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Imprimatur hie Liber,

cm titulus.
The U^mrd Hijlory of Oxford^fhire.

RA: BArHVRSr,

Vice-Cancellar. C>-X'^i^.

April. 13. 1676.

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OXFORDSHIRE,

Being an Effay toward the J^tural BJlory

ENGLAND.

By % T. LL. D.

r V 1 "

Est A 105 «!v')-p«7n)i yiywa-M[^^ aM ^ti ttcM*

K^V-TileH. Arat.inPhxnom.

Printed at the The at er in 0 XFO R D, and are to be had there:
And in London at Mr. 5". itfi/Zf/-j, at the Star near the
Weft-end of St. Pa«/jGhurch-yard. 1677.

The price in fneets at the Prefs, nine fiiillings.
To Subfcribers, eight ihilUngs.

?

/

f

To the moft Sacred Majefty of

Charles the Second,

^y the Grace of (jiOT>,

King of ^reat "Britan, France and Ireland^
T>efenderofthe FAITH^ &c.

May it fleafe Your <i!Ma]efiy,

X liad certainly been an unpardon--
able prefumtion for fo mean aperfon
as the Author of this Effay^ to have
prefented Your Majefty with a yet
meaner difcourfe, had not the ful>
jed of it alwaies deferved the notice,
and the Enquirers into it, the favor
of Princes. Thus had Arijlotle in writing his Treatife of
Animals the afsiftance of -^/i?A:^^i^^r ^- and TUny the Pa-
tronage of Titus Vej^atian to his Natural Hiftory.

Befide, this attemtfeemsmorejuftly to belong to Your
Majefty, than any of their Hiftories to their refpedlive Pa-
trons, it being fo far from exceeding Your Majefties Do-
minions, that it contains but an Enquiry into one of the
fmalleft parts of them ^ ^'/^. Your alwaies Loial County
and Llniverfity of Oxford-, whereas their Volumes are
bounded only with the Univerfe.

Yet

The Efijllc Dedicator j.

Yet what more particularly moved me to prefent it to
Your Majefty, is not only Your favor to Learning in ge-
neral, and efpecially to this place ; but much more Your
Majelties exquifit infight into the matter it felf, infomuch
that though the former might have given me fome confi-
dence of Your Majefties acceptance, yet it feems more my
intereft to appeal to Your Judgment, and humbly to im-
plore Your Majefties decifion, Whether if England and
Whales were thus furveyed, it would not be both for the
honor, and profit of the Nation ''.

Which defign, if Your Majefty think fit to difapprove,
it will yet be fome fatisfadion to the Author, that he has
fhewed his ready (though n^ifguided} zeal to ferve his
Country : But if Your Majelly {hall judge it advanta-
geous to the Kingdom, or but any way worthy Your
Majefties diverfion, there ihall none more induftrioufly
and chearfuUy proceed in it, than ^ . . .

^our MajeBies mojl Lolal

and
moH obedient

SubjeB^

Rob. Plot.

To the Reader.

T Hough this Eflay hai freWd to fo much greater a Bulk thdri
ever I expe^ed it could poffibly have done^ that I might welt
have fuperfeded any further addrefi than that ^/Dedication;
yet it being but neceffary to acquaint the Reader with fome matters^
that are general^ and will ferve for all other Counties ai well 05 thi^^
Ithoughtgood to put them down briefly 06 followeth. . 'Jw ^nol

AndfirH^ that though I dare not pretend the Map of Oxfords
^nxQprefixt to this Effay, Isfo accurate as any I /ball maks hereafter >i
yet I dare promife the Reader it far exceeds any we had before ; fot
befide that it contains ^////;eMercat Towns, and many V2.n{\:\c^ 0-
mitted by Saxton, Speed, &c. itjhews alfo the Villages, diflinguifi:-
edby a different mark and charafter, and the Houfes of the Nobili-^
ty^wiGentry, and others of any magnitude within the County;
and all thefe with their bearings to one another, according to thi
Compafs. ■' ^'^ '>*r'A^- • -•

Andasforthed\^?incts, though I dare not ptomife them Mathe*
niatically exaSi (which bj reafon of the rifings and fallings of the
ground, interpofitions 0/ Woods, Rivers, &c. / think, fiarce pdf
fible in many places to be given at all') yet fome few of them are at true^
asa^ual dimenfuration, and mofi of them as the doSirin of Trian-
gles, and the beji information, all compared together, could direct
me to put them : So that provided they have not been moved in the
Graving (as I think, they have but little') I take them all feated riot
far from Me truth.

As for the fcale of miles, there being three forts in Oxford.^
fliire, the greater, leffer, and middle mWes, as almo^l every where
elje ; it is contrived according to the middle fort of them ; for thefe I
conceive may be mofi properly called the true Oxford-diirc miles, which
upon a^ual dimenfuration at fever al places, I found to contain for
the mofi part 9 furlongs and a quarter, of which about 60 anfwer a
Degree : U'^here by the way its but expedient that the Reader tah
7wtice, that I intend not that there are 60 of thefe miles in a degree^,
according to the common account ; for reckoning 5280 /ee/, (or eight

b 2 fur^

To the Reader.

furlongs) to a mile, oi is ufual in England, Jio lefs than 69 will cor-
refpond to a degree ; upon which account it is and no othei\ that of
the middle Oxford-ftiire miles^ each containing 9 furlongs and a
quarter, about 60 will do it.

According to thefe miles, the degrees of North latitude are divi-
ded into minutes on each fide theMzp^ chiefly made ojf from theexaSt
Northern latitude of Oxford, colle^ed from the many years obfer-
vations of Dr. Banbridg, and at laft concluded to befeated in the
46 minute of the 5 1 degree, proxime ; /^e 52"^* degre-e beginning
at the fmall linepajftng through Mixbury, Clifton, north o/Dedding-
ton, the two Barfords, South Nuneton, and between Hoke Nor-
ton and the Lodge; By which divifion 'tis eafie to know to a minute
of a degree^ nayalmof. to a fecond, in what latitude every Town,
Parifli, Village, and Gendtrmns Houfe is feated.

Befide^ for the Houfeso/ the Nobility tf/zi Gentry, this Map is
fo contrived^ that a Foreigner a6 well as EngliCh-man, at what di-
flance foever^ may with eafefind out who are the Owners of moft of
therh ; /(? 06 to be able to fay that this isfuch or fuch a Gentlemans
Boufe : And all this done by Figures put to every fuch Houfe, tp/j/c^
referring again to F'lgmes of the fame value^ placed in order over the
Arms i«/^e Limb of thelizp^ fiew in the bottom of each Shield the
Nobleman or Gentlemans name, whofe houfe it is ; their reffeSiive
Coats of x^rms being always placed between the Figure and'H^mt '
which too (all but fome few') are cut in their metals, furs, or colours,
as born by their Owners.

And not only the Shields, but Ordnaries, Charges, Differences,
&c. where they are not too fmall: if Argent, being left white ;
if Or, filled with fmall points-^ if Gules, /i«e^/e^ perpendicular-
ly, or in pale ; if Azure, horizontally, or fefs-ways ; if Verrf
obliquely or bend-ways ; i/Sable, both pale and fefs-ways, m
may bejeenin Me Map, which are all the coXoms made ufe of there.
And if ever hereafter I JJjall meet with any bearing Purpure, Ten. or
Sanguine ; the fir ji flail he reprefentedwith Lines in bend finifter ;
Ten, Tri//6 lines falter, ways, mixt 0/ Vert i7«^ Purpure ; ^/z^ San-
guine, paly bendy, mixt of Gules and Purpure.

According /o//?i5 method, not only the Arms of the Univerfity,
all the Colleges^ and Towns incorporate in the County (which I
have placed in the upper margin of the M^^p) but on the fides and bot-
tom

To the Reader.

iom^ thofeof the Nobility and Gentry^ are indu^rioufly ranged in
Alphabetical order ^ to avoid the dificulties that wight ctherrvij} have
rijen about p/ecedency : rvhich^ hefide the ufe above mentioned of
difcovering the Owners of the Houfes^ and that they are an orna-
ment to the Map, / hofe may alfo have thefe other good effedts.
I . That the Gentry hereby will be fomwhat influenced to keep their
Seats, together with their Aims, leaf! their ?o?cenzy hereafter , not
without reflexions , fee what their Anceftors have parted with.
Andfecondly^ Vagabonds deterr' d from making counterfeit Paffes^
hyputing falfe mmes and Sc'As to them, both which may be difcover-
edbyfuch Maps d!4 thefe.

To thefe add the ancient houfes p/ Kings, the principal Seats of
ancient Baronies, ancient Ways, Fortifications, and the fites of
Religious houfes, all difiinguiflyd as defcribed by their refpeSiive
marks in the T^hle for that purpofe. All which put together^ mak^
the(um of the Map,<26 lintendtheyfiaUin all others hereafter^ fo that
thofe Memento's need no more be repeated^ fince they are defigned to
be apply ed to all following Maps a^ well 06 this.

Tet this Map, though it contains near five times as much as any
other of the County before, partly by reafon of its being the firft /
ever made, and partly hecaufe, either of the pure ignorance or ^ih-
fence of fome, and over cunons pievifhnefs that I met with amongfi
others, is not fo perfe^^ / confefs, 06 I wiffj it were ; there being
upon thefe accounts, fome few Arms omitted, and others out of place
at the foot of the Map, and perhaps here and there a Village over-
looked: wherefore I have entertained fome thoughts of cutting it a-
gain, andperhaps fomwhat larger, to be hung up in Frames (with-
out alteration of this fir the Book) with all the defefts above-
mentioned fuppljed; provided fuch Gentry as find their Arms o-
mitted, or any Villages near them containing ten houfes (under which
number I feldom think, them worth notice^ pleafe to bring in their
Arms in colours, with the particular bearings and diftances of
their Uoui^es and Villages, from the mofi noted place near them, to
the Porter or one of the Keepers of the Bodleyan Library, who
will be ready to receive them, or any other Curio fity of kit or Na-
ture, in order to the compiling an Appendix to this Work, to be
Printed apart.

Which 16 all concerning the yi^^, hut that the Reader alfo note,

that

To the Reader.

that the Right Honorable the Earl of BerkQiire, Lord Lovelace,
&c. are defignedlj left out, in regard that though tkej have Eftatea
and Seats in this County, yet their chiefeji, and places of mofl covi-
won refidence being elfervhere, I have chofen rather to omit them here^
and to place them in thofe that feem their more defirable Counties.

Concerning the Hiftory it felf lean advife little more^ but that I
undertock.it at firti for my oven pleafure, the fuhje5i of it being fo
pleafant, and of fo great variety, that it furprifed me to think, hovp
many Learned Ages hadpaji (careful and laborious enough in compi-
ling the Civil and Geographical Hi/lories of England) vpithout fo
much 06 ever attemting that o/Nature or Arts .* it feeining to he a de-
fign (had the Llndertdkev been fuitable) more highly deferving of the
publicktoo, than either of the former, attending not only lo the ad-
vancement of a fort of hfixxmng fo 7nuch negle^led in Enghnd, but
of Trade di//o, which I hope in fome meafure ii made to appear in the
follovping Treatife,

Which though fufficient to jufiifie my choice of this fubjeft, yet I
ventured not upon it without the joint approbation of the mofi knowing
in thefe matters ^fuch m the Honorable Robert Boyle Efq; Dr. Willis,
Dr. Wallis, Dr. Bathurft, &c- whoje celebrated names ferving to
remove the groundlefs fufpitions many had of the attemt, I proceeded
to give this Specimen of it \ Wherein //)e Reader ^5 only deftred to
take notice, that moji of the Curiofities, whether of An, Nature,
or Anuqu'ities engraven in the Cuzs, are fo certain truths, that as
many 06 were portable, or could be procured, are in the hands of the
Author. Butforfuch things m are infep arable from their places, they
remain to befeen 06 in the Hi§lory dire6fed, there being nothing here
mentioned, but what either the Author hoi feen himfelf or ha6 recei-
ved unquejiionable teftimony/or it, which for the mojl part, if not
ahaies, the Reader will^nd cited.

/«//?^Philofophical/tfr/, / have chiefy embraced the Principles
of Dr. Willis, as the mofi univerfally known and received, and there-'
foremof likely (in this inquifitive Age) to be the truefl ; which if I
have any where mif applied (a6 'tis manifold odds fome where or other
I may^yet I doubt not but the Learned and fober Reader will can-
didly accept of thehoneiky of my endeavor in e'xcufe of my Error.
But as for the hot-headed half-witted Ccni^urer, who perhaps only looks
on the Title of a C\up:cT,orhere and there a Paragraph that makes for

his

To the Reader.

y^i turn^ I jnufi and do txpeU the lafh of hk tongue^ it being indeed
hi6 bufinefs to find out the lapfes, and decry all attemcs, wherein (for-
footh) he himfelf hca not been confulted : But I would have fuch to
know (that if I meet with but proportionable encouragement from the
former) 'tis not all they can fay or do, /ball difcourage me from my
pnrpofe; for if I have erred in any things I Jball gladly receive the
calm reproofs of my Friends, and flill goon till I do under Jiand my
bufinefs aright^ in the mean time contemning the verdi£l of the igno-
rant and faftidious that throw words in haft.

THE

SHI The Getty

fotdout/map
not digitized

; CO

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

O F

Oxford -fliire.

CHAP. L

[ Of the Heay ens and Air 6

OXF 0 RD ^ being not undefervedly by Mr. Camhden
ftiled, Ourmo§l noble Athens^ The Mufes featy and. One
of Englands Pillars ; nay, TheSun^ The Eye^ &c. It
would have occafion'd as ftrange a remark, as any to be men=
tion'd in this whole Effay , had there not fome eminent Celeftial
Obfervations been made in this C ounty ; efpecially fince that ftu-
pendous Mathematical Inftrument, now called the Telefcope^^Qtms
to have been known here above 300 years ago. But thefe being
chiefly matters of Art, relating either to the difcovery of the
magnitude, figure, or determination of the motions of the Hea-*
venly Bodies, muft be referr'd (as moft proper) to the end of
this Work ; it being my purpofe in this Eijlory of Nature^ to ob-
ferve the moft natural method that may be.

2. And therefore I (liall confider, firft, Natural Things, fuch
as either the hath retained the fame from the beginning, or freely
produces in her ordinary courfe ; as Animals^ Plants^ and the
univerfal furniture of the World, Secondly, her extravagancies and
defeSisy occafioned either by the exuberancy of matter, or obfti-
nacy of impediments, as in Monjlers. And then laftly, as fhe is
reftrained, forced, fafliioned, or determined, by Artificial Ope-
rations. All which, without abfurdity, may fall und^r the gene"
ral notation of a Natural Hijiory^ things of Art (as the Lord
Bacon a well obferveth) not diflfering from thofe of Nature iri
form and ejfcnce^ but in the efficient only ; Man having no power

A over

1 77;e i!\(jitural Hijlory

over Nature, but in her matter and motion, i. e, to put together,
feparate,orfa{liion natural Bodies, and fomtimes to alter their
ordinary courfe.

3. Yet neither fhall I fo ftriftly tie my felf up to this method,
but that I fliall handle the two firft, viz^. The feveral Species of
natural things, and the errors of Nature in thofe refpeftive i'^e-
cies^ together ; and the things Artificial in the end apart : Method
equally begetting iterations and prolixity, where it is obferved
too much, as where not at all. And thefe I intend to deliver as
fuccinftly as may be, in a plain, eafie, unartincial Stile, ftudiouf-
ly avoiding all ornaments of Language, it being my purpofe to
treat of Things, and therefore would have the Reader expeft
nothing lefs then Words : Yet neither (liall my Difcourfe be fo
jejune, as wholly to confift of bare Narrations, for where the
fubjeft has not at all, or but impcrfeftly been handled, I fliall beg
leave either to enlarge, or give my opinion.

4. Since then the Celeftial Bodies are fo remote, that little can
be known of them without the help of Art, and that all fuch
matters (according to my propofed method) muft be referred to
the end of this Book : I have nothing of that kind to prefent
the Reader with, that's local, and feparate from Art, but the ap-
pearance of two Parhelia or mock-Suns, one on each fide of the
true one, TxEnfiam onthe 29^*" of iW<y, early in the morning,
in the year 1673. With them alfo appeared a great circle of
light concentrical to the true Sun, and pafling through the disks
of the fpurious ones, as in Tab. i. Fig.i. which though I h\v
not the Phdenomencn^ is as truly drawn (for fo it was confeft by
fome that did) as I could poflibly have done it if perfonally pre-
fent ; and yet fo incurious was the amazed multitude, that they
could not fo much as give me ground to guefs at the diameter of
the circle, much lefs whether it were interrupted in fome of its
parts, or interfered (as they ufually are) with any other circles
of a fainter colour.

5. Whether thefe appearances are caufed by reflexion or re-
fradion in the Clouds, according to the old Philofophy ; or by
both, in a great annulary cake of ke and Snow, as Des Cartes ^ or
by femi opaque Cylinders^ as M. Hugens de ZuUchem^ will be too
too tedious here to difputc. Let it therefore at prefent fufiSce,
that this FlMtiomenon is worthy our notice, in regard,

I. That

Of OXFOTi^Tf^SHniE, ' 3

1 . That no circle pafles through the true Suns disk, nor the
fpurious ones found in the interfeftion of two /r/Vej',as
in thofe that appeared at Rome^ March 20. 1629. t and
m France^ April ^. Anno 1666.^

2. That whereas generally fuch mock-Suns appear not fo
bright, nor are fo well defined as the true one is ; thefe
according to the agreement of all, appeared of fo even
and ftrong a light,that 'twas hard to diftinguidi the true
from the falfe, and perhaps might not be inferior to the
Parhelia mentioned by Cardan \ or that lately were feen
in Hungary. !

6. When they appeat thus bright and illuftrious, Aftrologers
heretofore always prefaged a Triumvirate : thus the Triumvirate
of Antoniu^ , Augvjlm^ and Lefidii^^ with all the evils that at-
tended it, was referred to the Parhelia feen a little before ; and
herein Cardan is fo pofitive, that he fears not to aifcrc. That after
fuch an appearance, wefeldom (if ever) fail of one, and there-
fore refers the Parhelia feen by himfelf to the Triumvirate of
He/zry thefecondKing of France, Charles x\\t fifth, znd Soljman
the Turkiili Emperor. And truly, were not thefe to be more
than fufpefted of vanity, it were eafie to adapt a Triumvirate to
ours : But my Religion, and that God that hath exhorted us, not
to be difmayed at thefigns of Heaven^ and folemnly profeffes, that
'tis even He//; J/ fruftrates the tokens of the Lyars^ and makes the
Diviners mad ^^ has taught me to forbear. I fhall therefore add
no more concerning thefe things, but that though moft common-
ly the Parhelia with the true Sun, appear but three in number,
yet that fomtimesmore have been feen ; as four ^in France^ Anno
1666. ^we^ zt Rome, Anno 162c). ^ve' in England^ Anno 12^^,
and fix ^ Anno 1525. by Sigifmund the firfi:, King of Poland-^
which are the moft that we read were ever feen at a time, though
Des Cartes endeavors to (liew 'tis poflible there may be feven.

7. And indeed this had been all I thought I (liould have men-
tioned concerning the Heavens, but that even now while I am
waiting this, at Oxon: on the 23** of November, Anno i^tjS' about
7 at night, behold the Moon fet her Bow in the clouds, of a white

fc Ves Cartes Meteor cap. lO- <^ G-ijJend.inEp. adRenerium. c ?hilof.Tra7if.7ium.\\. <i He rerwn Va-
rietate lib.\A^.c.-}0. <^ Vhilof.Tranj'.ntimh.^--. f Ifa. ^. v. 2i\.,2^. i Fhilof. Tranf.numd.i-^. ^ Des
Cartes, Meteor, cap. io- ' Matl/j>eijParis,ij Henr.III. ^ Des Cartet Meteor, cap.io- <^Fro7>iond,Mi-
ieor. Lib. 6. Art, 2.

A 2 colour.

I

4. The j^tural Htjlory

colour, entire and well determined, which continued fcfor a-
bouthalf an hour after I fir ft fa w it. The reafon whyfuch ap-
pear not of divers colours, as Rain-bows do that are made by
the Sun, has been alwaies afcribed by Philofophers, to the weak-
nefs of the Moons raies, not entring fo deeply into the opacity
of the clouds. But if we may give credit to ^ Dan: SennertU6^
it has once to his knowledge happened otherwife, viz^ in the
year 1 593, when after a great ftorm of Thunder and Lightning,
he beheld an Iris Lunaris adorned with all the colours of the
Rain-bow. As for ours, though I could not perceive in any
part of it, that it had the leaft (liade of any colour but white ;
however, I thought it not unworthy our notice, not only for
the infrequency of the thing(they never happening but at or near
the Moons full, and then but fo very feldom too, that "" Ariftotk
profelTes, that he faw but two in above fifty years ; and I know
feveral learned and obferving Men, that never faw fuch an Iris
in their lives) but alfo becaufe of the great clemency of the wea-
ther, that follovi'-ed upon it at that time of the year ; there fal-
ling not one drop of rain, nor any wind ftirring for fiixtecn days
after, but fo great a ferenity, that the waies were as clean and
paflfable then, as we could wifh or ever enjoyed them at Mid-
fummcr.

8. From the Firmament (waving all confiderations of the
pure /Ether^ of which we know fo little, that I (hall fay nothing)
I naturally defcend to the loweft Heaven, I mean that fubtile Bo-
dy that immediatly incompafl'es the Earth, and is filled with all
manner of exhalations, and from thence commonly known by
the name of the Atrrtofphere. Whether befidcthefe exhalations,
there be any peculiar fimple body, called Air, Heave to the more
fubtile Philofophers, and confider it here only, as 'tis the fub-
jedc of ftorms, of thunder and wind, of Ech's, and as it has
relation to ficknefs and health.

9. As to Tempefls that have happened in this County,though
perhaps there have been fome heretofore attended with as deplo-
rable efl^'eds as any where elfe • yet becaufe they are no where
tranfmitted to pofterity, I fliall only mention two within our
memory, viz^. The ftorm of wind that happen'd one night in
February^ Anno i €61 , which though general (at leaft all over

England)

Of OXFO%V^SHI\E. f

England^ytX. was remarkable at Oy.on: in thefe two refpeds. i .That
though it forced the ftones inwards into the cavity of All-hallows
Spire, yet it over-threw it not. And 2'^' That in the morning,
when there was fome abatement of its fury, it was yet fo vio-
lent, that it laved water out of the River Cherwell^ and caft k
quite over the Bridge at Magdalen College, above the furface of
the River near 20 foot high ; which paflage, with advantage of
holding by the College walls, I had then the curiofity to go fee
my felf, which otherwife, perhaps, IHiouldhave as hardly cre-
dited as fome other perfons now may do. But thofe that have
failed to the Indies can inform them what force Hurricane'' s Jlnd
Turbo's have, with what violence and impetuofity they take up
whole Seas of water, and furioully mount them into the air".
Now that fuch as thefe may alfo happen at Land (though per-*
haps for the mod part of lefs llrength) I think we have little rea*
fon to doubt,fince our own Chronicles inform us, that in Q^Ma-
ties time, within a mile of Nottingham^ all the houfes of two
little Paridies, with their Churches, were wholly born down by
fuchaTempcft ; and the water, with the mud from the bottom
of the River Trent^ that ran between them, carryed a quarter of"
a mile and caft againft Trees, with the violence whereof they
were torn up by the roots.

10. Of much fuch another Land Hurricane^ Beltarmin gives us
a relation fo incredible, that he himfelf premifeth. Quod nifi vi-
diffemnon crederem. Vidi (faies he) avehementiffimo vcnto efoffam
ingentemterrdi molem^ eamque delatamfuper pagumquendam^ ut fovea
altiffima conjficeretur unde eruta fuerat^ isf pagus totus coopertus (3/'
quafifcpultus manferit^ ad quern terra ilia divenerat **. Which be-
ing fufficient (I fuppofe) to evince the poffibility of my ftory, I
proceed to

1 1 . The fecond tempeft of Thunder and Lightning, on the
10^'' of May^ 1666. which though terrible enough to all parts
adjacent to Oxford^ yet was mifchievous only at Medley^ a well
known Houfe, about a mile or fomwhat more diftant from it ;
two Scholars o^Wadham College, alone in a boat, and new thruft
off (hore to come homewards, being ftruck off the head of the
boat into the water, the one of them ftark dead, and the other

n It -was ohfervedhy av able Sca-jyian of Briftol, that this 'wbtdiaas the fag-etid c^ a Hurricane, nuhkb
began in Nf-j- England ntout three hours b?f re H came hither ; the Sea-men objerv'athat it went dirtii/j ta-
■word!; England. » Be!/armin.deaJce»f.meftt.i»DeHm,Grad.i-cap-^,

ftuck

6 The!^(atHral Hiftory

ftuck fcift in the mud like a poft, with his feet downward, and
for the prefent fo difturbed in his fenfes, that he neither knew
how he came out of the boat, nor could remember cither Thun-
der or Lightning that did effeft it. Others, in another boat a-
bout ten or twenty yards diftance from the former, feltadifturb-
anceand (liaking in their boat, and one of them had his chair
ftruck from under him, without hurt. But of this no more, a
full relation of the accident being already given by the Reverend
and Learned T)^JohnWaUis Savilian ProfeiTor of Geometry in
the Univerfity of 6^x/br(^, and publiCli'd in our Englidi Philofo-
phical iranfaftionsP.

12. What hapned before or afcer thofeTempefts, T Was not
fo curious in thofe days to obferve,but it might indeed be wiflf d,
as the learned and obferving D"" ^^j/tadvifes"^, thatfome old Al-
manacks were written inflead of new ; that inftead of the con-
jedures of the weather to come, fome ingenious and fit Perfons
would give a faithful account from divers parts of the world, not
only of the Storms, with the antecedents and confequents of
them, but of the whole weather of the years paft, on every day
of the month ; as it was induftrioufly begun above 300 years
ago, by William Merle Fellow of Merton College, who obferved
the weather at Oxford for every day of the month for 7 years
together; viZ; f^om January Anno Dom. 1'2,'^j^ to January Anno
Doj/2. 1344. the MS copy of which Obfervations yet remain in
the Bodleyan Library*" ; For from hence in time we might exa-
mine upon fome grounds, as the learned D"" Bcale well remarks,
howfarthe pofitions of Planets, or other fymptoms or conco-
mitants, are indicative of weathers, and probably be forewarn'd
of Dearths,Famines, Epidemical Difeafcs^^f^-c. and by their caufes
be inftrufted for remedies, or prevention. Certainly from fuch
Calendars we might learn more in few years, then by Obferva-
tions at random all the days of our lives ; and if they might be
had from foreign and remote parts '', we fliould then be in fome
hopes of true Inveftigations of heats and colds, and of the
breadth and bounds of coafting Rains and Winds.

1 3. Next the Tragedies (it being as agreeable to my Method,
as feafonable to the Difcourfe) it will not be amifs to prefent the

p Phi/ofifk.Tran/^a. Numi. 13. <) Thilofoph. Travfaa.Ktm 90. f JUS. Digif, fiJ- ijC- * Sue/: ob-
fervations of th -ueathcr every day of the mtm'.b thro-tgk tke">vkole year 167 1. -Jjeremade tj Erafmus Bar-
tholincj tf^'^/^nT/T;/?/?:/ inter Ad^MedicaTho. Bartholini Obf. 13c.

Reader

OfOXFo%P-SHl%E. 7

Reader with fome of the fports of Nature, and entertain him a-
while with the Nymph Echo ; a Miftrefs (lie is indeed that is ea-
fily Ipoke with, yet known to ^tw : if therefore I take pains to
acquaint him with her, I hope I (hall not perform a thanklefs of-
fice, ^ifitjj

14. Firft therefore, th'AtPhilechus may not be out in his choice^
whenever he attempts to court her in Oxford-fiire, he muft know
that of thefe there are feveral forts, and may be(t, I fuppofe, be
diftinguifli'd by their Objefts, which are,.

Single J fuch as return the voice but once ; and thefe again *

'Poljfyllahical ^ fuch as return many fyllables^
words, or a whole fentence. .'

either ■< are either^ 7ow/W, fuch as return the voice but once, nof

that neither, except adorned with fome per
culiar Muiical note.

^ManifoU^ and thefe return fyllables and words, the fame
oftentimes repeated, and may therefore be ftiled Tau-
iological Echo's^ which are caufed

either byi_^ ,, >Reflexion»
-^ (Double)

15. As for Poljjyllahical articulate Echoes, the ftrongeft and
beft I have met with here, is in the Park at Woodjiock^^ which in
the day time, little wind being (tirring, returns very diftinftly
feventeen fyllables, and in the night twenty : I made experiment
of it with thefe words,

— Qu<£ nee retlcere loquentiy
Nee prior ij>fa loqui didicit refonabilis Echo.

In the day it would return only the laft verfe, but in the night a-
bout twelve by the clock, I could alfo hear the laft word of the
f oimtt Hemiftick \_loquenti.'] The objeft of which £c/^o, or the
Centrum phonocampicum^ I take to be the hill with the trees on the
fummit of it, about half a mile diftant from J^(/oi>7oc^ town, iti
the way thence to the Right Honorable the Earl of Rochejier's
Lodge : And the true place of the Speaker, or Cent rum phonicum^

the

The S^tural Hijlory

the oppofite Hill juft without the gate at the Towns end, about
thirty paces direftly below the corner of a wall inclofing fome
hay-ricks, near Chancers houfe: fome advantage I guefs it re-
ceives from the rivulet that runs as it were in adireft line between
the two centers, and from the pond at the foot of the objeft
hill ; as alfo from two other hills that run obliquely up to it ;
Which may better be apprehended by theprofpeftof the place,
as in 7'^^. I. Fig. 2«

16. That this £c/;o makes return of fo many fyllables, and of
a different number in the day and night, being indifputable and
matter of faft 5 1 proceed In the next place to the reafons of thefe
certainties, which poflibly to every body may not be fo plain.
Firft then, the caufes why fome Echo's return more, and fome
fewer fyllables, I take to lye in the different diftances of the
objefts (returning the voices) from the places of the fpeakers :
for by experience 'tis found, that if the fpeaker be too near the
objeft, the return is madefo quick upon him, that t\ieEcho is as
it were drowned in the voice : but if he remove farther from it,
then it begins to be clear and diftinft ; and if it be a polyjylla^
Heal one, it firft repeats one fyllable, then two, three, four,
five, or more, according as the fpeaker removes farther off' it,
which 1 take to be the only true way of meafuring the proporti-
ons of the fpaces of the ground, reqiiifite for the return of one
or more fyllables. That this is true, I ftiall ufe no arguments to
perfwade, becaufe the experiment is fubjeft to every manstryal ;
andif fo, it muft neceifarily be admitted, that the reafon why
this Echo returns fo much, is becaufe ofthe great diftance of the
objeft from the fpeaker.

17. What diftance i? equired to the return of each fyllable,
is beft indeed determined by fuch a procedure, where the objeft
is fore-known, and the condition of the place will admit of the
cxpcrinient: but both thefe being wanting here (£c^o's them-
felves being generally firft known, and not the objefts) I was
forced to make ufe of a new analytical method, and find out the
objeft by the number of fyllables already returned, which being
feventeen in the day time, and twenty by night ; and having be-'
fore found by frequent experience, that according to Blancanu^ ^'
no one fyllable will be returned clearly, under the diftance of 24

• BlaitcaniEchometrialhearem^.

Geome-

OfOXFolip-SHr^E. p

Geometrical paces, or 120 feet, I guefs'd that the objeft could
not be removed lefs than 400 of the former, and 2000 of the
latter. For the better underftanding of which Analyfis^ and for
the Readers more fecure finding of the true diftance of the
fpeaker in any other place, it may be convenient that he take no-
tice, that all Echo's have fome one place whither they are return-
ed ftronger, and more diftindt than any other, and is always the
place that lies at right angles with the objeS:, and is not too near,
or too far off: for if a man ftand at oblique angles with it, the
voice is better returned to fome other perfon at another place,^
thaa to the fpeaker ; andfo if he ftand too near, or far off, al-
though he do ftand at right angles with it, which is plain by the
diagram^Tab, i,Fig. '2,i where

a. is the true place of the fpeaker.
, a b. the vocal line fall'mg at right angles on the ohjeSf.
cd. places on each hand the trueplace^ and oblique to the objeSf.
e f. places above and below the obje^, whence alfo the voice

komes obliquely to it.
g h. places whence ('tis true") the voice goes in right angles tb
theobje6i^ but gist 00 far off ^ andh too near.

Now the fpeaker ftanding in tf, and his voice going in the ftraight
line a b^ and ftriking upon the objeft fo as to make right angles
tvith it, muft needs return to the fpeaker again in the fame line,
and no farther, becaufe he 15 fuppos'd to ftand at the two ex-
treams of the whole mix'd line of aftion : but if he ftand too
near at h, then the Echo repeats more fyllablcs, and diftinfter at
g than either at h or <7, becaiife^ is now the extream of the line
of action ; for by how much the nearer the fpeaker is to the ob-
jeft, by fo much the more forcible he ftrikes it, which caufes the
rebound to be fo much beyond him : and thus if he ftand as much
too far oflp, as at^, then the Echo repeats more fyllables and di-
ftinSer at h, then either at a org, becaufe the diftance being too
great from g to 3, and the reficxion weak, the Echo muft needs
terminate fo much the fliorterat^; allthefe being fuppofed to
take up the whole line of the voices direft and reflex aft ion. A-
gain, if the fpeaker ftand in c obliquely to theobjeft, the Echo is
better heard at ^y, than either at a or c ; andfo if he ftand at ^,
it is better heard ate then any other place : thus if he ftand at e

U above

I o The !A(jtural Hi/lory

above die objcft, the Echo is beft heard in the valley f, (er vice
verfa. All which, may be well enough made out by throwing a
ballagainft a wall, to which, if it be thrown in an oblique line,
it returns not to the thrower but to another place ; and though
the projicient do fo throw it, that it ftrikes at right angles with
the wall, yet (like as in the voice) if heftand too far off, it will
fall as much too (liort in the rebound, as it will exceed if he
(land too near.

1 8. According to thefe grounds I carefully examined this
Echo^ and found, upon motion backward, forward, and to each
hand, the true ce«/;w;7/>/?o«/V«;;7, or place of the fpeaker, to be
upon the hill ZitWoodftock. towns end, about thirty paces below
the corner of the wallaforefaid, direftly down toward the Kings
Maje/Iies Manor : from whence by meafure to the brow of the
hill, on which my Lord Rochejiers Lodge (lands, are 456 Geo-
metrical paces, or 2280 feet ; which upon allowance of 24 Geo-
metrical paces, or 120 feet to each fyllable, to my great fatisfa-
dtion I found to be agreeable to the return of 1 9 fyllableS, viz^
one fewer than it returns in the night, and two more than in the

day.

19. The meafure I muft confefs had been much more eafie
and natural, could I have began from the objcft, and fo removed
backward accordingly as the Echo gradually increafed in the repe-
tition of more fyllablcs ; for then I could have given the due
proportion to each, if I had found any inequality upon the in-
creafe, which I guefs there may be, becaufc the allowance of an
equality feems to fetthe objefttDO far off by a fyllable or two.
But it not being feafible in this place, I was forced to take the for-
mer courfe ; for in the valley between the two hills, being the
whole mtdium through which the voice pafTes, and the Echo re-
turns it, there is fcarce any fuch thing as an Echo to be found ;
nay, if you (land at the Manor it felf, which is not far from the
true place of the fpeaker, and fituate almoftas high, and direft
your voice toward the place of the objed, you (hall not have the
leaft return ; whence 'tis moft evident that I could not ufe that
procedure here, and therefore muft defire to be held excufed
fi-om giving the proportions of fpace, which I fuppofe, accord-
ingto Kirchcr^ maydecreafe, according as the number of fyl-

t Magia Tk<r»ecaniptica, frohl- J.

lables

Of OXFO%T>^SHI%E. n

lables increafe, till I meet with an Echo fit for the purpofe.

20. Thereafon of the diftercnce between day and night, why-
it fhould return feventeen fyllables in the one, and twenty in the
other, may lie, I fuppofe, in the various qualities, and confli-
tutionof the medium in different fcafons- the Air being miich
more quiet, and ftock'd with exhalations in the night than day^
which fomthing retarding the quick motion of the voice to the
objeft, and its return to the fpeaker fomwhat more, (by reafon
the voice muft needs be weakned in the reflexion) muft neceffari-
ly give fpace for the return of more fyllables.

21 . Amongft other tryals of this Echo^ I difcharged a Piftol^
which made a return much quicker then my voice, and (at which
I ftill wonder) with a much different found from that the Piftol
made, whence I can only conclude, that the more forcibly the
Air is ftricken, (as alfo in theprojeftion of a ball) the fooner the
refponfe is made, and that poffibly there may be fomc founds
more agreeable to every Echo^ than others. And it being my
Lord S^co;z's opinion, That there are fome letters that an £c/'£>
will hardly exprefs, and particularly the letter S, which, faies
he, being of an interior and hifling found, the Echo at Font Cha-
renton would not return " ; hereupon I tryed,as well as his Lord-
ffiip, with the word Satan, befide many others of the fame ini^
tial, but found the Echo here neither fo modeft or frighted, but
that, though the Devil has been bufie enough hereabout (as (liall
further be fhewn near the end of this Hiftory) it would readily
enough make ufe of his name.

22. Juft fuch another polyfyllalkal Echo we have at MagdalcTt
College^ in the water-walks, near the Bull-work called Dover
Peer ; it repeats a whole Hexameter verfe, but not fo ftrongly as
Woodffock: Where the true objeft of this may be, canfiot fo well
be found by meafurc, becaufe of the many Buildtngs interpofing ;
but I conjedture it may be about the publick Schools, or Netp Col-
lege *. 1 could gladly, I confefs, have affigned it fomthing fur-
ther off", becaufe I fear that diftiance falls fomwhat fhort of our
former account, but the buildings beyond lying all lower then
thofe, it muft by no riieans be admitted ; which makes me chink,
there muft be a latitude allowed in thefe matters, according to the

" Nat. Hiji. Cent. 3. Numb. 2^1. * Since, New College hath been advuntei s Storf hiihtr, A. U
1675. this Echo is loirfwhat alter d.

B 2 - dif-

different circumftances perhaps of time, as well as place ; and
that poffibly Merfennu^ might not be fo much miftaken, when he
aflignedto each fyllable but 69 feet.

23. Tonkal Echo's^ fuch as return but fome one particular Mu-
fical Note, 1 have met with feveral, and do not doubt but they
are to be met with in moft arched Buildings, though fcarce ob-
ferved or noted by any. Such a one is that in the Gate-houfe at
Brafen-nofe College^ which anfwers to no Note fo clearly, as to
Gamut. The curious and w^ell built Gate of Vniverfity College^
to nonefo well as B mi. The like Note I met with again at Mer-
ton College^ in the Vault between the old and new Quadrangles^
and in the large arched Vault of Queens College Gate : Whereas
the (lately arched Stair-cafe leading into Chrifl Church great
Hall, will return all the Notes through the Scale of Mufick. Thefe
I muft confefs are but Echo's improperly fo called, becanfe they
will exprefs nothing that's articulate, and therefore rather fall
under the notation of a Bomhm ; yet their caufe being fomwhaC
nice and fubtile, I thought not fit to pafs them by, but to take oc-
cafion from hence to advertife the Reader, that there are fome
other inanimate Bodies befide the Load-ftone^ that though they
have no fenfe, yet have a fort of perception, which I take to be
Efficiently proved from thefe Vaults, that feem to have a kind of
cleftion to embrace what is agreeable, and exclude all that is in-
grate to them: thus are the very feats in Churches and Chappels
affedled with fome peculiar Notes of the Organ \ and I have a
friend (a Violift) v^^hom I dare believe, that fays, his Thigh is
thus fenfible of a peculiar Note, as oft as he lights on it during
his playing. Some have imputed much of this in Buildings, to
the figure and accurate ftrufture of the Arch, and that where they
have different fhapes and magnitudes, there xvill be different
tunings alfo: But I do not find it agreeable to experience, there
being another Vault in the entrance into Mert6n College Chappel,
much lefs, and of a far different figure from that other before
mentioned in the fame W/e^e, which returns very near, if not
exaftly the fame Note : And fo do the Gates of Queens and Vni-
verfity Colleges^ than which in height, breadth and length, there
are ^tw more different -

24. It muft therefore rather be referred to the pores of the
ftones, which are fitted to receive fome vibrations of the Air,

rather

Of OXFO%T>^SHI%E. 15

rather than others ; juft as in two Viols tuned to zVnifin^ where
the ftrings being fcrewed to the- fame tenfion, and their pores
put into the fame figure, if you ftrike one, the correfponding
firing of the other Viol prefently anfwers it : becaufe the firft
firing being of fuch a tenfion, and having pores of fuch a form,
makes vibrations in the Air, fuitable only to the pores made by
the fame tenfion in the other firing.

25. As for Tautological Polyphonous Echo's^ fuch as return a
word or more, often repeated from divers objefts by (imple re-
ifeftion, there are none here eminent ; the beft I have met with
is at £Tre/7/zf, on the fide of a bank, inaMeddow fouth and by
wefl (about a furlong) from the Church : it returns the fame word
three times, from three feveral objefts of divers diflances, which
I guefs may be, i. Tht Manor^ 2. The Church Tind. Hoffital,
And 3"*. Colonel Martins houfe. Another there is near Oxford^ a+
bout the eafl-end of Chrift Church new walk, that repeats three or
four fyllables twice over ; and a treble one at the mofl northern
point of the Fortifications in NtwParks ; But there being many
better than thefe of the kind no doubt in other places, I fhall re-
ferve their confideration at large to a better opportunity, and on-
ly take notice here by the way , that thefe are never of many fyl-
lables ; and that always, by how many more they are of, by fo
m.any the fewer times they repeat them, becaufe fo great diflance
will be required for their objefts, that they muft quickly be re-
moved out of the reflex aftion of the voice : for fuppofe but a
fentence of ten fyllables, viz^ Gemitu mmm omne remugit^ and
allow, as before, for the return of each fy liable 120 feet, the firft
objefl: muft be 1 200 feet oft'; and the fecond, with abatement for
diftance, at leaft 2000 •; and the third, certainly out of the
voices reach, beyond all hopes of any rcfponfe. Indeed, could
we meet with one o^ Merfennu^'s Echo's, where fixty nine feet
would return us a fyllable, then fuch an Hemijiick. might be re-
founded three times, or perhaps a whole He:Kameter twice; yet
however fmall a fpace maybe found for the clear repetition of
fuch a Verfe, I cannot think it can pofTibly be, that any Echo
fiiould repeat one eight times over : for fuppofe a fmaller diftance
would futtice, then that allowed by A/fry^«««5, as but 350 yards
to a Verfe of feventeen fyllables, and allowing fome dccreafe
for the objefts diftances ; yet I do not doubt, but two or

three

i^ The ^Hiatural Htftory

three of the furtheft muft needs be .out of the voices aftion.

26. Much lefs fure can any fingle objeft perform this, and yet
Jacohu6 Boijfard'^^ in his Topography of Rome^ reports this to be
true upon his own knowledge. On the Appian way (faies he)
amongji many other vajl ruins^ which fome think, to have been the
Caftle wherein the Praetorian SoUiers lay^ there are many Sepukhers^
chtufe and folid Vyrzmids, (s-c. But the jnoH eminent is of a round
form J made of fquared white Marble^ like a Tower ^ hollow within
and open at the top^ ere^ed in memory 0/ Cecilia Metella : it /lands
in the corner of another wall^ inwhofe circuit there are carved in Mar-
ble^ near 200 Bulls heads^ whence 'tis called. Capo di Boi. At
the foot of the hill where this Tower (lands, if any man pronounce an
Heroic Verfe, a wonderful Echo there is, that returns it often entirely
and articulately : I my f elf, fays he, have heard it repeat the firft
Verfe of Virgils ^neids difiinSily eight times, and afterward often
broken and confufedly. Noplace in the World yields the like Echo ^,
isrc. And vv^hat if I add, nor that neither, lince befide the natural
impoffibility of the thing, the induftrious Kircher, after he had
ufcd all imaginable care in the queft of it, came away unfuccefs-
ful, and found no fuch matter *,

27. But though we have no confiderable Tautological Echo's,
by a fimple refledion, yet we have others of no inferior account
made by a double one, which alfo arifing from divers objeds,
though in a different manner, belong to this place. Of thefc,
though there are fcarce any that will return a 7riJlyllable,occ2.{ion'
ed, I fuppofe, by the nearnefs of the fccondary objefts, yet a clap
with the hands or ftamp of the feet, there are fome will re-
turn eight, nine, or ten times, the noifc dying, as it were, and
melting away by degrees with fuch a trembling noife, that I fom-
time thought of the Epithet [tremulous'] to difcriminate this fore
of Echo from the reft.

28. At Heddington, in the Garden of one M*" Pawling Mercer
of O^ion: there is a wall of about 40 yards long, built for the
advantage of the Fruit, with divers Niches ; to which, if you
ftand but a little obliquely, fo as to fee the Peers ftanding out be-
tween each two of them, you have the feveral objefts of fuch an
Echo, not above nine or ten foot diftant from each other, which
return a clap with the hand, or a monofyllable (the wind being

quiet

Of OXFo%VSHI%^E, IS

quiet and ftill) at leaft ninci, i£ not ten or eleven times, but fo
thick and clofe, that even a diffyllabk breeds a confufion : Where
by theway if it be objeded, that (the whole wall being but 40
yards, or 120 foot long) according to the afore-limited diftancc
for Echo's^ a monofyllabU (liould not be returned above once at
moft: It is to be noted, thatthefe Echo's made by a double re-
fieftion, begin (quite contrary to all others) at the remoteft objeft
from the corpus fojiorum^ which in as many as I have yet feen, is
a diftinft wall, falhng on that ; on which the reft of the obje&s
are, in right angles ; and this objeft it is, that firft terminates
the voice, clap, or ftamp ; and from which, by refledion, they
next ftrike the ultimate fecondary objed, then the pern I thn a te^nd
antepenultimate ; which, though nearer to the corpus finorum in
refpeft of the fituation of the objefts, yet are ftill further oft"
in refpeft of the voice, or other founds motion : whence it
comes to pafs, that the neareft objeft to the corpus fonor urn is laft
ftricken, and therefore repeats a fyllable as well as any of the
reft, becaufe indeed in that refpeft the furtheft from it.

29. After the voice or clap has ftricken thefe fecondary ob-
jects, by way of acceffion as it were to the corpus fonorum, it is
•carryed again by a fccond refledlion away from it toward the
primary objeft, and fomtimes over it, as it appears to be in this
Echo at Heddington^ where the found feems as it were fomwhat
-r^frafted, for it is heard quite out of the place, as is evident to
any one that ftands in the North-eaft corner of the Garden and
fpeaks We^wards^ who will hear the Echo rather in the Hortyard
on the other fide the wall, than in the Garden, which I take
moft certainly to be occafioned by this fecond reflexion ; for let
:any one that fufpefts the Echo to be really in the Hortyard, and
not in the Garden, go but into it, and he fliall there find no fucli
matter as an £c)^o. All which, is more fenfibly explained in
Tab, I . Eig. 4, where

a. 16 the place of the,ff>eakeror maker of any other found, .

b. the primary ohje^firji terminating the founds and rtfie^ing

it on /i)e Peers of the other wall,
cccccc, the Peers betrvetn every two Niches that receive the

found refleSiedfrom the primary objefi and make the Echo,
d d d d d d. the lines wherein the voice is carryed back, again o-

ver the primary obje^, whereby the Echo appears out of its

place. But

\^ The 5\(atural Hi/lory

But herein let it be noted, that I am not fo fanguine as to exclude
all fears that it may be otherwife, but only fuggeft what feems
moft probable at prefent,c«7;z^«iw7orez/oC(3«^z, whenever I (liallbe
better informed by another, or my own future experience.

30. At New College in the Cloyfters, there are others of this
hind, to be heard indeed on all fides, but beft on the South and
U^e/l^ becaufe on thofe there are no doors either to interrupt or
waft the found : Thefe return a ftamp or voice, feven, eight, or
nine times, which fo plainly is occafion'd by the Feers between
the windows, that on the /i^'e/2 and (horter fide (being but 38
yards long) the returns are more quick and thicker by much than
onihe South, where the primary objed being above fifty yards
removed from the corpus fonorum,<znd thefecondary ones propor-
tionably further ^ the returns are much flower and more diftinft,
in fo much that on that fide the Echo will return a di[jjllable,whtit'
as on the ^f/2 fide you can have but a monofyllalle only. If it
be objefted, that according to the rule, 3 8 yards are not enough
for the return of a monojyllabk ; I anfwer, that though it may
be likely enough that the return of the primary objed on that
fide is not heard, yet that there is none of the fecondary ones, or
Peers between the windows,but what are diftant from the fpeak-
er above 40 yards, and therefore may well return zmonojyllable.
And if again it be objefted, that the interval of an Echo muft be
liberum ^nd. patens *, and it be further demanded how it comes a-
bout that we have fuch Echo''s in Gloyfl:ers, when we can have
none in wells that are cover 'd with houfes, becaufe the interval
is clofed at both ends, as this Cloyfter is : It muft be anfwered,
that that rule holds only in narrow intervals clofed up on all fides,
and not in fuch Cloyfters that are open -and arched to the top ;
Which may alfo be the reafon why at Magdalen College^ where
the Cloyfters are covered with aflat roof, they have but an in-
confiderable Echo^ and at Corpus ChriJI/none at all ; notwithftand-
ing they have all other conditions requifite.

31. In the Cloyfter at All-fouls College^ in the iVbr//6 and If'ejl
fides, where no doors hinder, there is much fuch another, which
to the ftamp of ones foot, or clap with the hands, anfwers four
or five times, with anoifenotunlike thefliaking of a door, and
in nothing differing from the former, but that to the voice ic

BlaTicani Echimitria, Iheortmate-, 4-

makes

makes no rcfponfe "^ : and indeed, it would be matter of won-
der if it (liould, fince no one fide of that Cloyfter comes near
the diftance affigned for the return of a fylla'ule, whereas that at
Heddington ]vl?l tc^wAh it, and one fide of New College much ex*
cecds it.

32. Other Echo's there be that belong to this place, as Echo's
upon Echo's^ and fuch as m.y Lord Verulam^' ftiles backrEcho's ;
of which, becaufe I have met with none confiderable, I am con-
tent to p^^s them by, having fufficiently, as I fuppofe, by this
time tired the Readers patience with too tedious a confideration
of fo particular a fubjeft, and make hafte to treat of the Air of
Oxford-Jlire^ as it flands in reference toSicknefs or Health, But
all Air of it felf being equally pure, and only accidentally good
or bad, accordingly as more or lefs filled with wholfom or noxi-
ous vapors afcending from the Waters, or moid Earths •, I refer
its confideration to the next Chapter ^ to which it feems more in-
timately and originally to belong: it being the opinion of Hippo-
crates, and on all hands agreed, That Waters are of much more
concernment in reference to health than the Air can be, becaule
they are as it were part of our aliment, and the Air not fo ; and
may be of themfelves fundamentally bad, whereas the Air is only
fo by participation,

* There is much fuch another as ihii. In the Bali-Court at Corpus Chrifti Coll. 1 Nat. Hijf, Ce?2t. i-
N«/». 249, 250.

C CHAP.

i8 The !J^tural Hifiory

CHAP. II.
Of the W'aters,

THAT Oxford-Jhire is the beft watefd County in England^
though I dare not with too much confidence affert, yet
am induced to believe there are few better ; fmce befide
the five more confiderable Rivers of Thame^ Ifis^ Chemell^ Even-
lode^ and IFindrufi, there 'are numbred no lefs than threefcore
and ten at leaft of an inferior rank, befide fmaller Brooks not
Worthy notice : And all thefe of fo quick a ftream, and free from
ftagnation, fo clear, and yet fo well impregnated with wholfom
primogenial Steams of Salts and Sulphurs^ that few (if any)
vappid and ftinking Exhalations can afcend from them to cor-
rupt the Air. As for Handing Pools, Mariili, or Boggy grounds,
the parents (at leaft occafions) of Agues, Coughs, Catarhs, they
are feweft here of any place to be found : the Soyl for the moft
part lying dry, and water'd only with clear and rapid Fountains.
In fliort, fo altogether agreeable is this County to Cardans ^ rule ,
Solum ficcum cum aquls currentihu^ faluhritatem Aerk efficiunt, that
had he wanted an inftance for confirmation, he might have found
one here moft fuitable to his purpofe. And if plenty of whol-
fom Fifli, fpontaneous produftions of odoriferous Plants, and
the fcarcity of filthy Reptils, be cogent Arguments of the good-
nefs of Waters, Soyls, and confcquently of Air, as heretofore
they have been accounted, I know not the place can make better
pretences, as ftiall be (hewn more at large in their proper places.

2. Befide its clearnefs from peftiferous vapors, I take the
fharpnefs we find this Air to be of, to be no fmall argument of
its health and purity. AriUotle, 'tis true, thought Air mode-
rately warm, but its conftant return to a brisk coldncfs, after it
has been heated either by fire, the Sun, or warm exhalations,
gives us ftrong fufpitionsthat 'tis naturally cold: All natural
Bodies, after they have fuflered violence, returning of themfelves
to their innate condition. To which add, that the Air on the
tops of high Mountains, above the reach of the Clouds and o-
ther warm Exhalations, as 'tis found to be clear*, fo 'tis very

1 Conmmit. in Hij>i>oc. de Acre, aquis, <^ locii.

cold •

Of OXFO%'D^SHl\E. 19

cold ; whence I think it may not be illogically concluded, That
the colder the Air^ the nearer to purity , and confequentially
more healthy : Which is alfo very fuitable to the dodrine of ////?-
pocratesj who fpeaking concerning the healthy fituation of Ci-
ties, fays, That fuch which are placed to cold winds, ^ <^ti>-ni ^J to

(^AAoii lyyi^i, i^axXn^i. i.e. that though their Waters ave harfi and
cold^ yet for the mojlpart they arefweet, and the Inhabitants healthy
andbrisk-> found, and free from deflu-xions. And fo indeed in the
main I find them here, of a very chearful humor, aft'able, and
courteous in their Deportment; neither fparing, nor profufe in
their Entertainments, but of a generous temper, fuitable to the
fweet and healthful Air they live in : Whereas the Inhabitants of
femiy and boggy Countries, whofe Spirits are clogg'dwith perpetual
Exhalations, are generally of a more Jlupid, andunpleafant conver-
fation.

3. That the qualities of ?r^/cr5 and Soyls, together with the
fituations of places to the refpedive Quarters of the World,
make them more or lefs healthy,according to the great '' Hippocra-
tes, there is no doubt. But to thefe I muft beg the favor of ad-
ding, not only more fwafive but more irrefragable proof; I mean,
the great age and conftant health of perfons that have been lately,
and are now living here : Richard Clifford, not long fince of Bol-
fcot in xh\s County, died at 114 years of age : Brian Stephens^
hoxn2it Cherlbury, but Inhabitant of ^co^o:^, dyed laft year at
103. Where alfo there now lives one George Green (but born at
Enfimni) in his hundredth year : at Kidlington one M""" Hill was
born, and lived there above an hundred years : and at Oxford
there is living, befide feveral near it, a Woman (commonly called
Mother George) now in her hundredth year current. The plcafant
fituation of which City is fuch, and fo anfwerable to the great
Reputation it ever had in this refpeft, that it muft not by any
means be paft by in filence.

4. Seated it is on a fifing Ground, in the midft of a ple^fant
and fruitful Valley of a large extent, at the confluence, and ex-
tended between the two Rivefs of j{/?i and Cherwell, with which
it is encompafs'donthe EaJI, We/l, and South ; as alfo, with a
ridge of Hills at a miles (or fomwhatmore) diftance, in the form

* Hippocf. ifei »ifut) oehiTVt liimi. ^ Id. Hid.

C 2 of

20 Tfc j\(jitural Hi (lory

•of a Bow, touching more then the Eafl and Weft points with the
ends, fo that the whole lies in form of a Theater *. In the Area
ftands the City mounted onafmallhill, adorned v/ith fo many
Towers^ Spires and Pinnacles^ and the fides of the neighboring
Hills fo fprinkled with Trees and Villa's^ that no place I have yet
feen has equall'd the Profpeft '^ , Twas thefweetnefs andcom-
modioufnefs of the place, that (no quefcion) firft invited the
great andjudkiou6 King Alfred, to feleft it for The Mufes Seat ; and
the Kings of England ever fince (efpecially when at any time
forc'd from London by War^ Plague^ or other inconveniencies)
fo frequently to remove hither, not only their Rojal Courts^ but
the Houfes of Parliament^ and Courts of Judicature : Many Sjnods
and Convocations of the Clergy have been alfo for the fame reafon
held here ; of which, as they have promifcuoufly happened in
order of time, take the following Catalogue,

A Catalogue of Parliaments;, Councils, and Terms
that have been held at Oxford,

A Parliament held at Oxford, in the time of King Echelred,
anno 1002.

A Parliament at Oxford, under King Canutus, an. i o 1 8.

A Parliament at Oxford, under King Harold Harefoot, anno
1036.

A Conference at Oxford, under King William Rufus, an. 1088.

A Conference at Oxford, in the time of King Stephen.

A Council at Oxford, held againft the W^ldenks^ temp. Uen.2^
an. 1 160.

A Council at Oxford, under King Hen. 2. temp. Tho. Becket
Archiep. Cant. an. 1166.

A general Council at Oxford, at which King Hen. 2 . 7nade his Son
John King of Ireland, an. 1177*

A Parliament at Oxford, w//<?<^Parliamentum magnum, temp.
H. 2. an. 1 1 85.

A Council at Oxford, temp. Rich. i.

A Conference at Oxford, in the time of King John.

*■ Al>a7^m>iitatefitus'Be\lo{ilv\mdicium,

A

OfOXFO%V-^SHI^E. 21

A FarliamentkUatOKford^ temp. Hen. 3. an. 121 8. w^ic^
Jirft gave occafion to theBzronslFars.

A Council at Qy-ford^unJerSteph. Langton Arcb-BiJJjo^ of Czn-
terbury, an. 1222.

ACouncilat Oxford, an. 1227.

A Council at Oxford, under Stephen Arch-Bijlop o/Canterbu-
ry, and hi6 Suff^ragans^ an. 1230. 14 Hen. 3.

A Council at O'^^ord^ temp. Hen. 3. an. 1233.

A Council at Oxford, under Edmund Arch-Bifiop of Cant.

A Council held at Oxford, hjthe Bifljops^ temp. Hen. 3. an. 1241.

ATerm kept ^/Oxford, 31 Hen. 3.

A Council at Oy.ford^ temp. Hen. 3. <7w. 1 247.

A Council held by the Bijhops at Oxford, fl«. i 2 5 o.

A Parliament held at Oxford, called Parliamentum Infanum,
41 Hen. 3.

A Council at Oy^ for d^ an. 1258.

A Parliament at Oxford, an. 1261.

A parliament at Oxford, an. 1 264.

A Council at Oxford, under John Peckham Arch-Bifiop of Can«
terbiiry, an. 1271.

A Council held at Oxford, under Robert Winchilfea Arch-Bifiop
c/ Canterbury, <?/z. 1290.

A Parliament fuinmon' d at Oxford, 4 Edw. 3.

AParliamentat Oxford, 19 Novemb. an. 1382.

A Parliament at Oxford, 6 Rich. 2.

^ Term kept ^/Oxford, 1 1 Rich. 2.

ATerm kept at Oy^fotd, 16 Rich. 2.

-^ Convocation of the Clergy at Oxford, hy Tho. Arundel,
Arch-Bi/I>op of Cznterhmy, an. 1395.

A Parliament at Oy^'ioid-, iCar. i. 1625.

A Parliament fummon'd at Oxford, temp. Car. i. ^;?, 1644,
The Terms kept at Oxford, eodem temp, it being the Kings Head-
Quarters in the late Civil War.

A Parliament at Oxford, 13 Car. 2. rt«. 1^65.

TheTermkeptat Oxford, eodem temp, the Plague being then
(//London.

S. Of

%i The ^N^atural Hi [lory

5. of chefe there is an imperfeft Lift in a MSS. *" in Corpus
Ckrifti College Library Oxon. in which there are alfo mentioned
three Synods held in St. Maries Church : A Provincial Chapter of
ihtFryars Preachers, and a ro«;7ci/ held at Oxon. whofc Votes
were written by Abraham Woodhall. There is alfo a Provincial
Council at Oxford^ mention 'd in the Catalogue fet before the De-
crees of Gratian. But thefe bearing no date, and in all likely-
hood the fame with fome of the afore-mentioned ; I pafs on to
another Parliament., which though not at Oxford^ yet was held
in this County, and therefore I fuppofe not improper for this
place. However, I fliall rather venture the danger of impro-
priety and mifplacing, then omit the taking notice of fo confi-
derablea Meeting, it being the firft Parliament held in the County^
and doubtlefsin England; called it was at Shiford^ nov^ a fmall
Village in the PariHi of Bampton., and (liewing now nothing
adequate to fo great an Ajfemhly.

6. There is a MSS. in Sir Robert Cottons Library, that gives
an account of t\\\s Parliament^ which, itfaies, confifted of the
chief of all Orders of the Kingdom, and was called at Sifford
(now Shiford) in Oxford- /lAre., by King Alfred^ where the King
as Head confulted with the Clergy., Nobles., and others, about
the maners and government of the people, where he delivered
fome grave admonitions concerning the fame : The words of the
MSS. are thefe,

Sc Sippopb reccn Dancp manie, 'pele Bifcopr, ec pele Boclepeb, €plerppii&e, cc
Cnihrej- ejloche :• 'ISeppar e]ile6lppicop ^elasej-muthjiij-e, •] ec Slfpebenjlehipb,
€n?;le faeplin^jon Gn^lanb he pa]- Cyn;^, hem he gan lepen, j-po hi hepen mihcen hu hi hepe
Iiplebenpcoben.

i.e. There fate at Shi^oi'd many 1\\2ints^ many Bifiops., and many
learned Men., wife Earls., and artful Knights ; there vras Earl El-
frick very learned in the Law., and Alfred, Englands Herdf-man.,
En glands I>rtfr/i/7^ ; he rvas King of Enghnd.^ he taught them that
could hear him bow they JJjould live.

7. To which perhaps may be added, the great Council of
Kyrtlington held there not long after, in an. ^ff^ at which were
prefentKing Edward the Martyr, and S^ Dunflan Arch-Billiop of
Canterbury, and at which died Sidemannm h'liho^ o^ Credit on.
This Council by Sir Henry Spelman ^ is taken to be the fame men-
tioned by Wigornienfis held at Kyrtlinege, which he gueifes to be

< IlSS.fol.cp. 173. "" H. spelman Concil. Tom. i. An. 977-/'- 49?'

now

Of 0XF01{T>SHI1{E. 2|

now Katiage in Cambridge-fiire ; but I rather believe it was held
here, not only for the fake of the name, which remains the fariie
to this day, but becaufe of the one and only Conftitution made
there, viz^ That it fiould be lawful for the Country People to go iri
Pilgrimage to St. Mary o/Abington ; a thing in all likelyhood not
fo defirable to the People of Cambridge-fiire^ as to ours of Ox-
ford-pnre fo near the place : Befide, the great reputation that this
place was of in ancient times, feems to juftifie my plea, it enjoy-
ing as great Privileges, and perhaps being a fitter place in thofe
days for the reception of fuch an AflTembly, then 0-xford it felf ;
for I find it part of the Pofleffions of the Kings of England^ from
whom it came to Henry^Son of Edmund Crouchback Earl of Lan-
cajier, and Father to Henry^ the firft Duke of Lancafier^ by
whofe Daughter and fole Heir Blancb^ it came to John of Gaunt
Duke of Aquitane and Lancafter^ and was free, a Thelonio^pafa-
gio^ la/iagio^pacagioj ftallagio^ tallagio^ tollagio^ cariagio^is terragio^
per totum Regnum^ as I find it in an old Charter in the pofleffion
of the Right WorfhipfulSir Tbo: Chamberleyne^ now Lord of the"
Town, whofe fingular civilities in imparting this, and fome o-
ther matters hereafter to be mentioned, I cannot but in gratitude
ever acknowledge.

8. From whence (after fo long, but I hope not unplcafant di-
greflion) I return to the Beautiful <9x/or^ again, a place of fo
fweetand wholfom an Air^ that though it muft not be compared
with that of Montpellier, yet upon ftiy own knowledge it has
proved fo advantagious to fome, that it has perfeftly recovered
them of deepConfumptions ; and particularly a worthy Friend
of mine, who though he came hither fufficiently fpent, yet with-
out the help of any other Phyfick.-, within ^cw Months felt afen-
fible amendment ; and in fewer Tears became of as fangume a
complexion as the reft of his friends, that had almoft defpaired
of him.

9. Some have thought the vSw^// /'ox here more then ordina-
rily frequent, and it muft indeed be confeft. That we are per-
haps as often, though not fo feverely infefted as fome other
places ; for generally here they are fo favorable and kind, that
be the Nurfe but tolerably good, the Patient feldom mifcarries.
But admit the Objeftion be truly made. That it is more fubjeO: to
the Small Pox than other neighboring Cities about, yet if by fo

much

zd. The J^C^tural Hijlory

much the lefs it feel the rage of the Plague^ I think the edge of
the charge is fufficiently rebated. 'Tis reported amongft the ^ ob-
fervations of an ingenious Perfon that refided long in the Ifland
Jafan^ That though the Air be very falubrious there, yet the
Small Pox and Fluxes are very frequent, but the Plague not fo
much as ever heard of; which has often made me refieft on the
year 16^5, when the Peftihnce w^as fpread in a maner all over
the Kingdom, that even then, though the Court, both Houfes
of Parliament, and the Term were kept at Oxford^ the Plague
notwithftanding was not there at all.

10. Others again, tell us of the Black. Aflife held in the
Caftle here, an. iS77' when z pojfonou^ /] earn broke forth of
the Earth, and fo mortally feifed the fpiritsofthe/w^^^fi-. Sheriffs^
Jufiices, Gentry and Juries^ befide great numbers of others that
attended the bufinefs, that they fickncdupon it and alnioft all of
them dyed ; but let it not be afcribed to \\\fu?nes and exhalations
afcending from the Earth and poyfoning the Air, for fuch would
have equally afteded the Prifoners -az Judges^ but we find not that
they dyed otherwife then by the halter, which eafily perfwades
me to be of the mind of my ^Lord Verulam^ who attributes it
wholly to the fmell of the Goal^ where the Prifoners had been
long, clofe, and naflily kept.

1 1. 'Tis true, that <9x/br^ was much more unhealthy hereto-
fore then now it is, by reafon the City was then much lefs, and
the Scholars many more, who when crowded up in fo narrow a
fpace, and the then llovenly Towns-men not keeping the ftreec
clean, but killing all maner of Cattle within the walls, did ren-
der the place much more unhealthy. Hence 'tis, that we find
fo many refcripts of our Kings prohibiting madationem grojfarum
bejiiarujn infra muros^ is- quod vici inundentur a ftmls ist fimarii'S^
bearing date 13 //f«. 3, 2()Edw.i. 12 Edw.:^. 37 //(?w, 6.^ and
all alledging the reafon, quiaper has maSiationes^ isrc. aer ibidem in-
ficitur, bccaufeby the killing fuch maner of Cattle, and laying

the dung in the ftreets, the Air was infected. Moreover, about
thefc times the /^^ and Chervpell^ through the carelefnefs of the
Towns-men, being filled with mud, and the Common-flioars
by this means ftopt, did caufe the afcent of malignant vapors
whenever there happened to be a Flood ; for befide its ftirring

' « Fhilejo^h. TrtmfaEi. num. 49. f Na/. H:^. Cent. 10. 7mm- ^l\- s MSS.in Arch- Bib- Bod.fol. 90, 91.

the

OfOXF01{Ti^SHl1{E. i,

the infeftious mafs, great part of the waters could not timely
pafs away, but ftagnating in the lower Meddows, could not but
increafe the noxious putrid fleams. But the former being long
fince remedyed by the care of the Vniverfity^ and the latter by the
piety and charge o{ Richard Fox Bifliop of IVincheJltr^ and Found-
er of C . C . C . Oxon. who in the year 1 5 1 7. cleanfed the' Rivers,
and cut more Trenches for the waters free paifage '' ; the Town
hath ever fince continued in a healthful condition : though I can-
not but believe, but were there yet more Trenches cut in fome
of the Meddows, the ^ir might be fomwhat better'd ftill, efpe-
cially during the Winter feafon, when I fear fomtimes Floods
ftay a little too long, and that not only near Oxford^ but in Ot-
moor-^ and all along the Ifis from Enfidm to North-moor^ Shifford^
Ch'imly^ and Rotcot^ which brings me again to the general confide-
ration of the Waters as well of the whole County as City.

T 2. That the healthinefs o^ Waters confifts in their due iriipre-
gnation with Salts and Sulphurs^ and their continuance fo, in
their continual motion, is indifputably evinced from the ftinking
evaporations of them upon zny ftagnation. Now that the Rivers
here abound with thefe, will be altogether as manifeft as that
they run, if we confider but the Springs they receive 2irA Earths
they wafli. The^i, 'tis true, till it comes to New-bridge^ re-
ceives not (that I find) any eminently y^// ox fulphureou6 waters ;
but there it admits the nitrous Windruflj-, fo well impregnated with
thzt abilerfive falt^ that no place yields Blanketing fonotorioufly
white, as is made ztWitnej, a Mercat Town on that River, and
upon this account the moll eminent in £;7^/^»<^ for that kind of
Trade ; though I am not ignorant, that fome add another caufe
joyntly contributing with the afore-mentioned, to the excellency
of thefe Blankets ; of which more at large when I come to treat
of Arts.

13. Somwhat lower, dhotitCafiington, it receives the £z/^«-
lode, a River vv^hofe Banks, efpecially near the Fountain heads,
are very well fa tu rated with both the Minerals : witnefs the v^'a-
ters that rife a little above Sir Thomas Penny/ion's, in the Parilli of
Cornvrell^ from a fort of Earth that may well pafs for a Marie ;
and the hrinijh Bog near Churchill-m\\\^ which though upon the
furface of the o;round feems to have no communication with the

Hift. ii'Antiq. Univerf Oxon. Lii-i.pag, 245.

D ad-

2(^ The 0\(jimral Hiflory

adjoynlng Rivulet-, yet being fo near, and the Glebe all there-
about being to be prefunied of a like nature, it muft needs lick
fomeof the Mineral m itspaflage. About Kingham I was told
of a fulphureons Earth, and that fonie of the Waters there were
of fuch an odour ; but whether true or no, I am fure on the o-
ther fide the water, at a place called Bould in the Parifh of Id-
hury^ itismanifeftly fo; which being not far from the i?iz/er, at
leaft not from the Stream that runs by Fofcot^ and fo into it, in
all likely hood may impart to the vcaters hereabout no mean quan-
tity of its more volatile parts. Upon the Chervpell'wt have a fait
Spring runs immediatly into it ; and perhaps the fulphureou^ Glebe
of Deddington may fomwhere reach the Paver. The Banks of the
Thame are fo well fated with fome kind of acid^ that no well-
water in the whole Town of the name, will either brew, or lather
with foap : But none of thefe give a tinSfure fo high, that they
can be perceived by the moft exquifite palate,but only fo far forth
as may conduce to a due fermentation^ and to keep them living :
And yet without doubt from hence it is, that the Thames water at
Sea, in eight months time, acquires fo fpirituous and aftive a
quality, that upon opening fome of the Cask, and holding the
candle near the bung-hole, its fteams have taken fire like Spirit
of wine, and fomtimes endangered firing the Ship '. Hence 'tis
alfo that its ilench is no abfolutc corruption, and that after a
third or fourth fermentation., it equals the waters of the Well in
the Haven of Brundufium *, and ftinks no more ; and though the
Mariners are fomtimes forced to drink it and hold their nofes,
yet upon that account they do not fjcken ; whereas all other wa-
ters., as far as has been hitherto obferved, become irrecoverable
upon {linking, and dangerous to drink.

14. Cardan in his Comment w^on Hippocrates^^ takes the
plenty and goodnefs of the Fifh, to be a fure indication of the
wholfomnefsof rrj/^r^. And our Country-man, the ingenious
W Browne'^, fpcaking of the great fecundity of the River Tibifcu6^
admits it into confideration, whether its exceeding fertility may
not be afcribed to zhefaline TinUuresit receives from the natural
fait Mines it licks by the way : which opinions if approved, as
rationally they may be, fiiew the health of our waters and the

> Philofoph.TrarifaH.Nun:.^-]. pag.^^<. * P/hi.Nat.Hifi./ii,Z, tap. lO'^. ^ De Aerc Aqm <:^ kcis
fupcrlixt.^. * General l)e/cr;j>twfj of Hungzry, pag- 10.

reafon

Of OXFOXV^SHIXE. 27

reafon of it too : for though we muft not compare our Ifis with
Tibifcu6 or Brodrack. \ theone whereof is faid to confift of /iro
■parts of vpatci\ and one of F iJJj ; and the other fo replenifli'd with
them, that in Summer when the River is low, the People fay,
The water finells of Fijh: yet in the year 1674. it gave fo ample
teftirtiony of its great plenty, that in two days appointed for the
FlUiing of M' Major and the Bayliffs of the City, it aftbrded hc~
tw'ixt Swithins-Jfear, and Woolvercot -bridge (w^hich I guefs may be
about three miles diftant) fifteen hundred Jacks, befide other
Fidi ; which great fecundity, as it argues the goodnefs of the
Element^ fo 'tis no whether to be referr'd, as to its original caufe,
but to the various vS^dj/zi upon which depend the propagation of
all forts of Species's ' ; and as far as concerns this part of the Ani-
mal Kingdom, are plentifully to be found at the bottoms of fome
Rivers.

15. And I faid the rather at the bottoms of Rivers, not only
becaufe Bodies frorri Salts have their folidity and weight"", and
therefore may well be prefumed to refide in the loweft places : but
becaufe I find it the joynt agreement of all the Water-men hereabout
that I have yet talk'd with, that the congelation of our Rivers is
always begun at the bottom, which however furprizing it may
feem to the Reader, is neither unintelligible nor yet ridiculous :
for befide matter of fadt wherein they allconfent, vi^^. that they
frequently meet the Ice-meers (for fo they call the cakes of Ice
thus coming from the bottom) in their very rife, and fomtimes
in the undef-fide including ftones and gravel brought with them
ah imo, it feems upon confideration alfo confonant to reafon : for
that congelations come from the conflux of Salts, before difpers'd
at large, is as plain as the vulgar experiment of freezing a pot by
the fire; and that induration and weight come alfo from thence,
fufficiently appears from the great quantities of them that are al-
ways found in ftones, bones, tefiaceom^ and ail other weighty bo-
dies ". Now whatever makes things compaft ind ponderous, muft
needs be indued with the fame qualities it felf, and therefore af-
feft fuitable places ; fo that why ftanding Pools ftiould freez at
the top, might pofTibly have proved the greater difficulty of the
two, had not the Learned D"" WiUis already cleared the point, by
ftiewing us, that all ftanding waters are more or lefs in a ftate of

' Willisjde Ferment- cap -l. ^ Willis de'Ftrment. cap. 1. n U'llisdeFiT'mntcaf. 12

D 2 putre-

2S The j\(jtural Hijlory

pUirefa^ion°, with their falts znd fulphurs ready for flight, and
in that pofture catch'd by the adventitious cold, are probably
fo congealed zt the top of the water. How confonant to truth
this Theory may be, 1 leave to the Readers judgment and future
experience, and by the way would have him take notice, that as
this, fo my other opinions hereafter to be mentioned, are not
magifterially laid down, foas to juftle out better whenever they
can be brought, but fairly to have their tryal, and fo live or dye. '
But as to the matter of Faft, as I cannot but think it hard that
fo many people fliould agree in a talfity, fo methinks 'tis as diffi-
cult they (liould miftake in their judgments, fmce I was told by
one of thefobereft of that callings that he once knew a Hatchet
cafually fall over-board into the River near J^allingford^ which
was afterwards brought up , and found in one of thefe Ice-
meers.

16. And fo much for the falfs that give life to the waters, mul-
tiply theFi^, and are the caufe of congelations ; for the watry
Plants it feems have their vegetation from none of thefe, but a
higher principle, which fome will have to be a volatile Niter,
brought along with the Hiowers in their paflage through the Air.
T]mtfubaqueou<s Vhnts have a proportionable growth to thofe on
the Land after a fliower of rain, is alfo the general voice of the
Barge-men-^ and herein lam the rather inclin'd to believe them,
becaufe 'tis a matter fo much their intcreft to obferve ; our water-
men here in thefe (liallow Rivers, praying not fo much for rain to
fill them when low, as that weeds may alfo grow to help keep the
waters when they have them, which will otherwife too foon glide
away, to their no fmall detriment. Some have thought this vi-
gorous fliooting of the aqueo'is Vhnis, fo prefently fenfible af-
ter plentiful fliowers, to proceed rather from the foyls brought
with them from the hills, and impregnated with [alts fit to pro-
mote vegetation ; but the contrary is evident from the former
Paragraphs, for with fuch as thefe the Rivers are daily fated, and
yet this brisk vegetation is wanting till it rains : whence I guefs
that terrefirial 2nd fubaqueou^ Plants (that I fay not fuch as delight
in uliginous places) have their fprightful fliooting from different
principles ; and if to the former I fliould affign a more fix'd,
and to the latter a volatile fait, perchance I might not be much

" If^i/iis de Ffrment. (of. %

out

Of 0XF0%V^SH1XE' ^p

out of the vray : but it being not To much my bufinefs to find the
reafons o^ phdenomena^ as to give the Reader fuch hints as may
lead his grezter fagacity to do it ; I forbear faying more, (jr manum
de tabula^ only advertifing him, that what has been faid of the
Ifis nny be indifferently applyed to the reft of the greater Rivers^
of which neither have! any thing more to add, but an unufual
accident that happened to the CherwelU An. 1 66% which without
one drop of rain, or any other vifible caufe here, but from great
and fudden (liowers that fell in Northampon-fJjire^ fwelled to that
vaft height, that in two hours time, not only the Medows were
o're-flown, Magdalen College, cellar drowned, and their raifed
Water-walks coverM ; but the River Ifis driven back as far as Ivy-
Hinckseji, atleaft a mile from the confluence of the two Fivers.

17. But amongft the many fmalleri?i7y«/^/j, perchance it may
not be unworthy notice, (i .) That the two confiderable Rivers
of Stour 2nd Oufe^ though but fmall here and running but little way
in it, yet rife in this County ; the one at SwalcUff^ which goes in-
to the Severn Sea in the vreft ; and the other at Fritrrell^ whence
it runs into the Sea between Lincoln-fiire 2nd Norfolk'm the eaji of
England. And (2.) that the Fountain-heads of the River Rea
lye for the moftpartin a plain Country, having little more to fted
them, than juft a declivity to facilitate their paifage ; which feems
to argue, that all running waters owe not their continuance to
rain and dews, collefted as they fay, on the fpungy tops of hills,
and fent forth again fomwhere in the declivity. And fo do's a
a fmall Spring at Cleydon^ that rifes in the ftreet on the fouth fide
of the Town, which continues running all the year, but nioft
plentifully like the Scatebra of Pliny ^^ in the dryeft weather:
to which add a Well at Eweline, 2K0 fouth of the Church, whofe
Springs run loweft in the Winter feafon, and advance in the
Summer remarkably higher ; as I am credibly informed from
Lamb our n in Berhrfiire, all the Springs in that Town moft con-
ftantly do. But I decline all engagement in this great Contro-
verfie concerning the origin of Springs, till my Travels have
fupplyed me with more, and more certain evidences, as well for
the one as other part of the queftion.

1 8. That Land-fprings^ and fuch as run but once perhaps in
many years, have their rife and continuance from plentiful (how-

P Nat. Hiif- hh. 2. cap. lo^.

ers,

^o The J^tural Hi/lory

ers, 1 think we have little reafon to doubt, fince we have them
not at all, or hut very weak in any Summer, or the dryer Winters :
fuch are thofc that fore-tell (and naturally enough) the fcarcity
and dearnefs of Cornand Vidtuals ; whereof that of ^j^rt/o«, near
Henly upon Thames^ is one of the moft eminent that I know of in
England; and no queftion is the fame mentioned hy Johannes Eu-
feb. Nierembergim \ in his Book (as he calls it) of the Miracles of
Nature, In BritannU territorio C hiltrenfi funt fontes multi^isrc. by
which, I fuppofe, he mud mean the Cbiltern Country o^Oxford-
fiire^ There are^ fays he, many Springs^ which In fertile years are
alvrays dry ; but before any dcfeSi^ 06 the Harbingers of an approach-
ing dearth, thefe waters get loofe^ and oi it were breaking prifon^ they
quickly unite into a forcible fiream . And fo they did lately, in An.
1674. with that violence,that feveral Mills might have been driven
with the Current ; and had not the Town of Henly made fome
diverfion for them, their F^ir M/e muft have been drowned for
a confiderabletime. Of thefe there are many in the County of
Kent^ which I know not for what reafon they call Nailbourns
there, and ptefcribe them (fome will) a certain time for their
running, as once in feven, ten, or fifteen years. But the certain
natural principle of fuch Springs, altogether depending upon
an uncertain caufe, no heed is to be given to fuch kind of ftories,
they being equally as vain as the perfons that broach'd them.

19. Befide thefe conftant and intermitting iiiz/w/e/^, that al-
ways difcharge thcmfelves into Seas or Lakes, we have others
here of a peculiar kind that empty themfelves into neither of
them ; but as they firftrofe out of the Earth, fo prefently after
a fliort ftay on it, ingulf themfelves again, and are no more
feen. Two of thefe there are at Shot-over Foreft^ both rifmg as
I take it on the north fide of the hill ; the one not far from Hed-
dington Quarry-pits, is conftantly fed with a double Spring, yet
after it has run about two Bows flioot, is received by a rocky fub-
terraneous indraught-, and appears no more : for though fome have
thought it to come forth again at the Pool of a Mill not far from
it, yet after diligent fearch I could find no fuch matter. Ano-
ther there is not far from Foreft-hill^ and I think in the Grounds
of Sir Timothy Tyrrill^ which fomtimes in Winter runs with that
violence,and has worn its //z-^/e/ to fuch a capacity, that it can and

has received an Ox, ^ p,Miracui.N.t.i;k.2.,.^6.

20. Other

Of OXFO^VSHI'B^E. ;i

20. Other waters again are of fo flow a pace, that they feern
rather to fweat than run out of the Earth, part whereof being
fpcntin exhalation^ and the reft in fating the dry neighboring
Earth, do neither reach the Sea , are received in Lakes, nor
fwallowed up like the former, but of thenifelves are ftopt upon
the very furface. And yet I have obferved, and believe rightly
too, that thefe are the moft durable Latid fprings we have, wit-
nefs that famous one of this kind at Nettlebed^ which I know not
from what old Witch heretofore, by way of derifion, they call
Mother Hibbkmeer ; whereas if we confider how ferviceable (lie
has been, being never known to fail them in the dryeft Summer,
and that in a Country fo uncapable of Wells, that there's no fuch
thing to be found in the Parifli, flie rather merits the cfteem of
the Nymph of the place.

2 1 . In WeftphaUa they have a Spring they call their Boldcrhorn \
from a noife that it makes at the exit of the water ; whether ours
may deferve the name, I know not, but fuch a one there is in the
Parifli of Glympton^ in a wood about a tmXtfouth-neJi from the
Church, in a place where there are ftones in the form of Cockles ;
upon which account hereafter I fliall mention it again. The
Springs^ as I remember, arc in number three, and the mo^fouthern
one of thefe 'tis that has the humming noife, much like that of
an empty bottle held with the mouth againft the wind,which per-
haps may be a refemblance fo befitting our purpofe, that it may
help to explain the caufeas well as the found : for provided the
channel be large within, and the paiTage forth fomwhat narrow
like a bottle, the collifion of the water againft the lips of the
orifice^ may well make a noife in a large vault v^ithin, efpecially if
the waters be indued with a fpirit, as peradventure anon may be
proved like enough.

22. Which is all I have to fay concerning the flux of Rivulets^
but that one there is at Sommerton makes a fmall Cafcade^ or fall
of water about feven foot high ; which were it not in the high-
way, but in a Gentlemans Garden, fomeufc might be made on'C
for divers good purpofes, but as the cafe ftands I think it can
have none, except for experiments of petrifications^ for which
fure it cannot but be very excellent, fince the living blades of
grafs of not above half a years growth, within that fmall time

"■ Varenii Ceeg- hb. I. cap. i7.^o/>. i^.

arc

21 The 0^(jitural Hijlory

are all covered with ftone, and hang down the bank like fo many
Ificlcs ; and the Earth it felf over which it glides, as 'twere foli-
ated over with a cruft of ftone like the Mcfco petrofo of Fenante
hnperato ^ Which brings me to a clofer confideration of wacers,
as they are eminently endued with any peculiar qualities, of Fe-
trijication^ Sahnefs^ or Medicinal ufe ; of which in their order as
briefly as may be.

23. of Fetrifying waters^ though I doubt not but their kinds
are as various,as the eftefts they produce ; and the effeds again, as
the fubjefts they work on ; yet I am inclined to believe that they
all agree thus far, that they proceed in the main from the fame
ftock and linage, and are all more or lefs of the kindred ofSalts^
which fublimed and rarified in the bowels of the Earth into an
invifible fteam, are received by the waters as their moft agreeable
vehicle^ and brought hither to us at the riling of ij^riw^^, as in-
vifibly as the particles of filver or gold, when each is diifolved
in its proper menflruum : where meeting perchance with an am-
bient Air^ much colder and chilling than any underground, in
alllikelyhood zxe precipitated^ and thrown down on fuch fub-
jefts, as they cafually find at the place of their ex/V, which they
prefently cloath with a cruft of ftone ; or elfe (where precipita-
Hon or cohefion will not fuftice) they pafs with the vpaters through
the/(?reiof the fubje^'S, and are left behind in them juft as in a
filter.

24. The reafon of which difference may probably be, that
fome of the^e petrifying fteams or atoms, may be grofs and more
bulky than fome others are, and cannot be held up in the watry
•vehicle, without fuch a heat as they have under ground, but fall,
and by reafon of their bignefs, do not penetrate, but adhere to
their fubjefts • whereas others that are fine, more minute and fub-
tile, are eafily fupported in a volatile condition, and pafs with
the waters into the clofeft textures.

25. If any body doubt whether ftones, and i^o petrifications^
arife from. Salts, let him but confult the Chymifts, and alTf, Whe-
ther they find not all zW«r^/e<^Bodies,fuch as ftones, bones,(}iells,
and the like, moft highly fated with the faline principle ? Some
mixture of Earth and Sulphur 'tis true there is in them, which
give the o/^fz/j chat moft ftones have ; from which, according as

» Belt Hill. Natural, lii.ij. cap. 8.

they

Of 0 XFO %T>-S HI%E. 55

they are more or lels free, they hzve proportionable tranjparency^
and fom hardnefs too ; asthebeftofgems, zheDiamant^tvinces,
And if he ftiall ask what Salts are the apteft to perform this feat
of petrification^ though the difficulty of the queftion might well
excufe me, yet Tie venture thus far to give him an anfwer. That
I have frequently i^een at Whitfiable in Kenti how their Coper as or
Vitriol is made out of ftones that 'tis more then probable were
firft made out of that : to the Spirit of which Vitriol if you add
Oyl of Tartar^ they prefently turn into a fixM and fom what hard
fubftance, not much inferior or unlike to fom e incru/Iations ;
which feems to conclude, that from thefe two, all fuch Vikc con-
cretions are probably made ; and that could we but admit that
Ocean of Tartar^ which Plato^ placed in the center of the Earth/
and thought the origin of all our Springs, the bufinefs of petrifi-
cations were fufficiently clear. To which lalfo add in the be-
half of Vitriol, what's matter of faft, and prevails with me much.
That where-ever I find flrong Vitriol waters, the petrifying ones
arefeldom far off; which as far as I have obferved, 1 believe
may be reduced to thefe three kinds that prefently follow.

1. Such as purely of themfelvesare/e/ri)5'^^7 the very body

of rr^/cr bdng turned into ftone as it drops from the
rocks, which we therefore commonly call Lapides ftil-
latitios, and fliall accordingly tre£t of them in the
- Chapter of Stones, thefe not ftriftly coming under fetri-

fications^ where befide the -water zndfixeou^ odour, there
is always required a fubjed to work on of; a diftindt
/J'^ciw from either of the two ; as in ?-,^^.-n -jj

2. Such ?is petrifie by incrufiation,2.nd are only fuperficial, or

3. Suchzs petrifie per minima, ot totumper totum ', of both

which I Ihall inftantly treat, but of the hft more ac
• . large in the following chapter, - .;

. 26. Incrujlations, ^ltg petrifications mTiAthy (uc\v vpaters 2,s\ci
fall their flony particles, which becaufe either of their own big-
nefs, or clofenefs o^thtpores and texture of the Body on which
they fall, are fixt only to the fuperficial parts^ as it were, by ag^
gregation, and do not enter the folid body ; of which I have met
with feveral in Oxford-fiire, and particularly at Sommertcn, as
was above-mentioned, where the grafs, being one of the fiuvia-^

^ Anton. Galatauide fluiainumgemibM.' " ''•' ;00W n^'JC . io. 831?

^^ The O^Cjiturd Hijlory

tilia^ is covered over with a foft ftofie ; and yet fo, that broken
ofF, the grafs appeared (for any thing I could fee) as frefh and
green as any other not crufted, nothing of the blade being alter'd
or impaired, which is the neareft incruftation I ever yet faw : for
though fomc of thefe petri/ied bhdes of grafs hung down at leaft
a foot in length, yet flipping them off from about the root, I
could take the grafs by the end, and pull it clean out as it were
from a flieath of ftone, fo little of cohe/ion had the one to the
other : the reafon of which I guefs may be, that the /?orf^ of the
Plant pofleft with its own juice, and already furnifli'd with a
congenial faltf might well refufert!^z/f«/z/io«d- ones. ./

27. And yet far othcrwife is it, but juft on the other fide the
River at North- Ajfjton^ in a Field north-we^ of the Church, where
either the /'f/r/Yj'/VTg- water, or plants, are fo different from what
before 1 had found them ziSommerton^ that though there too the
work be begun by adhefwn^ yet the roots of rvfies^ g^^P-> '^^A '^'^•'
are in a while fo altogether eafeii away, that nothing remains af-
ter the penitent ion is compleated, but the figures of thofe Plants
with fome augmentation. •■>'•"-!: : h -■: ' /)fr!,vr ■: .-.t

'"28. And petrifications o^ this kind I frequently meet with,
that happen on things of much different fubftances, ^sfiells^ nuts,
leaves of trees^ and many times on their liioft ligneoH^ipzns. In
the PariCh of S^ Clements in the Suburbs of Oxford:, about a quarter
of a mile diftant, on the right hand of the' firft way that turns
eaft-ward out of Marjlori-lane^ there is a ditch, the water whijreof
incruJiatesiht^icVs that fall dut of the hedge, and fome other
matters it meets with there : but this is (0 inconfiderable, that I
flVould not have mention'd it, but that it has been taken notice of
by fo niany before, that my filence herein would have looked like
a defeft. Much better for this purpofe is the water 5f a Pump
at the Crop-Inn near Carfaoc^ m the City it felf, whicli not only
incruftates hoards fallen into it^^biikinferti it felf fo intimately in-
to the pores of the ^ood, thatby degrees rotting it away, thcrc^
is in the end the fticceffion of a perfeft ftone ; and that not with-i
Out fome-Votirfe fepref<?ntatiort of the very lineame*its of the^
wood ittdf ': Which though I •hhiilt eonfefs to be of fomwhat 'Jt\
higher kittd o{ fetrification than' ihcrujiatkn^ yet it being wholly'
performed by acceflidn of parts? ahd continual intrufioninto x\\6'
open pores of rotten wood, will not amount to the warranty of a
different ^ec/>j. 29. A

, OfOXFOXD^SHI'R^. 35

29. A curious pattern I have of this kind, in a piece of wood
given me.by M' Pomfret School -mailer of Woodfrock. (whofe care
in my enquiries I mull not forget) wherein nature has been fo
feafonably taken in her operation, that the method llic ufes is ea-
fily difcovered ; for being interrupted in the midll of her work,
one may plainly fee how the ftony atoms have intruded themfelves,
as well at the center zsfuperficies^ and fo equally too into all parts
alike, that 'tis hard to difcern in any part of it, whether ftone
or wood obtain the better (liare.

30. Pe/ri/fw/iowi" of this kind are always /n'd'^/^, and though
fomtimes they faintly fhew the grain, yet never, that I could fee,
keep the colour of the wood ; m the fire they areas incomhujiible
as any other ftone, and lofe nothing of their extenfion, but their
colour for. the moft part feems to alter toward white : in diftil-
led Vinegar they remain indijfolubk , though not without the
motion (as M"" HoolC well obfetves) that, the fame fpirit has when
it corrodes Corals^ yielding many little bubbles, which in all pro-
bability (as he fays) are nothing elfe but fmall parcels of Air dri^
yen out of its fubftanceby that infinuating Menflruum^ it ftill re-
taining the fame extenfion : but in aqua fortls, the Sommerton
cruft was wholly dilTolved into a white fubftance, not unlike the
vphite wa[h ufed by Plaifierers. All of them increafe the bulk of
thefubjeft on which they work ; and moft of them, as the inge-
nious M"" Hooke alfo further notes, feem to have been nothing
more but rotten wood, before the petrification began^

.31. But fome others I have fcenof a far nobler kind, that
fliew themfelves likely to be petrifications per minima^ and per-
formed with a fteam fo fine, 2iS permeates the vety fi:hematifm and
texture of the body, that even to a Microfcope feems moft folid,
and muft in all likelyhood be as ienuiou6 as the fubtileft effluviums-
that come from z Magnet \ fomc whereof are fo unlike rotten"
wood, thatthey keep the colour ^rndtexture of heart of Oak, and
arc fomc of them fo hard that they cut Glafs : and with one of
them, that feems'formerly to have been apiece of Qround-ajh^ I
ftrook fire to light the candle whereby I write this. But 1 ■■ have
nothing more to fay of it here, becaufe I guefs the change not
to have been wrought by watery that therefore I oiler not vio-
lence to the Chapter of Earths-, by which I think this, and all

» Mieografh. Oif IJ.

E 2 6ther

5^ The j\(jtural Hiflory

other of the k*ind,l have met with in O^ford-JlAre have been per-
formed; 1 forbear, and proceed to the other _/^// wa/eri thatare
more eminently luch, and do not /'e/r/)fe.

32. And amongft/i6e;77, we muft remember to reckon all fuch
as are unfit for TTtfj^i;;^, and will not take i'o^^ ; for though thefe
to onr taft are not fenfibly falt^ yet to our touch (as the Learn-
ed Willie '''' notes) they areharfh and unpleafant, which they have
from their too great impregnation with Salts : But what is a much
more certain evidence of it, we do not find any but inftantly
lathers, except fuch as hold an acid/alt^ and difcover themfelvcs
fuch upon evaporation. To which may be added this very eafie
Experiment, That if to fimple water, and fuch as before would
lather well, you add fomc few drops of Spirit of Vitriol, or fome
fuch like acid^. it prefently refufes to mix with foap : The reafon
of which feems indeed to be no other, but the congrcfs of the
acid fait of the water, with the/x'^/and alcalizate one ofthefoap,
which it fo wholly fubdues to its own inclinations, that it will
not permit it any longer to hold the oily parrs of the yo^/, or mix
them with the T??^/er; but now vifibly increafed both in quantity
and weight, by the confiderable acqueii of this new prifoner, it
may alfo perhaps fo fill up the pores znA little cells of ihtvater^
that the excluded julpkur or oily parts of the foap (as in their fe-
parate nature) are forced to the furface.

33. Many of thefe waters are every where found, and accord-
ing to fome, all Pump waters are fuch • but that they are miftaken,
my experience has taught me, for 1 have met with fomc that will
lather very well.

34. At Henly they are troubled with many of them, but not
fo much as they are at Thame ; for there chcy have a way to let
them ftand two days, within which time (as I was informed by
my worthy Friend M" Munday, Phyfitian there) the Vitriol, or
whatever other jfi^ it be, falls down to the bottom of theVef-
fels that hold them:, and then they will walh as well as one can
dcfirc. But ztThame, where there is never a Well in the whole
Town whofe water will wa(h, or (which is worfe) brew : This
Experiment, for I caufed it to be tryed, will by no means fuc-
ceed ; fo that were they not fupplyed by the ad;oyning Rivulet,
the place muft needs be in a deplorable condition. The reafon, I

* De Ferment, cap. <j,

fuppofe,

Of OXFO%'D-SHI%E. 37

fuppofc, why the acid will not fall, as it do's at Henly and feme
other places, is becaufe thefe waters, befide their fait, in all pro-
bability alfo hold a crude Sulphur^ whofe vifcous particles do fo
tenacioufly embrace it, that it will not admit of any feparation ;
which may alfo perhaps be a hint to the caufe why their Beer will
ftink within fourteen days whenever they attempt to brew with
this tfater, for where a Sulphur is any thing great in quantity,
and its body opened and exalted by the heat in brewing, and the
aftivefpirituous particles of Mault, (as 1 guefs the cafe may have
itfclf here) the frame of that mixtion may probably be loofed,
wherein the fpirits firft taking their flight, the Sulphur will next
begin to evaporate^ whofe fleams being fmartly aculeated by the
falt^ that then bears the chief fway in the fubjeft, caufe the ftink
of the Beer that is brewed withfuch water.

35. Other waters there are that are palatably fait, and fuffi-
ciently ftinking without being brewed, and fuch is that before-
mentioned near Churchill-mWl ; but I think wnthin the bounds of
the Parifli o? Kingham ; The water as it ftands looks of a greenifli
colour, as moft of the palatably y^// waters do, and to it refort all
the Pigeons in the Country ; which fliould they not do, I ftiould
much wonder, fince befides its faltnefs it has fuch a ftink, that it
equals the faltftone^ and roajieddog too : fo that fhonld the Pro-'
prietor hut build a Dove-houfe here, he might honeftly rob all his
neighbors of their flights ; but that he may not put it to fo invi-
dious a ufe, I fhall divert him anon by a more profitable way.

36. As to the fah that impregnates this water, I do not take
it to be a fimpleone, but fome Mineral concrete both o^ fait and
fulphur ; for without thefe two be in their exaltation, and become
fo far fluid as to endeavor a divorce from each other, it could ne-
ver acquire fo noifom a fmell. Which concrete fhould I call a

fait Marine^ peradventure I might not be much miftaken ; for if
you take but a fmall quantity of thrice calcined Bay fait, and
diffolve it in a pint of Well-water, upon diflblution yon will
have much fuch an odour, as has been obferved by a late Author
in afhort account of the Sulphur Well at Kriarslorough^,

3 7. Nor hinders it at all that the Sea is fo remote, fince whe<»
ther^r/;?^^ have any communication with it or no, fuch marine
falls may be had very well ; for if the Sea grow fait by the Earth

* Simpfons Uydrahg. Chym part. i.

that

^8 The ^J^tural Biftory ^

that It licks, which I take to be as certain as that 'tis not fo by
torrefa^ion ; then if it be poffible we may have fuch Earths, as
give the Sea t\\o[Qfalino-fulphur eons tindures, it's altogether as
poffible we may have fuch waters too, without any neceflity of
fuch communication.

38. If it be objeded. That the TTj/er^ of theiV^ fend forth
no fuch ftench as we find thefe do, let it be confidered that the
flux of the one, and ftagnation of the other, may well occafion
fuch a difference ; whil'ft the Sea-waters are in their motion, 'tis
true their falts and fulphurs fo involve one another, that their
mutual imbraces hinder zWevaporations ; but whenever they come
to (land but awhile, as they do moft times in the holds of Ships,
then thc'iT fulphurs evaporate with as great a ftink, as can be fup-
pofed ours have here at Land • and this the Ships pump doth fre-
quently witnefs, to the great content of all that travel by i'f^, it
being a fure indication of the Ships health, which abundantly
recompences the inconvenience of the ftench.

39. Such another I have heard of in the Parifti of Chadling-
ton^ in the grounds of one M"" Rawlifon there, not differing in any
thing at all from the former, but only it's fomwhat ftronger of
the marine fait : this I muft confefs I faw not my felf, yet having
my information from fo knowing a Perfon, and of founqueftion-
able fidelity as Sir Thoinoi Pennyfion, I doubt not at all the truth of
the thing.

48. A fait If ring there is alfo at Clifton near Deddington^ with-
in a Quoits caft of the River fide : but its faline particles are fo
fubtilized in the water ^ that they fcarcely can at all be perceived
by the palate, and yet it lays them down plentifully enough on
the ftones and Earth over which it paflcs. What fort o^falt this
is, I care not to determine, becaufe it will be difficult not to
nfiftake ; for upon evaporation of about a gallon, it yielded a
fait of a«ri«o«5taft: whichatfirfti muft confefs was fo furpri-
zingtome, that I could not but think, that during myabfence,
fome waggifti fellow had either put a trick on me, or elfe that I
might have ufed fome unfit vefTel ; whereupon I caufed a new
earthen pot to be bought, well glafed, and then repeated the Ex-
periment very carefully, but found in the end all had been honeft
about mc, for I had a yJ// again of the very fame taft.

41. How this Qiouldcome about I cannot divine, unlefs from

the

Of OXFOT^DSHIXE. 59

thcfweatof the Bodies of Animals^ it being innch ufedincw/i*
cular Difeafes ; but this 1 think neicher can well be, becaufe 'tis
a Gonftantly running j^n>/^, and would fure carry off what might
be left of that nature : I therefore wholly leave it to the Readers
greater perfpicaclty, and fl-iall content my felf with this fatisfa-
dlion, that however improbable the thing may feem, that in the
mean time 'tis an improbable truth.

42. I have often fmcewifh'd, that I had tryed this ipj/er with
a foiution of Alum, and feen whether it would have given any
thingof that milky precipitation it do's with V vines '^ which be-
ing then quite out of my head, is left to the tryal of fome inge-
nious perfon that lives thereabout; though before-hand I mufb
tell him, that I believe it will not fucceed becaufe the urinous fub-
ftance feems not to be copious enough.

43 . Divers might be the ufes of thefe rvaters^ and particularly
of the two firft, as good, or perhaps better than that at Clifton,
for cutieular DKe^(es of Men and Beafts; fome whereof I have
known carryed out of thefe Inland Countrys to the Sea fide ;
whereas 'tis likely they might (in all the Diftempers for which
we have recourfe thither) with much more eafe have had a re-
medy at home. •

44. But far more profitable muft they furely be, if imployed
to improve poor and barren Lands, which 110 queftion might
be done by cafting them on it. In Chejhirt ^, near the Salt-fits
of Nantmch, 'tis yearly prafticed thus to brine their Fields ;
which though never done, but after the fall of great ftore of
Rain-waters into their />f/5, which before they can Work again
muft be gotten out, and withe it foiHe quantity of theii*
brine too , yet even with thefe but brackifli waters do they
fo fcafon their adjoyning Lands, that they receive a much more
profitable return, then they could, have done from any foil or

dung. ■ Jii^:'--- • ■'■'i '^■^■'~ • - .;: :

45. In Cornmll zn4DevonJ/Af^l fo ^fiTitf^ifsfble art' their itii-
provements hyfea-farid^ that it is carryed to all parts as far a's?
they have the advantage of the w^t^'i^, and aftci"Wards i o or 12
miles up higher into the Country on horfes backs : At which I
muftconfefsl marvetnotat all, fincc we are informed by an in-
telligent Gentleman of thofe parts % that where-cver this fand is

s Sir Hu^hVlit's ynuel-houfe of Art and Nature) cap. 104. ^ VhiloJoph.Tranfa6t.liHn, 113.

ufed.

^o The ^^(jttural Hijlory

ufed, the feed is much and the flra>v^ little, (/ have feen^ faies he
in fuch a Place, good Barly^ where the ear ha6 been equal in length
with thejialkit grew on') and after the Corn is off, that the grafs
in fuch places turns to Clover. Some of the beft of this fand, he
faies, lies under Ouje or Mud about a foot deep ; and who knows
but there may be fuch a Sand under the briny Bog near Church-
hill-m\\\^ or at Chadlingtcn ? 1 am fure the fait /p ring at Clifton
comes from a fand ; if fo, and the Farmers thereabout get fuch
Corn and Clover -grafi^ I hope I fhall not want the thanks of the
Country.

46. However, I do not doubt but the water will be ferviceable,
either to caft on their Land, ^s at Nantwich, or to fteep their
Corn in before they fow it, to prefcrve it from all the inconve-
nicncies formerly prevented by brining and liming it, and to
ftrengthen it in its growth.

47. Sir Hugh Plat ' tells us, of a poor Country-man who paf-
fmg over an arm of they^^ with his Seed-corn in a fack, by mif-
chance at his landing fell into the water, and fo his Corn being
left there till the next Ebb, became fomwhat brackifh ; yet fuch
was the neceffity of the Man, that (notwithftanding he was out
of all hope of any good fuccefs, yet not being able to buy any
other) he fowed the fame upon his plowed grounds ; and in fine,
when the Harveft time came about, he reaped a crop of goodly
Wheat, fuch as in that year not any of his Neighbors had the
like.

48. Now let the Owners or Farmers of thcCe firings fit down
and confider of what has been faid, and if they (liall think fit,
make tryal of them, wherein, if they meet with fuccefs, I only
beg of them (which I fhall gladly accept as the guerdon of my
labors) that they would be as free of it to their poor Neighbors
that have lean grounds and ill penny-worths, as God has been to
them by me his weak inftrument in the difcovery.

49. Having fpoke of fuch w'j/gr^ as cure faulty grounds, and
cuticular diftempcrs by external application, it foUoweth, that we
treat of fuch as are, or may be taken inwardly, and defcrve the
repute of Medicinal waters. The firft, and perchance the beft of
thefe, 1 found at Veddington^ a fmall Mercat Town^ within the
Clofe of one Mr. Lane^ where not long fmce digging a Well,

* J4, heo citatt-

and

. ofOXFO 'R^p-S H 1 7{E. 41

and pafling through a blew Clay, adorned with fome glittering
fparks ; and meeting by the way with pyrites argenteu^^ and a
bed of Belernnites^ or (as they call them) Thunder-bolts, He
came within few yards to this water, of a ftrong fulphureoa^
fmell, the moft like of any thing I can think of, to the water
that has been ufed in the fcouring a foul gun : in weight lighter
than pure Spring-water by an Ijs. in a quart, and yet after feve-
raltryals,! found it fo highly impregnated with a vitriolint fait as
well as fulphur^ that two grains of the powder of galls would
turn a gallon o^ water into a dusky red, inclining to purple ; nor
did they only fo alter the fite and pofition of the particles, as to
give a different colour and confillence, as it happens in waters
but meanly fated ; but in a quarter of an hour did fo condenfe
and conftipate the pores of the watery vehicle^ that the excluded
particles of the Minerals appeared in a feparate ftate, curdled in
the Veffel, and of fo weighty a fubftance, that they fubfided to
the bottom in a dark blue colour. -

50. Thefediment being great in quantity, 1 tryed upon red
hot Irons^ and fome other ways, to fee whether the falts or ful^
phur^ either by colour, fcintillation, or odour, might not by that
means betray themfelves ; but with fmall fuccefs : whereupon I
betook me to diftillation^ putting about a quart into a glafs body,
to which fitting a head and clean receiver, I gave an eafie heat,
till there was diftilled off about three or four ounces, which
when poured out, I found had neither fmell, taft, or any other
properties, that might cliftinguifh it from any other fpring water
diftilled: for with galls it would make no more alteration than any
other fimple common water would. Then ordering the fire to be
f]ackned, to fee what precipitatekwovild let fall ; upon titration
of what remained inthe3o^, I procured only a pale ealx of a
gritty fubftance, fhevvnng, as it dryed in the Sun^ many tran-
fparent particles intermix'd : in taft it had a faint pleafanE
piercing, with a gentle warmth diffufed on the tongue ; but pour-
ing on it Spirit of Vitriol^ Oyl of Tartar^ isrc I could not perceive
any manifeft ebullition, fo as to judge whether the fait contained
in this refidence, were either of the acid or lixiviate kind.

5 1 . Wherefore to come clofer to the point, and taking dire-*
, ftions from, that accurate^ Jevere^ and profound Philofcpher^ the

Honorable Robert Boyle Efq; the glory of his Nation, and pride

F of

AZ The !^(atural Hi/lory

of his Family ; and to whofe moft fignal Encouragement of the
Defign in hand, thefe Papers, in great part, owe their birth : I
took good Sjrupof Violets^ impregnated with the tinfture of the
Flowers, and drop'd fome of it into a glafs of this water as it
came from the Well; whereupon, quite contrary to my expecta-
tion, not only the Sjrup^ but the whole body of the ir^/er turn-
ed not of ared, but a brisk green colour, the Index of a /ixi^/i-
ate, and not that aciJ Vitriol, which I before had concluded on
from the infuiion oxgalls. The Ph<xnomenon at firft was very
furprifing, till I had further weighed the cautious Expreffions of
thzi Noble Author^ f and found, that he reftrains the Experiment
of the Sjrup of Violets, turning red with acids, with provifion
always they be diftilled Liquors ; and what he feems to hint in a
former Experiment*, th^t fulphureou^falts, (fuch as the F/7rio/
of this water will anon more plainly appear to be) being of a
quite contrary nature, may have different effefts : which may
alfo be the reafon why this fulphureows water, notwithftanding it
moft certainly poffeffes an acid fait, w'lW yet as certainly lather with
foap, and raife a greater fud than other waters commonly do ;
and if put into milkt though boiled up to the height, will not
feparate the more grofs from the yero«^ parts of it : efe^s fo u-
fually following upon fuch applications, that perhaps till now
they have always been fuppofed, never as yet to have happened
otherwife.

52. But Experience, that great baffler of j^fc«//7/io«, afluresus
the contrary to be poflible enough, and brings matter of faft to
confute our fuppolitions in the very tryal of this water, wherein
the great quantity of Vitriol, is yet fo clofe lock'd up by the vif-
cous particles of Sulphur, and thereby rendered fo dull and un-
adtive^that it cannot exert its enmity to (as D' Mayow *^) or friend-
ly embraces with (as D"" Mllis ^) the alcalizate fait it finds in the
foap', or fo comprefs the pores of the rnilky as thereby to caufe
a precipitation : but having as it were thus put on the nature of a
fix' d fait, aQ:s not upon its like, nor longer enjoys the aftringenC
power of an acid.

53. And under this vizorof a/fxV-<4/c^/iit was, thatitadled
its part, and with Syrup of Violets, gave a green tindlure ; unlefs

^ Hifl-ofCoIifurS:, Exper.20. * ItidExpcr.iQ. ^ Dilhtrmis BathmettfiiuiifuhfiTicm, * VeFeT'
mmt. cap. 1 1 .

we

Of 0 XFO %V^SHI%E. 4-^

we may allow its fait to be a volatile Alcali, with which alfo that
Syrup turns to the fame colour : to admit fuch a thought 'tis true
is very hard, yet finding but a mile ol^, at Clifton as above-
mentioned, a 5/ri«^ ft rangely fated with fuch a kind of /alt -, I
adventur'd to try another Experiment of the aforefaid Honorable
Author , and according as he direfts % made a folution of fubli-
mate in fair water (the only Criterion I yet know of, that plain-
ly diftinguiflies the two Alcali's) to which I added this Well-
water, in great, fmall, and the intermediate quantities : but it
anfwer'dnot atall the defign of the Experiment^ not giving the
tawny, much lefs the white precipitate : Whence 'tis eafie to con-
clude, that this alfo fucceeds only indifcriminating Chymicalfalts^
as that great Virtuofo well obferves, and not in the immediate pro-
dufts of Nature.

54. One thing more I could not but obferve, that notwith-
ftanding the powers of the Vitriol are thus reftrained in reference
to its afting on foap and jnilk^ that yet it has its ufual eft'efl: upon
Iron : for the corrofion of the Pump-rod I mufl: believe to pro-
ceed from Vitriol, till any one upon better grounds can convince
me, that 'tis likely it may be from fomwhat elfe ; and yet this
neither do 1 conceive to be done, but by fuch fteams as afcend
in the Well, and are freed from the fliackles of Sulphur, much
queftioning whether the Pump-rod under, or near the bottom of
the water, be eaten fo or no.

55. To this add, that although the Sulphur do's exercife fuch
dominion over, and fo clofely knits up the Vitriol, whil'ft toge-
ther in the rr^/gr, yet it may and do's too, let go its hold ;. and
like, what is reported by Henricusah Heers of his SpaJacrene, and
the Sauvenir by Framhefariu^ , can hardly be kept within any
bounds, but expires through glafles ftopt never fo clofe ; 'tis
true, 1 had not the conveniency there of putting it under the
Hermetick. [eal^ butfo eafie a pafiage it made through a good cork
cover'd over with wax, and both bound down with a double
leather, that in fix miles riding it loft all its virtues, not giving
then any tinfture with galls, and having but a faint putrid fmell
of the Sulphur : Whether it loft in weight or bulk, as well as vo-
latile Spirits, I muft acknowledge 1 was not then enough curious
to obferve ; but imagine it might, fince 'tis plain from its not

' Hi(i- of Colours. Exper, 40.

F 2 tinging

i^ The 3\(\atural Hijlory-

tinging with gnlls^ that not only the Sulphur^ but alfo the VitriO'
line particles exhale with it, and corporeally feiz on the next a-
greeable fubjcdt, which 'tis manifeft they did on the above-men-
tioned Pump-rod.

56. Befide the more confiderable ingredients of Fi'/rio/ and
Sulphur^ 'tis evident that this water alfo holds fome fraall quan*
tity o{ Naphtha^ one of the liquid Bitumens^ which flies not away
like the two former, but after feparation of the parts, made ei^
ther by precipitation with galls^ or infen/ible evaporation^ remains
fwiming on the top in a thin skin, variegated as it were with the
coloursof the Rain-bow, much after the fame maner as 'tis fre-
quently feen upon waters Handing in boggy grounds, or fuch
places where we dig the bituminous Earths called Peats : But whe-
ther this will burn at all, or with any fuch bright flame exceed-
ing that ofjulphur^ as ^Hen. ab Heers affirms of fuch a film that
covers the waters of his Spadacrene, if kept all night, I have left
to fome ingenious perfon thereabout, that has both more fkill and
leifuretotry.

57. At Banbury^ another Mercat Town about four miles hence,
at D"^ Lanes Phyfitian there, Brother to the above-named M"" Lane
of DedJington, and my very good Friend ; there is alfo another
fulphur Well, much like the former in tafte, but not altogether of
fo ftrong a fmell, holding, 1 fuppofe, either much more fait than
that, or alefs temcious fulphur: for here 1 found not the energy
of the Vitriol i^o fetter'd by the vigorous particles of fulphur^ but
that it had power to make that hoftile or friendly congrefs with
the Hxiviat fait offoap, and fend the oily part to float at top,
making no lather or mixtion with it; and alfo fo to conftipate
the pores of boiled milk-y as to feparate its parts into curds and
whey. The quantity of fait appeared upon evaporation made
by the faid D' Lane fince I was there, but how much to a quart
or gallon he fent me no word. This water has alfo a volatile
part, collefted by the faid Doftor, which I did not find that DeJ^
dington water had ; upon the tongue it feems to have a little
pricking, but nothing that I could perceive of a faltifti taft,
wherefore trying further with a convenient Menfiruum^ it at laft
confeft it felf to be F lores fulphuris^ precipitating with the fame
ebullition, fmell, and colour, that fome others did I had from th<s

IriOpS. J ^^^ ^y ^^^^.^ Spadacrtne, cap. 4.

58. An-

Of OXFOXV^SHIXE.. \^

5 8. Another of thefe of ^fu^lphureou^ fmell that will n,ot take

foap, and turns milk.^ I fouad at Bould in the Parifli of Idbury^

in part of the poffeflions of one M"" Lo^an^ a worthy Gentleman,

(whofe affiftance in the tryal of this water ^ and furtherance in my

other bufinefs, I cannot without ingratitude ever forget :) which

differs from the former only in this, that befides its tinging red

with powder of Galls^ with fpirit of Vrin it turns white, which

(as I had obferved before at Banbury') that would not do : whence

I have ground to fufpeft, that over and befide the ingredients of

that, here mult in all likelyhood be fomthing of Alum ; and in

this opinion I am the more confirmed, fince I aminform.ed, by

the Controverfie between D*" Wittie and M' Sympfon, that Vitrioi

znd Alum zTc fomtimes found together, as in the Cliff near the

Scarborow Spaw, And that in Sweden ^ there is a fingle ftone of

a yellow colour, intermixed with ftreaks of white, and very

weighty, t\\7it 2^01 ds Sulphur, Vitriol^ Alum, 2nd Minium ^ now

that fuch a ftone is here, though I dare not aifert, yet queftion-

lefs there may be fomthing not fo altogether unlike, but whenever

there is occafion of digging there-about again, the ftones and

e^rthmay deferve examination *.

59. I fliould next have proceeded to the irj/e;.r impregnate4
with Vitriol only, but that I am called back to Deddington again
by another JTtf/er of a fetid odouf, in flench much exceeding all
before-mentioned. This I met with in a fniall Clofe behind a
Barn, within a furlong or lefs of that at Mr. Lanes, having the
Houfe where the Vutcby-Court is kept to the Eafl:, and thepuild
Weft, and belonging to Cb. Ch. Coll. i^Oxon-, in fmell fo per-
feftly refembling that of rotten e^-s, and accordingly fo ftrongly
affefting the fenfe, that I could not €0 much as put it to my n?outh
without danger at leaft of ftraining to vomit. Suclj a one as
this is mentioned by Georgiu^ Agricola ^, at the Caftle of Steure-
wald in the Bijhoprick. of Hildejheim , within a mile of Ba[da ;
where, fays he, there is another Spring that fends forth a itink,
qualis e^ pulvem bombardde exfiinSfi : a defcription fo agreeable
alfo to our fylphur well at Deddington, that as I could not at firft
but wonder, that two fuch waters flbould be found at places fo
far afunder, fo ftrarigiy ali;ke ; fo k gave jne a hint, th^t thefe

e Thilofipk.Tranfad.Num. ^\. ^?</.01ai Wormii, Mtifa^m deto4em,caf.<^. * At S^owdq\!?n-hilf.
i» Carnarvan-shire, there are alfo Jnch iioTKS. Dr. yi^rrsa Tinaxrerwn Nat- fzij. k LiS.DeNatti'
ra emum lum effluunt ex ttrra.

floaters

^6 ^he j^tural Hijlory

waters in all probability might receive their tinftures from the
fame Minerals, and that their difterence might only lye in the
diftances they have from the Mineral bed, or more Colanders the
one may pafs through than the other. Agricola obferves, that
the water at S teurevrald [mclVmg like ours, much like rotten eggs^
not only comes forth o{^ Marble Quarry, but that the belchings
of fuch as drink it failing, give alfo the odour of brayed Mar*
hie. Whether ours have either fuch a palTage or effeft, I muft
confefs I cannot inform the Reader ; my Purfe not affording me
to try the one, nor my Stomach the other : However, I could
widi it had not been ftop'd up, as I hear it is fince my being
there, not only for the ufe it might have, but that Perfons better
qualified than I, might have made the Experiments.

