TWO 11 h a. 0 5.6/V Natural History Museum Library 000002028 I THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT VOLUME 2 ZOOLOGY THE BEMPTON GLIMMERS See note on page VII Photograph : Yorkshire Post \Frontispiece i o' — - r C'. ?'■ e H* s". !»■ P a> c r ~ ® CO t' K X tr _C- r* o o i- c*: S' P a ■-j C •* » M r; to f’’ p a t'. °S >J r,» p; s o V a H) • if^ O p" ^ ■ ►a p o a! 2 * c+ r*- O' * ct- j; t.. O w 6 S? 5 P < o P (-■ m < p o h- •— - 3 ® e. o c. H* • eld Naturalists^ Societo 12 The Close, Newby, THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT VOLUME 2 - ZOOLOGY Edited by G. B. WALSH, B.Sc., and F. C. RIMINGTON, M.P.S. X ' = with a Foreword by Professor E. A. SPAUL, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY }\ Founded 1889 Set in Linotype Bookprint Printed and Bound by G. A. Pindar & Son Limited Scarborough First Published 1956 CONTRIBUTORS Professor E. A. SPAUL, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.Z.S. Dr. W. S. BRISTOWE, M.A. J. M. BROWN, B.Sc. Dr. F. C. FRASER. JOAN KEMP, B.Sc. ELIZABETH RIMINGTON. F. C. RIMINGTON, M.P.S. J. G. RUTTER. A. J. WALLIS, A.C.I.S. E. A. WALLIS. G. B. WALSH, B.Sc., M.R.S.T. H. WHITEHEAD, B.Sc. MARY WOOD, B.Sc. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE A. J. WALLIS, Chairman. F. C. RIMINGTON, Secretary. J. P. BEST, Treasurer. R. J. R. GIBLETT. Miss J. R. KEMP. Miss J. ROBERTSON. H. ROWNTREE. J. G. RUTTER. G. B. WALSH. J. WEATHERELL. Professor E. A. SPAUL (Co-opted). VI PREFACE The present volume on Zoology contains the latest known work on the fauna of the Scarborough District. From the very nature of things the lists cannot be complete, since the fauna and flora fluctuate from year to year; moreover the greater part of the area has not been fully investigated and many sections of its inhabitants have not yet been collected and studied. Nevertheless it furnishes a groundwork on which succeeding generations can build and from which they can draw conclusions as to the changes brought about by time and new conditions of the countryside. We should like to thank all those who have helped us in so many ways in the preparation of this work. We regret to have to record the loss by death during that time of our valued friends and collaborators James Meikle Brown, Edward R. Cross, James M. Gloag and E. Arnold Wallis. We also wish to acknowledge our deep indebtedness to Athol J. Wallis, son of Arnold Wallis who carried out with rare efficiency the work of proof-reading the present volume. In 1954 the Senior Editor lost his sight owing to glaucoma. After this date most of the work of preparing this book for the press was performed by the Joint Editor, Mr. F. C. Rimington, to whom the Society expresses its deep and grateful thanks for the excellent way in which it was undertaken. Finally our special thanks are due to Professor E. A. Spaul, of Leeds University, for writing the foreword and for the great interest he has taken in our work since its inception. NOTE ON FRONTISPIECE THE BEMPTON GLIMMERS The passing of the 1954 Bird Protection Act has brought to an end a tradition which had been carried on for the past two and a half cen- turies, for now that the Guillemot and Razorbill are fully protected by law, the taking of their eggs has become a punishable offence. In 1955, for the first time for almost 250 years, the birds that nest on the cliffs of Bempton and Flamborough have done so free from molestation by climbers descending the cliffs egg-gathering. The right to climb any stretch of the cliffs belonged to the farmer who owned or tenanted the fields adjacent to the cliff-edge, and this privilege was commonly extended to the farm-workers. Latterly the farmers “ rented ” the right to climb to the various teams who worked the different sections of the cliffs. A team consisted of four men, the “ dimmer ”, the ” lowerer ” and two assistants. Their equipment included two stout hemp ropes, 300 feet in length, long spikes with pulley-wheels attached for guiding the rope over the cliff edge, a steel-lined girdle worn by the lowerer and round which the rope slid to give more purchase to his hold, and in more recent years a hand-winch for hauling the dimmer up the cliff face. Since the war years the dimmer usually wore a steel helmet, but in earlier days a top-hat stuffed with diy grass to break the impact of any dislodged stones, was the customary headgear. A detailed account of a descent is given by T. H. Nelson in ” Birds of Yorkshire ”, and the methods used then were still in use in 1954. The signals used by the dimmer to indicate his wishes to the lowerer out of sight above, have been handed down from generation to generation. In 1834 the eggs sold for sixpence s score, by 1907 the price was 12 to 16 for a shilling and in 1954 the common colourings of the Guillemots’ and Razorbills’ eggs cost sixpence each if bought direct from the climbers at the cliff -top. At all times peculiarly marked or ” fancy ” eggs fetched much higher prices, up to 7/6 or 10/- each. About the middle of the 19th century climbing almost stopped because of an even more ruthless persecution of the birds by gunners, who often never even troubled to pick up the birds they had killed or maimed. So intense was the shooting that in 1869 the ” Sea-Birds Preservation Act ” was passed as a result of public indignation. After the passing of this Act climbing was recommenced as the birds recovered in numbers, and writing in 1907 Nelson quotes 130,000 eggs as an average haul for a season. He claims that despite this tremendous loss the Guillemot was not decreasing in numbers, but quite certainly it did so, steadily, in later years. So much so that the Wild Birds and Eggs Protection Acts Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held a joint meeting with the climbers in 1938 in an endeavour viii to restrict, by mutual consent, the dates between which climbing should be allowed. In “ Yorkshire Birds ”, Ralph Chislett, who attended that meeting, gives details of the points raised on both sides, but although -the climbers were impressed by the arguments put forward, they did -not agree entirely to the restrictions suggested. The decrease in the number of Guillemots on the Bempton cliffs had almost reached the stage when serious action would have had to be considered had the 1954 Act not reached the Statute Book and given protection through its general application to all birds. A. J. Wallis. The publication of this book would have been impossible without the generous financial assistance from the Royal Society, the Corpora- tion of Scarborough, the Executive Committee of the (late) Scarborough Philosophical and Archaeological Society, and the executors of the late W. J. Clarke. ix FOREWORD Professor E. A. Spaul, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.Z.S. Man has been interested in animals and their natural surroundings since early times but whereas in the beginning this interest was related to the extent animals could serve useful purposes or contribute to hi^ essential needs, it was only during the last century or so that it became a scientific study concerned with the description, identification and classification of animals. The discoveries of Darwin and other natural- ists gave stimulus and prestige to the study of Natural History and encouragement to natural history societies whose activities have produced extensive surveys of the flora and fauna of many districts, whilst a vast amount of information was gathered for the study of species and systematics. Nowadays the latter contribution is perhaps no longer significant, for these subjects, now well established, have become the province of experts and specialists with adequate libraries, laboratories and type collections available for reference to deal with the advance in knowledge and the necessary need for accurate detail in identification. There are however other important aspects of field work which need the active help of field naturalists. The last three or four decades have seen the rise of ecology - a new scientific natural history seeking to establish a more exact understanding of the inter-relationships between plants and animals and their environment and gain thereby some measure of the general pattern of life. The problems and objectives are different from the old, and new methods and techniques are required, but the plants and animals have to be named so that as before the records of naturalists are of paramount importance. Much needed detail exists in field records, yet field workers can obtain still more necessary information of value and importance by an appreciable extension of the range and scope of their observations and enquiries to give more precise detail of the physical characteristics of an environ- ment and discover more about the lives, habits and relationships of plants and animals. In this way a notable contribution can be made to investigations which are only beginning to explore a great new and important field of knowledge. Again, continuous recording in any locality particularly over years can reveal the influence of alterations in the physical environment through natural agencies or human activity with the loss or addition of species or changed habits and behaviour following modification and alterations in social structure or activities. Industrialism, town planning and pollution for instance, can produce changes in the relations and distribu- tion of plants and animals possibly even more profound than those due to storm, flood or landslide. These effects have not received all the attention from naturalists they deserve. Field records are not always readily accessible as they are either scattered in various publications or shut away in the files or record X books of natural history societies and it was a very worthy and far- seeing decision of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society to gather together their records collected for over a century and publish them so that they would be available to all who need them. The publication in two volumes is not only a fine tribute to the labour and enthusiasm of past and present members, including many distinguished authorities, but remarkable for the surprising wealth of detail in a variety and diversity of field interests. It is also of first-class importance, for the area covered possesses many unique and notable natural features and is famed for its attractive coastline and landscapes, whilst part is included in a National Park. The value and success of the production should encourage other societies to ensure the publication of their records. It is fortunate that these volumes appear when there is an increasing interest in the study of nature and also at a time when a new approach is evident in natural history. Naturalists are becoming no longer content merely to collect and identify, but seek a wider and more intimate knowledge of life using their facts to interpret problems that confront them. It is appropriate too that these volumes arrive when there is a growing concern for our countryside and a^ realisation of the need to conserve and preserve our flora and fauna which is now appreciated as a national heritage. All these circumstances fully justify the publication and emphasise its value and usefulness. Finally, a grateful recognition must be given to the immense labour of Mr. G. B. Walsh, the editor. The completion of the work fittingly crowns years of devotion to natural history and enthusiasm in support of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society, and it brings a climax of distinction to his many contributions to the subject. It has been no light task, difficulties seemed unending, many disappointments have had to be faced, but his patience has persisted and his purpose never lost its strength. He did not falter, and now he has triumphed. Throughout he has been efficiently and effectively supported by Mr. F. C. Rimington, and for this he is especially deserving of our gratitude. XI CONTENTS FOREWORD — Professor E. A. Spaul . _ . _ ix THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY, A SHORT HISTORY— A. J. Wallis . . - xiv PRESIDENTS & SECRETARIES OF THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY 3 MARINE INVERTEBRATES — Professor E. A. Spaul - 7 Protozoa - H Porifera - -- -- -- -- 14 Coelenterata - -- -- -- - 15 Platyhelminthes - -- -- -- - 22 Nemertinea - -- -- -- - 23 Annelida - -- -- -- -- 24 Sipunculoidea - -- -- -- - 29 Priapuloidea - -- -- -- - 29 Crustacea - -- -- -- -- 30 Mollusca - -- -- -- -- 42 Echinodermata 55 Bryozoa - -- -- -- -- 68 Tunicata - -- -- -- -- 72 FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES— Joan R. Kemp - 78 Protozoa - -- -- -- -- 81 Porifera - -- -- -- -- 83 Rotifera - -- -- -- -- 84 Annelida - -- -- -- -- 88 Crustacea - -- -- -- -- 89 LUMBRICIDAE - EARTHWORMS— F. C. Rimington - 91 TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA - WOODLICE— E. A. Wallis - 96 MYRIAPODA - MILLIPEDES & CENTIPEDES— G. B. Walsh 98 INSECTA — G. B. Walsh, J. M. Brown & H. Whitehead - 100 Diplura - -- -- -- -- 100 Collembola - -- -- -- - 100. Orthoptera - - - -- -- - 103 Plecoptera - - - - - - 104 Psocoptera - -- -- -- - 107 Anoplura - -- -- -- -- 109 xii Ephemeroptera - H5 Odonata - -- -- -- -- 116 Thysanoptera - -- -- -- - H8 Hemiptera - -- -- -- - 119 Me galop tera - -- -- -- - 140 Neuroptera - -- -- -- - 140 Mecoptera - - 141 Trichoptera - -- -- -- - 142 Lepidoptera - -- -- -- - 146 Coleoptera - -- -- -- - 1Q6 Hymenoptera - -- -- -- - 266 Diptera - -- -- -- -- 288 Siphonaptera - -- -- -- - 313 ARACHNIDA — Mary Wood and F. C. Rimington - - 315 Araneae - 318 Phalangidea - -- -- -- - 330 Chelonethida - -- -- -- - 331 Acari - -- -- -- -- 331 LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA E. A. Wallis and A. J. Wallis - - - - 336 MARINE FISHES— Professor E. A. Spaul - - - 351 FRESHWATER FISHES— Professor E. A. Spaul - - 364 REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS— Elizabeth Rimington - - 370 BIRDS— A. J. Wallis - 372 MAMMALS — F. C. Rimington . . _ - _ 408 THE MAMMALS OF PLEISTOCENE & PREHISTORIC TIMES — J. G. Rutter 419 LIST OF PLATES xiii I THE BEMPTON GLIMMERS - - Frontispiece II ZOOPLANKTON OF THE NORTH SEA Facing Page 6 HI FILEY BRIGG - - - - Facing Page 72 IV LACEWING .... Facing Page 140 V LARVAE OF LARGE WHITE BUTTERFLY Facing Page 172 VI TROUT MATING .... Facing Page 364 VII YOUNG LONG-EARED OWL REED WARBLER - - - Facing Page 382 VIII PINTAIL MALE AND FEMALE - Facing Page 392 IX STONE CURLEW - - - Facing Page 400 X BADGER .... Facing Page 414 MAP OF THE DISTRICT - - End of Book ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Editors desire to express their grateful thanks to the following for permission to reproduce the photographs which illustrate this volume. The Yorkshire Post (Frontispiece), Dr. J. H. Fraser (PI. II), Miss J. Bown, of the Observer (PI. HI), Mr. V. J. Watson (Pis. IV and V), Mr. E. Horsfall Turner (PI. VI), Mr. A. J. Wallis (PI. VII), Mr. Peter Scott and Mr. J. V. Beer (PI. VIII), Mr. R. Chislett (PI. IX), Field Sports and Mr. W. Parkinson for the loan of PI. X block. THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY A SHORT HISTORY A. J. Wallis. This volume, dealing with the Fauna of the Scarborough District, and the companion volume published in 1953 on the Geology and Botany, have been compiled as the result of the careful observations and recordings made during the past 67 years by the members of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society. In order to make these two volumes as complete as possible help has been sought from specialists in various fields of Natural History which have not been covered by members so comprehensively as some, but in the main the majority of the records here recorded have been made by local men and women who have joined the Society and have shared their knowledge with their fellow members, each adding his own quota to the records which have been so meticulously kept. On 4th November, 1889, six men met in a room behind a stationer’s shop in Westborough with the precise purpose in mind of forming a natural history society. Their names were W. J. Clarke, W. Gyngell, J. A. Hargreaves, E. Parker, T. Rines and J. H. Rowntree. None of them is now living, but their memory has been assured through the publication of these records which include many made by these founder members. Notice of that first meeting was sent to the press, with details of the objects and aims for which the society was being formed. The response was immediate, for a week later a second meeting was held and 20 townsmen were received into membership and Mr. J. H. Rowntree was appointed the first president. The membership of the Society soon grew, and while there have been the usual ups and downs, the total number of members paying their annual subscription remains remarkably steady at between 100 and 120. The subscription rate fixed at the outset of the Society was 5/-d. per year, and it has remained at 5/-d. without increase ever since. At first the meetings were held in the private houses of members, and at these meetings the procedure was the same as it is to-day. Individual members brought to the meeting specimens they wished to show or made a report on some observation of interest, and afterwards a paper was read dealing with some aspect of the natural history of the district. The opportunity the meetings give for any member who wishes to show a specimen of interest, or to seek help and advice over some- thing that cannot be readily identified or understood has proved to be of such value that the first half of all meetings is given over to exhibits xiv SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY I and reports of this kind. In fact at three meetings each year the whole of the evening is thrown open for the members to exhibit their finds, and no set paper is read on these occasions. The three meetings are arranged to coincide as nearly as possible with the peak period of the spring, summer and autumn seasons. The meetings continued to be held fortnightly in private homes until January, 1891, when the Society became affiliated to the Scar- borough Philosophical and Archaeological Society which had been in existence for some many years and had included in its ranks many well known naturalists. The Philosophical Society owned the Museum at the bottom of Vernon Road, and from 1891 until 1936 the meetings were held there. From accounts that have been handed down these meetings were of a very high standard and each meeting came to a close because of the lateness of the hour and not through a lack of enthusiasm. In 1936 the Museum was handed over to the Scarborough Corpora- tion for the benefit of the town, and the Philosophical Society ceased to exist in its original form. The Naturalists’ Society continued with its activities and its meetings have been held in the Public Library ever since. Many famous local men and women have been members of the Society and it would be out of place to mention any particular one by name, but through their interest in the Society and the natural history of the district they have all shared in adding to the cultural life of the town. The help and advice of the Society has been called upon on occasions, and individual members are frequently being asked to identify unusual creatures or explain peculiar phenomena that may occur in the district. In 1898, for instance. Lord Londesborough sought the advice of the botanical members about planting rare and showy shrubs in Raincliffe Woods, and was advised that the woods should be left undisturbed and in their natural state. In more recent times the Borough Engineer discussed the cutting of the reeds at the Mere with two members in order that as little disturbance as possible to the reed warblers’ nesting place should result, and the Forestry Commission has always shown a willingness to help in preserving any piece of ground or particular plant which has been brought to their notice by the Society or its members. On one memorable occasion a dinner was held at the home of one of the members. All those who attended had to take with them some contribution to the fare consisting of or made from some wild fruit and other food. Rook and sparrow pie, toadstools and various dishes made from berries were included in the menu, with garden snails for savoury. The occasion had an unhappy ending when a bottle of gale beer brought by one member blew its cork with decidedly damaging effects on their hostess’s ceiling. The experiment was not repeated. In 1906 the Society staged the first of its two exhibitions. On the first occasion it was staged at the Grand Hotel, in conjunction with 2 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT other sections of the joint Society, and was put on with the sole purpose of raising funds for the parent body, the Philosophical Society. The exhibition, which was made up of living specimens in so far as was possible, raised £388 during the three days it was on show. The second exhibition was held in 1948, and had no motive other than a desire of the members to interest the people of the town in the Society’s activities. No charge was made though visitors were invited to contribute a donation if they wished. This time the exhibition was held in the Public Library, and again the emphasis was on living specimens rather than museum skins and exhibits. An invitation was sent to all local schools to attend, and this proved so successful that the authorities asked that the exhibition be kept open for a day longer than was originally intended. These two volumes are ample evidence that not all the work done by the Society and its members has been in museums and lecture rooms. A lot of valuable observing and collecting of information has been carried out by individual members, and it is most encouraging that in recent years the younger members have taken their full share in this work. For several years after they had left school and before their other engagements took them away from Scarborough two boys did most careful and thorough work on the Lepidoptera, working alone or together. Some time ago, working under the expert guidance of the curator of the Scarborough Natural History Museum at Wood End, Mr. G. G. Watson, a group of boys spent a whole year observing and studying, both in the field and in the museum, the life history of the badger. At the end of the year the report of their findings was presented to the Society and is a most comprehensive survey of this creature’s status in the district, its habits and structure. For the compilation of this and the previous volume help was sought from two or three members who had no, or only little, previous knowledge of the section they were asked to undertake and prepare for printing. The enthusiasm with which they approached their task, both by field work and by research into past records has been of great encouragement to the Society. It was hoped at one time that this publication would be published on the occasion of the Society’s diamond jubilee, and although that hope was not fulfilled, it is still our earnest wish that the future members will not regard this as the culmination of the Society’s efforts, but that it will be an indicator to the mass of knowledge which is still waiting to be unfolded in the Scarborough District. SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY 3 PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY FROM 1889 TO 1956 President Secretary or Joint Secretaries. 1889 J. H. Rowntree. W. Gyngell. 1890 J. H. Rowntree. W. Gyngell. 1891 J. H. Rowntree. W. Gyngell. 1892 J. A. Hargreaves. R. Gilchrist. 1893 R. Gilchrist. D. W. Bevan. C. E. Brittain, Jr. 1894 W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. D. W. Bevan. R. Gilchrist. 1895 W. Gyngell. R. Gilchrist. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. 1896 J. C. Harrison. R. J. Fryer. W. Gyngell. 1897 D. W. Bevan. R. J. Fryer. E. R. Cross, M.P.S. 1898 S. P. Turnbull, B.A. E. R. Cross, M.P.S. R. Herbert. 1899 J. Gibbon. R. Gilchrist. T. W. Lownsborough. 1900 E. R. Cross, M.P.S. T. W. Lownsborough. E. A. Wallis. 1901 Dr. J. Harvey, E. A. Wallis. G. J. Jones. 1902 W. Gyngell. G. J. Jones. E. B. Lotherington. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. 1903 R. Gilchrist. G. J. Jones. E. B. Lotherington. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. 1904 J. Irving, M.D. T. N. Roberts. Miss I. Simpson. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. 1905 T. N. Roberts. Miss I. Simpson. D. W. Bevan. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. 4 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT President D. W. Bevan. E. A. Wallis. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. E. B. Lotherington. A. I. Burnley. Miss A. Hibbert-Ware, M.A. H. C. Drake, F.G.S. A. S. Tetley, M.A., F.E.S. E. C. Horrell. T. B. Roe. E. R. Cross, M.P.S. E. R. Cross, M.P.S. E. R. Cross, M.P.S. Miss H. I. T. Bruce. T. N. Roberts. A. T. Wallis. D. W. Bevan. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. A. I. Burnley. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. A. E. Peck. E. A. Wallis. H. M. Hirst, M.P.S. L. H. Thompson. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. H. E. Bentbam. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. Mrs. R. A. Leefe. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. Secretary or Joint Secretaries. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. A. S. Tetley, M.A., F.E.S A. I. Burnley. A. I. Burnley. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. Miss N. Miers. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. Miss N. Miers. E. A. Wallis. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. A. Tulley. E. A. Wallis. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. Miss N. Miers. J. Whaley. Mrs. N. Burnley. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. A. E. Peck. E. C. Horrell. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. T. B. Roe. E. C. Horrell. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. Mrs. Wilcock. W. R. Grist, B.Sc. W. R. Grist, B.Sc. W. R. Grist, B.Sc. W. R. Grist, B.Sc. G. W. Temperley. G. W. Temperley. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. E. A. Wallis. E. A. Wallis. E. A. Wallis. Miss B. J. King. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. C. B. Haigh, M.Sc. H. H. Earwig. H. H. Farwig. H. H. Farwig. H. H. Farwig. H. H. Farwig. 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 SCARBOROUGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY 5 President S. Rowntree. D. W. Bevan. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S. G. B. Horsman. H. Whitehead, B.Sc. Miss M. I. Ealing, M.D., F.R.C.O.G. Miss M. I. Ealing, M.D., F.R.C.O.G. H. W. Dobson. F. C. Rimington, M.P.S. F. C. Rimington, M.P.S. F. C. Rimington, M.P.S. E. A. Wallis. E. A. Wallis. D. J. Price, B.Sc. D. j. Price, B.Sc. Miss K. Wrightson, M.P.S. Miss K. Wrightson, M.P.S. R. J. R. Giblett, M.A., F.R.G.S. R. J. R. Giblett, M.A., F.R.G.S. Secretary or Joint Secretaries. H. H. Farwig. H. H. Farwig. H. H. Farwig. G. B. Horsman. H. H. Farwig. Mrs. V. Farquhar. Mrs. V. Farquhar. Miss Yvonne Marrack. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. A. J. Wallis, A.C.I.S. A. J. Wallis, A.C.I.S. A. J. Wallis, A.C.I.S. A. J. Wallis, A.C.I.S. A. J. Wallis, A.C.I.S. J. R. Lidster. J. R. Lidster. Miss K. Wrightson, M.P.S 6 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Key to Plate II Zooplankton of the North Sea 1. MEDUSA — Aglantha digitale 2. MEDUSA — Hybocodon prolifer 3. COPEPODA — Cal anus finmarchicus 4. EUPHAUSIACEA — Meganyctiphanes norvegica \ 5. AMPHIPODA — Themisto gracilipes 6. DECAPODA — Zoea of crab {IPortunus) 1. DECAPODA — Larva of hermit crab (Eupagurus) 8. CHAETOGNATHA — Sagitta elegans 9. ANNELIDA — Tomopteris heligolandica 10. TUNICATA — Oikopleura labradoriensis 11. ENTEROPNEUSTA — Tomaria larva of Balanoglossus 12. Fish eggs 13. Herring larva 14. Mackerel larva 15. Haddock larva 16. Long rough dab larva 17. Witch larva Plate II (h)PI.a NKlON OK THE NORTH SE Pliotograph : J. H. Fraser facing page 6 natural history of the SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Photograph : J. H. Fraser facing page 6 Plate II ZOOPLANKTON OF THE NORTH SEA MARINE INVERTEBRATES Professor E. A. Spaul INTRODUCTION The coastline of the Scarborough district extends roughly in a direction N.N.W. to S.S.E., and the differing quality, arrangement and varying resistance to the sea of the geological formations along its length have produced the diversity of character and scenic beauty for which it is so famed. High cliffs and prominent headlands with little or no shore at their base contrast with the wide sweep of the exposed bays where the soft material has been washed away to give a rocky or sandy expanse. Weathered boulders, rocky ledges, rock pools, rough and uneven scars extending along the shore or out to sea, stretches of sand or pebble, steep or shallow shelving shores, provide between the tide levels along this coast an unlimited range of habitats for marine life which, although abundant, is not so rich and varied as that of some other areas. Two fac.ors in particular affect the fauna. Erosion of the coast gives shifting sand and alters or reduces the pools so that it is difficult for many shore forms to become permanently established or to maintain themselves in their habitats, whilst on the exposed rocky shores bordering upon deep water few species can withstand the violence of the storms. Again in the North Sea the water of the Atlantic coming up from the English Channel or round from the north mixes continuously with the fresh water from the rivers and the Baltic, so that there is a variation of salinity off' the coast from month to month, even year to year. The temperature of the water is generally below that to the south and may be responsible for some of those northern tendencies in the character of the fauna. Many noted naturalists, in particular W. J. Clarke. Dr. J. Irving, J. Stevenson and Rev. F. H. Woods, have contributed much by their observations in past years and valuable additions to our knowledge continue through the activity of many experts and experienced enthusiasts. The records are confined to those collected along a stretch of coast from Sandsend to Bridlington and include not only those of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society but others scattered in various publications such as “ The Annals and Magazine of Natural History ”, ” The Naturalist ”, ” The Transactions of the Hull Scientific Field Naturalist Club ”, ” The Victoria History of the County of York ”, etc. The information from all these sources has been gathered into the following lists and classified as far as possible according to the latest authorities. Some of the earlier records are inadequate in detail and description in the light of the exacting require- ments of modem taxonomy and in consequence it has not been easy in every case to establish with complete certainty the exact identity or classification, especially in the absence of actual specimens. However, with very few exceptions, it has been possible to include all those 7 8 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT recorded, but it will be necessary to check and review many and provide more complete descriptions. Location, time or season and habitat are also important and in this respect many records are deficient. Many species are recorded frequently, others occasionally, but it is not always evident whether the species is rare or common. Some records give an indication of distribution, but few give an indication of numbers or fluctuations. Some parts of the coast have been surveyed more systematically and consistently than others, mainly on account of differences in accessibility, but there appears to have been little or no continuous observation in any part throughout a long period, whilst little is known of the plankton, and the sea bed off the coast although reported to be rough and of varied character has yet to be thoroughly explored, since what is known is the result of odd trawling expeditions and the identification of material cast up on the shore in stormy weather. Nevertheless, a great amount of valuable information about the animals living on this shore and their relationships has been brought together, and it will form a useful starting point for more extended and specialised studies, especially those seeking a measure of the changes which are undoubtedly occurring under the influence of erosion, weather, and other factors. Acknowledgement must be made to the late H. Whitehead, B.Sc., for his valuable assistance in the compilation of this fauna list. He devoted much time and painstaking effort to the preparatory work and his attention to the accuracy of the records was invaluable. The writer is also indebted to Mr. H. Sylvester-Bradley for his records of the Ostracoda. Finally, special thanks are due to Dr. I. Gordon, Dr. A. B. Hastings, Dr. M. Burton, Dr. W. J. Rees, Dr. J. P. Harding, Mr. S. Prudhoe, Miss P. L. Cook, Miss A. M. Clark, and Mr. H. Ricketts of the British Museum (Natural History) for checking and revising the classifications in keeping with the latest authorities, and other help and ready co-operation. The following were used for general and special reference : Plymouth Marine Fauna. Marine Fauna of the Isle of Man. The Littoral Fauna of Great Britain — N. B. Eales. Ray Society Publications— J. S. Bowerbank, T. A. Stephenson, G. T. Allman, W. C. McIntosh, T. A. Scott, J. Alder and A. Hancock, C. Eliot , N. J. Berrill. A Treatise on Zoology, Pts. I, II, VII — ^Ray Lankester. Faune de France, V & XVI — P. Fauvel, IX — ^E. Chevreux & L. Fage. The British Marine Mollusca, J. Conch. XIX, No. 7, 1932 — R. Winckworth. Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles, 1927 — T. Mortenson. The Linnean Society of London, Synopses of the British Fatma (Nos. 2, 3 and 7) . MARINE INVERTEBRATES 9 The Crustacea of Norway — G. O. Sars. Biologie der Tiere Deutschlands — P. Schulze. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs — H. G. Broun. The Invertebrata, 3 vols. — -L. H. Hyman. A Monograph of the recent Cephalopoda — British Museum, 1929-1932 — G. C. Robson. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel — Die Polycladen, 1884 — A. Lang. A Monograph of British Medusae, 1953 — F. S. Russell. The Dinoflagellata of Northern Seas — M. V. Lebour. Protozoology — R. R. Kudo. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London (Zoology), 1916, 11, pp. 197-299 and Jour. Roy. Micro. Soc., 1930, 50, pp. 6-84 — E. Heron Allen & A. Earland. Bibliography of Key Works for the identification of the British Fauna and Flora — The Systematics Association — was used for additional references to individual groups. The phyla are arranged in the following sequence : — Protozoa Porifera Coelenterata Platyhelminthes Nemertinea Annelida Sipunculoidea Priapuloidea Arthropoda Mollusca Echinodermata Bryozoa Chaetognatha Phoronidea Timicata Key to the names of recorders, and other abbreviations. The publication is added when not in the records of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society. M.B.A. — ' Marine Biological Association (V.H.Y.). W.B. — W. Bean, V.H.Y. ; Jour, of Conchology, 1910. D.W.B. — D. W. Bevan. J.S.B. — J. S. Bowerbank, V.H.Y. G. S.B. — G. S. Brady, V.H.Y. ; Jour, of Conchology, 1910. T.B. — T. Brewster. H. B. — H. Britten. A. LB. — A. I. Burnley, Naturalist, 1919, 1922. J.D.B. — J. D. Butterell, V.H.Y. W. J.C. — W. J. Clarke, V.H.Y.; Naturalist, 1931, 1932. T.D.A.C. — T. D. A. Cockerell, Naturalist, 1888. 10 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT H.C. — J.P.A.D. - N. B.E. — J.E. G.F. P.H.G. O. G. — W.G. — R. H. - T.A.H. J.H.H. - J.C.H. — W.C.H. — T.H. — J.I. - GJ. - J- - Lab. — M.V.L. — L. — J.T.M. — F.W.M. — E.M.M. — P. — T.Pen. E. P. — T.P. S. L.P. T. B.R. — T.Sh. D. S. — J.S. - T.S. — S. — F. D.T. — T-V.T. — G. R.V. — A.W. — E. A.W. — L.W. — H. Crowther, V.H.Y. J. P. A. Davis, Naturalist, 1890, 1891 ; Jour, of Conchology, 1910. N. B. Eales, Lab., 1938. J. Ellis, Corallina, 1755 ; Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786. G. Fysher, Naturalist, 1927. P. H. Gosse, V.H.Y. O. Grabham, V.H.Y. ; Naturalist, 1896. W. Gyngell, Jour, of Conchology, 1910. R. Hanitsch, Proc. Liverpool Biological Soc., 1888-89. J. A. Hargreaves, Jour, of Conchology, 1910. J. H. Harman. J. C. Harrison. W. C. Hey, V.H.Y.; Jour, of Conchology, 1910; Naturalist, 1901, 1903. T. Hincks, V.H.Y. ; British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868. J. Irving, Jour, of Conchology, 1910; Naturalist, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1916, 1921, 1924. G. Jeffreys, V.H.Y. ; Jour, of Conchology, 1910. Johnstone, Jour, of Conchology, 1910. Marine Laboratory, Robin Hood’s Bay. M. V. Lebour, Naturalist, 1902 ; Jour, of Conch- ology, 1910. Leckenby, V.H.Y. J. T. Marshall, V.H.Y. ; Jour, of Conchology, 1910. F. W. Mills, Naturalist, 1901. E. M. Morehouse, Naturalist, 1931, 1933. Parke, V.H.Y. T. Pennant, V.H.Y E. Percival, Naturalist, 1922. T. Petch, V.H.Y.; Jour, of Conchology, 1910; Naturalist, 1903. S. L. Petty, V.H.Y.; Naturalist, 1897, 1900, 1901. T. B. Reynoldson, Lab., 1938. T. Sheppard, Naturalist, 1892, 1926. D. Solander, Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786. J. Stevenson, Naturalist, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929. T. Stevenson, V.H.Y. ; Naturalist, 1894, 1896. Strickland, Jour, of Conchology, 1910. F. D. Taylor, Naturalist, 1933. J. V. Thompson. G. R. Vine, Naturalist, 1892. A. Waller. E. A. Wallis Leo Walmsley. MARINE PROTOZOA 11 A.T.W. W. R.S.W. F.H.W. V.H.Y. — A. T. Watson, V.H.Y. ; Naturalist, 1912. — Williamson, V.H.Y. — R. S. Winpenny. F. H. Woods, Naturalist, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. — Victoria County History of Yorkshire, Some records have no recorder or dates, others have a recorder but no dates, yet others have no locality given. In cases where a species is recorded several times in the same locality, the first record is given and the others noted only if they give additional information, otherwise they provide frequently information as to whether a species is rare or common. When there are several records from different portions of the coast, they are all shown, as they give an indication of distribution. The records are arranged from north to south, and when a species is recorded at different places along the coast by the same recorder, only the dates are given and the recorder indicated at the last record of the sequence. Phylum PROTOZOA Class MASTIGOPHORA Order DINOFLAGELLATA Family PERIDINHDAE CERATIUM Schrank fusus (Ehr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.), tripos (MuelL, O. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay. Class RHIZOPODA Order FORAMINIFERA Family MILIOLIDAE Sub-family MILIOLININAE BILOCULINA d’Orbigny depressa (d’Orb.) — Scarborough (W.B. & G.J.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). ringens Lam. — Scarborough (W.B. & G.J.). SPIROCULINA d’Orbigny canaliculata d’Orb. — Scarborough (G.J.). limbata d’Orb. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). grata Terq. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). 12 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MILIOLINA Williamson angulata Will. — Scarborough (W.B.). bicomis (Walk. & Jac.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). boueana (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (V.H.Y.). circularis (Born.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). contorta (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). oblonga (Montagu) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). setninulum (L.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). trigonula (Lam.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). MASSILINA Schlumberger secans (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). Family TEXTULARIIDAE TEXTULARIA Defrance trochus d’Orb. — Scarborough (G.J.). VERNEUILINA d’Orbigny polystropha (Reuss) — Scarborough (W. & G.J.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). BULIMINA d’Orbigny aculeata d’Orb. — Scarborough (W.). elongata d’Orb. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). fusiformis Will. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). pupoides d’Orb. — Scarborough (W.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). marginata d’Orb. — Scarborough (W.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). subteres Brady — Bridlington (F.V/.M.). BOLIVINA d’Orbigny robusta Brady — Bridlington (F.W.M.). textilarioides Reuss — Bridlington (F.W.M.). pseudo-plicata Her. -All. & Earl. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). CASSIDULINA d’Orbigny laevigata d’Orb. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). Family LAGENIDAE LAGENA Walker & Boys clavata d’Orb. — Scarborough (W.B.). globosa (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). laevigata (Reuss) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). laevis (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). lucida (Will.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). marginata (Walk. & Boys) — Scarborough (W.B.). orbignyana Seg. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). squamosa (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). melo (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). sulcata var. intenupta Will. — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). williamsoni (Ale.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). MARINE PROTOZOA 13 VAGINULINA d’Orbigny linearis (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). MARGINULINA d’Orbigny glabra d’Orb. — Bridlington (F.W.M.). CRISTELLARIA Lamarck rotulata (Lam.) — Scarborough (W.B.). crepidula (Ficht. & Moll.) — Scarborough (W.B.). POLYMORPHINA d’Orbigny williamsoni Terq. — Scarborough (W.). lanceolata Reuss — Robin Hood’s Bay (G.S.B.) ; Scarborough (W.). Family ROTALIIDAE DISCORBINA Parker & Jones globularis (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). rosacea (d’Orb.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). wrightii (Brady) — Bridlington tF.W.M.). PLANORBULINA d’Orbigny mediterranensis d’Orb. — Scarborough (G.J.) ; Bridlington (F.W.M.). TRUNCATULINA d’Orbigny lobatula (Walk. & Jac.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). PULVINULINA Parker & Jones repanda (Ficht. & Moll.) — Scarborough (W.B.). var. concamerata (Montagu) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). ROTALIA Lamarck beccarii (L.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). Family NUMMULINIDAE NONIONINA d’Orbigny depressula (Walk. & Jac.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). scapha (Ficht. & Moll.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). umbilicatula (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). POLYSTOMELLA Lamarck crispa (L.)— Bridlington (F.W.M.). striato-punctata (Ficht. & Moll.) — Bridlington (F.W.M.). OPERCULINA d’Orbigny ammonoides Gron. — Scarborough (W.B.). Class CILIOPHORA Order SPIROTRICHA Sub-order HETEROTRICHA Family TINTINNIDAE PTYCHCCYLIS Brandt umula Clap. & Each. — Flamborough, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.). EPIPLOCYLIS Kofoid & Campbell acuminata (v. Dad) — Flamborough, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.). TINTINNOPSIS Stein beroidea Stein — Flamborough, very rare, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.). 14 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Phylum PORIFERA — SPONGES Order CALCAREA Family HOMOCOELIDAE LEUCOSOLENIA Bowerbank botryoides (Ell. & Sol.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (W.B.) ; Cornelian Bay (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 191S (F.H.W. ). coriacea (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1937 (N.B.E.) ; Scarborough (W.B.). Family SYCETTIDAE SYCON Risso ciliatum (Fab.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Cornelian Bay, Sept., 1919 (J.I.); Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family GRANTHDAE GRANTIA Fleming compressa (Fab.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough, between tide marks, under stones and on weed, Feb., 1905 (J.H.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). LEUCONIA Grant nivea (Grant) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough (W.B.). Order TETRAXONIDA Sub-Order HOMOSCLEROPHORA Family PLAKINIDAE OSCARELLA Vosmaer lobularis (Schmidt) — Cornelian Bay, 1919 (J.I.). Sub-Order ASTROTETRAXONIDA Family TETILLIDAE TETILLA Schmidt cranium (Muell.) — Ha}tbum Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.). Sub-Order SIGMATOSCLEROPHORA Family HAPLOSCLERIDAE HALICLONA Bowerbank limbata (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay (N.B.E.) ; Scarborough (W.B.). oculata (Pall.) — In deep water, N. of Scarborough, 1926 (J.H.H., W.B.) ; Filey Brigg, Aug., 1920 (A.I.B.). ADOCIA Gray cinerea (Grant) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family DESMACIDONIDAE AMPHILECTUS Vosmaer fuconim (Esp.) — Scarborough (W.B.). MARINE PORIFERA 15 MYXILLA Schmidt incrustans (Johnst.) — Scarborough (W.B.). HYMEDESMIA Bowerbank brondstedi Burt. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough (W.B., J.S.B.). OPHLITASPONGIA Bowerbank seriata Bow. — Filey, March, 1922 (J.I.). Family RASPAILIIDAE RASPAILIA Gray hispida (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family AXINELLIDAE HALICHONDRIA Fleming panicea (Pall.)— BREAD-CRUMB SPONGE. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, 1899 (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, very common in rock pools on under side of rocks, low down on the beach (J.S., J.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W. ). bowerbanki Burt. — Scarborough (W.B.). HYMENIACIDON Bowerbank perlevis (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1937 (N.B.E.). Family CLAVULIDAE SUBERITES Nardo domuncula (Olivi) (Ficulina ficus L.) — Known as domuncula when growing on shells used by hermit crabs and as ficus when growing alone. In deep water off Robin Hood’s Bay, Hayburn Wyke and Scarborough on shells (Dentalium, Astarte, etc.) inhabited by Eupagurus kroyeri, 1926, 1928 (J.S.). Very common 25 miles off shore in 1928, but disappeared later in year, and again in 1929 (J.S.) ; Flamborough at 20 fm., usually grows to a size that makes its base on the shell look absurdly small. The shell is sometimes embedded (M.B.A.). POLYMASTIA Bowerbank boletiforme (Lam.) — Scarborough, usually in deep water, often brought in by trawlers and crabbing boats (J.S.). mammillaris (Muell.) — Scarborough (R.H., W.B.). PSEUDOSUBERITES Topsent sulphureus Bow. — Scarborough, the type specimen caused the stone it coated to appear as if it had been washed over with a thick infusion of milk of sulphur (J.S.B.). Order EUCERATOSA Family SPONGHDAE DYSIDEA Johnston fragilis (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1937 (N.B.E.). HALISARCA Dujardin dujardinii Johnst. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, 1910 (J.I.). 16 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Phylum COELENTERATA Class HYDROZOA Order ATHECATA (ANTHOMEDUSA) Family TUBULARIIDAE TUBULARIA Linnaeus indivisa L. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, fine speci- mens taken in large quantities by trawlers off the coast (J.S.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington Bay and Flamborough, 20 fm (M.B.A.). larynx Ell. & Sol. — Common in deep water off Whitby and Robin Hood’s Bay (J.S.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (J.I.) ; Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). attenuata Alim. — Filey, 1897, on Flustra and Sertularia (S.L.P.) ; Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) (Records doubtful). Family CORYNIDAE CORYNE Gaertner sarsii Lov. — Filey (T.H.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). SARSIA Lesson eximia (Alim.) — Whitby, 1868 (T.H.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scar- borough (J.I.) ; Filey, 1903 (T.P.). ACTIGIA Stechow pusillum (van Ben.) — Whitby, 1899, on Hydrallmania and Laminaria (T.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.C.H.) ; Filey in shrimp nets. May, 1903 (T.P.). Family ELEUTHERHDAE ELEUTHERIA Quatrefages _ dichctoma L. — Whitby, Filey Brigg (T.H.). Family CLAVIDAE CLAVA Gmelin multicomis (Forsk.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family HYDRACTINIDAE HYDRACTINIA van Beneden echinata (Flem.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.H.H.) ; Scarborough, almost always on shells (Buccinum, Natica, etc.) inhabited by Eupagurus bemhardus, but occurs on other objects, e.g., drift wood (T.P.). PODOCORYNE Sars, M. camea Sars, M. — On fragments of shell off Flamborough (M.B.A.) . Family BOUGAINVILLIDAE BIMERIA Wright, T. S. vestita (Wright, T. S.) — Whitby (T.H.). ASELOMARIS Berrill arenosa (Aid.) — Filey Brigg on undersides of stones and Laminaria roots (T.H.). MARINE COELENTERATA 17 Family PANDEIDAE AMPHINEMA Haeckel dinema Per. & Les. ( = Perigonimus serpens) — Filey Brigg (T.H.). Family EUDENDRIIDAE EUDENDRIUM Ehrenberg rameum (Pall.) — Off Whitby and Robin Hood’s Bay (J.S.). ramosum (L.) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; found with E. rameum, but more common (J.S.). Order THECATA Family HALECIIDAE HALECIUM Oken muricatum (Ell. & Sol.) — Scarborough (W.B.). beani (Johnst.) — Whitby, 20-30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough (W.B.). tenellum (Hincks) — Filey (T.H.). halecium L. — Not rare off coast (J.S.). Family LAFOEIDAE LAFOEA Lamourou.x dumosa (Flem.) — Not rare; in shallow water (J.S.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Gonosome as Copina arcta Dal., on HydraU- mania falcata, Whitby, 10-20 fm. (M.B.x-\.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family CAMPANULINIDAE CAMPANULARIA Lamarck verticillata L.— Whitby (M.B.A.) ; Flamborough, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.) ; occasionally brought up by trawlers (J.S.). volubilis L. — Scarborough, rare on Diphasia tamarisci (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1903, in shrimp nets (T.P.). CLYTIA Lamouroux johnstoni (Aid.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, March, 1S97, on sponge, Scarborough (J.C.H.) Bridlington (V.H.Y.). OBELIA Peron & Lesueur dichotoma (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay under large stones at L.W. mark, Scarborough (J.C.H. ). geniculata (L.) — Whitby, 1899, on Flustra, Laminaria and Maugeria in quantity, 1903 (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, common in rock pools (J.S.) ; Filey, 1897, common on Sertularia, Flustra and Laminaria (T.P.). longissima (Pall.) — Filey^, May, 1903 (T.P.). GONOTHYRAEA Allman loveni (Alim.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). LAOMEDEA Lamouroux gelatinosa Pall. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.C.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). flexuosa Hincks — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). 18 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT OPERCULARELLA Hincks lacerata (Johnst.) — Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). CUSPIDELLA Hincks humiUs Hincks — Whitby (T.H.) (doubtful record), costata Hincks — Whitby, on Syncoryne eximia (T.H.) (doubtful record) . CALYCELLA Allman syringa L. — Flamborough, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family SERTULARHDAE DIPHASIA Agassiz, L. attenuata (Hincks) — Whitby (T.H.), Filey, 1897, on Flustra and Sertularia abietina (S.L.P.). rosacea L. — Scarborough, very common off coast generally attached to Tubularia indivisa (J.S.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). tamarisca (L.) — Scarborough, common in deep water (J.S.). fallax (Johnst.) — Common off Whitby and Robin Hood’s Bay (J.S.) ; Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, abundant (T.H.). pinnata (Pall.) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). DYNAMENA Lamouroux pumila (L.) — -Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.C.H.) ; Filey, uncommon on Flustra, common on Hydrallmania, 1900 (S.L.P.). SERTULARELLA Gray polyzonias (L.) — Off Whitby (P.) ; Scarborough, very rare (W.B.) ; off Flamborough (M.B.A.). rugosa Gray — Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). tenella Aid.— Filey (T.H.). ABIETINARIA Kirchenpauer abietina (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Oct., 1904 (J.H.H.) ; Filey, in quantity among tidal refuse, 1910 (S.L.P.). HYDRALLMANIA Hincks falcata (L.) — Whitby, 1899, common (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, 1897 (S.L.P.) ; the commonest hydrozoan in the district from just below L.W. mark to many miles out to sea; trawlers bring up vast quantities (J.S.). SERTULARIA Linnaeus operculata (L.) — Whitby, 1899, on root of Laminaria (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; near Scarborough on Ahnfeltia plicata, 1901, Filey, 1897, on Flustra (S.L.P.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). Not rare in deep water and sometimes washed up after an easterly wind (J.S.). filicula Ell. & Sol. — Hayburn Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough (J.E. & D.S.) ; Filey, plentiful (T.Pen.) ; common in deep water, often washed up after storm (J.S.). cupressina (L.) — Fine specimens constantly brought up by trawlers off Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough (J.S.) ; Filey, 1897 (S.L.P.). MARINE COELENTERATA 19 fusca Johnst. — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey (T.H.). gracilis Hass. — Whitby, 1899, on Hydrallmania and Sertularia (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). THUJARIA Fleming articulata (Pall.) — Scarborough, not common in deep water (J.S.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). thuja L. — ^BOTTLE-BRUSH. Robin Hood’s Bay (J.H.H.) ; Scar- borough (J.S.) ; Filey, 1897 (S.L.P.) . Family PLUMULARIIDAE KIRCHENPAUERIA Jickeli pinnata (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.S.) ; Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, 1919 (S.L.P.); Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). PLUMULARIA Lamarck setacea (Ell. & Sol.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Cornelian Bay (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). SCHIZOTRICHA Allman frutescens (Ell. '& Sol.) — Off Whitby, not uncommon in deep water (J.S.) ; Scarborough (J.E. & D.S.) ; Filey, thrown up after storms (T.H.). NEMERTESIA Lamouroux antennina (L.) — Whitby (W.B., T.