THE L HISTORY OF THE 4 toss tatar davorodtao8 oe to hoe oid ire ae Stepan . 5 ade eoat pe oy drow ent | * Ndolrte zg Seuotod wog edt Yo see bog ai ebeorte gew ci dood emea odd oF © > Sertt att bos ONL ni nokteteqesq ‘aah “ptode fisns baltter — ah, “id id unde euoY metre ity ee god eb dato es | hee ike duvotod re 58 Ws ae Har bdr ip Rae ust THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ett VOLUME | - GEOLOGY and BOTANY PM Tere iks es tah yh le Bil TEAL WILLIAM SMITH From a portrait by Forau in the Rooms of the Geological Society of London See note on page Frontispie| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT VOLUME 1 - GEOLOGY and BOTANY Edited by G. B. WALSH, B.Sc., and F. C. RIMINGTON, M.P:S. with a Foreword by Professor W. H. PEARSALL, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., Quain Professor of Botany in the University of London at University College / THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY atee Founded 1889 Set in Linotype Bookprint by S. G. McWhan, Scarborough Printed and Bound by G. A. Pindar & Son, Scarborough First Published 1953 CONTRIBUTORS Professor W. H. PEARSALL, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. L. BAIRSTOW, M.A., F.G.S. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, B.Sc., F.G.S. R. J. R. GIBLETT, M.A., Cantab., F.R.G.S. DOROTHY PERKINS. Bxtract from letter of 31 May 1954 from F. C. Rimington, Joint Editor of The Natural History of the Scarborough District, Vol.I, to L. Bairstow: "The question of the precise publication date is not @asy.e..- the binders sent me exactly eight copies on or about November 10th last.,"[sic | “but is" (sic | "was almost Christmas before the last copies arrived. We usually say that we published_in December 1954" [sic - but obviously a slip for 1953 =| "but a case could be made out for November !" L. Bairstow, ON 8 June 1954. Ve 1D, ZXo \AWAEIEIES), | G. B. WALSH. _ J. WEATHERELL. Professor E. A. SPAUL (Co-opted). = Set in Linotype Bookprint by S. G. McWhan, Scarborough Printed and Bound by G. A. Pindar & Son, Scarborough CONTRIBUTORS Professor W. H. PEARSALL, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. L. BAIRSTOW, M.A., F.G.S. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, B.Sc., F.G.S. epee GUbE ih mMeAS Cantab,,, FIRIG:S: | DOROTHY PERKINS. F. C. RIMINGTON, M.P.S. JOYCE ROBERTSON. HAROLD ROWNTREE. G. B. WALSH, B.Sc., M.R.S.T. J. WEATHERELL.. me ak fe PUBLICATION COMMITTEE A. J. WALLIS, Chairman. F. C. RIMINGTON, Secretary. jpop BESL, ireasurer. IR Ifo We (EMSILITACIN Miss D, PERKINS. Miss J. ROBERTSON. ’H. ROWNTREE. E. A. WALLIS. G. B. WALSH. _ J. WEATHERELL. Professor E. A. SPAUL (Co-opted). Vi NOTE ON FRONTISPIECE WILLIAM SMITH, 1769-1839, William Smith, one of the greatest pioneers of modern geology, was born at Churchill in Oxfordshire, the son of the village blacksmith. His father died in 1776, and when his mother re-married, he was left a good deal to his own resources. He taught himself elementary mathe- matics and surveying, and laid the foundations of his study of strati- graphical geclogy. As a surveyor he was employed in coal-mining and canal-making and thus gained exceptional opportunities for his great work on the study of the relation of definite fossil species and the strata in which they were found. From time to time he published treatises and maps embodying the results of his researches. These brought him name and fame but unfor- tunately money difficulties caused him to lose his home and possessions. After some years of struggle he became (1828-33), land-steward to Sir John Johnstone, at Hackness. Here he thus came in touch with a band of local workers, including William Bean and John Williamson the geologists, and Thomas Hinderwell the local historian. Owing to their efforts the Scarborough Philosophical Society was founded and the Scar- borough Museum was built in 1828-29, largely to Smith’s design. In 1835, Smith left Hackness Grange and lived in Newborough House in Bar Street, a district long since rebuilt. In 1831 he received the first award of the now coveted Wollaston Medal, and in presenting it, the President, Adam Sedgwick, called him “‘ the Father of English Geology,”’ a title which has clung to him ever since. In 1839, while on his way to a meeting of the British Association in Birmingham, Smith caught a chill and died at Northampton, where he was buried. Vii FOREWORD By Professor W. H. PEARSALL, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Quain Professor of Botany in the University of London at University College. North Yorkshire is a pleasant place and the Scarborough district is not least among its attractions. Here in a compact area are samples of most of what makes North Yorkshire so charming—varied rocks, moors and wolds, valleys and escarpments, woodlands and meadows. The Vale of Pickering has long been numbered among the classical sites in glacial geology and recent excavations at Flixton are yielding revealing information about the early post-glacial period, its flora and fauna. All these things bear on the origins of the present variety and interest of the plant and animal life. It may seem odd that so interesting a place should have had to wait so long for a description of its biological interests but the pages that follow give some idea of the magnitude of the descriptive task involved as well as of the thoroughness with which it has now been completed. It is thus a pleasure to commend this work both to naturalists and to the general public. It is a labour of love and one which appears at an opportune moment. If a knowledge of this varied life is useful in interpreting the past, it will be equally useful for comparison with the future. The face of England is rapidly changing. We must envisage much of North Yorkshire being converted to woodland once more, a type of vegetation now sparse after 3,000 years of human activity. We must hope to reproduce the best of the old, the forest that was once there, coupled with a greater soil fertility and a greater productivity. We must not lose sight of the present beauty and variety. When we lear that North Yorkshire is to be scheduled as a National Park, we can congratulate ourselves that now we have the means to sample and understand its natural history. We hope that in the future more attention may be given to its preservation than has always been possible in the past. 1X PREFACE For a century and a half Scarborough has been notable for its keen naturalists, some of whom have won national, or even international, fame. Among them have been William Smith, the founder of the science of stratigraphical geology; the botanists (Professor) William C. Williamson and George Massee ; the entomologists Robert Lawson, said by E. C. Rye to be the finest beetle-collector in Europe, and Thomas Wilkinson who worked out many hitherto unknown life-histories in the Microlepidoptera ; William Bean the conchologist, and in our own time W. J. Clarke, the noted student of marine life. In 1820 a number of local naturalists mooted the idea of a philo- sophical society, which was actually formed in 1827 under the presidency of Sir J. V. B. Johnstone, Bart., and in 1829 the rotunda of the museum was opened. In 1858 this society was amalgamated with the Archaeo- logical Society, and in 1861 the wings of the museum were added to the original circular building. In 1889 the Field Naturalists’ Society was founded and was finally affiliated with the Philosophical and Archaeo- logical Society. With many hard-working and competent field-naturalists as members and with equally competent visitors to the town, a considerable body of information concerning the natural history of the district was built up and carefully recorded. In addition much was published in the two organs of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union—the ‘‘ Transactions’’ and “The Naturalist.” This information has now been collated and as far as possible checked by able authorities, and forms the subject-matter of the present work. It aims at giving as far as possible a comprehensive and accurate account of the plant and animal life of the district during the years of which we have knowledge, and will thus be available for future generations who may wish to study any floristic or faunistic changes that may take piace. It is probable that data have been missed, but as far as we have been able to check them, any errors of inclusion are due to mistakes in identification which almost inevitably take place at times. The _ Editor (c/o The Museum, Wood End, The Crescent, Scarborough), will be very glad to receive information as to mistakes and omissions which can then be entered in the Recorders’ record-books. The Society acknowledges the debt of gratitude it owes to the many eminent naturalists who through the years have helped unstintedly in the elucidation of the many problems which have confronted its members. In the compilation of the present volumes we have consulted many authorities and in almost every case we have received cheerful uncom- plaining help, even though at times it has involved much work. It is hoped that every such authority has been thanked in the appropriate section, .but if one has been omitted, it has been through inadvertence and not to any lack of appreciation of the valuable aid rendered. In particular we would thank Professor W. H. Pearsall of the University of London for contributing the Forward, and Professor E. A. Spaul of the University of Leeds, who has been our guide, mentor and friend from the inception of this work to its completion. The publication of this book would have been impossible without generous financial assistance from the Royal Society, the Corporation — ot Scarborough, the Executive Committee of the (late) Scarborough — Philosophical and Archaeological Society, and the executors of the late W. J. Clarke. xi CONDEINAS FOREWORD—Professor W. H. Pearsall - = = vil PREFACE— Editorial = = = = c = ix THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT—G. B. Walsh - - 1 THE GEOLOGY OF THESCARBOROUGH AREA R. J. R. Giblett : : : 8 A STRATIGRAPHICAL GUIDE TO THE FOSSIL LOCALITIES OF THE CARBO OG SUS UIUC P. C. Sylvester-Bradley - 19 FRESH WATER ALGAE—G. B. Walsh - - - 49 ALGAE - DIATOMS—G. B. Walsh - - - - 56 MARINE ALGAE - SEAWEEDS—Dorothy Perkins - 67 FUNGI—F. C. Rimington - - - - - - 81 LICHENS—F. C. Rimington - - - - - - 167 HEPATICAE - LIVERWORTS—Joyce Robertson - — - 184 MUSCI - MOSSES—Joyce Robertson - - - - 189 VASCULAR PLANTS—Harold Rowntree . - - 206 HEATHLAND AFFORESTATION IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT—J. Weatherell - - 286 il LIST: OF (PEALES I WILLIAM SMITH = = 5 Fe) Penirontispiece II SCARBOROUGH FROM THE SPA - Facing Page 2 III SALTERGATE INN AND THE CRINUIRAT. MOORLANDS - - Facing Page 14 IV THE MOREL (Mofebelle vulgaris (Pers. ) Boud.) - - Facing Page 90 V A COMMON eee eee (Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.) Facing Page 150 VI DWARF CORNEL (Cornus suecica L.) - Facing Page 234 VII MAY LILY (Maianthemum bifolium (L.) Schmidt) - - - - - Facing Page 260 VIII DEEP-PLOUGHED MOORLAND FOR TREE PLANTING es Facing Page 292 MAP OF THE DISTRICT - - - End of Book ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Editors desire to express their grateful thanks to the following for permission to reproduce the photographs which illustrate this book. The Geological Society of London for the loan of the frontispiece block, the Scarborough Corporation (Pl. II and III), the British Muesum of Natural History (Pl. IV and V), Mr. J. P. Best (PI. VI and VII), and Her Majesty’s Forestry Commission (Pl. VIII). THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT G. B. Walsh Landwards, the area studied in this survey is roughly circumscribed by a line running from Robin Hood’s Bay to Sleights and Goathland, then down Newton Dale to Pickering, and across country to Malton, Weaverthorpe and Flamborough. Seawards, it has no definite boundary, but is more or less delimited by the area fished by the local fishing-boats. A description of the coast will be found in the Introduction to the paper on “ Marine Fauna ’’. The land falls very naturally into three main areas—the moors, the Wolds and the Vale of Pickering in between, with the two smaller divisions of the cliffs and the moorland valleys. The moors occupy the whole of the northern part of the area, rising rapidly from the plain to a height of about 500 feet and then more gradually to a height of about 960 feet in the north of our district. During the Glacial Epoch their surface rose above the ice but was doubtless covered with snow. Whether there were nunataks on which forms of life could persist seems to be very doubtful and conclusions based on the present known distribution of insects and plants on unglaciated areas are likely to be invalidated as knowledge accumulates. As the Ice Age passed away, an elaborate system of lakes and overflow channels followed which gave the moors so much of the characteristic structure and appearance which they have to-day. For an account of this interesting subject the student is referred to the works of Prof. P. F. Kendall and Dr. F. Elgee. For many centuries the moors were fairly thickly populated by prehistoric man who has left many relics of his existence in earthworks, ancient tracks, tumuli (howes), and in tools and weapons. These are still being carefully investigated and many of the results are exhibited in the Scarborough Museum. There are few signs of Roman influence on the moors of our area, the camps at Cawthorn and the road across Wheeldale Moor being just outside our western boundary. For further discussion on the moors the reader is referred to the sections on ‘‘ Geology’’, ‘‘ Afforestation ’’, ‘« Flowering Plants ’’ and ‘‘ Lepidoptera ’’. To the south, the Wolds rise fairly steeply on their northern edge. They are characteristic chalk hills with a thin layer of soil, rounded contours and dry valleys. For many centuries they were comparatively thickly peopled by prehistoric man, but they persisted into modern times as dreary wastes which were some of the last haunts in Britain of the wolf and the great bustard. Until the middle of the 19th century they were chiefly sheep-runs until the Sykes family of Sledmere introduced modern farming methods and the Wolds became fertile agricultural land. 1 2 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Between the moors to the north and the Wolds to the south lies the Vale of Pickering, running east and west. As the Ice Age passed away this area collected the water from the hills all round it and formed ‘‘ Lake Pickering ’’, which overflowed through Malton Gap and Gilling Gap. Then for thousands of years it formed a sodden marshy tract slowly filling with peat which is now 9-18 feet in depth. It had no roads across it—even in Roman times there was no road from Malton to Pickering, though there was a rough raised causeway from Sherburn to Wykeham. Travellers had to cross by a dangerous track from Staxton to Seamer with the help of guides who lived at the ‘““ Hospital ’’’ kept by the Knights of St. John at Spital Corner at Staxton; or else they went round by the morainic higher ground that followed the coast from Filey to Scarborough. In 1807 the Hertford River was cut to drain the marshy land and in later years more drainage work, such as the Sherburn Cut, was taken in hand, but even yet this area is a favourite haunt of various species of waterfowl. According to the late Prof. A. Gilligan, through the centuries the sand from the bed of the lake has been driven by the north-west winds to form a sandy area between Flixton and Sherburn on which are the famous Ganton Golf-links, and which yields sand for building purposes. At Star Carr, near Seamer, Mr. J. A. W. Moore has discovered an important Mesolithic lake settlement which is being investigated by Dr. J. G. D. Clark, of Cambridge University, and this may well prove to be the richest settlement of this age in north-western Europe. These three features, moors, Wolds and Vale of Pickering, run eastwards to the sea, forming very characteristic coast scenery. The Wolds end in the magnificent chalk cliffs of Speeton, Bempton and Flamborough; the culminating point is a nearly perpendicular precipice at Speeton which is upwards of 400 feet high; southwards, the height diminishes until at Flamborough the cliffs are only 150 feet high. They are the breeding haunt of numerous sea-birds, such as _ guillemots, puffins and kittiwakes, and the eggs are collected during late May and early June, great care being taken not to take so many as to reduce the source of supply. The moors form their highest cliffs at Ravenscar which is upyards of 600 feet above sea-level. There are not the same precipices here as at Bempton, but there is a plant-covered undercliff called Beast Cliff almost untouched by human hand, the home of foxes, badgers and cormorants, and carpeted with ferns and wild flowers. Between these northern and southern cliffs of Ravenscar and Bempton is a stretch of cliffs of varying height with many beautiful bays, as at Scarborough, Cayton and Filey. As a rule the cliffs are relatively low, capped with boulder clay, and in many places, e.g., Hayburn Wyke, Cornelian Bay, Cayton Bay and Primrose Valley, clothed with vegetation. The last division is the moorland valleys. These are usually glacial overflow valleys, sometimes, as in Newton Dale and to a less extent in Forge Valley, steepsided and of romantic beauty, sometimes of a gentler but still beautiful character as in Thornton Dale SCARBOROUGH FROM THE SPA By kind permission of the Scarborough Corporation facing page 2 THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 3 (Ellerdale), Lowdales, Highdales and Troutsdale. The lower portion _ of each dale flattens and widens as it approaches the plain, but the steep sides and the narrower upper portion are usually well timbered. Most of these dales formerly formed part of the Royal Forest of Pickering, the greatest forest in Yorkshire, which at the time of the Conqueror was 16 miles long and 4 miles wide. Little by little this was cut down until it disappeared as an entity in the 17th and 18th centuries. Raincliffe Wood, which covers 700-800 acres, is about 3 miles from the middle of Scarborough. It derives its name from Hrafn, who was probably one of the Scandinavian invaders. The oldest record relating to it under its present name is dated 1282, when it probably formed part of the Forest of Pickering; it has apparently been woodland ever since that time. It was more or less replanted about 1860 by the Earl of Londesborough and the only noteworthy old trees in it now are the three oak trees in the middle path through the wood, which are perhaps about 350 years old. After various vicissitudes the wood finally became the property of the Corporation of Scarborough to be preserved in perpetuity as a piece of typical English woodland. The wood is rich in animal and vegetable life, and has many lovely paths. It will be seen that until fairly modern times each of the great divisions of the district—the moors, the Wolds and the Vale of Pickering, was inhospitable in character. The soil was poor and difficult to cultivate, passage across them was difficult and in early days almost impossible; and so they were, by their very inaccessibility, cut off from the rest of England and from the social and religious changes of the time. Thus the Reformation passed unnoticed in some of the remoter areas, and so we find little nests of the old religion still surviving in secluded spots such as Egton Bridge. Roads were few and far between. The main east and west roads from very early times followed a track between the rough country of the uplands and the marshy country of the plain. In Saxon times little villages were built on these roads, usually where a stream from a valley crossed it; thus on the northern road there are Ayton where the Derwent crosses, Brompton with its springs, and Thornton-le-Dale where Dalby Beck crosses it; Pickering is built on the delta of the glacial overflow stream from Newton Dale; on the road at the foot of the Wolds similar phenomena determine the position of such villages as Flixton and Ganton. In the moorland area there are only two north to south roads, both following high ground—one from Thornton-le-Dale and Pickering to Whitby, and the other from Scarborough to Whitby. Other roads running north from the Pickering Valley lose themselves in the moorland valleys such as Beedale and Sawdondale, or run into a transverse valley such as Troutsdale. The high road from Scarborough to Filey follows the coastal moraine and then passes over the Wolds to Bridlington. In the Wolds themselves there are few north to south roads of any importance. 4 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Even at the present time the district is far from the great centres of population and is sparsely populated, especially in the Pickering Valley and on the high moors, in some parts of which it is possible to tramp for hours without meeting a human being or seeing a sign of human dwelling. The only town of any size is Scarborough (45,000), with far smaller populations at Filey, Pickering and Robin Hood’s Bay. The numerous village names ending in -ham and -ton betoken a strong Saxon element in the population, with a later sprinkling of a Danish element with village names, such as Newby and Scalby, ending in -by. Probably many settlers were Norse or Swedish and there are Norse or Swedish place terms such as “‘ force’’, “‘ foss’’, “‘ wyke ”’ and “‘ dike ’’, and village names such as Skelder and Darnholm. Like their Scandinavian ancestors most of the people to-day have grey or blue eyes, they omit the initial aspirate and speak slowly and deliberately. Great changes are now taking place in the general character of the area, partly as a direct or indirect result of the two wars :— 1. The military have taken many thousands of acres of moor- land, such as Fylingdales Moor for practice with artillery or trackless vehicles. The effects of this on the countryside are wholly bad, vegetation is destroyed and so the surface layer is exposed to erosion by wind and water; fires are started which do much damage; owing to the destruction of the plant covering which served as a storehouse for water, rain runs away rapidly instead of being conserved for periods of drought; and many wild creatures of interest to the hiker and the nature-lover, e.g. the grouse and curlew, are being destroyed or driven away. 2. Afforestation is covering much of the moorland with forests of coniferous trees, and though in many ways it is a useful and desirable service, nevertheless it destroys the moors as many of us know and love them. 3. A definite change is taking place in the tree population. Hedgerow timber is being cut down and not replaced. Furthermore, deciduous woodland is being felled, and if replaced at all, supplanted by coniferous forests. This is having a marked influence on the appearance of the countryside and also on the plants and animals that are associated with the different types of woodland. It is an excellent thing that a large area of woodland—mainly deciduous—such as Raincliffe Wood should have been acquired by the Scarborough Corporation, so that future generations may see this type of beautiful English woodland at its very best. 4. Drainage too, is taking away many of the haunts of plant or bird. In an endeavour to prevent floods, rivers are straightened and trees on their banks are removed so that water may get away; whether this is wholly good remains to be seen, for riparian occupiers point THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 5 out that trees hold up the banks and that their removal may cause the loss of valuable agricultural land. Drainage in the Vale of Pickering is lowering the water-table, and so rendering more land available for agriculture. 5. Changed agricultural practices are having very pronounced results. The increasing use of the mechanical tractor has rendered possible the cultivation of larger fields; so hedgerows have been destroyed or at any rate cut low, and field margins have been removed. The injurious effects of the removal of the hedgerows, which acted as a wind-break, are seen in pronounced wind-erosion now taking place, and the destruction of hedgerow timber has taken away much of the typically English beauty of the countryside. Mechanical tractors, etc., by destroying nests and nesting birds, are already responsible for the loss to the countryside of the corncrake and the decrease in numbers of the lapwing; and by rendering unnecessary the use of so many horses have lowered the amount of stable manure available for the land, and so have necessitated the increased use of artificials. It is probably too early yet to say whether these will have any injurious effect on farmland, but certainly less humus is available, and it has been pointed out that the increased incidence of certain diseases, for example, club-root, may be due to loss of alkalinity of the soil due to the use of acid manures, such as superphosphate and ammonium sulphate. 6. Finally, the use of tarmac on roads is probably harmful to roadside vegetation and animal life, but it is difficult to say whether its influence is more destructive (though in a different way) than the ‘clouds of dust which used to be raised on the old macadam roads. Certainly there was a period, just after the beginning of the century, when dust was blamed for the destruction of larvae of the tiger moth and drinker moth which were feeding on roadside vegetation. Nowa- days there is a certain amount of evidence that they are commoner than they were. Finally. perhaps rain draining from the roads may affect the fish life of the rivers. The correlative of this at sea is the highly injurious effect of floating oil from the tanks of ocean-going vessels. One effect of this is all too evident in the occurrence of many dead sea-birds which are thrown up on our coasts each year; these have died an extremely painful death due not merely to the coating of oil on the plumage with resulting inability to fly or to keep warm, but also to its actual lethal action on the alimentary canal which suffers extensive injury causing death. The only information available as to the climate of the district is that kindly furnished by the Borough Meteorologists of Scarborough and Bridlington; owing to lack of equipment similar information was not available for Whitby, nor from the Grammar Schools at Whitby and Pickering. The information received is as follows, the records being the average over a period of ten years : 6 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Temperature Rainfall Sunshine Degress Fahrenheit Inches Hours and Minutes Brid. Scar. Brid. Scar. Bnd. Scar. January 43.9 42,9 2.86 1.84 43, 15 44, 00 February 46.2 44.2 2.06 1.61 53, 45 66, 40 March 49.0 47.2 2.75 1.85 100, 15 119, 00 April 56.5 51.0 1.94 1.49 142, 22 156, 00 May 57.3 55.8 1.64 1.89 220, 15 191, 55 June 63.8 61.9 .85 1.89 241, 05 173, 00 July 65.1 65.8 2.01 2.38 202, 20 173, 00 August 69.1 65.4 2.88 2.44 172, 45 165, 55 September 63.0 61.9 2.01 1.71 115, 15 137, 05 October S7ol 54.6 2.91 2.90 104, 03 96, 05 November 49.2 48.6 3.84 2.40 54, 25 51, 00 December 44.6 44.0 1.93 2.33 46, 30 33, 20 Average 55.4 53.6 Total 27.68 24.73 1496, 15 1407, 00 The dominant wind is the south-west, but in April and early May the north-east often blows for some 4-6 weeks; it is a cold dry wind which causes April to be the dryest month of the year at Scarborough. Bridlington is partially protected from it by the Wolds and by Flamborough Head, whereas Scarborough has no headland to the north and the moors, being further away, afford little shelter; this explains the greater difference in temperature in April between the average temperature at Bridlington (56.5 F.) and that at Scarborough (51.0 F.). On the high moors the wind is very powerful, and so the vegetation is stunted. Moreover, as the cold dry winds blow in spring, they often kill opening buds and young leaves on trees, so that growth is checked on the north and east, and the trees tend to lean over to the land side. The temperature in the immediate neighbourhood of Scarborough is much influenced by its proximity to the sea, this influence showing itself within about 2-4 miles from the sea; thus in winter the streets in Scarborough may be wet with rain, at the Mere there may be sleet, and at Ayton snow and frost. Conversely, in the summer it may be quite cool by the sea, whereas Ayton is warm. As to the effects of elevation, the temperature falls about 1° F. for every 100 yards of ascent, so that on Fylingdales Moor (960 feet), the mean temperature is about 3.5° lower than in Scarborough. The rainfall, too, is much influenced by elevation, increasing towards the higher moors. F. Elgee, 1912, ‘‘ The Moorland of North- Eastern Yorkshire ’’, p. 59, says, “‘ In the heart of the moorland the rainfall is reported to be as high as 36 inches. . . . over the whole moorland area the average probably lies between 32 and 36 inches, an average of 7 to 11 inches higher than at many places in the plains ’’. THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 7 The lower total hours of sunshine recorded for Scarborough as compared with Bridlington may be occasioned by the close proximity _ of high hills immediately to the west of the town which, on the average cut off the sunshine about a quarter of an hour earlier each day during the whole of the year. For a further discussion on the climatic and other ecological factors of the area the reader is referred to the articles on “‘ Afforestation ’’, “Flowering Plants ’’’ and “‘ Lepidoptera ’’, to F. Elgee (t.c.) and to J. G. Baker, 1906, 2nd edition, “‘ North Yorkshire ’’. There are few mineral products of any importance. Sand and gravel, mainly of glacial or river origin, are worked in many places and there are quarries for chalk and for building stone. Jet from the Whitby shales has been used for ornaments since prehistoric times and alum used to be made at the Peak Alum-works just north of Ravenscar, until it was ousted by cheaper foreign material almost a century ago; the works later were used for brickmaking. Surface coal of flood origin is used to a slight extent by local farmers north of Staintondale, but it is of poor quality and of no economic significance; hopes were raised by a deposit of iron ore near Bickley, but it too is only poor in quality and quantity. Peat is used as fuel on many farms and cottages, as are “‘ flaughts’’ which consist of the top layers of a heather moor. There are large peat workings on the Harwood Dale Moor just north of the Falcon Inn. The area is shown on the map as being about 30 acres, but the area worked is considerably less, probably not more than two or three acres. The peat is 10-14 feet thick and overlies an old forest consisting of Scots pine and birch, the stumps of which are left standing when the peat is removed. Certain people have “‘rights of turbary ’’ or rights to cut peat, and it has been generally assumed that these are the tenants of the Derwent Estate and certain cottagers in the Harwood Dale area, but apparently there are no records, apart from one appertaining to Murk Head Farm, either to prove or disprove the claim. In 1950 it has been reported that rich deposits of potassium com- pounds, chiefly sylvinite (potassium chloride) and polyhalite (a com- pound sulphate of potassium, calcium and magnesium) have been found in the most northern parts of our area and just outside it. If anticipation is equalled by achievement, this is a fact of profound national and economic significance, but it is far too early yet to say what effect it will have on the amenities of the district or on the distribution and density of population, both natural and human. Such, in very brief outline, is the district covered by this Survey. Its great variety of ecological conditions has resulted in a very rich fauna and flora, as revealed in the following pages; but the authors and compilers are well aware that future workers still have before them a wide field of investigation, many parts of which have been very inadequately studied or not even touched. THE GEOLOGY OF THE SCARBOROUGH AREA R. J. R. Giblett, M.A. Cantab., F.R.G.S. Geologically, this area of North East Yorkshire is amongst the most interesting in the country ; in fact, there are few areas where the whole sequence of strata throughout the whole era can be studied as thoroughly and in such small compass. The entire Jurassic series from the Lower Lias to the Upper Oolites and above them to the Cretaceous, which succeeded the Jurassic, are to be found within a few miles of Scarborough. Such an area could not fail to attract geologists, and many whose names are amongst the greatest and whose work has had lasting effect may be recalled. William Smith, ‘‘ The Father of English Geology,’’ who lived at Hackness, began the work and his results were first published in 1799. His nephew, John Phillips, followed him, and later, Professor Williamson, son of the first curator of Scarborough Museum, continued the study of the region and there were many others. Many books have been written about the district and to these the reader should turn if he wishes to pursue the subject in greater detail. The object of this chapter is to introduce him to the geology of the area against which the Scar- borough Naturalists’ Society carries out its work. As the underlying rocks determine very largely the soils of the area, except where they are overlain by more recent deposits, such as boulder clay, this district, with its variety of soils, provides a widely differing flora and fauna amongst which the naturalist finds ample material for his observations. For those not so familiar with this part a brief glance at the purely physical structure may be a useful introduction. From this point of view the area falls into three well defined sections ; the Moors to the north, the Vale of Pickering in the centre, and the Wolds to the south, the whole forming two anticlinal ridges with a faulted synclinal trough between. The Moors have their axis of folding running westwards from Ravenscar, the rocks dipping to the north and south of this axis. The longer slope is to the south where the strata dip beneath the Vale of Pickering, the shorter to the north where it is bounded by a fault along the valley of the River Esk. On the east the arch of the anticline has been cut into by the sea, forming the fine cliffs north of Scarborough, especially at Ravenscar, while to the west it has been deeply dissected into numerous beautiful dales, and at a later date further cut into by glacial action, one outstanding example of the latter being Newton Dale. The Vale of Pickering, once the bed of a glacial lake, has the flatness of contour which belongs to almost undisturbed sedimentary deposits and exhibits many features which remind one of some parts of the Fen District of East Anglia. South of the Vale rise the slopes of the Wolds, which, like the Moors, have a southward dip, disappearing finally under the recent deposits of the Humber Plain. The earth movements which produced these folds took place, in all probability, during the Tertiary Epoch, a period of great earth movements which produced many of the great mountain ranges of the world. 8 GEOLOGY 9 THE ROCKS OF THE DISTRICT. It is difficult to describe in any detail the various rocks to be found in the district. They should be studied either in a museum where they can be seen and possibly handled, or in situ when exploring the district. It may be useful, however, at this point, to give a brief account of the chief features of some of the more widely distributed rocks, which belong, in general, to the Lias and the Oolitic (see table). Of these rocks, the Lias, the earliest, has three divisions :—the Lower, which in its upper part consists of ironstone separated by blue shale and in its lower part of limestones similarly separated ; the Middle series composed mainly of shales and shaly sandstones with nodules of ironstone, which, farther north, give rise to the Cleveland iron ore beds ; the Upper series consists mainly of shales interbedded with limestones or calcareous shales, in the upper part of which is the Alum Shale and in the lower part the Jet Rock. The Jet, which once provided the material for a very thriving industry at Whitby, was formed from vegetable matter in the shale, hardened by the access of air. The Alum Shale was once worked to a considerable extent near Robin Hood’s Bay and at Saltwick Nab, near Whitby. The works associated with this mineral were discontinued about 1821. Next in the series and more recent than the Lias come the Lower Oolites, which are, in the main, calcareous rocks, a one-time shallow-water deposit. The limestone of this series is oolitic or pisolitic, i.e. composed of larger pea-sized grains, and showing distinctive current bedding. In fact only the clays appear to have had quiet water conditions for their formation. It is in Yorkshire that these rocks reach their finest development, and these estuarine deposits are here separated by marine beds, such as the Grey Limestone and the Millepore. Of these Oolites the Dogger includes beds of sandstone, limestone and shales with concretions to which the name ‘“‘ Dogger’’ is usually applied. The Estuarines are alternations of shales and sandstone with occasional thin seams of coal; they are sandy in the lower regions and shaly in the upper. The Scarborough Limestone and the Millepore are the most important of these marine beds. The limestone is not a pure limestone but contains calcareous shales and sandstones. At the top of this comes the Cornbrash, thin bands of ferruginous limestone, rubbly in character, with some calcareous shales at the bottom. The Millepore, often called a limestone, is not, however, a pure limestone, at least where it appears in coastal exposures. It is, in fact, a hard calcareous sandstone. Further inland it does actually become a true oolitic limestone. These latter beds are separated from the Upper Oolites by the Kellaways, beds of sands and sandstones, upon which lies the Oxford Clay. This is a blue-green or grey clay, yellow and brown at the surface and decidedly shaly at the base, but showing no definite structure in its upper parts. In this district it has lost many of its characteristics and become a greyish sandy shale containing fossils. The Corallian in this area consists chiefly of calcareous rocks, shelly 10 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT limestones and oolites, all showing much current bedding. In addition there are corals, sands and some clays consisting of three sandy series separated by limestone beds, reaching in Yorkshire its greatest thickness in this country. These rocks form the upper levels of the Tabular Hills, sloping from Helmsley Moors, where they rise to just over 1000 feet, to about 290 feet at Gristhorpe Cliffs. Above the Corallian comes the Kimmeridge Clay, easily distinguish- able from the Oxford Clay by its colour—a very dark shaly clay, brown in its upper surfaces, when exposed to weathering. The chalk of the Wolds, although thinner than that of Southern England, has the same general characteristics, except that no gault or greensand lies beneath it. Instead, there are deposits of Red Clay, the colour being due to iron stain. In Yorkshire this reaches a considerable thickness, but at Speeton Cliff it consists largely of marls and clays, still with the same red colour, and forms the Speeton Clays. The chalk above, especially the Middle Chalk, is generally harder than its southern counterpart, but, unlike it, is quite devoid of flints. There is only one example of volcanic activity in the area. Across the Moors, north westward from a point near the coast a few miles south of Whitby, runs a dyke of dark bluish-grey andesite, some eighteen to twenty feet wide. This forms a conspicuous ridge in some parts. It is of later date than the Teesdale volcanic, and is probably of Tertiary age. THE JURASSIC ROCKS. Speeton Clay Kimmeridge Clay Upper Calcareous Grit Upper Limestone Middle Calcareous Grit Lower Limestone Passage Beds Lower Calcareous Grit Oxford Clay Kellaways Cornbrash Upper Estuarine Grey Limestone Lower Oolite Inferior Middle Estuarine Oolite Millepore Lower Estuarine Dogger Blea Wyke Sands Alum Shale Jet Shale Grey Shale Ironstone Series Sandy Series Upper with ironstone Lower with sand and marl Upper Oolite Middle Oolite Corallian fe gece aU el Upper Lias Lias Middle Lias Lower Lias (ess lf GEOLOGY 11 THE JURASSIC AGE. The rocks of this district belong to the Mesozoic or Secondary era, the earliest part of which is known as the Triassic, the later as the Jurassic, so named by a French geologist after the Jura Region of France, where the same rocks were studied. It is on these earlier, or Rhaetic, Beds that the Jurassic Rocks rest in orderly succession. They were formed under marine conditions with- out any intervening land period, at a time when Britain as we know it to-day did not exist. The Rhaetic Beds had been deposited in an enclosed, almost stagnant, sea which was succeeded by a fresh supply of sea water. This was the beginning of a new era of deposition and of a new phase in the geological history of Britain, the Mesozoic. The Lower Jurassic Rocks are essentially shales, blue or blue-grey in colour, formed from muds deposited in the new sea, as is happening on the margins of the continents to-day. | Yorkshire must have been situated near the shallower margin of this sea, as sands are mixed with the clays, evidence of shoreline conditions where the sea was not very deep. The Lias began, then, with shallow water deposits, followed by deeper and quieter water conditions allowing the deposition of more muds, the present shales. Another shallow phase followed, during which the sandstones of the Middle Lias were laid down. A deepening of the sea then occurred and the Middle Lias Limestones, formed by the replacement of carbonate of lime by ferrous carbonate, subsequent oxidation converting it to ferric oxide, indicate clear and relatively deep _ water. These deeper-water conditions undoubtedly continued throughout the Upper Lias which is, in this area, almost always shale. In general then this area was under moderately deep water during the Lias. A rise in the bed of the sea preceded the next stage, the Oolitic, and the area became the estuary of a great river which deposited its load of mud and silt. This marks the Estuarine Period. A further sinking of the sea bed, faster than the deposition of these deltaic deposits, allowed the sea once again to invade the area and marine conditions prevailed for a time, during which deposits such as the Scarborough Limestone, the Millepore Oolite and the Ellerbeck Beds were formed. Deposits choking the delta resulted in the formation of a peat swamp, so that seams of coal are a feature of this series of rocks. The estuarine conditions ended with the return of marine conditions and the formation of the last ot the Lower Oolites, the Cornbrash, well developed on the coast near Scarborough. The Middle Oolites began with the Kellaways Sandstone—named after a Wiltshire village—followed in their turn by the deep water Oxford Clays. Shallower seas then followed and in them the calcareous sand- stones and limestones of the Corallian were formed. The coral deposits such as those to be found in quarries near Seamer clearly indicate 12 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT shallower and warmer, clearer seas in the area for some time. A return of deeper seas, with the deposition of the Kimmeridge and Speeton Clays, brought the Jurassic to a close. These sedimentary rocks, flat and horizontal when deposited, were formed, by subsequent earth movements, into a series of low anticlinal ridges and troughs running approximately east and west. The arch of the main northern anticline runs from Ravenscar westwards across Egton and Glaisdale High Moors and reaches its greatest height, just under 1500 feet, on Whorlton Moor. In the south the anticline formed the Wolds, with its axis near Market Weighton. Between these lies the Vale of Pickering, the syncline between the two arches, faulted along its north and south sides, its strata of clays now hidden beneath more recent alluvial and glacial deposits. Beneath the chalk, to the south, the Lower Oolites are missing, presumably removed by denudation before the Cretaceous period, so that the chalk rests on the Kimmeridge and Speeton Clays in the north and unconformably on the Lias to the south. The Speeton Clays mark the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, representing a mud zone similar in some respects to the Lias deposits. This clay passes into the Red Chalk, the colour being due to iron stain ; then to the Grey and finally to the White Chalk. Changes in the relative positions of land and sea masses opened up the seas in the area to new organisms, whose remains, carbonate of lime, now form the chalk. It is probable that the whole Jurassic series was subjected to con- siderable denudation in pre-cretaceous times, before the subsidence which allowed the Cretaceous Sea to invade the area and cover it with chalk. which it undoubtedly did. Subsequent folding uplifted the area and the chalk, relatively soft and easily eroded, was removed completely from the moors, remaining only in the south. Once the chalk had gone further erosion reduced the moors to a new base level and formed a peneplain, more resistant moorland grits and sandstones then forming larger areas to the north of the Vale of Pickering. At a still later date action by rivers and glacial overflows cut the deep dales and isolated outliers like those around Silpho and Hackness, while rivers, cutting through the grits and on to the softer clays beneath, formed many of the moorland dales. THE ICE AGE IN NORTH EAST. No account of the geology of this part can omit some reference to the effect of the glaciation of the district. The Quaternary Era saw Britain, together with the rest of north west Europe, invaded by Arctic conditions, resulting in the accumulation of ice-sheets, especially on the higher ground. GEOLOGY 13 In common with the rest of northern Britain our Yorkshire area was subject to the icy conditions and they have left their mark on the geology of the area no less than on its physical appearance. The glaciation here was effected by ice coming from some distance, for example from the Lake District and Pennines, even from Scandinavia, and not as might be supposed by ice from the high ground of the Moors. These, in point of fact, were left uncovered for the greater part, even during the period of maximum glaciation. One lobe of the ice sheet moved south down the Vale of York, blocking the entire western side of the area and closing the fault gap at Coxwold, thus stopping any possible drainage to the west. Ice flowing down the eastern side of the Cleveland area was forced against the east side of the Moors by the Scandinavian ice which impinged on the coast, completely blocking any drainage to the east, and forcing its way some five miles up the Vale of Pickering as far as Brompton. The entire coastal district of our area was covered with a thick layer of boulder clays containing for example erratics, from Westmorland (Shap Granite) and even Larvikite from Scandinavia. Not only was the eastern drainage, namely that of the Esk and Derwent, completely stopped, but their upper valleys became lakes which drained into each other over spurs, across which they cut well defined overflow channels along the edge of the ice. The water from the Eskdale series of lakes eventually found an outflow southwards over a col and drained away through the deep over- flow channels now known as Newton Dale, adding its water to the already rapidly growing lake which occupied the blocked lowland between the Moors and the Wolds, Pickering Lake. Small lakes and streams on the Moors, near the present site of the Falcon Inn, were forced to drain to the south west and the water flowed down Jugger Beck channel to join a lake in Harwood Dale. This subsequently overflowed into Langdale and filled the valleys of Highdales and Lowdales to form Lake Hackness. The streams which formerly occupied this complex valley system once reached the sea through the valley now known as Sea Cut, but this was blocked by ice, so a new overflow had to be cut. Thus Forge Valley came into existence at the lowest point over which Lake Hackness could drain away. This outlet was deflected at its southern end by the glacier which had forced its way up the Vale of Pickering, and the stream flowed along the base of the hills depositing its load in a long sloping bank, until it finally joined Pickering Lake. The level of this lake rose steadily especially when the melt water from the ice was added to it, and a low col at Kirkham offered an outlet. The enormous flow of water over this col cut the Kirkham Gorge. When the lake drained, having in the meantime accumulated layers of new material over its underlying clays, the rivers found their way to the east blocked: by the ridge of boulder clay along the coast so the new outlet from the vale followed Kirkham Gorge, as it does to-day. 14 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Hence, for some distance inland from the coast of the area the rocks are overlain by boulder clays, moraines and glacial drifts, while many of the valleys owe their present form to overflows from the glacial lakes. The boulder clays may be seen capping the cliffs both north and south of Scarborough and one of the largest erratics lies at the Valley end of Royal Avenue and another at Seamer Station. The floor of the Vale of Pickering has little difference in level throughout its entire length and in consequence the drainage is poor. One thing of interest is the deltaic deposit at the south end of Newton Dale, upon which Pickering is built. WESTMORLAND ANO PENNINE jCE [cKeR (NG SSS FILEY LAKE PICKERING —————==- KIRKHAM GAP ES lakes GB un-cLAacatep Co uncer ice. ATER KEMOALL. MODERN TOPOGRAPHY. So much for the remote past, but it may be of interest to conclude by indicating the relationship between some of the rocks and the present day features of the countryside. The oldest rocks, the Lias, form the base of the uplands of the Moors and crop out on the sides of many of the dales. They are followed by the Lower Oolites in which the absence of fossil remains and the presence of thin coal seams indicate the Estuarine conditions already referred to. Larger areas of Estuarine Sandstones form the moors to the east of the area and the tops of many of the ridges separating the dales. Here they form the decided crags at the top of the slopes. The “Cheesestones’’ are remnants of this cap. The Ellerbeck Beds separate uoneIOdIOD YyAnoIogsesg 3y} JO uorssiwssd pury Ag OD—RCVD?CDO0 SANVTYOOW TWYLNAD AHL CNV NNI SUL VOUALIVS facine page 14 GEOLOGY 15 these from the later sandstones, which were, however, removed from a large area of the uplands, but remain to form the Riggs between the dales on the south side of the Esk Valley. The centre portion consists of grey limestone and fossiliferous grit, the latter forming prominent parts of Glaisdale Moor, while the Moor Grit, easily recognised by its compact whitish structure, forms moors between Whitby and Scarborough. The wide moorlands of Harwood Dale and Fylingdales show the shales and sandstones of the Upper Estuarine series, these marking the close of the Estuarine Period and the encroachment of the sea, with the deposition of the Oolites. Of these the Kellaways and Calcareous Grits can be seen in the Tabular Hills where the grit caps the moors to form features such as Allerston High Moor. It is through this that the gorge of Newton Dale is cut. Along the north side of the Vale of Pickering the Corallian forms the hills overlooking the vale. The Chalk lies to the south and shows many of the characteristics of such areas ; rolling hills, dry valleys and intermittent streams, called “Gypsies.’’ The coast farther south at Flamborough has the caves and stacks familiar on chalk coasts. Nor is the connection confined to the inland areas alone as the present coastline shows the relationship no less clearly. South of Whitby, where the Esk occupies a pre-glacial valley along a fault line with a downthrow of 200 feet on the west side, the cliffs show the Inferior Oolite and the Upper and Middle Lias especially well below Hawsker. From North Cheek, the northern point of Robin Hood’s Bay, of harder Middle Lias, to the Peak at the south end of the bay, also of more resistant rock, the Lower Lias has been eroded by the action of the sea to form the long curve of the bay. The shaly reefs are clearly seen at low tide. The high cliffs from Ravenscar to Scalby Mills run roughly N.N.W. to S.S.E. and have been determined largely, if not entirely, by a series of faults which follow much the same direction. The Oolites which are the main rocks of this part of the coast, are covered with a considerable thickness of glacial drift. This drift is itself the main constituent of the low cliffs from Cloughton to Scarborough. The headland which separates the two bays at Scarborough is due to the resistance of the sandstones of which it is composed. Estuarine Sand- stones and the shales and sandstones known as Scarborough Limestone, are responsible for the cliffs of the South Bay, their well-marked jointing aiding the erosive action of the sea. At Cornelian Bay the cliffs are largely of Boulder Clay, while farther south, beyond Osgodby Nab, Calcareous Grits and Oxford Clay form the greater part of the coastline. Thence to Filey, the Corallian, capped by Boulder Clay, runs out to form the Brigg, a long reef forming the north end of the bay. The clay cliffs south of the Brigg are a fine example of weathering by rain action. From Speeton southwards the chalk appears and the cliffs here show the usual characteristic features. 16 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LOCAL EXPOSURES. Those who would like to study the rocks of the area in situ may do so with very little trouble as many of the best exposures are within easy reach of Scarborough, on the coast both north and south of the town. The short list and the simple sketches which follow by no means exhaust the possibilities for inspection on the spot, and many books on this area, notably Kendall and Wroot’s ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’’ will provide many more examples. The most readily accessible exposures of the Lias are at Robin Hood’s Bay, where the Lower, Middle and Upper Lias can be seen from . Bay Town northwards along the cliffs. Care is essential when walking along the foreshore as the tide may trap the visitor unfamiliar with its ebb and flow in this part. RoBin Hoo0s Bay ESTUARINE Osgodby Nab, the north point of Cayton Bay ; White Nab, at the south end of Scarborough ; Cloughton Wyke and Blea Wyke, to the north of the town, all show the Lower Oolites, the most complete example of this series being at Blea Wyke. Waite NA® ; Osca0By MsDOLE ESTUARINE MILLEPORE ESTUARINE GREY LIMESTONE ———=— _ The Upper Estuarine and Scarborough Limestone appear at White Nab and the Upper Estuarine, Middle Estuarine and Grey Oolite form Hundale Point at Cloughton Wyke. GEOLOGY 1 BLEA Wyke ° ——— GREY Lime on _— MILLE PORE Low, EST Min LIaAs ELLERBECK Low, EST LOW, , A LIAS mac) DAGGER CLOUGHTON UPPER ESTUARINE GREy OOLITE ESTUARINE For the Upper Oolites one should go to Red Cliff on the south of Cayton Bay or to Gristhorpe Cliff, where the Kellaway, Oxford Clay and Calcareous Grit are to be found in the face of the Cliff. GRISTHORPE BOYLOER clay CORNBRASH UP” ESTUARINE_ 18 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Speeton Cliffs, especially on the south side of the Gap, give one the chance to examine the Cretaceous Series as the Red and White Chalks are exposed in the cliff face, capped by Boulder Clay. SPEETON BouLDER CLay Las KIMMERIOGE The Corallian, which is located in the Hackness area, is also within easy reach of the visitor to the dales which are in that district. To those who do not wish to go far from the town the Castle Hill has much to offer, the Coralline Oolite, Calcareous Grit and Oxford Clay being well shown there; while on Oliver’s Mount, the hill over- looking the town on the south side, the Grit, Oxford Clay, Kellaway, Cornbrash and Estuarine Shale may be examined. The Scarborough Museum also contains much of great interest to the geologist, including an excellent collection of the fossils to be found in the neighbourhood. SCARBOROUGH CASTLE HILL CoRALLINE CALCAREOUS GRIT KELLAWAy UPPER OXFORD CLAY ESTUARINE A STRATIGRAPHICAL GUIDE TO THE FOSSIL LOCALITIES OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT P. C. Sylvester-Bradley, B.Sc., F.G.S. INTRODUCTION The Scarborough district is classic ground for the fossil collector. Even before the days when William Smith lived at Hackness (1828-35), British geologists, both amateur and professional, had been richly rewarded by the local stratat. The Museums, not only of the district, but of the whole country, testify to the energy of these early collectors. In spite of the quantity and quality of the material, however, much of it fails to fulfil the exacting needs of modern geological research. Much of it is unlocalised. There is now a need for fossils with records of their exact stratigraphical horizons and geographica! locations. There are many critical sections from which no fossil, however beautifully preserved, is of great scientific value unless its position relative to some easily recognised datum is measured to the nearest inch. Care should therefore be taken to note the stratal succession and lithological boundaries of such sections before recording their fossil contents. Collectors will greatly benefit the science if they are willing to loan their finds to specialists in the various groups. Officials of local or national museums can usually give advice as to whom such specimens should be sent. The following catalogue of localities is intended as a guide to the collector. Details of the section are only listed if not already published ; otherwise a bibliographic reference is givent It is to be regretted that space also forbids giving detailed lists of fossils. All that has been attempted is to indicate the general features. This omission is not as serious as it might be, for Fox-Strangways’ encyclopedic list of York- shire Jurassic fossils, though in much need of revision, is still of practical value (Fox-Strangways, 1892b). The arrangement of Stages and Zones is as follows :—Upper Cretaceous, after C. W. and E. V. Wright (1942); Lower Cretaceous, after Spath (1923, 1924 and 1941), as summarised by Morley Davies (1947) ; Upper and Middle Jurassic, after Arkell (1946) ; Lower Jurassic, after Spath (1942). The map references, given immediately after each locality, are to the national grid (as reproduced on all Ordnance and Geological Survey maps published since the war, and also on the folding map included in this volume). A good map for use in the field is the 1 : 25000 Ordnance Survey map (approx. 24-in. to the mile). Some of the Geological Survey maps of the district are cut of print, but will be re-issued in due course. The one inch maps + As the work of Smith’s nephew, John Phillips (1829), and that of Young and Bird (1822) admirably demonstrate. t Most of these references are to Fox-Strangways, 1892a. Later relevant Geological Survey publications repeat these sections. Fox-Strangways 1904 gives fine annotated photographs of the cliffs south of Scarborough. 19 20 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT bear two numbers, as follows: Old Series, 96NE, 95NW, 96SE, 95SW, 95SE ; corresponding to the New Series numbers, 43, 44, 53, 54, and 55. The maps of the two series are identical. The 4-in. maps of the district are numbered 4, 7 and 8. The strata are dealt with from the younger to the older, zone by zone. The localities are numbered in succession. Under each zone the various exposures are dealt with first as shown on the coast (from south to north) and then as developed inland (from east to west). The exact limits of the district dealt with are shown on the geological sketch map. GEOLOGICAL SKETCH MAP 1 THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ALLUVIUM CRETACEOUS UPPER JURASSIC fs MIDDLE JURASS} ‘mh LOWER JURASSIC : Ms ie R ARS tN © =. BOUNDARY OF THE ~ 2S SRO APS. se % SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SSS ne S82 D. ROBINSON. The numbers round the margin refer to the National Grid figures. The preparation of this catalogue has been made possible only by the kind collaboration of the following friends, who supplied records of much unpublished information: Mr. Leslie Bairstow (for the Middle and Lower Lias) ; Prof. T. M. Harris (for the Jurassic plants) ; Dr. Vernon Wilson (for the Corallian Beds) ; and Mr. C. W. Wright (for the Cretaceous rocks). The compiler records his thanks for their ready co-operation. The compiler has also referred to his own field notes, and to published works. Dr. W. J. Arkell and the late Dr. R. H. Rastall have kindly checked and criticised the MS., and Mr. R. V. Melville has helped in other ways. FOSSILS 21 CATALOGUE* The names of recorders are : L.B.