60. Of Vitriolate and Ferrugineon^ fprings^there are alfo plen-
ty in this County , one at Nether-Worton, and another at North-
Wefton *, within lefs than a Bolts- fhot of each of their Churches ;
both of thefe, belide their tinging with galls, let fall a fedimenC
of a rufiy coXoMx: ; only with this difference, that Nether-Worton
fpringismuch the quicker and clearer, though I doubt not the
other might be very well amended, were but little charge be-
flowed on it.

61. At .S^///o« under ^Ty^/V^-Fooi/ there is another of thefe, at'
an Inn there whofe fign is the Red-horfe,h\M fo weakly impregna-'
ted with the Mineral^ that it fcarce tinges fenfibly with the powder
oxgalls, yet lays down the rujiji fediment in as great quantities
as any of the reft ; and I have met with fome at other places that
have plentifully enough yielded this, which by no means could
ever be brought to confefs any thing of Vitriol, which has begot •^'
ten a ftrong fufpition in me, that this rujfy tinware may probably
be the effluvium of fome other Body, different from, and not of
the chalyheatVm<i: for were it fo, I cannot imagin but the fait
of Mars muft needs be difcovered. However, herein 1 will
not bepofitive, but propound it only as the fubjeft of a feverer
refearch.

62. And of thefe I was told of a very odd one in the Parifh
of Heddington, near a place called the Wyh (l think) now ftop'd
up, that in the winter time would ftrike with galls, but not in
thefummer: whereof may be given this very eafie reafon,* that

. ., ,. *,Ifo"»J(i«otherfi}:ce, TiearWhkes-Oi^iHtkfPa-'i/I/of North-Leigh.

during

Of 0 XF01{T>^SHI1{E. 47

during the time of vrinter^ the pores of the Earth being ftopt, and
the A//>/er^/ thereby not permitted to exhale, tht water is then
impregnated with it, and gives the tin5iurt ; whereas in the/urn-
772er feafon it expires fo much, that the depauperated water can
(hew nothing of it. That waters do thus alter according to the

I Seafons of the Year, I found alfo to be manifeft from the waters
of Veddington^ which I found fomtimes lighter^ and at other
times heavyer than common wj/er, and to give much different y^-
diments at divers tryals with the fame materials. And this I
thought convenient to note, not only to excite Men to more cri-
tical Obfervations, but that the curious Explorator may not be

, ftarded, in cafe he find them at any time not exaSly to anfwer.

! 6^. InthePark^t Cornbury^ not far from the Lodge^ in a
pit newly digged, there rifes a y^n«^ alfo of a Vitriol kind , co-
louring the mud and earth under it very black ; into this pit, it
being defigned for a confervatory of Fifi^ they put over nighc
fome of feveral forts, but found them next day in the morning
all dead ; which gave me good ground tofufpeft (having )uft be-
fore met with a relation of Dr. Witties\ That Carps put into a
Copper Brewing- veffel to be preferred but for one nighty were all found
dead in like mantr in themorning) that here might be fomthing of
that nature too ; and that the Vitriol wherewith this water is fated,
might rather be that of Venu^ than Mars : And in thefe thoughts
I was the more confirmed, when I quickly after was informed, of
an odd kind of fteam that rofe hereabout of a fuitable effeft.
But of this no more, leaving its further confideration to the
Right Honorable and ingenious F^-o/rie/or of the place, and my
fmgular good Lord, Henrji Earl of Clarendon^ a moft effeftual
encourager of this defign.

^4. To thefe I muft add another fort of waters, which though
in taft they refemble milkt niuft yet I believe be reduced to this
Head, for I find, notwithftanding their eminent fwectnefs, they
all rcfufe to lather with foap^ and therefore conclude them to hold
fome Acid : Of thefe we have feveral within the City of Oxford^
one at a Pump over-againftthe Cro/?/«;7, anothernear the Mount
in New College Garden, and a third at the Pump at Buckley Hall,
now the dwelling houfe of one Mr. Bowrnanz Book-feller, and
feveral other places * : All which, notwithftanding their la5ieotis

i ^»/^w'«-/oHydrologiaChymj>-2j. * IhearJtf fuck anttber /orrKuhere near V/iidingtoa.

taft,

/(.g ' The ^h(jtural Hiftorj

taft, 1 gnefs may be impregnated with fomtliing of Vitriol^ which
though of it felf it be a fmart acid^ yet its edge being rebated
, with a wellconcoftedy«//^/^wr, turns fweet, and becomes of that
more palatable guft. And herein perhaps I have not guefs'd a-
mifs, fince we are informed by as eminent, as 'tis a vulgar Expe-
riment, that thcaufterity that Vitriol gives in the mouth, is cor-
redcd by the fumes of Tobacco taken quickly after it ; vphofz fuU
phureou^ particles^ fays the Learned Willii^^ inmng xrith the (aline
pontic ones of the Vitriol, create fuch apleafant and mellifluous tafi.

^5 . There are alfo two fmall and very weak firings ^ of a la-
Heows colour but no fuch taft, in the way from South-Jioke leading
to Goreing^ by the River fide ; not many years fmce of great re-
pute in thofe parts for Medicinal ufe, but now quite deferted ;
whether upon account of the ineffeftual ufe of them, or becaufe
they are but temporary i'pYings-,fub j^udice lii ejl : The people will
tell you they were very foveraign, and never ceafed running till
fome advantage was made of the water, and that Providence till
then with-held them not. This water iifues forth from a fat
whitidi Earth, and has always a kind of unftuous Ikln upon it,
yet to the taft I thought it feemed dry and fiiptical^ as if it pro-
ceeded from a kind of Lime-Jlone^ further within the Earth, and
not to be feen.

66. But however the cafe may have it felf there, it is notfo
dubious, that at a Well in Oddington^ there is a water of the
calcariou6 V\n({^2ind proceeding fure from fome neighboring Lime-
fione^ which befide its dry and reflri^ive taft, more fignally evi-
dences it felf, in the providential cine of a local Difeafe amongft
Cattle, frequently catch'd by their grafing on Otmoor^ and there-
fore by the Inhabitants thereabout commonly called by the name
of the Moor-Evil: The Difeafe is a kind of flux of the belly, and
correfponds (in a Man) to what we call a Dyfentery^ whereby the
Cattle fo fpend themfelves, that in little time from well and good
liking, they fall in a maner to fkin and bone, and fo dye away ufi-
lefs prevented ; which is certainly done by giving them dry meat,
and fuffering them to drink of this water only.

6j. Befide thefe we have many other waters^ not apparently
(atleaft to fenfe) of any Mineral virtue, yet without doubt have
their tin^urefrom ^omtfuhtcrraneom fteam, of a much finer than

» Ds Anma BrutOTum^cap- 12. I>e Cuftatu.

ordi-

Of 0 XF0%T>^SH1\E. 4.p

ordinary, and therefore unknown texture. Such are thofe \\\.
many places accounted fo foveraign for the Eyes^ and cure of in-
veterate Ulcers., after the ineffeftual tryals of the beft Chirurgi^
ons I Thefe for the mofl part, and perhaps not undefervedly, are
commonly ftiled Holy-vpells., not only for the good they have for-
merly done, but for that they feem to be the immediate gift of
(^od^ and defigned for the poor.

^ 8* A very eminent one of thefe there is in the Parilli o'i Sand-
ford^ not far from Great Tew, which within the memory of many
thereabout, hath done great cures upon putrid and fetid old fores,
a long time before given over for incurable. Thefe n'atersh^ve
with them^ according totheobfervations of the ingenious Doftor
Beal \2. kind of active fridion, but intermingling with their afpe-
rities fuch a pleafant titillation, as invites the Patient to rub on
the terfive water, and will all along recompence the pain of fearch-
ing the wound, with fuch fpeedy and indulgent degrees of fana-
tion, as mitigates the torment with variety of pleafures.

69. And thus (as I am informed by perfonsof unqueftionable
fidelity, that have often ufed them for their eyes, and in fome o-
ther cafes) do the waters of St. Crcjfts in the Suburbs of Oxford,
whofe Well was heretofore, and in fome meafureyet remains, fo
confiderable for fuch like purpofes, that the great refort of peo-
ple to it has given occafion of change to the name of theParifh,
which to this very day we call now nothing but Holy-well.

70. But of much greater Fame was the Well of St. Edward,^
without St. Clements ^t Oxford, now quite ftopM up ; but as 'tis
remembred by fome of the antienteft of the Parifh,was in the field
about a furlong S. S. Weft of the Church ; this at leaft was be-
lieved to be fo eflPedual in curing divers diftempers, and there-
upon held to be of fo greztfanflity, that here they made vows, and
brought their alms and offerings ; a cuftom, though common e-
nough in thofe days, yet always forbidden by our Anglican Coun-
cils'^, under the name of uyilpeop}>un5a [Wilveorthunga'] more right-
ly tranflated Well-worJ?jip than Will-worfiip, as is plainly made
appear by the Reverend and Learned Dr. Hammond^, out of an
old Saxon Penitential, and a Saxon Homily ofBiJJjop Lupu6 ; where
the word r'l is rather fhewed to fignifie/ow/e;;?, thzn voluntatem.
Againft thefe y^/e;"y?i/io;25fo ordinary in thofe days, there are fe-

^ Pkilof.Tra?!fa&-Num-^'j. "" Canotiiiusful>Y.dgard.Catt.6o- " Annotat.anEf'.ft.ColoJfc.i.v-il-

G veral

50 77^^ iJ^atural Hijlory

veral prohibitions in the fore-cited Penitential and Homily. And
of which kind are alfo divers Injun^ions to be leen in the Office of
Lincoln, o^ Oliver Sutton *^ and amongft them, one particularly
againft the worfliip of this IVell of St. Edward, without St. Cle-
ments in Oxford^ and St. Laurence's Well at Peterhurgk, isrc

7 1 . And fo much for the Waters, with the Minerals they hold ;
and perhaps too much too in fuch like matters,may fome Man fay,
for an unfkilful Lawyer : However, (ince what has been faid, has
not been magijierially impofed, but modeftly only, and timeroufly
conjeftur'd ; and fince I have not invaded another Mans j&ro/e^ow,
by fo much as naming the Difeafes they may probably cure, ex-
cept where they have a known reputation already, I hope I may
evade the imputations of raftmefs, or putting my fickle into an-
other Mans Harveft.

CHAP.

Of 0XF0%T>^SHIXE. 51

CHAP. III.
of the Earths.

OXFORD-SHIRE, fays Mr. Camhden\ is a /er/i/e
County andfkntiful, the Plains garmJJjed mth Corn-fields
and Meddom, and the Hills hefet with Woods ; ftored in e-
very place not only with Corn and Fruits, but alfo with all kind of
Game for hound and hawk, andwell watered with Rivers plentiful of
Fijh. Which general defcription of the Soil, though in the
main it be true to this day, yet if we come to a more particular
andclofeconfideration of it, we (hall find, that though Oxford-
fAre almoft -in every part, where the induftry of the Hu(band-
man hath any thing ftiewed it felf, doth produce Corn of all forts
plentifully enough ; yet it has much more caufe to brag of its Med-
dows, and abundance of Paftures, wherein (as in Rivers) few
Countrys may be compared, perhaps none preferr'd. And as
to matter of Fruits, I think 1 may better aflert of it what Giral-
du6 do's o^ Ireland, Pafcuistamen quam frugibu^, gr amine, quam
grano, fdccundior Comitatu^^ than groundlefly to commend it over-
much.

2. The Hills, 'tis true, before the late unhappy Wars, were
well enough (as he fays) befet with Woods, where now 'tis fo
fcarcy, that 'tis a common thing to fell it by weight, and not on-
ly at Oxford, but at many other places in the Northern parts of
the fiire ; where if brought to Mercat, it is ordinarily fold for
about one J/AUing the hundred, but if remote from a great Town,
it may be had for [even pence : And thus it is every where but in
the Chiltern Country, which remains to this day a woody Traft,
and is (as I have very good ground to think) fome of the wejlern
part of the great Foreft a:nbpe&cr)'ai&, or Kn&ne&erieje, reaching, fays
Leland^, from befide Portm Lnnenu^'m Kent,2 120 miics wefiward,
which happily falls out to be about this place : To which had
Cc^far ever arrived, he had never fure left us fuch an account, as
we find in his Commentaries concerning our Woods : Materia, {zys
he, cujujque generii, ut in Gallia, prditer Abietemiy fagum'^, i.e.

" Brit an in Oxfordjhire. ? Lelandi Comment, in Cyg. Cant- in verba Limenui. q l>e Bella Gallieo, lib-^^
fubinitium.

0 2 that

51 The J^tural Hiftory

that there vras here all jnaner 0} wood, as in France, except the ¥k
andBecch : of the laft whereof there is fuch plenty in the Chil-
tern^ that they have now thereabout fcarce any thing elfe ; but
it lies fo far from Oxford^ and fo near the River fide, which eafily
conveys it to London Mercat, that 'tis fcarce beneficial to the reft
of the County.

3. As to the qualifications of the Soil in refpeft of Corn^ I
find them in goodnefs to difter much, and not only according to
their feveral compofitions (being in fomc places black.-) or reddijh
earth : in others a claji or challg ground, fome mixt of earth and
fand^ clay znd fan d^ gravel 2nd clay^ isc.') but chiefly according to
the depth of the mould ox uppermoft coat of the earth, and the
nature of the ground next immediatly under it : for let the up-
permoft mould be never fo rich, if it have not fome depth, or fuch
aground )uft underneath it, as will permit all fuperffuou^ moijiure
to defcend^ and admit alfo the hot andcomjortahle fleams to afcend, it
will not be fo /er/i/e as a much leaner yoi/ that enjoys thefe con-
ditions.

4. Thus have I often-times feen in this County^ in all appear-
ance a very good /oi/, and fuch indeed as would otherwife have
been really fo , Icfs fertile becaufe of its (liallownefs , and a
cold fiiffclay^ or c\o(t free-flone next under-neath it, than a much
poorer Land of fome confiderable depth, and lying over a fand
or gravely through which all fuperfluows moi^ure might defcend,
and not ftand, as upon clay or Jlone, to chill the roots and make
the Cornlanguifli.

5. Whereby the way let it be noted, that I faid a cold fliff
clay or clofe free-fione ; for if there be under a {[izWow mouldy a
clay that's mixed (as 'tis common in the blew ones of this County^
cither w\x\i pyrites aureus, or hrafi lumps ; or the ftones be of the
warm calcarious kind, it may neverthelefs he fruitful in Corn, be-
caufe thefe, I luppofe, do warm the ground, and give fo much
ftrength, that they largely recompence what was wanting in
depth.

6. More poffibly might have been added to this general ac-
count of Earths^ and not a little inftruftive to the Farmers of the
Country^ but I found moft of them froward and to flight my
Qu<£re''s ; let them therefore thank themfelves if I am not fo ob-
liging •• Befide, it feems a bufinefs a little befide my defign^ there-
fore

Of OXFO^V^SHITiE. 53

fore in Iiaft I proceed to a more particular Confideration o^ Earths
(as before of Waters') holding fome Spirit^ Bitinnen^ or concrete
Juice , and as they are ufeful in Trades, or are otherwife necelTary,
convenient, or ornamental.

7. But herein I (hall not fliew my felf either fo angry or igno-
rant, or fo much either difrefpeft my fubjeft, or the civilities of
the Gentry for the fake of the clowns^ as not in the next place to
treat of fuch Earths whofe moft eminent ufes relate to Hi^bandrj^
fince they alfo hold fome concrete Juices (whereby they become
improvements of fuch poor barren Lands) and are therefore
very fuitable to my prefent purpofe.

8. The beft of thefe we call commonly Mzr/x, whereof, though
'twas believed there were none in Oxford-Jhire, yet I m.et with no
lefs than three feveral forts, and in quantities fufficient enough
for ufe. The Britifi Marls were very famous of old, whereof
Pliny "^ numbers feveral forts ; and of principal note were the
LeucargilU , whereby, he fays, Britan was greatly enriched :
And of this kind, /y^^/Iguefs may be one, lately difcovered by
the much Honored, and my truly noble Friend, Thomat Stonor Efq;
of Watlington-P arh^, of which he already has had good expe-
rience : of colour it is whitifi, a little inclining to jellovr^ not
very fat, and of fo eafie diifolution, that it may be laid on
the ground at any time of the year, and may be as good, I fup-
ipoi'e, for pajiurezs arable: this /6e found at a place nezr Blunds-
Court, but I think within the Paridi of Shiplake, where upon an-
other account fmking a deep pit, amongft: other matters he met
with this Marl.

9. Since that, there has lately been another difcovered by that
eminent Virtuofo Sir Thomas Fennyjion^ in his own Grounds in the
Parifliof C(9r«»Y//, about a quarter of a mile north-vceft of his
Houfe, of a blue colour, and fo abfterfive, that it would readily
enough take fpots out of cloaths, and gave its owner fome ground
to hope, thatpoffibly it might be fit for the Fullers ufe ; but he
quickly, upon try al, difcovered an incurable fault that the Men
of that Trade will never pardon : however, I take it to be fo
rich a Marl, that it may amply recompence the induftry of its
Mafter , if laid on its neighboring barren Hills; which I advife
may be done about the beginning of Winter, that the Frofts and.

r TUn. Nat. Hi/l. lib. ij. caf. 6, 7.

Rain

5± The j^tural Htjlory

Rain may the better feparate its parts, and fit it to incorporate
with that hungry Soil.

1 o. Which condition I fuppofe may not at all be required, in
the manure of a light and hollow fort o^ Marl., lately found by
the worftiiplul and induftrious Improver, George Pudfey Efq; of
Elsjield : for in water it dilfolves almoft as foon as Fullers earthy
and is naturally of it felf fo hollow and fpungy, that one would
think it were always in the very ferment, and may therefore be
ufed at any fit time of year : of colour when dry, it is of a
whitifli gray, intermixed with fand, and very friable, and may
in all probability be the very fame, with the Marga Candida are-
nofa friabil^, of Hildefieim^ mention'd by Kentmannu6 \ and out
of him by Lachmund. Of )uft fuch another Marl as this, brittle
and dully when dry, but fat when wet, we are inform'd there is
at Wexford in the Kingdom of Ireland^ by D' GerrardBcat ^ fom-
time Vhyfitian there; only thzt that is blue, and thii a whitidi
gray, and may therefore be fitter for Pafture than Arable. It
being obferved in the Counties of Sufex and Kent., where Marls
are moft plenty of any places of England^ that the^r^j fuit with
Failures, and the blue (fuch perhaps as Sir Thomas Pennyjlons^ with
Arable bed.

II. It may therefore be expedient, that thefe new found
Marls be thus agreeably tryed, and though they anfwer notexpe-
dation the firft year, as fome fay they will not ", let not their
Owners be thus difcouraged, but (till continue to make frequent
tryals, of divers proportions of Earth, at all feafons of the
year, with all kinds of Grain upon all forts of Soil, till they
find out the moft fuitable and neceffary circumftances, fo lliall
they in time attain to a knowledge beyond the expeftation, and
perchance imitation of their Neighbors. But I forbear to in-
flruft fuch Ingenious PerfonSy as the Orrners of the above-
named Marl-pits are : the (9rj/or being accounted little lefs than
a fool, that went about in his Speech to teach Hannibal to
fight.

12. But befide thefe, we have another fort of Earth, of a fat
clofe texture,and greenifli colour, fo well impregnated with fomc
kind of fait, that put in the fire, it prefently decrepitates with no

• Kevtman.nomtnclat. >er.fofc/jpx. de Marc'u. • Boats W/jf. if;'/?. o^ Ireland, m»- 12. " Plin.Nat'
Hift.lili.l-J.cap.'i.

lefs

OfOXFO'B^^SHn^E, $i

Ifefs noife than fait it felf ; and in water, after a quUk and fub-
tile folution, leaves behind it a kind of brackidi taft, which I
thought might proceed from a fort of Vitricli and perhaps true
enough, though the water would not tinge with powder of galls i
it takes greafe out of cloaths extreamly well, and would it but
whiten, zs Fullers earth doth, I (liould not doubt to pronounce
it the fame with the viridps Saponaria, found near Bekhl'wg in
Thuringia, and mentioned by Ketitmannm in his collcLlion of
Folfils """. This we have in great plenty in Shot-over For eft-, where
'tis always met with before they come to the Ochre^ from which
it is feparated but by a thin Iron crufi, and may peradventure be
as ftrickt a concomitant of yellow Ochre, as Chrj/ocolla (2nother
green Earth) is faid to be of Gold. At prefent 'tis accounted
of fmall or no value, but in recompcnce of the fignal favors of
its prefent Proprietor, the Right Worlliipful Sir Timothy 7)rril,
who in perfon was pleafed to (hew me the pits^^ I am ready to
difcover a ufe it may have, that may poffibly equal that of his
Ochre. Which brings me next to treat of fuch Earths as are
found in Oxford -fiire, and are ufefulin Trades.

And amongft thefe the Ochre of Shotover, r\6 doubt, may

I

0'

challenge a principal place, it being accounted the belt in its kind
in the world, of a yellow colour and very weighty, much ufed
by Painters fimply of it felf, and as often mix'd with the reft of
their colours. This by Pliny % and the Latines, was anciently
called Sil, which we have now changed for the modern word
Ochra, taken up as fome think from the colour of the Earth, and
the Greek word a>-)(p}e.. Pallidum ; or as others, and they perhaps
more rightly, from the River ^c/t^j that runs xknovi^ Brunfmckn
whofe Banks do yield great quantities of it y; and from whence
in all likelyhood we received the name, upon the arrival of the
Angles and Savons in Britati.

14. they dig it now at Shotover on tht eaft fide of the Hill^
on the right hand of the way leading from Oxford x.o Whately^
though queftionlefs it may be had in many other parts of it ; Th^
vein dips from Eaft to IFefi^ and lies from fewen to thirty feet
in depths arid between two and fevcn inches thick ; enwrapped
it is within ten folds of Earth, all which muft be paft through
before they come at it ; for the Earth is here, as at moft other

tv Cap- I. Detents, ' PHh. Nitt. WR. lib. tj. of. 12. 1 Ence/iHi de re Metal, iih, i.\cap. 20.

places,

i^^ The 5\(atural Hijlorj

places, I think I may fay of a bulbous nature, feveral folds of
divers colours and confiftencies, ftill including one another, not
unlike the feveral coats of a Tulip root, or Onjon.
The I. next the turf, is a reddiflj earth.

2. a pale blue clay,

3. ayellovpfand.

4. a white clay,

5. an ironftone*

6. a white, andfomtimes a reddifh Maum.

7 . a green, fat, oily kjnd of clay,

8. a thin iron-coloured rubble.

9. a green clay again,

10. another iron rubble, almojl lik^ Smiths cinders.
And then the yellow Ochre, which is of two parts,

1. The Jlone Ochre, which we may alfo call native, be-
caufe ready for ufe as foon as 'tis dug : and

2. Clay Ochre, which becaufeof the natural inequality
in its goodnefs, they wafli and fteep two or three
days in water, and then beat it with clubs on a plank
into thin broad cakes, of an equal mixture both of
good and bad ; then they cut it into fquares like Tiles,
and put it on hurdles laid on treftles to dry, which
when throughly done 'tis fit for the Merchant,

15. Where perhaps by the way it may be worthy our notice,
how different either the Ochres, or opinions of men concerning
them, are now, from what they formerly were : for whereas
Diofcorides (as quoted by ^orwi»5^) commends to our choice thd
lighted earthy Ochre, highly before the other of [ione ; We on
the contrary, and not without reafon, prefer the Jlone Ochre as
far before the clay.

16, I was told of zyellorp Ochre fom where between Vuckjing-'
ton and Witney, that ferves them thereabout for inferior ufes ;
and met with it befide at fome other places, but none fo good as
this at Shotover ; that at Garfington being full of blue ftreaks, and
a fmall parcel (that was (liewn me) taken up about Pyrton inter-
mixed a little too much with red, as if it were now in the tranf-
mutation (fo much fpoke of by Naturalifls') by the earth and funs
heat ; firft into Rubrick> or Ruddle, and thence at laft mio pnigitis^

or elle black, chalk, . Ol.mrmUMufx-.m.ct^.^. » EncelJere Metal, cap. 20.

17. -Now

Of OXFO^V-^SHlTiE, H-j

ij. Now that iV^/;/re indeed proceeds in this method^ lam
almoft perfv^adedby what I have found in Shotove.r-kill, znd elfe-
U'here near it : for within two beds next under the Ochre (nothing
but a white Sand interceding) there lies another of a much reJ'-
Jer hue, which firli receiving the fleams of the earth, is now in
the way of becoming a ruddle, and in procefs of time when it
grows aduji, may at lafl: make a change into a black chalk; which
I (Lould not fo eafily have been induced to believe, but that at
Whately Towns end, near the foot of the hill, where lately fome
attempts were made for Coal, they met with a vein of fuch kind
of chalk, which perhaps long before might have been nothing
hut ruddle, and as long before that, z jellon' Ochre. But whe-^
ther Nature proceed thus or no ; or fuppofe thefe are not (as
fome have thought) the feveral gradations of the fame indivi-
dual, yet however, I fliall not be guilty of mif-placing, finceall
three belong to the Painters Trade.

1 8. To which may be added a fort of C^eruleum, which in
EngliJ/j we may render native blue, becaufe naturally produced
by the fteam of fome Mineral, latent under the afore-mentioned
Marl 2.1 Blunds-Court, amongft which it is found in very good
plenty ; but yet fo thinly coating the little cavities of the earth,
and fome other bodies (of which hereafter) to which it flicks,
tliatno quantities can be gotten for the Painters ufe, for whom
It would otherwife be very fit, as upon tryal has been found by
the worthy M" Stonor. Kentmannu^^ indeed tells us of a cine-
reous fort of Earth fomwhere near Fadua,t\\2Z aft'ords fuch a blue ;
but I guefs that ours cannot be (nor perhaps is that) theimmedi*
ate produdion of the ambient Earth, but rather of fome mineral
or metal below it ; of which more at large in a fitter place.

19. Hither alfo may be referr'd a gritty fort of Vmhers, found.
in all parts of the County where there are Quarries of Stone : a
courfer kind of them I met with near Witney, and a fomwhat finer
at Bladen Quarry ; thefe fomtimes are found in the feams of the
Rocks-, a^d- fomtimes again in the body of the Stone-., and not-
withilanding their gritty /ex/«re, yet prove ufeful enough to
dreffers of Leather. But yet a much finer than either of the for^
mer, has been lately taken up at ^j/er/^errj', in the ground, and
near the Houfe of the Right Worfliipful Sir Thomca Curfon, of fo

l> K-eniman de terrif, cap- 1 .

H rich

58 The ^h(^mral Hifiory

rich and beautiful a colour, that perhaps it might better have
been placed among the Ochres^ but that mix'd with Oyl, it turned
darker than that they call Englijb, and much more fo than the
ffruce-Ochre of Shotover Foresl.

20. Befidethefe, we have another /we £flr//j, of a white co-
lour, porous and friable, infipid and without fcent, diflbluble
in water ; and tinging it, of a milky colour, and fomtimes railing
a kind of ebullition in it ; found frequently in thelilfoms orfeams
of the Rocks, or flicking to the hollow roofs of them : in (liort,
fo altogether agreeable to w\\2.iConradw5 Gefner ^ (and out of him
Boetim de Boot ^ Calceohriu<s^ AldrovandUs^ and Olau^U'ormiu^^
calls Lac LtWdC, that 1 could not but think it the very fame. And
to put all out of doubt, I tryed the Experiment of Daniel Major
(who wrote no lefs than a whole Treatife concerning it) and
found according to him, that with Lacca^ though I could get
none good, it gave the skin fo florid a whitenefs, that 1 dare pro-
nounce it a good Cofmetick') and upon that very fcore have given
it place here.

21. I obferved it firft near the Worcefler road, about mid-way
between Holton and S\^ Timothy Tyrrils^ where the Stones taken
up, for I know not what ufe, as alfo at fortie places in Whatdy
field, were all in a maner covered with it. And I met with ic
again near Hafehy^ in the fields between that and little Milton^
and quickly after at long Hanborough^ upon ftones provided for
walling there : I enquired of the Quarry-men what it might be,
whether they had made any ufe, or obfervations of it, but all I
could get would amount to no more, but that it was a fign of a
very good Lime-ftont.

2 2 . Which alfo it feems is its charaSier amongft our Neighbors
in Ireland^ where (we are ^ told) the bell Lime-Jione is of a gray
colour, and if broken, has a white dull that flies away from it.
But if we may believe (9/^«tf Wormius^ 'tis a fign alfo offomthing
much better than that, who apprehends it to be nothing lefs than
a certain effeft of Metallick. vapors : Oritur^ (faies he, fpeaking of
Lac LunteJ avaporibu^metallici^, qui indies fubtiles vehunt exhala-
iiones^ qu<fttbi jper faxa in cavitates exfudaverint^ humido evocato,
quodficcuviefiremanet ist inmedullamhancxaram^ tcnerain, i^fria-
hikm concrefcit. ^ To which Daniel Major not only agrees, but

I DefiguriiLafidumocap.S. * BoiKNat.Hifi.ofhel c-20-fe^.'i- ' O/. U'ormii Mitfaum, cap.^. \

more

of OXFO%p^S HI%E, IP

rtiore particularly adds, that the matter of this Earth proceeds
from the metallick vapours of filvcr ore^ by fome fermentation
raifed and fublimed, and then condenfed on the fides of the
Rocks.

23. Of which, hys Gefner\ there are two forts ; the one
grof^ 2nd gritty, becaufe immature and crude ; the other more
perfeftly concofted, whiter^ lighter, and fofter : And of both
thefe we alfo find here, but whether indicative offilver ore, as iri
the mentioned places by Johan: Daniel Major^ , is the great
queftion. In anfwer whereunto I cannot but add, that though
1 (liould be very unwilling, that any Owner, Farmer, or others,
fliould hazard their Fortune upon my weak judgment, without
thb advice of ancient and experienced Bermen ; yet that at Shot-
over, befidc Lac Lunji, there are other Symbols of fiher Ore.

24. Whereof, if any heed may be given to Pliny, the Ochre
before- mention'd may be accounted one : In argenti isr ^uri me-
tallic nafcuntur etiam optima pigmenta Sil is" cd^ruleum ; where by
Sil he means fuch yellow Ochre, than which, there is no place
we know of in the world that has greater plenty, or of equal
wortho To which we may add a fort of Iron-Jlone, which is not
Iron- ore, found peradventurc in as great quantities here, as it is
upon the hiils near S chemnitz^ni Hungary , the greateft Mine-
tovpu in that Kingdom : where itfeems it is not only a f^gn of the
Ore, but is alfo of great ufe in melting of it; whereof faies Dr.
Brcvpn, in his Journey thither, that of a liver-colour is counted
beft '\ Now that we have fuch an Ore, though I dare not pro-
mile, yet provided we had in the greateft plenty, the liver-co-
lour'd Iron-fione (I dare fay it) would not fail us.

25. But if LacLundt alone may be a futficient /«r/ex, and if
we are not miftaken in the thing it felf, as I verily think we can-
not be, none of the places already mention'd can (liew it in
quantity and goodnefs too, equal to a Quarry in the Paridi of
Ccrnwell, fouth weft and by weft about a hundred yards from the
Right wordiipful Sir Thomas Penny flons houfc ; where it is found
fo well concoded, and of fo great purity, that the driven Snov^
never appeared whiter ; and yet in fo great quantity too, that I
cannot gueis the Mineral, or whatfoever other metal it be, that

f Vefgur'u Lap!dum<(a^. 2- « Tie LaEie Luft^ dijfertatio Medka. Edit, Annoi66-j. b Account of
his Travels, pag. 92.

H 2 • gives

^o 7hc !J\(\itural Hiflory

gives fo great a fteam as this, can lie very deep, or be very poor '•
Yet 1 ftmll not prtfume to advife its owner ^ the eminent Virtuofo
Sir ThomoiFcnny^on^ any further to dig in quefi: of it, than ac-
cording as he (liall want Stone upon other occafions, to fink his
Pitforthefature, j^fr/fW(^icM/^r to the //ori^ow, whereas now he
takes it as it rifes in -piano : So that in time, when he is gotten
through the Rock, a more certain judgment may be pad on what
lies under, with little charge or damage to him : Where if in
timehe finde a Treafure, I am fure the Difcoverer will not want
his reward, from fo Ingenious, and every way fo accomplifti'd
z Fer'on^ atleaft in fuch proportion as has alwaies been allowed
by the Societies of the Mines Royals and Mineral Battery-works.

z6. Befide the notice it gives o{Mines^ and ufe it has in cover-
ing the blemiflies of the Face^ like the Earth Qnei of China^ men-
tion''dhy^ Kircher ; its Medicinal u^ts are very great. For by
Georgiu^ Agricola, and Fernante Imperato; the former whereof
calls it Stenomarga^^ and the latter Agaricu^ Miner alis^ : it is
thought to have the virtues of the Samian Earth, and to be very
beneficial in (lopping of blood, and womens difeafes. Boetiu^^
holds it to be a good narcotick.-, and that it fafely may be given to
procure deep. And Gefner " affirms it to be commonly fold by
the Apothecaries of Lucern^ and ufed by Chirurgians to dry gleet-
ing fores ; and that given to Nurfes, it increafes their milk, and
quickly makes their Brefts apparently fwell. And upon this ac-
count it ferves me as a feafonable tranfition to pafs next to the
Earths of Medicinal u(e.

27. Of which the mofl: likely I have met with yet, is dug a-
mongft the clay they ufe for bricks, in the ParilTi of Nettlebed^
not far from the Wind-mill, of as red a colour as Bolu6 Artnenu^^
but not like that difcolouring the hands ; fi:rongly adhering^ if
put to the tongue, but whether />roz/ow/iz/e of fweat or no, I have
not hitherto been able to perfwade a tryal. However, let it
prove never fo good, Pie not promife the owner any great profit,
becaufe of the humor we have of defpifing our own, and only
admiring and efteeming thofe things that are far fetched and
dearly bought.

28. But quite of another mind was that famous Phyfitian,

i china illuftrata. k De N^tiir. Fofjil- ' J>eU' Hiffl. Natural Ltk-',. cap- ^- •" Pe LapiJ. & Gem-
7ms. cap. 22<). " De Figuris Lap:dum,cap.2.

Mr. Henry

Of OXFO^p^SHl'KE. 6i

Mr. Henry Sajero^ Magdalene College Oxon^ who commonly made
ufeof a cinereous Earth, fomwhac tending to yellow, and finely
chamletted^ that he found at the Quarries, in the gullies of the
Rocks in the Pariili of Heddington : with which, as I am inform-
ed by my worthy Friend Mr. Crcfs once his Apothecary^ and ftill
living, he did as frequently, and as well procure Sweats, as with
any of theForrcign earths whatever.

29. To thefe may be added a whitidi fat earthy formerly of
{omeufe in external applications^ which they fetch'd, whil'ft the
waters continued in requeft, from the orifice of the afore-men-
tioned /}ring at Goreing^ and phanfied it at leail, to be a very
good remedy for the ach of Corns, and fome other fuch j?iala-
dies : but as foon as ihevcaters began to fail, the earth too (though
ftill there remain enough) began to decline in its reputation, and
is now of very little, if of any efteem.

30. There is another white e^r//6 of fome ufe in this Coun-
try, which fome will have alfo, as well as Lac Liin<£^ to deferve
thQ mmt of -Si mineral Agaric : it grows for the moft part within
round hollow Flints, to be had almoft every where in the Chiltern
Country, and good to ftop fluxes boiled in milk ; and I was tol^
by an eminent Phyfitian, has been ufed in Confumptions with
good fuccefs. The ftone in which it grows they call here a Chalk
Egg^ and is the fame with the Gecdes of the ancient Naturalifts^ of
which, becaufe further in the C/'^/Z^ro/^oTZfj, I forbear to add
more concernmg it here.

3 1 . Hither alfo muft be referred not only the earths that are
found to be foveraign for Mans .prefervation, but according to
the Logical rule of contraries^ fuch as often have been his deftru-
ftion too : Whereof there are fome in the Parifh of North Leigh^
that fend forth fuch fudden and deadly ftcams, that they kill be-
fore the Patient can give the leaft notice, of which they have had
two very deplorable examples.

32. The firft whereof happened in Augufl^ about twenty year^
fince, when two men of the place imployed to dig a well, firft
fickned, and wifely withdrew from the work : whereupon it was
undertaken by two others of Wood/lock., men of greater refolu-
tion andlefs wifdom ; who before they could do any thing con-
siderably in it, funk down and irrecoverably dyed in the well ;
which quickly being perceived by a woman above, a Mi//^r hard

by

Ci The d^amral H'ljlofy

by was called to their afliftance, who as unhappily as willing-
ly defcending to them, alfo fuddenly fell down upon them, aad
dyed : To whom,aftcr fome deliberation taken, another yrtntmt^
down with a roap about his middle, but he fell from the Lad-
der in juft the fame manner, and though prefently drawn up by
the people above , yet was fcarcely recovered in an hour or
more.

33. And now again but lately, on the 20'^ o{ Augu/i 16 j^,
upon a buckets falling cafually into a well, on the font h fide of
the Town^ about a furlong from the former, a woman calls her
neighbor, a lufty ftrongman, to go down by a Ladder to fetch
up her bucket, who altogether unmindful of the former acci-
dent, foon granted (as it proved) her unhappy requeft ; for
by that time he came half way down, he fell dead from the
Ladder into the water : the woman amazed, calls another of
her Neighbors, a lufty young man of about eight and tvv^enty,
who haftily defcending to give his affiftance, much about the
fame place alfo fell from the Ladder, and dyed, without giving
the leaft fign of his change, fo fuddenly mortal are the damps of
this earth,

34. Dr. B6at°, m his Natural Hijlory o^ Ireland^ gives ac*
count of an accident that happened at Dublin^ in a well there fo
very like ours,that they fcarcely differ in any circumftance. And
we have a relation in our Fhilofophical Tranfa^ions p, of fuch kind
of damps that happen'd in Coal-mines belonging to the Lord
Sinclair m Scotland. Now though we muft not conclude from
hence, that here muft therefore needs be Coal ; yet, conjoyned
with others I know hereabout, I take it not to be (o unlikely a
fign^ but that of all others I know of in the County^ I guefs this
may be the moft probable place.

35. For though I think thofe poyfonous and killing fteams
may indeed more immcdiatly have their rife from a Pyrites^ or
Coperoifione^ found here in great plenty where-ever they dig ; a
piece whereof brought me by a friend from thence, upon taft,
proved a Vitriol fo ftrong and virulent, that prefently from my
mouth it foaffefted my ftomach, that I confefs for a while I was
fearful of danger: yet, it being the common confent of Natu-
ral/Jis, that fuch Pyrites are nothing but the efiorefcence of Mine-

» Cap. iZ. felt. 4. p Thilof.Tranfaa. Hum. 3.

raU^

Of 0 XFO^V^SHI'R^E. 6\

rah^ latent underneath them in the bowels of the earth, my
conjeSure thereby is not made the lefs valid.

36. With the Pyrites cinereus^ or Coper as ft one ^ not unlikely
there may alfo be fome mixture of ArfiniCj which advances its
malignity to that deadly ftrength, that no man may approach un-
der pain of death : But that for the future, the infenfible inva-
fions of this fecret enemy may for ever be avoided ; let all workr
men, and fuch as upon any account whatever have occafion to dig
or go down in thefe wells, firft throw dov/n into them a peck of
good Lime^ which flaking in the water, and fuming out at the
top, willfo efteftually difpel all fuch poifonous vapors, thatthey
may fafely go down, and flay fome time unhurt.

37. From thefe mifchievous ones of F/7rio/ and Arfenk^ I
proceed to fome other more innocent falts-, before promifed more
fully to be handled here, with which fome earths being peculiar-
ly qualified, are accordingly difpofed topetrifie bodies. Hovi^all
petrifications are performed hyfalts^ and petrifications per minima^
by their fubtileft fteams, I fuppofe has already fufficiently been
fliewn, as alfo how waters moft probably effed them : It remains
only therefore now to be proved, that earths as well as waters^ do
aiford fuch fteams as permeate alfo the moft folid texture.

38. To which purpofe I met with a curious inftance in the
Fields between Clifton and Nuneham-Courtney, of a ftone that
reprefents a found piece of Afli, cut both parallel and tranfverfly
to the pores, and retaining the grain and colour fo well and live-
ly, that no body at fight believes it to be other than a firm and fo-
lid piece of wood ; and yet this was taken out of grounds there-
about, as far from water as one need to wifli. In fliort, the ver-
iion feemsfovery perfeft, its fubjed appearing to have been ve-
ry found and free from rottenncfs, that either we muft own fuch
pttrificaiions'A^xKis, to be truly fuch, and totumper totum, or elfe
allow that ftones may grow in grain and colour exadly like
wood.

39. But that the latter of thefe may not fo far take place (though
the poiiibility of the thing muft not be denyed) as to exclude
a poffibility of its being fomtimes otherwife ; I take leave to iia-
ilance in another petrification made alfo by an earthy and not by
rcater, thatfeems to carry a neceflity with it, of its fubjefhs once
being folid vpood: for befide, that it ftiews the clofe grain oiOak.^

and

^^ The J^tural Hiftorj

and therefore by Naturalijis called Dryites ; in was taken up iri
great quantities coo, and out of fome of the pieces, (whereof
1 have one) it may be plainly {^tn where tveigs have come forth,
the knots ftill remaining where they were cut oft'; fo that unlefs
we fly to ihtfforts of Nature^ and allow her to imitate almoft all
things in ftone, we cannot well avoid a confcnt, that this was
fomtime really Wood, It was cafually dug up in the Paridi of
Wendkhurj^ in a gravelly ground not far from the Church, and
is, I believe, the fame Earth mentioned fo good for this purpofe
in our Plydofophical Tranfa^ions'^.

4c. Thus having confidered the principal f^rz/jj ufed in Huf-
bandry , Paintings Medicine, i^c. I proceed in the next place to
treat of fome others, lefs in value, and put to inferior ufes : A-
mongft which we may reckon the very uppermoft Turf; which
hefidefov Bowling-greens^ and Grafs-walks in Gardens, is here
not unfrequently ufcd by Thatchers^ and laid on Mud-vralls^ and
the tops of Houfes, in the place and manner of thofc we call
Ridge-tiles \ notthatitis fo goodas 77:j/C/5i;/g- (though fome fay
it better refifts the winds} but becaufe in fome places Wood is {o
fcarce, that they cannot get fpraies to fallen on Thatch ; or clfe
the people fo poor that they care not to buy them.

41. Alfo at fome other places for want of Wood, they make
ufe of another fort of Turf for fewcl , not the upper Green^
Jword, but an inferior ftringy bituminom Earthy cut out like Bricks t
for the moftpart from moorifli boggy grounds ; in fome Coun- j
cries called Peat-pits, in oi\\tisMcfes, The befl of this Turf that
I have feen in Oxford-Jhire, I met with at Mr. Warcups in the Parifh
g{ North 'Moor^ but dug as I was informed in Stanton -Harcourt^
about a mile diftance S. Weft from the Church : it lies but one
fpits depth within the ground, and is fuppofed to be at leaft
four foot thick : They cut it in March, and lay the pieces called
Peats to dry on the grafs, fomtimes turning them ; which when
reafonably well done, they then pile up like Wheelwrights felleys,
leaving every where empty fpaces between,that the Air and Wind
paffing through them, they at length may become dry enough for
the fire. They think that the Jfringy roots, that together with
the Bitumen, make up the Peats, do never flourilh above the fur-
face : if fo, I am fomthing confirmed in an opinion, that there are

f Num. 6.

many

Of OXFO %T)^SHI%E. ^5

th2ny fiibterraneoii^ F/ants not noted^ of which 1 Intend 'a dili-
gent enquiry '. After the /'e^/j are taken out, they fill np thfe
ground again with the gralTy earth that was firft cur up. And at
Con ley ^ where they alfo dig them, they ufually leave the depth of
One If aJe-graftTit the bottom, as a foundation whereon they may
growagain, which in the fpace of twenty or thirty years, 'tis
bbferv'd they will do in the North of England* .

42. The fcarcity alfo of fireing has induced fome People to
burn a fort 0^ black, fubftance^ of a grain fomwhat like rotten
wood half burnt, but participating alfo of a Miner dl nature, and
therefore by Authors called Metallophytum^ or Lignum fof/Je ^ t
putintoir^/er, it will not fwim ; and into /r?, it confumes but
flowly, and fends forth very unpleafant fumes: it is found in a
Quarry czlled LangforJ-pits, in the Parifliof Kidlington^ not far
from Thrup, about eighteen foot deep under the Rock, where
there lies a bed about four inches thick. But at Vuckjington I
met with a much finer kind, and richer in hitumen\ for though
on the out fide it looks like wood, yet broken, it Clicws a fmooth
andftiining /w/'eryfaVi', not unlike to y?o;2g-/>i/c/?, ard put in the
fire^ has not near fo ill a fnielt. This was dug, and kindly be-
flowed upon me by the Worfbipful William Bayly Efq; who told
mebefide of an Aluminous earth that he fom where alfo f undin
his ground. As for the fubftance, Lignum fofjde it is thought to
be originally a cretaceom earthy turned to what it is by fubterra-
neGH6 heats^ which probably at ^'zV/i;?^/^;? may indeed be great,
becaufe reflefted by the Quarry above it, for that it was never
formerly wood, notwithftanding; its fpecious and outward like-
nefs, is plain, from its never being found with roots or boughs^ of
any other figns of wood.

43 . At Marjh Balden Heath, and Nuneham-Courtney^ they have
a fort of earth of duftile parts, which put in the fire fcarcely
cracks, and has been formerly ufed by Potters^ but upon what
account I know not, now negledled. There is alfo a Clay neaf
Little Milton that might very well ferve for the Potters ufe. And
at Shotorjer-hill there is a vrhite clay^ the fourth fold of earth in
the way to the Ochre^ which during the late wars, inthefiegeof
Oxford^ was wholly ufed for making Tobacco-pipes there ; and is

, Vtd-Nhh.StenonisProdrom. * They dig prety good peats alfo near the W^itf at H^ei/<//»g/o» > and
in a boggy ground Eaft- ward of Ets field Church. ^ O/. Wormii, Mufeum lib. 2. cap. 6,

I flM

^S The ^J^tural Hifiorj

ftill in'partputtothatrervice-.niixed with another they have from
l^o.thampton-/liri\. Itisalfo of excellent ufe to Statuaries^ for
making Moddeh^ Gargills^ or Antickj ; and containing a hard,
but very fmall grit ; \npoli//ying Silver, it conies near to Tiipela.

44. And fo cio's an nnonymows very vchitt earthy found in the
feams of the Quarries at Teynton^ which at firft I concluded a crude
Alabnjier^ becaufe I found near it a piece that was perfeft : but
reducing it into a very fine powder, and putting it over a quick
fire, it would not boil like A/abaffer duft, nor keep the colour, buC
turned redd itli. Many other tryals were made with it, in Fla-
fikks-i Polip.'ing^ Paintings isrc. but my endeavors fucceeded in no-
thing fo well, as in foliPiing fmaller filver Veflels, that could not
endure hurnijhing well -^ to which it gave a more glorious bright-
nefs than Tripela would, though perhaps not fo lafting ; and not
far bchinde that of burnidi'd Plate.

45 . And yet neither this, nor the former will polidi h^^^fs-t nor
any thing elfe that is not of its colour, which has lately engaged
my thoughts 'n\-2i Qvery, whether in all other Metals the rule does j
hold : for I find, that fulphur gives a lufter to Gold ; and thaC J
nothing does brighten Copper fo well, as a fort of ftufi" they call "
rotten Jtone^ alfofomthingof its colour.

46. At Ttynton alfo, within a fpit of the furface, they dig a
fort of earth they there call Lam^ of a whitiQi colour inclining to
yellow ; which mixt with fand, and fome other earth, makes the
beft earthen floors for ground-rooms and barns : it diifolves as
quick 2S Fullers-earthj and were it not for a fault which might
pofllbly be help'd, it may ferve their turns perhaps as well as any
they ufe.

47. To thefe may be added another JT'/?;/7i/5^^r//», which cor-
ruptly 1 fuppofe from its colour is called Which-earth ; mixed with
ftraw, they ufe it for fide-walls and ceilings, and with horfe-
dung it makes mortar for laying of ftones : it feems to be a natu-
ral mixture of lime and fand^ found at Z/^^/w, Waterperry^ and
Adwell^ and flakes in water (like Gypfum') without any heat.

48. At Milton near Adderhury^ Great Tew^ and Stunsfield^ I met
alfo with another fort of fpungy chalk, which though it will not
flake like the former ; yet at Milton and Adderhury ufed for point-
ing, feems to bindethe ftones of their walls very well : and theirs
at Gre^/ Zew being fomwhat finer, fcrves as well to white their

rooms

of 0 XFO %p-S HI%E. 67

rooms within (as I h\v at Swerford') as to point walls without :
but at Stunsjie lei there was no body knew of itsufe.

49. Other earths there are that I find in this County,for whofe
names^ as well as natures^ I am quite at a lofs ; vt^hereof there is
one in Sn Thomas Fennyji oris ?2\k^ which for the ftrangenefs of
its qualities deferves the firft place. Of colour it is extreamly
white, of little taft, and lefsfmell; lying in veins in a yellowiili
clay, like a 7;7e<^«//^ about the bignefs of ones wrift; taken out
with a knife, it falls into a fine powder, fomwhat gritty, but of
fo very great a weight, that its double at leaft to any other earth
of its bulk ; put in the fcale againft vchite Marble du(i^ it equalled
its weight, and exceeded that o^ Alabajler by almoft a fourth part :
fetin fand in a glafs retort, and driven with a quick and ftrong
fire, it fublimed to the fides of the glafs a little, but ftill preferved
its colour and vv'eight, till put between two Crucibles^ one invert-
ed upon the other ; well luted, and ftrongly forced in a wind-
furnace for about two hours,it loft above the moiety of its weight;
for as I well remember, of three ounces put in, there came not out
full owe 2in6.2.half and yet nothing fublimed in the top of the
Crucible: the colour ftill remained as white as ever, and the bulk
fas near as I could guefs) the fame, but now of a ftrong fait and
urinous taft ; which after folution, filtration, and evaporation,
came at laft, to what people as little underftood, as what became
of its ^o;2(^ero«!j ingredient.

50. Wetryed it alfo at Cornwel!^ in Sir Thomas Pennj^on's
Laboratory^ becaufe of its weight with diversfiuxingfalts, in hopes
of fome kind of metalline fubftance, but all, as before, to little
purpofe. So that I cannot tell what to divine it (liould be, ex-
cept the G«r of the ^i/e//^5 congealed, which they defcribe in
their Books to be much fuch a thing, which for want of more
rime to fpcnd in its fervice, I leave to the difcovery of future

ages.

51. In the Chalk-pits almoft every where in the South-eaft
parts of Oxford-flnre^ they finde a fort of iron-colour'd terra la-
J>idofa^ in the very body of the chalky which 1 think they call
Iron-moulds^ and particularly at a place between Brightvcell and
Berrick.-, of an oval figure: how they came to be of that (liape.
Or at all grow, in a fubftance of fo dlfterent a nature as chalk.^ I
confefs to be a pobkm beyond my knowledge, as well as the

I 2 ufc

^8 The Natural H'tjlory

ufe they may probably have, which I alfo remit to poflerity to

find.

52. They have an earth about Teynton of a yellowifli colour,
adorned all over with glittering ff arks, which unlefs they are
particles of the fj^ecular flone^ or EngWHi Talc, with the former
muft be reckoned amongft the unknown earths.

53. To which add another kind of terra lapidofa found about
thame^ at the bottom of their Quarries, it is much of the colour
of the Turkjfi Rufma, hollow and fpungy, and full of fliining
grains like a fort of Pyrites^ but of what nature or ufe I can no
where find. Nor of another fort ofC/aj found at Hampton-Gay^
holding a grit of a golden colour, much of the nature of Pyri-
tes aurews^ only 'tis not found like that in great pieces, which by
our modern Naturalifts are called Brafs lumps,

54. And thus I had concluded the Chapter of Earths, but that
I think it belongs to this place to mention alfo fuch accidents as
attend them ; and therefore muft not be altogether filentof an
eminent Proffe6i about a mile from Teynton^ where from a Hill
North-eafi from thence, ten Mercat towns in a clear day may plain-
ly be feen. Nor of a fmall Earth-quake, that on the nineteenth
of February, 1 665. was obfervedat divers places near Oxford-, as
ziBlechington, Stanton St. Johns, istc. But it (bail fuiiice juft to
mention it, Relations (with the concomitants^ of it, being al-
ready publifhed : ' one by the Honorable Robert Beyle Efq; and
the other by the Learned Dr. John Walli^.

* FhilofTravfali.Num. 10, II.

CHAP,

Of 0 XFO XT>'SHtXM^ t9

CHAP. IV.

Of Stones,

AS in the Chapters of U'^'aters and Earths, I treated only of
fuch as eminently held fome fait or fiilpbur, and were
fome way or other ufeful to Man : I intend in like man-
ner in this of Stones ftriftly to obferve the hmemethoJ, and takd
notice only of fuch as either plainly (liew thofe Minerals, and
fupply the necejfities ; or are for the ornament^ or delight of Man-
kind.

2. How ?\\ftones are chiefly made out of falts^ with a mixture
of earth and fomtimes of fulphur^ was formerly hinted in ano-
ther place. It remains only that I confider them in a more par-
ticular manner, and Hiew which they be, and where they arc,
that hold any of thefe principles more fignally than other, which
I fuppofe by their effefts may beft be difcover'd.

3. In the Road from (9x/ori toward London^ not far beyond
Tetfvporth-i in a hollow way on therifing of a hill, I found a fofc
ftone there-about called Mautne ^ of a whitifh colour; whofe
fait is fo free from the bonds of (ulphur, that with the frofts and
rain it flakes like lime : perhaps half the firing ufed to burn away
tWfulphur in other lime-flcne, might ferve the turn here. An Ex-
periment fo very likely to be beneficial to the Country, that \ left
i: with the Son of the ingenious Improver, Sir ThomoiTlpping^
as a thing not unworthy of his Fathers tryal ; but whether he
have at all, or but unfuccefsfully made any, I have not yet had the
favor to hear.

4. In the way to Whitfield^ as I rod thither from Tetfvporth^ I
found the ways mended with this kinde of y?o;ze, I fuppofe be-
caufe they could get no other, for certainly otherwife there were
nothing more unfit, than a ftone of fo loofe and open zfalt '.
much rather vv^ith fuch fi-iould they mend their Lands than High-
ways, that like lime, marks, and chalk, will flake in the Winter *^
which I take for fo fure a mark of its improvingc^dYiiy, that I can-
not but commend it to the tryal of the Country.

5. And for their encouragement, let me farther tell them, that'
at a place called Hornton in the North of this County, the^y com-
monly

yo- The !?{jimral Hijlory

monly ufe the chipfings of the §ione dug there in the Quarry, for
improvement of the Land, and that not without apparent fuccefs :
and yet the ftone is of a much harder kind, than this at Tetf-
vrorth and in the way to Whitfield.

6. Amongft fome MSS. notes of Natural things^ I met with one
of a ftone at Oriel College^ commonly called (fays the Author)
Tbefvreating ftone, at which the Birds were conftantly pecking
and licking; as I guefs (if ever there were any fuch thing) for
fome kind of faltnefs they found come from it: I fay, if ever
there were any fuch thing, for I find it not in this nevp^ nor re-
mains there any tradition of it in the oldCollege, I therefore pafs
it by without further notice.

7. However, in fliort, all ftones have fo much fait in them,
that in fome meafure they are an i?}jproveme72t of Lznd, for though
itbefo clofelockMup wkh fulphur, that the greatcft frofts and
rain will not make the ftones run, yet there isftill fuch an emifli-
on of faline fteams, that fome earths hzwe their whole fertility
from them. Thus have I feen Fields cover'd with Flints and
Pebbles,produce better Corn than where there were none, which
perhaps may be a better reafon than what is brought by PHny"^,
why the Foreign Coloni that came to Sjracufe to inhabit therc,and
pradiife Hufbandry ; after they had cleared the ground of all
the ftones, could have no Corn, till they had laid them again on
the very fame ground from whence they had taken them but juft
before.

8. The like maybe ohferved in walls and buildings, where fe-
veral forts of vegetables^ yc-^ trees of great bignefs, will thrive
and profper remote from the earth, without any further nourifti-
ment, than that they have from the fertile ftones, and liine they arc
laid with, alfo made out of ^o;?^^.

9. If it be objefted that Pebbles and Flints alfo hold ^fulphur,
as well as a fait, and that in all probability Corn and other Vege-
tables may receive their flouriftiing verdure , rather from the
warm comfortable fteams of that, then the others of fait, I ftiali
not fo much as contend about it, but gladly accept of the oppor-
tunity by this means to pafs from ftones holding fait only, to fuch
as have alfo a mixture of fulphur.

10. And fuch are all that with. Heel, or any other fit body,

^ JJb. 17. cap. 4.

will

Of 0 XF01{T)-^SHI7{E. yi

will ftiike fire, and therefore by a very fir name called Pyrites^ un-
der which geni0 may be reckon'd not only Fjrites ftridUy taken,
but Flints^ Pebbles, Sand^ and whatever elfe by any quick and
fudden attrition may have its parts kindled into fparks : of which
as many as I find eminent in their kind, or are fit for ufes, as
briefly as may be.

T I . And amongft them (as T think moft due) for the preroga-
tive of its colour, I aflign the firft place to the Pyrites aunu^^ or
golden fire-ftone, whereof they find great plenty in digging of
Wells about Banbury imd Cleydori^ and fomwhere in the River at
Clifton near Dorckejrer : Some, of them are taken up in grea: ■umps
(and arc therefore alfo called Brajl- lumps') of uncertain form,
whereof I had very rich ones out of the Well of one Boreman of
Cleydon^ But thofe from C/i/zow aforefaid feem tohc laminated,
and fome of them (liot into angles like Briflol Diamants^ and are
mentioned by Aldrovandu^ ^, which he calls. Pyrites cum fluoribu^
adnafientibu6^ and cuju^ partes coh<^rent tanquam lapilli anguloji,
Thefe flrike fire in great plenty, and for that reafon formerly have
been much ufed for Carabines tind Pifiols^ whirft Wheel-locks were
in fafliion ; and are alfo very weighty, and perhaps hold metal^
which , were it not for the too great proportion of fuipbur
(whence fuch Minerals, faith the Learned ^z7//4 '^ , have chiefly
their concretion) that carryeth it away while it meketh in the
Crucible, by over volatilizing it, which the Mine-men therefore
term the Robber^ might otherwife be procured with advantage to
the orcntr.

12. At Aflon Rorvant^ Nettlebed, and Henly, and indeed all
along the Chiltern Country, they have another fort of Marcha-
ftte, within fide of a golden, and without of a darkifli rufty co-
lour, and therefore at fome of the afore-mentioned places called
commonly Crow- iron : this fort, if broken and laid in the air, or
any other moift place, difiblves into a/^// that taftes like ink, and
is no queftion the Pyrites of Kentmannu^ ^, which for that reafon
he terms atramertti parens. And fuch a one is the Pyrites found at
North-Leigh^ brought me thence by my worthy Friend Dr. Per-
rot, which not only like the former gave the tafl of ink., but ex-
posM to the ^ir awhile, became cover'd with a white downy fait
of the very fame talt, which 1 take to Be fuch a natural atramentum

y, Lib. 4. cap 3. 3t P^ Ferment, cap. 9. y Tit. 1. cap. de Succis efPorefcenttlim-

alburn^

7i The O^tural Biftorj

alburn^ as isfaid by the fame Kentmannm^ Ejporefcerz e pjrite Gof-
lariano, isr R adder genfi^ .

13. Next tothefe, in order of nature as well as dignity, comes
the fther Marchafite^ under confideration of a white gliftering
colour, and to be had in the bottom of the River between Clif-
ton and Burcot : this ftrikes fire as well as the golden Pyrites^ but
notwithftanding it was expofed in the fitted places, yet would
never, that I could perceive, fend forth any efflorefcence. An-
other fort of them I met with at Veddington^ taken out of the
afore-mentioned yM///'«r Well there, of as glorious a colour as
the former ; but feveral times tr^ied on the beft Steel I could get,
would never yield the leaft fpark of fire : whence I rather con-
cluded it to be flr^e;7/M;77/^/iw7>7, or Cat-fdver^ but that it would
notdiine inthe dark, or confume in the fire : However, it may
pafs for a slerile nitidum^ fo often mentioned by Naturalijls^ it
being a glorious nothings of no kind of ufe.

14. Thzt Flints^ PehbleSy 2ind Sands, -are zli^o Pyrites^ needs
no further evidence than that they ftrike fire, a thing fo obvious
to the meaneftObferver, that to fpend time to prove it, would
be loft time to the Reader ; it (hall fuffice therefore to enumerate
the feveral kinds of each, and chiefly to infift upon fuch as have
ufes.

15. All along the Chiltern Country of Oxford-fiire^ Flints
areas plentiful as any where clfe ; amongft them the black one,
wellpolifh'd, will fupply the place of the Lydian jione ; and at
Uenly they ufe them in making of Glafs, of which more anon in
the Chapter of Arts. They are found befide of divers other co-
lours, and fomeof them fo /r<2«/?'flrew/, that they feem not only
to imitate, but to be the very fame with Achats. 1 have one,
found ztD or che/ler, about an inch and half fquare, of a fefi co-
lour, and fo tran/parenty that it may well enough deferve the
name of Sardacbates. Such as this were alfo (hewn me, by the
truly Ingenious, the Right Honorable James Lord Norreys of Ri.-
cot, and found, as I think his Lordfliip told me, fome where
thereabout, and are I do not qucftion the very fame ftones, that
Kentmannu6 ^ indeed places in his Title of Flints, yet calls them,
Pellucentes Sardde colore.

16. Of Pebbles there are fome alfo tran(parent, to be had a-

» Tit.2.cji{'. Sory, ^ dejuceisefjitrefcffit. » Kmtwan. tit-Z:

bout

, Of OXFO %T>^S HI TiE, 73

bout Finffock ^nd Nuneham- Courtney, I found them alfo in the
way betvreen N€vp-yate2in6. Enjifjam^ but none comparable to what
was ftiewn me by that great Firtuofo, the Right Wordiipful Sir
Anthony Cope of Hanwell^ the moft eminent Artiji and Naturali§i
while hclived, \^ not o^ En gland ^ moft cerrainly of this C«/;7(j,
whole Houfe me thought feemed to be the real Nexv Atlantis^
which my Lord Vifcount Verulam had only in fanfie. The Pebble
I remember was about the breadth of ones hand, of a fiat form,
and yet not much lefs than an inch in thicknefs, fo clear and pel-
lucid, that no Chryflal that ever 1 fa w yet excelP d it ; fo that had
not its Majler^ the cautious Art'i^^ took care to leave on it part
of its outward coat, ^t^ would have believed it had ever been a
?ehble. ■'

17. Thti^t Pebbles when tranfparent, make an excellent ingre-
dient fjr the Qlafi-vForkj ; and fo do thofe which are B^^//e,rhough
not tranffarent^ called by fome Authors by the name of Quocoli^
and perhaps not much different in nature from the Cuognlo of
Ferrantelmperato ^, and fuch zre the Pebbles gathered at Tejino %
with which they make the purcft Glafs at the Moran.

18. There are about Gor^i/7^ and /V«;7f/'^777-Cc«r//?^j', a fort of
"Pebbles of a blue-black, colour, that if polifli'd, might fupply
the place of Touch. And about Favpkr and StunsJieUzr:e a red-
difti kind, very hard, and for the moft part of an oval Figure,
fo excellent for pitching o^ftreets and ftables^ and for Painters
jnullars^ that none can be found more fit and durable.

19. After confideration of Flints and Pebbles apart, let
us now take a view of them jointly together, for fo I found
them at Caverjham-, and Greenvil^ and in the way from Pvfiill
to Stonor-hcufe, in clufters together of divers colours, and uni-
ted into one body, by a petrified cement as hard as themfelves,
and moft of them I believe capable of politure *. But the beft of
all are in theClofe at Stonor, of which there are fome fo large
and clofe knit, that could the Ingenious Proprietor, Thomas Sto-
nor Efq; find a way to flit and polifti them without too much
charge, he might make him rich Chimney -pieces 2in& Tables of them,
fo far excelling Porphyrie znd Marble^ that perhaps they might
compare with the beft Jafper or Acbat. For T have {een fiich as

I thefe found about Hampfted^ curloufly wrought into handles of

b DeN'Hifi-Nat. li^. 2^-cap. i6: ' Anrov.NeriJii,. i. cap-2- * There is a Quarry of this South
of Wohi-yco! Ch-irch, bat the C;mcnt lb foit, that it will not polish.

K knives,

j^ The S^tural Hiftory

knives by that eminent Artift Sir Anthony Cope ', to which few
^f/jd/i might be compared, perchance none preferr'd, either in
thepolifli or variety of colours^

2C. The Ingenious Mr. Ray , amongft other Obfcrvations
made in his Journey through Italy^isrc* tells us,That in the Church
of the Benedi^ines at Ravenna^ the Monks did (liew him two
Marble pilars^ for which they faid, the Venetians oft'er'd them no
lefsthan their utmoft weight in Silver. But the like he fays, he
had {cen ellewhere, at the Library at Zurich^ and at Verona in our
Ladies Cbappel^ in the Garden of Seignior Horatio Guifli : their
generation at firft, fays he, was out of a mafs of fmall Flints
and Pebbles, united by a cement zs hard as themfelves, and capa-
ble of /o/z/wre ; wKxch cement^ hegueifes, was feparated by de-
grees from z fluid wherein the Hones formerly lay : which I take
to be adefcription fo agreeable to ours, that nothing more need
be faid to promote their tryal,

2 1 . Hither alfo muft be reduced a courfer fort of Smiri^^ dug
up in the pits ztWhately Towns end, of a cinereous colour, hard
and rough, and ftriking fire as well as a Flint. The beft fort of
Smiris ferves for feveralufes ; but ours is fit only to cut the hard-
er fort of ftones, that the fand commonly ufed will not fo well
do, and perhaps for fome other inferior ufes.

22. And tothefe muft be added the feveral forts of Sands ^
which upon violent motions all ftrike fire, and are commonly,
and fomtimes promifcuoufly ufed, for Building, Hour-glafes, and
cutting of Stone. But fome there are of a more peculiar and
confiderableufe, and fuch is that dug in the Parilh of Jiingham^
which after 'tis wafhed and duly ordered, fo perfeftly refembles
Calk-fand, that it ferves and is fold for the very fame : it is not
found in every place, but they have figns (like Miners^ to know
where it lies ; viz. a fort of ftuft' that looks almoft like rotten
wood, which if they meet with under the Turf, they feldom fail
of the Sand a little deeper ; which they firft cleanfe from rubbifh,
and the greater ftones, by putting it through a courfe (leve, then
they wafh it in a trough and lay it a drying ; which when fuffici-
ently done, they feparate again by a finer fieve, the courfer part
of it from the finer : the courfer ferves for wheting of fthes, but
the finer fort for fcouring pewter, for which purpofe it fcems
'tis fo very excellent , that the Retailers fell it for a penny a
\ pound.

Of OXFO%!D^SHIXE. ji

pound, which amounts to above twenty (liillings a bufheh

29. Other fands there are alfo of very good ufe, to give a
confiftency and body togltifi; the naturally whiteft are at Nettk-
hd and Shot-over^ but the finefl: by much at Finfock^nd Ledwell^
which when wafr ed and cleanfed , at lead equal the former,
Thefirft of thefe has been tryed with fuccefs at the Glais-houfe
at Htnly : and any of the reft, perhaps, might prove as good
Tarfo as any they have from France^ or is ufed in Italy ^ were they
but in place where they might be tryed,

24.. From Sands^l proceed to La^k arenariu^^ commonly cal-
led Free-fione^ and ufed in Building ; of which we have as great
plenty and variety in Oxford-Jhire, peradventure as in any other
part of England. The Quarry at Heddington, fcarce two miles
from Oxford, fuppliesus continually with a good (ono^/kne, and
fit for all ufes but that of /re; in which, that of Teynton and
Hcrnton excel It. In the Quarry it cuts very foft and eafie, and
is worked accordingly for all forts of Building ; very porous,and
fit to imbibe lime and fand, but hardening continually as it lies
to the weather,

25. of it in general, there are two forts ; one that they call
Free-§lone^ and the other Rag-ftone : but thefe again are fubdi-
vided into feveral fpecies, according as they are cut or put to di-
vers ufes. The Free-ftone, if cut cubically into very great blocks,
is then by way of eminence called nothing but Free-fione ; but if
CMi'mio oblongs or other forts of fquares^ of a leifer bulk, they
then call it AJller ; and the fragments of thefe of inequilateral,
multangular Figures, Scabble-hurs. The two firft are ufed in
principal Buildings, and thelaft, if fquared, is fomtimesmixed
with Afhhr'm Range -work, or by it felf in that they call Flanten-
work-in the meaner Buildings : but when not fquared at all, is
commonly thrown in amongft 7?^^-y?c«e for walling; for which
only, and making /iwe, that fecond fort is good, except it rifes
flat in the bed, and then 'tis worth the while to hew it for
paving.

26. Of iht fione afore-mentioned confifts the grofs of our
Buildings; hut for Columns, Capitels, Bafes^ Window-lights, Door--
cafes, Qornijhing, Mouldings, isrc in the chiefeft work they ufe
Burford-jhne, which is whiter and harder, and carries by much
a finer Arris, than that at Heddington: but yet is not fo hard as

K 2 that

^6 The j\[jitural Hiflory

that at Teynton^ nor will it like that endure the fire, of which
they make MauIt-kH/s, and hearths for Ovens ; but then they take
care to /wr^^^the ftone, i. e. fet it edg-ways, contrary to the
pofture it had in the bed, for otherw^ife there will be fome danger
of its flying.

27. Befide the fire, it endures the weather, for of this mix-
ed with another fort dug near Whately^ on the Worcefter road fide,
as it paiTes betwixt Holton and Sir Timothy Tyrrills^ are all the
oldeft Colleges in ^>:/or<^ built ; ^sBaliol^ Merton^ Exeter^ Queens^
Canterbury (now part of Cb. Ch.') ColUire^ Durham (now Trinity^
College^ Neiv College^ Lincoln^ All Soiils^ Magdalen^ Brafen-nofe^
and the outermoft Quadrangle of St. John Bapt. Coll. yet it en-
dures not the weather fo well as Heddingtcn^ by reafon, I fup-
pofe, of a fait it has in i.% which the weather in time plainly dif-
folves, as may be feen by the Pinnacles of New Co//f^e Chap pel,
made of this ftone, and thus melted away.

28. And yet the moifture of water has no fuch power over
it, but that they make of it Troughs ztidCiJlerns, and now of
late Mefi-fats for Brewing ; firft hinted, 'tis true, by Mr. Bayly of
Vuckjington, but praftifed by one Mr. Vejfej ofTeynton^ who had
the firfi: made him by one Strong a Mafon, which it feems did an-
fwer expectation fo v^'ell, that it has fince obtained in many other
places. Of thefe, that generous and courteous Gentleman, Sir
Compton Read o^ Ship ton under Whichwcod, has one that holds a-
bout fixty five burtiels, drawn home with no lefs than one and
tvv^enty horfes ; they ordinarily mefi in it three quarters of Mault,
but can, when at any time necefiTity requires, mefi five at a time :
the dimenfions of which Veffel of one fingle ftone, taken within
the hollow and abating its thicknefs, becaufe of its vaft unufual
magnitude, I thought fit to note, and give as folio weth ;

long, 2 yards ,.

broad, i yard g. and '^an inch.

deep, I yard I.

yet much larger than this might be had from the Quarry, wert
there ufe for them, or could portage be contrived ; for as I was
informed by many credible witneffes, there wasonefmgle ftone
dug in this Qiiarry, containing no lefs than three hundred tuns.
And another in the year 1673. meafurcd by Mr. Veyfey, of an

hundred

ofOXFO%:p^SHl%E. 77

hundred and three tuns , accounting fix teen foot cubic Co the
tun.

29. Other Qiiarries there arealfo of confiderable ufe, as Bla^
dcn^ Little Milton^ Barjord^ and Hornton, whereof the laft has
the beft Fire-ftone of any in the County; fome of it feems to
have Iron-colour'd veins, that receive (as 1 have {een') a toler-
able polilli, and is the fione I mention'd before, whofe chirpings
(laid on it) improve their land, by reafon I fuppofe of the
fait there is in it, which may alfo be the caufe it endures /r^
fo well.

. 30. At Cnrnhurj Park thert wTis 2 fort of y?;?/?^, the Quarry
whereof is now quite exhaufted, that never would fweat in the
moifteft vreather, of which the pavement of the Hall in the houfe
there, ftill remains as a fufficient teftimony : of this, did it rife
in great blocks, might poffibly have been made very good Mill-
fiones, the not fweating being a principal qualification in all flones
whatever ufed for Corn-mills.

3 1 . But before wt take leave of materials for Building, we
muft not forget that the Houfes are covered, for the moft part in
Oxford-p/ire (not with tiles) hut pat-ftone^ whereof the lighteft,
and that which imbibes the water leaft, is accounted the beft.
And fuch is that which they have at Stunsfield^ where it is dug
fir ft in thick cakes, about Michaelmafs time, or before, to lye
allthen7«/er and receive thefrofts, which make it cleave in the
faring following into thmnct plates^ which otherwife it would not
do fo kindly. But at Bradvoell (near the Grove) they dig a fort
o'i flat-Jione^ naturally fuch, without the help of ww/er, and fo
ftrangely great, that fomtimes they have them of feven foot long,
and five foot over : with thefe they commonly make mounds for
their Clofes, and I have feen a fmall hovel, that for its whole co-
vering has required no more than one of thefe Hones : and fome
of them are of fo hard and clofe a texture, that I have known
them by Painters o^ very good fkill, preferr'd before Marble fov
grinding their colours.

32. To Jlone ufed in Building they fomtimes add Lime, which
becaufe for the moft part, is here made o^ flone, muft alfo be
handled in this place ; for which they count the hardeft rag-fione
beft, but any will make it, fays the Learned Willi^^^ except fuch

' Ds Ferment, cap. lo.

. 3S

yS The Natural H'lflory

as is made up of a reddifli kind of gravel : the beft fign of it
here, as well as in Ireland^ has been fufficiently hinted in the
former Chapter, to be that white and fpungy kind of matter^ that
fticks to thaftones in the caverns of the Rocks, and fo plentifully
found at Cornwell and Whatdy ; at Hanhorough^ Fawler^ and in
Ccrnbury Park. Not but that very good Lime may be had from
ftone that llicws not the leaft of this fign, as at Bladen Quarry,
and many other places, but that none makes better then the ftonc
that has it ; except hereafter it may be found true here, what
Lachmund ^ aflerts of the BiJJjoprick. of Hildefieim, where the beft
(he fiys) is made of the hardeft ftone, quodvaria infe Conchylia
continet^ fet full of j^^e/ri/Wfliell-fifti ; for if fo, our beft Z-iw^-
Jlone m.uft be at Charkton and Langley ^ at Little Milton^ and Shot-
over Forrefi^ in the Quarry there on the north fide of the Hill,
not far from the way to Sir Timothy Tyrrilh ; at all which places,
thq ftone is ftuckfuU of Cockles^ Efcallop^ and Oyfters^ of which
more anon in the following Chapter.

33. Befide the ftone that is ufed for the fubjlance^ there is o-
ther that ferves for the ornament of Building, a fort of gray
Marble dug in the Parifh of Blechington^ in the Lordftiip of the
Right Honorable /Ir//jMr Earl of Anglefey^ Lord Frivy Seal : Of
this there are fereral Chimny-fieces and Pavements^ in his Lord-
fjips Houfe there, well worth the notice ; as alfo at the Right
Honorable the Earl of Clarendon'' ?> at Cornbury. And of this
are the Pilhrs of the Portico's at St. ?ohns College in Oxford. They
make befide of it To7nb-flones and Tables^ and of late alfo Mill-
fiones^ good enough for the Oyl-mills ; but not for the Corn-mills^
becaufeof its fuppofed fweating, to which this is fubjedt in rainy-
weather, like all other Marbles.

34. Some other Jiones there are of inferior ufe, which yet muft
by no means be paft by in filence ; whereof I know onefo like the
Tripoli- jione^ in colour, confiftence, and for all its ufes, that I
cannot but think it of the very fame kind : to [ilver it gave that
very lafting brightnefs, that another piece of Plate that was try-
cd againft it, receiv'd from the Gold-fmiths Tripli-Jione^ and
proved it felf in all refpcdls fo much the very fame ; that would
any thing pleafe us not far fetched, perhaps there might be no fur-
ther need of fending any more to Africa for it.

« Lacf).'OfVKii'/«^tpiic,Seif.^.eaf, 3.

35. Nor

Of OXFO%T)^SHI%E. y^

35. Nor miift I forget the Iron-Jione at Shot-over, though oc-
cafionally mention'd, and its ufes delated, in the ininiediatly
preceding Chapter of Earths : fo called, not from any fuch metal
that it holds, but meerly I fuppofe from the colour 'tis off. This
Itryed with the Load-fione and Aqua forth, thinking thereby, if
it held any Iron^ it muft needs have confeft it to one of thofe
two. But I lince have found the Experiments but ill applyed, for
neither will Cava la (which is the beft/ro^-ore) anfwer either of
them : So that I do not now condemn it to be no Iron-ore, upon
thofe grounds as at firft, but from other confiderable diiferences
it has from the known Iron- ores of Glocejier-Jhire and ^Wj^x.

36. There is alfo near Thame on Cuttlebrookrfide, another /ro«-
colour'' djf one, but more fpungy than the former, and including
within it a blackifli kind of Cinder ; the moft like, of any thing
I yet have feen, to Magnefia (in the Glafshoufes, czWed Man^
ganefe) only it wants of its clofenefs of texture and weight :
what it (hould be, or for what ufe likely, to me I confefs is
wholly unknown, unlefs I may call it the i'/Vm/e^ o{ Tliny^, I
therefore defift to fay more about it, but commend it to the dif-
covery of future ages.

37* At Eyfield-merrymouth^ in the Field above the Cave lately
made by Mr. Bray, in the bank near the Brook, I found a (lone of
a light yellow colour, made up of ^ittenng LamelU-, or Plates,
which according to the defcription of Georgia^ ^gricola% feems
not unlike the Samian-fione, found alfo about Hafda in the Bifliop-
rick of Hildefieime, and good only for polilbing filver and gold*
Such laminated Stones by Nicolas Steno^ ztt thought to be no-
thing but incru^ations, made in the confines of z fluid znd folid, an
opinion that feems to come near to the truth. However it be, it
is fomthing formed, and may well ferve to uftier in the next Cha-=
pter, which I have wholly referved i or formed Jiones,

* Hifi. Nat. lit. 'ij.c. to. t rojjiliim^lib.^. ^ InFredrom-

CHAP,

8o The ^tural Btfiorj

CHAP. V.
Of Formed Stones.

AFter Stones made to ferve the necefnies of Man, and not
brought into form but by the tool of the ^r///?, come we
nexttoconfiderthofe thztzre naturally formed, and feem
rather to be made for his admiration than ufe. Whereof the
World is beautified with fo great variety, that as on the one hand
I cannot but wonder at the great Providence of God, and his
moft perfeft Workmanfliip, that has thus created the Vniverfefor
Mans delights well as ufe : fo-on the other, i cannot but repre-
hend the petulant defpifers of this innocent fort of Learning,
who inderifion have called it, picking of f ones ; as if what the
Omnipotent and moft wife Go^ hath thought fit to create, were
not.worth the confideration of weak Man. But let fuch malici*
oils Scoffers know, that 'tis their pride and ignorance that has
engaged them in this Cenfure; for as God has created them, {o
fonie things muft be written off meerly for information, as well
as others that tend to our advantage. Befidc, who knows but
thefe things may have a ufe, that hereafter may be difcover'd,
though not known at prefent. Since then their Exceptions are
fo ill grounded, that they vaniili in a manner as foon as named,
'tis but juft that I pay them in their own coyn, and flight their
judgment more than they dare do my fubje6i,

2. In the handling whereof, though in a particular Ci'j/'/^r, I
ITiall obfervc the method of the whole Efaji : And firft treat of
fuch /cm^Jy?o/?w as either in name, or thing, or both, relate to
the Heavenly Bodies or ^/r ; and next, fuch as belong to the JFa-
tery Kingdom: After them, fuch as refemble /^/^/z/j and ^//i/Wj,
whether in the whole, or parts. And laftly fuch/o/zej, wherein
contrary to all rule, Dame Nature ^eems to imitate ^rt ; for fofar
from idlenefs (fays a very good Author ') is Nature in the bowels
and dark caverns of the earth, that flie continually plays the Geo-
metrician there, and prefcnts us with Bodies, almoft of all kinds,
in Jion£.

» Eticelun, de re Met alii ca, cap. 7, .,

3. Amongft

Of OXFO%T)^SHIXE. gf

3. Amongft the ftones that have relation to the Heauenlj Bo-
dies^ the firft place I think rtiay be reafonably given to fuch as
refpeft the greater Lights ; upon which account, fince the Helio^
/rc»/'e is not found here, much lefs the Gemma Soli6^ mentioned
by Pliny ^ : The Sehnites or MDon-Jinne mlifl: have the precedence,
which we find in great plenty in a bluidi clay that lies above the
Rock at Heddington Quarry,and in digging Wells,{5rc. at Hampton-
Gay and Hanborough.

4. Where by the way let it be noted, that I intend not by the
Mocn-ftone^ the grey Tephrites o^ Pliny ', that grows like a Crefcent^
by the Greeks caWed Merio'^ ; nor that other ftrange ftone men-
tioned by P liny 2nd the Poet Marhodens *", corporeally containing
the Figtire of the Moon increaiing ai^d decreafing, like that in
the heavens : but a ftone fo called, not from its figure, but (as 'tis
honeftly confeft by Gf/^fr " and -/J^rico/rJ ") that only reprefents
the Image of the Moon^ in all its ph.^fes^ but beftatfull, juft as it
were in a glafs, and therefore by Authors is fomtimes called alfa
Lapis Ipecularis,

5. And thus much will our Selenites do, if obverted to the
raies of the Moon in right angles ; which if all that is really in-
tended by the name, (for the very fame reafon) I know not why
it may not as well be called the Sun-Jione too, fince it equally re-
prefents the one as well as the other.

6. But though it hath nothing o^ the Moon in figure, yet it
is commonly found of a certain fliape , in circuit hexangular^
but with two of the fides broader and more depreffed, in the
form of zEhomhoides^ as in Tab. 1. Fig. 1. a. and therefore the
learned Steno" (which 1 thiiik its beft name) nor unfitly ftiled it
Selenites Rkomboides. Be fides the two larger Rhomboideali\des^ it
hath eight others of an oblonpfquare, in all making up a decahe-
drum parallelipipedum ; whereof the fcuares of the two fhortef
fides of the great Rhomboides, one is fomtimes a figbt angled ine-
quilateral parallelogram^ as in Tab. 2. Fig. i. and the other a
Rhomboid % and fomtimes again they are both Rhomboids .^ but
thofe on the longeft fides of the great Rhomboids^ as far as I have
obferved, are always 7r^/e^i«/77^.

7. As to its texture, the grain runs feveral ways, but flits the

ir Kat.Hift.hb. ? ?■ Cap. 10. ' Kat.HiH.leeo citato. " MufaumCakeoIaritm-, feB. 3. " Defiguris
lapidum^ca} 'i' ° Vs H^ititra Foj]ilium,lih,%. P JnPro^omo,fag. -jif

^z The ^^(jtural Hijlory

eafieft of any of them, in 2i planum to the more depreflecl Rbom-
boiJeaU^des ; which way it may be cut into very thin plates by
Aldrovandu6 '', called Scaias^ for wliich reafon 'tis called alfo ^-
lumen ScaioU ; not that it has thetaft of ^lurn^ or any thing like
ir. It breaks alfo another way into fmall threds^ of which it
feenis chiefly to be compofed, mncli after the manner of Amian-
twsox Talc^ but its parts not fo pliant as either of them: thefe
threds lie for the moft part, clofe and paralel to the longer fides
of the great i^^oOT^o/Wi-, as they are defcrib'd in T'/j/'. 2. though
I have feenthem fomtimes alfo parallel to the (liorter ; but they
fcem not to be continued the whole bredth of the Rhomboid^ but
divided by other parallel lines of a greater diftance, that fom-
times arefubtended to the ^cw/e angles of the Rhomboid, but moft
commonly run in a more oblique pofture, as may likcwife be feen
in Fig. I. a. In thefe lines its parrs are alfo eafily feparated, but
breaking lliort off, and nothing fo flexible as they are when bro-
ken as the threds run. According to fome peculiar pofitions
of thefe parts, there are fome of them that really reprefent the
Rain-bovp, whereof I have fome with the colours as vivid, as I
ever faw any in a glafs Frifm. Of thefe Aldrovandm had one out
of Cypu6^ of which he has given us a Cut in his Mitfdium ' ; but it
being in Mans power to make thefe Rain-borfs as he pleafes, I
think even thofe we find thus, to belong of the two rather to ca-
fualty than nature, and therefore pafs them by.

8. There is, 'tis true, a fort of them ot a different figure, not
fo eafily to be met with, with only two depreifed fides,and fcarce
any angles^ but what are fo obtufe that they deferve not the name,
inthe wholealmoftofan Ovalform,2STepi€ientedTab.2.Fig.i h.
This fort of Selenites, befides the Ihape, is alfo fo different from
the former in texture,that it flits not like that into plates or fcales,
parallel to the moft depreffed fides, but quite contrary parallel
to the thicknefsonly ; which I take to be a charaShr abundantly
fuflicient, to make it of a d'l^'erent /j>edes from the other, though
in the reft of their texture they be much the fame.

9. About the origin of this matter, Authors differ much; a-
mongftwhom G^/e« ' makes it the dew of Heaven, congeled, as
he fays, by the light of the ■^'Oon^ and therefore calls it by the
Tidimto^ JphrofeUnum^ but reftrains the performance of the feat

q Mupeum Metallkum,lib. ^ cap. 33. r Lit. ^. cap. 33- * Lib deSimp. Med-ai Patern.

to

Of 0XF0XT>^SHI\E. S3

to Egjpt. fwcc//;^' thinks it a fort of moifture of the earth, fo
concreted, that fike C'/^rji?^/ It will not diflblve, but remains as
it were an indiffoluble /ce, whence the Germans took occafion to
call it Glacies MarU. But that learned and induftrious Invefciga-
tor of Nature, Georgiu^ Agricola^ differs from them all, and makes
it a produft of Z,iA7e-y?ow and water^ Gignitur (fays he) exfax9
calcis cum pauca aqua permi/io '^ ; and thus 1 find it to grow here
with us at Heddington^ in a blue clay that lies over the Quarry,
whofeoutermoft crull is a hard Lme-fione.

10. The learned and ingenious i'/fwo'" in his P7Wro;7z»5, thinks
Chrjjialh and Selenites's, and all other Bodies having a fmooth
furface to have been already hardened, when the matter of the
Earth, or flones containing them, wasyet ay^'«/V ; if fo, indeed
Agrkola muft be out in his aim,. But I cannot fee how our bed
of clay ziHeddington^ above the Quarry at fome places ten foot
thick, could have been a ^uid within fome ages pad ; and yet of
t\\eSelenites''s of the Rhomhoideal Figure, 1 find fome as fmall as a
Barley-corn , fome about three inches, and others again at leaft
half a foot long : fo that they feem rather to have fome fucceffion
of growth, and now to be in/eri ; than to have been all together
already hardened, when the clay that now contains them was but
?L fluid. Befide, they then would have been found clofe together,
whereas we here meet them fome higher fome lower, and niix'd
all together lirtle and great ; and the very clay it felf,as 'tis broken
to pieces, feeming fomwhat inclinable to this fort of form.

1 1. A third fort we have of them alfo found here at Hedding-
ton^ in the very fame clay, as alfo at Cornwell and Hanwell ; with
two fides like the former, more deprert'ed then the other, in com-
pafs alfo hexangular (the thineft fides of them being divided by a
ridge) but in the form, not of a Rhomboid^ but an inequilateral
parallelogram^ 2S in Tab. 2. Fig. i. d*. Some of thefe we find
fingle, lying in any pofture, the biggeft fcarce an inch broad, or
above four inches long ; and others joined together in a certain
pofition, with their flatteft fides towards each other, and edges
downward, and their ends conftantly meeting in a center. The
Ingenious Sir Thomas Pennyfton has obferved,that at Cornwell they
generally lye in ternaries^ but here at Heddington we find them

t De Laf:dibas(^GeTnm», Hh.-ij.cap. *,6- u De NatwaFoJJtlium, lih, 5'. wTroJTomi prop. i. obfer'
'jat.i- * There are i'ucli as therein S/)4/w, Thuringia, nrxdCappadocia. Atdrovand, bh.^. cap. '>,'>,.

L 2 often-

8-1- The jS(jitural Hijlory

oftentimes more, and not unfrequently irradiating all manner of
ways into the form of a Globe^ thefeveral Selenites^ likefo many
radii-i all pointing to the cf«/e?*, as is plainly reprefented by one
half of fuch a globe of them, in Tab. 2. Fig. i.e.

1 2. The texture of thefe is fomthing agreeable, and fomthing
^\^QXti\X.^xomx.\\t Rhomb oideal Sdenites., for they all cleave in a
planum to the flatteft fides, and feem to confift of fmall threds
like them ; but fome have the threds running obliquely to the
whole fquare, as in the lower parr of Fig. i J. others have them
meeting in the middle of the flat in an obtufe angle, as in the up-
per part of the fame Figure.

13. The meeting of which threds fo in an ob t ufi zngle^ I
thought at firft might have very well occafioned that reprefenta-
tion of the gramen fegetum fanicula f}arfa^ fair panided corn or
bent-grafs^ to be ^ttn in moft, if not all of this kind (which like
a fly or (t^ider in amber^ feem to be included at each end of thcm^
with the panicles turned contrary to each other : But I quickly
found my felf miftaken, by flitting of feveral, whereby I dif-
covered , that the threds fomtimes ran quite contrary to the
fpreading^^;?ic/e5'of the corn or bent-grafs (fo very well coun-
terfeited in many of them) and therefore not likely to give that
form : And that the thing it felf was nothing but clay, thus pre-
tily difperfedin the form of a bent ; which befidc the pleafure
of the furprizal, gave me another argument againfl: Steno's opini-
on, That Selenites^^T)?ere all hardened^ when their beds they now
lie in were nothing but fluids : for it cannot well be conceived
Jhow the clay fliould any way get to be within them, had it not
had a being before thcfelenitesj and thus included at the time of
their formation.

14. Of formed Jlones, though there are few that have any, yet
fome there are of eminent ufe, and fuch is omfelenites or fpecular

Jlone ; good taken inwardly for many diftempers, number'd up
by Cerutu^^y Aldrovandu^"^ znd Galen ^ ; and externally to take
2iW2y the blemij?jes of the face. In ancient times, before the in-
vention of glafsj it was of very great ufe for Lanterns and Ifin-
dows, it being eafily flit into very thin plates, yet loofmg nothing
thereby of its diaphaneity. Of this fays Agricola^, are the

y /iMufleoCalceolariojfin.l. » Lil>-^. cap. ^y Miif. Metal. ' I>t Simp. Med. facult.lili-^- ^ T>sNa-
tura FoJJilium. lib. j.

Church-

OfOXFO "R^-S H I%E. 85

church-windows made at Cafrick in Saxony^ and Meifeburg in
Tburinina^ which certainly miift be of a different fort, from what
is defcribed by Aldrovandws *" and Worming ^ : the one whereof
fays 'tix imhrium impatiens ; and the other, humido corruptibills. I
expofed this of ours many rainy days, but could not find that
from the weather it received any damage, and therefore guefs it
to be the famedefcrib'd by Agrkola : I fteeped itlikewife many-
days in water, but found not any fenfible alteration of its body^
though it gave the water both an odd fmell and taft. As for Lati-^
terns and Windows'^ fo they anciently ufed it in making o^ Bee-hives ^
that through it they might fee the Bees operations, as in ghfs^
hives now : an Invention by fome people taken for new, though
very well known in the days of Pliny \

15. Out of burnt felenitcs is made the beft gypfum^ for Plai-
ner ing^ Images^ Fret-works^isrc When burn'd, it turns to a pure

white C^/x, by the Italians called Gejfo , from the Latin word
gypfum: Of this they makethofc curious counterfeit Jdf/'/fi, like
Marble in-laid with d'ivtTsPretien^ Jiones^ in the forms of ^/zf-
mals. Plants, istc. The way of making them is taught us by Kir-
cher ^ ; but there is a friend of mine has a better method, who in-
tends very fpeedily to make fome attempt to maketheni in Eng-
land^ and of £;z^/i/5 materials. And fo much for our firft/or/TZ-
ed done Selenites, on which 1 had not dwelt fo long, but to fup-
ply the defers of other Authors, whofe defcriptions of it are
but mean and imperfeft.

16. After the Moon-Jione, the ^Hericf, or Star-flones^ next
offer themfelves to our conlideration, which, to avoid the con-
fufion of other Authors, I (hall only call thofe, whofe whole
Bodies make the form of a Star, as in Tab. 2. Fig. 2,::?, in oppo-
fi ti on to the ^roi/e^, which in the whole are irregular, but a-
dorned as it were with a Conjlellation^ as in Fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7.

17. l\\e Jfteria, ox ftar-done ^ otherwife by Gefner^ called
Sphragls ^Jieros, ox figillum JlelU, becaufe of the ufe it is fom-
times put to, is plentifully found in the Fields at Cleydon, the
moft Northern Parifh of the whole County, Northward from
the Church, and particularly on the Furlong called Hore-flone
Furlong : the texture of as many as I have yet feen, feems to be

e Muf. Metal- Hi. ^.c.-^'^. ^ hi Mitf.i'o, cap 'J. e Nat. Hi0.lik. 2i. caf. li^- f Kiffheri MuJiduf fu'u
Urr.Ltb. i3i fed. '^.part. 3. cap. 3- % De Figurn Lapidum, cap. 2,

of

S6 The Natural Hijlory

of thin lamelU or plates, lying obliquely to the Horizontal pofi-
tion of the .S/^r, much after the manner of Z(5r/>i5 7i/c/^/c«4, and
their colour various, according to the different Soils they are
found in : whence 'tis , that in G/ocefler-fiire and Torkrfiire,
where they are taken out of a blew clay, they are almoftthem-
felves of the fame colour, breaking, as the Ingenious Mr. Lijier
informs us'', Flint-like-, and ofadarkftiiningpoliture. \nWar-
»7V4-/?'/re they are accordingly, and in fome places alfoofG/o-
cefter-fiire.^ of a cinereous colour. And here at Cleydon^ becaufe
taken forth of a yellowifh earth, of a yellow colour, herein va-
rying from all I had {ttn before. They diflrer muchalfo from
thofeof other Counties in circumference and foftnefs ; for here
we have them ordinarily of above an inch and half, and fcarce
any fo little as an inch in compafs ; than which in thofe Counties
there are but few bigger. And whereas in other Counties they
are fo hard and fo firmly cemented, that 'tis very difficult, if at
allpoffible, to feparate them from each other, without fpoiling
the Intagli or workmanftiip of the Stars ; thefe if but ftceped
a night in vinegar^ or other (harp liquor, may be divided the next
morning with fafety and eafe.

1 8. And as in colour, circumference, and hardnefs ; fo thefe
fometimes differ from thofe of other places in figure too, as
Tab. 2. Fig. 2. where befidc the fculpture that makes up the an-
gles, there is plainly reprefented a rofe^ or other uniform figure,
in the middle of it, which I never faw at any other place, nor
indeed are fuch often to be met with there.

19. In all other matters, \ x.\\mk t\\t(e Aderidd o'i Cleydon z-
gree with the accurate defcription of them, by the Ingenious Mr.
Lifter'' \ all feeming to be fragments, and no intire Bodies, and
found either in one fingle joint, as in Tab. 2. Fig, 2. or in 2, 3,
4, ^, 8, 10, or 1 5 heaped together, as in Fig. 3. making ipenta-
gonows cylindrical column^ of which l met with none that were full
an inch long; but however, guefs that about 20 jojwf^, as in o-
ther places, may go to an inch : every ]oynt confifts of five an-
gles^ which in fome are very obtufe^ in others more acute \ the
middle of each angle is a little hollowed, and the edges more
prominent and thick furrov/ed, by which the feveral y{y«/s are
knit together, their ridges and furrows being alternately let into

*» Philolo^h.Tra7iJaa.Numh.ii2. i Ibid.

one

Of 0 XFO%V^SHn{E. 87

one another. In the center of thtfive angles is a fmall hole, con -
fpicuous enough in mod of them^- but in fome I have obfcrved
the fmall hole on one fide, and a little prominency on the other,
fit as it were to be let in to the Central-bole of the nexty^w/, after
the manner of the ridges and furrows of the angles.

20. Many of thefelongeft jointed Afieri^, have certz'mjojnts
a thought broader and more prominent than others, dividing the
whole body as it were into certain conjugations^ of two, three,
or more ]ojnts ; which conjugations, fays the learned and curious
Obferver, Mr. Lijier ^, are marked (as he calls them) with fets
of Ifjers, which though I could not perceive in any found at
Cleydcn^ yet when I put a column of them into Vinegar, at thofe
very places I could perceive bubbles, (landing as it were at the ori-
fices, where formerly thefe/^er^ were in all likelyhood inferred,
by no means otherwife vifible to the eye. And whereas 'tis cer-
tain that moft of thefe in. other Cr)«7z//V5, if of any confiderable
length, are notftraight, but vifibly bent and inclining; thefe
are not novv^, or fcarce appear to have ever been fo, though pof-
fibly this may rather be referred to the Ihortnefs of thofe I met
with, or ill luck in finding none of the kind, than to any diffe-
rent operation in nature here, from her ufual performances in o-
ther places.

21. They are found alfo about Sxverford of the fame colour,
but nothing fo plentifully, or large as thefe at Cleydon, for the
biggeft I found there was fcarce an inch round ; in all other re-
fpefts they correfpond with them, only the conjugations, made
by the prominence of fome joj/z/i beyond the reft, are more vifi-
ble in thefe than in any at Cleydon.

22. Of Aslroites or fiarry-ftones, fuch as in bulk are irregular,
but adorned all over with mzny ft ars, there are no lefs in this
County than four feveral forts : Whereof, in tvro, theftars are in
mezzo Rilievo, prominent, and (landing outward, with the firi<f
or fir eaks defcending from the Center at the top, on all fides to
the Rock on which they grow. Some of thefe are of a larger,
^sTab. 2. Fig./[. and others of a fmaller kind, ^sTab.2. Fig,^,
both found in the Quarries of rubble-fione, dug only for mend-
ing the High-ways, not far from the foot of Shot-over WilU on
the right hand of the road from Oxford to London^ in the Pariflj

of HeddingtOn . k ;,^j/^y^/,. TranJ^iff. loco citgto.

23. A

88 TheU^tural Hijl^ry

23. A third {on there is, and indeed the moft beautiful ofa^
ny it has been hitherto my luck to meet with, to be had in the
Fields about vS/fe/?/e-S^r/o;7, firft difcovcred to me by a worthy
Gentleman, fince deceafed, the Worfliipful £^w^rJ5'/)f/^o« Efq;
to whofe furtherance of my defign I am not a little indebted.
But thefe, quite contrary to the former, zrelntagii^ deeply en-
graven like a yt-^j/, and ftriated from the prominent edges above
(which for the moft pare are Hexagons^ and fomtimes Pentagons^
tea center in the bottom, as in Tab. 2. Fig. 6. yet agree with
the former in this, that the Stars of all three are only fuperficial,
and not to be found in the body of the ftone, and have none of
them (that I know of) been any where noted before.

24. To thefe add z fourth fort, imperfedlly defcribed by Gef-
ntr , and out of him by feveral others ; whofe y?ritf, like the third
fort, defcend in a concave^ but from edges moft times rounds or
quinquangular at the top, and tend to a center not of their own
kind, as in Fi^. 6. butfmooth; and not depreffed, but vifibly
prominent, as in Fig.j. Thefe are found in the afore-mentioned
Quarries of rubble-ftone in the Farifi of Heddingtcn^ and are
Jhllated not only in the fup erodes of the ftone, but quite through
the whole depth of it, yet not fo that one continued y?i7r (as fome
have thought) does reach through it ; but many, according to
thethicknefs of the Jione^ about ten of them lying in the depth
of an inch-, much after the manner of the Aileride or fiar-ftones,
only they are not feparate, but joined together, and making as it
were fo many ranges in the Jlone^ which arc clearly reprefented by
Fig. 8. which fliews the face of fuch a ftone^ cut parallel to the
defcentof they?jr5 in its body, which lie within one another like
fo many cones.

25. Of this fort in France there are fome fo great, as Gefner '^
was informed by PetrwsBelloniw;^ that they ufed them in building
of Walls and Fioufes ; to which ufe 'tis true we do not put ours^
but I fuppofe it is not for want of hignefl^ but becaufe we have
much better ftone for that purpofe : for here we have them like-
wife fo plentifully and great, that we commonly pave our Caufejs
with them, as may be feen in the Caufey without St. Clements^
leading from Oxford up Heddington hill.

26. Having hitherto confidered thefe Jtones apart, and feen

how

Of 0 XFO%T>^SHl\E, 8(7

how they differ from one another, let us now confider them aii
together in that admired quality of their movingin Vinegar^ which
in fome meafure is found in the Aftrcites^ but is much more fignal
in the Afleridi or flar-iiones '- for the Aflrcites muft be broken in
very fmall pieces before they will move, though put in good Vi-
negar ^ but the yijima will move not only in a whole /o^w/-, but two
or three of them knit together, which 1 have often {^tw done by
the yellow ones of CUydon^ though of greater bulk than thofe
of other places ; which joined, with fome other circumftances
anon to be mentioa'd, has given me ground to fufpcQ:, if not
conclude, that though it ni.iy be true enough what Mr. Lifter "
has aiferted, as well of all/o'?//j, as the /?o«e5 Aftroites^ that as
many of them as Vinegar will corrode as a Menjiruum^ do all move
in it ; yet none of them reach the effefts it has on the Afteria^ to
which therefore I mull crave leave to allow fomwhat more than
either to the Jftroitjs or any other fcffils.

27. For befide i\\t -j^rogreffwe motion to be feen in thofe, the
Aft.eria has a motion of circumgyration^ and moves brisker and
longer than any of them ^ for though it hath been fteeped in
Vinegar three or four days, yet upon infufion of a frefli acid^ it
ftill fends forth many little bubbles as at firft, from underneath
it, in the inllant of its motion ; which feems to argue, that it
has it not wholly from the corrofion of the Menjiruum^ but in
part at leaft from fome other principle, which I take to be a /^i-
rituom, yet corporeal effuvium^ continually fiowiug from it, when
provoked by an acid.

28. Whereof there is one^ which hereafter fliall be publick,
found out indeed by chance at the Houfe of Mr. Wildoofe, Fhyfi-
tianzl Denton^ and an ingenious Chymifi, whofe afTiftances (in
gratitude) I muft ever own : where not having Vinegar fo ready
at hand, we thought fit to make ufe of another fuitable liquor^
which fo effeftually excited the effluviums of the flonc, that they
afcended in a cloud to the furface of the Menftruum, and there
fetledexadly in the form of the ftone^ and that not only of a fm-
glcjoynt, but a whole column of them together ; which perfwa-
ded me, that Cardan ° was not fo far out of the way, nor defer ved
fomuch the reproofs of ^/^/•oz/^;2(i^P and others, for affcrting
the motion of (uchftcnes to arife, frorn vapors expelled front

. M thenv

po The ^h(jtural Hijlory

them by the power of the Vinegar. Since perhaps his pofition
(though not fo well made out) comes nearer to truth than any
his Animadverters have brought for itfince.

29. After x\\tJiones fome way related to the Cele§}ial Bodies^ I
defcend next to fuch as (by the vulgar at leaft) are thought to be
fentus from the inferior Heaven , to be generated in the clouds^
and difcharged thence in the times o^ thunder and violent Jhovpers ;
for which very realon, and no other that we know of, the an-
cient Naturali^s coined tlicm fuitable names, and called fuch as
they were pleafed to think fell in the Thunder^ BrcntidC ; and thofe
that fell in fiorvers, by the name of Omhrid?: Which though a-
mongll other Authors has been the only reafon why thefe
have had place next the y?e//^/f^ y?o«e5, yet methinks it isdue to
moft of them, by a much better pretence, having fomthing up-
on them that rather refembles ay?^r of five points, than anything
coming from the clouds^ or the Fi(b Echinus ; to the ftiell where-
of deprived of its prickles, Vlyffes Aldrovandm"^^ and fome o-
thers, have compared them, and therefore called them Echinitcs,
However, I think fit rather to retain the old names, though but
ill applyed to the nature of the things, than put my felf to the
trouble of inventing new ones.

30. of 5ro«/icf therefore, or Omhridt (call them v^hich you
will) we have feveral forts in Oxford-JlAre^ which yet all agree in
this, that they are a fort of [olid irregular Hemiff^hears ; fome of
them cblong^2nd having fomwhat of an oval ; others either more
elevated, or deprefied on their ^^y^j. All of them divided into
five parts, moft times inequal, rarely equal, by five rajs iffuant
from an umbilicus or center^ defcending from it down the fides of
the body, and terminating again fomwhcre in the bafe. They
are never found in beds together, like fome other formed ftones,
nor that I have yet heard of (fays the Ingenious Mr. Ray ' ) in
great numbers in one place : but in the latter I muft take leave to
inform him, that though I think it in the main to be true, yet
t\\2.t?itTangley^ Fulbrook.-, and all about ^wr/br^, they are found
in fuch plenty, that I believe it were eafie in a httle time, to pro-
cure a Cart-load of the firft fort of them, carefully exhibited in
Tab. 1. Fip^. 9, 10.

31. Whofe innermoft texture, though it feem to be nothing

< Muf^um Metallk. lib. i^.caf. i. , Obfervacions Topograph. <^c. f>. \i6-

more

ofOXFO'Rp^SHI^E, pi

more than a courfe rubble-ftone, yet is thinly cafed over with a
fine /^wi«^/c^ fubftance (the phtes lying obliquely) much like
Lnpiijudaku^ : In form they are flat, deprefled upon the bafisi,
in colour generally yellow, their ri?;'^ made of a double rank of
tranfverfe lines, with void fpaces between the ranks, vifible enough
on the top of the ftone Fig.(). but not fo diftinguidiableon
the bottom fig. i o. the whole body of the ftone, as well as the
fpaces included within ther^y^, being clfewhere filled with An-
nulets^ much more curioufly wrought by Nature, than by the tool
of the Graver.

32. The center of thefe rap^ by Pliny cAled Modiolus, by A~>
rijiotle, 7JmbiIicu6\ is never placed on the top of the ftone, but
always inclining to one fide, as that at the bottom do's to the o--
ther ; the Axis lying obhquely to the Horizon of the ftone. Which
gave occafion to a Learned Society ofVirtuo/i, that during the
late Ufurpstion lived obfcurely at Tangley^ and had then time to
think of fo mean a fubjeft, by confent to term it the Polar-ftone^
having ingenioufly found out, by clapping two of them together,
as fuppofe the Fig. 9, and i o. that they made up a Globe^ with
Meridians defcend^mgio the Horizon^ and the /"o/e elevated, very
nearly correfponding to the real elevation of the Pole of the place
where the ftones are found.

33. The two next, reprefented Fi^. 11,12. like the forrmer,
being flat and deprefled on their bafes., having alfo fome refem-
blance of a fiar of 5 points, were therefore thought fit to be
placed next. Whereof the 1 1 indeed is a beautiful ftone, found
fomwhereinthe Chilterndhout Afton Rofcant^ whofe inner fub-
ftance, though of black. Flint., to outward view is of a cinereous
colour, and adorned by Nature with fomwhat more than ordi-
nary. For befide the Modiolus., and the iifuing rays made of dou-
ble ranks of /oi«/5, with tranfverfe /i/ze^ interceding them, it is
alfo fet with other points furrounded with double Annulets ; on
each fide the ftone with a fingle, and from the terminations of the
rays with double ranks. The points thus furrounded, are neither
deeply excavated, nor any thing prominent above thefuperftcies of
the ftone ; but the rays as they are but (liort (not extending above
halfway to the rim of the ft on e") fo they are deeply hollowed
down within it, wherein it diflrers,

f L.il>. de Muiido ad Alexandrum,

M 2 34. From

pz The U^atural H'ljlory

33. From that of Fig. 12. found in the Fields about I^eji,
whofe rajs like thofe of the Polar fiones^ are made of double
ranks of tranfverfe lines^ whereof the outermoft are much the
longer, and extended likewile to the rim of the ftone ; its fub-
ftance alfo like that fcems to be a yellow rubble, but not cafed that
I can perceive with any fuch laminated fwh^iTinzt^o'c adorned with
^nnulets^ yet the T/w/'/V/Vw^of fome of them, is more beautiful
than theirs, it being fomtimes divided and foliated like a Rofi.
And fo much for the Bronti<£ depreiled on their hafes.

35. Let us now proceed to others of a more elevated kind,
whereof thole expreffed Fig. 13. found fom where in the Chil-
tern., by the Country people called commonly Cap-Jiones, from
their likerefs to a Cap laced down the fides, are of any the mod
uniform. For the centers of thefe, both at the top and bottom,
are on all hands equidiftant from the rim of the /lone., and the
rays interceding the centers being alfo equidiftant, cut it exaftly
into five equal parts ; which in none of the former,nor thofe that
are to follow, cither by reafon of their fhape, or excentricity of
their Modioli^ can poiTibly be found. The rajs of thefe are made
of two rows of points fet pretty deep in the body of the ftone,
out of which you are to fuppofe, according to ^Idrovandus (who
refembles this Jione toadifarmed Echinfis') proceeded the prickles
that Animal is fenced with.

36. As alfo that otherfomwhat of an oW form, 7^^.2.^/^.14?
whofe ««/frcorrefponds with the figure of the/cwe, and is not
concluded within the rajs^ as in the former, but is extended in a
ridge to the rim of it : from which center there defccnd as it
were double rajs., made up of two double fets of points ; which,
expanding themfelves as they draw toward the rim^zz about mid-
way are furrounded with fingle y^nnulets, vv^hich each of them
including two /-oiw/i apiece, are therefore all of an oz/^/ Figure.
Its fubftance within is a black. Flint., though without it appear of
a cinereous colour, and was found in the Fields between Ewelm
and Brightwell.

37. At Pjrton I met with another of thefe, zblackF lint wkh-
in, and cinereous without, of oval figure and center like the for-
mer , but the defcending rajs from it of a quite different
kind: for whereas they were made of points hollow and deep,
thefe on the contrary are all prominent ; and whereas they de-

fcended

Tab n

:-^^

A'

ad pa^

ad pas. 0 2-

*4i>'^^

^otkt rwhtWorJjy'.'- ^- ^,
^7/ic karried and curiota ^ *
ist S'' SOSH'Pr CO'Pe 2arori",l
^his Jl-ccmd Tabic i

afformzd S'^C/^'^CS ^vkereqf y g"^ ,
'Sc w. are. fcwulin his amrt pounds ^
\ IS hiunbb/ dcdicai&L oy Q

' _^^t .Jjmrxjhi^rs . acltn . cl icuh . ' —

Of OXFO%T>^SHIXE. 5>3

fcended in double branches zndpoinrs^ which near the rim were
included in oval Annulets ; the double and protuberant points
of thefe , about mid-v\^ay to the rim are turned into fingle ,
though much larger ones, as inTab. 3. Fig. i. which now de-
fcending in fingle points^ and meeting m^nVmbilicus not in the
middle of zhe b a/is ^ but fo much to one fide, that the branches
upon this account being fome longer fome (liorter, and croffing
the bafis in a much different manner, make a figure fomvyhat re-
femblinga Florrer-Je-lis, zs in Tab. 3, Fig. 2. which had been all
Ifaould have faid concerning thefe Brontide^ but that perhaps it
may not be unworthy our notice.

1. Thar the protuberancies of this h^ Jione are all hol-
low, which when broken, look juft like the hollow
points of the former ; which has given me fome
ground to fufpeft, that the deep points of that may
have formerly been eminencies like the r2.\[ed points of
this, and are only broken down by the injuries of
time.

2. That none of thefe Sro/z/i^e have teen defcribed be-
fore, but the 1 2 and 13 of Tab. 2. which indeed are
fomwhatlike the 8 and i o of Jldrovandu6 ' ; and

3. That though fome Authors have thought them the
petrified (hells of the Echinus Spatagu4^ or Briffu6 of
^riilotle, I have reafon to think (as (hall appear in a
fitter place) that they will prove nothing lefs.

38. Befide the Bromide of the Forreign Naturalifis, we have
others, which herein England we call likewife Thunder-bolts^ m
the form of arrows heads^ and thought by the vulgar to be indeed
the darts o? Heaven : which only in conformity to my ovv^n Coun-
try (though for as much reafon as the foregoing Bromide') I have
placed amongit the /tones related to the Heavens.

39. From their form, by all Naturalifls they are called Bele-
mnites, from the Gree^ word BiAtfum telum^ which indeed there
are fome of them reprefent pretty well. We have of them in
Oxford-fiire of divers forts, yet all of them I find agreeing in
this , that their texture is of fmall y?r/>, or threds radiating
from the center^ or rather axi^ of the Stone, to the outermoft

fuperfaies; and that burn'd, or rub'd againft one another, or

* Lii.^.cap. I./). 455.

fcraped

p^ The j^atural Hijlory

fcraped with a knife, they yield an odour like rafped Horn.

40. In magnitude and colour they differ much, the biggefb I
have met with yet, being that expreft in Tab. 3. Fig. 3. in length
fomwhat above four inches, and mthickjiefs much about an i;zcZ;
and '. This was found in the Quarries in the Parifti of Hedding-
ton^ hollow at the top about an inch deep, and filled with a kind
of gravelly earth ; and has the rima or chink.-, which Aldrovan-
(^^ and Boetiu6 hy zW of them have; but I find itotherwife, as
fliall be ftiewn anon. Of colour it is cinereous., inclining tojeliow^
and if vehemently rubb'd, is the only one amongft all that I have,
that like Amber takes up/Iraws^ and fome other light bodies.

4 1 . There are of them alfo of a bluifi colour, found at Great
Ro/vpright in 2. bluif/jchy , of about a fingers length, hollow at
the top, and have fome of them, inftead of one, three clefts or
nV/Ztff, but neither fo plain or long as the former, they afcending
from the cufhis fcarce half up the ftone : two whereof are lliewn
Fig,. 4. and the third hidden behind the Sculpture ; which may
make fome amends for that of Fig. 5 . which is of colour cine-
reous and hollow at the top, but has no chink, at all; whereof
there was a bed found in digging the Sulphur Well at Mr. Lanes
of Veddington, as was mentioned before in the Chapter of Wa-
ters.

42. To which add a/owr//6 fort, found in great plenty in the
Gravel-pits without St. Clements., in the fuhurhs of Oxford., very
few of them hollow at the top like the former, but radiated like
a ^jrfrom a clofer center., as in Fig. 6*. which made Gefner"*
think it to be the jjirapias of Pliny., though exprefly he fays, 'tis
of a white or azure "", whereas this is always of an amber colour :
yet draws not draws, is fomwhat tranfparent, and may therefore
p2h for 2 [ovto^ Lapis Ljincurius :, not that it has original from
the urine of that Beajl, for we have plenty of the ftones here and
none of the ^/zi/T/^/i-, but from the unpleafant fmell it has when
burn'd or brayed ; like the urine of Cats., or fuch like ramidi
creatures, whereof the Lynx perhaps may be one. Thefe, moft
of them, are made tapering to a point like the former ; yet fom-
times having a blunter ending, and the chink, on both fides, I
thought fit rather to (lie w it in that form than the other, as in

* Thefe not being hollow at the top, nor containing any other ftone, gravel, or earth, fome call the
male Bf/fOTw/V.'f-. the three former being of the femalekind. " De Fiiuris Lapidum, cap- •^- w Nat.

Hifi.lli). 37. C«p, II.

Fig. 6,

Of OXFO%T)^SH1%^E. P5

Fig. 6. vvhere the cleft runs not only the whole length of the
Jfone^ but quite under the end, and half way up the other fide.

4:^. Many are the Medicinal \\{qs of this ilone^ mentioned by
Boetim , Aldrovandu6 , and Gefner : Whereof the chief are,
I . For the Hone^ for which (inftead of the Eurrhdeu6') 'tis ufed
in Spain and Saxony. 2. For exficcation o{' vpounds in Pruffia and
Pomerania. And 3. for of«/<2r diftempers in //o;yt'^, in all parts
of England.

44. Thus having run through the fuppofititious fiones from
Heaven^ I next defcend to the Atmofpbere^ or inferior Air, im-
mediatly encompaffing the terraqueous Globe ; which though in-
capable of itfelf to be reprefented in ftone, yet having met with
fome related to its Inhabitants, I mean the feathered Kingdom^ I
thought fit to give them place before thofe of the Waters.

45. Whereof thefirfl: and only one, reprefented in Sculpture
Tab. 3, Fig. 7. has perfeftly the fhape of an Owls head, which
becaufe not mention 'd by any Author that 1 know of, I thought
good to exhibit, and C2\VLapi6 Bubonius ; it is a blach^flint with-
in, and cinereous without, and was found near to Hardwick in the
Parifh of Whitchurch.

