caryae, Hbn. Junonia coenia, Hbn. Basilarchia arthemis, Drury. " archippus, Cramer. 352 mSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Agapetidae (Satyridae) (Meadow-browns). Cercjonis alope, Fab. var. nephele, Kirby. Satyrodes cantlius, Linn. Cissia eurytris, Fab. Lymnadidae (Milkweed Butterflies, etc.). Anosia plexippus, Linn. Libytheidae (Long-beaks). Hypatus bachmani, Kirkland. Lycaenidae (Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks). Thecla acadica, Edw. " edwardsii, Saund. " calanus, Hbn. " Ontario, Edw. " liparops, B. & L. Incisalia niphon, Hbn. Erora laeta, Edw. Strymon titus, Fab. Feniseca tarqiiinius, Fab. Chrysophanus thoe, Bdv. Epidemia epixanthe, B. & L. Heodes hypophlaeas, Bdv. EusticTis seiidderi, Edw. Cyaniris ladon, Cram., vars, lucia, Kirby, marginata, Edw., violacea, Edw., and neglecta, Edw. Everes comyntas, Godt. Hesperiidae (Skippers). Ancyloxypha numitor, Fab. Atrytone hobomok, Harr. Anthomaster leonardus, Harr. 23 353 NATUEA'L HISTOEY, TOEONTO EEGION Hesperiidae (Skippers) — (Continued). Thymelicus brettus, B. & L. " otho, S. & A., var. egeremet, Scudd. " mystic, Scudd. " cernes, B. & L. Polites peckius, Kirby. " baracoa, Lucas. Eupbyes vestris, Bdv., var. metacomet, Harr. Phycanassa viator, Edw. Epargyreus tityrus, Eab. Thorybes pylades, Scudd. Pholisora catullus, Eab. Tbanaos brizo, B. & L. " icelus, Lint. " persius, Scudd. " martialis, Scudd. " juvenalis, Fab. Superf amily Sphingoidea. Sphingidae (Hawk-moths or Sphinxes), Hemaris diffinis, Bdv. " thysbe. Fab. Amphion nessus, Cram. Specodina abbotti, Swainson. Deilepbila galii, Eott. " lineata, Fab. Pholus pandorus, Hbn. " achemon, Drury. 354 \ INSECTS AIsTD THEIK ALLIES Sphingidae (Hawk-moths or Sphinxes) — (Continued). Ampelopliaga choerilus, Cram. " myron, Cram. " versicolor, Harr. Phlegethontius quinquemaculata, Haworth. Sphinx kalmiae, S. & A. " drupiferarum, S. & A. " gordius, StoU. " luscitiosa, Clemens. " chersis, Hbn. " eremitus, EDjn. Ceratomia amyntor, Geyer. " undulosa, Walk. Lapara bombycoides, Walk. Manimba modesta, Harris. Smerinthus jamaicensis, Drury. " cerysii, Kirby. Paonias excaecatus, S. & A. " myops, S. & A. Cressonia juglandis, S. & A. Superfamily Satuenoidea. Saturniidae (Saturnians). Samia cecropia, Linn. Callosamia promethea, Dru. Tropaea luna, Linn. Telea polyphemus, Cram. Automeris io, Fab. 355 l^ATUEAL HISTOEY, T0K0:N'T0 KEGION" Ceratocampidae (Royal-moths). Anisota virginiensis, Dru. " rubicunda, Fab. Superfamily Bombycoidea. Syntomidae (Syntomids). Scepsis fulvicollis, Hbn. Lycomorplia pholus, Dru. Ctenucha virginica, Cbarp. Lithosiidae (Footman-moths). Crambidia casta, Sanborn. Hypoprepia miniata, Kirby. Arctiidae (Tiger-moths). Eubaphe brevicornis, Walk. " quinaria, Grt. Haploa lecontei, Bdv. " confusa, Lyman. Estigmene acraea, Dru. Hyphantria textor, Harris. Isia isabella, S. & A. Pbragmatobia fuliginosa, Linn. Diacrisia virginica, Fab. " latipennis. Stretch. Apantesis virgo, Linn. " virguncula, Kirby. " parthenice, Kirby. " persephone, Grt. " arge, Dru. " pbyllira, Dru. " vittata, Fab. 356 INSECTS AND THEIK ALLIES Arctiidae (Tiger-moths) — (Continued) . Arctia caia, Linn. Ammalo tenera, Hbn. Euchaetias egle, Dru. Halisidota tessellaris, S. & A. " maculata, Harris. " caryae, Harris. Agaristidae (Wood-nymph Moths). Aljpia octomaculata, Fab. Noctuidae (Owlet-moths). Panthea furcilla, Pack. Demas flavicornis, Smith. Charadra