—Leslie Bairstow. V.W.—Vernon Wilson. TW ISi It, Wile lseyagcy C.W.W.—C. W. Wright. P.C.S.B.—P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. QUATERNARY PLEISTOCENE The Speeton Shell Beds Pre-glacial shells (Tellina, Cardium, Mytilus, Littorina, etc.). 1. Middle Chff Ridge. Speeton. 147758. Versey, 1938. Fox- Strangways, 1904, p. 83. Lamplugh, 1881. CRETACEOUS Compiled from notes by C. W. Wright, M.A., F.G.S., and publish- ed records. CHALK+ SENONIAN Upper Chalk Inoceramus lingua zonet Inoceramus ; sponges (many species of lithistids and hexactinellids) ; Micraster ; Scaphites, Baculites and other ammonoids. 2. Flamborough Station. 195701. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 122. Rowe, 1904, p. 26. Many sponges (C.W.W.). North of White Hill (1). 164715. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 113. Rowe, 1904, pit 22. North of White Hill (2). 159723. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 114. Bridlington-Filey road, fork to Speeton. 148732. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 124. Rowe, 1904, pit 14. 6. North Dale Pit. 154717. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 111. Rowe, 1904, pit 20. Roadside pit, becoming overgrown, but yielding fairly abundant fossils of Scaphites binodosus subzone (C.W.W.). 7. East Leys Farm Pit. 144707. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 110. Rowe, 1904, pit 21. A small pit in a field by roadside, showing about 12-ft. of extremely fossiliferous chalk of the Scaphites tbinodosus subzone (C.W.W.). 8. Roadside. Dotterel Inn to Grindale. 132730. Wright Bros., 1942, No. 117. Marsupites testudinarius zone Marsupites plates. The only good exposures lie along the cliffs south- east of Flamborough Head, outside the Scarborough district. Uintacrinus westfalicus zone Uintacrinus ossicles, sponges, occasional Echinocorys and Inoceramus. 9. Speeton Crossing Pit. 150738. Wright Bros., 1942, pit 115. Rowe, 1904, pit 13 (C.W.W.). * Note. In every case where sections are given, the beds are listed from the top to the bottom, but numbered from the base upwards. + Rowe’s (1904) paper remains the classic guide to the chalk of the coast sections. The Wright Brothers’ (1942) recent catalogue of the inland exposures of the Wolds is invaluable to the collector. + Equivalent to the Offaster pillula and Actinocamax quadratus zones of southern England. a NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 22 i (s420u ov) (he}> dapnog a eeNged ALIHM paddijs ha Peindsqo 03D4jS) 33119 1LIJOYDLVIHM 3410) NVus sag HONOYORYVIS HSVugNyo) Sda@ SAVAVTTIY 3yoda ti 4gMOHLS IN 4304 SSANNOVH sxe? 028 cee ss ajae0> ogy SzWaS 3LIICO NO131SWVH 44179 HLNOS d4110 HLYON 3417) 371SvV) TWH 3IL1SV¥D HONOYORYVIS HonowoBuvas (ps 'g uo wi3294g 304 su0s saae S039 SAVMVT13N © (y>eaq_u0) Sar Ime seiyjosh spag ybrowqicas GN) Wyiwoas % 420M SSINNOVH HSVYBNYO) sas ASWIS ( 3qydHUSiX9 SN avN 507808 so} SNOA AVAD aquoixo (ip sepireg éNoA sdispu) h QvN ysq7n08 (2}~>3 Sry) prey cane) 4AAINIGIY HOIH 45119034 MOT SNOA TMH gVN AGOO9SO AVS NOLAVD 3411719 NOUSY3993T AlswIMIaW = S51. 3d YOHLSTYD HSVYSNYOD (sa3@ 39vSSvd) Lys $038 SAVMY113y 311100 SNOSYWIIVI 311100 ‘Low MH NOLIISWVH JIGGIW = NOLININSO é W304 SS3INMDVH @}) &) ©) -e) ©) IT SD LPs o soorUNVvaty? IK Rae 2) J10H LNIOd VN Riacaeon 44170 Y3LSM3Yaq = and ANOISNAD dees 7 4411) 3d4YOHISIYD NOP Sel areal y3mot 9s1ue 3SWN Aad yyVD 001 oot 00% qa FOSSILS ‘(AeosueARY) Yeo pue BsIg AIL UssMI0q syIO oy) UI UVES se RIES JO suonsas WV4d \vs ap ¥ z 7 ace TW U % A 4 © (432 42m0 40 doy ws0}) ea LNIOd $d38 4238 YATTa ANG Sd00H NIgOY @YUNs AV¥12 3307N09~ =F saqa@q s$a38 ASIVD 4dIND NOWWOD J3411) 1SV4AG HOnNOYosUuv 2S Sah NIHM 08 : q38 > HAT ROS YVISNAAVYG Sda@ 4049 431d g3a 3¥0d3 TTIW saqaq ANAM NUOAAAVH 441190 WWHYVOA DAS WvyH uv NOLH9NO7)I Wa) AN1Od 31VONOH ANIOd 7233090 S@ a @ IN aw NFS) SS a ES Ea ERMAN oon) avn ONO AAAM NOLSINYNG NuGRANOA SS SS peaune yaqauindg 24 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Hagenowia rostrata zone (=Micraster coranguinum zone). Fossils usually rare, except for Inoceramus, in the lower part of the zone, exposed in the localities given, though much commoner in the cliffs west of High Stacks (C.W.W.). 10. High Stacks. 257704. Rowe, 1904, pp. 217-221. 11. Selwicks Bay. 255708. Rowe, 1904, pp. 215-217. 12. Foxholes. 012735. Wright Eros., 1942, exposure 102. 13. Weaverthorpe. 973709. Wright Bros., 1942, pits 87, 88. Vertical chalk. Fossils rare. Micraster cortestudinarium zone Micraster, Echinocorys, Inoceramus 14. Newcombe. 242721. Rowe, 1904, pp. 211, 212. 15. North of Breil Head. 248717. Rowe, 1904, pp. 212-215, Pl. 29. (Difficult of access, as graphically described by Rowe.) TURONIAN Holaster planus zone Holaster, Echinocorys, Inoceramus, brachiopods, etc. 16. North Sea Landing and Holme’s Gut. 238722. Rowe, 1904, pp. 208-211 17. Hunmanby. 090788, where lane to Pilmoor Farm crosses escarpment Wright Bros., 1942, pit 119 (C.W.W.). Middle Chalk Terebratulina lata zone Inoceramus lamarcki, Conulus, Holaster planus and brachiopods (T. lata, ‘‘ Rhynchonella ”’ cuvieri, etc.) 18. Great and Little Thornwick. 233724. Rowe, 1904, pp. 207, 208. 19. Kit Pape’s Spot 181747. Rowe, 1904, plates 17, 18, 19 (“‘ Zone of Terebratulina gracilis’’) Inoceramus labiatus zone Inoceramus labiatus and ‘‘ Rhynchonella ’’ cuviert. 20. Kit Pape’s Spot to Speeton Cliffs. 1774 to 1575. Rowe, 1904, plates 17, 18, 19 (‘‘ Zone of Rhychonella cuvieri’’). Fossils sparse, but to be found in well weathered sections (C.W.W.). CENOMANIAN Lower Chalk Holaster trecensis zone Holaster, Discoidea and small brachiopods. 21. Kit Pape’s Spot. 181747. Rowe, 1904. Plates 17, 18, 19 (marked ‘““ Holaster subglobosus ’’). 22. Speeton Cliffs. 1674, 1774. Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 79 (Plenus Marls—the ‘‘ Black Band ’’—and upper part of Grey Chalk). Holaster subglobosus zone* : Echinoids (Holaster, Hemiaster, Discoidea, etc.), lamellibranchs (especially Inoceramus), and very rare ammonites (Schloenbachia). (C.W.W.). 23. Speeton Cliffs. 1674, 1774. Fox-Strangways, 1904, pp. 79-80. Cliff foot exposures southwest of main Red Chalk section (lower part of Grey Chalk and upper Red Chalk, above the “‘ Grey Band’’). Sparse fossils but of considerable variety ; echinoids of great interest in well weathered exposures (C.W.W.). * Equivalent to the Schloenbachia varians zone of southern England. FOSSILS 25 ALBIAN+ Stoliczkaia dispar zone RED CHALK¢+ Belemnites (Neohibolites listeri=‘‘ Belemnites minimus ’’), Nautilus, lamellibranchs, terebratulids (Concinnithyris spp.), occasional crinoids, asteroids, echinoids and anthozoa (C.W.W.). 24. Speeton Cliffs. 1675, 1674. Fox-Strangways, 1904, pp. 77-78. Extensive scars and cliff foot exposures, often partly covered by cliff falls (‘‘ Grey Band ’’ of the Red Chalk and upper part of the lower Red Chalk). In the absence of ammonites it is impossible to zone these beds accurately and it is only on an assumption that this part of the Upper Albian Red Chalk is assigned to this zone (C.W.W.). Pervinquieria inflata zone Ammonites (Pervinquieria, Euhoplites), belemnites, Inoceramus anglicus, I. tenuis, ‘‘ Terebratula ’’ dutempleana (=‘“‘ biplicata ’’) 25. Speeton Cliffs. 1675, 1674. Red and grey-green marly clay with large indurated lumps is seen below the harder Red Chalk and above the ““Minimus ’’ Marls (C.W.W.). SPEETON CLAY The facies of the Albian, Aptian and Neocomian, known as the Speeton Clay, is unique in this country and has its nearest parallel in northern Germany. The clays are only intermittently exposed by the vagaries of landslip and sea scour but well repay the attention of the careful collector. The best guide to this difficult ground is Lamplugh, 1924, and the map reproduced as fig. 1 of that paper. For greater stratigraphical details see Lamplugh, 1889, and, for the ammonites and zonal correlation, Spath, 1924. It should be noted that, in addition to the more or less permanent cliff and cliff foot exposures mentioned below, there are occasionally very good exposures on the beach towards low tide mark. Euhoplites lautus zone It is to be presumed that this zone is represented by some part of the ‘‘ Minimus Marls ”’ ; see the zone below. Hoplites dentatus zone : Rare ammonites (H. dentatus) and innumerable belemnites (Neohib- olites spp.). 26. Cliff foot opposite King Rock, Speeton. 1575, 1675. Lamplugh, 1924, p. 20 and p. 15 ‘‘ Minimus Marls’’. (Upper ‘ A’ beds). Sporadic and incomplete sections only, occasionally yielding crushed impressions of the zone fossil (C.W.W.)). Douvilleiceras mammillatum zone Probably unrepresented. + The zones from the Albian downwards to the base of the Cretaceous are founded on successions in the south of England, France, Russia, etc., and are not necessarily applicable in Yorkshire ; in fact most of the zone fossils have not been found here. The scheme however must be used in the absence of a properly established one for the northern faunal province. The fossils quoted here are merely those that characterise the northern equivalents of the zones (C.W.W.). + Partly Cenomanian in age. See Exposure 23. 26 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Leymeriella tardefurcata zone This zone is suggested by the occurrence of the Leymeriella noted below. 27. Cliff foot opposite King Rock, Speeton. 1575, 1675. Lamplugh, 1924, p. 20 and p. 15. ‘‘ Bright greensand streak ’’—a glauconitic band with corroded nodules, lying immediately below the ‘‘ Minimus Marls’’. A few fragments of a late species of Leymeriella have been found with lamellibranchs and fish teeth (C.W.W.). Diadochoceras nodosocostatum zone The belemnite Neohibolites wollemanni may be taken as indicating this zone (C.W.W.). 28. Cliff foot opposite King Rock, Speeton. 1575, 1675. Lamplugh. 1924, p. 20 and p. 15. Top ‘‘ ewaldi’’ beds. N. wollemanni is not uncommon though often only found in rolled fragments (C.W.W.). APTIAN Acanthoplites subnodosocostatum and Cheloniceras martini zones Missing. Deshayesites deshayesi zone Belemnites (Parahibolites) and ammonites (Deshayesites spp. and Aconeceras). Probably only the two lower subzones are represented (weissi and bodei). 29. Cliff foot opposite King Rock, Speeton. 1575, 1675. Lamplugh, 1924, p. 20 and p. 15. Lower ewaldi beds and topmost ‘B’ beds. The belemnites occur in patches. Fragments of Deshayesites and small specimens of Aconeceras are rather common (C.W.W.). Costidiscus recticostatus zone Parancyloceras, Toxoceratoides in the upper subzones and the lamellibranch Grammatodon securis are common ; belemnites are rather rare (C.W.W.). 30. East of Speeton Gap. 157754. Lamplugh, 1924, p 15. Upper ‘B’ beds (above Cement Beds) (C.W.W.). NEOCOMIAN Heteroceras astieranum zone Large ammonoids (Hoplocrioceras, etc) are fairly common in the cement nodules; belemnites (Oxyteuthis and Aulacoteuthis) are common and many species of gastropods and lamellibranchs occur occasionally (C.W.W.). 31. Black Cliff and Speeton Beck Ridge. 1575. Lamplugh, 1924, p. 15 and fig. 1; 1889, fig. 7. Middle ‘B’ or Cement Beds, about 50 feet (C.W.W.). Paracrioceras emerici and Pseudothurmannia augulicostata zones Ammonoids, belemnites, gastropods and lamellibranchs are rather common in bands (C.W.W.). 32.. Black Cliff and foot of Speeton Beck Ridge 1575. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 6. Clays, seen to about 90-ft. (lower part of ‘B’) (C.W.W.) FOSSILS 27 Subsaynella sayni zone Ammonites (Simbirskites spp., Spitidiscus, criocerates, etc.) ; belem- nites (Hibolites jaculoides, etc.), gastropods, lamellibranchs, brachiopods (Terebratulina martiniana), Cidaris spines and plates, large foraminifera, etc., common in different bands. Ali four subzones well developed (C.W.W.). 33. Black Cliff Ridge, Black Cliff, and foot of Speeton Peck Ridge. 151757 to 153756. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 5, beds C 1—6. Clays about 85-ft. Crioceras duvali zone Uncoiled ammonoids (Crioceras, Aegocrioceras) and _belemnites (Hibolites) are common ; several other species of ammonites, gastro- pods and lamellibranchs are fairly common (C.W.W.). 34. Middle Cliff and Black Cliff Ridge, Speeton. 148758 to 15057575. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 5, bed C7. Clay and hard bands, 8-ft. 6-in. Acanthodiscus radiatus zone This is the most fossiliferous zone of the Speeton Clay. The Sub- astiera sulcosa subzone (Bed C 8) yields a variety of ammonites, and the Lyticoceras regale subzone (Bed C 9) the subzonal ammonite, belemnites (Hibolites), the lamellibranch Buchia keyserlingiana and the ‘‘Speeton Shrimp’’ (Meyeria ornata) com- monly. In the Acanthodiscus ebergensis subzone (C 10-11) the belemnite genera Hibolites and Acroteuthis are both common. Beds D 1 (the “Compound Nodular Bed’’) and upper D 2 (Lyticoceras noricum subzone) yield abundant belemnites (Acroteuthis spp.), ammonites (especially Lyticoceras spp. and Distoloceras) and other fossils (C.W.W.). 35. New Closes Cliff to foot of Middle Cliff, Speeton. 146759 to 150758. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 4 and 5, beds C 8—11 and D1, 2. Polyptychites polyptychus zone* Belemnites (Acroteuthis spp.) are abundant, ammonites rather rare (C.W.W.). 36. West end of Middle Cliff, Speeton. 147759 to 149758. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 4, beds D 3—6. D 5 is full of Lingula, and D 4 of Astarte senecta (C.W.W.). Platylenticeras heteropleurum zone Missing. Subthurmannia boissieri zone f Missing according to Spath. Represented by Beds D 6-8 according ‘to Swinnerton (C.W.W.). 87. Beach opposite Middle Cliff Ridge, Speeton. 148759. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 4, beds D 6—8. D 6, the ‘‘ Pale Beds’’, contain many belemnites and lamellibranchs of a few species; D 7 and D 8 yield the large belemnite Acroteuthis lateralis (C.W.W.). Parodontoceras callistoides zone Missing. “e *The Olcostephanus schenki and Kilianella roubaudiana zones ’’ are here regarded as equivalent to the upper part of the polyptychus zone. 28 =| NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT UPPER JURASSIC PURBECKIAN and PORTLANDIAN Missing. KIMERIDGIAN KIMERIDGE CLAY Aulacostephanus pseudomutabilis and higher zones Ammonites (sometimes crushed, but uncrushed in nodules), belem- nites, Discina, Lucina, etc. The zonal arrangement is very ill known. If a good exposure is ever found careful collecting from a measured section will produce valuable results (P.C.S.B.). 38. New Closes Cliff, Speeton. 147760. Lamplugh, 1889, p. 582. Fox- Strangways, 1892a, p. 373. 89. Off Middle Cliff, Speeton. 149759. Lamplugh, 1889, fig. 3. 40. Snainton to Thornton Dale. Ammonites have been obtained from Thornton Dale railway cutting, now grassed over (Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 375). Any temporary exposure in the clay of this district is likely to yield fossils of interest (P.C.S.B.). Rasenia mutabilis, R. cymodoce and Pictonia baylei zones 41. Mile Haven, Speeton Bay. 122791. Recorded by Judd (1868) but by nobody since. He lists ammonites, Exogyra nana, Rhactorhynchia inconstans, etc. OXFORDIAN CORALLIAN BEDS Compiled from notes by V. Wilson, M.Sc., Ph.D. F.G.S., and published records. The Yorkshire Corallian comprises a sequence of gritstones and oolitic limestones. The Upper Calcareous Grit is exposed only at Pickering, while the lower subdivisions are well seen in the coastal areas (V.W.). A detailed account of the eastern region of our district, invaluable to the collector, is given in Wilson, 1949. Ringsteadia pseudocordata zone No evidence has yet been obtained for this zone in Yorkshire. In the south of England it is represented by the Upper Calcareous Grit, which facies was therefore later in appearance there than in York- shire (Arkell, 1945). Decipia decipiens and Perisphinctes cautisnigrae zones The Upper Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire is probably mostly of D. decipiens age, but the further discovery of ammonites may show that it extends down into the P. cautisnigrae zone (Arkell, 1945). Upper Calcareous Grit Abundant Amoeboceras alternoides and Decipia decipiens have been recorded (Arkell, 1935-48); lamellibranchs are abundant, of which Chlamys midas can be used as an index fossil (P.C.S.B.). 42. Binkleys, Silpho. 964918. No exposure, but scattered pebbles in the fields are full of fossils, including ammonites (P.C.S.B.). 43. 44. FOSSILS 29 Howldale. 816837. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 348. A fine exposure. 6-ft. of very fossiliferous Upper Calcareous Grit with large ammonites is separated from the underlying Osmington Oolite Series by 2-ft. of argillaceous marl known as the ‘‘ Throstler Clay ’’ (2ICsSls')Je Pickering Quarries, east side of Newtondale, north of the town. 798845 to 804852. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, pp. 349, 365. Fine-grained sand. stones and sandy shales with Lucina fulva, Pleuromya uniformis, Ostrea sp. and ammonite casts, about 20-ft. (V.W.). Perisphinctes plicatilis zone Embracing both the Osmington Oolite Series and Middle Calcareous Grit. Osmington Oolite Series* The Osmington Oolite is very fossiliferous and in its upper part has coral reef facies—a true reef and an inter-reef channel facies; these occur in the Seamer-Brompton-Ayton district (V.W.). 45. 46. 47. Filey Brigg. 129816. Wilson, 1949, Beds 32 to 34. Crossgates Quarries, Seamer. 024842 to 029842. 2. Coral Rag with compound corals Thamnasteria and Isastrea, simple corals Thecosmilia and Rhabdophyllia and many lamellibranchs, gastropods, etc. 54-ft. 1. Oolites and _ pisolites with Pseudomelania heddingtonensis, Bourguetia and other gastropods, Chlamys fibrosa, Exogyra nana and many other lamellibranchs. For detailed section see Fox- Strangways, 1892a, p. 344. Ammonites (Perisphinctes, Cardioceras, Aspidoceras, etc., including some giants) have geen found in the “Snake Bed ’’ (6-ft. below base of Coral Rag). 28-ft. Betton Farm Quarries. 001855, 002857. Two quarries N. and S. of main road, about 4 mile N.E. of East Ayton. Some 15-ft. of soft mudstones and inter-reef channel debris with occasional stacks of coral reef in position of growth. Large numbers of Bourguetia saemanni and other gastropods, with ‘‘ Terebratula’’ kingsdownensis, echinoid teeth and many lamellibranchs (V.W.). This facies of the Coral Rag extends westward as far as Brompton and there are many small quarries opened in it in this area, some of which are listed below : 48. 49. 50. ol. 52. 53. East Ayton. 991854 (near ‘‘ The Lodge’’). Very fossiliferous. Bell Heads Upper Quarry, Silpho. 968911. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 347. Yedmandale Quarry. 982852. Kox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 346. Cidarid spines, Bourguetia saemanni, Exogyra nana abundant (P.C.S.B.). Ebberston. 897832 and 898833. (There is some doubt as to the age of this coral rag. It is usually regarded as Osmington Oolite, separated from the Lower Calcareous Grit to the north by a fault. It might be a westerly development of the Hambleton Oolite coral reef) (P.C.S.B.). Howl Dale. 816837. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 348. See exp. 43. Pickering Quarries. 798845 to 804852. . Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 349. Middle Calcareous Grit A gritstone with fossils at Filey, but in Forge Valley and westward to Pickering has more the characters of an impure limestone with, at the latter locality, the well-known Trigonia shell beds (V.W.). * The ‘‘ Upper Limestone ’ and ‘‘ Coral Rag’ of Fox-Strangways. 30 54. 90. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Filey, on the north and south sides of the Carr Naze and Brigg. 129816. Wilson, 1949, Beds 25 to 31. Good sections in brown calcareous sandstones, including the Filey Brigg Grit, with occasional thin shelly seams and lenticles containing Gervillella aviculoides, Trigonia densi- costata, Chlamys fibrosa and many other shells (V.W.). Pickering. 803852 (east side of Newtondale, about 2 mile N. ot Pickering). 40-ft. of gritty limestones with the well-known Trigonia hudlestoni shell beds. Also present are Perisphinctes maximus and other perisphinctids, Pseudomelania heddingtonensis, Trigonia reticulata, Chlamys fibrosa and many other lamellibranchs (V.W.). Cardioceras cordatum zone Hambleton Oolite Series The Hambleton Oolite Series in the Hackness district consists of : 3. We 1. Oolites (= ‘‘ Lower Limestone ’’ of Fox-Strangways), 30-50-ft. Coral-sponge Reef, c. 11-ft. Greystone, Wall Stone or Passage Beds, 30-40-ft. At Scarborough the lower gritty beds, corresponding to the Grey- stone, are usually referred to as the Passage Beds. At Filey all the beds are gritty, the oolites not being developed; they are profusely fossili- ferous. Ammonites (Cardioceras, Peltoceras, etc.) occur in the lower veds at Filey, and, rarely, in the Greystone inland. No ammonites are certainly known to have come from the Oolites which cannot therefore be dated with certainty. They are well exposed in the Hackness district and at Scarborough (exposures 57, 59 and 60) and energetic search might well reward the collector (P.C.S.B.). 56. 57. 58. 59. Filey, on the north side of the Carr Naze. 129816. Wilson, 1949, Beds 1 to 24. Some 28-ft. of gritstones and detrital limestones of shallow water origin with many serpulids, Exogyra nana, Gryphaea dilatata, Lopha gregarea, Thurmannella thurmanni, ‘‘ Terebratula’’ fileyensis, Holcospongia floriceps, Millericrinus echinatus, Cardioceras costicardia and many other fossils (V.W.). Scarborough, on the north and east slopes of Castle Hill. 049896. Wilson, 1949. Beds 1 to 15. 2. Impure oolitic limestones. 26-ft. 1. Variable series of gritstones and detrital limestones, 28-ft. These lower beds contain many of the fossils found in similar beds in the Filey Carr Naze section (V.W.). Hackness, quarry near the east end of Hackness Head, west of Hack- ness village. 965905. 2. Coral-sponge Rag, 11-ft. 1. Brown gritty unfossiliferous limestones, 15-ft. The Hambleton Oolite Coral Rag is unique in the British Corallian sequence ; it contains a rich fauna of corals (Isastrea and Thamnasteria) , calcispongiae (Holcospongia and Peronideila spp,), many terebratulids, cidarid spines, gastropods and lamellibranchs. The above section is typical of many similar sections in the Hackness Hills, from all of which this coral-sponge fauna can be collected in abundance. A few yards west of this quarry and at a slightly higher level is another shallow quarry in which are seen a few feet of the normal oolite which overlies the coral-sponge rag (V.W.). Silpho, immediate west of the village. 957917. Oolite with thin clay and brashy partings 20-ft. Fossils include ‘‘ Nerinea’’ spp., Pseudo- melania, and other gastropods with many lamellibranchs (Camptonectes, Chlamys, Exogyra, etc.) and occasional belemnites (V.W.). Arkell (1945) has recorded the find of an ammonite from the Passage Beds of Lowdales. Perhaps this came from the beds exposed beside the track on the hillside below Silpho quarry. 60. FOSSILS 31 Suffield Quarries. 979902, large quarry in active work in oolites ; 977901, old quarry in similar beds. 983902 and 984904 show coral rays (2(CaS1835)) South and west of Hackness there is an extensive spread of shelly oolite occurring at the base of the Hambleton Oolite Series (the ““ Wallstone ’’ of William Smith and ‘‘ Greystone ’’ of Fox-Strangways) . Quarries are very numerous. A few only need be mentioned :— 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. Wallis Quarry. 987960. About 35-ft. of oolites. Ayton Weir Quarry. 989857. Beedale Quarries. 962848, 961852. Cardioceras quadrarium and Goliathiceras sidericum have been recorded. (Arkell, 1945, p. 347). Ruston Quarry. 952850. Wydale Quarry. 930825. About 40-ft. of Oolites and Greystone. Ammonites (Cardioceras costicardia, large peltoceratids, etc.) have been recorded from this locality (Arkell, 1945, p. 347), as also a “‘ very rich shell-bed ’’ (Fox-Strangways 1892a, p. 320; Hudleston, 1878, p. 415, fig. 14) (P.C.S.B.). Well Dale Quarries. 914838, 911837, 910834. Sandsprunt Quarry. 906835. Oxdale Quarry, Allerston. 882837. Cross Plantation Quarry, Allerston. 880836. About 12-ft. oolites with coral band at top associated with Exogyra nana lumachelle (P.C.S.B.). Caulklands Quarries. 843836 and 843838. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 328. Wilton Heights Plantation. 860843. About 15-ft. oolites with lenticular oyster beds and corals at several levels near base (P.C.S.B.). Thornton Dale. 834834. Mount Pleasant, Lockton 851908. Lower Calcareous Grit (Extending down into the Quenstedtoceras mariae zone, Arkell 1945) The thick Lower Calcareous Grit forms magnificent cliffs on the coast, though often inaccessible without ropes. 74. 76. Filey, cliff section in north side of Carr Naze. 129816. Wilson, 1949, Beds A, B & C. The uppermost part of the Lower Calcareous Grit—the Ball Beds—is well exposed and has yielded Cardioceras cf. reesidei, C.bukowskii, spp. of Goliathiceras, Peltoceras, Aspidoceras and Perisphinctes and lamellibranchs, belemnites and serpulids (V.W.). High Red Cliff, Cayton Bay. 077841. The Lower Calcareous Grit occurs in the top of the section but fossils are rare (V.W.). Scarborough, cliff sections on north and east sides of the Castle Hill 051894. Wilson, 1949, Beds A, B & C. 8. The ‘“‘ Ball Beds’’, 14-ft. 2. Hard cherty sandstone, 3-ft. 6-in. 1. Thickly bedded buff gritstones, 49-ft. Spicules of Rhaxella perforata are abundant in the main mass of the gritstones while the ‘‘ Ball Beds’’ yield the same fossils as are found in these beds at Filey (V.W.). Both natural and artificial sections of the Lower Calcareous Grit are very frequent inland. Only a few can be listed here. The beds have not been searched with the care their interest deserves. Careful measure- ments should be made of any section before commencing operations (C'S |B.) Vite Suffield Cross (roadside quarry, 1,100 yards N.N.E. of Suffield). 988917. Thickly bedded brown sandstones, 20 Thurmannella thurmanni, Pinna lanceolata, Gervillella aviculoides, Chlamys fibrosa, Isognomon sp., Nucleolites scutatus and other fossils 25-ft. (V.W.). 32 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 78. Suffield Moor. 937935. Small quarry in fossiliferous beds. 79. Breaday Gill. 970932. Good natural section. 80. Whetstone Quarry. 986873. 81. Beedale. 950870? Interesting ammonites of the Q.mariae zone have been found in Beedale ‘‘ presumably from the lowest layers of the Lower Calcareous Grit’’ (Arkell, 1935-48, pp. 348-9). The exact locality is not known, and needs rediscovery. No more picturesque district for such a quest could be desired, though a vegetation almost tropical in its luxuriance renders the task more difficult (P.C.S.B.). 82. Allerston Quarries. 883831 and 875834. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 310. 83. Musdale Quarry. 851841. About 15-ft. yielding doggers containing ammonites (P.C.S.B.). 84. Hazelhead Moor. 861942. Magnificent section of lower part of Lower Calecareous Grit and Upper part of Oxford Clay (P.C.S.B.). 85. Hole of Horcum. Several exposures in small “‘ griffs’’, e.g. 842938 ((2C.9418%.)) 6 Quenstedtoceras mariae zone Embracing all the Oxford Clay of the coast and also the lower part of the Lower Calcareous Grit (see above, especially exposure 81). OXFORD CLAY The Oxford Clay of our district undergoes many bewildering changes of facies which cannot be properly worked out until adequate fossil evidence is forthcoming. It is known to be much thinner in the Hackness district than on the coast, apparently on account of sandy facies encroaching both from above and from below. In the Malton district and further south-west on the other hand, the clay facies extends well down into the Callovian (see Fox-Strangways, 1892 a, Plate 5) (2G Seba)e 86. High Red Cliff, Cayton Bay. 077842. Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 39 and Pl. 4. Crushed Quenstedtoceras, etc. (P.C.S.B.). 87. Castle Hill, Scarborough. 053890. Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 88 (see long list of fossils). Ammonites (Cardioceras scarburgense, Quensted- toceras spp., Creniceras renggeri, Aspidoceras, Taramelliceras, etc. See Arkell, 1945) have been found in some abundance, but only near the base of the clay (P.C.S.B.). CALLOVIAN by P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. Although by etymology ‘‘ Callovian’’ is named after the village of Kellaways in Wiltshire, the type locality of the Stage is specifically stated by d’Orbigny to be the ‘‘ Kelloway Rock ’’ of Phillips (1823), i.e., as developed in the Scarborough District of Yorkshire (see Arkell, 1946). HACKNESS ROCK Quenstedtoceras faeabere and Peltoceras athleta zones The village of Hackness, and the country around, together present one of the most lovely landscapes of rural England. To geologists ade: —— 4 ee Cowes 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. FOSSILS 33 Hackness is especially precious in that it was the home of William Smith during his latter years. Copies of his maps of the district still hang in Hackness Hall. Unfortunately the quarries and mines which in Smith’s time yielded the freestone which he christened ““Hackness Rock’’ have (with the exception noted below) disappeared (Sheppard, 1939). The Hackness Rock is very fossili- ferous, and is well known for its abundant and varied ammonites (Hecticoceras, Quenstedtoceras, Peltoceras, Kosmoceras, etc.) but has also a long list of lamellibranchs and gastropods. The name ““ Hackness Rock ’’ was first used as a synonym of “ Kellaways Rock ’’, but it is now taken (after Spath, 1926) to represent only the upper part of the Kellaways Rock of the Survey Memoirs. It possesses quite a different fauna from the rock below. There is usually a varying thickness of sandstone, somewhat barren of fossils, between the Hackness Rock and the Kellaways Rock proper. Until diagnostic fossils have been found in this sandstone it would seem best to restrict the term ‘“‘ Hackness Rock ’’ to the sandy limestone, sometimes oolitic, often packed with cephalopods, which lies on top of the sandstone, and increases from 3-ins. at Cunstone Nab to 2-ft., at Scarborough and Hackness. The two zones of the Hackness Rock occur in clese juxtaposition, and fossils should be collected with care for accuracy. Cunstone Nab. 099832. This is probably the most fossiliferous locality. 13. OXFORD CLAY, seen to many feet. 12. Impersistent nodular oolite, 2-in. 11. Grey shale full of crushed Quenstedtoceras, 3-in. 10. Brown clay, 2-in. 9. HACKNESS ROCK. Oolite full of ammonites and belemnites, 3-in. 8. KELLAWAYS ROCK. Yellow mottled sandstone; belem- nites, 8-ft. 7. Grey shale, 8-ft. 6-in. 6. CORNBRASH, 10-in. 5. Shelly black shale, 3-in. 4—1. SCALBY BEDS (Upper Estuarine Series). Gristhorpe Cliff. 097833 to 085837. There are many temporary exposures below the Oxford Clay displayed by the constant cliff falls. High Red Cliff. 077842. vager 1859, p. 5; Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 33 and Pl. 4. The 1-ft. 6-in. band of oolite at the top of the “ Kellaways Rock ’’. Castle Hill, south side. 052888. The best section on Castle Hill that remains since the construction of the Marine Drive. The upper 2-ft. of the ‘‘ Kellaways Rock ’’ North Cliff, Scarborough. 044893. Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 35 and Pl. 10. The upper two feet of the ‘‘ Kellaways Rock ’’. Hackness Quarry. 966907. Off the Lowdales Road. 2-ft. of hard sandy limestone overlying the main sandstone of the “‘ Kellaways Rock ”’ eter cales Presumably the Hackness Rock is to be found capping the great scars between Levisham and North Dale, but the diagnostic fossils have not yet been recorded from this locality. 34 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Erymnoceras coronatum, Kosmoceras jason and _ Sigaloceras calloviense zones Perhaps absent from the district, there being a great non-sequence between the Hackness and Kellaways Rocks, though Arkell (1945, p. 344) has recorded certain ammonites suggestive of the top part of the E. coronatum zone. West of Malton (outside our area) these zones are partly developed in Oxford Clay facies (Arkell, 1945). At South Cave, in East Yorkshire (44/93), the S. calloviense zone is well represented and very fossiliferous, abounding in ammo- nites and other fossils. According to Brinkmann, 1926, these zones may be partly represented by sandstones and ferruginous oolites between the Hackness Rock and the Kellaways Rock, but no fossil evidence supporting his theories has yet been published. Any ammonite found in these beds of doubtful age may be of great scientific importance if its exact locality is recorded. Dr. Arkell asks that special watch should be kept for the occurrence of Erymnoceras in Yorkshire. KELLAWAYS BEDS Proplanulites koenigi zone Ammonites (Kepplerites, etc.) are sometimes abundant, with Gryphaea, Lopha, Ostrea, Pleuromya, etc., and belemnites are abundant at several horizons. The sandstones of the Kellaways Rock are usually ferruginous in the coast sections; inland they become massive and decalcified and contribute to much of the moor- land scenery. The building stone of Hackness may well belong to the koenigi zone. In addition to the sandstones, the shales below, classed as ‘‘ Shales of the Cornbrash ’’ by early authors, are now usually regarded as part of the Kellaways Beds, though no ammonites have yet been recorded from them. 95. Newbiggin Wyke. 100828. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 278. 96. Cunstone Nab. 099832. Beds 7 and 8 of loc 88 above. Abundant belemnites. 97. Gristhorpe Cliff. 097833 to 085837. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 278. 98. High Red Cliff. 077842. Leckenby, 1859, p. 5; Fox-Strangways, 1904, p. 33 and Pl. 4. This is perhaps the best and most fossiliferous exposure now available. Ammonites and oysters are often abundant. Nodules in the clays below yield interesting decapod crustacea (Wright, 1860, p. 26). 99. Osgodby Nab. 065854. Poorly exposed beneath slipped boulder clay but very fossiliferous blocks can sometimes be found. See Fox- Strangways, 1892a, p. 281. 100. North Cliff, Scarborough. 044893. Fox-Strangways, 1904, pp. 34, 35 and Pl. 10. 101. Row Brow Wood Quarry. 006885. 2. Soft yellow muddy sand seen to about 10-ft.; occasional ammonites. 1. Massive sandstone, coarse at the top, finer and softer below, seen to nearly 20-ft. 102. Wackness Quarry. 966907. Over 20-ft. of fine building stone still exposed, but not very fossiliferous. The discovery of ammonites would settle the question as to whether or no this sandstone should be grouped with the Hackness or Kellaways Rock. (See exp. 93). = he em FOSSILS 35 103. Langdale Rigg. 931927. Opposite Birch Hall Camp on the west side of Langdale Rigg. An important quarry exposing the fossiliferous lower part of the Kellaways Rock. 104. Saltergate. 846947. Stream leading into Newtondale. Douglas and Arkell, 1932, p. 140. A good exposure of the shales at the base of the Kellaways Beds immediately above the main (lower) waterfall. 105. Huggitt’s and Yew Tree Scars, Newtondale. 831940 to 843949. Fox- Strangways, 1892a, p. 283. Perhaps the finest inland section but the fossiliferous beds are often quite decalcified, even the belemnites and oysters remaining but as hollow casts. UPPER CORNBRASH Macrocephalites macrocephalus zone The Cornbrash of our district is extremely fossiliferous. Most museums of the country boast a collection from the Scarborough Cornbrash. The fossils have recently been revised by Cox and Arkell, 1948-49. Ornithella lagenalis and other brachiopods, lamelli- branchs (Lopha marshit, Ostrea undosa, Trigonia cassiope, T. scarburgensis, etc.) and gastropods are particularly abundant; ammonites rare but interesting (see Arkell, 1945, p. 340). 106. Newbiggin Wyke. 100830. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 266. 107. Cunstone Nab. 099832. Beds 5 and 6 of exposure 88. 108. Gristhorpe Cliff. 097833 to 085837. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 268 Exposed in many places along the cliff often easily accessible and very fossiliferous. The best locality in the district. 109. High Red Cliff. 077845. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 268. Reef along foreshore, often covered by sand. In the past regarded as a valuable fossil locality. Now rather overgrown with seaweed. 110. Spring Hill Brick Pit (=Peacock’s Quarry). 029874. (Behind Seamer Road Power Station). Cooke, 1896 ; Douglas and Arkell, 1932, pp. 140—141. Good exposure of very fossiliferous Cornbrash. 111. Saltergate, Newtondale. 846947. Douglas and Arkell, 1932, p. 140. The thickest developments of Cornbrash in the district. The lower 7-ft. of sandstone (Bed 2) were included in the Upper Estuarine Series (Scalby Beds) by Douglas and Arkell, but immediately underneath there is a layer of lenticular clay-ironstone nodules full of marine lamellibranchs, which must either still be Cornbrash or some lower (Bathonian) marine horizon previously undiscovered. No lower Cornbrash (the Clydoniceras discus zone, so well represented in the south of England) has yet been discovered in Yorkshire. MIDDLE JURASSIC THE DELTAIC SERIES (= The Estuarine Series of Fox-Strangways) (Compiled from notes by T. M. Harris, M.A., F.R.S., P. C. Sylvester- Bradley and published records. ) Recent proposals as to a revision of the nomenclature of the Middle Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire (Hemingway, 1949, and Sylvester-Bradley, 1949) have been incorporated in the following account. The fossil plants from the Deltaic Series of the Scarborough district are famous all over the world. In addition to plant beds yielding numerous and good specimens listed below there are many root beds 36 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT (especially in the Gristhorpe Beds of Cloughton Wyke), rocks containing microflora (leaves and spores) wood, and fallen blocks of shale from undiscovered localities in the cliff which yield good plants. A walk along the beach anywhere below the Deltaic cliffs between Gristhorpe and Robin Hood’s Bay is almost certain to yield half a dozen such blocks Gir): ?BATHONIAN The Scalby Beds* There are no marine bands in the Scalby Beds and therefore nothing can be said of their age other than it is either Bathonian or late Bajocian. The base of the Scalby Beds contains massive grits, and has been called the ‘‘ MOOR GRIT ”’ by Fox-Strangways (P.C.S.B.). 112. Low Red Cliff. 083842. Black, 1929, pp. 404 and 409, and fig. 1. Red Cliff Plant Bed ; Ginkgoites, etc. For section in Gristhorpe Bay see Wright, 1860, pp. 28, 29. 113. White Nab. 059864. Black, 1929, pp. 404 and 409. (Washout). Zamites and Ginkgoites. : 114. Between White Nab and the Spa 059864 to 047873. Casts of Unio are found ‘‘ depending from the roof of some of the caves ”’ Fox Strangways, 1904, p. 19. 115. Scalby Ness. 0388911. Foot of cliff. Sandstone with various leaves, chiefly Ginkgoites, ferns (T.M.H.). 116. Scalby Wyke, ‘‘ Channel G’’. 031922. Black, 1929, p. 409 and figs. 1 and 2. Ginkgoites, ferns. 117. Scalby Wyke Plant Bed. 031924. Black, 1929, figs. 2, 3 and pp. 897 and 410. Muddy sandstone and clay. Ferns, conifers and Ginkgoales (insects, crushed lamellibranchs, twigs and cones in mud- stone above). 118. Burniston Wyke, ‘‘Channel D’’. 029929. Black, 1929, p. 409 and fig. 1. Baiera leaves. 119. Burniston Wyke. 0393. Black, 1929, p. 410. Lenticular shales at top of current bedded sandstone. Ferns, Ginkgoites, etc. 120. Crook Ness. 027935. The Burniston Footprint Bed. Forms a con- spicuous shelf running round cliff. Hargreaves, 1913, 1914. Dinosaur footprints. 121. Brown Rigg Beck. 922004. Sandstone with Ginkgoites leaves (T.M.H). 122. River Derwent. 935946, 934957, 931964. Sandstone with Ginkgoites leaves and a few other species. In several other inland localities, notably Upper Kirk Moor, Fylingdales (9103), the Moor Grit has layers packed with cuticles of conifers, ginkgos and other tough leaved plants (T.M.H.). BAJOCIAN Parkinsonia parkinsoni and Stephanoceras humphriesianum zones Scarborough Beds} Large ammonites (Teloceras blagdeniforme, Stephanoceras triptole- mus, etc.) and large belemnites, with some beds crowded with lamellibranchs (Gervillella scarburgensis, Meleagrinella lycetti, Pleuromya uniformis, etc.). The fossils have been revised by Cox and Arkell, 1948-49. Parkinsonia parkinsoni has been recorded (Wright, 1860) from the upper beds at White Nab. The record needs confirmation (P.C.S.B.). * The Upper Estuarine Series of Fox-Strangways. { Or “‘ Grey Limestone Series ’’ FOSSILS 37 123. Yons Nab. Reef extends seaward along Knotty Bink for about 13 miles. 087839. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 2380. Full of Meleagrinella and Ostrea (P.C.S.B.). 124. Low Red Cliff. 082843. At foot of cliff. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 230. Marine strata now measure 11-ft. 6-ins. (P.C.S.B.). 125. White Nab and Black Rocks. 059865. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 231. The best exposure for ammonites (Teloceras, etc.) and belemnites, which cover a bed not far above low water mark (P.C.S.B.). 126. Hundale Point. 026949. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 232. The most famous fossil locality. 127. Hayburn Wyke to Ravenscar. The Moor Grit caps the upper cliff most of the way, and the Scarborough Beds outcrop immediately below. They are easily accessible where paths from Ravenscar lead down the cliffs, e.g., 991009, 988012, 986014. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 233 (IP {CS.1B.))5 128. Raven Gill, Harwood Dale. 946980 Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 233 (“‘ Bloody Beck ’’). The finest inland section (P.C.S.B.). 129. Helwath Beck. 949985. Recent slipping has made good exposures ((P4C-S133,)) 130. May Beck. 888014. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 235. ?Otoites sauzei zone Gristhorpe Beds* The great majority of the 2000 old coal pits in the moors appear to be in this series, and the interiors of the spoil heaps still yield determinable plants (T.M.H.). No marine fossils are present, so no exact correlation is possible. 130. Gristhorpe Bay. 085841. For section see Wright, 1860, pp. 30, 31. The Gristhorpe Plant Bed. Available in the beach at mid and low tide. The best preserved and most varied Estuarine plants come from this and the succeeding locality (T.M.H.). Wright records Unio in his beds 15 and 18, not in the Scalby Beds, as suggested by Jackson, Gili, jo. Uy, C2CSIB ve 131. Red Cliff Rocks. 081843. Remarks as for 130. 132. Cloughton Wyke (1). 020950. Bed yielding many Williamsoniana flowers, now available at low spring tides (T.M.H.). 133. Cloughton Wyke (2). 021955. Plant bed in cliff foot associated with coal seam (T.M.H.). Sonninia sowerbyi zone Yons Nab Beds Above the true Millepore Bed there occurs at Yons Nab about 25-ft. of shales and sandstones with abundant Trigonia and other lamelli- branchs in some beds, together with marine ostracods, plant fragments, etc. Dr. Hemingway suggests the apt name ‘‘ Yons Nab Marine Series ’’ for these beds. They are separated from the Millepore Bed by a few feet of shales from which only ostracods and plants have been recorded. The Yons Nab Beds are known only from this one locality (P.C.S.B.). 134. Horseshoe Rocks, Yons Nab. 085843. For section see Fox- Strangways, 1892a, pp. 207, 208. * Or ‘‘ Middle Estuarine Series.’’ 38 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Millepore Beds Bryozoa (Haploecia straminea), crinoid ossicles, lamellibranchs and gastropods (P.C.S.B.). 135. Yons Nab. 082844. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, pp. 207, 208. Forms the massive, outer reef, about 15-ft. thick (P. (E513). 136. Osgodby Nab. 066855. The finest exposure (Richardson, 1912, Pl. 23). 137. Cloughton Wyke. 021955. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 208. 138. Staintondale to Ravenscar. 004987 to 982019. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 210. The Millepore Bed outcrops near the base of the upper cliff, but is often obscured by scree. Some of the early fossil collectors labelled specimens ‘“‘ Staintondale Cliffs’’ (P.C.S.B.). ?Ludwigia murchisonae zone Some 280 feet of deltaic sandstone, shales and thin coals with a marine intercalation (the Eller Beck Beds) about the middle. No exact correlation has yet been made (P.C.S.B.). Sycarham Beds* The flora of the Sycarham Beds agrees with that from the Gristhorpe Beds rather than with that from the Hayburn Beds (T.M.H.). 139. Beast Cliff. Northwards from 001955, in the middle region of the cliff. Grey and black shales with micro-fossils (chiefly fragments of conifer leaves and spores) (T.M.H.). 140. Common Cliff. 996005. U-shaped worm burrows (Arenicolites statheri). See Stather and Bather, 1925. Eller Beck Beds Nearly 20-ft. of marine sandstones and shales with one or two ironstone bands crowded with lamellibranchs (Nucula, Astarte, etc.) (P.C.S.B.). 141. Iron Scar, Cloughton Wyke. 017964, Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 195. U-shaped worm burrows occur near base. 142. Above Little Beck Alum Works. 883049. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 196. This section still presents some good exposures in a most romantic setting (P.C.S.B.). 143. Walk Mill Force, Eller Beck. 833023. Fox-Strangways, 1892a, p. 197. The type locality, and still the most fossiliferous exposure. Dr. Rastall points out that the Geological Survey 1-inch map of the area is printed on a topographical base so out of date that it still shows the railway line about 4-mile further west than it is now, although the change was made in 1865. The-locality is in the bank immediately below the present railway, unmarked on the geological map (P.C.S.B.). Hayburn Beds} The most fossiliferous locality is at Whitby (908 113), outside our area. 144. Hayburn Wyke. Classical locality was on beach. Not found by T.M.H. between 1944 and 1947. 145. Hayburn Beck. A plant bed outcrop at the foot of the cliff just south of the waterfall (010970) and also above the waterfall (T.M.H.). 146. Beast Cliff (1). 010980. Shaly sandstone with Equisetites in position of growth, exposed for a quarter of a mile (I.M.H.). 147. Beast Cliff (2). 008985. Plant-bearing rocks (Bennetitalean leaves, ferns, etc.) at foot of cliff north of Hayburn. Very local slight changes from year to year cover some and expose others (I.M.H.). 148. Brow Alum Quarry. 960022. A Unio bed, 18-in. above top of the Dogger, underlying a seat-earth and coal seam. Jackson, 1911b, p. 212. = Upper part of Lower Estuarine Series. = Lower part of Lower Estuarine Series. FOSSILS 39 THE DOGGER Leioceras opalinum zone It was formerly supposed that the Dogger of Blea Wyke was of murchisonae date (Richardson, 1912). Macmillan (1932) and Black (1934) have shown that the Dogger of the north-west region (outside the Scarborough district) is certainly of murchisonae age, but that that of Glaisdale and further east belongs to the opalinum zone (costosum subzone). In the lack of positive evidence, such as would be provided by the discovery of ammonites in situ, it seems wisest to regard the whole of the Dogger of Blea Wyke as of opalinum age (P.C.S.B.). 149. Blea Wyke. 991015. Fox-Strangways, and Barrow, 1915, p. 21. Rastall and Hemingway, 1939, p. 363. Versey and Hemingway, 1948, p. 14. Oolitic and sandy limestone, 40-ft., ‘* Nerinea,’’ other gastropods ; Astarte and other lamellibranchs ; corals, etc., the shell material replaced by siderite (P.C.S.B.). 150. Peak. 979023. MRastall and Hemingway, 1939, p. 363. 151. Ravenscar brickworks. 970015. MRastall and Hemingway, 1940, p. 181. 152. Stoupe Brow Alum Works. 960022. Rastall and Hemingway, 1940, p. 183. 153. Howedale. 955017. MRastall and Hemingway, 1940, pp. 183, 4. LOWER JURASSIC UPPER TOARCIAN (YEOVILIAN) UPPER LIAS Lytoceras jurense zonet Blea Wyke Series, Striatulus Shales and Peak Shales One of the most interesting series of beds in the Jurassic of Yorkshire. Ammonites of all the sub-zones of the jurense zone except the top one (aalensis) probably occur, but need more patient collecting and accurate recording than they have yet received. Brachiopods, (including Lingula beani), lamellibranchs and serpulae are also abundant at certain horizons (P.C.S.B.). 154. Blea Wyke to Peak. 989014 to 980022. Versey and Hemingway, 1948, p. 14. See also Buckman, 1915, pp. 79-80 ; Rastall and Heming- way, 1939; Richardson, 1912; Rastall, 1905; and Hudleston, 1874 (UP{CIS5}1835)) ¢ 155. Peak. 980021. Rastall and Hemingway, 1939, p. 363. LOWER TOARCIAN (WHITBIAN) Hildoceras bifrons zone Alum Shale Series Abundant ammonites (Hildoceras spp., Dactylioceras commune, etc.), Nuculana ovum, belemnites, fish, saurians, etc. 156. Blea Wyke to Old Peak. 989014 to 980022. Intermittent exposures along foreshore, beneath Peak Shales. 157. Peak Alum Works. 970016. 158. Brow Alum Works. 960012. ¢ Cut out by a non-sequence west of the Peak Fault, where the Dogger rests directly on the Alum Shales. Further to the west, the so-called ‘* Dogger ” 1s of jurense date (see Macmillan, 1932). 40 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 159. Howedale Beck. 955017. The most complete section. About 100-ft. of soft alum shales, the upper 20-ft. with cementstone nodules and a basal band of pyritous doggers with masses of ammonites and belem- nites. Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, p. 18 160. Falling Foss. 887036. 161. Little Beck Alum Works. 883048. Hildoceras serpentinum zone* Jet Rock Series Harpoceras spp., Phylloceras, Inoceramus dubius, belemnites, fish, saurlan remains, etc. 162. Old Peak. 980024 (at the foot of the cliff, east of the fault). Fox- Strangways, 1892a, p. 129. Jet rock and bituminous shales with bands of large doggers and pyritous concretions, c. 100-ft. 163. Peak Alum Works. 970017. 164. Howedale. 952018. Dactylioceras tenuicostatum zone Grey Shale Series D. tenuicostatum and other ammonites and belemnites, in nodules. 165. Below Ravenscar Brick Works. 973015. 166. Howedale Gorge. 951019. Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, p. 16. Grey Shales with bands of nodules containing the fossils. 30-ft. UPPER PLIENSBACHIAN (DOMERIAN) MIDDLE LIAS (Compiled from notes by L. Bairstow and published records). The Geological Survey grouped as Middle Lias in this district the fronstone Series (which further north includes the Cleveland Ironstone) and the underlying Sandy Series; but, when the Middle Lias is limited palaeontologically, the lower part of the Sandy Series is excluded. Pleuroceras spinatum zone Upper part (above the Pecten Seam) of the Ironstone Series of Fox- Strangways and Barrow, 1915, pp. 13, 61. 167. Peak Arm. 981026. A small exposure at low water on the east side of the Peak fault. Pleuroceras spp. On the west side of the Peak fault the outcrop passes from Peak round Stoupe Brow, where it disappears under the boulder clay. No accessible exposure has been recorded, though according to Tate and Blake, p. 127, the beds are visible but relatively inaccessible in | Howedale Beck (see locality 171). The nearest complete section accessible is on the coast (about 952076) at Normanby Stye Batts and the adjoining High Scar, a little north of our district. Amaltheus margaritatus zone Lower part (Pecten Seam and below) of Ironstone Series, and upper part of Sandy Series, of Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, pp. 11, 18, 61. Casts of Amaltheus spp., with Dentalium giganteum and lamellibranchs (notably Pseudopecten aequivalvis and Protocardia truncata) . 168. Peak Steel. 979026. Reef between the two main branches of the Peak fault ; accessible only when the sea is below about half-tide. Ferruginous sandstones of the upper part of the Sandy Series. 169. Peak Cliff. 978022. Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, p. 11. Upper part of the Sandy Series with Amaltheus, Dentalium giganteum and lamellibranchs. * = Harpoceras falcifer zone. FOSSILS 41 170. Stoupe Brow railway cutting. 959025. Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, p. 18. Ironstone Series. 171. Howedale Beck. 949025. Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915, p. 13 About 80-ft. of shales with ironstone nodules belong to the Iron stone Series and at least in part to the margaritatus zone. 172. Castle Chamber. 960066. Margaritatus and Algovianum Zones of Fox-Strangways, Barrow and Buckman, 1915, pp. 73-4. The lower part of the zone (lower part of upper portion of Sandy Series) is accessible in the cliff. Amaltheus stokesi, Dentalium giganteum Isocrinus sp. and lamellibranchs. The whole thickness of the zone is visible here, and its higher beds become accessible in turn in the cliffs and on the foreshore to the north, just outside our distric’ (L.B.). LOWER LIAS By L. Bairstow, M.A., F.G.S. [Within our district the Lower Lias outcrops only in the Robin Hood’s Bay area. Surprising as it may seem, there is no adequate pub- lished guide to the Lower Lias of Robin Hood’s Bay. Mr. L. Bairstow has been studying these beds in detail since 1928 and his work is still in progress, though a provisional summary of the succession has appeared (Bairstow, 1948). In the following catalogue of localities, reference is made to the bed numbers of his MS. detailed section; some of these bed numbers were quoted by Spath, 1938. Until such time as Mr. Bairstow’s work is published, the most useful geological map available is that of Tate and Blake (1876). Most of the exposures are accessible only when the sea is lower than about half-tide. On parts of this coast the collector should beware of danger from tides and from cliff-falls. P.C.S.B.] LOWER PLIENSBACHIAN (CARIXIAN) Prodactylioceras davoei zone Lower part of Sandy Series of Middle Lias, and upper part of Iron- stone Shales of Lower Lias, of Fox-Strangways, Barrow and Buckman, 1915, pp. 11, 61, 66. The zone is about 100 feet thick and includes about seventy lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 600 to 581 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The base of the zone is estimated to be about 870 feet above the base of the Lias. Of the whole succession within the zone on the north side of Robin Hood’s Bay, the best single rendering hitherto published is that of Tate and Blake, from about bed 32 of their margaritatus-beds (p. 110) down to about bed 27 of their capricornus-beds (p. 91). Specimens of Gryphaea cymbium, Oxytoma inaequivalvis, Dentalium giganteum, and capricorn ammonites including Oistoceras spp. and Androgynoceras macula- tum, are abundant in certain beds. 173. Robin Hood’s Bay: foreshore and base of adjacent cliff, between Ness Point and Castle Chamber. (Between 960062 and 960067.) 42 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Tragophylloceras ibex zone Middle part of Ironstone Shales of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. The zone is about 65 feet thick and includes about thirty lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 580 to 564 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The base of the zone is estimated to be about 650 feet above the base of the Lias. Of the succession within this zone on the north side of Robin Hood’s Bay, the best rendering hitherto published is that of Tate and Blake; from about bed 28 of their capricornus-beds (pp. 91-2) down to about bed 19 of their Jamesoni-beds (p. 79). The group of beds 28 to 33 of their capricornus-beds is repeated as the group of beds 1 to 7 of their Jamesoni-beds. _ Lytoceras sp., ‘‘ Passaloteuthis ”’ sp., Hastites fusteolus, H. trunculus and Gryphaea obliquata are fairly abundant in certain beds; Beaniceras sp., Liparoceras heptangulare, Tragophylloceras sp. and Tropidoceras sp. occur. 174. Robin Hood’s Bay: foreshore and base of. adjacent cliff, S.W. of Ness Point. (Between 958058 and 960061.) Uptonia jamesoni zone Lower part of Ironstone Shales, and upper part of Pyritous Shales, of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. The zone is about 150 feet thick and includes about 140 Ifthological subdivisions grouped as approxi- mately beds 563 to 501 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The : base of the zone is estimated to be about 500 feet above the base of the Lias. Of the succession within the zone on the north side of Robin Hood’s Bay, the best rendering hitherto | published is that of Tate and Blake, from about bed 20 down to about bed 55 of their Jamesoni-beds (pp. 79-81). They omitted about ten feet of strata at about bed 31. Specimens of Uptonia jamesoni, Platypleuroceras sp., Polymorphites spp., Apoderoceras spp., ‘‘ Pseudohastites ’’ sp., ‘‘ Passaloteuthis’’ spp., Hiastites trunculus, Gryphaea obliquata, Pholadomya spp., Pinna folium, : Pseudopecten priscus and Ditrupa circinata are abundant in par- ticular beds. 175. Robin Hood’s Bay: foreshore and base of adjacent cliff, from the Landing to beyond Dungeon Hole. (Between 954050 and 957057.) SINEMURIAN Echioceras raricostatum zone Lower part of Pyritous Shales and upper part of Siliceous Shales, of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. At Robin Hood’s Bay the zone is about 60 feet thick and includes about forty-five lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 500 to 486 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The base of the zone is estimated to be about 450 feet above the base of the Lias. Of the upper fifteen or twenty feet of the zone at Robin Hood’s Bay, the best original version hitherto published is that of Tate and Blake, from about bed 56 of their Jamesoni-beds (p. 81) down to bed 1 of their oxynotus-beds (p. 73). FOSSILS 43 This version relates primarily to the northern exposure only, but the same beds can be recognised also in the southern exposure. Below bed 1 of their oxynotus-beds Tate and Blake’s rendering is difficult to follow with certainty in any part of the bay; but approxi- mately equivalent to their bed 1 is the top bed of Barrow’s composite section of the upper part of his Ammonites oxynotus Beds (1882, pp. 4-5), and the upper part (nominally about 34 feet) of this section provides the least-unsatisfactory published rendering of the remainder of the succession Specimens of Eoderoceras spp., Gleviceras guibalianum, Metechioceras spp., Leptechioceras spp., Echioceras sp., Nannobelus spp. and Isocrinus sp. are fairly abun- dant in certain beds. 176. Robin Hood’s Bay, southern exposure : most of the foreshore between Peak Steel and the Dock, Wind Haven; and base of part of the adjacent cliff. (Between 979025, 976023 and 973024.) 177. Robin Hood’s Bay, northern exposure : much of the foreshore south and east of Bay Town. (Between 955045 and 954050.) Oxyncticeras oxynotum zone Middle part of Siliceous Shales of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. At Robin Hood’s Bay the zone is about 50 feet thick and includes about sixty lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 485 to 462 in L. Bairstow’s detailed section. The base of the zone is esti- mated to be about 400 feet above the base of the Lias. Of the succes- sion within the zone as a whole, none of the published versions is markedly preferable to all others. All versions of its upper part are unsatisfactory. The best version of the middle part is that of Tate and Blake, from about bed 20 down to bed 28 of their oxynotus- beds (p. 74). Below this, the best version of the lithological succession is that of Simpson (1868, p. 55; repeated with slight alterations in a more accessible publication, 1942, p. xxii) comprising his Indurated Bands from division 16, lower part (which immediately underlies bed 28 of Tate and Blake), down to about division 20. Specimens of Oxynoticeras spp., including O. simpsoni; also of Gagaticeras gagateum, Nannobelus sp., Protocardia oxynoti, Cardinia sp. and Isocrinus sp. are abundant in certain beds. 178. Robin Hood’s Bay, southern exposure: most of the foreshore and base of most of the adjacent cliff, from Peak Dock to near Miller’s Nab. (Between 972024 and 971025.) 