46. To which I might have annex'd the ftone Hieracites, found
frequently in the Quarries in the Parifti of Heddington^ but is not
the Hieracites mention'd by Pliny'" ^ which he fays alternatly
changes its colour ; but of Gefner % to whofe figure of it, ours is
exaftly like : but neither his nor ours refembling any thing of a
Hawks^ or other Birds feathers^ fo much as to deferve a c«/, or
the Readers view ; I have faved niy felf the cxpence, and him the
trouble.

47. Next the Air^ the Jlones that concern the Watery Kingdom,
fall in order of Nature under confideration, whereof there are
fome thatfeem to be nothing elfe but meerly concreted drops of
Trj/er,found plentifully in the Fields about Kirchfington and Noxth-
hrook,; which I touched on before under petrifications^ and pro-
mifed to treat of more largely here. By Authors they are caU
led Stalagmites^ and feem either to be generated of pearls of dew,
fetled on the fiones as they lie in the Fields, which fifft being
coatedover with the fmall terrene j/(?;;?5 that are flying in the Air^
and by that means kept in their own form for fome confidetable

time,

^6 T^be S^tural Hijlory

time, are thus at length fix'd into a friable kind of ilone^ by the
petrifying fleam that comes from the earth ; or elfe they are eocfu-
dations outof the ftones themfelves, whence are formed thofeex-
crefcencks like warts in Animals i neither of which feem unagree-
able to their defcription in Tab. 3. Fig. 8.

48. But befide the Stalagmites^ there are other concretions made
of much the fame materials, z/i^. of a cold fort of water ^ thick-
ned with terrene and petrifying particles ; which yet becaufe of
their different mode of generation, have obtained a different,
and more fuitable name : And fuch are ihtjlones made of nothing
but fuch water-) as it drops from the roofs and caverns of the
Rocks, and therefore called Stalactites, or Lapides Jlillatitii •
which, if the drops defcend by the fides of the Rocks, and com-
ply with the ufual raggednefs of them, are then indeed of vari-
ous and therudeft forms, and by the work-men called Craume^*
But if the drops defcend from the top of a vault, or any more
prominent part of a Rock, in a direO: line and free from the
fides, they are commonly then of Tifjramidal form, as in Tab.-}.
Fig. 9. which is the rcptefentationof ay?o«e of about nine inches
long, of a yellowifhcolour, as it hung from the Rock in Hed-
dington Quarry, where without doubt it was produced much af-
ter the fame manner, as Ijicles at the ends of fpouts in Winter, by
a gradual defcent and congelation of the drops.

49. Hither alfo muff be referred all forts of Spars^ by the
Mners cd.\kd Caw ke^ znd the Latins., Fluores; which (fay they)
yet retain fo much of zjluid, that with the heat of fire, like Ice
in the Sun., they melt and flow : an effeft, which though I could
not find it had upon ours without the help of Salts ; yet not
doubting at all, but that once they had been fiuids^ I could not
but accordingly give them place here.

5 o. Whereof, there is fcarce any Rock whatever, whether
metalline or vulgar, which hasnotfome kind or other of them,
lliot in its feams or other hollows, which according to their diffe-
rent fubjefts or matrixes., are fomtimes of different colours, and
frequently of divers^gures.

51. As for colours , I have not obferved above two forts in
Oxford-fiire^ a light yellow, and a Pearl-colour'd white, whcre-

y Of this there is a Quarry between Heathrop and Enftan, called Broad-flone Qu3rry> that has great
plenty.

of

Of OXFO'KV^SHI'KE. 97

of there are fome in the Quarrys near Sbotorjer^ fo clear and hard j
that they come not much behind the Erijiol-ftones^ and are in fi-
gure (though had from the fame Quarry) as various as Diamanis ;
fome of them being comprifed in/even, others in nine^ others in
eleven^ and fome in thirteen planes, as may eafily be computed
from their trigonal^ tetragonal^pentttgonal, ^nd hexagonal pyramids,
repreftnted in Tab.-^^.Fig.io. to which, adding the/'/.Jwei of their
columns^ and the planes of thek bafis, whereby they are fix'd to
their fubj efts, thofe numbers of Hedr^ie muft needs be concluded.

52. As to the ori^i« and /fx/«re of Spars^ 1 take them to be
much of the fame with Chrjjials (though we feldom find them
of their hexagonal figure, or their columns ever interceding two
pyramids') and that they differ in lufter and hardnefs according to
the more clofe or loofe texture of x\\tftones whereon they fit, and
out of which they have fweat, as through a firainer or colander.
Though it mufl not be denyed, but what is afferted by the inge-
nious and obferving ^/e«o^ concerning Chryfials, may haveplacd
alfo in the incfeafe 'i.nd. growth of thefe, which he fays (what-
ever may be the manner of their firfl delineation) is by external
appofition of new Chryflalline matter to the external/Zdi/zes of the
already delineated Chryftal j which he alfo obferves, not to be
joined to zWils planes^ but for the moft part to the planes of the
top only ; nor to thefe all at a time, nor in the fame quantity;
Whence it is, that the extream or top planes of Spars as well as
Cbryjials^ are feldom or never equal, and not always triangular^
but rifing with unequal fides and angles from the planes of their
columns^ as in that feparate piece of Spar or Chryftal near Fig. 10.
which 1 take to be ^r^/^OTew/^fuflficiently concluding the fitnilitude
of their growth and texture of parts, notwithftanding the planes
of the columns of Sparszxe notftreaked, nor fo plainly fliew the
places of appofition, as they do on Chry§ial ; which ftreaks, for
the Readers more ready apprchenfion, are therefore cut on the fe-
parate column near Fig. 10. though otherwife indifferently to be
underftood either for Spar or Chryflall.

5 3 . Some of thefe Spars fall fo little fliort, either of Chryftdls
or Bri/IolDiamants^ e\thex mlufter or hardnefs^ that we may very
Well admit what is faid of them by Aldrovandu^^, that they are
gemmd^inchoat<£^ istnon perjedd^. And that Boeiim'° in all likely-

1 Prodrom, de ChTyflallo-^ropofitiofiib. i, i, 3. » Mufaum MetallJih. ^. tap. -^6. ^ DeLa^id. <^
Can. M/>. 304.

N hood

5)8 TheJ^tural Hijlory

hood may have hit the mark, who doubts not but they are made
of the fame matter with Gems^ and therefore gives them place
betvreen Ge/Tzj and vS/owfj, Inter Gemmas iy lapiJes jjiedium locmn
obtinent fluores^ fays he : to whom in this matter I readily fub-
fcribe, finding many of them to participate with Gems in Infter,
but with oi\\tx Stoiies in foftnefs and brittlenefs ; whence it comes
to pafs, that they will not polidi like other ftones, and are only
fit to be mix'd with other metals, which they render much more
quick \n fufion^ than otherwife they are inclined to be of them-
felves.

54. After Stones fo purely made out of Waters^ that they
readily return into fluids again, or have only fuch figures, into
which that Element feems moft naturally to compofe it felf, as the
StalagJTiites 2nd Lnpides fallatitii-^ come we next to fuch as re -
prefent its Inhabitants, the Fif/jes of the Sea ^n&frefi Waters too :
of which there are fome of fo great variety of texture, that in

.cafe they were not heretofore the fpoils of real F//Jf^ indeed,
and now petrified, require a much higher principle for their effor-
mation ; concerning which before we attempt any thing, let us
firft confider fome of their particular (hapes, with the places and
poftures they are now found in.

55. Of fuch as refemble any of the frejb venter kind, I have
met with only one in this C ounty, which did we but know where
elfe to put it, fliould not be placed here neither ; for it was taken
out of a block of coal (whereof there is none dug in Oxford-Jhire^
by the ingenious and obferving Sir Thomas Pennyfion^ at his Houfe
at Cornvrell; and feems to reprefent 2.Carp ov Barbel, the belt
of any Fidi I have yet compared it with, and rather indeed the
latter of the two, becaufe of the fliort and thick fcale : It was
broken, in taking it out of the Coal, into feveral pieces, whereof
that is owe exaftly engraven Tab. 3. Fig. 11. kindly bellowed on
me by that worthy Gentleman, and by whom the reft are carefully
preferv'd ; which were it not for want of the variety of co-
lours, I Hiould take (for the fcales fake) to be the Lefidotes of

' Plinj ^

56. 1\\tftonesx.h?itwc find in this In-land Country, having
the ftiapes of Sea fijh, are many, but chiefly of the teflaceom kind;
whereof there are fome that lie in a mafs of ftone together, and

* Nat. mn. lib. 37. c. 10. '

others

OfOXFOIip^SHITiE. pp

others found in the Fields or Quarries apart. Of the firft fort
of thefe we have a curious inftance in the poiTeffions of the Right
Honorable Henry Earl of Clarendon^ at Langhy in the confines of
Whichvpood-forreft^ where there is a Quarry of very hard ftone,
wholly compofed of a clofe union of Cockles^ fcarce any of them
exceeding a Pea in bignefs, and ftreaked circularly to the hinges
of the valves, as inTab. 3. Fig. 12. they are none of them hol-
low, but firmer within, than they are to the bed of ftone where
they lye ; and yet even to that they are fo clofely knit, that the
mafs receives a very good polifb, infomuch that his Lordfiip in-
tends to pave the new Chapfel now building at Cornbury with it.

57. This fort of Marble is niention'd hy St eno^^ and called
(as he fays) by the Italians^ Nephlri ; whereof there is alfo a very
good fort at Charleton Towns end, upon the edge of Otrnoor *,
differing from that of Langhy only in this, that the grofs of the
ftone is fomwhat whiter, the Coc^^/e^ larger, and not fo thick fet.
However, of fo firm and clofe a texture, that of it they make
Tomb-ftones^ Tables^ iyc, fo curioufly fpotted and fet with rings,
that it very much pleafes the eye of the beholder, and has alrea-
dy gotten (though but lately found) a reputation it Oxford 2ind
the parts adjacent.

58. Of this fort o^ Jlone moft certainly it was, though fom-
what perhaps of a fofter kind, and different colour, that Paufa-
«i^ informs us (as quoted by Agricold) the Monument of Fhro-
tiens, and many other works, were made at Megara. Megards.
infaxo valdealbo, isr reliquis lapidibu^ molliore^ undique infunt con-
ch<£ marin<£^ exquoisc are the words of Agricola " ; for which
very reafon this fort of ftone is there called Conchites^ and fince
hy Johnjfon Tind Fred\ Lachmund^ (from the place where found)
Lapk Megaricu^.

59. There is another fort of it in the Quarries near Adderbury,
thick fet with Ccc^/ei' in their full proportion, as in Tab.-^. fig.i'^.
Some of them are wonderfully Chryftallized, and beautiful to the
eye, but not being fo finely cemented together, but that a knock
will loofen or make them leap from their beds ; and many of them
being hollow, or filled with hrkzle Spar ; the ftone by no means
will receive a polifh, and upon that account fit for no other work

* JnVrodroma. * It is much prized by x}!\c'Painters^x. London, ithavinga grit that cutstheircolours
much better than other Marble. Mr. ^w^r^/s notes. ' De Nature Fojplium. Iil>. j. i O^uK-nj^xiplitl-
dejbeim. fcH. i-Caj). IJ.

N 2 than

100 The U^atural Hijlory

than to mend the high-vrays^ or fome other mean ufes. Nor car?
1 inform the owners of thefe Quarries of any better that it may
have, except they (liall think fit to burn it for Lime, for which I
darepromife it muft needs be excellent.

60. And fo is the ftone Oftraconwrphos, made of heaps of Oj-
y?er5 cemented together, and found plentifully enough on vS'y^o/-

over hill^ not far from the way to Sir Timothy Tyrrils ; of which
I have forbornto give any draughty it being eafily conceived from
the manner of the Cockles thws heaped together in the two for-
mer cuts.

61. To thefe furceedthe flones refembling Sea-fif/j of the te-
ftaceou6 kind, not found in cluftcrs after the manner of the former,

but in a feparate ftate : of thefe there are fome curioufly lineated,
and others plain, with but few or no fuch ornaments, which yet
I muft treat of promifcuoufly together, becaufe there are of both
forts in feveral ffecies.

62. Of thefe again fome are of 2 turbinated {ovm^ and others
livalvular^ refembling the double (hell'd kind, joyned together
wMth a hinge, and yet thefe fomtimes found all with their (liells
apart, and fomtimes again none of them fo.

63. Amongft thefe the turbinated or tfreathedkind o{JIones,hy
the Greeks called Stromhites, from rp^V^torqueo^ to wreath (which
is always helically^ and for the moft part from the right hand to
the left, ^nal (pirally from a greater to a fmaller ending) are but
feldom found : However, I have met with both the forts of A-
gricola ^ the greater, which he fays is fomtimes nine inches long,
but ours indeed not much exceeding five, of a ^hmfuperjicies^ as
in Tab. 4. Fig. i *. and the leffer wanting of half an inch in
length, but curioufly ftriated, as Fig. 2. both found in the Quar-
ries in the Parifli of Heddington^ of a cinereous colour, fomwhat
inclining to yellow, and of a harder confiftence than the ftone
wherein they lye.

64. But as for fuch as reprefent the bivahular Conch<£^ fuch as
Cockles., Ffcallops^ Oyfiers, isrc. we have very great plenty, as well
of kinds as individuals. The Conchites or Cockle- ftones found
in this County, may alio be divided into the greater and leffer ;
whereof the greater arc fome of them ftriated v\^ith large y?n>,

S P^ Natwa Fojjilmm, lib. 7. * Vid. Buccinufn la^ideum lavs Faiii Columiusy Aquatilium <^ terreftr.
obferv. cap. 32.

and

TAB in

a J pacr lOO

mA '

Of 0XF01{T>^SHI\E. loi

2nd hrgcr furrows^ defcendingas icwere from ^ center 2t the top^
and expanding themfelves to the ri/7z of the ftone ; having alfo
fix or fcven tranfverfe fimple lines, bent circularly to the hinge or
commiiTure of thez/^/z/ei, as in Tab. a^. Fig. 3. which is ^ JJone
without, of a dark a^erfo;^ colour, but within, 2 black flint;
found fomwhere in the Chiltern about Henlj upon Thames^ and
kindly beftowed on me by the ingenious Ur.MuncIaj, Phyfitiaa
there.

65. Some there are again, whofey?/7> alfo defcend from the
hinge or commiifure, but not in ftraight lines, but bent and un-
dulated, and much broader than the former, as i-n Tab. 4. Fig./i^.
which though in magnitude it fall (liort of the Concha Tridacna of
ytldrovandui (fo called it fcems becaufe they made three mouth-
fuls apiece) yet in form it fticws to be fo very like, as may be feen
alfo injonfton. Tab. i^. that were it not mfione, I muft pro-
nounce it the fame''. This I found at Great Rolwright in a bluidi
clay, whereof, and of nothing elfe, it fcems to be concreted ;
for it do's not much exceed it in hardnefs, and ftill participates
moft of that colour, though covered with a bright and ftiining
fubjiance, by the Naturalifts called Hoplites , or Armatura : of

which more anon whenl come to Cornu ^rnmoniu^, a ftone, the
moft of any adorned wnth t\\2X.fubJlance.

66. Another fort there is found at Heddington Quarries, whofe
lines orfirid^ are not drawn like the two former, from the com-
miifure of the valves to t\\Q rim, but tranfverfly and circularly
from one fjde of the ftone to the other ; the lefler circles having
place next the commiifure^ and the greater next to the rim of the
ftone, as in 7^/". 4. FzV. 5. which feems much to refemble the
Concha rugata o^ Rondoletiu^ \ with valves fwelling very high ; of
colour it is cinereous, inclining to yellow, not hollow within, but
a folid [lone^ and of much the fame texture with the rubble of the
Quarry.

67. Of the fmaller Conchitesx\\txtzvt alfo feveral forts, differ-
ing in colour, lineation znd valves ; for at TVj^/ow and about Bur^
ford, where they are found in the Fields, they are moft of them
yellow, with their valves rifing high and approaching to a round *t
but at Glympton, where they are only found in a fpring that rifes

■" VidConcham'fmhricatammivmamAld'ovandi.deTeB.lih'l. cap. w ' 'Rondolet'iu! Ae te^aceis-, tibi.
cap. 25. * Thefe made red hot and puE inco drink, are accounted in this Country a prefent remedy for
a ftitch.

in

to2. T^he ^S(jimral H'tflory

in a Wood about a mile Southward from the Church, they are
much more depreffed and of a cinereom colour ; but both having
their lineations from the commiffure to the r/;;7,they are both there-
fore reprefented under one draught, Tab. 4. Fig. 6.

68. How it (liould come about that thefe Cockle-Jiones o^ Glym-
pton (hould Only be found at the Fountain- head, and no where
lower in the ftream, nor that I could hear of, in the Fields about,
I muft acknowledg to be a knot not eaiily loofed. Some have
thought them brought out from amongft the Rocks, at the bot-
tom of the hill where the Spring rifes ; others that they are
formed by a peculiar virtue of the water, as it runs over the
rubble ftones that lye near its e-xit : for, fay they, if you pick
them never fo clean away, in few months time you fliall have as
many more. And indeed it muft be confeft, that I met with fe-
veral that were only ftriated on one fide, and rubble ftoneon the
other ; and fome of them but juft begun to be a little lineated :
However it be, I (liall determine nothing yet, having imployed a
careful and ingenious perfon to watch the increafe and lineations
of thefe >?ow5, which when throughly underftood, (liall be faith-
fully communicated.

6j. Befide thofe of clympton^ there are others at Cornwell^ m
the Park of the Right Worlliipful Sir Thomas Fennyfion^ found in
a bank of yellowifti clay, of a much different form, and tranf-
verfly ftriated, as in Tab. 4. Fig. 7. which though indeed for
the moft part are hard ftones, yet I was (liewed feveral by the
Ingenious Owner of the place, that were nothing but clay, not
differing at all from that in the bed wherein they lye, and out of
which they feem to be formed, but \n figure only ; which is alfo
different from all the hivalvular Conchde that I find in Books, or
havefeen in colleftionsof that fort of Shell-fifti.

70. And fo is the figure of the Conchites found in Hornton
Quarry, near approaching to an oval, and fcarce ftriated at all;
which inclines me at leaft to doubt, if not certainly to conclude,
that thefe C ockle-like ftones were never heretofore any real Cockje-
Jhelh^ thus tranfmuted by the penetrating force of petrifying
juices,but that moft of them (as the ingenious Mr. Zif^er"" thinks)
ever were, as they now are, Lapides fui generk^ differing not only
from one another, but many of them from anything in Nature

» Fhilofoph. Tranfaa. Numb. 76.

befide.

Of 0 XF 0 %V^S HI %£, 103

befide, that the frelli or falt-water can any where afford us. But
before I engage in this great controveriie, let us firft confider a
few more of tht^tftones refemblingy^e//-y?/^.

71. And firft, the above -mention'dCo/7c//i/e5 found in Horn'
/(9;z quarry, and reprefented in Tab.^. Fig. 8. which is not a
{oYiA fione within (as all the Cochlc-Jlones hitherto defcribed have
been) but hollow, and filled with y^/jr ; fomtimes Hiot into ir-
regular figures, but for the moft part forked, as in ¥ig. 9. the
hafls^ or place where the branches of the fork are conjoyned, be-
ing rooted (in all that I have yet feen) at the commiffure or hinge
of the valves , and the branches extending thenifelves in the
broader parts of the Conchites ; of which operation of Nature I
can give no other account, but that it was firft obferved, by the
Reverend and Ingenious Mr. Clark., Reftor of Dreyton near Ban-
bury, from whom, befide other favors , I received many of
them.

72. After the bivalvular Ccckjts found always with their
valves clofed together, come we next to confider the other Bi-
valves found never fo, but their valves always apart. And fuch
are the ftones refembling Efcallop, and fome other ftriated Con-
chylia : whereof that reprefented Fig. i o. is the moft curious in
its kind I ever yet faw, found in Heddington quarries by Mr. /?i-
chard Staph), an ingenious young Man, and learned in thefe mat-
ters, to whom I am beholding not only for this, but for fome 0-
ther q\\o\zc ftones hereafter to be mention'd. Which amongft all
the PeiUnes or Efcallop-Jhells I could find in t\\tISih)ographers,ht?i
refemblesthe PeSienaf^er of Aldrovandu^K Of colour it is yel-
lowiHi, eared on both fides, the lineations from the commiffure to
the rim of the ftone very prominent, and yet having fome o-
ther tranfuerfe lines (not bending to, but from the commiffure')
ftanding upon them, and not paffing through the deep furrows
fo as to joyn with each other,

73. As the tranfuerfe lines do in the next following Fe^inites^
Fig. II. where they are both of equal depth, and very fmall,
thick and fine ; the tranfverfe lines all of them bent to the commif-
fure, but the othery?rz> not meeting together in it, as in the for-
mer and following Efcallop : This ftone is of a light reddifti co-
lour, eared on both fides, and found in the quarries in theparifli

of Heddington, , o, TeHaceis.u. 3. .>»/.. 69.

74. And

joi. The O^atural H'ljlory

74. And fo was the next Hone in form of a PeSiuncuItis^ op
little Efcallop^ Fig, 12. of a whitidi yellow colour, the JiridS
large and broad, but the tranfuerfe lines fmall, eared like the for-
mer on both fides : Which alfo argues, that this ftone was never
heretofore the Hiell of a Filli, and thus caft into ftone by an Ani-
mal mo\d. For the Pe^unculi^ hys Rondeietiii^"'^ are a diftinft
/pedes from the Felines or larger Efcallops^ and never have ears
but on one fide, which indifterently are either on the right or left ;
exceptthat we (liall fay that this was once the (liell of a young
FeSren^ not yet come to its full growth.

75. To this alfo may bereferr'd another o{ the fame texture,
only fomwhat bigger^ and wanting the ears of a FeSiuncidites^ or
little Efcallop-fione^ Fig. 13. which becaufe it (liews no figns of
its ears being broken off, I fuppofe ma:y either reprefent the Cka-
inaftriata Fe^iniformii of Aldrovandu6 ", or elfe the Pe^unculu^ of
Belloniu^-, which (as quoted by the Zcographer Gefner '') he not
only fays has no ears, but has exhibited it in Sculpture.

J64 And fo perhaps may the nexty?o/7e. Fig, 14. except we
fliall rather make it the firft of the Cone bites ffriati, or ftreaked
Cockle ftones^ which indeed I cannot chufe but aifent too, becaufe
of its bearing too much on one fide, which I find the Fediinites
or Efcallop fiones do not : and becaufe it cannot be a TellinitcSy
which fliell-fifli (if at all) is never fl:reaked that way. Letic
therefore pafs only for a ftreaked Cockle fione^ which are plenti-
fully found not only ztHeddington^ and about 5/;o/-oz/er, but in
the Quarries near Stunsfield^ North Leigh, and Little Milton ; and
are placed here, becaufe found like zhe Efcallop J^ones, always with
their fliels apart.

J J. Whereof there are fome larger, and as it were heaped up-
on one another, as in Tab. 4. Fig- 15 ; and others fingle, as in
Fig. 1 7. The TCdlJ/jell-fifiof which kind, called Conchjliajiria-
ta^ though thus lineated without, are always, fays Aldrovandu6^^
plain and fmooth within, contrary to what we find in thefe Con^
chittsftriati, as is (hewn by Fig. 16. which shews the in-fideof
one of thofe ftones, not only lineated from the commiffure to the
rim^ but adorned alfo with four or five tranfuerfe fillets, not made
o^ one, but feveralconjoyned lines, which feems alfo to conclude

^ i>eTeflacfis,lil,.i, eaf.i6. " DeTeRsceis, Iii.^.cap.6<}- " Dt A^uatil. lib. ^.p.%ii- ? PeTe-
ic

TAB. iin

ad pap: loj.

'^<3»

ii

lO

12^

'S^V^';,

Of OXFO^V^SHITiE. 105

It to be Laph fui generic, and not to have been molded by a ftria-

78. Bcfide Cockle and Efcallop-fiones, there are others that
feem to be of the Oyfler kind, found plentifully in the Gravel-
pits without St. f/me;?/^, in Cowley-cotmnon^ and in aipoocinear
Wood-eaton -• amongft them there are fome of an oblong figure, ve-
ry thick, and of a bluidi colour, fuchas that depided i^/;g-. i8.
which I guefs may be the fame with the petrified Concha otlonga
craffa, mentioned by Dr. Merret ^ found in Iforcefter-JJjire, and
there Called Crow-fiones, Crow-cup, oir Egg-fiones ; or elfe the
more protuberant part of th^Mytulu^ niger of Aldrovandu^ \ or
the Mytulm of Rondeletiu6 \

79. But others are again of the true Oyjler fiape, called Osira-
■cites, orAz^rpgor, reprefented Fig. ic^. fome whereof are 3/«e,

and others reddifi, of the colour of the Gravel out of which
they are taken ; Thefe are generally greater, thicker and weigh-
tier, than the true Oyfier-Jhell, yet like them feem to be refolved,
according to the opinion of Steno\ into m?iny little fiells, the
innermoft being always the greate/l, and the outermoft the /m7 :
Upon which very account I could eafily haveaffented, that thefe,
and the former, might once indeed have hcenfiell fifi ; but that
we only find (juftas iwtit^^fcallops) tht protuberant parts of the
Jhells, and never any of the/^/.o;ze^; which had they been once
Jifhes, we have little reafon to think, could have been thus abfenc
from them.

80. We find alfo iri Oxford-Jhire a fort of Mytuloides , of
Mufcle-Jiones, of an odd kind of figure, and not eafie perhaps to
be parallel'd, though the te§laceou6 Kingdom be of large extent :
They are not hollow, but within a terra lapidofa of a yellowifn
colour, and cover'd without with a white fliining kind of Arma-
ture, with ablong lineations agreeable to the figure of the ftone, as
in Tab. 5. Fig. i. found in digging a Well in the PariOi of Cley-^
don. To which we may add another fort remarkably fmall, found
XnHeddingtonQn^incs, Fig. 2. which finiHi my difcourfe con^
cerningfuchy?or/e5as rcfemble the cVe^^>.^^, or te^aceom fielU
fijh. Whence I proceed

81. To ^om reprefenting the Ks^^.ct^c.'cT.p^; ovthtfiell-fifio(

O the'

io6 The ^^atural Hiflory

the fofcer cru^aceows kind^ fiich as that Tab.^. fig."^. in fubftunce
znd hardneG) much like a Pebble^ and of colour ydlomJh\ divi-
ded firft by five pretty ftraight lines^ adorned on each fide with
double fets of points^ afcending from a protuberant umbihcm in
the lafis of the Jione, to another of like form at the top, but fo-
liatedround in manner of a Rofe : Andafcer again fubdivided by
five other indented lines^ terminated before they reach the umbi-
lici ; by which means the fpaces between thefe lines are all penta-
gons^ like the outer fcales of lome fort of Tortoife. Much fuch
anothery?o«^ asthis I find m A/drovandu^^ in his Book VeTeJia-
ceis ", which becaufe he thought refembled the fea Urchin depri-
ved of its outward prickly coat, he calls Echinus lafis fhnliattM a
fups f^ini6 : But it fceming to mc to be much more like the E/irice
marino , ft ritrava nclli mari profondi , of F err ante Imperato "", I
chufe rather to call it Hijiricites^ or Porcupine -Jlone without bri-
ftles. This was found in the Chi/tern Country, near Stonor-
houfe^ and fent me by the Worshipful Tho. Stonor Efq; the
Proprietor of the place, and one of the Noble>i Encouragers of
this Defign.

82. And fo was the following curiouily embroider'd y?o«f,
Fig.\. much refembling the petrified Riccio marino^ or fea Vrchiti
of hiperatu^ % found in the f^me place alfo with out /ric^/f 5, but
much differing from the former in colour and fubftance, as alfo
from tht Jlone of that Learned Author : For whereas he confeffes
that was but of the confidence of the Lime-Jlone ; ours, though
without of a whitifi cinereous colour, within is a hard black, flinty
covered over with thin glittering plates, fet edg-ways to the
ball o( the flint, out of which thofe uniform eminencies znd de-
prefjures^ thofe ir^z/e^i and tranfuerfe lineationszre all framed.

83. Thefe are found in great plenty in the Ifle of Malta, and
by the Country men there, fays the Ingenious Soaowe^, called
Mamelles de Saint Paul, becaufe of the lenticular eminencies and
fmall roundures, that fill the whole furface ofthey^o;?^ ; or rather
becaufe they are fomtimes found coupled two and two, as may
be (ttn'mxhe fculptures of the fame Author, By Boetiu6 and
Gefner, and all the old Authors, they are called Ova anguina.
Serpents eggs ; perchance becaufe from the bafis there iffue as ic

n VeTcHaceisllh.-^.cap.^o. w Do/f Hifi.Naturale, /i^-zZ.cap i. x Deli'H!{i.Naturale,/i^.2^.c.26.
y Recherckes <^otfirvat.ii7is Naturelhs: Lettre v'wgtfixieme-

were

OfOXFO^D^SHIT^E. loy

were five tails of ferpents^ v/avecl and attenuated toward t/ie
upper part of the Hones. They tell us alfo a ftory of its beinp-
engendered from the fa /i?/ at ion and /lime of fiiakes^ and caft into
the Air by the force of their fibilations^ where if taken, has ef-
fefts as wonderful as its generation, and therefore of great efteeni
amongft the French Druids. But I care not to fpend my time in
Romance^ and therefore proceed

84. To another Echinites, refembling the inner (liell of the
Echinu6 ovarius or EfculentU6^ fo called from a fort of qiiinque-
jpartite or fiellated eggs^ that this kind of Echinus has within it
good to eat. Their outermoft coat is full of fiarp prickjes^ upon
which account they are fomtimes called Chajiaignes de Mer., or

fea Chefnuts., becaufe of their likenefs to rough prickles that
encompafs Chefnuts whiPft they are on the Tree ; for which ve-
ry reafon they are alfo called Herijfons de Mer, fea Hedg-hogs^ and
Cardui Marini^ fea Thiftles : which rough coat of theirs, when
the Fifli is dead, coming off from them, they then difcover
their invpardfiell of that curious vporklJ^anJhip^ that is lively repre-
fented by our fwne^ Fig. 5. made up of fo many coinfartements
and eminencies, and fo regularly difpofed, that, fays Monfieur de
Rcchefort ^ (who calls them alfo Fommes de Mer^ or fea Apples')
the moft ingenious Embroiderer would be much troubled to imi-
tate them. This Echinites ovarium was found in the Parifti of
Teynton, and fent me by my worthy and ingenious Friend Mr.
Robert Veyfey^ to whom alfo I am beholding for many other mat-
ters mentioned in this Effay.

85. From Teynton alfo was fent mc another of this kind,
but much fmaller, not exceeding the Rouncival pea^ or French
Hal/let in bignefs ; and yet with lines of co??2partement^ and o-
ther eminencies as large as the former, but much fewer in num-
ber : to which, whether there beany Animal in Nature whofe
Jl'ell will exadly, or for the moft part correfpond, I much que^
ftion ; wherefore that it may be examined both at home and a-
broad, I have caufed it to be engraven. Fig. 6.

S6. To which add ^fourth fort with its prickles ftill on, found
plentifiilly in the Quarries near Shotover-hill, very like to the fifth
fort of Echini^ of Ariffotle, as dcpided by Rondeletius % whofe
inward Jhell it feems is very fmall, hut its prickjes long and ftub-

* Hiftory of che Ides Antillesy or Cauhby Iflands, ckaf. 19. art, 13. ^ X)i TildiM, lih. 18. cap- 33.

O 2 born.

10 S T'he jS[jitural Hijlory

born, found always in the deepeft waters, and flicking to Rocks,
much afcer the fame manner as here reprefented in ftone. Fig. 7.
which in conformity to Ariflotk may be called Echinites minutu^.
And this had ended my Difcourfe of Stones refembling She.ll-
fiJJj of the cruflaceou^ kind, but that I am admonidi'd by the
Learned, anddefcrvedly Famous rir/KO/^, Ur.Hook^ and Mr.
Baji '^, and fmce them by the Ingenious Sicilian Gtnthman Mon-
fieur Boccone '',

87. That the fane commonly ftiled Corriu Ammom^^ alfo be-
longs to this place, as being nothing clfe but the petrified j^e//
of the Nautilws^ or Coquilk de Porcelhin ; or 7[sRonddetiu6 ^ calls
it, the teflaceo:{6 Polypus. Of thefe we find plenty in the Coun-
ty of Oy.ford^ of different colours^ fig^^^^h cizes^ but all fo curled
up within themfelves, that the place of the bead is always in the
circumference ^ndzhe tail m the center of the fione^ and therefore
by the Ancients called Cornua Jmmonh., for that they refembled
the curled horns of the Ram^ worfliipp'd by the name o'l Jupi-
ter Amnion in the defarts of Africa ^ • to whom Alexander the
Great having declared himfelf Son., that he might be the more like
fo inhuman a Father^ he afTumcd the horns of the Ram Deity-, as
may be feen on the Impreffes of fome of his Mony. And fo did
Lyfimachm that fucceeded him in7"/6r<2ce^, Attila the Hun, and
fome other proud Princes.

88. The places in this County moft remarkable for this Jlone,
are i . The City of Oxford it felf, where, in digging cellars^foun-
dations^ isrc. chiefly in the eaftern parts of it, they are commonly
met with ; whereof fome are fmall, the parts protuberant., and
fweUingto a round, as in 7^7^. 5. Fig. 8. others broader and
more depreffedy as in Fig.c^. but the lineations of both Tr^z/f(/, and
extended from toward the Cf/z/er, to a fmgle edged ric/ge in the
back of the /tone-, and therein different from a //)ir<i fort found
alfo at Oxford^ whofe lineations are larger, notfo thick nor waved,
and terminated at gxezt protuberances on each fide of the fione, be-
tween which, on the broad back of it, there intercede other //'-
neationsj the whole body of the /ione being alfo divided by Su-
tures, in form much refembling the leaves of Oak-, ^s in Fig. 10.
The two latter of thefe are both perforated ^t the center, and there-

•> Micograph.Obferv. 17. c Obfervations Topograph. />. 12;. ^ Recherchs (^ Oif^rvations Na-
iurelkSiLettrezZ. • HcVifcibiuJib. 17. caj>^. f ^i»t. Curtii dt reh. Gell. jilexandri, Hi^orlii. 4.
« See the Cabinet in the Bfl^/^dw Library.

fore

of 0 XFO %J)-S HI%E. 10,^

fore called by Bauhinm \ Ccrnua A J7nn on is per tufa : And all thre.:
adorned with a lliining brafen ^r;77^/z/rf, in lufter equalling that
7/ietal it felf, yet of which in fubftance it has nothing lefs, though
Agrkola have affirmed it to be naturje rudimentum id metallumface'
re difcenti6.

89 . Boetim de Boot^ in his Book de Lapidibus isr Geinmis \ thinks
thefone it felf naturally of 2. ferrugineoii^ colour, which lying in
an Earth fated with an aluminom juice, is changed thereby into
this brafen colour. To which de Laet '^ in his Supplement, adds,
atramentum futorium ; both which, he fays, joined, give that co-
lour to Iron. For my parr, I rather think it may be performed
by Nature^ much after the fame manner they guild money at our
Englijb Baths; if fo, there will be requifite fomthing urinous,
which they always add thereto fuperinducefuch a colour,where~
of more at large when I come into Somerfet-flnre.

90. The fccond place eminent for production of thefe f?(?/7e5,
is the Paridi of Cleydon, where they find them of many more
turns than thofe at Oxford^ though not much bigger ; without
y4rmature^ of 2i yellomJJj colour (like the ^Jieride before men-
tion'd found at the (zmeplace^ and difterentlyy?n^/£"^, as in Fig.
II. in which the firic£ from the innermoft part of the jlone are all
fmgle, but many of them divided before they reach the rim of it,
where they are terminated with a back much more protuberant
than the reft of the fone^ hutdlikefiriated.

9 1 . Near Thame^ in the Fields Eaftward from the Church, they
fomtimes meet alfo with the C (:)/■«« y^w7;;707z^, firiated fmgly like
the former, near the inner part of they?o«e, and prefently divi-
ding, but without /^r7;7iwj/io« either at any ridge^ ox othzx protu-
berancies in the back ; the divifion being continued to the other
fide of the fione^ where 'tis made again into one common linea-
tion^ as in Fig. 12. Of which fort I had fome arches or parts fent
me alfo from Chiflehampton^ by the Right Worftiipful Sir John
D'Oyly Baronet, in whom flourifli all the Virtues o'i th^t ancient
Houfe. But thefe (not like the former) a hardy?o;7e, but fome
of them a kind of Terra lapidofa^ or hardened yellow clay^ one
degree perhaps above that of the bed wherein they lay; which
(befide Sir Thomas Pennyftons clay Cockles) fcem to overthrow

i> Joann.BauhhmdeLa^idibmvariisinfine Hifi. admirahiUi font'u Btllenfisy \ Cap. 2^6- ^ P^ La-
fid. ^ Ge/nmis, cap. 2Z.

Steno's *

no The ^J\(jtural Hijlory

Steno's^ firft conjefture concerning thefe matters: That they are
always found in the fame place^ of the fime confifience \ and that there,
arena figns aiTiongfl them of fooneror laterproduSfion.

92. And To do the Ophiomorphit's found in a bluilli clay in the
Paridi of Great Rohrright^ Eaftward from the Churchy whereof
fomeare fo foft, that 'tis eafie to prefs them afunder with ones
fingers; and others a hard hluifi Jione. But though they agree
with theform.er in the manner o(produ^ion^ they differ as much
in the manner of their lineations, for whereas their s7n> were di-
vided near the rim, fomeof the lineations of thefe come toge-
ther there, and are united in pretty large protuberant knobs on
each fide the back of the flone^ which in thefe being broad and
fbmwhat rifing, is crolTed by other arched Vines that intercede the
eminencies^ as in Fig. 13,

93. Other Opkiomorphit's there are, that have only ftraight
fingle ribs^ which terminate alfo in ftraight ridges that run along
on each fide the back of the /ione ; between which two ridges^
there rifesa //)ir^ more prominent one, juft in place as it were of
the Spina dorfal.'^^ as in Tab. 5 . Fig. 14. which though not wreath-
ed, but plain like the other lower ridges on each hand it, I take
to be the Cornu ^mwonis crijiatum o^ Johannes Bauhinm^, One
of thefe, of about four inches over, and made up of as many
/Kr;7i,wasgivenmeby the Reverend and Learned Dv.JohnPFatlis;
and there is another amongft the K«^'Aia. of the Medicin School^
of above eight inches diameter., taken up as they fay fomwherc
abou: Corpi^ Chriffi College.

94. There are alfo Orphiofjiorphit's found fomtimes about
^dderbury^ about two miles from Banbury, but fo very feldom,
that though I were there often, I could meet with none of them ;
fo that ' cannot inform the Reader whether they are of any pecu-
liar kind, different from what have been already dercrib'd,or no :
However, that the Town has nor its name from thefe ftones (as
Mr. i?jj' thinks) I dare confidently avouch, W^^tr/'Mrv being only
the vulgar name : for in the Court Rolls oV New College, (and o-
other Inftruments) to which the Lordfiip of the Town belongs,it is
written Eabberbury., perhaps from St. Ebbazht tutelar Saint of the
Church.

95. Thebiggeftof the kind that I have yet met with, was at

1 Int anatudeCar.iiCarcharia d:j[e£locafite^^.\\%. >" Johannes Bauhinus dc Lapd/lriuvariisi?i fine
Uifi, adimrahilnfontis, Bollenfis;i. 20.

Clifton

Tab V

ad

P^5

t f^P^r«£.

5 -.,f^'^Pfa'BP^^_

^'^c-:-'

Clifton near Dorchefter, but found as I was told at Sandfordnc^r Ox-
ford, about eleven inches over, and (eventeen pounds in weight ;
having fingleri^^ only, without knobs or ridges at the back, which
is plain and even, as in Fig. 15. which though little more than
halt fobigasthatmention'dby Dr.iJ/erm of 21 inches diame-
ter *, that he fa w in the Garden of one Mr. Rawdon, yet 1 guefs
it muft needs fo extravagantly exceed the biggeft Nautilus or Por-
cellant-fiell, both in latitude and number of turns, that we muft
be forced to feek out another origin for it.

96. Befide, its being in-laid with a fmall fort of Conchites, fo
placed in its fides, thatthey havc/fgOTe«/5 (if I may fo call them)
within the very bulk or body of the Ophiomorphite, feems flatly
to deny its original (xomtht Nautilus, for had this fallen out by
compreffion of their ftiells together, their uniform figures muft
needs have been fpoiled, contrary to what appears as well in the
fione as its draught. Which brings me to confider the great Que-
{lion now fo much controverted in the World.

Whether the Jlones we find in the forms of Shell-fifli, be Lapides
fui generis, naturally produced h/fome extraordinarj phi^ic
virtue latent in the Earth or Quarries where they are found ?
Or whether they rather owe their form and figuration to the
{hells 0/ the Fidies they reprefent, brought to the places
where they are now found by a Deluge^ Earth-quake, oryo/Tzc
other fuch means, and there being filled with mu&, clay,
and petrifying juices, have in traSi of time been turned into
ftones, 05 we now find them, ftill retaining the fame fiape
in the whole, with the fame Vmc^tions, futures, cminen-
cies, cavities, orifices, points, that they had whiP ft they
were ftiells ?

97. In the handling whereof, though I intend not any per-
emptory ^/eci/zow, hvitz friendly debate', yet having according to
the willies and advice of thofe Eminent Virtuofi, Mr. Hook^nd.
Mr. Ray, made fome confiderable coUeftions of thef^ kind oT
things, and obferved many particulars and circumftances con-
cerning them: Upon mature deliberation, I muft confefs I am
inclined rather to the opinion of Mr. Lifier, that they are Lapides

* P:»ax rerum Naturaliuni. p. r.K. There is another about that bignefs in the Repofitory of the
■RoyalSociety, given by the Rii^ht Honorable Henry Earl of Norwich, Earl Marjhal of England-

fui

ni The :^(atur-al Biftory

fuigenerk-, than to theirs, Tiat tiej are tl,^ fomed in an Ar,i,n.l
mold. The latter opinion appearing at prefent to be preffed with
far more, and more infuperable difficulties than tht forwer

98. For they that hold thefe Hones ^-.r, thus formed in the
f f //«> niuft fuppofe either with Steno", that they were
brought hither by the Deluge in the days o^ Noah ; or by fomeo
ther more particular, and perhaps National Flood, fuch as the
Ogygean, or Veucalionian in Greece, than either of which there is
nothmg more improbable. uicicis

99- Firft, not by the Flood in the days of Noah, becaufe
that (and for very good reafons too) feems not to have been " !
verfal, andatmoftto have covered only the continent of ^/?. »
and not to have extended it felf to this then uninhabited IfPern
part of the World. But fuppofe it were unt.erfal, yet it ^™
ceededfrom if.,„,which (as Mr. Raj well obferves) would more
hkely have carryed fielU down into the/., than broui any

i7:t:t7:- ^."^f'^^^f'-heru/ged, natti4:,z

of the g, eat deep jere broken up\ and that the P,/„^e proceeded
partly from a ^r..4-^/.r,^ and over-flowing of the L whl h
confe^uently might bring in the/WA: Itmaybe anf^C^'d! at
the over flowmg, euher gradually increafed upon the Earth, o
was vtolent: ^^ gradually, as it is moft likely (for God caufednot
any B.;„^to pafs over the Earth till the Water, began to afTwa.e ^ ■
ht. tS"' : '^--^^thatdefcended in i?.i„: in all probabi:
mI\ T Z\ '"t" '''' ^"'^ ^''' ''°"^ ^l^-k to I. floods^

hi V n T "°J°^r°''°"' ^=^^^-^'^¥^/-><^^. but what
s given them by the r./.„ violence, fl.ould leave their beds in
the Sea at all, and be carried aloft to the tops of Mountains.
And ifwote/ then fuch a Flood would have indifferently fcat-
tered al forts of/.//, over the whole face of the Earth, efpeci-
allymallW/ej.;. whereas we find the y?««„ that refemble them
many tmies at the tops oUills, and but in few valleys ; and thofe
not fcattered neither indifferently one amongft another, but for
he moft part thofe of a W together; and of the fame kind
too, thofe of different Imeations together. Thus at Corny^ell

and

Of OXFO\T)^SHniE. iq

and Hornton we find only Concbites or Cockle- fiones^ Snd thofe
firiated (if at all) from fide to fide tranfverflj^ as in Tab. 4. Fig:
7, 8. And fo at Gljmpon only Cockje-fiones^ but lineated the con-^
trary way from the commifure to the r/'w, as in i^i^. 6, of the fame
Tab. On CoTP/e^y-fcww/o/z we find nothing but Oftracites^ fuch as
inTab. 4. F;^. 19. And in the Gravel-pits of St. Clements 1 mix-
rure of fuch Oyfter-floncs^ and (to which I believe it will be hard
to adapt ifiell-fijljj the ftone Belemnites. The Nefhiri or Lapis
Megaficii6 2.x. Langley^ is a bed of nothing but Cockles as fmall as
peafe ^ and that at Charlton the fame, only the Cockles are fom-
what bigger. So that thefc beds of Cockje-Jlones (if they muft
needs have been Jhell-fipf) feem rather to have been their breed-
ing places, where they had aboad for fome confiderable time
(efpecially where we find them offeveral cizes) than brought hi-
ther in the flood in the time of Noah , which remained on the
Earth but/or/j natural daj/s^ too fmall a time for fo n\zx\y Pjell-fifh^
fo difperfed, as they mufi: be prefumed to be by fo violent a mo-
tion , to get together and fequefter themfelves from all o-
ther company, and fet them down, each fort^ in a convenient
ftation.

1 00. And fecondly, that they ftiould be brought by any othei*
flood IS altogether as unlikely, fince we have no other ^oods de-
liver'd down to us, but the Ogygian and Deucalionian^ which were
reftrained within Greece. But fuppofe all that can be defired by
the adverfe party, that there was fomtime or other a National
^ood here in England^ that did for fome hundreds of years cover
the face of the Land, of which there is no Record deliver'd to
pofterity ; yet that it fhould cover the higheft Hills, or if it did,
that it diould force the fiel Is to their tops, which are weighty
and rather aff'edt the loweft places, is a concefiion as hard to be
granted, as that the Mountains (where fuch fljones as refemble
them are now found) were heretofore low places and fince raifed
by Earth-quakes '. a thing by no means to be believed of our Nor-
thern parts, where the Earth -quakes v/e have at any time are fo
inconfiderable, that they fcarce fomtimes are perceived, much
lefsaffrightenus ; unlefswe ftiall groundlefly grant, that in the
infancy of the World the Earth fuftered more concuffions, and con*
fequently more mutations in itsfuperficies^ than it has done ever
fmce the Records of time.

P ioi.

li^. The Statural H'lflory

I o I . Yet granting too that in the Primitive Times there were
fuch ftrange Earthquakes^ or elfe that there was fome time or o-
ther fuch a Floods that did cover our highefl hills^ and which
might be fo violent^ as to hx'ingfiells out of the great deep, and
place them on the tops of Mountains ; yet that our formed Ji ones,
at lead the moft of them, were not fadiion'd in fuch molds^ but
2ve Lapidesfui generis, maybe ftrongly fufpefted from the fol-
lowing reafons.

102. Firft, becaufe I have found fome of them that refemble
yje//-/^ that always ftick to roc^f, and cannot well be prefumed

to have come away with the greateft Floods unlefs fo violent as to
have brought the Rocks ^oo: and fuch is that engraven Tab. 5.
Fig. 7. which whether it beft reprefent the Echinus quintu^ of
Arijiotle, or fome fort of Lepas 01 Patella^ equally makes for my
purpofe, neither of them leaving the rock, they ftick too, being
Vnivalves, and havingtherocA.it felf inftead of the o/Z^f r.

103. Secondly, becaufe there are many^^'e/A, and other /^y?j-
ceou6 and bony fubftnnces belonging to Fiflj, that mull: alfo have
been left behind upon the ebb of fuch a Floodzs well as the refl, of
which we have no (tones that refemble them at all. Such are the
bones of Whales, Sea-horfes, and the bones of all the fquammeou^
kind ; the gxt2xjhells of the Buccina, Murices^ Conch<£ Veneris, and
Solenes ; the fword of the Xiphias or Sveord-ftfi, and almoft all
the rr?/y?JCeo«5 kind, fuch as Cr^z^i, Congers, Lcbflers^isrc. which
laft having locomotion, I fhould much rather expected to have
found. petrified on the tops of Mountains, than any of the tefiace-
ous kind, and yet of thefe we meet the feweft of any.

1 04. Thirdly, becaufe there are many Stones formed indeed
in the manner of Bivalves, (src which yet refemble no fpecies of
f/jell-j^J/j now to be found, whereof feveral are above-mention'd.
And this is ingenioufly confefs'd by Fabim Columna\ though one
of the Adverfaries of this my prefent opinion : Addemm (fays
he) Peftunculorum imagines, quarum quafdam non nifi lapideas tj/-
dimu^, of which that he calls his Mytulo-pedlunculm rarior Berbe-
roides, is one. If it be faid, that pofTibly thefe Species may be
now loft, Iftiall leave it to the Reader to judge, whether it be
likely that Providence which took, fo much care to fccure the
works of the Creation in Noah's Flood, fl-iould either then, or

' yiquati/.(^ Terrefir. obfirvat. caf- 21.

fince,

OfOXFO%T)^SHI%E, 115

fince, have been fo unmindful of fome Jljdl-fiJ/j (and of ho o-
ther Animals^ astofufferany one (pedes to be loft.

105. Fourthly, bccauie there are {cvtxz\ formed fiories^ that
no body pretends to know whether to refer, as reprefenting nei-
ther y^/?//;?^/^ or Plants^ either in the v^hole or parts ; fuch as the
Selenites^ ^flroites, and Belemnites ; which if thus tacitly con(t?i
to be Lapides fui generis^ and formed by fome hzent plajlkk power
of the Earth, why might it not as well produce all the reft ? e-
fpecially fincefcarceany of them are reduced to Animals or Plants
without great inconvenience. Thus they that think the ^[ler'id.
to be nothing but the Spindi dorfales-, or tail- bones o^ fifi petrified
(they confifting, 'tis true, for the moft part of pieces fticking to-
gether like Vertebr<£^ neither can tell us of what fort of F//?*, nor
give us any reafonable account why the tail-bones of fuch a parti-*
cular FiJJj (for the Jfleri<x. of all places are firiated alike, and feeni
to have had original from the fame Species) fhould be thus petri-
fod, and not the tail-bones as well of fome others ?

106. And they that fanfie the feveral Species of BrontU to be
nothing elfe but the petrified //jells of Echini Spatagi^ or Brifft:,
would be hard put to it to reconcile the different conditions of
thztjhell-fijh and thefe ftones : for firft, the Fifi it felf is but
rarely found, inKoiyQi >^ <nAviQi^ fays Jriftotle % which is alfo con-
firmed by Rondeletiu6\ whereas the Stones are plentiful enough.
Again, the£ci'i;z%j5'^^/d!^^has but few briftles, aculeis parvus isr
rari<s feptu^^ fays the fame Rondeletiu^ ", and thofe, if we may be-
lieve the Cuts of Authors, but diferderly fet ; which how a-
grecable to our Brontide, Tab. 2. and 3. let any man judge. The
firft of them indeed in the grofs Figure, is like the Heriffons Spa-
tagi of Boccone"^ which he faw in Holland^ fiat like 2.fjnall caliC ;
but he tells us nothing of fuch numberlefs fmall annulets -2.^ there
are in our Stones, which if heretofore the places of fo many
hrifiles, but ill agree with the defcription of Rondeletius. Befide
thefe of Oxford-fiire^ there are feveral other forts that I have
feen in other Counties (hereafter to be reprefented, in cafe this
Effay prove acceptable) which I could heartily wifli the Ingenious
Steno and Boccone, or any other Curiofo's^ for the better clearing
of this great Controverfie^ would undertake to parallel (and fo

» UiB.AnlmaliumjblD.^.c^p.^. ^ DetifcihuSiUb. I'i.cap.iu « Loco citato, w Keeherches <^ oh'
ftTvations Nature/Ies Lettre 26.

P 2 of

u(j The j\[jitural Hijlory

of other formed flonesj with fiells in all parts anfvv'erable.

107. Thty thzt think the Cornua Amtnon'ys^ or Ophiornorphites^
to have been formerly nothing but Porcellane-fiells^ feem alfo to
be preiTed with the like difficulties : for either there are feveral
forts of them not known to (I am furenotdefcribed by) Authors,

or elfe our flones muft have their formation from a diflerent mold
than their j/^e/A. For firft, theffjells feem to be extravagantly
broad at the mouth, as defcribed by Rondeletiu^ d.ndJon/?on, and
not to have more than two other fmall turns at moft ; whereas the
turns o^ tht Ophicmorphit\ are proportionable to one another,
and in number many times four or five, and fomtimesfix, if we
may believe -(^/^/'oz/^;?^/;^ '^ : Of which difference C/?io<:c/^ '' feems
to have been fo well aware in his defcription of the latter part of
the Mufdium Calceolarium^ that he makes the Cornu Ammonis and
Nautilu6lapideu6 to be quite different things, and defcribes the
latter very broad at the greater end, and with but one turn, fom-
whatlike indeed to the Porcellane-fiell.

108. Befide, fo far are fome of our Engl'ii}] Ophicmorphit^ s
from ever having been formed by the fiell of the Nautilus, that
at Huntley-Nab in the North-riding of Torkrjhire^ they are found
always included in other great roundy?0W5, not unlike, fays Mr*
Cambden % to Cannon bullets. And at Wkithy^ fays Mr. Ray % in
Hones of a lenticular figure^ which if formerly they had been the
Pells of Nautili^ how they fliould become thus included in Jiones
alfo of 'A determinate figure^ is a difficulty more infuperable than
any of the former. Add hereunto that Mr. Cambden '', and fince
him Dr. Childrey *" plainly avouch, that the Ophiomophit's ofCain-

fiam^ have fome of them heads^ and that in thi6 they differ from
tbofe of Torkrfiire : Vidimus enim lapidem hinc delatum fcrpentii in

ffiram revoluti ejfigie^ cu]U6 caput in circumferentia prominuit^ extrema
Cauda centrum cccupante^ are the very words of Mr. Cambden,
Which if 1 find true when 1 come into Somerfet-Jhire^ will give;/?e,
and Idoubt not, o//jer5 fatisfaftion beyond all exception; for
that the fiells of the Nautili have any fuch matter, no body yet
has, nor will dare to pretend.

109. To which alfo add the greatnejl of fome of thefe Jiones^
tvhereof there are fome it feems near two ^ foot in diameter^ far

» Mtifumn AletaUicum, lib.^.cap.l. v MufeuwCa/ceo/arium,fe(l.'i,.p.^i6- « Cnmbdenm York-Jhire.
» Topop-aph. Oi>fc7-vat. p. 114. b Cambden in Somerjetfiire- « Britannia Baconica in Somerjet Jhire,
* D):.Merret'iPiaaxrerumtiatural. pag. 215.*

ex-

0fOXFO%p^SHl%E. If 7

exceeding, fays Mr. Ray " the bulk of any Jhell-fijh now Jiving in
our f^as. To which if it be faid that moft ■petrifications are made
either h^j aggregation ^ox by intrufion or protrufion o^parts^ vv'hich
always increafe the bulk of the fubjeSf : It may be anfwered, that
though fuch augmentation \riu\k be allowed indeed in many cafes,
yet fure it did not fo fall out m the petrification of the Nephiri or
Cockle-fione2.tLangky^ where the y?o;7fi are much lefs than moft
Naturaly^e//^.

no. FifthlyT becaufethat even thofe/o;7«, which fo exaftly
reprefent fome fort o^fiell-fifi^ as Oyflers^ Cockles, (s'C. that there
can be no exception upon the account of figure, but that they
might formerly have been fliells indeed • at fome places are found
with only onejlell, and not the other. Thus in Con' ley -common
we meet only with the gibboiis, and not the ^at (liell of the petri-
fied Oyfter^ and fo of the Efcallop-fiones in the Quarries near
Shot-over ; which had they been once the fliells of Oyfters and
Efi:aIlops, in all probability had fcarce been thus parted.

111. Sixthly, becaufe I can by no means fatisfie ray felf, how
it fhould come to pafs, that in cafe thefe ftones had once been
molded in fliells, fome of the fame kind fliould be found ift beds,
as the Conchites at Langley, Charleton, AiUerbury^ and others,
fcatter'd as at Glympton and Teynton ; and. fo the OJiracites at Shot-
over and Covp/ey. Nor how it fliould fall out, that fome of thefe
Bivahulars fhould always be found with their fliells apart, as the
OJiracites and Felines : and others always clofed together, as the
Conchites in all places I have yet fcen.

112. Laftly, becaufe many of theCe formed fi ones feem now to
be in/eri, as the Selenites ?it Shot-over and Hampton-Gay, the
Conchites at Glympton and Cornwell-, where within one of the clay
■Coc^/w above-mentioned, I found a little one :ofy?ow, not ex-
ceeding a vetch in bignefs ^ which had they been formed hereto-
fore by Cockje-Jhells, in all likelyhood would both either have
been Stone or Clay. Nor can it be faid they were brought hither
by different Floods, becaufe they were both found in the fame
ied, one included in the other. Which is all I have to urge for
this part of the Quefiion, but that in the BifiopricKo^ Mildefieim,
between ^Ijeld and Eimbec, there is a fort of Ochre that forms
it felf in this manner into the fiape ofOyfiers ^: And that Mr, Ray

« Topograph. Obfervations,/). 127. * Laciimtmdi'O^vHvi^K^.jfeil. 1. cap. ^

was

XI 8 The !?{jtural Hiflory

was irtformed by a perfon of good credit, of a Jlone of this na^
cure refembling a CockJ^-fiell^ found in the belly of a Beef^ where
in all likely hood it bred, and (hot into t\\2.t figure : Which if true,
fays he^ there can be no reafon to doubt, but that thofe in the
Quarries and other places arefo generated.

113. But againft this opinion there are feveral confiderable
chje^ions brought by the ingenious Mr. Hook, Steno and
Boccone^ which 1 (ball next faithfully propound to the bed ad-
vantage, and then fee whether they may not more eafily be
folvtd, than the arguments on the other (ide perhaps are like
to be.

114. Firfr, That amongft thofe y?c;7f5, there are fome with
the perfedyZr//, in figure, colour and fubftance, (licking to their
furface ; efpecially, fays Mr./Zooj^^^, (difcourfing of thele mat-
ters) tkofe Serpentine or Helical (tones were covered vcith^ or re-
tained the p/ining or pearl-colour'' d jiihfiance. of the infide of a^itW ,
vphich fuh fiance on fome farts of them rya6 exceeding^ thin^ and might
he eafily rubbed off% on other farts it w 05 pretty thick.-, and retained a
white coat ^ or fiaky fubftance on the top ^ juftjikethe out fides of fucb
fliells ; feme of them had very large pieces of the (liell, very plainly
flicking on to them^ vphich were eafily broken or flaked of by degrees.
Add hereunto fome particulars mention'd by vS/ewo^. i. That
there was found a F earl-bearing fiell in Tufcany, a ? earl yet fiicking
to the (liell. 2« A piece of the great Sea-nacre [pinna marina] in
which the filkrlike fubftance within the (liell being confumed^ the cO"
lour of that fubftance did remain in the earthy matter which had fil-
led the {htW. 3. That about the City of YohterT2i^ there are many
beds of earthy not flony^which do abound with true Cockle-iliells, that
havefufiefd no change at all^ and yet they muft needs have lain there
above '2,cooyears ; whence it is, evident^ thattbat part of Tufcany
woi of old time cover' dwlth the Sea : And why then might not as
well all thofe other places where thefe petrified Jlells arc found?
4. To which alfo let me add, that at fome places herein Eng^
landj Tp^nicwhrly 21 Cats-grove nezv Readings a place fufficiently
remote from the Sea (of which more at larpe whenl come into
Bcrk-fiire') they meet with a bed of Oyfier-J}:elh both flat and gib-
bous, about 1 2 or 14 foot underground, not at all/'f/ri,'?^^, all
of them opened, except fome very few, that 1 fuppofe haveca-

' Micro^aph. Otjerv, 17. h /» Frodromo.

fually

Of OXFO%T>^SHI'R^E. up

fually fallen together ; which how they iliould come there with-
out a Deluge^ feems a difficulty to mod men not cafily avoid-
ed.

115. To all which it may be anfwered, firft in general with
M.r. Li/fer\ that we will eafily believe that along the (hoars of
moft Countries, fuch as are particularly the (lioars of the Britifi
and Mediterranean Seas, there may all manner of Sea-fJjells be
found promifcuoufly included in Rocks or Earth, and at good di-
ftances from the Sea, where the grounds are no higher than the
Volatcrran hillock.-) which meeting with fuitable petrifying juices^
may either be wholly />^m)?^^, or where the juices are not corn-
potent, be only metamorpbcpd'm part, fome o^thefielfy fubftance
ftill remaining ; or not changed at all, as in the inftances of
StenOy and perhaps of Mr. Hcok.-, for he tells us not where he
found t\\o{t femipetrifiedftones.

116. But fecondly, Suppofe he found them in the higheft and
moft In-land Counties, fince he tells us not that he found them
in any great plenty, we can eafily alfo admit that fome fmall
quantities o^ Jlells thrown away after the Inhabitants had eaten
the Jifiy may even there be filled with mud and petrifying juices,
and fo turned either in the whole or part into Jlone.

1 17. And thirdly, provided it be near a great Toven or Citj/y
either now flouridiing, or that did fo heretofore, and hath for-
merly been the feat of much fl^/o« ; it may be allowed alfo that
fome quantities o^ fiells may be found, either perfedly or but
im'^eifedXy petrified, or that have fuffer'd no change at all : which
helps me to a falvo for my own Objef^ion taken from the bed of
true Oyjier-fielh found near Readings it having been a Town of
very great a^ion during the Invafions of the Danes^ who cutting
a deep trench crofs between the Kennet and Thames., and inclofing
themfelves as it were in an I/land^ held it againft King Ethelred^
and ^//re^ his Brother "^ a confiderabletime; from whence, in
all probability, the Saxons having removed their Cattle and other
provifions before the Danes ^xr'wAy 'tis likely that they might be
fupplyedfrom their Navy with Oyfters, which during the time of
the aboad of the Army on Land, might be a very fuitable employ-
ment for it .* Which conjecture, if allowed, there is nothing more

' Fhilofofh. TranfaSi. Num. 'j6. t V}d. Hen. Huntingdon, lib- ^. ^ Ajferium Meneven. de re^uf g^jiit
&lfredi.

re-

126 'The !h(jimral Hillory

required to make out the poffibility of the bed of Oyfters coming
thither without a Deluge^ but that Cats-grove was the place ap-
pointed for the Armies repaft.

1 1 8. Secondly j That xht^t formed ft ones are many of them in
all refpefts like the Xiw'mg fiell-fifi ; thus fays Boccone^ the Herif-
fons Spatagi o'i ftont ', the Cornua Ammonis or Nautili lapides "", have

the very marks, charafters, eminencics, cavities, and all other
parts alike, with the true living Nautili^ and Herifjcns fp.itagi^ and
Brifft o^ Imferato, zn6. Rondelet^ which proves, fays he, Mg^o^^
changed to have been the very fame things with that which k living.
But 1 muft tell him, it do's it but very weakly, all arguments
drawn a fimilitudine being the moft inefficacious of all others,
fuch rather illuftrating than proving , rather perfwading than
compelling an adverfaries affent : For how many hundred things
are there in the Worlds that have fome refemblance of one another,
which no body will offer to think were ever the fame^ and parti-
cularly amongft fome other formed ftones hereafter to be mention-
ed. Such are the/o/zei- Otites, or Auriculares, feveral forts of
Cardites^ Lapldes Mammillares^ Hyfterolithos^ (src. which though
they as exaftly refemble thofe parts of Men from whence they
h2ive their names, as zny Conchites or Echinites dotho^t ficll-fiJJj ;
yet no Man that lever heard of, fo much as dreamed that thefe
were ever the real parts of M^«, in procefs of time thus turned
into ^one. As well might we fay, that our Kettering- ft one in
Northampton-fiire here in England, was once nothing elfe but
the fpawn of Lobfters • than which, that I know of, there is no-
thing more like.

119. Butftiould it be granted that thefc ftone Heriffons ffatagi
were fomtime real Jhell-Jifi, as reafonably enough perhaps we
may, they being found at Malta, as you come into the Fort over-
againft St. Erme ", yet this by no means would conclude that all
others of the form muft needs be fo, that are attended with much
different, and indeed (inrefpeft of having once been fiells} in-
explicable circumftances.

120. Thirdly and laftly. That itfeems quite contrary to the inji-
nite prudence 0/ Nature, vohich is obfervable in all its works ^^^
productions, to defign every thing /o a determinate end, and for the
attaining that end, makes ufe of fuch ways as are (asfarasthehtow-'

i Recktrches (^ oiftrvat. Natiirel/es, Lettri 26. ■" Liiro citato, Lettre 28. " Liiro citate, Lettre 26.

kdge

Of OXFO%T>^SHniE, in

'■^dgeof man ha^ yet been able to reach') altogether confonant and a-
greeableto mans reafon, and of no vpay or means that doth ccntradiSf^
or K contrary to human ratiocination : Whence it hm been a general
obfervation and Maxim, that Nature doth nothing in vain. Itfeeins
IJny contrary to that great mfdom of Nature, that thefepretilyfiaped
bodies fiould have all thofc curious figures and contrivances f^vhicb
many of them are adorned and contriviedmthj generated or wrought
by a plaftic virtue, for no higher end than onfy to exhibit a form °.

121. To which I anfwer, that Nature herein afts neither zoxi-
txzry to ht'C ov>'n. prudence^ human ratiocination^ ormvain^ it be-
ing the wifdom and goodnefs of the Supreme Nature^ by the
S chool -men czWtd. Naturans^ that governs and direfts the A^^/«r5
naturata here below, to beautifie the World with thefe varieties ;
which I take to be the end of fuch productions as well as of mofl
Flowers^ fuch as Tulips, Anemones, isrc. of which we know as lit-
tle ufe as of yo/we^^ow^r. Nay, perhaps there may proportion-
ably, number for number, be as many of them of Medicinal or
other ufe, fuch as Selenites, Belemnites^ ConchiteSy Lafisjudaicus^
isrc. as there are of Plants : So that unlefs we may fay alfo
(which I guefs no body will) that thefe are produced contrary
to the gieat wifdom of Nature, we muft not ofjiones.

122. And thus I have given the grounds of my prefent opinion^
which has not been taken up out of humor or contradi^ion^ with
intent only to affront other worthy Authors modell conjectures,
but rather friendly to excite them^ or any others, to endeavor col-
Icftions o^JhelUfifh, and parts of other Animals, that may 2.n--
i^\v€V [uch formed Hones 2S2Yt here already, or may hereafter be
produced: Which whenever I find done, and the reafons zWg-
gcdfolidly2in(wered, I ftiall be ready with acknowledgment to
reir adi my opinion, which I am not fo in love with, but for the
fake of Truth I can chearfully caft off without the leaft relu-
ftancy.

123. However, in the mean time fince no doubt it will be ex-
pefted, upon fo deliberate rejeftion of Animal molds, thatfome
further and more particular account (liould be given of the Pla-
ftic virtue, or whatever clfe it is, thateffe&s thefey^j/ey: I (liall
briefly fet down alfo my prefent thoughts concerning it, which
yet I intend not my felf (much lefs defirc the Reader') to em-

» }A.T. Hooks Micrographiaj Obferv- 17.

Q^ brace,

nz The Natural H'tfiory

brace, any Further then I iliall find them agreeable to future ex-
perience.

1 24. That Salts are the principal Ingredients o^ftones, I think
has fofufficiently been noted already, that to 'endeavor any fur-
ther evidence of the things would be aSlum agere in me, and lofs
of t'lmeto the Reader : And if o^ Jiones in general, much ra-
ther fure o( formed ones^ it being the undoubted prerogative of
the Saline Principle to give Bodies their figure^ as well as folidity
and duration : No other principle that we yet know of naturally
Hiooring mto figures^ each peculiar to their own kind, hut falts ;
thus Nitre always shoots into Pyramids, fait Marine into Cuhes^
Alum into 0^0-, and Sal Armoniac into Hexaedrums , and other
mixty^//5 into as m'lKt ^gures,

12^. Of thcfe fpontaneous inclinations of falts, each pecu-
liar to its kind, we have further evidence in the Chymical Anato-
my of Animals, particularly in the volatile fait of Harts-horn^
which in the beginning of its afcent is always feen branched in
the head of the Cucurbit like the natural Morn. And we were
told the laft Term by our very Ingenious and Learned Sidlejan
Profejfor '^ here in Oxon, That the fait of Vipers afcends in like
manner, and shoots into fiapes fomwhatlike thofe Animals, pla-
ced orderly in the glafl. Thus in congelations which are all
wrought by adventitious y^f/zs', we frequently find curious ramifi-
cations^ as on Glafs-windows in winter, and the figur'd flakes
of fnovp ; of which Mr. HookJ obferved above an hundred feveral
forts, yet all of them branched as we i^m\tflars, with fix prin-
cipal Radii of equal length, shape, and make, iffuing from a cen-
ter where they are all joined in angles of 60 degrees.

126. Whzt fait it (liouldbe that gives this ^gure, though it be
hard to determin, yet certainly it muft not be a much different
one from that vyhich gives form to our Afaoites and ^y?er/>,where-
of, though the latter have but five points, and therefore making
angles where they are joyned at the center of 72 degrees ; yet the
Anroites both in mez^ Rilievo and Intagli, as in Tab. 2. have ma-
ny more. Perhaps there may be fomthing of an Antimonial fait
that may determin Bodies to this s^Jrr)' figure, as no queftion it
do's in the Regular, and the Caput mortuum of the Cinnabarof An-
titnony. To luch -a fait may alfo be referr'd our Bronti<£ or Om^

• '^ • -r'-o. .i'-'r-ctov. Eflitiw of All Souls Coll. p Mr. Hooks Micrograph. Obferv- 14. Schem. 8.

brid^y

OfOXF07{Ti^SliI7{F. ti^^

Irioc^ and all the Echini ter, feme vt'hereof are plainly, d//in fome
medme/f el/at ecizi the top.

127. The Belemnites which are all flriateJ from a center, yet
in the whole affeft 'd pyramidal {orm ; feem to havefomvvhat alfo
of an Antimonialj but a more prevalent quantity of a nitrom

fait,

128. The Ccncbites^ FeSHnites^^ndOJiracitcs^ whether tranf-
verily firiated^ or from the commijjures to the rim, feem to own
their origin to urinous [alts, which shoot likewife from a center
(as fuppofe from the hinges of the^efiones^ but generally are moff
extended to one fide, as may be feen in the branched figure form-
ed on the furface of urine by freezing, in Mr. Hcohs Micrography "^ y
whofey?ric!e not obtainmg much above the quadrant of 2 circle^
whatever other difference there may be, in this refpeft at leaft is
agreeable to our Hones.

129. To 'which add the Opkiomorphit'' s, ox Cornua Ammon^s^
moft probably formed either by twofdts shooting different ways,
which by thwarting one another make a helical tigme, juft as two
oppofite winds or waters make a Turbo ; or elfe by fome fimple,
yet unknown yi//, that affeSs fuch a figure: perhaps the ftems
and branchings bended in a mod excellent and regular order, like
the ribs of fome of our Ophio?norphit's, obfervedby Mr. Hook.*
in Regulu6 Martis sfellatu^^ might not a little conduce to the elearv
ingthis matter.

130. How near I am to the mark inthefe former Conjeftures, J
dare not too temerarioufly refolve : But as to the formation of
the Ehomboideal Selenites.Tab. 2iFig. i. with a little more con-
fidence I Hiall venture to pronounce it, to com.e from a Tnrtareoii^
[alt in the Earth ; having obferved in the Honorable Mr. BoyVs

way of preparing Tartarized Spirit of Wine% that the Calx of
Tartar being fated with the phlegmatick. part of the Spirit, and
diffolved by the heat ; fetto cool, fomtimes fboots (I dare not
fay always) exadly into fuch Rhomboideal figures made up of
plates, and the whole Rhomboids fomtim.es iffuing out of one an-
other, juftas we find the Selenites often do.

131. More might have been added concerning fome otKer
formed Jiones hereafter to be mention'd ; but I have now only time
to hint my Hypothefis, which I fuppofe may be fufficiehtly done

% Ii'dd?n. * Micrographiaol>[crv.\j^- r EfTay i. of the unfuccefsfulnefs of Experiments.

Q. 2 in*

u^ The ^^(jimral Hiftory

in the a fore -going inftances ; not intending to profecute It fur-,
ther tilU have had more experience, which this my prefent at-
tempt fervcs to shew the World is yet but fmali. And therefore
I haften on to the refidue of x.\\t formed fiones^ which according to
my method \2\d. down in the beginning of this Chapter (having
done with allfuch asrehite to the waters^ arethofe thatrefemble
any terreff rial bodies ; andamongft them, firll: of fuch as belong
to the vegetable Kingdom.

192. Whereof there are fome that reprefent whole Plants^
and fuch is the Funpites or Tuberoides, found fomwhere in the
Chiltermhout Stoke.n-Church-hiIl^ and engraven Tab. 6. Fig. i.
of a a/z^/'eo/^ colour without, but a /'/^c^^///^/ within, and live-
ly reprefenting one of the fungi letbales non efculenti.

i^^. 6^//ier5 there are that refemble only the parts of F/^«/^,
and fuch is thatdepifted Tab. 6. Fig. 2. like a Bryony-root broken
oft tranfverfly, and (liewing the fibrill<£ from the center to the
circumference-i with the other^ri^defcending down the /ides^ and
the annulary divificns ; and all thefe in a flone fo exaftly of the co-
lour of a Brjonji-root, that it would be hard to diftinguifti it, were
it not for the weight. This was found in the Quarry-pits of rub-
ble ftone near Shot-over hill.

134. And others there are again like the Fruits of Trees ^ as in
Tab. 6. Fig. 3, and 4. which in general may be called Lapidespy-
riformes^ whereof the firft is a blach^flint found fomwhere near
Bix brandy above eleven inches round, and in bignefs and form
refembling the Bdl or King-pear: The other a fort of Pebble^
whitifli without, and yellow within (asmanifeftly appears at the
place of the flrig) in the shape of a Warden-pear^ found in the
?2insh o^ WaterSiock) by the Learned and Ingenious Sir George
Croh, fomwhere near his houfc.

135. In the Parish of Whitchurch not far from Hardvpickchoxxfe^
I found a hard ftone in the form of an Apricock, with the Rimula
or cleft from the pedicle to the opex^ juft as in the true plum, and
as depicted Tab. 6'. Fig. 5. And in the Qiiarries of rubble ftone
nezr Shotover-hilly I met with a kind of ^ar\ shot e'^z&ly in-
to protuberances (and in the whole bulk} like ^Mulberry, as in
Fig, 6,

136. On the Cbi/tern-hiWs near to Sherbourn^ I found a white
Flint, with another fct in it, in the form of a Luca Olive, as in

Fig. J,

OfOXFO^p-SHI'R^. 125

Fig. 7. To which may be added, the Lapides Judaki of Oxford-
Jhire^ which though of a much more (lender and longer figure
than any fort of Olive^ yet becaufe in other Countries they are
found in that shape, and for that very reafon called fomtimes ?y^
renes^ and treated on by Authors ' amongft fiones relating to the
fruits of Trees^ I shall not change their place. We find them
hereof different cizes, from abcMit two inches in length and an
inch and half in circuit, downwards to an inch andlefs in length,
and not much above half an inch round: Moft of them have a
kind of pedicle^ from which they feem to have had their growth,
and are r/^e^and channelled the whole length of the Jlone^ the
ridges heingpurled with fmall knots, fet in the Quincunx order, as
in Tab. 6. Fig. 8. As to their texture^ 1 find it to be very curious,
made up of LamelU or little thin plates^ not unlike the /lone Se-
lenites ; only thefe are opaque^ and the whole bulk of the Jlone
indeed much different. The Plates^ as in the Selenites^ feem to
be made up o'l firings, which in moft of them run three^ but in
fome but two ways ; according to the running of thefe firings
the fiones willeafily cleave, but generally fome oneway rather
than any other, which moft commonly is agreeable to the helical
running of the ridges o^ knots or furrov^s between them, yet all
ways obliquely to the Axi^ of the ftone, as is perfeftly shewn.
Tab. 6. Fig. 9. which reprefents the fiene broken the three fe-
veral ways.

137. By Authors they are faid to be of different Sexes, the
leffer and rounder of the feminine^ and the greater and longer of
the mafculine gender ; whereof the former is good againft the
fione in the bladder^ and the latter againft it in the kidneys, for
which reafons they are fomtimes by Authors called Eurrhei, and
Tecolithi. The greater and longer, fays Gefner ' are rarely found,
but that muft be reftrained to his own Country ; for here in Ox-
ford-fiire, and particularly in the Quarries of rubble ftone neat
Shotover-hiW, we have plenty of them.

158. There is another fort of them alfo at the fame place,
much more flender than the reft, plain and fmooth, without ei-
ther ridges or channels^ mentioned by Cdefalpinws " 5 which (and
not the Lapisjudaicu^') by him is faid to be the true Tecolithm of

f Gefnei de Figtfris Lap:dum. ca^.f- ' Idem loco citati. " Andreas Csfalpinus de Metallku, lit.i-

ii(^ The ^h(jttural Hijlory

Pliny "", that breaks and expels the {fcne^ if the Fatieflt do but
lick it. of colour without, it is a whitiOi yellow, and breaks
i n to fli in ing whit e//df/^j obliquely to the a-xk of the fione, like the
former, but whether made up of threds running differing ways,
I could not afford to try, having but one of the kind ; which
was found and given me, befide feveral other matters of the
fame nature, by my very good Friend Edward Tjfon A. M, an
ingenious and induftrious fearcher into the works of Nature and
Arts. ' •

139. Hither alfo muft berefcrr'dthe frefli water Adarce made
at the Cafcade at Sommerton^ which though but a meet incruflation^
and formed not of it felf, but ad formam altcriu^^ viz^ of the"
gra[s about which it gathers, and therefore none of the Litho-
fhyta ; yet it having fome jorm^ though but accidental^ 1 have
thought rather fit tomifplace ithere,than omit to Oiewthe Read-
er how prettily the grafi is flieathed with jione^ which is accu^
ratly expreffed by Eig. 10.

140. Thus having done with the Lapides ^uinft/^fts, I proceed
to the (iones refembling Animals, either in the whole or parts ;
amongft which, fome there are that feem to have been repils pe-
trified, which poffibly enough coming to the places where they
are now found in y?o;z(? without the difficulties of ■& floods may be
true enough too : though I know fome places in other Counties^
where there are Cochleomorphit''s or fnail-fi ones fo thick, that they
feem unlikely to have ever been the /foils of that Animal. In
Cxfcrd-Jl'ire indeed I have met with but two, one at Tejntcn^ and
another in the rubble Quarries near vSy^^o/owr- hill, both which be-
ing of the fame /5^/^, colour and bignefs, are reprefented toge-
ther under Fig. 11.

141. At the fame rubble Quarries we find alfo the Lapides ver-
miculares, or worm-JIones of two forts, whereof one is of a whi-
tifli yellow colour, not hollow within, and as far as I could per-
ceive of the fame texture with the rubble Jione it felf; fome of
them are of the bignefs of a fmall quill, and lie in the rock in mezTV
ri/iez/o irregularly contorted, much after the manner of the Ver-
micchiara, or Alcycnio Milefio o( F err ante Imperato *, as in Tab. 6.
Fig. 13. whereas the other fort lies in the very body of the

ficne-i of a white colour, and regularly curled up like the

w Ntit. Hlf. /;/. 37. (a{>. 10. * Dell'Hifl. Nalurale, lik 27. cap. 8.

fpring

•A3. VI

Of 0 XFO liD-^SHIliE. iiy

fpring of a U'atch ^ -as in Fig. 12.

142. After chofe that concern Reptils^ come we next to form-
ed ftones that refemble the parts o^ four footed beafs, whereof we
meet with one fort in the Quarries at Hedd'wgton^ fet in the body
of the flone^ the moft like to the head of a Hor^e of any thing I
can think of; having the ears, and crefl- of the mane appearing
between them, the places of the eyes {\x\t2\Ay prominent, and the
reft of the /ice entire, only the ;77W/;/j and nofiiih 2xg. abfent in
them all, as in /^^. 7. Fig.i. Thefe are plentifully enough found,
and of divers cizes, yet not ireniionM that I know of by any
Author, wherefore I have taken the boldnefs to fit them with a
name, and in imitation of other Authors (in the like cafe) tLall
call them Hippoceplaloides.

143. At Heddington in the fame Quarry there arc plenty of
Cardites, ox jlones in the forms of hearts, but by Authors^ becaufe
of their bignefs, generally called Bucardites^ or ftones like Bulls
hearts. Thefe at Heddington are all of them of a whitifli yellow
colour, fmooth and plain, 2is\n^ab. 1. Fig. 2. but there are o-
thers found about B r ife- Nor t on ^nd Witney, that feeni to be ribbsd
on each fide, as in Fig- 3. Cf thefe 1 had one fent me by my
worthy Friend RohertPerrot E(q; from North- Leigh, ten inches
round, and near two pounds in weight, which is the biggeft of
the kind that I ever yet faw, except one that I found at Shetford,
going up a little hill eaft- ward of the town, about 20 pounds in
weight, though broken half away, curioufly reticulated with a
white-fpar-colour'd y?ow, as mTab. 7. Fig, 4. which being
much too heavy for my Horfe-portage, was afterward upon my
direftion,fetch'd away by that miracle of Ingenuity Six Anthony
Cope, fince vi^hofe deceafe it is come I fuppofe into the hands of
his equally ingenious Brother Sir ^ohn Cope, the Heir of his Vir-
tues as well as Eftate.

1 44. To thefe add the Orchites-, or Lapides tefliculares, that lie
at the foot of Shot over -\\\][, which though indeed they extrava-
gantly exceed thofe parts as well of beajis as men, yet of the two
I rather thought fit to place them here : Moft: of them lie in pairs
coupled together, as in Tab. 7. Fig. 6. and are called Diorchites ;
but fomcimes (as it alfo falls out in monftrous Animals) there arc
three of them found together, and then we call them T/iorchites,
whereof there are two or three on the foot of the fame Hill of fa

vaft

u8 The J^tural Biftorj

vaft a bigners,tliuC 1 guefs they cannot be lefs than a tun in weight:
I am fure that which lies higheft on the Hill, and is here repre-
fented Fig.^ • is fo much at theleaft. Of thcfe all that Weftern
fide of the Hill feems to be compofed, if one may guefs by their
appearance above the ground on each hand the way ; but how
they fhould come there, or with what ^wi;;?^/- mold formed (if
not by fome peculiar//^^ic power in the earth} I leave to the fa-
vorers of that opinion to find.

145. Hither alfo I muft refer for the very fame reafon, a fort of
ftone found in the Quarries of rubble ftone near Shotovei\ com-
pofed as it were of //j7/7fw/5 like hair^ which yet muft not be the
Poljthrixof F//«)' '^ becaufe not greenidi, nor x.\\t Bojlrychites of
Zoroaftres^ or the Corfcides of the fame Pliny^^ becaufe neither
gray nor long. However, let it be a Thrichites (though the word
be differently ufed by Diofcorides ^) and the rather placed here,be-
caufe moft like the fhort hair of beajls : Of colour it is yellowiili,
and each hair (as they appear in the Microfcope) feems to htfiriated
Tind. channelled lis whole length ; but to the naked eye they fticw
themfelves only in columns^ which at certain diftances arc all joint-
ed, as in Fig. 7.

146* Bcfide they?ow^reprefenting the parts of the Viviparou/s^
I have met with one that feems to belong to the oviparom Quadru-
pedes^ and that is a Bufonites or Toad- ff one, which perhaps may
better dcferve its name, than any yetmention'd by other Authors,
For by my Bufonites or Toad-Jlone^ I intend not that (liining po-
li{irdy?ow, firft demonftrated by the Ingenious and Learned Dr.
Merret , in His Majefiies prefence, to be nothing elfe but the
jaw-tooth or grinder of the Lupu6 jnarinu^^ and fo confeft to be
by the Gold-fmiths that fold them. But a certain reddifliliver-
colour'd real Jlone^indccd of the form of thofe of the Sharkr^fi,
i. e. like ihefegmento^ 7i Jphere, convex at the top, and concave
underneath, asinZ'^^. 7- Fig. 8. but found amongft the Gravel
in Magdalen Coll. Walks : and may be fo called (as I prefume the
others are) from fome refemblance they have to the figure of a
Toads skull-y not that there comes any fuch thing out of a vexed
toads head, as is commonly and no lefs fabuloufly reported.

147. IheJInnes that rcfemble the parts of Men being next to
be confider'd, I ftiall begin with thofe that have relation to the

* Nat. HiR. lib. IJ. cap. 10. T jdem loco citato. » L;"i. 5 f »/>. 1 14.

head.

OfOXFO%n^SHI\E. H^

head^ and fo tvt^cQnd in order to the lower/^m •• Accbrding to
which metkcdj the firft that prefents it felf is one of the Broritice,
whofe upper part was defcribed before, fe^. 33. o^ this C kapter\
where I had alfo (liewn ks bafis^ but that it fomwhat refembles
part of the lyyJcpaLhovy or bafis of a Mans brain, yet included with-
in its dura Men'wx^ with the feveral^jzr^ of nerves cut afunder as
they come through it, according as tht brain is prepared and in-
verted in Dr. Willi^^s new way of diflefting it; Befide the
eyitoflheproceffii^Mammillares^ and feveral j&^iri of nerves^ it has
a fair refemblance of the Cerebellum at a a, and of the Medulla
oblongata at b 3, as is plainly reprefented in Tab. 7. Fig. 9. This
was found, asabove-faid, in the Cbiltern Country^ and much bet-
ter dcferves the name of EncephaloideSj than any defcribed by ^Z-
diovandus^^ or others.

1 48. Add hereunto another fort of Jlone, found in the rubble
Quarry near Sl)otover-h'i\\^ lively reprefenting the Olfactory nerves
or far priimim^ entire and whole, and not cut off. Of thefc there
are many to be found in thefe/Z/s-of a yeliowifti colour, fmooth
without, and I think all of them (for I have broke feveral) hol-
low within,asin7"^^. J. Fig. 10.

149. I have alfo zfione (not unlike z pebble) found fomwhere
in the gravel near the City of Oxford, of an oval figure, and fof
the greateft part of a reddifli colour 5 but at one end diflin-
guiili'd, firft with a circle of white, within which is a Zone of
the proper colour of the /lone ^ and then a round pupilla of white,
in the whole refemblirg the figure of an Eye obfcured by a Cata-
raSl, as in Tab, 7. Fig. 11. This 1 fliould have taken fortheflone
called Beli Oculu6, but that Boetiu^ " exprefly makes the body of
that to be of a white colour : The neareft it comes to any yet
defcribed, is the Leucophthalmus of Pliny., which he plainly fays
is of a reddifli colour, in which yet it carrycth the form of an
Eye both for white and black '' ; And fo do's ours, only it wants
the black Pvpilla, which we muft fuppofc to be covered by a Ca-
tarad. However, it may pafs for an C^/j/^^/r/zi/w, or fome fort
of Fye-flone : whence I proceed to fome others, in shape alfo of
another of our fenfes Organs.

b Mujaum MetaUicum, lit. 4. c i- pag. 477. ' Boetiut de Boot, di hpid. ^ gem. lib- 2. c 99. * Nat.
Hift.lii- 37. cap. 10, ^ Vtd. Erafmi Colloquium cui Tit. PeregrinatioRelieio7iis ergo.

R 150. Whick

i^o The !j\(jitural Hijlory

150. Which by reafon they fo well refenible the Ears of a Man^
though much lefs, zsmTab. 7. Fig. 12. I have made bold to
call them Otites, or Auriculares : Of which we have plenty in the
rubble Quarries near Shotover^ in the banks of the High-ways
North of F tdbrook.C\\m ch. ; but the moft I faw any where yet, are
in a bank near a faring rifing at Sommtrton Towns end, Eaftward
fronithe(!r/>«rcj6, m the Lordfiip o[ the Wordi'iTpful Richard Fer-
mor Efq; whofe many ingenious Contrivances about his Houfe,
befide other affiftances he readily aftorded me, have eminently
contributed to t\i\s Hijiory^ as will more abundantly appear in the
Chapter of Arts.

151. From the ZZ/^/^er, I defcendnext to fuch/orweif7o;7« as
rcfcmble any of the parts of the middle Ventricle-, or Thorax'.
whereof I met with fome on Stoksn-Chiirch HilL^ of a Flinty fub-
fiance, ftrangely like to human Paps^ or Vuggs ; having not only
the Mamma, but Papilla too, furrounded by an Areola^ and ftud-
ded wichfmall protuberances, as in T'ab. 7, Fig. ult. and there-
fore well deferving the name of Mammillares : than which yet I
had once a much better pattern,unhappily loft in the portage, be-
twixt my Chamber and the Gravers.

152. And if wc look further into the inner parts ^ I have 2flone
thatfo exquifitely reprefents the Heart of a Man^ as mTab. 8.
Fig. I . that at, and near the hafis^ there remains the trunck of the
defcendingpartof theFd^^ C^z/^ at d, the afcending portion of
the Vena Cava^t h ^ and from the left Ventricle the trunck of the
Arteriamagna^ tending upwards at c, and a portion of the fame
Artery tending downwards at d. This wasalfo found on the
Hills near S token-Churchy being a whitifli kind of Flinty and per-
haps may merit the name of Anthropocardites. Whereunto add
another found in the Gravel near Oxford^ by my ingenious Friend
JohnBaniUerVi. k. o^ Magdalen College^ which though not fo
exaftly of the shape of a Heart as the former, yet htczui'e /te Hated
all over from the ba/is to the mucro, as in Fig. 2. 1 thought it»
admittance would not be ungrateful to the Reader.

I S3' Other y?(?;zf5- there are alfcJ inlikenefs of fome parts of the
Abdo7?ien or lowej: Ventricle ; fuch are the flones^ Vidymoides, found
in the Quarries of rubble ftone near Shotover-hW], having upon
it both the rugofity, and future of the Scrotum, And Phalloides,
M'hich I met with near the Wind-mill at Nettlebed, perfe^ily re-

prefenting

tvn

ad.pag:)3t

Of 0XF0%T>^SHt1iE, i^i

brereating the glans and prjeputium peni'i huinani ; but vvithouE
2ny fr'^^um falrened to the urethra ; Of which out of modefty
I \x2we given no fcuJptures.

154. To thefe add another y?o;7i? which we may call Laph Ne-
phriticu6^ not from any likenefs either in colour or etfeft to the
Tphitipj green fibneu^td. in diftempers of the Kidneys (though the
y?^«fl/ttre it carries might perfwade a tryal) but from the colour
and figure it has of the Kidney of an Animal^ with a trunck. of
one of the Vreters defcending from the hollow of it, as in Tab. 8i
Fig. 3. This y?o«f was lent me by the Reverend and Univerfally
Learned Dr. Ralph Bathurft ^ Vice-Chancellor of Oxford^ and
Deano^ V/ells^ one of the moft cordial Enccuragers of this de-
fign • who found it hanging to an Oyfier by ihztpart which repre-
fents the Vreter, which was then fo foft that he cafily cut it a-
way with his knife ; but withinlefs than an hour (like the G(7rgo-
nia of Pliny *^ it grew as hard as the reft of the fione^ which I
gucfsmay be equal to that of a Pebble: preferving, I fuppofe, its
native foftnefs whil'ft it enjoyed the [alt fleams in the heap of
Oyflers^ and not hardning till expoled to the purer Air ; which-
cvidently (liews (though the opinion be exploded of Ccral')
that there are indeed fome other Sea things, foft under water, or^
whil'ft they enjoy the fteams of it, that as foon as expofed to the
frelTier Air^ become prefently fioms.

155. Nextthe/owj that relate to either of the three Ventri-
cles^ come we next tofuch as concern the Artus-, or other mem^
hers of the body : Amongft which, 1 have one dug out of a Quar-
ry in the Parilii of Cornvrell^ and given me by the ingenious Sir
Thomas Pennyfion, that has exadly the figure of the lowermoft
part of the ttigh-bcne of a Mari^ or at leaft of fome other Jni-
inal^ with the capita femorhs inferiora^ between which are the art-^
ierior (hid behind the/c:tt^/z/re')and the larger pofterior finu6^ the
feat of the ftrong ligament that rifes out of the thigh^ and that
gives fafe paffage to the velf;ls defcending into the leg ; And a lit- ■
tie above the finu/s^ where it feems to have been broken off, fhew-
ing the 77z^rron7 within of a ftiining fj>ar-lik^ fubftance , of its
true colour and figure, in the hollow of the bone^ as in Tab, 8,
F/V. 4. In compafs near the capita fernor is juft two foot, and at
the top above the finu^ (where the thigh-bone is as fmall as any

* tiat.llift.lib.yi-caf.io.

R 2 where)

1^1 The ^^atural H'ljiory

where) about 1 5 inches ; in weight, though reprefenting fo fliort
a part of the thigh-bone^ almoft 20 pounds.

15^. which are c//;//f;r//o«5, and a Trei^/?/, fo much exceeding
the ordinary courfe o{ nature^ that by y^gricola% C<^falpinm\
and Kircher ^, fuchy?owci have been rather thought to be formed
either in hollows of Rocks cafually o^t\\\s figure^ and filled with
materials ^z {or petrification, t, or by fome other fportive plaftic
povrer of the Earthy than ever to have been real bones, now petri^
fied.

1^7' And that indeed there are Jiones thus naturally fafbion-
ed, muft by no means be doubted, fince no queftion the ftony
teeth of which there are Cart-loads to be had in a Cave near Pa-
lermo, befide others in the shape of /f^ and //'i^/6-/;o;7«^ and of
the Vertebr<^ of the back, y are no others than fuch''. None of
them, as the judicious Charles Marquefs of Ventimiglia well ob-
ferved, having any figns of hollovpnefs for the place of the jnarroWy
much lefs of the marrow it felf.

158. Which has fully convinced me that this ftone of ours was
not fo produced, it having thofe figns exquifitly expreifed ; but
muft have been a real bone^ now petrified^ and therefore indeed
not properly belonging to this place. However, it being now
a fione^ and not coming to my hands whilft I was treating of pe-
trifications, I have rather thought fit to throw my felf upon the
Headers candour , and mif-place it here , as I did the Adarce^
than altogether to omit fo confiderable an inftance.

159. But againftthis opinion of its having been once a real
hone, there lies a confiderable objeSlion, viz^ that it will be hard
to find an y^«iw^/ proportionable ta/V, both //or/eiand (?xe« fal-
lihg much short of it. To which if it be anfvt^er'd, that it may
be much increafed in the petrification ; it may again be replyed,
that though indeed there be an augment in fome petrifications, yec
that it is not fo in all : for though in zW petrifications there be an
ingrefs of fleams and particles that were not there before, and
therefore either a ceffion of fome other body required, or a ne-
eeifary augmentation -, yet that thofe petrifying fteams are fom-
times fo thin and fine, that they require only the cefficn of fome
-^iry or Mthereal atoms contained before in. the porous parts of

« DeNaturafoJfilium,li^.T. f De AfetMHuisJ/i.l ca/. ^^. , Kircheri MunJiis fuhterran, hl>.Z.fe&.
•i-cap. J^.dif^'i- ^ /tiemlococitatO)d'Jq.i.

the

Of 0 XFO 'RJ)^SHIXE, 133

the body to be changed, as indeed ic appears to have been in this.
infiance o'l om petrified bone : for with it was found a toothy de-
piSed Fi^. 5. in its exaft bignefs, weighing two ounces and ^^
not at 2\\ petrified but perfect bone Ibll, rather exceeding than any-
thing fiiorc of it \n. proportion ; whence it muft necefiarily be con-
cluded, that there could be but little if any augmentation at
all.

1 60. And if it be afked how it fhould come to pafs that the
thigh-bone fliould be petrified^ and not the t'coth, it may be an-
fwered, and that experimentally too, that teeth admit not fo ea-
fily of 2ny change or petrification, becaufe they are much more
dokly compn^edfubfiances than any other bones ; whence 'tis,
that we fo often find them found and good, when all other bones
are confumed. Thus at Bathendown, or Bannerdoven (the Mens
Badonicus of Nenniws) not far from Bath in Somerfet-flnre^ there
have been Cap fulls of teeth picked tip by fuch as followed the
Plough', but \ve are told of no other bones found there. And
we are informed by Fazelli{6f in his Hiftory of Sicily^ that of
two Giants Sctletons, one found by Johannes a brachiis fortibu6^ m
the Field Gibilo, a mile South of the Town Mazarenum, now
Mazara ; and the other by Faulu6 Leontinus^ not far from Paler-
mo, that when they came to be touched, all fell into duft but the
denies molares, or the greater teeth called the Grinders ^, fufti-
cient Arguments (I had almofr faid) of their unalterable ftate.

161. Since then it feems to be manifeft, that thecizeof the
^owe has been fcarce altered in its y&e/ri/fc^/io«: It remains, that
k muft have belong'd to fome greater Animal th2n either an Ox or
Horfe ; and if fo (fay almoftall other Authors in the like cafe) in
probability it muft have been th€ bone of fome Elephant brought
hither during the Government of the Romans in Britan : But this
opinion too lies under fo great difficulties, that it can hardly be
admitted ; which are briefly thefe.

162. Firft, That we do not find that any of the Roman Au-^
thors, who elfewherc are large enough in defcribing the Ele-
phants beharvior in fight, and how terrible they were to fome of
the Trans- Alpine Nations, mention any fuch matter in any of
their Expeditions into Britan. Dion\ 'tis true, fays. That C/^«-

i'Sro'uj^: AnnaJiVinrhe Lifeof King^rthur- ^ Tlio. Fa.zclli<iereiui Sictt/is Decatf.j>r;oru>M.i. cap.6.
> DiOiiis Caffii Rom. Hifi. lib. do.

dim

134- The !Niatural Hillory

dim Ccefar^ when he was called to the afliftance of the Pr^tor
Aulu6 Plautiui^ fore preflfed by the Britaris^ then revenging the
death of their flain ?nnceT'ogoJu7/ir2u^, amongll other prepara-
tions, gathered together his Elephants^ n^ tt aMwr, xj Exefavratf
rs^cwjaXix.'ui, are his very words. But Suetonius in his Hfe ,
where he is very particular concerning this Expedition mto Bri-
tan^ mentions no fuch matter ; nor indeed doth Dion fay, that
he brought them hither with him^ only that /?e gathered //6^/;7 to-
gether in order to if. But they both agree in this, that he met
with fuch ftormsin his intended paflage by Sea thither, that he
was forced to put in at Marfeilles^ and march by Land quite
through France to Gefforiacum, now fuppofed to be Boulogne.^
from whence 'tis true he paffed over to Britan. But f o fwift was
his motion in this Expedition^ that they alfo both agree, that he
was returned to Rome again within fix months, a time fcarce a-
greeable with the motion of fo unwildy Creatures as Elephants %
which in uUlikelyhood were therefore left behind at Marfcilles^
becaufe hindered by the weather of their Sea portage, and ne-
ver tranfpor ted into Sri/^J/z at all. Nor find I \\\ oxhtx Authors,
that it was ever after attempted. One there was, 'tis true, fent
hither as a prefent by St. Lewi6 the 9''', King of France^ to Ring
Henry the Third, Anno 1255. which, fays Matthew? arii *, was
the firft feen on this fide the Alps ; and perhaps there may have
been two or three brought for fhew hither fmce : but whether
it be likely any of thefe ftiould be buryed at Cornwell^ let the
Reader judge.

163. Befide, hzd this thigh-hone znd tooth, andthefeveralo-
thers that have been found in England, fuch as the two teeth
izkenup zt Edulfsnefs in the County of Efex, intheRaign of
King Richard the Firji, that might have been cut into two hun-
dred of an ordinary cize" ; and divers other hones and teeth
found at Chartham near Canterbury ", and Farley near Maid/lone
in Kent, whereof I have one now by me, dug up and given me,
by the truly Noble and Ingenious 7^fo3 Lord AJIlcy, near feven
inches round, and five ounces and a in weight, of which more
when 1 come into Kent, Had, I fay, thefe bones and teeth been
ever the fpoils of Elephants, we fhould certainly at fome time or

* W.atth.T&rismRe^. Heuy i!iA>*»oD»n/. l^fjy " Cumi.iett in Ffex. " chartkfmnewSi fctftinh
by Mr- ^ob- Somne?-.

other

of 0 XFO %p^S HI%E, ijf

other have met alfo with thofe greater Tush with which they
are armed, of which I have not heard there have been any yet
found, in England^ nor any thing like them.

1 64. Add hereunto what prevails with mc much, that fmce
the great conflagration of /.oWo/z, Anno 1666. upon the pulhng
down of St. Mary Wool-Churchy and making the fite of it into a
Mercat'place^ there was found a thigh-bone (fuppofed to be of a
ifomanj now to be ^ten. at the Kings-head Tavern at Grcenrrich in
Kent^ much bigger and longer than oUrs of ^one could in pro-
portion be, had it been intire. We have alfo here at Oxford*, a
thigh-bone that came from London^ three foot and two inches
long, which I guefs may be of an agreeable proportion with
ours. And the fame day I brought the tooth from Cornvedl, there
were two others happily procured for me by my worthy Friend
Samuel Fowler A. M. dug up in the Paridi Church of Morton Va-
lence^ about fcven miles from Glocejler^ in the way thence to Bri-
fiol, in all points fo exaftly like the other from Cornwell, in ridges,
cavities, istc. that had they not differed fomwhat in colour, they
could fcarce have any way been diftinguifli'd. Now how Ele-
■phants ftiould come to be buryed in Churches^ is a queftion not
eafily anfwered, except we will run to fo groundlefs a fl-iifc, as to
fay, that pofTibly the Elephants might be there buryed before
Chriftianity fiorifh'd in Britan^ and that thefe Churches were af-
terward cafually built over them.

165. If it be urged out of Ponticu^ Virunnius, and fome o-
thers, that the Emperor Claudius was at Glocefler^ and that he
built that City after his own name, in memory of the Marriage of
his fair Daughter Genniffa, with Arviragm then King of Britan %
where pofTibly he might have fome of his Elephants with him,
which might dye and be buried thereabout. It muft be anfwer-
ed, thatnotwithfranding the name of Claudii Caftrum^ now G/o-
cefler^ feemsfo much to favor the ftory in hand, that yet in all
likelyhood there was never any fuch matter : For neither Sue-
tonius P, who numbers up all the Daughters that he had,, and
shews how given in Marriage. Nor Dion'^, who do's the fame

' (who lived in his time, and had born the Office of Conful) remem-
ber any fuch Daughter^ or fo difpofed of to Arviragus.

* In the Medicine School. " Fent.VtritTfnHy Hi!i, Britan. lib. i^, v SHeton.mvitaClaudii. 'Kpiofi.
€.ij]\ Rai/i. Hifi. lib. 60.

166, Be-

u6 The 5^(jitural H'tjlory

i66. Befide, how was it poiTible that Claudiu^^ who came
hither,and was returned again to Rome within fix months, fliould
find fo much time, as to come up fo far in the Country as Glo-
cejier^ much lefs to celebrate fuch a Marriage, and build that City^
fince the fame P/o« exprefly fays, that of thofe fix months time^
he was here in Brit an but fixteen days, ay Zv, l^xouSe^ fjjvcu cv tji
Bps-iJcLvla, We^ti iTTo/n^, are his own words ', and thofe fixteen days
in all probability, werefpent in ordering his Army, and joyning
them with the Forces of Plautm that lay then at the mouth of
Thames ready to receive him, and in taking o^Camulodonum^ which
the fame Author afferts he did that Expeditions and fo immediatly
returned.

167. But what is in^ar omnium in this difficult point,there hap-
pily came to Oxford while I was writing of this, a living Elephant
tobelliev^n publickly at the Aft, /4;2.i676. with whofe bones znd
tcethl compared ours ; and found thofe of the Elephant not only
of a different f}iape,but alfo incomparably bigger than o«r5-,though
the Beaft were very young and not half grown. If then they
are neither the bones of Horfes^ Oxen^ nor Elephants^ as I am
ftrongly perfwaded they are not, upon comparifon, and from
their like found in C/'«rf/)fi- : It remains, that (notwithftanding
their extravagant magnitude) they mud have been the bones of
Men or Wo7nen : Nor doth any thing hinder but they may have
been fo, provided it be clearly made out that there have been Men
and Women of proportionable ftature in all ages of the World,
down even to our own days.

P6 8. The Sons of ^«fl^, no queftion, were very great men,
and Goliath for certain was nine foot nine inches high '. We read
alfo of the Sons of the Titans^ and of high ciants \ and of Gi-
ants famous from the begining, that were of great ftature and ex-
pert in War ". And (to omit the Fables of the Giants of Mount
Erice near Drepanum in Sicily, 200 cubits high, ofTanger in Mau-
ritania 60 cubits'" , and o^ the Giant found ftanding in a Rock,
cleft by an Earth-quake in the Ifle of Candj, 46 cubits, fuppofed
to be Orion, or OtU4 '', and feveral others mentioned by Phlegon *.)
Amongft the Romans^ Theutobochu^ King of the Teutones or Ger-
mans^ vanquifli'd by Mariws, is reported by F lorm to he in figne

^ Idem loco citato. « i Sam. c. 17. v-4 t Judith i<j.v. 7. " Baruch 3. v.2(5. "^Vid.Athav.Kircheri
Muvciumfuhterr. lib. %fe£l.i. cap: 4.. x fH"- Ntf^ H;/J. lib- 7- cap. 16 ' Ph/egon TraUianuj de rebus mi-
rtibilibmy cap. 1 1, 12, 17, 18, 19.

triumphi

OfOXFO'Rp^SHI^E. \\j

pfjifj^e^aculum^ fo very tall, that he was fcen above all the Jrc*-
phees \ which were the fpoils of the Enemies^ ufually carryed
alofc upon the tops of Tpears. Nacviu^ Poliio-i fays /'/i/ry % was
fo great a Giani (having no account of his dimenfions) that it
was taken for a wonderful ftrange thing, that when a great prefs
of people came running upon him, he had like to have been
killed.

169. But to come clofer to the bufinefs, and more determi-
nate ftatures, the fame Flinji ' tells of two others living in the
time of Augufim^ nick-named Pufio and Secundilla^ whofe bo*
dies were preferved for a wonder in the Salujiian Gardens, that
were ten foot high : and that in his time there was one Gabbara^
brought out of ^Mi^M, in the days of Prince C/<7«^i«<j the Em-
peror, exadly of the height of Goliath^ viz^. nine foot nine
inches high^; which being a cize very proportionable to our
bone found at Cormrdl^ I am rather inclined to believe, that Clau--
diu6 brought this Gabbara into Britan with him, who poffibly
might dye and lay his bones here, than that ever they belonged
to any Elephant; except we Qiall rather fay, that here alfo Cori-
Tiaeu^f cofin to Brute^ might kill one of Gogmagog'sTZcc^ and that
from him the place doth tak^ his name, as well as the County of*
Cormvall.

1 70. Moreover, that there were men heretofore of fuch vaft
ftatures, we have the teflimony of Jofephus % in his Antiquities
of the Jtvcs^ where he tells us of one Eleazar^ a Jew born, fenC
amongftthe Prefents to Tiheriu^^ when Darius the Son of uirta-
banmY^ingo'i Perfia^ after a Peace made, went as a Hoflagc to
Rome^ that was full feven Cubits in height. And there is a Sce-
hton ^ now to be feen in the Town-hall at Lucern, found under
an old Oak in the County of Willifau^ near a Village called Rty-
den^ within the jurifdi&ion of that City, that gives further con-
firmation, it having all, or moft of the bones wherein a Man
dift'ers from other Animals , and being above feventeen foot
high.

171. And if we confult the latter ages of the World, we (hall
flill find that there were always fome few perfons vaftly exceed-
ing the ordinary ftature of Men : Job. Caffanio % though no fa-

y TI'riH/MFon. hl> 3. cap. ■i^. ^ NatiHift.lib.J. cap \6- ^ Idem loco citato. I> idem loco citato,
d L.io-ii.cap.6. ^ KircheriMmd.fuytenMh-'iJeii.i.cap..^ ^ io.QzQ.in\o Monafir-deGigantik»-,cap.6.

S vorer

1^8 The O^atural H'tjlory

vorer of the ftorics of Giants, yet tells us of one that lived a-
bout 150 years finccat Burdeaux in ^quitan^ commonly called the
Giant of Burdeaux^ whom F ranch the firft, King of France^ paC-
jRng that way, beheld with admiration, and gave efpecial com-
mand that he (hould be of his Guard : but he being a Peafant of
a narrow foul, and not pleafcd with a Courtiers life, quitted his
Halbard^ and got away by ftealth to the place whence he came :
Of whom the faid Cajfanio was alTured by an Honorable Perfon,
who had feenhim Archer o'i the Guard, that he was of fo great
a height, that a Man of an ordinary ftature might go upright
between his legs when he did ftride. And Thuanm ^ treating of
an lavafion made by the Tartars upon the Polanders^ in the Year
1575. tells us of a Tartar flain by one Jacobus Niezabiloviu6 z
Polander^ whofe fore-head was 24 inches broad, and his body
of fo prodigious a bulk, that as he lay dead on the ground, his
carcafs reached to the navel of a perfon Handing by him.

I 72. Geropiu^ Becanu6^^ Phyfitian to the Lady Mary^ fifter to
the Emperor Charles the Fifth, Queea of Hungary and Regent
of the Netherlands^ aifuresus. That there dwelt a perfon within
five miles of him ten foot high, and that himfelf faw a Woman
of the fame height. The talleft that I have yet feen in our days»
wasalfoaWomanof a Dutch extraftion, fhewn publickly here at
Oxford^ {twQn foot and a half high, with all her Limbs propor-
tionable : when (be ftretch'd forth her arm, Men of ordinary fta-
ture might walk under it ; and her hand, from the carpus or wrift
where it is joined to the radiu6 of the arm, to the end of the
middle finger, was full ten inches long. A ftature, 'tis true,
much fliortof any of the afore-mentiuned, and indeed I believe
it will be hard to meet with their fellows in thcfe parts of the
World, where Luxury has crept in, together with Civility : Yet
if wc look abroad amongft the prefent barbarous Nations of both
Indies^ where they live ftill according to Nature, and do not
debauch her with the fenfual Delights of the more civilized
World, we (hall find (if the Relations either of Fnglifi oi Hol-
landers be of any credit) that there are now men and women ad-
equate to them in ftature ; feveral having been feen, efpecially a-
boutthe Straights of U.agellan^ of ten : and one near the River
of Platehy The. Turner, 1 2 foot high.

f Jm. <iAug, Thuani HiSl. Tom. ■5. W. 61. g De Gigantomachia.

173. whence

Of OXFO%V--SHl%E, \^

173. whence 'tis plain, that whether we refpeft the niore an-^
cient or modern Times, 'ris poffible enough thefe bones from
forwiTf// might be the bores of a man or noman^ there being no
decay apparent in the conftitutions of Mankind from the befgin-*
ning to this day, but what is adventitious and accidental ;: faving
in the longevity of the antediluvian Patriarchs.

174. Befide this Gi^jw/zc4 thigh-bone, there is another f/o;?^
at the foot of Shotover-\{\\\, amongft the Orchites before-mention^
ed, vS"^^. 144. that alfo repreCents one of the Artu6 \ viz^. the
Leg and Foot of a Man cut off above the ancle^ as in Tab.S. Fig.6*
which from the toe to the heel is about a yard long, and per-
haps in the whole may weigh 50 or 60 pounds ; But I take not
this for a petrification as the former, but aftone formed in this
lliape purely by Nature, which may therefore be termed ^^ndra-^
fodites^ as might all thofe of the kind mentioned by Worming ^.
To which alfo may be added the Lap<s acetabulum referens^wheicco^
there is plenty on the Chiltern-hWls. And a fort o^OJieocolla found
in Heddington rubble Quarries, which fcraped, has the fmell of
burnt bone, and may I fuppofebe the fame mentioned by Gefner *,
that was fent him by Peter Ccldeberg^ Apothecary of Antwerp,

175. After the Stones that relate to the parts of Animals,
come welaftly to thofe that refemble things of ^r/, fuch as that
in the form of a button-mold^ Fig. 7. whereof there were feveral
found in the very fame Quarry with the thigh-bone and toothy in
the PariHi of Cornvrell^ and no doubt did belong to the owner of
thofe bones : And the other in the (liape of the ^ee/ofan oldj/joo,
with the Z,//>5 plainly to be diftinguiili'd, as in Fi^. 8. which
was found fomwhere near Oxford^ and given me by the Right
Reverend and profoundly Learned, Thomas Lord Bifhopof Lin-
coln, one of the firft Promoters of this Defign. But both thefe
I take to hehut petrifications^ and therefore mif-placed here like
the ^darce and thigh-bone.

176. But I have another fort of hutton-^one^ fent me from
Teynton^ which I take to be a meer production of Nature^ finely
ftriated from the top as 1 have feenfome/^^zir buttons, as \n.Fig.<^.
and may therefore be called Porptes : Except we (liould rather
take it for a new fort of Eckinites-, not yet difcover'd, which

*» Alufo"! Wormian, cap. I J. Inte^uTr. pedem htpninis in hfidem 'veijum-. jpeBand-.tm kabet Mufemi Calcsa-
/7W*w, loh- Bapf. Olivus, />. (j8. * Qdn^zdeV g. Lapid cap.iz.

S 2 is

1^0 The U^atural Hijlory

is wholly left to the Readers choice.

I jj. In the Quarry of rubble ftone near Shctover-\{\% I met
with a Spar 'like Jione^ made I fuppofe of the dropings of petrify^
ing water, not unlike to the bags called Manic<e Hippocrati^, ufed
in filtrat'ions by the Chymifls^ three one above another as they
ufually place them, asinFi^. lo. And in the very fame Quarry
I found a fmgle Trochites of a cinereous colour, fo called from
its iikenefs to a wheels having rays coming forth of its center^
like the fpoaks of a Cart-wheel from its ftock, hub, or nave:
Thefe are faid to have affinity with the Lapiijudakm in their tex-
ture ', and with the AflericZ in the property of moving in F/«e-
^<7r \ neither of which I could well try, having but one^ and
that too fet in a rubble ftone of the Quarry They are found
plentifully Northward in Ho/)'- ^^;?i, and in the bottom of the
Chanel of the River Tees ', at Braughton and Stock, in Torkrfiire^
21 Beresfordin Stafford-fiire'^^ and are commonly there called
St. Cuthherfs Beads, whereof I intend Cuts^ and (liall treat more
at large when I come to thofe places.

178. At the Pariili o^ Heath I met with a reddifli fort o^Jione.^
intheufual form of zWhet-^one, as in TaLS. Fig, 11. about
four inches long, very hard, and for both thofe reafons not fit
for ufe : it was given me by Mr. Evans, Reftor of the place, and
faid by him to be taken out of a block of ftone dug in the Quar-
ries thereabout, naturally having grown in that form. And at
Stonor there was given me a crifp'd white ftone, taken up not
far thence, refembling a fort of Sweet-tneat, not like the Confetti
de Tivoli, but rather of Viterho mentioned by Aldrovandm ", or a
fort of Sweet-meat we have from Fcrtugal.

ij(:). Amongft x\\t^ones, like things of Art, I think I muft
alfo number a fort of globular iron-colour'' d halls, taken up about
Cornwell ; whereof I have two given me by Sir Thomas Pennyjlon •
theone/)/dfi« and fmooth, the ox.\\tx: granulated on l\\(^ out-fide,
not unlike to an Orange, very weighty, and made up within of a
golden ftriated fubftance from the center to the circumference,
shewn inthe//(?wi/^/jereof oneof them. Fig. 11. Of thefe there
arefome fo equally round, as if done by Art', and fo they are
fays Cambden-At Huntley Nab"", where under the craggy Rocks

I Boet. Je Lapid. &Gemcap Z2J. k Geo. Agncoh deNaturaFoJJi/^um, Ci7p. tj. i M r. Ray's Topo-
graph, obfervar. />. no. >" Philofoph- Tranfadt- Num. 100. " Jilujat/m Meta^/icum, t:i>-' ^. p- ^I'S.
• Camhd. in the North-Riding of Ttrk-fhire.

they

I

Of 0 XFO 1{D^SHI1{E. 14.1

they lye fcatter'd here and there of divers bignefles, fo artifi-
cially by Nature shaped round in manner of a Globe^ that one
would take them to be great bullets^ call for fie t, to be dif-
charged out of great Ordnance. Such as thefe are alfo mention'd
by Job. Kentmannm^ found inter lapiJes <frarios^ which if broken
(fays be) are like the fiher ov cinereous Mar chafite^ out of which
fonitimes brafiov fi/verzrt fmeked^, than which ours are fom-
what of a better colour, but whether pofTeft with thofe or a
better metal^ I muftconfefs I have not tryed, and therefore can-
not inform the Reader,

180. Richer alfo muft be referred a round fione before men-
tioned, chap. 3 feM. 30. containing vvithin it a white fort of
earthy and therefore called Geoc^ei, or the pregnant Hone ; differ-
ing from the Mtites in this, that whereas that has wichin it a
movable ftone^ by the Naturalijis called CalUmm ; this contains
Only earth or fand^ that moves not at all : The outward cruft of
thefe is fomtimes only an indurated chalk.-, under which are fome
other folds like the coats of an Onyon ; and when found thus, by
the Inhabitants of the Chiltern (where they are mofi: plentiful)
they are called chalk. Eggs. Others there are of them , whofe
outermoft ccd/^ are hard black Flints, fome very thin, and others
thicker, according I fuppofe to the feniority of their generation :
For 1 have lome of them by me whofe coats are not much thicker
than the shell of a Wall-nut-, others (tone half way, and others
fo almoft tothe very ce«/fr; and thefe Flint coj/j black without
fide, and gradually whiter and whiter, as they approach nearer
to the whiti(h earth contained within : whence I am almoft per-
fwaded, that however it may be in irregular Flints, that in thefe
the chalky matter does turn into Jlone^ and is the chief principle
of their generation.