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scar- borough (J.I.) ; Fliey, 1897 (S.L.P.) ; Bridlington (M.B.A.) ; common in deep water, washed up after storms (J.S.). ramosa (Lamour.) — Off Whitby (P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; common in deep water and often washed up after gales (J.S.). Family AGLAOPHENIIDAE AGLAOPHENIA Lamouroux pluma (L.) — Filey (T.H.). Sub-class HYDROMEDUSAE Order ANTHOMEDUSAE Family CORYMORPHIDAE EUPHYSA Forbes aurata Forbes — Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1922 (E.P.). Family CORYNIDAE SARSIA Lesson tubulosa (Sars, M.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.). eximia (Alim.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, 1903 (T.P.). Family HYDRACTINIDAE PODOCORYNE Sars., M. carnea (Sars, M.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1922 (E.P.). Order LEPTOMEDUSAE Family LAODICIDAE LAODICEA Lesson undulata (Forbes & Goods.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1922 (E.P.). 2 20 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family MITROCOMIDAE TIAROPSIS Agassiz, L. multicirrata (Sars, M.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.). Family CAMPANULARIDAE PHIALIDIUM Leuckart hemisphericum (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.). Family PHIALELLIDAE PHIALELLA Browne quadrata (Forbes) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.). Family EUTIMIDAE EUTIMA McGrady gracilis (Forbes & Goods.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.), Family AEQUORIIDAE AEQUOREA Peron & Lesueur sp. — Scarborough (O.G.). Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Family RHOPALONEMATIDAE AGLANTHA Haeckel digitale (MuelL, O. F.) var. rosea (Forbes) — Whitby, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1922 (E.P.) ; Flamborough, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.) . Class SCYPHOMEDUSAE Order STAUROMEDUSAE Family LUCERNARIIDAE LUCERNARIA Mueller, O. F. campanulata Lamour. — Robin Hood’s Bay ; Scarborough, abundant in May, 1913 and 1914, re-appeared in same locality Oct., 1923, and again Oct., 1925 (J.I.). HALICLYSTUS Clark octoradiatus Clark — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1913 (J-I.) ; Scar- borough, July, 1913, and 1922 (A.I.B.). Order SEMAEOSTOMEAE Family AURELHDAE AURELIA Lamarck aurita (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, on Scyphistomas, Sept., 1925, Filey, Sept., 1913 (J.I.). Class ANTHOZOA Sub-class ALCYONARIA Order ALCYONACEA SARCODICTYON Forbes catenata Forbes — Whitby, 10-20 fm. (M.B.A.). MARINE COELENTERATA 21 Family ALCYONIDAE ALCYONIUM Linnaeus digitatum L.— “DEAD MEN’S FINGERS’’, “COW-PAPS’’, V^hitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, 1894 (O.G., J.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; common in deep water (J.S.). palmatum Pall. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.). Order PENNATULACEA Family VIRGULARHDAE VIRGULARIA Lamarck mirabilis Lam. var. sessifolia — Bridlington, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). BALTICINA Gray finmarchica Gray — Several specimens trawled 120 miles N.E. of Scarborough, ApL, 1931, and sent to the British Museum, were reported new to British waters (W.J.C.). Family PENNATULIDAE PENNATULA Linnaeus phosphorea L. — Off Scarborough, Aug., 1928 (J.S.). Sub-class CERIANTHARIA Family CERIANTHIDAE CERIANTHUS Chiaje sp. — Scarborough, 10 fm. (M.B.A.). Sub-class ACTINIARIA Family ACTINHDAE ACTINIA Browne equina L. — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, 1894 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). TEALIA Gosse felina (L.) var. coriacea — Common all along coast. Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, locally known as “Scar-doodles’’ and used for bait, 1894 (O.G.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). var. lofotensis — Common in the trawl ; old shells for attachment generally (J.S.) ; Filey, 1904 (J.). Family METRIDHDAE METRIDIUM Oken senile (L.) var. dianthus — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Sept., 1922 (F.H.W., A.I.B.) ; Scar- borough, May, 1907, Sept., 1922 (J.L, A.I.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). CALLIACTIS Verrill parasitica (Couch) — Scarborough, on shells (J.S.). HORMATHIA Gosse digitata (MuelL, O. F.) — Scarborough, Sept., 1922 (A.I.B.). 22 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family SAGARTIIDAE SAGARTIA Gosse elegans (Dalyell) var. miniata — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1910 (J.I.) ; Filey, common (J.I.). var. venusta— Cornelian Bay, June, 1907 (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1914 (F.H.W.), var. nivea — Scarborough, Nov., 1908 (J.I.). troglodytes (Price) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Roljin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (J.H.H.) ; and var. omata. 1922 (A.I.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F. H. W.). anguicoma (Price) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). CEREUS Oken pedunculatus (Penn.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Class CTENOPHORA BOLINOPSIS Agassiz, L. infundibulum (Muell., O.F.) — ^Robin Hood’s Bay, 1913 (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, 1894 (O.G.) ; Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). BEROE Browne ovatus Bose. — Robin Hood’s Bay, common during first half of 1928 (J-s.). Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES— FLATWORMS Class TURBELLARIA Order POLYCLADIDA Family LEPTOPLANIDAE LEPTOPLANA Ehrenberg tremellaris (Muell., O.F.) — Scarborough (J.I.). Family PSEUDOCERIDAE THYSANOZOON Grube brocchii (Risso) — Scarborough, June, 1922. Family EURYLEPTIDAE CYCLOPORUS Lang papiilosus (Sars in Jens.) — On Botryllus, Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922, Scarborough, Aug., 1928 (J.S.). Class TREMATODA CERCARIA purpurae Lebour, Larva of Perorchis acanthus Nicoll — Robin Hood's Bay. Class CESTODA BOTHRIOCEPHALUS Rudolphi Scorpio (Muell., O. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay from Cottus scorpio, 1938 (Lab.). MARINE NEMERTINEA 23 Phylum NEMERTINEA Class ANOPLA Order PALEONEMERTEA Family TUBULANIDAE TUBULANUS Renier annulatus (Mont.) — Scarborough (A.TAV.). superbus (Koell) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). LINEUS Sowetby longissimus (Gunn.) — BOOTLACE-WORM. Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.C.). About 5ft. of worm secured but remainder hidden in. rock at Cloughton Wyke, Oct., 1937 (W.J.C.) ; Filey Brigg, May,. 1903 (T.P.). gesserensis (Muell., 0. F.) — Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). ruber (Muell., O. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). EUBORLASIA Vaillant elizabethae (Mclnt.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Sept., 1919 (A.J.B.). Class ENOPLA Order HOPLONEMERTEA Family EMPLECTONEMATIDAE EMPLECTONEMA Stimpson neesi (Oerst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay., Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough (J.I.). gracile (Johnst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Filey, Sept., 1913 (J-I-) Family PROSORHOCHMIDAE OERSTEDIA Quatrefages dorsalis (Abild.) — Scarborough, 1913 (J.I.). Family AMPHIPORIDAE AMPHIPORUS Ehrenberg lactifloreus (Johnst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). pulcher. (Johnst.) — Scarborough, Aug., 1923 (J.I.). Family TETRASTEMMATIDAE TETRASTEMMA Ehrenberg melanocephalum (Johnst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.I.). vermiculus (Quatref.) — Scarborough (J.L). candidum (Muell., O.F.) — Scarborough (J.L). 24 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Phylum ANNELIDA— RINGED WORMS Class POLYCHAETA— MARINE BRISTLE WORMS ERRANTIA Family APHRODITIDAE APHRODITA Linnaeus aculeata L. — SEA MOUSE. Scarborough (J.C.H.). LEPIDONOTUS Leach squamatus (L.) — Common; Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I. & A.T.W.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). clava (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Filey, Sept., 1913 (J-I-). HARMOTHOE Kinberg imbricata (L.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.C.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). impar Tohnst. — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough (T-I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F H.W.). SCALISETOSUS McIntosh pellucidus (Ehlers) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) . assimilis (Mclnt.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). LAGISCA Malmgren extenuata (Grube) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). POLYNOE Savigny scolopendrina (Sav.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). HALOSYDNA Kinberg gelatinosa Sars, M. — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). STHENELAIS Kinberg boa (Johnst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). limicola (Ehlers) — Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). SIGALION Cuvier mathildae Aud. & M.-Edw. — Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). Family AMPHINOMIDAE SPINTHER Johnston miniaceus Grube — Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1922 (E.P.). Family PHYLLODOCIDAE PHYLLODOCE Savigny laminosa Sav. — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). lamelligera Johnst. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Cornelian Bay, 1922 (J.I.) ; Filey, 1928 (J.S.). maculata (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough harbour, April, 1920. paretti (Blainv.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). MARINE ANNELIDA 25 EULALIA Savigny sanguinea (Oerst.) — Scarborough (J.I.)- viridis (MuelL, 0. F.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough (A.T.W.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). bilineata Johnst.— Scarborough (J.I.). punctifera Grube — Scarborough (J.I.). ETEONE Savigny depressa (Malm.) (=flava (Fabr.)) — Scarborough, Oct., 1911, not hitherto found in British waters (McIntosh, Mon. Brit. Annelids, 1922-23, IV, 428. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1912, Nat., (1912) ; Scarborough harbour, April & Sept., 1920 (A.I.B.). Family TOMOPTERIDAE TOMOPTERIS Eschscholtz heligolandica Greef. — Bridlington, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.). onisciformis Eschs. — Flamborough, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family HESIONIDAE KEFERSTEINIA Quatrefages cirrata (Kef.) — Scarborough (J.I.). CASTALIA Savigny punctata (MuelL, O. F.) — Scarborough (J.I.). Family SYLLIDAE SYLLIS Savigny gracilis Grube — Scarborough (J.I.). armillaris Malm. — Scarborough (A.T.W.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). prolifera Krohn. — Scarborough, Aug., 1923 (J.I.). TRYPANOSYLLIS Langerhans zebra Grube — Scarborough (J.I.). AUTOLYTUS Grube pictus (Ehlers) — Scarborough, with nurse stock (J.I.). prolifera (MuelL, O. F.) — Scarborough (J.I.). Family NEREIDAE NEREIS Linnaeus — RAG WORMS pelagica L. — .Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.H.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). virens Sars — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1948 (Lab.). diversicolcr (MuelL, O. F.) Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; April, 1920 (J.I.). fucata (Sav.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough (J.H.) ; Filey Brigg, March, 1903 (T.P.). Not uncommon in deep water in shells occupied by hermit crabs. PERINEREIS Kinberg cultrifera (Grube) — Locally male heteronereis called “THIRSK ”. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.); Scarborough (A.T.W.); Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). 26 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PLATYNEREIS Kinberg dumerilii (Aud. & M.-Edw.)— Robin Hood’s Bay, 1939 (Lab.). Family NEPHTHYDIDAE NEPHTHYS Cuvier caeca Fabr. — Robin Hood’s Bay (A.T.W.) ; Scarborough, April, 1920 (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). hombergii Lam. — WHITE CAT. Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (A.T.W. ). Family SPHAERODORIDAE EPHESIA Rathke gracilis Rath. — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). Family GLYCERIDAE GLYCERA Savigny lapndium (Quatref.) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, Oct., 1913 (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg (T.P.). GONIADA Audouin &'Milne-Edwards maculata Oerst. — Bridlington Bay, as food of plaice and whiting (M.B.A. ). SEDENTARIA Family ARICIIDAE SCOLOPLOS Blainville armiger (Muell., O. F.) — Scarborough, April, 1920 (J.I.). Family SPIONIDAE SCOLELEPIS Blainville girardi (Quatref.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough (J.I.). NERINE Johnston foliosa (Aud. & M.-Edw.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Flamborough, 30 fm., as food of plaice (M.B.A.). cirratulus (Del. Chi.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1948 (Lab.). POLYDORA Bose caeca (Oerst.) — Scarborough, 1911 (A.T.W.). ciliata (Johnst.) — Scarborough (A.T.W.). Family CIRRATULIDAE AUDOUINIA Quatrefages tentaculata (Mont.) — ^Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). CIRRATULUS Lamarck cirratus (Muell., O. F.). — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family CHLORHAEMIDAE FLABELLIGERA Sars alfinis Sars — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). MARINE ANNELIDA 27 STYLARIOIDES Delle Chiaje plumosa (MuelL, O. F.). — Scarborough (J.I.)- Family OPHELIIDAE OPHELIA Savigny limacina (Rathk.) — Filey, March, 1928, two specimens washed up by storm (J.S.) ; food for plaice throughout area (M.B.A.). AMMOTRYPANE Rathke aulogaster Rathk. — Bridlington, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family CAPITELLIDAE NOTOMASTUS Sars latericeus Sars — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1948 (Lab.). CAPITELLA Blainville capitata (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Aug., 1920 (J-I-). Family ARENICOLIDAE ARENICOLA Lamarck marina (L.) — LUG-WORM. Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scar- borough (O.G. & F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). ecaudata Johnst. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1948 (Lab.). Family MALDANIDAE PROCLYMENE Arwidsson miilleri (Sars, M.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey (A.T.W.). Family OWENHDAE OWENIA Delle Chiaje fusiformis Del. Chi. — Throughout off-shore area as food of plaice (M.B.A.). Family SABELLARIIDAE SABELLARIA Lamarck spinulosa Leuck. — Robin Hood’s Bay (A.T.W.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.). alveolata (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough to Withem- sea, 10-20 fm. (M.B.A.). Family AMPHICTENIDAE PECTINARIA Lamarck auricoma (Muell., O. F.) — Bridlington, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). belgica (Pall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) : Bridlington, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). koreni (Malm.) — Fairly common throughout area, a food for nearly all species of edible fish (M.B.A.). Family AMPHARETIDAE AMPHARETE Malmgren grubei Malm. — Flamborough, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.) ; as food of plaice fM.B.A.). AMPHICTEIS Grube gunneri (Sars) — Flamborough, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.) . 28 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family TEREBELLIDAE AMPHITRITE Mueller, O. F. gracilis Grube — Scarborough, June, 1924 (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). johnstoni Malm. — Robin Hood’ Bay (T-I-) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; 1922 (A.LB.). LANICE Malmgren conchilega (Pall.) — SAND-MASON. Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Flamborough, 10-30 fm. (M.B.A.). POLYMNIA Malmgren nebulosa (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1948 (Lab.). NICOLEA Malmgren zostericola (Oerst.) — Whitby, 20-30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay. THELEPUS Leuckart cincinnatus (Fabr.) — Whitby, 20-30 fm. (M.B.A.) . POLYCIRRUS Grube aurantiacus Grube — Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family SABELLIDAE SABELLA Linnaeus pavonina (Sav.) — Scarborough (J.I.) ; tubes covered with Alcyonium digitatum frequent throughout the area (M.B.A.). POTAMILLA Malmgren reniformis (Muell., O. F.) — Scarborough (A.T.W.) ; Filey, May, 1933 (F.H.W.). torelli Malm. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough (J.I.). DASYCHONE Sars bombyx (Daly.) — Whithy, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, Oct., 1912 (J.I.). AMPHIGLENA Claparede rfiediterranea (Clap.) — ^^Scarborough, Aug., 1924 (J.I.). FABRICIA Blainville sabella (Ehr.) — Scarborough (A.T.W.) . MYXICOLA Koch infundibulum (Montagu) — Scarborough, Aug., 1924 (J.I.). Family SERPULIDAE SERPULA Linnaeus vermicularis L. — Exceedingly abundant along coast (J.S.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) HYDROIDES Gunnerus norvegica Gunn.— The PUMICE-STONE SPONGE, named locally by fishermen “ Ross ”. A piece trawled off Whitby, May, 1927, measured 6in. x 9in. x 12in. (J.S.). MARINE SIPUNCULOIDEA 29 POMATOCEROS Phillippi triqueter (L.). — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W. ). FILOGRANA Oken implexa Berk. — Scarborough (A.I.B.) ; Filey Brigg, 1903 (T.P.). SPIRORBIS Daudin borealis Daud. — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). Class OUGOCHAETA Family TUBIFICIDAE CLITELLIO Savigny arenarius (MuelL, O. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Family ENCHYTRAEIDAE PACHYDRILUS Claparede semifuscus (Clap.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1940, 40 specimens on under- side of small rocks embedded in pile of coarse sand (T.B.R.). Class HIRUDINEA PONTOBDELLA Leach muricata (L.) — SKATE LEECH, parasitic on common skate (Raia batis) and taken from the fish in Scarborough fish-market, Nov., 1923, to Feb., 1934 (W.J.C. & J.S.). ABRANCHUS Johansson microstomus (Joh.) — Robin Hood’s Bay from skin of Blennius pholis, sent to British Museum (Natural History) (Lab.). Phylum SIPUNCULOIDEA Family SIPUNCULIDAE PHASCOLOSOMA Leuckart vulgare (Blainv.) — Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). minutum Kef. — Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.). eremita Sars — Whitby, 10 fm. (M.B.A.). PHASCOLION Thiel sp. — Scarborough, Aug., 1920 (A.I.B.) . Phylum PRIAPULOIDEA Family PRIAPULIDAE PRIAPULUS Lamarck caudatus Lam. — Scarborough, March, 1932 (W.J.C.) ; very rare, one previous record, Leckenby, 1854. 30 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Sub-Class OSTRACODA Sub-Order PODOCOPA Family CYPRACEA ILYOCYPRIS Brady & Norman biplicata (Koch) — Filey, a single specimen; a freshwater form presumably washed into the sea down a stream. Family CYTHERACEA CYTHERIDEA Jones elongata Brady^ — Scarborough, not common off Yorkshire coast, papillosa Bosq. — Off Scarborough (L.). EUCYTHERE Brady declivis (Norm.) — Scarborough, Cayton. KRITHE, Brady, Crosskey & Robertson bartonensis (Jones) — Off Scarborough (L.). CYTHERE Mueller, O. F. lutea (Muell., O. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Ca5don, Gristhorpe, Filey — widespread and sometimes abundant, albomaculata Baird — Filey Brigg (V.H.Y.), common, pulchella Brady — Filey Brigg (V.H.Y.). HIRSCHMANNiA Elofson viridis (Muell., O. F.) — Gristhorpe. LEPTOCYTHERE Sars confusa (Brady & Norm.) ( = pellucida Sars) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey, Speeton. XENOCYTHERE Sars cuneiformis (Brady) — Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe. HEMICYTHERE Sars villosa (Sars) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey — abundant, convexa (Baird) — •Gristhorpe. angulata (Sars) — Scarborough (G.S.B.). CYTHEREIS Jones dunelmensis (Norm.) — Off Scarborough (L.). CYTHERIDEIS Jones subulata Brady — Cayton, Gristhorpe. EUCYTHERURA Mueller, G. W. — Two undetermined species from Cayton. CYTHERURA Sars clathrata Sars — Scarborough. undata Sars — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Cayton. cellulosa (Norm.) — Robin Hood’s Bay. concentrica Brady, Crossk. & Rob. — Robin Hood’s Bay (V.H.Y.). MARINE CRUSTACEA 31 LOXOCONCHA Sars guttata (Norm.) — Scarborough. tamarindus (Jones) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey, Speeton — abundant, robertsoni (Brady) — Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey, Speeton — abundant. CYTHEROPTERON Sars nodosum Brady — Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey, Speeton — abundant. latissimum (Norm.) — Scarborough, Cayton, Gristhorpe, Filey. BYTHOCYTHERE Sars constricta Sars — Scarborough, Cayton, Filey, PSEUDOCYTHERE Sars caudata Sars — Red Cliff, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). XESTOLEBERIS Sars depressa Sars — Robin Hood’s Bay. aurantia (Baird) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Filey Brigg (V.H.Y.), TRACHYLEBERIS Brady angulata (Sars) — Scarborough, Filey, crenulata (Sars) — Gristhorpe. PARACYTHEROIS Mueller, G. W. — An undetermined species not un- common at Scarborough, Gristhorpe and Speeton. PARADOXOSTOMA Fischer normani Brady — Robin Hood’s Bay, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.), Scarborough, Gristhorpe, Filey. bradyi Sars ( = obliquum Brady) — Robin Hood’s Bay. hibemicum Brady — Filey Brigg (V.H.Y.). Sub-Class COPEPODA Order EUCOPEPODA Sub-Order CALANOIDA Family CENTROPAGIDAE ISIAS Boeck clavipes Boeck — Robin Hood’s Bay, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family TEMORIDAE TEMORA Baird longicomis (Muell., O. F.) — ^Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.), Family PONTELLIDAE ANOMALOCERCA Templeton patersoni Tempi. — Off Yorkshire coast (V.H.Y.). Family PARAPONTELLIDAE PARAPONTELLA Brady brevicomis (Lubb.) — Bridlington Bay (V.H.Y.). 32 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Sub-Order HARPACTICOIDA Family HARPACTICIDAE HARPACTICUS Dana chelifer (MuelL, O. F.) — Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). ZAUS spinatus Goods. — Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). goodsiri Brady — Robin Hood’s Bay, 35 fm., Bridlington Bay, tow- netted (V.H.Y.). Family TISBIIDAE TISBE Lilljeborg furcata (Baird) — Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). Family TEGASTIDAE AMYMONE Claus sphaerica Claus — Robin Hood's Bay, 35 fm., Red Cliff (V.H.Y.). Family THALESTRIDAE THALESTRIS Claus longimana Claus — Off Scarborough (V.H.Y.). RHYNCHOTHALESTRIS Sars rufocincta (Norm.) — ^Red Cliff; 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). DACTYLOPODIA Lang neglecta (Sars) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). AMPHIARCUS Sars tenuiremis (Brady & Rob.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 30-35 fm. (V.H.Y.). AMPHIASCOPSIS Gurney thalestroides (Sars)— Off Red Cliff (V.H.Y.). Family DIOSACCIDAE STENHALIA Boeck longicaudata Boeck — Robin Hood’s Bay, 25-35 fm. (V.H.Y.). BULBAMPHIASCUS Lang imus (Brady) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 25-35 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family LAOPHONTIDAE HETEROLAOPHONTE Lang stromi (Baird) — Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). LAOPHONTE Philippi thoracica Boeck — Robin Hood’s Bay, 10-35 fm. (V.H.Y.). Family CLETODIDAE RHIZOTHRIX Brady & Robertson curvata Brady & Rob. — Off' Robin Hood’s Bay (V.H.Y.). Family TACHIDIIDAE DANIELSSENIA Boeck fusiformis (Brady & Rob.) — Red Cliff, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). MARINE CRUSTACEA 33 Sub-Order CYCLOPOIDA Family OITHONIDAE OITHONA Baird similis Claus — Off Whitby and Bridlington (V.H.Y.). Family CYCLOPIDAE HALICYCLOPS Norman christianensis Boeck — Filey Brigg, tidal pools (V.H.Y.). Family ASCOMYZONTIDAE DERMATOMYZON Claus nigripes Brady— Off Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough. COLLOCHERES Canu graciiicauda (Brady) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 13 fm. (V.H.Y.). ACONTIOPHORUS Brady scutatus (Brady & Rob.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). omatus Brady & Rob. — Robin Hood’s Bay (V.H.Y.) ; Scarborough. Family DYSPONTHDAE DYSPONTIUS Thorell striatus Thor. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.) . Family LICHOMOLGIDAE LICHOMOLGUS Thorell fucicolum Brady — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). thorelli Brady & Rob. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 35 fm. (V.H.Y.). HERMANNELLA Canu arenicola (Brady) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 30 fm. (V.H.Y.). PSEUDANTHESSIUS Claus liber (Brady) — Off Scarborough (V.H.Y.). Sub-Order CALIGOIDA Family CALIGIDAE CALIGUS Mueller, O. F. rapax Milne-Edw. — Whitby on cod (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). curtus Muell., O. F. — Whitby on cod (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). diaphanus Nordm. — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). LEPEOPHTHEIRUS Nordmann salmonis (Kroey.) — Whitby on salmon (V.H.Y.). Sub-Order LERNAEOIDA Family LERNAEIDAE LERNAEOCERA Blainville branchialis L. — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Family LERNAEOPODIDAE CLAVELLA Oken uncinata Cuv.- — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). 34 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Sub-Class CIRRIPEDIA Order THORACICA Family SCALPELLIDAE SCALPELLUM Leach scalpellum (L.) — Scarborough, local in deep water, generally attached to Tubularia or Hydrallmania — sent to British Museum for identification, 1928 (J.S.). Family LEPADIDAE LEPAS Linnaeus anatifera (L.)— GOOSE BARNACLE. Robin Hood’s Bay (J.C.H.) ; Scarborough, autumn 1894 was remarkable for the quantities of ship and goose barnacles that were washed up in great masses attached to all manner of flotsam and jetsam (wood, cork, etc.) (O.G.). Family VERRUCIDAE VERRUCA Schumacher stroemia (Muell., O. F.). — Robin Hood’s Bay. Family CHTHAMALIDAE CHTHAMALUS Ranzani stellatus (Poli) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family BALANIDAE BALANUS Da Costa tintinnabulum (L.) — Scarborough, specimen sent to British Museum 1888 (T.D.A.C.). porcatus Da Costa — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; common in deep water, growing to a good size. “ Barnacle Bank ” 45 mis. N.E. of Scarborough is particularly affected with them. balanoides L. — ACORN BARNACLE. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough, exceedingly abundant on the littoral, less abundant in deep water (J.C.H.). Order RHIZOCEPHALA Family PELTOGASTRIDAE SACCULINA Thompson carcini Thomps. — Scarborough, common on Portunus marmoreus in sandy bays, particularly affecting females (J.S.). PELTOGASTER Rathke pagari Rathke — Scarborough, Sept., 1923, parasitic on Eupagurus bemhardus (R.S.W.). Sub-Class MALACOSTRACA Order CUMACEA Family CUMIDAE BODOTRIA Goodsir scorpioides (Montagu) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay (V.H.Y.). MARINE CRUSTACEA 35 Family LEUCONIDAE EUDORELLOPSIS Sars deformis (Kroey.) — Red Cliff, 40 fm. (V.H.Y.). Order ISOPODA Sub-Order FLABELLIFERA Family AEGIDAE AEGA Leach psora (L.) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family LIMNORIIDAE LIMNORIA Leach lignorum (Rathke) — THE GRIBBLE. Scarborough in floating wood (J.I.). Sub-Order VALVIFERA Family IDOTEIDAE IDOTHEA Fabricius baltica (Pall.) — Whitby, 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scar- borough (J.L) ; Filey (V.H.Y.) ; common all along the coast (J.I.). pelagica (Leach) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). emarginata (Fabr.) — Filey (V.H.Y.) . Family ARCTURIDAE ASTACILLA Cordiner longicomis (Sow.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; not common in deep water (J.S.). Sub-Order ASELLOTA Family JANIRIDAE JANIRA Leach maculosa Leach — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). JAERA Leach marina (Fabr.) — Scarborough (J.L); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Sub-Order ONISCOIDEA Family LIGIIDAE LIGIA Fabricius oceanica (L.) — SEA-SLATER. Robin Hood’s Bay (O.G.) ; Cloughton Wyke, Aug., 1914, Scarborough about high water mark (W.J.C.) ; Cayton Bay, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family CRYPTONISCIDAE CRYPTOTHRIX Dana balani (Spence Bate)^ — Robin Hood’s Bay, in B. balanoides (Lab.). 36 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order AMPHIPODA Sub‘Order GAMMARIDEA Family AMPELISCIDAE AMPELISCA Kroeyer typica (Bate) — Whitby (V.H.Y.). Family HAUSTORIIDAE HAUSTORIUS Mueller, O. F. arenarius (Slabb.) — Whitby (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). Family GAMMARIDAE— SAND SHRIMPS GAMMARELLUS Herbst homari (Fabr.) — Whitby (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough between tide marks, identified at British Museum ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). GAMMARUS Fabricius locusta (L.) — Whitby (V.H.Y.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J-I-). MARINOGAMMARUS Schillenberg marinus (Leach) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family DEXAMINIDAE DEXAMINE Leach spinosa (Montagu) — Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey (V.H.Y.). Family TALITRIDAE TALITRUS Latreille saltator (Montagu) — SAND-HOPPER. Hayburn Wyke, July, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey Brigg (V.H.Y.). ORCHESTIA Leach gammarella (Pall.) — SHORE HOPPER. Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W. ). Family AMPHITHOIDAE AMPHITHOE Leach rubricata (Montagu) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family JASSIDAE JASSA Leach falcata (Montagu) — Scarborough, Feb., 1915 (J.I.). Family COROPHIIDAE COROPHIUM volutata (Pall.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). ERICHTHONIUS Milne Edwards brasiliensis (Dana) — Scarborough (J.I.). Family PODOCERIDAE PODOCERUS Leach variegatus Leach — -Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey (V.H.Y.). MARINE CRUSTACEA 37 Sub-Order HYPERIIDEA Family HYPERIIDAE HYPERIA Desmarest galba Montagu — Whitby (V.H.Y.). PARATHEMISTO Boeck oblivia (Kroey.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Sub-Order CAPRELLIDEA Family CAPRELLIDAE— SKELETON SHRIMPS PSEUDOPROTELLA Mayer phasma (Montagu) — Scarborough, South Bay, Feb., 1915 (J.I.). CAPRELLA Lamarck acanthifera Leach — ^Scarborough (J.I.), also var. typica. linearis (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J-I-). tuberculata Bate & West. — Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Order SCHIZOPODA ( = MYSIDACEA) PRAUNUS Leach flexuosus (Muell., O. F.)— OPOSSUM or CHAMELEON SHRIMP. Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; common in rock pools in summer, retiring to deep water in winter; largest caught by shrimpers. PARAMYSIS Czerniavsky— GHOST SHRIMPS arenosa (Sars) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1938 (N.B.E.). Order DECAPODA Sub-Order NATANTIA Tribe CARIDEA Family PANDALIDAE PANDALUS Leach montagui Leach — AESOP PRAWN. Very abundant in deep water and not uncommon in rock pools during the summer. It has a peculiar habit of clinging on the outside of a trawl net in hundreds until the latter is hanging over the deck when they drop off and soon die (J.S.) . PANDALINA Caiman brevirostris (Rathke) — Robin Hood’s Bay — a deep water form not uncommon from 15-40fm. (J.S.). Family HIPPOLYTIDAE HIPPOLYTE Leach varians Leach — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Scarborough (A.T.W.) ; abundant in rock pools in summer and down to 35 fm. (J.S.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). 38 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SPIRONTOCARIS Bate spinus (Sow.) — Off Whitby, Sept., 1928, not uncommon in 25-30 fm. (J.S.). THOR ALUS (Holthuis) cranchii (Leach) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough, very abundant down to 35 fm. (T.S.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). EUALUS Thallwitz pusiolus (Kroey.) — Scarborough, April, 1935 (T.B.), identified by British Museum. Family PALAEMONIDAE LEANDER Desmarest serratus (Penn.) — PRAWN. Scarborough (J.I.) ; very few and far between, 1896 (O.G.). Family CRANGONIDAE CRANGON Fabricius vulgaris L. — SHRIMP. Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) ; Haybum Wyke, 1891 (J.A.P.D.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). “It seems to be getting scarcer every year on the Yorkshire coast ’’ 1896 (O.G.). “ Exceedingly abundant in our sandy bays during summer ’’ 1926 (J-S.)- PHILOCHERAS Stebbing trispinosus (Hailst.) — Scarborough, Filey (J.I.) ; abimdant in sandy places with C. vulgaris (J.S.). Sub-Order REPANTIA Tribe PALINURA Family PALINURLDAE PALINURUS Fabricius elephas (Fabr.)— ROCK LOBSTER, CRAWFISH. Once taken in trawl off Flamborough (V.H.Y.). Tribe ASTACURA Family NEPHROPSIDAE NEPHROPS Leach norvegicus (L.)— NORWEGIAN LOBSTER, DUBLIN BAY PRAWN. Brought to Whitby in lobster trap, April, 1894 (T.S.). HOMARUS Fabricius gammarus Milne-Edw. — LOBSTER. Whitby, 1896 (T.S.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough ; important fishery in summer ; abundant in Laminarian zone ; large specimens frequently trawled off coast, an albino landed in 1931. Tribe ANOMURA Family GALATHEIDAE GALATHEA Fabricius— SQUAT LOBSTERS, nexa Embl. — Off Whitby, June, 1926 (J.S.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; abundant in Horse-Shoe Hole, South Bay at low (spring) tides; common down to 50 fm. (J.S.). MARINE CRUSTACEA 39 squamifera Leach — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough (J.H.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; common low down on the littoral (J.H.H.) . intermedia Lillj. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1938 (N.B.E.). strigosa (L.)— SPINY SQUAT LOBSTER. Whitby, 1926 (T.S.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1921 (J.I.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, 1903 (T.P.) ; generally taken in crab pots in the Laminarian zone. MUNIDA Leach rugosa (Fabr.) — Locally a deep water form, abundant 6 miles off Robin Hood’s Bay and Haybum Wyke in 25-30fm., spawning in late spring and early summer (J.S.), off Scarborough Sept., 1926 (J.S.). Family PORCELLANIDAE PORCELLANA Lamarck— PORCELAIN CRABS platycheles (Penn.) — Filey, Sept., 1913, very rare (W.J.C.). longicomis (L.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.H.H.) ; abundant at all zones down to 50 fm. (J.S.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Tribe THALASSINIDEA Family CALLIANASSIDAE UPOGEBIA Leach stellata (Montagu) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1928 (J.S.). Tribe PAGURIDEA Family PAGURIDAE EUPAGURUS Brandt bemhardus (L.) — COMMON HERMIT CRAB. Abundant at all zones (O.G.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). pubescens (Kroey.) — Scarborough, “ A deep sea form in which young specimens inhabit the shell (Turritella) which later becomes covered and absorbed by a sponge (Suberites domuncula).” Thus full grown specimens are always found in this sponge — not un- common from 30-50 fm. (J.S.). Specimens identified by British Museum. ANAPAGURUS Henderson laevis (Thomps.) — Off Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay and Hayburn Wyke in 20-30 fm. (J.S.). hyndmanni (Thomps.) — Occasionally in about 30 fm. (J.S.). Family LITHODIDAE LITHODES Latreille maia (L.)— NORTHERN STONE CRAB, locally “ KING CRAB ” (O.G.). Scarborough, Feb., 1928, in deep water, occasionally stranded alive on rocks (J.S.). 40 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Tribe BRACHYURA Family PORTUNIDAE— SWIMMING or FIDDLER CRABS PORTUNUS Leach ( = MACROPIPUS Prestandrea) puber (L.) — VELVET CRAB. Robin Hood’s Bay, Haybum Wyke (J.S.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; rare, on Yorkshire coast, 1928- (J.S.). pusillus Leach — Off Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough common in 1928 and forms chief food of Wolf -fish and others (J.S.). marmoreus Leach — MARBLED SWIMMING CRAB. Common in sandy bays, taken in large numbers during summer by both coble- trawls and shrimpers ; less common on the ‘ ‘ inside ’ ’ trawling grounds but specimens are usually finely coloured and frequently bear Sacculina carcini. depurator (L.) — Whitby fishing grounds, Oct., 1926 (J.S.) ; Filey, May, 1924 (J.I.) ; Bridlington — number washed up 1902 (W.C.H.) ; occasional in deep water where females are more common than males (J.S.). PORTUMNUS Leach latipes (Penn.) — Filey, 1914, rare (W.J.C.). CARCINUS Leach (=CARCINIDES Rathbum) maenas (L.)— SHORE CRAB, locally “DOG CRAB’’. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1912 (J.I.) ; Scar- borough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; common on littoral and down to 5 fm. Family PIRIMELIDAE PIRIMELA Leach denticulata (Montagu) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough, May, 1914, females rare, all specimens taken in rock pools, generally in Halidrys (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family CANCRIDAE CANCER Linnaeus pagurus L. — ^EDIBLE CRAB. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough (J.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; abundant everywhere from 0-35 fm. (J.C.H. ). ATELECYCLUS Leach rotundatus Olivi — Scarborough, trawl May, 1913 (W.D.B.) ; abund- ant locally on trawling grounds 15-30 fm., females very rare, burrow in sand with only the antennae and tips of the claws show- ing, 1929 (J.S.) ; in stomach of cod caught near Scarborough, Jan., 1934; several landed among “Queen oysters’’ during 1935 (W.J.C.). Family CORYSTIDAE CORYSTES Latreille cassiveiaunus (Penn.) — MASKED CRAB. Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab) ; Scarborough, Filey, May, 1924 (J.C.H.) ; abundant on sandy bottom, less common on trawling grounds MARINE CRUSTACEA 41 Family XANTHIDAE PILUMNUS Leach hirtellus (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Laminarian zone. Sept., 1921 (J.I.) ; Scarborough, White Nab Hole, South Bay; Filey, Sept., 1913 (W.J.C.). Family PINNOTHERIDAE PINNOTHERES Latreille pisum (Penn.)— PEA CRAB. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Filey, Sept., 1913 (J-I.) ; rare, off Flamborough in Modiolus, 1926 (J.S.). Family LEUCOSIIDAE EBALIA Leach tuberosa (Penn.) — Local, about 30 fm., often found in the “ false bottom ’ ’ of frayed rope in a trawl net ; occasionally taken off Haybum Wyke (J.S.). cranchii Leach — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, rare ; male with large Alcyonidium on its caparace off Haybum Wyke, Nov., 1927 (J.S.). tumefacta (Montagu) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, Aug., 1928, rare Family MAUD AE (J-S-)- MAIA Lamarck squinado (Rond.) — THORNBACK CRAB. Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Haybum Wyke, July, 1891, between Cloughton Wyke and Scarborough, 1889, Filey Brigg, Sept., 1889 (J.P.A.D.). (Stevenson doubts records of this species in the Victoria History of Yorkshire, not having seen one himself but, from the reports of the “ crabbers ”, believes it may be found here, 1929 (J.S.)). EURYNOME Leach aspera (Penn.) — Off Whitby, Dec., 1928, female, off' Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1928, female with eggs, Dec., 1928, female, off Haybum Wyke, Aug., 1928, immature female, off Scarborough, 7 miles, July, 1928, male. Rare, lives in company with Ebalia tuberosa HY AS Leach fJ-S.). coarctatus Leach — Scarborough, common in deep water, occasional in rock pools (W.J.C.). araneus (L.) — SPIDER CRAB. Common down to 30 fm., Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; a crab-pot pest. INACHUS Fabricius dorsettensis (Penn.) — SCORPION SPIDER CRAB. Scarborough, very common in deep water (J.S.). dorhynchus (Leach) — Scarborough, Oct., 1944 (J.H.H.) ; occasion- ally in rock pools and crab pots (J.S.). MACROPODIA Leach longirostris (Fabr.) — Scarborough (W.J.C.). rostrata (L.) — LONG-LEGGED SPIDER CRAB. Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; very common in deep water (W.J.C.). 42 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ACHAEUS Leach cranchii Leach — Filey, Sept., 1913, very rare (W.). Class ARACHNIDA Sub-Class PYCNOGONIDA Family PYCNOGONIDAE PYCNOGONUM Bruennich littorale (Stroem.) — ^SEA-SPIDER. Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough (J.H.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family PHOXICHILIDAE ENDEIS Philippi spinosus (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scar- borough (J.H.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE PHOXICHILIDIUM Milne-Edwards femoratum (Rathke) — Robin Hood’s Bay, occasionally in trawl nets, Scarborough (W.J.C.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family NYMPHONIDAE NYMPHON Fabricius gracilis Leach — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Cornelian Bay, 1908 (H.). Phylum MOLLUSCA Class LORICATA Order LEPIDOPLEURIDA Family LEPIDOPLEURIDAE LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso asellus (Gmel.) — -Whitby, Sept., 1914; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, Cayton Bay, 1910 (J.P.A.D.) ; off Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.). cancellatus ( Sow . ) — Scarborough ( W . B . ) . HANLEYA Gray hanleyi (Bean) — Scarborough on stones and shells (W.B.) ; North Bay, one specimen (J.A.H.). Order CHITONIDA Family LEPIDOCHITONIDAE TONICELL A Carpenter marmorea (Fab.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood s Bay, 1910, 30 fm. (G.S.B.). Scarborough on stones, shells and seaweeds in Laminarian zone (W.B.). rubra (L.) — Sandsend, 1901, at roots of Laminaria (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 43 LEPIDOCHITONA Gray cinereus (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, July, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) . CALLOCHITON Gray achatinus (Brown) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family CRYPTOPLACIDAE ACANTHOCHITONA Gray crinitus (Penn.) — CHITON. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Class LAMELLIBRANCHIA Sub-class PRIONODESMACEA Order PROTOBRANCHIA Family NUCULIDAE NUCULA Lamarck nucleus (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; off Scarborough (M.B.A.) ; Bridlington (F.H.W.). tenuis (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, Dec., 1912 (F.H.W.). turgida (Leek. & Marsh.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). Family NUCULANIDAE NUCULANA Link minuta (Muell.) — -Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). yOLDIELLA Verrill & Bush tomlini (Winckw.) — Filey in shell sand. May, 1914 (F.H.W.). Order FILIBRANCHIA Family ARCIDAE GLYCYMERIS da Costa glycymeris (L.) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Yorkshire coast, 1929 (J-S.)- ARCA Linnaeus (Navicula) tetragona britannica Reeve — Scarborough, rare (W.B.). (Striarca) lactea L. — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Filey, 1910 (S.). 44 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family ANOMIIDAE ANOMIA Linnaeus ephippium L. — SADDLE OYSTER. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, MONIA Gray 1912 (F.H.W.) . patelliformis (L.)^ — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; Flamborough, 20-30 fm. (M.B.A.). HETER ANOMIA Winckworth squamula (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family MYTILIDAE MYTILUS Linnaeus edulis L. — COMMON MUSSEL. Common ; Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; var. incurvata, Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Scalby Mills, 1910 (J.A.H.). galloprovincialis Lam. — Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.). MODIOLUS Lamarck modiolus (L.)— HORSE MUSSEL. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay (F.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). phaseolinus (Phil.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.\\\) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). MUSCULUS Roeding discors (L.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Cayton Bay, 1910 (J.H.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). marmoratus (Fofbes) — -Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Ba}^ Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). niger (Gray)— locally “CORDUROY MUSSEL’’— Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). CRENELLA Brown. decussata (Montagu) — Rare, Scarborough (W.B.). (Rhomboidella) prideauxii (Leach) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Order OSTREIFORMES Family OSTREIDAE OSTREA Linnaeus edulis L. — OYSTER. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.), detached shells thrown up on beach; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). var. parasitica Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 45 Order PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIA Family PECTENIDAE PECTEN Mueller maximus (L.) — LARGE SCALLOP. Scarborough (W.B.) ; in trawl (O.G.). CHLAMYS Roeding varia (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). distorta (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901, detached valves on beach (M.V.L.), Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912; Scarborough (F.H.W.). (Aequipecten) opercularis (L.) — QUEEN SCALLOP. Sandsend 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.). Trawler “Strathdee” landed nearly a ton on 18 Jan., 1928 (J.S.). Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). (Palliolum) tigerina (Muell.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, fragments, Filey, May, 1913, fragments, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Numbers in stomachs of plaice off Scarborough (M.B.A.). striata (Muell.) — Off Scarborough (W.B.). (Simiiipecten) similis (Lask.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, imperfect (F.H.W.). Family LIMIDAE LIMA Cuvier (Promantellum) loscombi Sow. — Scarborough, rare (W.B.). Sub-class TELEODESMACEA Family ASTARTIDAE ASTARTE Sowerby sulcata (da Costa) — Scarborough, Dec., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Flam- borough, 40 fm. (M.B.A.). montagui (Dil.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) . Family THYASIRIDAE THYASIRA Lamarck flexuosa (Montagu) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). femiginea Winckw. — ^Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family LUCINIDAE LORIPES Poll lucinalis leucoma (Turt.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough (W.B.). ' PHACOIDES Gray (Lucinoma) borealis L.— -Dredged at Scarborough (W.B.). 46 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family ERYCINIDAE KELLI A Turton suborbicularis (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). LASAEA Brown rubra (Montagu) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). TURTONIA Alder minuta (Fabr.) — Sandsend, 1901, a few detached valves (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family LEPTONIDAE LEPTON Turton nitidum Turt. — Scarborough, var. convexum (W.B.) ; var. pisidiale, Dec., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1914, Bridlington, March, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family MONTACUTIDAE MONTACUTA Turton substriata (Montagu) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1910, 20 fm. (G.S.B.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1913, Filey, May, 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Flam- borough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) — on ventral spines of Spatangus purpureus, and occasionally on Echinocardium flavescens. MYSELLA Angar bidentata (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901, detached valves (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family CYPRINIDAE CYPRINA Lamarck islandica (L.) — Scarborough (T.P., W.B.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family CARDHDAE CARDIUM Linnaeus (Acanthocardia) aculeatum L. — Whitby, 20 fm. (B.M.A.). echinatum L. — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Bridlington, May, 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). (Parvicardium) ovale Sow. — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.). scabrum Phil. — Scarborough (W.B.). exiguum Gmel.^ — Off Robin Hood’s Bay (G.S.B.) ; Scarborough, 1910, in shell* sand (J.A.H.). (Cerastoderma) edule L. — COMMON COCKLE. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 47 (Laevicardium) crassum Gmel. — Scarborough, 10 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family VENERIDAE DOSINIA Scopoli exoleta (L.) — Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). lupinus lincta (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough (W.B.); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). VENUS Linnaeus verrucosa L. — Scarborough, rare (W.B.) ; may have been imported with ballast, valves from fishermen may have come from between Scarborough and Dogger (J.A.H., 1910). casina L. — Scarborough (W.B.) ; off Yorkshire coast, 1929 (J.S.). (Timoclea) ovata Penn. — Scarborough, Filey (F.H.W.). (Clausinella) fasciata (da Costa) — VENUS SHELL. Off Whitby (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough (W.B.). (Chamelea) striatula (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby Sept., 1914; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; also var. triangularis and var. gibba, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) . VENERUPIS Lamarck rhomboides (Penn.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; also var. lactea (W.B.). pullastra (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). saxatilis (Fleur.) — ^Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.). (Ruditapes) decussata fusca (Gmel.) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family PETRICOLIDAE MYSIA Lamarck undata (Penn.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington, 1910 (W.G.). Family DONACIDAE DONAX Linnaeus vittatus (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family TELLINIDAE TELLINA Linnaeus tenuis (da Costa) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). (Fabulina) fabula Gmel. — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (Moerella) donacina L. — Scarborough (W.B.). (F.H.W.). pygmaea Lov. — Scarborough, 30 fm. 1910 (G.S.B.). (Arcopagia) crassa Penn. — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). 48 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MACOMA Leach balthica L. — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Scar- borough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; var. carinaria, Scarborough and Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.). Family SCROBICULARIIDAE SCROBICULARIA Schumacher plana (da Costa) — Scarborough, dirty and discoloured living in harbour, 1910 (J.A.H.). ABRA Lamarck tenuis (Montagu) — Scarborough, rare, 1910 (W.B.). alba (Wood, W.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May. 1912 (F.H.W.) . nitida (Muell.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Filey, May, 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Bridlington Bay, food of Dabs (M.B.A.). prismatica (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family ASAPHIDAE GARI Schumacher fervensis (Gmel.) — .Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Scar- borough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.); Filey, 1910 (W.C.H.). (Psammocola) depressa (Penn.) — Scarborough (W.B.). (Psammobella) tellinella (Lam.) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1928 (J.S.) ; Scarborough (W.B.) ; Bridlington Quay, rare (W.C.H.). Family SOLENIDAE CULTELLUS Schumacher (Phaxas) pellucidus (Penn.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; off Scarborough, Bridlington (W.C.H.) ; occasionally common from Filey Brigg to Speeton, 1910 (J.A.H.). ENSIS Schumacher— RAZOR SHELLS ensis (L.) — Scarborough (W.B., W.C.H.) ; Filey, 1903 (W.C.H.) . siliqua (L.) — HOSE FISH. Used as bait, down coast and off shore, cast up after storms. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family MACTRIDAE MACTRA Linnaeus corallina cinerea Montagu — TROUGH SHELL. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). SPISULA Gray elliptica (Brown) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough (V.H.Y.). solida (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 49 subtruncata (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Filey, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; off Flamborough, 1910 (M.B.A.). Family LUTRARIIDAE LUTRARIA Lamarck lutraria (L.) — Scarborough, Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family MYIDAE MYA Linnaeus truncata L. — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, 5 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). (Arenomya) arenaria L. — COMMON GAPER. Filey, June, 1931 (E.M.M.) ; Bridlington (W.C.H.). SPHENIA Turton binghami Turt. — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Filey, May, 1914 (F.H.W.). Family ERODONIDAE CORBULA Lamarck (Varicorbula) gibba (Olivi) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; also var. rosea, 1910 (W.B.). Family HIATELLIDAE HIATELLA Bose arctica L. — Sandsend, on roots of Laminaria, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). striata Fleur. — STONE BORER. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 SAXICAVELLA Fischer (F.H.W.). jeffreysi Winck. — Off Scarborough (G.J.). Family PHOLADIDAE BARNEA Risso Candida (L.) — WHITE PIDDOCK. Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Filey (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). ZIRFAEA Gray crispata (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Filey, Mav, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). XYLOPHAGA Turton dorsalis Turt. — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Yorkshire Coast, 1929 (J.S.). Family TEREDINIDAE TEREDO Linnaeus— SHIPWORMS norvegicus Speng. — Scarborough in trawl (O.G.) ; off Flamborough, Sept., 1926 (J.S.). megotara Forbes & Hanley — Scarborough, washed up in Canadian timber (W.B.). 50 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BANKIA fimbriatula Moll. & Roch. — Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.). bipennata (Turt.) — Scarborough, on drift wood, 1910 (W.B.). Sub-class ANOMALODESMACEA Order LATURNULACEA Family LATERNULIDAE COCHLODESMA Couthony praetenue (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B., W.C.H.). Family THRACIIDAE THRACIA Blainville villosiuscula (Macgill.) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). convexa (Wood) — Off Scarborough (G.J.). Family LYONSIIDAE LYONSIA Turton norvegica (Gmel.) — Scarborough (W.B., W.C.H.) ; off Yorkshire coast, 1929 (J.S.). Order SEPTIBRANCHIA Family CUSPID ARIIDAE CUSPIDARIA cuspidata brevirostris Brown — Scarborough, 45 fm., 75 miles out (L. & J.T.M.). Class GASTROPODA Sub-class PROSOBRANCHIA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family FISSURELLIDAE EMARGINULA Lamarck reticulata miilleri Forbes & Hanley — BONNET SHELL. Scar- borough, Filey, broken shells (F.H.W.). PUNCTURELLA Lowe noachina (L.) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family PATELLID AE PATELLA Linnaeus vulgata L.— COMMON LIMPET, locally “FLITHERS”. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, July, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scar- borough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Brid- lington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Flamborough (W.C.H.) ; var. coerulea, Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; var. picta, Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.) . depressa Penn. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough, Filey, common, 1910 (J.A.H.). aspera Roeding — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 51 PATI^^A L03,c1i j>ellucida (L.) — BLUE-RAYED LIMPET. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (E.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, April, 1927 ('G.F.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Eiley, May, 1903 (T.P.). laevis (Penn.) (a form of pellucida) — Sandsend, 1901, common (M.V.L.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family LOTTIDAE PATELLOIDA Quoy & Gaimard (Collisella) tessulata (Muell.) — TORTOISESHELL LIMPET. Sands- end, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; , Whitby (H.C.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.) ; Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Filey, Gristhorpe, Flamborough, 1910 (W.B.). (Tectura) virginea (Muell.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (E.H.W.) ; Scar- borough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (E.H.W.) ; Flam- borough (J.D.B.) ; var. lactea, Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family LEPETIDAE LEPETA Gray fulva (Muell.) — ^Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.). Family TROCHIDAE MARGARITES Gray helicinus (Fab.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (E.H.W.) ; var. fasciata, Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). CALLIOSTOMA Swainson zizyphinum conuloides (Lam.) — PAINTED TOP-SHELL. Whitby, 10-20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.) ; Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Flamborough, 30 fm. (P.) ; var. lyonsi, Scarborough, Feb., 1901 (W.C.H.). ocddentale (Migh.) — Off Scarborough, 40 fm., 85 miles N.E., three fine specimens, 1910 (L. & J.T.M.). CANTHARIDUS Montfort (Jujubinus) montagui (Wood) — Scarborough, deep water, 1910 (J.A.H.). GIBBULA Risso tumida (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.) ; off Scarborough, very large (L. & J.T.M.) ; Flamborough, Bridlington (W.C.H.). cineraria (L.) — GREY TOP-SHELL. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (E.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, worn shells known as “ silver churches ”, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey Brigg, 1903 (T.P.). umbilicalis (da Costa) — Sandsend, April, 1936 (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1933 (E.M.M.). 52 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SKENEA Fleming serpuloides (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). nitens pusilla (Jeff.) — Scarborough in shell sand, 1910 (J.A.H.). Order MESOGASTROPODA Family LACUNIDAE LACUNA Turton (Epheria) vincta (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). crassior (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901, small, common (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, at extreme L.W. mark, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington (F.H.W.). (Lacuna) parva (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Filey (F.H.W.) ; var. conica, Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). pallidula (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, Filey, 1903 (W.C.H.). LITTORINA Payraudeau (Algaroda) Httorea (L.).— COMMON PERIWINKLE, WINKLE. Common, Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, April, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). (Littorivaga) saxatilis (Olivi) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; var. tenebrosa and var. patula, Haybum Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (J.T.M.). (Littorina) neritoides petraea (Montagu) — SMALL PERIWINKLE. Sandsend, few near H.W. mark, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, 1944, Filey, 1946 (E.A.W.). (Neritoides) Httoralis (L.) — FLAT PERIWINKLE. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, 1927 (G.F.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family HYDROBIIDAE HYDROBIA Hartmann (Peringia) ulvae (Penn.) — Sandsend, 1901, one specimen in shell sand (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family RISSOIDAE CINGULA Fleming (Parvisetia) alderi (Jeff.) — Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough, 1910 (W.B.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 53 (Hyala) vitrea (Montagu) — Scarborough in shell sand (F.H.W.). (Onoba) semicostata (Montagu) ^ — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 10 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; var. aculeus, Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scarborough, Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; var. arctica, Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.). (Cingula) semistriata (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901, common under stones (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). ALVANIA Risso (Manzonia) crassa (Kanm.)— Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Scar- borough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.). (Actonia) punctura (Montagu) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913 RISSOA Desmarest (F.H.W.). (Turboella) inconspicua Aid. — Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1914 (F.H.W.). parva (da Costa)— Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scarborough, Sept., 1911, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; var. exilis, rare, var. semicostata, Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.) . guerinii Rec. — var. costulata, Scarborough (W.B.). (Rissoa) membranacea (Adams, J.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1940 BARLEEIA Clark (Lab.), unifasciata (Montagu) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family TORNIDAE TORNUS Turton subcarinatus (Montagu) — Scarborough, 1912 in shell sand — first record in Yorkshire; Cayton Bay, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family SKENEOPSIDAE SKENEOPSIS Iredale planorbis (Fab.) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family OMALOGYRIDAE OMALOGYRA Jeffreys atomus (Phil.) — Scarborough on sea-weed (G.J.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). AMMONICERA Vayssiere rota (Forbes & Hardy) — Scarborough in rock pools among sea-weeds (G-JO- Family TURITELLIDAE TURITELLA Lamarck communis Risso — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, Filey, May, 1913, Bridlington (F.H.W.). 54 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family CAECIDAE CAECUM Fleming imperforatum (Kanm.) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). (Brochina) glabrum (Montagu) — Scarboruogh (W.B.) ; Filey (F.H.W.). Family CERITHIIDAE BITTIUM Leach reticulatum (da Costa) — Off Scarborough (P.H.G.). Family CERITHIOPSIDAE CERITHIOPSIS Forbes & Hanley tubercularis (Montagu) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family EPITONIIDAE CIRSOTREMA Moerch (Gyroscala) commutatum (Monterosato)— Off Scarborough, 1910 (J.A.H.). CLATHRUS Oken clathrus (L.)— Scarborough (W.B.). turtonis (Turt.) — Scarborough (W.B.). trevelyanus (Johnst.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 30-35 fm., 1910 (G.S.B.) ; Scarborough (J.)- Family ACLIDIDAE GRAPHIS Jeffreys albida (Kanm.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). ACLIS Loven ascaris (Turt.) — Off Scarborough, 1910 (G.S.B.) . Family EULIMIDAE EULIMA Risso glabra (da Costa) — Scarborough, rare (W.B.). trifasciata (Adams) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough, Dec., 1912 (F.H.W.). philippi (Rayn & Ponzi) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.), Scarborough (F.H.W.). BALCIS Leach alba (da Costa)— Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). lubrica (Monterosato) — Yorkshire coast, 1892 (T.S.). Family STYLIFERIDAE PELSENEERIA Koehler & Vaney (Rosenia) stylifera (Turt.) — Scarborough on Echinus (W.B.) ; on spines of Spatangus purpureus, 1929 (J.S.) ; Filey on Echinus esculentus (L.). Family TRICHOTROPIDAE TRICHOTROPIS Broderip & Sowerby borealis Brod. & Sow. — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 55 Family CAPULIDAE CAPULUS Montfort ungaricus (L.) — Sandsend, 1901 (iM.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914,. Scarborough and Filey in sand (F.H.W.). Family APORRHAIDAE APORRHAIS da Costa pespelecani quadrifidus (da Costa) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) i Yorkshire coast, 1929 (J.S.). Family NATICIDAE AMAUROPSIS Moerch islandica (Gmel.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough (L.). NATICA Scopoli (Euspira) pallida groenlandica Moell. — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough shell sand (F.H.W.) ; Flamborough, 30 fm. (P.). fusca Blainv. — Flamborough, 30 fm. (P.). catena (da Costa) — Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Filey, May, 1918 (F.H.W. ). poliana alderl Forbes — Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, 1911, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; var. lactea, off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; var. subovalis, Bridlington, 30 fm., (V.H.Y.). montagui (Forbes) — Off Whitby, also albidula (L. & J.T.M.). Family ERATORIDAE TRIVIA Broderip monacha (da Costa) — COWRIE. Sandsend, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; off WTitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907, Scar- borough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). Family LAMELLARIIDAE VELUTINA Fleming velutina (Muell.) — Sandsend, 1901, common in shell sand (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912, Scarborough, 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.). (Velutella) plicatilis (Muell.) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). LAMELLARIA Montagu perspicua (L.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough (W.B.). Order STENOGLOSSA Family MURICIDAE TROPHON Montfort (Trophonopsis) truncatus (Stroem.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 30-35 fm., 1910 (G.S.B.) ; off Scarborough, 45 miles N.E., Jan., 1927 (J.S.) ; Bridlington, deep water (W.C.H.). barvicensis (Johnst.) — Yorkshire coast, 1910 (G.J.) ; from trawlers 1910 (J.A.H. ). 56 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT NUCELLA Roeding lapillus (L.) — DOG WHELK. Sandsend, 1901, very common (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Scarborough, 1903 (W.C.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough; var. minor, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; and var. ovalis, 1910 (J.T.M.) ; Bridlington, var. major, 1910 (J.A.H.) . OCENEBRA Leach erinacea (L.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; Flamborough (W.C.H.) . Family BUCCINIDAE LIOMESUS Stimpson ovum (Turt.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). BERINGIUS Dali turtoni (Bean) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.), Scarborough (W.C.H.). VOLUTOPSIUS Moerch norvegicus (Gmel.) — Yorkshire coast, 1910 (G.J.) ; Scarborough, two specimens from harbour and occasionally brought in by trawlers with Pecten opercularis, 1910 (J.A.H.). COLUS (Roeding) islandicus (Gmel.) — Scarborough, immature specimens from harbour; many records erroneous and should be the more common gracilis, 1910 (J.A.H.). gracilis (da Costa) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; Flamborough (M.B.A.) . (Siphonorbis) howsei (Marsh.) — Off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scar- borough, rare (J.A.H.). NEPTUNEA Roeding antiqua (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scar- borough (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington and Flamborough, very common in deep water (W.C.H.) ; off Whitby, var. ventricosa and var. alba (L. & J.T.M.). BUCCINUM Linnaeus undatum L. — COMMON WHELK. Sandsend, 1901, common (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, used for bait in autumn and winter, but specimens from Norfolk coast as fishermen state the shells are not so hard and the “ fish ” better for bait, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington, May, 1912 (F.H.W.) ; off Whitby var. striata, var. littorale, var. pelagicum (L. & J.T.M.), Scarborough var. acuminatum, 1910 (W.B.) ; Bridlington, var. sinistrorsum, 1910 (W.C.H.). Family NASSARIIDAE NASSARIUS Dumeril (Hima) reticulatus (L.) — Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; Scarborough (F.H.W.); Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 57 incrassatus (Stroem.) — Sandsend, veiy common, 1901 (M.V.L.) ; Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1907 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, 1927 (elagica L. — Scarborough, Aug., 1910 (J.L). Family DEONDRONOTIDAE DENDRONOTUS Alder & Hancock frondosus (Ascanius) Aid. & Hanc. — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, Dec., 1922 Q.A.H.) ; Flamborough (J.D.B.), the commonest species of Nudibranch in deep water — all along coast especially off Robin Hood’s Bay and Haybum Wyke (J.S.). 62 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family DOTOIDAE DOTO Oken coronata (Gmel.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarboroueh (T-I.) ; Filev Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). fragilis (Forbes) — Whitby, 10-30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Family PROCTONOTIDAE ANTIOPELLIA Hoyle cristatus (Del. Chi.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, July, 1911 (J.I.). Family CORYPHELLIDAE CORYPHELLA Grey verrucosa rufibranchialis (Johnst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scar- borough, Sept., 1911, Filey, 1914 (F.H.W.). lineata (Lov.) — Off Whitby, 34-36 fm., 1910 (M.B.A.) . Family EUBRANCHIDAE EUBRANCHUS Forbes tricolor pallidus (Aid. & Hanc.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, June, 1922 (J.I.). exiguus (Aid. & Hanc.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Family TERGIPEDIDAE EMBLETONIA (Alder & Hancock) pulchra (Aid. '& Hanjc.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, 1910 (J-I-). TRINCHESIA Ihering aurantia (Aid. & Hanc.) — Scarborough on Tubularia, Feb., 1913 (J-I-). foliata (Forbes & Goods.) — Scarborough, May, 1913 (J.I.). viridis (Forbes) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, April, 1923 (J-I-)- Family FACELINIDAE FACELINA (Alder & Hancock) auricuiata (Muell.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, 1910 (T.P.) ; var. drummondi, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scar- borough, Aug. and Sept., 1922, numerous (A.I.B.). elegans (Aid. & Hanc.) — Scarborough on Tubularia, June, 1922. Family AEOLIDIIDAE AEOLIDIA Cuvier papulosa (L.) — Sandsend, one specimen on seaweed at spring tide : “ species must be common judging from quantity of its pink worm- like spawn to be seen all over the rocks ” (M.V.L.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Flamborough (J.D.B.). MARINE MOLLUSCA 63 Sub-Class PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Family ELLOBIIDAE LEUCOPHYTIA Winckworth bidentata (Montagu) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.) ; Filey (F.H.W.). PHYTIA Gray myosotis denticulata (Montagu) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Family OTINIDAE OTINA Gray ovata (Brown) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; “ this secies is strictly littoral, living usually in chinks in rocks or in empty Balanus shells between tide marks. It is sometimes uncovered as long as 18 hours a day ” (W.J.C.). Class SCAPHOPODA Family DENTALIIDAE DENTALIUM Linnaeus entalis L. — TOOTH SHELL. Whitby (T.P.) ; deep water off Scar- borough (W.C.H.). vulgare (da Costa) — Scarborough, 1910 (W.B.). Class CEPHALOPODA Order DECEMBRACHIATA Sub-Order TEUTHOIDEA Family ARCHITEUTHIDAE ARCHITEUTHIS Steenstrup clarkei (Robs.) — Scarborough, Jan. 14th, 1933 — stranded on South side near the Aquarium. Total length 17ft. 5in., weight 16st. lllb. ; only known specimen at time (F.D.T.), described by G. C. Robson in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Sept., 1933, also Nat., 1933, p. 157 and 1934 p. 57. This species was named after our recorder W. J. Clarke. sp. At Ravenscar 16 ft. specimen washed ashore Oct., 1938. Beak onlv preserved; identified at the British Museum (W.J.C., Nat., 1939, p. 136). Family OMMASTREPHIDAE OMMASTREPHES Orbigny pteropus Steen. — Cast up at Redcliffe, March 1st, 1912 (W.J.C.). (Nat., 1908, gives photo of 5ft. lOjin. specimen stranded at Scar- borough but no date.) caroli Furt. — Very rare squid, 5ft. 3in. specimen washed up in North Bay, Scarborough, March 18th, 1927, another 4ft. 6in. in South Bay, Feb. 1st, 1928 (J.S.) ; 5ft. lOin. specimen stranded alive on South sands, Dec. 22nd, 1931 ; one measuring 5ft. and 24 lbs. weight at South Bay, Jan. 31st, 1935 ; a 5ft. 2in. specimen on North Shore, 1 mile N. of Scarborough, Feb. 7th, 1938 ; a 4ft. lOin. specimen in South Bay near Aquarium, Feb. 7th, 1938. One female stranded at Filey, Jan. 9th, 1930, 3ft. 9in. long (W.J.C.). 64 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SAGITTATUS Risso sagittatus Lam. — Scarborough, common in 1928 and 1937 in water 35-50 fm. deep, frequently cast up on shore- — records in 1929, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1938; Filey, 1936; Cayton Bay, 1937 (W.T.C.). TODAROPSIS Girard eblanae (Ball) — Off Robin Hood’s Bay, April, 1928 — identified at British Museum, second record from North Sea (J.S.). Family LOLIGINIDAE ALLOTEUTHIS Wuelker media (L.) — Trawlers’ nets sometimes white with them during summer ; not found within 3 miles of shore. Most plentiful off Robin Hood’s Bay and Haybum Wyke, average size 3in. (J.S.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). LOLIGO Lamarck forbesii Steen. — Abundant, especially during autumn ; disappear in winter and spring (J.S.), caught in large numbers a few miles off Scarborough (length 2Jft.) ; brought in to harbour and sold as bait; rarely portions of pen picked up on shore, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; Whitby (T.S.). Sub-Order SEPIOIDEA Family SEPIIDAE SEPIA Linnaeus officinalis L. — CUTTLEFISH. Seldom seen but ‘ sepiostares ’ or ‘ bones ’ are often washed up after storms — early in 1928 hundreds cast up in South Bay, Scarborough ( J.S.) ; one adult taken in trawl 40 mis. N.E. of Scarborough Feb., 1932 (W.J.C.). Family SEPIOLIDAE SEPIOLA Leach (Heterosepiola) atlantica d’Orb. — Not uncommon; too small to be held in trawl nets, though sometimes found on decks of trawlers fishing in smooth ground, e.g. Robin Hood’s Bay, Haybum Wyke; caught in shrimp nets at L.W. at Scarborough (J.S.) ; food for Dabs and Grey Gurnard, 1910 (M.B.A.). SEPIETTA Naef oweniana (d’Oih.) — Scarborough, Filey, 1910 (J.A.H.) ; among debris from shrimp nets, Filey Bay, 1914 (F.H.W.). ROSSIA Owen macrosoma (Del. Chi.) — Off Haybum Wyke, Nov., 1927, identified at British Museum (J.S.) ; one taken from stomach of cod caught near Scarborough, March, 1933 (W.J.C.). Order OCTOPODA Family OCTOPODIDAE ELEDONE Leach cirrhosa (Lam.) — Whitby, April, 1928 (W.J.C.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.S.) ; off Haybum Wyke, April, 1932 (F.D.T.) ; comparatively common from 20-25 fm. (J.S.). MARINE ECHINODERMATA 65 Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class CRINOIDEA — SEA LILIES Family ANTEDONIDAE ANTEDON de Freminville bifida (Penn.) — ROSY FEATHER STAR. Two broken specimens off Robin Hood's Bay, 30 fm., Sept., 1928. Class ASTEROIDEA — SEA STARS Order PHANEROZONIA Sub-order PAXILLOSA Family ASTROPECTINIDAE ASTROPECTEN Gray irregularis (Penn.)— BURROWING STARFISH or BUTTHORN. Common on sandy bottoms along coast, mainly in 20-30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough on offshore grounds, feeding on small bivalves swallowed whole (W.D.B.) ; seen among queen oysters landed at Scarborough, Nov., 1936 (W.J.C.) ; off Whitby (P-). Family LUIDIIDAE LUIDIA Forbes ciliaris (Phil.) — LONG-ARMED STARFISH. Exceedingly abundant in deep water off coast (J.S.). sarsi Dueb. & Kor. — LINGTHORN. Not very common and grows to great size, mainly in deep water in 10-30 fm. (M.B.A. ). Sub-order VALVATA Family GONIASTERIDAE HIPPASTERIA Gray phrygeana (Par. )— KNOTTY CUSHION STARFISH. Rare, occa- sionally trawled in from 40 fm. (J.S.) ; off Whitby (L. & J.T.M.) ; near Scarborough in July, 1933, and June, 1936 (W.J.C.) ; off Flamborough, Sept., 1926 (J.S.). Order SPINULOSA Family ASTERINIDAE ANSEROPODA Nardo membranaceus (Retz.) — BIRD’S-FOOT STAR. Very rare, Scar- borough, 1896 (O.G.). Family SOLASTERIDAE SOL ASTER Forbes papposus (L.) — COMMON SUNSTAR. Common from low-tide mark down. Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, July, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Filey, 1903 (T.P.). endeca (L.) — PURPLE SUNSTAR. Common in deep water, Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.C.H.). 66 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family ECHINASTERIDAE HENRICIA Gray sanguinolenta (Muell., O. F.) — Fairly common from littoral down- wards, generally on rocky ground. Whitby, Sept., 1914, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) . Order FORCIPULATA Family ASTERIIDAE ASTERIAS Linnaeus rubens L.— COMMON STARFISH or FIVE FINGERS. Very com- mon in all zones (J.C.H.). Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (T.C.H.) ; Haybum Wyke, July, 1891 (J.P.A.D.); Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Class OPHIUROIDEA — BRITTLE STARS Order OPHIURAE Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE OPHIOTHRIX Mueller & Troschel fragilis (Abild.) — BRITTLE STAR. Common in deep water and rock pools. Off Whitby, 20 fm., Bridlington (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough, Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family OPHIOCOMIDAE OPHIOCOMINA Koehler nigra (Abild.) — BLACK BRITTLE STAR. Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.) . Family OPHIACTIDAE OPHIOPHOLIS Mueller & Troschel aculeata (L.) — DAISY BRITTLE STAR. Uunder stones at very low tide, Scarborough (W.B.). Family AMPHIURIDAE AMPHIURA Forbes filiformis (Muell., O. F.)— THREAD-RAYED BRITTLE STAR. Off Whitby, Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.) . AMPHIPHOLIS Ljungman squamata (Del. Chi.) — GREY BRITTLE STAR. Common, Robin Hood’s Bay (Lab.). Family OPHIOLEPIDAE OPHIURA Lamarck texturata Lam. — SAND STAR. Common on sandy bottoms along coast, Scarborough (J.C.H.) ; off' Whitby (T.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). albida Forbes— LESSER SAND STAR. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Filey, Sept., 1913 (J.L), MARINE ECHINODERMATA 67 Class ECHINOIDEA — SEA URCHINS Order DIADEMATOIDEA Family ECHINIDAE PSAMMECHINUS Agassiz, L. miliaris (Gmel. )— PURPLE-TIPPED URCHIN, locally “BUZZES” or “BUZZERS”. Abundant at all zones on rocky ground. Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough, Nov., 1904 (J.H.) ; Filey Brigg, May, 1903 (T.P.). ECHINUS Linnaeus esculentus L. — COMMON URCHIN. Abundant from low tide to 50 fm., albinos taken at intervals. Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (J.I.) ; Scarborough (H.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) . acutus Lam. — Occasional in deep water (J.S.). melo Lam. — ^At 30 fm. off Whitby and Flamborough (P.). Order CLYPEASTROIDEA Family FIBULARIIDAE ECHINOCYAMUS Leske pusiUus (Muell., O. F.) — CAKE URCHIN or GREEN-PEA URCHIN. Common off coast (J.S.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1919 (A.I.B.) ; often eaten by haddock (M.B.A.). Order SPATANGOIDEA Family SPATANGIDAE SPATANGUS Mueller O. F. purpureus (Muell., O. F. )— PURPLE-HEART URCHIN. Common in deep water, often bearing small bivalve molluscs. Whitby, 20 fm. (P.) ; Scarborough, 1896 (O.G.) ; Flamborough, 30 fm. (M.B.A.). ECHINOCARDIUM Gray cordatum (Penn.) — HEART URCHIN. Common in sandy bays, especially Filey; Whitby (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough (O.G.) ; Filey, May, 1913, test only (F.H.W.). flavescens (Muell., O. F.) — Off Whitby (P.). pennatifidum Nor. — Whitby, 30 fm. (M.B.A. ). BRISSOPSIS Agassiz, L. lyrifera (Forbes) — Whitby, 30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Class HOLOTHUROIDEA — SEA CUCUMBERS Order DENDROCHIROTA Family CUCUMARHDAE CUCUMARIA Blairville elongata Dueb. & Kor. — Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (IT.). THYONE Oken roscovita Her. — Specimen found 8 miles off Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1928, identified at British Museum (J.S.). 68 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family PSOLIDAE PSOLUS Oken phantapus (Struss.) — Occasionally trawled off coast, about 40 fm. (J.S.). Off Whitby, May, 1927; several taken off Scarborough, 1932 (A.W.). Phylum BRYOZOA Class ECTOPROCTA Order GYMNOLAEMATA Family AETEIDAE AETEA Lamouroux anguina (L.) — Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey (T.H.). Family SCRUPARIIDAE SCRUPARIA Oken chelata (L.) — Whitby on Hydrallmania, Scrupocellaria and Delessaria, 1900 (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scar- borough (W.B.) ; Filey on Laminaria and Flustra foliacea, in fair quantity, 1897 (S.L.P.) . EUCRATEA Lamouroux loricata (L.) — ^Whitby and Bridlington Bay, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Filey, 1897, amongst debris or on Laminaria (S.L.P.). Family SCRUPOCELLARIIDAE SCRUPOCELLARIA van Beneden reptans (L.) — Whitby and Filey on Flustra foliacea (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.V.T.) ; Bridlington, abundant (G.R.V.). scruposa (L.) — Whitby, 1900 (S.L.P.) ; Scarborough, 1901 (S.L.P.) ; Filey on Flustra, 1910 (S.L.P.). CABEREA Lamouroux ellisi (Flem.) ( = CeIlularia hookeri) — Common in deep water, especially on Sertularia abietina (J.S.). TRICELLARIA Fleming p>eachii (Busk) — Common in deep water, especially far out where it is picked up in the trawl, 1928 (J.S.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). ternata (Ell. & Sol.) — Scarborough in deep water on Hydroids and a valve of Cytherea (W.B.) ; Filey, very common on Zoophytes (T.H.). Family BICELLARIELLIDAE BICELLARIELLA Levinson ciliata (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.L) ; Scarborough, common in deep water (J.S.) ; Filey, 1897 on Bugula purpurotincta (S.L.P.) ; Bridlington Bay on Halecium halecium (M.B.A.) . MARINE BRYOZOA 69 Family BUGULIDAE BUGULA Oken avicularia (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough on stones (W.B.) ; occasionally trawled off coast (J.S.). flabellata (Thomps.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Scarborough, occasional (J.S.) ; Filey on Flustra, 1897 (S.L.P.). plumosa (Pall.)- — Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough. turbinata Aid. — Scarborough, Sept., 1911 (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). purpurotincta Norm. — -Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey, 1910, on Flustra (S.L.P.). DENDROBEANIA Levinson murrayana Johnst. ( = Bugula m.) — Off Whitby (S.L.P.) ; deep water off Scarborough (W.B.) ; Filey Brigg, Sept., 1909 (W.J.C.) ; often brought up by trawlers in inshore waters off Yorkshire coast (J.S.) . BEANIA Johnston mirabilis Johnst. — Scarborough, on shells, rocks, Bugula avicularia (W.B.). Family FLUSTRIDAE FLUSTRA Linnaeus foliacea (L.) — Whitby, 1900 (S.L.P.) ; Haybum Wyke, 1891 (J.P.A.D.) ; Filey, 1897 (S.L.P.). Attached to rocks, shells, sea- weed and even crabs ; commonest animal in the district, found ever5Twhere on the sea bottom off the coast — during September, 1925, shore at Filey covered for miles and in places Sin. deep — thousands of tons must have been washed up by the autumnal equinox gales (J.S.). SECURIFLUSTRA Silen securifrons (Pall.) — Whitby, 1910, on scars (S.L.P.) ; Scarborough (J.V.T.) ; Filey, 1897 (S.L.P.); Bridlington (M.B.A.) . CARBASEA Gray carbasea (Ell. & Sol.) — Whitby, 20 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, Filey (T.H.). CHARTELLA Gray papyracea (Ell. & Sol.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.). Family MEMBRANIPORIDAE CONOPEUM Gray reticulum (L.) ( = Membranipora lacroixi) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). MEMBRANIPORA Blainville membranacea (L.) — Whitby, Sept., 1899 on Hydrallmania, Sertularia and Laminaria (S.L.P.) ; Scarborough, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.I.) ; Filey, 1897, on Laminaria (S.L.P.) ; common in both rock pools and deeper water, attached in particular to oar- weed (J.S.). Family ELECTRIDAE ELECTRA Lamouroux pilosa (L.) — Whitby, 1910, on various seaweeds (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood's Bay, Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.) ; Bridlington (M.B.A.). 70 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family CALLOPORIDAE CALLOPORA Gray aurita (Hincks.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). dumerili (Aud.) — Bridlington, 10 fm. (M.B.A.). lineata (L.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). TEGELLA Levinson unicornis (Flem.) — Bridlington, 10 fm. (M.B.A.). Family CELLARIIDAE CELLARIA Lamouroux fistulosa (L.) — Scarborough, 1892 (G.R.V.) ; abundant in 1928 but became scarce later (J.S.). salicomioides Aud. — ^Whitby, Sept., 1914 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J-I-). Family CRIBRILINIDAE CRIBRILINA Gray punctata (Hass.) — Filey, 1903 (T.P.). MEMBRANIPORELLA Smitt nitida (Johnst.) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family UMBONULIDAE UMBONULA Hincks littoralis Hast. — Scarborough, 1892 (G.R.V.) ; Filey, May, 1’903 (T.P.). arctica (Sars) — Whitby, 30 fm. (M.B.A.) ; Scarborough, 40 fm. (J-S.)- Family CHORIZOPORIDAE CHORIZOPORA Hincks brongniarti (Aud.) — Filey (T.Pen.). Family SMITTINIDAE SMITTINA Norman landsborovi (Johnst.) — Scarborough (W.B.). Family ESCHARELLIDAE ESCHARELLA Gray immersa (Flem.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). variolosa (Johnst.) — Scarborough, deep water (W.B.). Family HIPPOTHOIDAE HIPPOTHOA Lamouroux hyalina (L.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). HAPLOTA Marcus clavata (Hincks) (=Eucratea clavata) — Filey, abundant on Crisidia comuta (T.H.). Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE SCHIZOMAVELLA Canu & Bassler linearis (Hass.) — Filey, between tide marks (T.H.). SCHIZOPORELLA Hincks unicornis (Johnst.) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). MARINE BRYOZOA 71 Family CELLEPORIDAE CELLEPORA Fabricius pumicosa L. — Off Whitby (P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Bridlington (M.B.A.) ; very common in deep water, generally attached to Hydroids (J.S.). Family RETEPORIDAE RETEPORA Imperato beaniana King — Deep water off Scarborough (J.S.). Family CRISIIDAE CRISIDIA Milne-Edwards comuta (L.) — Filey, 1910, on Sertularia abietina (S.L.P.). CRISIA Lamouroux denticulata Milne-Edw. — Whitby, 1900, on Hydrallmania (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough (T-S.) ; Filey, 1910, on Flustra foliacea (S.L.P.) . ebumea (L.) — Whitby on Flustra and Hydrallmania (S.L.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (J.V.T.) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). Family DIASTOPORIDAE DIPLOSOLEN Canu obelia (Johnst.) — Filey, 1910, on Laminaria (S.L.P.). DIASTOPORA Lamouroux patina (Lam.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Bridlington, on boulders (M.B.A. ). Family TUBULIPORIDAE TUBULIPORA Lamarck liliacea (Pall.) — Whitby (T.P.) ; Filey on stones (W.B.) ; as common as Cellepora and found in same places (J.S.). Family LICHENOPORIDAE LICHENOPORA Defrance hispida (Flem.) — Common in deep water attached to Hydroids (J.S.) ; Filey. May, 1903 (T.P.). radiata (Aud.) — Bridlington Bay on Hydrallmania falcata (M.B.A.). Family ALCYONIDIIDAE ALCYONIDIUM Lamouroux gelatinosum (L.) — On the bottom off Scarborough and Filey, attached to shells ; once found on carapace of Ebalia and it was eight times as long and as thick, 1928 (J.S.). hirsutum (Flem.) — Scarborough (J.V.T.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). parasiticum (Flem.) — Filey, 1913 (J-L) ; common in deep water (J-S.)- Family FLUSTRELLIDAE FLUSTRELLA Gray hispida (Fab.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1938 (Lab.). 72 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Family VESICULARIIDAE VESICULARIA Thompson spinosa (L.) — Bridlington Bay (M.B.A.). AMATHIA Lamouroux lendigera (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Filey (T.H.). BOWERBANKIA Farre imbricata (Adams) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Family BUSKIIDAE BUSKIA Alder nitens Aid. — Whitby (T.H.). Family NOLELLIDAE ANGUINELLA van Beneden palmata van Ben. — Filey, between tide marks (T.H.). Family VALKERIIDAE VALKERIA Fleming tremula Hincks — Scarborough, 1911 (A.T.W.). Class ENTOPROCTA Family PEDICELLINIDAE PEDICELLINA Sars cemus (Pall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (L.W.) ; Scarborough (J.I.) ; Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). BARENTSIA Hincks gracilis (Sars) — Filey, May, 1903 (T.P.). Phylum CHAETOGNATHA SAGITTA Quoy & Gaimard bipunctata Quoy & Gaim. — ^Flamborough, 20 fm., very common (V.H.Y.). Phylum PHORONIDEA PHORONIS Wright sp. — Actinotroch larva, Robin Hood’s Bay, taken in three successive years (1921-23) during second half of August (E.P.). Sub-phylum TUNICATA — SEA SQUIRTS Class ASCIDIACEA— SESSILE TUNICATES Order ENTEROGONA Family POLYCLINIDAE ( -SYNOICIDAE) POLYCLINUM Savigny aurantium Milne-Edw. — Cornelian Bay, Sept., 1919 (J.I.). facing page 72 Photograph : Jane Bown MARINE TUNICATA 73 SYNOICUM Phipps pulmonaria (Ell. & Sol.) — Scarborough, Filey, Sept., 1913 (J.I.). APLIDIUM Savigny nordmanni (Milne-Edw.) — Robin Hoods Bay, Sept., 1927 (Lab.). SIDNYUM Savigny turbinatum (Sav.) — Scarborough, June, 1924, Filey Brigg, Aug., 1920 (A.J.B.). Family DIDEMNIDAE DIDEMNUM Savigny maculosum (Milne-Edw.) — Scarborough, Sept., 1919 (J.I.). DIPLOSOMA MacDonald listerianum (Milne-Edw.) — Scarborough, Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1921 (J.I.). Family CIONIDAE CIGNA Fleming intestinalis (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1922 (E.P.) ; Scar- borough, trawled (W.J.C.) ; off Flamborough, 20 fm. (M.B.A.). Family ASCIDHDx\E ASCIDIA Linnaeus mentuia (Muell., O. F.) — Scarborough, 1922 (J.L) ; Cornelian Bay, Sept., 1914, Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). vifginea (Muell., O. F.) — Locally “ GRAPES ”, Bridlington Bay, off Flamborough (M.B.A.). Order PLEUROGONA Family STYELIDAE DENDRODOA Macleay grossularia (van Ben.) — SEA GOOSEBERRY. Cornelian Bay, Sept., 1919; Filey, Sept., 1913 (J.L). STOLONICA Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage socialis Hart — ^Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough (J-I-). BOTRYLLUS Gaertner schlossen (Pall.) — STAR SEA SQUIRT. Common, Robin Hood’s Bay, Oct., 1912 (F.H.W.) ; Scarborough, 1910, Cornelian Bay (J.L) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.) ; Whitby (30 fm.), Flam- borough (20 fm.) (M.B.A.). rubens Aid. & Han. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough (T-L) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). BOTRYLLOIDES Milne-Edwards leachi (Sav.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1921, Scarborough, Sept., 1919 (J.L) ; Filey, May, 1913 (F.H.W.). Family MOLGULIDAE MOLGULA Forbes & Hanley citrina Aid & Han. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Sept., 1937 (N.B.E.). 74 . NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Class LARVACEA — PELAGIC TUNICATES Order COPELATA OIKOPLEURA Mertens dioica Fol. — Flamborough, 20 fm., rare (V.H.Y.). FRITILLARIA Quoy & Gaimard borealis Lohm. — Flamborough, 20 fm. (V.H.Y.). INDEX OF GENERA Abietinaria 18 Anseropoda 65 Bulimina Abra 48 Antedon 65 Buskia Abranchus 29 Antiopellia 62 Bythocythere Acanthochitona Aphrodita 24 43 Aplidium 73 Caberea Acanthodoris 60 Aplysia 59 Caecum Achaeus 42 Aporrhais 55 Caligus Adis 54 Area 43 Calliactis Acontiophorus 33 Archidorus 61 Calliostoma Adeon 57 Architeuthis 63 Callopora Actigia 16 Arenicola 27 Callochiton Adinia 21 Ascidia 73 Calycella Adalaria 60 Aselomaris 16 Campanularia Adocia 14 Astacilla 35 Cancer Aega 35 Astarte 45 Cantharidus Aegires 60 Asterias 66 Capitella Aeolidia 62 Astropecten 65 Caprella Aequorea 20 Atelecydus 40 Capulus Aetea 68 Audouinia 26 Carbasea Aglantha 20 Aurelia 20 Carcinus Aglaophenia 19 Autolytus 25 Cardium Alcyonidium 71 Cassidulina Alcyonium 21 Balanus 34 Castalia Alloteuthis 64 Balcis 54 Cellaria Alvania 53 Balticina 21 Cellepora Amathia 72 Bankia 50 Ceratium Amauropsis 55 Barentsia 72 Cercaria Ammonicera 53 Barleeia 53 Cereus Ammotrypane 27 Barnea 49 Cerianthus Ampelisca 36 Beania 69 Cerithiopsis Ampharete 27 Beringius 56 Chartella Amphiarcus 32 Beroe 22 Chlamys Amphiascopsis 32 Berthella 60 Chorizopora Amphideis 27 Bicellariella 68 Chrysallida Amphiglena 28 Biloculina 11 Chthamalus Amphiledus 14 Bimeria 16 Cingula Amphinema 17 Bittium 54 Ciona Amphipholis 66 Bodotria 34 Cirratulus Amphiporus 23 Bolinopsis 22 Cirsotrema Amphithoe 36 Bolivina 12 Clathrus Amphitrite 28 Bothriocephalus 22 Clava Amphiura 66 Botrylloides 73 Clavella Amymone 32 Botryllus 73 Clitellio Anapagurus 39 Bowerbankia 72 Clytia Ancula 61 Brissopsis 67 Cochlodesma Anguinella 72 Buccinum 56 Collocheres Anomalocerca 31 Bugula 69 Colus Anomia 44 Buibamphiascus 32 Conopeum 12 72 31 68 54 33 21 51 70 43 18 17 40 51 27 37 55 69 40 46 12 25 70 71 11 22 22 21 54 69 45 70 58 34 52 73 26 54 54 16 33 29 17 50 33 56 69 MARINE INVERTEBRATES — INDEX 75 Corbula 49 Embletonia 62 Hermania 59 Corophium 36 Emplectonema 23 Hermannella 33 Coryne 16 Endeis 42 Heteranomia 44 Coryphella 62 Ensis 48 Heterolaophonte Corystes 40 Ephesia 26 32 Crangon 38 Epiplocylis 13 Hiatella 49 Crenella 44 Erichthonius 36 Hippasteria 65 Cribrilina 70 Escharella 70 Hippolyte 37 Crisia 71 Eteone 25 Hippothoa 70 Crisidia 71 Eualus 38 Hirschmannia 30 Cristellaria 13 Euborlasia 23 Homarus 38 Cryptothrix 35 Eubranchus 62 Hormathia 21 Cucumaria 67 Eucratea 68 Hyas 41 Cultellus 48 Eucythere 30 Hydractinia 16 Cuspidaria 50 Eucytherura 30 Hydrallmania 18 Cuspidella 18 Eudendrium 17 Hydrobia 52 Cycloporus 22 Eudorellopsis 35 Hydroides 28 Cylichna 59 Eulalia 25 Hymedesmia 15 Cyprina 59 Eulima 54 Hymeniacidon 15 Cythere 30 Eulimella 58 Hyperia 37 Cytheridea 30 Eupagurus 39 Cytherideis 30 Euphysa 19 Idothea 35 Cythereis 30 Eurynome 41 Ilyocypris 30 Cytheropteron 31 Eutima 20 Inachus 41 Cytherura 30 Fabricia 28 Isias 31 Dactylopodia Danielssenia Dasychone Dendrobeania Dendrodoa Dendronotus Dentalium Dermatomyzon Dexamine Diaphana Diastopora Didemnum Diphasia Diplosolen Diplosoma Discorbina Donji Y 32 32 28 69 73 61 63 33 36 59 71 73 18 71 73 13 47 FaceUna Filograna Flabelligera Flustra Flustrella Fritillaria Galathea Gammarus Gammarellus Gari Gibbula Goniade Goniodoris Gonothyraea Glycera Glycymeris 62 29 26 69 71 74 38 36 36 48 51 26 61 17 26 43 Jaera Janira Jassa Jorunna Kefersteinia Kellia Kirchenpaueria Krithe Lacuna Lafoea Lagena Lagisca Lamellaria Lanice Laodicea 35 35 36 61 25 46 19 30 52 17 12 24 55 28 19 Dosinia Doto Dynamena Dysidea Dyspontius 46 62 18 15 33 Grantia 14 Laomedea 17 Graphis Halecium 54 17 Laophonte Lasaea Leander 32 46 38 Halichrondia Haliclona 15 14 Lepas Lepeophtheirus 34 33 Haliclystus 20 Lepeta 51 Ebalia 41 Halicyclops 33 Lepidochitona 43 Echinocardium 67 Halisarca 15 Lepidonotus 24 Echinocyamus 67 Halosydna 24 Lepidopleurus 42 Echinochila 61 Hanleya 42 Leptocythere 30 Echinus 67 Haplota 70 Lepton 46 Electra 69 Harmothoe 24 Leptoplana 22 Eledone 64 Harpacticus 32 Lernaeocera 33 Eleutheria 16 Haustorius 36 Leuconia 14 Elysia 60 Hemicythere 30 Leucophytia 63 Emarginula 50 Henricia 66 Leucosolenia 14 76 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Lichenopora 71 Nucella 56 Pinnotheres 41 Lichomolgus 33 Nucula 43 Pirimela 40 Ligia 35 Nuculana 43 Planorbulina 13 Lima 45 Nymphon 42 Platynereis 26 Limacia 60 Plumularia 19 Limapontia 60 Obelia 17 Podocerus 36 Limnoria 35 Ocenebra 56 Podocoryne 16, 19 Lineus 23 Odostomia 58 Polycera 60 Liomesus 56 Oerstedia 23 Polycirrus 28 Lithodes 39 Oikopleura 74 Polyclinum 72 Littorina 52 Oithona 33 Polydora 26 Loligo 64 Okenia 61 Polymastia 15 Lora 57 Omalogyra 53 Polymnia 28 Loripes 45 Ommastrephes 63 Polymorphina 13 Loxoconcha 31 Onchidoris 61 Polynoe 24 Lucernaria 20 Opercularella 18 Polystomella 13 Luidia 65 Operculina 1 3 Pomatoceros 29 Lutraria 49 Ophelia 27 Pontobdella 29' Lyonsia 50 Ophiocomina 66 Porcellana 39 Ophiopholis 66 Portumnus 40 Macoma 48 Ophiothrix 66 Portunus 40 Macropodia 41 Ophiura 66 Potamilla 28 Mactra 48 Ophlitaspongia 1 5 Praunus 37 Maia 41 Orchestia 36 Priapulus 29 Mangelia 57 Oscarella 14 Proclymene 27 Margarites 51 Ossiania 59 Psammechinus 67 Marginulina 13 Ostrea 44 Pseudanlhessius 33 Marinogammarus Otina 63 Pseudocythere 31 36 Owenia 27 Pseudoprotella 37 Massilina 12 Pachydrilus 29 Pseudosuberites 15 Membranipora 69 Palinurus 38 Psolus 68 M em braniporella Pandalina 37 Ptychocylis 13 70 Pandalus 37 Pulvinulina 13 Menestho 58 Paracytherois 3 1 Puncturella 50 Metridium 21 Paradoxostoma 3 1 Pycnogonum 42 Miliolina 12 Paramysis 37 Modiolus 44 Parapontella 31 Raspailia 15 Molgula 73 Parathemisto 37 Retepora 71 Monia 44 Patella 50 Retusa 59 Montacuta 46 Patelloida 50 Rhizothrix 32 Munida 39 Patina 50 Rhynchothalestris Musculus 44 Pecten 45 32 Mya 49 Pectinaria 27 Rissoa 53 Mysella 46 Pedicellina 72 Rossia 64 Mysia 47 Pelseneeria 54 Rotalia 13 Mytilus 44 Peltogaster 34 Roxania 59 Myxicola 28 Pennatula 21 Myxilla 15 Perinereis 25 Sabella 28 Phacoides 45 Sabellaria 27 Nassarius 56 Phascolion 29 Sacculina 34 Natica 55 Phascolosoma 29 Sagartia 22 Nemertesia 19 Phialella 20 Sagitta 72 Nephrops 38 Phialidium 20 Sagittatus 64 Nephthys 26 Philbertia 57 Sarcodictyon 20 Neptunea 56 Philocheras 38 Sarsia 16, 19 Nereis 25 Phoronis 72 Saxicavella 49 Nerine 26 Phoxichilidium 42 Scalisetosus 24 Nicolea 28 Phyllodoce 24 Scalpel lum 34 Nonionina 13 Phytia 63 Schizomavella 70 Notomastus 27 Pilumnus 41 Schizoporella 70 MARINE INVERTEBRATES — INDEX 77 Schizotricha 19 Talitrus 36 Tubulipora 71 Scolelepis 26 Tealia 21 Turbonilla 58 Scoloplos 26 Tegella 70 Turitella 53 Scrobicularia 48 Tellina 47 Turtonia 46 Scruparia 68 Temora 31 Scrupocellaria 68 Teredo 49 Scyllaea 61 Tetilla 14 Securiflustra 69 Tetrastemma 23 Umbonula 70 Sepia 64 Textularia 12 Upogebia 39 Sepietta 64 Thalestris 32 Sepiola 64 Thelepus 28 Serpula 28 Thoralus 38 Sertularia 18 Thracia 50 Vaginulina 13 Sertularella 18 Thujaria 19 Valkeria 72 Sidnyum 73 Thyasira 45 Velutina 55 Sigalion 24 Thyone 67 Venerupis 41 Skenea 52 Thysanozoon 22 Venus 47 Skeneopsis 53 Tiaropsis 20 Verneuilina 12 Smittina 70 Tintinnopsis 13 Verruca 34 Solaster 65 Tisbe 32 Vesicularia 72 Spatangus 67 Todaropsis 64 Virgularia 21 Sphenia 49 Tomopteris 25 Volutopsius 56 Spinther 24 Tonicella 42 Spiratella 59 Tomus 53 Spiroculina 11 Trachyleberis 31 Spirontocaris 38 Tricellaria 68 Xenocythere 30 Spirorbis 29 Trichotropis 54 Xestoleberis 31 Spisula 48 Trinchesia 62 Xylophaga 49 Stenhalia 32 Tritonia 60 Sthenelais 24 Trivia 55 Stolonica 73 Trophon 55 Yoldiella 43 Stylarioides 27 Troschelia 57 Suberites 15 Truncatulina 13 Sycon 14 Trypanosyllis 25 Syllis 25 Tubulanus 23 Zaus 32 Synoicum 73 Tubularia 16 Zirfaea 49 FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES Joan R. Kemp Although in the past the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society has had recorders of freshwater life, the actual records of most of the groups are meagre. W. H. Newlove however worked for many years on the Rotifers in particular and the great majority of the considerable number of records of this group are taken from his admirably illustrated record-book. Most, if not all, of his identifica- tions were confirmed by David Bryce. Many living organisms found in freshwater are products of what is at times a difficult environment, one that may dry up in summer and freeze over in winter. There is inevitably a keen struggle for existence which demands much adaptation and flexibility of form. Man also is exerting an increasing influence on freshwater life. From the earliest days he has striven, not always with success, to keep water within defined limits by means of drainage and flood-barriers. The areas of freshwater in the Scarborough district may be sub-divided as follows : — (a) Scarborough and Throxenby Meres. The former has served for centuries as a drainage sump for the surrounding higher land and eventually drains out to the sea via the Valley. Scarborough Mere has frequently been stocked with fish (perch, carp, roach, tench, bream, trout and pike) by the Scarborough Corporation, and is often used for angling festivals, but the fish caught have to be returned alive to the water. Owing to the depredations of the pike and the resulting deterioration of the fishing, considerable numbers of this fish were removed by trapping in 1954 and by netting in 1955. Beneath the silt of the bottom is a layer of peat several feet thick. The Mere was greatly enlarged, indeed more than doubled, around 1912, its boundary before this development took place being the line of islands on the western side and then southwards as far as the bridge. Throxenby Mere appears to have had a varied existence. The Ordnance Survey map of 1854 shows it as much smaller than its present-day size but in 1926 the lower end was dammed and the water-level raised. People still alive (1955) remember the site as a meadow but the mere appears on a plan attached to the Scalby Award, dated 1777. Fifty years ago skating was possible in the winter but about that time the bogbean appeared and rapidly became domi- nant. This plant forms floating rafts four or five feet thick on which such plants as alder, willow and purple loosestrife become established. So dense is the plant growth (bogbean, yellow-flag, reedmace, marsh- horsetail. water-plantain, etc.) that the oxygen content of the water is seriously depleted at night and the carbon dioxide correspondingly increased. This probably accounts for the almost complete absence of fish in Throxenby Mere. 78 FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES 79 (b) The Carrs with their system of drainage ditches centred on the Hertford River and emptying into the Derwent near Yedingham. The special act enabling the Drainage Board to carry out this work was passed in 1800. (c) Moorland pools of stagnant water with a high humus-acid con- tent, together with the streams, often mere trickles, associated with them. These have a characteristic insect fauna consisting largely of certain coleoptera (Hydroporus and Agabus spp.) and hemiptera (Corixa spp.). An outstanding moorland pool is the so-called Volvox Pond on Seamer Moor, by the right-hand side of the old trackway leading from Throxenby Mere to Ayton. This pool was often cloudy with myriads of Volvox colonies but they have not been recorded there since the pond was pumped dry during a nearby fire. (d) Moorland streams of quick-flowing and well-oxygenated water, becoming rather slower as they near the Vale of Pickering. The River Derv^ent is the main stream of this group but others are to be found in many moorland valleys. (e) The quick-flowing streams springing from the base of the Wolds and draining into the Carrs. These streams are clear, cool and with a high calcium content. It is convenient to associate with these such limestone springs as those which feed the ponds at Brompton, Allerston, etc. (f) The large artificial pools at Hackness, Scampston and Ellerburn. Surprisingly little collecting has been done from these waters. (g) The drainage area of the Stepney and Woodlands districts just to the west of Scarborough. This drains, via a little stream in Wood- land Ravine and a culvert, into Peasholm Glen and Lake and thus into the sea. This system carries the water from the fields, farms and gardens lying to the east of Seamer Moor. In wet years such as 195^. this water is very turbid and drains away rapidly ; in dry years such as 1955, it drains away slowly and the little pools in Peasholm Glen then contain a good deai of blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), indicat- ing a high organic-nitrogen content. This is not sufficient however to pollute Peasholm Lake or to cause injury to the large mussels (Anodonta) found there. In the Scarborough district there is no major problem of sewage- pollution of inland waters. The larger towns, Scarborough, Whitby and Filey, being situated on the coast, convc'y their sewage directly into the sea. There are small modern sewage-disposal schemes at Pickering, Malton and for the Seamer district, but there is a measure of contamination in the vicinity of the villages and the isolated farm- houses. A small amount of sewage-pollution, acting as additional food material, favourably effects most freshwater life, but a gross con- tamination, because of its reducing nature and the resulting de-oxygen- ising of the water, causes a dramatic diminution of both fauna and flora. Scarborough Mere occasionally becomes polluted, the source of the trouble on one occasion at least being found to be the stream flowing down Edge Dell. This pollution caused much damage to the 80 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT freshwate: life of the Mere, especially to the large swan-mussels (Anodonta cygnea). This source of pollution has now ceased but the mussels have not reappeared. No contamination could be traced to the very large quantities of town refuse which had been tipped on the western banks jf the Mere in 1912 and again between 1923 and 1937. To prevent such contamination a stout puddle clay wall wa? Duiit to separate the tipping area from the water. Several phyla other than those dealt with in this section have representatives in freshwater and tf ey are referred to below. It may be helpful to outline the system of classification followed : — Phylum PROTOZOA PORIFERA— Sponges ,, COELENTERATA „ PLATYHELMINTHES— Flatworms ,, ROTIFERA — Wheel Animalcules ,, NEMATODA — Roundworms ANNELIDA— HIRUDINEA— Leeches ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA „ TARDIGRADA ARACHNIDA— Water-mites p. 334 Spiders p. 318 INSECTA COLLEMBOLA — Springtails p. 100 PLECOPTERA — Stoneflies p. 104 EPHEMEROPTERA— Mayflies p. 115 ODONATA — Dragonflies p. 116 HEMIPTERA— Waterbugs p. 119 NEUROPTERA— Alderflies p. 140 TRICHOPTERA— Caddisflies p. 142 LEPIDOPTERA — Aquatic Moths p. 146 COLEOPTERA— Beetles p. 196 HYMENOPTERA — Ichneumon Flies p. 274 DIPTERA— True Flies p. 288 MOLLUSCA, p. 336 Sincere thanks are due to Mr. M. D. Pittam of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London, for constant help and advice. The following abbreviations are used : — T.B. — T. Brewster. E.F.G. — E. F. Gilmour. J.M.B. — ^J. M. Brown. Y.N.U. — Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. W.J.C.— W. J. Clarke. G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh. G.F. — G. Fryer. H.W. — H. Whitehead. FRESHWATER PROTOZOA 81 Phylum PROTOZOA The classification followed is set out in “ Protozoology ”, Hall, 1953 (Prentice-Hall, New York) and is based on that of Jahn and Jahn, 1949. The following species have been recorded from the Scarborough district. Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA Class PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA Order PHYTOMONADIDA Family PHACOTIDAE Phacus pleuronectes (Muell., O.F.) Family VOLVOCIDAE Volvox globator (L.) Order EUGLENIDA Family EUGLENIDAE Euglena viridis Ehr. Euglena pleuronectes, this record possibly refers to E. pisciformis Klebs. Subphylum SARCODINA Class ACTINOPODEA Order HELIOZOIDA Family ACTINOPHYRIDAE Actinophrys sol Ehr. Class RHIZOPODEA Order AMOEBIDA Amoeba diffluens, it is likely that this record refers to A. proteus Order TESTACIDA (Pall • ) • Family ARCELLIDAE Arcella vulgaris Ehr. Cryptodifflugia oviformis Pen. Hyalospbaenia papilio Leidy Family DIFFLUGHDAE Amphitrema flavum Arch. Centropyxis aculeata Stein Difflugia oblonga Ehr. Heleop>era petricola Leidy Family EUGLYPHIDAE Assulina seminulum Ehr. Corythion dubium Tar. Euglypha strigosa Ehr. Nebela lincta Leidy Nebela collaris Ehr. Nebela flabellum Leidy Nebela militaris Pen. Trinema enchelys Ehr. Trinema lineare Pen. 82 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Subphylum CILIOPHORA Class CILIATEA Order HOLOTRICHIDA Family AMPHILEPTIDAE Amphileptus fasciola, this record probably refers to Lionotus fasciola (Ehr.) Family COLEPIDAE Coleps hirtus (Muelh, O. F.) Family HOLOPHRYIDAE Prorodon marginatus Family LOXODIDAE Loxodes rusticum Loxodes rostrum Ehr. Family TRACHELIIDAE Trachelius ovum Ehr. Family PARAMECIIDAE Paramecium caudatum Ehr. Paramecium aurelia Ehr. Family PLEURONEMATIDAE Pleuronema chrysalis Stein Order SPIROTRICHIDA Family BURSARIIDAE Bursaria sp. Family STENTORIDAE Stentor coeruleus Ehr. Stentor polymorphus (MuelL, O. F.) Stentor muelleri (Bory) Family EUPLOTIDAE Euplotes patella (Muelh, O. F.) Family OXYTRICHIDAE Kerona mytilus (Muelh, O. F.) Kerona polyporum Ehr. Order PERITRICHIDA Family VAGINICOLIDAE Cothurnia imberbis Ehr. Vaginicola crystallinus Ehr. Family VORTICELLIDAE Vorticella microstoma Ehr. Vorticella convallaria (L.) Carchesium foetidum FRESHWATER PORIFERA 83 Phylum PORIFERA The classification followed is set out in “ The Invertebrates ", Vol. 1, Hyman, 1940, and is based on the publications of Topsent, H. V. Wilson and de Laubenfels. Class DEMOSPONGIAE Family SPONGILLIDAE Ephydatia fluviatilis Lam. — RIVER SPONGE. On planks in Scalby Beck near Burniston Road bridge, occurring in quantity (G.B.W.). Euspongilla lacustris L. — POND SPONGE. In dripping water at Bready Gill, Lowdales (G.B.W.). Phylum COELENTERATA The classification as set out in " The Invertebrates ", Vol. 1, Hyman, 1940. Class HYDROZOA Family HYDRIDAE Hydra viridis L. ( = Chlorohydra viridissima (Pall.)) — Common in local waters. Hydra fusca L. ( = Pelmatohydra oligactis (Pall.)) — Has occurred in the Valley Pond. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Classification follows Kuekenthal & Krumbach " Handbuch der Zoologie ", Bd. 2, H.l (1928-1934). Class TURBELLARIA Family PLANARHDAE Crenobia alpina (Dana) ( = Planaria) — Cliff Beck, Saltergate, 1929, Ramsdale Beck, 1933 (J.M.B.) ; chalk stream, Flixton, 1943 (H.W.). Polycelis felina (Dalyell) ( = comuta (Johnst.)) — Row Pasture Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1933 (J.M.B. ). Polycelis nigra (Muell., O. F.) — Newtondale, 1929 (J.M.B.) ; Throxenby Mere, Low North Beck, Hills Green (G.B.W.). Family DENDROCOELIDAE Dendrocoelum lacteum (Muell., O. F.) — Pool on Seamer Moor (E.F.G.) ; Throxenby Mere, Low North Beck, Hilla Green (G.B.W.). «4 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Phylum ROTIFERA The following list of records of the Rotifera is based almost entirely on the record-book of W. H. Newlove, whose collections were made between 1924 and 1935. A few earlier records by Dr. J. Harvey, A. E. Winter, D. W. Bevan and others are included. Newlove used the nomenclature and classification of Hudson and Gosse, The Rotifera, 1886. The nomenclature used below is based on Harring (1913) as modified in more recent papers by Harring himself (1914), Harring and Myers (1922 to 1928), Myers (1930), Ahlstrom (1941, 1943) and Carlin (1939, 1943). The arrangement follows that of Remane (1929, etc.). Grateful thanks are due to Prof. E. A. Spaul and to Mr. A. L. Galhford for their invaluable help in adjusting the nomenclature. Family PHILODINIDAE PHILODINA Ehrenberg citrina Ehr. — Common in tanks and troughs, 1893 (J.H.) ; Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). megalotrocha Ehr. — Horse trough, Cayton 1896 (T.H.). ROTARIA Scopoli ncptunia (Ehr.) — Many records. tardigrada (Ehr.) — Suffield reed pond, 1926 (W.H.N.). macrura (Ehr.) — Seamer Moor pond (W.H.N.). rotatoria (Pallas) ( = Rotifer vulgaris Schrank) — Many records. DISSOTROCHA Bryce (= PHILODINA Ehrenberg in part) aculeata (Ehr.) — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). PLEURETRA Bryce (^CALLIDINA Ehrenberg in part, PHILODINA Ehrenberg in part) brycei (Weber) — Moss in waterfall at Levisham mill, 1926 (W.H.N.). segmentata Bryce — Limestone wall, Ayton, 1930 {det. D. Bryce). Second British record, having previously been rcorded only from Snowdon. Family PHILODINAVIDAE PHILODINAVUS Harring (^MICRODINA Murray) paradoxus (Murray) — Moss in waterfall at Levisham mill, 1929 {det. E. A. Harris), a rare species (W.H.N.). Family BRACHIONIDAE EPIPHANES Ehrenberg (= NOTOPS Hudson in part) brachionus (Ehr.) — Recorded but no station given (W.H.N.). senta (Mueller) — Many records, Newby, Ayton, Suffield (W.H.N.). MIKROCODIDES Bergandal ( = STEPHANOPS Ehrenberg in part) chlaena (Gosse) — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). BRACHIONUS Pallas calyciflorus Pallas (=pala Ehr.) — Wheatcroft pond, 1925 (W.H.N.). FRESHWATER ROTIFERA 85 PLATYIAS Harring ( = NOTEUS Ehrenberg) quadricomis (Ehr.) — Ayton mill-dam (W.H.N.). KERATELLA Boiy de St. Vincent (=ANURAEA Gosse) quadrata (Mueller) (Anuraea aculeata Ehr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay Moor, 1925 (W.H.N.). cochlearis (Gosse) — Ayton mill-dam (W.H.N.). serrulata (Ehr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay Moor, 1925 (W.H.N.). NOTHOLCA Gosse striata (Mueller) — Stepney Road, Scarborough (W.H.N.). N.B. — Carlin (1943) considers that the name N. striata should refer only to a brackish-water form not known to occur in fresh- water. Freshwater forms formerly described under this name are now divided into the species N. squamuia (Mueller) , N. acuminata (Ehr.), N. labis (Gosse), N. cinctura Skorikov ; some of these species also occur in brackish waters. EUCHLANIS Ehrenberg dilatata Ehr. — Cloughton (W.H.N.). incisa Carlin ( = unisetata Leydig) — Seamer Moor (W.H.N.). pyriformis Gosse — Ayton (W.H.N.). MYTILINA Bory de St. Vincent (=SALPINA Ehrenberg) ventralis (Ehr.) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond, 1926 (W.H.N.). LOPHOCHARIS Ehrenberg salpina Ehr. — Throxenby Mere (W.H.N.). DIPLOIS Gosse daviesiae Gosse — Ayton, 1927, Thornton-le-Dale, 1934 (W.H.N.). TRICHOTRIA Bory de St. Vincent (=DINOCHARIS Ehrenberg) tetractis (Ehr.) — Row Brow Farm, 1926 (W.H.N.). LEPADELLA Bory de St. Vincent (=METOPIDIA Ehrenberg) triptera Ehr. — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). SQUATINELLA Bory de St. Vincent (-STEPHANOPS Ehrenberg in part) mutica (Ehr.) — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). longispinata (Tatem) — Dundall pond, Levisham, 1926 (W.H.N.). COLURELLA Bory de St. Vincent ( =COLURUS Ehrenberg) obtasa (Gosse) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond (W.H.N.). LECANA Nitzsch (— DISTYLA Eichwald in part and CATHYPNA Gosse) flexilis (Gosse) — In a tank in Lawrence’s nursery, Scarborough, 1926 (W.H.N.). Family NOTOMMATIDAE NOTOMMATA Ehrenberg aurita (Mueller)— Gallows Close pond, 1895 (J.H.). pachyura (Gosse) — Ditch near Scalby Road, 1895 (J.H.). Cerberus (Gosse) — Scarborough, in water in which roses had been kept, 1925 (W.H.N.). TAPHROCAMPA Gosse annulosa Gosse — Seamer Moor Volvox pond (W.H.N.). 86 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CEPHALODELLA Bory de St. Vincent (=DIGLENA Ehrenberg in part and DIASCHIZA Gosse) auriculata (Mueller) (Notommata lacinulata Ehr.) — Scarborough Mere and Gallows Close pond, 1895 (J.H.). catellina (Mueller) — Many records. MONOMMATA Bartsch longiseta (Mueller) (= Notommata longiseta Ehr.) — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). SCARIDIUM Ehrenberg longicaudum (Mueller) — Ayton, 1930, Thornton-le-Dale, 1934 (W.H.N.). EOTHINIA Harring & Myers (=EOSPHORA Ehrenberg in part) elongata (Ehr.) — Thornton-le-Dale, 1926, det. D. Bryce (W.H.N.). Family TRICHOCERCIDAE TRICHOCERCA Lamarck ( — MONOCERCA Bory de St. Vincent and MASTIGOCERCA Ehrenberg) rattus (Mueller) — Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). cristata Harring ( = Mastigoverca carinata Ehr.) — Seamer Moor Vol- vox pond, 1928 (W.H.N.). longiseta (Schrank) ( = bicomis Ehr.) — Recorded and specimen drawn, but no station given (W.H.N.). stylata (Gosse) — Raincliffe Wood pond, 1925 (W.H.N.). Family GASTROPODIDAE GASTROPUS Imhof (= NOTOPS Hudson in part) minor (Rouss) — Throxenby Mere, 1926 (W.H.N.), confd. D. Bryce, hyptopus (Ehr.) — Throxenby Mere, 1925; believed to be a male though Gosse says males are unknown (W.H.N.). Family DICRANOPHORIDAE DICRANOPHORUS Nitsch (=DIGLENA Ehrenberg in part) forcipatus (Mueller) — Gallows Close pond, 1895 (J.H.) Family ASPLANCHNIDAE ASPLANCHNA Gosse brightwelli Gosse — Newby, 1896 (J.H.). sieboldi (Leydig) (=ebbesborni Hudson) — Newby, 1901, 1906 (J-H.). Family SYNCHAETIDAE SYNCHAETA Ehrenberg pectinata Ehr. — Suffield reed pond (W.H.N.). POLYARTHRA Ehrenberg trigla Ehr. (=platyptera Ehr.)— Throxenby Mere, 1925 (W.H.N.). N.B. — In a recent revision (1943) Carlin has divided this species into several : P. vulgaris Carlin, P. dolichoptera (Idelson), P. ramata (Skorikov), P. major (Burckhardt) and P. minor (Voigt). It is not possible to tell to which of these species the above record refers. FRESHWATER ROTIFERA 87 Family TESTUDINELLIDAE TESTUDINELLA Bory de St. Vincent (=PTERODINA Ehrenberg) patina (Hermann) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond, 1925, Throxenby Mere, 1926 (W.H.N.). -elliptica (Ehr.) — Wheatcroft pond, 1925, Ayton mill-dam, Suffield (W.H.N.). reflexa (Gosse) — Suffield reed pond, 1925 (W.H.N.). FILINIA Bory de St. Vincent (=TRIARTHRA Ehrenberg) longiseta (Ehr.) — Wheatcroft pond, 1926-7 (W.H.N.). Family FLOSCULARIIDAE PTYGURA Ehrenberg (=OECISTES Ehrenberg) crystallina (Ehr.) — Scarborough Mere, 1895 (J-H.) ; Lockton pond^ 1926-29 (W.H.N.). longipes (Wills) (=umbella Hudson) — ^ Ayton mill-dam, 1925' (W.H.N.). pilula (Cubitt) — Ayton mill-dam, 1925 (W.H.N.). FLOSCULARIA Cuvier ( = MELICERTA Schrank, not FLOSCUL- ARIA Ehrenberg) conifera (Hudson) — Scarborough Mere, 1895 (J.H.). ringens (L.) — Many records. Family COLLOTHECIDAE COLLOTHECA Harring (= FLOSCULARIA Ehrenberg) cornuta (Dobie) — Seamer Moor, 1925 (W.H.N.). Now regarded as a variety of C. ornata. ornata (Ehr.) — Seamer Moor, 1895, 1918 (A.E.W.). campanulata (Dobie) — Scarborough Mere, 1895 (J.H.). algicola (Hudson) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond, 1920 (W.H.N.). ambigua (Hudson) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond, 1920 (W.H.N.). annulata (Hood) — Seamer Moor Volvox pond, 1926, det. D. Bryce (W.H.N.). STEPHANOCEROS Ehrenberg fimbriatus (Goldfuss) ( = eichhoimi Ehr.) — Seamer Moor, 1919 (A.E.W.) ; Ayton mill-dam, 1927, Brickyard Farm pond, Picker- ing, 1934 (W.H.N.). BIBLIOGRAPHY HARRING, H. K., 1913, “ Synopsis of the Rotatoria ”, U.S. Nat, Mus. Bull., 81. 1914 "A Revision of the Rotatorian Genera LEPADELLA and LOPHOCHARIS ”, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol., 51, pp. 527- 568. HARRING, H. K. & MYERS, F. J., 1922 to 1928. ” The Rotifer Fauna of Wisconsin ”, Parts I to IV. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. Arts & Letts., Vol. 20, pp. 553-662, Vol. 21, pp. 415- 549, Vol. 22, pp. 315-423, Vol. 23, pp. 667-808. "" 88 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MYERS, F. J., 1930. “ The Rotifer Fauna of Wisconsin ”, Part V., Ibid, Vol. 25, pp. 353-413. ;REMANE, A., 1929. ” Rotatoria ” in Bronn’s ” Klassen und Ordnun- gen des Tierreichs ”, Bd. 4. CARLIN, B., 1939. ” Uber die Rotatorien einiger Seen bei Aneboda ” Meddelanden fran Lunds Univ. Limn. Inst., Nr. 2. 1943. ” Die Planktonrotatorien des Motalastrom Meddelanden fran Lunds Univ. Limn. Inst. Nr. 5. AHLSTROM, E. T., 1941. ” Revision of BRACHIONUS & PLAT- YIAS ”, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., BulL LXXVII, pp. 143-184. 1943. ” Revision of KERATELLA ”, Ibid, LXXX, pp. 411-457. Phylum NEMATODA Family ANGUILLULIDAE AnguUlula fluviatilis (Muell., O. F.) — Scarborough Mere, 1890 and 1918 (A. E. Winter). Phylum NEMATOMORPHA (GOKDIACEA)— HAIRWORMS Gordius villoti (Rosa) ( = aquaticus) — Quite common. Phylum ANNELIDA Class HIRUDINEA The following list has been compiled from the following sources : — • 1. H. Whitehead, Fresh-water Leeches of Yorkshire, Naturalist, 1943, pp. 107-108. ibid., Yorkshire Naturalists at Scarborough, Naturalist, 1943, p. 123, ibid., The Medicinal Leech at Randy Mere, Naturalist, 1949, p. 20. 2. Observations by D. J. Price and G. B. Walsh. RHYNCHOBDELLIDAE Piscicdla geometra (L.) — COMMON FISH LEECH. Scarborough Mere (W. J. Clarke). Whitehead’s reference to its capture by Clarke on a trout in the Derwent, Naturalist, 1912, p. 303, should be amended to read ” p. 191 ”. Glossosiphouia complanata (L.) — GREATER SNAIL LEECH. River Derwent at Wrench Green (G.B.W.) ; in a sluggish ditch near Scatbororugh. Probably common and generally distributed. Helobdella stagnalis (L.) — Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.) . FRESHWATER CRUSTACEA 89 GNATHOBDELLIDAE Haemopsis sanguisuga (L.) — HORSE LEECH. W. J. Clarke says it used to be common in Scarborough Mere and neighbouring ponds and not now widely distributed. However, I have found it common enough in Throxenby Mere and in many other ponds (G.B.W.). Hirudo medicinalis L. — MEDICINAL LEECH. At one time it was believed to be extinct in Yorkshire, but it has been taken in Fen Bog, near Goathland (H.W.), and it is said to occur in marshy tracts near Wheeldale Gill, but search for it there has so far proved fruitless. Herpobdella (Nephelis) octoculata (L.) — In the Hertford River near Flixton (H.W.). Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA The classification followed is that of Caiman, “ Oxford Treatise of Zoology ”, 1909. Subclass BRANCHIOPODA Order ANOSTRACA Eubranchipus vermalis Ber. — FAIRY SHRIMP. Reported by W. H. Newlove in 1934, station uncertain. Subclass COPEPODA Order EUCOPEPODA Cyclops vemalis Fisch. — ^Very dark specimens found with C. lan- guidus near Goathland in sphagnum swamp (G.F.). Cyclops languidus Sars — With the above (G.F.). Subclass MALACOSTRACA Order ISOPODA Asellus meridianus Racov. — WATER LOUSE. Randy Mere, April and Sept., 1948 (H.W.). Order AMPFIIPODA Gammarus pulex (L.) — FRESHWATER SHRIMP. Cliff Beck, Saltergate, Levisham Beck, 1929 (J.M.B.). Order DECAPODA Astacus pallipes Lereb. — CRAYFISH. Very common in the Hertford River, 1931. Few in Hackness and Forge Valley sections of River Derwent, 1937 (W.J.C., per T.B.). Several in River Derwent at Yedingham, 1932 (Ainsworth). Class TARDIGRADA Although their affinities are still uncertain, the Tardigrada are here considered as Arthropods. Macrobiotus hufelandii Schultze— BEAR ANIMALCULE. Brow Moor, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1933 (J.M.B.). 90 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT INDEX OF GENERA Actinophrys 81 Eubranchipus 89 Amoeba 81 Euclanis 85 Amphileptus 82 Euglena 81 Amphitrema 81 Euglypha 81 Anguillula 88 Euplotes 82 Anuraea 85 Euspongilla 83 Arcella 81 Asellus 89 Filinia 87 Asplanchna 86 Floscularia 87 Assulina 81 Astacus 89 Gammarus 89 Gastropus 86 Brachionus 84 Glossosiphonia 88 Bursaria 82 Gordius 88 Callidina 84 Haemopsis 89 Carchesium 82 Heleopera 81 Cathypna 85 Helobdella 89 Centropyxis 81 Herpobdella 89 Cephalodella 86 Hirudo 89 Chlorohydra 83 Hyalosphaenia 81 Coleps 82 Hydra 83 Collotheca 87 Colurella 85 Keratella 85 Coluris 85 Kerona 82 Corythion 81 Cothurnia 82 Lecana 85 Crenobia 83 Lepadella 85 Cryptodifflugia 81 Lionotus 82 Cyclops 89 Lophocharis 85 Lozodes 82 Dendrocoelum 83 Diaschiza 86 Macrobiotus 89 Dicranophorus 86 Mastigocerca 86 Difflugia 81 Melicerta 87 Diglena 86 Metopidia 85 Dinocharis 85 Microdina 84 Diplois 85 Mikrocodides 84 Dissotrocha 84 Monocerca 86 Distyla 85 Monommata 86 Mytilina 85 Eosphora 86 Eothinia 86 Nebela 81 Ephydatis 83 Nephelis 89 Epiphanes 84 Noteus 85 Notholca 85 Notommata 85 Notops 84, 86 Oecistes 87 Paramecium 82 Pelmatahydra 83 Phacus 81 Philodina 84 Philodinavus 84 Piscicola 88 Planaria 83 Platyias 85 Pleuretra 84 Pleuronema 82 Polyarthra 86 Polycelis 83 Prorodon 82 Pterodina 87 Ptygura 87 Rotaria 84 Salpina 85 Scaridium 86 Squatinella 85 Stentor 82 Stephanoceros 87 Stephanops 85 Synchaeta 86 Taphrocampa 85 Testudinella 87 Trachelius 82 Triarthra 87 Trichocerca 86 Trichotria 85 Trinema 81 Vaginicola 82 Volvox 81 Vorticella 82 LUMBRICIDAE — EARTHWORMS F. C. Rimington As British earthworms belong almost entirely to the family Lumbricidae, this review is limited to that family. Until recently no work appears to have been done locally on these very important creatures, but during the past few years Dr. A. C. Evans, Dr. G. W. Dimbleby, Mr. P. W. Murphy and probably others have examined the soil macrofauna of the district, particularly of the moorlands and forests. Ecological factors largely govern the distribution of earthworms. Conditions during the ice-age would certainly destroy the aboriginal soil fauna, for even if the permanent ice did not cover every part of our area, the climatic conditions for immensely long periods must have been intolerable. When the climate modified and the ice retreated to the north, worms which had survived in southern Europe had the oppor- tunity of extending their range. Some species proved far more able than others to colonise the areas progressively liberated from the ice. So successful indeed were these so-called “ peregrine ” species, that they now dominate not only the soil macrofauna of this area, but that of much of the land surface of the world. Probably man himself has been the chief agent in this expansion, but birds may have played a part. These ubiquitous species are marked with an asterisk in the following list and they may be considered common to the greater part of the northern hemisphere. Their chief interest in this district lies in their extremely varied distribution. Although the following peregrine species have not yet been recorded from the Scarborough district, it is highly probable that they exist in appropriate situations : — Eisenia veneta var. hortensis, Eiseniella tetraedra, Lumbricus festivus. The position of the remaining species, those which have proved less able to extend their range, is obscure, they may even now be spreading northwards but the amount of data available is meagre. The variations in earthworm population are startling and although their necessities appear to be simple, some degree of moisture to prevent desiccation and some admixture of organic matter as food, it is at once apparent that many other factors are also involved ; aeration, mineral content, soil-particle size, etc. The vegetation and the past history of the soil are other important factors, for instance the use of specific fertilisers tends to make worm populations more uniform. From the following tables it will be obvious that pH value and lime-content are of paramount significance. Counts were made after digging and hand-sorting in April and May, intermediate between the cold of winter and the possible drought of summer, when many worms withdraw deeply underground, particu- larly the larger species. 91 92 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Situation pH Value Number of worms per square metre (Mean of several counts) 1. Pine-woods on moors, Silpho 2. Rough pasture. Thieves’ Dyke 3. Cultivated land a few yards from 2 4. Limestone pasture, Suffield .... 5. Loamy pasture. Crossgates .... 6. Peaty pasture, Seamer 7. Sandy pasture, Spital Corner 8. Chalky pasture, Flixton 9. Peat, Flixton 10. Clay soil. Forge Valley 11. Limestone rubble. Forge Valley 12. Clay soil, Raincliffe Wood 13. Chalky pasture, Fordon 14. Pasture near beck, Fryup-dale 15. Pasture near Esk, Glaisdale 16. Peat, Manham Hill 17. Stack refuse above 16 3.5 3.7 6.8 7.0 5.1 7.2 7.3 7.9 7.5 4.9 7.3 3.5 6.5 6.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 None None 50 100 310 36 12 48 12 32 20 40 500 280 None None 18 The number of worms in any given area cannot be readily assessed with any accuracy ; whether they are dug up or forced to the surface with such expellents as potassium permanganate and mowrah meal, there is a probability of considerable withdrawal into adjacent soil, particularly with the expellents. Differing methods of collection in different weather conditions at divers times of year make caution very necessary when comparing the' counts of various investigators. Stephenson gives some extremely high counts — Fir-wood 120, Orchard 720, Garden 1000, Meadow 1660-2000, all per square metre ; indeed the figures are so high that it seems possible they include all the oligochaete worms found and not merely the Lumbricidae. On the other hand. Dr. A. C. Evans in describing an abnormal condition in Glaisdale, Fryup-dale and other valleys to the north of our area, estimates a mean of only 250 per square metre. Despite this some- what low figure, the worm situation in these dales is popularly called a “ plague ” ; in late summer and autumn the innumerable worm-casts cover the herbage in the pastures so that cattle are unable to feed and have to be moved to the uplands, and on the arable land standing stooks are commonly filled with casts up to the level of the bands. These heavy infestations are of long standing, local inhabitants say that for many years abnormal casting was known on the banks of the Esk near Sleights and the worms are actually known locally as the " Sleights Worm ". In all cases the early infestations appear to have started on the banks of streams or rivers and to have spread pro- gressively up the valley sides. In the upper end of Fr3uip-dale fifty years ago, the heavy castings extended only about 20 yards on either EARTHWORMS 93 side of the beck but now they extend 400 yards up the hillsides and are still spreading. There are no veiy'’ obvious reasons why earthworms should be so very plentiful in these dales, unless it be the apparent shortage of moles ; certainly there are few signs of these natural predators. No information appears to exist of the status in these “ worm-plague ” areas of such parasites as the larvae of the nematode worm Rhabdites pellio, or the dipterous larvae of PoIIenia rudis and Onesia sepulchralis. Analysis of the soils from the heavily infested and little infested fields nearby show no significant difference in pH value, calcium, potassium, phosphate or nitrogen content, moisture or aeration, that could account for the earthworm preference for certain areas. There is no evidence from any available literature that worms constitute a similar problem in any other part of the British Isles. Dr. Evans estimated that there were at least twice as many worms per unit in the Esk valley as in any other area investigated by him. He reports the presence of the following species: — Allolobophora noctuma 52% A. caliginosa f. trapezoides 19% A. terrestris f. longa 5% A. chlorotica 2% Eisenia rosea .... 2% Lumbricus terrestris 10% The dominant species, A. noctuma, is the the one mainly responsible for the very heavy casting. There is a local story that these trouble- some casts are caused by some strange worms that reached the district about 50 years ago. A foreign ship is said to have been wrecked near Whitby and the worms are supposed to have got ashore and spread up the Esk Valley. However A. noctuma is said by Dr. Evans to be not uncommon in other parts of England, though it was not recognised as a a new species until as late as 1946. No earthworms have been recorded from the open moorlands, although there may be a few where the limestone outcrops, and it seems likely that the free humus acids preclude their living there. Even when the moors have been ploughed and planted with pine-trees the worms appear to be non-existent ; under other tree species however, particularly birch, worms have been recorded. When the moorland soil is cultivated and limed sufficiently to produce a dramatic change in pH value, earthworms become comparatively common. Observations confirm Bornebusch’s statement that soils more acid than pH 4.5 are inimical to earthworms, but that some species, notably Lumbricus rubellus appear to be developing a tolerance to relatively acid conditions. It is rather surprising to find no earthworms in such old-established woodland as Raincliffe Wood, where the soil proves to be a very acid mor; in the contiguous woodland of the Forge Valley, worms are plentiful near the limestone exposures. 94 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Much of the peat between Flixton and Cayton is unexpectedly alkaline and carries a considerable worm population, but some of this peat, presumably that not dressed with the adjacent chalk, seems to be wormless. In some places where a thin layer of recent humus covers the peat (e.g., stack-refuse) a fairly large worm population is confined strictly to this superficial humus layer and shows no inclination to penetrate the peat. Earthworms appear to prefer fine-particled, lime-saturated soils, with a pH of from 5 to 7, plenty of humus and ample moisture ; land which carries a high sheep population noticeably favours worm multi- plication. Some idea of the extent of the worm population of our soils may be gathered from Bomebusch’s estimate that in good pasture- land the weight of worms in an area is approximately equal to that of the livestock carried by that area. Acknowledgments : Grateful thanks are due to Dr. A. C. Evans, Dr. G. W. Dimbleby of the Imperial Forestry Institute, Mr. H. W. Thompson of the National Agricultural Advisory Service, and Mr. F. Raw, land-agent of Fryup, for supplying information ; to Dr. D. J. Higgins of the Lenton Experimental Station for determining the pH values of the soils; to Mr. P. Jefferson for checking the identifications and particularly to Professor E. A. Spaul for identifying my collections and for much helpful advice. Bibliography : Bornebusch, C. H., Fauna of the Forest Soil, Copenhagen, 1930. Cernosvitov, L. & Evans, A. C., Lumbricidae, Linnean Society, London, 1947. Murphy, P. W., Biology of Eorest Soils, Journal of Soil Science, Vol. IV, 1953. Stephenson, J., The Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1930. The following initials are used : — C.E.— Cernosvitov & Evans, as above A.C.E. — Dr. A. C. Evans. G.W.D.— Dr. G. W. Dimbleby. P.W.M. — P. W. Murphy, as above. E.C.R. — E. C. Rimington. H.W.T.— H. W. Thompson. The arrangement and classification used in the following list of species recorded in the Scarborough area are those used by Cernosvitov and Evans (v.s.). ALLOLOBOPHORA Eisen emend. Rosa *caIiginosa (Sav.) — Very common in pastures and gardens. The com.monest species in many parts of the world. *forma trapezoidea (Duges, A.) — Generally less abundant than the type but common in Glaisdale, at Lealholm, Goathland and particularly in Fry up-dale (A.C.E.) . *chlorotica (Sav.) — Quite common in gardens and in straw refuse, noctuma (Evans) — Local; the dominant species in Fryup-dale where it produces an unusually heavy cast (A.C.E.). EARTHWORMS 95 terrestris (Sav.) — Widely distributed in gardens, pastures, etc., many records (F.C.R.). *forma longa (Ude) — Fairly common in the Fryup-dale district (A.C.E.) ; Staxton sand-pits (F.C.R.). BIMASTUS Moore *eiseni (Lev.) — In birch copses adjacent to Suffield Moor. Appeared after only 4 years on Silpho Moor where birch litter had been applied to the moor surface (G.W.D.). tenuis (Eis.) — Under the bark of old trees, moss, etc., Bridlington (C. & E.). DENDROBAENA Eisen emend. Rosa mammalis (Sav.) — Limestone pasture, Silpho (F.C.R.). *octaedra (Sav.) — Straw refuse over peat, Manham Hill (F.C.R.) ; Turkey-carpet plantation under holly, in considerable numbers in experimental plots on Wykeham Low Moor where damp condi- tions had been produced by a heavy heather mulch (G.W.D.). *subrubicunda (Eis.) — Although there are no actual records, this species (along with D. rubida) under the popular names of GILT- TAIL and COCKSPUR is well-known to local anglers. Can be regarded as one of the most common British species. EISENIA Malm emend. Michaelsen *foetida (Sav.) — BRANDLING. Common in rich soil, manure and compost heaps. Some specimens noticeably luminescent (F.C.R.) . *rosea (Sav.) — Widely distributed and common in limestone and chalk districts. LUMBRICUS Linnaeus *castaneus (Sav.) — Widely distributed but probably not common. High Fordon, Manham Hill, Newby, etc. (F.C.R.). *rubellus (Hoffm.) — RED or MARSH WORM of anglers. Common in the peaty soil of the Carrs (F.C.R.) ; under birch on Wykeham and Suffield Low Moor (G.W.D.) ; in very acid conditions under birch in Allerston Forest (P.W.M.). *terrestris (L.)— COMMON EARTH-WORM of text-books, DEW- WORM, SQUIRREL-TAIL or TWACHEL of anglers. Widely distributed in gardens and woodlands. Probably the commonest local species although this is generally not so in other parts of the country (F.C.R.). OCrOLASIUM Oerley *cyaneum (Sav.) — One record, Glaisdale (F.C.R.). *lacteum (Oerl.) — Sparingly at Bridlington (Nat., 1911, p. 394). TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA — WOODLICE E. A. Wallis Little investigation in this branch has been done by members of the Society, and we have to thank other workers, notably F. Rhodes and R. S. Bagnall, for many of the records that are included here. One species found locally was the first British record. Many of the commoner woodlice are extremely abundant and widely distributed all over the district in suitable habitats, but some of the rarer forms are very local. Seventeen species have so far been found in and around Scarborough. The classification and nomenclature used in these records are those used in the most recent revision of British woodlice by Dr. E. B. Edney. Grateful thanks are due to Dr. I. Gordon of the Crustacea section of the British Museum (Natural History) for help and advice. The following contractions are used : — R.S.B. — R. S. Bagnall F.R. — F. Rhodes H.B.