179. Robin Hood’s Bay, northern exposure: base of cliff from Stoupe Beck to Mill Beck Nab (between 958035 and 955041), and foreshore adjoining the mouth of Mill Beck (between 958038 and 955045). Asteroceras obtusum zone Lower part of Siliceous Shales, and upper part of Calcareous Shales of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. At Robin Hood’s Bay the zone is about 40 feet thick and includes about forty lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 461 to 446 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The base of the zone is estimated to be about 360 feet above the base of the Lias. The best rendering of the succession hitherto 44 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT published is that of Tate and Blake, from about bed 31 down to about bed 45 of their oxynotus-beds (pp. 74-5). Specimens of Aegasteroceras sagittarium, Promicroceras planicosta, Eparietites spp., Asteroceras spp., Nannobelus sp., Gryphaea obliquata and Isocrinus sp. are abundant in certain beds. 180. Robin Hood’s Bay foreshore, southern exposure: foreshore adjoining Miller’s Nab. (Between 971026 and 970027.) 181. Robin Hood’s Bay cliff exposure: between Miller’s Nab and a point N.W. of Peter White Cliff. (Between 969027 and 961032.) The upper part of the zone rises slightly above the base of the cliff, which for a long distance almost follows the curving strike. 182. Robin Hood’s Bay foreshore, northern exposure : central and eastern parts of the fan of reefs between Stoupe Beck, Mill Beck and a little seaward of Low Scar. (Between 959037 and 957042.) Caenisites turneri zone Middle part of ‘‘ Calcareous Shales ’’ of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. At Robin Hood’s Bay the zone is about 35-ft. thick and includes about fifty lithological subdivisions grouped as approximately beds 445 to 427 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. The base of the zone is estimated to be about 320 feet above the base of the Lias. The least unsatisfactory version of the succession hitherto published is that of Tate and Blake : from about bed 46 of their oxynotus-beds (p 75), which is the same as bed 1 of their Bucklandi-beds (p. 63), down to about bed 19 of their Bucklandi-beds (p. 64). Their rendering is difficult to follow in detail. Promicroceras capricorn- cides, Microderoceras sp., Caenisites spp., Nannobelus sp. and Isocrinus sp. occur. Lamellibranchs are fairly abundant; Gryphaea obliquata, Modiolus laevis and Lucina limbata are among the species present. 183. Robin Hood’s Bay: northern part of foreshore off Miller’s Nab; and most of Flat Scars. (Between 971627 and 963034.) Best studied at spring tides; during ordinary tides the zone is adequately accessible only for a short time near low water; during neap tides the full width of its outcrop never emerges. Arnioceras semicostatum zone Lower part of Calcareous Shales of Buckman, 1915, p. 61. At Robin Hood’s Bay the top of the zone is estimated with the aid of Messrs. Fison’s No. 1 borehole, to be about 320 feet above the base of the Lias. In the bay at low tide more than 20 feet of the zone have been seen, including about twenty lithological sub- divisions grouped as approximately beds 426 to 418 in L. Bairstow’s MS. detailed section. No satisfactory rendering of the succession has hitherto been published. Specimens of Arnioceras spp., are abundant in certain beds ; Euagassiceras spp., Nannobelus sp. and lamellibranchs including Gryphaea obliquata occur also. 184. Robin Hood’s Bay: seaward part of Flat Scars; and Low Balk and beyond. (Between 966032 and 965034.) Even the upper beds of the zone can scarcely be reached except at low water of spring tides. FOSSILS 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY This bibliography is not intended to be exhaustive, but lists those works likely to be of most value to the collector. Although many are out of print, most can be consulted in the Scarborough Public Library. Monographs, describing groups of fossils only some of which come from Yorkshire, are only here indexed if stratigraphical details are included. ARKELL, W. J. 1929-1937. Monograph of British Corallian Lamellibranchia. Palaeont. Soc. p 1933. The Jurassic System in Great Britain. Oxford. p 1935-1948. Monograph of Ammonites of English Corallian Beds. Palaeont. Soc. b 1945. The zones of the Upper Jurassic of Yorkshire. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 25. ; 1946. Standard of the European Jurassic. Bull Geol. Soc. Amer., 57. BAIRSTOW, L. 1948. In Versey and Hemingway, q.v. BLACK, M. 1929. Drifted Plant-beds of the Upper Estuarine Series of Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 85. , 1934. Sedimentation of the Aalenian rocks of Yorkshire. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 22 BLAKE ja EF. 1891. The Geology of the Country between Redcar and Bridlington. Proc. Geol. Assoc., 12. BLAKE, J. F. and W. H. HUDLESTON. 1877. On the Corallian Rocks of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 33. (Many of the sections in this work are reprinted in Fox-Strangways, 1892a.) BOSWELE, 2. (GE: 1929. ‘ Cretaceous’ in : Handbook of the Geology of Great Britain. Murby. BRINKMANN, R. 1926. Uber die sedimentare Abbildung epirogener Bewegungen sowie tber das Schichtungsproblem Nachrichten Gesellsch. Wiss. Gottingen, M-P Klasse, 1925. BUCKMAN, 5S. S. 1913. The ‘ Kelloway Rock’ of Scarborough. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 69 pp. 152-168. p 1915. A palaeontological classification of the Jurassic rocks of the Whitby district ; with a zonal tabie of Lias ammonites. In : Fox-Strangways and Barrow, 1915. COOKE i E. 1896. A section in the Lower Oolites of Scarborough. Naturalist, 1896. COXG eRe and Wie Jin AIRKGEIEL. 1948-1949. - A Survey of the Mollusca of the British Great Oolite Serier Palaeont. Soc. 46 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT DAVIES, A. MORLEY. 1947. An Introduction to Palaeontology. 2nd edit., Murby. DAVIS, J. W. 1892. On some sections in the Liassic and Oolitic Rocks of Yorkshire. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 12, pp. 170, 214. DOUGLAS, J. A., and W. J. ARKELL. 1932. The stratigraphical distribution of the Cornbrash: 2. eastern area. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 88. ENNIS, W. C. 1937. The Upper Beds of the Speeton Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., 7. FOX-STRANGWAYS. C. 1892a. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain Mem. Geol. Surv. 1892b. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv. 5 1904. The Geology of the Oolitic and Scarborough. Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd edit. FOX-STRANGWAYS, C., and G. BARROW. 1882. The Geology of the country between Whitby and Scarborough. Mem. Geol. Surv., ist edit. 1915. The Geology of the Country between Whitby and Scarborough. Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd edit. HARGREAVES, Jj. A. 1913, 1914. Fossil Footprints near Scarborough. Naturalist, 1913, p. 92-95; 1914, pp. 154-156. HEMINGWAY, Jj. E. 1949. A Revised Terminology and Subdivision of the Middle Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire. Geol. Mag., 86, pp. 67-71. HERRIES, R. S. 1910. East Yorkshire ; in : Geol. Assoc. HUDLESTON. W. H. 1874-8. The Yorkshire Oolites. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 3, pp the north- Clay. Yorkshire. vol. 1. vol. 2. Yorkshire. Tables of Fossils. Cretaceous Rocks south of “Geology in the Field.’’ 283-333, 1874 ; JACKSON, J. JUDD, KENDALL, P. F., LAMPLUGH, G. W. vol. 4, pp. vol. 5, pp. W. 191la On Unio distortus Bean, and 353-410, 1876 ; 407-494, 1878. Alasmodon vetustus Brown, from the Upper Estuarine Beds of Gristhorpe, Yorks. Naturalist, 1911, pp. 104-107, 1911b. 119-122. A new species of Unio from the Yorkshire Estuarine Series. Naturalist, 1911, pp. 211-215. J. W. 1868. On the Speeton Clay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 24, pp. 250-5. Geology. of Yorkshire. Leeds, Vols. 1 and 2. 1881. On a shell-bed at the Base of the Yorkshire coast. Geol. Mag., dec. 2, vol. 8. and H. E. WROOT. 1924. the Drift at Speeton near Filey, on FOSSILS 47 ; 1889. On the subdivisions of the Speeton Clay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 45 5 1924. A review of the Speeton clays. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 20. LECKENBY, J. 1859. On the Kelloway Rock of the Yorkshire Coast. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 15, pp. 4-15. MACMILLAN, W. E. F. 1932. Notes on Dogger horizons in north-east Yorkshire. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 22. PHILLIPS, J. 1829. Tlustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire ; part 1: The Yorkshire Coast. RASTALL, R. H. 1905. The Blea Wyke Beds and the Dogger in north-east Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 61. RASTALL, R. H., and J. E. HEMINGWAY. 1939. The Blea Wyke Beds and the Dogger at Peak, Yorkshire Geol. Mag., 76. ; 1940. The Yorkshire Dogger. 1. The Coastal Region. Geol. Mag., 77, pp. 177-197; 257-275. RICHARDSON, L. 1912. The Lower Oolitic Rocks of Yorkshire. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., new series, vol. 17 (with appendices by S. S. Buckman and E. T. Paris). ROWE, A. W. 1904. The White Chalk of the Yorkshire coast. Proc. Geol. Assoc., 18. SHEPPARD, T. 1939. William Smith and the Hackness Quarries. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 24. SIMPSON, M. 1868. A Guide to the Geology of the Yorkshire Coast. Illustrated with Sections, 4th (8rd) edit. Whitby and London. ; 1942. The fossils of the Yorkshire Lias, etc., 3rd edit., with an Introduction by TI. Sheppard. Hull. Sis, I, 1. 1923 4 On the Ammonite Horizons of the Gault and Contiguous deposits. Summary of Progress for 1922. Geol. Surv. ; 1924, EE On the Ammonites of the Speeton Clay and the Subdivisions of the Neocomian. Geol. Mag., 61 ; 1926. Notes on Yorkshire Ammonites. : Part X. On some post-Liassic Ammonites and a new species of Bonarellia. Naturalist, 1926, pp. 321-6. : 1938. aay : f . A Catalogue of the Ammonites of the Liassic Family Liparoceratidae in the British Museum (Natural History). Brit. Mus. 5 1941. A monograph of the Ammonoidea of the Gault, Pt. 14. Palaeont Soc. 48 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT 1942. The ammonite zones of the Lias. Geol. Mag., 79. 1943. A monograph of the Ammonoidea of the Gault. Pt. 16. Palaeont. Soc. STATHER, J. W., and F. A. BATHER. 1925. U-shaped markings on Estuarine sandstone near Blea Wyke. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 20, pp. 182-199. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, P. C. 1949. Revised Nomenclature for Yorkshire Estuarine Series. Geol. Mag., 86, p. 263. TATE, R:, and J. F. BLAKE. 1876. The Yorkshire Lias. London. VERSEY, H. C. 1938. The Speeton preglacial shell bed. Naturalist, 1938. VERSEY, H. C., J. E. HEMINGWAY and others. 1948. International Geological Congress Guide to Excursion C.2. North-East Yorkshire. : WILSON, V. 1933. The Corallian rocks of the Howardian Hills (Yorkshire). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 89. ; 1948. British Regional Geology—East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Geol. Surv. : 1949. The Lower Corallian Rocks of the Yorkshire Coast and Hackness Hills. Proc. Geol. Ass., 60, pp. 235-271. WILSON, V., J. E. HEMINGWAY and M. BLACK. 1934. A synopsis of the Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc., 45. WRIGHT, C. W. and E. V. WRIGHT. 1937. The Speeton Clays of East Yorkshire. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., 7. 5 1942. The Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds. Proc. Geol. Ass., 53. WRIGHT, T. 1860. On the Subdivisions of the Inferior Oolite in the South of England, compared with the Equivalent Beds of that Formation on the York- shire Coast. Quart. Journ. Geol: Soc., 16, pp. 1-48. YOUNG, G., and J. BIRD. 1822. A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire coast. Whitby. FRESH WATER ALGAE Compiled by G. B. Walsh. The following list has been compiled chiefly from W. West and G. S. West, “‘ Alga Flora of Yorkshire ’’’, Botanical Transaction of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Vol. 5, 1901, and from various reports in the “‘ Naturalist.”’ We are deeply indebted to Mr. A. Malins Smith, M.A., who has brought it completely up-to-date in the light of Fritsch’s revision of West’s ‘“‘ British Fresh-Water Algae ’’, and has added some of his own unpublished local records. The following abbreviations are used :— D.W.B.—D. W. Bevan. R.H.P.—R. H. Philip. E.M.L.—E. M. Lind A.M.S.—A. Malins Smith. G.M.—G. Massee. G.B.W.—G. B. Walsh. G.N.—G. Norman. W.—Wests’ “‘ Alga Flora of Yorkshire ’’. CEASS I ISOKONTAE GROUP 1 VOLVOCALES CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE GONIUM Mueller pectorale Muell.—Scarborough Mere (W.). PANDORINA Bory em. Pringsheim morum (Muell.) Bory—Scarborough Mere (W.). SPHAERELLACEAE SPHAERELLA Sommerfeldt lacustris (Girod.) Wittr.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (W.). VOLVOX (Linnaeus) Ehrenberg globator Ehr.—Pool on Seamer Moor (D.W.B.). PHACOTACEAE PHACOTUS Perty lenticularis (Ehr.) Sten—Pond in Valley Gardens, Scarborough, 1943 (A.M.S.). PALMELLACEAE SPHAEROCYSTIS Chodat schoeteri Chod.—Peaty pools on moor near Cross Cliff, 1929 (A.M.S.). GLOECCYSTIS Naegeli gigas (Kuetz.) Lag. (= G. ampla Kuetz.)—Scarborough Mere (W.). vesiculosa Naeg.—On moist ground, White Nab, Scarborough (W.). TETRASPORACEAE TETRASPORA Link gelatinosa (Vauch.) Desv.—Levisham (W.). APIOCYSTIS Naegeli brauniana Naeg.—Scarborough Mere (W.). 49 50 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GROUP 2 CHLOROCOECALES CHLOROCOCCACEAE CHARACIUM Braun, A. heteromorphum Reinsch—Scarborough Mere (W.). HYDRODICTYACEAE PEDIASTRUM Meyen angulosum (Ehr.) Men.—Scarborough Mere (W.). boryanum (Turp.) Men.—Scarborough Mere (W.); pond in Valley Gardens, Scarborough, 1943 (A.M.S.). duplex Mey.—Scarborough Mere (W.). biradiatum Mey.—Scarborough Mere (G.M.). tetras (Ehr.) Ralfs forma a. Dispositio cellularum 4—Scarborough Mere (W.). forma b. Dispositio cellularum 1 + 7—Scarborough Mere (W.). HYDRODICTYON Roth reticulatum (L.) Lag.—Scarborough (G.M.). SELENASTRACEAE ANKISTRODESMUS Corda em. Ralfs falcatus (Corda) Ralfs—Scarborough Mere (W.). var. acicularis (Br., A.) West, G.S.—Scalby Beck, Scarborough Mere (W.). DACTYLOCOCCUS Naegeli infusionum Naeg.—Near Scarborough (W.). DICT YOSPHAERIACEAE DICTYOSPHAERIUM Naegeli ehrenbergianum Naeg.—Scarborough Mere (W.). COELASTRACEAE COELASTRUM Naegeli microporum Naeg.—Scarborovgh Mere (W.). SCENEDESMUS Meyen antennatus Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). obliquus (Turp.) Kuetz.—Scalby Beck, Scarborough Mere (W.). bijugatus (Turp.) Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere, Hayburn Wyke (W.). quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb.—Scaibcrough Mere (W.); pond in Valley Gardens, Scarborough, 1943 (A.M.S.). var. abundans Kirchn.—Scalby Beck (W.). denticulatus Lag., var. linearis Hansg.—River Derwent, Forge Valley (W.). GROUP) 3 -ULOTRICHALES ULOTRICHACEAE ULOTHRIX Kuetzing subtilis Kuetz., var. variabilis (Kuetz.) Kirchn.—Near Scarborough (W.). ULVACEAE ENTEROMORPHA Link intestinalis (L.) Link—Not uncommon, Scarborough district (G.B.W.). FRESH WATER ALGAE 51 MICROSPORACEAE MICROSPORA Thuret wet avenge Thur.—Peaty pools on moors, Cross Cliff, 1929 .M.S.). tumidula Haz.—Peaty pools on moors, Cross Cliff, 1929 (A.M.S.). stagnorum (Kuetz.) Lag.—Newton Dale, peaty pools on moors, Cross Cliff, 1929 (A.M.S.). PRASIOLACEAE PRASIOLA Agardh crispa (Lightf.) Men.—Scarborough (W.). CLADOPHORACEAE RHIZOCLONIUM Kuetzing hieroglyphicum Kuetz., var. kochianum (Kuetz.) Stockm.—Cliffs near Scarborough (W.). CLADOPHORA Kuetzing crispata (Roth) Kuetz.—Near Scarborough (W.). glomerata (L.) Kuetz.—Haybum Wyke, Scarborough Mere (W.). GROUP 4 CHAETOPHORALES CHAETOPHORACEAE CHAETOPHORA Schrank incrassata (Huds.) Haz.—Scarborough Mere, 1881, very fine, 1890 (G.M.). STIGEOCLONIUM Kuetzing tenue Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (W.). MICROTHAMNION (Naegeli) Kirchner strictissimum Rab.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (W.) COLEOCHAETACEAE COLEOCHAETE Brébisson scutata Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). PLEUROCOCCACEAE PLEUROCOCCUS Meneghini naegelii Chod.—Abundant. GROUP 5 OEDOGONIALES OEDOGONIACEAE OEDOGONIUM Link macrandum Wittr.—Newton Dale, 1929, abundance of dwarf males (A.M.S. sue (asa Agardh varians Wittr.—Newton Dale, 1929, abundance of dwarf males (A.M.S.). a2 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GROUP 6 CONJUGATAE MESOTAENIACEAE CYLINDROCYSTIS Meneghini brebissonii Men.—Near Scarborough, peat deposit, Filey (W.); peaty pools on moors near Cross Cliff, 1929 (A.M.S.). ZY GNEMACEAE SPIROGYRA Link tenuissima (Hass.) Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (W.). inflata (Vauch.) Rab.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). calospora Cleve—Sleights (A.M.S.). gracilis (Hass.) Kuetz., var. flavescens (Hass.) Rab.—Scarborough Mere (W.). catenaeformis (Hass.) Kuetz.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). longata (Vauch.) Kuetz.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (W.). porticalis (Vauch.) Cleve—Scarborough Mere (W.). condensata (Vauch.) Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (W.). nitida (Dillw.) Link—Scarborough Mere (W.). crassa Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (W.). MOUGEOTIACEAE MOUGEOTIA Agardh genuflexa (Dillw.) Ag.—Seamer (W.). parvula Hass.—Scarborough Mere (W.). depressa (Hass.) Wittr.—Scarborough Mere (W.). viridis (Kuetz.) Wittr.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). gracillima (Hass.) Wittr.—Seamer (W.). ZY GOGONIUM Kuetzing em. de Bary ericetorum Kuetz.—On damp ground, White Nab, Scarborough (W.); forming dark purple patches on damp soil on moors near Cross Cliff, and the submerged form in peaty pools in the same area, 1929 (A.M.S.). DESMIDIACEAE PENIUM Brébisson em. Luetkemueller mooreanum Arch.—Moorland stream near Scarborough (W.). truncatum Bréb.—Peat deposit, Filey (W.). CLOSTERIUM Nitzsch libellula Focke—Seamer (W.). parvulum Naeg.—Near Scarborough, Levisham, Hayburn Wyke (W.). venus Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (W.); Flamborough (R.H.P.). leibleinii Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere, River Derwent, Forge Valley (W.). moniliferum (Bory) Ehr.—Hayburn Wyke, Staindale (W.); Newton Dale; 1929 \(AV MCS»): ehrenbergii Men.—Near Scarborough (W.); Flamborough (R.H.P.). striolatum Ehr.—Seamer (W.); Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). FRESH WATER ALGAE 53 acerosum (Schrank) Ehr.—Scarborough Mere, River Derwent, Forge Valley (W.). lanceolatum Kuetz.—Near Scarborough, Hayburn Wyke (W.); Flamborough (R.H.P.). lunula (Muell.) Nitzsch—Scarborough Mere (W.); Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). acutum Bréb.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (W.). PLEUROTAENIA Naegeli truncatum (Bréb.) Naeg.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). EUASTRUM Ehrenberg didelta (Turp.) Ralfs—Scarborough Mere (W.). oblongum (Grev.) Ralfs—-Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). MICRASTERIAS Agardh denticulata Bréb.—Seamer (W.). COSMARIUM Corda cucumis Corda—Scarborough Mere (W.). bioculatum Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (ee hammeri Reinsch—Scarborough Mere, peat deposit, Filey (W.). praemorsum Bréb.—Scarborough Mere OM ade punctulatum Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). nitidulum de Not.—Beast Cliff (W.). eboracense West—Staindale (W.). ochthodes Nordst.—Scarborough Mere (W.). subspeciosum Nordst.—Scarborough Mere (W.). globosum Buln.—Peat deposit, Filey (W.). crenatum Ralfs—Peat deposit, Filey (W.); Flamborough (R.H.P.). debaryi Arch.—Peat deposit, Filey (W.). obliquum Nordst.—Peat deposit, Filey (W.). laeve Rab., var. septentrionale Will.—Scarborough Mere (W.). cucurbita Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). palangula Bréb.—Peat deposit, Filey (W.). STAURASTRUM Meyen dejectum Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). lunatum Ralfs—Scarborough Mere (W.). hirsutum (Ehr.) Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). punctulatum Bréb.—Near Scarborough (W.). muricatum Bréb.—Near Scarborough (W.). cyrtocerum Bréb.—Scarborough Mere (W.). ARTHRODESMUS Ehrenberg incus (Bréb.) Hass.—Moorland stream near Scarborough (W.). HYALOTHECA Ehrenberg dissiliens (Smith) Bréb.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). GROUP 7 SIPHONALES VAUCHERIACEAE VAUCHERIA de Candolle geminata (Vauch.) DC.—Newton Dale, 1929 (A.M.S.). 54 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CLASS II HETEROKONTAE GROUP 1 HETEROCHLORIDALES BOTRYOCOCCACEAE BOTRYOCOCCUS Kuetzing braunii Kuetz.—Near Scarborough (W.). GROUP 2 HETEROCOCCALES OPHIOCY TIACEAE OPHIOCYTIUM Naegeli majus Naeg.—Newton Dale, 1929 (W.). GROUP 3 HETEROTRICHALES TRIBONEMACEAE TRIBONEMA Derbes et Solier bombycinum (Ag.) Berb. et Sol.—Near Scarborough (W.). tenerrimum Heer.—Peat Deposit, Filey (W.). CLASS CHRYSOPHYCEAE EUCHROMULINACEAE CHRYSOPYXIS Stein globosa Rich—Throxenby Mere, 1943 (A.M.S.). CLASS RHODOPHYCEAE GROUP FLORIDEAE HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE BATRACHOSPERMUM Roth moniliforme Roth—Pickering water-cress beds (E.M.L.). vagum (Roth) Ag.—Scarborough Mere (W.); Pickering (E.M.L.). CLASS MYXOPHYCEAE (CYANOPHYCEAE) GROUP CHROOCOCCALES CHROOCOCCACEAE MERISMOPEDIA Meyen glauca (Ehr.) Naeg.—Scalby Beck, Scarborough Mere, peat deposit, Filey (W.). CHROOCOCCUS Naegeli macrococcus Rab.—Cornelian Bay (W.). APHANOCAPSA Naegeli rivularis (Carm.) Rab.—Scarborough Mere (W.). FRESH WATER ALGAE GROUP HORMOGONEALES OSCILLATORIACEAE OSCILLATORIA Vaucher limosa Ag.—Scarborough Mere, Hayburn Wyke (W.). tenuis Ag.—Seamer (W.). formosa Bory—Scarborough (W.). SPIRULINA Turpin major Kuetz.—Scarborough (W.). PHORMIDIUM Kuetzing autumnale (Ag.) Gom.—Scarborough (G.N.). SCYTONEMATACEAE TOLYPOTHRIX Kuetzing tenuis Kuetz.—Near Scarborough (W.). RIVULARIACEAE RIVULARIA (Roth) Agardh haematites (DC.) Ag.—Moorland rill near Scarborough (W.). INDEX OF GENERA. Ankistrodesmus 50 Enteromorpha 50 Prasiola 51 Aphanocapsa 54 Euastrum 53 Rhizoclonium 51 Apiocystis 49 Gloeocystis 49 Rivularia 55 Arthrodesmus 53 Gonium 49 Scenedesmus 50 Batrachospermum Hyalotheca 53 Sphaerella 49 54 Hydrodictyon 50 Sphaerocystis 49 Botryococcus 54 Merismopedia 54 Spirogyra 52 Bulbochaete 51 Micrasterias 53 Spirulina 55 Chaetophora 51 Microspora 51 Staurastrum 53 Characium 50 Microthamnion 51 Stigeoclonium 51 Chroococcus 54 Mougeotia 52 Tetraspora 49 Chrysopyxis 54 Oedogonium 51 Tolypothrix 55 Cladophora 51 Ophiocytium 54 Tribonema 54 Closterium 5 Oscillatoria 55 Ulothrix 50 Coelastrum 50 Pandorina 49 Vaucheria 53 Coleochaete 51 Pediastrum 50 Volvox 49 Cosmarium 53 Penium 52 Zygogonium 52 Cylindrocystis 52 Phacotus 49 Dactylococcus 50 Phormidium 55 Dictyosphaerium Pleurococcus 51 50 Pleurotaenia 53 ALGAE DIATOMS Compiled by G. B. Walsh The following list has been compiled from :— 1. W. West and G. S. West, ‘‘ Alga Flora of Yorkshire ’’, Botanical Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Vol. 5, 1901. 2. Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Society, very kindly compiled and communicated by Mr. H. M. Foster. 3. W. Ward, ““ Diatoms from the Hole of Horcum ’’, 1938, North- Western Naturalist, December, pp. 222-5. 4. W. Ward, ‘‘ The Diatom Flora of Thornton-le-Dale and District ’’, 1940, North-Western Naturalist, December, pp. 247-254. The classification of the genera arranged in ten sub-orders is according to Hendey, 1937, and the nomenclature is according to Hustedt, “‘ Die Siisswasser-flora Mitteleuropas ’’, 1930. We are deeply indebted to the Rev. R. Fraser Bastow, F.R.M.S., who has helped and advised us in many ways, especially in classification and nomenclature. Mr. Ward states that though the Hole of Horcum, from which there are many records, is plentifully supplied with water, there is a comparative dearth of species and individuals. He attributes this partly to lack of dissolved silica in the water and partly to the fact that the locality is a deep steep-sided depression which is deprived of the full intensity of the morning and evening sunlight. In the neighbourhood of Thornton-le-Dale the best results have been obtained in the ponds and sluggish streams south of the Pickering- Scarborough highroad. The following abbreviations have been used :— G.M.—G. Massee. © R.H.P.—R. H. Philip. F.W.M.—F. W. Mills. W.W.—W. Ward. G.N.—G. Norman. West—W. & G. S. West as above. ALGAE Class BACILLARIOPH YCEAE—DIATOMEAE Sub-order DISCINEAE COSCINODISCACEAE MELOSIRA Agardh varians Ag., C.A.—Frequent; Scalby Beck (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). 56 > DIATOMS 57 distans (Ehr.) Kuetz., var. nivalis (Smith, W.) van Heurck—Lockton (West) . arenaria Moore—Near Scarborough (West); Thornton-le-Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.). sulcata (Ehr.) Kuetz.—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). HYALODISCUS Ehrenberg stelliger Bail.—Flamborough (G.N.). CYCLOTELLA Kuetzing kuetzingiana Thwaites—Abundant near Scarborough, 6/96 (West). COSCINODISCUS Ehrenberg radiatus Ehr.—Filey Brigg, Flamborough, in the stream at Little Thornwick Bay (G.N.). excentricus Ehr.—Filey Brigg (G.N.). oculus-iridis Ehr.—Filey Brigg, Flamborough (F.W.M.). centralis Ehr.—Flamborough (F.W.M.). normanii Greg.—Flamborough (F.W.M.). THALASSIONEMA Grunow ex Hustedt nitzschioides Hust.—Rock pools, Filey (R.H.P.). ACTINODISCACEAE ACTINOPTYCHUS Ehrenberg undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs—Abundant at Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). Sub-order AULACODISCINEAE BUPODISCACEAE EUPODISCUS Ehrenberg argus (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Flamborough, from an ascidian (G.N.). Sub-order AULISCINEAE AULISCACEAE AULISCUS Ehrenberg sculptus (Smith, W.) Ralfs—Flamborough (G.N.). Sub-order BIDDULPHINEAE BIDDULPHIACEAE BIDDULPHIA Gray rhombus (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Flamborough (F.W.M.). Sub-order ARAPHIDINEAE FRAGILARIACEAE FRAGILARIA Lyngbye capucina Desm.—Lockton, Scarborough Mere (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). var. mesolepta Ehr.—Lockton (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.) var. lanceolata Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). harrisonii Smith, W.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. dubia Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). construens (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. venter (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). 58 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT pinnata Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). mutabilis (Smith, W.) Grun.—Scarborough (West). virescens Ralfs—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (‘W.W.). var. capitata Kr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. mesolepta Rab.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W). First British record. striatula Lyngb.—Rock pools, Filey (G.N.). brevistriata Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). hyalina Kuetz.—Scarborough (G.N.). SYNEDRA Ehrenberg pulchella (Ralfs) Kuetz.—Hayburn Wyke (West). var. lanceolata O’Meara (=minutissima Smith, W.)—Scarborough Mere, Hayburn Wyke, Scalby Beck, R. Derwent in Forge Valley (West). ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr.—Peat deposit, Filey; Scalby Beck, R. Derwent in Forge Valley, Staindale (West); Thornton-le-Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.). var. oxyrhynchus (Kuetz.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma contracta Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. var. ramesi (Her. et Per.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. var. danica (Kuetz.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). acus Kuetz., var. radians (Kuetz.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. delicatissima (Smith, W.) Grun.—Scarborough (R.H.P.). gaillonii (Bory) Ehr.—Flamborough, in dredgings (R.H.P.). affinis (Kuetz.)—Filey, Flamborough (R.H.P.). var. fasciculata (Kuetz.) Grun.—Filey (R.H.P.). MERIDION Agardh circulare Ag.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. constrictum (Ralfs) van Heurck—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). DIATOMA de Candolle vulgare Bory—Lockton, Hayburn Wyke, Scalby Beck (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. producta Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. capitulata Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. grandis (Smith, W.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). hiemale (Lyngb.) Heib.—Lockton, Scarborough (West). elongatum Ag.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). TABELLARIA Ehrenberg flocculosa (Roth) Kuetz.—Saltergate (G.N.); Scarborough (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). GRAMMATOPHORA Ehrenberg marina (Lyngb.) Kuetz.—Filey (G.N.). var. macilenta (Smith, W.) Grun.—Filey, Flamborough (G.N.). RHABDOMENA Kuetzing arcuatum Kuetz.—Filey (G.N.). minutum Kuetz.—Filey (G.N.). DIATOMS 59 LICHMOPHORA Agardh paradoxa (Lyngb.) Ag.—Flamborough (G.N.). communis (Heib.) Grun.—Filey Brigg, Flamborough (R.H.P.). dalmatica (Kuetz.) Grun.—Flamborough (G.N.). gracilis (Ehr.) Grun.—Rock pools, Filey (R.H.P.). var. anglica Kuetz.—Filey Brigg, abundant (R.H.P.). Sub-order RAPHIDIOIDINEAE EUNOTIACEAE EUNOTIA Ehrenberg arcus Ehr.—Goathland (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. fallax Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. monodon Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). major (Smith, W.) Hust.—Seamer (West). tenella (Grun.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). gracilis (Ehr.) Rab.—Hole of Horcum (W.W.). exigua (Bréb.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). pectinalis (Kuetz.) Rab.—Beast Cliff, Staindale, Scarborough (West) ; Saltergate (G.N.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. minor (Kuetz.) Rab.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. undulata (Ralfs) Rab.—Near Scarborough, Goathland (West) ; Saltergate (G.N.). lunaris (Ehr.) Grun.—Staindale (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). Sub-order MONORAPHIDINEAE ACHNANTHACEAE ACHNANTHES Bory affinis Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). microcephala Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (West); Flamborough (RSEIeS) exilis Kuetz—Hayburn Wyke, R. Derwent in Forge Valley, Beast Cliff (West). lanceolata Bréb.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). EUCOCCONEIS Cleve flexella (Kuetz.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.); Staindale (West). RHOICOSPHENIA Grunow curvata (Kuetz.) Grun.—Hayburm Wyke, Scalby Beck (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. marina (Smith, W.) Schult.—Flamborough (R.H.P.). COCCONEIS Ehrenberg pediculus Ehr.—Frequent, Hayburn Wyke, Scalby Beck (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). placentula Ehr.—Seamer, R. Derwent in Forge Valley (West) ; Thorn- ton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. euglypta (Ehr.) C.eve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). scutellum Ehr.—Flamborough (G.N.); Filey (R.H.P.). var. stauroneiformis Smith, W.—Flamborough (R.H.P.). var. parva Grun.—F!amborough (F.W.M.). 60 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Sub-order BIRAPHIDINEAE NAVICULACEAE MASTOGLOIA Thwaites grevillei Smith, W.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). DIPLONEIS Ehrenberg ovalis (Hilse) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. oblongella (Naeg.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). elliptica (Kuetz.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.); Seamer, moist ground, White Nab, Beast Cliff, Staindale (West). didyma (Ehr.) Cleve—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). AMPHIPLEURA Kuetzing ellucida Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (West); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). FRUSTULIA Agardh rhomboides (Ehr.) de Toni—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. saxonica (Rab.) de Toni—Saltergate (G.N.); Thornton-le- Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.). vulgaris Thwaites—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. capitata Kr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. PLEUROSIGMA Smith W. strigosum Smith, W.—Flamborough (G.N.). rigidum Smith, W.—Flamborough (G.N.). decorum Smith, W.—Flamborough (G.N.). affine Grun., var. normanit Ralfs—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). GYROSIGMA Hassall acuminatum (Kuetz.) Rab._-Seamer, Scarborough, Cornelian Bay (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). attenuatum (Kuetz.) Rab.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). kuetzingii (Grun.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). spencerii (Smith, W.) Cleve—Seamer, Hayburn Wyke, R. Derwent in Forge Valley (West). scalproides (Rab.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). STAURONEIS Ehrenberg phoenicenteron Ehr.—Near Scarborough, Seamer (West); Saltergate (G.N.); Thornton-le-Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.); Little Thorn- wick Bay (R.H.P.). anceps Ehr.—R. Derwent in Forge Valley (West); Little Thornwick Bay (R.H.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma gracilis (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma linearis (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. sibirica Grun.—Hole of Horcum (W.W.). acuta Smith, W.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.); Little Thornwick Bay (RUEER ye legumen Ehr.—Little Thornwick Bay (R.H.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). smithiti Grun.—Little Thormwick Bay (R.H.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. incisa Pant.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. Ce a DIATOMS , 61 CALONEIS Cleve alpestris (Grun.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). amphisbaena (Bory) Cleve—Scarborough Mere, Seamer (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). latiuscula (Kuetz.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. subholstei Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. silicula (Ehr.) Cleve—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. trunculata Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. gibberula (Kuetz.) Grun.—Staindale, Hayburn Wyke (West); Thornton-le-Dale, Hole of Horcum (W.W.). var. tumida Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. schumanniana (Grun.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. biconstricta Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record, liber (Smith, W.) Cleve—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). exilis (Kuetz.) Cleve—Cornelian Bay (West). ANOMOEONEIS Pfitzer sphaerophora (Kuetz.) Pfitz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). serians (Bréb.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma thermalis (Grun.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). exilis (Kuetz.) Cleve—Cornelian Bay (West). NEIDIUM Pfitzer bisulcatum (Lag.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma undulatum Muell., O.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. affine (Ehr.) Cleve—Common; Cornelian Bay (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). var. amphirhynchus (Ehr.) Cleve—Seamer (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). iridis (Ehr.) Cleve—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma vernale Reich.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. amphigomphus (Ehr.) van Heurck—Near Scarborough (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. ampliatum (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). productum (Smith, W.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). dubium (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma constrictum Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. longiceps (Greg.) Ross (= affine var. longiceps (Greg.) Cleve)— Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. NAVICULA Bory cuspidata Kuetz.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). var. ambigua (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). hustedtii Kr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. binodis Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). bacillum Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). 62 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT pupula Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. rectangularis (Greg.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. capitata Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. rostrata Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record, protracta Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). placenta Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). cryptocephala Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). rhynchocephala Kuetz.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). viridula Kuetz.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). radiosa Kuetz.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.); Scalby Beck, Scarborough, Hayburm Wyke, Staindale, R. Derwent in Forge Valley ('West). reinhardtii Grun.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma gracilior Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. dicephala (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Goathland (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). placentula (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma rostrata Mayer, A.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. forma latiuscula (Grun.) Meist.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. exigua (Greg.) Muell., O.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). lanceolata (Ag.) Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). oblonga Kuetz.—Seamer (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). tuscula (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). pygmaea Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). distans (Smith, W.) van Heurck—-Flamborough, Filey Brigg IRIEL Ie.) 5 ornieeii Bréb.—Flamborough, Filey Brigg (R.H.P.); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). lyra Ehr.—Flamborough, dredgings (R.H.P.). gracilis Ehr.—Saltergate (G.N.); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). tumida (Bréb.) Cleve—Seamer (West). laevissima Kuetz.—Saltergate (West). grevillei Ag.—Flamborough (R.H.P.). directa Ralfs—Filey Brigg (R. a Ne inflexa Ralfs—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). palpebralis Bréb.—Filey Brigg (xo lel Ne). scopulorum Bréb.—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). ramosissimum (Ag.) Cleve—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). PINNULARIA Ehrenberg nobilis Ehr.—Seamer (West). hemiptera (Kuetz.) Cleve—Rocky stream, Saltergate (G.N.). appendiculata (Ag.) Cleve—Near Scarborough (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). DIATOMS 63 subcapitata Greg.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. hilseana (Jan.) Muell., O.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). interrupta Smith, W.—Levisham (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma minutissima Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. mesolepta (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Near Scarborough (West); Saltergate (G.N.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma angusta Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. globiceps Greg.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). microstauron (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma biundulata Muell., O.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. var. brebissonii (Kuetz.) Hust.—Lockton, Cleava Cliffs north of Scalby (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). divergens Smith, W.—Seamer (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. elliptica Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). lata (Bréb.) Smith, W.—Moorland stream near Scarborough (West) ; Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). borealis Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). gibba Ehr.—Lockton (West); Saltergate (G.N.); Thornton-le-Dale W.W.). ee Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). acrosphaeria Bréb.—Peat deposit, Filey (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). major (Kuetz.) Cleve—Seamer, Levisham (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). viridis (Nitzsch) Ehr.—Saltergate (G.N.); Hole of Horcum, Thorn- ton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. sudetica (Hilse) Hust.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). nobilis Ehr.—Seamer (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). tabellaria (Ehr.) Kuetz.—Lockton (West); Saltergate (G.N.). TRACHYNEIS aspera (Ehr.) Cleve—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). AMPHIPRORA (Ehrenberg) Cleve paludosa Smith, W.—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). GOMPHONEMACEAE GOMPHONEMA Agardh acuminatum Ehr.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere, Staindale (West): Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. coronatum (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). angustatum (Kuetz.) Rab.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. productum Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). intricatum Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. vibrio (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). lanceolatum Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). 64 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT longiceps Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. var. subclavatum Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma gracile Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. constrictum Ehr.—Scarborough Mere, Scalby Beck (West). var. capitatum (Ehr.) van Heurck—Seamer (West). olivaceum (Lyngb.) Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere (West); Flamborough (R.H.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). parvulum Kuetz. var. micropus (Kuetz.) Cleve—Scarborough Mere, Cornelian Bay, Staindale (West). gracile Ehr.—Hole of Horcum (W.W.). CYMBELLACEAE CYMBELLA Agardh austriaca Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. naviculiformis Auersw.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). amplicephala Naeg.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). - ehrenbergii Kuetz.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). prostrata (Berkl.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). gracilis (Rab.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). affinis Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). parva (Smith, W.) Cleve—Common; Staindale, Hayburn Wyke, (West), Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). cymbiformis (Kuetz.) van Heurck—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). lanceolata (Ehr.) van Heurck—Staindale, Hayburn Wyke, Cleava Cliffs north of Scalby (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). helvetica Kuetz.—Saltergate (G.N ); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). cistula (Hempr.) Grun.—Common; Staindale (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). var. maculata (Kuetz.) van Heurck—Flamborough (R.H.P.); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). aspera (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). cuspidata Kuetz.—Levisham (West); Saltergate (G.N.); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). microcephala Grun.—Flamborough (G.N.); Hole of Horcum (W.W.). gastroides Kuetz.—Hole of Horcum (W.W.). AMPHORA Ehrenberg ovalis Kuetz.—Seamer, Scarborough Mere, Staindale (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma gracilis (Ehr.) Cleve—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). EPITHEMIACEAE EPITHEMIA Brébisson argus Kuetz.—Moist ground, White Nab (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. alpestris (Grun.) Rab.—Staindale, Beast Cliff (West). muelleri Fricke—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). NE IE Nn Oe DIATOMS 65 zebra (Ehr.) Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). turgida (Ehr.) Kuetz.—Common; Levisham, Hayburn Wyke, Cleava Cliffs north of Scalby, on moist ground at White Nab (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. granulata (Ehr.) Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). sorex Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). westermanni Kuetz.—Staindale, Levisham (West). RHOPALODIA Mueller, O. gibba Kuetz.—Scarborough Mere, Staindale, Levisham, on moist ground at White Nab (with sporangial forms) (West). var. ventricosa (Ehr.) Grun.—Lockton (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). BACILLARIACEAE HANTZSCHIA Grunow amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.—Scarborough Mere (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. major Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). forma capitata Muell., O.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). virgata (Rop.) Grun.—Flamborough (G.N.). NITZSCHIA Hassall tryblionella Hantzsch—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. victoriae Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. debilis (Am.) May., A.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). constricta (Greg.) Grun.—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). apiculata (Greg.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). hungarica Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). angustata (Smith, W.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. acuta Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). dubia Smith, W.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). thermalis Kuetz.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. var. minor Hilse—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). First British record. sinuata (Smith, W.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). linearis Smith, W.—Hayburn Wyke (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). recta Hantzsch—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun.—Seamer (West); Thornton-le-Dale(W.W.). acuta Hantzsch—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). gracilis Hantzsch—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). palea (Kuetz.) Smith, W.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). sigmoidea (Ehr.) Smith, W.—Near Scarborough, Seamer (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). sigma (Kuetz.) Smith, W. var. rigidula Grun.—Filey Brigg (IR Jal Baye acicularis Smith, W.—Seamer, Scalby Beck (West); Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). denticula Grun.—Near Scarborough, Beast Cliff (West); Flam- borough (R.H.P.). insignis Greg.—Dredgings, Flamborough (G.N.). 66 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT angularis Smith, W.—Filey Brigg (R.H.P.). Sub-order SURIRELLINEAE SURIRELLACEAE SURIRELLA Turpin biseriata Bréb.—Scarborough Mere, Staindale (West); Hole of Hor- cum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. bifrons (Ehr.) Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. rostrata Schulzi—Thornton-le-Dale. First British record. linearis Smith, W.—Staindale (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. constricta (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. helvetica (Brun.) Meist.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). birostrata Hust.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). angustata Kuetz.—Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.); Flamborough (R.H.P.). delicatissima Lew.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). robusta Ehr.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. splendida (Ehr.) van TEteirs = — Soa dooreiweth Mere (West). ovata Kuetz.—Staindale (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. pinnata (Smith, W.) van Heurck—Seamer, Scalby Beck (West). var. crumena (Bréb.) van Heurck—Saltergate (G.N.); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). spiralis Kuetz.—Staindale (West); Hole of Horcum, Thornton-le- Dale (W.W.). ovalis Bréb.—Seamer, Beast Cliff (West); Flamborough (R.H.P.). angustata Kuetz.—Little Thornwick Bay (R.H.P.). STENOPTEROBIA Brébisson intermedia Lew.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). CYMATOPLEURA Smith, W. elliptica (Bréb.) Smith, W.—Levisham (West). solea (Bréb.) Smith, W.—Levisham (West); Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. regula (Ehr.) Grun.—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). var. apiculata (Smith,-W.) Ralfs—Thornton-le-Dale (W.W.). CAMPYLODISCUS Ehrenberg hodgsonii Smith, W.—Flamborough (R.H.P.). noricus Ehr. var. hibernicus (Ehr.) Grun.—Little Thornwick Bay INDEX OF GENERA. Achnanthes 59 Cyclotella 57. Grammatophora Pinnularia 61 Actinoptychus 57 Cymatopleura 66 58 Pleurosigma 60 Amphipleura 60 Cymbella. 64 Gyrosigma 60 Rhabdomena 58 Amphiprora 63 Diatoma 58 Hantzschia 65 Rhoicosphenia 59 Amphora 64 Diploneis 60 Hyalodiscus 57 Rhopalodia 65 Anomoeoneis 61 Epithemia 64 Lichmophora 59 Stauroneis 60 Auliscus 57 Eucocconeis 59 Mastogloia 60 Stenopterobia 66 Biddulphia 57 Eunotia 59 Melosira 56 Surirella 66 Caloneis 61 Eupodiscus 57 Meridion 58 Synedra 58 Campylodiscus 66 Fragilaria 57 Navicula 61 Tabellaria 39 Cocconeis 59 Frustulia 60 Neidium 61 Thalassionema £7 Coscinodiscus 57 Gomphonema 63 Nitzschia 65 Trachyneis 63 MARINE ALGAE — SEAWEEDS Dorothy Perkins Introduction Between Robin Hood’s Bay and Flamborough Head are stretches of coast where seaweeds grow in abundance. Most seaweeds must have a firm substratum on which to anchor themselves ; they cannot grow on sand which blows before the wind and is churned up by the sea, nor on pebbles, for these roll with the ebb and flow of the tide. They favour a rocky shore, whether it be the shale of Robin Hood’s Bay, the lime- stones and grits of Scarborough and Filey Brigg, or the chalk of Flamborough. In this district the rocks have a gentle southward dip. Appearing each in turn with a steep northward slope and a gradual southward dip, successive strata have determined the contour of the coastline with its bays and headlands, and have determined too, to some extent, the distribution of its seaweeds. At Robin Hood’s Bay the shales run out from the shore in a series of rocky ledges or scars which slope gently inland. These, for the most part, are rough and uneven due to weathering, and so provide suitable anchorage for species like Chondrus and Gigartina which can withstand exposure. In the lower half of the intertidal zone the sea runs up between the scars forming shallow pools open to the sea. Here an abundance of algae—Furcellaria, Halidrys, Rhodomela and others—find shelter. South of Ravenscar there are steep cliffs as far as Hayburn Wyke ; both here and at Cloughton Wyke one can get down to the shore, but the rocks at Scalby Ness provide a better hunting-ground for seaweeds. Scarborough North Bay is sandy, but there is a good stretch of rocky coast below the Spa, extending round White Nab and Cornelian Bay as far as Osgodby Nab. Not only does one see some fine rock-pools here but a walk from cliffs to sea at low water gives a good idea of algal zonation. From Red Nab to Filey Brigg, apart from Gristhorpe Bay (rocky), the shore is inaccessible. Filey Brigg is a line of remarkable rocky ledges extending about half a mile seaward from Carr Nase and bounding Filey Bay on its north side. The top reef is skirted on its south side by masses of huge weathered boulders, and on its north side by a lower outer reef which is always submerged at its eastern end. The Brigg is one of the best collecting grounds along the coast. South of Filey Bay the chalky ledges and boulders below Speeton cliffs provide anchorage for a few algae (e.g., Porphyra, Enteromorpha, Fucus vesiculosus), but beyond Speeton the sea washes the foot of the steep chalk cliffs as far as Thornwick Bay. There is not such variety of algae at Thornwick and the Landings as on other rocky parts of the coast, partly because the chalky surface is smoother and does not give such efficient anchorage, though Alaria esculenta has been found in deep water off Flamborough Head. 67 68 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Filey Brigg will serve as an example of the way in which various factors affect algal growth. Below Carr Nase to the south (1 and 3 on the map), the Brigg is sheltered from the tidal wave which sweeps down the coast from the north ; nor is it much affected by the north-going tidal streams which here set eastward at a rate of only half a knot (though tidal streams are stronger in Scarborough Bay). The rocks are rough and support a dense algal growth. Channelled wrack grows on steep ledges and boulders near high water mark, knotted wrack and bladder wrack lower down and serrated wrack nearer low water mark. Clado- phora, Enteromorpha compressa, Porphyra and Ulva are also common on the rocks. Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chondrus and Ceramium occur in shallow pools. Beyond Carr Nase both the upper reef and the northern outer reef are much pitted by wave action (2). Their vegetation is comparatively sparse, for with tremendous force breakers dash against the steep faces of these rocks, and in winter when strong N.W. gales are blowing and the tide is rising, the seas are still heavier. On the south side (3) however, the rocks are not so subject to surf action and northerly cur- rents, and are well covered with Fuci, Chondrus and Gigartina, Rhodymenia and Laurencia. Towards the eastern end of the outer reef (4), where the rocks are lower and surf action much less strong, Chondrus crispus and Gigartina clothe the rocks, together with Laurencia and hundreds of tiny brown buttons like young mushrooms—developing Himanthalia. The Dumontia incrassata which grows here is curled and twisted by tidal currents, unlike that growing in sheltered pools. Seaweeds found on exposed rocks are those which can withstand the effects of wind, rain, sunshine or frost when exposed at low water, or which are sheltered from drying winds and strong sunlight by over- hanging Fuci, etc. Rock-pools, not subject to such desiccation, have their own distinctive flora. There are two types of rock-pool on Filey Brigg. On the gently-sloping rocky ledges between the two reefs are shallow, beautiful pools (5). Near high water mark these pools, though extremely cold on a winter’s night, become very warm on a sunny day, and only those algae which’ can withstand such extremes of temperature can survive throughout the year; nor must they be averse to strong light conditions. Here we find Polysiphonia spp., Ceramium, Ulva and Enteromorpha, Halidrys siliquosa and Dumontia, and the beautiful pink Corallina. Towards low water mark the pools form deep rocky basins and lie in the shade of almost perpendicular rock-faces, and here the growth is more varied and abundant (6). The rocky bottom is luxuriant with the growth of thong weed, tangles, rosy Rhodymenia and emerald-green Ulva, together with Halidrys and Polysiphonia spp. On the sides, sheltered by other weeds, one may sometimes find the beauti- ful Delesseria sanguinea. Occasionally Bryopsis plumosa or Griffithsia flosculosa may be found ; and Membranoptera alata, Polysiphonia spp. and Ceramium spp. are common. The narrow ledges of the steep rock- faces carry only small species such as Laurencia, Lomentaria, Ceramium and stunted specimens of Rhodymenia palmata. . 69 SEAWEEDS 2 Tech eal INV SN de®) 3|© S| 70 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT It is only beyond the Brigg, among the tangles of the rocky bottom, that we can obtain those beautiful red weeds of the sea by dredging from a boat. For general arrangement I have followed Newton’s ‘‘ Handbook of British Seaweeds’ (British Museum, 1928), the nomenclature having been brought up to date by Miss Dickinson of Kew. Recorders’ initials are in brackets following ecological notes :— J.R-Hi.—J. R: Hulme T.T.—T. Talbot G.M.—G. Massee A.G.T.—A. G. Theakston D.P.—Miss D. Perkins Nat.—The Naturalist S.L.P.—S. L. Petty H.W.M.—High Water Mark L.S.—Miss L. Scott L.W.M.—Low Water Mark It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the help and advice received from Miss Dickinson of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and from Miss Lorna Scott of the University of Leeds. MY XOPHYCEAE COCCOGONALES GLAEOCAPSA Kuetzing crepidinum Thur.—Rocks near H.W.M., Scarborough (G.M.). DERMOCARPA Crouan prasina (Reinsch) Born et Thur.—Epiphytic on Laurencia pinnatifida on Filey Brigg (D.P.) ; Scarborough (G.M.). schousboei Thur.—With D. prasina on Filey Brigg (D.P.) ; Scar- borough (G.M.). HORMOGONALES SPIRULINA Turner subsalsa Oer.—Mixed “its other algae on Spa wall, Scarborough (G.M.). OSCILLATORIA Gomont subuliformis (Thwaites )Gom.—Rare ; Scalby Beck, in brackish pools (G.M.). MICROCOLEUS Desmaziéres chthonoplastes (Mert.) Thur.—Rocks of upper intertidal zone, Scar- borough, Filey Brigg (G.M., D.P.). CALOTHRIX Agardh, C.A. confervicola (Roth) Ag.—Not uncommon on species of Ceramium (G.M.). scopulorum (Web. et Mohr) Ag.—Forming slimy patches on rocks near H.W.M., Scarborough (G.M.). — we ye SEAWEEDS 71 ISACTIS Thuret plana Thur.—On Himanthalia lorea, Scarborough (G.M.). RIVULARIA Agardh, C. A. atra Roth—Common on rocks of S. Bay, Scarborough (G.M.). CHLOROPHYCEAE PROTOCOCCALES CHLOROCHYTRIUM Cohn immersum Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). ULOTRICHALES ULOTHRIX Kuetzing flacca (Dillw.) Thur.—Epiphytic on other algae in shallow pools, Filey Brigg (D.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.). ULVALES ENTEROMORPHA Link compressa (L.) Grev.—Common along coast on intertidal rocks. intestinalis (L.) Link—Common in rock-pools and on rocks all along the coast. minima Naeg.—On rocks and concrete tank-traps near H.W.M., F'ley Bay (D.P.). prolifera (Muell.) Ag., J.—Scarborough (J.R.H.). ULVA Linnaeus lactuca L. var. latissima (L.) DC.—SEA LETTUCE. Abundant on intertidal rocks and in rock-pools all along the coast. linza L. var. lanceolata Kuetz.—Common in rock-pools of S. shore, Filey Brigg, and Flamborough. Summer. SIPHONOCLADIALES CLADOPHORA Kuetzing arcta (Dillw.) Kuetz.—On rocks in S. Bay (G.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; Flamborough (Nat., 1923). fracta ( Muell.) Kuetz. var. flexuosa Batt.—Rare ; Scarborough (ASG Wale var. marina Hauck.—Scalby Beck where it flows into the sea (Give) glaucescens (Griff. ex Harv.) Harv.—Filey Brigg (D.P.). gracilis (Griff. ex Harv.) Kuetz.—Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.). lanosa (Roth) Kuetz. Scarborough (G.M.). var. uncialis Thur.—Scarborough (G.M.). rupestris (L.) Kuetz—Common on intertidal rocks and in pools all along the coast (D.P.). utriculosa Kuetz.—Scarborough (G.M.). CHAETOMORPHA Kuetzing aerea (Dillw.) Kuetz. —Sandy pools near H.W.M. on northern outer reef of Filey Brigg, but not in quantity (D.P.) ; Scarborough (G.M.) melagonium (Web. et Mohr) Kuetz.—HOG'S BRISTLE. Occasion- ally in pools on northern side of outer reef of Filey Brigg (D.P.) ; Flamborough (D.P.) ; and Scarborough (G.M.). aD NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT RHIZOCLONIUM Kuetzing implexum (Dillw.) Batt.—On sandy mud near H.W.M., Filey Bay (D.P.) :_ Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.). riparium (Roth) Harv.—Robin Hood’s Bay (Marine Station record). SIPHONALES BRYOPSIS Lamour plumosa (Huds.) Ag.—Rare. On sub-littoral rocks, Cornelian Bay (G.M.) : on Spittal Rocks (1949) and on sides of deep rock-pools on Northern side of Filey Brigg (D.P.). CODIUM Stackhouse dichotomum (Huds.) Setch.—Sub-littoral rocks, Scarborough (G.M.) ; rocks at L.W.M., Filey Brigg (D.P.). PHAEOPHYCEAE ECTOCARPALES ECTOCARPUS Lyngbye confervoides (Roth) Le Jol.—Round Castle Foot (G.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Marine Station record). fasciculatus Harv.—Scarborough (G.M.) ; Flamborough (Nat., 1932). tomentosus (Huds.) Lyngb.—North Bay (G.M.) ; Filey Brigg (D.P.). PYLAIELLA Bory de Saint Vincent littoralis (Lyngb.) Kjell. var opposita es —Common on intertidal rocks all along the coast. ELACHISTEA Duby flaccida (Dillw.) Ar.