181. Upon the Chiltern-hills., near to Sherbourn and Lewkfier^
I found many of the Flints inclining to a Conical Figure. And
in the gravel about Oxford^ I have feen fafciated Pebbles, having

as it were Zones ot girdles round them, of different colours from ©
thofe of the Jlones. About Fawler and Stunsfield., the Pebbles
before mentioned, cap. \.[eSl. i 8. are moft of them ftreaked with
iron-colour'' d lines ^ fomtimes inclining towards one another like
the ramifications of a Dendrites ; which though not fo curious as

P Catalog. Fi>£iliHm, Ttt. i6- de Lapd. arariit a natura effigiatk>

the

1^1 The^Njitural Hijlory

the Fietradi figure de bofchiof Ferrantelmperato"'^ yet fit me well
enough with a tranfition to the Chapcr of Vegetables^ which im-
mediatly follows.

182. Only I muft beg leave firft to advertife the /?r^iier, that
what I have afcribed to Dr. Merret concerning the Toad-fione^
yecf?. 146. I have found fince the Printing of that (lieet, feeming-
ly alfo given to the Learned Sir George Ent^hy the no lefs Learn-
ed Sir 77^ o/77^Sroir;z, in the laft Edition of his Pfeudocioxia Epi-
dcmica \ to whether more rightly, let them contend. And that
fince the Printing the beginning of this Chapter^ I received from
the Right wordiipful Sir Fhilip Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt^ two
kinds of Selenites^ though of the fame texture, yet much diflfe-
rently formed from any there mention'd ; both of them being
Vodecaedrums^ but the Hedr<z too as m.uch different from one an-
other, as from any of the former: The firfl fort of them being
made up oft wo it/^o/Tz/'o/Ve^/fides/our oblong,2nd as many ffiort-
tr pentagons ; and two fmall Trapeziums^ one half whereof are
reprefented Tab. 8. Fig. 13. And the fecond, of two oblong
Hexagons^ four oblong Trapeziums , four oblong parallelograms,
and two large pentagons, one half whereof are alfo reprefent-
ed Fig. 14. In both which it is to be underffood, that the HedrdS
at theendsof eachy?o;7g, areoppofed by two others like them,
not according to the breadth, but length of the ftone. The two
pentagons at the top of they?o«e, Fig. 13. being oppofed by two
others like them, behind the fmall Trapezium at the bottom of it ;
and the fmall 7rj^e:^iM;72 at the bottom, by another like it behind
the two short pentagons at the top ; and fo the oblong parallelo-
grams^ and hvge pentagons at the ends of the/owe, Fig. 14.

1 I)iW Hifi. Naturalelib.l^. dp-i^- * FJeudodox.Efidem, lil>. 3. cap.V-,.

CHAP.

\B.VJ1I . 1

J^^^i-i

ofOXFO%T>^SHI%E.

t«

CHAP. VI.
Of Tlants.

EXT Inanimate things, I proceed to fuch as have Life ;
amongft which , firft of thofe that hold the loweft
place, that exercife the moft univerfal^ and therefore in-
ferior Faculties, fuch as Herbs^ Shrubs.^ Trees, all which are con-
tained under the general name of Plants-. But of thefe I intend
notacomplcat Catalogue (that being a fubjeft of it felf large e-
nough for a Volume^ but only a (hort account,

'i. Of the Indigenous Plants of the County^ which yet either

1 . Are not defcribed by any Author that we know
of, or

2. Have not been noted by the ingenious Mr. Ray^
in his excellent Catalogue, to be of Enghfi na-
tural growth ; or

3. Have indeed been noted, which yet remaining
dubious, either as to the certainty of their de^
fiription, ox f^tcifical difference^ are cleared in this

County.

2. Of the extraordinary accidents of well known Plants.

3. Of theK;7My«a//^/j«/inowcultivatedin the Fields, un-
der which head fomwhat of the Husbandry of the
Country.

according to which method 1 (liall treat of all the three foremen-
tioned Species of Plants ; viz^ Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, fo far forth
as each of them will come up to it. And firft, of thofe ftiled
herbaceous Plants.

2. By which I underftand all and only thofe that are made up
of zfucculent and carnous fubftance, that never in any part will
htcQmtlignoiis, (or hardly any of them retain it all winter) as
Shrubs and Trees &o : of which thofe that are indigenous, znA not
defcribed by any Author that we know of, are thefe that follovv.

Vioh

1/J.4. The ^^{jttural Hiflory

9. Viola Mania hirfuta major inodora. which large Violet from
a fibrous root fendeth forth many leaves, each upon his own
foot-ftalk, neither creeping as the common March, nor branch-
ed as the common Dog-violet; its leaves and ftalks are all bairj
efpecially on the back-fide ; they are alfo broader, larger, and
more /ci«W than the ordinary March Violets, which occafioned
(as fome think) the ingenious Dr. Merret to note it by the Ram6
of Viola Trachelii folio \ but that certainly muft be fome diffe-
rent kind, the leaves of owciihtrng^W invccksd^ as in Tab.^.Fig.i.
whereas the Trachelia are all indented : Amongft the leaves grow
hxgQ flowers, upon foot-ftalks (as other Violets') of a pale blue
colour, with white lines or rays ifiuing from the middle of them,
but wholly withouty?e;z^. They flower in March and April, and
are commonly but abufively fold to the flops amongft other Vio-
lets, they not being fo good for any of thofe ufes the Apotheca-
ries put them to, Tis other Violets zre. They grow plentifully in
Magdalen College Cops, on Shot over hill, S tow-wood j and many
other places.

4. Viola palufiris rotundifolia. From the root of this Plant,
which is white, and at equal diftances knotted (whence only it
fends forth \t^ fibers not downward, hut horizontally) arife 9 or
4 (fomtimes more) feeble fmall y?^//</, each bearing at its top
only a round leaf, as in Tab. 9. Fig. 2. Among which, about
April come up the ffalk^ of the flowers, (lender, like thofe of the
leaves-, the whole Plant being weak, and beholding to the neigh-
boring ones for its fupport. The flowers are all fmall and blue,
which being paft, a long Prift/iatical feed-vefel fucceeds, open-
ing its felf when ripe into three parts, and fhewing a rank of
brown y^f^i-, appended to each angle by white Nerves: This is
eafily diftinguidi'd from all other Violets by its native place,
wherein it is fuppofed they will not grow ; and by the fmalnefs
of its flowers, which are confiderably lefs than any of the reft ;
whereunto add the remarkable roundnefs of its leaves, which are
fo far from drawing to points, that the longeft way of them is
from fide to fide. Clufim indeed feems to defcribe a Plant like
this, by the name of Viola Alpina altera ', but makes its flower
as much greater, as ours is lefs than the common one ; adding
befide, that it flowers about the latter end of June, a month be-

f Vinaxrer. Nat. Bxiim.p. i2y ' Car. ClnfiiTlant.Hift- cap. 13.

fore

OfOXF01{7)^SBI\E. m

fore which time the Seed of o«rj is ripe; which are differences
fo irreconcilable, that we cannot but pronounce ours zs diftinft
from /)i5, as from any other Violeis before defcribed by Authors^
whereof we have confulted mojl^ if not all the beft. It grows
•fparingly in the Boggs about Stow-vpood^ and on the Banks of
Chervre II between. Oxford ^nd Water-eaton ; but moft plentifully ac
Chiljvcell in Berkshire^ amongft the moifteft Boggs.

5. Jumdlws omnium min'imm capituli^ Equifeti. This leaft
club-ruJJj from fmall hairy roots, rifeth no bigger than /;(?r/d-/'^ir,
and not above three inches high, bearing at the top a little club^
as in the other club-rufies, but proportionably leffer, as inTab.9*
Fig. 3. where alfo it may be obferved, that the ruj/j rifes fingly
from the root, and not branched, like the Fluitans mentioned
by Mr. Ray ", who had he feen this, would certainly have own-
ed different (pecies's of club-rufics, which he feems fo much to
doubt. It grows in Binfej -Common j in the moift ditches next the

^ River Ifis.

6. Geranium columbinum maximum folm diffe^ls. Or the greaC
jagged Doves- foot Cranes-bill, differs from the jagged ones o^ o^
t]\er vpriters , in that it is jagged at the firft coming up, whereas
all others are whole then ; its leaves are alfo ftanding on long
foot-ftalks, and much greater than thofe of any other Doves-feet ;
from the middle of which there rife up great jointed ftalks, near
the bignefs of a mans finger, branched, and almofl: ftanding
upright 2iyard in height : At the joynts, which are largely knotted,
are alfo large jagged leaves, which at the top grow very thick,
amongft which ftand the flowers upon fliort foot-ftalks, as in

■ Tab. 9. Fig. 4. of a bright and red colour, whereas the others
arc of a bluilli purple ; the feeds being like thofe of other Doves-
feet. This grows in hedges about Marjlon, and on that part of
Bo/Zri'-Caufey next Oxford, in great plenty.

7. Fenta-phyllum re])tans alatumfoliisprofundiu6ferratii. This
creeping /'/^/znn all refpefts grows like the common Cinque-foil^
but that at the bottom fome leaves are found round and undivid-
ed like Alchimilla, and others dividing themfelves into five, are
jagged but halfway : As it increafes in growth, the number of
leaves oftentimes decreafe, bearing four, three, two, and at the
top, one ; all which, have two little leaves or ears at the bottom

" In Catalog Vlantar- An^l.

X of

lA^ The 5\(amral Hi/lory

of the foot-ftalk, \\Vt Tormentill : The flowers are of the big-
ncfs and colour of common Cinque-foil^ but generally made up
of /o^r leaves, as in Tab.f). Fig.t^, and but very rarely to be
found with five. It grows in the edges of the Corn-fields between
Hockley and the Woods under Shotover-\\\\\.

8. OrobancheVerbafculiodore. T\\trooto'[ this Planth skaly
and obtufe, to which are appended a bundle of complicated Fi-
bers^ like thofe of Nidu6 avi^^ whence it rifeth up with a fofc
round very hntiXt Jialk.-> feldom eight inches high, fet with thin,
fmall, fliort fkaly leaves like skins, growing clofe to it : At, or
very near the top of which ftalk.-, grow fomtinics eight or ten
fmall flowers^ altogether different from thofe of the common 0-
robancbe, ezch. confifting of four pretty large leaves^ within which
are contained as many leffer, as in Tab. 9. Fig. 6. About the
feed velTel (which is round at the bottom, with a narrow neck,
and a hole at the top fomwhat refembling a childs fucking-bottle,
as in Fig. 6. a) ftand fmall chives with purplifh tops, as in Fig. 6,
b. The whole herb, flowers, fialks and leaves, are at the firft flow-
ering, of a whitifli yellow, or ftraw colour, and being broken
or bruifed, fmell like the root of a Primrofe. It grows at the bot-
toms of Trees in the woods n^zx: S token- Church, and we find it
mention'd infome MS. notes of the famous Mr, Goodjer.

9. SaxifragaAngl/ca annua Alfine folio. This fmall annual 5"^-
xifrage from a fmall fihrom root, fpreadeth its trailing jointed
ftalks about an inch or two from it, at each joint come forth
fmall narrow leaves as in the other Chick^eed-break. flone ^
and from the upper joynts toward the end of the flalks, come
fmall htrbactou6 flowers made up oi four leaves, which prove
the cafe for the fmall included feed veffel, as in Tab. 9. Fig. 7.
This Plant differs from the common owe, which is of a light frejb
green, perennial, and fomtimes roo/^ again at its joynts ', in that
its ftalks and leaves are of a brovptiifi green colour, the Plant ^«-
w«j/ and never reptant: it grows plentifully in the walks of Ba-
liol College gardens, and on the fallow Fields about Heddington
and Covplty, and many other places.

10. To which perhaps I might add two different Lychnis'' s
from the fylve^ris flore albo Gerardi, obferved this Year by Mr,
Richard Stanley ; one whereof bears a white flower fomwhat lefs
than the common, yet at the center having another little flowery

circle.

TAB. IX

ofOXFO %p^S H I \K 14.7

circle^ in the middle of which appear feveral fine fiamina^ wicli
yellow longifli apices^ whereas the reclining /lamina of the com-j
mon Campion have rko apices at all ; the other alfo bears a white
flower without that yforrf/7 aVc/e, huz\\?,s /lamina crowned with
roundidi purple apices, with the duft whereof the /lovrer it feif
is commonly /o/7e/ But in the firft of thefe the /eed vefel not
appearing at all, and in the fecond withering away with the
fiower ; We are not fo bold as to make them diftinft fj^ecics's, not
knowing as yet whence they fliould be propagated. Thefe were
found near Holy-Well in the Suburbs of Oxford, and grow alfo in
the Corn-fields about New-parks, and as we fuppofe in mod parts
of England. Sedde hoc quaere.

11. Befide thefe, there is alfo another, of which Authors
write fo obfcurely, that we cannot pofitively fay whether defcri-
bed or no : However, we have ventured to call it Artiplex vulga-
ris finuata fpicata, it not being like the Pes nnferinus alter five ra-
mofior o^ John Bauh/n, mentioned by Mr.T^^j'", in that it bears
its feeds \n buttons clofe to the fl:alks, like the Fragifera. This
grov\'S equally common on Dung-hills with the finuata major ^ a-
mongft which we fuppofe it has hitherto lay hid.

12. As for the Plants defcribed by other Authors, but not no-
ted by Mr. Raj to be of Engli/h growth, we find only thefe in
the County of Oxford. i . Clematis Daphnoides fivepervinca major^
in the High-ways between Woolvercot and Tarnton, and in feveral
hedges thereabout. 2. Lagopu^ major vulgaris Parkinfoni, m
vS'/on^'-jroOii plentifully, and feveral other//r7ce5. 3. Oenanthe a-
quatica minor Park.- five juncu^ odoratws Cordi, in the ditches a-
bout Medley and Binfey -Common., and almoft every where about
Oxford.

13. VVhereunto add {ome others indeed noted by Mr. Ray^i
but left in doubt whether defcribed, or different from one ano-
ther. Such zrethe Helleborine fiore albo, mentioned in his ^p-
pendix^ to grow in the woods near S token-Church-, not far from
the road leading from London to Oxford, which becaufe he had
notfecn either flowering, or green, modeftly refufed to detetmin
whether defcribed or no : But we having had time and curiofity
of viewing it often in flower, find it to be the Helleborine florealbo
of Gerard zndTabern<£montanu4: EpipaSiis angu/iifolia of Befler,

m In Catalog. Plant. Aiigl. » In A^pendict p.y^^. f jicTheod.Taienttgmont- Part, i-f ^oo- '

T 2 in

1^8 The natural Hiflory

in his Hcrtu4 Ejfiettenfis ^ : ^lifmaquorundam Cordi ', and A/ifma
CymbahanthemonThalii^. Which y^i///'r)r^, and others, we have
diligently fearched, and by comparing them together, find the
Plant to agree with each Figure^ as well as they could do one
with another, had they (as indeed they commonly are) been
Printed from one Plate.

14. The Plants which he doubts v^hether (pecifically difiinSi^
yet found fo in Oxford-fiire^ are alfo Helleborine's ; the one his
Mellehorine fiore. atro-rubente, and the other Helkborine latifolia
montana^^ both plentifully growing on S token-Church hills:
Whereof the former has fmall narrovp leaves, fomwhat like the
Paluflris^ and growing thicker on the ftalk ^ whereas thofe of
the latter are broad and much thinner, the 9ne alfo flowering a
full month after the other^ which we take to be diftinguidiing
CharaCiers enough, though not fo fignally differing in the flowers
as Mr. P.ay owns his to do ; our latifolia, montana coming nearer
to that of Gerard^ then of him or 'Dodon<xu6 , having purple
flowers, but as deep or deeper than thofe of the Helkborine florc
atro rubente.

15. Of Accidents that are Incident to herbaceous Plants, be*
fide what I have fcen amongft /orrei^/z^r^ in Gardens, I have met
alfo with fome amongft the natives of Oxford-Jhire ; which I guefs
may happen to them (as likewife to all others^ moft times through
excefs-, or defe^ m their nourifiment. Thus have I feen the ftalks
of Djers-weed and Succory^ from a round near the root, fpread
themfelves upward into a ZrWyf-J/ ftalk, as if there were fevc
ral of them fafciated together, occafioned 1 fuppofc by reafon
of the afcent of to much nouriflmicnt for one ftalk, and yet not
enough for two. The fafciat ion (if 1 may be allowed to coyn fuch
a word) being as it were an attempt for tn>o ftalks, which upon
the afcent of fufficicnt fap, is fomtimes accomplifti'd, the flat
ftalk then dividing into /iro, asl obferved it this Summer in a
Draba lutea filiquii flri^iffimis, and fevcral other Plants in the
Gardens.

16. V^\\\c\\ accident of Plants the German Virtu ofi think only
to happen after hard and late Winters'^, by reafon whereof in-
deed the fap being reftrained fomwhat longer than ordinary, up-

» iforti Eylfett."/ant. Verval. Ord. 9. /%/. 5. , Valer. Cordi H.ft. dt Vlant- lib. 1. lap. 107. ^ lob. Tha-
li'h HarcyniaSaxo'/o-TkuriKgica^p- 1-^. ' inCatalog-hlaut. Angl. * Mifceilan, curitja Med. Fkyf Acad.
Hat.Curteforum^tM. i.obferv. 103.

on

Of OXFO%T)^SHniE. 49

on fudden thaws, may probably be fentup more forcibly znA to-
gether^ and fo produce iht^c fafciated ^dXks ; whereas the natu^
ral^nd graduated 2.{cent would have produced them but finglci
Yet experience has taught us this prefent year 1676. that fuch
productions muft by no means be thus reftrained ; the Winter
preceding, in Anno 1675. being one of the mildeft ever known
in England-, and yet fa/ciated Plants as frequent as ever.

1 7. Befide //o/e, we have obfcrved fome others here cur iouOy
ftriped ; fome of them jeZ/ow, as Dens Leonhs^ Caryophyllnta., Vr~
tica urens, is'c. others white., as Papaver fpumeurn., Plantago quinque
nervia, Crv.ciata^ Calamintha aquatica., is'c. Others again differing
from the reft of their kind, not in leaves^ but colour of their
flovoexs \ (uch ZYC Lamiurn ruhrum^ Lyfimachia filiqucfamagnof'ori.i
Tracheliumminu^., Gentianellafugax minor ^ Anagallii ttrrefaps., (sr
aquatica fwe Becahunga., cvm mult'i^ alm^ all wirh vehite fiowers ;
'dnd Hjacinths^ we have fomtimes found with red^ and white flow-
ers : All which^ I guefs accidentally zccrew to thefe Plants (their
fpecies's having flowers of different colours) through defefi-, or
fome interception of their nouridiment, which occafion Jifeafes^
and fuch difcolorations both in their leaves and flowers.

18. That this is true of ally?ri/'^<:/P//2«/J, is manifeft, in that
fuch difcolorations may be procured by artificial fubftraftion of
the nouriiliment, vix^ by applying Lime., or other hot dry matter
to their roots ; which drying up, or otherwife rcndring the
nourifment unfit, will thus make the Plants flriped ; as our very
Learned Botanic Profeffor., Dr. Mcrifon, informs us he obferved it
in Dulcamara creeping through Liine and other rubbiili of Build-
ings^ at the Duh of Orleans his Houfe at Blois., whence not only
ours., but moft other Gardens of Europe have fince been fupplyed
with the vehite flriped Dulcamara.

19. Moreover, that fnchy?ri/>i«^5 are nothing but ^i/f^/e', ap-
pears plainly in that moft, \{ not 2[\ flriped Plants, are fomwhat
deformed and imperfe^ in their leaves ; and though /ri/'fi very
lively in the beginning of the Springs will many of them recover
in fome meafure, at leaft before ^z//;/w7;z, and fome of them have
their leaves at length as green., as the reft of the healthy Plants of
their ki^d : Which I take to be manifeft arguments of their fick-
fiefi, and {xxch fir ipings to be only difcolorations. ?inA no ornaments
of perfection, though ornaments of our Gardens,

20, To

150 The j\(atural Hijlorj

20. To which if it be objefted that 'tis other wife in the F/on?-
ers of z\\ the Plants above-mentioned, which though of diffe-
rent colours from the reft of their ffecies^ continue fo ftill from
year to year, not altering in the Autumn from what they were
ith' Spring: It muftbe anfwer'd, that notwithftanding what is
urged be true, yet fuch conftancy will not warrant them of a dif-
ferent /feciesy fince noTee^they produce will bring more of their
kjnJ, but only fuch whoi^e flowers will be of the ordinary colour ;
which is fo great an imperfection, that we cannot but fufpeft
thefe alfo to be difeafcd^ and to have their variations only from
thence.

2 1. Though it muft be confeft, that it's worthy notice too,
that many of thefe Plants feem asftrong, and flouridi as well as
any others^ and produce perhaps their Seed as perfeO: as an) *•
Why then they (liould benumbred amongft difeafed /j/^/z/j, any
more than a- red hair^'drmn ftiould be accounted fo in England-,
or a black hair\i one in Denmark, (where I am informed there
are fo few, that they commonly paint Juda5 with black, hair as
wedowithreJ) is adiflBculcy, I guefs, not eafily avoided ,- e-
fpecially fince the difference of colours in flowers may be occafi-
oned by the different textures of the ftalks of fome certain -plants .^
as it is in the hair and feathers of Animals.^ alfo of different co-
lours from the reft of their ^^«e5, as (liallbe fully made out in
the following Chapter, It may therefore perhaps be morefafely
concluded, that the different colorations ^^t leaft of fome of thefe
flowers., may indeed be accidents-, but no accidents of difeafe or
imperfeftion.

22. Which is all I have met with concerning wild herbaceous
Plants^ and the accidents attending them remarkable in this County,
in the relation whereof I have been all along fo careful of not
impofing on the Worlds that I have mention'd nothing, except
in the P hilofophical part, wherein I have not confulted, and had
the approbation of fome of the moft knowing in the Faculty^ fuch
as the Reverend William Brown B. D. and Fellow of Magdalen
College Oxon, Edward Tyfon M. A. jfohnBaniflerlA. A. Richard
Stapley B. A, and Mr. Jacob Bobart junior., all eminent Bota-
nifts.

23. Of unufual Plants now cultivated in the Fields., to pa^s^by
the ordmary red and white Lamma^Wheats., black and white Byes.,

the

Of 0XF0%T)^SH1\E. m

the common Barley^ Peas^ Beans^ and Oats , riicre are feveral
worthy notice now Town in this County^ that have been fcarce
ever heard of, much lefs ufed in fome others : Where by the way
let it be noted, that the word [unufual'] is not fo much to be ap-
plyed to //6/5, as other Counties, and that in thefc matters of Huf-
iandry, 1 rather write for the information of flrangers^ than the;
inhabitants of Oxford-JlAre^ as I muft hereafter in other Counties
for the information of thi^: There being many things in each
Cc«w/j' thought common there and unworthy notice, that per-
haps in fome others will appear fo ftrangc, that they will fcarcely
be believed. And fuch are

24. Triticu7n /pica mutica rubrum^ caule item rub^o ; red ftalkc
jpheat (miftaken by many for red Lammob) fo commonly called
from the rednefs of itsy?rd(ir, efpecially near the joints w\\cn the
Cor/z begins to turn ; which rednefs yet will vaaidi for the moft
part away, when it is full ripe. This Corn, as I was informed,
was firft propagated from fome few ears of it pickt out of many
Acres^ by one Pepart near Dunjlable, about fifty years ago, which
fowed by it felf till it amounted to a quantity, and then proving
Mercatable, is now bccomeone of thecommoneft ^gr^m of this
County, efpecially about 0>.ford', which yet becaufe not known
in many other places, I thought fit at leaft to mention it, and
the rather becaufe of its feldom or nevcrfmutting, a convenien-
cy that pleafes the Baker and Husbandman both ; and yet itfeems
'tis not now fown about Thame and fVatlington fo much as for-
merly, becaufe it brings not fo certain, nor fo good a bur-
then as

25. Triticum (pica mutica albicante, granis rufefcentibus, white
eared red wheat, white Corn, or mixt Lammas, which latter name
I take to be as agreeable as any, becaufe of its participating both
of the white and red Lammoi, having a white ear and red grain ;
whereas the white Lammas has both ears and grain white, and
the red Lammas both red : Nor has this, as I was told, been long
in Q-xford-fiire, it being firft advanced like the former from fome
fc\i; ears., and at laft being found to yield confiderably better than
moft other reheat, viz^. fomtimes twenty for one, it is now be-
come the moft eligible Corn, all along the Vale under the Chil-^
tern Hills, and in far better cfteem than the red ftalk'd wheats

or,

26, Tri^

152. ■ The D\(^atural Htjlory

26. Triticum /pica arijiata glumk birfutii, the long Cone Wheat,
which yet is the beft of any, to be Town in rank, day Land, its
ffa/kj being reedy and not fubjeft to lodging ; and by /leJges
fides, becaufe the Birds cannot eat it ; for which reafon alfo it
muft be good in Inclcfures, befides its being the leaft fubjeft of a-
ny Corn yet known, to the inconveniency of M.iUevrs : This
fort alfo yields extreamly well, but its Flower being conrfe and
not pleafing the Bakers, it is feldom {own but under the men-
tioned circumftances, except fomtimcs mixt amongft the other
wheats.

27. Triticum multiplex^ five /pica multiplici^ double ear'd wheats
fo named for that it has divers fmall ears iffuing out of the fides
of x.\[t greater^ and isfown about Biffitcr and fVeftonon the Green^
but it not proving agreeable to the foils thereabout, nor advan-
tagious to the Hu6bandman^ it is almoft quite difufed, though
I hear it fucceeds better about Fritrvell and SouUern. They fow
alfo a Wheat about Wefton on the Green, which from the hanging
of its ear they call Pendule wheat, but fufpefting that it differs
in nothing from Cone^ it being arijils munitum, znd glumis hirfutk^
I forbear as yet to pronounce it any other ^ though I am told that
the Pendule has a redder and more flender, and Cone a whiter and
fuller ear ; and that Cone endures longer, and Pendule but a very
fhort time here, it yielding for the firft year fomtimes twenty for
one^ and within two years after dwindling away, io as not to be
worth fov\'ing ; which time expiring, they fupply rhemfelves
again out of Berkj-fiire^ at Ahington Mercat^ whereof more (if
I find it to be a different kjnd) when I come into that County.

28. All which, 'tis true, in Oxford-Jlire^rc (o commonly fown,
that they cannot indeed in this refpeft be ftiled unufual: but be-
caufe fcarce ever heard of in the South-eafi parts of England^
I thought it convenient at leaft to hint t^?e?n. And fo likewife
our

29. Hordemndijlichumprdccox, or rathe ripe S^r/j, defervedly
fo called from its early ripening, it having been fomtimes fown
and returned to the Barn again in two months time, and often in
nine or ten weekj. This Barly^ 'tis true, is no native ofOxford-

JJnre^ only much fown here, it lieing all had either immediatly
or mediatly from Patney in Wiltfiire^ whence by fome 'tis alfo
called Patney Barley : Where the foil (as I am told) is of {o pe-
culiar

Of OXFO %V^SHI\E. i^

cliliar a quality, that what-ever other Early is Town there, it is
turned forthwith into this we call rathe-ripe ; a feat, which they
fay, no other Land will perform. • But we are told by Dr. Chil-
drej% that in the weftern parts of Cornvcall^ they fow a fort of
5^r/y near the Sea-fide, which they carry to Mill in eight or
T\\nt weeks time after they have fowed it. However, what we
have here comes all from Patney, but is not fo agreeable to our
Oxford-fiire foil immediatly from thence, as when it has been
fown elfewhere twice or thrice ; after which, it endures not a-
bove three or four years, but degenerates again into common
Barlji. Its ccnveniency notwithftanding is very confiderable in
wet and backward Springs^ and mcill: Autumns, when many o-
ther Countrjs lofe their Jeafons, and fome of the more Northern
ones perhaps their crop^ the common Barly there never coming
to be ripe^ whereas this may be fown at the latter end oi May, and
will come to be ripe in the worft of Summers. This I heard
of firft at Gaunt-houfe, (the Paternal Eftate of the Right Reverend
Father in God, John LordBifiopof Oxon, one of the Nobleft En-
couragers of this Vefign') but met with it after all over the County^
it being generally approved of by all forts of Husbandmen. And
this is the only Barly fown in this County unknown in fome
others.

30. But o^ Pens there are m^ny forts little thought of South-
vpard, that poffibly were they known, might prove as agreeable
to the foils there, as here, and as advantagious to the Husband-
man. Such are the Peas called Henly-gray , and another fort
called P<.ed-j9:anks, for fredi nevp broken Land ; the Vale-gray for
flrong\ and Hampfiire-Kids for nevp chalkt Land ; the {md[\ Rathe-
ripes ^ for poor 2nd gravelly ; and the Cotfncld Pea for four ground.
And ofVetcbes ; in deep clay Lands they fow the Gore 2nd pebble-
Vetch ; in cold moift grounds the rathe-ripe Vetch ; and Dill or
Lentills, in^oox §ione-brafIj\d.nd, which are a good /(^i^B^tfre for
cattle, and fown in many parts of the County.

31. As for Beans and Oats, they fow only the common that
are every where elfe ; but for Graffs, the ufual name for any Her-
bage fown for Cattle, efpecially if perennial (to pafs by the tri-
folium purpureum maju6 five fativum, Clover-grafs; and Onobrychis
fpicataflorepurpureo^ [emi?ie echinato, commonly called Sain^-foin,

* Britdtnia Baconka in Carn-uiall.

U or

154- T'f^^ 5\(jttHral H'tjlory

OT Everlafiing-grafs ; but according to Dr. /^^ori/ow, the true Lk-
cern, now every where known, and therefore nothing concern-
ing the qualities and advantages of ;'/.) They have lately fown
Ray-grafs, or the Grarnen Lolinceum^ by which they improve any
cold^four^ clay-vpeeping ground, for which it is beft, but good al-
fo {^OT dryer up -I ami grounds, efpecially light fiotiy^ or fandy
Land, which is unfit for SainSi-foin.

32. It was firft fown (as I was told) in the Cbiltern parts of
Oxjoxd-Jl/irt^ and fince brought nearer Oxfordhy one Mr Euftact^
an ingenious Husband-man o'^ljlif^ who though at firft laught at,
has been fince followed even by thoft very perions that fcorn'd
his Experiment^ it having precedence of all other ^r^^'i, in that
it takes alm'oft in all forts of poor Land, endures the drought of
Smnmerht'ik^ and in the ^'/riw^/is the earlyeft grafs of any, and
cannot at that time be over-ftock'd ; its being kept down making
it fweecer, and better beloved by Cattle than any other grafs :
Nay, fomtimes they have been known to leave Meddow hay to feed
on thi6 : but of all other Cattle it is beft for Horfes, it being hard
Hay ; and for Sheep^ if unfound, it having been known by expe-
rience to have work'd good cures on them^ and in other refpefts
the beft IFintergvak that grows.

33. As to the manure o( it, fome fow but two hufiels on the
Statute Acre, but 'tis beft to fow three, mixt with the trifoUum
agrarium Dodondei, called Melilot- trefoil^ and fomtimes Non-fucb^
becaufe of it felf it is but a thinfpiry^r^T/?, and will not be of
any bulk the firft year, unlefs thickned by the Trefoil^ which fail-
ing by degrees, the Ray or bennet-grajs (fo fome alfo call it)
thickens upon it, and lafts for ever. Of Ray-grafs and Trefoil
thusmix'd together, one -dt //lip but lately had fo advantagious
a crcp^ that from four 5"/tf/«/c Acres, worth not above /or/j^i/-
lings per annum ; befide the keeping fix or eight cattle till holy
Thurfday^ and the feeding all the Winter following, had twenty
Quarters of Seed worth twenty pounds, and fourteen loads of
fodder^ enough to winter five or fix cattle,

34. The fcenum Burgundiacum Cderuleum VOhelii^ or Medica legi-
tima Clufiiis" Vodondiii^commonXy called Lucern.^ but by the Learn-
ed Dr. Morifonhid to be the true Sain5i-join^ is alfo fown here,
and found to agree well enough with a rich mcifl ground, but bet-
ter by much in a x^arm and dry foil. This ftands recommended

for

Of OXFOXV^SHIKJE, i5f

for an exc client /o^^er both by Men and Beads, efpecially Hciffes^
which are purged, and made fat with it in the Sping^xtat in 8 or
I o days. But no more of this, orany other ^r^r^j, they having
all (but Ray-grafs') been already defcribed.

35. But bcfide GralTcs, there have fome other Plants been cul-
tivated here of no mean ufe, fuch as Cnicm^ five. Carthamwsfati-
-vm, manured b a Jiard Saffron^ fomtimcs called Sajflore^ for dying
offiarlets; and therefore by fome called alfo the fear let Flower;,
whereof there was once a confiderable quantity fown at North-
Apon by Colonel Vernon^ the Seeds being planted in rows about
a foot diftant, for the more convenient howing and keeping it
clean from veeeds : In thefe rows it rifes with a ftrong round ftalk
three or four foot high, branching it fe if to the top, where it
bears a great open fkaly head, out of which it thrufts forth ma-
ny gold yellow threds of a moft orient and (liining colour, which
they gather every day as faft as they ripen, and dry them well;
which done, it is fit for fale, and dying of y?^r/f/.

36. And about Hampton and Clanfield^ they make fome profit
of fowing Carum five Careum , or the Carui of thefieps^ com-
monly called Caruwaies^ which they fow in March or Aprils as
they do Tar fly ; the firft year (it feems) it bears no Seed, but the
next it feeds and (liatters, and fo will hold fix or feven years
without new fowing, or any other care or trouble, befidc keep-
ing it from weeds : the encouragement they have to fow it, is
the value put on it ; one pound of this being efteemed by the
Grocers^ worth almoft two of that which they have from Lon-
don.

■2, J. And this is all I have met with concerning cultivatedplants
worthy taking notice of in this County, but that like the wild In-^
digenou6 o;2e5,thefe have fomtimes accidents that attend them too :
for fuch, and no other, were the two ears of Wheat branched
from one ftalk, and fix ears of barley from another, found at
Fulbrook nezr Burford^ ^nd given me by Mr. yourden.fmce decezi^^
ed. Nor have I more to add concerning them, but that I find
few that I have mentioned to be noted by Mr. Ray.

38. Next Herbaceous plants^ I proceed to the Shrubs, amongft
which 1 met with but little extraordinary, only the Haw-thorn at
Bampton^ in the bowling-green hedge ^ bearing white berries or haws^
which indeed I take to be a great curiofity : for though in Flowers

U 2 and

1^6 7'he j^amral Hijlory

and Animals, white be eftcemed by fome zpenuriou^ colour, and
a cercain indication of a fcarcity of nourif/jinent : Whence 'tis,
fays my Lord Verulam \ that blue Violets and other Flowers^ if
they be ftarved, turn pale and irhite ; Birc/s and Horfes by age
turn vrhite ; and the hoary hairs of men come by the fame reafon.
And though among Fruits the white for the moft part argues but a
mean concoiiion^ they being generally of a ftajhy over-waterj taft,
as Penr-plums^ the white-harve^ plum^ white Bulleis-, isrc ". and
divers forts o{ pears and apples of that colour. Yet in Berries the
cafe feems to be quite different, as we fee in Goo/berries, Grapes,
Straw-berries, Raffs, whereof the white arc by much the more
delicate, and have the better y^diz/or ; which it true, in the whole
fpecies of berry -hearing Plants (as in probability it may) we have
reafon to conclude that the berries of this Thorn are not acciden-
tally white, through defeat or difeafe as in fome other Plants, but
that they are an argument of its perfection, and that the Thorn
it felf is of a quite different ^ea>^ from all known before, and
niay juftly challenge the name of Oxyacanthu6 bacci^ albi^. Thefe
Berries *tis true, I faw not my felf, not being there in time of
year for them, but being certified of the truth of it by the com-
mon voice of the PariQi, and particularly by the Worftiipful
Thomas Hoard Efq; who firft told me of it, and the Reverend
Mr. Philips Arch-Deacon of Salop, and bne of the three Vicars
there ; (men of great ingenuity and undoubted veracity) I had
no reafon to queftionthe certainty of the thing.

99. And hither I think may be referred the Glafienbury Thorn,
in the Park and Gardens of the Right Honorable the Lord Ncr-
reys, that conftantly buds, and fomtimes bloffoms at or near
Chrifimajs : Whether this be a Plant originally of Oxford-Jhire, or
brought hither from beyond Seas, or a graft of the old ftock of
Gla^onbury, is not eafie to determin. But thus much may be faid
in behalf of Oxford-fiire, that there is one of them here fo old,
that it is now dying, and that if ever it were tranfplanted hither,
it is far beyond the memory of men,

40. As for the excellent and peculiar quality drat it hath., fome
take it as a miraculous remembrance of the Birth of CHRIST, firft
planted by Jofephof Arimathea ; Others only efteem it as an ear-
lier fort of //or« peculiar to England'. And others again are of

f Nat. Hift. Cent. i.N.im.c)i. s Here except flic T'Wf^iyiwandVhiceJDaOTiJp/.

opinion

opinion, that it is originally a foreigner of fome of the fouthtrti
Courtries, and fo hardy a Plant, that it ftill keeps its time of
bloffoming (which in its own Country might be about the end of
Decembc/') though removed hither into a much colder Climate
whether of thefe is moft probable, I ftiall not determin, but leave
every /ie^(^£T beffc to plealehimfelf ; and whatever more can be
faid of ir, I iliall referve till I come into jro/Tzer/eZ-y^zre, where it is
in greateft reputation, and has been moftobferved.

41 . Whereunto perhaps may be added a kind of Bofa Canina^
which we have ventured to ftile, humilior fruSiu rotundiori, for that
it wants much of the height and ftrength of the common <?;7f,and
has round leaves^ and the hip compreffed at the top,and branches
thick fee with fmall prickles between the great ones ; whereas the
common one has both leaves and hips long and pointed, and only a
larger fort of prickjes fet at fome diftance .* But whether this be not
thtrofafyhefirii folio glabro^flore plane albo^ofjohn Bauhin^ to w'''*
we find it moft agreeable of any defcribed *, we dare not pro-
nounce ; and therefore have not ventured to give it any draught,
but have left it to further enquiry, which that all men may readi-
ly make, they may find it growing plentifully in Magdalene College
water-walks ^ in the way up Heddington-h'iW ; and in many other
places near about Oxford. And if judged at length to be that of
^ohn Eauhin : however, we find it not noted by Mr. Raji, and there-
fore cannot be guilty of mifplacing it here.

42. Befide this, I met with no others either dubious or omit-
ted, butfeveral of them difeafed,difcoloured or ftriped ; fuch
as Fericlymenum fylveftre (with the more accur^ite Botanijis^ rather
2i fubfrutex than a flnub^ found at Shotover-\\'i}\\ Cornwsfd^rnina
2X Water^ock_\ B.ubws major vulgaris^ in the Lane between Fiw/^oc;^
and Fawler ; and Samhucti6 vulgaris, in the liedges at Cowley^ and
nczTto Oxford; all which are ftriped yellow, but the laftfom-
what more remarkably than any of the former, the veins only be-
ing yellow, 2in6.?i\\t\\tparenchyjnou6 part of the leaf remaining
green, fo that the fir iping reprefents as it were a Net-work.' but
this alfo growing out after fome time like the reft, muft be repu-
ted of the fame kind, and to proceed from the fame caufe. Which
is all I have found obfervable under the fpecies of firubs, ex-
cept it be worthy notice, that in the Cljiltern part of Oxford-

* Hifi. Plant, lib. 14. cap. 1.

cantha^

158 The !?{jtural Hi/lorj

Jhirt the Tluhws ldd^u6^ Framboife, or Rafp-berry budi, grows
plentifully enough among the woods and hills ; and the Oxya-
cantha^ or Barberry-bulli, between Vppcr ?ii-\d Nether Kiddington.

43. Thus having difpatch'd hol\\ Herbs and Shrubs^ I come
at length to the Trees ^ whereof I have met with but one undefcri-
bed, and that 'Anarrovp leaved Elm^ which alfo ht'mg finooth^ juft-
ly dcfcrves the name o^Vlmu^ folio angufto glabra^ wherein it dif-
fers not only from the Vlmws minor of Parkirifon and Gerard^ but
alfo from their Vlma^ folio glabro^ whofe Leaves they fay are no-
thing fo large as the Wjch Hafel, but neareft in bignefs, and exaft-
ly in the figure of the common Elm \ whereas ours are much kfs^
and of a quite differenty^^re ; being narrow, and having a pe-
culiar kind of pointed ending, as exactly exprefled in //?i^. 10.
Fig, I . Of thofe there are plenty in the Avenues to the Houfe of
the Honorable the Lady Co^e^ the Relift of the moft Ingenious
Sir Anthony Cope o^Hanwell^ where there is a whole Walk of them
planted in order, befide others that grow wild in the Coppices of
the Park.

44. As for Tree^ either not noted, or anyway doubted, I
have met with none here : but of Trees remarkable for fome wn-
ufual accident attending them, there are feveral worthy notice.
For of Oaks-) though I found none fo prodigious as fome men-
tioned by the Learned and Ingenious /o/^/z Evelyn Efq; in his dif-
courfe of Forrefi Trees ^ ; yet there is one between Nuneham-
Courtney and Clifton, that fpreads from boughs end to boughs
end, 81 foot, in circumference fuppofing the boughs to fpread
uniformly 243, fliading 560 fquare yards of ground; under
which allowing three fquare yards for a y^or/^ or other bea/i, and
two fquare feet for a w<z« ; iSCof the former, and 2420 of the
latter, may bedielter'd from the injuries either of fun or rain.

45. Yet there is a fomwhat bigger 6?^^than that, 2t Magdalen
College, near the Gate of the Water-naalh-, whofe boughs flioot
from the boal fifteen or fixteen yards, which fuppofing they did
fpread of equal length from the trunk, like the rays of a circle ;
the content of ground on which it would drop, would be no Icfs
than 76 8 fquare yards, whereof allowing as before, three fquare
yards of ground for zhorfe to ftand on (three yards long, and
one yard broad, fecming a competent proportion) there might

h Difcourfeof Forreft Trees, cap. 50.

if^6 horfes

2$6 horfes Hand under that Tree ; or allowing as before 2 fquare
feet for a man^ 345^ J^^-

46. Yet at Ricot, in the Park of the Right Honorable the Lord
Norrejs, there is an Oak yet fomwhat bigger then either of the
former, by the Author of DoJona'scrove^ called his Robur Brita-
nkurn^ which extendcth its branches from the trunk of the Tree
about I 8 yards, fothat the diameter of its circumference being
36 yards, it takes within its ^rw 972 fquare yards ; undcrthe
umbrage of which Trte^ upon the afore-mentioned proportions,
no lefs than 324 horfes, 014374. »2e«, may fufficiently be (liel-
ter'd.

47. And thefe are the Trees m.oft capacious without ; fonie 0-
thers there are that have given ftielter within the hollow of theif
trunks : Mr. £w/!/« tells us o^ one-t fomwhere in Gloccfier-flire,
that contains within irs bowels a prety wainfcoted Room, en-
lightenM with windows, and furniOfd with feats, isrc, which I
fuppofe may have given reception to many an honeft Gentleman,
No w though 'tis true we have none put to fo Honorable a ufe, yet
the hollow Oak on Kidiington- green, for the neceifary and pub-
lick fervice it has done , ought perhaps to have preference,
though neither (o great nor gaudy • it being frequently ufed be-
fore the death of J adge Morton (before whofe Houfe it ftood)
for the Imprifoning Vagabonds and other inferior MalefaSiors^ for
the fpace of a night or fo, till they conveniently might be had to
the Goalzt Oxford : Of whom, the hollow is fo large within, that ic
would receive eight or ten commodioufly enough, the Tree with-
out being 25 foot round above the Ifurs.

48. Juft fuch another Prifon as this, as we are informed by
J oh an. Ferdinand Her to da \ was made in Mor<3Z/i^, in the trunk of
a W'llkve 27 foot round, in the Village of Moravan^ by a certain
Judge of that Country : The extravagant growth of which Tree^
he attributes to the fertility of the whole Marquifate ; whereas I
rather think (not but that the Country may be fertile enough)
the extream rank growth of that, and of all other Plants foex-
ceeding the ordinary courfe o^ Nature, ought rather to be im-
puted tofome more peculiar agreeablenefs of the refpeftive foils
and Plants, than is ordinarily met with in any other places of the
faime Country where-ever it be.

» TartiiTo-mafiigis Moravia, part- 1. cap. 17.

49. On

ido The U^atural H'lflory

49. On Blecbington-gxten^ near the Angel -^n^ Croven Inn,
there is alfo an Elm of fo capacious a hollow trunk, that it once
gave reception to a poor great- bellyed woman (excluded all the
houfes in the Parijh^ to prevent her bringing a charge on it) who
was brought to bed in it of a Son, now a lufty young man^ and
living, as they told me, at or near Hamich. And yet neither
this Elm^ nor the afore- mentioned Oak.-, ^re either of them fo
big, but that they may be matched in many other places, in fo
much that I ftiould fcarce have thought them worthy my notice,
had it not been for the Grange ufes they were heretofore
put to.

50. And thus I had immediatly paffed on to £///75, but that
I am detained by a parcel of fubterraneou^ Oaks^ found lome years
{mcc at the bottom of a Pond on Binficld- heath in the Parifli of
Ship/ake^ very firm and found, but quite through to the heart as
black as Ehonj ; caiifed 1 fuppofeby a Vitriolic humor in the Earth,
which joining with ^^i^the parent of a fort of Galls^ might rea-
fonably enough produce fuchanf^e^, as we fee they do always
in the making of Ink.: And that I am not miftaken in this conje-
fture, the Ditches by the Woods fide between this and CavtrJJjam
will bear me witnefs, the Waters whereof, where they ftand un-
der Oak§ and receive their dropings and fall of their leaves, be-
ing turned blacker than any Vitriolic ones I have any where
feen, except thofe of Mr. Tyrrill of Oakley in Buckingham-
Jlire.

5 1 . And thefe alfo no queftion performed the fame feat to
fome Tuns of Oak. found alfo under a Fond^ belonging to the
Wordiipful Thomas Stonor Efq; of Watlington-Park^ near Blunds
Courts in the V^iuihof Rotherjield Fypard^ which for the benefit
of the foil, and other conveniencies , being cleanfed m July,
Anno i6j$. the Work-men finking it a convenient depth, came
at laft, as it proved, to the top Branches of an Oak- relation
whereof being made to the owner the worthy MY.Stoner, a per-
fon not Only curious, but equally generous ; he prefently gave or-
der for a further inquifition, and accordingly employed an equal
number of men to the greatnefs of the work, who finking a pit a-
bout twenty yards over, and about fifty or fixty foot deep, found
many whole Oakj ; whereof one ftood upright perpendicular to
the Horizon^ the others lay obliquely, onely one was inverted, the

forked

Of OXFO %V^SHIXE. • i^i

forked end downward : All of them ^ft/ through of a black hiew
\\VeEbony^ yet much of th^ Timber found enough, and fit for
many ufes, feveral o^lhcTrtes being a foot or fourteen inches,
and particularly one above three foot diameter^ and all receiving
a very good polidi ; and therefore fitter for/irjT?^?^ in-laid works,
than -pales to fet about clofes, to which ufe that was put, which
was found at Binfidd.

52. Befide the Trees^ all along as they dug, they met with
plenty of Hafel-nuts from within a y?.rd of the furface to the
bottom of the///, which Times iron teeth had not yetcrack'd ;
and that which amazed me inoft of all, J think they lay thicker
than ever they grew : Some of which, as well as the Oaks were
at fonie places cover'd with a bluifi Jubilance^ much of the con-
fiflence of the fiower o? Sulphur^ and not much unlike to the
fineft blue /larch ; which is the Caeruleum nativum before mention-
ed in this Hiflory^ Cap. 3. SeCi. 18. 7 he Oaks had rone of them
any roots, but plainly cut ©"ff at the kerf, as is ufed in felling Tim^
her ; The fliclls of the Nuts very firm without, but nothing re-
mained within of theKernel, but a (hew of the dry outer rind.
And the bluefubjlarjce not found only upon the Nuts and Oaks^hut
in any other fmall cavities of the Eartb, difperfedly here and
there all over the pit.

53. Moreover, there was found a fort of ir^i/eyro-7fdifperfed
in like manner, in pieces fomtimes as big as ones fift, in colour
fomwhat like to white i'l^^r/'/eor^//2i^2y'?er, but of a much diffe-
rent texture. And near the bottom of the pit a large Stags head,
with the Brow- ant Hers, as found as ihe Beam it felf, with two
Roman Vrns^ both which were broken by the incurious Work-
men.

54. How the T/V/z^^r fliould be thus dyed 2s black as Ebony, I
hope I have made no improbable conjediure, nor is it liable that
I know of to any exception, unlefs to a Quaere : Why the Nuts
and Stags lead were not dyed fo too ? To which it may be an-
fwered, That the pores of the Giells being clofer than the wood,
and neither the nuts nor the born having any thing gaWJh^ the
Vitriol of the Earth could have no power on them, whether it
be wrought by repugnancy or combination, to work that ef-
feft.

55. But how the Timber fliould become thus buryed both

X at

i<^x The ^h(^tural Hiflory

at Binfield and Blunds Court ? and at the latter how joyned in fo
ftrange a mixture, as Hafel-nuts^ a Stags head^ and Vrns ; and
at fom places only, wkh zn Alaba/irine kind of fubftance ? re-
mains yeta knot not fo eafily loofed. However, finceattemts
havefomtimes pleafed, and it has always been acceptable in ina-
gn'ps voluifft'-) I fliall adventure to propound my prefent thoughts ^•
ftill reserving the liberty to my felf^ as well as Reader^ of thinking
otherwife when futficient grounds of change fliall offer themfelves
at any time hereafter.

56. Firftthen, as for the timber dug at ^i/7/(?/^-heath, 'tis
likely that might be fell'd and buryed there when Societies of men
(which I guefs w*as not common till the days of King Alfred) un-
der fome Mean, or Lord Paramount, firft chofe to themfelves cer-
tairi places of aboad, and promoted Agriculture : which that
they might the better do. they fell'd and buryed the timber which
they could not well burn with the under-wood. Thus, as I have
been informed by a very worthy Perfon, who had it from his
aged Father, did our Grand-fatkers fcrve their timber in the in-
land parts o^ Kent to make room for tillage, digging a trench by
each tree after it was fell'd, and fo tumbling it in, its fale not be-
ing worth the portage, even there, fo few years ago. Much ra-
ther therefore might the firft Planters of Binfield-hezth throw
it into Ponds, or other hollow places ready at hand, to make
room as well for habitation as tillage, in ancienter times :, which I
guefs might be done in the Reign of King Alfred, i. becaufehe
divided the Kingdom into Shires znd Hundreds ; and 2. becaufe
Binfield gives name to the ^M;2(/re<^ (however inconfiderable it be
now) in this woody part of the County.

57. Moreover, that this T'iw/'er muft be buryed by defign,
and notcafually over-thrown, either by their rootshtxng loofen'd
by to much wet, occafionedby the obftruftion o^ Rivers, zs Cam-
den ^ apprehends thofe Trees were, found in Chatmofs m Lanca-

fiire : Nor by the over-flowing of any Rivers, nor fall of any
Torrent, as Steno would have it' : Nor undermined by fibterrane-
0U6 ftreams^ or diflblution of matter underneath them, as Dr.
Jackson ™ thinks it happened about 1 8 years fince at Bilkely in
Rereford-JInre, is plain and evident ; for that all the Country here-

* Camdenm Lancajhire. ' ^/e«o;KP7-o<//-tf/».conce-ning the matter of beds- "" Philcfoph.Tranf-

about

ofOXFO%T)^SHI%E. i6i

aboutlies very high, and is as ftony a fall ground, as almoft any
where to be found.

58. It remains therefore, that it muft needs be defignedly bu-^
ried, and if in any other places of the heath., as well as in the
fond^ may poffibly be difcover'd either by the herbage over thenij
which will wither much fooner tlianany of the reft', as near Teo-
"vil in Somerfet-JJnre , where, as we are informed by the Reverend
and Learned Dr. Beal""^ the parched part juft over them, will
bear the very length and (liape in grofs of the trees^ whence they
have been inftrufted to find and take up hundreds of Oaks :
Or by the diredion of the dew in Summer ; it being obferved in
Cumberland', that the dew never ftands on any of the ground
under which fuch trees lie ; though poflibly too, on the other
fide we may have no iuch indications herein firm grounds, they
being hitherto obferved only xninoors-SLndiJnoffes.

59. But as for the timber at Blunds Courts as it was found, fo
it requires a deeper refearch, it being very unlikely they (lionld
dig fo low, upon the fame fcore as at Binfield^ fince timber might
have been burycd on far eafier terms, as formerly in Kent, Much
lefs can it be admitted it fliould be fwallowed by an Earth-quake,
or as the vulgar will needs have it, thus cover'd with Earth by
the violence of a Flood^ and particularly by that in the days of
l^oah. For in either of thofe cafes, we (hould have found each
tree with roots as well as branches, whereas thefe were plainly
hewen oflF at the Kerf, as is ufed in felling Timber, the marks of
the Ax ftill remaining upon them.

60. Befide, the feveral other things found in company of thefe
trees, feem to give teftimony of fome other matters, Thefirft
and chiefeft whereof, is that blcwifh kind of fubftance, which
I am ftrongly perfwaded is Caeruleum nativum, and the rather,
becaufe found in an Afi-colouf d Earth. The true Cyprian C<£ru-
leum, or Ultramarine, as is teftified by Rulandm^ being found ia
terra cinerea ; and the Cdcruleufn Fatavinum, in glebi^jubcinerei^ P;
with whormgrees Kentmannu^, as cited above, Chap. 3. §. 18.
And if true C^eruleum, we have reafon to fufpeft a Mine under-
neath ; for then, fays Aldrovandtis, is C<£ruleum produced, when
fome faline acid humor (fuch as the Vitriol that dies the Trees

" Philofoph. Tranfafl. N«OTi. 18. °Britaa»iaBaco»ica in CumierUn J. t Ulait. Rulami. Lexic- Al-
themite.

X 2 black)

iS^ The !J\(jtural Hijlory

black) corrodes fome metallick. matter or other "^ ; which fom-
times is Copper^ and fomtimes Gold, as Enceliwi witneffeth it is at
Lauterberg and Goldeberg in Silefia^ in his Book De re Metallica "";
where he alfo further adds, that Gold is fmelted out of C>fruleum
itfelf.

6r. Dr. 5roir« alfo tells us, in the account of his Journey
from Comara to the Mine-Towns in Hungary % that at Schemnitz^^
where the filver Ore holds fome gold^ and at the filver Mines in
Peru^ there are Rocks cover'd over with a fair ftiining blue. Ru-
/^W«d' alfo joins it with ^ filver C^e ztGicfiubelia, and fo does
Flinji " : What then diould hinder but it may be fo here ? fincc
I do not doubt it to be the fteam of 2i mineral ; for when 1 was at
the bottom of thej^zV (above 50 foot deep) notwithftanding the
opennefs of the/'/^, and coolnefs of the day, no Sun appear-
ing, I found it fo hot^ that the drops followed one another on
my face , whence 1 judged the Mine-chamber not to be far
off.

62. Which 1 rather gucfs to be of fdver than of any other
metal^ becaufe of the Alabajlrint or f^ar-lik^ fubftance found
mixMwithit; which, fays Hr.lfebilerj was in fome places in-
termixtalfo in the beft Silver-mine ever yet found in England^ the
Ore whereof held about fixty fix pounds per Tun ^. From all
which it may be concluded, that 'tis probable at leaft that here
may have been formerly fuch a mine^ ftopt up as I firft thought by
the Aboriginal Britans, upon the arrival and conqutfts of the Ro-
mans or Saxons^ who not being able to recover their Country with-
in the memory of man, it might be loft like the Gold-mine of
Glafs-Hitten in Hungary^ when Bethkm Gabor over-ran that Coun-
try "" ; or the Gold-mine of Cunobeline m Efex, difcover'd again
temp. Hen. 4. as appears by the Kings Letters of Mandamu6^ bear-
ing date 1 1 May, An. 2. Rot. 34. directed to Walter Fitr-Walter
concerning it ^ ; and fince that loft again.

63. Till at length they found the Vrns^ and then 'twas plain
and evident that itmuft have been formerly fome Roman Work,
and probably ftill remains fome old Roman Mine, in all likelyhood
ftopt up, when Gallio of Ravenna fent hither with a Legion (the
laft that ever was in 5rz7a«) to repel the Fi6is 2nd Scots ^ was fi-

1 Mufaum MetaUicum^lii.-ij.cap.^- ' Encel.de re Metallica. cap. 22. ^ Accountof hisTravels, />. 93,
94 t MaTt:RulaT7di Lextcoa Alchemic. " Nat. HiB. Uk. ^\. cap. 12- * Hiftory of Metals^ cap. 13.
* DtBrcTJJus Travels into Hungary. > Sir Jobn Pettus his Fodina R%al. w/ 9 ■ tr 1 3 •

nally

Of 0XF0\V^SH1%E. \6^

nally recalled by Vakntinian the third, toaiTift Mtius in Gallia a-
gainft the In-roads of the Franckj under Clodion^ and to fuppoft
his then tottering, and quickly after ruin'd Weftern Empire: At
-what time, fays Mr. Speed ^ (but he quotes not his Author) they
buryed alfo ihtuTreafures^ whereof we have found parcels in all
Ages ever fince.

64. And this 'tis likely they might do, firfl by throwing in
fnes^ which not lying clofe enough immediatly to fupport the
Earthy were after cover'd with Hafels (when the Nuts were fully
ripe, which has occafioned their endurance to this very day) on
which they heaped Earth ; which after fonie time finking below
thefurface of the other ground might occafionthis Pond^ never
thought to have been any other till the time abovc-mention'd.

65. After the accidents of Oakj-, come we next to thofe of
Elms^ whereof there ftands one on 5i;7/fj/-Common, 2.lt\\Q f}'uxs
next the ground at lead 6 yards diameter^ occafion'd here, as (I
fuppofe) at many other places, by ereftingaTurf feat round the
bottom of the Tree^ it being elfewhere but of ordinary dimcn-
fions. But this is not fo extravagant in the excefs of the growth
of its /r«;?^ near the ground, but there is another more ftrange
for a defeft in that place, viz^ a great old Elm growing near the
North-eaft corner of the Bowling-green in Magdalene College
Grove, difbarked quite round, at moft places two foot, at fome
at leaft a yard, or four foot from the ground ; which yet for
thefe many years paft has flourifh'd as well as any Tree in the
Grove.

66. Now how this (liould come to pafs (all Trees being be-
lieved to receive their nouriflmient between the iroo^and bark.-*
and prefently to die upon their feparation) many have admired,
but few attempted to explain, being further difcouraged by the
abfence of the pit b^ the Tree being within as hollow as a Drum,
and its outmoft furface, where unbarkM, dead and dry befide.
All which I think had not ftartled me much, but that 1 found it in
our Transactions ^ pofitively aflferted, that if any circle be drawn
round any common EngliJ/j tree (^onXy Afi excepted) as Oak.^
Elm, Poplar, isrc, by incifion to the /i7;2^er (how thin foever the
knife be) fo that no part of the rind or hark^ to the very foli J
timberht uncut, the Tree will die from that part upwards.

s' Hiftory of Bn/«w-//^-6-<-i2/i. 54.. * Philofoph.Tranfad:. M/wr^. 45.

67. For

i66 The ^J^atural Hijiory

6"/. For the better clearing of which /oiw?, and avoidance of
the attending difficulties^ it will be but requifite, though two prin-
cipal parts of our tree be wanting, to reprefent in Sculpture^ at
lead a fextatit of the body of an Ehn cut tranfverfly, together
with zhe bar k^nd pi th^ as well as the wooJ, as they all appear in a
Mioojcope: Which without further trouble, or fufpicion of falf-
hood, 1 have carefully taken out of the Anatomy of Trunks lately
publidiMby the accurate and ingenious Dr. Gren?, asin//j3. lo.
Fig. 2. only with fome alteration of the Letters of dinliion.
Wherein

AB, CD. reprefent the whole hark, of the tree.

AB. the skin of the bark.

CD one kjnd of fap veffels.

EF. another kind of fap veffels.

GH. the parenchyma of the bark^herein theVe/icuU

are fo exceeding fmallj oi. difficultly to be fercei-

vedbytheMicrofcope.
IK, LM, NO, PQ. the great air veffds pojiured chief-
ly in rings on the inner verge of every annual

grovpth of wood.
rs, rs, rs. thefmallair veffels po^ured in crofs bars,
TVW thepith.
XY. the diametral portions , or infertions runing

through the fever al annual rings from thepith

to the bark'
zzzz. the true wood, having been originally the fap

veffels of the hark-

now the fap veffels in this diagram being only to be found in the
Bark,and tho(e parages intercepted at fo great diftances, as above-
mention'd in our Elm, the great queftion ftill returns as difficult
as before, and as far from folution.

68. In the clearing whereof, it muft firft for certain be an-
fwer'd, that its a great miftake (though it have obtained fo long)
that a tree only lives by the afcent of its nouriftiment in or be-
tween the Bark and the Wood, and that trees muft needs die
when once they are bark'd round , here being matter ot faO: to
confute thofe opinions. And fecondly. That it is as certain a
truth as the other is a mijlak^^ that an Elm as well as an Ajh^ or

any

OfOXFO^V^SHIXE. i6y

any other trce^ whatever Experiments may have been made, may
and dos fonitimeslive after 'tis diil}arked,and that therefore there
muft be other 7/fy^e/i-, befide the/j/> z/fj^A of the Bark, capable of
the office of conveying /?/>, fiifficient not only for tlie life, but
flouriiliing condition ot a tree.

69. And fuch perhaps are a fort of fmall vejfels in the very
fchcmatifm of the wood at zzzz, not perceptible by a Microfcope, it

being on all hands agreed on, that the vt'hole vt^ood of trees^ was
all heretofore the fap vefels of the Bark : The Bark every year,
as Dr.Grevp^ well obferves, dividing into two /^r/^, and dirtri-
buting itfelftwo contrary ways ; the o«/erpart falling oft' toward
the (kin at A B, and becoming at length the (kin it felf ; and the
inner part adding it felf to the wood^ i\\tparenchymou6 part there-
of making a new addition to the Injertions atXY, and the fap
veffeh a new addition to the lignou^ parts at zzzz (landing be-
tween the Infertions : So that a Ring of fap veffels in the Bark
this year, becomes a Ring of wood in the tree the next ; all which
maybe perfectly feen in the great Oak. afore-mentioned, (§, 45.
of this Chapter^ and belonging to the fame College^ at feveral
places where the rind is bruifed oft.

70. And if fo, not unlikely they may fo far retain their anci-
ent office of conveying fap^ as to keep a tree alive, though not
augment it, which perhaps may beone difterent ufe of thefe fap
vefels intheiToo^from thofc in the bark-) thefe being fufficient
for the continuation of a tree^ and the others ferving only for its
augmentation : Which if true, and our tree paft its increafe, as
no doubt it has been many years fince ; what need has there been
of any fuch thing as they^/z/^j^/^ of the bark.? or indeed of the
bark, it felf?

71. Now that this indeed is certainly fo, feems agreed on
and confirmed by the learned and ingenious Mr. Willughhy and
Mr. Bay '^; who have made it appear by irrefiftible experience, that
the fap not only afcends between the bark, and the tree^ but alfo
through the very fubftance of the wood: And by the accurate
Dr. Grevp^, who allows to the wood^ as weliy^j> veffels as air vef-
fels., it being proper to the bark, to have fap veffels only. All
which put together, feem abundantly to difpel all appearing dif-

•> Ccmpar. Anatom. of Trunks, f. 3- ' Philofoph. Tranladt. Numh.a^i. ' Comparat- Anatom.
of Trunks, cjp. 8.

ficultiei

1^8 The Natural Hlftory

Jiculties, and no queftion will fatisfie all unprejudiced Readers
how our /ret comes to flourifti, chough difbark'd all round.

72. But if there (liall be any found fo fro ward, as not to al-
low(againft all experience) thofe minute fapvejje Is in the fubftance
oftherrW, yet the vifible /ric/L'^«'rc/e5 between the annual coats
of the wooJ^ obferved alfoby Mr. Willughhy^ Mr. Ray^ and Dr.
Tong % which I fuppofe may be the large air vejjels of Dr. Grerr^
may be fufficient for this purpofe ; efpecially in Elm, where they
are numerous and of two forts, as in rab. ro. Fig. 2. I K, is'C
r s, (yc. It being the office of <7ir vejfeis^ for about a month in Mjrci^
and April\ before the newfap veffdls of the bark.2xt fit for ufe, to
convey thc/aj? necelTary for the vegetaticn of all Plants. iVnd if
fo, in old trees that have done growing, and have no need of the
(2;?««^/ new production of a bark.-, why may it not continually a-
fcend by them ftill ?

73. To which if it be objefted, that a /ree lives as well by ve-
getable air Tisfap, and that if the air veffels be continually fiU'd with
faj), the tree muft dye on the other fide for want of air : It may

eafily be replyed, that the ufe of the /«/fr//ow5 or J)iameti al por-
tions^ Fig. 2. X Y, interceding the />///? at T V W, and the paren-
chyma of the hark^ at G H, all made of fmall kind of bladders
clufter'd together, is for conveyance of ^ir, as well as the air
-veffels themfelves. But if it be further urged, that the Diame-
tral portions only ferve to convey it by the bredth, and not the
length of the tree, which makes them infufficient for this pur-
pofe ; we have latitude enough, and can allow the hff^rfap vef-
fels that lye in crofs bars at r 5 to fupply that defeft, and ftill re-
tain all the ranges of the great air veffels -aX. IK, LM, NO, PQ , for
conveyance of "the fap, in fuch like Trees as our old Elm.

74. And if it be further enquired, how it comes to pafs that
fome trees do dye upon the lofs of their bark, and all are not pre-
ferved by the help of thefap, or air veffels of the wood : It may
be anfwer'd, and probably rightly enough, that fuch trees as are
young, a growing, have a plentiful iifue of thin/t^ between the
bark and the wood, and that readily bleed when they are wound-
ed or bored, do moft commonly (if not always) certainly dye:
whereas fome of the fame trees when older, pad growing, efpe-
cially if they have a more gummy juice, fuch as AJ/j, Elm, Lime-

« Philofoph. Tranfadt. t^uml>. 43. e^ 48. f Dr. Grew of the vegetation of Plantsj cap 1.

tree.

Of OXFO %P^SHt\E. 169

tree^ isrC' may live and flouridi many years after their difbarking,
by the faps afcent through the fap or air veffe/sof the wocd,

75. Moreover, amongft the ^faVe;7/s- that have happen 'd to
El?ns^ 1 muft not forget a very pleafant one that fell out ati^/it/-
Me-/ifto?7-, where cleaving of E/m blocks at one Mr. Lang§}on''s^
there came out apiece fo exaftly reprefenting a (lioulder of Veal,
that it was thought worth while to preferve it from the fire by the
ovpjier of it, by whom it was kindly bellowed on me, as an additi-
on to the reft of my Curiofities of Nature.

j6. But the moft remarkable accidents that ever befel trees,
perhaps here, or in any other County-, were the foundations of two
eminent Religious houfes both occa^on'd by trees. The firft, Ojeney
J;^/ry founded in that place by Robert WOylj the fecond, by reafon
of a certain tree thzt ilood in the meddorvs where after he .built the
Abbey, to which it feems repaired a company of ^'yes, as often
as Editha the wife of Robert came to walk that way, which in
company with her ;/7-7ir^ (lie often u fed to do (as Le/and eyprtf^es
it') to (ohce her fe/f^ : at whofe arrival the Ryes wtre alwaies fo
clamorous, thar^^^e took notice of ir, and confuks with one Radul-
■phm Canon of St. Fridtfwid's, what this might fignifie : who cun-
ingly advifes, that fhe muft build fome Cburch or Monaflery where
the tree ftood, whichyl^^'e inftantly procures her Ru^bwd to do,
and this Radidphm (her Ccnfefor) to be made the firft Rriori

77. what tree this was, Z^A^/?^ acquaints tis not ; but
that which occafioned the fecond Foundation in the place where
it is, was a triple Elm, having three trunks iiTuing from one root.
Near fuch a Tree as this Sir TbomoiWhite., Lord Major of London
(as we have it by Tradition) was warned in a Dream he (liould
build 2LCollege,for the education of Youth in Religion and Learn-
ing '. whereupon he repairs to Oxford, and firft met with fom-
thing near Glocefter-Hall thdit feem'd to anfwer his Dream, where
accordingly he erefted a great deal of Building. But afterward,
finding another £/;7z near St. Bernards College, fuppreft not long
before by King Hen. 8 . more exaftly to anfwer all the circumftan-
ccs of his Dream, he left oft' at Glocejier-Hall, and built St. John
Bapt. College, which, with the very Tree befide it, that occafion'd
its Foundation, flourifties to this day, under the Prefidence of the
Reverend and Learned Dr. Levinz^ a cordial promoter of this

Uejlgn, g jjelandiltinerarium., K»/. 2.^<?^- 18, 19.

Y 78. Be-

lyo The ^J^tural Hijiory

7 8 . Befide the Elms at St. Johns knit together at the roo/,therc
are two Beeches in the way from Oxford to Readings near a place
called Cain-end^ more ftrangely joined together a great height
fromthe ground : for the bodies of thefe Trees come from diffe-
rent roots, and afcend parallel to the top, but are joined together
a little before they come to bough, by a tranfverfe piece of tim-
ber entering at each end into the bodies of the Trees^ and growing
jointly with them, for which reafon 'tis commonly called the
Gallovp-tree^ though the piece that intercedes them lies fomwhat
obliquely : How this fhould come to pafs many have wondered,
but the problem I guefs may be eafily folved, only by allowing
the tranfverfe piece of Timber to be one of the boughs of the Tree
to which its lowermoft end ftill joins, which whilft young and
tender, might bear fo hard againft the body of the neighboring
Tree^ that with the continual motion of the wind, it might not
only fretitfelf afunder, but gall off the barktoo of the other
Tree ; which clofingup again in calm weather at the rifing of the
fap, might well include fo near a neighbor, firft within its hark-,
and after fome time within the vrccd it felf : which 1 have obfer-
ved to have been done but very lately in Nerv College Gardens,
where the boughs of two different Sjcomores are thus grown to-
gether, only by bearing hard on one another, and interchangably
fretting away each others barkt ^nd then clofing up again at the
rifing of thefap.

79. There have alfo fome flcci^(?«/s- befallen the AJ/j zndlfil-
low, not commonly met with ^ the former whereof in a Clofe of
one Mr. Coker, of the Town of Biffeter^ grows frequently out of
the boal of the other, yet not as 'tis ufual amongft other Trees,
but fo that the roots of the Ajhes have fome of them grown down
through the whole length of the trunks of the Willows^ and at laft
faftening into the earth it felf, have fo extended themfelves that
they have burfl: the Willows in funder, whofe fides falling away
from them and perifliing by degrees, what before were but the
roo/y, are now become the bodies of the Aftjes themfelves. But
this happens only to Willovcs that have been lopt at fix or (tstn
foot high ; the w'illovcs at EnJIon^ in the walks near the Rock,
whereof there are feveral about 50 foot high, being incapable I
fuppofe of any fuch accident.

80. Befide this unufual growth of the Aflj^ I have met with

other

- 0fOXFO%p-SHI\E. 171

Other accidents that frequently attend it, which becaufe fo much
commencledby P/iw)/ ''in Af^//^, in which they are common, I
think ought much more to be noted in this : And fuch are the
Nodofitics called Brufcum and Mollufcum^ to be found in Ajh as
. well as Maple, which when cut, (liew a curled and twining grain ;
the Brufcum thick and intricate, the MoUufcum being ftreaked in a
more dired courfe. With the Mollufcwn of Apj there is a whole
Clofet wainfcoted, at the much Honored Mr. Stonofs o^IFatling'
/o«Park, the grain of the panes being curioufly waved like the
Gamahe's of Achats. And at the Worfliipful Mr. Reads., of the
Parifli of fyfden., the Brufcum of an old Ajh is fo wonderfully fi-
gured, that in a Dining-table made of it (without the help of
fanfie) you have exaftly reprefented the figure of the Filli, we
commonly call a Jack.-, though endeavoring to mend., they have
fomwhat marr'd it by Art : and in fome other Tablets the figures
of TiVnicorn., and an old Man from the navel upwards, but nei-
ther of thefe fo plain as the former.

81. Jacohm Gaffarellu6, amongft his unheard of Curiofiries\
tells us of a Tree found in Holland.^ which being cut to pieces by a
wood-cleaver, had in one part of it the figure of a Chalice., in
another that of a Priefts Albe, in another that of a Stole ; and in
a word, there were reprefented very near all the ornaments he^
longing to a Frie/l : which relation if true, fays he, it muft needs
be confeft, that thefe figures could not be there cafually or by
chance; and indeed 'tis very hard to think, howfo many things
pertinent to the fame ofice., fhould thus meet together without
fome defign of Nature, However, till I am better fatisfied of the
truth of the thing, or convinced by the fight of fome other fuch
Curiofity, I cannot afford to think ours (being altogether inde-
pendent) more than meerJcaVew^i'.

82. Befide thefe unufual accidents o^ w\io\Q Trees .,ot their Trunks.,
there are fome alfo that have happened to their upper branches
and leaves, whereof the former are ^omtimes fafciated., and the
latter firiped. In willovrs, and fome other of the fofter woods,
the uppermoft boughs are commonly /^yc/j/ei, but the beft of the
kind I ever yet faw, was the top-branch of ?in Afi., which I met
with at Biffeter.y not only fafciated., but moft uniformly wreathed
two or three times round. And there is a good example of this

* Nat. Hill- lib. 16. cap. 1 6- '[ Unheard of Curiofities, cbep.'^.

Y 2 na-

I y 2. The !J^tural Bi/Iorj

nature, in a top branch of Holly hanging up in the Gate-houfe of
the Phjifickrg^fd^n^ whence 'tis plain, that this happens alfo to
the hardeft v^oods ; and in both, by the afrent of too much
nourifhment, though in branches of Trees, efpecially fuch as are
not only fat but helically curled, I guefs there concurs fome blalV,
or fome fuch like matter, that contrafts the //le/y and fo turns
them round, befide the cxcefs in the afcent of their nouri(h-
ment.

83. As for the ftriped leaves of 7^eei-,as well as thofe o^ Shrubs,
and herbaceous Plants, I fuppofe they may be met with almoft in
every kind. The greater Maple^ mifcalled the Sycomore, vv^as found
ftriped white not many years fince in Magdalen College Grove,
and tranflated thence into the Pbyfick-garden, where it flouridies
ftill and retains its §lrifings ; and I hear of a ftriped Elm fom*
where in Dorfet-fiire. Dr. Childrey ^, and out of him the inge-
nious Mr. Evelyn ', inform us of an Oak in Lanhadron Park in the
County of Cornwall (to omit the painted Oak. in the Hundred of
Eajf) which conftantly bears leaves (peckled with white. And
there was another of thefe found this inftant year, 1^76. by my
worthy Friend Dr. Thoma^Tayler, in a place called Frid-wood, m
the Paridi of Borden near Sittingbourn in Kent. But of thefe more
hereafter, when I come into thofe Counties.

84. Of Vnufual trees now cultivated in Oxford-flnre, there
are fome remarkable ; fuch is the Abele-tree^ advantagioufly pro-
pagated by Sir George Croke of IFaterffock-, which he does, by
cutting /iahs out of the more fubftantial part of the v^ood, which
put into moift ground grow more freely than vpHIovps^ coming in
three or four years time to an incredible height. And fuch are
the Fir-tree^ and the leiTer mountain Pine, whereof there are fe-
veral iVE/r/er/Vi- planted in the Quincunx order, at Cornbury, in the
Park, of the Right Honorable the Earl of Clarendon, which they
propagate hy flips twifted, as well as by Kernels, Mo that advantage
that there is great hopes of beautiful and ftately Groz^^yof them ;
fuch as I met with at the Right Wordiipful Sir Peter Jf^entwcrths at
Lillingston Lovely where there are three Walks of Firs, moft of
them 20 yards high.

85. Which Paridi, if the Reader look for in the Map of ^x-
fordfiire he muft not expeft to find, though it belong to the County,

* Britannia Baconica in CornviifU. ' Difcourfeof Forefl Trees, cap. -^s

it

Of OXFO%T).SHl%E. i^x

it lying five miles within Buckingham-fiire : as on the other fide
feveral Pari Hies of Berkshire^ Buckingham-fiire^ and WorceJ^er-
J/jire-, are placed within Oyford-JiAxe. How thefe things come
to pafs we have little of certainty, but in all probability this
LiUinfrJicn was accounted in 0:KfordftAre for the fake of the f ords
Lovels, whofe Inheritance, from the addition, we may conclude
it once was ; who being powerful raew in thefe parts, and not un-
likely moft times the Kings Lieutenants^ might have permiifion to
reckon this their own Eftate, within their own Jurifdidion as
pzn of Oxford J/i re ; as I fuppofe all other /'^rz/Z^fy thus placed
out of the body of their Counties^ may alio have been.

86. From this neceifary, and therefore I hope pardonable di-
gre/iion, { proceed to fome Fruit-trees not ordinary elfewhere^
fuch as the double-bearing Pear-trees : whereof I met with one in
the Parifti of Hafeley^ at a place called Latchfcrd^ in the Hort-
yard of Mr. Gooding^ called the Pear of Faradice^ whofe firft
Crop is ripe about Midfuimner^ and the fecond at Michaelmaj^,
There is alfo another of thefe, but of a different kind, in the
Parilh of Stanlake at the Chequer-Inn^ called the Hundred-found
Pear, which Bloifoms at two diftinft times, and bears two Crops,
whereof it has both forts (much like the Fig) upon the Tree at
a time, fome ripe, and others green. But in both thefe trees^
the Pears in thefecond Crops are fomwhat lefs than of the firO:,
and grow both after a peculiar manner, moft of them, if not all,
coming forth at the ends of the twigs, which are all the pedicles
they feem to have ; and therefore on the tret they do not hang
downwards, like thofe of the firft Crop, but point up in the air^
or any other way the flioots direft them.

87. At Corpus Chrifii College they have a fort of Pear-tree^ that
bears Fruit in hardnefs little inferior to the younger shoots of
the very tree that bears them ; and therefore not undefervedly by
iomt c'A\Q6.x.\\t Wooden- pear ^ though in wet years I have known
them pretty foft : but generally they are fo found, and of fo un-
alterable a conftitution, thati have now fome by me that were fea-
fonably gather 'd, above ten years old, as hard and firm as ever
they were at firft, only fomwhat lefs than when firft gather'd ;
for which very reafon, in fome parts ofworceffer-flire where they
have plenty of them, they are called Long-lajlers^ being not fub-
jeft to rot like other Pears.

88. And

ij^ The J^atura! Hifiory

88. And thus ! had finidrd the Chapter of Plants^ but that I
rhiiik fit to acquaint the Reader of a furcher defign I have concern-
ing them, T^i^. Of enquiring hereafter into fome other accidents
of Plants of an inferior quality to any before mentioned ; which
yet perhaps are more abftrufe in their confideracion than the more
noted one? are. And fuch are the blebs or bliylers we find on the
leaves o\ many Trees ^nd Shrubs^ which fomtimes happen to them
after heat and droughts, and fomtimes too upon cold nipping
weather : but whether thus infefted from the air from without,
or hy juices within, or by both ; and when by one, or the o^her,
or both together ? is a Quejlion requires a great deal of time, and
more fedulity than has yet been afforded, to be but probably fol-
ved.

89. And this I the rather defign, becaufe all that I find certain
concer.iing them yet, is only that the weak, and free growing
fappy Trees are moft fubjeft to them, and the (tout Ever-greens but
little, if atall : tlut the infe^ ion for the moft part is under, and
the bliffer above the leaf, but fomtimes otherwife : that the bli-
Jfers (omumes h'dve Infers in them, fomtimes hezr fungus's on
their tops', and fomtimes have neither : But what kind of /^T^^s
oryi/w^g-K^'s they are, that belong to each Plant th^t have them?
or whether the fame Plants have not fomtimes different Infers
zndfungu^''s^ efpecially in dry, and wet years ? are alfo Quefaons
that require indefatigable induftry, to be in any meafurefatisfied.

90. And yet even in thefe, if Goiigive me life, and I find en-
couragement to proceed in my undertakings 1 intend to attempt
fomthing. As alfo to find outhovv^it comes to pafs,that of the

feeds of many Plants^ fuch as Oak.^ Afi^ Elm^ Beech-, Terv, 7«"
niper^ Hnnp^ isrc. there come fome Plants again that will never
he^r feeds^ if not timely prevented by our Learned Profeffbr of
Natural Philofnphy, the Ingenious Dr. Millington ; the Learned
Dr. Mori/on our Botanic Profeffor ; or the Learned and accurate
Dr. Grew^ now reading, writing, and pradtifing the Anatomy^ of
Vegetables^

' See Mr. Hooks Micrograph. Obfervat. 1 9.

C HAP.

OfOXFO%V^SHI%E. 175

CHAP. VIL
Of "Brutes.

HAVING done with the Vegetative, I proceed to the
Animal Kingdom , wherein I (hall confider firft , rhac
part of// that indeed has apprehenfwn of external OhjeSis^
of F lea fares dind. Pains^ and Locomotion to make addrefs to the one^
and fly the other, but is void of reafon ; within which may be
comprehended all manner of Brutes, fuch as Birds, Infers, Fijhes,
Reptih, zr\& four-footed Beafts, which 1 prefume may be a fubjeSi
fufficicnt for this Chapter, though as in the former o^ Plants, 1 in-
tend only to mention y«c/?', as either have not been noted before^
are very unufual, or have i^omth'm^ extraordinary attending them ;
Leaving what concerns Men for a Chapter by it felf.

2. And herein, as before in the Chapter of F armed Jlones (and
as I intend for the future in all other Chapters fo far forth as they
will bear it) I (liall obfcrve the method oi the whole Ejfay, and
firft treat of fuch Animals as are Inhabitants of the Heavens,x\\tn
of thofe that belong to ihtWaters, and laftly of fuch as inhabit
the dry Land; of which in their order.

3 . But amongft the inhabitants of the Air or lowermoft Hea-
ven, it cannot be expefted in fo fmall a County, I ftiould produce
w.^/7j not already noted, fince the /f(7/y^er^^Kingdom has been fo
lately and fo carefully furveyed, by the Learned and induftrious
Francis Willughbj Efq; Nor indeed could I meet with any omitted
by him, except perchance a //7r/e5ir^, fo mt i mes feen, but oft-
ner heard in the Park, at Woodilock.', from the noife that it makes,
commonly called the Wood-cracker \ Defcribed to me (for I had
not thehappinefs to fee it) to be about the bignefs of 7i Sparrow,
with a blm back, and a reddifi bread, a wide mouth and a long
bill, which it puts into a crack or fplinter of a rotten bough of a
Tree, end makes a noife as if it were rending afunder, with that
violence, that the noife may be heard at leaft tvpelve /core yards,
fomchavc ventured to fay a mile from the place.

4. Which is alU could find in the County of Oxford omitted by
that caiefal and ingenious Author^ except I may have leave to

number

iy6 The Natural H'ljlory

number the Viaholus tnarinu^^ or Sea Devil>- hir J menuon''d by
jfohnfton '", and others, and to be feen in the Repofitory of the
Bodkyan Library : Which though it has fo ill a name, contrafled
I fuppofe from its exquifite blacknefs, and the ill it bodes to '^ea-
wre« whenever they fee // ; yet is a very beautiful Bird, and has
therefore by fome been numbered amongfl: the Manucodiatas^ and
called the Z'/^c/^^/W of Baradife. But of this no more, bccaufe
no inhabitant of the Land^ much lefs of this County.

5. Which yet I think I had not forborn to defcribc, had our
5i;Y/ been pcrfedt, it not being to be found in Sculpture la any
Author that 1 know of; For though 1 did it not in Foreign un-
defcribed Plants growing in our Gardens^ well knowing the much
abler Dr. Morifon to be about it : Yet T think I may take the liber-
ty to do it in ^nimals^ not hearing of any body elfe nowdefign-
ing fuch a work.

6. And therefore fliiill not omit the Hen from the //7eof St.
//t/f/z, now living, and in the pof'ellion of the Right Honorable
the Lord Norrcys^ a great lover of Curiofities in all torts of ^nU
rnah'. which for her kind 1 think may be accounted one of the
•yiiiJL(pcJivv^ii, andamongft them of the rapacious, carnivorous fort,
having her beak, near its end, crook 'd after the manner of a Vul-
tur, and ftriking with herpounces like a Harvk^ though her talons
indeed are not much more turned than thofe of a common houfe
Hen.

7. In her bead Wstnie die is fomwhat like the fecond fort of
Gypaeios of Mdrcvandm ", or the Bercnopteros of Johnjion °, be-
ing bald 2nd wriikled, but not quite to the hinder part of the
head^ as they r.re faid to be ; having from the crown of her head
down to the beginning of her neck_^ and fo behind here^r^ to her
throat., a fort of (lender />tae, XxVthri flics., which (lie erefts or
lets fall at pleafure : in her^or^^ealfoand/owwce^flie is very unlike
them, for though (lie be carnivorous., yet her gorge is (lender, and
though (lie ftrike with h^x pounces., they Icarce exceed in bignefs
thofe of a conimon bouje Hen., whereas the gorge TiwA pounces of
the Gypaetos., and Bercnopteros, are protuberant and very long ;
nor has fhe like them any part of her plume fo difpofed at the
top of her back.., as to reprefent a Monks hood, thrown backward
from his head P.

"> T)e AvibusJil).^. tit. i. cap. ^. " Omit hohg. Tom. i. lib. 2. ca0.^o. ° Hift.Nat- de Avil>us, lb. i.
27m, cap.2. Art.j^. r Vid.Willi(ghheiiOr,iitholog.lib.2(ap.\ Artie. %. cirTah.i:^.

8» How-

OfOXFO%T>^SHI%E. lyy

8. However, for her near refemblance of them in her head-,
and feme other />/2r/i-, we cannot but allow her to be a Bird of that
genu6^ though iindefcribed ; and accordingly advife, (lie may be
placed amongft them by future Ornithologies, to which purpofe
let them take the following defcription.

9. Her beak.\s ftraight, only at its extremity, where it is turn-
ed like the Vulturs^ in length 2 inches J, and her Nares long and
narrow, as in Tab. i o. Fig. 3. ThepupilU of her ejes arc full and
black, encompaffed with Irides of a dark brown colour, bald
and wrinkled to the top of the head, and fo round by the ears
(which are of an irregular 01^/7/ form) next which ftandthe/e«-
Ticefetifonnes as aforefaid ; her gorge not at all protuberant, but
(lender ; her wings complicated or folded to her body, reach al-
moft to the end of her train^ and extended at full ftretch, have
their extremities diftant about five foot, being fomwhat larger
thanthofeof a Lanar., and containing in each of them ^^Revii-
ges^ i.e. befide the five feathers^ 29 at leaft or 30 fiags : her
thighs and pounces are m.uch like thofe of a common houfeHen,
having the outermoft talon knit to the reft by a jnembran. In the
whole, flic is bigger than a Mofcovy Gojhavok.-, from the point of
her beak, to the extremity of her train., above two foot long,
her ^/«;77f for the moft part being of an Adi-colour, mixt with
fome white feathers, and growing whiter upon memng, as thofe
of Havrks do.

10. Other Birds there are here that are but rarely feen, yet
breed in this Country, and arc continually with us, and therefore
to be numbred amongft thofe we call perennial. Such are the V-
pupa the Hoopoe, or Hooping-bird ; whereof I faw one alive on
Otmoor, and another was given me for the Repofitory of the Bod-
leyan Library (killed fomwhere about Caffenton) by one Mr. Pain-
ter Alderman of Wood/lock, A Bird it is to admiration beautiful,
being cUrioufly deck'd with feathers of divers colours, and with
a large creji on its head, as it is exquifitely engraven both by Dr.
Charleton * and Mr. Willugkby ; but like the Viaholm rnarinu^, ne-
ver appearing or being heard (as the W^^r will have it) till im-
mediatly before fomc approaching calamity.

11. As for Birds that have cafually flown hither, or come but
at fome certain feafons of the year, by Naturali^s ftiled Aves mi-

* Oaomafi.Zoicon-TitulAveSjClajJ'eConorarum.

Z, gratori<x

lyS The 0\(\itural H'ljlory

gratorU^ befide S'lr^/Zoirj-, and fome well known winter Fowl'
The Cormorant has been obferved to come hither about Harveft
time, whereof there was one killed from St. Maries fteeple (ti-
red with a long flight) ^«. 167$. and another young one taken up
in Arncot-fidh fallen down in the Corn,and brought me to Oxford.

12. But what is fom what ftranger, in the year 1644. the /^i-
ca Brafilienfis^ or Toucan^ whofe beak is near as big as its whole
body, was found within two miles of Oxford, and given to the
Repofitory in the Medecine-Schcol^ where it is ftill to be feen ; which
argues it a ^/>(/ of a very rank, wing, there being a neceffity of
its flying from America hither, except we fi^iall rather fay it might
be brought into England by Ship, and afterwards getting away
might fly hither.

13. Of Birds well known of unufual colours^ I have met with
two remarkable examples : the one a white Linnet^ given me by
Mr. Lane of Deddington ; and the other a fort of white^ and/>)'-
ed Phefants^ kept by the Right Honorable James Lord Norreys of
Ricot : Whereof how fome happen to be of difterent colours from
the reft of their ffecies^ efpecially when they have deviated from
their kind by vrhitenefi, hath been a quejlion ihowght worthy of fe-
vere examination. In theprofecution whereof, it hath been ob-
ferved (as before in the Chapter of Plants^ §. 38 ) that whitenejl
often proceeds from a defed of moifture or nourifliment ; and it
hath been a received opinion concerning Birds^ that they may
become white by pluckmgoflF their firft feathers, which will caufe
their new ones to come forth of that colour. But befide thefe
ways of art and privation^ it is manifeft that Nature her felf fom-
times pofitively defigns fuch a colour, even in (fecies too that
feldom are of it, many other Animals as vv^ell as Birds^ having
been produced of /y6^/ colour unufual to the /^'eaV^, as brisk and
well liking as any others whatever, fuch as white Moles ^ Rats, Mice^
and fomtimes white Fawns^ where there has been neither Buck\
nor Voe of that colour in the Park.

14. And this Iguefs flie does by giving fome certain Indivi-
duals of each /pedes a fkin of finer and more contracled/ore^than
others, which will caufe whitenejl in feathers, hair, (src. by nod
permitting of the fulphureou^ particles to expire, which give varie-
ty of colours '^ ; thus we fee in the cicatrization of wounds where

' ViJ. \Fslli[iumde Ferment. ea(i. 2.

the

0fOXFO%^'SHI%E. I7P

the fkinis drawn together like ^purfc^nid. the/crejclofed itp^ the
hair comes conftantly vrhite : thus the fubtile Veterinarians pro-
cure white Jlars^ or other defired mark^ in the fore-heads of their
hordes ; and I have feen the (kins q{ black. Grey-hounds powder-
ed with vchite^ or made Errnyncfs, by applying vrcod-tickj to their
fkins when young, both which are performed alfo by cicatrization^
and clofing the pores of the fkin, thereby hindering the exhalati-
on of the Sulphur in thofe parts.

15. Which will further appear from 3n obfervation of my
Lord Ferulam's concerning Flowers, whereof the whites for the
moft part arcj^morc inodorate than other colours : And this he
makes out in many Flowers^ as fingle white Violets, the white Rofci,
w/)i/e July-flowers, (i5)'f. We find alfo, fays he, that bloflbms of
Trees that are white arc commonly inodorate ; as o^Cherrj^ Pear,
and Plum-trees: whereas thofe of Apple^ Crab, Almond, and
Peach- trees, are blufliy, and fmell fweet. The caufe whereof is,
that the texture of thefe Plants producing white Flowers (ex-
cepting fuch as produce white Flowers only, as Lillies • or are
extravagantly fucculent,as the white Satjirion') is fo very clofc and
fine, that it will not permit any yM//>/'«/'eo^5 particles, which are
alfo the caufe o( J metis ' as well as colours, in any meafure to ex-
hale. Which pofTibly may be found true, if duly examined, in
all forts of Animals ; and if fo, we hereby may be profitably in-
ftru^fced what Beaffs of each kind are leaft offenfive, and fittcft for
theconverfation of inen or women, efpecially Ladies, who com-
monly have great fagacity in fmdiing, may hereby be direftcd in
the choice of their Melitaei or Lap-dsgs.

16. As for pjed Sir^i that are generally of another colour^
fuch 2L$p)ed Phefants, isrc. the cafe iseafier, for fuch are produced
either by common colour 'd Hens troden by a white Ccck-phefant,
or vice verfa ; which pofTibly may have happened alfo by our white
Linnet whether male or female, or in any other Birds of any o-
ther fpecies-, as we fee it falls out in Dogs and Hcrfes, and moft
other Animals.

1 7. And this had been all concerning Birds, but that at Wit-
ney, Anno 1674. I met with an Egg about the bignefs of a Pid-
geons, containing another imperfeft one in it, given me by Mn
//iw/o« the then Minifter there, which fecms to have been in the
way toward fuch an Ovum in Ovo as is mentioned by the Learn-

' Idem in loco dteto>

Z 2 cd

iSo The O^tural Hijlory

cd Dr. f^arvey, and Ihewn by him to that incomparable Prince,
Cbatles the Martyr^ and many others ; Vide inquit Ovum perexi-
guum (^zhnciusCenteninumvocat, & Nojirates mwWtx ts G alio a -
fcribunt') cru/f a tedium ^ intra aliudGaliw<£ ovum rnaji^, peifc^ium
(sr cortice ciicutncirca obteSium^ contineri\ Juft fuch an Egg as
this, pregnant with another, is preferved in the Repoficory of
the King of Demnark.-> which wasdiewn by his Majefty to The.
Bartholine^ as heteftificsinhis Efiftles' \ who alfo fa vv^ another
in the year \66<^'^. And Geo. Sebajlian Jungiu6 met with ano-
ther of thefe the nineteenth of 7«;2e, 1671 ''. which are Autho-
rities enough (though more might be brought) to jufrifie my
mentioning the thing, though by lome thought inconfider-
able.

18. Yet before we take leave of the inhabitants of the jiir.,
we have fomthing worth notice concerning winged Infe^s^ and
particularly of the feminine ;7zo;7^rc/)j o{ Bees^ not only the /^ro-
gnojiicators^ but Concomitants of Eloquence : of their Prophetical
prcfages o^ future Eloquence^ we have inftances in Plato^ Findar^
Lucan^ and that eloquent Father of the Church St. Chryjoftcm^ a-
bout whofe mouths, whil'ft Infants^ the Bees gathered, and dropt
their hony^ thereby fore-telling thofe Rhetorical Endowments they
fliould hereafter be poiTeft of, which accordingly came to pafs.

19. But none of thofe, fays the induftrious Butler'', aremore
memorable than the Bees of Ludovicu6 Vives^ who being fent in
the year 1520. hy Cardinal Wol fey to Oxford^ to bepublick Pro-
feffbr of Rhetorick. there, and placed in the College of Bees (Cor-
f H6 Chrifli hc'mg fo called by the Founder \n his Statutes') was
welcomed thither by a fwarm of Bees, which to fignifie the in-
comparable fweetnefs of his Eloquence, fetled themfelves over his
head under the leads of his Study (ztthe wefl-end of ihe Cloyfler}
where they continued about 130 years.

20. The truth of tbi^Jlory appears as rrell by the general voice of
tbe Houfe, who have received it by tradition, ob by the ff^ecial tefti-
mony of a worthy Antiquary [Mr. Brian Twine] who afrvied [to
Mr. Butler] that he had often heard hi6 mafter. Dr. Benefield (one of
thepublick ProfeflTors of Divinity) who then had L. VivesV cham-
ber and Jiudy, and Dr. Cole (then Prefident, and in Q. Maries

* DeGeTier at. A7iimalium,Exerdt. 10 de Ovi (ortke. ' Ei.ft.Cevt %, E^,42. i^- Epifl.Cevt. ^.Ep.
65. " MtfellaneaCur. Mea.TlryJ. Ac»d. tiat.Curiojvrum. An'.i. el>firv.'l6. * jbid. ^ti.2. ohfcrv- ■■I'iO-
* Hiftory of Bees, Numb. 55.

days

Of OXFO'B.V-SHIliE. i8t

Jays Scholar (?/ thk Hoiife) to fay a^ much^ calling thefe Bees, Vi-
ves hk Bees.

21. In the year 1630. /^^ /fd^^ over Vives /lis /?w4' being

pluckt up, [it then being theftudy of Mr. Gabriel Bridges] their

Stall was taken, and with it an incredible mafs ofhony : but the Bees,

as prefacing their intended and imminent de/IruSiion C^hereas they

were never known to have /warmed beforej did that Spring Oo pre-

Jerve their famous kindj fend down a fair fr arm into the Frcfidcnts

garden^ which in the year 16:^'^. yielded two /warms ; one whereof

pitched in the garden for the Prefident ; the other they fent up as a

new Colony topreferve the memory of this mellifluous Doftor, as the

Un.'ivevi'ny ^iled him in a Letter to the C^rd'iml. Thus far Mr*

Butler.

22. And there they continued, as I am informed by feveral
ancient Members of that Society that knevt^ them, till by the Par-
liament Vi/itation^ in Anno 1648. for their Loyalty to the King^
they were all, but two, turned out of their places, at what time
with the reft of the inhabitants of the College, they removed
themfelves, buc no further than the Ea/i end of the fame Cloy-

Jier, whereas if the feminine fympathized with the mafculine}Jio-
narchy, they inftantly declined, and came (hortly to nothing.
After the expiration of which ancient Race^ there came, 'tis true,
another Colony to the Ea/l corner of the Cloyfler, where they con-
tinued till after the return of his moft Sacred Majejiy that now is :
but it not being certain that they were any of the remains of the
ancient Stock, (though 'tis faid they removed thence to the firft
place) norany of them continuing long there, I have chofe ra-
ther to fix their /erio(^ in the year 1648. than to give too much
credit to uncertainties.

23. And thus unhappily, after above fix fcorc years conti-
nuance, ended the famous ftock of Vives his Bees^ where 'tis
pitty they had not remained, as Virgil calls them, an Immortale
Genus^. However, fince they are now irrecoverably loft, it
would not I think be amifs, if the Co//^^^ provided them ano-
ther Colony ; not that I think that Learned Society wants any fuch
monitor of hdu/iry-, but that itfeems but congruous, they (hould
always have by them the Things whereof their whole Houfe is but
the metaphor, the Founder calling it ^Ivearium, and the Students^

I Ciorgic- Lib. 4..

IngC'

iSi The Natural H'iflory

lngeniofa6 apes^ dies noSiefqui Ceram ad Uei honorem^ (y dulciflua
mellaconficientcs^ ad juamiy univerforum Chrifiianorum commodita^
tern. And this I the rather perfwade, becaufe by the new dif-
covery of that excellent method of Bee-houfes and Colonies^ they
are freed from nioft, if not all the hazards, charge, and trouble
that heretofore attended them : Not to mention the advantage
and profit accrewing by them, which has always been judged fo
confidcrable, that there have been feveral rra^^ written and
publilli'd full of experiments, direftions, and methods to be ufcd
in the menage of thefe Infers.

24. But none yet extant that I know of comparable to what
arc pra^tifed hy John Lad of Over-Worton^ and William Tayler of
fVarkForth^ who though a Nortbampton-JJnre Man, has Ajnfa^o-
riesm this County^ who profefs (as I am informed by the Reve-
rend Mr. Clark. Reftor of Dreyton near Banbury') i . That they
can tdk^frarms out of any iicck that is able, and neglefts tofvparm^
without any prejudice to x.\\t/iock.. 2. That they can xtsVg hony
out of a ^oc^ without that hazard to the Bee^^ which (they fay)
the way propofed by the Author of the Colonies is fubjeft too.

3. That they can fecure any flock, from the invafion of Robbers.

4. That they can fo order an old flock , that the Bees (hall ga-
ther pure Virgin hony. 5. If a flock be in low condition, they
can preferve and recruit it, fo as it iTiall do well. 6. They can
take away a Qu^een where there is more than one in a hive^ and
place /-er in ay?o<:4 where the Queen is dead, or othcrwife want-
ing, and by that means keep thefubjeSls together, which would
clfe difperfe. 7. \{ z Queen wznts fubjei^s^ they can draw out
of feveral flocks fupplies in what number they pleafe, that (liall
fettle under her government. And thefe operations they com-
monly praftice, which becaufe profitable to them^ they are un-
willing fliould be made too common, which yet they are fo in-
genious as not to deny to comm.unicate to fit perfons upon rea-
fonable terms.

25. Of other flying InfeSls^ I have minded only the Mtifcd^ a-
quatic<x^ fuch as are generated in the waters, and come of Cad-
VPorms^ and therefore called by Johnflon^ Phryganides % quod t
'Fhryganio Monfeti " (the Caddis of the EngliflS) ortum habeant :

» Hi(i.Njt.cic\nfeiiiSt lib. i. r//. 2. cap.i.art. 2- punii. 4. * In/til- five Mi?/. M-Theat. cap. I2. dt

Nor

OfOXFO^T>^SHIliE. 185

Nor (liall I venture to defcribe above one of thefe neither (and
that only as Tuffecimen of what I intend of the reft^ as faftas I can
compafsthe ;/ze/y6o^of their produdions) vrhkh I think I may
call Mufca t Phryganio faxatili, there being a (fone^ as well as a
/iick. Caddi^^ or Cad-vrcrm ; in the generation of which, Nature
feems to obferve the following method. Firft, there appears on
ihefione to which many of them ftick, as in Tab. 10. Fig. 4.
only little ^w/'^/ei of a glutinous nature, like the ^avpn of frogs ^
which by the dcfcent of gravel 2.nd Jan d thaty?/c4 to them^ are
formed into Jione Caddk houfes, including the Animal therefore
called the flone Caddh ; which after it has continued in its rough-
caji J? on ehoufe its due time, gets off the i7o;ze either to the bank
of the River^ or climes up fome reed, where alfo leaving its
houfe, it becomes ay^e, fomwhat like in fliape to the Mu/c<f
^T^itf i^s^ or I)i/>ilesMoufeti^, thzt come of the /ikk Caddi^^ only
it is fliorter, and wants both the ^ntenn<e and forked briftly tail ;
butmoft of all like the Breife^ only the Eriefe isal!^r<7v, and this
has a black, head and dark.bronrn wings. See its form, Tab. i o.

26. Orher water F/js there are that come of fuch vrorms^ cal-
led Ccckslfurs, Rough-coats^ Pipers, isfc. of which no more at pre-
fent till further obfervation ; but that though at laft they come
to be frying Infers, yet at hrft they are all of them ivater Animals,
which puts me in mind of proceeding next,

27. To the FiJ/jes, whereof we have a fort in the River Ifis^
that we call here a Pride^ of the long cartilagineous fmooth kind,
concerning which i4tt//)orj feemfoobfcure, that 1 know not whe-
ther it be defcribed at all ; or if it be, it is done fo imperfedly^
that perhaps it may be acceptable if I contrive another. The Fifi
the moft like it of any I can find, is the Lampetra parva fluviati-
lis of Rondeletiu6^^ rendred by Dr. Charlton'^ and Dr. Merret^^
t\it Stone-grig', it having a mouth cut neither perpendicularly
downward, nor tranfverfly, but hollowed as it were between
two cheeks, without an under jaw, after the manner of Leeches ;
on the top of its head it has ewe, and on each fidefeven holes
that fupply the place of gills ; and under the belly a fmall line,
reaching from the mouth to the exit of rts excrement ; it moves

^ Idem. cap. II. t Vepifcihusjluviatil.cap. 2/^- ** OtopiaH.Zticon.tit.Pi/ceSyCap. Lavium, ' Pisax
rer. Nat. Brita?t- /> ■ 1 88. •

by

i8^ The 5^(j,tural H'tjlory

by a vpinding impulfe of its body, without the help of any other
fins but thepinnuU at the tail, by which it fteers its courfe ; and
thus far it agrees with the Lampetra fluviatili^.

28, But though they agree in fome particulars, they differ in
as many, our Pride being Jlreaked ^xom the top of its back down
to the afore -mentioned line at the bottom of its belly, with lines
of a diftintl colour from the reft of its body, like the Prickfl ma-
rina of Aldrovandu6 \ whereof the Lampetra is not faid to have
any 1 Befide the two pinnuU of the Lampetra^ whereof one
ftands on the top of its taii^ and the other a little higher on the
back., fome fpace interceding ; the Pride has another underneath
its rail, joyning with the other from above at the tip, making
the whole tail to end like the head of 2. fpear. Moreover, the
eyes of the Pride are very obfcure, and not fuch plain round
ones as are given the Lampetra^ not only in the defcription but
Cut of Rondeletitps ; And though it have a hole in its head^ yet it
ftands not as Rondeletiii6 defcribes it in the Lampetra^ juft in the
middle between the eyest but more forward in the extremity of
the head^ near the upper lip ^ all which may plainly be feen Tab.
1 o. Fig. 6, and 7. Whence 'tis eafie to conclude, that either this
Fijh has not been defcribed at all, or fo very meanly, that there
was almofta neceffity of giving another, either of which I fup-
pofe will excufe this attempt.

29. Bcfidethc F/vVi? which we think undefcribed, we have
another fort of FiJIj plentiful in the Cherrcell (fcarce ever found
in Ifis but below the place where the Rivers joyn) that is more
certainly fo ; and that a FiJh of the fquammou^ kind, which
they call a Finfcale, fom what like a Roach^ only the belly fins^ and
the finglco/zffatthe exit of the excrement, and thofe at the tail
are much redder then thofe of a Roach ; it has alfo a full black eye^
incompafled witha j/e//oR'zV/5, whereas that of a iio:^ is red; it
is alfo a much deeper and thinner F//5, but yet neither fo deep or
thin as a Brea?n ; from which alfo it differs not only in the rednefi
of its yf«j, but in that the /ingle Jin placed next the exit of its ex-
crement, is not continued to the tail as it is in the Bream : Its ^ns
^t the gills 2iTe much rehiter than the reft, and that upon the back
of a di>ly bluifi colour: its fiales^ efpecially near the back, are
of 2. green ifi yellow colour, on which from the g/Z/y to the tail

t Aidrovand. efePiJciiut, lit. 4.. eaf. 13.

there

#

there runs a crooked line of points^ one on e?Lch/cale, as In Taii
10. Fig. 8. The FiJ/jcs mod like ic of any clcfcribed, are the Bol-
leru6 or Bordeliere^ Tknd the Phoxini^ Rofe or Ro/iere of Rondde-
tiu6^ ; butthat they cannot be theyj/Tzeis plain from hence, in that
the Bordeliere is confeft to have no teeth^ whereas the Finfcale has
teeth as large as a Roach ; and the Phoxini never to be found
without /^dfB^w, orto exceed half a foot mXtngth, whereas I have
feen^ Finfcales^ even in time of year when one might well have
expefted it, without zx\y fpavpn ; and fome of them (particularly
the defcribed one. Fig. 8.) from the mouth to the fork of the
tail a foot long^ and four inches and a half in depth, befide many
other differences that might alfo be brought.

30. Which is all I have met with eyitraordinary amongft the
fquamows kind of Fifl^ but that there is a fort of Chub peculiar
to the Eveniode^ fome fay exceeding, all equalling the /'ejrc/) or
Tench in goodnefs. And that at Lillingfion-Lovell^ about fix
years fince were taken two 5'j//7zo;7i-, one fom what above, theo-
ther fom what under a yard in length, in a fmall brook (a branch
of the Oufe^ that a man may ftep over, little lefs (as the r/'z/er
runs) than two hundred miles from the Sea. How thefe Salmons
fhould come up io high^ has been much wondered at hy fome ^
fince fo many Mills and Loch ftand in the way on this Rivulet to
hinder them : but to fuch as have either feen, or but read of the
Salmon-leap at Kilgarran in Pembrcke-fiire '\ or at JVajJerfal in the
Rhine^ which I fuppofe is much greater, and that they run up that
river above five hundred miles to the Lake of Zugh in Switzer-
land'^ perhaps it may not appear fo flrange ; efpecially if it be
alfo confidered, that our Mills and Locks have moft of them back,
fireams znd lafiers to carry oft" the water when it is too plentiful,
over which the leap is but very inconfiderable.

9 1 . I have met with alfo fom what remarkable of our frefi wa-
ter Jhell-fijh^ and particularly of a fort ofGammaru^^ or Crey-ffi^
found in 5'j//brJflream,that do's not boil to a ^r/V^re,icolour,but
at beft of a dirty yellcwij/j red, which I fuppofe mufl be attributed
to the badnefsof the water, infected with ill qualities perhaps
by the Moor through which it paiTes, which is very agreeable to
one of Cardans figns of good water : Vbi aqua bona (fays he)

e RoTtJ.deFifcituslacuflrihus, cap. 8. ^ de fluviatilibus^ca^- 2% ^ Camden in rernh: d" Cardigan,
' Mr. Rays Oifervat. Topograph, c^f.p, 430-

A a ajiaci

i8d The O^atural Hijlory

(tjiaci dehejit effe valcle ruhri^ cum coquantur ^ : whence 'tis eafie to
conclude (if the Symbol be truly put) that where they boyl of a
different colour, the water muft needs be nauf^^ht.

32. I found alfo in Ponds zt Bradivel/^ Hannel/, 2nd Shot-
over ForeJI, as well as in ^iz/erj, the Mjiti/ii^f^uTninum jnaxhnu^fulf-
virUi6, whereof I examined feveral in hopes of the Pearls to be
found in them, mention'd by Sir Hugh Plat in the Appendix to his

yevrel-houfe of Art 2Lnd Nature^-, but I could not meet with any
with craggy rough out fides, in which it feems they are only found
(^Ours being all of ihtxn fmo'oth} and fo loft my labor ; but I hear
they are to be met with in Buckingham Jl/ire^ Montgomery -Jhire^ and
Shrop-JlAre^ as Sir Hugh alfo informs us, where more fully con-
cerning them, if this ^f//^« be encouraged, and i live to travel
and examine the produftions of thefe Counties.

33. We have alfo in great plenty all the Cochledt fluviatiles^ or
fredi-water Snails mention'd by Mr. Z/3?«r'^ concerning which
I can add nothing, but that his Cochleae fafciatde ore ad amuffim ro-
tunda (^which is fomwhat ftrange) feem to be all z//z/i/>dfro;^, con-
taining their young within their bodies, cover'd over with pjell

. before their exclufion, as 1 found it upon examination in great
numbers of them-j and that I found moft of them this Summer
fwiming above water, dead and ftinking, which whether to be
afcribed to the droughty or any other caufe , 1 am yet uncer-
tain.

34. Amongft the Cochledemarinje^ ^Ludfiuviatiles, 1 find all the
Naturalijis to treat of the Cochleoe terrefires % though I think they
tliould rather be put under the title ofRepils ; whereof we have
one fort met with in Cornbury Park^y Mr. ^acob Bobartjunior^thzt
I find not defcribed in any of our Zoograp hers : in (liape (though
not fo big) like the Turhenmagnu^ of Rondelet '', or the twelfth
Turbo of Aldrovandus p, having a long Turbinated Jhelhoug)\ and
unequal, by reafon of many protuberant ribs thwarting the heli-
cal turns of the/?'^//, as in Tab. 10. Fig. 9. which was found a-
liveand creeping on thegrafs, but what it (liould be 1 cannot di-
vine, unlefs the fame with the Cagarolesoi Spaimnd Montpeliw\
mentioned by Aldrovandm \ which he feems to deicribe to be a

■< In Hippoc.de Are Aquis ^ Loch, /'l>- 2- Leff. i<\.. hi ffxt. 2 },. • Sir IIi/«;/^p/ats y^pp p. '2 K ■" Phi-
loroph.Tranfadt N^w/^. 105. " VidO-fiierum cieCocb/,,mim tsrreB. diver f. fhecieb. hh- n^. de Aquatil.c^
AldrovandtimJih 3. deTeftaceis.cap. ^0. 0 f^g^,^^ deVefiaceit, eaj>. 16. * Lih-T,. deTeJtaeeis, ca^.^o.
1 ldi?;i de TeHaceis, cap. 31 ...

Cochlea

of 0 XFO %P-S HI%E. 187

Cochlea terreflrk of this figure, but gives no cut of it.

35. Of other Riptils we have little to Hiy, but that irt the
LcrdJInpo^ Blechington^ and all the more Northern farts o^ Ox-
ford-JI-ire^ no Snakes have been ever or very rarely fcen, info
much that I met with feveral ancient people about Deddington and
5^wZ>m;^ that fcarce ever faw a Snak§ in their lives, at leaft not
in X.\iZ\i Country. And ziBlechington 'twas confidently believed,
that a SnakehrovL^t from any other place, and put down there,
would inftantly die, till I made the experiment ^nA found no fuch
matter : Whereupon I got leave (in the abfence of the Family')
to inclofe my Snake m the Courts before the Right Honorable the
Lord Anglejey's houfe, to fee what time would produce, lea-
ving theGardiner in truft to obferve it ftriftly, who found it in-
deed, after three weeks time dead^ without any fenfible external
hurt.

36. How thisfhould cometo pafs, is a queHion indeed riot
eafie to determin, but certainly it muft not be afcribed to the Ta-
lifmanical figure of the ftone Ophiomorphites to be found about Ad-
derhury^ Tund inmost blue clays^ v^hereof there are plenty in this
Country. Since thefc are to be met with about Oxford too, and
many other places, where there arc Snakes enough. Befide, we
are informed by Cardan \ that Albertu6 Magnus had a ftone, that
being naturally mark'd with the figure of a Serpent^ had this no
lefs admirable than contrary virtue^ that if it were put into a
place that was haunted with Serpents^ it would draw them all to
it. Much rather may we fubfcribe to the caufe affigned by Pliny \
who feems confidently to affert, that the earth that is hrackifh^
and ftandeth much upon Salt-peter^ is freer from vermin than any
other. To which we may add (if need be) Sulphur -^116. Vitri-
ol^ whereof there is plenty in thefe parts of the County ; but whe-
ther by one., two, or <7// thefe, though we dare not pronounce, yet
that it is caufed by fome fuch mineral fleam difagreeable to the
Animal, I think we may be confident.

37. Amongft the i;7/;^/^zV^«/5 of the Earth, come we next to
the Quadrupeda, whereof fome are fAovmvu^^ whole- hooft, fuch
as A/Jes, Mules, Horfes, of which laftkind I met with three remark-
able for their age ; one at Souldern, another at Sherhourn, and a
third at Aflon Rcvrant, each reported to be about forty years old

i D: Suitilitatey Hi. 7. « Nat. Hifl. lib- 17 . cap. 4.

A a 2 apiece-

1 8 8 The !hQatural Hi/lorj

apiece. And amongfl: the Quadruptda .J^^Ao., or cloven-hoofc
Beafts, there was a //o^ ztV^per-Tadmerton, of as ftrangeay?^?-
ture as they were of age ; being fed by one Pargiter to fo extra-
vagant a greatnefs, that he came at laft to be near 1 3 hands high,
as it was teftified to me by the Reverend Mr. Whateley^ Reftor
of the place , and feveral others who had carefully meafured
him.

38. O^ four footed Beafis that chew the ck*^, they have a fort
of /5ff/efteemed in this Country for their conftantly bearing two
lambs at a time, whence they have juftly obtained the name,
though fomwhat an improper one, of double Ews. They are
faid to have been firft brought into this Country by the Wordiipful
yames Vxley of Darnford Efq ; where I hear they are (till preferved
by the Right Wordiipful Sir Nicholas Pelham Knight, who with
one of hh daughters (2i coheir ejl^ enjoys that £y?^/e. I heard of
them alfo about Nevpington and Dorchefler^ and fome other places
here and there in the County.

39. But there are much ftranger^^e:/', though perhaps not fo
profitable, ztRicot in the Park of the Right Honorable the Zor^
Norreys^ brought hither from fome other parts of England or
IFales, but now breeding ^ere: Of which, fome of them at firft
had fix or eight horns apiece, but the number upon mixture of
their generation with other J/jeeJ? is fince diminifli'd. However,
there remain ftill/o'oof them with w cry /I range heads, having each
Jour horns ; one of them with two larger ones ilTuing from the top
of its head, bending forward, and two fide ones coming out
from under its ears, and bending round towards its mouth, as in
Tab, 10. Fig. 10. And the other having two large borns {[zriding
prety upright on its head, and two fide ones proceeding from
under the ears like the former, and bending round to the cheeks,
into which they would grow (and fo in the whole kjrtd) were
they not prevented by being timely cut off, as in Tab. 10.
Fig. II.

40. And as thefe are remarkable for their many /^orws-, there
was another^^e/ once there, that excelled all the reft, initsbe-
inga Vnicorn^ having a fingle horn growing almoft in the middle
of its fore-head, 2 1 inches long, with annulary protuberances
round it, and a little twifted about the middle, as in Tab. 10.
Fig, 12. There was, 'tis true, another little hern grew on the

fame

Of OXFO %T>^S HI %£, \%9

fame head , but fo inconfiderablc, that it vt^as hid under the
Wool. This head is ftill preferved by the Honorable the Lord
NorrejiSy and is now to be {cen nailed up at Ricot on the North
fide of the Hall.

41. To which may be added 'dCowo^ Mris. Dunches, of Nerv-
ington near Vorchejier^ more ftrangely prolific, than the Sheep are
ftrange in form, that whil'ft a Calf^ before (be was eleven months
old produced another : which Animals carrying their burthen
no lefs than nine months^ we muft either admit that ftie took Bull
at about ten or eleven weeks old, or that the Cow her felf was
at firft brought forth pregnant of another, as Ariftotk reports a
fort of Mice commonly are in a certain place in Perfia^ -f ^ Ue^^n-mi

o» Tlfl TOTTiW a.vtx,o^^a}ijifvuv efx^pvuv^ rd Siihia, ^ vmovtcl (pouviTOj^ 1. C that

in female Mice difeSied, the female off-fpring re as found pregnant with
others ^ The fame again is reported by Claudius /Elian of the
very fame Animals^ near the Cafpian Sea ". And Arijiotle further
acquaints us , that the Fidi Phoxini have fpawn when they
are very little, iJi.iy.es>' ovtss fo^7voi Tw-fifj&ra, ?;^«o-i are his very words ^,
in fo much that Rondelet adds, ut periti Pifcatores cum ovis nafci
afirment ^.