deridens, Gn. Eaphia frater, Grt. Apatela amerieana, Harris. " bastulifera, S. & A. " dactjlina, Grt. " innotata, Gn. " morula, Grt. " interrupta, Gn. " clarescens, Gn. " superans, Gn. " funeralis, Grt. " fragilis, Gn. " bnimosa, Gn. " impressa, Walk. " impleta, Walk. " illita, Sm. " oblinita, S. & A. Arsilonche henrici, Grt. 357 NATTJKAL HISTORY, TOROIsTTO REGION* Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued) . Harrisimemna trisignata, Walk. Microcoelia diphteroides, On. Jaspidia lepidula, Grt. Chytonia palliatricula, Gn. Baileya ophthalmica, Gn. Catabena lineolata, Walk. Crambodes talidiformis, Gn. ■ Balsa malana, Fitch. Caradrina multif era, Walk. Oligia festivoides, Gn. Hadena modica, Gn. " mactata, Gn. " fractilinea, Grt. " passer, Gn. " apamiformis, Gn. " lateritia, Hbn. " dubitans, Walk. " impulsa, Gn. " devastatrix, Brace. " arctica, Bdv. " verbascoides, Gn. " lignicolor, Gn. Dryobota illocata, Walk. Hjppa xjlinoides, Gn. Feralia major, Sm. Momophana comstocki, Grt. Euplexia lucipera, Linn. Dipterygia seabrinscula, Linn. Actinotia ramosula, Gn. 358 IN'SECTS AXD THEIK ALLIES Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Pyroptdla pyramidoides, Gn. " trogopoginis, Linn. Heliotropha reniformis, Grt. Homohadena badistriga, Grt. Psaphidia grotei, Morr. Illiynchagrotis gilvipennis, Grt. " anchocelioides, Gn. " altemata, Grt. Adelphagrotis prasina. Fab. Platagrotis pressa, Grt. Eueretagrotis sigmoides, Gn. " perattenta, Grt. Semiophora tenebrifera, Walk. Agrotis ypsilon, Lett. " geniculata, G. & R. Peridroma occulta, Linn. " saucia, Hbn. Koctna smithii, Snellen. " normaniana, Grt. " bicamea, Gn. " c-nignim, Linn. " phyllophora, Grt. " fennica, Tausch. " plecta, Linn. " collaris, G. & R. " haruspica, Grt. " clandestina, Harr. Eeltia ducens, Walk. " jaculifera, Gn. 369 ITATUKAL HISTOEY, TORONTO REGION Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued) . Feltia herilis, Grt. " venerabilis, Walk. " volubilis, Harr. Porosagrotis vetusta, Walk. Euxoa velleripennis, Grt. " scandens, Riley. " detersa, Walk. " messoria, Harris. " mollis, Walk. " insulsa, Walk. " albipennis, Grt. " tessellata, Harr. " ochrogaster, Gn. " redimacula, Morr. Anytus privatus, Walk. TTfeus satyricus, Grt. Mamestra nimbosa, Gn. " imbrifera, Gn. " purpurissata, Grt. " meditata, Grt. " distincta, Hbn. " atlantica, Grt. " radix, Walk. " nevadae, Grt. " subjuncta, G. & R. ** grandis, Bdv. " trifolii, Lott. " rosea, Harv. " picta, Harr. 360 IN'SECTS AND THEIE ALLIES Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Mamestra assimilis, Morr. " latex, Gn. " adjimcta, Bdv. " legitima, Grt. " lilacina, Harv. " renigera, Stephens. " olivacea, Morr. " lorea, Gn. Morrisonia, confusa, Hbn. " sectilis, Gn. var. vomerina, Grt. Nephelodes minians, Gn. Heliophila unipuncta, Haw. " pseudargyria, Gn. " luteopallens, Sm. " albilinea, Hbn. " insueta, Gn. " conunoides, Gn. " phragmatidicola, Gn. Orthodes crenulata, Butler. " cynica, Gn. " vecors, Gn. Himella contrahens, Walk. Crocigrapha normani, Grt. Graphiphora alia, Gn. Tricholita signata, "Walk. Lithomoia germana, Morr. Xylina disposita, Morr. " laticinerea, Grt. " grotei, Riley. 