—Relatively common on Halidrys at Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.). fucicola (Velley) Ar.—Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.); Scarborough (G.M.). scutulata (Smith) Duby—Scarborough (G.M.). LEATHESIA Gray, S. F. difformis (L.) Ar.—Summer. on Corallina at Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; on rocks near L.W.M. fairly common on Filey Brigg but less common at Scarborough (G.M., D.P.). MYRIACTULA Kuntze pulvinata (Kuetz.) Kuntze—Epiphytic on fruiting branches of Halidrys siliquosa, Scarborough (G.M.). CHORDARIA Agardh, C. A. flagelliformis (Muell.) Ag.—Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) : Scarborough (G.M.). EUDESME Agardh, J. e virescens (Carm.) Ag., jJ.--Sand-covered rocks, Cornelian Bay (G.M.). MESOGLOIA Agardh, C. A. vermiculata (Smith) Le Jol.—In sheltered aaa near L.W.M., south side of Filey Brigg and at Thornwick Bay (D.P.) ; Bese borough (A.G.T., G.M.)« SEAWEEDS 78, MYRIONEMA Greville strangulans Grev.—Not uncommon on small algae on south side of Filey Brigg below Carr Nase (D.P.) ; Scarborough (G.M.). var. punctiforme Holm. et Batt.—Filey Brigg, 1895 (E.M.H). DESMARESTIA Lamour aculeata (L.) Lam.—Scarborough (G.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, but not attached (L.S.). viridis (Muell.) Lam.—On the scars just below the Spa, in pools near L.W.M., but not abundant (J.R.H.). Both species were recorded from Filey Brigg in 1895. DICTYOSIPHON Greville foeniculaceus (Huds.) Grev.—South Bay (G.M.): Robin Hood’s iBayi(esS))). ASPEROCOCCUS Lamour fistulosus Hook.—On south side of Filev Brigg in shallow pools about half-tide level (D.P.) ; South Bay (G.M.). MYRIOTRICHIA Harvey filiformis Harv.—On small algae in pools of South Bay and Cornelian Bay (G.M.). ILEA Fries fascia (Muell.) Fr.—Winter, on rocks at L.W.M., Thornwick Bay (DIE) 5 SCYTOSIPHON Agardh, C. A. lomentaria (Lyngb.) Ag., J.—On shale around Stoupe Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; Scarborough (G.M.): in pools of northern outer reef, Filey Brigg (D.P.). PUNCTARIA Greville plantaginea (Roth) Grev.—On shale around Stoupe Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; on rocks between the Spa and the Nab, and on sub-littoral rocks (G.M.). SPHACELARIALES SPHACELARIA Lyngbye citrrhosa (Roth) Ag.—On small algae in tide-pools, Cornelian Bay and Filey Brigg (G.M., D.P.). radicans (Dillw.) Ag.—On sand-covered rocks between the tide-marks, often with Rhodochorton rothii, Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; Scar- borough (G.M.). CLADOSTEPHUS Agardh, J. G. spongiosus (Lightf.) Ag.—Flamborough (Nat., 1923). verticillatus (Lightf.) Ag.—Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; top of outer reef, North Bay (G.M:) ; boulders at eastern end of Filey Brigg (DeP*)i LAMINARIALES CHORDA Stackhouse filum (L.) Lam.—BOOTLACE WEED.—Summer, on rocks at L.W.M., Filey Brigg and Scarborough (G.M.). var. subtomentosa Ar.—Filey Brigg (D.P.). 74 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LAMINARIA Lamour cloustoni Edm.—Thornwick Bay, in pools at L.W.M. (D.P.) Hood’s Bay (Marine Station record). digitata (L.) Lam.OARWEED or TANGLES. Common all along the coast at L.W.M. and in the sea. var. stenophylla Harv.—Distribution similar to L. digitata, common in this district. saccharina (L.) Lam.—Common at L.W.M. in South Bay, but less common at Filey Brigg and Flamborough (D.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.). var. phyllitis Le Jol.—More common than the type in this district (Gwe ID1,)\. SACCORHIZA De la Pylaie bulbosa (Huds.) De la Pyl._Found washed up in North Bay (G.M.). ALARIA Greville esculenta (L.) Grev.—Ravenscar (L.S.) ; uncommon in deep pools on north side of Filey Brigg, and in deep water at Flamborough Head (D.P.). - Robin DICTYOTALES DICTYOTA Lamour dichotoma (Huds.) Lam.—Scarborough (G.M.); at L.W.M. on northern side of Filey Brigg (D.P.). FUCALES FUCUS Decaisne et Thuret ceranoides L.—Scarborough (J.R.H., A.G.T.). serratus L._TOOTHED or SERRATED WRACK. Abundant all along the coast on rocks between half-tide level and L.W.M. spiralis L_—TWISTED WRACK. On rocks near H.W.M., forming a distinct belt below Pelvetia. vesiculosus L__BLADDER WRACK. Abundant all along the coast ; forms a wide belt which extends across the middle shore. ASCOPHYLLUM Stackhouse nodosum (L.) Le Jol— KNOTTED WRACK. Abundant on sheltered rocks all along the coast, especially if large boulders are present. Usually intermixed with F. vesiculosus. PELVETIA Decaisne et Thuret canaliculata (L.) Decne. et Thur.—CHANNELLED WRACK. Com- - mon on rocks and boulders at H.W.M. ; prefers exposed beaches, where it extends into the splash zone. HIMANTHALIA Lyngbye lorea (L.) Lyngb.—THONGWEED. Common along the coast on rocks near L.W.M. ; also occurs in deep pools below half-tide level (012) HALIDRYS Lyngbye siliquosa (L.) Lyngb.—Fairly common along the coast in pools below half-tide level (D.P.). var. siliculosus Stackh.—In rocky basins left by the tide, abundant at the Nab at L.W.M. (J.R.H.). SEAWEEDS 7S) RHODOPHYCEAE BANGIALES BANGIA Lyngbye fusco-purpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb.—Ravenscar (L.S.) ; stones and woodwork of South Pier (G.M.). PORPHYRA Agardh, C. A. leucosticta Thur.—Not common. North Bay, Scarborough (G.M.). umbilicalis (L.) Kuetz.—RED LAVER. Abundant everywhere on intertidal rocks, stonework and woodwork. var. vulgaris Ag.—Scarborough (J.R.H.). ERYTHROTRICHIA Areschoug carnea (Dillw.) Ag., J.—On small algae in tide-pools, Scarborough (G.M.); Filey Brigg (D.P.). GELIDIALES GELIDIUM Lamour corneum (Huds.) Lam.—Scarborough (J.R.H.). PTEROCLADIA Agardh, J. G. capillacea (Gmel.) Born. et Thur.—Scarborough (Hudson). CRYPTONEMIALES GLOIOSIPHONIA Carmichael capillaris (Huds.) Carm.—Rare in North Bay, not found attached (G.M.). DUMONTIA Lamour incrassata (Muell.) Lam.—Common at half-tide level in pools and long inlets open to the sea; very common at Robin Hood’s Bay (L.S.) ; and locally abundant on Filey Brigg (D.P.). var. crispata Batt.—Common on outer reef of Filey Brigg and at Thornwick Bay where exposed to tidal currents (D.P.). DILSEA Stackhouse edulis Stackh.—Robin Hood’s Bay, but not attached (L.S.) ; rock- pools south of Spa (J.R.H., 1896); Spittal Rocks, Filey Brigg (DP We SCHIZYMENIA (W.G.B., 1938), Forge Valley (F.F., 1947). 112 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT HY POCREALES NECTRIACEAE APIOCREA Sydow chrysosperma (Tul.) Syd. (= Sepedonium chrysospermum Link ex Fr.). Common in the conidial form on boleti and agarics. BYSSONECTRIA Karsten lateritia (Fr.) Petch—On Lactarius deliciosus; Scarborough (G.M.). DIALONECTRIA (Saccardo) Cooke : peziza (Tode ex Fr.) Cooke—On Acer; Scarborough (G.M.), Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1946). sanguinea (Bolt. ex Fr.) Cooke—On MHypoxylon; Scarborough (G.M.). On Diatrype stigma and Anthostoma on Fagus and Sorbus; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1946-7). wegeliana (Rehm) Petch—On Diaporthe; Raincliffe Wood (F.F., 1947). GIBBERELLA Saccardo cyanogena (Desm.) Sacc.—On Urtica; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc.—On Sambucus; Scarborough (G.M.). HYPOMYCES (Fries) Tulasne aurantius (Pers. ex Fr.) Tul. (= Diplocladium penicillioides Sacc.). On various agarics and polypores; Scarborough (M. & C.). On Alnus; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 7487). On Sorbus; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 13941). rosellus (A. et S. ex Fr.) Tul.—On Stereum; Scarborough (G.M.). HYPONECTRIA Saccardo buxi (Desm.) Sacc.—On Buxus; Cloughton (M. & C.). LASIONECTRIA (Saccardo) Cooke flavida (Corda) Cooke—There is a Massee specimen in the B.M. Herbarium labelled ‘‘Scarborough’’ (T.P., Nat., 1937, p. 281). NECTRIA Fries aquifolii (Fr.) Berk:—-On dead Ilex; Scarborough (G.M.). On living Ilex; Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1912). cinnabarina (Tode ex Fr.) Fr.—Abundant ; also frequently recorded in the conidial state, Tubercularia vulgaris. coccinea (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.—On Fagus; Scarborough (G.M.), King- thorpe (F.F., 1946), Ellerburn (Nottm., 1337). coryli Fuckel——On Salix, Ellerburn (F.F., 1946). Our record of N. cucurbitula (G.M., 1881), probably refers to this species. inventa Peth.—Only in the conidial state, Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus. on umbelliferous stems; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). mammoidea Phill. et Plowr.—On Ulex; Scarborough (G.M., 1881). punicea (Kunze et Schm. ex Fr.) Fr.—On Fagus; Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946), Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14108). sinopica (Fr.) Fr.—On Hedera; Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946); Ellerburn (Nottm., 1068, etc.). FUNGI — PYRENOMYCETES 113 NECTRIOPSIS Maire aureonitens (Tul.) Maire (=Gliocladium penicilliodes Corda).—On Stereum; Thornton-le-Dale, 1945 (1.M.I., 134). PROTOCREA Petch farinosa (Berk. et Br.) Petch—Scarborough (G.M.). No specimens are available and as other determinations as this species by Massee about the same date were incorrect, the record is doubtful (T.P., Nat., 1937, p. 283). OPHIONECTRIA Saccardo cerea (Berk et Curt.) Ell. et Ev. (=Helicosporium vegetum Nees). On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 13928b). On Fraxinus; Howl- dale, 1947 (1.M.1., 14024a). PSEUDONECTRIA Seaver rousseliana (Mont.) Woll.—Massee’s specimen in the B.M. Herbarium is labelled ‘‘Scarborough’’ (T.P., Nat., 1937, p. 279). HYPOCREACEAE CLAVICEPS Tulasne purpurea (Fr.) Tul.—Locally abundant in some years. CORDYCEPS (Fries) Link capitata (Holmsk. ex Fr.) Link—Yedmandale, host not established (Eee 95; Wet. W..)). militaris (L. ex Fr.) Link—On pupa; Wykeham Moor (F.C.R., 1946). ophioglossoides (Ehrh. ex Fr.) Link—On Elaphomyces muricatus and E. granulatus; Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R., 1918). EPICHLOE (Fries) Tulasne typhina (Pers. ex Fr.) Tul.—Numerous records, mostly on Holcus. HYPOCREA Fries rufa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.—Common on wood (M. & C.). In conidial state, Trichoderma lignorum, Forge Valley (W.G.B., 1945). pulvinata Fuckel—Not uncommon on Polyporus betulinus. POLYSTIGMA de Candolle ex Chevallier rubrum (Pers. ex Fr.) Chev.—On Prunus; Scarborough (G.M.). LOPHIOSTOMA (Fries) Cesati et de Notaris caulium (Fr.) Ces. et de Not.—On Epilobium; Filey (M. & C.). macrostoma (Tode ex Fr.) de Not.—On Ilex; Scarborough (G.M.). LOPHIOTREMA Saccardo hederae (Fuckel) Sacc.—On Hedera; Scarborough (G.M.). DOTHIDEALES DOTHIDELLA Spegazzini trifolii Bayl., Ell. et Stansf.—Scarborough (G.M.). Frequently recorded in the conidial state, Polythrincium trifolii. ENDODOTHELLA Theissen et Sydow junci (Fr.) Theiss. et Syd.—Scarborough (G.M.). On J. effusus; Filey (T.B.R., 1911); Robin Hood’s Bay (W.G.B., 1946). 114 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PHYLLACHORA Nitschke graminis (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuckel—On Dactylis glomerata; Scalby (T.B.R., 1911). On Melica uniflora and Agropyron caninum, Hackness (T.B.R., 1912). heraclei (Fr.) Fuckel—On living Heracleum; Scarborough (G.M.). RHOPOGRAPHUS Nitschke filicinus (Fr.) Fuckel, as Phyllachora pteridis.—Many records. SYSTREMMA Theissen et Sydow ulmi (Duv. ex Fr.) Theiss. et Syd.—On living Ulmus; Scarborough (G.M.). MICROTHYRIALES STIGMATEA Fries ostruthii (Fr.) Oud.—On living Angelica; Scarborough (G.M.). robertiana (Fr.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). HYSTERIALES ACROSPERMUM Tode ex Fries compressum Tode ex Fr.—On Angelica and Heracleum; Raincliffe Wood (G.M. & T.B.R., 1912). On Urtica; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 15322). AULOGRAPHUM Libert vagum Desm.—On dead Ilex leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). DICHAENA Fries faginea (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.—On living Fagus bark; Scarborough G.M.). cena ieee ex Fr.) Fr.—On living Quercus bark; Scarborough (G.M.). FARLOWIELLA Saccardo carmichaeliana (Berk.) Sacc. (=Monotospora megalospora Berk. et Br., M. pumila (Mass.) Sacc.).—On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 18815b). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1946 (1.M.I., 4975b), 1947 (I.M.I., 13817c). GLONIOPSIS de Notaris levantica Rehm (= G. curvata (Fr.) Sacc.).—Numerous records on Rubus and Rosa. GLONIUM Muehlenberg ex Fries lineare (Fr.) de Not.—On Fagus ; Scarborough (G.M.). HYPODERMA de Candolle ex de Notaris sens (Fr.) Duby—On Ranunculus flammula; Scarborough Mere .M.). conigenum (Pers. ex Fr.) Sacc.—On cones of Pinus sylvestris; Silpho and Broxa (T.B.R., 1912). virgultorum DC. ex Sacc.—On Rubus; Scarborough (G.M.). HYSTERIUM Tode ex Fries pulicare Pers. ex Fr.—On Hedera; Raincliffe Wood (G.M.); Thorn- ton-le-Dale (F.F., 1946). angustatum (A. et S. ex Fr.) Chev.—On Rhododendron; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 7750a). FUNGI — USTILAGINALES 115 HYSTEROGRAPHIUM Corda fraxini (Pers. ex Fr.) de Not.—Filey (T.B.R., 1914). Probably our record of H. elongatum is this species, as Bisby (Trans. B.M.S. 27 p. 27) finds almost all British records of H. elongatum erroneous. LOPHODERMIUM Chevallier arundinaceum (Schrad. ex Fr.) Chev.—On Phalaris and Bromus ramosus; Scarborough and Filey (M. & C.). hysterioides (Pers.) Sacc.—On dead Crataegus leaves; Scarborough G.M.). ee (Fr.) de Not.—On Vaccinium; Scarborough, 1913 (W131, Wess (ClCa))e pinastri (Schrad. ex Fr.) Chev.—Not uncommon on Pinus leaves. rhododendri Ces.—On fallen Rhododendron leaves; Raincliffe Wood (Ge ARe e193): USTILAGINALES USTILAGINACEAE CINTRACTIA Cornu caricis (Pers.) Magn.—Scarborough (M. & C.). USTILAGO (Persoon) Roussel avenae (Pers.) Jens.—Scarborough (M. & C.); Robin Hood’s Bay (QNEGaB)): hordei (Pers.) Lagerh.—Not uncommon. kuehneana Wolff—Robin Hood’s Bay on Rumex acetosa (W.G.B., 1946). longissima (Sow. ex Schlect.) Mey.—Seamer Carr on Glyceria maxima and G. fluitans (M. & C.). perennans Rostr.—Thornton-le-Dale on Arrhenatherum elatius (F.F., 1945). scabiosae (Sow.) Wint.—Scarborough on Knautia arvensis (M. & C.). striaeformis (Westend.) Niessl—Raincliffe Wood and Beedale on Holcus (W.G.B., 1942 and 1945). tritici (Pers.) Rostr.—Occasional. violacea (Pers.) Rouss.—Scarborough on Silene cucubalus and common on the anthers of Melandrium dioicum. TILLETIACEAE ENTYLOMA de Bary microsporum (Ung.) Schroet.—Kingthorpe on Ranunculus spp. (ise MES 193i). MELANOTAENIUM de Bary endogenum (Ung.) de Bary—Scarborough on Galium verum (M. & Cay 116 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT TILLETIA Tulasne caries (DC.) Tul.—Occasional on cultivated Triticum spp. UROCYSTIS Rabenhorst anemones (Pers.) Wint.—Thornton-le-Dale on Ranunculus repens (F.F., 1946), Kingthorpe on Anemone (F.F., 1945). violae (Sow.) Fisch. et Waldh.—Scarborough on Viola reichen- bachiana (M. & C.); Kingthorpe on V. riviniana (W.G.B., 1938). UREDINALES MELAMPSORACEAE MILESINA Magnus blechni Syd.—Kingthorpe (1.B.M.S., 1931). THECOPSORA Magnus galii de Toni—Thornton-le-Dale, II on Sherardia arvensis (W.G.B., 1945). vacciniorum (DC.) Karst.—Thornton-le-Dale on V. myrtillus (F.F., 1945). MELAMPSORELLA Schroeter cerastii (Pers.) Schroet.—Scarborough on C. arvense (M. & C.). PUCCINIASTRUM Otth agrimoniae (Schw.) Tranzsch.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). pustulatum (Pers.) Diet. (= P. abieti-chamaenerti Kleb.)—Thorton- le-Dale on Chamaenerion angustifolium (F.F., 1946). pyrolae (Mart.) Schroet.—Silpho Moor on Pyrola minor (T.B.R., 1911). MELAMPSORIDIUM Klebahn betulinum (Pers.) Kleb.—Wykeham (F.F., 1945). COLEOSPORIUM Léveillé campanulae (Pers.) Lév.—Scarborough on C. rotundifolia (M. & C.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). euphrasiae (Schum.) Wint.—Scarborough on Odontites rubra (M. & C.). senecionis (Pers.) Fr.—II and III common on Senecio spp., all the year round. petasitis Lévy.—Common on Petasites. sonchi (Pers.) Lév.—Scarborough, II and III on Sonchus arvensis (M. & C.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). tussilaginis (Schum.) Lév.—Common on T. farfara (M. & C.). FUNGI — UREDINALES 117 MELAMPSORA Castagne euphorbiae Cast.—Robin Hood’s Bay (F.A.M., 1933). larici-populina Kleb.—Thornton-le-Dale on Populus serotina (F.F., 1945). lini (Ebr ) Lév.—Scarborough on Linum catharticum (M. & C.). orchidi-repentis Kleb.—-Scarborough, I on Listera cordata and Orchis latifolia (M. & C.). The Willow Rusts in our district have not been worked out and appear in our records only under the collective species :— “‘farinosa Pers.’’—Scarborough on S. caprea (M. & C.). “epitea Kunze et Schm.’’—Scarborough on S. viminalis (M. & C.). PUCCINIACEAE OCHROPSORA Dietel sorbi Diet.—Kingthorpe, 1 on Anemone nemorosa (F.A.M., Nat., Sept., 1929). TRANZSCHELIA Arthur fusca Diet.—Fairly common on A. nemorosa (M. & C.). pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Diet.—Dalby Dale on Prunus domestica and P. spinosa (F.F., 1945). KUEHNEOLA Magnus albida (Kuehn.) Magn.—Forge Valley, probably not uncommon (W.G.B., 1946). tormentilla (Fuckel) Arth. (= Frommea obtusa (Str.) Arth.).— Oliver’s Mount on Potentilla erecta (M. & C.). PHRAGMIDIUM Link fragariastri (DC.) Schroet.—Scarborough (M. & C.); Robin Hood’s Bay (W.G.B., 1946). both on Potentilla sterilis. mucronatum (Pers.) Schlecht.—Common on wild and cultivated roses : more frequent as I & II than III (M. & C.). rubi (Pers.) Wint.—Thornton-le-Dale on R. fruticosus (F.F., 1945), Robin Hood’s Bay, II on Rubus spp. (W.G.B., 1946). rubi-idaei (DC.) Karst.—Scarborough on R. idaeus (M. & C.). sanguisorbae (DC.) Schroet.—Thornton-le-Dale, I & III (F.F., 1945-46). violaceum (Schultz) Wint.—Ellerburn, etc fruticosus (F.F., 1945-46). XENODOCHUS Schlechtendal carbonarius Schlecht—Seamer Carr on Sanguisorba officinalis (M. & C.). TRIPHRAGMIUM Link ulmariae (Schum.) Wint.—Seamer Carr on Filipendula ulmaria (M. & C.); Ellerburm (F.A.M., Nat., July, 1922). GYMNOSPORANGIUM Hedwig fils clavariaeforme (Jacq.) DC.—Scarborough, I on Crataegus, II on Juniperus (M. & C.). sabinae (Dicks.) Wint.—Scalby, III on Juniperus sabina (M. & C.). . I, II, III on Rubus 118 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT UROMYCES Link acetosae Schroet.—Thornton-le-Dale on Rumex acetosella (F.F., 1945). alchemillae (Pers.) Lév.—Common on A. vulgaris (M. & C.). anthyllidis (Grev.) Schroet.—Scarborough, II on A. vulneraria GeBIRes10i12)e dactylidis Otth—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). dianthi (Pers.) Niessl—Hackness Hall greenhouses on D. caryo- phyllus (T.B.R., 1914). fabae (Pers.) de Bary—Everley Hotel garden on Vicia faba (W.G.B.); other records probably refer to U. pisi. ficariae (Schum.) Lév.—Kingthorpe, III (F.F., 1946). flectens Lag.—Thornton-le-Dale on Trifolium repens (M. & C.). genista-tinctoriae (Pers.) Wint.—Thornton-le-Dale on Laburnum anagyroides (F.F., 1945) ; new British host. geranii Otth et Wart.—Thornton-le-Dale on G. pratense (F.F., 1945). junci Tul.—Pickering (F.A.M., Nat., 1929, p. 313). loti Blytt.—Raincliffe Wood on L. corniculatus (T.B.R., Nat., 1912, p. 88); new to Britain; Dalby Dale (F.F., 1945). pisi (Pers.) Wint.—Scarborough, II on P. sativum, Thornton-le- Dale on Lathyrus pratensis (F.F., 1945). poae Rab.—Numerous records; OI on Ranunculus spp., [iI on Poa spp. polygoni-avicularis Ramsb.—Scarborough on P. aviculare (M. & C.). Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). rumicis (Schum.) Wint.—Scarborough on R. obtusifolius (M. & C.); Thornton-le-Dale on R. crispus (F.F., 1945). scillarum (Grev.) Wint.—Scarborough on Scilla non-scripta (M. & C.); Kingthorpe, III (F.F., 1946). striatus Schroet.—Castle Hill, Scarborough, II, III on Medicago arabica (W.G.B., York, Nat., 1943, p. 119). trifolii (Hedw. f.) Lév.—Scarborough on T. pratense (M. & C.). valerianae (Schum.) Fuckel—Filey on Valeriana spp. (M. & C.). PUCCINIA Persoon acetosae (Schum.) Koern.—Robin Hood’ s Bay on Rumex acetosa (W.G.B., 1946). adoxae Hedw. f.—Scarborough on A. moschatellina (M. & C.). albescens Plowr.—Scarborough on A. moschatellina (M. & C.). anomala Rost.—Thornton-le-Dale on Hordeum spp. (F.F., 1945). annularis (Strauss) Schlecht.—Thornton-le-Dale on Teucrium scoro- donia (F.F., 1945). arrhenatheri Erickss.—Robin Hood’s Bay on A. elatius (W.G.B., 1946). asperulae-odoratae Wurth.—Scarborough on Asperula (M. & C.). baryi (Br.) Wint.—Thornton-le-Dale, II & III on Brachypodium sylvaticum (F.F., 1945-46). betonicae DC.—Common on Stachys officinalis (M. & C.). bromina Erikss.—Staxton and Scarborough Mere, II on B. sterilis (W.G.B., Nat., 1943, p. 119). FUNGI — UREDINALES 119 calthae Link—Scarborough on C. palustris (M. & C.). Throxenby Mere, infected with Darluca eae coll. T.B.R., seen by W. B. Grove (C.C., Nat., 1912, p. 91). carduorum Jacky—Staxton, Il & III on C. nutans (W.G.B., Nat., 1943, p. 119). caricis (Schum.) Reb.—Common; I on Urtica, III on Carex (M. & C.). celakovskyana Bub.—Thornton-le-Dale on Galium cruciata (F F., 1945). centaureae DC.—Thornton-le-Dale on C. nigra (F.F., 1945). chaerophylli Purt.—Thornton-le-Dale on Myrrhis odorata (BEES, 1945); Howldale, OI on Anthriscus (F.F., 1946); Robin Hood’s Bay, Il & III on Myrrhis (W.G.B.). chondrillae Cord.—Thornton-le-Dale on Lactuca muralis (F.F., 1945). chrysanthemi Roze—Once common, but the only recent record is from Newby, II in greenhouse (F.C.R., 1947). chrysosplenii Grev.—Scarborough on C. alternifolium (A.E.P., 1923). circaeae Pers.—Forge Valley on C. lutetiana (M. & C.). cirsii-lanceolati Schroet.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). conii Fuckel—Scarborough on C. maculatum (M. & C.). coronata Cord.—Thornton-le-Dale on Lolium perenne, Agrostis stol- onifera, Agropyron repens and Arrhenatherum (I.F., 1945). crepidis Schroet.—Staxton, II & III on C. virens (W.G.B., Nat., 1943, p. 119). dioicae Magn.—Scarborough, I on Cirsium palustre (M. & C.). dispersa Erikss. et Henn.—Scarborough, I on Anchusa officinalis (M. & C.). epilobii DC.—Hole of Horcum on E. palustre (W.G.B., 1938). festucae Plowr.—Staintondale, I on Lonicera periclymenum (T.B.R., 1911). Staxton, OI on Lonicera, III on Festuca ovina (W.G.B., 1945). glomerata Grev.—Scarborough, III on Senecio jacobaea (M. & C.). glumarum (Schm.) Erikss. et Henn.—Scarborough, II & III on Agropyron repens (M. & C.); Scarborough Castle Hill, Il & III on Hordeum murinum (W.G.B., Nat., 1943, p. 119). gtraminis Pers.—Scarborough and Thornton-le-Dale, III on cultivated Triticum spp. and Agropyron (F.F., 1945-46); Robin Hood’s Bay, OI on Berberis (W.G.B.). We have no records of the generally more common P. triticina. heraclei Grev.—Flamborough (C.C., Nat., 1906, p. 261); Newbridge Quarry, Pickering (W.G.B., Nat., 1938, p. 244). hieracit (Schum.) Mart.—Pickering and Staxton, II & III on H. pilosella, II on H. boreale (W.G.B.). holcina Erikss.—Kingthorpe, II & III on Holcus mollis and H. lanatus (F.F., 1945-46). hydrocotyles (Link) Cooke—Seamer Carr on H. vulgaris (M. & C..,, NGI aK “Ne hypochoeridis Oud.—Robin Hood’s Bay, II & III on H. radicata (W.G.B., 1946). 120 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT iridis (DC.) Wallr.—Scarborough on cultivated iris (T.B.R., 1916). lapsanae Fuckel—Common on L. communis (M. & C.). leontodontis Jacky—Thornton-le-Dale on L. hispidus (F.F., 1945). lychnidearum Link—Scarborough (M. & C.); Thornton-le-Dale (HAG NIE 1922 EEL lo4o)) malvacearum Mont.—Thornton-le-Dale on Althaea rosea (F.F., 1945) ; probably not uncommon and M. & C. (1905) says ““Common throughout the county ’’. major Diet.—Frequent on Crepis paludosa (W.G.B.). menthae Pers.—Common on Mentha spp., and on Clinopodium vul- gare (M. & C.). mirabilissima Peck (= Cumminsiella sanguinea (Peck) Arth.)— Scarborough Mere (W.G.B., 1943); Thornton-le-Dale, II & III on Mahonia (F.F., 1946). moliniae Tul.—Seamer Moor on M. caerulea (M. & C.). oblongata (Link) Wint.—Robin Hood’s Bay, II on Luzula sylvatica (W.G.B., 1946). obscura Schroet.—Thornton-le-Dale on Luzula sylvatica (F.F., (1945). obtegens (Link) Tul.—Common on Cirsium arvense (M. & C.). persistens Plowr.—Rillington, I on Thalictrum flavum (Wm. Falconer, 1932). phragmitis (Schum.) Koern.—Seamer, I on Rumex spp., II & III on Phragmites communis (M. & C.); Scarborough Mere, OI on Rumex spp., IT & III on Phragmites (W.G.B., Nat., 1943, p. 120). poarum Niels.—Very common; I on Tussilago, III on Poa spp. polygoni-convolvuli DC.—Thomton-le-Dale on P. convolvulus (F.F., 1945). primulae Duby—Robin Hood’s Bay, OI on P. vulgaris (F.A.M., Nat., 1933, p. 136); Haugh Rigg, Pickering, OI (W.G.B., Nat., 1938, p. 244). pulverulenta Grev.—Scarborough, OI on Epilobium hirsutum and E. palustre (F.F., 1946). saniculae Grev.—Numerous records; O, I, II, III on S. europaea. sessilis Schneid.—Forge Valley on Phalaris (F.F., 1945). silenes Schroet.—Scarborough on S. cucubalus (M. & C.). smyrnii Cord.—Scarborough Castle Hill on S. olusatrum (M. & C.); still there, 1943 (W.G.B.). sonchi Rob.—Thornton-le-Dale on S. arvensis and S. oleraceus (F.F., 1945). ae Plowr.—Thornton-le-Dale on T. officinale (F.F., 1945). thalictri Chev.—Seamer Carr on T. flavum (M. & C.). tragopogi Cord.—Kingthorpe, I on T. pratensis (F.A.M., 1929). triseti Erikss.—Robin Hood’s Bay, IJ & III on T. flavescens (W.G.B., 1946). tumida Grev.—Kingthorpe, III on Conopodium majus (W.G.B., 1947). valantiae Pers.—Thornton-le-Dale on Galium cruciata (F.F., 1945). FUNGI — TREMELLALES 121 variabilis Grev.—Scarborough (M. & C.); Ellerburn, OI (F-F., 1946), both on Taraxacum. veronicae Schroet.—Thornton-le-Dale on V. montana (F.F., 1945). vincae (DC.) Berk.—Scarborough on V. minor (M. & C.). violae DC.—Common on Viola spp. zopfii Wint.— In a note in C. Crossland’s interleaved copy of M. & C., it is stated that specimens collected at Throxenby by W.W.S. and now in the B.M. under the name of P. calthae, have been determined by Dr. J. Ramsbottom as P. zopfii. AURICULARIALES AURICULARIA Bulliard mesenterica (Dicks. ex Fr.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). auricula-Judae (L. ex Pers.) Schroet.—Abundant on Sambucus; also recorded on Ulmus, Salix, and Acer (A.E.P.), on Fagus (F.C.R.), on Berberis at Boynton (F.A.M.); while the record on Alnus from Flotmanby in 1920 was said by Carleton Rea to be the first ever brought to his notice. STILBUM (Tode) Juel vulgare (Tode) Juel—Scarborough (G.M.). TREMELLALES TREMELLA (Dillenius) Fries albida (Huds.) Fr.—Cloughton (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1911). fimbriata (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1881). foliacea (Pers.) Fr.—Hackness (H.W. & F.A.M., 1925); Forge Valley on Betula (F.C.R., 1946). frondosa Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). lutescens Pers.—Scarborough (G.M.); Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1912). mesenterica (Retz.) Fr.—Common, often on Fagus. moriformis Berk.—Scarborough (G.M.). tubercularia Berk.—Scarborough on Quercus (G.M., 1881). virescens (Schum.) Qtiel.—Scarborough on Ulex (G.M.). EXIDIA Fries glandulosa (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon, usually on Quercus. intumescens (Sm.) Rea—Scarborough on Fagus (G.M.); Stone Haggs on Quercus (T.B.R., 1915). A form of E. glandulosa according to Bourdot and Galzin. nucleata (Schwein.) Rea—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Wykeham (W.G.B., 1945); Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946). recisa (Ditm.) Fr.—Scarborough on Salix (G.M.). saccharina Fr.—Scarborough on Pinus (G.M.). var. foliacea (Bref.) Bres.—Scarborough on Pinus (G.M.). thuretiana (Lév.) Fr.—Howldale (F.F., 1946); same _ place (BeHeD. Bs 1947). 122 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT TREMELLODON Persoon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pers.—Although not previously recorded from Yorkshire before the foray at Beedale in 1915, this fungus is now not uncommon on sawdust and conifer stumps. SEBACINA Tulasne calcea (Pers.) Bres.—Scarborough (G.M., 1881). incrustans (Pers.) Tul., as Soppittiella sebacea—Scarborough (G.M., 1881). EICHLERIELLA Bresadola spinulosa (Berk. et Curt.) Burt.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). TULASNELLALES TULASNELLA Schroeter violea (Quél.) Bourd. et Galz.—Howldale on Fagus (P.H.B.T., 1947); Raincliffe Wood (W.G.B., 1947). CALOCERALES DACROMYCES Nees chrysocomus (Bull.) Tul.—Scarborough (G.M., Nat., July, 1881). deliquescens Bull. ex Duby—Abundant. (Oidial stage = D. stillatus Nees ex Fr.—Common on Pinus). CALOCERA Fries cornea Batsch ex Fr.—Not uncommon on Quercus. stricta Fr.—Yedmandale (A.C., 1912). viscosa Pers. ex Fr.—Common on coniferous stumps. APHYLLOPHORALES POLYPORACEAE POLYPORUS (Micheli) Fries adiposus Berk. et Br.—Scarborough (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1945 et seq.). adustus (Willd.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.C.R., 1945 et seq.). amorphus Fr., as P. armeniacus—Scarborough (G.M.); Boynton (W.W.S., 1880). betulinus (Bull.) Fr.—Abundant. brumalis (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1912); Ellerburn (F.A.M., 1922); Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946). caesius (Schrad.) Fr.—Not uncommon. chioneus Fr.—Not uncommon. dryadeus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough on Quercus (G.M.). fragilis Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1915). frondosus (Fl. Dan.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). FUNGI — APHYLLOPHORALES 123 fumosus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flotmanby (A.E.P., 1920). as P. alligatus Fr.—Scarborough (A.E.P. & A.C., 1910). as P. salignus Fr.—Scarborough on Salix (F.F., 1915). as Daedalea saligna Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.C., A.E.P.). giganteus (Pers.) Fr.—Frequent on Fagus and Ulmus. hispidus Fr.—Locally common on Fraxinus. intybaceus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). lentus Berk.—Scarborough (A.E.P., 1911, A.C., 1923). melanopus (Swartz) Fr.—Yedmandale and Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1914). nummularius (Bull.) Quel.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). perennis (L.) Fr.—Flixton and Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1911-12). picipes Fr.—Locally common on Salix. radiatus (Sow.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Alnus. schweinitzii Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). squamosus (Huds.) Fr.—Common on Fagus and Fraxinus. as P. rostkovii Fr.—Cayton and Hackness on Sambucus (A.E.P.). stipticus (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). sulphureus (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Quercus. tephroleucus Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale on Salix (F.C.R., 1945). varius Fr.—Not uncommon. wynnei Berk. et Br.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). FOMES Fries annosus Fr.—Common in most pine woods. conchatus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough on Salix (G.M.). as F. salicinus (Pers.) Fr.—Ellerburn (F.A.M., 1922). connatus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Allerston (A.E.P., 1914). ferruginosus (Schrad.) Mass.—Not uncommon on Crataegus. igniarius (L.) Fr.—Occasional on Salix. var. nigricans (Fr.) Lloyd—Ellerburn on Alnus (F.A.M., 1922). fomentarius (Fr.) Kickx—Numerous records on various hosts, but as this fungus is not now considered to occur south of Perth, they probably refer to Ganoderma applanatum. Many specimens, definitely identifiable as F. fomentarius, were found, on Betula and detached, under post-glacial peat at Star Carr, Seamer, associated with a Mesolithic lake-dwelling. They were remark- ably well preserved but contained no spores. (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1950, p. 123). pomaceus (Pers.) Big. et Guill—Not uncommon on Crataegus, Pyrus and Prunus. ribis (Schum.) Fr.—Scarborough on Ribes uva-crispa (G.M.). ulmarius (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough on Ulmus (G.M.). GANODERMA (Karsten) Patouillard applanatum (Pers.) Pat.—Not uncommon on Fagus, etc. Formerly erroneously recorded as Fomes fomentarius. var. laccatum (Kalchbr.) Rea—Flotmanby on Alnus (A.E.P. teste G.M., 1911), first British record. 124 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT lucidum (Leyss.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). PORIA (Persoon) Fries blepharistoma Berk. et Br.—Scarborough (G.M.). hibernica Berk. et Br.—Scarborough on dead pine wood (G.M.). laestadii Fr. et Berk.—Scarborough in green-house (G.M.). medulla-panis (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Beedale and Rain- cliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1911-12); Forge Valley (F.F., 1915). mollusca (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Beedale (A.E.P., 1929). nitida (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). obducens (Pers.) Fr.—Staxton on Crataegus (T.B.R., 1913). purpurea Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). sanguinolenta (A. et S.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1915 & 1944). terrestris (DC.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). vaporaria (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Ayton (A.E.P., 1910). versipora (Pers.) Baxt., as Irpex obliquus—Very common. violacea (A. et S.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). viridans Berk.—Scarborough (G.M.). vitrea (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). vulgaris Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flixton (A.E.P., 1910). POLYSTICTACEAE POLYSTICTUS Fries abietinus (Dicks.) Fr.—Common. hirsutus (Wulf.) Fr.-—Scarborough (G.M.) ; Seamer on Fraxinus (A.E.P.) ; Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1945 et seq.). versicolor (L.) Fr.—Abundant. TRAMETES Fries gibbosa (Pers.) Fr.—Yedmandale (F.C.R., 1945). mollis (Somm.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Fagus and Prunus. serpens Fr.—Scarborough on Quercus (G.M.). suaveolens (L.) Fr.—Ganton on Salix (G.M.). DAEDALEA (Persoon) Fries biennis (Bull.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (F-.F., 1945). quercina (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Quercus. unicolor (Bull.) Fr.—Seamer and Ganton (A.E.P., 1910, A.C. 1914). MERULIACEAE MERULIUS Fries corium Fr.—Folkton (T.B.R., 1914); Howldale on Fraxinus (F.F., 1946). fugax Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). lacrymans (Wulf.) Fr.—Abundant. | rufus (Pers.) Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). serpens (Tode) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). FUNGI — APHYLLOPHORALES 125 tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr.—Cloughton (T.B.R. & A.C., 1913); King- thorpe (I.B.M.S., 1931). PHLEBIA Fries merismoides Fr.—Not uncommon. as P. radiata Fr.—Not uncommon on Sambucus. CONIOPHORA (de Candolle) Persoon arida Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). membranacea (DC.) Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). puteana (Schum.) Karst.—Kingthorpe (F.A.M., 1929); Hackness (BIG@iRs, 1945). sulphurea (Fr.) Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). FISTULINACEAE FISTULINA (Bulliard) Fries hepatica (Huds.) Fr.—Occasional on Quercus. HYDNACEAE HYDNUM (Linnaeus) Fries aurantiacum (A. et S.) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1915). auriscalpium (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon on fir-cones. diversidens Fr.—Scarborough on Fagus (G.M.). ferrugineum Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., June, 1889). imbricatum (L.) Fr.—Seamer (G.M.). repandum (L.) Fr.—Locally common. zonatum (Batsch) Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., June, 1889). MYCOLEPTODON Patouillard fimbriatum (Pers.) Bourd. et Galz.—Locally common. RADULUM Fries molare Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., June, 1889). orbiculare Fr.—Yedmandale (T.B.R., 1911). quercinum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). ACIA Karsten fusco-atra (Fr.) Pat.—Scarborough (G.M.). uda (Fr.) Bourd. et Galz.—Kingthorpe (W.G.B., 1938, P.H.B.T., 1947). GRANDINIA (Fries) Patouillard brinkmannii (Bres.) Bourd. et Galz.—Howldale (F.F., 1946). farinacea (Pers.) Bourd. et Galz.—Not uncommon. granulosa Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915). helvetica (Pers.) Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). ODONTIA (Persoon) Patouillard arguta (Fr.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.). crustosa (Pers.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.). stipata (Fr.) Quél.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915). CALDESIELLA Saccardo crinalis (Fr.) Bourd. et Galz.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (F-A-M., Nat., Sept., 1929). viridis (A. et S.) Pat.—Scarborough (G.M.). 126 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT THELEPHORA Ehrhart ex Fries (= PHYLACTERIA (Persoon) IP But, ) anthocephala (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (wee, Wz). caryophyllea (Schaeff.) Fr.—Rainclitie Wood (G.M.). clavularis Fr.—Scarborough (A.E.P., 1933). mollissima (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). palmata (Scop.) Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., June, 1889). terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr.—Frequent in pine woods, and a pioneer species when the moors are planted with conifers. TOMENTELLA Patouillard (= HYPOCHNUS (Fnies) Karst.) crustacea (Schum.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M.). ferruginea (Pers.) Fr.—Kingthorpe (F.F., 1930 & 1946). fumosus Fr.—Scarborough and Filey (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). fusca (Pers.) Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1930 & 1945). umbrina (Fr.) Quél.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). THELEPHORACEAE STEREUM (Persoon) Massee hirsutum (Willd.) Fr.—Abundant. ochroleucum Fr.—Scarborough on Aesculus (G.M.). purpureum (Pers.) Fr.—Common. rugosum (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon. sanguinolentum (A. et S.) Fr.—Not uncommon. sowetbeii (Berk. et Br.) Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). spadiceum Fr.—Common on dead branches. HYMENOCHAETE Léveillé corrugata (Fr.) Lév.—Scarborough (G.M.); Howldale on Corylus (F.C.R., 1946). rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév.—Frequent. tabacina (Sow.) Lév.—Scarborough on Ulmus (G.M.). ALEURODISCUS Rabenhorst acerinus (Pers.) von Hoehn. et Litsch.—Scarborough on Acer cam- pestris (G.M.). CORTICIUM Persoon arachnoideum Berk.—Forge Valley on Quercus (W.G.B., 1947). caeruleum (Schrad.) Fr.—Scarborough (M. & C.). comedens (Nees) Fr.—Frequent on Corylus and Fagus. confine Bourd. et Galz.—Forge Valley on Corylus (F.F., 1945). confluens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Howldale on Corylus (F.F., 1945). fuciforme (Berk.) Wakef.—Beckhole in sterile condition (T.B.M.S., 1931). laetum Karst.—Forge Valley on mud (P.H.B.T., 1947), new to Britain. laeve (Pers.) Quél.—Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946). lividum (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). FUNGI — APHYLLOPHORALES 127 pelliculare Karst.—Kingthorpe (F.F., 1945). populinum (Somm.) Fr.—Scarborough on Populus (G.M.). roseum (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). sambuci (Pers.) Fr.—Common. subcoronatum von Hoehn. et Litsch.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). Conidial form (Monilia candicans Sacc.), Forge Valley, 1947 (Hull, 118). subcostatum (Karst.) Bourd. et Galz.—Scarborough (G.M.). vagum Berk. et Curt.—Ellerburn (F.F., 1946). sub-genus GLOEOCYSTIDIUM Karsten albostramineum (Bres.) Bourd. et Galz.—Kingthorpe on Fagus (F.F., 1946). lactescens Berk.—Ellerburn (F.F., 1946). porosum Berk. et Curt.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (F.F., 1930 & 1946). praetermissum (Karst.) Bres.—Howldale (F.F., 1946). CRISTELLA Patouillard cristata (Pers.) Pat.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). PENIOPHORA Cooke aegerita von Hoehn.—Only in the imperfect state (Aegerita candida) Ellerburn (F.A.M., Nat., Sept., 1922). byssoidea (Pers.) von Hoehn. et Litsch.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). caesia (Bres.) Bourd. et Galz.—Kingthorpe (F.F., 1945); Forge Valley on Fraxinus (P.H.B.T., 1947). cinerea (Fr.) Cooke—Common. cremea Bres.—Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946). gigantea (Fr.) Mass.—Scarborough on Larix (G.M.); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). glebulosa (Fr.) Bres.—Howldale (F.F., 1946). hydnoides Cooke et Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.); Howldale (F.F., 1946). incarnata (Pers.) Cooke—Locally common. leprosa Bourd. et Galz.mHowldale on Fagus (P.H.B.T., 1947). pallidula Bres. ex Bourd. et Galz.—Howldale (F.F., 1946). quercina (Pers.) Cooke—Not uncommon. sanguinea (Fr.) Bres.—Scarborough (G.M.). setigera (Fr.) Bres.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). subalutacea (Karst.) von Hoehn. et Litsch.—-Forge Valley (F-.F., 1944); Kingthorpe (F.F., 1946). velutina (DC.) Cooke—Not uncommon. violaceo-livida (Somm.) Bres. ex Bourd. et Galz.—-Seamer on Sambucus (A.E.P., 1925). CYPHELLACEAE CYPHELLA Fries alboviolascens (A. et S.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M.). capula (Holmsk.) Fr.—Not uncommon. 128 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT muscigena (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). pimi Phill.—Oliver’s Mount (T.B.R., 1913). villosa (Pers.) Karst.—Scarborough on Sonchus oleraceus (G.M.). SOLENIA (Hoffmann) Fries anomala (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Alnus and Fagus. fasciculata Pers.—Scarborough (G.M.). maxima Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). PHAEOCYPHELLA Patouillard om (Schum.) Bres.—Scarborough on MHypnum _scorpioides .M.). CLAVARIACEAE CLAVARIA (Vaillant) Fries abietina (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in pine woods. acuta (Sow.) Fr.—Forge Valley (A.E.P., 1920). argillacea (Pers.) Fr.—Cockmoor among moss (F.A.M., 1934). cinerea (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon. corniculata (Schaeff.) Fr.—Occasional in pastures. var. pratensis (Fr.) Cott. et Wakef.—Scarborough (G.M.). contorta (Holmsk.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). cristata (Holmsk.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods. flaccida Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Beedale (A.E.P., 1912). flava (Schaeff.) Fr.—Massee’s record of C. aurea probably refers to this species, as his other collections have been proved to do (R.W.G.D.). formosa (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). fragilis (Holmsk.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). fumosa (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). fusiformis (Sow.) Fr.—Forge Valley and Hackness (A.E.P., 1915 & 1925). inaequalis (Muell.)Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). juncea (A. et S.) Fr.—Scarborough on dead leaves (G.M.). rugosa (Bull.) Fr.—Locally common. straminea Cott.—Throxenby Mere (A.C., 1914). umbrinella Sacc.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1888); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). vermicularis Fr.—Not uncommon in pastures. TYPHULA (Persoon) Fries erythropus (Bolt.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood and Oliver’s Mount (T.B.R., 1912-15). filiformis (Bull. Fr.—Scarborough on dead leaves (G.M.). grevillei Fr.—Oliver’s Mount on dead grass culms (T.B.R., 1912). gyrans (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough on grass stems (G.M.). PISTILLARIA Fries culmigena Mont. et Fr.—Scarborough on grass stems (G.M.). micans (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough on Carduus (G.M.). FUNGI — AGARICALES 129 quisquiliaris Fr.—Occasional on Pteridium (T.B.R., A.E.P., etc.). uncialis (Grev.) Cost. et Duf.—Scarborough (G.M.). EXOBASIDIALES EXOBASIDIUM Woronin vaccinii (Fuckel) Woron.—Goathland on V. myrtillus (T.B.M.S., 1931). AGARICALES AMANITA (Persoon) Fries citrina (Schaeff.) Roques—Not uncommon in mixed woods. excelsa Fr.—Beedale (G.M., A.E.P., 1929). as spissa Fr.—Occasional in mixed woods, Cloughton, Forge Valley, etc. gemmata (Fr.) Gill., as A. junquillea—Flixton Carr plantation (Asb=Ps 19112). muscaria (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon in birch and fir woods. pantherina (DC.) Fr.—Not uncommon in open woods, frequent at Cloughton, including the white form. phalloides (Vaill.) Fr.—Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1911, “‘in quantity’’), now found only very occasionally (F.C.R.). porphyria (A. et S.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). rubescens (Pers.) Fr.—Generally distributed and common. solitaria (Bull.) Fr.—Irton and Beedale, etc. (A.E.P.). virosa Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Beedale (A.E.P., 1910). AMANITOPSIS Roze fulva (Grev.) Rea—Widely distributed and not uncommon. vaginata (Bull.) Roze—Widely distributed and not uncommon. LEPIOTA Fries acutesquamosa (Weinm.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. amianthina (Scop.) Fr.—Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). bucknallii Berk. et Br.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931); Hackness (F.F., 1944). carcharias (Pers.) Fr.—Yedmandale (G.M. & A.E.P.); Thornton- le-Dale (F.F., 1945); Wintringham (F.C.R., 1947). castanea Quél.—Hackness (F.F., 1944). cepaestipes (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough in conservatory (G.M.). clypeolaria (Bull.) Fr.—Flixton Carr plantation (A.E.P., 1910-11) ; Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). cristata (A. et S.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. delicata Fr.—Yedmandale (T.B.R., 1911). erminea Fr.—Ganton, in quantity (A.E.P., 1912). excoriata (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). 130 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT felina (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., Cooke’s Illust. pl 943a was drawn from these specimens); Ings Plantation (F.F., 1915). gracilenta (Krombh.) Fr.—Occasional; Ayton, Willerby, etc. CASE=RAE granulosa (Batsch) Fr. sensu Lange—Occasional in upland woods; | Cloughton, Scampston, Wykeham Moor, etc. (A.E.P., F.C.R.). guttata (Pers.) Fr.—Beedale (F.F., 1944). haematosperma (Bull.) Boud.—Hackness (F.F., 1944). hispida (Lasch) Fr.—Hackness, 1 specimen only (F.F., 1925). naucina Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1920). nigromarginata Mass.—Scarborough (G.M., 1885. Journ. Bot. XLI, p. 385), new to Britain. parvannulata (Lasch) Fr.—Scarborough (F.F., 1944). procera (Scop.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. rhacodes (Vitt.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. serena Fr. sensu Kuehn.—Seamer Quarry Plantation (A.E.P. teste ELC 1913)e sistrata Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., & A.E.P.) ; Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). ARMILLARIA Fries mellea (Vahl.) Fr.—Abundant in woods, particularly Raincliffe. var. minor Barl. is recorded (A.E.P., 1925). mucida (Schrad.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M.). TRICHOLOMA Fries acerbum (Bull.) Fr.—Irton Moor (T.B.R., 1912). aggregatum (Schaeff.) Secr.—Scarborough, Valley Park and Oliver’s Mount (A.E.P., 1910-14). albo-brunneum (Pers.) Fr.—Scampston (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1911-17); Wintringham (F.C.R., 1947). album (Schaeff.) Fr.—Ganton Pheasant Covert (A.E.P., 1920); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 19381). atro-squamosum (Chev.) Sacc.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1915); Wintringham (F.C.R., 1946). carneum (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M. & T.B.R.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). cartilagineum Fr. non Bull.—Oliver’s Mount (C.R., 1918). cinerascens (Bull.) Fr. as Clitocybe fumosa—Oliver’s Mount (A.E.P., 1920). cuneifolium Fr.—Hackness (H.W., 1925); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). fallax Peck—Scarborough in fir wood (G.M., Cooke’s [lust. pl. 1151a was drawn from these specimens). The only European record of this North American species and probably erroneous. flavo-virens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). grammopodium (Bull.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., A.E.P.); Staxton Wold (A.C., 1914). ionides (Bull.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1914). imbricatum Fr.—Not uncommon, Cloughton, Wykeham, etc. (EC. R:):: FUNGI — AGARICALES 131 immundum Berk.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918); Forge Valley (ABBE 1920): inamoenum Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). irinum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1879). loricatum Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). melaleucum (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough Mere (A.C., 1914); King- thorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). nudum Fr.—Not uncommon in Raincliffe and other woods. orirubens Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.). panaeolum Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1929); Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). personatum Fr.—Common in pastures. psammopus (Kalch.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1944). ramentaceum (Bull.) Quél.-—Scarborough (G.M.). resplendens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Seamer (A.C., 1913). rutilans (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common on conifer stumps. var.variegatum (Scop.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.C.). saponaceum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Seamer (A.C., 1912). scalpturatum Fr.—Seamer Quarry Plantations (A.E.P., 1912). aS argyraceum (Bull.) Fr.—Numerous records. sejunctum (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1946). semitale (Fr.) Rick.—Oliver’s Mount (A.E.P., 1910). sordidum Fr.—Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1911); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). spermaticum Fr.—Scarborough in fir wood (G.M.). sulphureum (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). var. bufonium (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). terreum Fr.—Common in coniferous and beech woods. truncatum (Schaeff.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.). ustale Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.C., 1924). vaccinum (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (A.E.P., 1910-11, ‘“‘in vast quantity ’’), not recorded since 1914. virgatum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). CLITOCYBE Fries amara Fr.—Occasional; Willerby, Scampston, Ayton, etc. (A.E.P.). angustissima (Lasch) Fr.—Forge Valley (A.E.P., 1927). aurantiaca (Wulf.) Stud.—Locally common; Cloughton, Irton Moor, etc. brumalis Fr.—Cloughton (H.T.S., A.E.P.) ; Raincliffe Wood (AsE=P>) 1915). candicans (Pers.) Fr.—Common in mixed woods. cerussata Fr.—Ganton (G.M., F.F., 1915). clavipes (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918); Cloughton (Fi€-R., 1945). cyathiformis (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon; Hackness, Wintringham, etc. dealbata (Sow.) Fr.—Staxton Wood (A.E.P., 1910). 132 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ditopus Fr.—Ganton (G.M.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1930 & 1945). flaccida (Sow.) Fr.—Beedale (A.E.P., 1912); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1945). fragrans (Sow.) Fr.—Common in woods and in poor mossy pastures. geotropa (Bull.) Fr.—Flixton Carr Plantation (A.C., 1910) ; Hack- ness (A.E.P., 1910). gigantea (Sow.) Fr.—Langdale End and Beedale (A.E.P.); Hay Brow (F.C.R.). gilva (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in conifer woods. incilis Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. metachroa Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). nebularis (Batsch) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. phyllophila Fr.—Seamer Quarry Plantation (C.C., 1910); Scampston (A.C., 1914). pithyophila Fr.—Scarborough (G.M. & A.C.); Seamer Quarry Plan- tation (C.C., 1910). rivulosa (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). tuba Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). vibecina Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). LACCARIA Berkeley et Broome amethystina (Vaill.) Cooke—Widely distributed and not uncommon. bella (Pers.) Cooke—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., A.E.P.); Hackness (F.F., 1925). : laccata (Scop.) Cooke—Abundant. The first and chief pioneer | species when the moors are planted with conifers. tortilis (Bolt.) Cooke—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). MYCENA Fries acicula (Schaeff.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods and hedgerows. adonis (Bull.) Fr.—Seamer Carr Plantation (A.E.P., 1912); Wint- ringham (F.C.R., 1945). aetites Fr.—Ganton Pheasant Covert (A.E.P., 1920). alcalina Fr.—Massee records this species as ‘‘ Frequent at Scarbor- ough ’’, but it has not been recorded since his day. amicta Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Ganton (A.E.P., 1913). ammoniaca Fr.—Spital Corner (A.E.P.); Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). atrocyanea (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Cloughton (H.T-S., 1892). avenacea Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). capillaris (Schum.) Fr.—Filey (G.M.); Forge Valley (A.C., F.F., 1944). corticola (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). debilis Fr.—Hackness (A.C., 1924). elegans Fr.—Forge Valley (C.R., 1918). epipterygia (Scop.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. flavo-alba Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). FUNGI — AGARICALES 133 filopes (Bull.) Fr. non Kuehn.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944). galericulata (Scop.) Fr.—Common on or near dead stumps. galopus (Pers.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. gypsea Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); the first British record; Cooke’s Illust. pl. 952 was drawn from these specimens. Forge Valley (F.F., 1915); Lockton (A.C., 1924). haematopus (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon on decaying stumps. inclinata Fr.—Raincliffe Wood and Hackness (A.E.P.); Kingthorpe (@EBAMES 1931): lactea (Pers.) Fr.—Cloughton (H.T.S., 1892). metata Fr.—Irton Moor and Yedmandale (A.E.P.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). pelianthina Fr.— Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe (F.F., 1945). pelliculosa Fr.—Occasional on the edge of the moors, Cloughton, Bickley, etc. polyadelpha (Lasch ex Fr.) Kuehn.—Irton Moor (T.B.R., 1913). polygramma (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon; Hackness, Forge Valley, etc. pseudo-pura Cooke—Scarborough (G.M.); Staxton Wold (A.E.P., 1913). pura (Pers.) Fr.—Common in all woods. rorida (Scop.) Fr.— Seamer Quarry Plantation and Forge Valley (A.E.P.). rosella Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1889); Scarborough (G.M.). rubro-marginata Fr.—Irton Moor, Cloughton, Flixton Carr (A.E.P.). sanguinolenta (A. et S.) Fr.—Very common in almost any damp wood. speirea Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). stylobates (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in damp places. tenerrima Berk.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1880) ; Raincliffe Wood (C.R. ee WalBsalaca)e vitilis Fr. non Kuehn.—Flixton Carr Plantation and Forge Valley (A.E.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). COLLYBIA Fries ambusta Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Seamer Plantation (A.C., 1923). atrata Fr._Scarborough (G.M.); Hole of Horcum (W.G.B., 1938). butyracea (Bull.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. cirrata (Schum.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1880-81). clusilus Fr.—Harwood Dale in swamp (G.M., 1904); Foulsyke (Adele, UW). distorta Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1912). fusipes (Bull.) Berk.—Hackness and Yedmandale (T.B.R., A.E.P.). inolens Fr.—Scampston, (A.E.P., 1914). maculata (A. et S.) Fr.—Not uncommon in conifer woods. nitellina Fr.—Black Rigg Plantation (T.B.R., 1911); Beedale (A-E-P., 1911). nummularia Fr.—Cloughton Wood (A.C., 1923). platyphylla (Pers.) Fr.—Frequent in woods. 134 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT radicata (Rehl) Berk.—Frequent in woods. rancida Fr.—Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). succinea Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). thelephora Cooke et Mass.—This species was founded on specimens growing in the bog near Scarborough race-course, and they are shown on pl. 1167 of Cooke’s Illust. Cayton Wood (A.E.P., 1910). tuberosa (Bull.) Fr.—Cloughton Wood (F.C.R., 1945). velutipes (Curt.) Fr.—Common, chiefly in winter. Gathered and eaten at Seamer (A.E.P., 1910). MARASMIUS Fries acervatus (Fr.) Pears. et Denn.—Cloughton and Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). androsaceus (L.) Fr.—Common on fallen leaves, etc. cauticinalis (With.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1881). ceratopus (Pers.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.).. as cohaerens (A. et S.) Cooke—Kingthorpe in abundance under Fagus (T.B.M.S., 1931). confluens (Pers.) Karst.—Widely distributed and common. dryophilus (Bull.) Karst—Common in woods. esculentus (Wulf. ex Fr.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M.). epiphyllus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1881); Seamer (A.E.P., 1911). foetidus (Sow.) Fr.—Cloughton (G.M., 1892); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). fusco-purpureus (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley (A.E.P., 1927). hudsonii (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., A.E.P., 1911-14). impudicus Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). myosurus (Wulf. ex Fr.) Karst., as Collybia conigena—Knapton and Ebberston plantations (A.E.P., 1927). oreades (Bolt.) Fr.—Common in pastures. peronatus (Bolt.) Fr.—Widely distributed in woods and not uncommon. prasiosmus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). ramealis (Bull.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. rotula (Scop.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. scorodonius Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). undatus Berk.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1929); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). vaillantii (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.C., 1910 & 1924); Lockton (A.E.P., 1924). wynnei Berk. et Br.—Kingthorpe, abundant under Fagus (T.B.M.S., 1931). CRINIPELLIS Patouillard stipitarius (Fr.) Pat.—Irton Moor (A.E.P., 1913). OMPHALIA Fries atropuncta (Pers.) Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). brownii (Berk. et Br.) Favre—Boynton (W.W.S., 1889). campanella (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). FUNGI — AGARICALES 135 demissa Fr.—Langdale End (T.B.R., 1912). fibula (Bull.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon among mosses. gracillima Weinm.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918). hepatica (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1901). hydrogramma (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Silpho Moor (F:C.R., 1945). muralis (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Staintondale (A.E.P., IGi)). oniscus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1882). postii Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). pyxidata (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.).. sphagnicola Berk.—Harwood Dale (C.C., 1904). stellata Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1881). telamatiaea Berk. et Cooke—Scarborough among sphagnum (G.M.). umbellifera (L.) Fr.—Langdale End (T.B.R.); Forge Valley A.E.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). wynniae (Berk. et Br.) Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.); Boynton Pond Wood (W.W.S., 1880). PLEUROTUS Fries applicatus (Batsch) Fr.—Boynton Pond Wood (W.W.S., 1880); Scarborough (G.M., 1879). chioneus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). cyphelliformis Berk.—Irton Moor (C.C., 1912). dryinus (Pers.), Fr.—Brompton on Ulmus (A.E.P., 1910). mitis (Pers.) Berk.—Scarborough (G.M.); Boynton (W.W.S., 1885). ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr.—Not uncommon; usually on Ulmus or Fagus; Willerby on Sambucus (A.E.P., 1910). var. salignus (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1915). petaloides (Bull.) Fr.