42. We are informed alfo, that the fame fomtimes happens
in more perfect Animals^ by Joan. Baptijia Nierembergiu^ , who
tells us of a certain mare in Spain that brought forth a 7nule^ great
of another^. And the learned and obferving Bartholin'^, yet
further acquaints us, that in the Paridi o^Vkflovia near Neohurg in
Fionia^ Joan the wife of Nocholas Piter, aHufbandman of that
Country, wzsdeWver'dof z female Jiill-born child, pregnant with
another female, duly placed in the womb about a fpan in length,
with all its parts fo perfect, that the Grand-mother (who diifeded
the pregnant infant") believed it had been living.

43. But what yet comes nearer to the bufinefs, we are inform-
ed by 'David Spilinhergerus, Phyfitian of Leutfchovia, that in the
year 1 663. there was a Cow in Hungary that brought forth a Calf
with a great belly, wherein there was found another Calf with
all its limbs perfeft ^ How thefe things (hould come to pafs,
the learned Bartholin gives us his conjefture, viZ; that in fuch/re-
du^ions as thefe three laft. Nature at firft intended only twins,

t Hifl. Animal lib- 6. cap. ult- " «fei (Jolw., lib. 17, cap. 17. * Wfi- An'rm. lib. 6. cap 13. « RovJ. de
Tifcib. fluviat'l- cap. 28. V In Hift. Nat. lib. 6. cap. 2. ^ H;/?. Anatmn. (^ Med- Tar. Cent. 6. H'fl- uit. dr
Epifi. Med Cent- 3. £j). 2S. » Mifcellan. Cmiofa Med. Piyf. Germamtej An. i.ebferv. 36.

and

ipo The ^J\(jimral Hijlory

and that by fome error in her procedure, one^ of each of thefe^
might be thruft into the belly of the other (as I fuppofe it hap-
pened in fome meafiire in the cafe of Lazarus Colloredo and his
Brother Bapijl^') over which we may eafily allow a fkin to be fu-
perinduced. But that ever any fuch fecond/>/%y was brought
into the world, living after the firft, wt hzwt no injiance^ except
t\\\s> calf of Nevp'ington maypafs for ow, which is wholly left to
the rf^<^^ri- judgment. For my part, lam rather inclined to
believe that the Coir might take 5ii// at ten or eleven weeks old,
that being the leifer wonder of the two, efpecially having lately
received news out of the Country from an intelligent Lady^ that
the thin? is not fo ftrange, but poflible enoueh.

44. Hither alfo muft be referred the three calves brought forth
by a cow atone time, thatl met with at Hardivick not far from
Bi/pter, which though a produftion not frequent, yet is as much
remarkable in that they became all grown cattle^ and fo ftrangely
alike, that their very ovrner himfelf fcarce knew them afunder,
much lefs could I, though I obierved them ftriftly : whence I was
firmly convinced, t\ut fim ill tude was a concomitant as well of
Tergemini as Twins^ and held as well in Brutes as rational Ani-
mals.

45. Nor can I pafsby without admiration, the Veer o^ Corn-
bury Park^ which before His MajeHies wonderful reftoration, be-
ing (in part atleaft) turned into a Cony-warren^ the Veer upon it
h^d 2i\\ dwarf heads, the moft of them irregular, as in Tab. 10.
Fig. 13. but if any of them were uniform, as in Tab. ^o. Fig,
1 4. yet they were ftill far fliort of growth, feldom exceeding 8 or
10 inches long, though the Veer themfelves were well enough
grown, and warrantable ; the two that bore thofe engraven heads,
being both of them two years a Buck, atleaft, and in all other re-
fpe^ts well enough liking: which yet as foon as the //^rre/? was
deftroyed by the prefent Proprietor^ the Right Honorable the Earl
of Clarendon came again, to have 2s fair branched- heads as any
Deer whatever in the adjoyning Forreft : Which Hrange alterations
Icanr'ot guefs to proceed from any other caufe than the infeSion
of the grafs by the urin and crotizing of the Conies, which being
hotanddry mull needs abate the moifture of the Veer^ which
fupplyed matter for the fair heads wherewith before and fmce

^ The.Barthol.Att0tom.Med.rar.H!jt66-

they

Of 0 XFO %T)^SH1%E. ijJ

they have been as well adorned, as any of their kind.

46. Amongst the Quadrupeda ■jroKvSiix'vjKct, ov davp-fcoted Ani-
mals^ I met with nothing fo ftrange as the rib of a Dog^ or fome
fuch like 5f^/?, fet in a ^o/?e interceding two other rii-j, that the
inter ccfial parts were filled with it, as in Tab. i o. Fig. 15. in fo
much that if all the ribs were thus qualified, the whole deft of
that Animal muft needs be one bone. This was found about Ox-
ford^ and given me by the Right Reverend Father in God, Thomas
Lord Bifliop of Lincoln. And there are two other ri/'^ joyned
in like manner, to be feen in the Repofitory in the Median School.
But I find this has happened not only to Beaiis, butfomtimes to
Men , who have been aivv^ays remarkable for their prodigious
ftrength ; whereof in their refpedive places as I meet them here-
after.

CHAP.

ipz ■ The ^T^tural Hijlbry

CHAP. VIII.
Of Men and JVomen,

TH E fubjett matter of this Chapterht'mg very narrow, ex-
tending it felf only to Man, whom God created Male
and Female^ and them only in his own Image, little
lower than the Angels \ It cannot be expected, that the ;7re/W^
of the other Chapters can be obferved here, there being no rew
(pedes o^ Me;z to be produced, or not furficiently noted already.
AH therefore that remains concerning them to be handled here,
will be only the unufual Acci.-lents that have attended them,where-
of, though I have not met with over jnany in this Countj^ yet
they are enough to be diftributed into fuch as have attended
them,

E

rat or before their birth.
either y'« their courfeof life.

■in their death or grave.

2. Before the birtb o^Man,\:\\t Vagitm uterinu^^or crying of the
child in the mothers womhj is not ordinarily to be met with,
though we find many examples of the thing in Author s'^^ to
which may be added one more that lately happened at Heyford
Puree I, where there was a child cryed very audibly in its mothers
womb fcmtime before the birth. For the performance of which
aftion, whether there be a neceflicy of the Infants having refpi-
ration whil'll: included in the Amnion ; or whether it may not be
done without it? let the /^^'////^/?^ difpute : The matter offaft
fuff ceth me at prefent that there was fuch a thing, the people
being frighted with it, and expefting fome calamity diould foon
attend fuch a Prodigie, pernicious (forfooth) not only to the
place where heard, but to the State it felf. Whereas the learn-
ed Bartholin more rightly notes, that the rmn o{ Kingdoms de-
pends rather on the wicliednefs of the people, living in con-
tempt of God and his Laws, than any fuch vagitm ; which por-
tends nothing bat happinefs to the Infant, the Mother^ and State

"^ Tho.Bivtholin. HiJf.Anatom.rar.Cent. I. Hifi. I.

it

Of OXFO^V^SHITiE. ip3

it felf : To the Infinr, in that it is an /Wfx of its ftrength, and
perfeftioa of Organs; To the Mother^ in the certainty that her
child is living, and likely to promote its own exit ; To the State,
which is likely to be hleft with an ablefubje5i: the Vagitu6 being
nothing but fuch an/o Triumphe^ as Livy^ reports was made by
the infant in the mothers womb in Marrucinis^ (K Fahim Maximum
being the fourth time, and M.Marcdlu'S the third time COSS, So
that if any thing amifs fall out after fuch Vagitm^ it mufi: be im-
puted rather to chance than defign of nature: Let us but mend
our lives^ and no fuch matters can hurt us.

3. In the birth of man it is equally ftrange, that the pangs of
the vroman in the exclufion of the child have fomtimes aftefted the
Abdomen of the hii^band^ which yet to fuch as have experiment-
ed the fecrecy o^ Jympathies ^ and underftand the fubtilty and
power of effluviums, perhaps may^ not feem difficult : But that
the ;;7^« fliould fomtimes fuffcr {uch pains, whirft the vpoman is
well, and before Oie is in labor, is a problem I fear beyond all
hopes o'i folution. And yet that this has happen'd to fome per-
fins in Oxford \s very certain, and that to knowing ones too, very
unlikely to be deceived, and of unqueftionable veracity : where-
of one of them told me (whom I enquired of more particularly
concerning them') that they came upon him when he little thought
of his vpife, and that the pangs were very odd ones, fuch as he
never felt in his life ; not like any griping in the guts, but lying
mthe mufcles o^ the Abdomen, which yet he lliould never have
thought to have had relation to his wife, had they not fuddenly,
and beyond expectation ceafed, as foon as his nife began to be
m labor. Which makes much for the credit of a relation of the
German Virtuofi^, concerning one Faber o^ Buxovil m Alfatia,who
conftantly afted the part of his pregnant wife, being taken with vo-
mitings, and fufrering thofs inordinate longings that ufually at-
tend women in that condition, his wife all the while fullering no
fuch inconveniencies.

4. That fuch ^/TT/'/o/T/s- fliould be thus tranflated from the rrc-
man to theman, the rrowii^ remaining well and undifturbed. Dr.
Primirofe^ thought fo irrational (upon account thzt natural Agents
firft work on the nearejl objefts, and then on the remotcfl, and

* Whivix Hift. aB TJrhsConJ. UB.i^. ' MifcellaniaCuriofa Med.Tkyf German. An. 2. obferV. 215.
f Jac. Primiroiii M. D. de vulgi crroril>usjtn Med. lib. 2. cap. 15.

B b than

ip^ The ^^(^atural Hijlorj

that therefore a vcomanmuik needs be firft afFefted with her own
noxious humoTs') thd.t he lookcupon itas no better than a ridicu-
lous error, as indeed I think I lliould have done my felf, but that
I am otherwife perfwaded by /bber men^ who well know how to
diftinguifh the manner of the pangs^ and the circumftances of
them ; Nor (liould I have ventured to have made this relation,
but that the /fr/owj are living, and ready to juftifie whatlhave
written to any perfon fit to be difcours'd with about fuch matters :
but how they fliould come to pafs, is fo hard to determin, that
I dare not yet attempt it, it being difficult not to err concerning
fuch myjieries of Nature.

5 . That vpomen may bring forth three at a birth appears evident-
ly by the example of the Horatii, and Curiatii ; to whom may be
added, though of unequal rank, the three children of a Tayler
here in Oxford^ which he had all at a birth. But to go above
that number fays Pliny ", is reputed and commonly fpoken oft as
monJlromyLXidi. to portend fome mif-hap : for confirmation where-
of, he inftances in a Commoners wife of Oflia^ who was delivered
atone birch of /u'o ^y and two girls % but this, fays he, was a
moft prodigious token, and portended no doubt the famine that
enfued foon after : i. e. It pleafed God to vifit thofe parts with
famin about that time, there being no more dependence between
the famin and the preceding birth, than there is between the Wars^
Plagues, and Famins, that fomtimes follow Comets ; there ha-
ving been (no queftion) as many o^ them, to which nothing extra-
ordinary has been fubfequent, as to which there has ; and fo of
Births.

6. Witnefs tht four children brought all at a time by Elencr the
wife of Henry Veven of Watlington, An. i6j<,. fince which time
we have yet lived (thanks be to God) in as great healthy peace and
plenty, under our good and gracious King, as ever People did,

which God of his mercy continue to us ; vphom if we ferve in fin-
cerity, performing unto Him an honeft, faithful, and uniform o-
bedience (though 'tis true our beft performances will be mixed
with much of weaknefs, ignorance, frailties, and recidivations)
we need never to fear the influence of any fuch accidents, though
they much exceed the ordinary courfe of nature.

7. The hmtPliny^^ informs us, that many men indeed have

« Nat. JJift. lib. 7. cap. 3. ■• N-'-t- Hift. lib. -j-cap. 14.

begotten

OfOXFO'R.V^SHn^E. 19^

begotten cbiUren at fixty or eighty years old : for which he in-
ftances in Vohifiu^ Sa/urninu^^ who on Dame Cornelia^ of the
lineage of the Scipio's^ begat Volufiu6 Saturniniis (who afterward
was Conful^ at fixty two years old and upwards, Cato Cenforiu^,
fays the fame Pliny (anceftor to Cato who flew himfelf ■^tVtica)
begat a fon on the daughter of Saloniu6 his ValTal, after he was
paft 80 yearsof age ; 2nd King Ma ffiniffa^ another, whom he cal-
led Methymathnu^^ when he was eighty fix. But as to women^ he
is pofitivc that they are paft child- bearing at fifty, and that for the
moft part their cujlomary purgations ftop at forty,

8. But I met with an inftanceat S he t ford near Banbury^ that
proves him plainly miftaken, where I faw and fpoke with one
Catharine Tayler^ that had a fon then living and lufty, inthefixti-
eth year of her age, which was teftified alfo to me by many there
about. And I have fince heard of one Goodwifc//<2rz/e; otSmit hen-
green, in the Parifli of Leigh, within three miles of Worcejier^
that is now with child in her fixty third yezr, which are inftanccs
wonderful rare, and fcarce heard of in other Countrys ; though
we are informed indeed by T>t. Boat\ thatamongft the women
in Ireland, there are feveral found who do not only retain their
Catamenia, but even their fruitfulncfs, above the age of y^/y, and
fome till thatof y/xAyyears J* whereof he tells us, hisbrotherknev/
fome, who being above threefcore years old, did not only con-
ceive and bring forth children, but nurfed them, and brought
them up with their own milk : which alfo as we are acquainted by
Gul. Fifo *, is very common in Brafil.

9. As in the child-be aringo^ women, and the accidents attend-
ing it,I have met with alfo fomwhat extraordinary in their growth,
which muft be ranked among the accidents that have befallen the

fex during their courfe of life ; and fuch is the growth of one
Fhilippa French, born at Milcomb m this County, now fix or feven
and thirty years of age, and a marryed woman, having all her
parts proportionable, and of good fymmetry, yet wanting half an
inch of a yard in height '- which is fomwhat lower than Manius
Maximum, or A/. Tullius, who as Varro reports, were each but tvro
cubits\\\g\\^ and yet they were Gentlemen and Knights of Rome i
but higher then Conopas the Dwarf of 7«/m, Ncece to Auguflu^^

' Natural Hiftory of IrelanJ^ckap. 2^Jeff. i. * Gul.Pifo, de Jftdittutriufquere Ntit.(^Med.Uh.i.
cap. 1/1.13

B b 2 who

1^6 The ^^atural Hijlory

who as Pl'wy^ teXhws^ wasbut /tto/oo/ high an J a hiinJ hrecith'^
bur he tells us not whether Conopa^ were at his full growth, or had
goocij()/w/;7f/ry of parts like our Philippa^ it being common enough
for perfons to be very low of ftature, when either their Bo-
dies are awry, or fome of their parts difproportionable to the
reft.

10. And amongft (vich. accidents as thefe, we may reckon a

ftrange difeafe that befel Mayy the daughter o'ijohn Collier of Bur-

fcrd.. who out of the corners of her e)*?^ excluded a fortof co;z-

gealed matter, which after fome time turned into '•^^fiony kind of

fuhjlance^ not unlike the Clones ^ as they were defcribed to me, that

fomtimes come forth of the tumor called Atheroma: which I
therefore guefs to have been only a more exalted kind of ^gilops^
or fiftulalachrymali^-,' and not to have been caufed by falciriation^
as Lachmund ' thinks thtfiones were that came forth of the left eye
of Margaret the daughter of Conrad Brandis of Banteln^ (lie be-
ing cured of the difeaje by that eminent Oculi^ Dr. Turhervil of
Sarum.

1 1 . Yet a much ftranger accident than that befel one Reheckah
Smith, the Servant-maid of one Thomas White of Minder Lovely
who being of a robuft conftitution, though ^je feldom eat flelh
(it fcarce agreeing with her) and above 50 years of age; after

Jhe came from the Communion on P aim-fun day ^ April 16. Anno
1 6 7 1 . was taken with fuch a drynefs in her throat, that ftie could
not f\^'allow her fhittle, nor any thing elfe to fupply the decays
o^ nature : and in this C2i[ejbe continued without eating or drink-
ing, to the amazement of all, for about ten weeh-, 'viz^ ^^ the
29 o{ June^ being both St.Peters^ and Witney-fair chy : by which
time being brought very low, her majler enquired and found out
zperfon who gave him an Amulet (for it was fuppofedj^e was be-
witch'd) againft this evil ; after the application whereof, within
two or three days time (though I dare not fuppofe there was any
dependence between the medicin and difeafe') flie firft drank a lit-
tle water^ then warm hroaths in fniall quantities at a time, and
nothingdie t\[\ Palm-funday zg-Ain tn^elvei/jonths after, when (l.e
began to eat bread and other food again as formerly flie had done,
and is now about the ageof y/x/j/, aad ftill living at the fame place
ready to teftifie the truth of the thing, as wellas Tbo. Jfhite znd

* Nat.Hifi. lih. 7. cap- 16. ' Fied- Lacbmundi, 'O^vy.n^^i^.f.cl- 7,.cap.22.

his

Of 0XF0 1RJ).SHI\E. ip7

his rr//>, who were all chat lived in the houfe with her, and will
confidently alTert (for they carefully obferved) that they do not
believe (lie ever took any thing in thofe ten weeks time, nor any
thing more all the year following but what was above-mention-
ed : wherein I think they may the rather be credited, becaufe
there was never any advantage made of this vronJer, which argues
it clear of zW juggle or defign.

I 2. Concerning the death ofrromen^ we have two as remark-
able ex^Jw^/^/fS", as any perhaps to be met with in Hi/iory^ both of
them being confirmations of what Fliny fays of them, that they
much more frequently revive after they have been reputed dead,
than males do *, whence doubtlefs alfo the Proverb^ mulkri m cre-
dos^ nt mortud^ quidem. O f which recoveries of the fet?iale Sex ra-
ther thin them a le^ the fame Pliny offers us a natural reafon, but
I think fit to wave it, efpecially fince the revivifcenct of Anne Green,
innocently condemned to dye, and executed at Oxford for the
murther of an abortive Infant, is rather afcribed to the Jvfdce of
Heaven, thantoxhe ftrength or other conveniencies of nature, for
fuch purpofe in vcomen rather than men, though it mufl: alfo be al-
lowed, that God Himfelf makes ufe many times of natural means
in produftion of the moft wonderful, moft amazing effe^s. The
//i/?or)' whereof, as it is taken out of a Chronicle of the hte Civil
Wars, by James HeatbGemhmzn^, and the continuation of the
Hijioryo^ the World, by Dionyf/.u€ Fetavin^'', with fome few ad-
ditions and alterations, take as foUoweth.

13. In the year 1650. this Anne Green, being a Servant-maid
of the Right Worfhipful Sir Thomas Readof Duns Tew in Oxford-
Jhire, was gotten with child by fomefervant,oi[ other ofthefami-
ly (as ^^ conftantly affirmed when y^e had little reafon to lye)
and through over- working herfelf'm turning o^mault-i fell in tra-
vel about the/oMr//6 month of her time: But being but a young
wench, and not knowing what the matter might be, repairs to the
houfe of eafment, where after fome ftraining, the child (fcarce
above a fpan long, of what /ex not to be diftinguifli'd) fell
from her unawares. Now prefently after, there appearing figns of
fome fuch matter in the linnen where fhe lay, and fhe before ha-
ving confeft, that Che had been guilty of what might occafion

* UiflNat lih^ -j-caf.!^!. •" Hiftory of the Civil Wars of £z?j/«7/^, Scotland, a.nd Ireland^ \nAnno
1650- '^ Append. adHifi. v. Pitaviiii» Anno \6<,0.

her

ip8 The J^tural Hijlory

her being with child, afearch inftantly was made, and the Infant
found on the top of the ordure.

14. Whereupon, within three days after her delivery, j^e was
conveyed to the Caftle at Oxford, where forthwith (an Aff/fe being
purchafed on purpore)flie was arraigned before Serjeant Vinpton
Croke-, then living but at Marflon, who fat ?lS Judge by a Commif-
fion of Oyer 2.r\<i Terminer^ and by him fentenced to be hanged ;
which was accordingly executed on the fourteenth of December
in the faid Cajlle-yard-, where (lie hung about half an hour, being
pulh'dhy the legs, and ftrucKon the breft (as (lie her felf defired}
by divers of her friends ; and after all, had feveral ftroaks given
her on the flomach with the but-end of a Soldiers Mufket. Be -
ing cut down, (lie was put into a coffin^ and brought away to a
houfeto be<^/^^e(^, where when they opened it, notwithftand-
ing the ro/e ftill remained unlofed^ znd Jlraight about her neck,
they perceived lier b re/I to rife ; whereupon one Mafon a Tayler^
intending only an aft of charity, fet his foot upon her breft and
belly ; and as fome fay, one Orum a Soldier ftruck her again with
the but-€nd of his inusket.

15. Notwithftanding all which, when the learned and inge-
nious, Sir William Petty^ then Anatomy Profeffor of the Vniverfity^
Dr. Willie, and Dr. Clark, now Prefident of Magdalen College^
and Vice Chancellor of theVniverfity^ came to prepare the body for
diffdiion^ they perceived fome fmall ratling in her throaty* here-
upon defifting from their former purpofe, they prefently ufed
means for her recovery, by opening a vein, laying her in a warm
bed, and caufing another to go into bed to ber ; alfo ufing divers
remedies rd^t^'mg her [enfeUfinefi, Head,Throat, and Breft, in fo
much that within 14 hours, j/^e began to fpeak, and the next
day talked and prayed very heartily.

16. During the time of this her recovering, the officers con-
cerned in her execution, would needs have had her away again to
have compleated it on her : but by the mediation of thie worthy
VoSlors, and fome other Friends, with the then Governor of the
Ciiy, Colonel /fe^j, there was a guard fet upon ^^r to hind^er all
further difturbancc, till he had fued out her pardon from the
Powers then in being ; thoufands of people in the mean time
coming to fee her, and magnifying the juil Providence of God in
thus aiferting her innocency of nrurther.

' 1 - After

of 0 XFO %p-S HI%E, ipp

17. After fonie time Dr. Petty hearing _y2^'e had dircoiirfcci
with thofe about her^ and fufpefting that the women might fuggefi:
unto her to relate fomthing of ftrange vifwns and apparitions (lie
had feen, during the time fhe feemed to be dead (which they al-
ready had begun to do, telling about that j/^e faid, /?'e had been
in a fine green ineddow^ having a River running round it, and that
all things there glittered WVt filver zndgold) he caufed all to de-
part the room but the Gentlemen of the Faculty^ who were to
have been at the diffeSfion, and afked her concerning htT fenfe and
apprehenfions during the time (lie was hanged.

18. To which (lie anfwered at (ir(t fomwhat impertinently^
talking as if fie had been then 10 fiiffer. And when they fpake un-
to her concerning her miraculous deliverance^ fie zn^wextd^ that

Jhe hoped God would give her patience^ and the like : Afterward,
when fie was better recovered, fije affirmed, thatj^e neither re-
membred how the fetters were knocked o(]r, howfije went out of
the Prifin ; when fije was turned of^' the ladder^ whether any
Pfalm was fung or not, nor was fije fenfible of any pains that fije
could remember : what is moft obfervable i?, that (lie came to
her [elf as \^ fie had awakened out of a fleep^ not recovering the
ufeof her fj^eech by flow degrees, but in a manner all together,
beginning to fpeak juft where (lie left off on the gallovps.

19. Being thus at length perfedly recovered, after thanks
given to Go(^, andthe/er/ow inftrumental in it, ^/^t retired into
the Country to her friends at Steeple-Barton^ where (lie was after-
wards//z^rrj/f^, and lived in good repute amongft her Neighbors^
having three Children afterwards, and not dying as I am inform-
ed till thejf^r 1 659. Which occurrence being thought worthy of
remembrance by the Author of the continuation of the HifJory of
the V/orld^ by Dionyfius Petaviu6^ who efteemed it no lefs than the
finger of God pointing out the Maids innocency ; and by Mr.
Heath, who thought fit to tranfmit it to pofterity for Gods glory,
and mam caution in judging and punifliing. It would have
been a great omiffion in me to have paifed it by untouched.

20. Not long after, viT^ intheje^r 1658. Elizabeth the [er-
vant of one Mrs. Cope of Magdalen Parlfi Oxon^ was indifted at
the City Seff-ons for killing her baftard child, and putting it in the
houfe of ofice ; of which being convifted, fije was condemned
to dye, and accordingly was hanged at green-ditch-, the place

ap-

200 T^hc J^tural Hi/lory

appointed for the execution of the Citji malefaSiorSj where (lie hung
folong, that one of the by-ftanders fcrupled not to fay, that if
fhe were not dead^ he would be hanged ^or her : hereupon being
cut down (the ^^//owi being very high) (lie fell with fuch vio-
lence on the ground, that it would have been enough to have
been the death of many another per/on, only to have had fuch a
fall. Being thus cut down,_/5e was put into a coffin and brought
to the George Inn in Ma^da/en Farifi aforefaid, which when o-
pened, they found perfeft life in her^ as in the former : where-
upon breathing a vein, and putting her to bed with another young
wench by her^ fie came quickly to her felf^ and might no queftion
have lived alfo many years after ; but having no friends to ap-
pear for her^ fije was barbaroufly dragg'd the night following by
the order of one Mallory then one of the BajHfjs of the City^
to GlccefitX- green-, and there drawn up over one of the arras of
the7rff3% andhang'd a fecond time till (lie was dead.

2 1 . x^fter what concerns women folitarily confider'd, who ac-
cording to the courtefie of England^ have always the firft place,
come we next to treat of things unufual that concern women and
men joyntly together ; amongft which 1 think we may reckon ma-
ny ancient Cuftoms dill retained here^ aboliflrd and quite loft in
moft other Counties : fuch as that of Running at the Quinten^ Quin-
tain^ or Quintel, fo called from the Latin [^Ouintu^'] becaufe fays
MinJIjeu °, it was one of the Ancient Sports ufed every fifth year
amongft the Olympian games ^ rather perhaps becaufe it was the lafi
of the 'niv-nt^Koh ot the quinque certamina gymna^ica^ ufed on the
fifth or la/i day of the Olymfickj- How the manner of it wzs then

I do not find, but /^on? it is thus.

22. They firft fet a /"o/? perpendicularly into the ground, and
then place a flender piece of Timber on the top of it on a ffindle^
with a board niiWed to it on one end, and 2 bag o{ fand hanging at
the other ; againft this hoard they anciently rod with fpears ; now
as I faw it at Deddington in this County^ only with fimng ftaves^
which violently bringing about the bago( fand., if they make not
good fpeed away it ftrikes //?ew2 in the neck or flioulders,and fom-
times perhaps knocks thein from their horfes ; the great defign of
the /port being to try the agility both o^horfe and man^ and to break
the beard, which whoever do's, is for that time accounted Princess

jUVentUtl6. t Minsh. Ky.uiU) «'; to,- yy.u^m;,':n'Jcrlo.

23. For

Of 0XF0%T)^SH1%E. 201

23. For u'hom heretofore there was fome reward always ap-
pointed, £0 tempore (fays Matthevp Fav^^') Juvenes Londinenfes,
ftatuto Pavonepro bravio, ad fiaJium quod Quintena vulgariter dici-
tur^ vires prcprioi^ iS" Equorum curfu4^ funt expert i : Wherein it
{ttnsxht Kings jervants oppofing //jem were forely beaten; for
which, upon complaint, theA'iw^ fined the Ci/j^. Whence one
may gather that it was once a tryal of Man-hood between two
parties ; fince that, a conteft amongft/rz'e/zJ^ who (liould wear the
gay garland^ but now only in requeft at Marriiges^ and fet up in
the way ^ox young men to ride at as they carry home the Bride^ he
that breaks the board being counted the beft man.

24. To which may be added the oblervation of Hoc-day^
Hcck^day^ Hoke- day ^ Hoke- tide, Hoke-Monday and Hoke -Tuef day :
by all agreed to be a Feftival celebrated in memory of the great
flaughterof the Danes in the time of King Ethelred^ they being
all (lain throughout Eng/and\n one day, and in great part by wo-
men '' ; whcice it came to pafs, that the vromen to this day bear
the chief rule in this Fea^^ ftopping all paffagcs with ropes and
chains, and laying Hold on pafftngers, and exafting fome fmall
mater of them, with part whereof they make merry, and part
they difpofe of topiom ufis, fuch as reparation of their Churchy

25. F>.'r vrhich very reafon fome have thought it to be called
Hoke-Tide, from the German or High -Dutch, ^ogC?eit, i.e. Tern-
pu^ Convivii, a time of Feafting ; or the Saxon l-oegen, which
fignifies a '^ohmn Feaft ; or perhaps rather from the Anglo-Saxon,
}2eare ci&, i. e. 2ihigh Time, or high Day : Others that thought the
name refpeded the contempt that the Danes now lay under, a-
mongft whom is Mr.^jOTZ'^r^,thought it fo cd.\\ed,quafi l^ucxcuer&aej,
/. e. Dies Martin irri/oriu^ \ perhaps rather from ):o5ian temnere :
And others^ that refpefted the manner of the celebration oi the
Fea?i, ch^^fe rather to derive it from the Ger;;z(2r2 i^OCfecn, which
fignifies obfidere,cingere, incubare\ to compafs about, lay hold
off. isrc. as the women do on the men upon this day.

26. And as about the /z^we, fo about the time /4«//;or^ differ
much, fome making Ho/^e-^^ to be the Tuefday, and others the
Monday fourteenth night after Eafier^ and none of them on the

P Matth.Pnris fub '•''Hium An. 1253 ^'^'* Watfiava,p.%6x. "^ Vid.li^jtfii Glajpirium itl Mat- Paris.
' PerzrMb\jL\iiioaoi Ks»t,inSandiiiich, » Vtd- Spelman.Gio^arium in verba-

C c Danes

201 T^he O^atural Hijlory

Vanes maffacre^ which Hemy Arch-Deacon of Huntin^don^ ex-
prefly fays was on the Feaft of St. Brice^ i. e. the 13 of Novem-
ber. That it was formerly obferved on Tuefday^ not only Mr.
Lambard^ utfupra^ but Matthew Paris 2K0 gives us teftimony, Et
poff Diem Martis qudi vulgariter Hoke-day apfellatur^ faffum efi
Parliamentum Londini, isc ". And yet the fame Matthevf Paris in
another place makes it to fall on the Ouinfieme of Eafier^ in Quin-
dena Pafch<£ qude vulgariter Hoke-day appellatur zonvenerunt Lon-
dini, isfC ^ , M'hich muft needs be Munday ; and the very fame day
it is obferved here at Oxford in our times.

27. In fo much that I once thought they might anciently^ as
well as now^ obl'erve two Hock-days^ one for the vi^omen^ and an-
other for the men^ but that I find the fame Matthew Parps to men-
tion the Monday before Hoke-Tuefday^ and not calling it a Hock-day
at all ; vir^. Anno 1252. where mentioning King Henry the thirds
taking on him the Crufado^ he fays, he did it die Lun<£^ qu£ ipfum
diem proxime pvdecedit quern Hoke-day aPpellam;^^ \ However it
wettthen^ it is mod certain that won? we obferve/»'o of them here,
on Monday hr the women, which is much the more folemn, and
Tuejday for the rnen which is very inconfiderable ; and yet nei-
ther of thefe perhaps was the dies Mart 16 ligatoria^ whatever Sir
Henry Spelman may think ^ ^ whereon men and women ufe to bind
one another, that being now celebrated in fome parts of England
on Shrove Tuefday : Much lefs the f-^me with the Feaft of St. Blafe^
as A/iw/^fW^ thinks, when Country women went about and made
good cheer, and if they found any of their Neighbor -women a
Spin.'iing, fet their ^//?j^^ on fire ; that Feafl being celebrated on
the third of February^ and in all probability upon fome other
grounds.

28. Amongft things of this nature, I think we may alfo reckon
an ancient Cujiom of the Royalty of EnJJjam^ where it was former-
ly allowed to the Towns-people on Whit-monday^ to cut down
and bring avt^ay, where-ever the Church-wardens pleafed to mark
it out, by giving the firft chop, as much Timber as could be drawn
by mens hands into the Abbey-yard, whence if they could draw it
out again, notwithftanding all the impediments could be given the
Cart by the fervants of the Abbey (and fince that by the family

t Ji:lloriartmL,thro6. fubinitium. " Maith- Paris in At- 1'2','i- edit.' Wat [.pt^S},- ^ iJer/jixA'.'- ili^^.
eJit.iy.-.tf.p.()0-\.. * Mitth.Vansedit.Watf.f.Zi^. ' Vui. Spelrrmj! Glojfxrikm iu verho. ^ Wnjh- tiyt.-
(Aiif «,- 7k; y>MTaui, in verba-

of

OfOXF01{T>^SHIl{R zo^

of the Lor J, it was then their own, and went in part at leaft to
the reparation of their Church ; and by this, as fome will have it^
they hold both their Z-^zot;;?^ and Michaelmas Common. But this
Cujiom^ now the Timber is almoft deftroyed thereabout, begins
to be fo inconvenient, that if it be not feafonably laid afide, it
will difcourage all people f^om planting it again, even about their
very houfes : for to what purpofe (ihould they do it, when it would
ftill be in the power of a malicious Church -war den to give it a
chop, and deftroy it v/hen he pleafes. To prevent which great
evil, I hear the chiefeft of the Farifihzwt lately combined, where-
in I think they have done well enough, provided always that the
Rights of the Church (whatever they be) be fully compenfated
fome other way.

29. \n the Northern ^ivt o^ Oxfotd-fiire^ about Banbury and
Bloy^hajn^ it has always been the cujiom at fet times of year, for
young people to meet to be hired ■z.sfervants ; which meeting, at
Banbury they call the Mop ; at Bloxham the Statute^ where they
all fort themfelves, and carry their badges according as they are
<^ualified ; the Carters (landing in one place with their vehips, and
the Shepherds in another with their crooks ; but the maids^ as
far as I could obferve, flood promifcuoufly : which curiam I had
fcarce I think noted, but that it feems to be as old as our Saviour^
and to illuftrate his Parable in St. Matthevfs Go/pel % where the
laborers are faid to ftand in the mercat to be hired.

30. And now I have run my felf into Divinity^ I cannot but
note an odd cujiom at Stanlakf, where the Par/on in the Proceffion
about holy Thurfday^ reads a Gofpel at a Barrels head in the Cellar
of the Chequer Inn^ where fome fay there was formerly a Hermi-
tage ; others, that there was anciently a Crofs^ at which they read
a Gofj^el in former times, over which now the houfe^ and parti-
cularly the cellar being built, they are forced to perform it in
manner as above.

3 1 . But in matters of Religion there is nothing fo worthy me-
mory as the Chriflian unanimity of the Parifti of Brightwell,wheve^
through the exemplary Piety, and prudent conduct of that wor-
thy Gentleman, the Worfliipful ?ohn Stone Efq; Lord of the
7bw«, and the Reverend Mr. Fiddes, ReSior of the place, and
their Predeceffors, and the good difpofition of the people them-

» Matth. 20. T. 5.

C c 2 felves

zo^. The O^atural Hiflory

felvcs, all matters both of Spiritual and Temporal concern, have
been fo eft'edtually prefs'd, and prudently menagcd,that there has
not been known any fuch thing as an Ak-houfe^ a StSiary^ ov Suit
of Law commenced within the whole parifi (which is of a large
extent) in the memory of man: which being more for ought T
know than any Paridi in England c^n fay befide, and fo well wor-
thy the imitation of all oxhev places^ I thought fit (for the eternal
honor of its Inhabitants') to recommend it accordingly.

32. Yet but few miles off, at the 7oit» of Wathngtcn^ I was
told of a fort of SeSfaries , perhaps never heard of in the
rvor/d before ; which if fo, is as ftrange as the thing it felf, for
one would have thought there could have nothing been fo abfurd
in Religion^ but what muft have needs been embraced already.
Thefe by the reft of the peoj^le are called Anointers^ from the ce-
remony they life of anointing all perfons before they admit them
into their Church, for which they allege the fifth of ^l.James^ v.
the I4and 15. Is there any fick. among jou (which it feems they
account all people to be but themfelves) let him call for the Elders
of the Churchy and let them fray over him, anointing him with oyl
in the name of the Lord ; and the prayer of faith fiall fave the ficky
and the Lord fiall raife him up-, and if he have committed fins they
/ball be for given him: vv^hich Elders amongft them are fome poor
Tradefmen of theZon^w, and the oy/they ufe, that commonly fold
in the fiops^ with which the Profelyte being fmeared over, and
fired with le^h heprefently becomes a new Light of this Church ;
which I could not but note, tht^tpeople being as remarkably mad,
as thofe of Brightwell are good. Though perhaps fome may
think one Richard Haflings, then of Broughton^ and yet living
near Banbury^ more religioufly mad than any of thofe ; who with
<9n^e« underftanding the twelfth verfeof the nineteenth ^/'d'/>/er
of St. Matthews Gofj^el\\ler2[\y, hathcaftrated, and fo made him-
felfan £z/7?z/ci) for the Kingdom of Heavens fake.

33. And thus much of men and women jointly together in their
lives ; as to what concerns their deaths, I muft add alfo a Rela-
tion, ^5 ftrange as 'tis true, of the Family of one Captain ?roo<^
late of Bampton^ now Bri/e-Norton, Captain in the late Wars for
the King ; Some whereof before their deaths have had fignal
warning given them by a certain knocking, either at the door with-
out, or on the table or fiehes within ; the 7Juwber of ftroaks,

and

Of OXFO'RJ^^SHIXE, ic5

and difVance becween them, and the flace where, for the moil
part refpefting the circumftances of iht perfons to dye, or their
deaths thenifelves, aswilleafily be collected from the followino^
relation.

34. Iht ^T{i knocking that was heard, or at leaft obferved,
was about a year after the reftoration of the A'i;?^^, in the after-
noon a little before night, at or upon the door it being then open,
as it was apprehended by Mrs. Lienor W'^ood^ mother to Captain
Bafd Wood^ who only heard it, none being then by or about the
houfe but her felf ; at which (lie was very much dilhirbed, think-
ing it boded fome ill to her or hers, and within fourteen nights
after, (lie had news of the death of her Son in law Mr. George
Smithy who dyed in London.

35. About three years after that, there were three great ^^L^oif^b"
given very audibly to all that were then in the houfe^ viz^ to the
afoiefaid Mrs. Lienor Wood, Mr. Bafd Wood, and his wife Mrs.
Hefier, and (ome fervants : which knocks were fo remarkable,
that one of the maids came from the well which was about twenty
yards from the place, to fee what was the matter ; and Mrs. E-
lenor Wooci, and another maid that was within the houje^ faw three
great pans of Lard fhake and totter fo upon a (lielf in the^i/4-
houfe, that they were like to fall down. Upon this violent knock-
ing, Mr. Bafd Wood and his mfe being then in the hall, came
prefently into the milkrhoufe to their mother, where finding her
fomwhat difturbed, and enquiring the reafon, /he replyed, God
Almighty only knew the matter, y^e could tell nothing hut /he
heard the knocking ; which being within doors, Mr. Bafil ff^ood
concluded mufl be for fome of the Family at home, that upon
the dcorbcing for a friend abroad: which accordingly fell out,
three o{ the family, according to the number of the knocks, dying
within little more than half a year after ; viz^. Mrs. Heffer Wood
wife to Mr. Bafd Wood, a child of Mr. Woods filter, and Mrs. E-
lenor Wood his mother.

^6. About Augujf-, 1674. M.T. Bafd Wood junior, (on of Ba-
fil aforefaid, living at Exeter m Devon-fiire, heard the fame kind
of knocking, at which being difturbed, he wrote word of it to
his Father here at Bampton in Oxford-Jhire ; viz^ That one Sun-
day, he and his vpife, and htt fiHer, and his brother, did diftinftly
hear upon a Table in their Chamber as they ftood by it, two fe-

veral

zo6 The !?\(atural Hijlory

veral knocks ^"^wck as ic were with a cudgel^ one of them before,
and the other after Morning-prayer^ a little before dinner : which
Letter was (hewn by Mr. Wood fenior (as the other kjiochings be-
fore the deaths of any that dyed, were before-hand told) to fe-
veral neighboring Ge////c777ew. After which, within about four-
teen days, Mrs. //(/?er ^rco^afecond wife o'i U.'C. B a fi I Wood fe-
nior^ and about a quarter of a year after, her Father Mr. Richard
Liffet^ dyed both at Bampton ; fxnce which time they have heard,
nothing more as yet.

37. Amongft fuch unaccountable things as thefe, we may
reckon the ftrange paiTages that happened at Woodjiock. in Anno
I ^49. in the Manor-how^t there., when the CommijTwners for fur-
veying the Manor -houfe^ Park., Deer^ Woods ^ and other the P^-
meajnes ht\ong\ng 10 x\\2.l Manor ^ fat and lodged there : whereof
having feveral relations ^^ui into my hands, and one of them
written by a learned and faithful perfon then living upon the
place, which being confirmed to me by feveral eye-vpitnejfes of
many of the particulars , and all of them by one of the Ccrnmif-

y/ow^rj themfelves, who ingenioufly confeftto me, that he could
not deny but what was written by that perfon above-mention'd
was all true ; I was prevailed on at laft to make the relation pub-
lick (though I muft confefs I have no efteem for fuch kind ofy?o-
ries^ many of them noqueftion being performed by combinati-
on) which I have taken care to do as fully, yet as briefly as
maybe.

38. O^ober the 13. 1649. thtCommiffi oners with their fer-
vants being come to the Manor-houfe^ they took up their Lodging
in the Kings own rooms, the Bed-chamher and with- drawing Room\
the former whereof they alfo made their Kitchin ; the Council-
hall-i their hrew-hovfe ; the Chamber of Prejence^ their place of fit-
ting todifpatch bufinefs ; and a xpood-houfeo^ the Dining-room ^
where they laid the wood of that ancient Standard in the high-
Park., known of all by the name of the Kings Oak, which (that
nothing might remain that had the name of /Tiw^afnxed to it)
they digged up by the roots. OElobcr the ' 4 and 1 5 they had lit-
tle difturbance, but on the 16 there came as they thoup:!n", fom-
what into the Bed-chamber where two of the CommUh.oners and
their fervantsl^iy^ in the fliape of a dog., which going under their
beds, did as it were gnaw the bed -cords ; but on the morrow

finding

OfOXFO %^^S HI%E, 207

finding them whole, and a quarter of Bcref which lay on the
ground untouched, they began to entertain other thoughts.

39. O^ob. 17. Somthing to their thinking removed all the
vpood of the Kings Oak. out of the dining-room into the Prefence
Chamber^ and hurled the chairs and ilools up and down that room :
From whence it came into the two Chambers where the Commiffio-
ners and their fervants lay, and hoiiled up their hedsjeet^o much
higher than the heads, that they thought they fliould have been
turned over and over, and then let them fall down with fuch a
force, that their bodies rebounded from the bed a good diftance,
and then (hook the bed-fteds fo violently, that themfthes con-
feft their bodies were fore with it. OMer 1 8. Somthing came
into the 5^^- (:^j7;z^f rand walkc up and down, and fetching the
warming-pan out of the with-drar^ing room^ made fo much noife
that they thought five hells could not have made more. And
O^ober 19. Trenchers wevt thrown up and down the dining-room
and at them that lodg'd there, whereof one of them being fliakcn
bythedioulder and awakened, put forth his head to fee vv^hat
was the matter, but had /rew/;eri- thrown at it, OSiober 'lo. the
curtains of the bed in the with-dramng room were drawn to
and fro, and the bedfted much ftiaken, and eight great fevpter
difies^znd three dozen of trenchers^ thrown about the bed-chamber
again, whereof fome fell upon the beds: this night they alfo
thought whole arm-fulls of the wood of the Kings Oak had been
thrown down in their chambers ; but of that, in the morning they
found nothing had been moved.

40. O^iober 21. The keeper o^ then Ordnarj ^nd his bitchy hy
m one of the rooms with them, which night they were not di-
fturbedatall. But OSiober 22. though the ^i^c^ kennel'd there
again (to whom they afcribed their former nights reft) both they
and the bitch were in a pitiful taking ; the hitch opening but once,
and that with a whining^ fearful yelp. OP.ober 23. they had all
their cloathspluckt oft' them in the rrith-drawing room, and the
^ric^i" fell out of the chimney into the room; and the 24^'' they
thought in the dining-room that all the wood of the Kings Oak had
been brought thither, and thrown down clofe by their ^e^-fide,
which noife being heard by thofe of the with -drawing room, one
of them rofe to fee what was done, fearing indeed that his fel-
low CommiJJioners had been killed, but found no fach matter ■

where-

2 o8 The O^Cjtural Hi [lory

whereupon returning to his bed again , he found tvv^o dozen
of trenchers thrown into it, and handfonily covered with the
bed-cloaths.

41. OSiober 25. The curtains o^ the beJ in the n^ith- drawing
room were drawn to and fro, and the bed§ied (liaken as before :
and in the W-c/'^OT^er glafs flew about fo thick (and yet not a
pane of the c/j^w3er windows broken) that they thought it had
rained rnoney ; whereupon they lighted candles, but to their grief
they found nothing but glafs^ which they took up in the morning
and laid together. O^ober 2"). Somthing walked in the vp'itb-
dramng room about an hour, and going to the window opened and
ftiut it ; then going into the bed-chamber^ it threw great ^ones for
about half an hours time, fome whereof lighted on the high-bed^
and others on the truckk-bed^ to the number in all of about four-
fcore. l\\\s night there was alfo a very great noife, as though
forty pieces of Ordnance had been fliot off together ; at two fe-
veral knoch it aftonidied all the neighboring dwel/ers, which 'tis
thought might have been heard a great way off. During thefe
noifes which were heard in both room^ together, both Commif/ion-
ers zndfervants were ftruck with fo great horror, that they cryed
out to one another for help, whereof one of them recovering
himfelf out of a ftrange agony he had been in, fnatch 'd up z/word,
and had like to have killed one of his Brethren coming out of his
bed in his fliirt, whom he took for the Spirit that did the mif-
chief: However, at length they got all together, yet the noife
continued fo great and terrible, and (liook the wal/s fo much, that
they thought the whole Manor would have fell on their heads. At
its departure it took all the glafizw^y with it.

42. November i. Somthing as they thought walk'd up and
down the with-drawing room^ and then made a noife in the dining-
room : Ihtjiones that were left before and laid up in the with-draw-
ing-room^ were all fetch 'd away this night, and a great deal of
^/(?/i* (not like the former) thrown about again. November 2.
came fomthing into the with-drawing room treading (as they con-
ceived) much like a Bear, which firft only walking about a quar-
ter of an hour, at length it made a noife about the Tahle^ and
threw the warming-pan fo violently, that it quite fpoiled it : It
th rew alfo ^//t/? and great Jlcncs 2Z thtm ^g-im, and x.\\e bones of
horfes, and all fo violently, that the bed/led 2nd wails were bruifed

by

Of OXFO ^V^SHlTiE. lop

by therti. This night they fct candles all about the rooms, and
made /re^ up to the mantle-trees of the chimneys ; but all were
put out no body knew how, the /re, and billets that made it, be-
ing thrown up and down xhe rooms \ the curtains torn with the
rods^xomxhtiT beds^ and the W-/o/?5puird away, that the /f/^er
fell down upon them, and the feet of the bedfied c\o\tn in two :
And upon the fervants in the truchje-bed^ who lay all this time
fweating for fear, there was firft a little, which made them be-
gin to ftir; but before they could get out, there came a whole
coule^ as it were, of (linking ditch-water down upon them, fo
green, that it made their/^/r/iand fieets of that colour too.

43. The fame night the windows were all broke by throwing of
[tones, and there was mod terrible noifes in three feveral places
together, to the extraordinary wonder of all that lodged near
them ; nay, the very Cony-ftealers that were abroad that night,
were fo affrighted with the difmal thundering, that for haft they
left their Verret in the Cony-Loroughs behind them, beyond Ro-
famonds well. Notwithftanding all this, one of them had the
boldnefs to ask in the Name of God^ what it was ? what it would
have? znd.what they had done, that theyjbouldbe difturbed in thi6
manner ? to which no anfwer was given, but the noife ceafed for "
awhile. At length it came again, and (as all of them faid) brought
feven Pm/5 worfethan it felf Whereupon one of them light-
ed a candle again, and fet it between the two chambers in the
door-way, on which another of them fixing his eye?, faw the
fimilitude of a /?oo/" ftriking the candle ^nd candle-ftick.\nto the
middle of the bed-chamber, and afterwards making three fcrapes
on the fnuff to put it out. Upon this the fame perfon was fo
bold as to draw his [word, but he had fcarce got it out, but there
was another invifible band had hold of it too, and tug'd with him
for it, and prevailing, ftruck him fo violently with the pummel,z\\At
he was ftun'd with the blow.

44. Then began grievous noifes again, in fo much that they
called to one another, got together and went into the Prefence-
chamher , where they faid Prayers and fang Pfalms ^ notwith-
ftanding all which, the thundring noife ftill continued in other
rooms. After this, November 3. they removed their Lodgings
over the gate ; and next day being Sunday^ went to Ewelm,
where how they efcaped, the Authors of the Relations knew not ;

D d but

zio T^he !h(jttural Hiflory

but returning on Monday^ the Devil (for that was the name they
gave their nightly gueft) left them not unvifited ; nor on the
Tuefday following, which was the laft day they ftaid. Where
ends the Hijiory (for io he was ftiled by the people) of the juft
devil of Wood/lock. % the C ommijf toners and all their dependants
going quite away on Wednefday; fince which time, fdys the Au-
thor that lived on the place, there have honeft perfons of good
Quality lodged in the Bed-chamber and vrith-drawing room, that
never were difturb'd in the leaft like the Commilfioners.

45. Moftpart of thefe Tranfa^ions^ during the (lay of thefe
Commiffioners^ 'tis true, might beeafily performed by combination^
butfome there are of them fcarce reconcilable to Jugling: Such
as I. The extraordinary noifes, beyond the power of man to
make, without fuch inflniments as were not there. 2. The raring
down and fpliting the bed-pofls^ and puting out fo many candles
and fo greaty$"re5 no body knew how. 3. A v\[\h\Q flape feen of
a horfes hoof treadnig out the candle. And 4. a tugging with
one of them for his frord by an invifible hand. All which being
put together, perhaps may eafily perfwade fome man otherwife
inclined, to believe, that immaterial beings might be concern'd in
this bufmefs ; which if it do, it abundantly will fatisfie for the
trouble of the i?^/^/fo;z, ftill provided tht fpeculativeTheiJi^ be not
after all, 2. practical At heiji.

46. And thus, before lam aware, being fallen amongfr the
unufual accidents that have happened to men only, the next unac-
countable thing that prefents it felf, is a remarkable Dream of
ThomasWotton Efq; of Bo^on Malherb In the 'County of Kent^ Fa-
ther to the famous Sir Henry tVotton Provoft of Eaton, whofe
dreams did ufually prove true, both in fore-telling things to come,
and difcovering things paft. The dream^ 'tis true, of which I
am now writing, was had at Bo^on in Kent, but the mod impor-
tant concern of it relating to Oxford, I thought fit rather of the
trvo to place it here ; the particulars whereof, as taken verbatim
out of Sir Henry Wottons life ^ are briefly thefe.

47. This Thomas Wotton, a little before Im hath dreamed, that
/^^Univerfity Treafury vfos robbedby Towns-men d!W<:/ poor Scho-
lars, and that the number vca6 five. And being that day to ffrite
to hh Son Henry (then a Scholar of Queens College) at Oxford,

^ Inter Rcliquias M^ottoniaiias.

he

Of 0 XFO XD-SHIXE. 211

he thought it worth fo much pa'uis^ as by a Pqflfcrilt in hh Letter^
to 7nake a /light enquiry of it. The Letter C^'hich n-as writ out cf
Kent, an J dated three days beforej came to his Sons hands the very
morning after the night in which the robhery woi committed ; and when
the Univerfity and City were both in aperplext inquejl cftheThieves^
then did Mr. Wotron fiew hi^ Fathers Letter^ by which fuch light
wa6 given of this work, of darknefi^ that the five guilty perfons were
prefently difcovered, and apprehended.

48. Amongft the unufual accidents attending men in their

Lives, we muft alfo reckon all unufual difeafes, furh as that of

Mr. Evans Reftor of Heathy who had a Ranula under his tongue,

wherein there bred a ffone^ I fuppofe e fanguine craffo (y terrefiri ;

or as they call it, a Tartareous humor got together in the veins

under the tongue, fo hard and great that it almoft quite deprived

^ZOTofhis fpeech ; which he drew away with his own hand, and

as he told me fent it to the Medicin School at Oxford % but upon

fearch I could not find it, nor had the School-keeper twtx heard of

any fuch matter : So that whoever he were that he fent it by,

proved falfe both to /^i/« and the Z/«iz/^r///)' ; which I the rather

note, that people hereafter may take more care by whom they

fend fuch matters. Of juft fuch another Jione as this Mr. Li§ler

gives us an account in a Letter to his Grace the Arch-Bijhop of

Tork"-, cut from under the /o;7^Me of zman, and now preferved

in the Repofitory of the Royal Society, which he chufes to call

Lapi6 Atherojnatis, though the place of its birth made him allow

the diftemper to be a Ranula ; but for my part, though the Ranula

be always a tumor, and fomtimes perhaps of that fort they call

Atheromata', yet iht place giving the difeafe a peculiar name, I think

I ought rather to call it Lapi6 RanuU, from the place of its birth,

and thofe only Lapides Atheromatis found in that tumor in other

places of the body.

49. To this may be added a hrge fione taken out of the bladder
of one Skjngley of Oxford, weighing above a pound, and being
ten inches round one way /ere, and full eleven the other ; prefer-
ved, and now to be feen m the Medicin School. As alfo a Corw
that grew on the Toe of one Sarney zWheel-wright^ of St. Al-
dates Ysinihxn the City of Oxford, Annoi6'^<,. two inches long,
which for the unufual figure and bignefs of it, I have caufed to

' Phiiofoph Tianfaft. Num6. 83.

Dd 2 be

2IX The O^tural Hijlory

be ingravenof itsjuft magnitude. Tab. lo. Fig. i6. which is al-
fo to be feen in the Medicin Sckool.

50. Amongft which alfo I think we may number the defcend-
ingtrunck of the Arteria magna ^ taken out of the body of an an-
aentperfon^ by the Ikilful Mr. Pointer Ch'irurgion of Oxford^ in
the prefence of Dr. Millington our Sidkyan Profeffor of Natural
Pbilcfophy, whofe innermoft coat from above the Emulgents down
to the Iliac branches, is by parcels only (and not continued
throughout) turned into bonf^ the outer coat remaining foft and
tender in its ordinary ftate ; which Artery remains to be feen in
the cuftody of Mr. Pointer. Juft fuch another Artery as this, I
find obferved by Fallvpiiis ^ : and Dr. Will's took another of them
out of a man much \\{t<i to vrineznA §1 ale drink} ^ % who alfo in-
forms us, that in the diffe^ion of one that dyed of an ulcerated
Schirrm in the Mefentery^ he found one of the Carotides turned
into bone in the fame manner^: Befide, above the Emulgents
nearer the heart, there was a portion of this Artery turned into
an annulary bone, perhaps fuch another as was obferved by Dr.
Harvey^ and Ve/Iingiu^ % m the great Artery of an old man ; but
this I have not (een, it being in the poireiTion of our afore-men-
tion'd Profeffor refiding in London.

54. Amongft other the fore-runners of death and the grave j
we muft not forget extream old age, fuch as thofe above-mention-
ed, §. 3. of thtfecond Chapter ', and of one J ofias Pierce htQ of
Witney, better known by much by the name o'i George Jits, who
lived to the ^^^ of an hundred and twelve. Where alfo in the
Tithing of Gr^rii^^ there is one William Carter now living, at leaft
a hundred years old, who yet it feems has not lived more abfte-
mioufly than others of his rank, nor do's he now at this j^f take
fo much care, as other people of his health : he commonly lying
naked amongft the blankets of the Mill where he lives, which ma-
ny times are not over dry ; out of which he will go naked in the
midft of winter^ and drink cold water at the Rivers fide.

52. Of accidents in the very point oi" death, I have met with
none obfervable amongft the ilf(?;2 of this County, nor of any at-
tending them in the Gr^z/^, except we may reckon that one, of
prefervation from corruption many years after death ; fuch as that

^ Gatr.Fallop Tom. 2. Trail. 9. cax 14.. ' ?harma<eut.rationalis^ feil.6. caf, 3. f Ceretr. Aratom.
(ap.-j. e Syntag. Anatom. cap- lO-

of

TAB X

■. aia.

OfOXFO%V^SHI%E. zi;

of the body of one that had. been Re^or of Wendlebury^ taken up
in the T/^wrc/? there near forty years after he had been buryed,
whofe fledi yet look'd as red(2L'6 1 was informed by the Incumbent^
fince alfo dead) as raw beef-, which whether it might not be caufed
by the petrifying qualities of the earths and waters about that
Tovpn^ would be an experiment worthy the trial of the Ingeniows
thereabout ; or about Sommerton or North Aflon^ where it would
be eafie to try whether fledi were fo inclinable to corrupt in pe-
trif)ing'^2X.tt'i,2iZ others. But if this prove the caufe, all bodies
mull equally be preferved therc,as .well as that. Ve quibm qudsre.

53. And thus I had finifti'd this eighth Cbapter-, but that I
muft beg leave to acquaint the/? cWfT, that fmce the Printing the
2i §. of it, I have found the Quintan amongft the Roman exerci-
fes (which yet perhaps they might borrow from the GreekO ^Y
the name of Quintana ; fo called, by reafonthe Remans in their
Tents madefirft/o«r ways in manner of a Crofs^ to which adding a
fifth on one fide, it was called Quintana *. In this way they fetup
a great Po§l about fix foot high, fuitable to the ftature of a man^
'and this the i^owa/z Soldiers were wont to affail, with all Inftru-
ments of w^r, as if it were indeed a real enemy ; learning upon
this, by the affiftance of the Campido^ores, how to place their
blows aright. And this they otherwife called exercitium ad Pa-
lum ; and fomtimes Palaria-y the form whereof may be feen in
Vulturiu6 * : which practice being in ufe during their Government
here, in all likelyhood has been retained among us ever fince, be-
ing only tranflated in times of Peace, from a miUiary^ to a fportive
marriage tyitxci^c.

* Vid, Quid. TanciroUum, tier, memoraiitium, lib. 2. tit. ai; * /» Augujianis MoJiumentis^f. 237-

CHAP.

214- The J\(atural H'tjlory

CHAP. IX.
Of Jrts.

THUS having run through all the Natural Bodies I have
met with in Oxford-fiire^ fuch as either Dame Nature has
always retained the fame from the beginning, as Waters,
Earths^ Stones, is-c or freely produces in her ordinary courfe,
2LS Plants, Animals, with all her extravagancies 2ind defefls, or o-
ther accidents attending : I am' come at length, according to my
propofed method, to treat of Arts^ and things artificial, that have
ckherheen invented or improved m this County ; whereof firft, of
fuch as have tended to the difcovery of the magnitudes, or de-
termination of the motions of the Heavenly Bodies, whither alfo
muft be referr'd the contrivance of new Periods, of new Hjpo-
ihefes and their demonfirations. Secondly, I (liall confider Air,
Fire, and water -works-, and thence go on to fuch Arts as have a-
ny relation to Earths, Stones, or Plants. In fliort, I fliall here
alfo follow the 7«e//)0^ of the whole Effayzs in fome other Cha-
pters, by the way taking in all Inventions, and improvements that
I have met with in this County, whether in the Mechanick. or
Liberal Ans ; which I intend the whole fcope of the following
Chapter.

2. The firft Celeftial Ohfervations in order of time, made here,
that were any thing artificial, I prefume might be done by Robert
Gro^/)W Bidiop of Lincoln, craffi quidem capitis, fed fubtilpi in-
genii, fays Pitfeus of him ^ ; who amongft other his Learned
works, left us Treatifes of the Sphere and the Aftrolabe, with which
no queftion he found out many things that were new to that ^^e :
But becaufe we can inftance in no particulars, let it fuffice as an
evidence of the great probability, that he is highly commended
for his knowledge in AJironomy and PerfpeSiive by Roger Bacon a
Frier minor of Oxon: and fomtime Fellow of Merton College, a
Man of fuch affrighting fkill in Mathematicks-, cfpecially Perfpe-
dive, that hejuftly deferved the title of Dr. Mirabili^. Nor in-
deed was he out of the way who gave him fo much, fmct had he

* In Anne 1253.

lived

of 0 XFO '^'S H1%E. 21?

lived in our days we could have given no Icfs, to one who in all
probability was a great Improver at leaft, if not the Inventor of
i\\2.fa(c(\i\ Mathematical Infirument^ fince by Calil<fU6 and others
called the Tekfcope ; of which admirable Invention perhaps Ox-
ford^rmy juftly boaft, and for it exped to be celebrated to all po-
Jierity. Which afibrtion if made good with all perfpicuity and
clearnefs, without wrefting any words or begging favorable con-
ftruftion, I think I need not to doubt but on all hands 'twill be
granted, that the obfervations here made as they were new and/re-
quent^ {o to t\\t vulgar and ignorant, they m\x?c nQcdsht terrible
and amazing.

3. That this Learned Frier underftood all forts of glajfes^ and
to order and adapt them to fuch like purpofes (not to cite other
places that might eafily be brought) I think I may with truth as
well as confidence affirm from the unconftrained fenfe of his own
words, in his Book of PerfpeS^Jve. Si vero corpora nonfunt plana
per qude vifu5 videt-, fedfj>h£rica ; tunc eft magna diver fitoi^ nam vel
concavitoi corporis eft verfit^ oculum, vel convexita6 '. But, fays
he, if the glaffes be not plain (having treated of them before)
hut fpberical ; the cafe ismuch otherwife, for either the cowc^z^/'/y
of the^/^y^ is next the eye ^ or the convexity, (s^c. Now th^t he u-
fed thefeglaffes in Celeftial Obfervations, is altogether as evident
from the fame Book-y where he proceeds in thefe words. De vifione
fra^a^ majcra funt, nam dc facili patet, maxima poffe apparere mini-
ma, isr e contra ; iy longt diflantia videbuntur propinquiffime, isf e
converfo : ficetiamfaceremu6 Solem, isr Lunam, isr Stellas defcendere
fecundum apparentiam hie inferior, isrc ^. Greater things are per-
formed if the vifion be reflated, for [by refra^ion'] 'tis eafily
made appear that the ^'red!/e/2 //^/«gj may be reprefented /e/i, and
little things as the greateft ; and that things afar ofimy be repre-
fented near : Thus we can make the Sun, and Moon, and Stars, to
all appearance, to come down to us here below, is'c.

4. Again in his £/'i/'?/c ad Parifienfem, concerning the fecret
works of Art and Nature, Poffunt enim fic ftgurari perfjncua, ut lon^
gifiimepofita, appareant propinquiffima, is" e contrario ; ita quod ex
incredibili dift^antia legeremu6 literal, minutiffima^, ist numerartmm
res quantumcunque parvas, is ftelloifaceremm apparere quo vellemu^ '.
Glaffes may be fo figured, that things the moft remote may appear

* TerffeSilv. part. 3. difi. 2. ca^- 3. * Uid. di(l. ultima. ' JnEplH. adPariJlent. cap. 5.

near ;

zi6 The O^tural Hiftorj

near; (oth^t ztzn incredible diflance we may read the fmalleft
Chara6ier^ and number //^iw^^ though never foy/;?^//; and laftly,
make Stars appear as mar as we pleafe. And thefe things, he
fays at another place, were to the illiterate fo formidable and a-
mazing, ut animus mortali^ ignorans veritatem non pojpt aliqualiter
fujlinere ^ : that no mortal, ignorant of the means, could poffibly
bear it.

5. Wherein this Learned Francifcan did fo far excel the anci-
ent Magicians, that whereas they reprefented the Moons approach
by their magical charms, he brought her lower with a greater in-
nocence, and with Kisglaps did that in truth, which the ancient
Poe/5 always put in a Fable: thus Fetronius brings in his Witchy
boafting the power of her charms,

— Lun^e defcendit imago
Carminihu6 dedu^a meis.

And Martial " in the Epitaph of PhiUni^ enquires,

QudenuncTheffalico Lunam deducere Rhombo
Qucefciet?

All which put together, it muft neceffarily be confeft, that he had
fome fuch Inftrument, though not fo trimly made, 'tis like, as
our Telefcopes are now. In favor of which truth, much more '
might be alleged, did I not think this fufficient to evince it with
unprejudiced Readers, for whofe benefit I have laid down his
words thus at large, and tranflated them (as I alfo intend in fome
other matters) that fuch as have not the opportunity of feeing his
Books, or underftand not his Language, might give their verdid,
as well as thcfe that have, or do.

6. Upon the account of thefe, and many other excellent £x-
periments, exceeding ('tis true) the capacity, but not the malice
of thofe times, he wasaccufed of Magick in its word fenfe, to
have performed them by the concurrent help of the Devil", per-
fecuted as fuch by thofe of his own Fraternity, and thrown into
Prifon by Hieronymics de Efculo^ , General of \\\s Order, afterward
Pope by the name of Nicholas the Fourth, where they fo barba-
roufly treated him, that he was forced to feek redrefs of Clement

" PerfpeBiv-fart.'s^-dift.T^. " Martial. Epigram, lih.c) Epig-22. five -yi, " Vid.HiJlor. (^ A?itiq-
VmverJ.Oxon. Lb- \p- i^Z. ^ Ba.'aiCeTst. ^ Niimh.^<,,

the

Of 0XP0%V^SH1%E, iij

the Fourth^ to whom he made complaint not only of his hard
ufage, and fequeftration of his Books^ but charge of his Experi-
ments^ fome whereof he tells him, efpecially concerning burning
things at any dijlance^ would amount at leaft to a thoufandma\ksy
Et certe combufiio in omni di^antia conflaret plufquain milk mar ecu ^
antequam fpecula fufficientiafierent ad hoc'^, are his very words. And
at.another place fpeaking ol Mathematical Injlruments ^ In^rumtntd
hdtcncn funtfa^a apud Latinos, nee fierent pro ducenti6nec trecentis
librn \ that they would not be made for two or three hundred
pounds : grediZ fums indeed in Bacons time, yet fcarce bearing pro-
portion with his greater attempts.

7. Which made them at laft fo jealous of him^ that notwith-
ftanding he wrote a whole Treatife againft the ufe of Magick%-
they would fuffer none to come near him, nor his Books to have
place in their Libraries, infomuch that it almoft repented him of
his Inventions ^, which in all probability (not to mention the
humor of the Age^ very careful of breaking the Heavenly Seal (as
they called it) which obfcured their 772j/y?erif5- from the unworthy
multitude) was the caufe why he left us no particular ?h<Rnomena
of the motions of the /"/^we/j, nor any thing of wewy?^?^ ; the
difclofing fuchyc-crf/j- producing many inconvenicncies. Which
alfo was thereafon (as guefs'd by Dr. Dee ") why he never re-
vealed his fecret of Gun-powder ; not but he efteemed it a confi-
derable Invention^ but becaufe he fore-faw the many evils attend-
ing it, which thefe latter ages have feverely felt ; fince brought
into practice by Btrtholdm Swartz^ of which more fully in its pro-
per place.

8. So far then was Jobn Lipperfein of Zeland, Metiu6 of , Alckr
mar, or GaliUws himfelf from being t\\tLnventor of the Tehfcope,
or firft appljer of it to the Heavens ; that perhaps had not Bacon
left his Books to pofterity, with fuch pregnant Indications how
much might be done that way ; he had been as little able to make
thofe advancements he <^^\6. , as Paulas Middlebiirgenfis, or Coper-
w/V»tf had been, to give occafion for the corre^ion of the Julian
Calendar, or Tropical Tear, confifting of 365 days and 6 hours

r (firft contrived, as Bacon informs us, by one, i^oe/ix '*', and only

s JnOfierlsMiv.part.x.cap.iT^.MS.iv'Bil'.Bod. ' IneademOp. M!K.pa7-t.-i,.c/7p jt. ^ Contra tJecrO'
manticos five denulhtate Malice, t V/J. Hifi. c^ A'Ui^.Uni'verfOxmi. Lit. l.p. iiS. " Dr. PreVAnnoC.
iaEpiH- ad Pari/ie"fem. * If! LihoFratris Rog.B^can.Comiiuias Nztu'ca]\um,di^o,cap-2 MS-inBiif'
CnU.VmverfitatM Oxon.

Ee per--

2i8 ^he 5^aturd Hiflory

perfefted by C^far') which though not performed till the time of
Gregory the 13^'', Anno 1582. yet t\\c fir(t motion of its being
done, was certainly made by this Learned friar to Pope Clement
the V*", as appears from a fair MS Copy of the fourth part of his
Opu6 minws in the Bodleyan Library : Where after he has paffio-
natly lamented its frrory awhile, /'e gives this fuccinft account of
it, viz^. that its being greater than the true Solar year, was the
caufe of the going back of the Mquinoxes and Solfiius^ and then
how all was to be amended.

9. Quod aiitem hicinttndo (fays he"^) ejl de correSIione Calendarii
quoutitur Ecclefia. Julius quidem Caefar in Aftronomia edoSius
complevit ordinem Calendarii fecundum quod potuit in tempore fuo ;
isyficut\{\^onxnarrant cow/r^j Achoriura A^ronomum^ & Eudo--
xum ejus DoSforem difpntavit in Egypto de quantitate Anni Solaris,

fuper quam fundatum efi Calendarium nnftrum^undeficut Lucanus re-
/er/, ipfe dixit '^' ' ■ ^'

Non mens Eudoxi vincetur faftibus Annus.

Sednonpervenit Julius adverarn anni quantitatem quampofuit tjfe in
Calendario «o/?/'(7 365 dies^ is^ quart am diet integram^ qude quarto,
colligitur per quatuor annos^ ut in anno Biflextili computetur unus
dies plu^ quam in aim annps communibu6 : Manifefium autem efi per
omnes computifta^^ antiques iff novos^ fediy certificatum eft per vias
Aftronomiaf, quod quant it 06 anni Solaris non eU tanta^ imo minor ;
isr iflud mint{6 <£jiimatur a fapientibu^ effe quafi 1 30 pars uniu6 diei^
unde tanquam in 1 3 o annk fuperflue computatur iiniu6 dies^ qui fi au'
ferretur^ f^^/ Calendarium corre^um quoad hoc peccatum^ i. e.

10. That which I intend here (fays he) is the correftionof
the Calendar now in ufe in the Church. Julius C<x[ar indeed be-
ing learned in Aflronomy^ compleated the Calendar very well for
his time, ^ndTi^ Hiftories tell us, difputed in l^gypt againft Acho-
rim^ and his M after Eudoxu6^ concerning the quantity of the
Solar year, on which our Calendar is founded, which made Za-
can bring him in fpeaking to this effeft, "i^od b

The JuVmiiJ/jallne'r be prov'd amifs^
By the Eudoxian Ephemeris.

But JuUm'ntvtT came to the knowledge of the true quantity.of

* 40 MS- in Bib. Bod. ift Mufao Frotobil>!iotkecarii p. 327. ' '

the

Of OXFO%V^SHIXE. l^9

x\\tyear^ which he made to confift of 365 days, and a whole
fourth part of a day. which fourth part colle^led at four years
end, made, that in the 5/^x//7 there was one day more than in
any otherje^r : But 'tis manifeft (fays he) to all Aftroncmers both
old and new, and 'tis plain from the rules of Afironomy^ that the
quantity of the Solar year is not fo much, but jefs, and that as 'tis
judged by wife men, by the 130''' part of a day; whence it
comes to pafs, thatin 130 years we have one fuperfluous day,
which were it but taken away, the Calendar would be corrected a^
to this error.

11. And then he proceeds to (liew, that upon this account
it is that the /Equinoxes and SohJices are not fixt, but Continually
afcend in the Calendar, that in the beginning of the Church they
were not, where they are now in his time ; and in the conclufion
of the Difcourfe, Debet autemnunc temporii remedium apponi pro-
per iftos errores manifeflos^ isrc ^. But that now fome remedy muft
be found for thofe palpable errors, and that to take off fcandal
from the Church ; for (fays he) all the learned in .^ftronomy know
this, and laugh at the ignorance of the Prelatesthzi fuffer it. Nay,
the In^del -Arabians, Hebrews^ and Greeks ■> abhor the folly they fee
•in the Chriftians in ordering the time they fet afide for their greatef
Solemnities: But now Chrijlians hzwt^o much fl^ill in J§lronomy,^
that they can amend all tjiefe things. Therefore your Holynefs
(meaning Fo/cC/fwew/) may command, ist in-venietls homines qui
prcedara remedia opponent in hac parte.

12. Thus earneftly wrote he for the reformation of the Calen^
dar^ not only in this but in leveral other Books ; in 6nt whereof
he makes alfo this complaint, l^dn tamen aliquis -pifd^fumit tradert
Calendarium correSium, propter hoc quod ConciYium gener ale pr obi-
let ne quis mutet Calendarium, fine licentiafedis Apoi^LoVicxgenera-
li ^, i. e. Yet no body prefumes to correal this Calendar, becaufe
it is forbid by a General Council that no man fliould offer to alter
it, without fpecial licenfe firft obtained of the ^pojlolick. Sea.
Which licenfe I gather at length was given him^ for I find him in
the end of the aforefaid Chapter^ mentioning a more correft Copy
of a Calendar fent to the aforefaid Pope by his Boy fohn, than
any he had fent him before. Cumpropter feilinantiam^ is" propter

1 Loco (itato [ub finoih Paragra^hi. ^ hi Operis Minor, part. 3. 4.°. MS- in 3ihliothsca ^odleiana-
cap.6j^

E e 2 occu--

220 The 5^mral Hijiory

cccupationes in aim magna^ is" vnriasj veftrum Ey-empJar non fuit
ufquequaque corre^um^ hie iterum feci tranfcribi^ ifr correxi ; isf hdec
ideofacio^ ut certitudina liter confiderare isr conferrepoffuk de hac ma-
teria cum quocunque veliti^^ i. e. becaule upon the account of haft
and various other bufineffes intervening, your Copy was not fuffi-
ciently correft, I have correfted and tranfcribed it again, that
you might confider and confer about it more certainly with whom
you pleafe. A perfeft and fair MS. Copy of which Calendar, 1 hear
yet remains in the hands of one Mr. Theyer^ a Gentleman ofClo-
ceffer-fiire.

13. From which, or fome other Calendar of his, PaulwsMid-
dleburgenfis Bifl^op of Foffombrone^ in the Dukedom of Vrbin,
ftolehalf of his great Volum, which he calls his Fa ulina^ con-
cerning the true time of keeping £^y?er,and day of the Paffion of
our Lord JESUS; direfted to Pope Leo the Tenths m order to
the reformation of the Roman Calendar and Ecclefia^ical Cycles^
written juft in the fame order and method generally and particu-
larly as Roger Bacon long before had done to Clement the Fourth ;
and yet full flender mention (fays Dr. Dee ') doth this BiJ/;op
make of fe, though his chief Inftruftor in the beft part of the
matter contained in his 5oo4: In which defign, though the ^/<j-
giary were unfuccefsful , his endeavors being fruftrated for a
time, yet *twas he that ftirred up Nicholas Copernicus (as the
fame Nicholas honeftly confeffes in an Epifile of his to Paul the
Third^') moreaccuratly to obferve the motions of the Sun and
Moon^ and thence to define the quantities of years and months
more truly than they were before in the Julian Calendar ; upon
whofe foundations Aloyfiu6^ and the reft of the fumptuous CoU
legeoi Mathematicians at Rome having built their 7?e/orw^/io«, it
is cafily deducible that whatever has been done in this matter
from the time of Frier Bacon^ to that o^Vo^c Gregory the Thir-
teenth^ muft in great meafure be afcribed to him^ their w'hole ^^-
/orw^/zowfcarce differing from hi6.

14. Only in this (which is well worth the obfervation) that
whereas the Gregorian Reformers reduced the Equinoxes and Sol-
fiices to the places they fuppofed they held in the time of the Ni-
cene Council-, Bacon feems inclinable to have brought them (and

• Dr. PfMproiofal toQueen £/;Zij^. andherC(7«»«7concerning the reformation of the vulgar Crf-
hniar. MS. i?i B:i>!i0th. C C. €. Oxon- lit. Z fol. ^ In Prafat, in libros riVolutionum.

that

OfOXF01{D^SHI1{R zit

that moft rationally) to their places, in a much more eminent £-
poche, viz^ the Winter Sol/ike to the tenth of the CalenJs of yanu-
arj^ and the Vernal Mquincx to the tenth of the Calends of ^pril-,
their true places at the time of Chrifts birth : which he proves
by a very cogent Argument drawn from the obfervationsof Pto-
lomy^ who lived but 140 years after Chrift ; in whole time the
Vernal /Equinox was found to be on the eleventh of the Calends of
ylfril'. now allov\qng, as before, that itafcends inthe Calendar a
whole natural day in 1 90 years ; if in P/o/oOTi^5time it fell on the
eleventh of the Calends of ^pril^ it muft needs at Chrifts birth
have been at leaft on the tenth ; and fo of the Solfiice '^ . Accord-
ing to which computation they have now gon back in our Calen-
dar fince Chrifts time almoft 1 3 days, the number 130 days be-
ing fo often to be found in 1676. wanting but 14. Now the JEra
of Chrifts birth being a time of much higher value, and more to
be refpefted by Chriftians than the Nicene Council, in what ever
elfe they have exceeded him,^ I am fure in this they have fallen
(liortof his reformation.

15. And fo much for the invention of the Telefcope^ and o-
ther Inflruments, by the affiftance whereof he fo nearly defined the
true quantities of the Solar and Lunar year s^ that he firft gave oc-
cafion to the reformation of the Julian Calendar', wherein if the
Reader (with me) be convinced, let him hither refer thofe in-
ordmate Encomiums by Kepler^ Fabriciu6^ and C<ffar la Galla^
heaped on GaliUu^ for the one ; and whatever elfe of that na-
ture he fhall meet with, given to Paulu^ Middleburgenfis, Copernicu^^
or Alo)fiu6 for the other.

1 6. Thus was the Chriftian World firft informed in matters of
Afironomy by Roger Bacon^ and with fo much fuccefs here in En-
gland^ that in the next Century we meet with Richard Walling ford
Abbot of St. Albans^ and Simon Bredon, both Oxford men, the
moft eminent for their time in the whole World: who for their
fubtilty, and yet clearnefs of demonftration, we find yoaked
with nolefs than the great Mbategniu^^ by Lewis Caerlyon alfo an
Oxford man, in his obfervations of the Eclypfcs, An. Dcm. 1482 *".
where alfo he treats of the oblique afcenfions of the Signs calcula-
ted to the Meridian of Oxford. And quickly after we meet with

* In OieriiMin. fart. 3. cap- 69. M5. in B'tbliotheca Co/i.Vniverf, ' i,' MS 79. inter Codices MS-
Seldini.

William

211 The O^atural Hifiory

William Rede (after BiJJjop o^ Chkheiler^ znAJohn Efchenden joint-
ly to carry on this ftudy, as appears from their Treatifes of the
central Eclyps of the Moon^ and con)un6:ion of the three fupe-
rior Planets that happened Jn. 1345- and the great conjunftion of
Jufiter and Saturn^ jin. 1365. both which were calculated by
William Rede^ and the Progno§iications added hy John Efchenden '^ :
From which Eclyps^ and the firft conjunSiion^ he fore-told the
Epidemical Fe/Jilence thzt followed in the year 1349. which be-
ginning in Turky.) fpread all over Sjria and Greece ; whence it
came into Italy^ Spain and France , and at length into England.
To thefe ^ddjohn Somer and William Wyrcefler^ alfo mofl: eminent
^fironomers ; the former whereof correfted the Calendar perhaps
yet more accuratly than Bacon " ; and the latter wrote a verifica-
tion of all the /xV flars, as to their longitude and latitude^ for
the year 1 440 ^. with fome other y^ftronomical matters, at the in-
ftance of his Patron Sir John Faljioff,

1 7. Great we fee was the increafe of this fort of Learnings
even in thofe days, yet that former Ages may not carry away the
whole honor, let us alfo make an eftimate of its modern advance-
ments \ fuch as it received from TT'o/TZi?^ Lj^M/, formerly Fellow
of Nevp College^ and Reftor of^lkerton in this County, who de-
fining a yet truer period th^n any of the former^ of the Sun and
Moons motion (without which, there could be no accurat Syfiem |
or Calendar o^ years ^ months and days') moft happily firft contri- I
ved the Ocfodefexcentenary Period : ipfe primus^ abfit di^o inuidia;
no§fro feculo obfervavi^ zre his own words §: Which Period,
though till now not fo certainly known, by Learned Antiquity
was called the great year^ as is manifeft from /o/e/^/'WJ his Hiftory
of the Jevps^\ where fpeaking of the great advantages our Fore-
fathers hd.d in Agronomy ^ he fays, Uhiov ^w r<3)iov auTmi <s^^7v, «-

5S 0 ijjyti ofjauToj tta^pto/. i. e. that 'tis probable God gave them a
longer life, that they might fully underftand the Theorems of^fJro-
nomy^ which they could not well do, unlefs they lived fix hun-
dred years ; for the great year^ fays he, is accomplidi'd in that
number of years.

1 8. which Lydiat found to come fo near the truth, that there

i Fo/.MS- 1-6- interCodkes Vigh- ' ^od. vij. inter Codices T>igby-,\X'> MS. 5. f M?- inter Codkts
Laud^ 12°. B. 23. e Lydiati £/>. /Iflronm. de Afun Solaris menfura. ^ Lib. i- cap. ^.fub.finem.

needed

Of 0 XFO %T)^S H1%E. 223

needed but the abatement of eight in fix hundred, histrue/erzW
confining of 592 years, -and that (according to Geminus') of whole
years^ ^'\\o\t months^ and whole days^ as a /e;zW ought to do',
viz^ of 592 \nx\vt folar yenrs^ 7922 entire months (whereof 21 8
are intercalary^ 216223 entire days^ and 50S89 entire weeks -^
defining every Lunar month to confift of 29 days, 12'', 44, 3 % 12 ,
44 ', 3\ 12". And x\\Q folar year of 365 days^ 5'', 47-, 50', i6 , &
^^^ ; or 5"" and J^ ; or 365 ^^syy and ,^g part of a day : So that the
vi/ho]^ period, or 592 Ly diat can year s^ do anticipate fo many Julian
ones by five days.

19. According to this /'^nW found out in /?w. 1605. exceed-
ing the Vionyfian but 60 je^jri, he calculated the middle motions
of zhefeven P lanets foi the nine f\Y{\: periods entirely^ and the tenth
fo far forth as it had gon in his time ; (fome MS. fragments of
which calculations I had lately in my poiTefiion, butnow difpofed
of to the WordiipfulDr. Lanphire^ Principal of //i/rz-^d://, care-
fully to be prefervedamongftthe reft of his writings. )And in An.
1620. viz^ in the laftyear of the firft half of his tenthpericd^ he
put it forth, with his Menoldgium^ or reformation of the Calen-
dar^ which he oppofed to the netp^ but confufed, abfurd, and
{^['it Pontifical Gregorian year ^ contrived by the fumptuous Col-
lege of Mathematicians at Rome ^ and defended itagainft the ob-
traftations o^Jofeph Scaliger^^ a man, 'tis true, of great Learning,
but withal fo confident and imperious, fo abufive and afiiiming,
that whenever he wanted Arguments for the fupport of his
caufe, he always fought revenge upon the perfon of his Ad-
verfar^.) -'.'": ' .1

2C. ^^hich was manifeftly the cafe of modeft Lydiat^ whorti
in an Epi§lle to Richard Thomfon (his correfpondent in England')
he calls, the greateji monger that evtr Enghnd produced^ ; and in
another to the fame Thomfon, the veryeft fool in the n>hole worlds
and that 'twas belorv his dignity, nor had he leifure to write againfi
fuch a Beetle"". Bbt herein (as the Reverend Dr. Heylin very well
notes in another cafe) we muft pardon /o/e/?/; ;/or had not /corn and
contempt-beenpart of his Effence^ he had neither been a Scaliger, nor
the Jon c/ Julius", who fcrupl^ not to pafs thisradi cenfure on
the whole Englijh Nation ; that we are, Perfidi, inflati^feri, cont

' TerioJks 'dehef ov^rehetiderer ofut^ ifii^u "^ «A8;ft?»*T> y^'o'/Kj ohm/txi. Gemimtf ';» lihro ^tuiti^ni-
^ Vid. Lydiati Solis (^ Luna periodum, in Titu/o. ^ 'jof.ScaiigeriB.oifielar.lib. i^.B.fi^.itpi ^ Jof. Sca~
iiger. EfiSet lil>, J- K^isi. 24.1. " Cojmografh. in CM' yijf)r. (^ Mejo^ot- [ubfinem.

temptores,

224- The O^tural Hi [lory

iemptores^ Polidi^ amtntes^ inertes^ inhifj'i tales ^'wunanes ". In which
very aft yet I think he proves nothing, but that moft of thofe
Epithets rather belong to bimfelf.

2 1. If it be objefted that/r/e//; did not fo hrpatrizare, but
that hefpake Honorably of fome of the EngJiJI.\ fuch as Wctton,
Savil, Camden ^^ Reynolds'^: it niuft be anfwered. That thefe
touched not the ajple of his eye^ nor endeavored the ruin of
his great D/'j;?^, the Julian Period, of which he conceited him-
felf the Inventor : which yet fince by an indifferent, and that a
com pete nty^/^j^f, h giwen to Robert Lorringe an Englijh Bift^op of
Hereford^ who lived 500 years before ^c^/i^err invention". 'Tis
true, he fitted it to Chronological ufcs ; but whil'ft in the niidft
of his glorious attempts, behold him ftiaken by meek, and modeft
Ljdiat^ the happy Inventor of a more accurat period^ whereby
he fo difturbed and confounded all his fupputations^ that (if we
may believe the moft Learned of the Age) he laid his angry Rival
flat upon his back.

22. And fo much concerning the Lydiatean Period, of which,
becaufe fomuch already in Print, I ftiall not add more, only in |
what years of as many of them, as have already been (which pof-
fibly may not be unacceptable to the Reader^ the moft confiderable
/Er^V of the world have happen'd.

Tears of the World. Tears of the Lydiatean Periods.

The Flood. 1657. 473. (3)

Birthoflhdc, 2109. 333. (4)

Exodus. 2509. 141. (5)

The Temple. 2988. 28. (6)

£w7/'/Veo/Nebuchadn. 3401. 441. (^)

Empire of Cyrus. 347 !• S'^' (O

£;./ir../ Alexander? ^^^

the Great. 3 :

Empire of Jul Cxhr. 395^* 4o4- (?)

Baptifm of Chrift., , .,.;;.^ 4033. 4S1. (7)

The D\ony funyear ofy ■ 296, (10)

our Lord, 1620. 3 ^ V^ "' •■

Theyearcf our Lcrd,i6j6. 5680. 352. (lO)

o Jul.Cafar Seal Toetices, lib. ■i,.c<7p.\6- » JofScaligEpipol. W. 3. £///?• 232. » JM. M. ^. Efift.
446. ' U Traifat. in Atwales Jac. Vjfeni, Anhie^-Armachtm^

23.

If

Of 0XF0%V^SH1%E, 225

23. If 1 defcend yet lovv^er to perfons now living, vre ftiall
daily find Afironomy rectWmgncw advancements ^Vizn\c\A^dy^ioxn
the Right Reverend Father in God, Seth Lord Bifliop of Sarum,
one of the moft cordial Promoters of this undertaking : who ra--
ther embracing the opinions of Pio^ewey, Apolloniui Myndiu6^ of
theCba/dees^ and at length of Seneca ; That Comets are perpetual
ffars-, and carrjed about in a continued mction ; than o( Kepler^ who
thought them ftill produced de Novo, quickly perilhing again ; or
of Ga(fendn6, who held indeed they might be corpora <£terna, but
yet that they always moved in ftraight lines ; he firft propofed
this new Theory of them, z/i^. that it was much more probable
they might rather be carryed round in Circles or Ellipfes(ekher in-
cluding or excluding the Globe of the earth} fo great, that the
Comets are never vifible to us, but when they come to the Perigees
of thofe Circles or Ellipfes-, and ever after invifible till they have
abfolved theh periods in thofe vaft Orbs^ which by reafon of their
ftanding in an oblique, or perpendicular pofture to the ejc, he de-
monftrated might well feem to carry them in ftraight lines ; all
circles or ellipfes fo pofited, projefting themfelves naturally into
fuch lines: which Theory was Hrft propofed in a Le^ure here at
Oxford, and afterward fet forth in theyear 1653. The Right Re-
verend Father in God, Seth Lord Bidiop of Sarum, and my very
good Lord, being then Profejjor of Aftronomy in this Vniver-

fity.

24. In the fame year, the fame Right Reverend, and moft ac-
complidrd Bijhop firft Geometrically demonftrated, the Copernico-
Elliptical Hypothefis to be the moft genuine, fimpk and uniform, the
moft eafie 2nd intelligible, anfweringall Ph^encmena without com-
plication of motions, by Eccentrics, Epicycles, or Epicyc- Epicycles.
That the Eccentricities of the Planets and their Apoge's according
to the Ptolomaic hypothefis, and the Aphelions according to the
Copernican, might all be folved by a fimple Ellipticalline, was firft
indeed noted by Kepler, but how their proper ^ndprimary Inequa-
lities, or ^nomali^ Cojequat^^ ftiould thence be demonftrated ^fo-
metrically, he profeft he knew not, and utterly defpaired it would
ever be done : which ftirred up the Learned Ifnael BuUialdus to
attempt the removal of this difgrace to jftronomy, which accord-
ingly he thought he had done, finding the method of the Apheli-
ons, and demonftrating (at leaft as bethought) the firft /;/^^w^-

F f lities

zz6 The j\(atural Hifiory

Uties geometrically^ and making Tables ; calling his work Aftrono-
miam Philolakam.

25. But how far he came ftiorc of what he pretended, was
fo plainly and modeftly made appear by the Reverend Bipwp^ in
a Book which heentituled, Inquifitio in Ifmaelis BuUialdi Aftrono-
mide Fhilolaicdefundamenta. fi^^i/. Oxonii, 1653. that the ingeni-
ous Bullialdm himfelf, fent him a Letter o': thanks, and recogni-
tion of his errors. Where alfo he further (hews, that although
Bullialdm had not, and Keller thought no man could , rightly
calculate the firfl: inequalities accordingto the rules o^ Geometry^
i. e. out of the Vnowr\. middle motions of the Planets (or true
places of the Aphelions') accuratly find a priori, their true or/?/'-
pearing motions: That yet there were inethods by which it might-
be done, whereof he propounded tveo in the fame Book.-, and de-
monftratedthem, which afterwards applying to all the primary
Plantts, he fee forth both Elliptical and Circular Aflronomy^ Oiew-
mghow thePhdenomena, according to both Hyfothefts^ might be
geometrically made out, vv^hich he called his Aftronomia Gecmetrica,
Edit. Londini, An. 1656.

26. The Elliptical Hypothefis has received yet further advance-
ment from Mr. Edmund Hally of Queens College Oxon. a young man,
for his years of prodigious (kill in Agronomical muters^ who,
amongft many other excelleat performances in that Science to be
met with in our EngliJJj PhilofophicalTranJaSiicns \ has (liewed us
a direft and ^^eoTTzemc^/;;!^//?;^}./ for finding the Aphelions-, Excentri-
cities, 2nd proportions oC the Orbs of the primary Planets, with-
out fuppofingthe equality of the angle of motion at the other Eo-
cm of the Planets EUipfis, which has been hitherto always done
amongft Aftronomers ^ .* From whom I dare promife yet further
improvements, he being lately gon to the Ille of St. Helen, for the
more advantagious profecution of his AJlronomical ftudies ; from
whofe fclitary obfervations there, and comparative ones with Mr.
Flamjled\ here, Aftronomy no queftion will receive confiderable
advancements.

27. To which may be added feveral other improvements this
Science has received from that incomparable perfon Sir Christopher
Wren, hte ProfeJJor here : who before any thing of Hugenim ap-
peared onthdit fubjeSf, from his conftant obfervations of Saturn,

* Philofoph. Tranfaftionsj \N//M^. Ii6;i27ji28. ' Ibidem. JS!timl>. 128.

ftated

Of OXFO 'JRjy-'SHIXE. 227

ftated a Thevry of that Planet ; and of the Moons Libratiorii, He
has attempted alfo (and perhaps by this time performed) a Sele-
nografhy by meafure, what we have yet of that kind being rather
fidiures^ than accurate furveys or maps of x\\tMoon : To this pur-
pofe he contrived a Lunar globe, reprefenting not only the Moun-
tains and Valleys m folid work, but the feveral degrees o^vphitenefs
and hlackjiefi on the furface, which if turned to the light, fhews
all the menjirual phafes of the Moon^ with the feveral appearances
that arifefrom the fiaJows of the Hills and Vales,

28. He has made Maps of the Pleiades, and other Telefccpial
Jiafs, and propofed ways to folve the great Quejiion concerning
theearths reft or motion by fomefmall/^rs- about the North pole,
to be feen only in large and well made Tekfcopes : To which In-

Jirument he has added many forts of Pete's^ /crews, and Apertures^
to take in more or lefs ligbt, by opening and (hutting like the pu-
pil of the eye^ according as the Obferver thinks fit ; and has im-
. proved the manufaliure of grinding good glaffes. He has alfo
made two Telefcopes to open with a joynt after the manner of a
feSior, whereby diftances may be taken to half minutes, and no
differences found in the hme obfervation often repeated, the In-
(Irument not being lyable to any prejudice by warping or luxation.
He has contrived and hung Quadrants, Sextants, and Radii, much
better than heretofore, by which Agronomical Obfervationsmzy be
mademoreaccurate and eafie. Of all which ingenious and ufe-
ful Inventions, there are much more full and elegant relations, in
the moft accurate ////?or)' of the Royal Society'' : Hov^^ever, they
being moft, if not all of them found out here, or at leaft whil'ft
their Author was AJlronomy Projejfor in th'isVniverftty, I could not
but mention them with relation to this place, as I (liallfome other
matters which ow their invention to the fame worthy perfon,

29. And thefe are all the modern advancements in Agronomical
matters I can at prefent think of, onely a late invention of one
R» Holland, a teacher of Mathematicks in this City for many years,
who has ftiewed us a way to get the Angle of Parallax of a Comet
or other Ph<£nomenon at tvv^o objervatious to be taken in any one
ftationor placeof the earthy and thereby the diftance from the
earth : whereof no more, there being a fliort account of the
whole contrivance fet forth by himfelf, and printed at Oxford.

' Hiftory of the Royal Society, Part, i.fub fnem.

F f Z 30. Having

2z8 The S\(jtmral Hijlory

30. Having done with the Inventions and Improvements that
concern the Heavens^ come we next to thofe belonging to thefiib-
lunary Worlds whereof the fame Ingenious Sir ChriJiopberWren
has furniili'd us with feveral ; as of exquifite fubtiky, fo of ex-
cellent ufe : Such as his contrivance to make Diaries of vpind and
vreather^ and of the various qualifications of the ^ir, 2lS\.o heats,
colds, drought,moiJiure,?LndiVF eighty through the whole j/e^r ; and
this in order to the Hijioryof Seafons : with obfcrvation, which
are the moft healthful or contagious to men or beafl? ^ which, the
Harbingers of blights, meldews,fmut, or any other accidents at-
tending 7/7^;?, cattle, or grain ; fo that at length being inflrufted in
the cait/es o^ theCe evils, we may the ez^itt prevent, or find reme-
dies for them .

3 I . Now that a conftant obfervation of thefe qualities of the
air, both by night and day might not be infuperable ; he contri-
ved a Thermometer to be its own Regijier, and a Clrckto be annex-
ed to a weather-cock^, which moves a Rundle covered with vvhlte
Paper ; upon which the Clock, moving a black-lead ^f/?///, the oh-
ferver, by the traces of the penfjl on the paper, may certainly
know what TriWi have blown, during his deep or abfence, for 12
hours together. He has alfo difcover'd many fubtile ways for
eafier finding the degrees o^ drought, "SiVid moiiJure, and the gravi-
ty of the Atmofphere ; and amongft other Inftruments, has Bal-
lances (alfo ufeful for other purpofes) that lliew the preffure of
the ah\ by their eafie (I had almoft faid fpontaneous) inclina-

tions'^.

32. He has made Inftruments whereby he has (liewn the Me-
chanical reafon of failing to all vrinds ; and others of Reffiration,
for ftrainingthe^re'^//) from thick vapors, in order to tryal whe-
ther the fame breath thus purified will ferve turn again. Which
Experiments, however nice they may fcem, yet being concerned
about a fubjeft fo nearly related to man, that he always lives in it,
and cannot long without it, and is well or ill according to its al-
terations, the minuteft difcoveries of its nature or qualifications
ought to be valuable to us.

33. Wherein yet we have been affifted by nothing more, than
the Pneumatick. Engine, invented here at Oxon: by that miracle of
Ingenuity, the Honorable Robert Bojle Efq; with the concurrent

* Ibidem.

help

OfOXFO%T>^SHI%E. izp

help of that exquifrre contriver, Mr. Ecbert Hockr, commonly
called the Air Pimp ; fo different a thing from the Injlrummtum
Magdeburgicum^ devifed by Otto Gericke ^, an ingenious Ccnful of
that Reptblick-, that it can fcarce be reckoned an improvement of
that^ but a new Engine ; although it muft not be denyed but the
Magdeburg Experiment gave occafion to its Invention. By the af-
fiftance whereof, thzt Nob le Fhi/ofopher hzth accuratly examined
the E/aflical power ^ preffure, and vrdgbt yexpanfwn and weiihiej^
thereupon, of this element ; and thereby found out fo many
things WW, relating to the height and gravity of the Attncfphere,
nature of a Vacuum ; Elame^ and Excandefcence of cnals^ vtatch^
firing of gun-powder ; propagation o'ifounh, fluidity^ light ^freei^-
ing^ reffiration^ i3'C. that to give an account of them all according
to the merits of the Experiments , would be to tranfcribe the
whole Treatifeof th^t Honorable Author fet forth on this fubjeft ;
whither I refer the Reader for further fatisfiftion, and fo to the
reft of his Worh upon feveral other fubjefts ; many of his nume-
rous i777/f;7/zor75 and improvements, wherewith he hasfo highly ob-
liged the World, having been made in this place.

34. Whereof I (liall mention no more (it being indeed uncer-
tain as to moft of them, which were made here,which at London^
and which at oihtx places^ only the Barometer^ a well known In-
ftrument, alfo invented here by the fame Noble Per/on^ whereby,
the gravity of the ^tmofphere has been daily obferved by the Reve-
rend and Learned Dr. John WalUs^ for about fix years together :
in all which time he found the Quichrfilver in the Tuhe^ never to
afcend much above 30 inches, and never to dtfcend much be-
low 28, which he takes to be the whole latitude of ks variation.
He alfo obferved, for moft of that time, the temper of the air
by a Thermometer, whereof he has ftill the Notes by him, which
are very particular for every day.

35. Which latter i;7/?r«OTe;7/, though of very ancient inven-
tion, there having been one of them found by Robert de FhMibus
graphically delineated, in a MS. of 500 years antiquity at lenfr ^*
yet it has ftill received other ufeful advancements (befidethata-
bove mentioned) from that curious Artift Sir Chrijiopher If^en^
who finding the ufual Thertnometers not to give fo exaft a meafure
of the airs extenfion, by reafoil the gravity of the liquor as it

* Cafp.SckouiMagiaVniver.part.-}.lib-j-cap.6. T MofaicaiPhilofophyi W. I. ««/•• 2.

ftands

2^0 The D^Qitural Hijlory

ftands higher or lower in the Glafs, weighs unequally on the air^
and gives it a contraftion and exrenfion, befide what is produced
by heat and cold ; he therefore invented a Circular Thermometer^ in
which the //^Korean occafion no fuch faU.tcy, it remaining conti-
nually of one height^2nd moving the whole injirument like a wheel
on its axel \

36. Amongft other ^fro/ec/'w/cfe-, here is a Clock lately con-
trived by the ingenious /o/j/z/o;?^^ LL. B. and Fellow o{Jefu6
CollegeOxon: which moves by the <2/>, equally expreiied out of
bellovrs of a cylindrical form, falling into folds in its defcent,
much after the manner of Paper Lanterns : Thefe, in place of
drawing up the weights of other Clocks^ are only filled with air,
admitted into them at a large orifice at the top, which is ftop'd
up again as foon as they are full with a hollow fcrevp^ in the head
whereof there is fet a i^rmWbrafsplate^ about the bignefs of a fiU
ver half penny, with a hole perforated fcarce fo big as the fmal-
Icll pins head : through this little hole the air is equally expref-
fed by weights laid on the top of the bellows^ which defcending
very (lowly, draw a Clock.-li^^-> having a counterpoife at the o-
ther end, thjic turns a pully-whcel, faftened to the arbor or axi^
of the /j^;?ii that points to the hour: which device, though not
brought to the intended perfection of the Inventor, that perhaps
it may be by the help of a tumbrel or fufie^ytz highly defcrves men-
tioning, there being nothing of this nature that I can find amongfi:
the writers of Mechanicks.

37. To which may be added, a hopeful improvement of that
uncommon bljgrcfiope, made of two Deal^ or rather Poplar boards,
mention'd in our Englilli Philcfophical Tranfa^ions^^ contrived
by my ingenious Friend /o/j/z Toung M. A. of Magdalen Hall ^ who
rationally concluding, that the teeth of the thin piece of brafs
placed acrofs thejundurc of the i^^o boards^ muft needs in its
parage from bearing on one fide of the teeth of the pinion, to the
other, upon change of weather, make a ftand as it were in re-
fpeft of the n-otion of the axel of the hand ; thinks a pretty ftiff
/luring cut on the under fide, after the manner of a fine file, placed
flat and not edge-ways, and bearing pretty hard upon an axel ot
Copper, may turn the hand upon change of weather m x.hepun£ium_
of reverfion, without any more than a negative reft : which be-

' Hiftory of the Royal Society, faxt. z.Jubfinem. * Philofoph. Tranfadt. Numb. 127.

ing

of 0 XFO %p^S HI%E. 23!

ingan opinion fo very rational and unlikely to fail, when brought
to the teft, I thought fit to propound it to the Ingeniom^ though
the frefl would not give us leave firft to experiment it our felvesj
Whence I proceed,

38. To fuch Arts as relate to the F7rf,which I have placed next,
in regard we have knowledge of no other but what is Culinary^
that in the concave of r^tMoon being only a dream o^ the Anci-
ents. Amongfc which, we muft not forget the perpetual, at
leaft long-lived Lamps^ invented by the Right Wordiipful Sir
Chrijiopher Wren ; nor his Regi/iers o^Chymical Furnaces for keep-
ing a conftant heat in order to divers ufes ; fuch as imitation of
Nature in the produftion of Foff/les, Plants^ Infers ; hatching of
Eggs^ keeping the motions of Watches equal, in reference to Lon*-
gitudes and Ajlroncrnical ufes, and feveral other advantages ^.

39. But aniongft all the Fire-vporks ever yet produced by the
Art of Man, there is none fo wonderful as that of Frier Bacon^
mention 'd in his Epiftle ad Parificnfem^ where fpeaking of the
fecret works of A/i7/«re and .^r/i', he has thefe words, In omnerrt
di§lantiam quam volumu^ po^umusarti^cialiter^componere ignem^com^
hurentem exfale ?etr<x^ isf aJiis '^ ; which alia^ as the Reverend and
Learned Dx.JohnWalli5{-dw it in a MS. Copy of the fame Roger
Bacon^ in the hands of the Learned Dr. Ger. Langhain^ late Pra-
voft of Queens College^ were Sulphur, and Carbonumpulvis : con-
cerning which, after a while he further adds : Pr<£ter h^ec (i.e.
combuliionem^ fmt aUafiupendanaturd!, namfonivelutTcnitrws, iy
corufcationes poffunt fieri in aere^ imo viajort horrore^ quam ilia qu<£
fiunt per naturam : Nam modica materia adapta^ fc. ad quantitatem.
uniu6 polHci^^fonum facit korribilem is- corufcationem oftendit violen-
tem^ is hoc fit multhmodls quibu^ Civitasaut Exercitu^ dejiruatur^

—Igneexfiliente cum fragore in<£flimabili Mira hdcc funt ft qui's

Jciret uti adplenum in debita quantitate is materia.

40. That is, that of 5'/2//-^^/er, and other matters, viz^ Sul-
phur^ and the duft of coal^ he could make fire that (liould burn at
what diftance he pieafed ; and further, that with the fame mat-
ter he could make founds like Thunder, and corufcations in the
air more dreadful than thofe made by Nature : For, fays he, a
little of this matter rightly fitted, though not bigger than ones
Thumb, makes a horrible noife, and ftiews a violent corufcation,

* Hiftory of the Royal Societyj Vart.%-[uhjiniin' « JnBpifl,eidParif:enfem.(ap.6-

which

z^i The ^J^tural Bi/lorj

which may be ordered many ways ; whereby a City or Armji rmy
be deftroyed-— the Fire breaking forth with an unfpeakable noife
—-which are wonderful things, if a man knew exadly how to
ufe them in due quantity and matter.

41 . Whence 'tis plain, he either invented ot knew Gun-powder^
though I think we cannot allow him lefs than the firft, till we
find out an ancienter Author for it*, which if no body ever do's
Cas 'tis manifold odds they never will) in all probability it was
invented here at Oxford^ where he made the reft of his aftVighten-
ing Experiments. And that out of his works, C onjiantinm Ancklit-
zen of Friburg'^^ or Bertholdm Svcartz^^ ^ and the reft of the Im-
provers^ in all likelihood might have their pretended Inventions,
though we allow him not quite fo explicit as in the Copy of the
Reverend and Learned Dr. Langbain^ but that as 'tis conjectured
by Dr. De-e ^ he fomwhat concealed his Invention in the word
\_arm'] well knowing it might be dangeroufly deftruftive to man-
kind.

42. As for Water-xforks invented or improved in this County^
fome concern profit,and others only pleafure. Of thefirft fort,is
aninftrumentof ^\x ChriJiopherWrens^ that meafures the quanti-
ty of i?^i« that falls, which as foon as 'tis full, empties it felf,
fo that at the years end 'tis eafie to compute how much has fal-
len on fuch a quantity of ^ro«;7^ for all that time ; and this he
contrived in order to the difcovery of the Theory oi: Springs-, ex-
halations., <Urc. And fecondly, other Inftruments whereby he
has (liewn the Geometrical Mtchanie of Rowing., viz^ that the Oar
moves upon its Tbowle^zs a ve6ii6 on a yield'ingfulcrum^ and found
out what degree o^ impediment the expanfion of a body to be moved
in a liquid medium ordinarily produces in all proportions, with
feveral other matters in order for la)/ing down the Geometry of

failing^fwiming^ rowing., and the /^/"nV^ of Ships s.

43. Hither alfo belong the Locks and Turn-pikes made upon the
River Ifis^ the 2 1 of King James., when it was made navigable
from Oxford to Bercot^ which are abfolutely neceffary for that
purpofe, on fliallow rivers that have alfo great falls^ to keep up
the water^ and give the vejfelszn eafie defcent. For the firft where*

* Baco7!usfatiscovcej]tt, Anno i2C)2 near loo years before any of the other pretended Inventions.
'' Vtd.Outd. yaiicirollirer.memoralt.recenslnnjent. part. 1. tit. \%. ' Vid Steph. Forcatulnm I,C. deGalJo-
riimh/ipertoc^Fhilojoph.lib^.fukfijiem. f Dr. Vees haaoiitiOasinE^'ft. ad Parifievfc-m. t Hiftory
of the Royal Society, Vart. ifubfinm,

of,

of, provided the fall of water be not great, a Lock ^v'lW fuffice,
which is made up only of bars of wood called Rimers^ fet per-
pendicularly to the bottom of the pafl'age (which are more or lefs
according to its breadth) and Lock.-g^tes'^vit&own between eve-
ry two of them, or boards put athwart them, which will keep
a head of water as well as the Turn-fike for the paflage of a Bdrge^
butmufr be all pulled up at its arrival, and the water let go till
there is an abatement of the fall, before the boat may pafs either
down or upwards ; which, with the ftream, is not without vio-
lent precipitation ; and againft it, at many places, not without
the help of ^Capfiain at Land ; and fomtimes neither of them
without imminent danger.

44. But where the declivity of the Channel, and fall of wa-
ter is fo great, that few barges could live in the paffage of them^
there we have Turn-pikes, whereof there are three between Ox-
ford znd Bercot ; one at 7/^(?y, another at S'df^/'W, and a third at
Culham in the Swift-ditch, which was cut at that time when the
River was made navigable ; and are all thus contrived. Firft,
there are placed a great pair of Folding doors, or Flood-gates of
Timber crofs the river, that open againft the ftream and (liut with
it, not fo as to come even in a ftraightline, but in an obtufe angle,
the better to rcfift and bear the weight of the rrater, which by how
much the greater it is, by fo much the clofer are the g^ites preffed ;
in each of which Flood-gates there is a ^uce to let the water
through at pleafure , without opening the gates themfelves.-
Within thefe, there is a large fquare taken out of the river, built
up at each fide with Free-ftonc, big enough to receive the largeft
barge afloat ; and at the other -end another pair of Flood-gates,
opening, and ftiutting, and having /lucesYike the former. Which
is the whole Fabrickof a Turn-pike.

45. Attheuppermoft pair of thefe gates the water is ftopt^
which raifes it in the riz/er above, and gives the Ve^ls paiTage o-
ver the J/jallor^s, which when come to the Turnpikes, the S luces
are firft opened, and the water let in to the fquare or inclofed
fpace betvv^een the two pair of gates, where it muft neccflarily
rife (the lower gates being fhut) till at length it comes to be level
with the furface of the river above : when this is done, the up-
per ftream then making no fuch preflure on the gates 2ls before,
they are eafily opened by two or three men, and the Veffels let in

G g one

2^4- ^^^^ J^atural H'tjlory

one at a time ; wMch done, they (liut thofe upper gates znd/Iuces
as before : Then they open the /luces of the gates at the other end
of theTurn-pike, and let the ir^/er by degrees out of the inclofed
[quare till it is funk down, and the Veffel with it, level with the ri-
ver below, and then open the gates themfelves, and let the Veffel
out ; theupper^fl/ejall the while being drove too, and kept fo
faft by the water above, that little of it can follow. And thus the
boats go down ftream.

46. But when they return, they are firft let into the inclofed
(pace (where the water ftands conftantly level with that of the low-
CT channel) it the lower gates, which as foon as ftmt again, the

/luces are opened at theuppermoft gates, and the water let in, till
it rifes with the boat upon it, to be equal with that of the river
above : this done, the upper gates are eafily opened as before,
there being no preiTure upon them, and the boat let out. So that
notwithftanding the Channel has much deeper defcents where
thefe Turn-pikes are fet, than at any of the; Locks, yet the boats
pafsatthefc with much more eafe and fafety. Notwithftand-
ing thefe provifionSj the River Thames is not made fo perfeftly
Navigable to Oxford, but that in dry times, barges do fomtimes lie
aground three weeks, or a month, or more, as we have had fad
experience this laft Summer ; which in great meafure no doubt
might be prevented, were there a convenient number of Locks, or
Holds ^or water, made in the River Cherwel zhowe Oxford, to let
down fiafies as occafion (liould ferve ; and fo again out of the
River Kennet near Reading, the Lodden, isrc.

47. Not impertinent hereunto is a contrivance for Fifb-ponds,
that I met with at the Right Worfliipful Sir Philip Harccurt's at
Stanton Harcourt, where the fiews not only feed one another, as
the Ponds o^ the Right Honorable the Earl of ClarendonztCorn-
hury. Sir Timothy Tyrrilszt Shot-over-Forreft, and the worfliipful
BiomeWhorwoods 2LtHolton,is^c. and maybeyewe^by letting the
water of the upper Ponds out into the lower 5 but by zfide Ditch
cut along by them, and Sluces out of each, may be any of cheni
emptyed, without letting the water into, or givingthe leaftdi-
fturbanceto any of thercft 1 which being a convenience that I
never met with before, and perhaps unknown to many, I thought
good to mention.

48. Amongft

OfOXPO%t>^SHl%E.. i^i

48. Amongft the ?^<7/er-troM5-of Pleafure, we muft not forget
an Engine contrived by the Right Reverend Father in God, ^obn
Wilkins^ late Lord Bidiop of Chefter^ when he was Warden of
Wadham College^ though long fincc taken thence ; whereby, of but
few gallons of vrattr forced through a narrow Fijjiire^ he could
raifea mift in his Garden^ wherein a perfon placed at a due di-
ftance between the Sun and the miji^ might fee an exquifite Rain-
^cw" in all its proper co/o«;.r : which diftance I conceive was the
fame with that affigned by Ves Cartes^ 7jiz^ where the Eye of the
Beholder is placed in an angle of 4Z degrees, made by the decu fa-
tten of the line of Vifion, and the rays of the Sun ; and the Fiffiire
fuch another as in his Diagram ^. But what kind oflmJrument it
was that forced the rrater, I dare not venture to relate, the defcri-
ption given mc of it being but lame and iniperfeft.

49. Nor can Inafs by unmentioned, a Clock, that I met with
at Hanwell^ at the Houfe of the Right worlhipful Sir Anthony
Cope, that moves by ir^/er, and (hews the hours, by the rife of a
new guilded i'f^/z for every hour, moving in afrndllHemifphere of
wood, each carrying in their Centers the number of fome hour
depicted black ; as fuppofe of one a clock, which afcending half
way to the Zenith of the arch, (hews it a quarter paft one, at the
Zenithhdlf hour ; whence defcending again half way towards
the HoriT^on, three quarters paft one ; and at laft abfconding under
it, there prefently arifes another guilded Sun above the Horizon at
the other fide of the arch, carrying in its center the figure tu^o :
andfo of the reft. Which ingenious device, though taken out
of Bettinm\ who calls it, aquarii Automati6 ingeniofiffmi horari-
am operationem : yet being fince improved by that ingenious Perfon^
and applyed to other ufes, particularly of a Pfeudo-perpetual mo-
tion made by the defcent of feveral guilt bullets upon an indented
declivity, fucceffively delivered by a wheel much of the fame fa-
brick with the Tympanum of. the Water-clock-> ^o that they feem ftill
the fame: I could not but in juftice take notice of it.

50. There are fome other Water-workj ^t the fame Sir Anthony
Copes, in a Houfe of diver fion built in a fmall Jfland in one of the
Fifi-ponds, Eaftward of his houfe, where a ball'is toft by 2. column
of water, and ^nifichlj/jorvers defcend at pleafure ; within which
they can yet fo place a candle,th?it though one would think it muft

* Des Cartes Meteoror.caf.%. » Marti Bett'mi ^rariiThilofoph. lilathemat.Tom.2.. Exodio'^. <^ult.

G g 2 needs

2-^6 . The ^^{jtural Hijlory

needs be overwhelmed with water^ it ftiall not be extinguirtit, isfcl,
But the Wnter-worh that furpafs all others of the County^ are
thofeof Enfion^ at thtRock firftdifcovered by Tho. Bufljeli Efq-,
about 4 or 5 and forty years fince, who cleanfingthe Spring then
called Goldwell^ though quite over-grown with bryars and buQies,
to place a Ciflern for his own drinking, met with a Rock, fo won-
derfully contrived by Nature her felf, that he thought it worthy
of all imaginable advancement by ArU

51. Whereupon he made Ci/?er/?i, and laid divers /^/^e^ be-
tween the Rocks, and built a houfeover them, containing one
fair room for banquetting, and feveral other fmall Clofets for divers
ufes, befide the rooms above ; which when finilht in the year
1636. together with the i?oc^, Grove^ Walks-y and all other the
appurtenances, were all on the 29^^ of Augufi^ by the faid' Tho,
BufielRUi; prcfented to the then Queens moft excellent Majejfy,
who in company with the King himfelf, was gracioufly pleafed to
honor the i?oc^ not only with her Rojal Prefence, but commanded
the fame to be called after her own Princely Name, HENRIETTA :
At which time as they were entring it, there arofe a Hermite out
of the ground, and erit&rtain'd them with i Speech ; returning
again in the clofe down to his peaceful Vrn, Then was the Rock
prefented in a vS'ow^anfwer'd by an Ecbo^ and after that a banquet
pi-e^entedzKoim Sonnet, within the Pillar of the Table; with
fome other Songs, all fet by Symon Ive.

52. Which ftruSlure, with all the Ingenious Contrivances a-
bout it, continued in a flouridiing condition for fome few years,
till the late unhappy ^T^ry coming on, it became wholly negleft-
ed, and fo fcnfibly decayed, tillatlaftitlapfed (being next door
to ruine) into the Hands of the Right Honorable and truly Noble
Lor,-!, Edward Henry Earl of Lichfield, Lord of the foih, who
in the year 1 674. not only repaired the broken Cifierns and Pipes.,
but made a fair addition to it, in a fmall Ifland fituate in the paf-
fage of a Rivulet, juft before the building fet over the Rock.',
which though the laft in ereftion,is yet the firft thing that prefents
it felf in the ey^tenor Pro^e^ of the whole work, Tab. 1 1. where-
in the Figures,

1.1. Sherp the water of the Rivulet.

2.2. The Ifland in the middle of it.

s

of 0 XFO %p'S HIXE. iff

3.3. the Pales round it /landing on ajlont vcall.
4- An artificial Kock ereSieci in the tniJMe of the Ifiznd-, ct)^
vered with living aqueou6 Plants.

5. The Keeper of the Water-vporks that turns the Cocks.

6. A Canopy of water cafi over //jeRock, hj

7. an ln{\:rument of Bi:?i(s for that pur^ofe.

8. -^Column of vpater rifmg about i^ foot, defigned totofs
dfBall.

999999. The fir earns of wzttx from about 30 Pi pes y^/ round
theKock-i that water thevphole Ifland, and fportively wet
any per(ons within it ; which moft people friving to avoids
get behind the Man that turns the C ocks, whom he wets with

10. ^fpout of water that he lets fly over his head ; or elfe if
they endeavor to run out of the Ifland over the bridge^ with

11. 12. which are two other Spouts, whereof that reprefented
at a 1 1, fir ikes the legs, and that at 1 2 the reins of the back,

• 13. The Bridge over the water lying on two treftlcs.