361 IfATUKAL HISTORY, T0R0:N'T0 REGION Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Xylina ferrealis, Grt. " innominata, Sm. " bethunei, G. & R. " semiusta, Grt. " f agina, Morr. " Tiiiinioda, Lintner. " pexata, Grt. Litholomia napaea, Morr. Calocampa nupera, Lint. " curvimacula, Morr. Cucullia convexipennis, G. & R. " asteroides, Gn. " intermedia, Spejer. Sphida obliqua, Walk. Achatodes zeae, Harris. Gortyna velata, Walk. " nictitans, Bork. Papaipema cataphracta, Grt. Pyrrhia umbra, Hnfn. " experimens. Walk. XantMa flavago, Fab. Brotolomia iris, Gn. Trigonopbora pericnlosa, Gn. Eucirroedia pampina, Gn. Scoliopteryx libatrix, Linn. Cosmia discolor, Walk. , Ortbosia bicolorago, Gn. " enroa, G. & R. Parastiebtis discivaria. Walk. 362 II^SECTS Ais^D THEIR ALLIES Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued) . Scopelosoma moffatiana, Grt. " ceromatica, Grt. " tristigmata, Grt. " walkeri, Grt. " morrisoni, Grt. Glaea inulta, Grt. Homoglaea hircina, ^lorr. Heliothis anniger, Hbn. Rhodophora florida, Gn. Schinia marginata. Haw. Euthisanotia imio. Hbn. " grata, Fab. Plusiodonta compressipalpis, Gn. Calpe canadensis, Bethune. Panchrjsia purpurigera, Walk. Plusia aerea, Hbn. " aeroides, Grt. " baUuca, Geyer. Euchalcia contexta, Grt. " venusta, Walk. Autographa bimaciilata, Staph. " biloba. Staph. " precationis, Gn. " rogationis, Gn. " brassicae, Rilaj. " octoscripta, Grt. " rectangula, Kirby. " viridisignata, Grt. " epigaea, Grt. 363 N'ATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEOIsTTO EEGIOIT Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Autograplia ampla, Walk. " falcigera, Kirby. " simplex, Gn. Abrostola urentis, Gn. Ogdoconta cinereola, Gn. Marasmalus inficita, Walk. Eivnla propinqualis, Gn. iEnstrotia albidula, Gn. " synochitis, G. & E. " moscoscula, Gn. " carneola, Gn. Chamyris ceraintha, Treit. Taracbe erastriodes, Gn. Metatborasa monitifera, Gn. Euberricbia moUissima, Gn. Hyamia sexpunctata, Grt. Homopyralis discalis, Grt. Drasteria erecbtea, Cramer. Euclidia cuspidea, Hbn. Meliopotis limbolaris, Geyer. Catocala viduata, Gn. " retecta, Grt " obscura, Strecker. " insolabilis, Gn. " relicta, Walk. " cara, Gn. " amatrix, Hbn. " concumbens, Walk. " unijuga, Walk. 364 INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Catocala briseis, Edw. " parta, Gn. " ultronia, Hbn. " ilia, Cram. " neogama, S. & A. " cerogama, Gn. " antinympha, Hbn. " habilis, Grt. " crataegi, Saund. Eupartbenos nubilis, Hbn. Panapoda rufimargo, Hbn. Parallelia bistriaris, Hbn. Eemigia repanda, Fab. Zale borrida, Hbn. Pheocjma lunata, Dm. " nigricans, Betbune. " duplicata, Betbune. Ypsia undularis, Dm. Erebus odora, Linn. Tbjsania zenobia, Cram. Epizeuxis americalis, Gn. " aemula, H^Dn. " lubricalis, Geyer. Zanelognatba laevigata, Grt. " pedipilalis, Gn. " marcidilinea, Grt. Hormisa absorptalis. Walk. Pbilometra eumelusalis, Walk. Cbjtolita morbidalis, Gn. 365 XATUKAL HISTORY. TOEOXTO REGIOIs' Noctuidae (Owlet-moths) — (Continued). Eenia flaripiinctalis, Geyer. Bleptina caradrinalis, Gn. Paltliis angulalis, Hbn. Bomoloclia baltimoralis, Gn. " albilinealis, Walk. PlathTpena scabra, Fab. Hvpena li^imuli. Harris. Notodontidae. Melalopha albosigm'a, Fitch. Datana ministra, Dru. " drexelii. Hy, Edw. " integerrima. G. i: E. Hyperaesckra stragula. Grt. " georgica. H.-S. Xotodonta basitriens, Walk. " simplaria. Graef. Pbeosia dimidiata. H.-S. Lophodonta ferruginea. Pack. '' angulosa, S. 6: A. Xadata gibbosa. S. & A. Xerice bidentata. Walk. Symmerista albifrons. S. & A. Dasylophia thyatiroides. Walk. Heterocampa manteo. Dbd. umbrata, Walk, guttivitta. Walk. Scbizura ipomoeae, Dbd. '' concinna, S.