—Forge Valley and Cloughton, in abundance on sawdust (A.E.P., F.C.R.). reniformis Fr.—Seamer (A.E.P., 1912). septicus Fr.—Widely distributed in woods and not uncommon. serotinus (Schrad.) Fr.—Flotmanby (A.E.P., 1920); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1945 et seq.). tremulus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918); Hackness (A.C., 1924); Thornton-le-Dale (F.C.R., 1945). ulmarius (Bull.) Fr.—Cayton (A.E.P.); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R.). PANUS Fries stipticus Karst.—Massee, 1905, says this species is common at Scar- borough on decaying trunks, but it has been recorded only once since that date, at Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). torulosus (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley on sawdust (A.E.P.); Hackness (T.B.R.); Wykeham (W.G.B.). LENTINUS Fries cochleatus (Pers.) Fr.—Beedale (F.F., 1915); Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1915). lepideus Fr.—Occasional on cut timber. 136 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fries commune Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness on Fraxinus (F.C.R., 1946). NYCTALIS Fries asterophora Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (T.B.R., 1911). parasitica (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon on Russula spp. HYGROPHORUS Fries agathosmus Fr.—Ebberston (A.E.P., 1927). calyptraeformis Berk.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., A.E.P., 1911-15). ceraceus (Wulf.) Fr.—Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45), cerasinus Berk.—Cloughton (A.E.P., 1910); Scampston (T.B.R., 1913); Silpho Moor (A.E.P., 1927). chlorophanus Fr.—Not uncommon in pastures. coccineus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common in pastures. colemannianus Blox.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1929). conicus Fr.—Common in pastures. cossus (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). eburneus (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods and pastures. fornicatus Fr.—Yedmandale and Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1917 & 1929). hypothejus Fr.—Common near conifers. intermedius Pass.—Irton (A.E.P., 1910); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1946). lacmus Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). laetus (Pers.) Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1918); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). metapodius Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). miniatus Fr.—Massee, 1905, says this species is common on moist banks at Scarborough, but it has been recorded only once since that date, at Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). nemoreus (Lasch) Fr.—Cloughton Wyke (A.E.P., 1909); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1946). nigrescens Quél.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1930 & 1945). nitratus (Pers.) Fr.—Beedale, Hackness, Yedmandale, etc. (A.E.P.). niveus (Scop.) Fr.—Common in pastures. obrusseus Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1915 & 1925). olivaceo-albus Fr.—Racecourse Plantation (G.M. & A.E.P., Dec., 1910, “‘ in quantity ’’). ovinus (Bull.) Fr.—Hutton Buscel (A.E.P., 1914); Scarborough (F.F., 1915). pratensis (Pers.) Fr.—Common in pastures. psittacinus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common in pastures. puniceus Fr.—Common in pastures, occasional in woods. reai Maire—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931); Robin Hood’s Bay (W.G.B., 1946). russo-coriaceus Berk. et Mill.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1880); Scar- borough (G.M.). FUNGI — AGARICALES 137 russula (Schaeff.) Quél., as Tricholoma frumentaceum—Robin Hood’s Bay (F.F., 1894). turundus Fr.—Staxton (A.C., 1914); Hackness (F.F., 1925). unguinosus Fr.—Cloughton (T.B.R., 1915); Ayton (A.E.P., 1920); Hackness (F.F., 1925). virgineus (Wulf.) Fr.—Common in pastures. vitellinus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). LACTARIUS Fries aspideus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); these specimens formed the first British record and pl. 1083 of Cooke’s Illust. was drawn from them. aurantiacus (Fl. Dan.) Fr.—Scarborough among moss (G.M.). blennius Fr.—Common in and near woods. camphoratus (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flask Inn (A.E.P., 1925). chrysorheus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). cilicioides Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). cimicarius (Batsch.) Cooke—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). cyathula (Fr.) Rick.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). deliciosus (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon near conifers. flexuosus Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925); Cloughton (F.C.R., 1946). fuliginosus Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). glycyosmus Fr.—Ganton Pheasant Covert (A.E.P.); Hackness and Forge Valley (F.F., 1915, 1925, 1944). helvus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). hysginus Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). insulsus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M. & F.F., 1915). lignyotus (Lindb.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Lockton (A.E.P., 1924). mammosus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., 1888). mitissimus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M. & C.R.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). obnubilus (Lasch) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R., 1918). pallidus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). picinus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.F., 1925). piperatus (Scop.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). plumbeus Fr.—Common in mixed woods. pubescens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr.—Widely distributed and common. rufus (Scop.) Fr.— Abundant in conifer woods. scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr.—Ings Plantation (F.F., 1915). subdulcis (Pers.) Fr.—Common in mixed woods. serifluus (DC.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., 1881, & C.R., 1918); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). trivialis Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). ~ torminosus Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., A.E.P.); Hackness (T.B.R.) 138 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT uvidus Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). vellereus Fr.—Beedale (A.E.P., 1910); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). vietus Fr.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). volemus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). zonarius (Bull.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). RUSSULA Fries adusta Fr.—Hackness (A.C., F.F., 1915); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1946). aeruginea Lindb.—Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1911). alutacea (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.F., 1925). atro-purpurea Kromb.—Not uncommon in mixed woods. var. depallens (Cooke) Maire—Cloughton (A.E.P., 1913); Rain- cliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1915). azurea Bres.—Scarborough (G.M.). caerulea Cooke—Yedmandale (F.F., 1915 & A.E.P., 1925). cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.—Very common in moist mixed woods. decolorans Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). delica Fr.—Irton Moor (T.B.R.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). densifolia (Secr.) Gill.—Scarborough (G.M.); the first British record was founded on these specimens, and pl. 1017 of Cooke’s Illust. was drawn from them. drimeia Cooke—Common in conifer woods. emetica (Schaeff.) Fr.cCommon in beech woods. fallax (Fr.) Cooke—Scarborough (G.M.). fellea Fr.—Not uncommon under beeches. foetens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (A.C., F.F., 1925). fragilis Fr—Not uncommon in moist woods. grisea (Pers. ex Secr.) Fr.—Beedale (F.F., 1944). heterophylla Fr.—Hackness (G.M., F.F., 1925). integra (L.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). lepida Fr.—Irton Moor (A.E.P., F.F., 1915); Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918). lutea Fr.—Flixton Carr Plantation (A.E.P., 1927); Harwood Dale A.E.P., 1929). form luteorosella Britz.—Silpho Moor under conifers (F.C.R., 1948). mustelina Fr.—Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). nauseosa (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flixton Carr (A.E.P., 1927). nigricans Fr.—Common in mixed woods. nitida (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). ochroleuca Fr.—Common in beech and conifer woods. puellaris Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1915 & F.F., 1944). queletii Fr.—Ellerburn (F.C.R., 1945). rubra (Kromb.) Bres.—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915); Hackness (A.C., 1924); Cloughton (F.C.R., 1945-46). sanguinea (Bull.) Fr.—Ebberston (A.E.P., 1927); Lockton (A.C., 1924). FUNGI — AGARICALES 139 venosa Vel.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1924). vesca Fr.—Irton (A.C. & F.F., 1915); Wykeham (A.E.P., 1931). virescens (Schaeff.) Fr.—Massee, 1895, says this species is frequent at Scarborough, but there was no further record until 1948 at Cloughton (W.G.B. & F.C.R.). xerampelina Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.F., 1925). CANTHARELLUS Adanson cibarius Fr.—Not uncommon in woods, especially beech. friesii Quél.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915). tubaeformis (Bull.) Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1880); Raincliffe Wood (AIT, Ue LEPTOTUS Karsten em. Maire lobatus (Pers.) Karst., as Cantharellus—Scarborough (G.M.); Eller- burn in damp alder wood (F.A.M., 1922). muscigenus (Bull.) Maire, as Cantharellus—Scaiborough on the larger mosses (G.M.). retirugis (Bull.) Karst., as Cantharellus—Scarborough (G.M.). CRATERELLUS Fries cornucopioides (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods. VOLVARIA Fries bombycina (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough on decayed wood (G.M.). pusilla (Pers.) Fr., as V. temperata—Scarborough in conservatory (G.M.). speciosa Fr.—Seamer, Hackness & Wykeham on rubbish heaps (AID 12 a5 1A Sal ane var. gloiocephala (DC.) Kon. et Maubl.—Robin Hood’s Bay (G.M.); Scarborough (T.B.R., A.C., F.C.R.). taylori Berk.—Allerston (A.E.P., 1920). PLUTEUS Fries cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common, particularly on old sawdust. var. patricius (Schulz.) Fr.—Forge Valley on sawdust (A.E.P., 1927). chrysophaeus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Boynton (W.W.S., 1880); Thornton- le-Dale (G.M.). leoninus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). nanus (Pers.) Fr.—Ganton (A.E.P., 1910); Hackness on sawdust (F.C.R., 1946). var. lutescens Fr.—Forge Valley and Hackness (A.E.P., F.C.R.). pellitus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). phlebophorus (Ditm.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). salicinus (Pers.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). semi-bulbosus (Lasch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). violarius Mass.—The species was established on specimens found at Scarborough (G.M.); it has not been found since first collected. PLUTEOLUS Fries aleuriatus Fr. var. reticulatus (Pers. ex Fr.) Lange—Scarborough (G.M.). 140 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CLITOPILUS Fries cretatus Berk. et Br.—Scarborough (G.M.). prunulus (Scop.) Fr.—Frequent among grass in open woods. RIPARTITES Karsten tricholoma (A. et S.) Karst.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1945); Thornton- le-Dale (F.F., 1946). ENTOLOMA Fries ameides Berk. et Br.—Cloughton Newlands (A.E.P., 1920). bloxami Berk. et Br.—Scarborough (G.M.); Fylingdales (A.E.P., 1927). clypeatum (L.) Fr.—Scarborough, Seamer, Irton, etc. (A.E.P., 1910). costatum Fr.—Massee, 1905, says this species is frequent in pastures and moist woods at Scarborough, but it has not been recorded since his time. lividum (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1914); Irton and Suffield (A.C., 1914). nidorosum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Cloughton (A.E.P., 1920). nigrocinnamomeum Kalch.—Scarborough (G.M.); first British record, and pl. 1153 of Cooke’s Ilust. was drawn from these specimens. porphyrophaeum Fr.—Common in meadows; was _ erroneously recorded at E. jubatum prior to 1945. prunuloides Fr.—Irton Moor and Hackness (A.E.P. & A.C.). rhodopolium Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). sericeum (Bull.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. speculum (Fr.) Quél.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915). LEPTONIA Fries aethiops Fr.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915). asprella Fr.—Scarborough (G.M. & F.F., 1915). euchroa (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). formosa Fr. var. suavis.(Lasch) Fr.—Scarborough among Equisetum (G.M.); first British record, and pl. 448 of Cooke’s Illust. was drawn from these specimens. incana Fr.—Beedale and Staxton (A.E.P., 1910) ; Boynton (W.W.S., 1880). lampropus Fr.—Not uncommon in hillside pastures. lappula Fr.—Scarborough among beech leaves (G.M.). placida Fr._Scarborough (G.M.). serrulata Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). sericella (Fr.) Quél., as Entoloma—Not uncommon on grassy banks in woods. var. decurrens Boud.—Cloughton (A.C.); Yedmandale (T.B.R., 1911). NOLANEA Fries cetrata (Fr.) Schroet.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). FUNGI — AGARICALES 141 icterina Fr., as Leptonia chloropolia—Scarborough (G.M.). juncea Fr.—Cloughton among sphagnum (A.E.P., 1929). mammosa (L.) Fr.—Cloughton (A.C., 1910). papillata Bres.—Langdale End (A.E.P., 1927); Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). staurospora Bres.—Common almost everywhere. ECCILIA Fries cancrina Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). nigrella (Pers.) Fr.—Staxton (A.C., 1915), mow considered a decurrent form of Leptonia serrulata. CLAUDOPUS W. G. Smith em. Patouillard depluens (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough among moss (G.M.). PHOLIOTA Fries adiposa Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925). aegerita Brig.—Hackness on Sambucus (1.B.R., 1913). aurea (Matt.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1911). aurivella (Batsch) Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). dura (Bolt.) Fr.—Not uncommon in fields and gardens. erebia Fr.—Not uncommon in woods and pastures. flammans Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M.); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). marginata (Batsch) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R., 1918); Givendale (A.E.P., 1919); Hackness on sawdust (F.C.R., 1945). mutabilis (Schaeff.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. mycenoides Fr.—Harwood Dale (G.M., 1904). praecox (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.C., 1910); Harwood Dale (AIS 1a, IE bANE pumila Fr.—Beedale on sawdust (A.E.P., 1929). radicosa (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe and Goath- land (T.B.M.S., 1931). spectabilis Fr.—Cloughton (T.B.R.); Allerston (A.E.P., 1920); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1946). squarrosa (Mull.) Fr.—Common on or near stumps, chiefly ash. togularis (Bull.) Fr. non Rick.—Forge Valley, etc. (A.E.P., 1910) ; Hackness (F.F., 1944 & F.C.R., 1946). HEBELOMA Fries crustuliniforme (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough, frequent (G.M.) ; Staxton (A.E.P., 1910); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). elatum (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). fastibile (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in mixed woods. longicaudum (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1912). mesophaeum (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). sacchariolens Quél.—Ganton (A.C., 1915); Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1915). sinapizans (Paul.) Fr.—Ganton and Staxton (A.E.P., 1910); Wyke- ham Abbey (A.E.P., 1927). versipelle Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.) 142 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT FLAMMULA Fries alnicola Fr.—Occasional in woods. apicrea Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Cloughton (A.E.P., 1913). carbonaria Fr.—Scarborough, frequent (G.M.); Silpho Moor (F.C.R., 1945). flavida (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). gummosa (Lasch) Quél.—Hackness (F.C.R., 1945). hybrida Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.), first British record. lenta (Pers.) Fr., as F. glutinosum—Seamer (F.F., 1915); Allerston (A.E.P., 1919); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). ochrochlora Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., “‘ Grevillea’’, XIV, p. 37), first British record; Rillington (A.C., 1914). picrea Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1929). sapinea Fr.—Common on dead trunks and stumps. scamba (Fr.) Sacc.—Irton Moor (T.B.R., 1914). spumosa Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). NAUCORIA Fries cerodes Fr.—Scarborough on burnt soil (G.M.). cucumis (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in damp woods. erinacea Fr.—Scarborough, rare (G.M.). escharoides Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). myosotis Fr.—Scarborough among sphagnum (G.M., “ Grevillea ’’, XIII, p. 59), first British record; Cloughton (A.E.P., 1929). pediades Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). semi-orbicularis (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). sideroides (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flotmanby (T.B.R., 1911). aie Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Cloughton (A.C., 1910). TUBARIA Gillet furfuracea (Pers.) Gill.—Not uncommon. inquilina (Fr.) Gill—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.C.R., 1945). paludosa (Fr.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M.). stagnina (Fr.) Gill—Scarborough in sphagnum swamp (G.M. & A.E.P., 1929). GALERA Fries antipus (Lasch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.) ; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F. 1945). campanulata Mass.—Scarborough (G.M.). hypnorum (Batsch) Fr.—Hackness (G.M., F.F., 1925); Thornton- le-Dale (F.F., 1946). lactea Lange—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915). mniophila (Lasch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1910); Goath- land (T.B.M.S., 1931). pygmaeo-affinis Fr.—Cayton (A.E.P., 1910). rubiginosa (Pers.) Fr.—Seamer (A.E.P., 1912 & 1927). siliginea Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). tenera (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common in woods, pastures, etc. FUNGI — AGARICALES 143 CREPIDOTUS Fries applanatus (Pers.) Fr.—Rillington (A.C., 1914). calolepis Fr.—Seamer (A.E.P., 1925). mollis (Schaeff.) Fr.cCommon on stumps, sawdust, etc. variabilis (Pers.) Fr., as Claudopus—Scarborough (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1945). BOLBITIUS Fries fragilis (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon on roadsides, etc. titubans (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). vitellinus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough on dung (G.M.); Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944-45). CORTINARIUS Fries Section MY XACIUM Fr. collinitus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1944). delibutus Fr.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). elatior Peo uncommon in mixed woods. mucosus (Bull.) Fr.—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1981). Section PHLEGMACIUM Fr. atro-virens (Kalch.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., “‘ Grevillea’’, XV, p. 66), first British record. cristallinus Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). cyanopus (Secr.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). fulgens (A. et S.) Fr.—Flamborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). glaucopus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). infractus (Pers.) Fr.—Ellerburn (F.C.R., 1945). largus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). porphyropus (A. et S.) Fr.—Scarborough in mixed wood (G.M.). purpurascens Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944). rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). sebaceus Fr.—Cloughton and Beedale (A.E.P., 1910-14). varius (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Ellerbum (F.C.R., 1946). Section INOLOMA Fr. albo-violaceus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). argentatus (Pers.) Fr.—Hackness (F.A.M., 1925). bolaris (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough in beech-wood (G.M.). bulliardii (Pers.) Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1924). pholideus Fr.—Ganton (G.M.); Hackness on sawdust (F.C.R., 1946). violaceus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915). Section DERMOCYBE Fr. anomalus Fr.—Forge Valley and Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1944- 45). caninus Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944). azureus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). cinnabarinus Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). 144 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT cinnamomeus Fr.—Not uncommon in mixed woods. lepidopus Cooke—Yedmandale (G.M., A.E.P., 1917). ochroleucus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough, Ganton, Filey (G.M.). sanguineus (Wulf.) Fr.—Cloughton (T.B.R.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1915, 1944). . semi-sanguineus Gill—Forge Valley (A.E.P., F.F., 1944); Silpho Moor (F.C.R., 1946). uliginosus Berk.—Cloughton Duchy Wood (A.E.P., 1929). Section TELAMONIA Fr. armillatus Fr.—Hackness (G.M., F.F., 1925). bivelus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). brunneo-fulvus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). brunneus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). bulbosus (Sow.) Fr.—Scarborough among moss (G.M.). callisteus Fr.—Scarborough in pine wood (G.M., A.E.P. evernius Fr.—Scarborough in damp pine wood (G.M.). glandicolor Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). hemitrichus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). hinnuleus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Irton Moor (C.C., A.C., 1910). iliopodius (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.C., 1911). penicillatus Fr.—Scarborough in pine wood (G.M.). paleaceus Fr.—Ganton (G.M.); Scarborough (F.F., 1915). rigidus (Scop.) Fr.—Cockmoor Hall (A.E.P., 1920); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1946). torvus Fr. non Quél.—Scarborough (G.M.) ; Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). Section HYDROCYBE Fr. acutus (Pers.) Fr.—Seamer Quarry Plantation (G.M., A.E.P., 1913); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). castaneus (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough and Ganton (G.M.); Goath- land (T.B.M.S., 1931). decipiens (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). duracinus Fr.—Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). erythrinus Fr.—Hackness (G.M., F.F., 1925). fasciatus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Troutsdale (A.E.P., 1932). firmus Fr.—Scarborough in mixed wood (G.M.). krombholzii Fr.—Scarborough among moss (G.M., “ Grevillea ’’. XV, p. 66), first British record. leucopus (Bull.) Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944-45). obtusus Fr.—Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). rigens Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). saturninus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). tortuosus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). uraceus Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). INOCYBE Fries asterospora Quél.—Not uncommon in open woods. , 1912). FUNGI — AGARICALES 145 auricoma (Batsch) Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). cincinnata Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R.); Cloughton (A.E.P., 1929); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). descissa Fr.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). dulcamara (A. et S.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). eutheles Berk. et Br.—Seamer Quarry Plantation (A.E.P., 1912); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1930 & 1945). fastigiata (Schaeff.) Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944); Flixton Carr (A.E.P., 1910). flocculosa Berk.—Ayton Road Plantation (A.E.P., 1911-12). geophylla (Sow.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods and under trees. var. lilacina Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925); Thornton-le-Dale (F.C.R., 1945-46). godeyi Gill.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945); Beedale, etc. (A.E.P., 1922). hystrix Fr.—Scarborough in beech wood (G.M., F.F., 1915); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). lanuginosa (Bull.) Fr.—Hackness (F.F., 1925-44); Wykeham (F.C.R., 1945). maculata Boud.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). mutica Fr. sensu Cooke—Hackness (F.F., 1925). obscura (Pers.) Fr.—-Oliver’s Mount (A.E.P.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). perbrevis Fr. sensu Cooke—Scarborough (G.M., ““ Grevillea ’’, XIII, p. 90), first British record. Cooke’s Illust., pl. 519. posterula (Britz.) Lange—Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). pytiodora (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R.); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Hackness (F.C.R., 1946). var. incarnata (Bres.) Maire—Scarborough (G.M.). rhodiola Bres.—Forge Valley (A.E.P. teste A.C., 1914), first York- shire and second British record). scabella Fr. sensu Cooke—Fylingdales (T.B.R., 1914). PAXILLUS Fries atrotomentosus (Batsch) Fr. _idkesen (G.M.); Cloughton (F.C.R., 1946). ‘involutus (Batsch) Fr.—-Very common in woods, especially conifer. panuoides Fr.—Ganton and Seamer (A.E.P., 1913); Cloughton on sawdust (F.C.R., 1946). STROPHARIA Fries aeruginosa (Curt.) Fr.—Common in moist shady woods. albo-cyanea (Desm.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Ellerbum (F.F., 1945). coronilla (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1915); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944); Ellerburn (F.F., 1945). hornemannii Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M.). hypsipus Fr. sensu Lange—Scarborough (G.M.); Kingthorpe GABE MES 193)1)\k 146 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT inuncta Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1914). merdaria Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). semi-globata (Batsch) Fr.—Common on dung. squamosa (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods. var. thrausta Kalch.—Forge Valley, etc. (A.E.P., T.B.R.). HYPHOLOMA Fries candolleanum Fr.—Raincliffe Wood and Hackness (G.M., A.E.P., 1925). capnoides Fr.—Not uncommon on conifer stumps. dispersum Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). fasciculare (Huds.) Fr.—Widely distributed and very common. hydrophilum (Bull.) Fr.—Not uncommon on stumps and sawdust. lacrymabundum Fr. non Bull.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P.). leucotephrum Berk. et Br.—Beedale and Yedmandale (A.E.P., 1912- 33). pyrotrichum (Holmsk.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., C.R., F.F., 1944). radicosum Lange—Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). sublateritium Fr.—Not uncommon in woods, etc. velutinum (Pers.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. PSILOCYBE Fries bullacea (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). cernua (Vahl) Fr.—Irton (A.E.P., 1914); Hackness (F.C.R., 1946). clivensis Berk. et Br.—Scarborough (G.M.). coprophila (Bull.) Fr.—Hackness (G.M., F.C.R., 1945). ericaea (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Flixton Carr (A.E.P., 1927). foenisecii (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon on lawns, pastures, etc. physaloides (Bull.) Lasch—Goathland (T.B.M.S.,1931). sarcocephala Fr.—Forge Valley and Yedmandale (G.M., A.E.P., 1927); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931). semi-lanceata Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). var. caerulescens Cooke—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1910). spadicea Fr.—Scarborough and Cloughton (G.M., A.C., A.E.P.). sub-ericaea Fr.—Forge Valley (A.E.P., 1927, F.F., 1945). uda (Pers.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (G.M., A.E.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1930 & 1945). PSATHYRELLA Fries atomata Fr.—Not uncommon among grass in open woods. bifrons (Berk.) Smith, A. H.—Scarborough, rare (G.M.). conopilea Fr.—Not uncommon among grass in rich soil. crenata Lasch—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1915). disseminata (Pers.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. fibrillosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Pears. et Denn.—Scarborough (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). gracilis Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., OR, 1918); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). FUNGI — AGARICALES 147 var. corrugis (Pers.) Lange—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1911). var. vinosa (Corda) Pears. et Denn.—Langdale End (A.E.P., 1927). obtusata (Fr. sensu Lange) Smith, A. H.—Oliver’s Mount (A.E.P., 1912). pennata (Fr.) Pears. et Denn.—Spital Corner (A.E.P., 1927). prona Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Seamer Carr (A.E.P., 1912). semi-vestita (Berk.) Smith, A. H.—-Massee, 1905, says this species is frequent in the Scarborough district, but it has not been recorded since. spadicea-grisea (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Smith, A. H.—Raincliffe Wood (AnlE May ACo, 4 ae) Nay wE EE subatrata (Batsch) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., F.C.R., 1946). PANAEOLUS Fries acuminatus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). campanulatus (L.) Fr.—Widely distributed on dung. var. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Bres.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944-45). fimicola Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1910). papilionaceus (Bull.) Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., & F.F., 1944). retirugis Fr.—Hackness (G.M., A.E.P., 1911). subbalteatus Berk. et Br.—Seamer (A.E.P., 1927). ANELLARIA Karsten fimiputris (Fr.) Karst.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1912). semi-ovata (Sow. ex Fr.) Pears et Denn.—Very common on dung in moist pastures. PSALLIOTA Fries arvensis (Schaeff.) Fr.—Common in pastures, etc. augusta Fr.—Locally not uncommon; occasionally abundant. campestris (L.) Fr.m—Common in pastures. comtula Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Wintringham (A.E.P., 1920). elvensis Berk. et Br.—Raincliffe Wood, etc. (A.E.P., 1912); Scamp- Stone (ae@zke,1946))- haemorrhoidaria Karst.—Seamer Carr (G.M., A.E.P.); Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). hortensis Cooke—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915). russiophylla (Lasch) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (C.R., 1918). silvatica (Schaeff.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods. silvicola (Vitt.) Sacc.—Not uncommon in woods. villatica Brond. sensu Bres.—-Seamer, Staxton, etc. (A.E.P.); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). xanthoderma Gen.—Brompton Dale (A.E.P., 1927); Kingthorpe (T.B.M.S., 1931); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). var. obscurata Maire—Ayton (A.A.P., F.F., 1944), first British record. COPRINUS Fries atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.—Common about old stumps. cinereus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P.); Hackness (F.F., 1925); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). 148 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT comatus (Fl. Dan.) Fr.—Common. domesticus (Pers.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., A.E.P., 1912). ephemerus (Bull.) Fr.—Massee (1905) says, ‘‘ Frequent on dung- hills ’’, but recorded only at the 1915 F.F. fuscescens (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (F.F., 1915). lagopus Fr.—Forge Valley (G.M., F.F., 1944); Kingthorpe T.B.M.S., 1931). micaceus (Bull.) Fr.—Very common about old stumps. niveus (Pers.) Fr.—Not uncommon on horse dung. ovatus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). picaceus (Bull.) Fr.—Hackness (G.M., A.E.P., 1910); Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R., 1947). plicatilis (Curt.) Fr.—Numerous records. radians (Desm.) Fr.—Scarborough on damp wall (G.M.). radiatus (Bolt.) Fr.—Massee (1905) says, ‘“ Very common on horse dung ’’, but recorded only once since, Filey (Nat., Oct., 1922). stercorarius (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). ~ sterquilinus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). GOMPHIDIUS Fries glutinosus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). gracilis Berk. et Br.—Irton Moor (C.C., 1910}; Raincliffe Wood (G.M. & A.E.P., 1910); Wykeham (F.C.R., 1946). maculatus (Scop.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). roseus Fr.—Irton Moor (A.C., 1910); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). rutilus (Schaeff.) Fr.mNumerous records. BOLETALES PORPHYRELLUS Gilbert porphyrosporus (Fr.) Gilb.—Pickering (G.M., 1892); Beedale (A.C., 1911). GYROPORUS Quélet . castaneus (Bull.) Quél., as Boletus fulvidus—Scarborough (G.M.); Hackness (F.F., 1925). PHYLLOPORUS Quélet rhodoxanthus (Schwein.) Bres. (= Paxillus paradoxus)—Scar- borough (G.M.), first British record, see Cooke’s plate 884; Beedale (T.B.R., 1911). BOLETUS Dillenius ex Fries appendiculatus (Schaeff.) Fr., as the pale form of B. aestivalis— Beedale (A.E.P., 1910). badius Fr.—Common in woods. bovinus (L.) Fr.—Common near pines. chrysenteron (Bull.) Fr.—Common in mixed woods. cramesinus Secr.—Forge Valley (G.M.). FUNGI — —GASTEROMYCETALES 149 duriusculus Schulz—Scarborough (G.M.); Goathland (T.B.M.S., 1931). edulis (Bull.) Fr.—Common in woods, particularly beech. elegans (Schum.) Fr.—Common in larch woods. erythropus Fr. non Pers.—Thornton-le-Dale ( F.F., 1945). felleus (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Beedale (A.E.P., 1910). flavidus Fr.—Seamer Moor (G.M., F.F., 1915); Hackness (A.E.P., 1910). fragrans Vitt.—Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1911). granulatus (L.) Fr.—Irton (G.M., A.E.P., 1910); Scampston (F.C.R., 1946). impolitus Fr.—Scarborough (G.M., F.F., 1915). luridus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Widely distributed and not uncommon. luteus (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon about conifers. parasiticus (Bull.) Fr.—Scarborough on Scleroderma verrucosum (G.M.). piperatus (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon in woods, ete. rubinus Smith, W. G.—Scarborough (G.M.). satanus Lenz—Raincliffe Wood (G.M.). scaber (Bull.) Krombh.—Locally not uncommon. subtomentosus (Schaeff.) Fr.—Not uncommon in mixed woods. sulphureus Fr.—Hackness (G.M., 1897). tridentinus Bres.—Scarborough (G.M.); Wintringham (F.C.R., 1946). variegatus (Swartz) Fr.—Not uncommon in conifer woods and among heather. versipellis Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.); Wykeham Moor (F.C.R., 1946). viscidus (L.) Fr.—Not uncommon under larch. GASTEROMYCETALES PHALLACEAE MUTINUS Fries caninus (Huds. ex Fr.) Fr.—Numerous records. PHALLUS (Micheli) Persoon impudicus L. ex Pers.—Common, especially in coniferous woods. var. togatus (Kalchbr.) Cost. et Duf.—Beedale, not uncommon (isle, TKS) LYCOPERDACEAE LYCOPERDON (Tournefort) Persoon caelatum Bull. ex Fr.—Frequent. depressum Bon.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). eee Pers.—Scarborough (G.M.); Silpho Moor, not uncommon (EEGARS)e 150 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT giganteum Batsch ex Pers.—Not uncommon; a specimen found in 1934 was 16 ins. high and 60 ins. in circumference. molle Pers.—Forge Valley (F.F., 1915). | perlatum Pers. (= L. gemmatum) —Locally common. polymorphum Vitt.—Levisham, on cinders of railway track (A.E.P. : & F.A.M., 1929); Ayton, in pasture (A.E.P., 1920). BOVISTA (Dillenius) Morgan nigrescens Pers.—Occasional. plumbea Pers.—Suffield (T.B.R., 1913); Forge Valley (F.F., 1944). GEASTER (Micheli) Fries rufescens Pers.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). NIDULARIACEAE : NIDULARIA (Fries) Tulasne : pisiformis (Roth) Tul.—Scarborough on rotten leaves (G.M.). : CRUCIBULUM Tulasne vulgare Tul.—Locally abundant on twigs, sacking, etc. CYATHUS Haller olla Pers.—Scarborough on manure (T.B.R., 1912); Hackness on sawdust (F.C.R., 1945). striatus Pers.—Scarborough (G.M.); Raincliffe Wood (T.B.R., 1910); Seamer (A.E.P., 1925). SCLERODERMATACEAE MELANOGASTER Corda variegatus (Vitt.) Tul.—Scarborough under beech (G.M.). ambiguus (Vitt.) Tul.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). SCLERODERMA Persoon aurantium Pers.—Raincliffe Wood (A.E.P., 1910); Thornton-le- Dale (F.F., 1945). cepa Vaill. ex Pers.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.C.R., 1945). geaster Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). verrucosum Vaill. ex Pers.—Scarborough (G.M.); Thornton- le- Dale (F.F., 1945). CALOSTOMATACEAE ASTRAEUS Morgan hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg.—Seamer Quarry Plantation (A.E.P., 1910-13); Staxton Brow (A.E.P., 1915). SPHAEROBOLACEAE SPHAEROBOLUS Tode ex Persoon stellatus Tode ex Pers.—Common on sawdust, etc. PEGE “Sl N/ > ydeisoloyd (sod wnyjiad uoptcdootT) VIVWAdANd NOWWOD V 50 facing page 1 FUNGI — COELOMYCETES 151 COELOMYCETES SPHAEROPSIDALES SPHAERIOIDACEAE | PHYLLOSTICTA Persoon ex Desmaziéres berberidis Rabenh.—Scarborough on B. vulgaris (M. & C.). hedericola Dur. et Mont.—Ellerburn on Hedera (F.A.M., 1 | lappae Sacc.—Scarborough on Arctium (M. & C.). lauri West.—Scarborough on Laurus nobilis leaves (G.M.). | rosae Rob. et Desm.—Scarborough on Rosa canina leaves (G.M.), a doubtful record, cf. Grove, I, p. 42. | PHOMA Fries emend. Desmaziéres acicola (Lév.) Sacc.—Howldale on Pinus leaves (W.G.B., 1947). acuta (Berk.) Fuckel—Seamer on dead Urtica stems (A.E.P., 1925). araucariae Trav.—Fylingdale Hall on A. imbricata (T.B.R., 1913). complanata (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.—Kingthorpe, etc., on dead umbelliferous stems (F.F., 1946); Ellerburn on Angelica (Nottm., | 1214-5). | herbarum West.—A collective species reported on many hosts and in many localities. lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.—Scarborough on old cabbage stems (G.M.). macrocapsa Trail—Ellerburn on old Mercurialis stems (F.F., 1946). nebulosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Berk.—Scarborough on dead Urtica stems (G.M.). | samararum Desm.—Common on fruits (samaras) of Fraxinus (G.M.). urticae Sch. et Sacc.—Kingthorpe on Urtica (F.F., 1946). NEOTTIOSPORA Desemaziéres caricum Desm.—Scarborough on Carex rostrata (G.M.). APOSPHAERIA Berkeley fibricola (Berk.) Sacc.—Scarborough on wood (G.M.). SCLEROPHOMA von Hoehnel pithyophila von Hoehn.—Ellerburn on Abies leaves (Nottm., 1106). SPHAERONAEMA Fries aemulans Berk. et Br.—Scarborough on dead wood (G.M.). subulatum Tode ex Fr.—Scarborough on Russula nigricans (G.M.). Although recorded as Eleutheromyces subulatus, Petch (T.B.M.S., 26, p. 561), found all accessible British collections under that name to be pycnidial and so referable to Sphaero- naema. The Scarborough collection has not been preserved, but we are referring it to Sphaeronaema in the meantime. PHOMOPSIS Saccardo asteriscus (Berk.) Grove.—Scarborough on dead MHeracleum sphondylium (G.M.). crustosa (Bomm., Rouss et Sacc.) Trav.—Robin Hood’s Bay on Ilex (W.G.B., York, 1946). | 922). 152. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT scobina (Cooke) von Hoehn.—Scarborough on Fraxinus leaves (G.M.). velata (Sacc.) von Hoehn.—Scarborough on Tilia (G.M.). CYTOSPORA Ehrenberg ex Fries foliicola Lib.—Scarborough on Escallonia (W.G.B., 1945). laurocerasi Fuckel—Scarborough on P. laurocerasus (W.G.B., York, 1945). nivea Fuckel—Scarborough on Populus serotina (G.M.). rosarum Grev.—Scarborough on Rosa canina (G.M.). CEUTHOSPORA Fries laurocerasi Grove—Scarborough on P. laurocerasus (G.M., 1881). DARLUCA Castagne filum (Biv. et Bern.) Cast.—Throxenby Mere on sori of Puccinia calthae (T.B.R., 1911); Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). STAGONOSPORA Saccardo macropus (Berk. et Br.) Sacc.—Scarborough on Carex (M. & C.). SEPTORIA Saccardo hederae Desm.—Ellerburn on Hedera (F.A.M., 1922). apii (Br. et Cav.) Chest.—Scarborough on Apium (T.B.R., 1916). rubi West.—Scarborough on R. fruticosus (G.M.). virgaureae Desm.—Scarborough on Solidago virgaurea (M. & C.). DILOPHOSPORA Desmaziéres alopecuri (Fr.) Fr.—Robin Hood’s Bay on Holcus (W.G.B., 1946). SPHAEROPSIS Saccardo malorum Peck—Thornton-le-Dale (F.A.M., 1922), possibly an error for S. malorum Berk. DIPLODIA Fries hederae Fuckel—Scarborough on Hedera (G.M.). herbarum (Corda) Lév.—Scarborough on Urtica (G.M., 1881). ligustri West.—Scarborough on L. vulgare (G.M.). malorum Fuckel—Scarborough on fallen apples (G.M.). taxi (Sow. ex Fr.) de Not.—Scarborough on T. baccata (G.M.). tiliae Fuckel—Scarborough on Tilia twigs (G.M.). EXCIPULACEAE DINEMASPORIUM Léveillé graminum Lév.—Scarborough on grass (G.M.). EXCIPULA Fries petiolicola Fuckel—Scarborough on petioles of Tilia; considered by Grove to be a doubtful record. LEPTOSTROMATACEAE THYRIOSTROMA Diedecke spiraeae (Fr.) Died.—Scarborough on dead Filipendula ulmaria (G.M., 1881). LEPTOSTROMA Fries spiraeinum Vest.—Ellerburn on Filipendula ulmaria (Nottm., 1102). FUNGI — COELOMYCETES 153 MELANCONIALES HY ALOSPERMAE COLLETOTRICHUM Corda [lycopersici Chest.—Whitby on potato haulms (F.F., 1900), first European record. | lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn.) Bri. et Cav.—Occasionally a destructive parasite on runner beans. MY XOSPORIUM Link croceum Pers. ex Link—Scarborough on Fagus (G.M., 1881). ACTINONEMA Fries rosae (Lib.) Fr.—Not uncommon on cultivated and wild roses. MARSSONINA Magnus populi (Lib.) Magn.—Scarborough on living Populus leaves (M. & C.). PHAEOSPERMAE MELANCONIUM Link bicolor Nees ex Link—Scarborough on Corylus bark (G.M.). STILBOSPORA Persoon ex Link macrosperma Pers.—Scarborough on Quercus (M. & C.). CORYNEUM Nees ex Link compactum Berk. et Br.—Scarborough on Ulmus (G.M.). kunzei Corda—Scarborough on Quercus (G.M.). ASTEROSPORIUM Kunze ex Wallroth hoffmanni Kunze—Scarborough (G.M., 1881); Thornton-le-Dale and Forge Valley (F.F., 1946), all on Fagus. STEGANOSPORIUM Corda cellulosum Corda—Scarborough on Tilia bark (M. & C.). pytiforme (Hoffm. ex Fr.) Corda—Thornton-le-Dale on Acer (F.F., 1945). HYPHOMYCETES GLOIOSPORAE — AMEROSPORAE ACROSTALAGMUS Corda cinnabarinus Corda—See Nectria inventa. AMBLYOSPORIUM Fresenius botrytis Fres., as Rhinotrichum aureum—On old agarics ; Scarborough (G.M.). CEPHALOSPORIUM Corda acremonium Corda—On stems of Rubus, Heracleum, etc.; Scar- borough (G.M.). On dead Abies leaves; Ellerburn (Nottm., 1114). 154 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CORETHROPSIS Corda epimyces Mass.—On old Mycena; Scarborough (G.M.). paradoxa Corda—On old shoe; Scarborough (G.M.). GLIOCLADIUM Corda album (Preuss) Petch—On Badhamia; Howldale, 1947 (1I.M.I., 14007). penicillioides Corda—See Nectriopsis aureonitens. GLIOMASTIX Guéguen luzulae (Fuckel) Mason comb. nov. (= Torula luzulae Fuckel, Fusidium viride Grove)—On Petasites; Forge Valley, 1945 (I.M.I., 1537), 1946 (1.M.I., 7032). GONYTRICHUM Nees ex Wallroth caesium Nees ex Wallr.—See Melanopsammella inaequalis. GRAPHIUM Corda glaucocephalum (Corda) Sacc.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). subulatum (Nees ex Fr.) Sacc.—On old wood; Scarborough (M. & C.). rigidum (Pers. ex Fr.) Sacc.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). HAPLOGRAPHIUM Berkeley et Broome bicolor Grove (= H. delicatum Berk. et Br.)—See Hyaloscypha dematiicola. MENISPORA Persoon ex Chevallier ciliata Corda—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1946 (1.M.I., 7330). On Quercus; Forge Valley, 1947 (1.M.I., 14484). On Rosa; Forge Valley, 1948 (Hull, 591). tortuosa (Corda) Peyr.—On Fagus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 31305); Howldale, 1947 (I1.M.I., 18929a, Hull, 117). On Fraxinus; Kingthorpe, 1945 (I.M.I., 1358). On wood; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.1., 14485). OOSPORA Wallroth candidula Sacc.—On Nectria cinnabarina on Ulmus; Forge Valley, 1945 (I.M.I., 1384). . SARCOPODIUM Ehrenberg ex Wallroth circinatum Ehrenb. ex Fr. (= Volutella gilva (Pers. ex Fr.) Sacc.) —On Arctium; Howldale, 1946 (1.M.I., 4903). SPOROCYBE Fries emend. Bonorden flexuosa (Mass.) Mason—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 7278), 1947 (I.M.I., 14011, 13831c). On Quercus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4975a), 1947 (1.M.I., 18818). On Sorbus; Howl- dale, 1947 (1.M.I., 18817a). STACHYLIDIUM Link ex Fries bicolor Link ex Fr.—On Heracleum; Forge Valley, 1945 (I.M.I., 1375a), 1946 (I.M.I., 7335, Hull 33). On Petasites; Dalby Dale, 1945 (1.M.I., 13872). On Pteris; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 6850). On Betula; Howldale (Nottm., 1128). FUNGI — HYPHOMYCETES 155 cyclosporum Grove—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1947 (Hull, 109). On Sambucus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14487). On wood; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 14020). STILBUM Tode ex Fries erythrocephalum Ditm. ex Fr.—On dung; Scarborough (Grev., 1888, p. 9). fimetarium (Pers. ex Fr.) Berk. et Br.—On dung; Scarborough (Grev., 1888, p. 9). pellucidum Schrad. ex Fr.—Scarborough (A.E.P., 1923), no host stated. tomentosum Schrad. ex Fr. var. ovalisporum A. L. Sm. (= Tilach- lidtum)—On_ Trichia; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14029); Scar- borough (G.M.). TRICHODERMA Persoon ex Fries viride Pers. ex Fr.—See Hypocrea rufa. TUBERCULARIA Tode ex Fries vulgaris Tode ex Fr..—See Nectria cinnabarina. VERTICILLIUM Nees ex Wallroth apicale Berk. et Br. (= Verticicladium)-—On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13928b, 14456, 13904a). epimyces Berk. et Br.—On decaying fungi; Scarborough (G.M.). VOLUTELLA Tode ex Fries ciliata Fr.—On rotten leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). GLOIOSPORAE — ENDOSPORAE SPORENDONEMA Desmaziéres ex Fries casei Desm. ex Fr.—On cheese; Scarborough (G.M.). SPOROSCHISMA Berkeley et Broome juvenile Boud.—On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13815a). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1946 (1I.M.I., 4943b, Hull, 434), 1947 (1.M.I., 13816a). mirabile Berk. et Br.—On Sorbus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4908), 1947 (I.M.I., 14486). On Fraxinus; Ellerburn (Nottm., 1105). THIELAVIOPSIS Went basicola (Berk. et Br.) Ferr.—On Blysmus compressus (G.M.). GLOIOSPORAE—PHRAGMOSPORAE FUSARIUM Link ex Fries caeruleum (Lib.) Sacc.—Common on stored potatoes. heterosporum Nees ex Fr.—On Poa annua and Arrhenatherum elatius; Wykeham (F.F., 1945). merismoides Corda—On Beta vulgaris; Scarborough (M. & C.). MASTIGOSPORIUM Riess rubricosum (Dear. et Barth.) Sprague, R.—recorded incorrectly as M. album Reiss—On Dactylis ; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). 156 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ~ MICROCERA Desmaziéres coccophila Desm.—On Chionaspis salicis on Salix; Scarborough (G.M.). Petch (T.B.M.S., XVII, p. 177), considers this record doubtful. GLOIOSPORAE — SPEIROSPORAE CHEIROMYCELLA von Hoehnel gyrosa (Cooke et Mass.) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (= Torula gyrosa Cooke et Mass.)—On conifer; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14017). XEROSPORAE — AMEROSPORAE AEGERITA Persoon ex Fries candida Pers. ex Fr.—See Peniophora candida. ARTHRINIUM Kunze ex Fries sporophleum Kunze ex Fr.—On Carex hirta; Ellerburn (Nottm., 1095). ASPERGILLUS Micheli ex Fries candidus Link ex Fr.—Scarborough (G.M.). BOTRYOSPORIUM Corda pulchrum Corda—On Urtica; Kingthorpe, 1945 (1.M.I., 1359). BOTRYTIS Persoon ex Fries argillacea Cooke—On Fagus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4926, 4910). On Hypoxylon coccineum on Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.1., 19713). cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.—On Pinus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4929). On inside of bark; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14519). CHAETOPSIS Greville ex Corda wauchii Grev. (Auct. as C. grisea (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Sacc.)—On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14461, 13928, 13929). On Fraxinus; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 14460), Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14024b, Hull, 122). On Ulmus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I1.M.I., 4901). ! CYLINDRIUM Bonorden flavovirens (Ditm. ex Fr.) Bon.—On dead Quercus leaves; Scar- borough (G.M.). GEOTRICHUM Link ex Saccardo candidum Link ex Sacc.—On damp paper; Scarborough Museum (Taw, ION) GONATOBOTRYS Corda simplex Corda—On old perithecia of Walsa on Crataegus; Scar- borough (G.M.). HAPLARIA Link ex Chevallier grisea Link ex Chev.—On rotten wood; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (1.M.1., 5099). FUNGI — HYPHOMYCETES 157 HYMENOSTILBE Petch muscaria Petch—On flies; Goathland (T.P., T.B.M.S., XVII, pan L76)). ISARIA Persoon ex Fries albida (Fr.) Sacc.—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). farinosa Fr.—Common on dead pupae of various insects, especially those buried under dead leaves. intricata Fr.—On dead Stereum; Scarborough (G.M.). umbrina Pers. ex Wallr.—On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14105). MONILIA Persoon ex Fries candicans Sacc.—See Corticitum subcoronatum. cinerea Bon.—See Sclerotinia laxa. fructigena Pers. ex West.—See Sclerotinia fructigena. MONOTOSPORA Saccardo megalospora Berk. et Br.—On Taxus; Scarborough (G.M.). pumila (Mass.) Sacc.—See Farlowiella carmichaeliana. NEMATOGONIUM Desmaziéres aurantiacum Desm.—On bark; Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). OIDIUM Link ex Fries aureum Link ex Fr. (= Monilia aurea Gmel.)—On Fagus; Thornton- le-Dale, 1945 (I.M.I., 1871). On Fraxinus; Kingthoipe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4916). On Quercus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4921). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4919). OVULARIA Saccardo bistortae (Fuckel) Sacc.—Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). obliqua (Cooke) Oud.—On Rumex; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 5059). PERICONIA Bonorden byssoides Pers. ex Fr. (= P. pycnospora Fres.)—On Aesculus; King- thorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 9725). On Convolvulus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 9728). On Petasites; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 6987). On Urtica; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 9724). curta (Berk.) Mason et Ellis, M. B. comb. nov. (= Cephalotrichum curtum Berk.)—On Juncus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (1.M.I., 9756). nigrella (Berk.) Sacc.—Boynton (W.W.S., Nat., July, 1889). PHAEOISARIA von Hoehnel clavulata (Grove) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (= Pachnocybe clavulata Grove)—On wood; Kingthorpe, 1945 (I.M.I., 1535). cornui (Bain.) Mason—On Sambucus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4914), 1947 (I.M.I., 14517). RHINOTRICHUM Corda repens Preuss—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.), a presumed synonym of Acladium conspersum Link (Oidium conspersum (Link) Lind.). RHOPALOMYCES Corda candidus Berk. et Br.—On rotten leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). 158 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SEPEDONIUM Link ex Fries chrysospermum Fr.—See Apiocrea chrysosperma. STYSANUS Corda stemonites (Pers. ex Fr.) Corda—On dead leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). TORULA Persoon ex Fries gyrosa Cooke et Mass.—See Cheiromycella gyrosa. herbarum Link ex Fr.—Numerous records on many hosts. hysterioides Corda—See Cryptocoryneum condensatum. ovalispora Berk.—Numerous records on many hosts. pulveracea Corda—On dead wood; Scarborough (G.M.). TRICHOSPORIUM Fries fuscum (Link ex Wallr.) Sacc.—Filey (T.B.R., Nat., 1914, p. 253). inosculans (Berk.) Sacc.—On dead Thelephora; Scarborough (G.M.). ; XYLOHYPHA (Fries) Mason comb. nov. nigrescens (Pers. ex Fr.) Mason—On Fraxinus; Ellers Wood (Nottm., 1070). ZYGODESMUS Corda fuscus Corda—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). XEROSPORAE — DIDYMOSPORAE ARTHROBOTRYS Corda rosea Mass.—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). BISPORA Corda antennata (Pers. ex Fr.) Mason comb. nov. (= Torula antennata Pers., B. monilioides Corda)—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). CLADOSPORIUM Link ex Fries epiphyllum Nees ex Fr.—On leaves; Scarborough (G.M.), probably C. herbarum. herbarum Link ex Fr.—A very common mould. DIPLOCLADIUM Bonorden penicillioides Sacc.—See Hypomyces aurantius. DIPLORHINOTRICHUM von Hoehnel candidulum von Hoehn.—On Fraxinus; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 13926). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 18817b). POLYTHRINCIUM Kunze et Schmidt ex Fries trifolii Kunze ex Fr.—See Dothidella trifolii. TRICHOTHECIUM Link ex Fries roseum Link ex Fr.—-Numerous records. XEROSPORAE — PHRAGMOSPORAE ACROTHECIUM Corda delicatulum Berk. et Br.—On Acer; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 14013). On Fraxinus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14016a). FUNGI -—- HYPHOMYCETES 159 PHRAGMOCEPHALA Mason et Hughes cookei Mas. et Hughes (=Arthrobotryum atrum Berk. et Br.)—On Filipendula ulmariae; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 7049). On wood (Alnus) ; Forge Valley, 1947 (1.M.I., 14480). BACTRIDIUM Kunze ex Fries flavum Kunze ex Fr.—On Sorbus; Howldale, 1947 (Hull, 134). BACTRODESMIUM Cooke abruptum (Berk. et Br.) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (= Clastero- sporium abruptum (Berk. et Br.) Sacc.)—On Acer; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 6843a). fasciculare (Corda) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (=Clasterosporium fasciculare (Corda) Sacc.)—On Fraxinus; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14014). BRACHYSPORIUM Saccardo apicale (Berk. et Br.) Sacc.—On Fraxinus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13918). bloxami (Cooke) Sacc.—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1947 (1.M.I., 13827b). On Fraxinus; Howldale (F.F., 1947). hyalospermum (Corda) Sacc.—See Helminthosporium hyalospermum. obovatum (Berk.) Sacc.—On Sambucus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14473). On Fraxinus; Forge Valley (F.F., 1947), Oliver’s Mount, 1948 (Hull, 547). oosporum (Corda) Sacc.—On Lonicera; Boynton, 1880 (W.W.S.). A doubtful record, as the only British material seen under this name is conidial Chaetosphaeria phaeostroma (E.W.M.). CERCOSPORA Fresenius mercurialis Pass.—On Mercurialis; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 9756), Scarborough (G.M.). CLASTEROSPORIUM Schweinitz abruptum (Berk. et Br.) Sacc.—See Bactrodesmium abruptum. fasciculare (Corda) Sacc.—See Bactrodesmium fasciculare. opacum (Corda) Sacc.—On Fraxinus; Kingthorpe, 1945 (I.M.L., 1355b), Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14486). The material is the same as British material previously referred to this name and is a Bactrodesmium (E.W.M.). DENDRYPHION Wallroth comosum Wallr. (= D. curtum Berk. et Br.)—On Sambucus; King- thorpe, 1945 (I.M.I., 1852). On Urtica; Scarborough (G.M.), Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4909, 4925). griseum Berk. et Br.—On Urtica; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (1.M.I., 4911), Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13813). laxum Berk. et Br. (= D. rhopaloides (Fres.) Berl.)—On Acer; Thornton-le-Dale, 1945 (I.M.I., 1874). On Arctium; Thornton- le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4902). On sacking; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 18767b). 160 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT EXOSPORIUM Link ex Wallroth hysterioides (Corda) von Hoehn.—See Cryptocoryneum conden- satum. tiliae (Link ex Wallr.) Fr.—On Tilia; Forge Valley, 1946 (1I.M.I., 6787), 1947 (1.M.I., 13763). HELMINTHOSPORIUM Link ex Fries apiculatum Corda—On Fagus; Kingthorpe, 1930 (1.M.I., 695), 1946 (I1.M.I., 4891). On Quercus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4895), Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4952). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1946 (1.M.1., 4897, 4896, 17485, 17486; Hull, 126). On Ulmus; (Nottm., 1186). On wood; Kingthorpe, 1945 (I.M.I., 1857), 1946 (1.M.I., 4890), Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14025b). At the 1945-46 F.F., H. apiculatum was included with H. simplex as H. fusisporium. folliculatum Corda—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). British collections previously referred to this species are Dendryphion laxum (E.W.M.). hyalospermum Corda (= Brachysporium hyalospermum (Corda) Sacc.)—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 18832b). longipilum Corda—See Melanomma subdispersum. rhopaloides Fres.—See Dendryphion laxum. simplex Kunze ex Fr.—On Acer; Forge Valley, 1946 (1.M.I., 7044). On Corylus; Forge Valley, 1945 (I.M.I., 1876), Howldale, 1947 (I1.M.I., 14881). On Crataegus; Kingthorpe, 1945 (1.M.I., 1353). On Fagus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4893), Kingthorpe, 1946 (1.M.I., 4889). On Fraxinus; Kingthorpe, 1946 (I.M.I., 4888), Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14015, 13819, 14481, Hull, 180). On Quercus; Howldale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4894). On Ulnus; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14006). On Tilia; Forge Valley, 1947 (Hull, 112). Was recorded as H. fusisporium at the F.F., 1945-46. turbinatum Berk. et Br.—See Podoconis turbinata. velutinum Link ex Fr.—Numerous records on many hosts; also recorded as H. macrocarpum. DACTYLOSPORIUM Harz macropus (Corda) Harz (=Helminthosporium tingens Cooke)—On Acer ; Forge Valley, 1946 (I.M.I., 7014a, Nat., 1952, p. 64). HETEROSPORIUM Klotzsch ex Cooke echinulatum (Berk.) Cooke—See Didymellina dianthi. MUCROSPORIUM Preuss sphaerocephalum (Berk.) Sacc.—On dead wood; Scarborough (G.M.). PODOCONIS Boedijn turbinata (Berk. et Br.) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (= Helmin- thosporium turbinatum Berk. et Br.)—On Sambucus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13809). FUNGI — HYPHOMYCETES 161 RAMULARIA (Unger) Corda armoraciae Fuckel—On living leaves of Cochlearia; Scarborough (G.M.). hellebori Fuckel—On H. viridis; Ayton (G.M.). lychnicola Cooke—On living Lychnis leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). primulae Thuem—On Primula; Filey (T.B.R., Nat., 1914, p. 253). urticae Ces.—On Urtica; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (I.M.I., 4900). SEPTOCYLINDRIUM Bonorden pallidum Grove—On Diatrype stigma on Acer; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 13966c), Thornton-le-Dale, 1947 (I.M.I., 18789). On Fraxinus; Thornton-le-Dale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14016b). XEROSPORAE — SPEIROSPORAE CRYPTOCORYNEUM Fuckel condensatum (Wallr.) Mason et Hughes comb. nov. (= Hormiscium condensatum Wallr., Torula hysterioides Corda, Exosporium hysterioides (Corda) von Hoehn., Cryptocoryneum hysterioides (Corda) Peyr.)—On Betula; Howldale 1947 (1.M.I., 14023). On Fraxinus; Forge Valley, 1947 (I.M.I., 14008); Howldale, 1947 (I1.M.I., 13906). On Sorbus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 13834). SPEIRA Corda toruloides Corda {=Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég.)—On Acer; Howldale, 1947 (1.M.I., 14012). On Betula; Forge Valley, 1947 (1.M.I., 13832d). On Fagus; Howldale, 1947 (I.M.I., 14465). XEROSPORAE — DICTYOSPORAE CONIOSPORIUM Link patadoxum (Corda) Mason et Hughes (= Sporodesmium paradoxum Corda)—On Betula; Forge Valley, 1947 (1.M.I., 14515b). CONIOTHECIUM Corda betulinum Corda—On Betula; Thornton-le-Dale (F.F., 1945). EPICOCCUM Link ex Wallroth herbarum Corda—On dead leaves; Scarborough (G.M.). neglectum Desm.