1 4. The fteps leading into the Grove, and toward the Houfe,
whereyoupafshy

15. a Table of black. Marble.

16. A Ci{\:ern of /lone, with ^ve fpouts of wzter iffuingoutof
a ball of brafs, in which afmall Spaniel hunts a Duck, both
diving after one another, and having their motion from the
water.

17. The way up into /i^e banquetting-room over /y^e Rock,
and other Clokts, &c.

18. The paffage between the Ciftern<7»(/Building.

1 9 . The iron grate that gives light to tbe Grot within.

20. The paffage down to the Grot.

21. Thewindows of the Banqueting-room.

22. The Grove <3«^ Walks behind and on each end of the
Building.

53. Being now comedown into the Grot by the paffage i8,
Tab. 1 1 . and landing at the bottom of the flairs. Tab. 12, a. on
a large half pace before it bb. The Rock prefents it felf made up
of large crzggy f ones with gxe2.t cavities between them, ccc isrc. out
of which flows n'tf/er perpetually night and day, dafbingagainft
the /?oc^5 below, and that in great plenty in the dryeft Seafons,

though

I

2,58 ^he OsCjitural Hijlory

though fed only with a fingle Sj^ring rifing in a piece of ground
czWd Ramfall^ between Enfion 2Lnd LuJ/ion, The natural i?oc^ is
about 10 foot high, and fo many in bredth ; fome ^ewfielves of
lezddJ, and the top ftones only having been added (eafily to be
diftinguiftit by their drynefs) which have advanced it in all about
14 foot high.

54. In the half pace )w?i. before the Compartment e e e^ upon
turning one of the cocks at/ rifes a chequer hedge of vpater^ as they
call it, ^^gg; and upon turning <^«o//;^?-, the two fide cofa/z^
of water h /?, which rife not above the height of the natural rock.^
and of a thirds the middle column i, which afcending into the
turn of the Arch^ and returning not again, is received into hidden
pipes provided for that purpofe : Into one whereof, terminated
in a very fmall Cijlern of xvater behind a ^one of the rock. , and ha-
ving a wzoi^/A and Z,(jwg«f/juft above its furface, the w being for-
ced into it by the approaches of the water^ a noife is made near
refembling the notes of a Nightingale : But when that pipe is fil-
led there is then no more finging, till the water haspaft away by
another pipe in the lower part of the rof^, which when almoft done,
there is heard a ncife fomwhat like the found of a drum^ perform-
ed by the ruQiing in of j/V into the hollow of the pipe^ which is
large, and of copper^ to fupply the place of the water' now al-
moft gon out ; which don, the Nightingale may be made to fing
again.

55. From the turned roof of the rock, by help of the brafs
inJlrumentK-, and turn of a cock in one of the c/o/e/y above, they
can let down z canopy o^ water II \ from the top alfo they can
throw arched fpouts o'i water eroding one another, and dafliing
againft the walls, oppofite to thofe of their rife, as at /tz ;z and op ;
and others that rife out, and enter in again to the roof at fome di-
ftance, never falling down at all at ^ r and st. Which falls of
w^/ermay be alfo delicatly feen, turning the back upon them as
well as looking forward, by help of a Looking-glafs placed in the
wall oppofite to them, which could not be poffibly reprefented
in the Cut. And fome of thefe waters (l muft not fay which) be-
ing often ufcd by way of (fort to wet the Vifitants of the Grot^
that they might not avoid it by running up the flairs^ and fo out
into the Groz/e, by turning a cock in another of the Clofets^ they
can let fall water fo plentifully in the door u u, that moHpeople ra-
ther

Of OXFOXT)^SHI%E. 23^

ther chufe to ftay where they are, than pafs through it ; which is
all concerning the inner ProfpeSi of the Rock ; what remains being
only a reprefentation of the Arch of ftone w w built over it, with
two Niches xy one of each fide^and xht grate :^at the top, through
which they look down out of the Banqueting-rcom into the Grot.
Of which no more, but that behind the Rock there is a Cellar ^ot
keeping Liquors cool, or placing M;/y?f^, tofurprife the Auditors ;
and behind that the i?e<:e^z/er^ of water to fupply the ///ei, ((s>*c»

$6. To thefefuccecd the Arts relating to Earths^ which either
refpeft the 7///tf^e, or Formation oi them. How many forts of
Soils I met with in Oxford/hire^ vix. Clay^ Chalky and others from
their different OTix/«res- called Mawn^Red-land^Sour-ground^ Stone-
brafi,Stonji,Sandy,2nd Gravellj^were enumerated amongft Earthy
Chap. 3. It remains that we here give a particular account, by
what Arts they are tilled to the beft advantage. And firit of
Clay,

57, Which if kind for ^'/jf5/, as mofl of it is, hath its firfl
tillage about the beginning of May ; or as foonas BarljSe^fon
is over, and is called the F^/Zotp, which they fomtimes make by
a ca/Iing tilths i. e. beginning at the out fides of the Lands^ and
laying the Earths fwm the ridge zt the top. After this, fome fliorC
time before the fecond tilth, which they call y?irri/7g, which is
ufually performed about the latter end of June, or beginning of
?uly, they give this Land its manure ; which if Horfe-dung or
Sheep- dung, or any other from the Home-ftalU or from the Mixen
in the Field, is brought and fpread on the Land lufi: before this
/ecW ploughing : But if it be folded (which is an excellent ma^
nure for this Land, and feldom fails fending a Cro^ accordingly
jf the Z-^w^bein tillage^ they do it either in Winter before the
fallow, or in Summer after it is fallowed. And thefe are the manured
of Clay Land in the greateft part of Oxford-Jhire, only in and
jiear the C^i//fr« ; where befide thefe, it is much enriched by a
foft mellow Chalk that they dig from underneath it : when it is
f?7rre^ it lies again till the time of fo wing ^^^(i/, exceptin a moift
dripping _)'<'ijr, when tuning to /^i/?/e5 and ocheriref^^i-, they fom-
times give it a fecondy?/rriw^, before the laflforfovcing.

58. All which tillages they are very careful to give it as dry as
may be, ridging it up twice or thrice for every cajling tilth (l. e. in
thc'iY fiirring, and for yowiwg, beginning at the top of the Land

and

24-0 The O^tural Hiflory

and laying the £<7r/)?) ftill upwards to the ridge') by which means
both Land znd Corn lie dryer, warmer, and healthier, and the
fucceeding Crop becomes more free from weed^. After it is thus
prepared,they fow it with IFheat^wKich is its proper ^rji« ; and if
it be a ftrong ftift' C/aj/^ with that they call Cone-wheat : and the
next year after (it being accounted advantagious in all tillage to
change thegrain') with Beans ; and then ploughing in the bean-
bru//jzt All' Saints^ the next year with Barlj; and amongft the
feveral forts of thzt grain^ if the Land be rank, with that they
CTiWfpr at -Early ; and then the fourth year itl'ies fallow^ when they
give it Sujnmer tilth again, and fow it with Winter Corn as before.
But at moft places where their Land is caft into three Fields^ it lies
fallow incom^G every third ye2iY^ and is fown but two: the firft
with Wheats if the Land be good, but if mean with Mifcellan^ and
the other with Early and Pulfe promifcuoufly. And at kmeplaces
where it lies out of their hitching^ i. e. their Land for Pulfe, they
fow it but every fecond year, and there ufually two Crops Wheat,
and the third Early, always being careful to lay it up by ringing
againft winter ; Clay Lands requiring to be kept high, and to lie
warm and dry, ftill allowing for Wheat and Early three plowingSy
and fomtimes four, but for other grains feldom more than one.
When at any time they fovp Peas on this Land, the beft Husband-
men will chufe the Vale-gray as moft proper for it ; and if Fetches,
the Gore or Pebble-vetch : But if focold a weeping Clay that unfit
for thefe, then they improve it with Ray-grafs.

59. As for the Chalkrlands of the Chiltern-hills^ though it re-
quires not to belaid in ridges in refpeft of drynefs, yet of warmth
it doth: when defigned for Wheat, which is but feldom, they
give it the fame tillage with Clay, only laying it mfour or fix fur-
row'd Lands, and foiling it with the beft mould, or dung but half
rotten, to keep it from ^/«^i«^, which are its moft proper manures',
and fo for common Early and winter Vetches, with which it is much
more frequently fown, thefe being found the more {mtdbXe grains.
But if it be of that pooreft fort they call white-land, nothing is fo
proper as ray-grafs mixt with Non-fuch, or Melilot Trefoil, accord-'
ingas prefcribedin Chap, 6. §». 39.

60. If the Land be of that fort they call Maumy, confifting of
a mixture o^ White-clay and Chalk-, and fomwhat of Sand, which
caufes it to work fo ftiort if any thing dry, it is commonly fown

with

Of OXFO^p^SHIT^E. 241

with all forts of Wheats M'lfcdlan^ Barly^ isrc. having the fame /i/-
lage^ and requiring to be kept high, and to lie dry and warm as
the Clay doth, only its moft proper manure is the rotteneiJ dung ;
and as they fow Beans ntxt^fter Wheat in clay grounds, in this
they judge Peas a more agreeable grain^ and take care in their
feed-time that the weather be fair, and fetled ; for if there happen
but a fmart (bower prefently after they have fown, it will bind
fo faft, that the feed in great part will be utterly loft ; whereas if
they have but one or two dry nights, all fucceeds well enough.

61. If Red-land ^ whereof there are fohie quantities in the
North and Weft of Oxford-Jhire, it muft have its tillage as foon in
the yearas pofiibly may be, before the c/^^, where they are in
competition, becaufe it will not endure the fcorching /i//^^ethat '
clay will do, and therefore muft have it before the Sun get to near
the Qrah : if it be moift when fallowed, fo it be not too wet, it is
the better. This never requires a double ftirring^ nor muft be
made too/«f and lights for then it runs to May^weed, ot Mathern^
as they call it ; yet the manure for clay does very well with it, but
the mixt manure of Horfe-dung and Cow-dung together, they fay
does beft of any : Nor is the Sheep-fold amifs cither Winter or
Summer, w\\\c\\ muft all be applyed before y?irriw^, and ploughed
in ; if for wheat, about the latter end o^July, or beginning of Au^
guft ; if for harly, later in the year, as the time and feafon gives
leave. This Land, like clay, bears wheat, mifcellan,harly, and^e^jy,
in their order very well, and lies fallow every other year, where it
falls out of their hitching.

62. There is another fort of ground in this County which they
call Sour- land, which muft have its tilth according to its ftate and
condition when they fet about it ; if it have a {\:iongfwarth on iti
then they caft to give it z fallow, when the Sun is prety well en-
tei'd Cancer ; and this they call z fcalding-fallorv, which kills the
grafs roots, and makes the Land fine ; But if it be light, and as
they term it, hath little skin on the back, they either leave it for
cooler tillage, or plough it early in the year as foon as their clay is
fallowed,znd then there will /pring fome (piring-grafs that will keep
it from fcorching in the Summer ; for if they fuffer it to be fcorch-
ed when it is light before, all their Art and Manure w'lW never pro-
cure a good Crop of it.

Hh , 63, The

24-1 The !^(jtural Hi/lory

63. The S beep- fold'is good for this Land winter znd fummer,
they manure it alfo with the Dung-cart, if near home, before the
birring ;but Pi^^eo«5 dung is the moft proper for this fort of foil,
becaufe it is for the moft part very cold Land^ and fo is Mault-duft
in a larger quantity, both fown with the winter-corn and ploughed
in with it, for then it lies warm at the roots of the Corn all win-
ter^ and correfts the crMi^/7ie5 of the rains znd frojls^ makes the
Corn cover the ground fooner than ordinary, and holds the moi-
fture of the Spring longer with it ; and in Oiort (if thus order-
ed} brings a certain C'ro/'. It muft not be ftirred or fown very
wet, for then it proves uneafic both for Mjw and Beaji, nor will
it be kind for Corn, it being then very hard to cover it with the
barrows. It is a good Land for wheat or mifcellan^ when it is fine,
efpeciallyif in condition for a y^^/Ji^'^/dt/Zoir, and accordingly is
fown with that and barly by turns to change t\\Q grain ; and when
it falls in a /'^^y quarter, feldom fails of a goodi^Mr/Z'^w, though
fomtimes it doth not kid very well, which yet poffibly may be
prevented by fowingthe Cctfwold Pea^ which I guefs the moft a-
greeable to this fort oi ground: But if too wet for chefe, the rath-
ripe Vetch is fitteft for it.

64. In fome parts of the County they have another fort of Land
they call Stone-hrajh, confifting of a light lean Earth and a fmall
Ruhhh'fione, or elfe of that znd four ground mixt together, which
are alfo tilled according to their prefent condition ; for if they be
grafie, which they other wife caliy»'<2r^, they /^//ob? them pretty
late, but not fo hot and fcorching?is four ground, becaufe they will
not bear fuch tillage : But if they hefeary, as they word it, i. e.
have no skjn or fward upon them, they either fold them m winter,
and the Jheeps dung with addition of fome hay feeds ^ will help them
to get grafie ; or elfe they lay upon them in the beginning of the
fpring, old tbatch or f raw, or the moft y?r^rry part of the dung-
hill, earth out of ditches, the J/jovelings of z dirty Court, or the
like, which fpread thin will affiftthe grafs inits grov^th ; which
muftneceilarilybe had, for they hold it (in fome parts of the
CoMw/yatleaft) for a general Rule, that if thefe forts of Z-^«^ have
not fward on them before they are fallorved, they will by no means
bring a kind Crop, but great ftore of Mony-wort , May-weed,

C^'^.lhh done \n Sept einher, OSiober, November, andfomtiwics

in

of OXFO%^^S Hl'KE. 24.3

in December^ they /^//^tr them as their/n?(jr Ji direft, and if in ei-
ther of the twolaft months^ are called Winter-fallovps^ and are ne-
ver ftirred at all, but fowed with Early upon the fecond earth in
the beginning of fowing^ becaufe then they work moft kindly, and
will bear cold weather better than when more finely tilled. Thefe
Lands will alfo bear Wheat and Mifcellan indift'erently well in a kind
jear^ but no\.{o wtW-ms clay^ four -ground^ o^ red-land '^ but they
bear a fine round barly and thin fkin'd, efpecially if they be kept
\n heart '- They lie every other yezr fa I lovp (as other Lands) except
where they fall among the Peas quarter, and there after Feas they
are fown with Barly^ and lie but once in four years. Thefe are
fownalfo many times with Dills or Lentils^ and when quire worn
out, or fopoor that they will bear nothing elfe to advantage,they
are yet fit for Ray-grafs mixt with Trefoil^ as prefcribed above in
the Chapter of Plants.

66. There is a fort of tillage they fomtimes ufe on thefe Lands
m the (p^i^g time, which they call Jlreakrfallowing; the manner
is, to plough one furrow and leave one^ fo that the Land is but
half of it ploughed, each ploughed furrow lying on that which
is not fo : when it is ftirred it is then clean ploughed, and laid fo
fmooth, that it will come at fowing time to be as plain as before.
This is done when thefe Lands are not fwardy enough to bear clean
tillage^ nor cj//oiT or light enough to lie to get yrr/zr^^, the intent is
to keep the Sun from fcorching them too much : But in mod
places they think this way of tillage wears their Z-^«^toofa{t,and
therefore feldom ufe it.

67. As for Jiony Land^ w^hereof there is but little can be pro-
perly fo called but in the Chiltern Country^ they give it for Wheats
Peas, and Barly ^ much the fame tillage and manure^ they do Clay
in other places, adding the advantage of chalkingit^ which they
have not elfewhere for their clay grounds^ by which they much
enrich it for fome years, fo that it bears excellent wheats barly,
peas • of which laft thofe they call HampJlAre-kids, if the Land
be new chalkt, are counted moft agreeable ; where by the way let
it be noted, that I faid but for fome years, for when once the
manure by chalk is worn out, the Land is fcarce recoverable by
any other, whence 'tis Proverbial here, as well as fome other parts
of England, That chalkj Landmdkes 2l rich Father bat a poor Son,
thereby intimating the ruin of the Land in the end, ir becoming

Hh 2 at

24-4- ^^^^ 5S(jimral Hijlory

at laft only fit for Ray-grafs^ mixt with Trefoil as above.

68. Laftly, theiryrtw^j and ^r^W/y light ground, hasalfo much
the fame tillage for wheat and barly^ as chy^ is'C. only they require
many times but /iroploughings, efpecially if {ov wheats except the
fallow be run much to vceeds^ and then indeed they fomtimes afford
itifiirring^ elfe none at all . Itsmoft agreeable grains zre^ white,
redt and mixt Lammas wheats, and mi/ceilan, i. e. wheat and rje to-
gether, and then after a years fallow, common or rathe-ripe barly t
fo that it generally lies ftill every other year, it being unfit for
hitching, i.e. Beans -Sindi Peas, though they fomtimes fow it with
winter Vetches ; and if ever with Peas, the fmall rathe-ripes are ac-
counted thebeft : Its moft agreeable manure is of (Vraw, from the
Clife or Mixen half rotten, which keeps it open, and fuffers it not
to bind too much, where fubjett to it ; but if otherwife, the rot-
tenefl dung is the befl:.

69. Whereof, as upon all other Lands before mention'd, they
lay about 1 2 loads upon a common Field acre, i. e. about 20 upon
a Statute acre ; but I find the bufinefs of manuring Land to have a
gTe:it latitude,}Aen doing it here many times not according to their

judgment, but according to the quantities they have, fo that where
the quantities of manure are but fmall and the /i//(7^e is great, the
cafe is much otherwife, than where both tillage znd jnanure ztc
in a contrary condition. But however the cafe flrand, I find this
a general Rule amongft them, that tliey dlw^ysfiil that Land firft
and befV, which is to bear three Crops ; one on the tillage, another
of beans 2nd peas, andathirdofZ'i^r/)', on the beans or peas hruOn ;
all which depend upon the fingle manure given it when it lay fallow
for wheat : though I have known this order frequently inverted
by the befV Husbandmen on their richeft Lands, fowing barly firft,
thenpeas or beans, and their wheat laft, for which they allege this
very good reafon,That wheat following the dung Cart on their beft
Land, is the more liable to fmut.

70. And fo much for the ordinary Manures of this County,
there being two others yet behind, viz^. Chippings oUlone, and woolen
rags, not altogether fo common, which I have therefore thought
fit to confider apart ,• the^rfi whereof I met with at Hornton near
Banbury, where the chippings of the (ione they hew at their Quarry,
proves a very good manure for their Ground thereabout, and is
accordingly niadeufe of, by reafon no doubt of a fait that /lone

holds

OfOXFO^V^SHI'B^E. 24^

holds, which being diffolved by the vreathei\ is imbibe d by the
Earthy as hinted before in Chap. 4. of this Effay.

7 r . The 2"* fort I firft obferved about Watlingto?!^ and the two
Britwe/s^ where they ftrew them on their Land with good fuccefs ;
& I have heard fince of feveral other places where they do the fame.
To this purpofe they purchafe Tajlers Qneds^ which y"t retain-
ing fomwhat ofthey^//of the FuUing-earth with which they were
dreft, do well enough ; but I judge them not fo good as other
old rags firft worn by men and women^ which muft needs befide be
very well fated with urinous fa Its, contrafted from the fireat and
continml per^iration attending their Bodies. And in this Opini-
on I am confirmed by SanSi. San£ioriH6, who is pofitive, that our
inf en ft ble evacuations, tranfcendallourfenfible onesput together^, to
that excefs, that of eight pounds weight of meat and drink, be taken
by a man in one day, his infenfible transpirations ufe to amount to five \
Now if fo, our deaths muft needs be fo filled with a well reftified
fait, left behind in the j«?erco/^/io/z of the ^e^wi- of our bodies, that
there can be nothing more rational, if well confidered, then that
they Qiould be a very fit manure for Land, when unfit for other
ufes.

72. As to the quantities o^Corn fown on thtflatute Acre, they
differ much in proportion to the richnefs or m°annefs of the land;
about two bufiels of wheat 'Ax\6.vetches, two bufljels and [ofbarly,
oats, 2nd peas, and a quarter of ^f(2/7jfufficingthe poorer ; where-
as the richer Land will take up three bufiels or more of wheat or
vetches, three bufiels and I or upwards of barly, oats, peas, and
fomtimesfix bufiels of beans : Yet I have known fome able Huf-
bandmemit'ord more Seed to their poor than rich Land, givmg
this reafon, That the Seed in the rich does tillar, i. e. fprout into
feveral blades and fpread on the ground, whereas on the poor
Land its fprouts come all fingle, which therefore, fay they, re-
quires the more feed.

73. In the choice of their y^e^ they have a double refpeft,
firft to the ^rd'z'w it felf, andfecondly tothe/Witgrew on. As
to the firfi, they take care that it be clear of all manner of feeds ;
that it be handfom round Corn, of an equal cize, which fome of
them c^ll Even fliooting Corn, or well brefled -^ fuch Corn being for
the moft part full of kernel, and the likelieft to give ftrongroo/5,

* S. Saafforii Medicifi^ Statica, JJh. \.[e^.x, Aphorifm.^. ' Ibid Aihorifm 6-

And

2/^6 The 5^tural Hijlory

And in refpeft of the foil^ they conftaiitly choofe Corn that grew
on landoi a quite different nature from that it is toht Joivn on ;
but in general, they defire it from land that is well in hearty and
rich in its kind. If they are to fow wheat upon tillage,zhey choofe
wheat fo wn before upon bean ftubs^ and when they fow upon peas
or bean slubs, wheai ^o\\'a before on tillage ; for Clay ground they
have their feed from Red-land or Chalk. , is^ vice verfa ; for the o-
ther foils^ that from 6'/^j is efteemed the befV, though that from
Red-land is little inferior ; for barly they count that beft which
comes of new broken /j«<^; and for the reft, none fo good as
thofe that come from the richeft/oi/y.

74. Before they fow, if the place be fubjeft to the annoyan-
ces oi Smutting^ Meldews^ Birds, (yc. they take care to prevent'
them either in the preparing or choice of their ^r^/';z. Againft

fmutting they both brine and lime their Corn, fome making their
brine of urin 2nd fait ; or elfe fow red-f raw' dtf beat, which is the
leaft fubjefl: to it of any. To prevent meldevcs, fome fow prety
early, judging Corn moft fubjeft to that annoyance when fown
late ; or elfe make choice of the long bearded Cone, that being the
Icaft fubjeft of any wheat yet known to the inconveniencies of
meldevps, and of being eaten by Birds, and therefore alfo fitteft
to be fown in fmall Inclojures, as noted before in the fixth Cha-
pter.

75. InSowing they have their feveral methods, Z//2;, the fingle
Cafi, the double Caji ; and as they call it about Burford, the Hackr
ney bridle, or riding Caff. The fingle Cafi fows a Land at one bout ;
the double Cafi is twice in a place, at two different bouts, viz.
once from furrow to ridge, and afterwards from ridge to furrow.
The Hackney bridle IS two calts on a Land at one time, and but
once about, though I find thefe two latter fomtimes confounded,
their na?nes being interchangably applyed in different parts of the
County. The ^rft way is feldom ufed amongft them, only by the
ancienteft Seeds-men ; the fecond is their ufual and moft certain
way ; the laf, though theneweft faChion, is but feldom ufed yet,
though fome have tryed it with good fuccefs, and perhaps may
hereafter bring it more in praftice, it having more fpeed than the
double Cafi to recommend it to ufe. They have alfo a way of fow-
ing in the Chlltern Country, whiK^ is called fowing Hentings, which
is done before the Plough^ the Corn being caft in a itraight line

juft

Of 0XF0'BJ)-SH1\E. H?

juft where the plough nmft come, and is prefently ploughed in. By
this v^ay offovring they think they fave much feed and other
charge^ a dexterous Bcji being as capable of fowing this way out
of his hat^ as the mofl: judicious Seeds-man. But of this way
more hereafcer, when I come into Buckingham-fiire.

j6. Thus having run through, iheTilhge^ Manures^ Quantities
and choice of Seed, and the feveralways of fowing the Soils of
this County^ I proceed to the Injlruments, ufed in their tillage : A-
mongft which, the Plough being the beil, becaufe the moftufeful
Engine in the World, deferves the firft place ; of which there
are two forts ufed in O^ford-JInre^ the Foot^ and Wheel-plough \
whereof the firft is ufed in deep and Clay Lands, being accord-
ingly fitted with a broad fin ftiare, and the Horfes going always in
2 firing and keeping the furrow, to avoid poching the Land ; and
the fecond'm the lighter and ftony Land, the //o?ye5 either going in
^ firing, or two a breaft, according as thought moft fuitable to
the tillage in hand "' : This Plough when ufed in ftony Land, is
armed with a roundpointed ftiare, having alfo near -the chep of the
Plough a fmall/« to cut the roots of the grafs, for in this Land
the broad fin jumps out of the ground. The pot plough does beft
at the henting, i. e. ending of a Land, it going clofe up to a hedge,
and not being fubjeft to over-throw ; whereas the wheel plough,
if care and difcretion do not meet in the holder, is apt to over-
throw there, the Land being ridged ; but goes much morelight-
fom and eafie for the Horfes than the foot plough doth, which is
the fum. of the Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of both.

77. After Ploughing and Sowing, they cover their Corn with
Harrows, whereof fome have 4, 5, or 6 bulls, or ffars apiece, each
of them armed with five tines, and of a fquare form as at moft o-
thex places. But zt Whitfield, near Sir Thomtti Tippings, I fav^ a
great weighty triangular Harrow, whofe tines ftood not in rows
after the manner of others, its ufe being in ground much fubjeft to
Quitch-grafs, whofe roots itfeems continually pafiing between the
tines of other Harrows, are not fo eafily dragged forth by them, as
this, whofe /iwcs-ftand not in rows, and is drawn with one of the
Angles fore-moft, after the manner of a Wedge : Yet 1 could not
find it anfwer'd expeftation fo well as to obtain in other places,
moft thinking the ^Tf^/y^/z^re Bull harrow, drawn by the fecond

™ On light Land fome count the treading of double Cattle advantagioustoit.

bull

azj.8 The Natural Hiflory

hull on the near fide o^ the harrow ^ to take the Grafs much better
than that.

78. But the worft ground to harrow of all others is new hroken
Land^ the parts of its furrows being commonly fo faft knit to-
gether by the roots of the grafs, that though great charge and
trouble be aftorded \nl\\t harrovp'ing^ yet after all it will notfo
differfe the Ccrn^ but that it will come up as it fell, thick and in
ranks between the /MrroiTi', and fcarce any where elfe. To pre-
vent th-feinconveniencies. the Ingenious Mr, Sacheverel, late of
Bo/fcot, deceafed, contrived a way of ijoTriw^ the cartbhom the
turf as foon as a little dryed, thereby firft laying his ground even
and then fowing it; by which means hisyee^not only fell and
came up equally difperft in all parts alike, but he found that a
quantity confiderably lefs, did this way ferve the turn. Which
£x/eriOTf/7/ he often made with good approbation, the charge of
howing not exceeding that of harrowing^ which without it muft
be great, whereas after it, one crofs tine covers the Corn well e-
nough.

79. After harrowing, if It hath been fo dry a time, that the
ground has rifen in clods that cannot be broken with harrows, they
comm.only do it with a heetle, or higfiick *• But a much quicker
way is that I met with about Biffeter by a weighty Roll^ not cut
round, huto^angular, the edges whereof meeting with the clcds^
would break them effectually, and with great expedition. I was
Die wed alfo at Bolfcot another uncommon Rollj invented by the
fame Mr. Sacheverel above-mentioned, cut neither finooth nor to
angles^ but notched deep and pretty broad, after the manner of
a Ttfellaox Lattice^ fo that the protuberant parts remained al-
moft as big as the foot of a Horfe^ by which being large and weigh-
ty, he could fo firmly prefs his light Land fubjeft to Quich-grafs
and other weeds, and fo fettle the roots of the Corn, that it would
come up even and well ; whereas if it had been left hollow^ it
would certainly have been choaked, and came to little ; He affert-
ed, that it alfo excelled a fmooth Roll, efpecially if the Seafon
proved dry and windy, in that, when a Field is rolled fmooth,
the windh apt to blow the Earth from the Corn, whereas by this
the ground is laid fo uneven and full of holes, like Chequer-work,
that what the wind blows from the ridges, ftill falls into the hollows
between them, and on the contrary gives the Corn the better root.

80. I have

Of 0 XFO "BJ^^SHIXE. 10

So. 1 have heard of another fort of Roi/^ of a large diametet,
and weighty, fet the whole length with edged plates of ^ee/, pro-
minent from the body of the i?c// about an inch and half; thus
contrived for the quicker cutting of turf, which drawn firftone
way, and crofs again at right angles^ cuts the turf into fquares, in
bignefs proportionable tothediftanceof the edged J^lates on the
i?o//, requiring no farther trouble afterward, then to be pared
oft' the ground with a turfing Spade^ which feems to promife well
for the cutting out of Trenches^ Drains, ifrc But this I have not
feen, nor has it that I know of, been yet experimented by the in-
genious Inventor : However, I thought fit to ofter it to the confi-
deration of Improvers^ and the rather becaufe it affords me a
fmooth tranfition from the confideration of the Arable^ to the
Meddovp and Pajiure Lands,

8 1 . For the Meddove grounds of this County^ as they are numer-
ous, fo they are /"^r/i/^ beyond all^rer/erewce, for they need no o-
cher compo§l to be laid on them, than what the Floods fpontaneoufly
give them, and therefore the Reader muft not expedt any methods
or rules concerning that affair here : Ncr concerning the remedies
of annoyances, fuch as Sour-grafs^ Moffes^ Rufies, Sedges, (src. for
I find none of our meddows much troubled with them. As for
their Vp-lands, when they prepare them fox grafs^ they make them
as rich as they can with their moft fuitable/;i/y, and lay them alfo
dry to keep them from Rufies and Sedges ; if any thing boggy,
they ufually trench them ; but that proves not fufficient, for
the trenches of boggy grounds will fwell, and fill up of them-
felves.

82. To prevent which inconveniency, I know an ingenious
Husbandman, that having dug his trenches about a yard deep and
two foot over, firfl laid at the bottom green Blackrthorn buflies,
and on them a Jlratum of large round ftones, or at leaft fuch as
would not lie clofe ; and over them again, 2inother /iratum of Black::
thorn, 2ind upon them /iraw, to keep the dirt from falling in be-
tween, and filling them up: by which means he kept his trench
open, and procured fo conftant and durable a drain^ that the land
isfincefunka foot or 18 inches, and become firm enough to fup-
port carriages.

83. As for the Grafjes fown in this County, I have little more
to add concerning them, but what was faid before in the Chapter

I i ' of

250 T^he ih(jitural Hijlory

of Plarits, only that it has been found moil agreeable that SanSI-
foin, Ray-grafs^isrc. benotfown prefently afcer the^dir/)', OatSt
or whatever other Gr^iw it be fowed svith, but rather after the
Corn is come pretty high, fo that it may ftielter the fetd from the
heat of the vSi/w, which, as is apprehended at leaft, is fomtimes
prejudicial. And that in the Chihern Country^ after they have
eaten oft' their Ray-grafs or San6i-join^ they find it advantagious
to fbU It with Sheef^ as other Corn-Ian Js : which 1 thought good
to note, 'it being, as I am informed, but lately praSifed.

84. Amongft Arts that concern formation of Earths^ I (liall
not mention the making of Pots 2.tMarfi-Balden^ and Nuneham-
Courtney ; nor of Tobacco-pipes of the V/hite-earth of Shot-over,
fince thofe places are now deferted. Nor indeed was there, that
I ever heard of, any thing extraordinary performed during the
working thofe Earths^ nor is there now of a very good Tobacco-
pipe Clay ^o\md in the V^nCnofHor/fath^ fince the Printing of the
third" G/'dt/'/i^r of this Hijiory. Let it futiice for things of this
nature^ that the ingenious John Dwight, M. A. o^ Chrijl Church
College Oxon. hath difcovered the myfiery o^ the ftone or Co-
logne W^tes (fuchas D' Alva Bottles^ Jugs, Noggins^ heretofore
made only in Germany, and by the Dutch brought over into En-
gland in great quantities, and hath fet up a manufa^ure of the
fame, which (by methods ^ind. contrivances of his own, altogether
unlike thofe ufed by the G^n/z^f/y) in three or four years time he
hath brought it to a greater perfeftion than it has attained where
it hath been ufed for many Ages, infomuch that the Company of
Gla/s-fellers, London, who are the dealers for that commodity, have
contrafted with the /;2z/e«/or to buy only of his Englijb manufa-
Hure, and refufe the foreign.

85. He hath difcovered alfo the my{iery of the He ffian wares,
and makes VeiTels for reteining the penetrating Salts and Spirits
of the Chymijls, more ferviceable than were ever made in England,
or imported from Germany it felf.

86. And hath' found out ways to make an £r2r/^ white and
tranfparentas/'rrc<?//^«e, and not diftinguifliable from it by the
Eje, or by Experiments that have been purpofely made to try
wherein they difagree. To this Earth he hath added the colours
that are ufual in the coloured China-ware, and divers others not
feen before. The (kill that hath been wanting to fet up a manufa-

^ure

6jure of this tranfparent Earthen-ware in England-) like that df
China^ is the glazing of the white Earth., which hath much puz-
zel'd the Proje^or, but now that difficulty alfo is in great meafure
overcome.

87. He hath alfo caufed to be modelled Statues or Figures of
the faid tranfparent Earth (a thing not done elfewhere, for China
affords us only imperfefl: mouldings) which he hath diverfified
with great variety of colours^ making them of the colours o^ Iron,
Copper-, Brafsj zndpar ty -colour' d, as fome Achat-ftones. The con-
fiderations that induced him to this attempt, were xht Duration
of this hard burnt £^r//' much above ^rj/5, or marble, againft all
Air and Weather ; and the foftnefs of the matter to be modelled,
which makes it capable of more curious work, t\\^[^fiones that are
wrought with chifels, or metals that are caft. In iliort, he has fo
far advanced the Art Plafiick.,th^t 'tis dubious whether any man
fince Prometheus have excelled him, not excepting the famous Da-
mophilus, and Gorgafu^ of Pliny ".

88. And thefe Arts he employs about materials of Englifi
growth, and not much applyed to other ufes ; for inftance, He
makes the ftone Bottles of a Claj in appearance like to Tobacco-pipe
clay-, which will not make Tobacco-pipes, though the Tobacco-pipe
clay will make Bottles ; fo that, that which hath lain buryed and
ufelefs to xht Owners, may become beneficial to them by reafon of
this manufa^ure, and many working hands get good livelyhoods ;
not to fpeak of the very confiderabley^m of EngUflj Coyn annual-
ly kept at home by it.

89. About Nettle-bed they make a fort o^brick^o very ftrong,
that whereas at moft other places they are unloaded by hand, I
have feen thefe fhot out of the Cart after the manner of Jlones to
mend the ///^/)-Tr^_;j, and yet none of them broken ; but this I
fuppofe muft be rather afcribed to the nature of the Claj, than to
the skill 0^ the Artificer m making or burning them, and (liould
therefore have been mentioned in the Chapter of Earths.

90. At Caverflam, near the Right Worftiipful Sir Anthony
Cravens (and at fome other places) they make a fort of brick.
22 inches long, and above fix inches broad, which fome call
Lath-brich, by reafon they are put in the place of the Laths or
Spars (fupported by /^i//^ri) in (7j/?i for drying w/W/, which is

» Ujt.mft. lib. ■>,<,. cap. 11.

li 2 the

25Z The ^^{j^tural Hijlory

the only ufe of them, and in truth I think a very good one too ;
for befidethat they are no way liable lofire, as the wooden Laths
are, they hold the heat fo much better, that being once heated^ a
fmall matter of /re will keep them fo, which are valuable advan-
tages in the Profeffwn of Maulting.

9 1 . And which brings me to the Arts relating to Stone, they
have lately alfo about Burford^ made their Maiilt kjlls of fione ;
the firft of them being contrived after an accident by /re, by Va-
lentine Strongs an ingenious Mafon of Teynton^ much after the
manner of thole of brick., which for the benefit of other Coun-
ties where they are not known, I have caufed to be delineated fo
far forth at leaft, as may be direftion enough to an ingenious
Work-man, in Tab. 13. Fig. 1,2. whereof the firft F/^wre (liews
the front of fuch a Kill, and the Letters

a. The Kill bole.

b. TheVWhrsthatfupport the principal ]oi{\:s.

c. The /loping avpay of the in fide of the Oaft.

d. Tbe ends of the ]o\?is.

e. The /paces between tbe Joifts/or the Laths.

And the fecond Figure, the fquare above, immediatly fupporting
the Oa/i-hair ^nd the Mault, wherein the Letters

f f fiew the Flame- ftone.

g g. The Pillars on which the principal Joifts lie.

h h. The principal ]oii\is.

i i. T^e^or/er Joifts.

k k. The Laths between the Joifts.

1 1. The (faces between //^e Laths.

Which firft Kill of Valentine Strong, built after this manner in
Jione^ fucceeded fo well, that it hath fince obtained in many o-
ther places ; nor do I wonder at it, for befide the great fecurity
from fire, to which the old Kills were very fubjeft, thefe alfo dry
the maultwkh much lefs fuel, and in a (bortertime, than the old
ones would do ; infomuchthat I was told by one Mr. Trindar, an
ingenious Gentleman of Wejl-well, who fliewed me a fine one of
his own at Holwell, that whereas he could formerly dry with the
ordinary TTi// hut two Quarters inaday, he can now dry fix, and
with as UtikfueL Now if Mault-kill^ or Oa/is made with ordi-
nary

of 0 XFO %p^S H1%E, 253

mryfipne prove foadvantagious, what would one of them do, if
\\\tJo'ifts and Laths at leaft vrere made of the Cornijh \t arming- jiom^
that will hold heat well eight or ten hours ? or of Spani/h Ruggi^
o/^'s, which are broad//^/ej like tiles, cut out of a Mountain of
red fait near Cardona^ which being well heated on both fides, will
keep warm 24 hours"?

92. To which may be added xXxt Invention of making G/jj^es-
of ftones^ and fome other materials^ at Henly upon Thames^ lately
brought into England by Seignior de Co^a a Montferratees, and car-
ryed on by one Mr. Raven/crofts who has a Patent for the fole
making them ; and lately by one Mr. BiJJjop. The materials they
ufed formerly were the blacked Flints calcined, and a white Chri-
Jlalline fand, adding to each pound of thefe^ as it was found by
folution of their whole mixture, by the ingenious Dr. Ludwell
Fellow of Wadham College^ about two ounces of A'i/fr, Tartar^ and
Borax.

93. But the Glaffes made of thefe being fubjeft to that unpar-
donable fault called Cr/^e///>7g', cauled by the two great quanti-
ties of the Salts in the mixture, which either by the adventitious
Niter o^ the Air from without, or warm liquors put in them,
would be either increafed or difolved ; and thereby indure a Sca-
brities or dull roughnefs, irrecoverably clouding the tranfparency
of the glafs - they havechoien rather fince to make their glaffes
of .a great fort of white /'f/'/'/fj, which as I am informed they
have from the River Po in Italy ; to which adding the aforemen-
tioned/j//5, but abating in t\\t proportions, they now make a fort
of Pebble glafs^ which are hard, durable, and whiter than any
from Venice, 'and will not Crixef but endure the fevereft trials
whatever, to be known from the former by a Seal fet purpofely
on them.

94. And yet I guefs that the dift'erence, in refpeft o^Crizeling^
between the prefent Gla/s and the former, lies not fo much in the
Calx, the Pebbles being Pyrites (none but fuch I prefume being fie
for vitrification^ as well as the Flints; but rather wholly in the j-
batement of the falts, for there are fome of the Flint glaffes ftritl:-
ly fo called (whereof I have one by me) that has endured all try-
alsas well as thefe/j/?. But if it be found other wife, that vehite
Pe^Z'/ej are really fitter for their turns thzn black. Flints, I think

• See Mr. IViUtighby's Voyage through Spain, p. 471.

they

254- ^'^^ J^atural Hijlory

they have little need to fetch them from Italy ^ there being enough
in England of the fame kind, not only to fiipply //»/?, but per-
haps Foreign Nations, Which is all concerning Arts relating to
Jione znd.glafs • except it be alfo worth notice, that Venerable Bede
of this Vniverfity^ firft brought Building w'xihfione^ and Gla/^ win-
dows into England^.

95. Whence according to my propofed«ze/y?)o^, i proceed to
the Arts relating to Plants ; amongft which, the firft that prefent
thernfelves, are thofe that concern the Herhaceot^ kind. Of this
fort we may reckon that ingenious Experiment made in J^une^ 1669.
by my worthy Fviendjobn If ills M. A. and Fellow of Trin. Coll,
Oxon. in order to find in what meafure Herbs might perffire^ where-
in he made ufe of the following method. He took two glafs Vials
with narrow necks,each holding one/?o»«^8 ounces., and 2 drachms
of water, Avoir de po's weight : into one of thefe glafjes filled
with w^/er, heputafprig of florifliing Mint (which before had
grown in the water') weighing one ounce ; the other glafs he alfo
fiU'd with water., and expofed them both in 21 window to the Sun,
After ten days time, he found in the bottle where the ?nint was,
only five ounces and four drachms of water remaining, and no more,
fo that there was ontpoundtwo ounces and fix drachms fpent, the
77iint weighing fcarce two ^r^ci/Wi more than at firft.

96. From the other Glafs^ where »?^/^r was put of the fame
weight, and no mint, he found the Sun had exhaled near one
ounce of water, and therefore concluded it drew but fo much out
of the ^ri\: glafs, at leaft not more ; So that allowing one ounce for
what the Sun had exhaled, there was in thofe ten days fpent by
the mint, one pound one ounce fix drachms of water ; and the mint
being increafed in weight only two drachms., 'twas plain the mint
had purely expired in thofe ten days, one pound one ounce and four
drachms, that is, each day above an ounce and half, which is more
than the weight of the whole mint. Whence he concluded, that
what Malpighiu^ fo wonders at in his Book De Bomhjce, viz^ that
thofe Animals willfomtimes eat in one day, ?nore than the weight
of their bodies, is out- done by every ^rig- of rnint^ and moft o-
ther He)bs in the Fie/<^, which evt'cy fmnmers day atcrad more nou-
riftiment than their own weight amounts too.

' Vid. Comment, in Carmtn Phaleucium Johan. Seldm-, before Ho^tons Concordance of years.

97. Which

97. which the fame ingeiiious/'fr/o«atleaftqueftionsnot (and
therefore wi flies tryals may be made) of the Tithjmali^ EfuU ,
and efpecially of Pingukula and Ros Soils, which laft fucks up
moifture fal1:er than the Sun can exhale it, and is bedevved all over
at Noon-day^ notwithftanding its power; Nor doubts ht but
that Wormwood, and all other Plants that are very hot, and of
ftrong fmells, expire as much, if not more than Mint* ■-[

98. There are alfo feveral Arts, ufed about thcCorn'm this
County^ whirfl: in the /^/<3f^^, andy?rfzw, that belong to this place,
fuch as eating it off with Sheep, if too rank., to make it grow;
ftrong and prevent lodging : whil'ft the Corn is young they alfo'
weed it, cutting the thhJles with a hook ; but ratths they hand-
weed as foon as in flower, and fo they do cockles when they in-
tend the Corn for feed. If the Crovps toward Harveft are any
thing mifchievous, as they many times are, deftroying the Corn
in the outer limits of the Fields, they dig a bole narrow at the
bottom, and broad at the top, m the green frarth ncAT the Corn,
wherein they put dufl, and cW^r^from the Smiths iorge, mixt
with a little Gun-povcdcr, and in and about the holes ^\c\l feathers
'(Crow-feathersif they czngelthtm^ which they find about 5«r-
fbrd to have good fuccefs.

99. They cut their ^7?f £2/ here rather a little before, than let
it ftand till it be over-ripe ; for if it be cut bat a little too foon,
the ficck. will ripen it, and the Corn will be beautiful, whereas if
it ftand too long, much will (liatcer out of the head in reaping, e-
fpecially if therrzWblow hard, and that the beft Corn too ; the
worftonly remaining, which will be pale in the hand, an unpar-
donable fault where the Bak^r is the Chapman. In reaping Wheat
and ii^e they ufe not the/5c/e, but a fmooth edged hook-, laying
their Corn in fmall hand- fiills all over the Field-, I fippofe that it
may the fooner dry, in cafe wet come before they bind it, which
they do in very fmall y^e^W5, and very loofc in comparifon of
iome other Counties: They y^ocA. it rafter-wife, ten Jleaves m a
fiock-, which if fet wide in the but-end, will be very copped and
Ibarp at the top, and will bear out rain beyond hope, or almoft
credit.

100. They count their B^r/j/ ripe (as they do their Wheat")
when it hangs the head and the ^r^iip has loft its verdure, which
they mow with zfithe without a cradle, never binding but raking

it

i5<5 77;^ ^hQatural Hijlory

it together, and cocking it with a fork-, which is ufually a trident^
whofe teeth ftand not in a row, but mett pyramidally in a center at
the ftaflf : They let it lie in the fwathe a day or two, which both
ripens the Corn and withers the weeds. Oats^ and all mixed Corns
called Horfe-meat^ are Harvefted fomtimes with two reaping hooh-,
whereof the manner is thus: IhcWorkcinan taking 2ihook.'m each
hand, cuts them with //6d/ in his right hand, and rolls them up
the while with that in his left, which they call bagging of Peas :
Others they cut with a reaping hook, fet in a ftaff about a yard
long, and then they cut and turn the Peas before them with both
hands till they have -JiWad^ which they lay by, and begin again ;
and this they call cutting with the fiaff-hook'- But the fit he they fay
is much the fpeedieft way, which if ufed with care, cuts them as
well and clean, as either of the other.

I c r . After the fithe they wadhoth Beans and Peas^ and fo turn
them till they are throughly withered and dry, and then cocAand
fit them for c^rrw^^, only with this difference, that Beans while
they are cocWand carryed., have the loo^t Jialks pickt up by hand^
the rake being apt to beat the Beans ont of the/Oi/j, as they are
drawn up againft the leg. All forts of Cocks are beft made of
a middleingci^f, and well top'd ; the advantages are, that thefc
are apprehended at leaft totakelefs wet with the fame rain than
greater, and will dry again without breaking ; whereas the great
cocks-i after rain, muft be pulled to pieces, which cannot be done
without great lofs, for in the opening and turning much Cor«
will be beaten out, and that certainly the beft too.

10 2. If their Corn be brought home a little moi^er, or greener
than ordinary, or the weeds be not let lie to be throughly (hrunk
or wither'd, that they fufpedl it may heat in the Barn more than
ordinary (for it is kind for Corn znd fodder to heatd. little) then
they draw a Cubb or Beer-lip (which others call the Seed-cord')
up the middle of the mow orjiack. , and through the hole that this
leaves, the heat will afcend and fo prevent mow-burning ; Or if it
heat in the Barn beyond expectation, and be like to do amifs,
they then pull ?ihole\n. the middle from the top to the bottom,
which will alfo help it much. They draw an old Axel-tree of a
Cart up a Hay-rick to the fame purpofe, if they think their Hay of
the greenefl, or over moift when flacked.

103. But

Of OXFO "Bjy^S HI XE. 2^f

109. But the beft contrivance i ever yet faw to prevent the Jire-
ing of Rickj of Haj, or Sain6i-foin^ I met with at Tufmore^ at the
Wor{\\\\){}A Richard Fermors^^c^; where they let \n fquare ppfs
made oC boards o{ a foot diagonal^ to the middle of their ^^c^^,
to give them ^/rperpetually ; the number o{ pipes bearing pro-
portion to the bignefs of the Rickh which no queftion may alfo
be as rationally applyed to {iacks of Corn, whenever thought fub-
jeft to the fame danger.

104. To preferve their RickjofCorn lyable to r^/j and /tz/c^,
they commonly place them in this Country, on /landers and caps of
J^one ; the flanders being four Obelifcs about two foot high, and the
caps zs mzny Hejnifpherica I /^ones phced u])on them, with the flat
fides downwards, on which having laid four ftrong pieces of
Timber, and other JoiJIs to bear up the Corn, they place their Ricks-,
which then are not annoyed by mice or rats (at lead not fo much)
zs Jiacks on the ground, by reafon the Hemifpherical ftones being
planums at the bottom, though they may poffibly afcend the ftand-
ers well enough, yet can fcarce get up the caps, whofe broad bot-
toms hang fo over them in piano Horiiontiiy that they muft needs
fall in the attempt.

105. The Cart they moft ufe to bring home their Corn, is the
two-wheeled long Cart, hzwingfiambles over the fiafts or tbills,
zCart Ladder at the breech, and toops over the wheels, on which
they willlay great and very broad loads, though it go not fo fe-
cure and fteady as zWaggon, which notwithftanding that advan-
tage is of but little ufe here, only amongft C^^rnVrj, (src. They
ufe alfo a fort of Cart they call a Whip-lade, or Whip-cart, whofe
hincier part is made up with boards after the manner of a Dung-
cart, having alfo a head of boards, Tindfiambles over the thills ;
which headhemg made fo as to be taken out or left in, the Cart
may be indifterently ufed to carry dung or other matters ; dung,
when the head is in, and Corn^ (si'C. when taken out.

106. About Banbury moft of their Carts have Axel-trees of
Iron, mzde fquare at one end and roundzt the other ; at the fquare
end they are made faft into one of the wheels, and move round
together with it ; and at the other end they move within the box
of the wheel, and the wheel round them too : With this fort of
Axel i^ome are of opinion that the Cdir/ moves much lighter for the
Cattle, than with a wooden one, to whom I iliould much rather

K k aifent,

258 The ^atural Hijlory

aflfent, did the round end of the Axel move in a box of brafs, and
were the places where the Cart refts on it, lined with brafs plates^
for then a fmall matter of oil (as 'tis in the oiling of belh^ would
caufe the heavieft weight to be moved with great eafe: however
as they are, much lefs greafe ferves the turn ; and one of them
made of good tough iron^ will laft a mans age^ and lomtimes /wo,
whereas the wooden ones are frequently at reparations : nor does
there any inconvcniency attend them that I could hear of, but that
the wheels have not fo much room to play to and fro on thefe^ as
on the others o^ vcood^ and therefore not fo good where either
the vrays or Cart-routs are deep.

107. Their way in this Country to bring the corn from theftravp^
is for the moft part by the flail ^ only in fome/^/^jf^y when their
wheat is very fmuttji, they have a way of whipping it firft, and then
threping it afterwards : their manner of whipping is ftriking the
corn by a handful at a time, againft a door fet on its edge ; and
when a fljeaf is thus whipt^ they bind it up again for the flail :
which way indeed istroublefom and tedious, but by this means
the fmut bags or balls are prefcrved unbroken, and by the ftrength
of a good wind, and care in the raying^ moft part of them may
be gotten forth, and the wheat left clear.

108. But before they threfli Rye^ they fomtimes take care to
prefer ve fome of the flraw whole or unbroken, to fervc for fir aw-
worh • which I fliould not have thought worth mentioning, but
that we have an Artift herein Oxford^ the ingenious Robert Wife-
man^ excellent for fuch matters, beyond all comparifon ; and yet
he modeftly owns, that he faw work in Italy that gave him a hint
for his Invention^ but knows not whether that Artift (but believes
rather the contrary) ufes the fame procedure that he does or no :
However, if it muft not be allowed his Invention^ yet becaufe he
has improved it to fo great an excellency, I cannot but let the World
know, that though he/ro/?j^j nothing extraordinary in the ^/«g
of his co/o«r^, yet by certain method^ of firft fcraping the /r^ip,
and cutting it into fmall fquare/>/>cer, none longer than the 20'^^ or
30' part of an inch^ he can lay them on wood^ copper or filver (firft
prepared for the purpofe) in fuch order and manner, and that
with gredtexpediiion, that thereby ^ereprefents the ruins of Build-
ings, ProfpeSfs of Cities, Churches, isc upon drejfing or writing
Boxes, or Boxes for any other ufe.

109. He

of 0XF0%$>^SH1%E. %%^

109. //tfalfo reprefents ina moftexquifite manner, hoch the
Ir'ijh and Bredth Jiitch in Carpets and Screens, which he makes of
x.\\\sftraw vpork.'iOT the more curious Ladies ; and with thefe he co-
vers Tobacco boxes, or of any other kind, whether of wood ox me-
tal, puting the Anns of the Nobility and Gentry^ if dcfired, upon
the tops or clfewhere : And all thefe with the colours fo neatly
y^^i^e^oft, from one another, that at duediftance they (liow no-
thing inferior to colours laid with a Penfil. When thefe Fr offers, isfc,-
are made, he can and does frequently wadi his vporkwlth common
water^ leting it continue at leaft an hur underneath it ; then dry s
it with 2ifj}unge, and beats it with a wooden mallet as thin as may
be, and then lays it on his boxes, giving it laftly fo curious zpolifi,
that no varnifhing excels it : which vpork., though made of fuch
minute fquares ofjirarp, will endure portage, and any other as
fevere ufage, as moft other materials ; none of them being to be
gotten oft by eafie means, but will admit of wafiing and polifi-
i«g again, when at any time foul, as well as at the firft.

no. Which is all concerning Corn, whil'ft in the blade or
Jirarp, what remains relates to the feparating the y^e<^ from the
chaf-i andprefcrvingit mthe/Iores, As to the firft, they either
do it in a good ivzW abroad, or with the fan at home, I mean
tht leaved Jan ; for the kjieefan, and cafting the corn the length of
the Barn, are not in ufe amongft them. They that have but fmall
quantities, whennoiri/^^isftirring, will do it with z//jeet; the
manner thus : Twoperfons tzke Tifieet, and double it at the y?^/;/,
then rolling in each end a little, and holding one hand at the top,
and the other a foot or 1 8 inches lower, they ftrike together and
make a good wind, and fome fpeed. But the wheel fan faves a
mans labor, makes a better wind, and does it with much more ex-
pedition.

III. They preferve it in their ffores, as well as rickj-) from 7nice
and rats by many ordinary means ufed in other places ; but I met
with one way fomwhat extraordinary^ performed by a peculiar
fort of Rats-bane, that kills no creatures but thofe for which it is
defigned, ey^ccpt poultry ; fothat it is an excellent remedy, cfpeci-
ally within doors, where Fowls feldom come, or any other place
where they may be kept from it ; all Cats, Dogs, isyc. tafting it
without hurt. To fecure their Corn from mufting, I have heard
of fome that have laid it in Chambers mixt with P ebb le-Ji ones of the

K k 2 larger

i^o The Statural H'ljlory

larger c\ze ftratum fuper ftratum, viz^. after every fix inches thick-
nefsof Cor«, zfiratumo^ Pebbles^ placed about a yard diftance
from each other, then ^or« again to the fame thicknefs, and fo
S SS to ten lains apiece : by which method, as I was told, Com
had been preferved fweet and free from //zw/?, ten years together,
only removing it once a year, and laying it again as before ; and
in the 5«;/7wer time when the weather was dry, fetting open the
windows in the day time and (liutting them at night,

112. To recover it from mudinefs^ to its pnikinfweetnefs^ fome
have laid it out all night^thm (pred on doaths^to receive the Even-
ing and Morning dews^ with fo good fuccef?, that being dryed a-
gain next day in the Sun, the ill fmell has been quite removed.
And thus I have done vnth the moft uncommon Arts\ have met
with concerning Plants related to Hmbandry, and the whole //er-
baceou6 kind : where by the way let it be noted, as in Chap. 6. §.2 3.
that thcfe Arts are called uncommcm^ not fo much in refped of
this, as of other Counties, where indeed they will feemfo : and
that I have written of them rather for the information o^Jirangers,
than the Inhabitants of Oxford-fiire^ as I muft hereafter in other
Counties, for information of this. Wherein if through my own
ignorance, or frowardnejl of fome Husbandmen (I dare not fay all)
I have failed of that accuracy, that might other wife have been
expeded, I beg the ^e^^eri- pardon, and promife amendment in
the following Co««/ie^, provided I have encouragement to go on
in my defign.

113, After the Herbaceous Plants, come we next to confider
the Shrubs and Subfrutices, amongft which I met with one, per-
haps I may fay fcarce heard o^ curiofity, though it have been an
Experiment frequently performed many years fince, not only by
thofe excellent Gardeners and Botanifis, the two Bobarts, Father
and Son ; but as I have heard alfo by the Reverend and Ingenious
Robert Sharrock. LL D, and Fellow of New College, who after
many unfuccefsful tryals of grafting one Fruit upon another,
made at laft a very pleafant one, and to good advantage too, upon
different FzWj, which in fo great meafureanfwer'd their hopes,
that they have now fignal proof in the Phjfick. Garden of the
white Frontiniac grafted upon the Par/lj Vine, growing and bear-
ing very well ; and to this advantage, that they think the early
ripening flock of the Par/lji Vine, to conduce fomwhat to the

earlyer

Of OXFO%T)^SHniE. i€i

earlyer ripening of the vphite Frontiniac, naturally late.

114. They have alfo grafted X.\it early red-clufier or Currant-
grape^ upon that large, luxuriantly growing Vine^ called the Fox-
grape^ which feems to produce much fairer and ftronger Fruity
than tlut grape isufually upon its own /icck.. And divers other
Experiments of this nature they fay may eafily be made, as well
tohaveir/'/Ve and /'/^c^, or other varieties, as they have already
broad leav'd znd narron> leav' d, ear /j grapes and late ones, on the
hme/iock: But this is not to be done by ^xdtnx. amputation, as
in other Fruits, the wood being not fufficiently folid to bear it.

115. As to the Arts relating to Trees, the chiefeft are thofe of
the Planter and Gardener making curious Walks-, and Tipiary work?
of them ; fuch is the Dial cut in Box in New College Garden, the
Kings arms,znd the College cozt o^ arms there,and at Exeter College^
befide the other Garden knots of Box in both thofe Colleges, and
in Brafen-ncfe College Quadrangle ; to which add the Guards at the
Fhyfickgarden gate of Gigantick. ftature, and feveral other Topia
m the fame Garden, all formed of the Tew tree. Of Walks, the
moft curious I have met with in this County, are thofe elegant
ones of Trees of various kinds in Cornhury Park.; and (to omit
the numerous Walks in and dhont i\\eVniverfity') thofe of Firs at
Sir Peter Wentworths at Lilling^on Lovel, and the pleafant Vifta
at Sir Timothy T^rrils, from a lliort walk of Trees toward the Chil-
tern hills ; and for a clofe Walktheve is a fine one lately defigned in
Grimes-ditch, nezr Ditchley , a feat of the Right Honorable Edward
Henry Earl of Lichfield's, about half a mile in length.

11^. For Garden walks-, i chink one of thelongeft 1 met with,,
was at the Wordiipful Mr. Clerks at Aflon Rowant. And for a
defcent, there are none like the Walks at Roufiam, in the Garden
of the Wordiipfuliio^er/ Dormer Efq; where there are no lefs than
yfz/e one under another, leading from the g^r^ew above, down to
the riz/^r fide, h?Lv'mgpeps at each end, and parted with /j^<^gf 5 of
Codlings, isrc. But of all that 1 ever met with, there is a Walk at
the Worlhipful Mr. Fermors of Tufmcre, the moft wonderfully
pleafant, not only in that it is placed in the middle of a FiJ/j-pond,
but fo contrived, that ftanding in the middle no Eye can perceive
but it isperfeftlyy^m^/j/, whereas when removed to either end,
it appears on the contrary fo ftrangely crooked, that the Eye does
not reach much above half the way,

117. Which

26z The S\(jtural Hijlory

II J. which deception of fight moft certainly arifes from a
^on? in the middle, which feems only an ornament^ and the inca.-
facity of the Beholder of feeing both parts of the Walk, at one
time J which that it may be the better apprehended, fee the man-
ner of it. Tab. 13. Fig. 3. where the /mer <j {hews the jt^/4 froni
the garden tending toward that in the Fifi-pond^ b the place of
the beholder^ c the femicircle or bow oppofiteto him^ de the two
ends of the vpalk.'. Now the beholder being placed in />, and ha-
ving the bovp before him^ is not commonly fo wary as to find, that
if the lines /^Z)/ were continued, they would decuffate and not
fall info sfraight lines, nor that the walks themfelves v^oiild do the
fame, becaufe he fees but one ftraight part of the walk, b d at
one time, and the other be2X. another time, which when leen to-'
gether at either end, plainly meet in an angle^ and by reafon of
the fide hedges terminate the fight at little more than half way,
at Kl-

118. Hither alfo belong the methods whereby they order their
Woods in \\{\'s,County-i which if Vnder-woods in or near the Forreft
ofWhichwood, they commonly fell not till twenty years growth ; but
in the C/^^y^ near by it, fomtimes at feven or eight : dividing them
into Acres and Braids (or bredths) every Acre containing forty
braids, z braidhcing one pole long and four broad ; into which
they thus divide their Woods for the better fale of them to the
meaner fort of people, fome buying ten, others twenty, and fome
thirty braids or more.

119. In the Chiltern Country they fell their Under-wood Co-
pices commonly at eight or nine years growth, but their tall woodj
or Copices of which they make tall Jhids^ billet, isfc. at no certain
time; nor fell they thefe Woods all together,but draw thera as they
call it, almoft twtvy year fome, according as their wood comes to
be of a fit fcantling for tall Jhid or billet, cutting twtvyjbid of
tall wood ^OUT foot long befide the kerf, and the billet thiee foot
four inches, according to the Statutes of the 7 of Edw. 6. 7. and
the 43 of Q^ Eliz^. i4« which ought alfo according to the fame
Statutes^ whether round bodyed, half round, or quarter cleft, to be
of a certain number of inches about, according as named or mark-
ed of fo many Caff, as may be (een particularly in the Statutes at
large. Which is all concerning Arts relating to Plants, except
it (liall be thought worthy notice, that they ufe ro^es inth'is Coun-
try,

OfOXFO%T>^SHI\n. %6i

try^ made of the bark of the Tilia fdimlna folio minore , fmall
leav'd Lime or Linden tree, in fome Countrys called Ba§i ; whence
the ropes are alfo called Bafien ropes ; but of thefe no more, the
Tree neither growing, nor the ropes being made in this County^ but
only ufed here.

120. Of Arts relating to Brutes, I have met with none extra-
ordinary concerning the winged Kingdom, hut the new fort of boxes,
or Colony hives for Bees, firft invented, I fuppofe, by the Right
Reverend Father in God John Will^ns, late Lord Biftiop of Cbe-
(ler ; notwithftanding the pretentions of John Gedde Gent, and
his feven years experience : for I find one of them fet up in
Wadham College Garden (where it ftill remains) when the faid ac-
complilh'd Bilhop was Warden there above twenty years Cnce.
For Fifbj I was (hewed the model of a Net contrived by the m-
gQmovLsS'w Ant honj Cope ^ that feemed likely to catch all found
within fuch acompafs.

i2r. Relating to four footed Beafts , the ingenious Richard
Fermorof Tufmore Efq; (liewed me a pretty contrivance to avoid
the incumbrance of Oat tubs in Stables, efpecially where they are
any thing ftreighrned in their room, by letting the Oats down from
a loft above, out of a veffel like the Hopper of a Mill, whence they
fall into a fquare/z/e let into the wall, of about four inches diago-
nal, which comes down into a Cup-hoard zX^o fet into the wall, but
with its end fo near the bottom, that there fliall never be above a
gallon,OT other dcfirable quantity in the cup-board zt a time,which
being taken away and given to the Horfes, another gallon prefcntly
fuccceds ; fo that in the lower part of the Stable where the Horjts
ftand, there is not one inch of room taken up for the whole pro-
viiion of Oats ; which contrivance has alfo this further conveni-
ence, that by this motion the Oatszre kept conftantly yi^ee/ (the
raking away one gallon moving the whole mafs above) which laid
up any otherwife in great quantities grow frequently mufty.

122. The fame ingenious Gentleman has alfo applyed the fame
contrivance, with fome little alteration, to the feeding of his Swine,
which have conftantly their meat from fuch a veffel like the hopper
of a Mill placed over the f^y, into which having put a certain
quantity of beans, enough to fit fo many Hogs, they continually
defcend to about half way down the iJy m a large (quzve pipe,
which then divides it felf into fix fmallcr ones, vrhich terminate

each

2^4- The ^J^mral H'tflory

each of them in a fmall trough^ no bigger than juft to admit the
nofeo^ 2. Hog, and come all of them with their e«c/yfonear the
bottom^ that there is never above a handful o^ beans or fo, in each
trough at a time, which taken away by the Hogs, there follow fo
many handfuUs again, but never more : lo that having alfo drawn
a fmall Rivulet of water through they?;;, the daily trouble o{ fer-
vants waiting on them is not only faved (for they need never come
near them till they know they zrefat^ but the Hogs themfelves are
alfo made hereby imcapable of fpoiling a bean, by trampling or
piffing amongft them as in moft other ^w, they never having a-
bove a handful at a time,and thofe in a trough too fmall to admit
any fuch means of waft.

123. He has thoughts alfo of applying the ^^mt contrivance
to the feeding of his Hounds ; and has made ftalls for Oxen^ by
^^ri of wood defcending perpendicularly from the utmoft rim
of the rack-, and nailing boards on them half way up before the
Oxen, that they cannot fpoil by trampling, or any other means,
the \t?Skftravp or grafs, all that go bcfide their mouths falling ftill
within the boards nailed upon the [pars, which when come to any
quantity, is returned into the rack, as fweet and good, as when
put there at firft. Which being matters of Archite^ure relating to
Beafts, bring me next to treat,

124. Of ^r/j that refpeft Af(3«;^/W, and firft of ^rcZ'i/^f^tfre,
wherein we have many remarkable Curiofities, as well in the Coun-
try zs Vniverfitji ; fome whereof are of an inferior, others of a
more Honorable rank and quality. Of the firft fort are feveral Mills
that I have met with in this County.Jczrce perhaps to be found elf-
where in England; fuch is that at the fame ingenious Mr. Fermors
at Tufmore., which with one horfe and jnan (who is carry ed round
as it were, in a Coach-box behind the horfe') performs at pleafure
thefe very many offices. Firft, it grinds apples the common way
for Cider. And fecondly Wheat, which it fijts at the fame time in-
to four different fineneffes. Thirdly Oats, which it cuts from the
husk, and winnovps from the cha(f, making very good Oat-meal.
Andlaftly makes Muftard, which indeed is a meer curiofity. And
all thefe it performs feverally,or together, according as defired.

125. At Hanvpell, in the Park, there is alfo a Mill ered.ed by the
ingenious Sir Anthony Cope, of wonderful contrivance, where-
with that great T/V/mo/o did not only grind the f or« fur his Houfe,

but

Of 0 XFO %T)^SHI%E^ t6f

but with the fame motion turned a very large Engine for cutting
the hardeft ftone, after the manner of Lapidaries ; and another
for boaring of Guns : and thefe, as in the Mill 2.1 Tufmore, either
feverally or all together, at plcafure.

126. To thefe zddthe Mills for making French Early, erefted
fome years fince upon the river near Caver/ham^ by one Mr. Bur-
nahy^ but are novv^ carry ed on by one Mr. Nelthrop of London^
Merchant : They are four in number, and differ from other Corn
mills chiefly in the following particulars. i . In that they have
always double tackling. 2. Iht/iones not being the Cologne^ but
ordinary white Hones ; which thirdly, are both of them cut the
fending vcay : and fourthly, the uppery?o«g or runner^ hung about a

hands breadth diftant from the lower or hedjlone^ alfo called the
Legier. They put in the Corn^ about half a budiel at a time, not
at the eye^ but round the hoops at the fides of thtftones ; they flop
the/pout or tunnel, and let the Mill tun. juft an hour, for if the
Corn ftay longer the heat will turn \t yellow : then they let it out,
and fever t\ichran 2nd flower from the Corn, and put it up agairt
into another mill of the fame kind, and let it run in the fame man-
ner another hour, and the worhji^ finifbed.

127. Hither alfo muft be referred the Mault Kills of Henly, To
thriftily contrived, that the /fi/Z/^/o/ej are placed in the backs of
their Kitchin C/nmneys, fo that drying their mault with wood, the
fameyfre ferves for that, and all the other ufes of their Kitchins be-
fide. To this place alfo belongs a fort of Oa^i made about thirty
years fince by one Philips a Baker of Magdalen Parifi Oxon, who
having a very great Oven, made it plain at the top and plaifter'd
it over, whereon laying mault, he dryed it with the f^xntfire that
heated his Oven for the bread, and thus made the beft mault that
Oxfor d ^.fioidtd, and of necefiity the cheapefl, for theyf/e coft
him nothing. I have heard alfo of the fame method ufed at Benly
on the Thames ; and thefe, as fome have ventured to affert, gave
the firfl: hints to the Invention of that fort of Kills whereby they
dry mault with coal ; but herein I dare not be too confident, not
knowing of what ftanding thofe Kills are, otherwife the thing
feems to be likely enough.

128. Thus having run through thofe of inferior rank, I come
next to the remarkable cwrio///ie'5- of Archite^ure mom mod featelj
buildings, and that have a more immediate relation to mankind

L 1 than

z66 The natural Hi [lory

than any before mentioned, whereof fome are private^ others
pubiick.', and may both be confidered either in the n'hole or parts,
0{ private buildings^ the moft eminent in this County, are the
Seats of the Right Honorable the Earl of Anglefey^ Lord Privy
Seal, 2.tBlechington^ iheEzrl of Clarendon uCornbury, the Earl
of Lichfield at Vitchlej^ the Earl of Rochefier at ^dderbury^ the
Countefs of Dorvn at Wroxton^ the Lord Vifcount Say and Seal at
Broughton^ the Lord Vifcount F^/^/^wt/ at Gre/2/ Ten?, the Lady
j^bergavenny at Sherbourn^ the Lord Norreys (His Majefties Lord
Lieutenant of Oxford-fiire^ at Ricot^ the Lord Carrington at /.ei--
tre/, and of the Honorable /^wzej Herbert Efq; at Tythrop in Oxford-
fiire, though of Kingsey Paridi in the County of Buckingham.

129. Whereunto might be added feveral flru^ures of the wi-
noT Nobility^ that fliew a great deal either of paft or prefent Ma-
gnificence, fuch as that of the Right Worfhipful Sir Anthony Cope
late of Hanwell, of Sirjohn Copezt Bruern Abbey, S'uTho. Spencer
at Tarnton^ Sir Tho. Chamberkyn at Northbrook-) Sir Francis Wen-
man at Thame-Park. and Cafrelj Sir T/^o. f o^/» at ^ddtrbury. Sir yf«-
/iio^y Craven at Caverfijam^ Sir William Glyn at -^merfden^ Sir i?o-
bertjenkjnfon at Walcot, Sir William Walter at Sarefden^ Sir Thomas
Penyfton at Cornrrel^ Sir Compton Read at Shipton under Whicb-
vrood^ Sir y^ohn D'Oyly at Chi/Iehampton^ Sir Edward Norreys zt
Wefton On the ^ree«. Sir George Croke at Waterfloh-^ Sir /'/;////> H<7r-
court 2X Stanton Harcourt, And of the worfhipful //jo. Stonor at
Watlington Park^nd Stonor^ Efq; i^oZ'^r/ Dormer at Roufiam^ Efq;
Richard Fermor at Tufmore and Sommerton^ Efq; /^'^^ i'/o«e at
Brightrrel, Efq; 7o/^;z C/er)^ at i4^o/z Rovcant, Efq; T/^o. Ho^r^ at
fofj/, Efq; Artburjones at Chafleton^ Efq; 5^/// Brook^t Nortb-Aflcn,
Efq; and theT^^/^ of the Families of KnollesztRotherfield Grays^
and Blount at Maple^Durham^ Efqs; To which add the Parfonage
Houfe of the Reftory of Chinncr^ little inferior to fome of the
aforementioned, either in ^r<?^/«^, commodioufnefs, or elegancy of
Building.

130. And yet amongft all thefe eminent private iVrw^/zr^i,
could I find nothing extraordinary in the w/'o/e ; But in the/>^r/i,
the Kitchin of the Right Worfliipful Sir TO/i!/ Harcourt Knight,
of Stanton Harcourt, is fo ftrangely unufual, that by way of Rid-
dle one may truly call it, either a Kitchin within a Chimney^ or a
Jntcbin without one ; for below it is nothing but a large fquare^

and

OfOXFO%V-^SHI\E. 16 J

and octangular above afcending like a Toxver, the Jires being made
againll the TT^Z/i, and the //Tzodt^ climbing up them, without any
/«;7;2e/yor difturbance to the Coo4^ ; which being ftopped by a
large conical roof at the top, goes out at Icop-hcks on every fide
according as the w/Wfits ; the loop-holes at the fide next the vp'ind
being (liut with falling doors, and the adverfe fide opened.

131. Thefpacious St air- cafe 2.1 Blechington-hovL^tis-Aio re-
markablc,not only for that it ftandson an Area of 30 foot fquare,
but for its rarity too, it being not perhaps at all, at leaft not eafic
to be met with amongft the writers of ArchiteSiure : wherefore,
though I cannot approve of its contrivance in all particulars, yet
for the fake of Its magnificence-, and variety from moiV, if not all
others^ I cannot in juftice but afford it a Hiort defcription.

132. It being placed therefore backward, oppofite to the moft
honorable entrance of the Houfe, between two win^s that extend
themfelves beyond it, and the grofs of the Pile^ you enter upon
it having paft by the halh and other offices ufually placed by it, at
t\\t door -way k^ Tab. 13. Fig. 4. and land upon the half pace i,
which together with the re/i marked 234, isrc are 6 foot I fquare:
The figures in their natural order fhew how you afcend from one
half pace to znother^ by afcents of /fteps, each about 5 inches I
deep, and near 10 inches J broad : The half paces m2r]ied with
the hme figure lye on the hme level, and therefore as 4 is the
higheft half pace in this firft Scheme of it, fo it is the loweft in the
fecond,/"^^. 13. Fig. 5. '

■ 133. In which alfo the order of the figures (hews the manner
of afcent juft as in the former, only it muft be obferved, that as
the afcent to the half pace 4 in the firft Scheme, was fuppofe from
Eafi and weft., fo the afcent higher from it in the fecond, is to North
and South : Of which two Schemes placed alternatly over one an-
other, the whole ft air -cafe is framed from bottom to top, which
iseafily apprehended, if you but imagine the half pace 4 in the
fecond Scheme., to be placed over 4 in the firft, and fuch another
frame as is delineated in the firft Scheme to be placed on the fe-
cond : The Letters V V (hew the vacancies that open a ProffeH
from the top to the bottom of the whole ftair-cafe, and abed
(hew the places of the doors into the rooms at each corner of
it.

LI 2 134. In

2(^8 The Natural Hijlory

134. In fhort, this fiair-cafe feems to be a compofition of 4
half-pace-open-newel'd ^air-cafes^ as may eafily be perceived by
the /%Mre5, 123, 123,123, 123, and 567, 567, 567, 567, only
communicating in the middle ; which indeed (liews very magni-
ficently, but has this inconvenience, that there is no paffagefrom
one room into another though on the fame floor^ without going up
and down many fteps ; as in Scheme the fecond, if from a to b,
andfoof x.\\t rooms of any of the other fides, you have no paf-
fage but from 6 to 7, and To down again to 6, i. e. 14. fteps. But

if you are to go from corner to corner, as fuppofe from a to c, or
htod, (y "vice verfaj whether you pafs round the fides, or over
the middle haifpace^ you cannot do it, without afccnding and
defcending in all twenty eight fteps.

135. Ofpublick Buildings, the moft eminent in the County
arc certainly thofe of the Colleges and Hal/s^ the Fublick. Schools^
Library and Theater in the Vniverfityo^ Oxford-, of which yet in
the whole I fhall give no account, their magnificence and outward
Archite^ure being already fufficiendy (hewn,by the exquifite hand
of Mr. David Loggan^ Chalcographer to the Vniverfity^ in his Cuts
of them all lately fet forth. It ftiall fuffice me therefore to give
a fuccinft account of fome particular parts of them, whether in
the Jlone or Timber-work, fcarce to be met with elfewhere, or
known to few.

136. Of the firft fort is tht flat floor ol ftont over the paflage
between the Right Reverend the FrovoUs Lodgings, and the Chap-
pel 2.1 Queens College^ born up only by the fide vpalls without any
pillar, though confifting of divers ftones not reaching the walls^
which yet indeed may very well be, finceas I am informed hy the
fame Right Reverend Provofl, and Bi/hop of Lincoln, who pulled
up the boards of the room above to view the curiofity ; the ftones
are all cuneoform, and laid like that they C2.\\ flraight Arch-work..

137. The Roof of Merton College Treafury is alfo an odd piece
of fione- work-, being all made of AflAtr^ yet flooping to an angle
(only more acute than ufual) like roofs made of Timber : It has,
'tis true within, three inequidiftant arched rihso^ftone thatfeem
to fupport the Fabrick^ which is about 20 foot long, hut the ftones
not reaching from rib to riby and feeming to be laid like common
pavement both within and w-ithout, make many to wonder that it
does not fill in : but the Hones being pretty thick, and cut as they

call

ofOXFO'^^SHtXE. 269

call it, with an arching joints muftneceflarily lye as firm (and for
the very fame reafon) as thofe at Queens College do, and fo moft
certainly they would, were the ^rc/6g5 quite removed. There is
alfo much fuch another roof over a little Oratory or Cbappel in the
Church of North Leigh in this County,

138. As for arched roofs o^ ftone^ thzt of the Divinity School
IS 2 fine -piece of ArchiteSiure ', and fo is that of the ftately (fair-
cafe leading into Chri§i-Church great hall. The Phyfickgarden gate
is a curious piece of ruftick^rockrvpork'-, and the Portch at St. Maries^
the Vniverfity Churchy is a well contrived thing. And were it not
improper amongft thefe to mcnt'iom /iru^ure of fo inferior a qua-
lity, as New College houfe of Eafement-, commonly called the long-^
houfe^ I could not but note it as a ftupendious piece of buildings \t
being fo large and deep, that it has never been emptyed fince the
foundation of the College^ which was above 300 years lince, nor
is it ever like to want it.

139. The Portico's on the Eafl and Weft fides of the Nevp Qua-
drangle at St. ^ohns College^ built by the moft Reverend Father in
God, William Laud Arch-Bifliop of Canterbury^ fupported with
pillars of Blecbington Marble, are well worthy notice ; and fo is
the Cloyfter at Magdalen College^ the ButterelTes without being
curioufly adorned with Hieroglyphical Imagery.

140. The ereft Southern declining Dial over ^11 Souls College
Chappel, is a neat piece of work, fo curioufly contrived by Sir
Chriftopher Wren, that though itftand high, yet by the help of two
half rays, and one vpbole one for every hour, one may fee to a w/-
nute whzt It is zclockjt the t/iinutes being depidied on the fides of
the rays, viz^ 1 5 on each fide, and divided into fives by a diffe-
rent cbaralHer from the relV.

141 . The Cylindrical Dyal in Corpus Chrifti College Quadrangle,
fet at right angles with the Horizon (the common fe^ ions whereof,
with the ^cMrdrf/€s- (except the Meridian circle which divides it
by the axis') as alfo the /Equino^ial, are all Ellipfes) is a fine old
piece of Gnomonicks ; of which no more, becaufe its Contriver
Mr. Robert ^eggs. Fellow of the College, has already written of it ''.
And the Dials mzde upon a pile of Booh on New College Mount,
with Tijne on the top, exa£i;ly pointing out from what Quarter
thewind blows, upon the 32 Pointsof theCo/72/>^yy, depifted on

1 TruH. de Horohgiis, Ub.j^.caf.j^, MS- in BMotf/.CCC-

31

270 The ^atural Hijlory

a Cylinder o^ Jfone, is an ingenious contrivance.

142. There are many lofty fpires about the Country as well as
City, built all of Free-^owe, and of exquifite v^orkmanftiip, fuch
as thofe of Bampton, Witney^ Burford, Bloxham, Spehbury^ Kidling-
ton, iyc. but that which excels all the reft is the fpire of St, Mary's
in Oxford^ the Vniverfity Church, the Battlements whereof were
repaired, and thus thick fet with Pinnacles as it now ftands, by
Dr. A'/^^Deanof ChrijiChurch^ then Vice-Chancellor of the Vni-
verfity, afterwards BiHiop of London.

143. For Towers, that of Merton College is a large well built
thing ; and fo is that of the Schools, but more remarkable, for
that it is adorned on the inner fide next the Quadrangle, with all
theWtrr^of Pillars. But for a neat plain piece of work, that
of Magdalen College excells all I have yet feen, adorned on the top
with well proportion'd Pinnacles, and within with a moft tunable
fweet ring of bells.

Miraris Turrim egregiam facro Mre fonantem.

144. Among^ curiofities m Timber -vrork.^ we may reckon fe-
vtx'Afcreens in College Chappels ; fuch as that of Magdalen College^
that of Cedar 2.1 Lincoln College, and another at Corpus ChriJIi now
erefting. There is zn-^ltar rail :Lt ^11 Souls College of curious
workmandiip, and to this place belongs the Tomb of St. Fridef-
wide, ftill remaining at Chrifl Church, the top whereof is wood,
and a fine old piece of work : But not comparable to the Tomb
of fair Rofamund zt GodJIow, in the Chapter-houfe of the Nuns'
there, which according to the defcription of Ranulph Higden
feems to have been alfo of vpood^ and of wonderfcl contrivance,
cifaejufdempuelldi (fays he, having fpoken before of her death and
Efitaph,^nd of the ^777o;/r'i between ^f rand K. Henry zhe fecond)
Tjix bipedalij menfurdi,fedmirahilis architeCiurdi ibidnn cernitur, isrc\
i. e. That her cheft coffin or tojnb was there to be icc^n, not above
two foot long, or perhaps rather y^'^'^'"'^? but a fcupendous piece
of woikmanlliip, in qua (fays the fame Author at the fame place}
confii^u/s Pugilum, gefins animalium, uolatm avium, fdtws pifcium
abfquehominls impulfu confficiuntur , i. e. where in might be feen
the confii& of champions, the geftures of animals, the flights of birds,
withyf/^fi- leaping, and all done without the afliftance of man,

' Rmulghi Hidden polycknn. Lib, -j-in Hen. i,MS.fol. In Bib. Bod-

145- By

Of OXFO%T)^SHI%E, lyi

1 45 . By what means this was effefted, we are not infortticd by
the afore-cited Author, but the Learned Thoma-sJlknyi. A. of
Glocefter-hall^ thought it might be done by a fort of Looking-ghfs^
whofe ftrufture he found mentioned in an ancient MS, l>e Arcanvs
iy Secretin, with this Title, Speculum in quo uno vifu apparehunt
mult(£ imagines moventes fe. To be made thus, accipepixiJembene
projundam^ iy pone in fun Jo eju6 (peculmn commune^fc. convexum, po-
flea, isfc. Take, fays the Author, a deep 3ox, and place in the bot-
tom of it a common convex glajl^ then take 6 or j other convex
glaffesof the fame bignefs, and fcrape off the lead [^plumbum is
the word] in the concave part with a knife ; where by the way the
Author advifes, that finceit is very hard to get the lead clean off
without breaking the^/^y}, that^/ic^-y//z/er bemade ufeof, to a-
noint the lead to get it off.

146. Thei'e glaffes when made clean^ he orders to be put into
the boxj fo as they may Hand obliquely in divers pofitions, in this
manner : When the firft glafs is put in the bottom, the fecond
muft be fo put, that one fide of it muft touch the firft glafs, and
the oppofite fide be diftant from it an inch, isr fic (fays he) oblique
pones inpixide. In the top there muft be put one cleanfed glafs as
the firft, plain and not obliquely, fo that nothing muft be feen but
the uppermoft^^/f, into which if you look, you fhall fee as many
Images zs glaffes 'y and if turned round, how One Image zlwzys
ftandsftiilin the middle, and the reft run round it, as if they
went about to dance. Of which contrivance, though I underftand
not fome particulars, yet I thought fit to mention them, becaufe
they may poffibly meet with a Reader that may, and tranllate them
too as well as I could, for the benefit of them all. As for thofe
that have opportunity, and are defirous of feeing the Latin Copy,
they may find it in a Mifcellaneou^ MS. in Mr. Seldens Library % For
my part, all that I can add concerning it, is, that I have feen a
fort of Cabinets of this nature, that by the help of glaffes placed
obliquely have ftiewn fuch prezy profpe&s.

1 47. The great bivalve wooden windorrs in the upper Gallery of
theTbeater, are fo ingenioufly contrived, that notwithftanding
their great vpeight, yet can never fink fo as to be brought out of
fquare, as 'tis ufual in fuch windows, for the Iron bars croffmg them
from fide to fide, not being fet at right angles, but diagonally like

• ^ojtiS.y^. inBihlioth.Selden,

flruts

Jiruts or braces^ as in Tab. 13. Fig. 6. muft necelTarily bend or
break before the window can fink. Nor are the round mndows be-
low unworthy confideration, being contrived to admit air in foul
weather, yet not one drop of rain ; for being opened and fet 0^-
liquely,zs in Tab. r 8. Fig. 7. it receives the rain within at a^ and
cafts it out again at b ; much lefs will it admit rain any ways when
fiutj itclofing within k^ frame 2tthe top, and without it at the
bottom.

148. It was an excellent <^ez//Ve, who ever firft contrived it, of
mdk'mg fiat j^oors ox roofs of lliort pieces of Timber^ continued to
a great bredth without either Archwork^or Pillar tofupportthem,
being fuftained only by the fide walls and their own texture ; for
by this means many times the defeft of long timber^ or miftakes of
Work-men^ are fupplyed and reftified without any prejudice to the
Building' Of this fort of work we have an example in the Schools^
in the floor of the upper moft room of the Tower ^ but to be feen
only in the room underneath where the Records of the Vniverjitj
lye. There is alfo a diagram of fuch work in the ArchiteSiure fet
forth by Sebaftlan Serly \ for which reafon I think I fhould fcarce
have mentioned it, but that the Reverend and Learned Dr.^ohn
Walli6^ Savilian Profeflor of Geometry here, was the firft that de-
monftrated the reafon of this worh^^ and has given divers forms
of it befide the fore-mentioned, in his Book 'De Motu^ whence I
have taken the diagrams^ Tab. 13. Fig. 8,9,1 o, 11,12". to make
them more publick ; upon the two firft whereof depend the three
laji^ and all others of the kind what ever, whether made up of
quadrats or ohlongparallelograms, of which there are fome other
forms in the fore-cited Book De Motu^ befide that engraven Fig.

10. confifting of great and fmall Quadrats \ or Triangles -Aone^
as Fig, 1 1, or mixt with Hexagons^ as Fig. 12. to which Book
I recommend the Reader for further fatisfaftion concerning them.

149. But of gllthe fiat fioors having no Pillars to fupport it,
and whofe/TZj/Vz beams are made of divers pieces of Timber., the
moft admirable is that of the Theater in Oxford^ from fide wall to
fide wall 80 foot over oneway, and 70 the othex^who^t Lockages
being fo quite different from ^/zj/ before mentioned, and in many
other particulars perhaps not to be parallel'd in the Worlds I have
taken care to reprefent an exaO: draught of it. Tab. 14. Fig. i .

t Seb.Sfr/ii ArchiteH Ul>. i. dtOeom. cap. \. " Wallifii Mecbaruta five de Motu, Parte 3. devtile
c^p. 6. prop. 10.

150. Where-

, TAB. 15

|iiiii:!"'ii"ii fi,i-ii.,.,i Lm.iiMi fj,,..i. I |., ,'■■■!; fim,\<n y.M,ii« p..„jiiiiLj |,"i.. ...r^ Kinii^r-,

2.

I

J.

r

3 1

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3

j

^'

1

a

■

1

-i.

t. ■ ..'I

6

6

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;''/

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it

y

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..-'.. . J_ 1

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1"

Of OXFO%T)^SHniE. 273

150. wherein^ a a and bbb fhew x\\t walls of the Theater xh^iX.
fupport this/r«/77eof timber^ and the places of the f>ila/lers of the
r^i/and ballijler round it ; ccc and <^^^ the leads 2nd pipes let
down into the wall for conveyance of rrater ; eee and /// the
wall plate or lintel, and places of its joints ; ggg the girders of
the femi circle^ each fupported by a King piece ox Crownppfi cut oft
zthb/j, and Icrewed into the binding beam i'i i ; which is fom-
what different from the reft of the binding beams k.k.K llh^nm w,
nnn^ having feveral/ric4-/'o/?j' let into it at 0000^ befide the
King-pojis that fupport this and the reft at pppppt isrc. The Let-
ters qqq (hew the^«r/i«e5 between the binding beams ^ not fet right
againft one another becaufe of room to turn the fcrevps whereby
they are faftened, and rrrr two dragon (perhaps rather Trigon')
beams or braces lying under the joijls ss ss ss^ isrc. the true lengths
and diftances whereof, and of all other pieces of timber and places
whatever, are all ftiewn by the fcale Fig. 2.
• 151. And fo are the lengths and dijiances of the feveral pieces
of timber fet over t)\\s flat floor ^ fuch as the principal rafters tttt^
the Crown polls or King pieces uuuu, the prick pofis www^ braces
or punchons x x x, by all which together the binding beams^ girders^
joijis, isrc. are all held up as it were by an Arch above, as in Tab,'
14. Fig. 3. which is the whole band of T/'w/^er that ftands next
the femi circle^ having prick, po^s ^-and difterent lockages from the
reft of the four bands, as is fufficiently reprefented by one half of
one of them, Tab. 14. Fig. 4.

152, Which is all I think need be faid concerning this fine
piece of Timber-work.-, only that there are crofs braces betvv^cen the
middle Crown pofis as they ftand in a line from the front to the fe-
micircle, as is reprefented 7^^. 14. Fz^.5. mark'd with the letters
yyyyyy ^^•^^ here, and as they ftand Fig. i . And that it vyas con^
trived by our Englifti Vitruviws, the Right Worftiipful and Learn-
ed Sir Chriflopher Wreny and worked by Richard Frogley an able
Carpenter ; and both thi^, and the fione-work^oo, at the fole charge
of the moft Reverend Father in God Gilbert, by Divine Provi-
dence, Lord Arch-Biftiop of r<i«/erZ'z^r)', Primat of all £7Z^/di«^,
and Metropolitan, who finiftiing, and having endowed i/witha
competent Ef ate for its reparations forever. It is like to ftand a
moft magnificent and lafting monument of his Gr^c^i Munificence,
and favor of good Learning to allpofterity.

Mm .153' There

zj^ The D^atural Hijlory

153. There are feveral other roofs in this Vniverfity alfo well
worth the noting, whereof fome -ixtflat or under-pitched^ as the
roof of the great Hall at Chrift Church College, and the roofs of the
Chappels and Halls at Magdalen College and Ncvp College ; others
due proport ion' d^ or: over-pitched^ fuch as at/c/^, U^adham^ Corpus
Chrifti^ Exeter^ and Oriel Colleges • which yet having nothing ex-
traordinary either in their contrivance or workmanfliip, I pafs
them by, and proceed next,

154. To fome remarkable pieces of Pain ting thzt we have here
at Oxon ; amongft which (to omit the deformation of a Cccfars head
to be feen in the Schools^ brought into (liape by a metalline Cylin^
der^ and feveral others of the kind at Sir Anthony Copes ; and that
Fainting itfelf was firft brought into Englandhy Venerable Bede of
this Vniverfity '^) 1 take the Fainting of the Theater to be well
worth examination : for in imitation of the Theaters of the anci-
ent Greeks and Romans^ which were too large to be covered with
leadoi tiky fo this by the Painting of the flat roof within^ is repre-
fented open : and as they ftretched a cordage from Filafier to Pila-
fier^ upon which they (trained a covering of cloth, to proteft the
people from the injuries of the weather, fo here is a cord-molding
guilded, that reaches crofs and crofs the houfe both in length and
bredth, which fupporteth a great reddifti Drapery^ fuppofed to
have covered the roof^ but now furl'd up by the Genii round about
the Houfe toward the walls, which difcovereth the open Air^ and
maketh way for the defcent of the Arts and Sciences^ that are con-
gregated in a circle of clouds, to whofe affevibly Truth defcends,
as being foIlicited,and implored by them all.

155. Forjoyof this Fejiival fome other Genii fport about
the Clouds, with their Fefioons of Flowers and Lamels^ and ^xe-
pzre their garlands of Lawrels Tind Rofes, viz^ Honor znd P leafure
for the great lovers and {fudents of thofe Arts: and that this ^j^w-
^/y might be perfectly happy, their great enemies Tind difturbers,
Envy^ Rapin^ and Brutality, are by the Genii of their oppofite Vir-
tues^viz^ Prudence^ Fortitude^znd Eloquence^ driven from the focie-
ty^ and throw^n down head-long from the Clouds : The reporrof
the affemhly of the one, and theexpulfion of the other, being pro-
claimed through the open and ferene Air, by fome other of the
Genii^ who blowing their ^/z/ic/^Trumpets, divide themfelves into
the feveral Qjiarters of the World. Hitherto in grofs.

* Vid.Comn.tnt in Carm:n. phaleuau7n,j0h. Seldeni, before Noptont Concordance of Years.

156. More

156. More particularl); the circle of Figures confifts firftof
Theology^ with her Book with jevenfeah^ imploring the affiftance
of Truth for the unfolding of it. On her left hand is the Mofai-
cal Law vailed, with the Tables of ftone, to which (lie points
with her Iron rod. On her right hand is the Gofpel^ with the Crofs
in one hand, and a C/'^j/zVein the other. In the fame divifion
Of er the Mofaical Law is Hi/iorj^ holding up her Pen as dedicating
it to 7r«//^, and an attending Genius with feveral /r^^wew/^ of old
Writing, from which (lie collefts her Hijiory into her Book : On
theother (ide, near the Gofpel, is Divine Foe^w'ith her Harp o{ Da-
vids fa(hion.

157. In the /rww^/e on the right hand of the Go/pel^ is alfo
Logickm a pofture o{ arguing ; and in another on the left hand of
tht Mofaical Law ^ is Mufick with het antickLjire^ having ^ Pen in
her hand, and paper of mufick notes on her knee, with a Genin^
on. her right hand (a little within the partition of Theology') play-
ing on a y5'z//f, being the e7;z^/f/» of the nioft ancient mufick.% and
on the left (but within the partition for Phyfick) DramatickPoefy^
with a z//:27)rreprefentingC(3w^i/)', a bloody dagger for Tragedy^ and
the reed pipe for Pajioral.

158. In the fquare on the right fide of the Circle^ is Lave^ with
her ruling fcepter^ accompanied with Records^ Patents^ and £1^/-
dences on the one fide ; and on the other v^^ith Rhetorick.'. by thefe
is an attending Genius wiihtht fc ales o^jfufl ice', and a/^wre with
a Palm branchy the emblem of reward for virtuous anions ; and the
Roman Fafces^ the marks of Power and Punifiment. Printings with
zCafe of Letters in one hand, and a Form ready (et in the other,
and by her fevcraly^ee/J hanging as a drying.

159. OntheleftfidetheCirc/eoppofiteto Law xsPhyfick.-, hold^
ingthe knotty ftaff of Efculapius^ with -Siferpent winding about it;
The Botanift imploring the affiftance of Truth in the right under-
ftanding of the nature of her Plants : Chymi^ry with a Retort in
her hands : and Chyrurgery preparing her felf to finifh the dif^
feSiing of a head, which hath the brain already opened, and held

before her by one of the Genii.

160. On the other fide of the circle O'^^ofiic to Theology ^ in
thr etfquares2LVt the Mathematical fciences (depending on demonjira-
/io/7, as the other on Faith) in the firftof which is AJironomy with
the Celeflial globe. Geography with the terrejlrial, together with

M m 2 three

^'■j6 The ^^(jitural Hijlory

three attending Genii ; having Arithrnetick in the fquare on one
hand, with a paper of /gwre^^* Optick with the PerfpeSfive-glafs ;
Geometry with a pair o^ compaffes in her left, and a Table with Geo-
metrical figures in it, in her right hand : And in x.\\tfquare on the
other hand, Archite^ure embracing the captel of a column, with
compaffes, and the norma or fquare lying by her ; and a workman
holding anothery^Mtfre in one hand and 2i plumb-line in the other.

16 1. In the midft of tht(e fquares and triangles (as defcending
from above) is the figure of Truth fiting on a clouJ^ in one hand
holding a Palm- branch (the emblem ofVi^orji') in the other the Sun,
whofe brightnefs enlightens the whole circle o{ figures, and is fo
bright, that it feenis to hide the face of her [elf to the f^e^ators be-
low.

162. Over the entrance of the front of the Theater are three
figures tumbling down ; firft Envy with her fnaky hairs, fquint eyes^
hags breaffs, pale venomous complexion, firong but ugly limbs, and ri-
vel'd skin, frighted from above by the fight of the ftiield of P^/-
/^, with the corgons head in it, againft which flie oppofes her
fjiaky trefes,hut her fall is fo precipitous, that Hie has no command
of her arms.

163. Then Rapine with her fiery eyes,grinning teeth-Jharp twangs,
her hands imbrewed in blood, holding a bloody dagger in one hand,
in the other a burning Flambeau, with thefe Inftruments threatning
the deftruftion of Learning, and all its habitations, but is over-
come and fo prevented by a Herculean Genius, or Power. Next that
is reprefented brutidi fcoffing ^«or(2«fe,endeavoringto vilifie and
contemn what (lie underftands not, which is charmed by a Mer-
curial Genius with his Caduceus. Which is the fum of what is
defigned by thepainting of the Theater, for the moft part thus de-
fcribed by William SoperM.. A. of Wadham College-, after of Hart
Hall, only with fome few additions and necelfary alterations.

1 64. Befide thepainting of the Theater, there are other fine
pieces perhaps as well worthy notice, fuch are the RefiirreSiions at
Magdalen and All-fouls Colleges, both of Fullers work ; though
the latter indeed be fomwhat defaced. The written PiSlure of his
Majefty King Charles the firft, in St. ^ohns College Library, taking
up the whole Book ofPfalms in the Englifl tongue ; and the writ-
ten Pidure of King James, and the Arms of England (as now
born) taking up the whole Book of //j//;?^ mtheLatin, in the

hands

OfOXFO%T)^SHn^E. %jj

hands of Mr. isioorhead Reftor of Bucknel, are pretty curiofitks^
and much admired.

165. And fo is the Cat painted over one of the compartments \n-
cluding the Arms of the Vniverfity^ in the South fide of zht gal-
lery at the Schools^ for her looking direftly upon all her Beholders,
on what fide foever they place themfelves ; which common, yet
furprizing efteft of the Painters Art, is caufed, fays the ingenious
Uonoratu6 Faber ^, in all Figures whatever of this nature, by their
turning the nofe to one fide and the eyes to the other ; whence it
comes to pafs that fuch Figures feem to look to the right fide, be-
caufe indeed thteyes are turned that way ; and to the left in like
manner, becaufe the point of the nofe is turned to the left : where
by the way he alfo notes, that 'tis neceifary that all {uch. pi^ures be
drawn on flat tables^ fo that the Beholder perceive not that the eyes
of thepiSlure are turned contrary to the nofe ; which he muft needs
do if the eyes of the. portrait were convex^ concluding, that no
figure can be made in Rilievo thus to look every way.

166. To this place alfo belongs the Invention of drawing pi^
Ciureshy Microfcopical glaffes by Sir Chrifiopher Wren^^ and the In-
vention of Mr. 5ir^Stone-C utter or Carver of Oxford^ of fink-
ing a co/oMr a confiderable depth into the body of po[i{\\''d white
marble^ by application of it to the out-fide only, fo that the fame
Figures delineated without, fhall be as perfeftly reprefented with-
in, deeper or fhallower, according as he continues his applica-
tion to the furface a longer or (liorter while ^. And if we.may
take in Etchings which is painting in Copper, there is a very cu-
rious and fpeedy way alfo invented,hy the fo often mentioned Sir
Chrifiopher UJen ^. And which borders ftill on thefe, in the Sta-
tuaries Trade, we can (liew two tY.ct\\tnt pieces of Art^ in the Sta-
tues of Brafs of King Charles the firft, and his Queen Henrietta,
placed in the Niches over the gates of the new Quadrangle in Saint
John Baptifi College Oxon,

167. In fome other Trades yet inferior to thefe, there have
been made alfo confiderable Inventions and Improvements, fuch as
that of weaving filk. [lockings, firft invented by one Mr. William
Lee M. A. of this Vniverftty, who being marryed and poor, and
obferving how much pains his Mfe took in knitting a pair offtock-

* HmoratiFaiyi TraEt. deHomlney'Lth. 2. prop, ^i.fuifinem. 1 Hiftoryof the Royal Society, Tart,
z.fubf^em. ' Philofoph.Traniaft. N«»7^. 7. » Hift. of the Royal Society, ■?<»?■? 2- ^/'/wfw.

ings.

zy^ The ^^tural Hijlory

ings, put himfelf on thinking of a nearer way : whereupon ha-
ving obferved the contrivance of the flitches by unravelling a
dockings he defigned a Loom accordingly, which fucceeded fo
well, that (with butfmall alteration) it remains the hmQ to this
very day.

1^8. And 'tis confidently vouched, that the Engine for cut-
ting of handles of Knives, we commonly buy cut into chofe va-
rious figures^w^s firft inventedznd practiced here in Oxford by Tho-
mas Pierced. Cutler, whofe -Apprentice now pradices the fame Jrt
in London : But not with fo much accuracy as Robert wilder ano-
ther Cutler of 6>x/bri,who only by obfervance of the others work,
and long ftudy, atlaft found it out alfo, and hath improved it
much : which two laft, as I am informed, are the only two per-
fons that can do this in England^ perhaps I may fay ith' World,
Nor can I pafs by the Invention in the Coopers Trade, of making
barrels without hoops, whereof 1 found a Jpecimen in St. Ebbs
Parifli Oxon. though 1 know the Invention belongs to another
place, of which more whenl come thither.

1^9. Icot Improvements^ 'tis certain that the Blanketing trade
of Witney is advanced to that height that no place comes near it ;
fome I know attribute a great part of the excellency of thefe
Blankets to the abfterfive nitrous vcater o^tht K\'>itrWindrufi where-
with they are fcoured, as was mentioned before, cap. 2, §. 12.
but others there are again that rather think they owe it to a pecu-
liar way of loofe /pinning the people have hereabout, perhaps they
may both concur to it : However it be, 'tis plain they are efteem-
ed fo far beyond all others^ that this place has engroflcd the whole
irade of the Nationiox this Commodity ; in fo much that the wool
fit for their ufe, which is chiefly /e// iroo// (oft^ from Sheep-skins^
centers here from fome of the furthermoft parts of the Kingdom^
viz^ from Rumney-marfi^ Canterbury, Colchefler^ Norwich^ Exeter^
Leicefler^ Northampton^ Coventry^ Huntington^ ijfC. of which the
Blank^ters, whereof there are at leaft threefcore in this 7o»'«, that
amongft them have at leaft 150 Zoowy, employing near 3000 poor
people, from children of eight years old, to decrepit old age, do
work out above a hundred packs of ivogI per week.

170. This Fell wool they feparate into five or fix forts, viz^.
long fell rvoollj head wooll, bay wool, ordinary, middle^ and tailwooll:
Long fell T\ ^ they fend to Wells, Taunton, Tiverton, is-c. for ma-
king

of 0 X F 0%p^S H 1%E. i7j?

king vporfled /lockings ; of head wool and bay vrcoi, they make the
blankets of 1 2, 11, and i o quarters broad,and fomtimes fend itjf
it bear a good price, to Kederininfter for making their Stuffs, and
to EveJ/jam^ Parjhort^ is'C for nuk'mgjarn flockjngs ; or into Efftn
for making Bays^ whence one fort of them I fuppofe is called bay
TPool'. of the ordinary and middle they make blankets of S and 7
quarters broad ; and of thefemixt with the courfer lock^ of fleece
wogII, a fort of ftuff they call Duffields (which if finer than ordi-^
nary,they make too of fleece rrooll) of which Vuffields and blankets
confifts the chief Trade of fTZ/wfy.

171. Thefe Duffields^ fo called from a Town in Brabant^ where
the trade of them firft began (whence it came to Colche/Ier^ Brain-
t^y-> iSfc. and fo to Witnef) otherwife calledj^j^i, and by the Mer-
chants^ truckling cloth ; they make in^ieceiof about 30 yards long,
and one yard \ broad, and dye them redox blue, which are the co-
lours beft pleafe the Indians of Virginia and New England^ with
whom the Merchants truck them iorBever^ and other Furs of fe-
veral Beafts, (src. the ufe they have for them is to apparel them-
felves with them, their manner being to tear them into gowns of ar
bout two yards long, thrufting their jrwi- through two holes made
for that purpofe, and fo wrapping the reft about them as we our
loofe Coats, Our Merchants have abufed them for many years with
fo falfe colours, that they will not hold their glofs above a montbs
wear ; but there is an ingenious perfon of Witney that has improved
them much of late, by fixing upon them a true blue dye^ having
an eye of red, whereof as foon as the Indians lliall be made fenfi-
ble, and the difturbances now amongft them over, no doubt the
trade in thofe will be much advanced again.

I 72. Of their beft tail wooll they make the blankets of 6 quar-
ters broad, commonly called cuts, which ferve Sea- men for their
Hammocs, and of their worft they make Wednel for Collar -makers,
wrappers to pack their blanckets in, and tilt-cloths for Barge-men.
They fend all the forts of Duffields and Blankets weekly in waggons
Dp to London, which return laden with fell wcollfvom Leaden-hall,
and Barnaby-fireet'm Soutbwark.-, whether 'tis brought for this pur-
pofe from moft places above-mention'd ; Oxford-fiireznd the ad-
jacent Counties being not able to fupply them.

1 73. There are alfo in this Town a great many Fell-mongers,
out of whom at the neighboring Town of Bampton, there arifes

an-^

28o The 3^mral Hi/lory

another confiderable trade ^ the Fell-mongers fleep-skjns^ after
drefed znd ftrained^ being here made into wares, vi^^ Jack^tSy
Breeches^ Leather linings, isc. which they chiefly vent into Berkr
fiire, VVih-Jhire, and Dorf'J-Jbire^ no Tovcn in England having a
trade like it in that fort of ware.

1 74. Which two trades of the Towns o^ Witney and Bampton^
are the moft eminent^ that are too, the mo^pecuUar of this Coun-
ty. The Maulting trade of Oxfordznd Henly on Thames, 'tis true
are confiderable, and Burford has been famous time out of mind
for the making of Saddles ; and fo has (?x/br<ihad the reputation
of the beft Gloves and Knives, of any place in England ; butthefe
trades being not peculiar to the places where they are praftifed, I
therefore pafs them by without further notice.

175. But the 5'/(jrc/6 trade of Oxford, though indeed it be not
great, yet being practiced in few places, and the methodknowti
to fewer how it is made, its difcovery perhaps may be acceptable
to fome, I (ball not therefore ftick to give a (liort account of it.
Let them know therefore, that the fubftance we commonly call
Starchy notwithftanding its pmewhitenefs, is made of the ftiorteft
and worft bran that they make in the Mealfiops, iwoti^e than that
they fell to Carriers to feed their Horfis ; This they fteep in a water
prepared for that purpofe (by a folution at firft of Roch-Alum, a-
bout a pound to a Hogshead, which will laft for ever after) for ten
or fourteen days in great /«3^ ; then 'tis taken and Tr^y^e^/ through
a large Ofier basket over three other tubs, the fower water of the/e-
condtuh wafhing it into the firft ; and the fewer water of the third,
into the fecond; and clear water from the Pump wadiing it into
the third.

1 76. Where by the way it muft be noted, that only Pump wa-
ter will ferve the turn to give it this laft wnj/nng, and continue
the waters fowernefs for ever after, by reafon I fuppofe of the in-
cifive particles of fait to be found in moft Pump waters (which are
plain from theirnot tzVmg foap^ that are apt to work upon and
feparate the fincftyfo^rer yet ftickingto the bran (notwithftanding
the mill andy?^w) which at laft becomes {larch.

177. What remains in the basket at laft after the three wapnngs^
is throvFn upon the dung-hill, which, as they have {ouwd of late,
becomes a very good manure for meddow land, and (liould there-
fore have been mentioned in the 70 1^. of this Chapter, amongft

the

Of 0XF0%V^SH1%E, 281

the uncommon manurts. And the ^ntflovrer thus waflied from the
bran-i is let ftand again in its own water for about a week, then be-
ing all fetled at the bottom, it is ftirred up again and fredi Fitm;^
n'^/er added, and ftrained from its fmalleft bran through a Lawn
fitvc\ which done, they permit it to fettle again, vv'hich it does
in one day, and then they draw off the wattr from it all to a fmall
matter ; then (landing two days more, it at laft becomes fo fixt,
that with a burchen broom they fweep the water left ^t the top,
(v?hich is a flimy kind of matter) up and down upon it to cleanfe
it from filth, and then pouring it off, they wafh its furface yet
cleaner, by daOiing upon it a bucket of fair Tum-p water.

178. Which done, they then cut it out of the tubs in great
pieces with (liarp trowels^ and box it up in troughs^ having holes
in the bottom to drain the water i'^om it, always puting wet cloths
between the wood and it, for the more commodious taking it out
of the troughs again to dry, which they do within a day ; laying
it fir ft on cold bricks for about two daySj which fuck away a great
deal of moiflure from it, and after over a Bakers oven four or five
days together, which will dry it fufficiently, if intended only to
be ground to powder ^ov bair^zs it is chiefly here ; but if intended
to be fold zsjiarch^ they then ufe a ftove to give it tht ft arch ^ grain-,
which the oven will not do.

1 79. From the inferior., I proceed to the fupcrior Arts and Sci-^
ences^ and others i77/?rr/w^;zM/ to them, for in thefe too, there
have been many Inventions and Improvements made in this Vniver-
fity. In enumeration whereof, if we begin fo low as the very
Elements of Speech, we (liall find that the Reverend and Learned
Dr. Walli^^ Savilian Profefor of Geometry here, firft obferved and
difcovered the Phy/ical or Mechanical formation of z\\ founds in
Speech^ as plainly appears from his Tie'dtKe de Loquela^ prefix'd.
to his Grammar for the Englijh Tongue , firft publiiii'd in the
Year 1653.

I 8c. In purfuance whereof, he alfo found out a way whereby
he hath taught dumb per fons (who were therefore dumb becaufe
deaf) not only to under ftand what they read^ and by writing to
exprefs their minds, but alfo to )^^^^ and read intelligibly, ac-
cording to dkedions for the artificial pofition and motion of the
Organs o^ Speech, and thereby alfoaffifted others who have fpoken
very imperfedly. Of which no more, there being a particular

N n account

282 The !J^atural Htflory

account given by kimftlj in our EnglifiFkilofophicalTranfa^ions,

1 8 r . 1 know that the Right Reverend Father in God John Wil-
kjns^ late Lord Bifliop of Ckefter^ hath alfo laid down the diftind
manner of forming all founds in Speech, and ftiewed in Sculpture
which letters zxc Labial, Lingual, Nafal,isfC. and how the Epiglot-
tis, Larynx, Affera Arteria, and Oefophagws, conduce to them.
Since /lira, in the Year 1609. the Reverend and Ingenious Wil-
liam Holder Id. J^. publifli'd an f/yS)/ of Inquiry into the Natural
Produclion of Letters, together with an Appendix to inftruft per-
fons deaf and dumb ^. Yet whether either of thefe, with advan-
tageof what Dr. WalUs did before, have with more accuracy of
judgment performed the fame, I dare not by any means take up-
on me to determine.

182. The fame Dr. IValli^ hath alfo, with great fagacity, de-
ciphered many things written in Cyphers, of very intricate and
perplext contrivance, beyond what hath been known to have been
done by any other, whereof there be Examples of many in a
MS. Book, of his, referved in the Archives of the Bodleyan Li-
brary.

183. Add hereunto the ingenious Lnvention o^ 3.Vniverfal Cha-
raSier, ov Pbilcfophical Language, firft contrived here at (9x/br^ by
Mr. George DalgarnotA. A, who in the Year 1656. endeavoring
to improve thei4r/of Short-hand beyond what others had done,
by exprefling the auxiliary Particles of the Fnglifi Language, by
dii^'md: points and //dff^i- about the radical or integral words, after
the manner that 'tis done by prefixes and fuffixes in the Hebrew ;
found at laft that there was no way to diftinguilh the affixedpoints
which he intended to be ufed really, from thofe ufed before in the
common way of Short-hand (where not only the Capital Chara-
cter, hutpoints about it were Alphabetical) but by making theprin-
cipalCharaSier it felf, to which they were to be accelTary, not Al-
phahetical but real.

I 84. Thus having formed Tables both of Integrals and Parti-
cles, to be exprefied by fingle C"y6^rj(^^rj-, he perceived at length,
that he was gone unawares further than ever he intended, having
not only improved the Art of Short-hand, but alfo difcovered a
real C ha: a^er tc[\i2\\y applicable to zW Languages '. And after he

fc PhilofopIi.Tranfadt.Waw^.fii. ♦ Philofoph.Tranfaa.N»w^.47.

had

OfOXFO%'D-SHI%E. 283

had purfued the defign of a dumb CharaSier a confiderable time^
at laft he perceived that it would naturally refolve it felf into a
Language^ having this advantage over any Chara^er^ that we
may ufe our known Alphabet to exprefs it, whereas in a Chara^er
the ^gures muft be new. At length having digefted his whole con-
trivance into a Syhopfis^ he communicated it to feveral Learned
Men^ whofe approbation and certificates procured him good en-
couragement; but he met with no Man that took fo much pains
to underftand the Novelty^ or fo zealous to have it finiftied and
come abroad, as the Reverend and Learned Dr. ^ohn Wiiki^s hie
Lord Bidiop of Chefter^ then the worthy Warden of Wadham
College.

185'. The laft thing he attempted in his Tables^ was the re-
ducing the fpecies of Natural Bodies to the rules of Art^ the rea-
fon of which delay, was becaufe he perceived that they occurred
but feldom in common difcourfe, and that there was but little
GrjfW;77j//V^/ difficulty about them, though in number they much
excelled all the other fimple notions^ which make the body of a
Language : His judgment then being, and as far as I can perceive,
ftill remaining unfhaken, notwithftanding what has been done
fince, that from a few general words allowed to be radical^ the
nzmes of the inferior fpecies {\\ou\d be made off by compofition, ad-
ding to the general 2ind radical word, one, or fomtimes more fuch
rrords taken from the Table of Accidents as might defcribe the in-
tended fpecies^ and difference it from all others, and fomtimes
alfo to allow Periphrafes.

186. And this Injiitution^ as he takes it to be grounded upon
nature and neceffity, as appears more or lefs in all Languages^ fo he
thinks it approved by the higheft Examples that ever Art was : For
God Himfelf named the firft Man^ though a fmgle Individual, not
by a word of ayfr/?, hut fecondin/iitut ion; 'dnd Adam as a perfed
Fhilofopherimk-atinghisMaker^ named all living Creatures not by
words of a firfi injiitution, antecedently infignificative, but by
fuch as by an antecedent infiitution, might be apt to exprefs foni-
thing of their nature, for otherwife the common opinion of Pi*
vines that Adam gave names to the Creatures according to their na-
tures, would be abfurd.

187. Which Injiitution he takes alfo to have this further ^i-
vantage^ that the name of any fm^ejpecies may be known with-

Nn 2 out

284- ^^^ ^^tural Hiflory

out obliging the Learner to carry in his memory all the Predica-
mental Series of its fellow Species ; fo that names of common ufe
may be known, paffing by others that are notfo, which to Learn-
ers is as great an encouragement, as the obtruding things not ne-
ceflary is a difcouragement to them. According to this InJIitu-
tion^ he publiflied z Specimen called Ars Signorum^ m the Year
1660. containing but 500 Radicals^ all the Varticles being brought
from the Radicals by which they are refolved ; every Radical^ ex-
cept the ^f«er<j intermedia being Monofyllahles , and all things elfe
being made offfrom thefe by compofttion, which is allowed here in
its fulleft latitude, Quidlihet cum quolibetpro renata^ provided the
Jimple termslooi^e nor change nothing of fignification, by compofi*
tion.

188. But the Reverend and Learned Dr. John Wilkins^ who
throughly underftood and commended liis labors in the former
part of the irc?;^, thinking perhaps that this way of compofition
would produce /oo /o«^ words, or that the various c(?«ce/'/io«^ of
Men^ muft needs caufe different compofitions and defcriptions of the
fame things , and thence unavoidably bring mifunderftandings
(which yet Mr. Dalgarno thought might be avoided by dating of
notions and a coUeSion of Formula's') did not approve of this In-

ftitution : declaring his judgment to be, that all thefpecies of Na-
tural Bodies (according as he owns, was fuggefted to him by that
moft learned and excellent perfon Dr. Seth Ward^ the prefent Bi-
(hop of Salisbury * ) ought to be provided for as Radicals^ by a
regular enumeration of them according to the Theories of the
Schools,

189. Nor did he approve of his rejeftionof aC^^rat^er, fince
a graceful one might be contrived more proper for Brachygraphy^
and equally convenient for many Nations^ with the common ^Z-
phabet : Nor of his bringing the Particles from the Radicals by
which they are refolved ; judging perhaps their compofition^ be-
fide the reducing fome of them handfomly, more troublefom than
that, of learning a fmall^ yet fufficient number of them difpofed
regularly mfchemes^ and noted with fmaller CharaSiers than thofe
of Integrals. All which may be coUedted from the learned Effay to-
wards a real Charadler^ or Philofophical Language^ put forth by that
highly ingenious perfon then Dean of Rippon, An. 1668.

* Eflay towards a Real Character, in the F.piftle to the Reader.

190. In

Of OXFO%X>^SHI'B^. 285

190. In which, though 'tis true the number of i?^^irj/i- are
near 3000, yet are they fo ordered by the help of a natural method,
that they may be moreeafily learned and remembred than 1000
words otherwife difpofed of, upon which account they may be
reckoned but as 1000, For the Signa (they are fo methodical-
ly contrived) they may be all learned in lefs than an hour, were
they twice as many ; the difficulty therefore muft be in the figna-
ta^ but thefe being drawn up in yc/'^;z(ei-, fo that one notion will
clearly depend upon another, they feem to be a perfeft artifidal
memory^ rather than require any help to be remembred. Not-
withftanding it leaves a large fcope, enough for derivnticn and com-
pofition^ as may be [ctn. by the Tables^ where feveral words, though
no Sjnonoma''s to it, may be made off from a Primitive^ as Queen,
Crcwn^ Scepter^ Throne, from the Radical [^King'] ; and fo from the
Primitive, \_Jheep'] are made off, ram, exce, lamb, matherj mutton,
bleat, fold, flock.-> fiepherd-, is'C which compofitions are clear,
though the greateft difficulty of the Language confifts in thefe.