—On reeds and grasses; Scarborough (G.M.). purpurascens Ehrenb. ex Wallr.—On conifer; Dalby Dale, 1945, (1.M.I., 1395b). These three names probably refer to a single plurivorous species. SPORODESMIUM Link ex Fries paradoxum Corda—See Coniosporium paradoxum. XEROSPORAE — HELICOSPORAE HELICODENDRON Peyronel tubulosum (Riess) Lind.—On rotten wood; Scarborough (G.M.). HELICOSPORIUM Nees ex Fries vegetum Nees ex Fr.—See Ophionectria cerea. 162 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT XEROSPORAE — STAUROSPORAE TRIPOSPORIUM Corda elegans Corda—On Fagus; Robin Hood’s Bay (C.C., 1907), Howl- dale, 1947 (I.M.I., 18904b, 14477). On Quercus; Howldale (Nottm., 1193, 1194). On Epilobium; Forge Valley (Hull, 612). AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES — WATER MOULDS At the joint foray of the B.M.S. and the Y.N.U. in September, 1946, the following water moulds were collected by Prof. C. T. Ingold in Forge Valley :— Clavariopsis aquatica de Wild. Flagellospora curvula Ing. Lemonniera aquatica de Wild. Lunulospora curvula Ing. Tetrachaetum elegans Ing. Tetracladium marchalianum de Wild. MYCELIA STERILIA OZONIUM Link ex Fries auricomum Link ex Wallr.—Scarborough, etc. (F.C.R.). RHIZOCTONIA de Candolle ex Fries. crocorum DC. ex Fr.—See Helicobasidium purpureum. In mycology comparatively few English names are used, but the following list of generally accepted trivial names may be of interest to the general botanist and may help in the interpretation of the records :— BEEFSTEAK FUNGUS—Fistulina hepatica. BLEWIT—TInicholoma personatum. BLUSHER—Amanita rubescens. CANDLE-SNUFF FUNGUS—Xylaria hypoxylon. CHANTERELLE—Cantharellus cibarius. DEATH CAP—Amanita phalloides. DRYADS’ SADDLE—Polyporus squamosus. DRY ROT—Merulius lacrymans. ERGOT—Claviceps purpurea. FAIRY RING CHAMPIGNON—Marasmius oreades. FLY AGARIC—Amanita muscaria. GRISETTE—Amanitopsis vaginata. HONEY FUNGUS—Armillaria mellea. HORN OF PLENTY—Craterellus cornucopioides. INK CAP—Coprinus atramentarius. FUNGI — INDEX JEW’S EAR—Auricularia auricula-Judae. LAWYER’S WIG—Coprinus comatus. MOREL—Morchella esculenta. MUSHROOM, FIELD—Psalliota campestris. ie CULTIVATED—Psalliota hortensis. ih HORSE—Psalliota arvensis. WOOD —Psalliota silvicola. OYSTER MUSHROOM—Pleurotus ostreatus. PARASOL—Lepiota procera. PUFF-BALL, GIANT—Lycoperdon giganteum. ST. GEORGE’S MUSHROOM —Tricholoma gambosum. SHAGGY CAP—Coprinus comatus. STINKHORN—Phallus impudicus. SULPHUR-TUFT—Hypholoma fasciculare. TRUFFLE—Tuber spp. VELVET STEM—Collybia velutipes. WITCHES’ BUTTER—Exidia glandulosa. . BROOMS—Exoascus turgidus. INDEX OF GENERA. Acetabula Ot Bactridium 159 Ceratosphaeria 109 Acia 125 Bactrodesmium Ceratostomella 105 Acrospermum 114 Cercospora 159 Acrostalagmus 153 Badhamia 84 Ceuthospora 152 Acrothecium 158 Belonidium 98 Chaetocladium 90 Actinonema 153 Berlesiella 111 Chaetomium 106 Aegerita 156 Bertia 107 Chaetopsis 156 Aleuria 91 Bispora 158 Chaetosphaeria Aleurodiscus 126 Bolbitius 143 110 Amanita 129 Boletus 148 Cheilymenia 93 Amanitopsis 129 Bombardia 106 Cheiromycella 156 Amblyosporium Botryosphaeria 105 Chlorosplenium Botryosporium 156 97 Anellaria 147 Botrytis 156 Ciboria 96 Anthostoma 106 Bovista 150 Ciliaria 93 Anthracobia 93 Brachysporium 159 Cintractia 115 Apiocrea 112 Brefeldia 86 Cladosporium 158 Aposphaeria 151 Bremia 89 Clasterosporium Apostemidium 95 Bulgaria 96 1 Arachnopeziza 99 Byssonectria 112 Claudopus 141 Arcyria 87 Caldesiella 125 Clavaria 125 Armillaria 130 Calloria 96 Clavariopsis 162 Arthrinium 156 Calocera 122 Claviceps 113 Arthrobotrys 158 Calospora 109 Clitocybe 131 Arthrobotryum Calycella 96 Clitopilus 140 159 Calyculosphaeria Clypeosphaeria Ascobolus 94 107 110 Ascophanus 94 Cantharellus 139 Coccomyces 103 Ascozonus 94 Capnodium 104 Coleosporium 116 Aspergillus 156 Capronia 111 Coleroa 107 Asterosporium 153 Cenangium 101 Colletotrichum Astraeus 150 Cephalosporium 153 Aulographum 114 1 Collybia 133 Auricularia 121 Ceratiomyxa 84 Colpoma 103 163 164 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Comatricha 86 Coniophora 125 Coniosporium 161 Coniothecium 161 Coprinus 147 Coprobia 93 Cordyceps 113 Corethropsis 154 Corticium 126 Cortinarius 143 Coryne 96 Corynella 96 Coryneum 153 Craterellus 139 Craterium 85 Crepidotus 143 Cribraria 86 Crinipellis 134 Cristella 127 Crucibulum 150 Ee cath ; 1 Cryptodiscus 102 Cryptomyces 102 Cryptosphaeria 104 Cryptospora 111 Cryptosporella 105 Cucurbitaria 111 Cudonia 95 Cudoniella 95 Cyathicula 98 Cyathipodia 91 Cyathus 150 Cylindrium 156 Cyphella 127 Cystopus 88 Cytospora 152 Dacryomyces 122 Dactylosporium 160 Daedalea 124 Daldinia 106 Darluca 152 Dasyobolus 94 Dasyscypha 98 Dendryphion 159 Dermatea 101 Dermocybe 143 Diachaea 85 Dialonectria 112 Diaporthe 107 Diatrype 104 Diatrypella 104 Dichaena 114 Dictydiaethalium 86 Dictydium 86 Diderma Dictyosporium 161 85 Didymella 108 Didymellina 108 Didymium 85 Didymosphaeria 109 Dilophospora 152 Dinemasporium 152 Diplocladium 158 Diplodia ley? Diplorhino- trichum 158 Discinella 96 Disciotis 91 Ditopella 105 Dothidella 113 Durella 100 Eccilia 141 Eichleriella 122 Empusa 90 Encoelia 101 Endodothella 113 Enerthenema 86 Enteridium 86 Entoloma 140 Entomophthora 90 Entyloma 115 Epichloe 113 Epicoccum 161 Erinella 98 Erysiphe 103 Eurotium 103 Eutypa 104 Eutypella 104 Excipula 152 Exidia 121 Exoascus 94 Exobasidium 129 Exosporium 160 Farlowiella 114 Fenestella 111 Fistulina 125 Flagellospora 162 Flammula 142 Fomes 123 Frommea 117 Fuligo 85 Fusarium 155 Galactinia 91 Galera 142 Ganoderma 123 Geaster 150 Geoglossum 95 Geotrichum 156 Gibberella 112 Gliocladium 154 Gliomastix 154 Gloeocystidium 1 Gloniopsis 114 Glonium 114 Gnomonia 108 Gnomoniella 105 Gomphidius 148 Gonatobotrys 156 Gonytrichum 154 Grandinia 125 Graphium 154 Gymnosporang- ium 117 Gyroporus 148 Haplaria 156 Haplographium 154 Hebeloma 141 Helicodendron Helicosporium 161 Helmintho- sporium 160 Helotium 97 Helvella o1 Hemitrichia 87 _ Hercospora 108 Heterosphaeria 100 Heterosporium 50 Humaria Hyalinia 96 Hyaloscypha 99 Hydoum 125 Hydrocybe 144 Hygrophorus 136 Hymenochaete 126 Hymenostilbe 157 Hypholoma 146 Hypochnus 126 Hypocrea 113 Hypoderma 114 Hypomyces 112 Hyponectria 112 Hypospila 109 Hypoxylon 106 Hysterium 114 Hysterographium 115 Inocybe 144 Inoloma 143 Isaria 157 Kuehneola 117 Laccaria 132 Lachnea 92 Lachnella 98 Lactarius 137 Lamproderma 86 Lamprospora 93 Lasiobolus 94 Lasionectria 112 Lasiosphaeria 109 Lecanidion 100 Lemonniera 162 Lentinus 135 Leocarpus 85 Leotia 95 Lepiota 129 Leptoglossum 95 Leptonia 140 Leptopodia 91 Leptosphaeria 110 Leptostroma 152 Leptotus 139 Lindbladia &6 Lophiostoma 113 Lophiotrema 113 Lophodermium 15 Lunulospora 162 Lycogala 86 Lycoperdon 149 Macropodia 91 Marasmius 134 Marssonina 153 Massaria 110 Massarina 109 Mastigosporium Melampsora_ 117 Melampsorella 116 Melampsoridium 116 Melancomium 153 Melanconis 108 Melanogaster 150 Melanomma 110 Melanopsamma 1 Melanopsamm- ella 108 Melanotaenium Melastiza 93 Menispora 154 Merulius 124 Metasphaeria 109 Microcera 156 Microglossum 95 Micropodia 99 Microsphaeria 103 Milesina 116 Mitrophora 91 Mitrula 95 Mollisia 100 Monilia 157 Monotospora 157 Morchella 91 Mucilago 85 Mucor 89 Mucrosporium 160 Mutinus 149 Mycena 132 Mycoleptodon 125 Mycosphaerella aa 1 FUNGI Myxacium 143 Myxosporium 153 Naucoria 142 Nectria 112 Nectriopsis 113 Nemacyclus 102 Nematogonium Neottiospora 151 Nidularia 150 Niptera 100 Nitschkia 105 Nolanea 140 Nummularia 106 Nyctalis 136 Ocellaria 102 Ochropsora 117 Odontia 125 Oidium 157 Oligonema 87 Ombrophila 95 Omphalia 134 Oospora 154 Ophiobolus 111 Ophionectria 113 Ophiostoma 105 Orbilia 96 Otidea 92 Otthia 109 Ovularia 157 Ozonium 162 Pachydisca 96 Pachyella 92 Panaeolus 147 Panus 135 Patinella 100 Paxillus 145 Peniophora 127 Perichaena 87 Periconia 157 Perisporium 104 Peroneutypa 105 Peronospora &9 Pezicula 101 Peziza 92 Phacidium 102 Phaeangella 101 Phaeocyphella 128 Phaeoisaria 157 Phallus 149 Phialea 97 Phlebia 125 Phlegmacium 143 Pholiota 141 Phoma 151 Phomopsis 151 Phragmidium 117 Phragmocephala 1 Phycomyces 89 Phylacteria 126 Phyllachora 114 Phylloporus 148 Phyllosticta 151 Physalospora 105 Physarum 85 Physoderma 88 Physomitra 91 Phytophthora 88 Pilaira 89 Pilobolus 90 Pistillaria 128 Placographa 100 Plasmodiophora 88 Plasmopara 88 Pleomassaria 111 Pleospora 111 Pleurotus 135 Plicaria 92 Pluteolus 139 Pluteus 139 Podoconis 160 Podosphaeria 103 Polydesmia 96 Polyphagus 88 Polyporus 122 Polystictus 124 Polystigma 113 Polythrincium 158 Poria 124 Poronia 106 Porphyrellus 148 Propolis 101 Protocrea 113 Protomyces 90 Protomycopsis 90 Prototrichia 87 Psalliota 147 Psathyrella 146 Pseudohelotium 97 Pseudombrophila 93 Pseudonectria 113 Pseudopeziza 102 Pseudoplectania 92 Pseudovalsa 110 Psilocybe 146 Puccinia 118 Pucciniastrum 116 Pulvinula 93 Pustularia 92 Pyrenopeziza 100 Pyronema 94 Pythium 88 Quaternaria 105 Radulum 125 Ramularia 161 Reticularia 86 Rhinotrichum 157 Rhizina 91 Rhizoctonia 162 Rhizopus 89 165 166 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Rhynchostoma 109 Rhopalomyces 157 Rhopographus 114 Rhytisma 103 Ripartites 140 Rosellinia 107 Russula 138 Saccobolus 94 Saprolegnia 88 Sarcopodium 154 Sarcoscypha 92 Sarcosphaera 92 Schizophyllum 136 Schizothyrium 102 Schizoxylon 102 Scleroderma 150 Scleroderris 101 Sclerophoma 151 Sclerotinia 97 Scutularia 100 Sebacina 122 Sepedonium 158 Septocylindrium 161 Septoria 152 Sepultaria 92 Sillia 111 Solenia 128 Sordaria 107 Spathularia 95 Speira 161 Sphaerobolus 150 Sphaeronaema 151 Sphaeropsis 152 Sphaerotheca 103 Spinellus — 69 Spongospora 88 Sporendonema 155 Sporocybe 154 Sporodesmium 161 Sporormia 110 Sporoschisma 155 Stachylidium 154 Stagonospora 152 Stamnaria 97 Steganosporium 1 Stegia 102 Stemonitis 85 Stereum 126 Stictis 102 Stigmatea 114 Stilbospora 153 Stilbum 121, 155 Stromatinia 97 Stropharia 145 Stysanus 158 Synchytrium 88 Systremma 114 Syzygites 89 Tapesia 100 Taphrina 94 Teichospora 111 Telamonia 144 Tetrachactum 162 Tetraciadium 162 Thamnidium 90 Thamnomyces 107 Thecopsora 116 Thecotheus 94 Thelephora 126 Thielaviopsis 155 Thyriostroma 152 Tilachlidium 155 Tilletia 116 Tomentella 126 Torula 158 Trametes 124 Tranzschelia 117 Trematosphaeria 1 Tremella 121 Tremellodon 122 Trichia 86 Trichobelonium 98 Trichoderma 155 Trichoglossum 95 Tricholoma 130 Trichopeziza 99 Trichophaea 93 Trichoscypha 98 Trichosphaeria 105 Trichosporium 158 Trichothecium 158 Triphragmium 117 Triposporium 162 Trochila 101 Tubaria 142 Tubercularia 155 Tubifera 86 Tulasnella 122 Tympanis 101 Tympanopsis 106 Typhula 128 Uncinula 104 Urceolella 99 Urocystis 116 Uromyces 118 -Ustilago 115 Ustulina 107 Valsa 105 Valsaria 109 Velutaria 101 Venturia 109 Verpa 91 Verticicladium 155 Verticillium 155 Vibrissea 95 Volutella 155 Volvaria 139 Wynnella 92 Xenodochus 117 Xylaria 107 Xylohypha 158 Zignoella 109 Zygodesmus 158 Re LICHENS F. C. Rimington INTRODUCTION W. Watson, D.Sc. The area investigated is situated in the botanical vice-county 62. This vice-county was well worked by W. Mudd, whose ‘‘ Manual of British Lichens’’ was published in 1861, but most of his work was done in the northern parts of V.C. 62 and apparently he did little or no collecting in our area. Some lichens have been collected since Mudd’s work was published, by J. G. Baker, S. Hailstone, E. M. Holmes, T. Hebden and H. Britten, but mostly from the area north of Whitby. The most important collecting in our area was done during this century by W. E. L. Wattam. In 1927 I did some collecting in the Pickering district, whilst H. H. Knight and F. A. Sowter in more recent years also examined lichens in the vice-county, but the Scarborough area was not intensely worked for lichens until F. C. Rimington collected them during the last year or so and sent them to me for definite determination. His work revealed some peculiarities in the distribution of these plants and it was surprising to find a fair amount of evidence of injury by smoke. Many lichens are susceptible to smoke-contamination and in the neigh- bourhood of a large town entirely disappear or become rare or depauper- ate. The occurrence of the var. dissipata of Lecanora albescens was particularly suggestive as this occurs only where smoke contaminates the air. The rarity or absence of many other lichens supported this theory of smoke-contamination though it was unexpected as Scarborough cannot be considered an industrial centre. The coast rocks show little evidence of the zonation of lichens which is often shown on many coasts, and this is presumably due to their instability though no doubt many characteristic crustaceous lichens have been overlooked. Among notable absentees from the list are Diploschistes scruposus, Thelotrema lepadinum, Phlyctis agelaea, Bacidia phacodes, Cladonia rangiformis, Calictum hyperellum, Acrocordia gemmata, and Arthopy- renia punctiformis. Some of these were probably seen by me near Pickering, but no records of plants previously recorded from V.C. 62 were kept, and no specimens of them were seen in the material sent to me for identification. One plant. Acarospora amphibola had not pre- viously been recorded for Britain. The method of citation of the authority, in which the abbreviation of the surname is placed first, is not in accordance with my usual practice, nor with that of botanists generally, it is due to an editorial decision. 167 168 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PREFACE Although so little work has been done here on this group of plants, the Scarborough district appears to be a promising one for lichen collec- tion. It possesses habitats for most of the ecological communities into which lichen growth can conveniently be divided: rock exposures and stone walls, some siliceous but mostly calcareous, a rocky sea-coast, peaty moorlands and much old woodland. Probably the best places to study the saxicolous lichens of our area are in the disused oolitic limestone quarries of the Suffield district and along the calcareous sandstone walls near Cloughton and Harwood Dale, particularly those walls bordering the roads. Roadsides are always favoured by lichens and regular tar-spraying does not seem to have any noticeable deleterious effect on the vigour of their growth. No authorita- tive information exists of the state of the roadside lichens in this area before the advent of tar-spraying, but it is not easy to visualise them as having been then more numerous than they are now. Higher up on the moors where many of the walls are almost entirely of the siliceous sandstone called ‘“‘Moor Grit,’’ the lichen flora is scanty, with Acarospora fuscata often the dominant species, accompanied by Lecidea macrocarpa. On the walls in the oolitic limestone areas the following characteristic lichens are found: Lecanora atra, L. campestris, L. gangaleoides, L. albescens, Ochrolechia parella (often very large), Aspicilia calcarea, Biatora immersa, Placodium callopismum, Caloplaca citrina, Protoblas- tenia rupestris and Verrucaria nigrescens. On the more sheltered walls Parmelia saxatilis, P. fuliginosa, Platysma glaucum, Physcia hispida, P. caesia and, near the farms, Xanthoria parietina flourish. Some of the old quarry faces in the Suffield area have an almost continuous mosaic of Protoblastenia rupestris, Verrucaria integra, V. nigrescens, Placodium murorum and Biatora immersa. Many of the older trees in Raincliffe Wood and in the hedge-rows carry an extensive lichen flora, Pertusaria pertusa, P. amara (both sometimes of very large size. several feet across), Evernia prunastri, Ramalina farinacea, Parmelia saxatilis, P. fuliginosa, Hypogymnia physodes, Buellia myriocarpa, etc. The bark of the younger trees, particularly of ash, frequently shows considerable growth of Lecanora chlarona, Lecidea parasema and various corticolous species of the Opegraphaceae. _ On the moors, Cladonia pyxidata, C. coccifera, C. macilenta, C. impexa, and C. sylvatica are widespread and quite common, but the only abundant lichen is Biatora granulosa which occurs in enormous quantities on the wet peat of Ravenscar and Fylingdales Moor. Of the marine Verrucarias, V. maura is abundant, while V. mucosa and V. microspora are frequent between the tide marks, but other lichens in this specialised habitat are not so obvious ; Lichina confinis, Lecanora prosechoidiza, L, helicopsis, Rhizocarpon confervoides and Ramalina scopulorum may be found regularly at or above H.W.M. LICHENS 169 The nomenclature and classification are those used in W. Watson’s ‘The Lichens of Yorkshire’’ (Trans. Y.N.U., Part 37, 1946), emended by the author. Where the name used differs from that given in A. L. Smith’s ‘“‘ British Lichens’’ (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1918, 1926), the latter name is given in brackets. All the lichens recorded by F. C. Rimington have been determined or confirmed by Dr. W. Watson. They were collected during the years 1949-51 and are preserved in the recorder’s herbarium. Grateful thanks are due to Dr. W. Watson for his constant help and advice, without which the list in its present form would not have been possible: to Mr. W. E. L. Wattam for permission to use his many records and for a great deal of information concerning the lichens of our area, also to Mr. F. A. Sowter for many helpful suggestions. Abbreviations : J.G.B.—J. G. Baker F.C.R.—F. C. Rimington H.B.—H. Britten fils F.A.S.—F. A. Sowter S.H.—S. Hailstone W.W.—W. Watson H.W.M.—High Water Mark W.E.L.W.—W. E. L. Wattam E.M.H.—E. M. Holmes Y.N.U.—Yorkshire Naturalists’ Eee Kee He Knight Uuion L.Y.—‘“‘ Lichens of Yorkshire’’ (W. Watson, D.Sc.) Species marked with an asterisk are not to be found in ‘“‘ The Lichens of Yorkshire,’’ as at that time (1946), they had not been recorded for the county. LICHENES PARMELIALES USNEACEAE USNEA Dillenius florida (L.) Web.—On trees, Cross Cliff (W.E.L.W.). comosa (Ach.) Roehl., subsp. sordidula Mot.—On Scots Pine, Staindale (W.E.L.W.) ; on oak, etc., Seamer Moor (F.C.R.). subsp. similis Mot.—Forge Valley (F.A.S.). distincta Mot.—Helwath Beck (F.C.R.). *fulvoreagens (Ras.) Mot.—On oak, etc., Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R.). ALECTORIA Acharius jubata (L.) Ach.—Goathland (H.H.K.) ; among moss, Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R.). EVERNIA Acharius prunastri (L.) Ach.—Common on tree trunks, widely distributed. furfuracea (L.) Mann.—Not uncommon on tree trunks and walls. form ceratea (Ach.) Cromb.—Ellerburn (W.E.L.W.). form scobicina (Ach.) Nyl.—Cloughton Quarry (F.C.R.). 170 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PARMELIACEAE PARMELIA Acharius trichotera Hue (P. perlata (Huds.) auct. plur.)—Not uncommon on trunks of old trees and occasionally on rocks. caperata (L.) Ach.—On oak, Hackness (F.C.R.). saxatilis (L.) Ach.—Abundant on rocks and trees, very widely distributed. form furfuracea Schaer.—Commonly found with the type. omphalodes (L.) Ach.—On rocks, Burniston, Levisham (W.E.L.W.). sulcata Tayl.—On tree trunks and walls, Pickering, Goathland, etc. (W.E.L.W.) ; Burniston, Cloughton (F.C.R.). subaurifera Nyl.—On pine, Helwath Beck (F.C.R.) ; Forge Valley (tA Su) 6 fuliginosa Nyl.—Common on rocks and trees. var. laetevirens (Flot.) Kickx.—Commonly found with the type. conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach.—On trees, Thornton-le-Dale, Pickering, etc. (W.E.L.W.). *form isidiata (Anzi) Leight.—Helwath Beck (F.C.R.). *laevigata (Sm.) Ach. var. dissecta Oliv.—On soil, Helwath Beck (F.C.R.). dubia (Wulf.) Schaer.—Forge Valley (F.C.R.). *reticulata Tayl. (P. cetrata Ach.) —Raincliffe Wood (F.C.R.). HYPOGYMNIA Nylander physodes (L.) Wats. (sub-genus of Parmelia)—Abundant, even near towns. form labrosa (Ach.) Wats.—Commonly found with the type. var. platyphylla (Ach.) Wats.—Pickering, etc. (W.W.) ; Suffield (GRR): CETRARIA Acharius islandica (L.) Ach.—Seamer Moor (J.G.B.). prolixa (Ach.) Carr.—On boulder, Harwood Dale (F.C.R.). aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.—Not uncommon among heather on the moors. PLATYSMA Nylander glaucum (L.) Nyl. (Cetraria)—Common on trees and walls, partic- ularly on high ground. chlorophyllum (Humb.)- Wats. (Cetraria)—On oak, Hayburn Wyke (E.C:R3). LECANORACEAE SQUAMARIA de Candolle cartilaginea (Lightf.) Sm., A. L. (Lecanora)—On stone wall, Picker- ing (W.E.L.W.). muralis (Schreb.) Elenk. (Lecanora)—Not uncommon on stone walls and widely distributed. var. diffracta (Ach.) Poetsch.—-On moorland boulder, Bickley Ee! gelids (L.) *Fivok. (Lecanora)—On siliceous rock, Ravenscar (F.C.R.). ee ee ee LICHENS 171 LECANORA Cedeer |) P.M.H.—P. M. Hall Union J.C.—J. Cryer x—Hybrid xx—Intergeneric Hybrid *__ Alien PHANEROGAMS — FLOWERING PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES RANUNCULACEAE CLEMATIS Linnaeus *vitalba L..—TRAVELLER’S JOY, CLEMATIS, OLD MAN’S BEARD. Rare ; (EaRAG.)). THALICTRUM Linnaeus flavum L.—COMMON MEADOW RUE. Thornton-le-Dale, Seamer Carrs (T.B.R., ANEMONE Linnaeus Sawdon Dale, 1901 (W.F.) ; Hackness, 1939 Plentiful ; EAGarin}e Yedingham, nemorosa L.—-WOOD ANEMONE. Abundant in Forge Valley, etc. 212 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT RANUNCULUS Linnaeus drouetii Schultz, F—WATER CROWFOOT. Rare; Flamborough (Y.N.U. Excn., 1906). heterophyllus Web.—WATER CROWFOOT. Uncommon; pond at top of Hay Brow, 1941 (H.R.). peltatus Schrank (incl. R. floribundus Bab. and R. penicillatus Bab.) Common in ponds, etc. baudotii Godr.—Pond at Suffield, 1934 (C.M.R.). lenormandi Schultz, F.—Rare ; Harwood Dale, 1946 (A.G.). hederaceus L._—_IVY-LEAVED WATER CROWFOOT. Uncommon ; near Staintondale, 1894 (W.F. ); Hagg House Farm, Pickering, 1939 (H.R.) ; Cloughton, 1898 (E.R.C.). sceleratus L.—CELERY-LEAFED CROWFOOT. Uncommon ; Ganton Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough Mere and Cayton, 1912 (H.R.) ; Seamer, 1896 (W.F.). flammula L._—LESSER SPEARWORT. Scarborough and Throxenby Meres, plentiful, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Staintondale, 1906 (W.F.). lingua L.—_GREATER SPEARWORT. Rare; Scarborough Mere, 1940 (H.R.) ; pond near Cayton Station, 1914 (G.W.T.) ; Filey, 1914 (A.I.B.) ; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.). auricomus L.—WOOD CROWFOOT, GOLDILOCKS. Common; Forge Valley, Lady Edith’s Drive, etc. acris L_—_COMMON BUTTERCUP. Abundant. repens L._CREEPING BUTTERCUP. Abundant. bulbosus L.—_BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. Abundant. parviflorus L.—SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; Filey, 1948 (Miss R. Kilby teste W.A.S.). arvensis L__—CORN CROWFOOT. Uncommon ; Cayton Carrs. 1914 (G.W.T.) ; Thornton-le-Dale and Robin Hood’s Bay, 1939 (H.R.). ficaria L__LESSER CELANDINE. Abundant. CALTHA Linnaeus palustris L_—MARSH MARIGOLD. Common in wet places ; Forge Valley, Raincliffe Wood, etc. TROLLIUS Linnaeus — europaeus L.__GLOBE FLOWER. Local ; Levisham, 1912 (A.I.B.). - HELLEBORUS Linnaeus viridis L—GREEN HELLEBORE. Uncommon; Goathland, 1869 (A.S.S.) ; Beck Hole, 1928 (W.A.S.) ; West Ayton Castle, Low- dales, Ellerburn (H.R.). *foetidus L__STINKING HELLEBORE. Rare; West Heslerton, 1884 (W.G.). Now found only in cultivation. FLOWERING PLANTS 213 | ERANTHIS Salisbury *hyemalis (L.) SalisbWINTER ACONITE. Uncommon ; natural- ised at Brompton, West Flotmanby and Foxholes (H.R.). | AQUILEGIA Linnaeus vulgaris L__—COLUMBINE. Uncommon; Forge Valley, 1914 (G.W.T.) ; Dalby Nut Wood, 1912 (A.I.B.) ; between Levisham and Pickering, 1908 (W.F.). _ ACONITUM Linnaeus *anglicum Stapf.cMONKSHOOD. Rare; Ellerburn, 1914 (H.R.) ; Newton House, Falling Foss, 1912 (E.R.C.) ; only as a garden escape. | ACTAEA Linnaeus spicata L._BANEBERRY, HERB CHRISTOPHER. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1914 (G.W.T.) ; Yedmandale, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley and Givendale (H.R.). | BERBERIDACEAE | BERBERIS Linnaeus vulgaris L_—_BARBERRY. Rare; West Ayton Castle and Wilton, OWA A (ale). | MAHONIA Nuttall aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt—HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. Un- common ; Forge Valley and Cloughton Bank, probably planted as cover for game (H.R.). NYMPHAEACEAE NUPHAR Smith, Sir J. E. lutea (L.) Sm.—YELLOW WATER-LILY. Uncommon ; Scar- borough Mere, 1891 (E.R.C.); River Derwent at Ayton, 1912 (BIR ))e NYMPHAEA Linnaeus alba L_—WHITE WATER LILY. Rare; Scarborough Mere, 1885 (E.R.C.) ; Beastcliff Undercliff, 1904 (E.R.C.). PAPAVERACEAE PAPAVER Linnaeus *somniferum L.._OPIUM POPPY. Rare; Scarborough (J.G.B.), probably a garden escape. rhoeas L_—FIELD POPPY. Plentiful. dubium L.—LONG SMOOTH-HEADED POPPY. Common in waste laces. feta Lam.—Uncommon; Yedmandale, 1915 (Hb. E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale and Seamer Lime Kilns, 1947 (H.R.). argemone L.—LONG PRICKLY-HEADED or PALE POPPY. Un- common ; Flixton, 1915 et seq. (G.W.T.) ; Beedale, 1945 (C.M.R.). 214 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MECONOPSIS Viguier *cambrica (L.) Vig._-_YELLOW WELSH POPPY. Rare ; Fyling- dales (J.G.B.) ; Thornton-le-Dale and East Ayton (H.R.) ; probably a garden escape. CHELIDONIUM Linnaeus *majus L.—CELANDINE. Common in hedges near villages ; East Ayton, Snainton, Ebberston, etc. FUMARIACEAE CORYDALIS Medikus *lutea (L.) DC.—YELLOW CORYDALIS. Plentiful on village walls, particularly at Thornton-le-Dale. claviculata (IL.) DC.--CLIMBING CORYDALIS. Uncommon ; Hayburn Wyke, 1941 (H.R.) ; Cloughton, 1915 et seq. (G.W.T.). FUMARIA Linnaeus capreolata L—RAMPANT FUMITORY. Uncommon; Everley and Burniston, 1914 et seq. (G.W.T.); roadside near Newby, 1914 (T.B.R.) ; Cloughton, 1896 (W.F.). officinalis L_—COMMON FUMITORY. Abundant in dry fields and on roadsides. vaillantii Lois.—Rare ; quarry near Seamer Station, plentiful, 1897 (W.F.). parviflora Lam.—Rare, Staxton (Y.N.U. Excn., 1943) ; Thornton- le-Dale, 1944 (H.R.) ; Forge Valley, 1948 (H.R.. teste C.M.R.) ; quarry near Seamer Station. plentiful, 1897 (W.F.). CRUCIFERAE CHEIRANTHUS Linnaeus *cheiri L_—WALLFLOWER. Uncommon ; Scarborough Castle Hill, well established (H.R.). : NASTURTIUM Brown, R. officinale Brown, Ri—COMMON WATER-CRESS. Common in — becks. | RORIPPA Scopoli ' sylvestris (L.) Bess—CREEPING YELLOW-CRESS. Rare; Scar- — borough Mere, 1940 (H.R.). : islandica (Oeder) Borb.—MARSH YELLOW-CRESS. Uncommon; ~ Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.). 4 amphibia (L.) Bess\—GREAT YELLOW-CRESS. Rare; banks of River Derwent at Yedingham, 1947 (H.R.) ; Forge Valley, 1916 (W.F.). FLOWERING PLANTS 215 _ BARBAREA Ebrhart, B. vulgaris Brown, R.—YELLOW ROCKET. Common; Cloughton Newlands, Stone Haggs, etc. *verna (Mill.) Asch AMERICAN CRESS. Uncommon ; Thornton- le-Dale Mill, 1916 (A.I.B.). _ ARABIS Linnaeus hirsuta (L.) Scop.—HAIRY ROCK-CRESS. Uncommon; Forge Valley, Flixton, Ellerburn (H.R.). | CARDAMINE Linnaeus amara 1.—LARGE-FLOWERED BITTER-CRESS. Rare; Forge Valley, 1914 (G.W.T.). pratensis L__LADY’S SMOCK, CUCKOO-FLOWER. Abundant in meadows. A double-flowered variety grows at Thornton-le-Dale (HIRE): hirsuta L_—HAIRY BITTER-CRESS. Common. flexuosa With.__-W AVY HAIRY BITTER-CRESS. Commoner than C. hirsuta ; Forge Valley, etc. *latifolia Vahl.—Church Becks, Scalby, well established, 1949. Native ‘of the Pyrenees ; an addition to the British List (H.R., det. J. E. Lousley). DENTARIA Linnaeus *bulbifera L.—BULBIFEROUS CORALWORT. Rare; Scalby Churchyard, 1946 et seq. (H.R.). ALYSSUM Linnaeus *alyssoides (L.) L.—ALYSSUM. Rare; Staxton sandpits, 1942 eusedan (mak ©:,) tok: )): | LOBULARIA Desvaux *maritima (L.) Desv.—SWEET ALYSSUM. Rare ; Sealby, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; 1915 (A.1.B.) ; probably a garden escape. EROPHILA De Candolle verna (L.) Chev.—WHITLOW GRASS. Common on old walls, etc. | COCHLEARIA Linnaeus officinalis L._SCURVY-GRASS. Common; Marine Drive, Castle Hill, Cloughton Wyke, Filey, etc. danica L_—HASTATE-LEAVED SCURVY-GRASS. Bempton Cliffs, 1947 (Dr. M. Ealing, teste W.A.S.); Ravenscar, 1948 (H.R., teste C.M.R.). ARMORACIA Gilibert *Japathifolia Gil— HORSE RADISH. Common; probably only as an escape from cultivation. 216 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MALCOLMIA Brown, R. *maritima (L.) Brown, R.—VIRGINIAN STOCK. Rare; Scar- borough Mere, waste ground, 1916 (E.C.H., det. G.C.D.). HESPERIS Linnaeus *matronalis L_—DAME’S VIOLET. Uncommon ; waste places near habitation, Langdale End, 1915 (E.C.H.); Thornton-le-Dale, Pickering, etc. (H.R.). ARABIDOPSIS Heynhold thaliana (L.) Heynh.—THALE CRESS. Rare; Hackness, 1914 (A.I.B.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1944 (H.R.). SISYMBRIUM Linnaeus officinale (L.) Scop.—HEDGE MUSTARD. Abundant. *altissimum L.—Rare and casual; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). *orientale L._Rare and casual ; Thornton-le-dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). DESCURAINIA Webb et Berthelot sophia (L.) PrantL_FLIXWEED. Rare; Scarborough, (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. ALLIARIA Ehrhart, B. petiolata (Bieb.) Cav. et Grande—GARLIC MUSTARD, JACK BY THE HEDGE. Abundant. ERYSIMUM Linnaeus cheiranthoides L_—TREACLE MUSTARD. Rare ; Stepney Road and Seamer Lime Works, 1940 (H.R.) ; not seen since 1941; waste ground Scarborough Cemetery, 1899 (W.F.); Pickering, 1945 (M.E.P.). CONRINGIA Adanson *orientalis (L.) Dum.—HARE’S EAR. Rare and casual; Thornton- le-Dale Mill, 1945 (H.R., teste W.A.S.). CAMELINA Crantz *sativa (L.) Crantz—GOLD OF PLEASURE. Occasional ; Scalby, 1886 (E.R.C.) ; Scarborough Mere, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Staxton and Thornton-le-Dale, 1941 (H.R.). *alyssum (Mill.) Thell.—Rare and casual; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (H.R., teste W.A.S.). BRASSICA Linnaeus oleracea L__SEA CABBAGE. Robin Hood’s Bay, 1884 (E.R.C.). “napus L_—WILD RAPE. Uncommon; Scarborough Castle Hill, 1912 (A-I.B:). FLOWERING PLANTS 217 *campestris L. (inc. B. rapa L.) FIELD CABBAGE. Common. nigra (L.) Koch—BLACK MUSTARD. Uncommon; Robin Hood’s Bay (Hb. E.C.H.). SINAPIS Linnaeus arvensis L_—-WILD MUSTARD, CHARLOCK. Abundant. alba L_—WHITE MUSTARD. Uncommon; Thornton-le-Dale, 1915 (A.I.B., G.W.T.) ; Scarborough Mere, waste ground, 1916 GaiGr). DIPLOTAXIS De Candolle tenuifolia (L.) DC.—WALL ROCKET. Rare; Scarborough Mere, waste land, 1939 et seq. (H.R.) ; near Seamer Station, 1901 (W.F.). muralis (L.) DC.—SAND ROCKET, WALL MUSTARD. Rare ; Wykeham Abbey, 1902 (W.F.). CAPSELLA Medikus bursa-pastoris (L.) Med.—SHEPHERD’S PURSE. Abundant. CORONOPUS Boehmer squamatus (Forsk.) Asch.iWART-CRESS. Rare; Seamer Carrs, 1915 (T.B.R.) ; Woodlands Farm, 1947 (H.R.). didymus (L.) Sm.—LESSER WART-CRESS. Rare; Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. LEPIDIUM Linnaeus *latifolium L_—_BROAD-LEAVED PEPPERWORT or CRESS. Rare ; Robin Hood’s Bay (B.R.). *ruderale L_NARROW-LEAVED PEPPERWORT. Very rare; Scarborough Old Pier, 1854 (T.G.). campestre (L.) Brown, R.—FIELD PEPPERWORT. Rare ; Robin Hood’s Bay (B.R.). smithii Hook.—GREY PEPPERWORT. Rare; Sleights (B.R.). None of the above pepperworts has been recorded in recent years. CARDARIA Desvaux *draba (L.) Desv.— HOARY CRESS. Uncommon ; Marine Drive, Scarborough Mere, Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.). THLASPI Linnaeus *arvense L.—FIELD PENNY CRESS. Uncommon; Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale Mill, 1940 (H.R.). IBERIS Linnaeus amara L._CANDYTUFT. Rare; Scarborough Mere and Yedman- dale, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; an outcast from gardens. BUNIAS Linnaeus *erucago .—Rare ; Hutton Buscel, 1945, 1947 (H.R., det. W.A.S.). 218 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CAKILE Miller maritima Scop.—SEA-ROCKET. Local; Cayton Bay, 1904 (E.R.C.) ; one plant, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; none seen in 1940 (E.R.C.) ; appeared again in 1947 (H.R.); abundant under barbed-wire defences on Foreshore Road, Scarborough, in 1942, declined the following year and has now disappeared. RAPHANUS Linnaeus raphanistrum L.—WILD RADISH. Common; Seamer Moor (E.C.H.) ; Hackness (G.W.T.) ; Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.). RESEDACEAE RESEDA Linnaeus alba L._-UPRIGHT or WHITE MIGNONETTE. Rare; near Seamer Station, 1894 (W.F.). lutea L_—WILD MIGNONETTE. Not uncommon; Stone Haggs, 1913 (T.B.R.) ; Yedmandale Quarry, 1914 (E.C.H.); Pexton Moor, Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.). stricta Pers—SPIKE MIGNONETTE. Rare; Grosmont (B.R.). luteola L__—WELD, DYER’S ROCKET. Local; plentiful on Castle Hill, Scarborough, 1914 (E.C.H.). CISTACEAE HELIANTHEMUM Miller nummularium (L.) Mill—ROCK-ROSE. Common; Yedmandale, Forge Valley, Thornton-le-Dale, ete. VIOLACEAE VIOLA Linnaeus odorata L.—_SWEET VIOLET. Common. var. dumetorum (Jord.) Rouy. et Fouc. __WHITE SWEET VIOLET. Common. var. subcarnea Jord.—FLESH COLOURED SWEET VIOLET. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1949 (H.R., det. S.M.W.). hirtta L_HAIRY VIOLET. Uncommon; Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley, 1912 (A.1.B.). hirta L. x odorata L. (x V. sepincola Jord.)—Forge Valley (A.I.B., teste G.C.D.) ; Ellerburn, 1915 (A.I.B.). palustris L. —MARSH VIOLET. Uncommon ; Bickley, 1913 (G.W.T.) ; near Falcon Inn, 1940 (H.R.). reichenbachiana Bor —WOOM VIOTET. Occasional. riviniana Reich.—DOG VIOLET. Common. segetalis Jord._—Yedmandale Seamer Carrs (E.C.H., teste C. Drabble). ruralis Bor.—Near Searboronen (E.S.T., H.D. in rep: BLELC., 1936). deseglisei Bor.—Seamer Moor (E.C.H., teste C. Drabble). FLOWERING PLANTS 219 tricolor agg. —HEARTSEASE. Abundant. lejeunii Jord.—Cayton Carrs (E.C.H.,teste C. Drabble). lepida Jord.—Plentiful at Flixton and Staxton (H.R.). lutea Huds.—YELLOW MOUNTAIN PANSY. Seamer Moor, very rare, 1854 (T.G.). POLYGALACEAE POLYGALA Linnaeus vulgaris L.—MILKWORT. Considerably less common than P. serpyllifolia, Whisperdales, 1913 (Hb. E.C.H.). oxyptera Reich.—Speeton (Y.N.U. Excn., 1910) ; Silpho Moor, a doubtful record, 1914 (T.B.R.). serpyllifolia Hose—HEATH MILKWORT. Common on heaths. CARYOPHYLLACEAE SAPONARIA Linnaeus *officinalis L—SOAPWORT. Rare; Fylingdales (C. C. Babington) ; Castle Hill, Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. SILENE Linnaeus cucubalus Wib.—BLADDER CAMPION. Common. gallica agg —SMALL-FLOWERED CATCHFLY. Rare; Cayton Carrs and Thornton-le-Dale, 1940 (H.R.). anglica L_—ENGLISH CATCHFLY. Rare; corn-field, Forge Valley, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Staxton sand-pits, 1940 (E.R.C.). quinquevulnera L.—-Rare ; corn-field, Forge Valley, 1915 (A.I.B.. EG. EL.) *dichotoma Ehrh.—Rare and casual ; Staxton sand-pits, 1943 (W.A.S.). MELANDRIUM Roehling noctiflorum (L.) Fr.—NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY. Common. album (Mill.) Garcke—WHITE CAMPION. Common on roadsides, Ganton, Sherburn, Ayton, Seamer, etc. album x dioicum—Seamer Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.). dioicum (L.) Coss. et Germ.—-RED CAMPION. Abundant. LYCHNIS Linnaeus flos-cuculi L_—RAGGED ROBIN. Common; Scarborough and Throxenby Meres, Hackness, Ellerburn, etc. AGROSTEMMA Linnaeus githago L_—CORN-COCKLE. Rare; Ayton, 1913 (T.B.R.) ; Flix- ton and Yedmandale, 1916 (E.C.H.).; Staxton, 1940 (H.R.). CERASTIUM Linnaeus tetrandrum Curt.—SEA MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Rare; Flam- borough (Y.N.U. Excn., 1923). 220 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT semidecandrum L.—-LESSER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Un- common ; Flixton, 1916 (A.I.B.). viscosum L.—NARROW-LEAVED MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Common in dry places. vulgatum L.—MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Abundant. arvense L__FIELD MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Not uncommon ; Scarborough Castle Hill, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Flixton, 1916 (A.I.B.). STELLARIA Linnaeus media (L.) Vill—_CHICKWEED. Abundant. holostea L_—GREATER STITCHWORT. Abundant. palustris Retz —MARSH STITCHWORT. Uncommon; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Throxenby Mere, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; Newton- dale (S.C.A.). graminea L._LESSER STITCHWORT. Common in damp grassy places ; Throxenby Mere, Raincliffe Wood, etc. alsine Grimm.—BOG STITCHWORT. Common in wet places ; Forge Valley, Troutsdale, etc. ARENARIA Linnaeus trinervia L.—_THREE-NERVED SANDWORT. Common ; Langdale End, Hackness, etc. serpyllifolia L_—THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. Common in dry places. var. macrocarpa Lloyd—Rare ; Scarborough Castle Hill (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. leptoclados (Reich.) Guss.—SANDWORT. Rare ; High Fordon, 1946 (E.R.C., H.R. det. C.M.R.). peploides L._-SEA-PURSLANE. Rare; Scalby Mills and Cayton Bay, 1914, but not there in 1916 (A.I.B.) ; Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. SAGINA Linnaeus apetala Ard—ANNUAL PEARLWORT. Common on dry banks, walls, etc. ciliata Fr.—CILIATED PEARLWORT. = Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen recently. procumbens L.—PROCUMBENT PEARLWORT. Common in dry places. nodosa (L.) Fenzl.—KNOTTED SPURREY. Uncommon, in damp. places ; Langdale End, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; Flixton, Dalby Dale, 1943 (sl) 4 SPERGULA Linnaeus arvensis L_—_CORN SPURREY. Common in cornfields. sativa Boenn.—Rare ; Hutton Buscel Moor, 1916 (E.C.H.). FLOWERING PLANTS 221 SPERGULARIA Presl., J. et C. rubra (L.) Presl., J. et C—SANDWORT SPURREY. Rare ; Clough- ton Quarry, 1915 (A.I.B.). marginata (DC.) Kitt—_GREATER SANDWORT SPURREY. Rare ; Scarborough North Shore (J.G.B.) ; not seen recently. PORTULACACEAE CLAYTONIA Linnaeus *alsinoides Sims—CLAYTONIA. Introduced in 1947 at Thornton-le- Dale from the Lake District (C. Green). MONTIA Linnaeus fontana L_—WATER BLINKS. Uncommon; Cloughton Hulleys, Hole of Horcum, 1940 (H.R.). TAMARICACEAE TAMARIX Linnaeus *gallica L_—TAMARISK. Uncommon; naturalised on the cliffs at Scarborough, 1940 (H.R.). HYPERICACEAE HYPERICUM Linnaeus androsaemum L.—TUTSAN. Rare; White Nab and cliffs south of Scarborough, 1941 (H.R.). *calycinum L.—LARGE-FLOWERED ST. JOHN’S WORT. Uncom- mon ; naturalised at Scarborough Mere, 1940 (H.R.). perforatum L.—ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Common ; Scalby Wyke, Thornton-le-Dale, Silpho Moor, etc. quadrangulum L.—ST. PETER’S-WORT. Common ; Seamer Carrs, Nab Gate Springs, Raincliffe Wood, etc. humifusum L.—TRAILING ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Uncommon ; Cloughton Bank, 1915 (G.W.T.) ; Langdale End, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Dalby Dale, 1941 (H.R.) ; Levisham (Y.N.U. Excn., 1929). pulchrum L.-_-SLENDER ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Common. hirsutum L.—HAIRY ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Common ; Forge Valley, Thornton-le-Dale, etc. montanum L.—MOUNTAIN ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Uncommon ; Forge Valley and Yedmandale, 1915-16 (E.C.H.). elodes L.—MARSH ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Rare; near Falcon Inn, 1940 (E.R.C., H.R.). MALVACEAE MALVA Linnaeus moschata L.—MUSK MALLOW. Uncommon; Pexton Moor, Lang- dale End, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; pink and white forms occur. 222. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT sylvestris L_—COMMON MALLOW. Common; Scarborough Castle Hill, Yedmandale, etc. neglecta Wallr.—DWARF MALLOW. Uncommon; Ayton, 1895 (W.F.) ; Ganton, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Hutton Buscel, Folkton, Bromp- ton (H.R.). *verticillata L_—ERECT MALLOW. Rare; single plant, Scarborough, 1899 (W.F.). TILIACEAE TILIA Linnaeus *platyphyllos Scop.—LARGE-LEAVED DOWNY LIME. Forge Valley, 1914, planted (Hb. E.C.H.) ; planted, Wykeham (W.F.). *vulgaris Hayne—COMMON LIME. Frequently planted, as in Lady Edith’s Drive, etc. cordata Mill—_SMALL-LEAVED LIME. Rare; High Langdale End, 1915 (A.I.B.). LINACEAE LINUM Linnaeus catharticum L.—_PURGING FLAX. Common in pastures. anglicum Mill_PERENNIAL BLUE FLAX. Rare; Ruston Cow Pasture, 1908 (D.W.B.) ; Harper’s Lane, 1898 (E.R.C.). bienne Mill—_NARROW-LEAVED FLAX. Rare ; Goosedale, Clough- ton, 1919 (H.E.W.). *usitatissimum L.—COMMON FLAX. Uncommon ; only as an escape ; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1915 (E.C.H.); during the 1939-45 war it grew plentifully on the roadside when linseed was being carted between Hull and Scarborough. GERANIACEAE GERANIUM Linnaeus sanguineum L.—BLOODY CRANE’S-BILL or GERANIUM. Local ; abundant at Primrose Valley, Filey, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; High Fordon, 1947 (H.R.). *versicolor L.-STRIPED CRANE’S-BILL. Rare; Stepney Road, Scarborough, 1886, 1901, 1912 (E.R.C.). *phaeum L.—DUSKY CRANE’S-BILL. Rare; MHackness, 1907 (E. T. Hardy) ; Ebberston, 1933 (D.W.B.). *var. lividum (1’Hérit.) Pers.—Red Scar Lane, Newby, 1916 A.1.B.). es L.—BLUE MEADOW CRANE’S-BILL. Abundant in meadows. pyrenaicum Burm. f.—MOUNTAIN CRANE’S-BILL. Rare ; above Allerston, 1941 (H.R.). molle L__DOVE’S-FOOT CRANE’S-BILL. Abundant in waste places. FLOWERING PLANTS 223 pusillum L.—SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE’S-BILL. Uncommon ; Yedmandale, Forge Valley, Flixton (E.C.H.). dissectum L.—CUT-LEAVED CRANE’S-BILL. Common; Yed- mandale, Seamer Carrs (E.C.H.) ; Sawdon Dale, Whisperdales, etc. (H.E.B.). columbinum L.—LONG-STALKED CRANE’S-BILL. Uncommon ; Yedmandale, 1913, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1939 (H.R.) ; Forge Valley, 1894 (W.F.). lucidum L.—SHINING CRANE’S-BILL. Rare; Holbeck Gardens, Scarborough, 1944 et seq. (H.R.). robertianum L.—HERB ROBERT. Abundant in waste places, etc. ERODIUM |’ Heéritier de Brutelle cicutarium (L.) Ait—HEMLOCK STORK’S-BILL. Common in waste places. pimpinellifolium (Cav.) Sibth.—Uncommon ; Ellerburn, 1945 (H.R.). moschatum (L.) Ait—_MUSKY STORK’S-BILL. Rare; Falsgrave, 1854 (T.G.) ; not seen in recent years. OXALIS Linnaeus acetosella L. WOOD SORREL. Abundant. var. subpurpurascens DC.—Rare ; Silpho Moor under birch, 1932 @aGEsB))) *corniculata L._—YELLOW WOOD SORREL. Rare ;_ Ellerburn. NOZ2A (eG: R. J.F.).. BALSAMINACEAE IMPATIENS Linnaeus *glandulifera Royle—INDIAN BALSAM. Waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1915 (E.C.H.); spreading along the banks of the river Derwent, 1947 (H.R.). AQUIFOLIACEAE ILEX Linnaeus aquifolium L.—HOLLY. Common. CELASTRACEAE EUONYMUS Linnaeus europaeus L.—SPINDLE TREE. Uncommon; Forge Valley. Dalby Nut Wood, Howldale (H.R.). RHAMNACEAE RHAMNUS Linnaeus catharticus L.—-PURGING BUCKTHORN. Uncommon; Forge Valley, 1914 (Miss E. M. le Tall) ; Ayton, 1914 (T.B.R.) ; Eller- burn, 1912 (G.W.T.). 224 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ACERACEAE ACER Linnaeus *pseudo-platanus L—SYCAMORE. Common. campestre L_—COMMON MAPLE. Common. HIPPOCASTANACEAE AESCULUS Linnaeus *hippocastanum L.—HORSE-CHESTINUT. Common. LEGUMINOSAE GENISTA Linnaeus anglica L_—-PETTY WHIN. Uncommon ; behind Falcon Inn, 1937 (H.E.B.) ; Hipperley Beck, 1916 (G.W.T.). tinctoria L__DYER’S GREENWEED. Rare; Saltwick Nab, 1912 © (A.I.B.) ; Cloughton Cliffs, 1947 (S.R.). ULEX Linnaeus europaeus L._—FURZE, WHIN, GORSE. Abundant. minor Roth.—DWARF FURZE. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1914 GReqEks)e SAROTHAMNUS Wimmer scoparius (L.) Koch.—COMMON BROOM. Common. ONONIS Linnaeus REST-HARROW. Abundant. repens L. spinosa L._SPINY REST-HARROW. Uncommon; Cayton Bay, Filey Brigg, 1916 (A.I.B.). le-Dale, Scarborough Castle Hill, 1940 (H.R.). *falcata L—YELLOW MEDICK. Rare ; Grosmont (B.R.). lupulina L_—BLACK MEDICK. Common in waste places. denticulata Willd RETICULATED MEDICK. Rare ; Scarborough Castle Hill, 1896 (E.R.C.) ; J. G. Baker says, ‘‘ This is the most northern indigenous station for the plant known in Britain.”’ arabica (L.)—Huds.—SPOTTED MEDICK. Uncommon ; Scar- borough Castle Hill, 1865 (A. E. Smith). MELILOTUS Miller *altissima Thuill—_MELILOT. Rare ; Scalby Beck, 1914 (E.C.H.). *alba Med.—WHITE MELILOT. Rare; Staxton sand-pits, 1940 Gas Carb) *officinalis (L.) Lam.—COMMON MELILOT. Common ; Scar- MEDICAGO Linnaeus *sativa L_—LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK. Uncommon; Thomton- borough Mere, Staxton sand-pits, Thornton-le-Dale, etc. | FLOWERING PLANTS Pps) *indica (L.) All—SMALL MELILOT. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale Mill, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; 1948 (H.R.) ; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1916 (E.C.H.). TRIFOLIUM Linnaeus pratense L._RED CLOVER. Abundant. *incarnatum L.—CRIMSON CLOVER. Rare and casual; High Fordon, 1915 (G.W.T., A.I.B.). medium L.—ZIG-ZAG CLOVER. Common. arvense L_—HARE’S-FOOT TREFOIL. Uncommon ; Flixton sand- pits, 1916 (E.C.H.). | striatum L.—SOFT-KNOTTED TREFOIL. Uncommon ;_ Scar- borough Castle Hill (J.G.B.) ; Flixton sand-pit, 1916 (E.C.H.). scabrum L.—HARD-KNOTTED TREFOIL. Rare; Scarborough Castle Hill (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. *hybridum L.—ALSIKE CLOVER. Common. repens L__WHITE or DUTCH CLOVER. Abundant. fragiferum L.—STRAWBERRY-LEAVED TREFOIL. Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). *agrarium L.—LARGE HOP TREFOIL. Uncommon ; Staxton, 1940 (H.R.). campestre Schreb._HOP TREFOIL. Common. dubium Sibth.—_ LESSER YELLOW TREFOIL. Very common. ANTHYLLIS Linnaeus vulneraria L.—_KIDNEY VETCH, LADY’S FINGERS. Common in dry pastures. var. maritima Schweigg.—Saltwick Nab, 1901 (F.A.L.). LOTUS Linnaeus corniculatus L.—BIRD’-FOOT TREFOIL. Abundant. tenuis Willd SLENDER BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL. Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). uliginosus Schkuhr—NARROW-LEAVED BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL. Common in moist meadows; Throxenby Mere, Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley, etc. ASTRAGALUS Linnaeus danicus Retz.—_PURPLE MOUNTAIN MILK-VETCH. Uncommon ; Stone Hagges (T.B.R.) ; Ruston Cow-pasture, 1884 (E.R.C.) ; Harper’s Lane, 1941 (H.R.). glycophyllos L_—SWEET MILK-VETCH. Rare; Cornelian Bay, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; one plant still there in 1941, which just escaped destruction by incendiary bombs (H.R.). ORNITHOPUS Linnaeus perpusillus L._COMMON BIRD’S-FOOT. sand-pits, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; 1915 (G.W.T.). Rare ; Rare ; Uncommon; Flixton 226 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ONOBRYCHIS Miller victifolia Scop.—SAINFOIN. Uncommon; Flixton and Hutton Buscel, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, Staxton, 1939 (H.R.). VICIA Linnaeus hirsuta (L.) Gray, S. F—HAIRY TARE. Common in waste places. cracca L_—TUFTED VETCH. Abundant. sylvatica L—WOOD VETCH. Uncommon; Cloughton and Hay- burn Wyke Cliffs, Forge Valley, 1912 (E.R.C.) ; Wilson’s Wood, now part of Peasholm Glen, 1914 (E.C.H.). sepium L.—BUSH VETCH. Abundant. f. ochroleuca Bast.—Queen Margaret’s Road, Scarborough, 1941 (E.R'Cs H.R). *lutea L_—_ROUGH-PODDED YELLOW VETCH. Rare; Thornton- le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; Ravenscar, 1948 (Miss R. Kilby). *sativa L_—COMMON VETCH. Common. angustifolia L__-NARROW-LEAVED CRIMSON VETCH. Com- moner than the last. lathyroides L_—SPRING VETCH. Uncommon; Flixton sand-pits, 1916 (E.C.H., A.I.B.) bithynica (L.) L_—ROUGH-PODDED PURPLE VETCH. _ Rare; Hayburn Wyke (G.M.) ; not seen in recent years. LATHYRUS Linnaeus *aphaca L.—YELLOW VETCHLING . Rare; Ravenscar growing with Vicia lutea, 1948 (Miss R. Kilby). *hirsutus L_— HAIRY VETCHLING. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; not seen in recent years. pratensis L.—-YELLOW MEADOW VETCHLING. Abundant. : *tuberosus L_—_TUBEROUS VETCHLING, CRIMSON PEA. Rare; © High Fordon, 1947 (E.R.C., H.R., teste C.M.R.). sylvestris L_—NARROW-LEAVED EVERLASTING PEA. _ Rare ; Wilson’s Wood. 1896 (E.R.C.); 1914 (Miss Grays); 1916 (A.I.B.) ; gone in 1940 (H.R.). montanus Bernh.—TUBEROUS BITTER VETCH. Common in copses and thickets. var. tenuifolius Garcke—Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). ROSACEAE PRUNUS Linnaeus spinosa L._BLACKTHORN, SLOE. Abundant. insititia L__—BULLACE. Common. *domestica L._-WILD PLUM. Uncommon; Allerston, Wilton, 1941 — (HpRS)s : avium L.—WILD CHERRY, GEAN. Uncommon; Langdale End, — Ebberston, 1939 (H.R.). : FLOWERING PLANTS 227 padus L.—BIRD CHERRY. Uncommon; Langdale End, 1915 (E.C.H.); Levisham, 1939 (H.R.); Hayburn Wyke, 1919 (G.B.W.). SPIRAEA Linnaeus *salicifolia L.—WILLOW-LEAVED SPIRAEA. Uncommon ; near Falcon Inn, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Staintondale, 1906 (W.F.). FILIPENDULA Enbrhart, B. ulmaria (L.) Max.—_MEADOW-SWEET. Abundant. hexapetala Gil—DROPWORT. Uncommon; Seamer Carrs, 1913 (T.B.R.) ; Ayton, 1915 (T.B.R.) ; Primrose Valley, 1906 (W.J.F.) ; Forge Valley, Fordon, etc. (H.R.). RUBUS Linnaeus saxatilis L—STONE BRAMBLE. Uncommon; Thornton-le-Dale, Forge Valley, 1940 (H.R.). idaeus L_—_RASPBERRY. Common and widely distributed. caesius L__DEWBERRY. Uncommon; Scalby, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Brompton, Hayburn Wyke, 1939 (H.R.). fruticosus L. agg —COMMON BRAMBLE . Abundant. fissus Lind].—Crosscliff (‘‘ Nat.’’, 1935, p. 67). calvatus Ed. Lees ex Blox.—Levisham Station (J.G.B.). dasyphyllus Rog.—Fylingdales (J.G.B.). vestitus W. & N.—Staintondale and Newtondale (W.F.). GEUM Linnaeus urbanum L.—HERB BENNET, WOOD AVENS. Abundant. rivale L_— WATER AVENS. Common in marshy places. rivale L. x urbanum I (x intermedium Ehrh.)—INTERMED- IATE AVENS. Uncommon; Forge Valley and Lady Edith’s Drive, 1942 (H.R.). FRAGARIA Linnaeus vesca L.—_ WILD STRAWBERRY. Common. *moschata Duch.—HAUTBOY STRAWBERRY. Rare; Langdale End and Lindhead, 1940 (H.R.). POTENTILLA Linnaeus sterilis (L.) Garcke—BARREN STRAWBERRY. Abundant. erecta (L.) Rausch—TORMENTIL. Abundant. procumbens Sibth—_ CREEPING TORMENTIL. Rare; Goathland (B.R.). reptans L.__CREEPING CINQUEFOIL. Common in meadows and waysides. anserina L.—_SILVER-WEED. Abundant. *intermedia L_—HOARY CINOQUEFOIL. Rare; waste ground, Scar- borough Mere, 1914 (A.I.B., E.C.H.). ° 228 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT COMARUM Linnaeus palustre L_—MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Uncommon ; Throxenby Mere, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Hilla Green, 1946 (H.R.). ALCHEMILLA Linnaeus arvensis (L.) Scop.—PARSLEY PIERT. Abundant. vulgaris L., sp. agg.—LADY’S MANTLE. Abundant. vestita (Bus.) Raunk.—Uncommon ; Forge Valley, 1932 (W.A. xanthochlora Rothm.—Low Horcum (P.M.H., W.A.S. Rep. B. 1938). AGRIMONIA Linnaeus eupatoria L_—COMMON AGRIMONY. Abundant. odorata (Gouan) Mill—FRAGRANT AGRIMONY. Rare; Forge Valley, 1890 (W.W.R.). POTERIUM Linnaeus sanguisorba L._SALAD BURNET. Common ; Cayton Bay, Spital Corner, Cornelian Bay, etc. SANGUISORBA Linnaeus officinalis L__GREAT BURNET. Uncommon ; Langdale End, Dalby Dale, 1939 (H.R.). ROSA Linnaeus arvensis Huds.—TRAILING ROSE. Uncommon; Cloughton Quar- ries, 1915 (E_R.C.). var. gallicoides (Bak.) Crep.—Uncommon; Thornton-le-Dale, 1946 (H.R. det. C.M.R.). spinosissima L.—BURNET ROSE. Uncommon; Thornton-le-Dale, IGE) (AIL IS.) canina L. agg.—DOG ROSE. Common in hedges. var. lutetiana (Lem.) Bak.—Rare ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.G.B.). villosa L., agg. (incl. R. mollis Sm.)—DOWNY ROSE. Common ; Seamer Moor, Langdale End, etc. var. glandulosa W., Dod.—Occasional ; Ayton Moor, etc. sherardi Dav., agg. .(incl. R. omissa Déségl.)—Filey, 1922 (Y.N.U. Exen.). rubiginosa L., agg —SWEET BRIAR. Rare; High Fordon, 1916 (G.W.T.). SORBUS Linnaeus aucuparia L_—_MOUNTAIN ASH, ROWAN. Common and widely distributed. aria (L.) Crantz—COMMON WHITEBEAM. Not uncommon ; generally planted. *torminalis (L.) Crantz—SERVICE TREE. Uncommon ;_ always planted. S.). iDLOe, N nN \©o FLOWERING PLANTS MALUS Miller pumila Mill—_CRAB APPLE. Common. MESPILUS Linnaeus *germanica L._—WILD MEDLAR. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (Rejees JG.) CRATAEGUS Linnaeus oxyacanthoides Thuill_—_HAWTHORN. Abundant. SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGA Linnaeus *umbrosa L.—LONDON PRIDE. Uncommon; Hayburn Wyke and Sawdondale, a garden outcast. tridactylites L_—RUE-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE. Common; Yedman- dale, Flixton, etc. granulata L__WHITE MEADOW SAXIFRAGE. Common ; Ruston Cow-pasture, Lady Edith’s Drive, etc. hypnoides L._CUT-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE. Rare; Hole of Hor- cummm (eNEWe) xen, 1895). CHRYSOSPLENIUM Linnaeus oppositifolium L.—OPPOSITE-LEAVED GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Common ; Forge Valley, etc. alternifolium L.—ALTERNATE-LEAVED GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Uncommon ; Forge Valley, 1886 (E.R.C.). PARNASSIACEAE PARNASSIA Linnaeus palustris L—GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Not uncommon ; Cornelian Bay, 1913 (T.B.R.) ; Scalby Wyke, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Cayton Bay, 1913 (J.G.) ; Filey, South Cliffs (W.A.S.) ; Dalby Dale, Bloody Beck (H.R.). GROSSULARIACEAE RIBES Linnaeus *uva-crispa L. (incl. R. grossularia L.)—WILD GOOSEBERRY. Common. *alpinum L.—_MOUNTAIN CURRANT. Uncommon ; planted in Hackness Woods (H.R.). rubrum L.—RED CURRANT. Common. nigrum L.—BLACK CURRANT. Uncommon ; Ellerburn, 1940 (Malley 230 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CRASSULACEAE SEDUM Linnaeus roseum (L.) ene: —ROSE-ROOT. Rare; Thomton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J-F., J.G.). telephium Te —ORPINE, LIVE-LONG. Rare; Langdale End, 1914 (A.I.B.), probably an outcast. *anglicum Huds.—ENGLISH STONECROP. Rare ; Scarborough Castle Hill (J.G.B.). acre L._BITING STONECROP. Common; Scarborough Castle Hill, Flixton, etc. *sexangulare L__-TASTELESS STONECROP. Rare; Scarborough (J.G.B.). *reflexum L.—CROOKED YELLOW STONECROP. Uncommon ; Hutton Buscel and Burniston, 1914 (A.I.B.), probably an outcast. SEMPERVIVUM Linnaeus *tectorum L.—HOUSE-LEEK. Uncommon; Sawdon, MHackness, 1939 (H.E.B.). DROSERACEAE DROSERA Linnaeus rotundifolia L—ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW. Common in bogs on the moors. anglica Huds.—_LONG-LEAVED SUNDEW. Rare ; Dalby Bog, decreasing rapidly owing to the depredations of collectors : an improvement in 1947 (H.R.). HALORAGACEAE HIPPURIS Linnaeus vulgaris L_._MARE’S-TAIL. Uncommon; Ganton Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Brompton,, 1940 (H.R.). MYRIOPHYLLUM Linnaeus verticillatum L.—WHORLED WATER MILFOIL. Rare; Hilla Green, Hackness, 1946 (H.R.). spicatum L._—SPIKED WATER MILFOIL. Uncommon ; Langdale End, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley, Brompton, 1914 (A.I.B.). alterniflorum DC.—ALTERNATE-FLOWERED WATER MILFOIL. Uncommon ; Hilla Green, 1912 (A.I.B.). CALLITRICHACEAE CALLITRICHE Linnaeus stagnalis Scop.—LARGE-FRUITED STAR-WORT. Common in ditches. intermedia Hoffm._-HOOKED STAR-WORT. Rare; Forge Valley, 1880 (G. Webster) ; Brompton Mill-pond, 1947 (E.R.C., H.R. teste C.M.R.). FLOWERING PLANTS 231 LYTHRACEAE PEPLIS Linnaeus portula L_-WATER PURSLANE. Uncommon; in wet places on the moors, 1940 (E.R.C.). LYTHRUM Linnaeus salicaria L.—PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. Common ; Throxenby Mere, Seamer Carrs, Hilla Green, etc. ONAGRACEAE ‘CHAMAENERION Adanson angustifolium (L.) Scop.—ROSE-BAY WILLOW-HERB. Abun- dant ; has now become a tiresome weed in the district. EPILOBIUM Linnaeus hirsutum L.—GREAT HAIRY WILLOW-HERB. Abundant in watery places. hirsutum L. x obscurum Schreb.—Derwent banks at Ganton, 1948 (H.R. teste C.M.R.). hirsutum L. x parviflorum Schreb.—Derwent banks at Ganton, 1948 (H.R. teste C.M.R.). parviflorum Schreb.—HOARY WILLOW-HERB. Common ; Scar- borough Mere, etc. montanum L.—BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB. Abundant on banks and walls. roseum Schreb.—PALE SMOOTH-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB. Com- mon ; Cayton, Mowthorpe, etc. obscurum Schreb.—SHORT-PODDED SOQUARE-STALKED WIL- LOW-HERB. Very common. palustre L__-NARROW-LEAVED MARSH WILLOW-HERB. Un- common ; Forge Valley, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Langdale End and near Falcon Inn, 1940 (H.R.) ; Hayburn Wyke (W.F.). *pedunculare Cunn., A.—Rare ; Hackness and Scarborough South Cliff, 1939 (H-R.). ‘CIRCAEA Linnaeus lutetiana L._—ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE. Common in damp woods. CUCURBITACEAE BRYONIA Linnaeus dioica Jacq.—WHITE BRYONY. Uncommon ; Ellerburn, Nabgate, 1907 (D.W.B.). UMBELLIFERAE HYDROCOTYLE Linnaeus vulgaris L.__MARSH PENNYWORT Common ; Cloughton Hulleys, Throxenby Mere, Ringing Keld Bog, etc. 232 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SANICULA Linnaeus europaea L_—WOOD SANICLE. Abundant. CONIUM Linnaeus maculatum L.—COMMON HEMLOCK. Common and increasing rapidly, 1947 (H.R.). SMYRNIUM Linnaeus *olusatrum L.—ALEXANDERS. Locally common; the prevailing plant on Scarborough Castle Hill. APIUM Linnaeus nodiflorum (L.) Lag.—PROCUMBENT WATER-PARSNIP. Com- mon ; Scarborough Mere, Brompton, Scalby, Lady Edith’s Drive, etc. inundatum (L.) Reich. f£—LEAST WATER-PARSNIP. Rare ; Filey (Y.N.U. Excn., 1914); Cayton Bay, 1948 (H.R. teste C.M.R.). AMMI Linnaeus *majus L.—-COMMON BISHOP’S-WEED. Rare cornfield, Seamer Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1948 (H. R. det. W.A.S.). CARUM Linnaeus *carvi L.—CARAWAY. Rare; Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1945 et seq. (H.R. teste C.M.R.). PETROSELINUM Hill *crispum (Mill.) Nym.—PARSLEY. Rare; Scarborough Mere and Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.); Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Flamborough (Y.N.U. Excn., 1923). SIUM Linnaeus erectum Huds.—NARROW-LEAVED WATER-PARSNIP. Com- mon ; Scarborough Mere, Brompton, Seamer Carrs, Ayton, etc. AEGOPODIUM Linnaeus *podagraria L._BISHOP-WEED, GOUT-WEED. Abundant and increasing rapidly, 1947. PIMPINELLA Linnaeus saxifraga L_-COMMON BURNET SAXIFRAGE. Common in dry pastures. var. dissecta (Retz.) With.—Ayton, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le- Daley LOZZa CRA ELe Gaye major (L.) Huds. GREATER BURNET SAXIFRAGE. Rare; Stone Haggs, one plant, 1945 et seq. (H.R.). CONOPODIUM Koch majus (Gouan) Lor. et Barr.—EARTH or PIG NUT. Abundant. FLOWERING PLANTS 233 _MYRRHIS Miller odorata (L.) Scop.—SWEET CICELY. Common; Silpho, Eller- | burn, Ruston, etc. | CHAEROPHYLLUM Linnaeus temulum L.—ROUGH CHERVIL. Abundant on waysides. | SCANDIX Linnaeus pecten-veneris L._-SHEPHERD’S NEEDLE. Common; Seamer Carrs, Cloughton, Thornton-le-Dale, etc. | ANTHRISCUS Persoon scandicina (Web.) Mansf.—BURR CHERVIL. Occasional; Flix- ton and Staxton sand-pits, 1916 (Hb. E.C.H.). sylvestris (L.) Hoffm._COW PARSLEY, KECK. Abundant on waysides. | FOENICULUM Miller *vulgare Mill_ FENNEL. Rare; Scarborough Mere 1914 (G.W.T.), a garden escape. OENANTHE Linnaeus fistulosa L_—COMMON WATER DROPWORT. Rare; Thornton Marishes, 1915 (G.W.T., A.I.B.) ; refound, 1947 (E.R.C., H.R.) ; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.). crocata L_—HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT. Rare ; Ayton Mill-pond, 1912 (E.R.C.). aquatica (L.) Poir—FINE-LEAVED WATER DROP-WORT. Rare ; Scarborough Mere, 1914 (A.I.B.) ; still there, 1947 (H.R.). AETHUSA Linnaeus cynapium L.—FOOL’S PARSLEY. Uncommon; Filey, Ayton, Seamer Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Cloughton, 1939 (H.R.). var. agrestis Wallr.—Common in waste places. | SILAUM Miller silaus (L.) Schinz et Thell—_PEPPER SAXIFRAGE. Uncommon ; Snainton, 1940 (H.R.). | ANGELICA Linnaeus sylvestris L_—WILD ANGELICA. Common in moist woods ; Forge Valley, etc: PEUCEDANUM Linnaeus *ostruthium (L.) Koch—MASTERWORT. Rare Cloughton New- lands, 1913 (A.I.B.) ; not seen 1940 but appeared again 1942 (H.R.) ; Goathland, 1932 (R.J.F., G.B.W.). 234 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PASTINACA Linnaeus *sativa L_—WILD PARSNIP. Uncommon, only as a throw-out from cultivation. HERACLEUM Linnaeus sphondylium L.—COW PARSNIP. Abundant in waste places. var. angustifolium Huds.—NARROW-LEAVED COW PARSNIP. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). *mantegazzianum Somm. et Lev.—Uncommon; Scalby, a garden escape, 1901 (E.R.C.). DAUCUS Linnaeus i carota L__WILD CARROT. Uncommon; Cayton Bay, Staxton, 1912 (A.I.B.). gingidium L.—SEA-CARROT. Rare; Speeton, Cloughton Wyke, 1914 (G.W.T.). TORILIS Adanson anthriscus (L.) Gmel., C. C—HEDGE PARSLEY. Common. nodosa (L.) Gaertn.—KNOTTED HEDGE PARSLEY.—Uncom- mon; Yedmandale, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Brompton, Staxton, 1940 (H.R.) ; Beedale, Hutton Buscel, 1944 (C.M.R.). ARALIACEAE HEDERA Linnaeus helix L._IVY. Common. CORNACEAE CORNUS Linnaeus suecica L._-DWARF CORNEL. Rare; Cross Cliff, 1835 (Brown & Williamson) ; Hole of Horcum, 1795 (William Travis) ; the former is the most southerly station for this plant in the British Isles. sanguinea L._—DOG-WOOD. Common; Ellerburn, Forge Valley, Yedmandale, etc. ADOXACEAE ADOXA Linnaeus moschatellina L._TUBEROUS MOSCHAMEL. | Gommon Force Valley, Troutsdale, etc. CAPRIFOLIACEAE SAMBUCUS Linnaeus nigra L_—COMMON ELDER. Abundant. | *var. laciniata L—CUT-LEAVED ELDER. Rare; Scarborough ~ Castle Holmes, 1915 (A.1.B.), probably planted. *ebulus L._-.DANEWORT. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale water-works, © 1939 (H.R.) ; now gone from Castle Dykes, Scarborough. Plate VI DWARF CORNEL (Cornus sxecica L.) 1otograph: J. P. facing page 234 FLOWERING PLANTS ES) VIBURNUM Linnaeus | opulus L—GUELDER ROSE. Common in woods, etc. *lantana L_—WAYFARING TREE. Rare; one bush, Thornton-le- Dale, 1940 (H.R.) ; planted in Hackness Woods. | SYMPHORICARPOS Duhamel *albus (L.) Blake, S.F.—SNOWBERRY. Common; planted and perhaps bird-sown. | LINNAEA Linnaeus borealis L_—TWO-FLOWERED LINNAEA. Very rare; Silpho Moor, 1863 (J. Tissiman), specimen in B.M. Herbarium ; not seen since. LONICERA Linnaeus | periclymenum L.—_HONEYSUCKLE. Common in hedges and woods. *xylosteum L.—UPRIGHT FLY HONEYSUCKLE. Rare; Filey, 1913" (A-EB.) ; Sledmere (E.R.C.). RUBIACEAE | GALIUM Linnaeus | cruciata (L.) Scop—CROSSWORT. Abundant by waysides. verum L.—LADY’S BEDSTRAW. Abundant on banks, etc. mollugo L.—_GREAT HEDGE BEDSTRAW. Uncommon; Wye- dale, Thornton-le-Dale, 1912 (H.R.). saxatile L—SMOOTH HEATH BEDSTRAW. Common on heaths and upland pastures. palustre L—MARSH BEDSTRAW. Common; Scarborough and Throxenby Meres, Scalby, Cayton Carrs, etc. uliginosum L.—ROUGH BOG BEDSTRAW. Uncommon ; Jugger Howe Beck, Troutsdale, 1914 (E.R.C.). *vaillantti DC.—HISPID-FRUITED CORN BEDSTRAW. Rare and casual ; Seamer Junction (W.F.). aparine L__GOOSE-GRASS, CLEAVERS. Abundant. | ASPERULA Linnaeus | odorata L._—_WOODRUFF. Common in shady woods. | SHERARDIA Linnaeus | arvensis L_—_FIELD MADDER. Abundant as a weed of cultivated ground. VALERIANACEAE | VALERIANA Linnaeus dioica L—MARSH VALERIAN. Common in wet meadows, etc. officinalis L._—WILD VALERIAN. Common in moist woods. 236 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CENTRANTHUS De Candolle ; “uber (L.) DC.—RED VALERIAN. Rare; Scarborough Castle 7 Hill, 1914 (A.1.B.). | VALERIANELLA Miller locusta L.—CORN SALAD. Common in cornfields. dentata (L.) Poll_NARROW-FRUITED CORN SALAD. — Un- common ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1915 (A.I.B., G.W.T.) ; Yedmandale, Ayton, Forge Valley, 1914 (E.C.H.). DIPSACACEAE DIPSACUS Linnaeus fullonum L.—WILD TEASEL. Rare; Hutton Buscel, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Yedmandale, 1940 (H.R.). KNAUTIA Linnaeus arvensis (L.) Coult—FIELD SCABIOUS. Common. SUCCISA Moench pratensis Moench—DEVIL’S-BIT SCABIOUS. Common ; Thornton- le-Dale, Silpho, Forge Valley, etc. SCABIOSA Linnaeus columbaria L.—_SMALL SCABIOUS. Uncommon ; Ayton, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Cayton Bay, 1940 (H.R.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1915 (G.W.T.). COMPOSITAE EUPATORIUM Linnaeus cannabinum L.—HEMP AGRIMONY. Common ; Cornelian Bay, etc. SOLIDAGO Linnaeus virgaurea L__GOLDEN ROD. Common; Forge Valley, Clough- ton Quarries, etc. BELLIS Linnaeus perennis L_—DAISY. Abundant Status discoideus, a form without ray-florets, Flamborough (J. F. Pickard). ERIGERON Linnaeus acris L__BLUE FLEA-BANE. Rare; Flixton Wold, 1915 (A.I.B., G.W.T.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; Grosmont, 1945 (H.R.). FILAGO Linnaeus germanica (L.) L._COMMON CUDWEED. Common on dry past- | ures and banks. | var. axillaris Dr.—Rare ; Grosmont (B.R.). FLOWERING PLANTS 237 minima (Sm.) Pers—LEAST CUDWEED. Rare ; Flixton sand-pits, NOAOR (ERE, ER...) apiculata G. E. Sm.—RED TIPPED CUDWEED. Rare; lime- stone quarry, Seamer, 1897 (W.F.). ANTENNARIA Gaertner dioica (L.) Gaertn.—MOUNTAIN EVERLASTING. Rare; Cock- moor Hall, 1886, not seen there since 1909 ; High Fordon, 1911-12 (A.I.B.) ; Nab Gate, Dalby Dale, 1944 (H.R.). ANAPHALIS De Candolle *margaritacea (L.) Benth._PEARLY EVERLASTING. Rare ; coast cliffs, three miles south of Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. GNAPHALIUM Linnaeus uliginosum L.-MARSH CUDWEED. Uncommon; Silpho Moor, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Langdale End, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood and West Ayton (H.R.). sylvaticum L.—HEATH or WOOD CUDWEED. Uncommon ; Seamer Moor, 1914, Seamer Carrs. 1915, Silpho Moor, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Hutton Buscel, 1940 (H.R.) ; Dalby Nut Wood, 1932 GRATES): INULA Linnaeus *helenium L.—ELECAMPANE. Rare; Hayburn Wyke, once abund- ant, only five plants in 1946 (S.R.). conyza DC.—PLOUGHMAN’S SPIKENARD. Uncommon ; Pexton Moor, Thornton-le-Dale, Fordon (H.R.). PULICARIA Gaertner dysenterica (I..) Bernh. GREATER FLEA-BANE. Common and increasing, 1947. BIDENS Linnaeus cernua L.—NODDING BUR-MARIGOLD. Rare; Cayton Carr GEGeB Ss). tripartita L_—TRIPARTITE BUR-MARIGOLD. Rare; Raincliffe Wood (J.G.B.). Neither of the above has been seen in recent years. ACHILLEA Linnaeus millefolium L..—YARROW. Abundant on waysides. ptarmica L.—_SNEEZEWORT. Common in damp places; Dalby Dale, Mowthorpe Cut, Throxenby Mere, etc. ANTHEMIS Linnaeus *tinctoria L._—YELLOW CHAMOMILE. Rare; Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Staxton sand-pits, plentiful, 1942 (E.R.C., H.R.}. 238 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT arvensis L.—CORN CHAMOMILE. Local; Yedmandale (Hb. E.C.H.). nobilis L_—COMMON CHAMOMILE. Rare; Scalby Wyke, 1914 (EGA): CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus segetum L.—CORN MARIGOLD. Uncommon ; Seamer Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; plentiful on roadsides between Snainton and Thornton- le-Dale (along with Calendula) in 1946; both almost entirely absent in 1947 (H.R.). leucanthemum L.—WHITE OX-EYE. Abundant. *parthenium (I...) Bernh.—FEVERFEW. Common on hedge-banks, etc. MATRICARIA Linnaeus maritima L.—-Rare; Flamborough (Y.N.U Excn., 1906); Scar- borough North Side, 1914 (E.C.H.). inodora L_—_SCENTLESS MAYWEED, CORN FEVERFEW. Com- mon in fields, etc. chamomilla L_—WILD CHAMOMILE. Common in fields. *matricarioides (Less.) Port—RAYLESS MAYWEED. Abundant in waste places. TANACETUM Linnaeus vulgare L.—TANSY. Uncommon ; banks of river Derwent, Scalby Cut, Cloughton, Yedingham. ARTEMISIA Linnaeus absinthium L.—WORMWOOD, ABSINTHE. Uncommon; Trouts- dale, Seamer Limeworks (H.R.). vulgaris L.—-MUGWORT. Common in waste places. TUSSILAGO Linnaeus farfara L_._—-COLTSFOOT. Abundant. PETASITES Miller *fragrans (Vill.) Presl., C_—SWEET-SCENTED BUTTER-BUR, WINTER HELIOTROPE. Local; very abundant on the cliffs — of Holbeck Gardens. hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb.—_-BUTTER-BUR. Common in damp places ; Forge Valley, Hackness, etc. *albus (L.) Gaertn.—WHITE COLTSFOOT. Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough, planted. DORONICUM Linnaeus *pardalianches L.—GREAT LEOPARD’S-BANE. Uncommon ; — Ebberston, West Flotmanby, probably a garden escape. FLOWERING PLANTS 239 SENECIO Linnaeus vulgaris L_—-GROUNDSEL. Abundant sylvaticus L__-HEATH GROUNDSEL. Uncommon; Raincliffe Wood, 1914, Silpho Moor, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Cloughton Quarries, ® 1941 (E.R.). viscosus L.__STINKING GROUNDSEL. Uncommon ; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Staintondale (W.F.). var. lividus Sml.—Scarborough Mere, 1939 (E.R.C.). *squalidus L_—_-OXFORD RAGWORT. Rare; one plant, Folkton on wall, 1947 (H.R. det. C.M.R.); greatly increased, 1948 (H.R.). erucifolius L_—HOARY RAGWORT. Common; cliffs north and south of Scarborough (A.I.B.). jacobaea L.__RAGWORT. Abundant. aquaticus Hill—MARSH RAGWORT. Common in wet places. CARLINA Linnaeus vulgaris L__CARLINE THISTLE. Common in dry places ; Dalby Dale, Forge Valley, cliffs north of Scarborough. CALENDULA Linnaeus *officinalis L.—MARIGOLD. Uncommon; waste ground, Scar- borough Mere, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; roadside Snainton to Allerston, 1946 (H.R.). ARCTIUM Linnaeus vulgare (Hill) Evans, A. H.—INTERMEDIATE BURDOCK. Com- moner than A. minus. minus (Hill) Bernh.L ESSER BURDOCK. Common in waste places. CARDUUS Linnaeus tenuiflorus Curt.—SLENDER-HEADED THISTLE. Rare; Robin Hood’s Bay (B.R.). nutans L__MUSK THISTLE. Abundant. crispus L.—-WELTED THISTLE. Common; Seamer Carrs, Marishes, etc. acanthoides L._—_Commoner than C, crispus. CIRSIUM Miller vulgare (Savi) Ten.—SPEAR THISTLE. Abundant. eriophorum (L.) Scop.—WOOLLY-HEADED THISTLE. Uncom- mon; Ayton, 1914 (E.C.H.); Ellerburn, Cayton Bay (H.R.) ; Yedmandale, Newtondale, 1899 (W.F.). _ palustre (L.) Scop.—MARSH THISTLE. Abundant. _ dissectum (L.) Hill—MEADOW PLUME THISTLE. Uncommon ; Eller’s Wood and Throxenby Mere (H.R.). heterophyllum (L.) Hill—MELANCHOLY THISTLE. Rare; Har- wood Dale, 1947 (H.R.). arvense (L.) Scop.—CREEPING THISTLE. Abundant. 240 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ONOPORDUM Linnaeus *acanthium L.—COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. Rare; Thornton- le-Dale, 1939 (H.R.), an escape. SILYBUM Adanson *marianum (L.) Gaertn.—MILK THISTLE. Rare ; Scarborough } Castle Hill (Hb. E.C.H., 1856 and E.C.H., 1914, one plant) ; East Ayton, 1941 (H.R.). SERRATULA Linnaeus tinctoria L_—SAW-WORT. Local ; cliffs south of Filey, plentiful — (W.A.S.) ; Newton Dale, 1915 (A.I.B.) ; Dalby Dale and High Fordon (H.R.). var.integrifolia Koch—Rare ; Levisham, 1915 (A.I.B.). CENTAUREA Linnaeus nigra L_—BLACK KNAPWEED. Abundant. nemoralis Jord.—Rare ; High Fordon, 1947 (A.G.). scabiosa L_—-GREATER KNAPWEED. Common; Racecourse Hill and Staxton, etc. cyanus L.__CORN FLOWER. Rare; waste ground Scarborough Mere, 1916 (E.C.H.). CARTHAMUS Linnaeus lanatus L.—Rare and casual ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1949 (H.R., det. W.A.S.). CICHORIUM Linnaeus intybus L_—CHICORY. Uncommon; Snainton, 1914 (E. B. Cramp) ; Staxton sand-pits, 1940 (H.R.). LAPSANA Linnaeus communis L.—NIPPLEWORT. Common in waste places; Forge Valley, etc. PICRIS Linnaeus hieracioides L._—HAWKWEED OX-TONGUE. Common in waste places on calcareous soils. var. umbellata Schultz.—Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (J.R.F., Gia) echioides L_—_OX-TONGUE. Rare; Hayburn Wyke, Cornelian Bay and Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.). CREPIS Linnaeus *taraxacifolia Thuill—BEAKED HAWK’S-BEARD. Uncommon ; limestone quarry, Hutton Buscel (J.G.B.). capillaris (L.) Wallr.—SMOOTH HAWK’S-BEARD. Common in | fields and waste places. | *biennis L__ROUGH HAWK’S-BEARD. Rare; Allerston, one plant, 1936 (R.J.F.). ay FLOWERING PLANTS 241 paludosa (L.) Moench—MARSH HAWK’S-BEARD. Uncommon ; Raincliffe Wood, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Cayton Bay, 1915 (G.W.T.) ; Forge Valley (E.R.C.) ; Eller’s Wood, Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.). HIERACIUM Linnaeus pilosella L__MOUSE-EAR HAWKWEED. Abundant. murorum L.—WALL HAWKWEED. Common; Hackness, Oliver’s Mount, etc. umbellatum L.—UMBELLATE HAWKWEED. Uncommon : Thornton-le-Dale, 1939 (H.R.). sabaudum L.—_SAVOY HAWKWEED. Common; Oliver’s Mount, etc. vulgatum (Fr.) Almg.mWOOD HAWKWEED. Uncommon ; Rain- cliffe Wood, 1917 (G.W.T.). In this critical genus the following microspecies have been record- ed :—caesium Fr., Forge Valley (F. Reynolds) ; orarium Lindb., teste Ley ; cacuminatum Dahlet. ; sciphilum var. transiens Ley ; diaphanoides Lindb. ; scanicum Dahlst. ; rigidum var. trichocaulon Dahlst. See ‘‘ Supplement to the Yorkshire Floras,’’ pp. 69-70. HYPOCHOERIS Linnaeus glabra L_—SMOOTH CAT’S-EAR. Rare ; Rillington, 1888 (J.G.B.). radicata L_—_LONG-ROOTED CAT’S-EAR. Abundant. LEONTODON Linnaeus leysseri (Wallr.) Beck—LESSER HAWKBIT. Uncommon; Cum- boots, Ganton, Seamer Carrs (Hb. E.C.H.). hispidus L_—_COMMON HAWKBIT. Common in pastures. autumnalis L__—AUTUMNAL HAWKBIT. Common in waste places. TARAXACUM Wiggers officinale Web.—DANDELION. Abundant. palustre (Lyons) DC.—MARSH DANDELION. Uncommon ; Bick- ley, 1916 (G.W.T.). laevigatum (Willd.) DC.—Uncommon ; Staintondale, 1942 (H.R.). ~ LACTUCA Linnaeus virosa L_—WILD LETTUCE. Rare; Wilton Carrs, 1945 (H.R.). muralis (L.) Fres.—WALL LETTUCE. Common on old walls, etc. *macrophylla (Willd.) Gray, A.—Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, well estab- lished (H.R.). SONCHUS Linnaeus oleraceus L._-COMMON SOW-THISTLE. Abundant. asper (L.) Hill—_ROUGH SOW-THISTLE. Common; Thornton-le- Dale, etc. arvensis L._..CORN SOW-THISTLE. Common on arable land and on the Marine Drive. 242 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT TRAGOPOGON Linnaeus pratensis L—YELLOW GOAT’S-BEARD. Common in waste places. *porrifolius L._—SALSIFY. Rare; Cloughton Bank, in neglected garden, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough (J.G.B.), probably now extinct. CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULA Linnaeus glomerata L.__CLUSTERED BELL-FLOWER. Common; Forge Valley, The Wolds, etc. latifolia L_—GIANT BELL-FLOWER. Uncommon ;_ Raincliffe Wood, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley, 1939 (H.R.) ; Hackness, @QYaN.U2 Exen; 1936): ; *rapunculoides L_—CREEPING BELL-FLOWER. Rare; Forge Valley in mangold field, 1944 et seq. (H.R.) ; one plant only in 1947, none in 1948. rotundifolia L_—HAREBELL. Abundant. SPECULARIA Fabricius, P. C. hybrida (L.) A. DC.—VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS. Rare; Forge Valley and Yedmandale, 1914 (E.C.H.); Ellerburn, 1914 (G.W.T.) ; 1942 et seq. (H.R.). VACCINIACEAE VACCINIUM Linnaeus vitis-idaea .—COW-BERRY. Common; Barns Cliff, Wykeham Moor, Hole of Horcum, etc. myrtillus L_—BILBERRY, WHORTLEBERRY. Abundant on the moors. OXYCOCCUS Hill quadripetalus Gil CRANBERRY. Uncommon; May Moss, Foul- syke, etc. ERICACEAE ARBUTUS Linnaeus *unedo L_.—_STRAWBERRY TREE. Planted at Londesborough Lodge and in Scarborough Cemetery, where it ripens its fruit. ANDROMEDA Linnaeus polifolia L—MARSH ANDROMEDA. Rare; May Moss, 1938 and 1947 (Mrs. R. A. Leefe). CALLUNA Salisbury vulgaris (L.) Hull—LING. Abundant. var. pubescens Hull-—Occurs sparingly with the type, Langdale End, LOPS ME CaE)). ne ee FLOWERING PLANTS 243 ERICA Linnaeus tetralix L__—CROSS-LEAVED HEATH. Common. cinerea L.—FINE-LEAVED HEATH, BELL HEATHER. Common. PYROLACEAE PYROLA Linnaeus rotundifolia L.—ROUND-LEAVED WINTERGREEN. Rare ; Hutton Buscel (J.G.B.), not seen in recent years. media Sw.—INTERMEDIATE WINTERGREEN.. Rare; Silpho Moor, 1914-15 (E.C.H.), 1941 et seq. (H.R.) ; Lockton (S/C. A.). minor L._—LESSER WINTERGREEN. Uncommon ; Silpho Moor, 1913-16 (E.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley, 1914 (G.W.T.). MONOTROPACEAE MONOTROPA Linnaeus hypopithys L_—YELLOW BIRD’S-NEST. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale under Fagus, 1914-15 (G.W.T.), 1946 (W.A.S.) ; Forge Valley, 1946 (W.A.S.), 1948 (H.R.). PLUMBAGINACEAE ARMERIA Willdenow maritima Willd.—THRIFT, SEA PINK. Rare; Flamborough Head, 1884 (E.R.C.), 1914 (A.I.B.). PRIMULACEAE HOTTONIA Linnaeus palustris L—WATER VIOLET. Seamer Moor pond, 1884 (E.R.C.), 1912-14 (G.W.T.) ; has disappeared from the Carrs owing to drainage. PRIMULA Linnaeus vulgaris Huds.—PRIMROSE. Abundant. veris L..—COWSLIP. Common in meadows. veris L. x vulgaris Huds. (P. variabilis Gouf.) FALSE OXLIP. Common. LYSIMACHIA Linnaeus vulgaris L—YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE. Rare; near railway be- tween Staintondale and Ravenscar, 1938 (H.R.). nummularia L_—MONEYWORT. Rare; Hackness, 1912-16, but not in recent years (A.I.B.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1947 (E.R.C., H.R.). nemorum L.—YELLOW PIMPERNEL. Common in shady places. _TRIENTALIS Linnaeus europaea L.—CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. Uncommon ; Raincliffe Wood, Cross Cliff (G.W.T.) ; above Wrench Green, 1914 (T.B.R.) ; Hole of Horcum (W.A.S.). 244 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GLAUX Linnaeus maritima L_—SEA MILKWORT. Uncommon ; Filey, 1946 (E.R.C., H.R.) ; Cayton Bay (E.R.C.), but not in recent years. ANAGALLIS Linnaeus arvensis L__SCARLET PIMPERNEL. Common in waste places. foemina Mill.—Rare ; Grosmont (B.R.). tenella (L.) Murr.—BOG PIMPERNEL. Uncommon; Cumboots, 1913 (T.B.R.) ; Langdale End, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Hole of Horcum, Jugger Howe Beck, etc. (H.R.). SAMOLUS Linnaeus valerandi L—BROOKWEED. Rare ; Seamer Carrs, 1912 (E.R.C.) ; Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.), station now flooded to increase : water area ; sea-banks at Scarborough (J.G.B.) ; not seen recently _ in any of these stations. | OLEACEAE FRAXINUS Linnaeus excelsior L_—ASH. Common. LIGUSTRUM Linnaeus vulgare L._—PRIVET. Uncommon; Ellerburn Woods (H.R.) ; Cayton Bay, 1914 (E.C.H.). APOCYNACEAE ~~ VINCA Linnaeus *minor L.—LESSER PERIWINKLE. Rare; Staintondale Woods, 1916 (G.W.T.) ; probably an outcast. GENTIANACEAE BLACKSTONIA Hudson perfoliata (L.) Huds.—PERFOLIATE YELLOW-WORT. Rare-; Burniston Cliffs, 1884 (E.R.C.), last seen 1940; Cloughton, 1914 (A.I.B.). CENTAURIUM Hill umbellatum Gil.— CENTAURY. Common in dry pastures; Silpho Moor, Cayton Bay, Scalby Wyke, Cumboots. littorale (Turn., D.) Gilm.—TUFTED CENTAURY. Uncommon ; Filey Brigg, 1945 (E.R.C., H.R.). GENTIANA Linnaeus campestris L.—FIELD GENTIAN. Rare; Silpho Moor, 1884 and up to 1916, found again 1945 (E.R.C.) ; Hole of Horcum, 1945 et seq. (H.R.) ; Langdale End, 1916 (E.C.H.). amarella L_-FELWORT, AUTUMNAL GENTIAN. Common ; Thornton-le-Dale, Silpho Moor, Ayton Quarry. FLOWERING PLANTS 245 MENYANTHACEAE MENYANTHES Linnaeus trifoliata L._BOGBEAN, BUCKBEAN. Common; nearly covers Throxenby Mere; Filey (E.C.H.). POLEMONIACEAE POLEMONIUM Linnaeus *caeruleum L.—JACOB’S LADDER. Rare ; Silpho Moor, Thornton- le-Dale, Pexton Moor, but not seen for some years, 1939 (H.R.). BORAGINACEAE OMPHALODES Miller *verna Moench—BLUE NAVELWORT. Rare; banks of river Der- went, Forge Valley, 1945 (E.R.C., H.R.) ; Pickering (A.I.B.). CYNOGLOSSUM Linnaeus officinale L_—HOUND’S TONGUE. Rare ; Ellerburn (A.G. on NeNeU eR eEexcn’.): ASPERUGO Linnaeus *procumbens L._MADWORT. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale rubbish-tip, 1940 (H.R.). SYMPHYTUM Linnaeus officinale L—COMMON COMFREY. Common ; increasing along roadsides in the district. tuberosum L.—TUBEROUS COMFREY. Rare; Yedingham, Red Scar Lane, Newby, 1940 (H.R.). ANCHUSA Linnaeus *sempervirens L.—EVERGREEN ALKANET. Uncommon; Forge | Valley, 1910 (G.W.T.) ; Ebberston, Hutton Buscel, 1935 (D.W.B.). LYCOPSIS Linnaeus arvensis L._—SMALL BUGLOSS. Common; Ellerburn, Flixton, etc. MYOSOTIS Linnaeus caespitosa Schultz, K. F.—TUFTED WATER FORGET-ME-NOT. Common in wet places. scorpioides L.__-FORGET-ME-NOT. Common in wet places. secunda Murr., A—CREEPING WATER FORGET-ME-NOT. Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, 1912, disappeared by 1940 (E.R.C.) ; Beedale, O45) (C_M.R.). brevifolia Salmon, C. E. —Rare; Hole of Horcum, 1945 (H.R. det. (CIN) sylvatica (Ehrh.) Hoftm.—WOOD FORGET-ME-NOT. Common. 246 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT arvensis (L.) HiJI—FIELD FORGET-ME-NOT. Common in fields and waste places. collina Hoffm,.—EARLY FORGET-ME-NOT. Common on dry banks. — versicolor Sm.—CHANGEABLE FORGET-ME-NOT. Common. LITHOSPERMUM Linnaeus officinale L.-GROMWELL. Uncommon; Forge Valley, Newton — Dale (H.R.). arvense L.—CORN GROMWELL. Rare; Ellerburn, 1914 (G.W.T., — D.W.B.) ; Seamer Carrs, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale as a © casual, 1945 (H.R.) ; Scarborough Museum Garden, 1946 (H.R.). ECHIUM Linnaeus vulgare L._-VIPER’S BUGLOSS. Uncommon; Ellerburn, Pexton : Moor, Flixton sand-pits (E.R.C., A.I.B.) : Ayton, 1914 (E.C.H.). CONVOLVULACEAE . CALYSTEGIA Brown, R. | sepium (L.) Br., D—LARGE BINDWEED. Common in hedges. *sylvestris (Willd.) Roem. et Schult.—Everley and Langdale End. CONVOLVULUS Linnaeus arvensis L_—-CORN BINDWEED. Abundant. CUSCUTA Linnaeus epithymum (L.) Murr.—LESSER DODDER. Rare; Pickering (E.C.H.) ; High Fordon (J.S.H.); Thornton-le-Dale (E.R.C., HERS): trifolii Bab—-CLOVER DODDER. Rare; quarry at Hunmanby, 1916 (T.B.R.). SOLANACEAE SOLANUM Linnaeus dulcamara L.-WOODY NIGHTSHADE, BITTERSWEET. Com-— mon in hedges. *nigrum L.—BLACK NIGHTSHADE. Waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C-H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1949 (H.R.). LYCIUM Linnaeus chinense Mill.--_TEA-PLANT. Uncommon; Cloughton Newlands, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Langdale End, 1940 (H.R.) ; Spital Corner (G.B.W.). ATROPA Linnaeus bella-donna L_—DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Rare; Dark Arch, Scarborough, 1946 (E.R.C.) ; Motor-coach Park, 1947 (H.R.) ; probably escapes from one-time herb-garden near by. FLOWERING PLANTS 247 DATURA Linnaeus *stramonium L.._THORN-APPLE. Rare; Corporation Allotments, 1911-12 (E.R.C.). *tatula L.__Rare ; High Fordon, 1946 (J.S.H. teste C.M.R.), specimen now in British Museum Herbarium. HYOSCYAMUS Linnaeus niger L._HENBANE. Rare; Stone Haggs, 1910 (ee C.); Thornton-le-Dale, 1939, gone in 1940, reappeared in 1947 (H.R.). SCROPHULARIACEAE VERBASCUM Linnaeus thapsus L.—_GREAT MULLEIN. Uncommon; Dalby Dale, 1912 (A.I.B.). nigrum L.—DARK MULLEIN. Rare; Hutton Buscel, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Grosmont slag-heaps, 1934 (W.A.S.) ; occasionally on roadsides (H.R.). *virgatum Stokes—TWIGGY MULLEIN. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale, 1947-8 (H.R., teste W.A.S.). LINARIA Miller *cymbalaria (L.) Mill—_IVY-LEAVED TOAD-FLAX. Common on old walls ; a white variety grows at Wykeham (H.R.). elatine (L.) Mill—_SHARP-LEAVED FLUELLEN. Rare; “‘Like the following, a plant of cultivated fields and very rare ; was report- ed from Scarborough by J. Williamson.’’ (J.G.B.). spuria (L.) Mill—_ROUND-HEADED FLUELLEN. Rare; Scar- borough (J.G.B.). vulgaris Mill_-YELLOW TOAD-FLAX. Common along waysides. var.latifolia Bab.—BROAD-LEAVED TOAD-FLAX. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). minor (L.) Desf.—LESSER TOAD- FLAX. Common in chalky cornfields and on railway ballast. SCROPHULARIA Linnaeus aquatica L.—-WATER BETONY, WATER FIGWORT. Common in marshes, Scalby Beck, Forge Valley, etc. nodosa L.—FIGWORT. Common in moist places, Forge Valley, etc. MIMULUS Linnaeus *suttatus DC.—-MONKEY FLOWER. Uncommon; Thornton Beck, Mowthorpe (H.R.). DIGITALIS Linnaeus purpurea L_-FOXGLOVE. Common on banks and in open woods. 248 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT VERONICA Linnaeus hederifolia L_—_IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. Common on cultivat- ed ground. polita Fr.—GREY FIELD SPEEDWELL. Uncommon ; waste places. agrestis L.__FIELD SPEEDWELL. Common in waste places. persica Poir.—LARGE FIELD SPEEDWELL. Very common. *filiformis Sm.—Rare ; Hackness, 1947 (H.R.). arvensis L._WALL SPEEDWELL. Uncommon; Hay Brow, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Everley, Troutsdale (H.R.). serpyllifolia L_—THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. Common in moist waste places. officinalis L—COMMON SPEEDWELL. Common in dry places. chamaedrys L_—GERMANDER SPEEDWELL. Abundant. montana L._—MOUNTAIN SPEEDWELL. Common ; Hackness, Forge Valley, Cloughton Quarries, etc. scutellata L-—-MARSH SPEEDWELL. Uncommon ; Throxenby Mere, 1916 (G.W.T.) ; Cloughton Hulleys, 1940 (H.R.). anagallis-aquatica L—WATER SPEEDWELL. Uncommon ; Seamer Carrs, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Spital Corner, 1940 (H.R.). beccabunga L.—BROOKLIME. Common in ditches. forma submersa Glueck—Rare ; Brompton (Nat., Jan., 1933). EUPHRASIA Linnaeus officinalis agg —EYEBRIGHT. nemorosa (Pers.) Loehr.—The commonest Eyebright in the district. confusa Pugsl., f. albida Pugsl.—Goathland (G. Fisher). occidentalis Wettst., var. calvescens Pugsl.—Flamborough (FE. Dees). pseudo-kerneri Pugsl.—_Silpho Moor, 1912 (T.B.R.); Hayburn Wyke (Nat., 1909, p. 79). micrantha Rchb.—Silpho Moor, 1912 (T.B.R.) ; Bloody Beck, Langdale End (Hb. E.C.H.). brevipila Burn. et Gremli—Silpho Moor, 1912 (T.B.R.). borealis (Towns.) Wettst.—Fylingdales (H.W.P.). ODONTITES Gilibert rubra Gil. RED BARTSIA. Common in waste places. var. verna Rchb.—Rare ; the Carrs, 1914 (G.W.T.). PEDICULARIS Linnaeus palustris L—MARSH LOUSEWORT. Common in marshes. sylvatica L__FIELD LOUSEWORT. Common in moist meadows. RHINANTHUS Linnaeus minor L.—COMMON YELLOW RATTLE. Common in damp pastures. | : FLOWERING PLANTS 249 MELAMPYRUM Linnaeus pratense L_—YELLOW COW-WHEAT. Uncommon; Ravenscar, 1948 (Miss P. M. Donson). var. montanum Johnst.—Cross Cliff, 1915 (G.W.T.); Forge Valley, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Hackness Hairpins, Wrench Green (EER). OROBANCHACEAE OROBANCHE Linnaeus elatior Sutt—TALL BROOM-RAPE. Local; fairly plentiful at Staxton (H.R.) ; abundant, Stone Haggs, 1920 (G.B.W.). apiculata Wallr—LESSER BROOM-RAPE. Rare; High Fordon, dried plant shown to E.R.C. and H.R., 1946; Staxton one plant, OF a(feR-C., H.R:)). LATHRAEA Linnaeus squamaria L.-TOOTHWORT. Common on roots of Corylus, Forge Valley, etc. LENTIBULARIACEAE UTRICULARIA Linnaeus vulgaris L—BLADDERWORT. Rare ; Scarborough Mere (J.G.B.), not seen in recent years. PINGUICULA Linnaeus vulgaris L—COMMON BUTTERWORT. Common; Ringing Keld Bog, Levisham, Nab Gate Springs, cliffs south of Scarborough. VERBENACEAE VERBENA Linnaeus officinalis L.—VERVAIN. Rare; Brompton, Thornton-le-Dale, 1896) ((DiW.B:) ; Hutton Buscel, 1916 (B'C.H.). LABIATAE ~MENTHA Linnaeus rotundifolia (L.) Huds.—ROUND-LEAVED MINT. Rare; road- side from Ganton station to Wykeham, 1914 (A.I.B.), 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Levisham, Forge Valley (W.F.). *spicata L_—SPEARMINT. Uncommon; Troutsdale, 1940 (H.R.) ; Forge Valley (W.F.). piperita L—PEPPERMINT. Uncommon; Harwood Dale, 1914 (A.I.B.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1916 (A.1.B., G.W.T.) ; Ruston, 1941 (H.R.) ; Ellerburm, 1937 (C.M.R.). aquatica L.—WATER MINT. Common in marshes, Scarborough and Throxenby Meres, etc. 250 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT verticillataa L—WHORLED MINT. Common; Mowthorpe Cut, 1913 (E.C.H.). arvensis L_—-CORN MINT. Abundant in cornfields. *requienii Benth.—Rare ; Holbeck Gardens, 1945 (H.R. teste W.A.S.). LYCOPUS Linnaeus europaeus L.—GIPSYWORT. Uncommon; Hilla Green, 1946 (E.R.C., H.R.) ; Langdale End, 1915-16 (G.W.T.). ORIGANUM Linnaeus vulgare L.—_WILD MARJORAM. Common on dry uplands; Scar- borough Castle Hill, Forge Valley, etc. THYMUS Linnaeus serpyllum L.—WILD THYME. Common on dry heaths. glaber Mill.—Plentiful on limestone embankment, north end Cayton Bay (W.F.). CLINOPODIUM Linnaeus vulgare L__WILD BASIL. Uncommon; Langdale End and Forge Valley (Hb. E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1940 (H.R.) ; Allerston sand-pit, 1908 (R.J.F.). ACINOS Miller arvensis (Lam.) Dandy—BASIL THYME. Uncommon; Ayton, 1914, Staxton sand-pits, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1940 (H.R.) ; Dalby Nut Wood, 1908 (R.J.F.). CALAMINTHA Miller ascendens Jord.—COMMON CALAMINT. Uncommon ;_ Scar- borough Castle Hill, Hayburn Wyke, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Brompton, 1915 (A.1.B., G.W.T.). SALVIA Linnaeus horminoides Pourr.—CLARY. Rare; Scarborough Castle Hill, 1914 ~ GG) *verticillata L..—-WHORLED CLARY. Rare; Grosmont, 1939 (BRAC) NEPETA Linnaeus cataria L.-CATMINT. Rare; Stone Haggs, 1912-15 (A.I.B.), © 1914 (E.C.H.) ; not seen in recent years. ~ GLECHOMA Linnaeus hederacea L_—GROUND IVY. Abundant. SCUTELLARIA Linnaeus galericulata L_—COMMON SKULL-CAP. Uncommon; Throxenby ee 1914, Forge Valley, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Wrench Green, 1947 (HARE) E FLOWERING PLANTS 251 minor Huds.—LESSER SKULL-CAP. Rare ; Scarborough Mere (W.B.) ; not seen in recent years. PRUNELLA Linnaeus vulgaris L.—SELF-HEAL. Abundant; a white variety is occasion- ally found. MARRUBIUM Linnaeus vulgare L—_WHITE HOREHOUND. Rare ; Pexton Moor, one plant 1942-46. In the winter of 1946-7, a wall fell on this plant and it has not been seen in summers of 1947 or 1948 (H.R.) ; old quarry, Thornton-le-Dale (A.M.O.). STACHYS Linnaeus officinalis (I..) Trev.i-WOOD BETONY. Common in copses ; Langdale End, Dalby Dale, etc. palustris L—MARSH WOUND-WORT. Uncommon; Hay Brow, Cayton Carrs, Scarborough Mere, Flixton Carrs, 1914-16 (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Carrs (A.I.B., E.R.C.). x ambigua Sm.—Rare ; Langdale End, 1915 (G.W.T., E.C.H.) ; Everley,, 1916 (E.C.H.). sylvatica L_—_-HEDGE WOUND-WORT. = Abundant. arvensis (L.) L—CORN WOUND-WORT. Common in cornfields and waste places. *annua (L.) L.—WOUND-WORT. Rare; Thornton-le-Dale (J.G.., Waitt, IWBYA, joa IMs GALEOPSIS Linnaeus angustifolia Hoffm._c-RED HEMP NETTLE. Common in cornfields and waste places. speciosa Mill_BEE HEMP NETTLE. Local; Cayton Carrs, fairly plentiful (A.I.B.) ; Seamer Carrs, 1914, Ganton Carrs, 1915 (13 {Cn18())e tetrahit L—COMMON HEMP NETTLE. Common in cornfields and waste places. var bifida (Boenn.) Lej. et Court.—High Flixton, near Fordon, 1913 (A.I.B.). LAMIUM Linnaeus _ amplexicaule L—HENBIT DEAD NETTLE. Common in waste sandy places. moluccellifolium Fr.—INTERMEDIATE DEAD NETTLE. Rare; Cayton Village, 1946 (E.R.C., H.R.). hybridum Vill—CUT-LEAVED DEAD NETTLE. Rare; Staxton sand-pits, 1942 (H.R.). . purpureum L.—RED DEAD NETTLE. Abundant. *maculatum L.—_SPOTTED DEAD NETTLE. Rare; Osgodby Bank Top, 1939 (H.R.), only as an escape ; a white variety flourishes at Broxa. album L.—WHITE DEAD NETTLE. Abundant. | | 252 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BALLOTA Linnaeus nigra L.—BLACK HOREHOUND. Common ; plentiful on Scar- borough Castle Hill and around Staxton. TEUCRIUM Linnaeus : scorodonia L._—WOOD SAGE. Common in woods and on heaths; — Oliver’s Mount, Whisperdales, etc. AJUGA Linnaeus reptans L__-COMMON BUGLE. Abundant. PLANTAGINACEAE PLANTAGO Linnaeus coronopus L.—BUCK’S-HORN PLANTAIN. Local; plentiful on Scarborough Castle Hill ; and Scarborough North Cliff, (E.C.H.). maritima L.—SEA PLANTAIN. Common near the sea. lanceolata L._RIBWORT PLANTAIN. Abundant. media L_.—HOARY PLANTAIN. Not uncommon on calcareous soil ; Hackness, Snainton. major L.__GREAT PLANTAIN Common in pastures LITTORELLA Bergius uniflora (L.) Asch._-SHORE-WEED. Rare ; Scarborough Mere, 1914 (A.1.B.) ; not seen in recent years. ILLECEBRACEAE SCLERANTHUS Linnaeus annuus L._ANNUAL KNAWEL._ Rare; field adjoining Flixton sand-pit, 1915 (G.W.T., A.I.B.), and still there. CHENOPODIACEAE CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus album L.—WHITE GOOSE-FOOT, FAT HEN. Abundant. viride L. sec Aell—_ GREEN GOOSE-FOOT. Rare; Thornton-le- Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). murale L.—NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSE-FOOT. Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1915 (E.C.H. det. G. C. Druce) ; Seamer, 1940 (A.G., D.W.B.). rubrum L.—RED GOOSE-FOOT. Scarborough Mere, 1915 (E.C.H., G.W.T.) ; Pickering, 1945 (M.E.P.). *glaucum L.—GLAUCOUS GOOSE-FOOT. Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.). *bonns-henricus L__-GOOD KING HENRY. Common; West Ayton, Ellerburn, etc. . BETA Linnaeus *maritima J..—SEA BEET Uncommon; Scarborough Castle Hill, 1884 (E.R.C.). FLOWERING PLANTS 253 ATRIPLEX Linnaeus littoralis L_—GRASS-LEAVED SEA ORACHE. Rare; Scarborough North-sands (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years ; north end Cayton Bay, 1891 (W.F.). patula L—NARROW-LEAVED ORACHE. Common in waste places. hastata L._—HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE. Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H., G.W.T.). glabriuscula Edm.—Scarborough North-side, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Cornel- ian Bay, 1939 (H.R.) ; Cayton Bay, 1891 (W.F.). SUAEDA Forskal maritima (L.) Dum.—ANNUAL SEA-BLITE. Rare; Holbeck Gar- dens, Scarborough, 1942 (H.R.) ; decreasing yearly, none in 1948. SALSOLA Linnaeus kali L_—PRICKLY SALTWORT. Rare; one plant under barbed- wire defences on Scarborough foreshore, 1942 (H.R.) ; Cayton Bay, 1912 (A.I.B.) ; not seen there in recent years. POLYGONACEAE POLYGONUM Linnaeus convolvulus L_—BLACK BINDWEED. Common as a weed of arable land. var. subalatum Lej. & Court—Hutton Buscel, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor, 1940 (D.W.B.). aviculare agg.—KNOTGRASS. Abundant. var. arenastrum Bor.—Sandy road-way, Scalby Wyke, 1914 (A CaHe) var. rurivagum Bor.—Seamer Carrs, 1914 (E.C.H.). hydropiper L.—BITING PERSICARIA . Uncommon; banks of River Derwent, Ayton, Hertford River near Ganton, Raincliffe Wood, 1914-15 (E.C.H.) ; Hilla Green, 1948 (H.R.). mite Schrank—LAX-FLOWERED PERSICARIA. Rare; Hilla Green, 1948 (H.R. teste C.M.R.). persicaria L_—SPOTTED PERSICARIA. Abundant. lapathifolium L.—PALE PERSICARIA. Uncommon ; Seamer Carrs, 1940 (H.R.). var. incanum Lej. et Court—Scarborough Mere, 1914; Ganton, Seamer Carrs, 1915 (E.C.H.). amphibium L.—-WATER PERSICARIA. Common; Scarborough and Throxenby Meres. var. terrestre Leers.—Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale,1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1917 (E.C.H.). bistorta L.— COMMON BISTORT. Uncommon; Ellerburn, Low- dales, Staintondale Woods (H.R.). 254 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT FAGOPYRUM Moench *tataricum Gaertn.-BUCKWHEAT. Rubbish heap near Throxenby Wie, WEN) (BKC. 1815). RUMEX Linnaeus conglomeratus Murr.—SHARP DOCK. Common in wet meadows and waste places. nemorosus Willd.—Abundant in woods, thickets and hedge-banks. maritimus L_._GOLDEN DOCK. Rare; Scarborough Mere, abund- ant in 1853 (W.B.), now rare, but recorded in 1914 (E.C.H.), and ae are (H.R.) ; pond at top of Hay Brow, 1945 (H.R. det. .M.R.). pulcher L_—FIDDLE DOCK. Rare; Fylingdales, 1882 (C.C.B.). obtusifolius L_—BROAD-LEAVED DOCK. Common in waste places. crispus L_-_CURLED DOCK . Common in waste places. hydrolapathum Huds.—GREAT WATER DOCK. Rare; Seamer Carrs, 1912 (A.1.B.). acetosa L__-COMMON SORREL. Common in meadows. acetosella L__SHEEP’S SORREL. Common in dry pastures. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus *clematitis L—COMMON BIRTHWORT. Rare; Wykeham Abbey (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. THYMELAEACEAE DAPHNE Linnaeus laureola L._SPURGE LAUREL. Uncommon; Forge Valley, Ebberston (H.R.) ; near Seamer, 1937 (E.R.C.). ELAEAGNACEAE HIPPOPHAE Linnaeus ; *rhamnoides L.—SEA BUCKTHORN. Uncommon; Cayton Bay, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Holbeck Gardens, Cornelian Bay (H.R.) ; solitary tree in hedge on the Marishes near Wilton, 1937 (C.M.R.). LORANTHACEAE VISCUM Linnaeus *album L.—MISTLETOE. Rare; Ebberston Vicarage garden on apple (H.R.). EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIA Linnaeus helioscopia L.—SUN SPURGE. Common in waste places. platyphyllos L_—BROAD-LEAVED WARTED SPURGE. _ Rare; Thornton-le-Dale, as a garden weed (Nat., 1930, p. 30). FLOWERING PLANTS Jie) *dulcis L.—Rare; Brompton, 1945 (H.R. teste W.A.S.). *virgata Waldst et Kit—Rare; Thornton-le-Dale, 1949 (H.R., det. CMa): peplus L_—PETTY SPURGE. Common in waste places. exigua L._DWARF SPURGE. Common in fields, etc. *lathyrus L_—CAPER SPURGE. Rare; High Fordon in garden, 1911 (A-TB.). *characias L_—RED SHRUBBY SPURGE. Garden, Scarborough, 1949 (S.R. det. C.M.R.). MERCURIALIS Linnaeus perennis L_._—DOG’S MERCURY. Abundant. BUXACEAE BUXUS Linnaeus *sempervirens L._BOX TREE. Common; planted at Ebberston, Hackness, etc. ULMACEAE ULMUS Linnaeus glabra Huds.—WYCH ELM. The commonest elm in the district. procera Salisb—COMMON ELM. Common, but not so frequent as the former. CANNABINACEAE HUMULUS Linnaeus lupulus L_—_-COMMON_ HOP. Rare ; roadside near Ebberston, Wilton and Thornton-le-Dale, 1915 (A.I.B., G.W.T.) ; Holbeck Gardens, 1940 (H.R.) ; Pexton Moor (Y.N.U., Naturalist, 1941). URTICACEAE URTICA Linnaeus dioica L._—_COMMON NETTLE. Abundant. urens L._SMALL NETTLE. Common in waste places. PARIETARIA Linnaeus diffusa Mert. et Koch. PELLITORY OF THE WALL. Uncommon ; Scarborough Castle Hill, Thornton-le-Dale, Brompton (H.R.). | MYRICACEAE ~MYRICA Linnaeus _ gale L_—BOG MYRTLE, SWEET GALE. Common in bogs and on wet moors; Goathland, Jugger Howe Beck, Langdale End, Helwath Beck, Stes 256 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BETULACEAE BETULA Linnaeus pendula Roth—BIRCH. Common in open woods and heaths. pubescens Ehrh.—Probably widespread, but the only definite records are Dalby Dale (Y.N.U. Excn., 1922), and Levisham (Y.N.U. lao, INA). ALNUS Miller glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.—ALDER. Common in wet places; Forge Valley, Dalby Dale, etc. *incana (L.) Moench.—Rare ; Beckhole (H.B.). CORYLACEAE CARPINUS Linnaeus *betulus L.-HORNBEAM. Rare; Hackness, about three trees, 1914 (A.L.B.). CORYLUS Linnaeus avellana L_._—HAZEL. Common. FAGACEAE QUERCUS Linnaeus robur L_—_-COMMON OAK. Common. petraea (Matt.) Liebl—SESSILE-FRUITED OAK. Probably widespread, but there is no definite record. CASTANEA Miller *sativa Mill_SWEET CHESTNUT. Occasional ; | Hackness, Thornton-le-Dale, etc. FAGUS Linnaeus sylvatica L.—_COMMON BEECH. Common; Forge Valley, Thornton-le-Dale, etc. SALICACEAE SALIX Linnaeus pentandra L.—BAY-LEAVED WILLOW. Uncommon; Throxen- by Mere, Spital Corner (H.R.) ; head of Troutsdale (G.B.W.). triandra L__SMOOTH WILLOW. Not uncommon on stream sides ; Scarborough Mere (W.F.). fragilis L—CRACK WILLOW. Uncommon; Oliver’s Mount, 1941 (H.R.). alba L_—WHITE WILLOW. Common on marshy ground. purpurea L.—-PURPLE WILLOW. Uncommon ; near Falcon Inn, 1940 (H.R.). viminalis L_—_OSIER. Common in wet places; Forge Valley, etc. FLOWERING PLANTS ZEST caprea L_—GOAT WILLOW. Common in woods ; Hayburn Wyke, Hay Brow, etc. atrocinerea Brot.—COMMON WILLOW. Common. var. ferruginea And.—FERRUGINOUS OSIER. Uncommon ; Scarborough Mere, 1941 (H.R.). atrocinerea Brot. x viminalis L. (x smithiana Willd.) —SILKY- LEAVED OSIER. Uncommon; Scarborough Mere, 1941 (HERS) repens L.—DWARF or CREEPING WILLOW. Common; Lang- dale End, Dalby Dale, Jugger Howe Beck, etc. POPULUS Linnaeus *alba L.—-WHITE POPLAR. Uncommon; Langdale End, 1913 (Ar U1 Be) tremula L.—ASPEN. Uncommon ; Langdale End, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Ebberston (H.R.) ; Sawdon Dale (A.I.B.) ; High Bridestones, 1948 (A.G.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). *serotina Hart—BLACK POPLAR. Not uncommon; Brompton, Hackness, East Ayton. P. nigra L. may occur. *candicans Ait—BALSAM POPLAR. Uncommon ; Lady Edith’s Drive, planted (H.R.) ; Sawdon Dale and Staintondale, planted (W.F.). EMPETRACEAE EMPETRUM Linnaeus nigrum L.—BLACK CROWBERRY. Uncommon; Silpho Moor, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Saltwick Nab and moors near Falcon Inn (H.R.). MONOCOTYLEDONES HYDROCHARITACEAE ELODEA Michaux *canadensis Michx.-_WATER THYME. Common in ditches and slow streams, Scarborough Mere, Mowthorpe Cut, River Derwent, etc. HYDROCHARIS Linnaeus morsus-ranae, L._—FROGBIT. Rare; River Derwent above Malton (J.G.B.) ; not seen recently. ORCHIDACEAE NEOTTIA Richard, L. C. nidus-avis (L.) Rich., L. C.—BIRD’S-NEST ORCHIS. Rare ; Forge Valley, Thornton-le-Dale, 1913 (A.I.B.). 258 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LISTERA Brown, R. cordata (L.) Br., R—-LESSER TWAYBLADE. Rare; plentiful on Silpho Moor in 1912 and 1913 (E.R.C., A.I.B., E.C.H.), but not seen there in recent years. Hole of Horcum, 1939 (E.R.C.). ovata (L.) Br.. R—TWAYBLADE. Common in woods, etc. ; Forge Valley, Ellerburn, Silpho Moor roadside (H.R.). SPIRANTHES Richard, L. C. spiralis (L.) Chev.—AUTUMN LADY’S TRESSES. Rare; Forge Valley (J.G.B.) ; Scalby Nabs, 1942 (H.R.). CEPHALANTHERA Richard, L. C. longifolia (L.) Fritschh—NARROW-LEAVED HELLEBORINE. Rare ; Forge Valley and Beast Cliff, 1914 (A.I.B.). EPIPACTIS Swartz helleborine (L.) Crantz—BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE. Rare ; Cloughton Bank, 1940 (H.R.); Raincliffe Wood, 1915 (E.C.H.). var. purpurea (Cel.)—Rare; Forge Valley, 1915 (H.R.). palustris (L.) Crantz.—_MARSH HELLEBORINE. Rare; Scar- borough South Cliff, 1894 (E.R.C.) ; Dalby Dale, 1939 (E.G.H.). ANACAMPTIS Richard, L. C. pyramidalis (L.) Rich., L. C—PYRAMIDAL ORCHIS. Locally common ; cliffs north of Scarborough, Ayton Road quarry, Hutton Buscel, Langdale End (Hb. E.C.H.). ORCHIS Linnaeus ustulata L_—_ DWARF or BURNT-TIP ORCHIS. Rare; Brompton, Snainton, Ruston Cow-pasture (H.R.). morio L.—GREEN-WINGED ORCHIS. Common in meadows ; Langdale End, Snainton, etc. mascula (L.) L_—EARLY PURPLE ORCHIS. Common in past- ures and woods. - latifolia L. sec Pugsl—MARSH ORCHIS. Common in marshy ground. purpurella Steph., T. & T. A.—Rare; Ringing Keld Bog, 1914 (T.B.R.), not seen recently ; Cumboots, 1914 (E.C.H.). ericetorum (Lint.) Marsh.—Not uncommon, predominantly on acid soils. fuchsii Druce—SPOTTED ORCHIS. Common in meadows and on roadsides. fuchsii Dr. x latifolia L. sec. Pugsl.Rare ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). ericetorum (Lint.) Marsh. x fuchsii Dr. (x transiens Dr.)—Rare ; Saltergate (H.B.). FLOWERING PLANTS 259 OPHRYS Linnaeus apifera Huds.—_BEE ORCHIS. Uncommon; Betton Farm, Given- dale Plantation, Allerston (H.R.) ; Forge Valley, 1884 (E.R.C.) ; cliffs south of Primrose Valley, Filey (G.B.W.). insectifera L__FLY ORCHIS. Uncommon ; Forge Valley, Thornton- le-Dale (H.R.) ; Newton Dale (W.F.). GYMNADENIA Brown, R. conopsea (L.) Br., R—FRAGRANT ORCHIS. Common; cliffs north and south of Scarborough, Langdale End, Ayton, etc. G. conopsea x L. albida (xx Leucadenia schweinfurthii Schlect.)— Rare; Hole of Horcum, 1937 (H.B.). H.B. writes :—‘‘ My record is the only English locality, all previous records being Scottish. I have deposited photographs in the Yorkshire Museum.”’ See also special report by P. M. Hall in ‘‘ The South-Western Naturalist,’ Vol. XLIV, p. 28, ‘‘ Hybrid Orchids of Great Britain.”’ G. conopsea x O. fuchsii (xx Orchigymnadenia legrandii Cam., G.) Rare ; six miles up Thornton Dale (J.G.B., Nat., 1909, p. 342). LEUCORCHIS Meyer, E. albida (L.) Schur.—SMALL WHITE ORCHIS. Rare; Hole of Horeum, 1922 (R.J.F.). COELOGLOSSUM Hartman viride (L.) Hartm.—FROG ORCHIS. Not uncommon in dry hilly pastures ; Cumboots, Cornelian Bay, Highdales, Dalby Dale, etc. PLATANTHERA Richard, L. C. bifolia (L.) Rich., L. C—LESSER BUTTERFLY ORCHIS. Un- common; Cumboots, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Langdale End, Hayburm Wyke, 1912 (A.I.B.). chlorantha (Cust.) Rchb.—GREATER BUTTERFLY ORCHIS. Uncommon ;_ Langdale End, 1913 (E.C.H.) ; Pickering Castle banks ; Cross Cliff (H.R.). IRIDACEAE IRIS Linnaeus pseudacorus L._—YELLOW IRIS, FLAG. Common; Forge Valley, Scarborough and Throxenby Meres. } AMARYLLIDACEAE NARCISSUS Linnaeus pseudo-narcissus L.—DAFFODIL, LENT LILY. Uncommon ; Yedmandale, Helwath Beck, Cloughton (H.R.). *majalis Curt—PHEASANT’S EYE. “Ts, or has been, sub- spontaneous in the castle yard at Pickering.’’—W. Foggitt (J.G.B.). 260 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GALANTHUS Linnaeus *nivalis L—SNOWDROP. Uncommon; Brompton, Lindhead, West Flotmanby, Staintondale ; only as an escape from cultivation. ALLIUM Linnaeus vineale L—CROW GARLIC. Rare; Hackness (B.R.). ursinum L.—GARLIC, RAMSONS. Abundant in woods. DIOSCOREACEAE TAMUS Linnaeus communis L.__-BLACK BRYONY. Common in hedges. LILIACEAE RUSCUS Linnaeus *aculeatus L_—BUTCHER’S BROOM. Rare; only where planted, e.g., South Cliff Gardens. POLYGONATUM Miller *multiflorum (L.) All—SOLOMON’S SEAL. Rare; Thornton-le- Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.) ; probably a garden escape. MAIANTHEMUM Weber bifolium (L.) Schmidt—MAY LILY. Rare; Wrench Green, where since the conifers have been felled, the plants are flowering again abundantly, 1947 (H.R.). Found in 1857 by Messrs. Reynolds and Braby, this is the only British station where the plant is clearly indigenous (J.G.B.). CONVALLARIA Linnaeus majalis L_—LILY OF THE VALLEY. Uncommon; Dalby Nut Wood, Thornton-le-Dale ; Forge Valley (H.R.). SCILLA Linnaeus non-scripta (L.) Hoffmgg.et Link—BLUEBELL. Abundant. ORNITHOGALUM Linnaeus *umbellatum L.-STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Rare; Forge Valley (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. LILIUM Linnaeus *martagon L.-MARTAGON LILY. Rare; Lowdales (W.A.S., Nat) 1936) \p. 221)r FRITILLARIA Linnaeus *meleagris L.—FRITILLARY. Rare; Flamborough Head (Y.N.U. Excn., June, 1886). es > ydeis010yd Qpruayog (J) wnyofig wnumoyjuvDIPCW) AYLI AW So N or — oo FLOWERING PLANTS 261 GAGEA Salisbury lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl.— YELLOW STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Rare: Yedmandale, 1894 (E.R.C.). NARTHECIUM (L.) Hudson ossifragum (L.) Huds.—LANCASHIRE BOG ASPHODEL. Com- mon on moors near Falcon Inn, Ringing Keld Bog. PARIS Linnaeus quadrifolia L_—HERB PARIS. Uncommon; Yedmandale, 1913, Forge Valley, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; Ellerburn, 1940 (H.R.) ; Sawdon- dale, 1914 (G.W.T.) ; Newtondale (W.F.). JUNCACEAE JUNCUS Linnaeus bufonitus L_—TOAD RUSH. Common. squarrosus L._—HEATH RUSH. Common on moorlands. compressus Jacq. —ROUND-FRUITED RUSH. Rare; Cayton Bay, 1943 (H.R.). gerardii Lois—MUD RUSH. Uncommon ; cliffs north of Scar- borough, 1945 (H.R.). inflexus L_—HARD RUSH. Common in wet places; Scalby, Ayton, Brompton, etc. effusus L__SOFT RUSH. Abundant in wet places. conglomeratus L.-COMMON RUSH. Common in wet places. bulbosus L._-LESSER BOG JOINTED RUSH. Common. subnodulosus Schrank.—BLUNT-FLOWERED JOINTED RUSH. Rare ; Thornton-le-Dale, 1938 (A.M.S.). articulatus L._-SHARP-FLOWERED JOINTED RUSH. Com- mon in bogs. var. nigritellus Don.—Rare ; Goathland (B.R.). acutiflorus Hoffm.-cSHORT-FLOWERED RUSH. Common in marshy meadows. LUZULA De Candolle pilosa (L.) Willd—BROAD-LEAVED HAIRY WOOD-RUSH. Abundant in Forge Valley. sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud.—GREAT HAIRY WOOD-RUSH. Com- mon in woods. campestris (L.) DC.—FIELD WOOD-RUSH. Abundant. multiflora (Retz.) Lej—MANY-HEADED WOOD-RUSH. Almost as common as L. campestris. var. congesta (DC.) Reg.—Silpho Moor, 1946 (H.R., det. C.M.R.). TYPHACEAE TYPHA Linnaeus latifolia L.__—REEDMACE. Uncommon; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough Mere, Crossgates (H.R.). 262 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT angustifolia L—NARROW-LEAVED REEDMACE. Rare; Beast Cliff (Y.N.U. Excn., 1924). SPARGANIACEAE SPARGANIUM Linnaeus erectum L.—BRANCHED BUR-REED. Common in ditches. neglectum Beeby—Rare; Scalby Beck (Nat., 1895, p. 307). simplex Huds.—UPRIGHT BUR-REED. Uncommon ; Seamer Carrs, Mowthorpe Cut (E.R.C., H.R.). minimum (Hartm.) Fr—SMALL BUR-REED. Rare; Thornton- le-Dale, 1922 (R.J.F., J.G.). . ARACEAE ARUM Linnaeus maculatum L.—LORDS and LADIES, CUCKOO-PINT, WAKE- ROBIN. Common in hedge-rows, etc. LEMNACEAE LEMNA Linnaeus trisulca L_—IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED. Uncommon ; Filey, 1947 (H.R. det. C.M.R.); pond near Cayton Station, 1914 — (G.W.T.). minor L.—LESSER DUCKWEED. Common in stagnant water. polyrhiza L_—GREATER DUCKWEED. Rare; pond near Cayton Station, 1947 (H.R. det. C.M.R.). ALISMATACEAE ALISMA Linnaeus plantago-aquatica L.-GREATER WATER-PLANTAIN. Common in ditches, etc. ; Seamer Carrs, Scarborough and Throxenby Meres. BALDELLIA Parlatorre ranunculoides (L.) Parl—LESSER WATER-PLANTAIN. Rare; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Carr (E2R-@., A132 BUTOMACEAE BUTOMUS Linnaeus umbellatus L.—COMMON FLOWERING RUSH. Scarborough Mere, abundant in 1893-94, rare in 1896 and 1940 (E.R.C.) ; fifteen flowering spikes in 1947 (H.R.) ; Hertford River near Flixton. 1914 (E.C.H.). JUNCAGINACEAE TRIGLOCHIN Linnaeus palustris L__-MARSH ARROW-GRASS. Uncommon; Cayton Bay, Cornelian Bay, Hole of Horcum (E.R.C.) ; Beast Cliff (W.F.). FLOWERING PLANTS 263 maritima L._SEA-SIDE ARROW-GRASS. Rare; ‘“‘sparingly at Scarborough’ (J.G.B.) ; said to grow at Cayton Bay, but this needs confirmation (E.R.C.). POTAMOGETONACEAE 'POTAMOGETON Linnaeus natans L._BROAD-LEAVED PONDWEED. Common. polygonifolius Pourr—_OBLONG-LEAVED PONDWEED. Common. lucens L.—SHINING PONDWEED. Scarborough Mere, 1914 (A.1.B.) ; now very rare and possibly extinct. x zizii Roth.—Very rare and probably extinct; Scarborough Mere (J. A. Wheldon and H. T. Soppitt, 1881; T. E. Cotton, 1884). gramineus L._VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED. Very rare and probably extinct ; Scarborough Mere (H. Trimen, 1870). alpinus Balb. —REDDISH PONDWEED. Local : ; pond near Scar- borough (W.B.) ; Scarborough Mere (H. Moseley, 1840). Abun- dant in Newtondale Beck from the upper part of the dale as far as Levisham (J.G.B.). obtusifolius Mert. et Koch—GRASSY PONDWEED. Rare; Scar- borough Mere (H. Moseley, c. 1840) ; Valley Pond, Scarborough, 1914 (T.B.R. teste Dandy and Taylor). berchtoldii Fieb—_SMALL PONDWEED. Not uncommon: Scalby, Forge Valley, Thornton-le-Dale, Cayton Bay, Cornelian Bay. crispus L.—_—CURLED PONDWEED. Common; Cornelian Bay, Langdale End, Seamer Carrs, Forge Valley. pectinatus 1.—_FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED. Rare; Scar- borough Mere (G.W.T.). densus L.—OPPOSITE-LEAVFD PONDWEED. Common; Sea- mer Carrs, River Derwent (H.R.) ; Costa Beck, Pickering (G.B.W.). ZANNICHELLIACEAE | -ZANNICHELLIA Linnaeus palustris L—HORNED PONDWEED.- Rare; River Derwent at Ayton, 1914 (T.B.R.) ; Brompton (E.R.C., A.G., H-.R.). CYPERACEAE 'ELEOCHARIS Brown R. acicularis (L.) Roem. et Schult—_SLENDER CLUB-RUSH. Rare ; pond between Filey and Muston, 1947 (H.R. det. C.M.R.). palustris (L.) Roem. et Schult—_MARSH CLUB-RUSH. Common ; Scalby Beck, Scarborough and Throxenby Meres. multicaulis (Sm.) Sm.—MANY-STEMMED CLUB-RUSH. Rare ; Ellerburn Marsh (Y.N.U. Excn., 1922). “SCIRPUS Linnaeus | pauciflorus Lightf—FEW-FIOWERED CLUB-RUSH. Rare ; Sleights Moor (J.G.B.). 264 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT caespitosus L_.—TUFTED CLUB-RUSH. Common on the moors. fluitans L._-FLOATING CLUB-RUSH. Rare; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Flixton Carrs (Y.N.U. Excn., 1945). setaceus L.—BRISTLE-STALKED CLUB-RUSH. Uncommon ; — Langdale End, 1914 (E.C.H.). lacustris L.—LAKE CLUB-RUSH. Uncommon ;_ Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.) ; pond on Beast Cliff (W.F.). sylvaticus L_—WOOD CLUB-RUSH. Uncommon; Langdale End, Forge Valley (G.W.T., Hb. E.C.H.). BLYSMUS Schultes compressus (L.) Link—BROAD-LEAVED BLYSMUS. Rare ; Sand-dale and Eller’s Bog, Thornton-le-Dale, 1916 (A.I.B.). ERIOPHORDUM Linnaeus vaginatum L.—SHEATHING COTTON-GRASS. Common on boggy moors. angustifolium Honck.—NARROW-LEAVED COTTON-GRASS. Abundant on wet moors. : latifolium Hoppe—DOWNY-STALKED BROAD-LEAVED COT- TON-GRASS. Uncommon; Filey Undercliff (J.F.R.). RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl alba (L.) VahI—WHITE-BEAK SEDGE. Rare; Lilla Cross (Nat., 1933, p. 44) ; Fen Bog, May Moss (S/G.A.). SCHOENUS Linnaeus nigricans L._BOG-RUSH. Rare; Langdale End, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; Nab Gate Springs, 1940 (H.R.) ; Hipperley Beck, 1915 (G.W.T.). CAREX Linnaeus dioica L_—DIOECIOUS SEDGE. Frequent in bogs and on moor- lands ; Langdale Rigg, Mowthorpe, etc. pulicaris L_—FLEA SEDGE. Common in bogs; Langdale End, Mowthorpe, etc. pauciflora Lightf.—_FEW-FLOWERED SEDGE. Rare ; long known at Lilla Cross, and still there (W.A.S.). disticha Huds.—SOFT BROWN SEDGE. Rare; Cayton Carrs, 1916 (A.I.B., E.C.H.). paniculata L_—GREATER PANICLED SEDGE. Uncommon ; west side of Forge Valley, 1916 (A.I.B.). otrubae Podp.—FOX SEDGE. Uncommon; Yedingham Bridge, II (AV IIB., Jello. 18,(C.18b,)) echinata Murr.—STAR-HEADED SEDGE. Common in marshes. remota L._.REMOTE-FLOWERED SEDGE. Common in shady places ; Langdale End, Hayburn Wyke, etc. leporina L._OVAL or HARE’S-FOOT SEDGE. Common in wet places. FLOWERING PLANTS 265 canescens L. sec. Nelmes—WHITE SEDGE. Common in bogs and marshes. elata All—_TUFTED SEDGE. Rare; Scarborough Mere (Baines’ “Flora of Yorkshire,’’ 1840). acuta L.__SLENDER-SPIKED SEDGE. Uncommon ; banks of River Derwent below Ayton, 1915 (A.I.B.). nigra (L.) Reich. COMMON SEDGE. Common in marshes and wet meadows. var. juncella (Fr.) Fr.—Rare ; Langdale End, 1915 (A.I.B.). flacca Schreb.—_GLAUCOUS HEATH SEDGE. Common on the moors. digitata L_— FINGERED SEDGE. Rare; ‘‘found by Mr. Reynolds at Hackness’’ (J.G.B.). pilulifera L._—PILL-HEADED SEDGE. Uncommon ; Hipper Beck, 1916, one specimen (A.I.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 1947 (H.R. det. C.M.R.), but doubtless in many other places. caryophyllea Lat—VERNAL SEDGE. Common in dry pastures. pallescens L.—PALE SEDGE. Uncommon; two localities near Langdale End, 1915-16 (A.I.B.); Bickley, 1916 (G.W.T.) ; Staintondale (W.F.) ; Forge Valley (C.M.R.). panicea L._CARNATION SEDGE. Abundant in marshes and damp meadows. pendula L_—_GREAT PENDULOUS SEDGE. Locally common ; Forge Valley. strigosa Huds.—LOOSE PENDULOUS SEDGE. Rare ; Forge Valley (W. W. Reeves and M. B. Slater, 1889; Y.N.U. Excn., 1932). sylvatica Huds—PENDULOUS WOOD SEDGE. Common in damp woods, Forge Valley, etc. laevigata Sm.—SMOOTH-STALKED SEDGE. Uncommon; Rain- cliffe Wood and wood near Jugger Howe, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; Hay- burn Wyke, 1898 (W.F.). binervis Sm.—GREEN-RIBBED SEDGE. Common on heaths and moors. hostiana DC.—TAWNY SEDGE. Uncommon; Langdale End, Jugger Howe, 1915 (A.1.B.). lepidocarpa Tausch—Uncommon; Jugger Howe, 1946 (H.R.) ; Dalby Dale, 1944 (C.M.R.). hirta L__HAIRY SEDGE. Common in damp woods. pseudocyperus L. CYPERUS-LIKE SEDGE. Uncommon ; Hert- ford River (Y.N.U. Excn., 1943). acutiformis Ehrh.— COMMON SEDGE. Common on river banks and in ditches. var. spadicea Roth.—-Forge Valley, 1915 (A.I.B.). riparia Curt—GREAT SEDGE. Rare ; Forge Valley, one specimen, GIS CASE B))). rostrata Stokes—SLENDER-BEAKED SEDGE. Common in marshes and bogs. 266 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT vesicaria L__SHORT-SPIKED BLADDER SEDGE. Uncommon ; Dog Bark Farm, Raincliffe Wood, 1916 (A.I.B.). GRAMINEAE PANICUM Linnaeus *miliaceum L.—Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.). SETARIA de Beauvais *viridis (L.) Beauv.i—GREEN BRITTLE-GRASS. Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.). PHALARIS Linnaeus * canariensis L__-CULTIVATED CANARY GRASS. Rare; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (E.C.H.). arundinacea L.—SEA-SIDE CAT’S-TAIL GRASS. Common ; Throxenby Mere, Forge Valley, Scalby. ANTHOXANTHUM Linnaeus ; odoratum L.—SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL GRASS. Abundant. ALOPECURUS Linnaeus myosuroides Huds.—SLENDER FOX-TAIL GRASS. Uncommon ; Great Wold Valley (J.G.B.) ; waste ground, Scarborough Mere, 1914 (A.I.B. det. G.C.D.) ; Pickering, 1944 (M.E.P.). geniculatus L.—FLOATING FOX-TAIL GRASS. Common ; Cay- ton, Cumboots, Sawdon, Hayburn Wyke. pratensis L_—MEADOW FOX-TAIL GRASS. Abundant. MILIUM Linnaeus effusum L.—WOOD MILLET GRASS. Common; Raincliffe Wood, Hackness, etc. PHLEUM Linnaeus pratense L_-_COMMON TIMOTHY GRASS. Abundant. nodosum L.—Rare ; Flixton sand-pit, 1916 (E.C.H.). arenarium L.—SEA-SIDE CAT’S-TAIL GRASS. Limestone past- — ure near Ayton Road, 1896 (W.F.). } AGROSTIS Linnaeus canina L_-BROWN BENT GRASS. Common. tenuis Sibth—_COMMON BENT GRASS. Very common. stolonifera L. (incl. A. alba auct.)—MARSH BENT GRASS. Com- — mon. CALAMAGROSTIS Roth (non Adanson) epigejos (L.) Roth—WOOD SMALL-REED. Uncommon; Eller- burn Church, 1916 (D.W.B., A.I.B.). canescens (Web.) Gmel. PURPLE FLOWERED SMALL-REED. Rare ; Raincliffe Wood (J.C. Rep. B.E.C., 1900). FLOWERING PLANTS 267 APERA Adanson interrupta (L.) Beauv.—DENSE-FLOWERED SILKY BENT GRASS. Rare ; Flixton sand-pit, apparently native, 1916 (A.I.B., E.C.H.) ; and still there. AMMOPHILA Host arenaria (L.) Link--MARRAM GRASS. Rare; Saltwick Nab, 1912 (A.LB.). AIRA Linnaeus caryophyllea L__SILVERY HAIR GRASS. Common. praecox L._EARLY HAIR GRASS. Common. DESCHAMPSIA de Beauvais caespitosa (L.) Beauv.—TUFTED HAIR GRASS. Common. setacea (Huds.) Hack.—_BOG HAIR GRASS. Very rare; North Burton, Wold Valley, 1909 (J.G.B.). flexuosa (L.) Trin HEATH or WAVED HAIR GRASS. Common. HOLCUS Linnaeus mollis L_—CREEPING SOFT GRASS. Common. lanatus L__MEADOW SOFT GRASS, YORKSHIRE FOG. Abundant. TRISETUM Persoon flavescens (L.) Beauv.—YELLOW OAT GRASS. Common at Flixton and Seamer. AVENA Linnaeus *fatua L.—WILD OAT. A common colonist. HELICTOTRICHON Besser pubescens (Huds.) Pil—DOWNY OAT GRASS. Not uncommon ; Flixton and Seamer. pratense (L.) Pil_ PERENNIAL OAT. Common on limey soils. ARRHENATHERUM de Beauvais elatius (L.) Presl., J. et C—FALSE OAT GRASS. Common. SIEGLINGIA Bernhardi decumbens (L.) Bernh._DECUMBENT HEATH GRASS. Com- mon at Hilla Green and Langdale End. PHRAGMITES Adanson communis Trin.—DITCH REED. Common at Scarborough Mere, Ganton, Folkton, Seamer Carrs, Cornelian Bay, etc. 268 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CYNOSURUS Linnaeus *echinatus L.—_ROUGH DOG’S-TAIL GRASS. Rare; Flixton sand-pit, 1947 (H.R. teste C.M.R.). cristatus L_—CRESTED DOG’S-TAIL GRASS. Abundant. KOELERIA Persoon gracilis Pers—CRESTED HAIR GRASS. Uncommon; Flixton, Spital Corner, 1916 (A.I.B.). britannica (Dom.) Druce—Rare; Forge Valley (J.F.G.C. Rep. B.E.C., 1933) ; North Cliff, Scarborough, 1913 (E.C.H.). MOLINIA Schrank caerulea (L.) Moench—PURPLE or BLUE MELIC GRASS. Com- mon on wet moors, etc. CATABROSA de Beauvais aquatica (L.) Beauv.—-WATER WHORL GRASS. — Uncommon ; Seamer Carrs, 1916 (E.C.H.) ; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938) ; Saltwick Nab, Forge Valley, carr near Folkton (H.R.) ; pond above Scalby Beck (W.F.). MELICA Linnaeus nutans L._-MOUNTAIN MELIC GRASS. Uncommon ; Forge Valley, 1913 (A.J.B.) ; between Levisham and Pickering (W.F.). uniflora Retz,--WOOD MELIC GRASS. Common in Forge Valley, at Hackness, etc. DACTYLIS Linnaeus glomerata L._ROUGH COCK’S-FOOT GRASS. Abundant; a viviparous state from Seamer Carrs (Hb. E.C.H.). BRIZA Linnaeus media L_-_QOUAKING GRASS. Common at Langdale End, etc. var. albida Lej.—Rare ; Sand-dale near Ellerburn, 1916 (A.I.B.). POA Linnaeus annua L._ANNUAL MEADOW GRASS. Abundant. nemoralis L_—_WOOD MEADOW GRASS. Locally common in woods. compressa L.—FLAT-STEMMED MEADOW GRASS. Not uncom- mon on dry banks and walls; Scalby, Yedmandale (W.F.) ; Ruston, Wykeham, 1945 (C.M.R.). pratensis L_—-SMOOTH MEADOW GRASS. Common. trivialis L—ROUGH MEADOW GRASS. Common. GLYCERIA Brown, R. fluitans (L.) Br., R—FLOATING MEADOW GRASS. Common in watery places; Forge Valley, Cayton Carr, etc. FLOWERING PLANTS 269 plicata Fr.—Flixton Carrs (Y.N.U. Excn., 1943). maxima (Hartm.) Holmb.—REED MEADOW GRASS. Common in watery places; Hertford River, Brompton, Snainton, Cayton Carr, etc: _ PUCCINELLIA Parlatorre maritima (Huds.) Parl—SEA MEADOW GRASS. _ Rare; Scar- borough old pier (I1.G., J.G.B.). distans (L.) Parl—REFLEXED MEADOW GRASS. Rare ; Scar- borough north shore (J.G.B.). rupestris (With.) Fern. et Weath—-PROCUMBENT MEADOW GRASS. Very rare; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1935 (C.M.R.). SCLEROPOA Grisebach rigida (L.) Gris.—_HARD MEADOW GRASS. Not uncommon ; Forge Valley, Cloughton, Yedmandale, 1913-16 (E.C.H.) ; Stone Haggs (T.B.R.); Pexton Moor, Thornton-le-Dale (E.R.C.) ; Wykeham, 1945 (C.M.R.). VULPIA Gmelin bromoides (L.) Gray, S. F._-BARREN FESCUE-GRASS. _ Rare ; Forest, Beedale, 1945 (C.M.R.). FESTUCA Linnaeus ovina L_._SHEEP’S FESCUE GRASS. Common in dry hilly pastures. rubra L.—CREEPING FESCUE GRASS. Rare ; Scarborough Castle Walls (T.G.). var. dumetorum How.—Scarborough, 1914 (E.C.H.); Robin Hood’s Bay (W. J. Fordham, Hb. E.C.H.). var. glaucescens Heg. et Heer.—Scarborough, 1914 (E.C.H.). pratensis Huds.—TALL FESCUE GRASS. Common in wet places. gigantea (L.) Vill—-GIANT BROME GRASS. Common in shady places. BROMUS Linnaeus ramosus Huds.—WOOD BROME GRASS. Common in damp woods. erectus Huds.—PERENNIAL BROME GRASS. Uncommon ; Hackness Hairpins, 1916 (A.I.B.) ; Yedmandale, 1945 (C.M.R.). sterilis L._.—BARREN BROME GRASS. Common in fields and waste places. mollis L. sec Holmbg.—SOFT BROME GRASS. Common by roadsides and in waste places. BRACHYPODIUM de Beauvais sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv.—WOOD FALSE BROME GRASS. Common in thickets and hedgerows. pinnatum (L.) Beauv.—-BARREN FALSE BROME GRASS. Un- common ; east side of Wydale, 1916 (A.I.B.). var. pubescens Gray—Wydale, 1916 (A.I.B.). 