191. Yet I (liall not offer to determine which of thefe is to be
preferred, leaving that wholly to the Readers judgment, who may
confult both Treatifes : It being fufficient for me, that a Vniverfal
Chara^er and Philofophical Language can be no more reckoned a-
mongiixht'Defederata of Learning, and that the defeat was firft
fupplyed here at Oxford ; the Contrivances of both being firft
fo\xn&t& here, and both grounded upon rational and folid princi-
ples, with greater advantages of facility, than can be believed
poffible to any that have not made tryal. And this is all con-
cerning Letters and Language, but thztjobn Baftn^oke alfo an Ox-
ford man, Figuras Groecorum numerales in Angliam portavit, iy ea-
rum notitiam fups familiaribii6 fignificavit, de quibu6 figuris hoc maxi-
me admirandum-, quodunicafigura quilibet numerm fignificatur , quod
non eft in Latino vel in ^Igorifmo ^.

192. In Logick.t\\t {\xhu\t Johannes Duns Scotu^, Fellow o^Mer-
ton College, was the P at her of the Sedl; of the P^eals ; and his
Scholar ^ Gulielmns Occham, fomtimes falfly printed Holran, of
the fame Houfe, Father of the Sedt of the Nominals, betwixt whom
as the ftory goes, there falling out ahotDifpute (Scotu^ being
then Dean of the College, and Occha?n ^i Bachelor Fellow) where-

"* Matth. Paris, Hifi-Anglhi Anno 1252. pag. 835. 'E.Ht. Watfiana. f Vid. Johannis Leiandi Cot-
h&anea de Viris Illufirihiis,

in

2^6 ^he ^^(jitural H'ljlory

in though the latter is faid to have obtained the better, yet being
but an i«/erior, at parting fubmitted himfelf with the reft of the
Bachelors to the Vean in this form, Domine quid faciemu^^ as it
were begging puniftiment for their boldnefs in arguing ; to whom
Scotu6 returning this anfwer, Ite^ifrfacite quidvultis. They forth-
with brake open the Buttery and Kitchin doors ^ taking all they
could meet with, making merry with it all night: Which, 'tis
faid, gave occafion to their obferving the fame diverfion to this
very day, whenever the Dean keeps the Bachelors at Difputations
till twelve at night, which they now commonly call a Black,
night.

193. Rogeru6 Smjfet^ zlmSwinfiead^ of the hmc College, wzs
the firft Contriver ot the ^rt Calculator^ in difputation^ wherein
fays the Learned Selden, Multiplicati^ particul^ negativis is" traje-
^iiperejje^ istnon ejfe, Calculo (which was Beans 2nd Peas) opu6
erat, quoties erat difj>utandum * . But others who have confulted
more of his Works than I fuppofe Mr. Selden ever did, rather think
this ^rt Calculatory^ to be fome way he had to determine the^ro-
fcrtionso? matters capable o'i proportion or degrees^ fuch as a^iori,
motion^ reaSiion, intenfion, remiffion, isrc. whereof the Reader^ if he
think it worth while, may further fatisfie himfelf from his Print-
ed Works ; fuch as his Introdudorium in Calculationem^ his Calcu-
lationes cum Qu<fji. de Rea^ione^ his Treatifes de intenfione isr remiffi-
one, inaxiino ijr minimo ; to which add, M. Baffani Politi-, Introdu-
Siorium in Calculationes S^iffet, moft of which, if not all, are in
Men on College Library .

1 94. The fame Roger Swiffet found out many things in Mathe-
maticks, which no body found before him, (y perpaucipo/i eumjam
Inventa comprehendere valuerunt, fays Pitfeus of him ^ And the
Honorable Robert Dudley of Chriji Church College Oxon (made Duke
by the Emperor ^^ with the Tide of Northumberland here in En-
gland, vrhereof hefanfied himfelf wrongfully deprived) contri-
ved m.any Engines and Mathematical Inftruments not known be-
fore, now in thepoffeffion of the Great Duke ofTufcany, to whole
Ance^orshe applyed himfelf in his difcontent, by whom he was
fuccor'd and highly valued for his grezt Learnings and with wbom
his Children now remain to this day in Wealth and Honor-) retain-

* Vid.Ctmment. in Carmen Thaleudum, Job- SclJeni, before Hoptons Concordance of Years- * Vid.
Pitfci Relat'iones Hifl. de rehus Angl. prcefertim de Scriporihus in An. 1 350. ^ Hiji. & Arttiquitates Vni-
"jerfitatis O^on. fsr Anthonium a Wood, lib. 2.pag.2j^.

ing

OfOXFO'^^SHlXE. i%y

ing the Titles of Dukes of Nor thuvihcr land znd Earls of Warwick,
znd. Leicefier ^ which Titles others fay, and perhaps more right-
ly too, were conferred on them by the Pope^ in v^hofe Quarrel
they were pretended at leaft to have been loft ^.

195. Of later years the highly ingenious Sir Chrijlopher Wren^
in the year 1 66%. firft found out a flraight line equal to a Cycloid
and the parts thereof, as is clearly made appear in his behalf by
the Right Honorable and Learned, the Lord Vifcount Brouncker,
Chancellor to Her Majefty, and Prefident of the Royal Society ; and
the Reverend and Learned Dv.John Wallis \ The fame Right Wor-
fliipful and very learned Perfon Sir ^/6rif?()/>/?'fr^re«, found out
alfo feveral new Geometrical Bodies^thzt arife by the application of
two r^/i/2<^erj and one Lenticular Body, fit for grinding one ano-
ther ; by whofe mutual attrition will neceffarily be produced a Co^
noides HyperhoHcum, and two Cylindroidea Hyperbolica : The En-
gine whereby this may be done being reprefented in Sculpture in
our Pbilofopkical 7ran[a6iions^ and defigned for grinding Hyperlo-
Ucalglajfes ^. He alfo firft obferved that Tiplainftraight edged Chi^
fel, fet any way obliquely to a Cylinder of wood, did neceifarily

torn it into a Cylindroides Hyperholicum C onvexo-concavum^ the fe-
veral/f^/io/?! whereof are accuratly demonftrated by the Reverend
and Learned Dr. John Wallis our Englilh Archimedes '.

196. The fame Dr. John Walli<^ Savilian ProfefTor of Geome-
try in this Vniverfity^ in the year 1656. publiflied his new method
called his Arithmetick of Infinites^ for the more expedite and ef-
fectual enquiry into the Quadrature of Curvilinear figures, or o-
ther difficult Problems in Geotnetry ; and therein, amongft other
things (at the Scholium of his 38 Propofttion) fhewdthe way of
comparing {fraight and croo^^^ lines, which gave occafion to Mr,
^/'//i^JwiVei/ (in purfuance thereof) in the year 1657. to find out
(the firft of any Man) a ftraight line equal to a Curve, of which
we have an account in the PhilofophicalTranfa£^ions of Novemh.iy.
1^73-.

197. The fame Reverend and Learned Dr. JohnWallis, a-
mongfr his other numerous and new Performances in Arithmetick,
and Geometry, firft demonftrated the impofTibility of fquaringthe
Circle, Arithmetically, according to any way of notation yet ge-

* Ea; J/«;frar;o ]oh. Bargrave 5'- r. p. l^-PrAend. EcchfijsChrifti Cant.MS penes feipftim. ' Philofopb.
Tranladt. N»w;^- 98. ' ibid.Nmnb. '^i,. ^Wallifn Mechanica,[ive de hlotu,parti de CalcnhCentri gra-
Vitatis, cap. 5. ?rop. 32. "" Philofoph- TranfaiS. Num, 98.

nerally

28S The 3\(jtural Biftory

nerally received ", and what kind of new notation miift be intro-
duced to exprefs it, with divers jnet hods of fquarmg the Circle,
EIHpfis, 2.nd. Hyperbole^ fo far as the nature of Numbers wWXhtzv ,
having apply 'd his method of Infinites in order thereunto ; as alfo
for rectifying of Cwrz/e-Z/^zei-, plaining of Curve-furfaces, fquaring
of innumerable forts of Curve-lined hgmes^ plain and folid (a-
niongfi: which are a multitude of figures of infinite length, and/-
nite content) determining their Cf/^/fr^ of Gravity^ and other ac^
cidents.

"■^498. He has alfo adjufted the ftrength of percuffions and reflexi-
ons (or repercujfions^ and other motions to Geometrical meafures,
deduced from principles of £/^y?ic/>j ; and has eftimatedthe ar-
iificial force acquired in all forts of Mechanick. Engins^ deduced
from our common principle of the Reciprocation of ffrength and
time ; with many other improvements of Arithmetick-y Algebra^
Geometry^ Mechanich^ and other parts of Mathematickj-, in his
u^rithmetick. of Infinites^ his Treatife of the Cycloid^ with that ad-
joyned of x}[^t rectification of Curves ; his Treatife of A/(7//ow, and
other his Printed ^or^f.

199. InMufick. (which is ^ri/^wf/zV^ adorned with founds)
to pafs by a Harpfecbord thzt I met with at Sir Tho. Fenyfions with
Cats-gutftnng^. It hath been lately obferved here at Oxford^ that
though Viol or Lute firings rightly tuned do affed one another,
yet mofl of them do it not in all places alike, as has till now been
fuppofed : for if the lelfer of two Craves be touched with the
hand or bow, each half of the greater will anfwer it, but will
ftand flill in the middle", and if tht greater of the two OSiaves be
touched on either of its balves, all the leffer will anfwer it, but if
touched on the middle, the lejfer will not ftir any where at all. So
if the leffer firing of two fifths be touched on either of its halves,
each //'ir^ part of tht greater will anfwer it, but if on the middle
they will not ftir ; and if the greater of two fifths be touched on ei-
ther of its thirds, each half of the leffer will anfwer it, but if in
the divifions they will not ftir : and fo of tvi^elfths^ fifteenths^ is-c.

200. Wh'ich Phcenomena I fhall always gratefully acknowledge
were firft difcovered to me by the ingenious Thomob Pigct B. A.
and Fellow of Ifadham College, which have alfo been obferved for
about thefe two^e^ri,by the no lefs ingenious William Noble M. A.

' Vid. iiritkm;ticamInfinitorum,Trop.\')0. cum Schoiiofeqit.

of

Of OXFO\T>^SHl%E, i8p

of Morton College : The folution whereof in all their Cafes^ as re-
ceived from the learned and accurate hand of the Reverend Nar-
cifu^ Marfh D. D. and Principal of St. Alhan Hall, one of the moft
cordial Encouragers of this Defign, take as followeth : whicli
though fo exquifitely done, that it feems not capable of much ad-
dition or amendment, yet he modefrly will have called but a (liort
Efiay touching the (efteemed) Sympathy between Lute or Viol
firings.

201. wherein he firfi: lays it down as a Pc/Iulatum, that if two
Lute or Fio/ firings be rightly tuned, the one being touched with
the hand or bow, the other will anfwei\ or tremble at its motion,
which holds alfo in fome meafure in Wire firings ; and between Or-
gan pipes znA Viol firings^ but not between Wire and Viol firings.
For the clearer folution of which Phenomenon in all its cafes^ he has
laid down thefe two following Principles.

Princip. i . That firings which are Vnifons are of the fame, or a

proportionable length, hignef^, andtenfion \fo that by hove much

any firing 16 longer than other, ceteris paribus, by fo much

fmaller, or more tended % and by how much bigger, by jo much

Jlorter or more tended mufi it be, to render them Vnifons, w'^''

will appear in the following Ca/es.Whereunto he premifech,

That in firings moved by an equal force, through a like medium,
the difl'erence of motion does arife from the difference of magni-
tude and tenfion, wherefore (x.\\t force ^nd mediuj?i being alike) he
Premifeth i. Thaty?riw^5 of the fame c/'^e move equally fail,
becaufe they cut the Air with the hme facility. Hence

2. That the greater any ffring is in diameter (or circumfe-
rence) the flower it moves (and on the contrary) becaufe it
finds the greater refiflance in the Air.

3. That firings of the [zme length znd tenfon move to the fame
difance, becaufe they have the fame compajho play. Hence

4. Thzttlic longer, or lefs tended, any firing is, the farther it
moves (and on the contrary) becaufe of the greater com-
pafl it can fetch.

Whence he infers this Conclufion,
That (in firings moved through the fame medium} the fwiftnejl of
motion does arife from the ^re^i/^r force, and /tyJcize or bignefs ;
the compajl of vihrationj from the greater length (or force) and

Oo lefi

2^0 The ^^^tural Hiflory

/f/>tenfion ; and the quickntfs o^ frequency of vibration^ from die
frreater or fwifter motion, and lefs compals.

202. This premifed, /;e proceeds to his firft Hypothefis-, and
ftiews, that if AB and C P, Tab. 15. Fig.i' be equal in length,
as in Viol firings^ whzt founds and vibrations they will produce ac-
cording to their different bignefs and tenfion in the following
Cafes*

Caf I . Let AB= (i. e. be equal to) ^ I^, Tab. 15. Fig.i. have
the fame cize and ten/ion, and be touched vv^ith an cqual/orcf,
they will vibrate to equal diftances EG=IKQerprd!mijfam 3)
inthe fame time (per pr<fjn. i.) whereby ftrikingthe ^ir in-
to alike arches^ or arches of equal circles^ with the fame brifk-
nefs, and alike quick or frequent returns of their vibrations,
they vv^ill produce the fame found, and fo be unifons^ i to 1
vibration.

Caf. 2. Let A B=C P, Fig. i. have the fame cize and z greater
tenfton^ 'twill with the fame/or:^, vibrate proportionably to
a lefs diftance (perpr^emif. 4.) in zfiorter time (perprdim.i .)
as, i^ double the tenfion^ to half the difance EF=lEG or
//T, in half the time ; ftriking the air into an ^rr/j of a great-
er circle (and that fo much the greater^ as ^4 5 is a chord o^
fewer degrees to AG B^ the lefs') which doing bri(k and
fmartly with a quick return, becaufe of the little compafs it
fetches, 'twill beget z found (o much the more acute^ as its
vibrations (are fhorter, and thereby) come thicker and oft-
ner ; i.e. of double the acutenefs^ or an upper o^<Jz/e toC
P 2 to I vibration.

Caf 3. Let A B=CD^ Tab. 15. Fig. 2. have a greater cize^nd
the fame tenfion, it will with the fame/brce, vibrate to the
fame diffance EG=lK{per prdim.-T,.) but in a longer time
proportionably Qerpr^m. 2. J as, if it be double in diame-
ter (and foin circumference^ i. e. quadruple in bulk) in twice
the time ; ftriking a Note fo much the more grave ^ as its z;i-
Zt^/Zo^^ return flower and feldomer, and are thereby fewer,
i. e. twice as grave ^ or an under o^ave to C P, i to 2 vibra-
tions,

Caf 4. Let A B=C P Fi^. 2. have as much greater a cz^^ as
tenfion^ it will, with an equal /brcf, vibrate to a lefs difiance

pro-

OfOXFO'^^SHI^E. ipi

proportionably ; as if double the cize and tenfion^ to half
the dijiance E ¥=1 EG or JK in the fame time (per Caf. 2 . <b'
3.) and fo keeping touch in their vibrations^ they will ftrike
unifons 1 to i vibration.
Caf. 5. Let A B^C D Fig. 2. have as much greater ci^e as lefs
ttnfion^ 'twill with the fame force vibrate to a greater di§iance
proportionably, in a time greater in a duplicat /ro/or/iow;
as if double the cize^ and but half the tenfion., to double the
dijiance E H='2 EG or I A', in quadruple the time Qer Caf,
i.isr 3O ^ncl fo will ftrike an under difdiapafon or 15''' to C
1^, I to 4 uibratiotis ; as on the contrary ^ 2> to ^ i^ an up-
per^ 4 to I vibr»

Whereby the wzy he gives notice, that when he fpeaks o^ firings
(of a different ci7^^ being moved by the fame or an equal force
(which isalfo to be underftood in all the following cafes where not
expreft) that he means it that way their gravity does propend,
vix^ downward in thofe that are Horizontally ftreined, left their
•proper ^rjz/i/v might be thought to caufe a difference.

203. Thus having abfolved \\\sfirftH)pothefis coxiccmmg^rings
of equal length, he proceeds to his fecond^ and (liews that if
A B and C D, Fig. 3. be unequal in lengthy as in moft Lute-ftrings^
w^hat z/i^rd!/io;zjandyoz('W(^^ they will produce, according to their
different cizes and tenfion alfo in the following Cafes.

Caf, I. Let AB> (i. e. be longer than) CD, Tab. 15. Fig. 3*
have the fame ds:;^ and tenfion^ it will with an equal /orce,
z/iZir^/^ proportionably to a grczter diffance (perpr£m../{.J
in a greater time Qerpr^em. 1.} as if twice as long to double
the difiance, LN=2LM: For AL.LN-.iCL. LM. (^ AN.
CM::NL. ML. [per 4. 6. Euc.'] ergo Arch. AN=Arc. CMD)
and that in twice the time ; ftriking the air into an arch of a
circle of double the Radifi^; by which double (lower re-
turn of its vibrations^'twiW produce a found twice as grave^
or an under o^ane to CD. i to 2 vibrations.

Caf, 2. l.ti AB> CD Fig. -2,. have the fame a:^^, 2.nd'^ tenfiori
2sm\ic\\greater?iS\\s longer^ 'twill with an equal /orce, vi-
brate to the fame difiance FMQperpx<xm.&^. velfer Caf i. Hyp.
2. isr Caf 2. Hyp. I.') in the lame time (T'^r/rrf/Tj. 1.) ftriking
the air (with alike brilknefs) into an arch of a circle, fo

Oo 2 much

zpz The ^J^atural Hijlory

much greater proportionably, as CD is xht chord of fewer
degrees^ and fo will produce alike founds or unijons. i to r
vibration.

Caf. 3. Let AB > CD, Fig. 3. have the fame cize and a/e«//p«
as much kfs^ as 'tis longer ; 'twill vibrate to a diftance^ and
in a time greater in a duplicate /ro/'or/iow Cperpr^m. 4.^ i.
velpcr Caf. i . Hyp. 2. is" Caf.2. Hyp.i.') as, if being double,
it has but half the tenfion to quadruple the difiance L0=\ LM
in quadruple the time, and fo will produce 2 found 4 times
zs grave^ ov zn under difdiapafin to CD i to 4 vibr.

Caf, 4. Let AB> CD, Tab. i$.Fig. 4. have a d^easmuch
greater as 'tis longer, and the fame tenfion. 'twill vibrate to
z greater Ji/?^«fe proportionably {per prd:m.i\. velper Caf, i.
' Uyp. I.J in a time greater in z duplicate proportion Qerprdem,

2. velper Caf. 3. Hjp.i.') as if double in /^/7g//) and cize, to
"^; double the difiance PR=2 FQfm quadruple the time ; and fo
will ftrikean under difdiapafon or 1 5''' to CD. i to 4 vibr.

Caffy. Let AB>CD, Tab. 15. Fig. 5, have a a\6 as much
lefs as *tis longer^ and the fame /e«//o« ; 'twill with the fame
force, vibrate to a greater difiance proportionably (perprtgtn.
4. vel Caf. I . Hjp. 2.) as if twice as long to double the di-
fiance TX=2 TV^ in t\\thn\t time Qper prdem.2.J and fo keep-
ing pace in their vibrations will iknVtunifons, i to i . vibr.

Caf. 6. Let AB> CD, Fig. 4. have both cize znd tenfion as much
greater as 'tis longer, 'twill vibrate to the fame difiance FQ^
Qerpr<£m.^. vel Caf.2 . Hyp. 2 .J in a longer /i7;7e proportion-
ably (perprdCtn. 2.J as if double the cize, in twice the time,
and fo will ftrike an under oSiave-^ i to 2 vibrations. ■

Caf. 7. Let AB> CD, Fig.^. have both d^e and ten/Ion as
much lefs, as 'tis /ow^er ; 'twill vibrate to a difiance greater
in z duplicate proportion Cp^r. Caf. 3. Hjip. 2.J in a /iwe pro-
portionably greater fperprt^m. 2. J as if double the length,
it has but half the cize znd tenfion, to quadruple the difiance
TT=^TV\n twice the time,zn6. fo will ftrike an under o^ave
I to 2 vibr.

Caf 8. Let AB > ^TD, F/^. 4. have a d^e as much greater, and
a tenfion as much /e/j as 'tis /o;7_g-er •, 'twill vibrate to a difiance
greater in a duplicate proportion Cp^r Caf 3. //v/' 2. J in a
////ze greater in a triplicate proportion Cp^f'p^'^f^' 2 -J as if dou-
ble

OfOXFO%T>^SHI'E^E. 19^

ble in length and cize-, and but half fo much tended^ to qua-
druple the diflance PS=i\PQ^n oftuple the time ; and fo
willftrike an under trifdiapafon, or a 22^^, i to 8. vibr.
C^f. 9 Let AB > CD^ Fig-S • h^ve a cize as much k/s^ and a ten-
fion as much greater as 'tis /ow^er ; 'twill vibrate to the fame
diflance TV Q^^ Caf 2. /^jO. 2.J in a time proportionably le[s
Qerpxd^m. 2. velC^J. 3. /fj//. i.J as if half the cize in half
the time ; and thereby will ftrike an upper o^ave^ 2 to i
vihr.

All which ^^yer, may be thus briefly exprefled (putting Tfor Ten-

fion, D for the Cize or Diameter^ and L for the /^w^/i) of the ilringy)

fuppofing £3^=1 to be the aciitenefs of the found propofed (to

which you compare the reft) the acutenefs in the other cafes com-
pared to it, will be in t\\Q proportions following refpedively.

X ^^j-.. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hjipotb,i.:^T_^ _2T__^ J ^ 2T__, Jt ^,

LAfD " LX2D *• LX2D '• I.«ZD *•

Hypoth. 2.^ T _. ^ __^ i? _i T _j. _T__

3-

T

LX2D~

I

3.

2l*d

1

8.

'• il

T

^2D

L*2D

-'.

4.

T

f

Zi-xZH

— ■♦.

±

9.
2T

Zi^D ■" 2L*D 2L*D aLxiD • 2I.-^iD

6. 7

The reafon of which manner of expreffion, depends on this ;
that (in Proportions expreifed after the manner of Fractions ^
increafing that above the line, doth increafe the value (and fo doth
the increase of Tenfion^ increafe the acutenefs :) But increafing that
under the line, doth diminifh the value (and fo doth the increafe of
the lengthy and the increafe of the cize^ diminifJ) the acutenefs') in the
hme proportion. Which may ferve for a brief demonflration of the
whole.

By which may be judged of, all other more mixt or compound
Cifes^ which are infinite, according to the divers unequal pro-
portions, of lengthy bignefs, and tenfion ; but being all made out
of, or founded on thefe^ they will all hold true in Analogy to
them.

204. From many of which C^j^i" 'tis plain and eafie, that the
Jympathy and confent of firings lies not wholly in their like tenfwn

and

ip^ The D^atural H'tjlory

and formation of /ore^, as was fuppofed §. 24. of the firft C/^(j-
fter of this Book, Whence alfo 'tis equally eafie to make thefe
three following Illations.

1. Th^z/lrings agreeing in either length, hignefs, or tenfion^ can
be made unifons but four ways. i . If they be of the fame
lengthy bignefsj and tenfion Qer CaJ.i. Hyp A.J 2. Of the fame
lengthy and one a cize and tenfwn equally greater than the o-
ther Qper Caf.^.Hyp.i.J 3. Of the fame ci^e, and one a length
znd tenfion tqvLTiWy greater (per Caf. 2.H)f.2.J 4. Of the
hme tenfwn, and one as much longer as 'tis lefs (per C'jf' 5.
Hyp. 2.) and after the lame manner when they difagree in
all three, as will be obvious to the cnnfidering : Wherefore
unifons are always ^rings of the fame, or a proportionable
length, bignefs, and tenfwn,

2. That unifons may be moved by the fdme force, m the fame
time ; or being moved by the fame or an equd.1 force, will
vibrate in the hmetime ; as is manifeft in the fore-mention- .
ed Cafes, to which all others bear Analogy.

3. That Graves being moved by the fame or an equal /orce, the
upper will vibrate in half the time, that the under does, or
twice to its once Cp^^ Caf 2 O* 3. Hyp. i . is" Caf. 1, 6, 7, <«>•
9. Hyp. I.J wherefore they can by no force be made to vi-
Irate together ; for as much as the hmt firing (being of the
fame length and tenfionj always vibrates in the fame time ; a
greater /orce only making it fly out to a greater difiance^ or
fetch a greater compafs in its vibrations, and thereby move
(but noivibratej fafter, per Concluf poff Prdemiffoi. And
the fame is verified concerning all other Notes,

205 . Having done with Kisfrf Principle, with the Hypothefes,
and feveral Cafes attending it, the fame Reverend and Learned
Dr. N. M. proceeds to his fecond Principle, viz^ That all tuned
firings either are or confifi of unifons, which will plainly appear from
the divifion of the Monochord; where,

1. Unifons are as AB to BC, Fig. 6* 1 to i part, or vibration, per

Illationemi. is" 2.
2 .A Diapafon or OSiaves, as BCto CD, Fig. 7. 1 to ^Vnifons, or

2 to I Vibrat. per Ilia t.-^.
3. A Viapente, or perfeft ffths, as CD to DE, Fig, 8. 2 to 3

VnifonSy or 3 to 2 vibrat, 4* -A.

8.

4. A Diatefferon^ or fourths, as DE to £F, Fig. 9. 3 to ^Vni-
fons^ or 4 to 3 vibrat.

5. A Ditone^ or greater //jir^y, as EF to FG, Fig. 10. 4 to 5

Vnifons^ or 5 to 4 vibrat.

6. A SemiJitone, or Mer thirds, as FG to G//, F/^. 11. 5 to 6

Vni/bns, or 6 to 5 vibrat.

7. A Diapafon with a Viapente^- or twelfths, as IK to KL^
Fig. 12. 1 to 3 Vnifons, or 3 to i vibrat.

8. A Difdiapafon or fifteentbs, as 3/iVto A'6>, Fig. 13. 1 to 4Z/-
nifcnsj or 4 to i vibrat.

And fo for the reft, whereof the chief may be exprefled on one
line, Fig. 14.

^AB. AC. or AC. CG\

or ^I>. AG, are ^

^C ^P. or /4£.i4G. 5.

AD. AE. 4.

' AE. AF 3"""

^^ . ^F. AG. 3-'

^^^^^l^P.v^F. ^.

^C i4F. 10.

AB. AD. or ^5. BE.l

or ^C ^G. y^*

AB.AE.orAB.BF.?

oxAB.CG. y^'

^45. i4F. oxAB.BG.ij.

^AB.AG. 19.

20^. And thus much for his Principles, whence he goes on to
fome fpecial or particular Propofitions, m order to demonftrate the
late obferved Ph<£nomena, which immediatly follow.

Prop. I. If two /brings be tuned Vnifons AB. BC. Fig. 6. and
either be touched with the hand or bow, the other willanfwer it-,
by trembling at its motion.

For the Air being put into an arched figure and motion by the firing
that is touched, rolls away to the other, which finding of a /e»g//?,
bionefs., zn&tenfion, that are the fame, or proportionable f/^^r //-
lat. i.)it eafily (by t\\c force it received from the touched firing')

imprints

zp 6 The !Niatural Hi (lory

imprints hQl\\ figure and motion into it, in the firft Cafe (per Caf. i.
Hyp. I. Frinc, i.) orelfe communicates ks motion only, mthefe-
cond, (per lllat. 2.) whereby the next undulation of Air^ from the
touched y?riw^, taking it juft at its return, and in like manner the
confequentones, and moving it as before, they continue their
vibrations togtthtv ^pajjih^ dequls^ Q^E.D.

Prop. 2. If the lejfer of two 0£iaves BC, be touched Fig. 7.
each half of the greater C2, 2D will anfaer it^ the middle 2
/landing fi ill ^ which he thusdemonftrates.

About CI> wrap loofly 3 n-dvrow firips oi paper ^ one in the middle
2, the other betwixt C2 and iD (eocemp.gr. in p and q) then with
the finger or bow ftrike^C, or any part of it, and you will fee the
papers in />^, dance and play up and down and about the firing,
'twixt C2 and 2P, but that in 2 fland ftill. Whence it is evident,
that CD moves in its two halves, by two difiinSi motions. Which
he thinks occafioned by the arched Airs^ rufhingwith the force of
BC againfl all CD, and moveing it fomvv^hat forward out of its
place; but finding it of a difproportionate Icngtb, bignefs, 2nd
tenfion, to be excited by fo quick vibrations, as may correfpond
with thofe of BC ^ and the undulations whereinto they ftrikcthe
Air (by which alone it caufes any firing to vibrate) per lllat. 3.
the fecond undulation of the Air from BC meets CD juft at its re-
turn (CD's vibrations to 5C"s, and the Airs undulations caufed
thereby, being as it0 2) whereby it is beat back, and rebounds
from 2 towards BC, when the third undulation from BC occurring,
forces it forward again ; whereupon (not being able to move
backward nor forward) the undulations break and roll away to
each fide, towards C and P. Which parts C2. 1 D heingVnifons
to BC, per Princip, 2. it eafily moves them per Prop. i. and {o^
(though Des Cartes denys it °) they apparently vibrate in/ q (vid.
Fig. 15.) by two difiin^ motions, Qj^E. D.

Prop. 3 . If the greater of two OEiaves CD be touch on either of
its halves C2. 2D. all the leferwillanfwerit,butifonthe
middle 2 itwillfiir no wbne. Which is thus demonflrated.

About BC, Fig. J. wrap loofly onefirip of paper, then with the
finger or bow, ftrike CD on either half, Ci or 2 ■£>, and you will fee

" Pes Cartes Muj.Ctmp- p")-

the

Of OXFO XT>^S HI %E. ip7

tlie paper dance and play as before, and that in all parts of BC
alike ; but if you ftrike it onthe mUJle 2, the paper will notftir;;
The reafon whereof feems to be, that C2. 2D being Vnifons to
BC,per Princip. 2. if either be touched, BC will anfwer it^ per
Prop. I. But 6* Z> having a difpropoftionate/ew^//;, bignefe^nd ten-^.
fion to BC : if touched in 2 (whereby the whole firing is equally
moved) it cannot affeft it, by reafon of their different vibrations ;
as in the former Propofition^ Q_. E. Z>.

Note that this, and (efpecially) the following Experiments,
muft be tryed curioufly by a gentle touch of the ffring (only lo
hard as to make the papers move J and that with a ^orp rather than
thefinger : For if CD be touched boldly in 2 (with the jfinger he
means, not the bovcj by reafon of the ftrong motion communica^
ted to Its parts (and happily divided there,which perhaps may be
the caufe too, why,if you ftrike it with the bovp in 2, it fends forth
forth a fcreaking broken found) BC will tremble, but with a mo-
tion nothing fo brisk.-) ^s when touched with but half the /orce any
where elfe.

Prop. 4. If the lefer of tvpo Fifths, CD Fig. 8. be touched ori
either of its halves C2. 2D, each third part of the greater D
X, XZ,ZE, will anfwer it, but if in the middle 2 they mil
notjlir. Which will plainly appear,

By laying papers as before, on /, x, 3, 2^, 'Z', if then you ftrike CD
on C2 or 2I), you'l fee the papers on /, 3, z/, frisk and daunce,
while thofe on x and;^ftand ftill, but if you ftrike it on 2 none
will move. DemonHratio eadem eft cumfuperioribu6^ for C2. 2D are
Vnifons, and CD an OSiave, to DX, ZZ, ZE^per Princ, 2.

If it be demanded, wherefore DZ or XE C which are Vnifons
to CD per Princip.2.) do not vibrate when it is touched in 2. He
anfwers, if PZ, then by the fame reafon XE alfo,and fo XZ would
at the fame time be moved by contrary motions, as in Fig. 16.
Q^E.A.

Prop. 5. If the greater of tv(o fifths DE be touched. Fig. 8. on
either of its thirds DX, XZ, ZE, each half of the lefer C24
2D,vpill anfwer it : but if in the divifions XZ,they will not fiir.

Experimentum (y demonfiratio infiituuntur utfupra, DX-, XZ, ZE, be-
ing Vnifons to C2. 2D, and o^aves to CD^per Princip. 2.

Pp If

2p8 The ^^Qatural Hiflory

If it be askt, why, when DE is toucht on Xor Z, whereby the
conterminous parts feem principally to be moved, CD does not
vibrate^ which is Z^;2i/o/z to it. Heanfwers, that if all CI^ could
tremble, then beating the ^ir back again on P£, it would at once
Ihake J)Z and XE (Vnifons to CD) as in the former Propof. Q^E.A.

Prop". 6. If the lefer of tvpo tvpelfths VL^ Fig. 12. he touched^
each thirdpart of the greater^ K a, a b, b L, will move ; hut
in, the divifions, a b ftandftill. On the contrary, if the
greater he touched on itsparts^ Ka, ab, b L, all the lefs mil
tremhle ; hut if on the divijions a b, it willnotfiir.

Experimentum ist Demonftratio ut ante^ IK being a Vnifon to K a, a b,

b hyper Princip. 2.

1 - ■ --"f^ • _ .

Prop. 7. If the leffer of two fifteenths^ MN Fig. 13.^^ touched^

the greater will move in all its quarters N c, c 4, 4 d, d O,

hut not in their divifions^ c 4 d. On the contrary, if the

greater he touched on either of its quarters N c, c 4, 4 d, d O,
all the lefs will move ; hut if on the divifions c 4 d, // will

ftandjiill.

Experimentum is- demonfiratio injiituuntur ut fupra, MN being
Vnifon to Nc, c^^ ^d^dO^ per Princip. 2.

207. Thus having cleared the late obferved Phd^nomena mtn.-
tioned above in *§. 199. he infers the following C^oro/Z^r/ei.

1 . That all Confonancy Cor Sympathetick. motion of firings J
is made by Vnifons^ that is, i moves i , and not i . 2, or 2 .3 ,
istc* as appears from the fore-going Propofitions. Hence

2. That ezch firing at the due touch of another, will tremble in
as many places as it contains Vnifons thereunto, whether to
the whole or \tiparts. So a lower o^ave in 2, each half be-
ing Vnifon to the higher ; a lower fifth in three, and the
higher in two, they being as 3 Vnifons to 2, isrc. Hence

3. That all mntd firings whatever (^whether thirdsfourthsfifths^
fixthsy isrc.) will anfwer each other more or lefs, at the due
touch of their Corref^ondents : But the tremor or vibration
in fome of them being made in many places at the fame time
C according to the number of the Vnifons.perCorol. 2. J and
therefore not great, where the part moved is but (hort (per
Caf I. Hyp. 2. Princ. i.) it cannot always be difcerned by

the

of 0 XFO%T>^S HIT^E, 2p>

by the fenfe^ but follows by a parity of refjfon ; contrary to
what Des Canes ^ alTercs, that fuch vibrations are found on-
ly in upper thirds ^nd. fifths.

208. From the fame Principles may be (hewn how a Man may
ftrike any two Notes with his mouth at the fame time. For ifa Man
open his mouth in two places at once, as AB to BC^ Fig. 17. or as
I to 2 both in length and bredth^ and then force out the breath
ftrongly againftthem (thus opened) fo that the found be all begot-
ten there (as in whiniing") you will hear diftinft and perfeft
oSfaves^per Princ. 2. And fo fecondly,lf a Man can open his lips as
BC to CD^Fig. 1 8. or as 2 to 3 in length & bredth^^nd do as before,
he will i}[nke fifths^ per Princip. 2. And after the fame manner for
the reft of the Notes, according to the divifion of the Monochord.

209. According to which Hypot he fis one Hooperhere of Oxford
could fo clofe his lips^ as to fing an o^ave at the fame time. And
I know two other perfons now living here, that can do it though
their lips feem not to be fet in that pofture, yet they fliut them fo
clofe that they can by no means pronounce any thing articulate.
But he that excels them all, and indeed to a miracle, is one Mr.
Jojhuab Vring^ a young Gentleman 0^ Hart-hall, whofings a Song
art iculatlj^orepatulo, 2nd vill 'mc£iaves(o very ftrongly ,& yet with-
out much ftrainingithat he equals if not excels theloudeft Organ.

210. By what means he performs this, is hard to guefs, unlefs
the Epiglottis and Vvula be both concerned in it, one founding the
upper^ and the other the lower oEiave i or either of them apart, o-
pening unequally as i to 2 in Fig. 1 7. or which is moft likely of
the three, by an unequal application of the Vvula to the Epiglot-
tis. For his own part he can give but little account of it himfelf
only that he performs it in the lower part of his throat, and that
it came cafually on him at firft, upon §lraining his voice ; yet muft
it not be reckoned a meer cafualty neither,for he fings thefe octaves,
or otherwife (and both very ftrongly) according to pleafure.
And this is all I know of new, concerning the Mathematickh ex-
cept there be any thing of Chorcgraphy in the Map 0*1 Oxford-fijire
prefixt to this Effhy^ that may be thought worthy the name of a
new Contrivance.

21 15 In Natural Philofopby-) Medicine and Anatomy, there have
alfo been many new Inventions and Improvements, made of later
years in this Vniverfity, which as they promifcuoufly fell out in order

Pp 2 of

500 The ^aturalHiJlory

of time^ immediatly follow. The Honorable and Ingenious ^o^
bert Dudley Efq; formerly of Chriff Church aforementioned, titu-
lar Duke of Northumberland^ was the firft Inventor of the Pulvk
Cornachinws, being a mixture of Diagridiuin^ Tartar^ and Diapho-
retic Antimony^ with cream of Tartar^ the proportions varying/^ro
re nata'^ ; a Medicine of fuch general and excellent ufe, that Mar-
cus Cornachinui (from whom it has its name) wrot a whole Trea-
tife concerning it, commending it to the World as highly ufeful ia
all Difeafes whatever, requiring Purgation.
■ 212. Nor doubt I in the leaft, notwithftanding the pretenfions
of the famous Thomas Bartholin, and Olaii6 Rudbeck.-, but that the
ingenious Mr. 7o//i^of this Vniverfity, firft of Wadham^ and af-
ter of Pembroke College, was the firft Inventor of that fourth fort
of Vejjels, plainly differing from the Fei/75-, Arteries., znd Nerves,
now commonly called the Lymphedu^s: That he knew them about
thebeginning of 7«;ze, An. i6<,2. we havethe teftimony of the
learned and famous Dr. Gliffon^ to whom he difcovered them,
coming to Cambridge to tdkthh Doctors degree '';at what time,fays
the Learned Dr. Walter Charleton, 'tis plain from Bartholins own
Bookfet forth in May, 1653. that he fcarce ever dreamt of them*.
213. Yet I know the Learned Bartbolin, amongft his Anatomi-
cal Hijiories^ tells us he firft found them the 15*^ of Decemb. 1^51.
and again, the 9^'' of January, and 28 of Febr. 1652 '. and that
the Learned Olau6 Rudbeck^dys, He firft difcovered them in OSio-
her and November, 1650 ". both anticipating the date of Dr. Glif-
fon. But I have been frequently told by my worthy and learned
Friend, Dr. Robert Stanley, an eminent Phyfitian, and one of un-
queftionable fidelity, Contemporary with Mr. Jollif'd.t Pembroke
College till Oxfordw2iS made a Garrifon for the King^Tihowt the Year
1642. that they were often (hewn to him by the fame Mr. /o///^
while they were Students there. To which add the Teftimony of
the fore-cited Dr. C/6^r/e/o«,thatthefe VeJJels were known & com-
monly talked of amongft the Fellows and Candidats of the Famous
College of Phyfitians in London, many years before they heard any
news of them from beyond Sea "". Not to mention that Dr. High-
77iore{'eems to have noted fomthing of them, though veiled under
a difterent name and defcription.

1 ViJ. Jo Schroderi Pharmuof. Medico-Chym. hh 2. cap.-jj. ^ Fran.Gliflonii tyinatom. Hepata,
cap. -3,1. * Gnik.ChzrletoniOEconom. Animal Exercit. ^. t Tho. BzTtholini Hijforiar. Anatom.B.ar.
Ce/ir.2-H:fi.^S " KudheckiiEp!B.''d'iinho\[n.r/eVafsSerofs,p.il- " Idem loco citato.Vid.cU'm&'
/>/?. Timoch. Clark, M. P. Philoloph. Tranfadt. Numb. 35.

• 214. The

OfOXFOXD^SHI'B^E. 501

^214. The fame Learned Dr. Highmore^ {ormerly of Trinitji
College Oxon. was the firft that we know of that treated of the ftru-
dure of Mans body, adapting it to the then new received Doftrine
of t\\t circulation of the Blood; for the proof whereof hefeems
chiefly to have intended his piece of Anatomy^ dedicating it to the
Author of the Invention^ the famous Dr. Harvey : Wherein he has
feveral new Cuts of the Spleen^ Pancreas, Tejies, isrc of which,
though moft have fince received confiderable Improvements from
others, yet it muft be acknowledged that he deferved very well
for his diligent and laborious fearch into them all, but more par-
ticularly for his firft difcovery of the new du£iu6 for the carriage of
the feed from the Teftes to the Farajiatde % and for his new defcri-
ptions of the Veffels and Fibres of the Spleen, by the ancient Ana-
tomifts held to he Veins ^^ and of the intricate //^x/^ of the Para^
ftatde^ iS'C ^.

215. ^n Natural Philojophy, the famous Dr. Willis of Chrift
CburchCoWege Oxon. and Sidleyan Profeffor of Natural Philofophy
in this Vniverfity, firft taught us, that the Generations, Perfections^
and Corruptions of Natural Bodies, whether Mineral^ Vegetable^ or
Animal; and fo likewife of Bodies Artificial do depend upon
fermentations, raifed from the different proportions and motions
of Spirit, Sulphur, Salt, Water^ and Earth, which he has confti-
tuted the ultimate fendble principles of mixed bodies ^ According
to which, in his Book deFebribu6^ he has given us the Anatomy of
Blood, and declared the true caufcs and nature of fermentations in
thefuices^ and upon them built his moft rational Doftrine of Fe-
vers., intermittent, putrid 2ind malignant^ with particular inftances
and obfervations concerning them, much different from the ways
of the Ancients : to which he has fuperadded the Spagyrical A^
n atomy of Vr in.

216. In Anatomy (wherein he had the afTiftance of the defer-^
vedly famous, Sir Chrifiopher Wren^ Dr. Millington, Dr. Edmund
King.y Dr. Majiers., but chiefly of Dr. Lower') his method of dif-
fering the Brain is new, and moft natural ; and fo exaft, that
there is fcarceany one part in it, but what has received Gonfider=
2h\e advancements from him. To mention all would be endlefs,
let it therefore futfice, that after his defcription of the Palace in

* Corp. Human. difquifit.A-iatom. Lib. i-part. ^cap.2. i Uid. part . ■^, c a^ \ ' Uid- part . ^, cap. 2.
* In Liirode Ferment. .«

general^

^0% The U^atural Hijlorj

general, he has allotted the feveral appartments to iht faculties of
the fenfitive Soul: His placing the Spirits to ferve to voluntary
aftions in the Cerebrum^ and thofe that ferve Involuntary m the ||
Cerebellum^ is a noble and ufcful dijcovery,

11 J. Hisafligningthe cortical part for generating Spirits-^ and
the feat o? Memory ; the Medullary, or Corpus callofum^ for the o-
perations of the Phantafie ; the Corpus ftriatum for the common
fenfe ; the Medulla oblongata^ zpromptuary for the Spirits, for per-
forming the office of Senfation, zndfj^ontaneou^ motion ; and the
Prominentia orbiculares, and their Epiphyfes-, for conveying the
impreffes of thepajjwns, and natural in/iin^, between the Cerebrum
and the Cerebellum, are highly ingenious and his own ; and fo is
his, andDr.Z-oTreri- joint difcovery of the curious //^-x^^, of the
Vertebral and fpinal Veins and Arteries ; their Neurologia is alfo
moft elaborate and no lefs admirable,tracing the Nerves from their
very fource, and following them through all the Meanders of the
Body, and thence (liewingus the reafon of the fecret Jympathies
0^ the parts.

21 8. And although Dr. ^i//i5 was not the firft that mentioned
two Souls in a Man, viz^ the Senfitive and Rational-^ yet there is
no body has proved it fo well as himfelf ; as likewife that the fen/i^
tive is igneous ; and that there are two parts of it, tht flammea and
lucida: Where he difcourfes of the manner how the Soul performs
Its operations m us ; he does it, as indeed he has done all, with
the greateft Improvements within the compafs of Wit and Reafon :
And having fully difcovered the Hypoffafis of the fenfitive Soul, its
affeSiions and fenfes ; he further obliges Mankind with a moft ratio-
nal account of the difeafes feated in it, and the Nervous j^uice, ac-
cording to the different parts of the Brain, and the Syflema nervo^

fum ^ phc'ing C ephalalgies m the Meninges ; Lethargies, fomnolen-
iia continua. Coma, Carus, Pervigilium, and Coma vigil, in the An^
fra£}u6 2nd Cortical Tp2Yt of the Brain ; the Incubus in the Cerebellum**
Then defcending to the Corpm callofum, he finds the Spirits there
fomtimes hurled round into Vertigo's , fomtimes exploded in
Spafms,Convulfions-, Epilepfies, fomtimes eclypfed in >4/c/'/mei'.

219. In the Corpora firiata, 2nd Medulla oblongata, if the /^i-
rits that ferve to motion he difturbed, thence he ftiews come like-
wife Spafmsznd Convulfions ; if thofe that ferve to fenfation, do-
lor ; if either, or both, are impeded or deftroyed, the Palfie :

And

Of 0 XFO %T>^SHI\E. 905

And ^sthefen/itive Soul is the feat and ot-gan of the Rational, fo
the ill conftitiition of that (he obferves) proves oftentimes the
diforder of the other : For the Animal fpirits being fpirituo-faline^
if they are infamed^ they produce a Fhrenfie ; IfaciJ, Melancholy^
if acrou^, like Aquafygia, Madnefs ; if vapid^ Stupidity. In dif-
courfing of which diftempers, his /Etiologies of the variouSj^/?z^
ftoms^ his methods of cure ^ znd forms of prefcripions, are found-
ed upon farniore rational principles^ than ever Greece taught uSi
And how far Antiquity^ and later Ages too^ were miftaken in their
notions of divers other difeafes J his evincing Hjifterical znd Hypo-
chondriacal afi^iions^ the Colic^ Gout^ Scurvy ^ fome fort of AJih-
ma's, the Tympanitis^ with others ; either wholly, or in part to be
Nervous^ does plainly demonftrate.

220, Nor has the Pathological part of Phyfick. been only hap-
py in his /^Z-ori-; but the P/'d!r7;2(7C^«/zV^/ part likewife highly im-
proved in the Inventions of his Spiritu6 Salis Armoniacifuccinatu^,
Sjrup of Sulphur^ preparation of Steel without Acids^ and from
thence of \iis artificial AciduU : In general, this part of /'^j'//:^
has been fo far advanced by him^ that what was formerly Empiri-
caU and but lucky hits, is now become moft rational, by his
mdk'ingthe operations of Chathartic^ Emetic, Diaphoretic^ Cardiac^
and Opiat ^^^^/a.7«,intelligible by Mechanical Explications ; having
fubjoined to each moft neat and artificial Formula's, zswdlChy-
micalzs others', a Province hut meanly adorned by the ^;;c/>»/i,
though of infinite ufe. And where Nature is exorbitant in any
of thefe Evacuations^ he has likewife taught us how to check and
reduce her ; adding for the better illuftration of the whole, a new
Anatomy of the Stomach., Inteftlnes, Gula, Veins, znd Arteries,

221. Which he has feconded with a further difcovery and ra-
tional account of TT^ortfdc and Epatic Medicines, and of the Dif-
eafes belonging to thofeparts ; difcourfing alfo ofVenefeSiion, Hop-
ping of Hemorraghies, of Ifues and cutaneotis Diftempers ; In all
which it may be obferved, what is almoft peculiar to him ; that
there is nothing trivial, moft nevp, and all moft ingenious. To
which add, that the organs of Refpiration, which have been the fub-

je6i of fo many Learned Pens of late, are bcft underftood, from
his moft elegant defcriptions, and beautiful Cuts. But it is too
difficult a task to give a juft account hovv' far Phyfick-> Anatomy, Chy-^
mifiry, and Philofoply, ftand indebted to him for tlieir Improve-

mentSi

^04- T^he 0\(^tural Hi/lory

ments. Let it fuffice to fay, that he has introduced a new Body
of Phyfick-) almoft univerfally embraced before all others^ and a
new Se^ of Fbiiofophers^t home and abroad called Willi fians ; fo
that England (for ought 1 know) may have as much reafon to
boaftof her Learned WUli^^ as Coos^ and ?trgamu6Q>^ old, of
their great M^i^^r^ in Phyfick.

111. The Learned and Ingenious Sir Chri/iopherWren^ Sxvilian
ProfeiTor of Ajironomy in this Vniverfity^ was the firfl: Author of
that noble Experiment of injefting Liquors into the Veins of Ani-
jnah, firil exhibited to the meetings at Oxford^ about the Year
1656 ^ and thence carry ed by fome Germans and publifhed
abroad; hywKid^ operation dlwt's:^ Animals were immediatly/'«r-
ged^vomited, intoodcated, kllPd or revived, according to the qua-'
lity of the Liquor injefted % whereof we have feveral Injlances in
om Fhilofop hie a I TranfaSf ions ofDecemb. 4. 1665^. From whence
arofe many other new Experiments.

223. Particularly that of transfu/ing of Blood ouiof one A.
nimal into another, firft performed here at Oxford -Ahoux. the latter
end of February^ in the Year 1665 ^ by that moft exquifite A-
natomiff, and eminent Phyfitian^ Dr. Richard Lovper Student of
Chriji Church ; the /Tze/i'o^ whereof I Qiall not here mention, nor
the confiderations upon it, becaufe there is a particular account
of both already given by the Learned Inventor, in his fore-cited
Book de C or de^isrc. and in ovlt PhilofophicalTranfaSiions^. Nor
how much the famous Willis was beholding to him for moft of his
Anatomical Di/coveries^ becaufe already freely acknowledged by the
Doftor himfelfj in the Preface to his Book de Cerebro.

224. Wherefore pafling by thofe, I (liall only hint in ftiort what
I meet with new in Dr. Lowers Book de Corde, a f ubjeft though
handled by many Learned Men, yet not fo far exhaufted, but it af-
forded new difcoveries, when it came to be examined by this moft
curious, moft judicious Author. For though the Heart by Hippo-
crates was called ^^f, yet Dr. Lower was the firft that publiftied the
truemethodof dividing it into its feveral Mufcles^ illuftrating the
fame with moft elegant Cuts ; and by attributing to it a mufcular
motion, and fliewing feveral ways how it may be impeded or di-

k Vid. Epiftol. Timoth. Oarck, M- D. Philofoph. Tranf'\dt. Numb. 35. ' Hiftory of the Royal So-
ciety, Tart 2. fnb fiaem. ^ Philoloph. TranfaiTlr Numb 7. ' Vid. IraHat. de Corde^drc. caf./^. detranf-
fujlone Sanguinis, i Philofoph. Tranfaft. Numb.20.

fturbed,

OfOXFO%V^SHI%E, 305

fturbed, has done a good piece of fervice toward the advance-
ment of the Pathological part of Phyfick.

225. His computation of the frequency of the Bloods circu^
laticn through l\\c hearty is very ingenious, and the caufe he af-
figns of i\\c florid colour of it when emitted, 1 think is »<?»', and
believe generally received : And having difcovered the Channels
that carry away the Serum that is feparated by the Glandules of
the Brain^ to be thofe two foramina in the Os Cumifortne^ which
empty it into the Jugular Veins^ he has fufficiently detefted how
far the Ancients were miftaken, in making the cjw/iiof feveral di^
ftempers to be defluxions or humors falling from the Brain ; which
paflage of the fecreted humors into the Jugular Veins^ is indeed
mention 'd alfo by Dr. V/illi5^ but fuppofed by moft to be Dr.
Zon?^rj Invention.

226. The Ingenious John Mayovp L. L. D. and Fellow of All-
Souls College^ but Studer* in Phyfick.-, has lately alfo taught us that
the Air is impregnated with a Nitro-aerial Spirit^ and that it is dif-
fufed almoft through the whole Syflem o': Nature ; that Fire it felf,
as to its form and eflence, is nothing elfe but this Nitro-aerial Spi-
rit put into motion, and that all Fermentations^ whether tending
to generation ^perfe^ion, ox corruption^ alfo depend on this Spirit^
w4th many other Phdinomena of Nature ; all which he has ingeni-
oufly deduced from his Nitro- aerial principles^znd confirmed them
by E:Kperiments.

227. He has taught us alfo in his Treatife de Motu mufculari^thzt
whereas Anatomiils have hitherto perfwaded us, that the carncou^
Fibres c\-\\t?iy make the contra^ion in Mufcles^ that it is much more
probable that the FibrilU, tranfverfly fet into the greater Fibres^
are the immediate infruments of that motion^ by reafon as well of

. their pofition as cize and number. And he has given the beft ac-
count that I have any where met with, of the reafon of the Incur-
vation of th.t Leg-bones 2i.nd. Spina dor fi^ in the difeafe called the
Rickets.

228. Laftly, the ingenious Edn^ard Tyfon M.. A. o( Magdalen
Hall^ and Student in /'/^j/y^c^, has lately obferved, that many o-
ther ftrong fcented Animals^ befide the Hyaena odorifera^ Caticd
Zihethicws^ or Civet-cat ; the Fiber [6"^/?or] or Bever,fi-om whom
we have our Ca^oreum ; the Gazella Indica or Capra Mcfchi^ from
whom omMusk; and the Fifhes, Sepia^ Lcligo, Purpura, have/o/-

Q_cj licular

506 The J^tural Hi/lory

licular Repofitories or Bags^ near the exit of the Inteflinum rdium^
wherein they keep thofe humors or liquors^ that are the V thicks of
their refpeSive fcmts.

11^. This he firft obferved in a male Pol-cat he differed here
TLt Oxford^ Febr. 4. 1 674. and was further confirmed therein the
fecond of March in the year following, 1675. in a female Pol-cat,
at the opening whereof I was prefent my felf ; fince vv^hich times,
he has found the fame in a Fox diifefted in the prefence of Dr.
Grevp ; and fince again inWeafels^ Cats, isrc. the veftcles or little
bags being found by pairs, one on each fide the gut ; and accord-
ing to the bignefs of the Animals^ largeft in the Fox, and leaft in
the IFeafel.

230. Thofe of the Pol-cat were about the bignefs of Peas, of
a fomwhat oblong figure-, and a yellowidi colour, and feemed to
confift of a double i^ubi^iznce, glandulou<s and inanbranous \ the mem-
branou<s toward the necks of the bags bevpg cover'd with glandu-
les, huttow^rdthe fundus wholly me7nbranou6, reprefenting upon
being emptied, orbicular mufiular Fibres, which he fuppofes by
contraSiion force the contained bumor out into the gut.

231. The ufe of the Glandules he doubts not to be, to feperate
the humor from the mafs of blood (zllfecretions in the Body being
performed by the help o{ Glandules') and the necks of the i^^^^im-
mediatly emptying themfelves into the^w/,without any continued
duMii6 ; and being placed near the Sphin^er Ani, made him think
the contained humor in refped of the Animal, to be excrementitiou^.
Inth'is Pol-cat it was of fomwhat a thick confifience, for the moft
psLitrvhite., but in fome places of z greenijl j/ellon> colom, and up-
on preffingout, of foftrong d.fcent^ that I could fcarce (I well re-
member) endure the roo/Tz ; which once removed from the bodj,
we could not perceive ajiy confiderable ill y///e// in any of the o-
therparts.

232. In a Cat that he differed (which was but a young one,
and a female') the bags when blown up were not above the cize of
ovdinzYy Peas, feated like the former on both fides the intejlinum
re^um, juft under the SphinSier Ani, which covering them, he fup-
pofes might both occafion their not being noted before, and help
in the expreffion of the hui7wr out, which (he obferved in the
Cat) was not into the^w^ but in the limb or margo Ani, the orifices
of the ^rz^i terminating there, fo that he plainly perceived them

before

Of OXFO%!D^SHtXE. ^67

before he began to diffeft her : The Glandules that feperate the hu-
mor from the mafs of Bloody and tranfmitted it into the bags^ af-
forded a pleafant fight, there being feven fmall round ones placed
in a circle about the veficles^ the humor withm not being confider-
able but for the/^/or.

233. Such Glandules (which he thinks hold the nature of E-
mun^ories^ he has likewife obferved in Rabbits^ but with no con-
fiderable wz/i/)', the liquor whereof he rationally gueflesmay give
the ranck. taft we find about thofe parts after they are roafted t
He thinks alfo fuch like Glandules zit found in Mice and Rats^ and
obferves that in fome Animals they are found more glandulous^ in
others with a more fignal bag or cavity. And analogou6 to thefe
fcent-bags in Quadrupeds^ he believes thofe Glandules feated on the
rumps of Fovrls, whofe excretory ve[fels may be thofe little potube-
ranees or pipes we obiter ve on them ; whence 'tis alfo (as in Rab-
bits) that we find the rumps of Fowls ftrongeft tailed, and to par-
take moft of the natural fientoi the Fowl.

234. That all ^/zi/Tz^i/y confer ve their peculiar ycew/j in fuch
like/^r/5-, though he dares not aflert ; yet if the analogy that Na-
ture obferves in forming moft of theparts^ of moft Animals alike,
be fufficient Z.o^ic^ to warrant an inference, he thinks it highly
probable that 'tis fo in fno/l ; and that fliould they be found in
Man (which he has not yet had opportunity to Experiment) it
might be worthy enquiry how far FitJula's^ Tenefme's, isrc. might
be concernM in thein. Which is all 1 have met with new relating
to this County, in Medicine, Anatomy, or Natural Philofophy. For
to mention the many and new Experiments of the Famous Mr.
Boyle (^di\d. we diftinftly know which were made here) would be
endlefs, and to recapitulate the New Difcoveries (if there be any in
this Ej/ay) but a vain repetition.

Qjl 2 CHAP.

go8 The ^J^atural H'tjlory

C H A P. X.

Of Jmiquities.

AN D thus having finifh'd the Natural HiJIorj of Oxford-
fiire, I had accordingly here put a period to my Epj^
but meeting in my Travels with many confiderable Anti-
quities^ alfo relating to ^r/5, either wholly pad by both by Le-
land and Camden^ or but imperfeftly mention'd; and finding
that I may as well alfo note them in other Counties hereafter, as let
them alone : I have been perfwaded to add (becaufe perhaps a
digrejfion thzt may be acceptable to fome) what I have met with
in this kind, whether found under ^roW, or whereof there yet
remain any foot-fteps above it ; fuch as ancient Monj., Ways, Bar-
rows, Favements,Vrns, ancient Monuments of ftone, Fortificati-
ons,is^c. whether of the ancient Sm^;7y, Romans, Saxons, Vanes,
Normans. Of which in their order,

2. Leaving the Antiquities 2in& Foundations of Churches 2in^
Religious Houfes-, their Dedications, Patronages, and foundation
Charters ; with theped/grees and defcents of Families and Lands,
isfc. as fufficient matter for another Hijiorian, and as too great a

Jask^, and too much befide my defign, for me to attempt. How-
ever, I have taken care in the ^^^/'prefix'd to this Effaji, to put a
mark, for the fite of all Religious houfts, as well as ancient ways
zn& Fortifications, except Brockeley znd Saucomb, both mention'd
in the Catalogues of Harpsfield ^znd Speed^, which 1 could not
find out, though I fought them diligently.

3. Of Britifj Antiquities thzt are certainly fuch, I have met
with none here but iome pieces of their Monji ; whereof, as much
as I find not defcrihed before, I have caufed to be delineated,
Tab. l^. Fig. 19,20,21. Of w^ich thefirft no doubtis aCoinof
King Cunohelin, a King here in Britan at the time of the birth of
om Saviour CHRIST; it (liewinga i/or/^, 2nd Kis Infcription on
one fide, and an Ear of Corn 2nd CAMV on the rever/e ; inti-
mating the place of its coinage to be Camulodunum, the Royal City
2nd feat of Cunobelin.

« Catahgus /Edium Religiofar. h'fineH.B Afigl.EccUfinfi- *' Hifiory of Credit Brifa»./ii. 4}. cap. 21.
fubfinem.

4. Cimden

Of 0 XFO%^^S HI%K 3^op

4. Camdzn^ 'tis true, has defcribed a Cci/z of the {d^mtKing^
not differing in the reverfe at all from this ; but the Injcription of
Ours varies from his, in that the final Letter O, is not plac'd in a
line vv^ith the reft of the preceding Letters under the Horfes feet,
but juft before his breafi ; the Horfe having alfo a ff'ica or ear of
Corn (or fome fuch like thing) placed over his back, Fig. 19,
which is not to be found in any of his. This was dug up at
Wood-Eaton this prefent Year 167^. near the Houfe of the Wor-
l}iipful/o/6« iVo«r/eEfq;amongftold Fo«W<j/io«s', and kindly be-
ftowed on me by the fame worthy Perfon.

5. At the fame time and place, the fmall one next* engraven^
Fig. 20. was alfo dug up, but whether of the fame King or no,
does no where appear, it having nothing upon it but fomwhat
like a Chalice, and a crooked //Vz^-di/io/z, under which there is alfo
-2, forked kind of Figure^ and a fmall Crefcent 5 unlefs the afirmative
may be collected from the laft of thefe, the Crefcent being to be
met with on Cunobelins mony, as is plain from Mr. C^niden^ and fo
on the mony which he thinks carries the name of the City Callena,
alioi Gallena^now Wallingford' : Whereof though I can give no
better account, I however thought fit to give a draught of it, be-
caufe poffibly it may meet with a Reader that can.

6. But for the thirds that feems adorned with two faces on the
ohverfe^ and an ill (liapen Horfe and a w/^ee/ underneath him on the
reverfe^ Fig. 2 1 . dug up at Little Milton, now in the poffeffion of
my Reverend and Learned Friew^, ]At. Obadiah Walker tht wor-
thy Mafler of Vniverfity College ; I take, notwithftanding the
want of an Infcription^ to be a coin of Prafutagu^, King of the
Iceni^ mention'd by Tacitu^j who out of hopes of preferving his
Kingdom and Houfe quiet after his death , made the Emperor
iVcTo, and his two daughters. Co-heirs of his Fortunes. And
that the two faces ^xe of him and his valiant Queen Boodicia\
otherwife called by the fame Tacita^^ Boudicea \ and Voadica "",
who in revenge of her own daughters ill ufage by the Romans^ af-
ter thedeceafe of her husband, raifed an Army againft them, ut-
terly vanquifh'd the ninth Legion^ fack'd Camulodunum and Veru-
lam^ and flew no lefs then feventy thoufand of them ".

7. And the ground of this conjefture, 1 take from the reverfe

' See C<j»(/i?«^ general Hiftory of Br//4». ^ TacitiAnnalium.,hh.\\.caf.\\. ^Ibidem caf, -3,^. ^ Ir.
LiBr.Tacit.deJuliiA^uolavita^cap.iC. ^ Taciti A'malium,ii6. i^. eaf.^^, '

with

^10 The 5^tural Hijlory

with tfie Horfe and voheel under him, moft times found on i\\t
Coins of the fame Boodicia^ where her name is ftam-p'don them,
as may befeen both in Mr. Camdenznd. Mr. Speed's Hiftories ; by
the horfe and rr/'e^/ intimating perhaps their great ftrength to lie in
their Efeda, a fort of Chariot much ufed by the Britans'm War,
as is ceftified by Ctxfar °, and particularly by Tacitus of this very
Boudicea^ viz, that flie was drawn in a Chariot^ with her daugh-
/fri placed before her^, when (lie came to fight Suetonius then
Propr<£tor of Britan. Or elfe perhaps by this time having learn-
ed of t\\Q Romans the neceffity and convenience of making mili-
tary ways, *and other paflTages for Carriages through the IFocds and
marifi grounds • in memory of the faft, after the manner of the
Komans^ as may be feen on the mony of Trajan^ Hadrian \ (src,
they might put thefe horfes and wheels on their Coin.

8. Which is all I know remarkable in thefe Br itijh pieces^ but
that they are all hollowed to a concave on. one fide, and convex on
the other (a concomitant of moft, if not all Britifi coin) and
thatthey are all^o/^, or at \t?i^ EMirum^ as moft of the Britijh
mony we now find is, which is a fort of metal compounded of
gold^ndfilver^ and this done either by «^/wre, or proportioned
by the Arti/i. That there is fuch a metal zs natural Ele^rum, we
have not only the teftimony of Fliny % who fays, 'tis found com-
monly in trenches and pits. But of Servius ^ and St. Ifidore
Bifhop of Sevil^ the latter whereof alTerts, that the natural E-
ledirum is of great value, Quod naturaliter invenitur inpretio habe-
tur, are his very words, for that it is more pure then any other
metal, and that if poifon be put into a veflel made of it, it makes
a hiffingfparkling noife (as Plinji alfo witnefles) and cafts it felf
into femicircles, refembling Rain-bows, as well in colours as fi-
gure ".

9. To which add the teftimony of Pf/^ril/<^r/jr, a perfon of
unqueftionable credit and veracity, whohimfelf faw a great piece
of pure natural EleSirum, Co heavy, that he was unable to move
it one way or other, much lefs to lift it with both hands from the
ground : they affirmed (faies he) that it weighed above 300
pounds, at eight ounces to the pound, and that it was found in

o Jul C^frris comment-deBelloGallico, Hl>.^. P T-uit. Annal lih.l\. c 35. ^ Vid. Vucif Croyiaci ^
Arfchotarii Numifmata.,Tal>. ■!,(> <^ Levbi! Hulfi! Imp. Ritm-Numipnattimferiem. inHadriano- ' tiat Hijf.
Lib.^^.c.i^.. ' Matir. S^j-vii Hovorat. CommeKt.inPui- Vir^i/ii, JEveid.lii.i. adv.ZO.\.. ' JpduriEp.
Hi/^alenfis, Orighiumlib- \6.caf. 23.

the

Of OXFO^p^SHITiE, ^li

the Houfe of a certain Prince, and left him by his AnceJIors^
And albeit, that in the days of the Inhabitants then hving, it was
no where digged, yet knew they where the Mine of it was, but
were very unwilling to difcover the place ; yet at length they did,
it being ruinated and ftopt withftones and rubbidi ; being much
eafier to dig then Iron mine^ and might be reftored again, if M-
ners^ and others fkilful therein, were appointed to work it *^.

I o. Some fuch natural EleSirum feems alfo to be hinted in the
Civil Lavp^ and to have been mixed with Silver. Neratiu^ re-
porting that Proculu6 gave fentence, that it was no matter in a Le-
gacy of EleStrine veffels, how much Silver or EleSirum was in
them , but whether the Silver or EleSirum exceeded ? which
might eafily be perceived by ocular infpeftion ; or if fo equally
mixt that it could not be done, that then recourfe was to be had
to the £^/OTd!/ of the rf/?j/or, amongft which fort o{ veffeh he
ufually accounted them ^. Whence 'tis eafie to colleft, that the
EleSlrumhere fpoke of, can be no artificial mixture of filver and
gold, again mixed wkh/ilver -, but a natural metal hciore it mix-
tion with filver.

11. Moreover, thattherelsalfo an tfr//)fdd/£/e(f?r«OT, isas e-
videntfrom the Inftitutesoi the Emperor 7 ufl in i an ^-i 2nd Q^Flor.
TertuUian'-t made by intermingling ^0/^ and y//t/er, according to
the natural mixture ; which according to Servius and St. Ifidore ^,
was of gold in a triple^ but according to Pliny^ and Monfieur Sa^
vot % in a quadruple proportion, to one o^ filver ; viz^, 1 9 Carats
J of gold, and 4 Carats and ^ of filver ; which as the fame Savot
teftifies, were the proportions obferved by the Emperor 5t'z/^r^
Alexander^ and Lewi^ the Twelfth of France, by an Ordinance
made at S/oi^, of iVbz/. 19. 1506. for the frf«C/6 gold.

1 2. Which very proportions I fliould be willing to think our
Britifi coins zo have ; only I guefs the Britam bad, and made ufe
of, as little Art as might be : Wherefore I am enclinedto believe
them rather «<7/iz/e £/<f£^r«ra, dug and coined thus according as
they found it, either richer or poorer ; for I havefeenforae pie-
ces of this fort of mony, much richer mgold then fome others are*.
Thzt gold ^nd filver Mines were worked here in Britan in thofe

* Petri Martyris AngleriideOrheNovo,'Decad.i.cap.ir. " B.DeAuroArge7ito,<^c.L('g.Ted!cttlit,^-Ne-
ratiui. 1 hifl'ttut. de Re^-um divifwn^t §. Si duorum. * (y Septimii Florent. Tertulliaiii Lib. adverf. Her-
mog.cap.ie,. (^ adverfui Praxean. cap.ij. * Locis fipra citaiis. ■> Loco citato. « Lovis Savot de la
Matieredes Medalles antiques, ipart.cbapitre 9.

ancienter

^11 77;^ j\(jitural Hijlory

ancienter days, is plain out of Tacitus : Fert Britannia (fays he)
Aurum is Argentum^ is alia metalla^ pretium viSrori<£^. And
Prince Galgacus chief Captain of the Britans, now beat Back as
far as Mount Grampus in Scotland, in his fpeech (before the fight
with the PrDpr<£tor Agricola') exciting them to indignation againft
the Romans ; amongft other things tells them, that thefe were the
W2f« that had taken from them their fertile Soil, their Mines^ and
trading Towns : Neque enim Arva nobi<s^ aut metal/a^ aut Portiis
funt^ quibu6 e'xercendls refervemur ^ . Now all gold whatever con-
taining fomeyz/z/er more or lefs, and the Britans not being able to
refine it then, as in after Ages, were neceflitated to coin Ele^rum
after this manner.

13. That they had and co'med/ilver in thefe early times, is
alfo plain from Mr. Cj/Tz^e/z, Mr. ^^^e.^, ((ere. who have given us
draughts of filver Coins of Cunobelin, Venutiu^ King of theSr/-
gantes, and CaraSIacu6 King of the Silures^ both which make not
a little for the reputation of my conjefture ^ "^ 62 and 63 of the
fmth Chapter of this Efay^ the i^^iwei there mention'd, in all pro-
bability, being fome of thofe fpoken of by Tacitus^ and perhaps
firft belonging to the aboriginal Britans, and afcer to the Ro-
mans.

14. To this if it be objected out of C<xfars Commentaries, that
the 5ri/J«i then ufed only ^o/^er (and that imported) and Iron
ri«^5 inftead of mony ^ ; and that this gold might either be alfo
imported, or the Mines difcover'd after the conquefts of the
Romans. It may rationally be anfwer'd, that ^ee/jri- account of
the State oiBritan (as has beenftiewn alfo before in another cafe,
Chap. 3.§. 2. of this Bffay^ is as imperfeftas his Vineries or Tra-
vels in it were. For we find in Mr. Speed a gold coin of King
Caffwellaun, who was King here in Britan at Cdnfars arrival ; befide
the Romans came then not to enrich, but to fpoil Britan, how un-
likely it is therefore they (liould fupply them w\t\\gold, or find
them ^/Wi-fo early, let the /?Wer judge.

15. Whereuntoitmay beadded (as /"aci//^ informs us) that
Ctiefar rather difcovered then conquered Britan ; that he rather
frightened the Inhabitants on the (lioars, than got footing there :
Quanquamprofj'erapugna terruerit Incolas, ac littorepotituifit, pot eft

* Taciminvitajulii ^IgricoU, caf. I2. ' Ibidem cap. 31. « Julii C^far. Comment, de Bello Galli-
eoj lii.^.

in

OfOXFO%T>^SHI%E. ^i]

videri oftendijfepojlem, non tradidijfe s, are his very words of him :
And that whatever he pretended at Rome-, he got little here but
dry blows , and the honor of having led an Army hither,

w eq)AToyAvaj er ouj'^i Sh^cxj^ fays DiofiC uffiu^o^ his firft Expedition .
And Tacitus rather more than lefs of \{\s fecond-, who brings ill
C^zr^^f^c/^ encouraging his Britijh Army to recover their Liberty ;
and in order thereunto, calling upon the names of their An-
ceftors^ Qui Violator em C^farem pepulifent, that had driven theDi-
dtator Cdfar out of the Land'.

1 6. Add further hereunto what Straho delivers concerning his

Expeditions into Br itan, OuSiv IMya, 2fg:.':^a,^ciiJi)^^ ^ <si6i 'B'^i^^T ^

^oAw T)is yiio-K, that he did nothing ^r^^/, nor went far up into the
I/Iand^. And that 7'^d/«5 further confeffes him beaten hence:
for fpeaking concerning the argu?7lents the Br itansui^ed amongft
themfelves to perfwade the Revolt under Voadica, he fays they
brought this as a main one, that could they (liew but the cou-
rage of their Anceftors^ Recefuros (/. e. Romanos') ut'Divu6 Julius
receffiffet^ : intimating, that his fudden departure hence was little
better than ?i flight. Not to mention what Quintilian fays of one
M. Aper^ that he met with an ancient 5ri/^;z, that avowed to him,
that he was in the Britijh Camp when they beat Cd^far from the
fliore "" ; and that Lucan fays of him exprefly,

Territa qud^flti6 ojlendit terga Britannls^.

1 7. After whofe departure, the Britans, fays Tacitus, enjoyed
along Peace, lying forgotten by the i^ow^w^ all the days of Au^
gujius^ Tiberius^ and Caligula "; fo unlikely were the Romans to
help Caffivellaun or Cunobelin to this Gold or Ele^rum : Nor indeed
is it probable they would do it after, in the time o^ Claudius, when
they had footing here ; not only for that mony and riches are the in-
centives to rebellion^ and the very finews of war, but becaufe had
they thought it fit cither then or before, we fliould certainly have
heardon'tinfome of their writings.

18. Of Roman Antiquities yet remaining in this County, (to
wave the ftories of Molmutius and Beline) the moft confiderable
of any, are their pub lick ways, whereof though there are feveral,

8 Tacitus invitaJuUiAgricoU-yCap. IT,. ^ DioJ!isCaJJii,Rom.HifiJih. ■},<). ' Taciti Ai»aliu7njil>.l2'
cap.^Jf. ^ Strabon.Geograph.Ub.^. > Tacitus m vita Agrhole, cap. i'). "> Fab. Quinfliliani deOra-
toribus Dialog, cap. ij. " a^w. Lutani de Bella Civili, lib. 2 . v. 572. ° Tacitus in vita~Agricol£, cap. 1 3-

R r and

^\^ The natural Hiflory

and of different/orms- and 7;z^/erW^, andthofe too broken down,
and difcontinued by ploughing and other accidents ; yet by their
pointing, and after a diligentycr«/i/?j', I hope I ftiall render at leaft
a probable account of them.

19. But before I defcend to particulars, it will beneceflary I
think to acquaint the /ie/2<^er, that ofthefe amongft the Romans
fome were called publick., is^t' ^o;^;)V, and others Vicinal p. And
that thefirfl fort of thefe were otherwife called (as reckon'd up
hy Taboetiu^'^') by thefe other different names, Regidi^ (by the
Greeks f^cccnXix.a]'^ Pr<etorid^^ Confulares, Militares^ Privilegiatde, Illu-

Jires, frequent at<£^ Celehres, Eximice, isrc. and after by the Conque-
rorWilliamy in the Laws he confirmed of St. Edvpards^ Chemini
majores, from the French Chemin, as may be i^cen by the Laws of
the fame King Edward'^ : of which fort we had in all but four in
England ; Watling-ftreet, the Fofs-, Ikenild-ftreet^ and Erming-
fireet ; whereof two ftretched themfelves from Sea to Sea the
/e;?^//» of the Z,a«^, and the two other the hredth\ all mifdemea-
nors committed in thefe,faUing under the cognizance of the King
himfelf. ?a% autem quatuor Cheminorum QintelUge majoruni) fub
major ijudicio continetur ' ?

20. Befide thefe, there were many others of like ereSiion-,
though of lefs extent, by the ancient Romans called Vicinales,
quod in vicos ducebant, i. e. from Colony to Colony, from {Ration to
fiation ; which werezKo publick., if compared with the more f>ri'
vate Agrarian ways \ And thefe were after by King William cal-
led Chemini minores^ and were the ways (as exprefly defcribed
in the Lavps of St. Edward the Confeffor^ de Civitate ad Civitatem,
dt Burgus ad Burgos^ ducentes, per quos Merc at a vebuntur, is" cetera
mgotia fiunt,(crc. all mifdemeanors committed in thefe, falling
under the cognizance of the Earl, or chief military Governor of
thcCounty^ or of his Vice-Comes or Sheriff".

21. It will alfo be expedient to inform the Reader^ that both
the Majores and Minores were fomtimes raifed, and fomtimes le-
vel w'lxh. the ground ", and fomtimes trenched', and the raifedones
fomtimes only of earth, and fomtimes/?flz/e^^, efpecially in moid:
and boggy grounds ; though it muft alfo be acknowledged that

* ff! Nequidinlacopulil 'vel Jtitttrefiat.L,Trietor ait-i^viarum. ■» JuliusTaboet. hiEphemeriJ.HiJlor.
■■ Af'^aiatnuixGu/. La7»iard. inter L.L.honi Regis EJoarii- Lh. 12, 1'^. ' li>idem. ^ 5. Ne ^uid in loco, (jr-c.
L-^^.quibusfupra. " Nich.Bergier Hiftoire desgrandsChrminsde VEmpiTe^Liv.2. chafitre \j. ''Ibid.
Chapitre 7.

we

Of 0 XFO %T>^SHIXB. 5if

we fomtimes find them paved, where there was little need : which
I guefs might be done to exercife the Soldiers and common pecpk
o^ the Country^ leaft by lying idle they (liould have grown muti-
nous, and affefted alterations in the State. But where they were
indeed laid through meers and low places, and necefiity compel-
led them to raife and />dtc/e them, we have the exaft method of*
making them, laid us down by Statim ".

Hie primus labor inchoare Sulcos^
Et refcindere limites-, (sr (itto
Egejlu penitus cavare terras :
Mox baufias aliter replere fofas
Etfummo gremium parare dorfo,
Ue nutent Sola, ne maligna [edes
Et preffis duhium Cub He faxis.

i. e. that they firft laid out the hounds^ then dugtrenches, remo-
ving the falfe earth : then filled them with/o««^ earth, and paved
them with flone, that they might not fink or otherwife fail.

2 2. Of the four Bafilical, Confular^ or Praetorianways^ or Cbc"
mini majores, I have met with but one that paffeth through this
County^ the difcovery whereof yet I hope may prove acceptable,
becaufe not defcnbed before, or its footfteps any where noted
by Sir//. Spelman^Mr. Camden, or any other Author that i have
read or could hear of.- whereat indeed I cannot but very much
wonder, fince it is called by its old name at very many places
\_Ikenildway'] to this very day. Some indeed call it Icknil, fome
Acknily others Hackney, and fome again Hackjngton, but all intend
the very famerr^j, that ftretches it felf in this County from North-
eaft to South- weft ; coming into it fout of 5«c4.j) at the PariOi
of Chinner, and going out again over the Thames (into Berks')
at the Parifli of Goreing, lying within the County in manner and
form, and bearing to the Farijles and Villages placed on each
hand, as defcribed in the Mjp prefixed to this Ejjay^ by two flia-
ded parallel lines made up o( points, which I have chofe, to Oiew
that this way is not caft up in a ridged bank,orlaid out by a deep
trench, as fome others are ; defcribed alfo in the Map by two con-
tinued parallel lines, that the Reader, or fuch as pleafe to view
them hereafter, may know where to expeft a bank, or trench, and

where no fuch matter. . Papi».Surc.SfatiiSi/var.l.'k^.h,v>at>ar,ifJan.

R r 2 23. Thcr

^1(5 The J^atural Htftory

23. Thereafon, ifuppoie, why this ir^jj/ was not raifed, is,
becaufe it lies along under the Chiltern hills on a firm faft ground,
having the Hills themfelves as a fufficient diredion : Which is all
worth notice of it, but that it paffes through no Tovpn or Village
in the CoMw/)/, but only Gorei/zg ; nor does it (as I hear) fcarce
any where elfe, for which reafon 'tis much ufed by ftealers of
Cattle : and fecondly, that it feems by its pointing to come from
Norfolk ^ndSu folk, formerly the Kmgdom of the Iceni^ from
whom moft agree (and perhaps rightly enough) it received its
name Icenild^ or IkenilJ; and to tend the other way Weft-ward,
perhaps into Devon-fhire and Cornwall^ to the Lands end. So
much miftaken is M.r. Holin/hdm his defcription of this way'',
who fanfied it began fomwhere in the Souths and fo held on to-
ward Cirnece/ier, and thence to Worce^er^ Wicomb^ Brimicham,
Lichfield^ Darbj^ Chefterfield^ and crofling WatUng-dreet fom-
where in Tork-fiire^ ftretched forth in the end to the mouth of
the Tine at the main Sea. Yet the Learned Mr. Vugdale "^ feem-
ingto favor this opinion in his defcription (j'[ Ickje-ftreet that
paffes through JTriru'ic^-T^^^Vf, I fufpend my judgement till Ihave
feen more of both.

24. Amongft the many r/Vi;z^/w^5', ox Chemini minor es^ we
have but one neither here, of alkhofe mentioned by Antoninus in
his Itine.rarj^ and that is part of the Gual-Hen, which fignifies in
Brittidi antiquum Vallum^ that went between Pontes, now Cole-
hrook-> and the old City Caleva, or rather as it was written in
the ancienteft Books, Gallena^ -^ to which our Fore-fathers ad-
ding the word. Ford, by reafon of the lliallownefs of the Ri-
ver there, and changing the letter G into ff (a thing frequently
done by the Saxons^) it was at length called ralien^apopb, now more
contraSedly Wallengford.

25. Which 'tis plain ftood not formerly where it now doth,
this old Vallum, or high ridged way, pointing down from be-
tween Mun gen ell znd Nune ham-Warren on Oxford-fiire fide the Ri-
ver^ as defcribed in the Map, near a mile below the 7ow» as it is
now feated ; whereabout, in all likelyhood, on the other fide the
River ftood that part of the City containing the i 2 Parifties, laid
defolate by a great Plague that reigned there, temp.Edw.'^. Which

y JtaphHolii'/hcd's defcription of BnVtf?/,/'!^ i cap 19- ^ Antiquities of War'wick.-fhire in V,arlick-
luayWundred, pag- 568. * See B/<r/o7/'sCor,)menrary on z-^floKhnishK Tihjerary. Ithiere-j. ciB-egno
Londiniimi. *> See il/V^J^T/?e^a«'s Ancitjuitie.<of the Engli.li Nation, f<7/'- 5. Jnbfnem.

great

of 0 XFO%^-^S HI%E, 517

great blow it could never recover (though much endeavored hy
Rich. 2.) the Bridges of Abington and Vorchefler being alfo about
that time built, whichdiverted the Trade another way, whereas
before there was no paffage over the Thames but here at IFalkng-
ford\

16. This Vallum or ridged Bank, now called Grimes-dike-, as
it runs towards Pontes^ yet remains very high, but is but fingle
till it comes to the Woods ncMTuffie Id, alias Nuffield, where it
appears double with a deep trench between, like the ways near
Fiperno and at Pcrto in Italy '^ ; which induces me to believe, that
that part next Wallengford wzs once fo too, and therefore ftill
called Grimes-ditch, the trench in all likelyhood being filled up
with one of the banks thrown into it upon the increafeof Agri-
culture, perhaps at firft defigned only to carry off the water, and
the two banks on each fide for the carriages 'tw'iy.t the /lations * ;
thofe from Wallengfordto Pontes going upon one Bank.-, and thofe
from Pontes to JFallengforduy^on the other, fo that there could be
,nodifturbanceby meeting on the way. From Tuffield, I was
told, it held on itscourfe through the thick Woods, and paffed
the River below Henly into Berkshire zgz'm, but the Woods fcarce
admitting 2 foot paifage, much lefs for a Horfe, I could not con-
veniently trace it any further.

27. There feems alfo to have been caft up another Roman way,
between the old City of Alcefierm the Pariili of Wendlebury (o^
which more anon in its proper place) and the City of Calleva,
whereof there is part to be ken to this day running quite crofs
Otmoor, as defcribed in the Map, and coming out of the Moor un-
der Sf c^^rj/ Park^ wall ; which 'tis plain, has been paved (as in-
deed it had need) by the ftones yet found upon, and about the
ridge, and no where elfeon the Moor. From Beckly itpaffes on
to, and may pl'ainly befeen in the Wood near Stockers, where cut-
ting the London road to Worcefia, it goes plainly through the fields
to Stafford-Grove, and thence over Sriy^r^/^ watering-place, to-
ward//e^izr/g/o« Quarry pits, leaving Shotover-kill on the left,
and the Pits on the right hand.

28. At the foot ofShotover-hill it enters Magdalen College Cop-
pices, and thence through Brafen-nofe College Coppices, over the

' Vid. Lelandi Comment. in CygTteamCantioTum in verhoCaleva. ^ Vid. Lem. Bapt. Altcrti de re JE-
dific . lib. 4.. cap. j. * Uidevi.

Eafiern

^iS The 5\(jttural Hijlory

Ea§iern^2.n of BuUington-green^ as I gather by its pointing, for
itis not to befeen there, it having been ploughed down as well
inthe^r^e;?, ';:ls fields thereabout, as may be feen by the marks of
the ridge Tund furrow yet remaining upon it ; whence I 'guefs it paf-
fes on towards the two Baldens, and fo for Wallingford\ going
over the River at Benfon^ alias Benfington, where it may be [t&n
again running ^^y? of t\\t Church, and is there called by the name
of Medlers'bank.

29. If it be asked why this way 'twixt Walkngfordznd. Alee-
Jler was laid fo crooked ? it is plain, 'twas for the convenience of
taking Oxford'm the way as occafion (liould ferve. For though I
could not difcover the diverticulum tending toward Oxford'm the
way from Wallengford, yet in the way from Alcejier it remains at
fome places yet plain and evident, coming out of the main road
about the Paridi of Beckjey-y and pafling more ^^y^ir^r*^ through
Stovp-rfood, and more particularly through the grounds ftill cal-
led Principal (tor that they were formerly the Principal Coppices
before the dif-forrefting that Wood') where the way is to be feen
entire and perfeft, having formerly been/^wc/, as appears by a
ditch cut through the bank, in a divifion of thefe grounds, where
the ftones lie arch-vrife in form of the bank-, there being none nei-
ther like them in the fields thereabouts.

30. Comingalmoft as faras Elsfield, where it is now deeply
trenched between two banks, like fome part of Grimes-dike men-
tioned above, it is broken down and difcontinued, I fuppofe by
ploughing, but points juft upon Heddington, whereof the hollow
lane afcending mtotheTovrn, near Mr. Paivlings new Buildings,
perhaps may be a part ; and the deep way between two green
banks a little on this fide Heddington,2nothev; and the hollow way
on the brow of Heddington-hill^ another piece of it. Out of
which there feems alfo another way to have branched about the
top of the hill, which paffing through the grounds 'twixt that
and Marjion-lane, where it is plain to be feen, by its pointing (lievvs
as if it once pafled the /?iz/fr above Holy-well Church, ftraight up-
on St. Giles''?,, or the old Bellofitum, now Beaumont ; where about
Thoma6 Rudburn in his Chronicon Hydenfe, fays, anciently before
its reftoration by JElfred, the Vn'iverfity was feated : Qu^ Vn'iver-
fitasO-Komx quondam (fays he, having before difcourfed of its
rejlorat'ion by Mlfred') erat extra Pvrtam Borealem ejufdem Vrbis, isf

erat

Of OXFO %T>^S HI %£. ^p

erat principahs Ecclefia rot ins Cleri^ Ecchfia San6ti lEgidii extra ean-
demportam *, Which two put together, perhaps may make as
much for the Antiquity of this place, as need be brought for it.

31. Befide, this branch out of the way 'twixt Ake/Ier and
lFaI/engforciipointing toward Oxford^ I mnft not forget there is
another that feems defignedly made for a paffage hither immedi-
atiy from Alcejler^ whereof there is a part ftill remaining about
Nok§^ whence it pafles through tht fields to the purlue grounds,
where it cuts the fForce^er road, and fo into Drunf/jil^ formerly
a part of the Forrefi of Stow-wood^ where about fourteen years
fincc there were feveraii?o;;7^n Vrns and Coins dug up ; beyond
which place I could not trace it, it being ploughed down in the
following grounds, which yet is the beft conjefture I can make of
it, unlefs we (liall rather fay it was only laid this way to avoid
Otmoor in therri///fr feafon, when it is ufually under water ; and
that it turned about again (as indeed it feems to point) and joyn-^
cd with theforemention'd to Pf^al/engford^nd Oxford.

32. Normuftit be omitted, that the people hereabout call
that part of this way that lies through Otmoor-, by the name of
Akeman-fireet., fuppofing it to have come from Wallengford, and
to have palled on by Alcefier to Banbury ; to which name of theirs,
and courfe of the way, Mr. Camden feems to afford his tacit con-
fent ^ ; wherein I wonder they, but more that he, (liould be fo
much or'e-feen, fmcehe could not but know, that neither end ot
fuch a vpay could tend toward Bathe., the old Kce-manner-ccij-cep, or
Vrbs /Egrotorum hominum ; nor they, that the true Sce-manne]-.r'^p«c,
comes near indeed to A!ce§ier^ but paffing through the County
quite another way, both the City and way leading to it, having
their names from t\\tfickperfons^ or men with aches^ travelling on it
thither,

33. The true Akemanfireet then, or as fome call it Akehamflreety
and others Akermanjireet, coming out of Buckingham-fiire., en-
ters this County at a Village called Black-thorn^whence itpaflfes on
without any raifed bank, clofe by Alcefier as far as Chejicrton^ as
defcribed by the (haded or pointed lines in the Map : whence it
goes to Kirkjington Towns end, and fo over the River (^/jeni^e//
near 7jcA/ej,and thence in a ftraight line to Wood>Jockr^ark,-which.
it enters near Wooton-gate-, and paiTes out again at Mapleton-well

* Chronicoft Hjdenfe MS. inter xni^^^iuOxonierif. ' Vid.Camd.Britan.inComit.Oxon.

near

^zo The 5\(jitural Hifiory

near Stunsfield^At^ whence it holds on again as far as StunsfieU\
and all this way on a raifed bank.-, as defcribed in the Map by two
parallellines ; where breaking off (but ftiil keeping its name) it
goes on over the Evenlode to Wilcot^ and fo to Ramfden ; a little
beyond which Village, at a place called Witty-green, it may be
feen again for a little way ; but from thence to A/ially^oyc'c AJiall-
bridge, and fo through the fields till it comes to Brodwel-grove, it
is fcarce vifible, but there 'tis as plain again as any where elfe,
holding a ftraight courfe into GloceHer-JInre, and fo towards Bath
the old Aksmancefler.

34. And out of this Ak^manftreet^ as moft other fuch ways,
there are feveral branches • viz^ two near Kirkjington ; one at
the Towns tn&^ which though prefently difcontinued, yet points
juft upon the Port way running Eaft of Northbrook, the two Hey-
fords^ Sommerton, and Souldern, for fix miles together ; and an-
other, that by its pointing feems to have come out of Ake?nan'
{freet^ nearer the place where it paifes the River Cherwel, crofling
the Port way, and running at the broadeft place, fcarce a mile di-
ftantfromit, as far as Fritwell-, where on the North fide of the
Town it inclines toward the Port way, as if it joyned with it again
fomwhere zhowt Souldern, both of them pointing upon the For-
tifaationscdlkd Rainsborough (perhaps a corruption of i?o;;z^«y-
horough') near Charleton in Northajnpton-Jhire : whence in all pro-
bability it went to Vennonk, alias Bennonps, an old Roman flation,
by the Saxons after called €laycefter, in the confines of Warwick,
and Leicester -fiires ; and fo on to the Ratde of Antoninus, or Rag£
of Ptolomy, now Leice^er ^

35. This fecond ir^wc/?' of Akemanflreet, zhout Fritwell they
czW Wat tie-bank; but in an old r^rrier of Sir Thomas Chamberleyns,
it is called Avefdich, perhaps a corruption of Ofa's-ditch, the
great King of the Mercians, whoi^e Kingdom might at firft be ter-
minated here, though I find he extended it at length as far as
Ben/on, as thinking it for his honor znd profit both, that the We§l-
Saxons (hould have nothing North or Wefi of the Thames^. Or
if ancienter than 6>^d!, it might perhaps hez pr^tentura, or fore-
fence of the Romans, raifed againft the Britans (or viceverfa^
who might poflibly be poffeft of the Port way before.

36. Yetl rather believe they might be both of them ancient

* Vid. Ttolomtei Geograph. Edit. per Pet- Bertium. « Vtd. Camd. Briton- in Com, Oxoti.

ways.

OfOXFO%'D^SHI'B^E. 521

Wfljy, though fo near together, for we read that the Romans,
where thew^j was not welllaid out, or was longer than needed^
did commonly (to keep the people from idlenefs^ and the Soldi-
ers from mutinies^ lay them /iraiter and better • as Galen wit-
neffeth that Trajan did in Italy : h^ <J^' w^ {M-mi » 'Of^armsyTa: o^i
^v, ovToZ^ <mnof/.ov (Tie^tv TifAvdp^i^ ^ ^ i, e, that where the way was
longer than needed, he cut out another fiorter, which poffibly
might alfo be done here^ the Port vcay being much (hotter and
more direft then Avefiich, to the place whither they both feem
to hold on their courfe : which may alfo be the reafon of the
two Ik^nild vpays under Stolen Church hills, there being about
Lewkjier and Afton Rowant^ an upper and lovper Ikcnild way.

37. Befide thefc, there are yet two other branches coming out
of Akemanjireet ; one in Wood/lock ParK near Col: Cooks Lodge,
whence it runs toward the trees called Oak. and Afh-i not far from
Glympton, where it is difcontinued ; and where to be met with a^
gain I could no where find ; fo that all I can fay of it is, that
towards the end it points North- we/l towards Enfton and Chipping^
norton^ and feems to have cut another fuch like way near Vpper
Kiddington^ which has its ^erio^ there, as far as I could learn, but
runs as far as Ditchley the other way, where the ridge turns to a
Ji/c/) by the name of Grimes-dike (as thsitnezrWallengford') and
gives name I fuppofe to Ditchley that flands upon it, a Seat of the
Right Honorable Edward Henry Earl of Lichfield's^ whence it
runs in that manner fair and vifible for about half a mile ; but
before it comes to Charlbury^ turns again to a ridge^ very high and
lofty at a place called Baywell, where it enters into Cornhury
Fd!r^ but fcarce vifible there; yet as I was told, to be found again
in the vpoods beyond it, and that it /oi/z/ec/ toward Ram/den^ where
at firft (as I guefs) it branched out of Ahsmanflreet.

38. But whether ;^/5, and the other before-mentioned tend-
ed, is hard to guefs, no Roman ftation lying near this place, unlefs
I may be allowed to conjedure by x.\vtn pointing., at a great di-
ftancc, which mufl: needs be very uncertain. However, becaufe
a guefs perhaps may better pleafe than to fay nothing, I conjefture
the way by Ditchley m^Ly tend either toward Venncni^^ and Rat<se^
as the Portrrayznd Avefdich zfore-mention'd were thought to do,
or elfe toward Tripontium., now Toucejler in Northampton-Jfjire ;

Sf and

3^^ Tlje U^tural Hi/lory

and that from U^ood/lock^owditd Manduejfedum^ now Mancheffer iri
Warvcichrfiire-t or rather the old Etocttum^ now the Wall in Staf-
forJfiire.

39. Which are all the raifed banks or deep trenches that I met
with in Oxford-fiire, except the two bankj with a ./re^ci? between
them (therefore called dike-hills) South and by Weft of Dorche-^
fter^ which I cannot imagin part of any Roman way^ becaufe ex-
tended only as a firing to a great hove of the River Ifis^ as defcribed
in the Map ; but rather a Fortification^ fuch as P, Ojiorim Vropr<X'
tor here in Britan under Clauditts^ is faid by Tacitus to have made
on the Rivers Antona and Sahrina * • or elfe fome of the Out-
works of the Fortifications on Long-Witenham hill on the other
fide the water, which perhaps was the Sinnodunum ' of the an--
cient Britans.

40. Nigh to the raifedwap thuscaft up by the Romans^ they
placed the Tumuli, or Sepulchres of their Generals^ or fuch o-
ther valiant perfons as dyed in the wars\ it being forbid by the
Law of the 12 Tables to bury within their Cities or Stations. Ho-
minem mortuum in Vrhe ne fepelito neve urito ^ : And by a penal
Refiript of the Emperor Hadrian ^ Now the reafon why they
placed them on the military rvays^ rather then elfewhere, is given
us by Camden^ viz^. that Pqjfengers might be put in mind, that as
thefe here buryed were fomtimes mortal men, that they them-
felves are no better now ^ : whence perhaps the formula ftill ufed
on Tombs, Sifle Viator, and monumentum a monendo.

41. But I guefs that there could not but be fom what more in't,
for as it was accounted the greateft difijonor imaginable to lie un-
buryed^ fo it was a great reputation to the perfon deceafed to be co-
ver'd with a large Tumulus, which 'tis like might inpartatleaft
be the reafon of their placing them fo near the public ways^ that
Faffengers might continually add to the beap^ it being look'd up-
on as/>/>/y in them fo to do ; nor fufficedit to throw on a finglc
handful of earth, but (as may be collefted from Horace) ufually
three. For in Archytais rcqueft to the Mariner, that he would not
fuffer his Body any longer to lye on thcfioar unburyed, he makes
it part of his //e^, that notwithftanding the fwift motion of Sea-
men, yet he might find time enough to throw 3 handfuls of duft.

* Tacit i Annal hb. 12 r.t/i.ai. ' Vid- Leljiid. Commcvt. in Cypteam C»nt- in verba Sinmdunum^
* Ex Legih'.'A \^ Tab. Lie Jure Saciorum. Vid. etiam Ciccr.de L.L. III. z. ' fF. Ve Sefulchro violate. L.
Pr^tor ait, §. Divus H,jdria?!us. "> Vid- Camdeni Wit an- m Com. Wilts.

Quan-

of 0 XFO%T>^S HI%E. p^

Quanquam feftinai^ non ejl mora tonga ^' licebit
Irije^o terpulve.re curras ".

42. Which way of burial under Conical hillocks^ whether na-
turally compofing themfelves into that Figure by the fall of the
Earthy or defignedly fo made by the Soldiers^ was fure very an-
cient ; for from their being placed without Cities^ I find them
called by the Greekj-> "^fp'^^^oi hdtpoi^ and upon High-ways^ 'Rpy.ouoi^
for chat the God Mercury had the charge of ways ; as his other
name Eyo'^^-likewife imports.

We find alfo Achilles in Homer, complaining how fmall a Tumulus
he had made for his beloved Patroclus^

and intreating thcfe (liould come after to raife it higher, which
defire of his was pioufly performed by the fucceeding Greeks^
who raifed it to fo great a height, that they defigned it for a Sea-
mark to thofe that (hould fail the Helleffont,

and this I find here, and at all other places, they always perform-
ed ^-^'osTis Si^ mi^ ^ ; and fo again in the eredlion of the Tumulus
over He^or\ by pouring on earth or /lones -, the word::t?«''> as
Euftathim informs us, being fomtimes ufed abfolutely, fro-i^'^-
X^v r?j TgS-j'gftTo-i ^ i. e. (in the moft critical fenfe) for humare.

43. It was alfo very ancient amongft the Romans, not only for
Princes, as Virgil witnefies,

fuit ingens montefub alto
Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere buflum.
Antiqui Laurentii, opacaque Ilice te^um ".

with whom agrees Lucan^

Et regnum cineresexflruSio monte quiefcunt^ »

" O HoratiiF/aeCarmivum,li6. i.rdeii. o Hiwn. O^/^ /3i'.t'. v.471. •" Wtfw;. J//W. /Sj?. ■<)/'. V.245.
1 Hom-Odyf ^i%.:i.w %o. r ffom.l/iad. ati.-^'- v.2'^j. ' jiid.^ilu. v. 8oi- ' Vid. Eu/iathii SchoL
hi Horn. I Mtieid. lib. n, 1;. 8jo. * An, Lucant rbarfalia five de hello Civi/i, Hb, 8- ful> firtsm,

Sf 2 buc

224- ^^^ 5^tural Hijlory

but alfo for meaner perfons ; for thus we find Mneoi burying his

Nurfe Cajeta,

At piu6 exequm Mneas rite foluti^.
Agger e compfito tumuli^ isc"".

Nay fo very ancient was it, that Fliny fays exprefly, it was long
inufe amongft them before 5«r«i«^, Ipfutn cremare apud Romanos
nonfuit veteri^ in(iituti ; terra condebantur^ i. e. that they always
interred them, till they began to underftand that the bodies of
their 7nen flain in the wars afar oft\ were fomtimes taken forth
from under their Tmnuli^ and barbarofly abufed ^, as Flortis ac-
quaints us the Germans ^tiwtd the body of the ^o«/m/ F^ro^, a-
mongft other indignities offer'd the Romans : Ipfiii6 quoque Confu-
Ih Corpus, quod militum pieta6 ahdiderat, effoffum'^.

44. To prevent which barbarity for the future, they ordained
burning before tumulation^^s was ufed always amongft the Greeks ;
for we find in Homer, that the body of HeSicr (as w^ell as Patro-
clips') was firft burned, and his calcined white bones then gather-
ed by his Friends and put in an Vrn.

i

'Oda. A^>(5» AejpvTo ng-aiyvrHoitraQpl li'^ &C.

and then follows their raifinga tumulus over him, which itfeems
was of ftones,

and yet expreffed as where made of Earth, by pouring them on,

45 . It was a ufual cuftom alfo amongft the Northern Nations,
in their fecond Age, which they called t^OifiOlD. or f oeiati)JS. Tu-

mulorum Mta6 ; thus to bury their dead under earthen hillocks,
Arenam (y terram exaggerando ufque dum injuftam monticuli exfurge-
rent altitudinem, fays Wormius of the Danes '' ; and of thefe he
fays they had two forts, the Rudiores, which, ex fola terra in ro-
tunditatem (y Conurn congejla conflabant, i. e. that were made only
of Earth, caft up in a round conical figure, which were fet up in
memory of any ftout Champions that had deferved well of their

» E.ncid. lib. -j.v. f. T rlin. Secund. Nat. Hi!i. lib. i-cap. 54. * L. An. Fl»riRer»m Rom. lib. 4. c.iz:
» Hom.Jliad.fi,',. a. V. 793. ^ Ibldemv-i^l ,-]^%. « Ibidmt v. 801. * Olai Womii) MommtJit. Va-
nic.lib.i. cap. -J.

Country,

OfOXFO^T^^SHI'KE, 1^1$

Country. And the Ornati^ which wereencompafled with a emit
o^ ftones^ fet up only for their Generals^ or fome other great
Perfons ^.

46. And thefe they let over the Bodies without burning them
(as they had formerly done in their yfr/? age, which they called
JBoifolD, or^jentietijDj Mtas ignea^ ) the manner being as Mr.
Camden informs us, for every Soldier remaining alive after a
field fought , to carry his head-piece full of earth , towards
making the tombs of thGir fellows that were flain^, Xeii^reto 1^ oV«,
fundentes tumulum, after the manner of the Greeks^

47. But the Romans here in Britan^ having little reafon to ex-
pert more favor then they found in Germany ; whenever any Con-
ful, or eminent Warrior dyed in fuch an Expedition^ firft burned
them on the level near the via flrata, or militaris ; by which
means having deprived their exafperated Enemies of all hope of
being able to abufe the dead bodies ; they more-over endeavored

' to prevent the very fcattering their ajhes in haft, the whole Army
caftingon them pure graffy turfs, cut from the furface of the
ground, which probably indeed may be the very reafon (as the
learned and ingenious Mr. Dugdale ^ guefles) why there appears
not any hollownefs whence the earth was taken that raifed thefe
Tumuli.

48. Whereof here in Oxford-JJAre I have met with two kinds ;
one placed, as above, on the Pr<ftorian ways ; and the other fort
not fo, yet both commonly called Burrows, alias Barrows, from.
the Saxon Beopj, collie, acervu^, whence our word to bury ', Hence
2\(o the raijed banks, made for Conies to hide themfelves, fays
Sir Henry Spelman, were alfo called Berries ^ Of the firft fort is
the hillock in the Parifti of Fritwelh called Ploughly-bill, ftand-
ingjuft within Oxford-finre on the Port way, and (which isfom-
what more then ordinary) giving name to the ///Wr^^ wherein it
ftands.

49. And there is another on the Weft fide of that branch of
Ahmanfireet th2.t comes out of Woodfiock^^xV, clofe by the Ri-
vulet over which that vv^ay pafles ; but the mcft eminent on Ake-
manjlreet, is that they call 4/?j// ^jrrow^, ftanding high and lofty,
which I conceive might be the Sepulcher of fome confiderable/fr-

« Ihidemrih.\.cap.6. ^ Ibidem cap.j. e VU.Camd.Britan.inCom. Wilt. •> xMr. Dugdale's Anrf-
<\\i\ucsoi\i^ar-xick^fh!re,\nKvightlov: Hundred. ' Vid. Gu/lel. Samncri, Diifionar. S.ixonki Latino A'lgh
in -verbo. ^ Vid. Spdmanni Clajjarium in "jerLo Beriium,

fon~

^i6 The 0\(jitural Hijlory

fon, at leaft of great repute amongft the common people thzt paft
that way; there being another, not far off upon the fame way,
on the edge of Oxford-fiire^ incomparably lefs.

50. Upon thefe their High-rvajs it was alfo ufual amongft them
to place pillars of flone, whereon they infcribed the diftances
from the regal Cities, Stations, and Mutations, whence the phrafe,
adtertium, quartum, vel quintum, ab ZIrhe lapidem, i. e. fo many
7niles from the City. And of thefe I think the fione, that yet lies
on a bankclofeby Akemanjlreet way, not far from AJiallBarrow,
to have been a remnant, and moft likely of any the pedejial of
fuch a Pillar : unlefs we (liall rather think it to have been ■^apedeftal
to a §iatue of Mercury, made with four fides and without arms,
from thence called -n-rfayoi/©-, k«?ao5, or Cyllenius *, and in old time
Hermce, which were alfo ufed every where to be fer up near higli-
vpays ; and if in crofs roads, with as many beads 2iS there were
rvays, ut interdum etiam quairiceps confpiceretur ™.

5 1 . Whatever it were, no doubt this, and the fore-mention'd
Barrows, were of Roman ereftion ; but as for Kenners Barrow near
Shipton under Which-vcood-, the large Barrovp at Stanton- Harcourt,
and that other (if it be one) called Advptl Cop ; I think rather
ereftedbythe Brit ans or: Danes, for that near no high-ways, but
in the open fields, as Saxo-Grammaticws ", and Wormiu^ fay they
made them : Non folum in camfi^ isy pratis cceurrunt Tumuli, fed is
in Silvls (s" Lucis, isrc " i. e. that they have them not only in the
^elds and ineddows, but in the woods 2inA groves too.

52. More particularly, as for Kenners barrow and Adwel cop,
I think themerefted but for inferior C^//^iw5-, though perhaps e-
mment Soldiers, becaufe they are of the r«<^iorei', ex fola terra: But
for that at Stanton Harcourt, if a I^/7«i/5 Monument, it was cer-
tainly a memorial of fome greater Per/on, becaufe of the flones
fetnearit, of which more anon in another place; though it be
poffible too that thefe may be Roman, it being cuftomary for them
to fet up fuch Trophees, at the utmoft bounds of their Vi^ories, or
where they could not conveniently advance them further, as Vion
teftifies, the Roman General J)rufn^ did at the River Albi6, n^oiraxct,
s^OTtjaVgjta/jjjoeP, i, e. that he fet Trophies and returned : which Tro^
phies of his, Vloru6 fays exprefly, were only a Tumulus : Nam Mar.

* l^vini Toireatii Comment. in Horat.Flac. nil Oi/e 10. ^ Uidcm. " SaxomGrammaticiHiflVa-
nica, lib.Z. " Olai Wormii Mo?ium(nt-Danic.lil>. i.caj>.6. ^ DioaisC^JJii Ram.Hift. lib.^^.fiil> i«itium.

coman-

Of OXFO%V->SHl%E, p.j

Comannorum fj>olils infignibu^ qutndam editum tumulum in Troph<£i
modum excoluit^ are his very words ^ concerning the fame Exj^e-
dition of Drufus.

53. However it were, 'cis certain the /wo former of thefe^ arc
much different from thofe erefted on the vUmilitares, {or I found
them trenched round, and particularly that o{ Adivel cop, with
two or three chcumvallaticns, part whereof are ftill vifible on the
South-eaft fide of it, infomuch that I queftion whether there
were not fome Camp^ with this Trophie perhaps of Vi^ory erefted
within it, of which more anon when I come to fpeak profeifed-
ly, of the ancient Fortifications yet remaining in this County.

54. Of other Roman Antiquities that I can certainly call fuch,
themoft eminent^ met with is a part of their pavemtnt made of
fmall hrick§ or tiles^ not much bigger than dice ; whereof the
Roman Generals^ amongft their other baggage^ were ufed to carry
a quantity fufficient to pave the place, where they fet the Pra^tori-
um or Generals Tent, or at leaft fome part of it, which is parti-
cularly witncfled of Julius C<xfar^ In expeditionibfis tejfella^ isr/e-
SiiUapavimenta^ circumtuliffe \

55. Thefe if made of fmall (quzre Marh/es, of divers natural
colours, were called Lithojirota ; butif of fmall bricks or tiles^ ar-
tificially tinged with colours, annealed and polifixd, Pdvimenta
teffellata^ or opu^ Mufivum^; and both Afarota \ for their not be-
ing to be fwept, but wiped with z/punge. As for ours plough-
ed up fomwhere aboutgre^i/Tenc, and engraven Tab. i^. Fig. 22.
I take it for certain to be of the fecond fort , it confifting of a
matter much fofter than Marble^ cut into fquares fomwhat bigger
then dice, of four different colours, viz^ blue, white, yellow^ and
red, 'Alpolified, and orderly difpofed into vc or ks ', the colours
of the fquares being reprefented in the Cut, as. thofe of the Arms
in the Map,

56. There was much fuch another /^^z'^we/?/ ploughed upr at
Steeple- Afion, confifting likewife oi fquares of divers colours, an^
fet in curious figures, but as defcribed to me by the Reverend.
Mr. Greenwood, Reftor of the place, not fw^if^ like the former,
but oblong fquares fet perpendicular to the Horizon. That thefe
Pavements were Roman, I think there's no doubt, notwichftand-

9 L. Jn. Flori Rer- "Roman, lit). i,.eap.\i. ^ Suetonius in vita Juhi Ctejarit . ' SJmafii JmOt. in Sui-
ton.invita'iultiCafarii. '■ Tlin.Sec.Hifi.Nat.lib.x^,c,2<i. - -x- ., ^ r>

*■ mg

jiS The ^Njimral Hijlory

ing found near no Roman Jiation^ and far enough removed from
any Roman high-vray ; (except the branches of Akemanflreet from
from Ram/den and Woodftock.-> might happily pafs thefe places:) but
I guefs not fet here till they wholly poffeft themfelves of this
Southern part of Britan^ and might fecurely enough pafs their
Armies any where ; and therefore cannot afford them any high-
er antiquity than the time of Agricola the Lieutenant of Vefpafian^
who compleated the Roman Conquefts ; or at moft of Paulinfts^
that defeated 5o^^/V^tf.

5 7 . Under the Sepulchral monuments^ or tumuli afore- mention--
ed, railed by the Romans over their dead in memory of them,
they placed the more immediate receptacles of their ajhes^ or at
leaft fome part of them, as much as could befaved in the Vas uftri^
num ; for they were not fo curious as fome have imagined, to
fcrape together all the hones and apes of the Corfs^2i^ may be eafily
coUefted from thefmalnefs of allZ/rw^,but Family ones. Yet over
all their Vrns they raifed not fuch a tumulus; for we find them ma-
ny times in /ez/e/ ground, though containing the remains of noble
Perfons, as may be gueflcd by the Lamps^ Lachrymatories^ and Vef-
fels o{Oyls^ or Aromatical Liquors fomtimes found with them.

58. Of which fort of Veffels^ i prefume that odd fafhioned
g/j/2, dep'iditd Tab, 15. Fig. 23. muft needs be one, found in
a place called bufiy Leas, betwixt Brightwel and Chalgrave, be-
ing part of the polTeflions of that right worthy Gentleman, John
Stone of Brightwel Efq; furrounded with no lefs than twelve of
thofeZ/r«y, 7*^3.15.^^/^.24. both which, amongft many other
fignal favors, were kindly beftowed on me by the fame worthy
ferfon. That the Earthen pt^ Fig.2^. is a Roman Urn, I take to
be fo plain, that it would not need proof, though one of the
four Regal high-ways were much farther removed than Ikfnild way
is, which comes up almoft to Ewelm^ not far from this place;
But whether this glafs contained a lamp, were a Lachrymatories or
a veffel containing water^ or fome Aromatical liquor-, is the great
queftion next to be determined.

59. That the Bodies of great Perfons were ufually accompa-
nied with Lamps Tufzer death, is plain from the Civil Law ", and
to interr Lamps with them, was heretofore fo frequent, that For-
tuniu6 Licetu^ has written a whole Book, Ve recondith Antiquorum

Lu-

E

II

K

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S

5

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)>:^-r-^

-C, ^T_

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. 11.

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•••• :i -•••••■ i. ■■■"'

X t6. . ■

-3-

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I

tai

Mr.
'J'

OfOXFO%T>^SHI\E. 5Z9

Lucernk^ amongft which he mentions one out of Bapthla Pcrta^
called Lucerna Nefidea (from the Ifland where found in Cratere
Neopolitano fitaj which was included within a glafi, and placed
in a Marble ro7«^"', upon the fame account (I fuppofe) that in-
deed all others were ; both as a Symbol of the quality of the/'er-
[on there interr'd, and for the fake of theyow/, which they thought
did not fo quite defert the 3o(^, but that it refted with it in the
grave ^

60. But that ours was fuch a ^/^/} including a /dw/?,l dare not
conclude, more than that it is barely poffible it might be fo, it
feemjng much rather likely to have been ?iphiala Lachrymatoria^ or
tear-bottle, wherein the furviving Friends of the deceafed, col-
lefted thofe paffionate expreffions of their grief, andufually bu-
ryed with them, as is fomtimes fignified in old Infcriptions, by
fome fuch expreflion as. Cum lachrjmh po/iiere^ ; only it is ot a
much different figure from any of thofe defcribed in /oh' Bap.

' Cafalim ^, and ?aulu6 Aringhws ^.

6 1 . x^nd therefore I rather believe it to have been one of thofe
veffels contzinmgfome Aromatical liquor^ fuch as they ufually in-
terred with the Vrns of Noble Families ^, and perhaps a glafs of
the fame kind with thofe three found in a Roman Vrn, preferved
by Cardinal Farnefi^ and mentioned by Vigeneri"" ; Except we
{hall rather think it the veffel for the Aqua luftralis fprinkled by
the Friefi on the Vrns^ to expiate for the fmaller faults of the de -
ceafed*^, which poffibly they might after bury with them, which
waters were o:herwife called arferide aqude^ and by the Greeks,
j^^cia Ay-Tfa, Of ^^f'^^ t>?s vi-x^oii (TimvSi)}^ov^ \ But I rather incline
to the former of the two^ becaufe there feems a kind of white fub-
y?^;zcc yet remaining between the two coats of thegla/^ (it being a

vefel of a peculiar make, one ^/(T/? as it were including another^
which poffibly might be the/ediment of fome fuch Aromatical li-
quor when dryed away.

62. Alfo in the Parifli ofWendlebury I faw a gve:itfquarefione^
hollowed round in the middle, dug up in or near the old City of
Aldce^er, in which there wasfet 2i glafs bottle fitted to it, con-
taining nothing but fomwhat like tf/^^i-, and cover'd over above

* Bapt.Tartts Magta Nat. Lii-i2- cap.u/t. » Fortuwi Liceti de recoiditis A'ltiquorum Lucerms, Lii'-:^.
(ap.6,dr-J. ^ ViJ.Johan.'Bapt.CaffaliumdeVrie,<i;'Ritil>usRomanorum, cap, 21. * Ibidem. =■ Fault
^rhighi Kama fubterranea, I'll). 1,. cap. 22. >> ^'iTThomasEiof/n's Hydriotaphia., cap. '2,, ' Ibidem cap.2.
* Joh.Bapt.CaJaliusdeVThecjrfit'f"'^RomanorHm,ea^.22. * Vid.Joh. Meurfiamdefunere,cap.i:\..

T t with

^p The 3\Cjtural Hijlory

with another broad flat fione : This Vrn I faw at a houfe in the
Town^ where 'tis ufed for a Hog-trough^ but the glajl had been
broken long before, nor could I get any certain defcription of it ;
however, I guefs it fome fuch like veffel with that defcribed a-
bove, and placed there upon the fame or like accounts. There
have been feveral other Z/rw^alfo taken up at divers other places,
particularly in the old Mine zt Blunds Court above-mention'd.
Chap. 6. §.63. at a place called Drunfhil not far fromtFood- Eaton,
but belonging, as I was told, to the Parifli of Marfion^ near the
ridged way that comes from Noke ; and three in one Mr. Finches
houfe at the Mercat--phce in Hen/ji, and one in the high-way that
leads towards the North at the Towns end, not far from Anca/i/e,
which argues thofe places fome of the firft Roman habitations,'
though no recorded garifons .

67,. Nor indeed is there any fuch to be found in this County,
though it cannot but be acknowledged that Oxford it felf muft be
a noted place, before the departure of the Romans at leaft, if the
Roman way thither defcribed in the Map^ prove fo good an ar^
gument to the Reader ^s my felf. Where by the way perhaps it
may not be unworthy notice, that Oxford is mention'd by the Ara-
hian Geographer, Sharif oV Edrifi, or Adrifi (of whofe norks
the Geographia Nubienfis tranilatcd by Gab, Sionita, 2nd j^oh. Hez^
Tonita, is too (liort an Epitome^ by the name of e:>^fe>£ Ozcfort *,
withal adding,that it ftands on the fame river with London (which
river he calls '>so^\Jhj Retandah '^^ 40 miles above it^, which (hews
that Oxfordwzs always a Town of good repute, in the remoteft;
'places^ as well as times,

^4. As for the antiquity of the Vniverfity, befide what was al-
leged §. 30. of this Chapter, I think it very confiderable what
remains upon record in Magdalen College Library, in an ancient
MS of Walter Burley's Fellow of Merton College, (Tutor to the
Famous King Edvp. 3. and defervedly ftiled Dr. Profundus") upon
the Problem [Complexio rara quare fanior'] he has thefe words
(which 111 onld indeed have been mentioned before, Chap. 2. ^. 3.

* Perhaps written <^^_J[^> c Ozcf&rt,{hyz tranfpofition of the Letterswhich many times oc-
curs in wordsof difficult foundjinftead of e^^yJClc Oatfm. f y^ sV U; ^''^•'»''<' feems to
be a fault of the Scribe : whereas the Author probably intended to have it read >g-j ^\ L Tdntixe-, or

Tamlfc. f Shmif Ot Rdrlfi Ceograph. MS. ^ab. fines Reverend. £dw. Pomk, S. /■ P- & ^<:^H- <^0'^-
Chnji. 0x071. Canonicum.

of

Of 0 XF01(T>^S HIXE. ?ji

of this Effaf) concerning the healthy fituation of Oxford, and its
feleftion by 5*We«/j, for the feat of the Mufesi Notanda^ inquit,
funttria, quod Ciwk^sfana eji in Borea isr in Oriente fiplantata efl
aperta, isr in Auftro isr Occidenicfi montofa ; popterpuritatem Bo-
reae, isr Orientis, isr putrefadiiontm Auftri isr Occidentis : ficut
Oxonia, qu<fper induftriam Philcfophorum de Grxchfuerat ordina-
ta s, i. e. that a healthy City muft be open to the North and Eaft^
and mountanous to the South and Wefi ; by reafon of the purity
of the two former quarters^ in refpeft of the latter : juft as Oxford
is feated, which was fcleded by the Philofophers that came from
Oreece.

6 5 . And that according to the rules of their great Mafter Hip-
pocrates, who requires no other, but the very fame fituation for
a healthy City ^. But about what time it was thefe thilofophers
arrived, though I dare not be too confident, yet in all probabili-
ty they might be fomeof thofe Gr^cidtwi brought over by Theodo-
r»5 the Grfe4. Arch-bidiop of Canterbury, about the year 668',
Avhom 'tis like he placed here to inftruft the Saxon youth ; for we
find Venerable Bede. and St. John de Bevtrlaco (alwaies reputed of
this Vniverfity^ to have been his Scholars ; and fo Tobias Bifliop of
Rochefler, znd Albinus Abbot of St. Augufi ins Cant, who are faid to
have underftood the Greek. Tongue as well as their native

one ^.

66. Not to mention that Britan was known to the Greeks be-
fore the arrival of the Romans ; for otherwife Polybim could ne-
ver have hoped tohavedefcribed Britan, or the method there ufed
in ordering 7//?, as we find he defigned, having promifed to

write ''^ ^ BperJccviHav vriaaov, t^ rni i» n^r!irif» ^TVLm^rii ^^ Which

Book though loft, yet Strabo * bears us witnefs, that therein he
refuted the Errors of Viccearchu^, Pythias 2nd Eratojlhenes, con-
cerning the magnitude of Britan, who were alfo Greek Authors
(thatit feemshad vv^ritten fomthing concerning tKis Ifland^ and
much ancienter than himfelf. Nor to note fecondly, tliat the
French Druids (whohad their Learning out of Bri/^«) in things
of common concern, ufed the Greek Cbara^er "" ; which how

8 Inproilematihiu Aiifiot ficutuljim/ai'orem^lagiJhiWilKTliaTley, ad ordinenKtAlphabeti. MS. 6',- ift
Sil>.CoU,'B.MMagdaL Oxon fol.12 l>. •• MstoI" ?S'fCf**'"»¥5*3*'"'"'S bAis , >^ t^ »»(»tsaJ; ■? '^o^tii. Hip-
pocrat. Oper. fefl. 3. cap. ,^ xicuiCaaTm-, -n-TrxK ' Godiapius de Fr^fulib-Ang.invitaTheodori. ^ Matth.
Tatkfr de Avtiquitate Ecclef-Brttan-invitaTheod. ' Polybii Megal. Hiftoriar. //^. 3./). 2C9 Ed:t. If.Ca-
faub.An. 1619. * Strahm. Gcograph. lib. 2- fag. 104. Edit. Cafaub. Taris^ An. 1620. "■ JuJ.defkis
CommtJit. de hello Gallic, lib, 6.

T t 2 they

^^1 The 5^mral Hijlory

they ftiould come by without the learning of the Greeks (which
poffibly might be brought over by fome of their Philofophers who
accompanyed the Merchants trading for r/«,and feated themfelves
here) let the i?e^(/(cr judge.

67. But for the BiJJjopkk. of Oy.on^ it is but of late ereftion,
taken out of that of Z.i«co/;z by King Hm. 8. and of no longer
ftanding than his days, notwithftanding what we meet with in
the Decretals of Pope Gregory ; where we find two Refcripts of
Pope Alexander xht Third, about the year 1 1 5 8. direfted to the
Bifliop of Oxon. ando//?er5", it being but a miftake (though to
be found in all the Copies^ 1 could meet with) of Oxonienfi^ for
Exonienfi^ as plainly appears in the fourth Book, of the fame De-
cretals °, compared with the places afore-cited.

68. Yet the ancienteft 7oit;2 of the whole County I take Co
be Henley^ fo called from the Brittijh Hen^ which fignifies old^ and
Lley -diplace^ and perhaps might be the head Town of the people
called Ancalitesy that revolted to C<rfar ^ : it was alfo called Han-
leganz^ znd Hannehurg^ as appears by an Infpeximws of Q^Eliza-
leth^ granted this Corporation. And there is a place near it, ftill
called Anca/Ile (weft of the Town where the Wind-mill now
ftands) which is but the Norman name, importing the fame with
the Saxon Hanneburg. If it be objedled, that Aldbury near Ricot
in this County (according to vulgar tradition) is the mother of
Henly^ and confequentially o/</er ; it may be anfwer'd, that its
probable indeed that Chrifiian Henley may be younger than Aid-
bury^ in refpeft of a Church firft built there, but upon no other
account.

69. And the Town of Watlingtonkems of no fmall antiquity,
provided its age do but anfwer its Etymologie ; for by its name it
feems alfo to have been an old Britifi City, which according to
Strabo, were nothing elfe but ^roz/ej fenced about with trees cut
down, and laid crofs one another, within which they built them

J/!)eds both for themfelves and Cattle. Uo^ea q twruv ha-iv ol SfVfj,o)^

xaAu^oTwayTOf} s^ <m /SoOTtn'/^ia y.ecm^^fJL^ixn '^^ atC his VCry WOrds .*

which manner of fence the Saxons after called pacclaj- Crates, hur-
dles or wattles, within which mound building them /e«/y or co-

" Decrct de fliis Presiyteror. ordm.di- von. c. Tropojuit. <^de officio, <^ poteft.)uft. deleg- c.Caufam.
" Decret. qui fiHi fwt iegitimiy c.Caufam. P Jutii C^JaritCojiimentar. de ieUoGaUiio, li6.<j. '5 Strabonis
Geographic, lib. 4.

verings^

verings^ by the Saxons alfo called patd '"^« from one of thefe, or
both, 1 guefs this Town took its name.

70. As alfo the Fvditorian orConfular way^ called WatUngftreeti
and Wattle-lank, here in OxfordJlAre^ thefe in all probability be-
ing made the fame way, that Hadrian is fa id to have made bounda-
daries (where Rivers were wanting) between barbarous people,
Stipitibu6 magUM in modum muralisfepis funditus ja6iis atque con-
nexis\ i. e. with great fia\es fet faft in the ground, and knit to-
gether 'tis like with fmaller wood woven between ; which if hap-^
pily made ufe of in thefe ways to keep up the earth at firft,
might well invite the i'^xo;/^ to name them Wattleing-Jireet^ Wat-
tie-bank^ isrc.

7 1 . Juft upon the meeting of Aketnanffreet way, and the Port
way from Wallengford^ there are alfo fome foot-fteps of that decay-
ed ancient ffation^ by Camden called Akhefier^ ftill remaining,
which he gueffes fo called, as one would fay an cldTown ^ But I
have met with {"omcnotes in a MS. now by me, that fays it was
the Seat of A/e^us the Emperor , who having trecheroufly flain
his Friend and Mafter, the Emperor Carauftu^^ bafely ufurped
Britan for himfelf, calling this his new Seat after his own name,
Ale^i Cajirum^ fince Alckfier or Aldcefter : but it feems by the
ftory that it florifli'd not long, for Conflantiu6 Chloru6 being fent
againfthim by the Emperors Dioclefiamnd Maximian^ and by
the benefit of a mift, landing privatly fomwhere on the South
(lioar, near the I/Ie of Wight ("whether Ah^us came to prevent it)
gave him battle, defeated, and put him to flight towards this
his chief Fortrefs, but was over-taken and flain by Afclepiodotus,
one of Co;zf?^«/i%j's Captains (as this Author will have it) here
zt Elsfaid'' near Oxon^ (which he alfo would have a corruption of
AkCius -field') before he could reach it.

72. For the credit of this relation^ it having no fotindation
in the Roman ftory, I fliall wholly leave it to the Readers judg*
ment- ; yet Qiall add thus much for its reputation, that the Roman
military ways lye very agreeable to it ; for on fuppofition, this
confliU happened about /?e^/2«;77, now Ring-wood; or Claufentum,
now Southampton, the Roman ways lye direftly thence to Venta
Belgarum^ now Winchefter ; and fo to Callena^ now Wallengford,

' Gul SoTTtneriDiliionarium Saxonico-Lat-tjivglin'verhu. ' j^liufSpartianM inHadria?io. • Camd,
Britan. in Oxon- " MS.fenes Authtrem.

accord-

51^ The J^atural Hijloyy

according to the Itinerary of Antoninus'" '^ and thence clofe by
Elsfidd loAlchefier^ as defcribed in x\\tMap^ and in ^^. 2 7. and
5 8. of this C/?"2/>/er.

73. Which is all I find remaining of t\\G Romans here, but
fome parcels of their Mony found at many ci\\tT places^ particu-
larly near Dorchefier not far from Dike-hills, near the Fortification
at Idbury^ and Madmarjion-hill in the Paridi 0^ S^^alcliff^ inclofed
with a double 7/j//«OT ; which I therefore judge to have been Ro-
man workS' There is alfo a fmall circumvallation in a Wood South
and by Weft of Harpfden Church, near which place there has alfo
been Roman mony dug up (whereof there is fome in the poffefTion

of the Wordiipful Hall Efq;) and fo likewife about Hor-

ley, Swerford, C hippingnorton^ Teynton, and a Village called Sinet
near Burford, Stratton-Audley, Fringford and Tujmore, and moft
of them, of the Emperors between Cocceif^ Nerva^ and Tbeodofius
thefecond, exclufively.

74. After the departure o^tht Romans came the Saxons into
Britan, and after them the Danes, who alfo made them Works fo
indiftinguifhable {^[omthe Romans (otherwife than by the Roman
mony found near them, as in the former Paragraph) that they can
fcarce be known afunder: So that whatever of thefe For/i;fc(2/i-
ons (at moft places in this County abufively called Barrows) have
no Roman mony found at or near them, I think we muft conclude
cither Saxon or Danijh ; Saxon if fquare, and if round Danifi ;
for fo I find them diftinguifti'd in a MS, Hiftory of /re//7«^ by
E. S. whereof the firft fort he calls Falkinotes, i. e. places for the
meeting of the folk, or people, upon the approach of the enemy ;
znd thehtterD anerathes, i. e. hills of the Danes made for the
fame purpofe*, though I very muchqueftion whether I Cliallfind
thefe forms ftriftly obferved in all places hereafter.

75. Yet I find Tadmerton-Ca^le, and Hookriorton Barrow not
far from it, agreeable to this rule-, the former being large and
round, and the other fmaller and rather a quinquangle than :^ fquare*^
both of them caftup (the great round one by the Danes, and the
lefs fquare one by the Saxons') about the year 9 1 4, when the
Danes in the time of Edward Senior being grown ftrong and nu-
merous, came forth of Northampton and Leicejler, and made great
flaughter of the Englijh- Saxons at ipocl^mcretunc, fays Joh. Brom-

" SesSurton's Map of yJ?;/ow;«»i his Itinerary. '- Hiftory of Ire/and, MS. penes Authorns.

ton.

Of 0XF0%T>^SH1%E. iij

ton^ An. lo.of Edw.Sen^. at l^oficnertune, hys Florentiu^ Pf'i-
gornicnfis^ which he calls Villain Regiam % now Hoke-norton.

y6. As {or Cha/ileton harrow, bythe above-mention'd tm/^, it
lliould be a Fortification of the Danes^ perhaps caft up about the
year i o i ^. at what time Edmund Ironftde met Canutus the Danifh
King hereabout, and defeated him after a long and bloody Bat-
tle, fought at a place called Seorflan hyjoh. Bromton % Sternejiori
and Scerufdan by Matth. We^minfler ^ Sceardan by Florentiu^ Wi-
gornienfis c and Simon of Durham "*, and Sejerjian by Wormiu^ ,
ftomfejer viSioria, and /Ian lapis ; whereof all the reft feem but
corruptions, there being feveral fuch in Denmark^nd Norwaj cal-
led by that name to this day * : which though they all fay ex-
prefly was in HwinSiia orHuiccia^ i. e. Iforcefler-Jhire^ yet I verily
believe it with Camden^to be that (lone not far oft, called Fourfiire
§ione (or elfe that other near it) parting four Counties^ whereof
Worcejier-fiire is one.

77. And as fot x.\\q Entrenchments m MertonWoodSy I guefs
them caft up by King Mthelred^ or the Danes in the year 871. at
what time fays Floren.Wigornienfis^ King /^/^e/re^^ and his Bro-
ther /Elfredy cum paganispugnantes apud Q^etetune % fighting with
the Danes at Mereton (as 1 find this tovpn was anciently written in
the Leigier^ook c^EnJham ^) overcame them, and put their whole
Army to flight. That the Danes had fomwhat to do hereabout, is
further evinced, from one of their (^urs in the hands (if I mif-
remember not) of George Sherman^ of the Town of Bifiter not
far from this place, which I took no care to get engraven^ becaufe
already done by Olaus Wormian \ where the Reader may fee the
exad figure of it : All which put together, and that this place is
near the meeting of two military ways , I am pretty well fa-
tisfied that this Battle between JEthelred^ his Brother /Elfred, and
the Danes, was much rather here, than at Merdon in Wih-Jhire^ as
fome have thought it.

78. And if AdwellCop may pafs for a Fortification, as the En-
trenchments about it on the South-eaft-fide feem to promife,! gueffr
it made about the year i o i o. when the Danes, as Simeon of P«r-
ham teftifies, came forth of their Ships in the month o^ January,

1 In Clirmticojohan. Bromton. Ahhot, Jornalens, in An. lO. Ed. Ssn. ^ Flarentius If^igorttienfis in Anno
$14. * Chroniconfo.Bromto7i/lbh.Jorn. invitaEdmundiFer. lat. b Matth. Wepnon. Flares HiBor. i«
An. io\6. ^ Flor.\V)gor.in An- citato. * Simeon Dunelmevp Hift. dc gefiis Reg. Ang. in eodem. * Ol.
lyorm.Mon.Van.lih- %. MommentoruminterRipenfia 'i- p.i,i,-\. « F/oren.li^igonicnfis in An citato- 'B
Eeg!{fradeEn/ha?n, MS -penes Reverendifimum Decanim (§• Capitulum Eccte[:a Cathedral. Chrift. Oxoni*.
• Qlai Wormii Monument. Danker. li&. i.cap. 'jp. 50. Fig. £.

and

53(5 The 0\(jitural Hijlory

and paffing through the Chiltern Woods,came to OxfcrJ^nd burnt
it'', ere^ingpeThzps this fortified Barrow in the way, where 'tis
like they might meet with fome oppofition, and loofe fome prin-
cipal Captain. As alfo upon Shotover-hill^ where there feems to
have been two other little Barrows^ on the left hand of the road
from Oxfordto London ^th^t fhouldl confefs have been mention'd
before in §. 5 1 . of this Chapter.

79. Butzsfo'c the hrgei^quzve Entrenchments on Callon^-hilh
in the Paridi of Stunsfield (which yet 'tis pofTible too may have
been an old Britifi town, fuch as defcribed by Ccefar^ Oppidum va-
cant cumfylva6 impeditasvallo atquefofia munierunt\ it being much
larger than any of the reft, and having deep holes within, I fup-
pofe, to preferve water') the fmall Fortification under Cornhury
Park-wall , and the large one called Beaumont , near Mlxhury-
Church, encompaffed with a ditch i 70 paces one way, and 1 28
the other ; I can give no account of them^ but that in general 'tis
like they were ForA; of the Saxons^ thefe being ally^i/<7r^, though
the laft by its name (liould indeed be Norman.

80. And fo again for the Fortification commonly called Round-
caftle^ weft of Begbrook Church , but in the Parifti of Bladen^
and Lineham Barrow (between which and Pudlycot^ a Seat of the
ancient Family of the Lacy's, there is a paffage under ground
down to the river) I can fay little of them, but that in general 'tis
moft probable they were made by the Danes (they being both
round) but upon what particular occafion , I could no where
find.

81. Befide the circles of Earth caft up by the I>anes^ there
are others of ^o«6 in many places of this Nation, and particular-
ly one here in the very bounds of Oxford-Jhire^ near Chipping-nor-
ton, in the Parifh of Little Rollwright, the fiones being placed in
manner and form, and now remain as exaftly engraven Z*^^. 16.
Fig. 2222, ina roww^of 'twixt 30 and 40 paces over; the tal-
left of them all (which may be zfcale for the reft) being about fe-
ven foot high. North of thefe, about a Bolts-{lioot off, on the
other fide the hedge, in the County of Warwick, ftands one fin-
gly alone, upwards of nine foot high, in form as defcribed Fi^.
I . and Eaft ward five others, as in Fig. 3 . about two furlongs off,

* Simeon Bwadmenfis J de geftis Reg. Ang. in Amid loio. \ JhIH Ctefaris Commentarior.de leUoGalli-
co, lib. 5.

the

OfOXFO%T)^SHI%E, 5^7

tliehigheft of them all about nine 'foot alio ; meeting formerly at
the top (as drawn by Mr. Camden') with their tapering ends, al-
moft in fliape of a wedge^ fince whofe time there are two of them
fallen down from the reft. Of which ancient Monument (or what
ever elfe it be) he gives us in brief this following account ^.

82. Not far from Burford (he (liould have faid Chipping-norton^
for Burford cznnot be lefs then 7 or 8 miles from it) upon the ve-
ry border of Oxford-fiire^ is an ancient Monument, to wit, cer-
tain huge ftones placed in a circle : the common people call them
Rollrich-ftones, and dream they were fomtimes men^ by a mira-
culous Metamorphofis turned into hard ftones. The higheft of
them all, which without the circle looketh into the Earth, they call
the /r/«^,becaufe he fhould have been King of England (forfooth)
if he had once fetn Long-Compton, a little Town lying beneath,
and which one may fee if he go fome few paces forward.

83. Other/z/eftandingon the other fide, touching as it were
one another, they imagin to have been Knights mounted on horfe-
lack., and the reft the Army. Thefe would I verily think,
fays he, to have been the Monument of fome IWory, and happily
erefted by Rollo the Dane, who afterward conquer'd Normandy ;
for what time he with his Danes troubled England with depredati-
cns,wt read that the Danes joyncd Battle with the Englifi at Hocb-
norton, a place for no one thing more famous in old time, than for
the woful flaughter of theEnglifi in that foughten Field under
the Raign of Ring Edward the elder.

84. That this Monument might be erefted by Rollo the Dane, or
rather Norwegian, perhaps may be true , but by no means about
the time of Edward the elder ; for though it be true enough that
ht troubled England with depredations, yet that he made them in
the days of King Alfred, I think all the ancient Hijiorians agree.
An. 897. according to Florilegu^ ', but according to Abbot Brom-
ton"" a much better Author, in the year 875, near 40 years before
that flaughter of the Englijh in King Edwards days, as will plain-
ly appear, upon comparifonof this with the 75.§.of thefame
Chapter.

85. Therefore much rather thanfo, ftiould I think he ereded
them, upon a fecond Expedition he made into England-^ when he

^ Britamia iaOxfordJh- ' Matth. Wejlmonaft. ;'« Af>, citato. "" Johiift. Brontati Aib.Jorn.invita
A'ltredi.

U « was

3^8 Tbe!N^tural Hiflory

was called in by King Mt be //i an toafTift him (as Thomas of Walfin^
gham witneffes ) againft fome potent rebels that had taken
arms againft him " ; whom having vanquiOied, and reduced into
obedience to their Prince^ and perhaps too (lain the defigned
Kirig of them (who pofTibly might be perfwaded to this rehellion^
upon a conditional P raphe fie of coming to that honor when he
Ihould fee Long-Compon') might ereft this Monument in memory
of theFdf^ ; the grezt fin gle Hone for the intended King^ xht five
jlones by themfelves for his principal Captains^ and the round for
the mixt multitude flain in the Battle, which is fomwhat agreeable
to the tradition concerning them.

86. But if I may give my opinion what I really think of them,
(though I do not doubt much but they muft be a DaniJJj or Norwe-
gian monument') 1 can by no means allow the round o^c other Hones
to be Sepulchral monuments ; For had the Cirque of fiones been any
fuch memorial^ it would certainly have had either a tumulus in the
middle, Iikethe;720««;;z^w/ nearthe way to ^trcfe in ^'e/^wt/, and
of Klangljeen MXzx not far from it °, and another near BoefCl^ilD * ;
o'CTi fione Altar^ as in the nouhle monument o{ Hara Id Hjldetand
near %tivt in Seland^, placed there, hys Wormiu^ (in another
part of his Book) eo fine ut ibidem in memoriam defun^i quotannis
facra paragantur^ thatthey might yearly offer Sacrifices in memo-
ry of the defund, at the place of his inhumation. But neither
of thefe are within Rollright Cirque^ nor could that curious and
learned Antiquary the Worlhipful Ralph Sheldon of Beoly Efq;
(one of the nobleft Promoters of this defigh) whoinduftrioufly
dug in the middle of it (to fee whether he could meet any (ym-
lols or markj^ either who might ereft it, or for what end or pur-
pofe) find any fuch matter.

8 7. For the very fame reafon, it is alfo as certain that it can-
not have been any place adjudicature^ fuch as was ufed in old
time in the Northern Nations^ whereof there is one fo great in
Seland^ as defcribed by Wormiu^^ that it takes up no lefs than fix
and forty great Hones offtupendious magnitude within its cir-
cumference '', and fo does Rollright and more too ; but then it
\\2iS no fione (nor I fuppofe ever had) erefted in the middle ^ot
the Judge to fit on, as thofe always had. Befide thefe Fora^ or

" Tho-deWalfmghamYpoJig^naSeullnie, fut iTiitium. ° Clai Wormii Mon.Danii lib. \ cao. :\. * Jilem
ih.i.cap.6- T^ ldi?»ltl>.i.c«p-'i,. "i OlaiWormii Man. Da»ic.lil>. I cap. 10.

places

Of 0 XFO "SJi^SHIli^E. ^

places of Judicature, (by the Danes called ^mggf; feem always to
have had their jnunbnents o<i ftme, either of a Quadrangular or
Oval Figure, and not to be entered but at tw'O fides, as that at
flD^etl^l'nsmention'dby r^rai/^--, whereas ours is a>c;//^r, and
ftiews no figns of fuch gates.

88. Which perhaps might occafion the Learned Dr. C/^^r/^/o;?;
to judg it rather a Trophie, or Triumphal pile, fet up as a Monurnen]
of fome great ViSiorie', to whom though I cannot but fomwhat
incline, yet am verily perfwaded, that at the fame time it might
ferve alfo for the Ekaion and Inauguration of a King ; and much
rather than the great and famous monument of ^tonc*f ettg on Sa-
leshury Plain ; the very difparities betwixt it and thofe in Dcn^
mark-, brought by himfelf ', being not to be found here. , ...

89. For befide that it is placed (as all fuch Co«r/y of th 6
P^;7e5were) i. Upon arifing^ro«W, for the advantage of /»ro-
/?f^ (that the common people allembled to confirm the fufFrages
or votes of the EleSlors by their univerfal applaufe, and congratu-
latory acclamations, might fee and witnefs the folemn manner of
Ekaion:) 2. Made of huge fiones of no regular Figure. And
thirdly, Having no Epigraph or Infiription cut or trenched in the
(iones, as carrying a fufficient evidence of its dcfignment and ufe,
in the/^«re of ksplatform. It is but zf^ngle Cirque of ftones w\t\i-
ont Epiflyles or Architraves, few of them very high on which
the £/e^or^ might eafily get up to give their /«/r^^,c, as was ufu-
^\\y done m the Northern Nations ; whereas ^totte^f 01x5 is made
up of three circles at leaft (fome fay four) and the ^nes of each
circle joyned with Architraves, whereof there is no exajnple to be
found in thofe Co«/z/rj5.

90. Nowthatthe Northern Nations u^wAly erefted fuch Cirques
of rude ftones for the ele^on of their Kings, is fully teftified by
Olau6 W'ormiu^, Reperiuntur inquit in hi6 ori6 locaqu^dam inquihn^
Reges olim folenni creabantur pompa, qudt cin^a adhuc grandibm
faxi6, ut plurimum duodecim, con^iciuntur, in medio grandiore quo-
dam prominent e, cui omnium fufragiis Eleftum Regem imponebant,
magnoque applaufu excipiebant. Hic isr Comitia celebrabant, ^ de
Regni negoti^^ confultabant. Kegem vero deftgnaturi Eleftores 6^^-
xii infjjiebant forum cingentibws, decreti firmitudinempronunciantes \
i. e. as Engliflied by Dr. Charleton ^.

' '^'t'"' ' ^^i^^' ^l^f""^'*""'^ StOT^rHengxt&iOr^to the Vanes, fag. a6. t jde,n pa" ,"4 " O/
Wmn„Monum,r,t,Danu.l,h. i.caj,. ,2. » Sto?;e.ffeng re&ored to th^ DlJs,fas. i. ^ " ^

U" 2 " 91. In

2^0 The ^Hjitural Hijlory

91. In this County are beheld certain Courts o'i Parliament, m
which Kings heretofore were folemnly eleded, which are fur-
rounded with greaty?o«f5,for the moft part twelve in number, and
one othtrftone exceeding the reft in eminency, fet in the middle ;
upon which (as upon a Regal Throne^ they feated the new cle-
^edKing^ by the general fuftVage of the Aifembly, and inaugu-
rated him with great applaufe and loud acclamations. Here they
held their great Co««a7i-, and confulted about affairs of the King^
dom'. But when they met together to nominate their /fi«^5, the
£/e^or5-ftood upright on ihtftones environing the Courts and gi-
ving their voices^ thereby confirmed their choice.

92. The very fame praSice of the Northern Nations^ with the
Ceremonies of it, are alfo briefly fet down by Saxo Grammaticu^ ,
LeSiuri Regem veteres affixis humo Saxi^ infifterefuffragiaque promere
confueverunt, fubje^orum lapidumfirmitate, faSii conjlantiam oj/iina-
turi % i. e. that the Ancients being about to choofe their King^
ufed to ftand upon Hones fixed in the ground, and thence give
their votes^ by thefirmnefs o'l iht ftones on which they ftood, ta-
citly declaring the /rw«f/y of their A£i» Which manner of eh"
£iion 13 alfo proved of them, by Crantzin^-, Meurfiu^, and Bern-
hardu6 Malincort de Archicancellariis ^.

93. Which places of ehSiion itfeems were held fo Jacred^ as
further teftified by Wormiu^''^, and out of him by Dr. Charleton %
that in times of peace the Candidate King, was obliged de Jure
there to receive his Inauguration^ the place and ceremonies being
accounted effential parts of his right to Soveraignty, and the votes
of his Ele^ors much more valid and authentick for being pro-
nounced in the ufual Forum.

94. But if it happened the King fell in a Foreign expedition by
the hand of x\\q enemy, the /4rwy prefently got together a parcel
of great y?d«ej-,and fee them in fuch a round, as well fomtimes per-
haps for the interment of the corps of the deceafed King, as ele-
6rion oi his fuccejjbr. And this, 'tis like, they did, i. Becaufe
they efteemed an eleSiion in fuch a Forum, a good addition of Ti-
tle. Andfecond, with all expedition, becaufe by the delay of
fuch eleUion too long, irreparable damages many times accrevt^ed
to the 7?^jf>«i^/ic4 thereupon ^; which praftice of the Danes they

" Saxov. OrammaticiHift. Danorum,lib. 1. fKbhiitium. 1 De quibtu I'ide Olaum Wormium, Mon. Van.
iib.t.cap.12.- ^ Ibidem fubpton. * ,S/<?«f-ifi?i!?g reftored totheP.w«,/>. 48- ^ OiWinmii MoH.Dan.
libs I. cap. 12. [ubpmm.

both

of 0 XFO%p'S Hl'KE. m

both confirm, by the authorities of Stephanu^ Stephaniiis^ in his
Commentaries on the firft Book of Saxo Grammaticu^'s Hiftofy of
Denmark.-, and Si^^ningiu^z grave and faithful Writer o{ that Na-
tion, though what they cite of the latter {if that be all he fays)
fcarce proves quite fo much.

95. Befide theereftion of vS/owy in Foreign Nations upon the
iofs of one /fz«^, and ^/^^iow of another, what if Ifliouldadd
that its alfo very likely that the fame might be done at the Invefti-
ture of a Conqueror into a new acquired Principality : Thus v^hy
might not Rollo^ either being compelled as 2i younger brother^ to
\tz\t Denmark, or Norway, as was appointed by the Laiv of thei
former Kingdom, and to feek him a new feat '^ • or forced from
the latter {ox: Piracy by King Harold Harfager, as in the Chronicle
ofNorvray '^ ; I fay, why might not Rollo after good fuccefs againft
rhofe he invaded (as Walfingham fays exprefly he was % though
in another place) be elefted Kinghy his followers, and be inaugu-
rated here^ as well as there, within fuch a circle oi Jlones^ which
bearing his name to this very day, and he being acknowledged
both by Bromton ^ and Florilegu6 ^ to have beaten the Saxons^ and
to have tarryed in this Nation a whole Winter, it is highly pro-
bable he might be.

96. For if we enquire Into the origin of the name of this
Cirque of flones, we {hall find that Kcic^ or ^iit fignifies a King-
dom^ and fomtimes a King^ as (Bfnvtit^ fratD, the Queen, or Kings
woman '' : Whence 'tis plain, that thefe /iones feem ftill to be cal-
led iht fiones of King Rollo, or perhaps rather of Rollo' s King-
dom., for it was cuftomary for them to have fo many Cirques of
ftones zs Kingdoms, though in the fame Country. Thus, as ^or-
miu4 teftifies, there are three at this day in the Kingdom of Den-
mark.'-, one in Seland, another in Scho?ieland, and a third in the
CimZric)^ Territory, becaufe thefe were anciently three diftinft
Principalities, and under the dominion of as many Kings\ as 'tis
certain England wzszKo about this time.

97. And if this conjefture may be allowed to take place, we
arefupplyed alfo with a reafon why we have no tumulus in or neat
this monument, there being no King or eminent Commander {[dJm^
but only a conqueft of the enemy in or near this place, intimated

' TkoWalfmgharnsTpodigmaNeuflriieivpriwipio. ^Vid.Chmkon. Kor^egicum- « Tko.Walfmgkav^f
TpodigmaNeufina^ifiprincip. f Joh.BrowtonAhbat-Jornal.t?iA«.il')- ^ yMth.Weftmon- t;t An.%^-;.
* Vtd. Petri Dajjpodii DJiiiona,. Lat. Gernuv in verh- R£gno- ' Ol. Wormi Men- Dan. Hi. i.(^ 12 ■

by

7i\.z The ^?^tural Hifitry

by the fivejiones meeting in a point at the top ; which perhaps
may be the difpofition intended by Sdxo Grammaticu^^ and out of
him by Wormius^ Cuneato ordine^ which he fays exprefly fignified,
Equeflrium acies ibidem^ velprope^fortunatiwstriumphaffe. ^ i.e. that
Knights or Horfe-men there, or near the place, obtained a glori-
ous Viftory.

98. Yet againft this conjefture I fore-fee there lye two objeSiwns
worth removal, i. That in theie Cirques of /icnes defigned for
the ele^ion of Kings, there was always a iB^Ottgftolen moft times
bigger than the reft placed in the middle of it, as intimated above,
§. 90. And fecondly, that had this place been at firft defigned
for the Inauguration of a Vanifi or Nomegian King, and fuch
places been fo effential to a good title^ as pretended above, §.93.
certainly all the Kings of the Danijh race that reigned after here
in England, would have been either crowned here, or at fome
other fuch Forum ; whereas we have no fuch ISougftoletT in the
middle of the Or^Me ; and befide, find C^««/«tf with great fole-
mnity Crowned zt London, Harold Harefoot here at Oxford (not
far from this Cirque^ and Hardi-Canutelikew\fe at London.

99. To which it may be replyed, that though not placed in
the Cirque, yet here is a Bongftolcn not far off, which 'tis like
was not neceflary fliould be fet within it ; for I find the place
where the new ekSied King ftood and fliewed him/elf to the peo-
ple, at the Forum for this purpofe at %tiVZ in Seland, to have been
without the Area, as our BongCtolen is. Area fax'/s undique cin5fa
Coronationi Regum deputata vicinum hahet Collem, cui Coronatu^jam
infifiebat jurapopulo daturu6, isr omnibus confj>iciendum fepr<xbituru6 ',
i. e. that the Area encompaifed w\\.\\ftones defigned for the Coro-
nation of their Kings, had a Hill near it, whence the new Crown-
ed King gave Laws, and fliewed him/elf to zhepeople ; it feeming
indifferent from hence , and another fuch like hillock called
'STroUebarol^O^, whereon the King alfo ftood, at the place of
fuch ele^ion near Lundie in Scania "", whether he afcended a /lone
or 7nount of eartb ; within, or without the Area, fo he thence
might be feen and heard by the people.

100. And to the fecond Objection it may be reafonably an-
fwered, that the Danes by this time having gotten the whole
Kingdom, and fuch capital Cities as London and Oxford were,

" Idem lii. i.caf.^. ' Idemlib.i cap.'^. " Idem lib. i. cap i2.

might

Of OXFO%T)^SHl%E. j45

might well change the places of their Coronations : Befidc, C^nutws.
and the reft w^ere much greater perfons, and more civilized than
Rollo and his crtvo^ can be prefumed to have been ; for befide that
he lived above a hundred years before them, we find him (though
the fon of a Norwegian 9l0?H, or Earl') a great Pyrate at Sea ", and
little better then a Robber by Land ; well might he therefore be
contented with this Inauguration, after the old barbarous faftiion,
having gained nojfi/^ wherein it might be done with greater fo-
lemnity. • ft^-^''

I o I . But as for the Jlones near the Barrow at Stanton-Harcourt,
called the Derjils Coits^ I ftiould take them to be appendices to
that Sepulchral Monument, but that they feem a little too far re-
moved from it ; perhaps therefore the Barrow might be caft up
for fome Saxon, and the fiones for fome Britans (lain hereabout
Caut vice verfaj at what time the Town of Gisnerham, about a mile
off, as Camden informs us, was taken from the Britans by Cuth-
wolf the Saxon ^ Which is all I can find worthy notice con-
cerning them, but that they are about eight foot high, and near
thebafe^twtn. broad ; and that they feem not natural^ but made
by art, of a fmall kind of Jlones cemented together., whereof
there are great numbers in the Fields hereabout ; which makes
thus much for the conjefture concerning thofe at Stone-Heng,
that they may be artificial, it being plain from thefe, that they
could, and did do fuch things in the ancienter times.

1 02. Thereftandsalfoaftone about half a mile South-weft of
Enfton Church, on a Bank by the way-fide between Neat-Enfion
and EulwelU fomwhat flat, and tapering upward from a broad
bottom, with other fmall ones lying by it ; and another near the
rozdbetwiyit Burford znd Chipping-norton, which I guefs might
be erefted for the fame purpofe with the two former, as above-
mention'd: Unlefs we (liall rather think, both Mf/e and them to
have been fome of the Gods of the ancient Britans, as the Reve-
rend and Learned Dr. Siillingfeet thinks it not improbable thofe
Pyramidal fiones-) mention'd by Camden in Torhcfiiire, called the
Devih bolts^, fomtimes were. And fo likewife Stone-Heng m
Wihfiire, which he judges neither to he^ Roman Temple, nor Da-
niJI) Monument, but rather fomwhat belonging to the Idol Marko-

" VU-Chranicon-Norwegicuffi. " Vid.CamdBritar. in Oxfordjh- ^ Idem in Cm/i. Eiof .

2^zj. 77»e J^amral Hiflory

lis, which ^Mx/or/ faith the Rabbins called o'Sip n»3 Jomum KoUs'^;
of which more hereafter when I come into zhdt County ; and into
Kent, whtieof Kits-cotji-houfe, which I take to be ^n Antiquity
ofthe fame kind.

103. That the Britanshng before the arrival of the Romans,
were acquainted with the Greeks-, has fufficiently I guefs been
made appear already, §1. 66. of this Chapter ; and that long be-
fore that they were known to the Phoenicians, and all the Ea^ern
Countries, is plain out of Sfrabo ■", and Bochartu^ % and by com-
parifon of the Learning and Religion of the Druids, with thofe of
the Indian Brachmans. Now that it was the ancient cuftom of all
the Greeks tofetup unpolijh'' dftones inftead of Images, to the ho-
nor of their Gods, we have the teftimony of Paufanias in thefe

words lOt Q fTi ma.Xano'nsst. , (^ to?s 'mumv Emcctj, tijI^j GeA a.vri iLyiShi^

il')Qv apyl ?\.l.%i\ i.e. that unhewn flones amongft all the Gr^ecians,
had the honor of Gods inftead o^ images ^ more particularly the
fame Author after ts, that near the Statue of Mercury there were 30
fquare ftones, Tirep-ynvoi ?^i^i T^cajy^TO, which the Pbarii worftiipt,
and gave to every one of them the name of a GoJ".

1 04. That the Arabians and Paphians alfo worChip'd fuch like
Gods., islikewife witneffed by M^x/V;?^ Tjriv^y. Aes^^oi oiCymjMy^

ovtivccSi GVKoTSk,' S si ciyt,'K\ig.o eTShv, Xi^@* ItZ riTfayoovO^. Petflonri fx^v A-

i. e, that the Arabians worfhip'd he fcarce knew what God , but
that he faw amongft them was only a fquare [lone \ and that the
Faphians worftiip'd Venus under the reprefentation of a white
Pyramid.

105. And Herodian defcribing the Worjhip of HeUgabalus at
Emefa in Phoenicia, faith, that he had no kind of Image after the
modern Greek, or Roman faftiion made by mens hands, ^'6©*

Si Tis'^ f^yi<r^> iSt'TwS'ey t^(pe(ir.i, Ajfjwr eU o^UTiiac, xavoeiSit cunu ^(iff-^y

I. e. bur a great /lone round at the bottom, and lefleningby de-
grees toward the top, after the manner of a Cone. To which
add, that Peter della Valle, in his late Travels into the Indies,
faith, that nx. Ahmedahad there was a famous Temple of Mahadeu.,
wherein there was no other Image but a litde column of ftone af-

1 Job. Buxtorfii Lex. Talmud. i7iv. Markplit. r Stratoyiis Geography, lib. ■i.png.\~<i- 'Edit. If- Cafaulr.
Pans,z^n. 1620. ' Sam.Bocharti Ccog Sacr .part. 2, lil>. I. cap. ■!,<). ' nut/m/in Afi^Mit^.pag. 22^. Edit.
Silburg. » Jhidem. * MaxTfriilUJjert.Pbilojoph.iZ.f 584- Edit. Dan. Hehifti. " HeroJiani Hifio-
riar.lib J./)tf^. 114. Edit. Hen. Stephaw.

ter

OfOXFO%^T)^SHI\E. 14-5

ter a Pyramidal form; which Mah a Jeu^ he faith, in their Lan-
guage fignifies the great God^^ And after this fafliion, he faith,
'tis the cuftom of the Brachmans to reprefent Mahadeu ^

1 06. All which being put together, efpeciallyas recommend-
ed by fo Learned a Perfon as the Reverend Dr. Stillingfleet^ have
prevailed with me much : However, the Reader is free to ufe his
judgment, whether they are memorials of the dead^ as common-
ly thought, or reprefentations of the Deities of the ancient Bri-
tans^ given them by fome Companions of the Eaftern Merchants^
trading hither for 77//, to the C afjiterides .

107. Other Antiquities contemporary with the y^o^ei- above-
mentioned, I met with none here in Oxford-fiire^ but thofe three
Rings lincked one within another, and engraven by miftake a lit-
tle out of their place, Tab. \6. Fig. 4. for that they are not like to
be Britijh or Roman^ I think is pretty certain. The Britans^ 'tis
true, ufed Rings inftead of Mony^ yet as Cdefar teftifies, they were
only of Iron^. And though the Romans^ amongft their other
dona militaria, did ufually give Calbeos ^ five armillas^ bracelets,
yet they were conftantly I find, either of gold or filver ; where-
as ours^ as in number, are of three different materials ; the largeft
copper-, the fecond iro/7, and the lead ^reewg/^/j, or fome ^o«^ of
that colour.

108. It remains they muft therefore be either Saxon or Vanijh^
but whether of the two, we muft not hope to determin, fince we
find fuch rings ufed by both Nations. That the Saxons had fuch
bracelets., is plain from King /Elfred^ who notwithftanding he
came to the Kingdom, long habituated as it were to rapines and
murders, yet brought it before his death into fo goodapofture,
(as is learnedly made out, and by what degrees he did it, in that
excellent i^/i?or)/ of his Life, now in the /^re/j) that he could, and
did hang up fuch bracelets of gold in the high-ways, which no
Traveller dared touch, ^ifredus/'er publicos aggeres, ubi femit<x
finduntur in quadrum, Armilloijubebat aureat appendi, ut Viantium
aviditatem irritaret, cur non effet qui ea6 acciperet, fays Florikgu^
of him''. Where, by the way, perhaps it may not beamifs to
note, that thefe Rings were drawn out of the River Cberwel with
a Fi(hing-net, near Hampton Gay, not far from the meeting of

1 Pet-dellaValleVtaggi^p.-i, Lett.i. §.i5./>. 107. ^ Ibidem. * "j ul.Citfaris Comment, de hello GaUUa,
lih •!j. l> Vid-SextiTomp.FeJlijFragment.litro:^. « Matth.Wefimon.FloresHifi. in A».i^2..

X X fuch

^^6 T^he O^tural Hi/lorj

fuch ways at Kirkji^gion^^nd kindly beftowedon me by my wor-
thy Friend Mr. Barry^ amongft fome other matters of like nature,
though not fo fit to be mentioned here.

109. And that the Danes Ah made the fame Experiment of the
innocency of their people,and of univerfal peace & freedom from
rapine, is as manifeft out of Saxo Grammaticii6^ who fays exprefly
of Froth the Great^ Vt uniufcujufque remfamiliarem a fur urn incur fu
tutam prde^aret^ Armillam unam in Rupe, isfc'^ . i. e. that he might
preferve every mans Goods from the fpoils of thieves znd robbers^
hung up a bracelet of gold on the rock, called after his own name,
Frothonispetram ^ and another in the Province of Wig^ threatning
great feverity to the Prefidents of thofe Countries^ if they (liould
be taken away. They ufed them alfo (XiVtiht Romans^ as re-
wards of valour^ as appears from the proffer of King Roricm^ of
hisjix bracelets to any man that would undertake the Champion of
the Sclavi (his Enemies) challenging any man in his Army ^ ; and
fomtimes too as rewards of Wit^ as the fame Author informs us,
Wiggo being honor'd with a great Armilla by Rolvo Krage^ for a
Jeft ^; and Refo^ by Goto King of Norway, ideo tantum quod eum
cultiu6 isr familiar iu6 habuijfet ^.

no. J\\t{t ArmilU, the Danes 2nd other Northern Nations
accounted fo facred, that as Bartholin informs us out of Arngri-
mws^ the I/landers ufually fwore upon them, Cuja^ religionis fuit
ritU6, ut juramentum prcejiituri^ adhibiti^tejiibu^ Annulum in Ara De-
orum affervari folitum^ isf in for 0 Judiciali ajudice fupremo in bra-
chio ge/iatum^ hojliarumque fanguine ilUnituin^ attreEiarent^^ i. e.
that the manner of people to he from was, that before witnefi they
(liould lay their hands on a certain Ring, ufually kept upon the
altar of their gods, worn upon the arm of the Chief Juftice (whence
'tis plain it was an Armilla^ and fmeared over with the blood of
their Sacrifices. And Ethelwerdm and Ajferiu6 both acquaint us,
that King Rlfred h2\\ng gotten confiderable advantage over the
Danes., made them fwear (befide on his own Reliques) in eorum
Armilla facra^ quod c<£ter arum Regionum Regibus fecere nunquam\
i. e. upon their holy bracelet, which they had never done before
to the Kings of any other Nation.

i Saxon. Gram. Hiji. Dan. lib. '^.p.^SEdit.Operin. ' jdemUb.-^.fag.i^- D. ' Jdem/i6.2. pag.i6 C.
e Idem Ith.^.pag.SyC- ^ ThoBartholiJii Schedion de zyirmillis veterum, ^, J .p.<)^. > Chronicorum E-
thcl'vjerdii lih, 4., /;; An- 876- vid^ etiam Ajferium MenevenJ. in eodem An.

III. Which

Of 0 XFO%p-S Ht%E. 547

111. which ArmilU it feems were fomcimes fingle, and fom-
times curioufly link'd together. Thus the fix bracelets of King
Roricus above-mentioned, are faid to have been, ita mutuls next-
bus involutas ut ab invicem Jequefirari nequirent^ nodorum inextrica-
biliter ferie cohderente \ i. e. fo inextricably involved one within
another, that there was no parting theni. The Learned Bartho-
lin alfo informs us, that fomtimes the Armilla had a Ring hung
to it. Ejitamen Axmilldi [um quandoque circulu6 ^ : And that when
rings are thus hung to bracelets^ there is always fome my^lery in it,
quod annuli Armillps ferejungantur non caret myjierio ™. Where by
Armillje he means 4^Mia, or -^^^mcc, ornaments for the mifis^
and by annuli and circuity ornaments for the fingers : ArmilU id
brachio pd^Jlant^ quod digitii annuli ", i. e. that bracelets have the
fame ufe on the wrift^ that rings have on t\\t finger.

112. Now that ours wdtszn Armilla, is plain enough, for
that the great Copper ring is of fomwhat above three inches dia^
meter, and big enough to encompafs any ordinary mans wrift *
the leifer iron one, ^nd green ring of glafs^ being additional orna^
ments, efpecially the latter, which queftionlefs was put on to re-
prefent an Emrauld ; that fort of §ione, as Pignorius and Bartho-
lin both teftifie, being much ufed in bracelets " : which makes me
think it the bracelet but of fome ordinary perfon, the Armilla it
felf being copfer^ with which, faith Bartholin, only the vulgar
adorned themfelves, ArmilU oereje, plebe^e cen/end<£ funt^^'dnd thd
appendent glajl but a counterfeit /^it-e/.

113. For eminent places in this County^ during the Govern-
ment of the Saxonsznd. Vanes mBritan, we may reckon firft Ban-^
hury^ then called Banerbyj^^, where Kenric^ the fecond Weft-Saxon
King, about the year 540, put to flight the Britans, fighting (ot
their lives, eftates, and all they had ^. After the Conqueft^ about
the year 1 1 25. it was ftrengthned with a Caftle by Alexander the
then great Bifhop ol Lincoln ; and fince that, Jan. 26. 1° Mariae^
made a Burg or Burrough confiding o^ a Bayliff, 12 Aldermen,
and I iBurgefes, in recompence of their faithful fervice done td
the faid Queen Mary (as 'tis expreft in their Charter) in manful-
ly refifting John Duke of Northumberland that rebelled againft
her ;, whence 'tis plain this Torvn was ever zcaloii6 in. matters of

^ Sax Gra7tt. Hift. Van. ttt. 3 p. 2.\.. D. Edit. Operini. * Tho. Bartholin. Sihedion de Arm. Vet, §4. p.41 •
"> Idem § 4. m frincip. ° Ibidem. ° Vid. Laurentium Vignorium de Servis. Et Bartholpi. Schi'diOH cie Ar-
mill- §. 3./>. 37. P /dem§. 3. de ArmiUarumtnateridjp. 32. 1 Camd.Britan, m Oxf.

X X 2 Rt-

^4-8 The ^^(jtural Hijlory

Religion^ of what perfwafion foever they were , heretofore as
well as now. Since again on the 8 o{ Junz^Jac. ^, it was made
a M-^]or Town^ confifting of a Major ^ 1 2 Aldermen^ and 6 Capi-
tal B urge fes.

114. And fecondly, Benfon, ■alhsBene/ingtune*^ which i^j-
rian (fays Camden^ calls villam Regiam^ the Kings Town^ and re-
porteth that Ceaulin^ the third King of the Wefl-Sixons, about the
year 572, took it from the Britans, which his fucceflbrs kept
200 years after, till they were difpoffeft again by Offa the great
King of the Mercians \ And thirdly , though Dorche^er has
its name from the Britifi Dour , which fignifies water , and
therefore called by Leland^ Hjdropoli^ ; and feems to have been
known to the Remans by the mony found thereabout, and the Z,^-
/i« termination r<'/?er, which, fays Zf/dr/z<i, the6'^xo;z5 applyed to
Cities zs well as Fortifications' ; yet it never came to its height till
Birinu^^ an. ^ 1 4. was feated there as Bidiop of the PPW-Saxons,
by Cyni^elj-e their King, whom he had newly Baptized, and Of-
rraldKing of Northumberland^ God-father to Cynigelfe\

115. About this time the Town of Berencefter^ alias Bernce-
Jler^ in Saxon Bupencearrep, and Bepnacertep, which I take to have
been its primitive names, feems alfo to have been raifed, and to
have taken its name ,as fomehave thought, from the fame BiHiop
Birinus^ quafi Birini caftrum : But I much rather believe it fo caU
led from 5^r/z-irW, or Forreft, mention'd by5e^e", Florilegus^
and Wigornienfis ""^ upon the edge whereof it wzs then feated,
nor is now far off it ; after which perhaps from St. Eadburg^ to
whom the Priory there was, and Parifi Church is now dedicated,
it changed its name to Burgcefier, and fince that to Burce/Ier, now
Biffeter.

116. The Town o^ Bur for d^ in 5^xo« Beoppop&, feems alfo to
have been a place of good Antiquity^ but moft remarkable for a
battle ^oxight near it, about the year 750% perhaps on the place
ftill C2\kd Battle-edge^ Weft of the Town betwixt it TkndVpton ;
between Cuthred or Cuthbert^ a tributary King of the Weft-S^xonSy
and Ethelbaldthe Mercian^ whofe infupportable exactions the for-
mer King not being able to endure,/?'^ came into the Field againft

* Will. hUlmesiurienf. dc geftis Reg. Ang. lit- I- cap-Z- ^ Camdeni Britan. inCom.Oxon. ' Lelcndi
Comment. in Cygneam Cant. inij-Hydrtfolis. ' Ven Beda Hift. Ecclefi<£Gent, Ang.Ul'.Vcap.']. '' Chro-
no/ogia Saxovica, in .^n^2l. * Mat.Wepnon. ^ Florent.Wigorn. in At. 918. " Rog. Hoveden Annai.
part.frioriin A>i. citat.

hiw.

Of 0X^0 T{V^S Hi Tig. '^^^

^im^ met, and overthrew him here about Burford^ winning his
Banner wherein there was dt^'xditd 2 golden Dragon^ ; in merno--
ry of which Vi^orj, perhaps the cufiom (yet within memory) of
making a Dragori yearly, and carrying it up and down the/oirrt
in great jollitji on Midfunimer Eve, to which (I know not for
what reafon) they added a Gyant^ might likely enough be firft
inftituted.

117. After the Conqueji, I find it the Town of Rolert Earl of
G keener, bafe SontoKing//e;?r;' the Firft, to whofe Son William
I have feen an Original Charter granted him by King Henr. 2. gi-
ving to this his Town of Bureford^ Gildam (sr omnes conjuetudinis
quas habent liberi Burgenfes de Oxenefcrd; moft of which it has
fince loft, and chiefly by the over-ruling power of Sir Lavi^rente
Tanjield^ Lord chief Baron in Queen Elizabeths time : Yet it ftill
retains the face of a Corporation^ having a common Seal^ (cfc. the
very fame with Henley^ as defcribed in the Map^ if they differ not
in colours, which 1 could not learn.

118. As for Wudu/Ioke-) or JVude§loc^ 5'i7x. pu&ercoc (i. z.locu^
fylvejiri^) now Woodjicck, it feems to have been 2 feat Royal evtr

fince the days of King /Elfred, it appearing by a MS. in Sir j^ohn
Cotton's 'Library, that he tranflated Boetius de Confolatione.
Thilofcphide^x.herc'-. Nay , fo conf^derable was it in the time
of King /Etheldred^ that he called a Farlidmertt there, and En^
afted Laws^ to be feen amongft that colledion of ancient Lavas fet
forth by Mr.L(77;7(^£7r<^\Whence itmayalmoftbe certainly conclu-
ded, that here muft have been a houfe of the Kings of England.long
before the days of King Henry the Firft ; who yet 'tis like indeed,
was the firft that inclofed the Park with a wall, though not for
Deer^ hutzW foreign wild Bea/ls^ fuchzs Lyons^ Leopards, Caj?7els\
Linx's, which he procured abroad of other Pririces ; amongft
which more particularly, fays William of Malmtsbury, he kept a
Porcupine^ hifpidis feti^ cooper tam^ quoi in Canes infe^antes natura-
liter emittunt^^ i.e, cover'dover with fharp pointed ^/7/i,which
they naturally flioot at the dogs thzt hunt them.

119. Of the Town of Thame, anciently Tamerpopfca, I could
find little, till about the time of Edward Senior, An. 921, whert
the DaniJJj Army out of Huntingdon came hither and erefted fotlie

T camd Btitan irtCom Oxon. * MS.inBil>lwth. Cottoniana, fubOtlmie A * Afx«i^">i*i>i6u/. Ldnj'
hardjfol'ii- ^ V/ill Mtilmisbmenj. delienr.i. lib-^.

kind

-,^0 The O^atural H'lftory

kind o'i Fortification ; but at this time it feems it was fo confidcr-
able, that it had the reputation of a Burg ; for King Edward com-
ing againft it the fame year, his Arjnji is faid to have befieged the
^i/;-^ and taken it, andtohave flain the VaniJ/j King, EarlTojlor,
and Earl coannan his fen ^ his brother^ and all others whatever with-
in the Town ". And again, An. i o i o . when the Danes over-ran
moft of this part of England^ we find this Town amongft others
to have fuffered much by them. '*.

12 0. Ohippingnorton^ anciently Ceapan-nepcime, y^-as alfo moft
certainly a Town of note in the i'<2xo«i days, as one may gather
from its name, it being fo called from Ceapan Emere^ to buy or
cheapen^ fo that it implies as much as Mercat Norton^ or Norton
where the people ufually cheapened Wares. And Whitney^ now
Witney^ feems to have been a Town of good repute before the
Conquefi^ it being given about the year 1040. to the Church of
St. Swithins Winton : with eight other Manors, by Alwinm then
Biftiop of that See^ who for his over-familiarity with Emma Mo-
ther to K. Edirardthe Confefor^ was caufelefly fufpefted of Adul-
tery with her : Of which fufpition Queen Em?na purging herfelf
and him by the Fire Ordeal^ of walking bare-foot over nine red-
hot plough -fiares without hurt; in thankfulnefs ('tis faid) they
each gave nine Manors to the Church of Winchefier^ which are all
named by Mr. Dugdale, Witney being one of thofe given by Al-

winu6 ^.

121. And the neighboring Town of Bampton^-AncientXy Bcmcune,
feems to be of much about the fame antiquity, yet neither can I
find any higher Record of it, than of Leofric Chaplain to King
Edward the Confe for, who An. 10/^6. upon the union of the Bi-
fhopricks of Criditon and Cornwall and both of them tranflated to
Exeter, whereof he was made the firft Bifiop, quickly after gave
to this his new Church his lan& aec Bemtune f, to which it belongs to

this very day.

122. Which is all I could meet with of the Towns of Oxford-
fjire before the Conqueji (for after long fearch I could find no-
thing of Deddingtonj till about the Reign of King Edw. 2. where-
of when I come to fpeak of the Ca^le there) concerning which
I could have added much more, and brought their Hifiorji down

* ChromlogfaS.xxonica, in /In. 921, i 'Jah.BremtOH AU Jornalin AH.citat. ' Mom aft ki Anglic anl,
I'ol I . i7tter Addenda.^ag. 980. i E Cod. vet. MS- m Bib. Bod- Jul. Med. lio. i»trincif.

to

Of OXFO\V^SHl%E. 5^1

to thefe times, as above mBanhury\ only that ^ and whatever
elfe is worthy notice of them, may be found in fome other moderfi
Hijiories.

123. Yet before we come to the times fince the Conque/i, let us
firft remember that the Town of Iflip^ i'dfx. Gightrlepej orGibcrleptj
muft needs be of good repute in thofedays, for Camden fays ex-
prefly, and fo do feveral other Authors^ that ¥<\ng Edward th^
Confefjbr was born there, which they prove from his Original
Charter o^ Refloration of the Abby of PTe^irhin^er^ wherein hd
gives to this his new Church the Town of I/Iip^ with the additi-
onal Claufe of [//^e place where he was bom ^'] which though, 'tis
true, Icouldnotfind in Mr. I?«^^^/e^, yet here remaining fome
foot-ftepsof the ancient Palace, and a Chappel now put to pro-
fane ufe, called the Kings Chapel, and the Tovph ftill belonging to
the Church of Wefiminjier, there is no great doubt to be made of
the thing, tradition it felf being not like to be erroneous in a mat-
ter of this nature, though there were no fuch Charter to prove
the thing alleged, which yet we have reafon to believe there is-,
or was, though not produced by Mr. Dugd&h.

124. In the C/6j/e/ above-mentioned, ndt many years fince,
there ftood (as was conftantly deliver'd down to pofterity) the
vtty Font, wherein that Religious Prince, St. Edward tht Confef

for, received the Sacrament o^Baptifm : which, together with the
Chapeli in thefe latter days being put to fome indecent at leaft, if
hot profane ufe, was carefully and pioufly rcfcued from it, by
fome of the Right Worfhipful Family of the B'O^n^ of Netbet
Kiddinglon, whereit now remains in the garden of that Worthy
Gentleman Sir Henry Brown Baronet, fet hahdfomly on a pede/ldl
as exactly reprefented Tab. 1 6. Figi 6. and adotned with a Poeni
rather pious than learned, which yet I think 1 had put down,
but that it is imperfeft.

125. which holy King Edward was the flrll: to Whorti was
granted the gift of Sanation, only with the touch of his hand, of
the Difeafe called the Struma, or Scrofula, and in Englidi UpoH
this account, the Kings Evil ; which as a mark of Gods moft efpe-
cial favor to this Kingdotfj, has been tranfmitted with it, as an he-
reditarj gift to all his Succeffors : Every facred hand in all Ages evef
fince, that has held tht Scepter of this moft happy and now flo^

* Camel, Briton. itiCom.Oxon. * Vid- MonaP'tcort Angl.vol.X. p. 59.

riftiing

^52. The O^atural Hijlory

tiihing Kingdom, having been fignally bleftby divers and undoubt-
ed Experiments of healing that Difcafe.

I 26. Before they touch for this difteniper, they have aWays
Praters read (utable to the occafion^ both which when performed,
the King forthwith beftows on every Patient^ a piece of Angel-
^o/Jpurpofely coined, and put upon a w/^i/e riZ'/'o« to be hung a-
bout the neck ; which as long as worn prefer ves the virtue of the
touchy though Dr. Tooy^er will have it only, Sanitath jymbolum in-
choat<e^ isr Eleemofj/n<£ facrd^ monumentum\ i. e. a mark that the
Cure is already begun, and a lading memorial of the Kings chari-
ty and piety to the poor patients.

127. However it be, that this was the cuftom ah initio, I take
to be plain from that piece of Gold of King Edrvard the Confeffor,
Tab. 16. Fig. 5. found in St. Giles's field in the Suburbs o^Oxon.
having the initial letters of his name over the hinder part of the
head, and twofmall holes through it, as if defigned to be hung
on a ribbon for the purpofe above-mention'd, the holes being
ftrengthened with Gold Wire fattened round them, and to the
piece it felf, much after the faQiion of the ejie of a mans doublet,
as exadtly defcribed in the Figure, utfupra^ which piece was lent
me by that courteous Gentleman Sir John Roleman Baronet, in
whofe poiTefTion it now remains at his Houfe near Northam-
pton.

128. From King Edv^ard the Confefforshemghovn 21 I/lip, 'tis
eafieto colleft, that his Father King Mthelred muft neceffarily
have had a Royal Seat there, as in all probability likewife at Hed-
dington near Oxford', for though Tradition now goes, that it was
hvLliht Nurfery of the Kings Children, whereof there remains
yet upon the place fome figns of foundations in a Field near the
Town, called Court-cloje ; yet it is plain, that King Mthelred did
fomtimes at leaft refide there himfelf, for he concludes a Char-
ter, or fome fuch like Infirument, wherein he grants Privileges to
the Monaftery of St. Fridefnide here in Oxon. of his own Rejlo-
ration, in Englilhthus, Cl^ijSpntilegetDajSiDttl^atl^eliinton, and
after in Latin, Scripta fuit hdec Cedula juffu prdifati Regpi in villa

Regia qu<e appellalur, die o^avarum heati Andre^e Apofloli,

hi6 confencientibus p quifubtus not at i videntur. Ego i^thel-

redus Rex hocprivilegium, isc ''.

' GulTovkfri CharifmafivedonmnSaTtationis^Reg.Ang.cotlituiconceffum- " Monajlkon AnglictUtVol.
1 ■ inter addr"' • *» <*''«

loQ. Be-

Of OXFORD ^SHI'B^E. 555

129. Befide thefe, the Kings of England had feveral other
/e^/i within this County (not to mention again that WcodJiock.^'zs
one, or that old Alceffer was the feat of Ale^ui') fuch as Beau-
mont, juft without the fuburbs of Oxford^ the Birth-place of the
valiant King Richard the Firft. Langhy^ upon the edge of the
Forefio^U^hichvpoody a feat, as Tradition has delivered it down
to us, of the unhappy King yohn^ who perhaps during the time
of his Refidence here, might indeed build the Caftle of Bampon^
which alfo Tradition informs us was of his foundation. And
Evrelm^ built indeed by William Ve la Pool Duke of Sufolk.-> who
marrying Alice the daughter and heir of Thomas Chaucer, had a
fair Eftate hereabout ; but after, upon the attaindure of John
Earl of Lincoln^ and Edmund hh brother. Grand-children to the
Duke, it came to the Crovpn in the days of KingFewr. 7. and was
afterward made an Hb«or, by laying unto it the Manor of Wal-
lengfordf and feveral others, by King Hen. 8. All which houfe^ are
mark'd out in the Map^ by the addition of a fmall Imperial Crown
placed fomwhere near them.

130. As all places that gave title to ancient Barons, moft of
whofe Families long fince have been extinguiQrd,are mark'd with
2. Coronet; fuch are, i. The Baronies by zncient Tenure , which
were certain Territories held of the King, who ftill referved the
Tenure\n chief to himfelf : w^hereof the ancienteft in this Coun-
ty were thofe of Oxford and St. Valeric, the head of the latter be-
ing the Town of Hoke-Norton ^, both given by the Conqueror to
Robert D'Oyly who 2iCC0vc[^?LVAtd kim oMt of Normandy^. 2. The
Barony of Arfic, belonging to Manafer Arfic, who florifh'd An.
1103. 3 Hen. 1. the head of which Barony was Coggs near Witney,
Sunmerton and Hardrvick. in this County, being other members of
it. 3. The Barony of Hedindon, now Heddington, given the
25 of Henr. 2. to Thomas Baffet in Fee-farm, whofe Son Gilbert
the Founder of Bifeter Priory, in the firft year of Richard the
Firft, was one of the Barons that attended at the Coronation. And
thefe are all the Baronies of ancient Tenure that were heretofore
in Oxford'fiire.

131. In the beginning of the Reign of King Edward the Firft,
there were feveral other able men fummon'd as Barons to Parlia-
vientt that had not fuch Lands of ancient Tenure, as thofe above

« Camd. Briton, iff Com. Oxon. ' Monafiicon. Angl.'vel.'i^.

Yy had.

^54- TbeO^tural Hijlory

had, which were therefore ftiled 5^ro«5 by ?F///i o^ Swnmcns to
Farliament. The firft of thefe in Oxford-Jbire was William dz
Huntcrcomb (whofe feat ftill remains by the fame name in the Pa-
rifli of Tuffield^ who was fummoned to Parliament by the Kings
Writ^ bearing date the 23 of Edvp. i. The fecond, I find., was
Job. Gray of Rotherfield^ whofe Ancefiors being of a younger
Houfeof Walter Grey Arch-Bidiop of Tbr^, had Rother/ield given
them, befide many other pofeffions by the faid Arch-Biftiop : He
wasfummoned firft to Parliament the 25 of Edw. i.

132. And fo was thirdly, his next Neighbor Ralph Pipard of
the other Rotherfield^ in the fame year of the fame King^ their
feats having now almoft quite changed their names, for thofe of

their owners ; one of them feldom being called otherwife than
Pipard or Pepper , and the other Grays. Alfo fourthly, John
Baron Lovely o^ Minfter-Lovel, whofe ancefiors though Barons by
tenure many years before, as feifed of the Barony of Cafile-Cary in
Somerfet-Jhire^ yet dif-pofleft of that I know not by what means,
received fummons to Parliament whil'ft feated here 2.1 Min^ler^
25 of Edvp. I.

133. The fifth of thefe 5/2ro«^ was //e«. /e ^^5", who having a
grant ofSherbourn here in Oxford-Jhire from Richard Earl of Corn-
wall^ temp. Henr. 3. which Sherbourn had formerly been a part of
the Barony of Robert de Druis^ was fummoned to Parliament the
28 of Edrr. i . And fo was fixthly, John de la Mare of Garfing-
ton^ the very fame year. To which ftiould be added, the Barons
by Letters Patents of Creation^ fo firft made about the 11 of Rich. 2.
But of thefe, whofe Barony is now vacant, there is only, feventh-
ly, the Lord Williams, folemnly created Lord Williams of Thame
the firft of April, i Marioe, who had dlfo fummons the fame time
to the Parliament then fitting, hut his Patent it feems was never
enrolled.

134. For this account of thefe Baronies, I acknowledge my
felf beholding to that Learned Antiquary, William Vugdale Efq;
Norrcy King at Arms, in whofe elaborate Volumes of the Baronage
of England^ the Reader may receive more fatisfaftion concerning
them. Yet befide thefe, as the people will have it, the Manor of
Wilcot was the head of a Barony, one of the Barons whereof, as
tradition tells them, lies buryed under a fair Monument in North-
LnghChwxQh'. But the Writings of the iprefent Proprietor, my

worthy

of 0 XFO%p^S HITi^E. 357

worthy Friend Mr. Gary of Woodflock (whom yet I found incli-
ned to believe feme fuch thing) being at London^ whereby other-
wife it poffibly might have been proved, and the teftimony of the
people being too weak an evidence to build upon ; 1 have rather
chofen to forbear, then add a Coronet to the place.

135. Befide the i'<7xo;z and P/?;?//^ Fortifications above-men-
tioned, there are others here in Oxford-fiire of a later date^ either
quite rafed^ or in a manner ufelefs, and fome of them too, known
but to few; wherefore I have thought fit to give this fl)ort ac-
count of them. To pafs by therefore the Caflk of Oxford^ fo
well known to be built by Robert d'Oyly who came in with the Con-
queror^ and the Cafiles ofBampton and Banbury fpoken of before :
thefirft thatprefents it felf to my confideration, is the old Cafik
of Deddington^ formerly Vathington s, which I take to be ancient,
and the very place no queftion to which Aymer de Valence^ Earl of
Pembroks^ brought Piers de Gavejion the great Favorite of King
Edvpard tht Second^ andthereleft him to the fury of the Earls of
Lancafter^ ffarrrick, and Hereford^ who carrying bim to Warwick.-,
after fome time,caufed him to be beheaded in a place called Blakr
lan\ in their own prefence''.

136. Secondly, the Ca/ile of A rd/ey^ the Foundations where-
of are yet to befeen in a little Wood weft of the T'own, which if
any heed may be given to the tradition of the place, florifli'd a-
boutthetime of King Stephen: and fo perhaps thirdly, might
Chipping-norton Caftle; free leave being given at the beginning of
his Reign, to all his Subjefts to build them Cafiles^ to defend him
and them againft Maud the Emprefs^which at laft, finding ufedfom-
times againft himfelf^ he caufed no lefs than eleven hundred of
rhefe new built Caftles to be rafed again, which no-doubt is the
caufe we find no more of them, but their bare Foundations and
Trenches,

1 3 7. But fourthly, the Caftle of Middleton, now Middleton^
Jlony^ was none of thefe, for I find Ricbard de Camvil had L'l-*
very given him of MiddletonCaftle in Oxford-flire (which muft
needs be this) the tenth of King John, as part of his own Inhe-'
litancehy defcentfrom his Father '. And fifthly, as for the ru-
ins of old Fortifications at CraumerPj^ or CroamiJ/j Oiffard near

' s Thomas de la Moor inHift. -vita (^ mortis Edv,2. inprincipio. ^ Ibidem. > See Mr. P*g^*/'** Ba-"
ronageof Eigland. i-oli- Bar. Camvil.

Yy 2 WaU

25(!) The S^tural Hijlory

Wallevgford^ I take them either for the foundations of that wooden
Tt^irer e reded by King Stephen, in the year 1139- when he befieged
Maud the Emprefs^ and her Brother Robert Earl of Glocejier in
Wallengford Caftk \ or elfe of the Cafile ofCraumerfe, or Ooamifi
it felf, built by the fame King Stephen at another fiege ofWdleng^
ford. An. 1153. which Henry Fi/:^-£OT/?rf/? endeavoring to raife,
and bringing King Stephen to great ftraits, they came atlaft to
an accord concerning the Kingdom of EnglandK

138. There are fome other Antiquities of yet later date, that
I have met with in Oxford-fiire alfo perhaps worthy notice, fuch
as that odd bearded Vart^Tab. 16. Fig. 7. having the beards iflu-
ing from it, not as ufually one againft another, but one lower and
the other higher, perhaps thus contrived for its eafier paffage in,
and as great or greater difficulty to get it out of a body ; which
were it not for the too long diftance of time, I (hould be willing
to take for the ^j/em, MatafM, ox Mat ar a, the Britifi long Dart,
which were ufually thrown by thofe that fought in Effedis"' : But
they?eOTof itbeingirW, and not very hard neither, I cannot af-
ford it to be above 200 years ftanding, or thereabout : Nor can
I add more concerning it, but that it was found fomwhere about
Steeple Barton, and given me by the Worftiipful Edward Sheldon
Efq;

139. YettheJ?one engraven Tab. 16. Fig. 8. dug up in the ^^r-
den, and now in the polTefTion of the Right Worlbipful Sir Tho-
7na6 Spencer Baronet, a moft cordial Encourager of this under--
takjng, can fcarce be allowed fo ancient as that, the Character up-
on it in Rilieve work being certainly China : Forunlefs we may
imagin it brought thence in the days of King Mlfred, by Smthe-
lin Billiop of Sher bourn. Qui detulit ad San^um Thonum in India
Eleemofynof Regis Aluredi, (fy incolumis rediit ", i. e. who carryed
the offerings of King Alfred to the Church of St. Thomas in IndiOy
and returned fafe, we can by no means allow it to have been here,
180 years ; that Country having been quite loft again to this We-
Jiern part of the veorld, till Vafquez^ Gama was fent by Emanuel
King of Portugal to make new difcoveries, in the year 1497. In
which year, though he recovered the way agam to the Eaji Indies,
yet Fernandas Andradius difcover'd not China till 15*7 °. So that

^ ChrojiicaCervafii Dorohornenfis, (§• Flmen. Wigarn. in jin. citato. ' Chron.Gerv. Dorol'orn.in An.
citat. •» Jul.cafar.Ccmmevt.dei>elioGallico,lib.^. ^ '}ahBrmitm Ai- Jam. in Ak.I'i,. Regit Aluredi.
o HieronymiOjoriiHifi.Lufitan.lib.ii.

pro-

I

Of 0 XFO "BS^SHt^E. |5)f

provided tKisfione (which is very unlikely) w^re brought thence
by fonie of Amiradim his company the very firft vo^age^ yet it
can be (with us) but 160 years ftanding.

140. As for the vS/owe it felf it is of an odd kind o? texturt^
and colour too, not unlike (to fight) to fome fort ofcheefe^ exaft*-
ly of the^gure and hignefs as engraven in the Table ; and mod
likely of any thing to have been one of their /cgr^'s, or Stamps,
wherein the chhfperfons of the Eafiern Count riesw'^u2i\\y had their
names cut in a larger fort of Chara^er^ to put them to any Inflru-
ments ztonce^ without further trouble. That they have fuch
kind o^ ft amps ^ is clearly teftified by Alvares Semedo^ in his Hi-
ftory of China : They Prints fays he, lik^wife with Tables of ftone,
hut this manner of Printing ferves only for Epitaphs^ Trees^ Moun-
tains^ isrc. of which kind they have very many Prints • the ftones
which ferve for tbii ufe being alfi of a proper and peculiar fort ^, as ours
feemsto be : So that in all probability the/^//€r^ on this Jione con-
tain only the name^ and perhaps the office, or other title of fome
perfon of Quality^ and therefore hard co be found out ; and that
it was brought hither by Come Traveller of the Honorable Family
of the S^encers^ and either cafually loft, or catelefly thrown out
as a thing of no value.

141. And thus with no fmall toil and charge, yet not without
the affiftance of many Honorable Perfons^ whofe names in due time
fhall be all gratefully mentioned, I have madefliift to finidi this
fpecimen of Oxford-fiire ; which I am fo far from taking for a per-
fed.Hiftory^ that I doubt not but time and {e\Qxeobfervation(tG
which I hope this ^j^j/ will both encourage and direft) may pro-
duce an Appendix as large as this Book. ; For that new matter will
daily prefent it felf, to be added to fome one or other of thefe
Cbapers^ I am fo fenfibly convinc'd. that even (ince the Printing
the firft Chapter of this Treatife, I have found here at home juft fuch
another £c/6o, as at Mr. Pawlingszt Heddington, in the Portico's
of the new Quadrangle at St. 7ohn Baptiji's College. And fince my
writing thej^roW, my worthy Friend Dr. T/^o. /"t; /or has found
fo ftronga Chalybeat ^"^nngm Fulling-mill-bam-ftream ne^r Ofeney
Bridge-, thatnotwithftandinglaft hard Winter (when the greateft
Rivers were frozen) this continued open and fmoaking all the
time, tinging all the ftones by reafon of its not running, nor

f F.zyihares SemedO) Hijt' chin. fart, i.caf.6. [ubfinem.

mix-

558 The D^atural Hijlory

mixing with other water, with a deep rufy colour. And third-
ly, fince the Printing the 48 §. ofCbaJ^.S. I have feen a Z,df/>i5
Jianuld^ taken out from under the Tongue of one Johnfon a
Shoo-maker (by the skilful Mr. Pointer Chirurgion) here in
Oxford.

142. Which is all I have at prefent to offer the Reader^ but
that he would take notice, i. That in Chap. 2. §. ^9. where I
mention a WelHo eminent heretofore for curmgdijiempers^ in the
Parifli of St. Croffes^ that it has given it the more lafting name of
Holy-well ; that 1 intend not that Well of late eredtion (though
perhaps the water of that is as good) and now moft ufed, but an
other ancienter Holy-vpellht\{\n&l\^t Churchy in Mr. ^ez///'s Court
before his houfe. And that fecondly, notwithftanding the au-
thority of the Learned Dr. Hammond (with whom a man need
not much be afhamed to err) fome will have, that he calls the
ITell of St. Edvpard in the Parifh of St. Clements^ rather the Well of
St. Edmund^ for which I find the very fame authority alleged, that
Dr. Hammondhimgs '^, And laftly to beg of him, that though
in general he find me unequal to my defign, and many particulars
of this Ej/ay perhaps ill placed, and worfe expreffed, that yet
in confideration that this is my firlt attempt (wherein many Incon-
veniencies could not be fore-feen? which may hereafter be avoid-
ed) he would candidly accept of the ftncerity of my intention,
with all imaginable endeavor of amendment for the future, in lieu
and excufe of my prefent Inabilities^

'i Vid.Hifi ^Antiq.Vniverf-Oxon.lii).2pag-iQ.fol.u . .'

FINIS.

ERRATA.

IN the Map, the Crown belonging to Ewelw^ is mif-placed at Benfon-j and thcmatk fof
^<j»^«ry Caftle wanting. In Tab. 7. Fig. 9. for ^^ read 4^ 5 and for c<r read ^^. Inthe
Book, p. 34. line 4. for fieareji, r. meerefl. p. 56. 1, 14. for f <«>•?/, t. forts, p. 98. 1. 8. r. with
metals, p. 1$ J. \. 29. t. rvhiteCoMe. p. 155.!. 18. (ot HatKptoyij r. Samptin. p. 231. 1. 27. r,
adaptata. p. 253. 1. 2 1, r. induct, p. 280. 1. 2. r. fiainat. p. 323. 1. 32. r. rf£Hm, p. 344. J. 3 1»

THE

I N D E X.

wherein the firft Figure fignifies the Chapter,
the reft that follow, the Paragraph.

ABele Tree in Oxford-jlnre, caf. 6.
Paragraph. 84.
AdwellCop, an anciept Fortifi-
cation, c. 10. par. 51,52,53,78.
Air-pump^ invented at O.xford. c 9.

par. 33.
Mr of Oxford Jfjire healthy, proved
from the nature of the loiJ, wa-
ters, manners, and long life of
its Inhabitants, c. 2. /"tfr. i, 2,3.
Air of Oxford (lee Oxford) healthy,
proved from its curing Confumti-
ons, C.2. par.^t

Frequency of the Small-pox,

no argument to the contrary.

far. 9 .

Nor the Black K^\xt.par. 10.

Not fo healthy formerly, ^ar.ii.

Akemanftreet-'^^y. c. xo.par. 2'],&c.

Aldcefier, the feat of the Emperor A-

leHus. par. 71.
tylnatomy improved at Oxford, c. 9-

par. 214, ^c.
Antiquin'cs, Britijlj. c.io.par. 2,&c.
fee Coins.

Romdn, par. 1 8, &c. fee Barrows,
Buryals, Coins, Pavements,
Ways.
Sa.vonzndDa72Jf/}par.j^,(^c.
Arch'teHure, fee Buildings.
Ardly Cafile ^^\\'inh\x\\t.,c. lo. par .116 .
ArmilUy l^ngs or Bracelets^ the ancient

ufeof them,/'^r. loy, ^c.
^;ftc, an ancient Barony, pAr. 130.
^rteria magna defcendmsy turned part-
ly into^oȣ, c. S.par. 50,
Af/)es growing mWilloivs, c. 6. par. 79.
BlackAJFiX^ ^tOxoti, c. 2. par. 10.
AJIall barroxv^ a Funeral Monument,

C. ro. yar. 49.
After ia, Star- Itones, f . 5. far. 16, c^r.
Move in Vinegar, and why, par.
26, &c.

Aflroites lapis, Starry-Hones, par. 22.
Ajironomy advanced at Oxford,hy Lord^
Bifhop ofSarum, c. 9. par. 23.

By S^xChriJiopher Wren., par, 27^
Mr. Ha/Iy ot Queens Coll. par.26.
Mr. Holland, par. 29.
Atrllex vulgaris, ^c. not yet defcri-

bed, c. 6. par. \i.
Avefditclj,3.n ancientHjgh-way,t. 10.

Axel- trees [or Carts madeoflroHjC^.
par* 106.

B.
Roger QV tier) 5tf<:(?o his excellent T)i&-
coveries, c. 9. par. 2, ^c.

Why acculed of Magick, par. 6,,

Bampton given to the See of Exeter

before the Conqueftjf. jo.par. 121.

The Caftle there, built by King

^ohn, par. 125.

Banbury^ afhort Hiltory of it, f. 10.

par. 113.
Barly with fix ears on one ftalk, c. 6.

/"''"• 37'
Rathe-r/pe Barley^ par, 29.

Barometer^ invented at Oxford, c 9.

par. 34.

Barons.^ by Writs of Summons to Paf-

hamentjf. lO. par. 131, G'r.
Ancient Baronies in Oxfordjli. par.i^o.
Barrels without hoops, c. 9. par.iGS.
Barro'WSyOr Barrow- hills ^ c. \o.par. 48,

^c. item par. 78, O'c.
Beaumon, the Buth-place of King K/-

chardx.\vtV\ri\,e. 10. par. 129.
Bees^ an emblem of Eloquence, c.j.

par. 18.

The Hi (lory of thofe over Lf;d.
Fives his Study in Corpus

ChnfiiColLpa/. I9i^<^-
The improvement and manage-
ment of them in Oxford- flnrf,
par. 24.
A new fort of Hives for them,
c. ^.par. 1 20.
Z z Belemnii ^s

The INDEX,

BekmnittslapUi Thunderbolts^ cap. 5»

'Faragrafh ^%,^c.

Their ule in Medicine, par.^^.
Benjbn, an account of ic before the

Conqiieft, c. lo. far. 1 14,
Birds, lee Diahluf mar inns-, Hoofing'

hirdi Toucan, Wood-c racks f"-
Bijftter, an account of it before the

Conqueft, c.io. par.il^.
Blanhting-trade at IVaney, c- 9- J>ar.

169, &c.
Native Biue in Oxford-Jloire-, c. 5. par.

1 8. lee Citrulcum nat.

Cafar never entred Erttan fo far as Ox-
ford-/hire, cap. ■^. -paragraph 2.

Beaten out by the Brums ^ c. i o.
far. 14, ^c.

i^rs CalculatoriA J^geri Smffit, c, p.
par. 15)5,

Calendar reformed by Tho.LydiaUc.^.
par. 15).

Gregorian reformation of the Calendar,
taken from Roger Bacon) c, $.par.

^C4/f«^rtrorregifterof weather, its
ufe, c. I. par. 12.

Boggj grounds t how dx^intdi e.g. par, Calfva^ now Walkngford^ c.\o. par»

81,82.

Thigh-bone of a prodigious bignefs

petrified c. "i.par. 158.
Bracelets^ the ancient ule of them, c.

10. Par. 107, &c.
Bra/slumps^ cap. S, par.^^. item. c. 4.

par. II.
Bricks made to fupply Laths in Malt-

kills, C.9. par. 90

24, 2f.

J Calfoij I months old that brought
forth another, c, 7. par. 4 1 .

How it ispoffible to be fo, par.

42,43-

Three Calves caft at once, all three li-
ving to be ot full growth, far. 44.

Cararvays, an improvement of Land,
c. 6. par, ^6.

Strong Bric^ made at Nettlebedypar. Cardites lapit, c j.par. 143, r/i.

8P-

The PariHi of Brightmll has had no
Ale-houfe, Senary, or fuit at Law,
within memory ot man, c. S.par.^-).

Britain known to the Greeks, long be-
fore the Romans came, caji- lO, par.
66.

Bronti^, TIj under -/tones, c. 5. par. 2P,

Called alCo Polar-Jlonest par.^n
Bubonim lapfs, c. '3. par. 45.
Bufoniteslapis^ par. 146.
Buildings eminent in Oxjord-Jhire^ c.p:

par' ia8, ?£c.
Burford, the reafon why they carry a
Dragon about the Town on Mid-
fummer-eve,c. lo.par. 116.

Privileges granted them, par.
117

Carts, of what fafiiionuled in Oxford"
Jfjire^ f. 9. far. 105.

With Iron Axel-trees, /'rtr. 106.
Caflesy when and by whom built in

Ox/ord-fjire, c.io. par. 13/, (^c.
Chaff, how feparated from the Corn

in Oxford-fjire., c p. par. no.
Chalk eggs, c. ^.par. 180.
Black fi&<i/>(, c, 3. par. 16, 17.
ChaBletnn Barrow, a Danifh Fortifica-
tion, c, 10. par. 76.
A Child born with another in its
womb, cj.far. 42.

Heard to cry in the Mothers

womb, c. S.par. 2.
Portends no mif-fortune, ?//</.
Four Children at a birth, c.S.par. 5',6,
Child-birth., the pangs affed:ing the
Husband, />/fr. 3, 4.

The ancient and Roman way of Burial, China ware.^ the way to make it found

f, 10. par. 40, &c.
Button-molds petrified, c. 5. par. 175.

Stone Cadworms (lee Mufca e Phryganio

faxatili) c. 7. par. 2 5 .
Carnleum nativum, c. "^ par, 18. item c.
6. par. 5 2 .

A fign of Silver Ore, par. 60,
i£c.

out at Oxford, c. 9. par. S6.
Chipping-norton^ its antiquity, c. 10,
par. 120.

The Caftle when built, ^<7r. r 3^.
Chubs in the River E-venlode equalling

Pearch in goodnefs, c. 7. par. 30.
ClematPi daphnoidt^s, &c. of Englifli

growth, c. 9. par, 10.
A Clocl( that moves by the ^ir, c. 9,
par. 19.

By vpatfr,par,^9,

Co els,

The INDEX.

Coals^ where likely to be found in Ox-
ford-Jhire^ c. ^.par. 34.

Cichlea fiiiviatiksy viviparous, co/'. 7.
'Paragraph ^■^.

Cochleomorphttes lapiti c. S-par. 140.

Conchites lapk^ c. 5. far. 56, &c.
Good tor Tables, Cf. Hid.

A Cormorant killed at Oxford^ c. 9 .par.
II.

of feveral men killed by them, cap'
3 . Paragraph 3 1 » c/jj-r.

Are a fign of Coals there-
abouts,/'^^r. 34.
Ate remedyed by caftiug in
Quick-lime, //^r. 36.
Death, feme odd prelignihcations of

It, c. ^.par. ■^■^iisrc.
Dedd/ngton CsiWe, c-i^.par. 135.

Piilvis Cor/iachinw invcntedby R.Dud- V<:er ot Cornhury Par\ defective in

ley titular Duke of Northumberland:
c. ^.par. 211-
A Corri two inches long, c %. par. 49.
Corn^ how managed in Oxjord./hire
when green, f. 9 -par. 98.

How in Harvelt,/'<7r. pp, &c.
How preferved in the Barn from

heating, /or. 102.
How from Mice in the Rick,

par. 104.
How threlhed when frautty,

par. 107,
How prelerved from Mice and

their horns, when made a Warren <

C'l-p '••45-
Devils Coits-^ a Funeral Monument, c*

lO. par. lOi.

Made of artificial ftone, ibid.
Thejuft Devil oi Woodjhck, c, 8. par>

37, #r.
Diaboltu marinus. Sea Devils-bird, c.

7. par.^.
Dial ax. All Souls College, c. 9 . par. 140.

Corpus Chrifti Coll. par. 141.
Dorcbefter^ an account of it before the

Conqueft, c. 10. par. 11^.

muftinefs after threfljing,/'«/-. Robbery Difcovered by a Dream: c.

S.par. 46,
Dudleys Dukes of Northumberland,

Hurls o£ Warwick ^adLeicejler, in

Italy, c 9. par. 149.
Dumb ^deaf perfons taught to fpeak,

c.<)par. xSo.
Dji^e hillsy a Roman Fortification, c»

lO. par. 39.

III.

Com bur J Park, fee Deer-

Cornu iylmmonis,c. ^.par. 87, z^c.

Bodies why not Corrupted when bury-

ed,f. S.par.fz.
Cofmet!cJ{Si or Medicines beautifying

the skin, c. -^.par. 20.
Councils held at Oxford, c 2- par. 4.

At Kirtlingtony par. 7.
Britifh Coyns, c. lo-par. 3,4, €^c. E.

Roman Cc;77J, par. 73.
AC^nofKing^-a^warf/theConfefTor, Earths (fee Soils) fit for Husbandry,

fuch as he gave when he touched c. -^.par-^yis-c. kt Maries

for the Kings. Evil^ cio.par. 1 27
Craume,c. S' f^r- 48.
Crej.fifo at Snlford., cl.par.-^i.

Their different colours, when
boiled , (hew the different
goodnefs of waters, ibid.
Crowsliow frighted from mifchiefing

Corn, c.f)-par.<^%.
Crorv-iron^ c. ^.par. 12.
Cuftoms u led in Oxford-fhire. Ste Bur-
ford, Enjljam, Hoke- tidej Qui uten,
Stanlake.

D.

Medicinal, c. 3. p4r- 27, ^c.
Serving for Statuaries, Tobac-
co pipes , Potters, polifliing
filver, isri^-par- 43, 44.
Earths ferving for Earthen floor?^
Ceilings, fide-walls, whiting and
'pointing walls, par. a^d^^c.
Earths ^X. for painting. See native
Blue, hac Lurne, Ochre, Pnigitis,
Ruddle, Umber.

Sending forth poifbnous fteamsj

See Damps.
Yetundefcnbed, r ■^par.^9,<l^:
A green fort of Earth at shotover-bdl.

par, 12.
A bearded Dart lOund zt Steeple-Bar- Earthen-wares^ as Juggs, Bottles, Por-=
toih c. lO.par. i-^S. cellane, the way how to make them

Damps at North Leigh jwith an aecouut difcovered at Oxford^c.^par. 84 .(^r,

Zz 3 An

Tht INDEX.

An Enrth-ptake ^^ Stanton St . ^ohnSi

f. 3. par- 5+-
Echm/teslnpii, c- ^.par. 82, ((.erf.
Echo's^ their feveral forts, c. i. par.

14.

Returning twenty Syllables at
Wo oa'Bocky par. 15. at Magd.
Coll. par. 22.
How to find the place of the
fpeaker, and the place re-
turning the voice,/'4r. i6,(;/or'f.
Tonical , or returning a cer-
tain Mufical Note, c. I. par.
23.
Tautological, or returning the
fame word feveral times,
par. 2f.
Returning often the fame inar-
ticulate found, at Hcdding-
ton., par. 25. at New Coll. par.
30. at AU-fmls Cell. par. 3 r. at
S- Job. Bapt. Coll.c- 1 par. 141 .
An -C^^ with another within ifj c. 7.

par. 17.
King Ed'jJ. the Conf, born at IJllp, c.
10. par. 123.

His Font ftill remains at Sir H.

Browns Bar. par. 1 24.
Firft cured the Kings Evil^ par.
125.
£leB.rum^ a mixt metal of Gold and
Silver found in England, cap. lO.

F.

Fafihia , Rebecca Smith

failed ten
\-0

weeks, c, 8. par. 1 1.

Began to eat after the applita-
tion of an Amulet., ibid.
Fellmongers , a pretty confiderable

Trade ziWltney, c 9. par. 173.
Fejvel, iome unufual forts of it m Ox-

ford-flnre, c. 3. par. 41, 42.
Fin/cale, a Fifh not yet defcnbed, c.

7. par. 29. -^- -•

Fir-tree, planted in '(7y/ord'/h re ^ c.

6. par. 84.
Fifhes, See Finfcale, Mytihis, Pride.
Fi^} ponds, a new contrivance to few

them, c. 9 par. 47.
Flints^ tranlparent like ^gats, c. 4.
par. 15.

Black, their ufe, ibid.
A great Flood in the River Cherwell^

c. 2.. par. 17.
Fortificanons in Oxford-jhlre^ c.xo.par.
73, ({ij-f.

Ax. CroamiJh'iGiffard, par. 137.

In A/fr^ow Woods, where King

Mthelred beat the Vanes^par.

11-
Freejione, the feveral forts, f. 4. /'^r.

24,25.

Rivers Freeze firfl atthebottomj r. 2.

par. 15.

5". ^rtr. 132.

par. 8, cJsrf.

£i//'fzVa/^j'/'ot/5f)iJ of the Planets mo- Fungites lapis, t.
tions, firlt demonftrated at Oxford,
c.^.par.^^,^c. G.

An Elm whole trunckis fix yards dia-
meter, c. 6. par. 65. Garfingto»y an ancient Barony, c. 10.

An Elm flourilhing without Bark or par. 133.

pith, ibid. Geodeslapif, c.^.par.1^0.

How it's poffible to live fb, ^^r. New Geometrical Bodies invented by
66, ^c. S\r chrijlopher Wren, c 9. par.i^'y.

An Elm having three trunks out of Geranium columbin!iin.^^c. not yet de-
oneroot, c.6.par. TJ. fcribedj c. 6. par.

S.par.

A narrow leaved Elm not yet defcri-

bed, par. 43.
Encephaloides lapis, c. f. par. 147.
Enquiries to be made by the Author

about Plants, c. 6. par. 88, ^c.
Enjijam, thecuftomot thatRoialty, GlaJJhibury thorn^ c. 6. par. -^9, 40.

fcribedj
Giants, aDifcourfeof them, c.

16S, (^c.

Glajjes made o^ Flints, c.^.par.^i^ ^c.

Found together with tlnis^xhan

ufe, c. 10. par. 57, 4$"^.

c. 8. par. 28.
Evoelm a Roial Seat, c. 10. par. 1 29.

The iIt/60 there, c i. par. 25.
Double £-^'f/,or Ewsthat always yean

two Lambs at once, c. 7 par. 38.

Grapes, meliorated by grafting, c. 9.

/'.ir. 113,114.
Grimes-ditch, zRowanv/zy^c. 10. par.

26.
Robert Grafted Bifliop of Lincoln, a

great

The INDEX.

great Aftronomcr, c.^.par. 2.
Gual Hen, 2. Roman Way, c. lO. par. 24.
Gunforvder^ an Inv ention of Frier Ba.

con, cap. 9, Varagrafh 7, 39, 40.
Gar, c. 3. far. 50.

//.

Harrows^ a new fort of them, ci 9

;>3r. 77-
Harvefiing-, the manner of it in Cat

fordjhirey c. 9. par. 99, ^c.
A Hawthorn with white berries, c. 6

/'<7r. 38.

/.

Icemeen, cap.z.Taragraph i^.
Jkenildjheet- way, c. 10 far. 22 23.
Several Improvements by Sw^ChriJfo^
f her Wren, c. 9. par. 30, 31, 32, 33,
35-,38,42,i66,i95.

By Dr. WallU^ c.9.par. I96,&c.
By Mr. Divight in Earthen
wares, /«r. 84, (jjj-f.
InjeBiono£ Liquors into the veins of

Animals, c. 9 . par. 222.
St. ytf,i« Bept. Coll. how it came to bs
built, c.d.par. -Ji.

//rt)* , how preferved from heatin«7, IrisLmaris feenat Oxford c. i. -par.i.

c. 9. /rtr. 103
Heddington, a Seat of King Edju. the
Conf c. 10. ;>ar. 128.

An ancient Barony,/'«r. 130.
The Echo there, (t. i./r^r. 25.
HtUeborine jlore albo, c. 6. par. 13,
.^/r^ rubente., par. 14^.
Latifoba montana, ibid.
A Henoi the Iflandot St. Helen dc-

fcribed, f. 7./'^/. 67, c^f.
//f«/)',the ancienteft Town in Oxford-

fl}ire.,c. \o.par. 68.
HippQcephalotdesUpk, c. f; /'^r. 142.
Hijiricites lapis, par. Si.
A new fort of Hives for Bees, c. 9.;>^r.
120.

Iron moulds.^ c. 3. ;>4r. jj.
Ironiione, f . 4. par.-^$, 36.
7/?/> the Birth-place of KingEdtvard
the Confeflor, r. 10. par. 123.
A RoialSeat, /"^r. 128.

Juncellus omnium, &c. notyet defcri-
5-

bed, c. 6. par.

JQ

Kenners barrow, a Funeral Monument^

c. 10. par. 51, 52,
Northern A^/n^j-how anciently eledl-

ed and inaugurated, c. 10. par. 88^

90,^*^.

tioggs, an ingenious way of giving -^>'/i»^/^o», anciently part of thepof-

theni meat, c.9. par. 122. feffions of the Kings of England,

A //o^ near 1 3 hands high, c.y. par. ^- 2. par. 7.

73- Its ancient ?/■^^77<'^i?J•, Hid.

Hoke-norton barrow, an ancient For- A Kit chin without a Chimney, c 9.

tification, f. lo. /'<2r. 7j. par. i-^o.

Hok -nortonzn ancient Barony, par. ^^tves^ their carved hafts firft made

131. azO.xon. {.9. far. 16S,
Hoke tide, or Hoke-Munday, c. 8.

par.2^y(l^c. jr_
Hno fin g- bird, c. J. par. 10.

Hordeumdiliiamp<^cox, c 6. par. 9. Lac Lun£ found in Oxfordjh. c 3 . par.

Horfes forty yearsold, c.y.par.^j. 20 (jrc.

Ancient fioafes of the Kmgs, in Ox- ' A fign of Silver Ore, par. 22,23.

fordjhire, c. 10. par. 128. Its ufe in Medicine, par. 26.

Husbandry of Arable Land in Oxford- Lagop us major vulgaris Parkwfoni, c.6.

pre, c. 9. par. s6, &c. par. 1 2,

Of Palture Land, par. Si, &c. Langley, anciently a Roial feat, c. 10.

Of Corn when green, par. 9 8.
when ripe, /'<7r 99.
Huntercomb, an ancient Barony, c. 10,

par. 1^1.
The Hygrofcope improved, f.9./'«r. 3 7.

piir. 129
Philofophical Language. See llniver-

fal Charafter.
Lightning, flrange efFeds of it, c. i*
far. 11.

A a a Lignum

Tht INDEX.

Lignum fojfile^ c. 3. par, 42.
L-li'tngjlone hovel-, why in Oxford-

/hire, C.6. far. 85.
Limey the fiLtcit itones to make it, f.4.

par. 32.
Quick::lime y re(![tifies the malignancy

of Damps, c. 3. par. 36.
A white Linnet, c. 7. par. 13.

Mytil^s fluminum maximmfuhviridk,
not found to have Pearl in them^
cj.par, 32.

A^.

Nephriticus lapUy cap. j. Taragraph

Thereafonofitswhitenefs,/'dr. Haf el-Nuts found fifty foot under

1 4, 1 f . ground, c. 2 .par. 5 2 .
Lof/^j to keep up waters* See Turri'

pikes. 0.
Lucern. See SainBfoin.

Lychnis, afortof themnotyetdefcri- Oajls. SttMaU-kjlls.

bed, f « 6 par. ro. ^^^•^i a way todiipofe themconveni-

Lymphaducls.^ firil difcovered at Oatow. cntly in llables? c 9. par. 121.

c. c).par. 212.

M

Malt-kills of ftone very advantage-
ous, c. 9. par. 92.

New contrivances of them. far.
127.
MamillarklapiSi c. 5. /'ar. r/i.
Mar hie zt Bkch'mgton.^ f. 4. par.-^-^.

Yellow Ochre at Shotover- hi//, c. 3. par.

13, ej'ir.

A fign of iS'/Vifr Ore, par. 24.
Oenanthe minor aquatica. Park. r. 6.

/'<7r. 1 2.
Ophiomorphites Uipk, c. 5. ^<2r. 92, Gfr.
Ophthalmites lapis, par. 149,
Orchites lapisi c. 5. j^'^r, 144.

Orobanche verb^ifcuU adore, not yet de-
fcribed, c. 6 j&flr. 8.
A new way oi painting it^ c. p. Ojeney t^bhy how it came to be builr,
far. 166. C.6. par.']S.

Marchafite. (^Sce Pyrites) c, 4., par. 12. OJ/eocoUa^ c. s'. par, i"]/^.
Marl, the feveralfortsof it, c^^.far. OHracnes lapis, par.'] g.

8, ^c. OSiracomorphos Lapii, par. 60.

Mathematicks improved at Oxon^ c, p. Otites lapis., c. 5. par. 1 50.

Ova anguzna, c. 5. par. 83.

Oxen, a pretty contrivance to feed

them, c. 9. par. 123.
Oxford, how fituated at prefent, <r. 2,
j^ar. 4.

How anciently, c. 10. />dr. 30.
Its prefent fituation healthy, c.

10. far. 6^.
Parliaments and Councils held

there, f. 2. /'a'*. 4.
Whenmadea^»z'x'f///'j/, r, 10.

par. 65.
When the Biflioprick vv^as foun-
ded, par. 6y.
Oxford.pire has more Pafture than a-
rable Land, c. 3. par. i.

T.

Moor-Evil, how cured, c. 2. f<?r. 66.

Mufca e PhrjganiofaxatiliiC. 'j.far.2^. Paint j?ig , an account of that at the
Mufick ^ new difcoveries in it, with Theater at O.wn. f. 9. far. 154) ^c.
their demonftrations , cap, p. par. Some that is remarkable elfe-

199' where, /'4r. 164, 1^5.

Parhelia,

par. i<?4, Gfc.
Maumy a good foil, c. 4. /ar. 3,4jJ.
i»/f« apt for generation till eighty, c.

8. par- 7.

Of agreat Age,/'ar. 54.
Merton Coll. the realbn of ^/^c/* »i^^#

there, c. p. par. 192.
Mejlo-fats, very good ones made of

Burfordjlone, c. ^.par. 27.
Middleton-^ony, the Caftle there, c.io.

par. I 7.
J//7/5 of a rare contrivance, f . 9. par.

124, CJ'f.
'MinflerLovel, an ancieat Barony, c.

10. /4r. 133.
Artificial^////, c.^.par.^c^.
Money. See Coyns.
Moon- {loon. Sec Selenites.

The INDEX.

'Parheliay or Mock-funs., leen at En- Plants flriped, c. 6. par. 17, 42,

pam., cap.i.Paragrafh ^. How procured, Taragrafh 1'^.

Their ]ignification,/'rtr. 6. Is cheir dileafe rather theu per-

Tarliaments held at Ox[»rd^ c. 2 par. 4. fcdion, par. 19, ^c.

The firft in England held at River P/^n/j- grow fenfibly after rain,

ShJfford, far. 5, 6. and why, c. 2. par. 16.

Taflure-land., how manured in Ojr/or^- Vlants c\^x\\2X.^^mOxford-J\jirey that

y^/re, f. p. /'^r. 'ii^^c. are not in feme other Counties. See

Roman Vavements in Oxford-Jhire, Barley, Caraways , Lucern, Pcar-

c.io.far.S^.,^c. trees. Peas, Ray -grafs, i?o/7? r4n/-

Tear-trtes ^ an unufual fort of them wa, ^c. baftard Saffron, Sanftfoin,

bearing twice a year, c. 6. par. 86. Wheat.

Bearing a Pear hard and dura- Plants, enquiries to be made by the

ble like wood, par. 87. Author about them, c.6. far. 8 ^^^c.

Peaje^ the forts of them in Oxford- Ploughly-hiU., a Funeral Monument,

/hire, c.6. far.^o, c. 10. far. ^S.

Pea found in Oxford-fjire, c. ^^.par.^i. Ploughs^ the leveral fortsof them uled

their wayof meaagingit, ibid. h^ Oxford-Jhire^ c.^. par. 16.

Pebblestran{p2reat,c. .^. par. 16. their PnigitM, or blackchalk,f.3./'jri6,i7.

ufe, par. 17, 18. Tor cell me rvare^ the way to make it in-

Cemented with Flints make vented at <9jr/or^, c.^.par.%6.

excellent Chimney pieces, Tortway^ c. 10. par. ■^'),'^6.

Tables, e'c. par. 19,20. Pride, a Fifh doubted whether yet de-

PeEiinites lafky c. 5. far. 72, ?3c. fcribed, c. 7. par. 27, 28.

Pentaphyllum reptans datum foUis pra- Pro^eEl ^xfeynton., c 3. par- 54.

fundiui ferratisy c. 6. par. 7. Pyrites aureus y c. ^.far. ir, 12.

Period of years , a more acurate one t^rgenteus.^ par. 13.

foundout by T^o. L/^/Wj f. J), par. Po-jfonotu exhalations how remedyed,

i-l-, (isrc c. 3. par. 36.
Perfpiration of Plants difcovered at

Oxford, c.^. par, 95. Gi
Petrifications y whence they proceed,

c. 2. par. 23,c^r. Quarries zx. Burford, e. 4. far. 26.

Their feveral forts, par, 2'),^c. . AtHedd^ngton, par. 24.

itenty c. 5, far. ^.J^dsri^. Elfewhere, par, 29,30.

Petrified bone., c. $. par. i;-8. Quinten, a Sport u fed in Ox/or^-/^/rf

Petrified wood , cap. 3. par. 38, 39. at Weddings, as they carry home

item c. 5". pay. 175. the Bride, c. ^. par. 2i,(isrc. 53.
Phalloides lafis, c. 5 . par. 153.

Phe{ants-,\v\ th white and pyed feathers, ij .

c. "J.par. 13.

^i£fnres, drawn by Microfcopical Rainsborough, an ancient Fortificati-

glaffes, c. 9. par. 166. on, c. ro.par. 34.

Remarkable ones of K. ^ames Lapis RannUy c. lO.par. 141.

and K. Charles., far. 1 64. pgjpberry bujh grows commonly in the

Another of a Cat looking leve- Chi Itern part of Oxford-fiure, c. 6.

ralways, par. 165. par. ^2.

PlantSyUoi yet defcribed, c.6.par.3.^c. Ray-grafs, an improvement of Land,

Not yet noted whether of En- c.6. par. ^it&c.

glifij growth, par. 12. When the beft timetofowit,

Doubted whether yet deicri- c.p.par.S^.

hedypar. i3>i4. i??'^ of a Dog of an unufual make, r. 7,

P/«z«f J- fafciatedj c.6. far.i'S. par. ^6.

Not only after hard Winters, i?//?g-j, the ancient ufe of them in thefe

par. 16. Northern Count ries^f, I o. par. 107, ^c.

A a a 2 Rivers

m INDEX,

K/ter J running into the ground, c. 2. SiliJer Ore, where likely to be found

par. \S' SeeCtvru/enmnatJvum.

Robber^ c. /[.par. 11. Singing, two oftaves, or fifths, fung

Robbery difcovered by a Drf^w, r. 8. by the fame perfon at the fame

^ar. 46. time, c. 9. pr. 208, e^f.

Rolls., of an unufual make for tilling Sht-ftones ferving for covering hou-

Land, c. 9-/>«''- 79> So. ks, c. ^.far. 31.

Roll-riciQ.on(iS,c.io.par.Si. Good for grinding colours, /^.

Kot a Funeral Monument, par. Smirks its ufe, c. 4. par. 21 .

86.
Nor a Court of Judicature,

par. 87.
Built by Rello the Norman,par.
83. at his inauguration, /><jr.
95, (ij-f.
ilo(?/j" of Stone of rare contrivance,

c. 9. par. 136, G?<r.
Kef^^ made of the barks of Trees, c.

9. par. 119.
JJoyQ canina^ (fe-f . c. 6. par. 40.
Rofamond's Tomb, c. 9. /^^r. 144, ^c.
RoiherfieldGraysi an ancient Barony,
c. lO. /'4r. 131.

Snails, a fort of them not yet defcri-
bed, c. -j.par. 34.

Snakes^ none to be found in tlie Nor-
thern parts of Oxford- p)ir e ^ c. 7.

Soils (See Earths) of a fniall depth,
why fome fertilj others not, c. 3.

Spars., c. f. /'/7r. 49, 50? yi.

Their original, /(flr. 52.

Their ufe, par. 53.
Speech, improved by Dr, TVaJlfs, c. 9."
par. 179.

By Dr. Wilkin s, par. 181.

RotherfieldPipard an ancient Barony, Spire fleeples, c. 9. /'ar. 142

/"^r. 132.
Rubricki, or ruddle, c. 3. /'^r. 16.

S.

Baftard Saffron, c. 6. par. 35.
Sain^foin, par. 31, 34.

How managed, c. 9. /'^r. 83.
Salmons at L'Uing^one Lo'vel^how they
come thither, f. 7. />«r. 30.

Springs^ their original, c. 2. /"^r. 17.
A Chalybeat Spring befide Oxford^ f.io.

^^7y. 141.
Land .S/'r/w^.r, f. 2. />«r. 18.

Sweating out of the Earth, and
for the moft part imbibed a-
gain,/'rfr- 20,
A Stags head found 50 foot under

ground, c. 6. par. 53.
Stair-cafe at Blechington defcribed, c.^.
par. I "^1,^0.

Sand, itsnk. c. ^. par- 22,23

Saxifraga Anglica, iSc. not yet defcri- StaUHites lapis, c. 5. par. 48.

bedjf. 6. par. 9. Stalagmites la'f is., par. 47

Sent-hgs, difcovered in moft ftrong Stanlake ^ the Parfon reads a Gofpel

fented Animals, at Oxon^ c 9. par.

228, ^c.
SeSaries^ a new fort of them at Wat-

lingtofi, c. 8, par. 32.
Selenites lapk, the leveral forts, c. f.

par. 3, 8j II, 182.

Its ufe, par. 14, ij.
Servants, how hired, f. 8. /^^r. 29.
A Sbeep with only one horn, c. 7. /'^r.

40.
^^ef/* with 8 or 10 horns apiece, par.

39.
Sher bourn an ancient Barony, f. 10.

/ar. 133.
.5"///^ fioc kings ^ the way of weaving

them diicovered at Oxford, c. 9 . /^^r.

J67.

every Holy Thurfday, on a Barrels
head in the Cellar of the Chequer
Inn, c. 8. par. 30.
Starch-trade at Oxford, an account of

it, c. 9. par, 172, O'f,
iS/ar /?onf . See J fieri a.
Excellent Statues in Brafs of King
Charles I. and his Queen, c. 9. /<7r.
166.
5/«nej- an improvement of Land, f.4.

/>4r. 7, 8. itemc. 9. ^4r. 70.
6'/'«?n^J' refembling Filhes, as a Barbel ^
c. 5. par- 5f-

Cockles fingly, par. 64, 6?r. 76.
Cockles in clufters, par. ')6,^c.

Their ufe, ibidem.
Efcallops, c. ^. par. 12.

Mufcles,

The INDEX,

at Tarnton, c. lO. Paragraph 139.
Straro'work, of a new contrivance,

e.g. far. 108.
Strembites, or wreathed ftones, f. f.

Mufcles, /'^zr. 80,
Oiders, par. <5o, 78, 79.
A Porcupine, par. 81.
A Rams horn, />^r. 87. ^c.
Snakes, par. 92.
ASea Urchin, far. 82, c^c.
How Stones refembling ^hell-fijljes ac-
quire that forms c. "i-par. p6, ^c.
Stones re fembhng Plants, as,

an Apricock, c. 5. par. 13J.
A Briony root^par. 133.
AMulberrv, /'4r. 135-.
Luca-OIivej, par. 135.
Pears, />,7r. 134.
Toad-ftools, lar. 132.
iS>o«f5 refembling living Creatures, or
Ibme parts of them, as a

Bullocks heart, c. 5 /"ar. 143.
A Horfe head,/(jr. 142.
An Owls head, par. 45 .
Snails, far. 140.
The Tefticles, par. 144.
A Toads head, par. 145.
Worms, /)<7r, 141.
Stones refembling fome part of man,
ashisBrain, c.^. par. 1^7.
BreaOiipar. 151.
Ear, par. 150.
Eye, par. 149.
Foot, par. 1 74.
Glans penis humani, far.i^^.
Heart, far. i^z.
Kidneys, par. 154.
Oltaftory nerves, par. 148.
Scrotim,par. 1^3. far. ^3.

•y^oWf J reprefenting Buttons, c. ^.par. Toucan^ an American Bird found be-
175. fideOxfordy c, -j.par.it.

The heel of a Ihoo, par. 176. Torvers at Ox-(?», c, g.far. 143.
A wheel, /i^r. 177. BrittJhTowns how built, c. 10. far. 75.

«5/(jnf^ naturally globular; fome TransfufionofB/oodinventedztOxforeiy
fmooth, fome granulated, f. 5. /cr, e.g. far. ii^.
1 19' Threes ot a vaft bignefs. c. S.far.^^, &Ci

That have been put tooddufesj

far.^-j^^c.
Buryed under the ground at

Binfield-heathi fur.fo.
Where dyed black, and why,

zbid.
Found fifty foot under ground

at RotherfieU-Pipard,far. 51.
How, and on what account bu-
ryed under ground , far. 55,

r.

TadmertonCAflle 3l Dani/h Fortificati-
on, c. 10. J)ar. 75.

Teeth oi a prodigious bignefs, c.^.par.
159,1^3,154.

Telefcofe^ known to Frier Bacon, <•.>.
far. 2, &c.

Thame zn ancient Barony, c. 10. fjiri

Itsantiquity, far.iig.
The Well-waters, when brewed,
ftink, c.2.par.3^.
7 heater ziOxford^ its contrivance, c,
g.par.i^jy ?3c.

An account of the Tainttng^
par. 154, ^c.
Thermometer invented 5?oo years agoj

f. 9. far. 35.
Thigh-hones of a prodigious bignefs,
c. J. par. 155, 1^4.

Whether really the bones of a
man, far. 157*
Thunder. See Lightning.
Thunder-bolts. See Belemnites.
Thunder-ftones . See Brontias.
Tillage, see Husbandry.
Tobaccofife-claj at Shotover-hill, ft 5.

8.

iSftfWfj voided out of the Eyes, c
pAr, 10.

Bred under the Tongue, far.

48. itemc. 10, par. 141.
Taken out of a mans bladder
that weighed above a pound,

c. S. par. 49-

Made by art, c. 10. par. lOi.
Worfhipped by the ancient
Britans, par. 102 j&c.

Set up in the high-way, to fliew

the number of miles, par. 5 o. Two Trees joyned together after an
A Stone with Chinefe Charaders found odd way, c. 6., far. 78.

Bbb Tri^

The INDEX,

Ti'ubites lapM, c. 5. Taragrafh 145.
Tripoli -J/une, c. 4 par. 34.
Tfscki^es kpps^ c. ^.par. 1-77.
Turf l^id onhoufes inftead of ridges

tiles, c 3. par. 40.

Serving for t^\Vv.'l, par. 4.1.
Turnpikfs'co keep vvatcr up, c.^. par.

43, ^c.

V.

VagitusVlerintiS^ c. 8. far. 2.

Noiilomen, i^/</.
Vdrmicularislapps, c. ypar. 141.
/^<.'//f J- nulinraced b) grafting, c. 5). ptir.

1 13? 1 14.
f^iola Martia, ^c. not yet defcribed,

(, 6. .//zr. 3,4.
Ludovicuiy'i'ueshlxs^QQS^ c.^i.pqr. 19.
Vmber^ c i.par. 19,
VniveiJAl Chamber invented ztOxfordy
(;.g par. 183, £^c.

Improved there, /^^r.- 188, ^c.
Ur/js, c. ro. par. 57,62.

Found at Rotherfield-Tipard
fifty foot under ground, c. 6,

^

Walks, and other curiolities in Trees,

c. 9. /^rtr. 115, ©"c.
Waters in O.\fo,djfjire healthy,proved
from the abundance of Fifli, c. 2.
par, 14.

From their impregnations with
Salts and Sulphurs, ^«r. 12,
13. If.
Waters petrefying. See Petrifications.
Why fomewill not bear Soap,

c. 2. par. g2.
How remedied at Henly,par.-^/Sf.
Strongly impregnated with Salts
^zChurch-hillM.i\\^par. y.
At Chadlington., par. 35?.
At Clifton^ par. 40,
What u(e they may be put to,par.
43, ^c.
Waters Medicinal it Bedding foa^ c.z.

^t Banbury, par, TJ.
At Idburytpar. 5 8.
Curing Eyes and Ulcers, ^«r. 57,

^c. item c. 10, par. J /\.z.
Cbalybeaty c. 10. par. 141,
Vitriolate, f. z.par. 60, ^c.
Tafting IikeMiJkj^tfr. 64.
White like Mil kj/'d'". 6j.
Waters, a note of their goodnefs, c,-j.

par.31.
Water-mrks, c. g. par. 42, &c.

At E»/?o« delcribed, par. 50, ^c.
Wat ling- fireet, I why fo called, f. iq.
Wattle-bank,, ) par. 70.
Watlingtonan ancient Town, with the

realon of its name, par. 69.
Roman ■ways.^ their feveral forts, c.io*
par. 1 8, e^f . See Akeman-Hreet^ Avef.
ditch. Grimes-ditch , Il^enild-Sireetf
Port-waj.
Wheat with two ears on one ftalk, c. 6.
par. 37.

The feveral forts of it cultivated
in Oxford- Poire, not fo in ibme
other Counti€s,/'<ar. 23, (Jj-^.
Til. Willis^ ^n account of hisdifcove-
ries in Anatomy and Phyfick, c. 9,
far.2\e^y^c.
A grczt Wind at Oxford, c. i.par. 9.
Witney given to St. Stvithins Wi'nton
before the Conqueft, c. i o. par. 1 20.
Woollen rags an improvement of Land,

c.^.par. 70,71.
Women bearing Children till 63. c, 8.
par. 8.

Revive ofcner then men, two ex-
amples in Oxford'/hire, par.
12, (3c.
A Woman of extream little growth,
not a yard high, yet ail parts pro-
portionable, c. 8. par. 9,
?/^^^£/ petrified, f. ^.par.^S, 39.
Sold by weight, par. 2.
How ordered in Oxford-Jbire,c.9,
par. riS, 119.
Modcrackfr, a Bird not yet defcribed,

c. 7. par. 5.
Woodjfocki the £f^o there, c. i.par. 15.
When mzdezSeat Royali c. 10.
par. n8.

FINIS.

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