270 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LOLIUM Linnaeus perenne L._PERENNIAL RYE GRASS. Abundant. multiflorum Lam. ITALIAN RYE GRASS. Common. AGROPYRON Gaertner caninum (L.) Beauv.—WOOD COUCH GRASS. Common. repens (L.) Beauv.—COUCH GRASS. Abundant. NARDUS Linnaeus stricta L_.—MAT GRASS. Common on moors and heaths. HORDEUM Linnaeus nodosum L._MEADOW BARLEY. Rare ; Pickering, 1944 (M.E.P.). murinum L.—WALL BARLEY. Common in dry places. CONIFERAE TAXACEAE TAXUS Linnaeus *baccata L_COMMON YEW. Common. PINACEAE PINUS Linnaeus *sylvestris L_—SCOTS PINE. Common. LARIX Miller *decidua Mill—_ EK UROPEAN LARCH. Common. The following conifers, in addition to the above, have been planted — in the area by H.M. Forestry Commission, the Duchy of Lancaster and others. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Pari. (Lawson Cypress), Cupressus macrocarpa (Hart.) Gord. (Monterey Cypress), Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. (Green or Coastal Douglas Fir), Tsuga heterophylla Sarg. (Western Hemlock), Larix eurolepis Hen. A. (Hybrid Larch), L. leptolepis (Murr.) Gord. (Japanese Larch), Pinus austriaca Hoess. (Austrian Pine), P. laricio Poir. (Corsican Pine and its variety Ursuline Pine), P. contorta Dougl. (Lodgepole Pine), P. pinaster Ait. (Maritime Pine), P. montana Mill. (Mountain Pine), P. ponderosa Dougl. (West- ern Yellow Pine). Abies alba Mill. (European Silver Fir), A. grandis Lind., A. nobilis Lind., A. veitchii Lind., Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway Spruce), P. omorika Bolle (Serbian Spruce), P. sitchensis Carr. (Sitka Spruce), P. asperata Mast., P. jezocensis Carr. (Hondo Spruce), Cryptomeria japonica Don., D., (Japanese Cedar), Thuya plicata Don., D. (Western © Red Cedar). FERNS 271 : FILICES - FERNS | OPHIOGLOSSACEAE _ BOTRYCHIUM Swartz | lunaria (L.) Sw.—MOONWORT. Uncommon; near Haybuarn Wyke, 1911 (A.I.B.) ; Langdale End, 1935 (G.B.W.). _ OPHIOGLOSSUM Linnaeus _ vulgatum L.—ADDER’S TONGUE. Common; Haybum Wyke, Cloughton Newlands, Thornton-le-Dale (H.R.) ; Langdale End, 1935 (G.B.W.). OSMUNDACEAE OSMUNDA Linnaeus regalis L.—ROYAL FERN. Rare; Harwood Dale, 1915-16 (G.W.T.) ; has now disappeared from the area owing to the depre- dations of collectors. MARSILEACEAE PILULARIA Linnaeus globulifera L—CREEPING PILLWORT. Rare; Scarborough Mere (J.G.B.) ; not seen in recent years. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith, Sir J. E. tunbrigense (L.) Sm.—TUNBRIDGE FILMY FERN. Rare ; Baker says, ‘‘Said to have been found by Mr. Peterkin on the banks of the stream which falls into the sea at Hayburn Wyke.”’ This record is vouched for by Dr. Richard Spruce. POLY PODIACEAE PTERIDIUM Scopoli aquilinum (L.) Kuhn—BRACKEN. Abundant. BLECHNUM Linnaeus spicant (L.) Roth—NORTHERN HARD FERN. Common at Hayburn Wyke, Hackness, etc. PHYLLITIS Hill scolopendrium (L.) Newm.—HART’S-TONGUE FERN. Common in shady places. ASPLENIUM Linnaeus marinum L.—SEA SPLEENWORT. Rare; Burniston Wyke (“Nat. Hist. Journ.,” 1885, p. 77). trichomanes L._—COMMON WALL SPLEENWORT. Common on walls and rocks. 272 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT obovatum Viv.—GREEN LANCEOLATE SPLEENWORT. Rare; Beast Cliff, 1909 (H.J.B.) ; Goathland, 1933 (F. Druce). adiantum-nigrum L.—BLACK-STALKED SPLEENWORT. Rare ; Ravenscar Undercliff (E.G.H.) ; Bridestones, 1940 (E.R.C.) ; near Goathland (W.A.S.). ruta-muraria L_—WALL-RUE SPLEENWORT. Common at Hack- ness, Ayton, Brompton, etc. ATHYRIUM Roth filix-femina (L.) Roth—LADY FERN. Abundant in moist and shady places. CYSTOPTERIS Bernhardi fragilis (L.) Bernh.—BRITTLE BLADDER-FERN. Rare; New- tondale (Y.N.U. Excn., 1941). DRYOPTERIS Adanson filix-mas (L.) Schott—MALE FERN. Abundant. dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray, A.—BROAD SHIELD FERN. Common in moist woods and shady and rocky places. spinulosa (Muell.) Warr—NARROW PRICKLY-TOOTHED SHIELD FERN. Common in boggy woods and thickets. aemula (Ait.) Kuntze, O.—HAY-SCENTED FERN. Rare; Hack- ness (E.R.C., Dr. Rowlands). POLYSTICHUM Roth setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar—ANGULAR-LEAVED SHIELD FERN. Rare ; Newtondale (Y.N.U. Excn., 1941). aculeatum (L.) Roth—PRICKLY SHIELD FERN. Common in woods and moist shady places. THELYPTERIS Schmidel oreopteris (Ehrh.) Chr.. C—SWEET MOUNTAIN BUCKLER FERN. Uncommon; Hackness, 1939 (E.R.C.). phegopteris (L.) Sloss—BEECH FERN. Rare ; Whisperdales (E.G.H.) ; not seen recently. GYMNOCARPIUM Newman dryopteris (L.) Newm.—OAK FERN. Rare; at one time in Rain- cliffe Wood, Beedale, Yedmandale, now disappearing from the district. robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm.—LIMESTONE POLYPODY. Rare; Newtondale, 1940 (E.G.H.). POLYPODIUM Linnaeus vulgare L_—COMMON POLYPODY. Abundant on walls and banks. HORSE-TAILS 273 EQUISETACEAE — HORSE-TAILS EQUISETUM Linnaeus telmateia Ehrh, GREAT WATER HORSE-TAIL. Common in Forge Valley and cliffs north of Scarborough. arvense L_—CORN or FIELD HORSE-TAIL. Abundant. sylvaticum L._BRANCHED WOOD HORSE-TAIL. Uncommon ; Ringing Keld Bog, 1914 (T.B.R.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley (EREG)).. palustre L—MARSH HORSE-TAIL. Common in bogs. var. polystachyum (Weig.) Duv. Jouve—Rare; Ringing Keld, 1903 (C.W.). fluviatile L—SMOOTH NAKED HORSETAIL. Not uncommon. hyemale L_—DUTCH RUSH. Rare; Scarborough (T.G.). LYCOPODIACEAE — CLUB-MOSSES LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus selago L._FIR CLUB-MOSS. Rare; Seamer Moor (T.G.). clavatum L.—COMMON CLUB-MOSS. Rare; Ramsdale Beck near Foul-Syke, 1915 (G.W.T.) ; Dalby Dale, 1944 (C.M.R.) ; near the Falcon Inn, 1924 (G.B.W., A.I.B.). alpinum L.—ALPINE CLUB-MOSS. Rare; Hutton Buscel Moor GeG.B-)- SELAGINELLACEAE SELAGINELLA de Beauvais selaginoides (L.) Link—-LESSER ALPINE CLUB-MOSS. Rare; Langdale End, 1915 (E.C.H.) ; near Bloody Beck (Hb. E.C.H.) ; Dalby Bog, (A.G.). CHAROPHYTA — STONEWORTS CHARA Linnaeus delicatula Agardh.—FRAGILE CHARA.—Uncommon ; Thornton- le-Dale, 1922 (J.R.F., J.G.) ; Grosmont, 1946 (E.R.C.). fragilis Desv. var. hedwigii Kuetz.—Rare; Filey, 1946 (E.R.C., H.R. det. C.M.R.). 274 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT INDEX OF FAMILIES AND GENERA Acer 224 Aceraceae 224 Achillea 237 Acinos 250 Aconitum 213 Actaea 213 Adoxa 234 Adoxaceae 234 Aegopodium 232 Aesculus 224 Aethusa 233 Agrimonia Pz) Agropyron 270 Agrostemma 219 Agrostis 266 Aira 267 Ajuga 252 Alchemilla 228 Alisma 262 Alismataceae 262 Alliaria 216 Allium 260 Alnus 256 Alopecurus 266 Alyssum 215 Amaryllidaceae 259 Ammi 232 Ammophila 267 Anacamptis 258 Anagallis 244 Anaphalis 237 Anchusa 245 Andromeda 242 Anemone 231 Angelica 233 Antennaria 237 Anthemis 237 Anthoxanthum 266 Anthriscus 233 Anthyllis 225 Apera 267 Apium 232 Apocynaceae 244 Aquifoliaceae 223 Aquilegia 213 Arabidopsis 216 Arabis 215 Araceae 262 Araliaceae 234 Arbutus 242 Arctium 239 Arenaria 220 Aristolochia 254 Aristolochiaceae 254 Armeria 243 Armoracia 215 Arrhenatherum 267 Artemisia 238 Arum 262 Asperugo 245 Asperula 235 Asplenium 271 Astragalus 225 Athyrium 272 Atriplex 253 Atropa 246 Avena 267 Baldellia 262 Ballota 252 Balsaminaceae 223 Barbarea 215 Bellis 236 Berberidaceae 213 Berberis 213 Beta 252 Betula 256 Betulaceae 256 Bidens 237 Blackstonia 244 Blechnum 271 Blysmus 264 Boraginaceae 245 Botrychium 271 Brachypodium 269 Brassica 216 Briza 268 Bromus 269 Bryonia 231 Bunias 217 Butomaceae 262 Butomus 262 Buxaceae 255 Buxus 255 Cakile 218 Calamagrostis 266 Calamintha 250 Calendula 239 Callitrichaceae 230 Callitriche 230 Calluna 242 Caltha 212 Calystegia 246 Camelina 216 Campanula 242 Campanulaceae 242 Cannabinaceae 255 Caprifoliaceae 234 Capsella 217 Cardamine 215 Cardaria — 217 Carduus 239 Carex 264 Carlina 239: Carpinus 256 Carthamus 240 Carum 232 Caryophyllaceae 219 Castanea 256 Catabrosa 268 Celastraceae 223 Centaurea 240 Centaurium 244. Centranthus 236 Cephalanthera 258 Cerastium 219 Chaerophyllum 233 Chamaenerion 231 Chara 273 Charophyta 273 Cheiranthus 214 Chelidonium 214 Chenopodiaceae 2, Chenopodium 252 Chrysanthemum 238 Chrysosplenium 229 Cichorium 240: Circaea 231 Cirsium 239 Cistaceae 218 Claytonia 221 Clematis 211 Clinopodium 250 Cochlearia 215 Coeloglossum 259: Comarum 228 Compositae 236 Conium 232 Conopodium 232 Conringia 216. Convallaria 260: Convolvulaceae 246 Convolvulus 246 Cornaceae 234 Cornus 234 Coronopus 217 Corydalis 214 Corylaceae 256 Corylus 256 Crassulaceae 230 Crataegus 229 Crepis 240 Cruciferae 214 Cucurbitaceae 231 - Cuscuta 246 Cynoglossum 245 Cynosurus Cyperaceae Cystopteris Dactylis Daphne Datura Daucus Dentaria Deschampsia Descurainia Digitalis Dioscoreaceae Diplotaxis Dipsacaceae Dipsacus Doronicum Drosera Droseraceae Dryopteris Echium Elaeagnaceae Eleocharis Elodea Empetraceae Empetrum Epilobium Epipactis Equisetaceae Equisetum Eranthis Erica Ericaceae Erigeron Eriophorum Erodium Erophila Erysimum Euonymus Eupatorium Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Euphrasia Fagopyrum Fagaceae Fagus Festuca Filago Filipendula Foeniculum Fragaria Fraxinus Fritillaria Fumaria Fumariaceae Gagea Galanthus Galeopsis Galium Genista VASCULAR PLANTS Gentiana 244 Gentianaceae 244 Geraniaceae 222 Geranium 222 Geum 227 Glaux 244 Glechoma 250 Glyceria 268 Gnaphalium 237 Gramineae 266 Grossulariaceae 229 Gymnadenia 259 Gymnocarpium 27 Haloragaceae 230 Hedera 234 Helianthemum 218 Helictotrichon 267 Helleborus 212 Heracleum 234 Hesperis 216 Hieracium 241 Hippocastanaceae 224 Hippophae 254 Hippuris 230 Holcus 267 Hordeum 270 Hottonia 243 Humulus 255 Hydrocharis 257 Hydrocharitaceae 257 Hydrocotyle 231 Hymenophyllaceae 271 Hymenophyllum 271 Hyoscyamus 247 Hypericaceae 221 Hypericum 221 Hypochoeris 241 Iberis 217 Tlex 223 Illecebraceae 252 Impatiens 223 Inula 237 Iridaceae 259 Iris 259 Juncaceae 261 Juncaginaceae 262 Juncus 261 Knautia 236 Koeleria 268 Labiatae 249 Lactuca 241 Lamium 251 Lapsana 240 Larix 270 Lathraea 249 Lathyrus 226 Leguminosae 224 Lemna 262 Lemnaceae 262 Lentibulariaceae 249 Leontodon 241 Lepidium 217 Leucorchis 259 Ligustrum 244 Liliaceae 260 Lilium 260 Linaceae 222 Linaria 247 Linnaea 235 Linum 222 Listera 258 Lithospermum 246 Littorella - 252 Lobularia 215 Lolium 270 Lonicera 235 Loranthaceae 254 Lotus 225 Luzula 261 Lychnis 219 Lycium 246 Lycopodiaceae 273 Lycopodium 273 Lycopsis 245 Lycopus 250 Lysimachia 243 Lythraceae 231 Lythrum 231 Mahonia 213 Maianthemum 260 Malcolmia 216 Malus 229 Malva 221 Malvaceae 221 Marrubium 251 Marsileaceae 271 Matricaria 238 Meconopsis 214 Medicago 224 Melampyrum 249 Melandrium 219 Melica 268 Melilotus 224 Mentha 249 Menyanthaceae 245 Menyanthes 245 Mercurialis 255 Mespilus 229 Milium 266 Mimulus 247 Molinia 268 Monotropa 243 Montropaceae 243 Montia 221 i) oy 276 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Myosotis 245 Myrica 255 Myricaceae DSS Myriophyllum 230 Myrrhis 233 Narcissus 259 Nardus 270 Narthecium 261 Nasturtium 214 Neottia 257 Nepeta 250 Nuphar 213 Nymphaea 213 Nymphaeaceae Odontites 248 Oenanthe 233 Oleaceae 244 Omphalodes 245 Onagraceae 231 Onobrychis 226 Ononis 224 Onopordum 240 Ophioglossaceae 2 Ophioglossum 271 Ophrys 259 Orchidaceae 257 Orchis 258 Origanum 250 Ornithogalum 260 Ornithopus 225 Orobanchaceae Orobanche 249 Osmunda 271 Osmundaceae 271 Oxalis 223 Oxycoccus 242 Panicum 266 Papaver 213 Papaveraceae 213 Parietaria MSS) Paris 261 Parnassia 229 Parnassiaceae 229 Pastinaca 234 Pedicularis 248 Peplis 231 . Petasites 238 Petroselinum 232 Peucedanum 233 Phalaris 266 Phleum 266 Phragmites 267 Phyllitis 271 Picris 240 Pilularia 271 Pimpinella 232 Pinaceae 270 Pinguicula 249 Pinus 270 Plantaginaceae Plantago 252 Platanthera 259 Plumbaginaceae 2: Poa 268 Polemoniaceae 245 Polemonium 245 Polygala 219 Polygalaceae 219 Polygonaceae 253 Polygonatum 260 Polygonum 253 Polypodiaceae 271 Polypodium 272 Polystichum 272 Populus 257 Portulaceae 221 Potamogeton 263 Potamogetonaceae 263 Potentilla 227 Poterium 228 Primula 243 Primulaceae 243 Prunella 251 Prunus 226 Pteridium 271 Puccinellia 269 Pulicaria 237 Pyrola 243 Pyrolaceae 243 Quercus 256 Ranunculaceae 211 Ranunculus 212 Raphanus 218 Reseda 218 Resedaceae 218 Rhamnaceae 223 Rhamnus 223 Rhinanthus 248 Rhynchospora 264 Ribes 229 Rorippa 214 Rosa 228 Rosaceae 226 Rubiaceae 235 Rubus 227 Rumex 254 Ruscus 260 Sagina 220 Salicaceae 256 Salix 256 Salsola 253 Salvia 250 Sambucus 234 Samolus 244 Sanguisorba 228 Sanicula 232 Saponaria 219) Sarothamnus 224 Saxifraga 229 Saxifragaceae 229 Scabiosa 236 Scandix 233 Schoenus 264 Scilla 260 Scirpus 263 Scleranthus 252 Scleropoa 269 Scrophularia 247 Scrophulariaceae 247 Scutellaria 250 Sedum 230 Selaginella 273 Selaginellaceae 273 Sempervivum 230 Senecio 239 Serratula 240 Setaria 266 Sherardia MBS) Sieglingia 267 Silaum 233 Silybum 240 Silene 219 Sinapis 217 Sisymbrium 216 Sium 232 Smyrnium 232 Solanaceae 246 Solanum 246 Solidago 236 Sonchus 241 Sorbus 228 Sparganiaceae 262 Sparganium 262 Specularia 242 Spergula 220 Spergularia 221 Spiraea Di} Spiranthes 258 Stachys 251 Stellaria 220 Suaeda 253 Succisa 236 Symphoricarpos 235 Symphytum 245 Tamaricaceae 221 Tamarix 221 Tamus 260 Tanacetum 238 Taraxacum 241 Taxaceae 270 ‘Taxus 270 Teucrium 252 Thalictrum 211 Thelypteris 272 Thlaspi 217 Thymelaeaceae 254 Thymus 250 Tilia 222 Tiliaceae 222 Torilis 234 Tragopogon 242 Trientalis 243 Trifolium 22S Triglochin 262 Trisetum 267 Trollius 212 Tussilago 238 Typha 261 Typhaceae 261 VASCULAR PLANTS Ulex 224 Ulmaceae 255 Ulmus 255 Umbelliferae 231 Urtica 255 Urticaceae 255 Utricularia 249 Vacciniaceae 242 Vaccinium 242 Valeriana 235 Valerianaceae 235 Valerianella 236 Verbascum 247 Verbena 249 Verbenaceae 249 Veronica 248 Viburnum 235 Vicia 226 Vinca 244 Viola 218 Violaceae 218 Viscum 254 Vulpia 269 Zannichellia 263 Zannichelliaceae INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES A Absinthe 238 Aconite, Winter 212 Adder’s Tongue 271 Agrimony, Common 228 Fragrant 228 Hemp 236 Alder 256 Alexanders 232 Alkanet, Evergreen 245 Alyssum PINS) Sweet 215 American Cress Andromeda, Marsh 242 Anemone, Wood 211 Angelica, Wild 233 Apple, Crab 229 Arrow-grass, Marsh 262 Seaside 263 Ash, Common 244 Mountain 228 Aspen 257 Asphodel, Lancashire Bog 261 Avens, Intermediate 227 Water 227 Wood 227 B Balsam, Indian 223 Baneberry 213 Barberry 213 Holly-leaved 213 Barley, Meadow 270 Wall 270 Bartsia, Red 248 Basil Thyme 250 Basil, Wild 250 Bedstraw, Great Hedge 235 Hispid-fruited 235 Lady’s 235 Marsh 235 Rough Bog 235 Smooth Heath 235 Beech 256 Beet, Sea 252 Bell Flower, Clustered 242 Creeping 242 Giant 242 Bell Heather 243 Bent-grass, Brown 266 Common 266 Marsh 266 Betony, Water 247 Wood 251 Bilberry 242 Bind-weed, Black 253 Corn 246 Larger 246 263 Birch 256 Bird’s-foot, Common 225 Trefoil 225 Bird’s-nest, Yellow 243 Birthwort 254 Bishop-weed 232 Bishop’s-Weed 232 Bistort 253 Bittercress, Hairy 215 Large-flowered Wavy-hairy 215 Bittersweet 246 Blackberry 227 Black Crowberry DS] Black Currant 229 Blackthorn 226 Bladder Campion 219 Bladderwort 249 Blinks, Water 221 Bluebell 260 Blysmus, Broad -leaved 264 Bog Asphodel 261 Bean 245 Myrtle 255 Pimpernel 244 Rush 264 Box 255 Bracken 276 Bramble 227 Stone 227 Briar, Sweet 228 Brooklime, 248 277 > “ 78 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Brookweed 244 Broom, Butcher’s 260 Common 224 Broomrape, esser 249 Tall 249 Bryony, Black 260 White 231 Buckbean 245 Buckthorn, Purging 223 Sea 254 Buckwheat 254 Bugle 252 Bugloss, Small 245 Viper’s 246 Bullace 226 Burdock, Intermediate 239 Lesser 239 Bur-marigold, Nodding 237 Tripartite 237 Bur-reed, Branched 262 Small 262 Upright 262 Burnet, Great 228 Salad 228 Burr Chervil 233 Butcher’s Broom 260 Butterbur 238 Sweet-scented 238 Buttercup, Bulbous 212 Common 212 Creeping 212 Butterwort 249 Cc Cabbage, Field 217 Sea 216 Calamint 250, Campion, Bladder 219 Red 219 White 219 Candytuft 217 Caraway 232 Carline Thistle 239 Carrot, Sea 234 Wild 234 Catchfly, English 219 Night- Flowering 219 Small-flowered Catmint 250 Cat’s-ear, Long-rooted 241 Smooth 241 Cedar, Japanese 270 Western Red 270 Celandine , 214 Lesser Di Centaury 244 Tufted 244 Chamomile, Common 238 Corn 238 Wild 238 Yellow 237 Chara, Fragile 273 Charlock 217 Cherry, Bird 227 Wild 226 Chervil, Burr 233 Rough 233 Chestnut, Horse 224 Sweet 256 Chickweed 220 Mouse-ear 220 Field Mouse-ear 220 Lesser Mouse- ear 220 Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear 220 Sea Mouse-ear 219 Wintergreen 243 Chicory Cicely, Sweet 233 Cinquefoil, Creeping 227 Hoary 227 Marsh 228 Clary, 250 Whorled 250 Claytonia 221 Cleavers 235 Clematis 211 Clover, Alsike 225 Crimson WS Dutch 225 Red 225 White 225 Zigzag 225 Clubmoss, Alpine 273 Common 273 Fir 273 Lesser Alpine 273 Clubrush, Bristle- stalked 264 - Few-flowered 263 Floating 264 Lake 264 Many- stemmed 263 Marsh 263 Slender 263 Tufted 264 Wood 264 Coltsfoot , 238 White 238 Columbine 213 Comfrey, Common 245 Tuberous 245 Coralwort 215 Corn Cockle 219 Feverfew 238 Flower 240 Marigold 238 * Salad 236 Cornel, Dwarf 234 Corydalis, Climbing 214 Yellow 214 Cotton-grass, Downy-stalked 264 Narrow-leaved Sheathing 264 Cowberry 242 Cow Parsley 233 Cow Parsnip 234 Cowslip 242 Cow-wheat 249 Crab-apple 229 Cranberry 242 Crane’s-bill, Bloody 222 Blue Meadow 222 Cut-leaved 223 Dove’s-foot 222 Dusky 222 Long-stalked 223 Mountain 222 Shining 223 Small-flowered 223 Striped DOD Cress, American 215 Hairy Rock 215 Hoary 217 Large-flowered Bitter-cress 215 Penny NF] Thale 216 Wart 217 Water 214 Yellow 214 Crosswort 235 Crowberry 257 Crow-foot, Celery- leaved Water 212 Corn 212 lvy-leaved Water 212 Small-flowered 2 Water 212 Wood 212 Cuckoo-flower 215 Pint 262 Cudweed, Common 236 Heath 237 Least 237 Marsh 237 Red-tipped 237 Wood 237 Currant, Black pd Mountain 229 Red 229 Cypress 270 D Daffodil 259 Daisy, Common 236 Ox-eye 238 Dame’s Violet 216 Dandelion 241 Marsh 241 Danewort 234 Deadly Nightshade 246 Dead-nettle, Cut-leaved 251 Henbit 251 Intermediate 251 Red 251 Spotted 251 White 251 Devil’s-bit 236 Dewberry 227 Dock, Broadleaved 254 Curled 254 Fiddle 254 Golden 254 Great Water 254 Sharp 254 VASCULAR PLANTS Dodder, Lesser 246 Clover 246 Dog’s Mercury 23) Dog-rose 228 Dogwood 234 Douglas Fir 270 Dropwort 227 Fine-leaved Water 233 Hemlock Water 233 Water 233 Duckweed, Greater 262 Ivy-leaved 262 Lesser 262 Dutch Rush 272 Dwarf Cornel 234 Dyer’s Rocket 218 Greenweed 224 Earthnut 232 Elder 234 Cut-leaved 234 Elecampane 237 Elm, Common 255 Wych 2D) Enchanter’s Nightshade 231 Everlasting, Mountain 237 Pearly 237 Eyebright 248 F Fat Hen 252 Felwort 244 Fennel 233 Fern, Angular- leaved Shield Dip; Beech YP) Brittle Bladder Dale) Dii2: Broad Shield 272 Filmy, Tun- bridge 271 Hart’s-tongue DTI Hay-scented 272 Lady Dy Male 272 Narrow Prickly- toothed 272 Northern Hard 271 Oak 272 Prickly Shield 272 Royal 271 Sweet Moun- tain Buckler 272 Fever-few 238 Corn 238 Field Madder 235 Figwort 247 Water 247 Flag 259 Flax, Common 222 Narrow-leaved 222 Perennial Blue 222 Purging 227 Fleabane, Blue 236 Greater 237 Flixweed 216 Fluellen, Round- headed 247 Sharp-leaved 247 Fool’s Parsley 233 Forget-me-not 245 Changeable 246 Creeping Water 245 Early 246 Field 246 Tufted Water 245 Wood 245 Foxglove 247 Fritillary 260 Frogbit 257 Fumitory, Common 214 Rampant 214 Furze, Common 224 Dwarf 224 G Gale, Sweet 255 Garlic 260 Crow 260 Mustard 216 Gean 226 Gentian, Autumn 244 Field 244 Gipsywort 250 Globeflower 212 Goat’s-beard, Yellow 242 Golden Rod 236 Goldilock 212 Gold of Pleasure 216 Good King Henry 252 Gooseberry, Wild 229 279 280 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Goose-foot, Glaucous DD, Green 252 Nettle-leaved 252 Red 252 White 252 Goosegrass 235 Gorse 224 Goutweed 232 Grass of Parnas- sus 229 Grass : Bent, Brown 266 Common 266 Dense- flowered Silky 266 Marsh 266 Brome, Barren 269 Barren, False 269 Giant 269 . Perennial 269 Soft 269 Wood 269 Canary, Cultivated 266 Cat’s-tail, Seaside 266 Cock’s-foot Rough 268 Couch 270 Wood 270 Decumbent Heath 267 Dog’s-tail, Crested 268 Rough 268 Fescue, Barren 26 Creeping 269 Sheep’s 269 Tall 269 Foxtail, Floating 266 Meadow 266° Slender 266 Green Brittle 266 Hair, Bog 267 Early 267 Heath 267 Silvery 267 Tufted 267 Waved 267 Heath 267 Decumbent 267 Marram 267 Mat 270 Grass—contd. Meadow, Annual 268 Fiat-stemmed 268 Floating 268 Hard 269 Procumbent Reed 269 Rough 268 Reflexed 269 Sea 269 Smooth 268 Wood 268 Melic, Blue 268 Mountain 268 Purple 268 Wood 268 Millet, Wood 266 Oat, Downy 267 False 267 Perennial 267 Wild 267 Yellow 267 Quaking 268 Rye, Italian 270 Perennial 270 Scurvy DNS) Soft, Creeping 267 Meadow 267 Timothy 266 Vernal, sweet- scented 266 Water Whorl 268 Whitlow 215 Yorkshire Fog 267 Greenweed, Dyer’s 224 Gromwell 246 Corn 246 Ground-ivy 250 Groundsel 239 Heath 239 Stinking 268 Guelder Rose 235 H Hairy Rock-Cress 215 Harebell 242 Hare’s-ear 216 Hart’s-tongue 271 Hawkbit, Autumnal 241 Common 241 Lesser 241 Hawk’s-beard, Beaked 240 Marsh 241 Rough 240 Smooth 240 Hawkweed, Mouse-ear 241 Savoy 241 Umbellate 241 Wall 241 Wood 241 Hawthorn 229 Hazel 256 Heartsease 219 Heath, Cross- leaved 243 Fine-leaved 243 Heather, Bell 243 Hedge Mustard 216 Parsley 234 Heliotrope, Winter 238 Heliebore, Green 212 Stinking 212 Helleborine, Broad-leaved 258 Marsh 258 Narrow-leaved 2 Hemlock, Common 235 Western 270 Hemp Agrimony 236 Nettle 251 Bee 251 Red 251 Henbane 247 Herb-Bennet 227 Christopher 213 Paris 261 Robert 223 Hoary Cress 217 Ragwort 239 Holly 223 Honeysuckle, Common 235 Upright Fly 235 Hop 255 Horehound, Black 252 White 251 Horse Chestnut 224. Hornbeam 256 Horseradish 215 Horsetail, Branched Wood 273 Corn 273 Great Water 273 Marsh 273 Smooth Naked 273 Hound’s Tongue 245 Houseleek 230 I Indian Balsam 223 Iris, Yellow 259 Ivy, Common 234 Ground 250 J Jack-by-the- Hedge 216 Jacob’s Ladder 245 K Keck 233 Kidney Vetch 225 Knapweed, Black 240 Greater 240 Knawel, Annual 252 Knotgrass 253 L Lady’s Bedstraw 239 Fingers 225 Mantle 228 Smock 215 Tresses 258 Larch, European 27 Hybrid 270 Japanese 270 Laurel, Spurge 254 Lent Lily 259 Leopard’s Bane 238 Lettuce, Wall 241 Wild 241 Lily, Lent 259 Ee caai 260 Be Pine Valley 260 Water 213 VASCULAR PLANTS Common 222 Large-leaved 222 Small-leaved 222 Lime, Ling 242 Linnaea, Two-flowered 235 Livelong 230 London Pride 229 Loosestrife, Purple 231 Yellow 243 Lords and Ladies 262 Lousewort, Field 248 Marsh 248 Lucerne 224 M Madder, Field 235 Madwort 245 Mallow, Common 222 Dwarf 222 Erect 22D, Musk 221 Maple, Common 224 Mare’s-tail 230 Marigold 239 Bur 237 Corn 238 Marsh 212 Marsh Andro- meda 242 Arrow-grass 262 Lousewort 248 Marigold Din Pennywort 231 Ragwort 239 Thistle 239 Woundwort 251 Marjoram, Wild Martagon Lily 260 Masterwort 233 May-lily 260 Mayweed, Rayless 238 Scentless 238 Meadow Rue 211 Sweet 227 Medick, Black 224 Purple 224 Reticulated 224 Spotted 224 Yellow 224 Medlar 229 Melilot 224 Common 224 Small 225 White 224 Mercury, PSS. Mignonette, spike 218 Upright 218 White 218 Wild 218 Milfoil, Alternate- flowered 230 Spiked Water 230 Whorled Water 230 Milkwort 219 Heath 219 Sea 244 Mint, Corn 250 Pepper 249 Round-leaved 249 Spear 249 Water 249 Whorled 250 Mistletoe 254 Moneywort 243 Monkey-flower Monkshood 213 Moonwort 271 Moschatel, Tuberous 234 Mountain-ash 228 Currant 229 Everlasting 237 Mugwort 238 Mullein, Dark Aol Great 247 Twiggy 247 Musk Thistle 239 Mustard, Black 217 Garlic 216 Hedge 216 Treacle 216 Wall 217 White Pile Wild 217 Myrtle, Bog 255 N Navelwort, Blue 245 Nettle, Common 255 Cut-leaved Dead 25 Hemp 25 281 282 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Nettle—contd. Henbit Dead 251 Intermediate Dead 251 Red Dead 251 Red Hemp 251 Small 255 Spotted Dead Si White Dead 251 Nightshade, Black 246 Deadiy 246 Enchanter’s 231 Woody 246 Nipplewort 240 O Oak, Common 256 Sessile-fruited 256 Oat, Perennial 267 Wild 267 Old Man’s Beard 211 Orache, Grass- leaved Sea 253 Halberd-leaved 253 Narrow leaved 253 Orchis, Bee 259 Bird’s Nest 257 Burnt-tip 258 Butterfly, Greater 259 Lesser 259 Dwarf 258 Early Purple 258 Fly 259 Fragrant 259 Frog 259) Green-winged 25 Marsh 258 Pyramidal 258 Small White 259 Spotted 258 Orpine 230 Osier 256 Ferruginous 257 Silky-leaved 257 Oxlip, False 243 Oxeye, White 238 Oxford Ragwort 239 Oxtongue 240 Hawkweed 240 P Pansy, Yellow Mountain 219 Parsley, Common P23) OW 23 Fool’s 233 Hedge 234 Knotted, Hedge 234 Piert 228 Parsnip, Cow 234 Narrow-leaved Cow 234 Water 232 Wild 234 Pea, Crimson 226 Narrow-leaved Everlasting 226 Pearlwort, Annual 220 Ciliated 220 Procumbent 220 Pearly Everlasting 23 7 Pellitory, Wall 255 Pennycress 217 Pennywort, Marsh 231 Peppermint 249 Pepper Saxi- frage 233 Pepperwort, Broadleaved 217 Field ONG Grey DAVY Marrow l\eaved 1 Perfoliate Yellow wort 244 Periwinkle, Lesser 244 Persicaria, Biting DS3) Lax-flowered 253 Pale 253 Spotted 253 Water 253 Petty Whin 224 Pheasant’s Eye 259 Pignut 232 Pillwort, Creeping 27) Pimpernel, Bog 244 Scarlet 244 Yellow 243 Pine, Austrian 270 Corsican 270 Lodgepole 270 Pine—contd. Maritime 270 Mountain 270 Scots 270 Ursuline 270 Western Yellow 270 Plantain, Buck’s-horn 252 Great 252 Hoary DD) Ribwort 252 Sea 252 Water, Greater 262 Lesser 262 Ploughman’s Spikenard 237 Plum, Wild 226 Polypody, Common 272 Limestone 272 Pondweed, Broadleaved 263 Curled 263 Fennel-leaved 263 Grassy 263 Horned 263 Oblong-leaved 263 Opposite- Ke leaved 263 Reddish 263 Shining 263 Small 263 Various-leaved 263 Poplar, Balsam PSST Black 257 White 257 Poppy, Field 213 Long Prickly- headed 213 Long Smooth- headed 213 Opium 213 Pale 213 Yellow Welsh 214 Primrose 243 Privet 244 Purple Loose- strife 231 Purslane, Sea 220 Water PB R Radish, Wild 218 Ragged Robin 219 Ragwort, Common 239 Hoary 239 Marsh 239 Oxford 239 Ramsons 260 Rape 216 Raspberry Py Rattle, Yellow 248 Red Bartsia 248 Campion 219 Currant 229 Reed, Ditch 267 Reedmace 261 Narrow-leaved 262 Rest-harrow 224 Spiny 224 Rockcress, Hairy 215 Rocket, Dyer’s 218 Sand 217 Sea 218 Wall 217 Yellow 215 Rock-rose 218 Rose-bay 231 Rose, Burnet 228 Dog 228 Downy 228 Guelder 235 Trailing 228 Rose-Root 230 Rowan 228 Rue, Meadow 211 Rush. Blunt-flowered Jointed 261 Bog 264 Common 261 Dutch 272 Flowering 262 Hard 261 Heath 261 Lesser Bog Jointed 261 Mud 261 Round-fruited 261 Sharp-flowered Jointed 261 Short-flowered 261 Soft 261 Toad 261 Sage. Wood 252 Sainfoin 226 VASCULAR PLANTS St. John’s-wort 221 Hairy 221 Large-flowered 221 Marsh 221 Mountain 221 Slender 221 Trailing 221 St. Peter’s-wort 221 Salad Burnet 228 Salsify 242 Saltwort, Prickly 253 Sandwort 220 Three-nerved 220 Thyme-leaved 220 Sanicle, Wood 232 Saw-wort 240 Saxifrage, Burnet 232 Cut-leaved 229 Golden, Alternate-leaved 229 Golden, Opposite-leaved 229 Greater Burnet 232 Meadow 229 Pepper 723)3} Rue-leaved 229 Scabious, Devil’s Bit 236 Field 236 Small 236 Scarlet Pimpernel 244 Scurvy-Grass 215 Hastate-leaved 215 Sea Beet DS) Blite 253 Buckthorn 254 Cabbage 216 Milkwort 244 Mouse-ear Chickweed 219 Pink 243 Purslane 220 Rocket 218 Sedge, Carnation 265 Common 265 Cyperus-like 265 Dioecious 264 Few-flowerea264 Fingered 265 Flea 264 Sedge—contd. Fox 264 Glaucous Heath 265 Great 265 Greater Panicled 264 Great Pendulous 265 Green-ribbed 265 Hairy 265 Hare’s-foot 264 Loose Pendulous 265 Oval 264 Pale 265 Pendulous Wood 265 Pill-headed 265 Remote- flowered 264 Short-spiked Bladder 265 Slender-beaked 265 Slender-spiked 265 Smooth-stalked 265 Soft Brown 264 Star-headed 264 Tawny 265 Tufted 265 Vernal 265 White 265 White-beak 264 Self-heal 251 Service-tree 228 Shepherd’s Needle 233) Purse 217 Shore-weed 252 Silver Fir, European 270 Grand 270 Noble 270 Silver-weed 227 Skull-cap, Common 250 Lesser 251 Sloe 226 Smallreed, Wood 266 Purple-flowered 266 Sneezewort 237 Snowberry 235 Snowdrop 260 Soapwort 219 Solomon’s Seal 260 283 284 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICi Sorrel, Common 254 Sheep’s 254 Wood 223 Yellow Wood 223 Sowthistle, Common 241 Corn 241 Rough 241 Spearmint 249 Spearwort, Great 212 Lesser 212 Speedwell, Common 248 Field 248 Germander 248 Grey Field 248 Ivy-leaved 248 Large Field 248 Marsh 248 Mountain 248 Thyme-leaved 248 Wall 248 Water 248 Spikenard, Ploughman’s 237 Spindle-tree 223 Spiraea, Willow- leaved 227 Spleenwort, Black- stalked 272 Common Wall 271 Green- lanceolate 272 Sea 271 Wall Rue 272 Spurge, Broadleaved Warted 254 Caper 255 Dwarf 255 Laurel 254 Petty 255 Red Shrubby 255 Sun 254 Spurrey, Corn 220 Knotted 220 Sandwort 221 Sandwort, Greater 221 Spruce, Hondo 270 Norway 270 Serbian 270 Sitka 270 Star of Bethlehem 260 Yellow 261 Star-wort, Hooked 230 Large-fruited 230 Stitch-wort, Bog 220 Greater 220 Lesser 220 Marsh 220 Stock, Virginian 216 Stonecrop, Biting 230 Crooked Yellow 230 English 230 Tasteless 230 Stork’s-bill, Hemlock 223 Musky 223 Strawberry, Barren 22 Hautboy 27 Tree 242 Wild 227 Sundew, Long- leaved 230 Round-leaved 230 Sweet-briar 228 Chestnut 256 Cicely 233 Gale 255 Sycamore 224 T Tamarisk 221 Tansy 238 Tare, Hairy 226 Tea-plant 246 Teasel, Wild 236 Thale Cress 216 Thistle, Carline 239 Cotton 240 Creeping 239 Marsh 239 Meadow Plume 239 Melancholy 239 Milk 240 Musk 239 Scotch 240 Slender-headed 239 Spear 239 Welted 239 Woolly-headed 239 Thorn-apple 247 Thrift 243 Thyme, Basil 250 Water 257 Wild 250 Toadflax Broadleaved 247 Ivy-leaved 247 Lesser 247 Yellow 247 Toothwort 249 Tormentil DPiil Creeping 227 Traveller’s Joy Treacle Mustard 216 Trefoil, Bird’s-foot 225 Hard Knotted 225 Hare’s-foot 225 Hop 225 Large Hop 225 Lesser Yellow 22s) Narrow-leaved Bird’s-foot 225 Slender Bird’s- foot 225 Soft Knotted 225 Strawberry- leaved 225 Tutsan 221 Twayblade, Common 258 Lesser 258 Vv Valerian, Wild 235 Venus’s Looking- glass 242 Vervain 249 Vetch, Bush 226 Common 226 Kidney 225 Milk, Purple Mountain 225 Milk, Sweet 225 Narrow-leaved Crimson 226 Rough-podded, Purple 226 Spring 226 Tuberous Bitter 226 Tufted 226 Wood 226 Yellow Rough Podded 226 Vetchling, Hairy 226 Tuberous 226 Yellow 226 Yellow Meadow 226 Violet, Dame’s 216 Dog 218 Flesh-coloured Sweet 218 Hairy 218 Marsh 218 Sweet 218 Water 243 White Sweet 218 Wood 218 Viper’s Bugloss 246 Virginian Stock 216 Ww Wake Robin 262 Wallflower 214 Wall Mustard 217 Pellitory 255 Rocket VA Wartcress 217 Lesser ANH Watercress 214 Water Betony 247 Blinks 221 Crowfoot 212 Dropwort 233 Figwort 247 Lily, White 213 Lily, Yellow 213 Parsnip, Least 232 Parsnip, Narrow-leaved 232 Parsnip, Procumbent 232 Persicaria 253 VASCULAR PLANTS Water —contd. Plantain, Greater 262 Plantain, Lesser 262 Purslane 231 Thyme 257 Violet 243 Wayfaring Tree 235 Weld 218 Whin 224 Petty 224 Whitebeam 228 White Bryony 231 White Campion 219 Whitlow-grass 215 Whortleberry 242 Willow, Bay-leaved 256 Common 257 Crack 256 Creeping SSH Dwarf 257 Goat 257 Osier ASST Purple 256 Smooth 256 White 256 Willowherb, Broadleaved 231 Great Hairy 23i Hoary 231 Narrow-leaved Marsh 231 Pale Smooth- leaved 231 Rosebay 231 Short-podded Square-stalked 231 Winter Aconite 212 Wintergreen, Chickweed 243 Wintergreen—contd Intermediate 243 Lesser 243 Round-leaved 243 Winter Heliotrope Wood Anemone 211 Wood Betony 251 Woodruff 235 Woodrush, Broad- leaved Hairy 261 Field 261 Great Hairy 261 Many-headed 261 Wood-Sage 252 Wood Sanicle 231 Wood-Sorrel 223 Yellow 223 Wormwood 238 Woundwort 251 Corn 251 Hedge 251 Marsh 251 Wych Elm 255 Y Yarrow DSi Yellow-Cress, Creeping 214 Great 214 Marsh 214 Loose -strife 243 Pimpernel 243 Rattle 248 Rocket 215 Yellow-wort, Perfoliate 244 Yew 270 Yorkshire Fog 267 285 HEATHLAND AFFORESTATION IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT J. Weatherell By kind permission of Her Majesty's Forestry Commission. INTRODUCTION Afforestation involves an ecological change wherein land not normal- ly supporting trees is converted into forest-land. Such a change is inevitably followed by a sequence of others, each of which is a reflection of changed conditions in the soil and the life within and above it. An understanding of these changes helps the forester to assess the wellbeing ot his woods, and to determine necessary management. A wood may need sixty to a hundred or more years to mature according to tree species and site conditions. In an ecological study of a woodland area, periodic recordings are thus essential for the benefit of future foresters and ecologists. For this purpose two local areas are described as they were before afforestation, together with observations on methods of afforestation and difficulties encountered. The calcareous erit plateaux of Wykeham and Broxa Forests are examples of state afforestation ; on the Ordnance Survey map these sites are marked Wykeham Low Moor and Hackness Moor respectively. Planting began at Wykeham in 1928, at Broxa in 1941. Both areas have been subjected to intensive research into methods of afforestation. PHYSIOGRAPHY. The areas under review are slightly convex plateaux dipping gently to the south. Their elevation is 600-700 feet above mean sea-level, and they are fully exposed to great force of wind, chiefly from the north- west, but with low-temperature winter winds from the north-east. The rainfall is estimated to be 25 inches per annum. Geologically the surface stratum is the lower calcareous grit of the middle oolite. The small amount of calcareous matter originally present has long been washed away, and there is now an acid reaction. The soil is a podzol, that is a soil where downward washing or leaching of fine soil particles and mineral salts from an upper layer has occurred. Such washed-out materials are usually deposited at a lower level. The following soil profile is representative though the A2 horizon varies in thickness and the depth of the pan varies accordingly. 286 AFFORESTATION 287 Horizon Depth in cms. Description AO 0-6 . Brown and black matted peat. Al 6-12 . As A2 but stained by AO. Not always present. A2 6/12-19 . Leached grey sandy soil with small rock fragments ; compact. A3 19-19-5/20 Black peat from dead roots. Bl 19.5-20 . Precipitated humus in sand and around stones ; dark in colour. Not always present. B2 20-20-3 Brown hard pan, black on _ upper surface. B3 20-3-35 Red-orange-brown sandy soil with small rock fragments ; slightly less compact than A2 and with a higher clay content. C 35- . Yellow-buff sandy soil, with rock frag- ments varying in quantity but tending to increase in size as the depth becomes greater ; clay con- tent rather less than in B2. AO is usually almost structureless and is capable of absorbing large quantities of water, but when dry it is slow to do so, and after a period of drought acts as a waterproof cover which encourages surface flooding. Al when present is peat-stained A2 and is the layer most densely occupied by the roots of the heath plants and those of the occasional trees. A2 is a zone of leached mineral soil with some root humus remains. Its grey or even white appearance gave rise to the word podzol, a Russian term meaning ash-like soil. A3 is a thin underground humus layer consequent on the inability of the roots of the natural vegetation to penetrate B2. Such roots travel horizontally over the pan, and when they die add to the humus layer. B1 when present, is stained by humus infiltration from A3 and other humic layers nearer the surface. B2 is a concentrated collection of substances leached from Al, one of the most important being iron. The break-up of this pan allows the downward and upward passage of water ; normally it is a barrier to both roots and moisture. B3 is a zone of deposition containing clay and other materials moved from the A horizons by leaching, merging gradually into C—the parent material, a stony sand weathered from the sandstone rock. 288 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PREVIOUS HISTORY. Contrary to the belief of some, there is no doubt that these plateaux have not always been covered with a moorland vegetation. Fossilised pollen preserved in the soil can be identified with certainty, and proves that such trees as oak, lime and alder, accompanied by hazel, at one time formed the dominant vegetation type. Such forest species could have - existed only under warm and wet climatic conditions such as we believe predominated between 4000 and 7000 years ago. The occurrence of a drier climatic phase following this probably eliminated some species, but there seems little doubt that oak, birch and pine persisted. It seems likely that these were in turn ousted by Bronze Age man when he was driven to exploit these relatively poor soils with his primitive shifting cultivation, his grazing animals and the use of fire. The disappearance of the dense forest cover, coupled with soil depletion by unscientific cultivation, would give ready access to the heather, which, once establish- ed, would consolidate its dominance by its tremendous vigour in competi- tion with other vegetation. Doubtless relics of old forest persisted and provided scattered regeneration over the area as a whole, but this would periodically be burnt off, thus preventing the re-establishment of broad- leaved forest even though the climate became appreciably moister again some 2000 years ago. In the course of time the heather brings about such soil deterioration, in particular the formation of a hard pan, that colonisation by trees is achieved only with difficulty and if they do survive, their growth is stunted. Such a historical account may seem to be of merely academic interest, but it is well for the forester to know that these plateaux have once borne a good forest soil, and if it is realised how long soil deteriora- tion has been at work it gives some idea of how feasible it is to restore such a soil. This reversal of soil deterioration constitutes a major problem for the silviculturist, and a most important factor in the solution will be the correct choice of species for re-afforestation. NATURAL VEGETATION PRIOR TO AFFORESTATION. A.—SHRUBS. 1. Calluna vulgaris (heather or ling). This is the dominant species ; its average yearly growth rarely exceeds two inches and may be less than one inch ; it is highly inflammable in dry weather. 2. Erica tetralix (cross-leaved heath). Associated with fairly wet sites. 3. Erica cinerea (fine-leaved heath). Generally less common than. E. tetralix and restricted to drier sites, the sides of tracks, etc. 4. Empetrum nigrum (crowberry). Rare. 5. Ulex europaeus (gorse). Associated with old depressed tracks. AFFORESTATION 289 B.—SEDGES, RUSHES and GRASSES. 1. Juncus squarrosus (heath rush). Closely associated with Scirpus, but rather more common, especially where the peat has been burned off. 2. Juncus bufonius (toad rush). Rare. 3. Scirpus caespitosus (deer grass). Occurs on wetter sites where Calluna is least vigorous. 4. Carex flacca (glaucous sedge). Rare. 5. Eriophorum vaginatum (hare’s tail cotton-grass). Patchy, but very frequent on wetter sites, and best noticed when in fruit. 6. Eriophorum angustifolium (narrow-leaved cotton-grass). | Rare to patchy and always confined to wet depressions. 7. Mbolinia caerulea (purple moor-grass). Rare. 8. Nardus stricta (matweed). Of rare occurrence. Associated with old tracks where peat is thin enough to expose mineral soil. C.—TREES. 1. Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). Rare and always in scrub form. 2. Betula spp. (birch). Rare and never taller than 3 feet. To the east of Hackness Moor and within easy reach of the highway much better examples of Scots pine and birch may be found together with other tree species. These are almost certainly examples of natural regeneration, but may have descended from earlier plantings nearby. GENERAL FORESTRY PRACTICE. FOREST NURSERIES. _ All conifers are raised from seeds. Cuttings are sometimes possible but a high degree of skill is needed for success and the method is not yet economic. When the seedlings are one or two years old, they are transplanted within the nursery and left for another year. Transplant- ing discourages the formation of long roots, encourages short root formation and gives the tree an opportunity to build up a reserve of energy before it is transferred to its forest site. Two types of nursery are in use locally. The older type is on agricultural soil, the recently developed type is on heathland soil. The latter produces trees more fitted to heathland planting, the explanation for which may be connected with mycorrhizal equipment of coniferous roots. A tree produced in one soil type tends to go into partial check when transferred to the other soil type, though normal growth is resumed after a year or so, provided other deleterious factors are not present. This check occurs possibly because the mycorrhizal equipment developed in one soil is useless to the tree in the other soil. A further valuable feature of the heathland nursery is its relative freedom from troublesome weeds, at least during early years. 296 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PLANTATIONS. About seventeen hundred plants are needed to afforest one acre. For an equally proportioned pine-spruce mixture these can be obtained from one ounce of Scots pine seed and one quarter-ounce Sitka spruce seed. Seventy per cent. or more of the trees will be eliminated partly by natural competition, but mainly by deliberate thinning before the final crop is left to mature. The initial heavy stocking of the trees and subsequent removal in stages of so many stems is the forester’s method ot providing straight stems, free from large branches. Thinnings allow remova! of weaklings, deformed trees and ‘‘wolves.’’ The last are so called because of inherent vigor for branch production which, if uncontrolled, would suppress rather smaller but better quality stems. At the original stocking per acre a dense canopy of branches is formed in ten to fifteen years. The upper branches absorb light at the expense of the lower branches and ground vegetation. These latter die, which is what the forester wants. The dominant trees continue their upward growth and also expand laterally ; consequently an annual increase in the amount of foliage is essential if stability between the foliage food-factory and timber production is to be maintained. [hin- ning or removal of stems allows increased development of foliage on the remaining trees. Each thinning allows further branch development, but there is always some degree of shade at an ever-increasing height which is sufficient to discourage vigorous branch development below. When the forest crop has nearly reached its height limit the final thinning takes place which allows further increase of stem diameter. FOREST DEMARCATION. Forests, under management, are divided into compartments or blocks, usnally of about 25 acres and each is given a number. Easy reference to any part of the forest is thus obtained. Demarcation is effected by unplanted rides which vary in width from twenty-five to sixty-six feet, or even wider according to their various uses. Rides give access to the forest and serve the all-important feature of providing fire-proof lines. In recent years the wider rides have been used as nurseries where seedling conifers are raised. When timber extraction begins in earnest, the rides will become highways of activity. Rides may be straight or curved. The former provide numerous viewpoints through the forest, especially useful in periods of fire danger ; the latter lend themselves to extraction routes in undulating country. FIRE Fire is the great enemy of all forests. A single match or cigarette end can cause the loss of thousands of pounds worth of valuable timber, besides endangering human and other life. On no account should fires or stoves be lit anywhere near plantations or inflammable vegetation. Steps are taken to minimise the spread of any fire which may occur in spite of all possible preventive measures. During danger periods such as public holidays and week-ends, the more accessible areas are patrolled. In addition field telephones are installed for rapid communica- AFFORESTATION 291 tion. Rides are cleared of inflammable vegetation, and fire-proof belts ef Japanese larch are established. Fire-beaters made of young birch trees are installed at strategic points. In the event of an actual outbreak everyone can be of assistance by beating out the flames. One person at least should inform the local forester or police from the nearest telephone. ‘‘ Forestry Commission ’’ will be found in the directory, and the fire may be reported on a reversed charge. RESTS: Rabbits and hares can do much damage, especially in nurseries, and are excluded by suitable fences. Deer have occasionally been reported in the vicinity, but seed-eating squirrels have not yet appeared. Woodlands abound with insects, many of which are either harmless or useful; others are detrimental in various ways and degrees of importance. Among the latter the following have been observed locally. Chafer beetles. Melolontha melolontha, Serica brunnea. Have on eccasions been troublesome in nurseries where, as larvae, they feed on tree roots. Cutworm. Agrotis spp. The larvae cut off nursery seedlings at ground level, and pull the tops underground as food. Pine weevil. Hylobius abietis. This and related species can be very troublesome following felling of coniferous woods. The bark and outer cambium of newly planted and young conifers are ruthlessly eaten, often with disastrous results, unless trapping is resorted to. Pine shoot moth. Evetria spp. Attacks 3-i5-year old pine, particularly Pinus sylvestris. Damage in done to buds, resulting in dead or deformed shoots including the all-important leading shoot. Pine shoot beetle. Myelophilus spp. These troublesome pests usually tollow the pine shoot moth, and do twofold damage, Pinus sylvestris being the favourite tree. Tunnels are cut in main stem cambium by mature beetles in which eggs are laid; the larvae cut new tunnels as they feed on the cambium. Much more serious is the damage done by mature beetles which move from the main stem and feed on the pith of young shoots. The tunnelled shoots die, so ruining normal development, especially when the leading shoot is attacked. Tunnelled shoots on the forest floor indicate that Myelophilus has been at work. Larch shoot moth. Argyresthia spp. Larvae feed within and usually kill young shoots of larch. Reputed to prefer unhealthy trees. Larch leaf-miner. Coleophora laricella. Larvae feed on larch needles, trees of 6 to 30 years of age being preferred. Pine sawfly. Diprion pini. Larvae, always in colonies, defoliate pines, and if attack is heavy, other conifers. ; Spruce aphis. Neomyzaphis abietina. Causes severe defoliation of Sitka spruce by feeding on needle sap. Immune to freezing temperatures, and under such a combination of enemies the host may die. Chermes. Adelges spp. Responsible for galls on spruces. 292 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT WEATHER Adequate drainage and efficient thinning are essential if uprooting of trees during occasional severe gales is to be avoided. Wind will break young leading shoots, especially Sitka spruce, in exposed sites. Spring frosts retard development of young trees of many species, though some, such as larches and spruces, open their buds in relatively long term sequence beginning at the basal branches, and so minimise the damage. Frosted lower buds give the tree a check, so that by the time the all-important terminal bud opens further frosts are less likely. Frost lift is a serious nursery problem affecting small seedlings. Expanding ice between soil particles gives a mechanical lift to the upper layers within which the seedling root collars are firmly held by surface ice. The succeeding thaw allows the soil to subside away from the lifted seedlings, whereupon the latter frequently fall and perish. Frost-crack in plantations occurs during a prolonged period of low temperature, and is due to a sudden rupture of the bark consequent on the expansion of freezing moisture within the stem. The rupture is accompanied by a readily audible report. Glazed frost is a condition where rain coming from relatively warm layers meets with frozen vegetation. The result is an ever increasing collection of ice on stems, branches and twigs. which can, through sheer weight, maim and destroy plantations. Snow break, that is mechanical damage due to weight of snow, can be serious, especially with Scots pine. Drought can have a marked effect in woods of shallow rooting species, usually in the form of reduced growth in the year following the drought. Lightning damage is rare. LOCAL AFFORESTATION. TREE, SPECIES: Coniferous trees are in general much less exacting in soil require- ments than are the broad-leaved timber trees, and in the afforestation of low quality podzolised heath conifers offer the only chance of success. Some of the broad-leaved trees such as oak, alder, willow, and birch might grow as scrub, but would not produce marketable timber in the initial rotation. Such broad-leaved species may, however, prove to be valuable soil-improvers and. would therefore be in place as admixture species in a coniferous wood ; investigations into the effects on the soil of various such species .are being made. The following trees have been used in the afforestation of the upland plateaux of Wykeham and Broxa :— SCOTS PINE (Pinus sylvestris). This is the only coniferous timber producer indigenous to Britain. Many trees are deformed due to pine-shoot moth, and pine-shoot beetle. CORSICAN PINE (Pinus laricio var. corsicana). This is a native of Corsica and is less liable to insect attack than P. sylvestris. It is liable to frosting and attack by the fungus Brunchorstia destruens at high altitudes, and is difficult to establish because of high death rate following planting. UOISSILUWIOD = AIISNIOY “PAH JO uorsstused puly ag ONILNV 1d-ddaeL YOA GNV TYOOW dgaHONOTWd-dsdAa facing page 292 AFFORESTATION 293 LODGEPOLE PINE (Pinus contorta). This is a native of the West- ern States and Canada. It is easy to establish, is a rapid grower and very suitable for really difficult areas. EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix decidua). This is an exacting conifer used in small-scale trials at Wykeham ; it is heavily attacked by larch shoot moth. JAPANESE LARCH (Larix leptolepis). This is less exacting than L. decidua, and is extensively used for fireproof lines across planta- tions. The non-inflammable nature of this species was discovered when advancing forest fires died out on reaching it. The larches, by reason of their pale young shoots, reveal each year after leaf fall a deposit of soot which is most obvious on the south west side, that is, on the side facing the industrial areas of South and West Yorkshire. Soot adhering to other species is much less discernible because of their darker stem colour. It is largely removed by snow. SITKA SPRUCE (Picea sitchensis). This is capable of producing a high yield of timber on relatively poor ground. In its native habitat along the Pacific coast of North America it produces trees of magnificent form and size. In addition a number of less common conifers and several broad- leaved species have been tried experimentally. Of such conifers, western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla, Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia and silver fir spp., Abies grandis and A. nobilis, show some promise. Among the broad-leaved trees, birch, Betula spp., is reasonably vigorous ; beech, Fagus sylvatica, and sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa, have made progress when nursed by pines. DIFFICULTIES OF ESTABLISHMENT. The early plantings were not wholly successful, and it was soon realised that the soil would have to be improved if satisfactory tree _ growth was to be obtained. Direct planting into the natural heath resulted in the death of many trees and the poor stunted growth of the survivors. Cultivation was the line of approach, but there was no available plough or other tool capable of working in such a compacted soil. Special ploughs were accordingly constructed and improved from time to time. The first workable model reached a maximum depth of six inches and in places ruptured the pan. A revised model reached a depth of eight to nine inches, and the latest operates at a depth of twelve to sixteen inches ; this single-furrow plough weighs nearly two tons and is drawn by a 40 H.P. caterpillar tractor. Each development in ploughing resulted in improved growth in the plantings which followed. Ploughing, when deep enough to break the pan, allows water to be absorbed, and gives roots access to lower soil levels besides inproving aeration and smothering the natural vegetation. 294 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT A second line of approach was the use of artificial fertilisers applied at planting. Results were variable and the subject is still being studied. Manures applied to individual trees at planting exert little effect on growth during the first growing season, but may produce very vigorous growth in the second year after application. Such effects sometimes ee out within a few years and secondary applications have but little effect. Ten years after the initial planting of ploughed heath at Wykeham, it was found that where pines and spruces were grown in intimate mixture the growth of spruce was better than in adjoining pure plots. This assistance which same species can give to others is of aid to the forester, and is discussed more fully below. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES. As just noted, the beneficial effects of one tree species upon another ere used by the forester. This leads him to form mixed woods rather than pure stands, and thus large areas have been planted with a mixture of Scots pine and Sitka spruce. Early mixtures consisted of single rows or plants of one species alternating with single rows or plants of the other species. The current method of mixing is a strip of several rows of the nursing species alternating with a strip of several rows of the nursed species. This is done because the former mixing leads to maintenance difficulties due to the unequal growth of the two species. Broom has been outstandingly successful in nursing Sitka spruce during the early life of the plantation. Corsican pine and Japanese larch are also useful nurses, generally similar to Scots pine in effect, but less dramatic than broom. When nursing effects were observed in Wykeham Forest in 1938 a series of experiments designed to uncover some of the factors involved were begun. The following pointers emerged on ploughed areas :— 1. When pines were not more than four feet distant from spruces, the latter showed a small growth increase when the pines were about five feet high. 2. When strips of Japanese larch or Scots or Corsican pines had suppressed the Calluna vegetation immediately below, adjoin- ing Sitka spruce began to grow vigorously. 3. When Calluna in stands of pure Sitka spruce was killed by mulching or hoeing, growth of the spruce improved consider- ably. 4, The sesente of Calluna does not appear to matter very much to spruce when broom is present. ae 1.—Indicates a possible inter-root effect and possibly a bringing up of the bases by a deeper-rooted nurse. 2 and 3—Indicate a harmful association between Calluna and spruce, while broom appears to counter- act this. Nitrogen undoubtedly plays a major part in the life of trees, and is is possible that Calluna, with its underground fungal association, renders normally available nitrogen unavailable to the trees either by changing its form or by somehow exerting priority on its uptake. AFFORESTATION 295 Broom is expensive to establish and maintain. Pines offer the best practical method for nursing spruce. In multiple rows they soon suppress natural vegetation, and until better methods are devised, it is likely that such strip mixtures will be employed on Calluna podzols where spruce is the intended major species. TREE ROOTING. The roots of naturally regenerated trees on the undisturbed heath are all moulded into very similar form by the soil stratification. Whilst such trees as pine, oak, birch and rowan normally have diverse and characteristic systems, here they all confine their main roots to the shallow Al horizon. A few roots in each case may exploit the humus layer above the pan, but these are never vigorous. The surface roots frequently show the long unbranched form typical of roots growing in an unfavourable medium. Birch, however, is unique in sending down sinkers which are often able to penetrate the pan, even when it is indurated, and it is almost safe to say that every well-growing birch has one or more roots in the subsoil. Pine can do this only in places where the pan is soft or ruptured. On land which has previously carried scrub pine, birch roots frequently enter the rotten wood of old stumps and produce vigorous fibrous rooting within it. As regards planted trees, excavations have revealed useful data on the behaviour of tree-roots relative to cultivation. Scots pine roots do not develop very well in undisturbed leached soil, and do not penetrate the unweathered or unbroken pan. When they reach B3 via furrows or disturbed soil they develop and branch freely. The roots of Sitka spruce remain at or within an inch of the surface in unploughed land. but will go down at least twelve inches into ploughed soil. If stands of larch or pine without living Callunma are at hand, the spruce roots develop vigorously in the layer of larch and pine needle litter. One root of a planted alder ceased sixty-seven and a half inches below the surface. At this depth the soil was compact, but with no evidence of gleying. It is of interest that ancient root channels now occupied bv living Calluna roots have been found at more than seven feet below the surface. ECOLOGICAL CHANGES. Perhaps the most interesting ecological changes to date following planting are mycological. In 1946 more than forty species of agarics and boleti were observed in sixteen year old coniferous plantations at Wykeham. A study of mycology is vitally important in coniferous woodland since there is some connection between toadstools and the mycorrhizal root equipment of trees, as well as in the breakdown of needle and branch litter in the forest floor and dead roots in the soil. Some fungi are beneficial, others are harmful or even deadly to the crop. 296 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Grasses such as Deschampsia flexuosa, Poa annua, Holcus spp. and Agrostis spp. have appeared, and in areas sown with broom, Vaccinium ee Rubus spp., grasses, ferns, mosses and liverworts are to be ound, Broad-leaved species such as birch, wiliow and oak regenerate fairly frequently following deep ploughing, and birch develops rapidly particularly in areas sown with broom. When. blocks of European larch adjoin Japanese larch there is cross-pollination with the former as the male parent, and hybrid larches appear in the forest rides from self-sown seeds. There is also regenera- tion of lodge-pole pine at Wykeham, but very little of Scots pine, and none of Corsican pine. Application of phosphate to newly planted trees almost always produces patches of the mosses Funaria hygrometrica and Ceratodon purpureum with the rose-bay willowherb Chamaenerion (Epilobium) angustifolium. A similar ecological change follows the burning of heaped brushwood in woodland. The ecological changes recorded to date deal only with what happens as trees are established up to the point where they close canopy. Whilst it is too early in most cases to say that new communities have been formed, at least the old one, the heath, has been destroyed and is now unrecognisable. This is due mainly to one factor—shading, and differences in the vegetation under the various species can so far be correlated only with differences in the degree of shading, but the increase in ferns, mosses and liverworts indicates that a second factor— shelter—is becoming operative. These plants demand a humid atmosphere, now provided by protection from drying wind. Such is the first stage of ecological change. The oldest plantations are now entering the second stage of development, the formation of a mature stand. Doubtless this will also be beset with surprises and difficulties for the forester, but it must remain for the present another story. The author is indebted to Dr. G. W. Dimbleby for his help in the section on Previous History, which has been written in the light of Dr. Dimbleby’s own work on this area. MAP SHOWING The Area Recorded by the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society Scale Half-Inch to the Mile 7 2 Soe ap kee Milo NATIONAL GRID incorporated by permission of H.M. Ordnance Survey Dx Wrelton Moony Cock) Bort ae fo sa UMS een, / tl aa * : f & Cayton Bay QS tocks WN jeer Rack a The King & Queeit 1S Salus SS A = ale 20 MAR 1954 ae a a = - - = s ; . se ttre eas = ree See ar Sor eimai. Cons peareliae ae Ts Sa trp See eae eet hoe Sonatina <= ees s caceaipee Be een Ceara a reat Ab erie eee