— H. Britten fil. G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh W.J.C.— W. J. Clarke E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis Nat. — “ The Naturalist ” LIGIIDAE LIGIA Fabricius oceanica (L.) — Fairly common at or just below high-water mark on the shore, in crevices of rocks and- walls and among sea-weed and drift-wood. Specimens showing luminosity have been seen in the harbour (W.J.C., E.A.W.). TRICHONISCIDAE ANDRONISCUS Verhoeff den tiger Verh„ — Not uncommon among moss and dead wood ; Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley (E.A.W.). Trichoniscus roseus (Koch) has been recorded from Scarborough Castle Hill (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 100). This is an alpine species not found in Britain. Other British records of “ T. roseus ” have been identified lately as belonging to either of two species of Androniscus, namely A. dentiger Verh., or A. weberi Verh. Until the Castle Hill specimens have been re-examined, it is not possible to say to which species they belong. TRICHONISCUS Brandt pusillus pusillus Brandt — ^Not uncommon and widely distributed. pygmaeus Sars, G. O. — Widely distributed ; Ravenscar (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 101) ; Forge Valley, Raincliffe Wood (E.A.W.). 96 WOODLICE 97 TRICHONISCULUS Patience [albidus (Budde-Lund) — ^Rare ; cliffs near Whitby (R.S.B., Nat., 1922, p. 92).] TRICHONISCOIDES Patience sarsi Pat. — Rare ; Scarborough, P'iley, Cay ton Bay (R.S.B., Nat., 1922, p. 92). [Specimens taken near Whitby (R.S.B.) were the first British record (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 101).] HAPLOPHTHALMUS Schobl mengii (Zadd.) — Rare ; [cliffs near Whitby (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 102);] Scarborough (R.S.B., Nat., 1922, p. 92). danicus Budde-Lund — Rare; Filey, [cliffs near Whitby] (R.S.B. , Nat., 1922, p. 92). ONISCIDAE ONISCUS Linnaeus asellus L. — Extremely abundant everywhere. PHILOSCIA Latreille muscorum (Scop.) — ^Veiy common and widely distributed. PORCELLIO Latreille scaber Latr. — Abundant and generally distributed. spinicomis Say — Not common ; Forge Valley (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 122). PLATYARTHRUS Brandt hoffmannseggii Brandt — Barns Cliff Wood, in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Grosmont (H.B.). CYLISTICUS Schnitzler convexus (De G.)— Not uncommon ; Scarborough (E.A.W.) ; Scalby Mills (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 123). ARMADILLIDIIDAE ARMADILLIDIUM Brandt vulgare (Latr.) — Common and widely distributea. pulchellum (Zench.) — Rare ; Langdale End (F.R., Nat., 1916, p. 122). nasatum Budde-Lund — Not common ; Oak Road, Scarborough, in a green-house, 1939 (W.J.C.). MYRIAPODA — MILLIPEDES and CENTIPEDES G. B. Walsh Class DIPLOPODA— MILLIPEDES This list is based largely on the following article : “ British Millipedes, with special reference to Yorkshire species ”, by Gordon Blower, Naturalist, 1952, pp. 145-157. We are indebted to Mr. Blower for much kindly help, including the identification of species submitted to him and the reading of this list. Glomeris marginata (Vill.) — PILL MILLIPEDE. Common in wood- lands and hedge-banks. Var. perplexa (Latz.) occurs with the type together with intermediate forms. Polydesmus angustus Latz. — Frequent at roots of lupins in winter. P. coriaceus Por. — Widely distributed but nowhere common. Polymicrodon polydesmoides Leach — Thornton-le-Dale (G.B.) ; Rain- cliffe Wood (G.B.W.). Choneiulus palmatus (Nem.) — An immature female referable to this species or to Nopoiulus minutus (Brandt) was collected by Dr. Butler from Thornton-le-Dale, 9/50 (G.B.). Blaniulus pulchellus (Leach) ( = B. guttulatus (Bose)) — SPOTTED- SNAKE MILLIPEDE. Often found at the roots of various plants and in potatoes, carrots, etc., normally agravating the damage caused initially by some other agent. Common in the nests of Formica rufa at Bams Cliff and Whisperdales (G.B.W.). Archeboreoiulus pallidus (Brade-Birks) — Thornton-le-Dale, 9/50, 1 f. (G.B.). lulus (Micropodoiulus) scandinavius (Latz.) — Raincliffe Wood in forest litter (G.B.W.). Brachyiulus (Microbrachyiulus) pusillus (Leach) — Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). Schizophyllum sabulosum (L.) — Hayburn Wyke, not uncommon (G.B.W.). Tachypodoiulus niger (Leach) — The commonest big black lulid in gardens all over the district, this species eats frait, especially in autumn, e.g. brambles. Cylindroiulus latestriatus (Curt.) ( = C. oweni (Bollm.)) — Scarborough Castle Hill under stone (G.B.). A species mainly confined to the coast. C. punctatus (Leach) — Fairly common and well distributed, especially under the bark of fallen trees (G.B.W.). 98 CENTIPIDES 99 Class CHILOPODA— CENTIPEDES There is little published work on this Class, and we are indebted to Mr. Gordon Blower for records of the species and for kindly identifying a few specimens I sent to him. Lithobius melanops Newp. — Not uncommon in a greenhouse at Scarborough, 9/53 (G.B.W.). L. forficatus (L.) — Probably the commonest garden centipede; also common under the bark of fallen trees. L. cra.ssipes Koch, L. — Thomton-le-Dale, 1 spn., 9/50 (G.B.). Haplophilus subterraneus (Shaw) — A common garden species, often mistaken for a millipede. Hydroschendyla submarina (Grube) — Cloughton Wyke below H.W.M. (Cloudsley-Thompson, Nat., 1948, p. 149). A rare littoral species. Necrophioeophagus longicomis (Leach) — Thornton-le-Dale, 9/50, Scarborough Castle Hill, 3/9/52 (G.B.). Geophilus carpophagus Leach — Cloughton Wyke, under stones on top of cliff, 17/8/48 (G.B.). [G. electricus (L.) — Whitby (R. S. Bagnall).] [G. anglicanus Bagn. — Sewerby, 5/8/34 (R. S. Bagnall).] INSECTA Order THYSANURA — BRISTLE-TAILS G. B. Walsh MACHILIDAE PETROBIUS Leach maritimus (Leach) — Common along the coast. PRAEMACHILIS Silvestri hibemica Carp. — ^Under limestone rocks in Forge Valley. LEPISMATIDAE LEPISMA Linnaeus saccharina L. — SILVER-FISH. Not uncommon in food stores, especially in old houses. LEPISMODES Newman domesticus (Pack.) — ^FIRE-BRAT. Found in bakeries in Scar- borough, running in numbers on the outside of the ovens in places where it was too hot to put the hand. Order DIPLURA — BLIND BRISTLE-TAILS CAMPODEA Westwood staphylinus Westw. — Common under stones and among dead leaves. Order COLLEMBOLA — SPRING-TAILS J. M. Brown and G. B. Walsh The following list has been compiled from private records and from : — R. S. Bagnall : Contributions towards our knowledge of the Collembola, Vasculum, 1921, p. 14. J. M. Brown : Additional Notes on Apterygota of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, 1923, Naturalist, pp. 261-4. J. M. Brown : Entomology around Robin Hood's Bay, 1938, Naturalist, pp. 201-6. 100 INSECTA — COLLEMBOLA 101 HYDROPODURIDAE HYDROPODURA Boemer, C. aquatica (L.) — Common (J.M.B., G.B.W.)- ACHORUTIDAE ACHORUTES Templeton scoticus Carp. & Evans — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). pseudoviaticxis Bagn. — In very large numbers in rotting seaweed at Robin Hood's Bay (J.M.B.) ; at mouth of Scalby Beck (G.B.W.) . NEANURIDAE MACGILLIVRAYA Grote claviseta (Axels.) — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). PSEUDACHORUTES Tullberg corticola (Schaeff.) — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). subcrassus Tullb. — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). dubius Krausb . — Ravenscar ( R . S . B . ) . ANURIDA Laboulbene maritima Lab. — Abundant in rock-pools and under layers of rock along the coast ; it is preyed upon by the beetles Aepopsis robiniiy Aepus marinus and Micralymma marinum (G.B.W.). PARAIWRA Axelson sexpunctata Axels, var. clavisetis Axels. — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). MICRANURIDA Boemer, C. pygmaea Boem., C. — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). ONYCHIURIDAE ONYCHIURUS Gervais fimetarius (L.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PROTAPHORURA Absolon armata (Tullb.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). TULLBERGIIDAE PARATULLBERGIA Womersley carpenter! Bagn. — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). macdougalli Bagn.- — Ravenscar (R.S.B.). ISOTOMIDAE ISOTOMODES Axelson fbritannicus Bagn. — Whitby (R.S.B.).] ISOTOMA Bourlet viridis Bourl. — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) . {olivacea Tullb. — Near Bridlington (J.M.B.).] sensibilis Tullb. — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). PODURA Linnaeus minor (Lubb.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). 102 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MYDONIIDAE ISOTOMURUS Boerner, C. palustris (MuelL, O. F.) — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough Mere (J.M.B.) . ORCHESELLA Templeton cincta (L.) — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) . litoralis Brown, T. M. — Among shingle, Ravenscar (T.M.B.). MYDONIUS Gistl albocinctus (Tempi.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). nivalis (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). forma nicoletii (Lubb.) — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). multifasciatus (Tullb.) — Browside, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). LEPIDOCYRTUS Bourlet lanuginosa (Gmel.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). SEIRA Lubbock platani (Nic.) forma nigromaculata (Lubb.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CYPHODURUS Nicolet albinos Nic. — Common in nests of Formica tufa at Barns Cliff (G.B.W.). SMYNTHURIDAE SMINTHURIDES Boerner, C. malmgreni (Tullb.) var. elegantulus (Reut.) — In plenty, Scarborough Mere (J.M.B.). ARRHOPALITES Boerner, C. pygmaeus (Wank.) — In sphagnum, Ravenscar (R.S.B., Vasculum, 1921, p. 14). BOURLETIELLA Banks signata (Nic.) — In garden, Scarborough (G.B.W.). DEUTEROSMINTHURUS Boerner, C. bicinctus (Koch) var.repandus (Agren) — Scarborough ( J.M.B.) . SMYNTHURUS Latreille viridis (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; common, Scarborough district (G.B.W.). ALLACMA Boerner, C. fusca (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). INSECTA — ORTHOPTERA 103 Order — ORTHOPTERA COCKROACHES and GRASSHOPPERS G. B. Walsh CURSORIA— COCKROACHES BLATTIDAE BLATTA Linnaeus orientalis (L.) — -Fairly common in old houses and bakeries. Specimens are occasionally found in the open. At times various species of foreign cockroaches e.g. Pycnoscelus, are accidentally introduced into the district in fruit, but as they do not establish themselves as members of our fauna and have no real significance, they have been omitted. SALTATORIA— GRASSHOPPERS TETRIGIDAE TETRIX Latreille vittata (Zett.) — Fairly common. Ravenscar, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Levisham, Fylingdales Moor (H.B.) ; plentiful at How- dale : probably all local records entered as Tetrix bipunctata L. should be transferred to this species. ACRIDIDAE OMOCESTUS Bolivar, I. viridulus (L.) — Common and generally distributed, ventralis (Zett.) — Not common, Flixton (G.B.W.) . MYRMELEOTETTIX Bolivar, I. maculatus (Thunb.) — Flixton (G.B.W.) ; Howdale (J.M.B.). CHORTHIPPUS Fieber bicolor ( Char p . ) — Common . parallelus (Zett.) — Common. LOCUSTA Linnaeus migratoria (L.) — During August and September, 1931, a few examples of this species occurred in scattered localities in the district, members of a general visitation to Britain, but they did not breed and speedily died out. TETTIGONIIDAE PHOLIDOPTERA Wesmael griseoaptera (De G.) — Rare. Several examples were seen at Hayburn Wyke, 27/9/20, but only one was captured as they were very active on a difficult part of the cliff (G.B.W.). METRIOPTERA Wesmael brachyptera (L.) — Fylingdales Moor (H.B.). 104 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GRYLLroAE GRYLLUS Linnaeus campestris L. — FIELD CRICKET. Mr. W. S. Drake, M.A. (in litt.), gave me a description and drawings of a pair of insects seen at Haybum Wyke, 30/9/39, which were apparently this insect. From the distribution-map in Dr. Malcolm Burr’s “ British Grasshoppers and their Allies,” 1936, this is not impossible, but the record needs confirmation. Order DERMAPTERA — EARWIGS E.C.H.— E. C. Horrell. G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh. LABIIDAE LABIA Leach minor (L.) — LESSER EARWIG. Few records but well distributed Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, Pickering, Scar- borough (G.B.W.). FORFICULIDAE FORFICULA Linnaeus auricularia L. — COMMON EARWIG. Abundant ; the macrolabious form (f. forcipata Steph.) occurs occasionally; the length of the forceps in the male is somewhat variable. Order PLECOPTERA — STONEFLIES H. Whitehead The numerous streams near Scarborough provide excellent condi- tions for Stoneflies and their nymphs. This statement is borne out by the fact that out of the 33 species in Britain no less than 25 (over 75%) have been taken in the area under consideration. A complete list of records to date was given in the “Naturalist” of December, 1929, and other records have appeared in the same journal since that date. The records are by the following workers : H.B. — H. Britten, fil. G.T.P. — G. T. Porritt T.M.B.— J. M. Brown G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh E.P.— E. Percival H.W.— H. Whitehead TAENIOPTERYGIDAE BRACHYPTERA Newport risi (Mort.) — Staintondale, Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Littlebeck, 17/5/37. (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1/7/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Brockets, Fylingdales, Fylinghall, 25/6/36, Ramsdale Beck, 8/4/40, (J.M.B.) ; Troutsdale, 9/5/42, Harwood Dale, 13/5/40, (H.W.). INSECTA — PLECOPTERA 105 RHABDIOPTERYX Klapalek anglica Kimm. — female was taken in Harwood Dale, 10/4/27, (E.P.), and was recorded as R. neglecta Alb, Two males and one female were taken from Pickering Beck, 25/4/42, (H.W.). These specimens were submitted to D. E. Kimmins, who regarded all the examples as belonging to a new species. See Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., Series B, vol. 12 (1943), 42-44. TAENIOPTERYX Pictet nebulosa (L.) — Female known as "February Red." Langdale End, (E.P.) ; Pickering, (G.T.P.). NEMOURIDAE PROTONEMURA Kempny meyeri (Piet.) — Staintondale, Grain Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, (E.P.) ; Fylinghall, 19/3/36, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Brockets, 16/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Ravenscar, 26/3/37, Littlebeck, 1933, (J.M.B.) ; Beckhole, 4/5/35, Raith- waite, 21/3/36, Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 28/3/42, Goathland, 6/7/46, Troutsdale, 9/5/42, (H.W.) ; Hay- burn Wyke, (G.B.W.). praecox (Mort.) — Fylingdales, 4/33, Brockets, 12/3/39, Fylinghall, (J.M.B.) . AMPHINEMURA Ris. «ulcicolIis Steph. — Langdale End, (E.P.) ; Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Brockets, 16/6/37, Ravenscar, 26/6/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Fylinghall, 26/6/36, Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.). standfussi Ris — Robin Hood’s Bay, 19/6/37, Brockets, 28/6/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Ramsdale, 8/7/37, Finger’s Fields, (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.). NEMOURA Pictet cinerea Retz. — Brockets, 28/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Rams- dale, 21/6/27, Goathland, 3/8/30, Saltergate, 1930, (J.M.B.) ; Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). avicularis Mort. — Staintondale, (E.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Brockets, 26/4/38, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 24/4/42, (H.W.). cambrica Steph. — Staintondale, (E.P.) ; IBrockets, 25/6/37, Rams- dale, 8/7/37, Finger’s Fields, 14/5/42, N. Cliffs, Robin Hood’s Bay, (J.M.B.) ; Harwood Dale, 26/4/41, Dalby Beck, 7/6/41, Troutsdale, 9/5/42, Goathland, 5/5/48, (H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, (G.B.W.). erratica Claass. — Ramsdale, 8/7/37, Howdale, 4/5/39, Ness Cliffs, 26/6/40, Finger’s Fields, Fylinghall, 19/8/36, (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 12/6/37, (H.B.). NEMURELLA Kempny inconspicua (Piet.) — Brockets. 19/6/37, Howdale, 31/5/39, Fyling- hall, 31/5/40, (J.M.B.) ; Troutsdale, 9/5/42, (H.W.) ; Sleights, 6/10/35, (H.B.) ; Haybum Wyke, (G.B.W.). r 106 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LEUCTRIDAE LEUCTRA Stephens geniculata Steph. — “Willow Fly.” Pickering, Scalby Beck, (G.T.P.) ; Brockets, (J.M.B.) ; Goathland, 24/9/48, (H.W.) ; Haybum Wyke, (G.B.W.). inermis Kempny — Staintondale, Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Howdale. 12/6/37, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Ravenscar, 23/6/37, Littlebeck, 1933, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Brockets, 3/6/40, Fylinghall, 26/6/36, (J.M.B.) : Troutsdale, 9/5/42, Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W.). hippopus Kempny — Bloody Beck, Mill Beck, Staintondale, Black Beck, (E.P.) ; Brockets, 26/4/38, Howdale, 12/3/40, (J.M.B.) ; Littlebeck, 17/5/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/42, Dalby Beck, 7/6/41, Harwood Dale, 26/4/51, Troutsdale, 9/5/42, Goathland, 14/4/47, (H.W.) : Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). nigra (Oliv.) — ^Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Fylinghall, 19/6/36, Saltergate, (T.M.B.) ; Littlebeck, 17/5/37, Ramsdale, 19/6/37, (H.B.) ; Harwood Dale, 13/5/40, (H.W.). fusca (L.)— Falling Foss, Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Fylinghall, 23/6/36, Oxbank Wood, 14/9/36, Ramsdale, 24/9/36, Goathland, 2/8/30, Maw Wyke, 17/9/36, (J.M.B.) ; Beckhole, 4/5/35, Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). moselvi Mort. — Brockets, 26/4/38, Fylinghall, 29/8/40, Howdale, 9/9/40, (J.M.B.). CAPNIIDAE CAPNIA Pictet bifrons Newm. — Staintondale, Mill Beck, Grain Beck, (E.P.) ; Brockets, 26/2/42, adults emerging in the snow, (J.M.B.) ; Raith- waite, 21/3/36, .Littlebeck, 17/5/37, (H.B.). vidua Klap. — Littlebeck, Howdale Beck, 12/4/40, (J.M.B.) ; Goath- land, 5/5/48, (H.W.). PERLIDAE PERLA Pictet cephalotes Curt. — Ramsdale, (E.P.) ; Pickering, (G.T.P.) . PERLODIDAE PERLODES Banks mortoni (Klap.) — Staintondale, Mill Beck, Robin Hood’s Bav, Ramsdale, Grain Beck, (E.P.) ; Falling Foss, Howdale, 4/5/39, Brockets, 26/4/38, Fylinghall, 4/5/40, (J.M.B.) ; Littlebeck, 17/5/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 25/4/42, ' Goathland, 10/4/48, (H.W.) : Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). CHLOROPERLIDAE CHLOROPERLA Newman torrentium (Piet.) — ^Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Fyling- hall, 26/6/36, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Brockets, (J.M.B.) ; Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). INSECTA — PSOCOPTERA 107 tripunctata (Scop.) — Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Ramsdale, 19/6/37, Brockets 16/6/37, Fylinghall, 26/6/36, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/42, (H.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.). ISOPERLIDAE ISOPERLA Banks grammatica (Poda) — “ Yellow Sally.” Common; Mill Beck, (E.P.); Ramsdale, 21/6/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Fylinghall, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering Beck, 21/8/41, Forge Valley, 12/6/43, (H.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, 26/6/37, (H.B.) ; Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). Order PSOCOPTERA - PSOCIDS, BOOK-LICE J. M. Brown The insects belonging to this group are small, inconspicuous and soft-bodied. They form one of the “neglected” orders, rarely collected and studied by entomologists. Perhaps the most widely known members are the “Book-Lice” and “ Lesser Death-Watch ” insects. Psocids, however, are very plentiful, occurring most usually amongst the foliage or on the bark of various trees, but many, especially among the wingless or short- winged species, can also be found under stones or among dead leaves. The “Book-Lice” do much damage to book- bindings and to insect or plant collections, and even to food substances indoors. The species recorded in the following list were nearly all obtained in the Fylingdales district, around Robin Hood’s Bay. ISOTECNOMERA PSOCIDAE PSOCUS Latreille gibbosus (Sulz.) — On oak, not very common, nebulosus Steph. — Chiefly on oak. TRICHADENOTECNUM Enderlein sexpunctatum (L.) — ^Frequent, resting on the bark of various trees. LOENSIA Enderlein fasciata (Fabr.) — Fairly frequent on the bark of trees, variegata (Latr.) — In similar situations to the last. AMPHIGERONTIA Kolbe bifasciata (Latr.) — A common species, among the foliage and on the bark of various trees. STENOPSOCIDAE GRAPHOPSOCUS Kolbe cruciatus (L.) — One of the commonest species, found on trees, especi- ally oak. Interesting variations in the length of the wings occur among individuals. 108 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT STENOPSOCUS Hagen stigmaticus (Imh. & Labr.) — Not so common as the next species, but: occurring in Fylingdales on oak, holly and ivy. immaculatus (Steph.) — A very common species on deciduous trees. POLYPSOCIDAE REUTERELLA Enderlein helvimaculata (End.) — Common on the trunks of trees. In the crevices of the bark they construct webs under which adults, immature individuals and eggs may be found. CAECILIIDAE CAECILIUS Curtis fuscopterus (Latr.) — ^This species has occurred once only in this area, when it was beaten from a hawthorn hedge beneath an oak, at Robin Hood’s Bay, flavidus (Steph.) — Plentiful; obtained by beating various trees, especially oak. burmeisteri Brauer — Common on conifers. ENDERLEINELLA Badonnel obsoleta (Steph.) — Fairly common and often obtained with the previous species on conifers. LACHESILLA Westwood pedicularia (L.) — ^A common species, sometimes occurring in swarms, but in this area known only from Robin Hood’s Bay, PERIPSOCIDAE PERIPSOCUS Hagen phaeopterus (Steph.) — ^Fairly common on both deciduous and con- iferous trees. parvulus Kolbe — Not at all common. The only known occurrence in this area was a colony found on the bark of an old sycamore tree at Fylinghall. alboguttatus (Dalm.) — Another uncommon species, taken on larch at Robin Hood’s Bay. ECTOPSOCUS McLachlan briggsi (McL.) — ^Fairly common on various trees such as oak and holly, and sometimes occurring in large numbers among decaying leaves in winter. HETEROTECNOMERA MESOPSOCIDAE MESOPSOCUS Kolbe unipunctatus (Muell., O.F.) — Common and widespread on various trees. INSECTA — ANOPLURA 109 ELIPSOCUS Hagen consimilis McL. — Taken in this area only in Ramsdale on larch and Scots pine. cyanops Rost. — Plentiful on conifers. hyalinus (Steph.) — Common on deciduous trees. •westwoodi McL. — Common and frequently occurring with the last species. PHILOTARSUS Kolbe picicornis (Fabr.) — Common, especially on conifers. LIPOSCELIDAE LIPOSCELIS Motschulsky divinatorius (MuelL, O.F.) — Very common; too plentiful in houses where it does much damage to insect collections and dried plants, etc. One of the Book-Lice. PSYLLIPSOCIDAE PSYLLIPSOCUS Selys ramburi Sel. — Occurs indoors among papers, etc., sometimes with the previous species but not so commonly. The short-winged form, previously known as Nymphopsocus destructor (End.), has been taken once in the area, at Robin Hood’s Bay. TROGIIDAE LEPINOTUS Heyden inquilinus Heyd. — Occurs indoors, sometimes in large numbers ; our only record is from Sceirborough. TROGIUM Illiger pulsatorium (L.) — ^Another of the Book-Lice and a household pest. Does much damage to book-bindings and collections of insects and plants, and is commonly known as the Lesser Death-Watch. HYPERETES Kolbe guestfalicus Kolbe — Occurs plentifully on tree trunks, sycamore, beech, alder and ash. Order ANOPLURA — LICE G. B. Walsh MALLOPHAGA— BITING LICE The following records are based on specimens in a collection formed at the end of the last century by the late W. J. Clarke, and on examples found on their hosts by J- S. Hicks of High Fordon, near Wold Newton, A. J. Wallis and G. B. Walsh. They have been identified by the late Dr. J. Waterston, by Mr. Gordon B. Thompson and by Miss Theresa Clay. We are especially indebted to Miss Clay for the great help she has also given us in the compilation of this list and for much helpful advice. 110 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT The list is alphabetical and is based on “ A Check List of the Genera and Species of Mallophaga ” by G. H. E. Hopkins and Theresa Clay, published by the British Museum, 1952. At Miss Clay’s suggestion we are marking certain species with an * indicating ‘that such names are provisional until a revision of the genus shows whether or not they are synonymous with another species’. For conformity the scientific names of the birds are the same as those used later in the list of birds by A. J. Wallis. AMYRSIDEA Ewing perdicis (Denny) — On common partridge, Perdix p. perdix (L.) — Scarborough, Rudston. ANATICOLA Clay *angustolimbatus (Gieb.) — On common scoter, Melanitta n. nigra (L.) — Filey Brigg, 27/12/51, Scarborough, anseris (L.) — On domestic goose, Anser anser (L.) — Scarborough, crassicomis (Scop.) — On mallard. Anas p. platyrhyncha L. — Scar- borough. crassicomis sordidus (Gieb.) — On teal. Anas c. crecca L. — Scar- borough. *frater (Gieb.) — On long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (L.) — Scarborough. rubromaculatus (Rudow) — On common eider, Somateria m. molliss- ima (L.) — Scarborough. ANATOECUS Cummings *brunneopygus (Mjoeb.) — On brent goose, Branta bernicla (L.) — Scarborough. *ferrugineus (Gieb.) — On common scoter, Melanitta n. nigra (L.) — Scarborough. *natatorum (Rudow) — On long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (L.) Scarborough. BRUELIA Keler merulensis (Denny) — On blackbird, Turdus m. merula L. — Hackness, nebulosa (Burm.) — On starling, Stumus v. vulgaris L. — Scarborough, uncinosa (Burm.) — On carrion-crow, Corvus c. corone L. — High Fordon, -/4/54. viscivori (Denny) — On mistle-thrush, Turdus v. viscivorus L. — Scarborough. CAMPANULOTES Keler bidentatus (Scop.)— On wood-pigeon, Columba p. palumbus L. — Scarborough. compar (Burm.) — On pigeon, Columba livia domestica L. — Scar- borough. COLOCERAS Taschenberg damicome (Nitzsch) — On wood-pigeon. Columba p. palumbus L. — near Scarborough. COLPOCEPHALUM Nitzsch subaequale Burm. — On rook, Corvus f. frugilegus L. — Scarborough. INSECTA — ANOPLURA 111 COLUMBICOLA Ewing claviformis (Denny) — On wood-pigeon, Columba p. palumbus L. — Scarborough, Bempton. columbae (L.) — On pigeon, Columba livia domestica L. — Scar- borough. CRASPEDONIRMUS Thompson colymbinus (Denny) — On red-throated diver, Colymbus stellata Pontopp. — Scarborough, 18/6/94. CUMMINGSIELLA Ewing ovalis (Scop.) — On common curlew, Numenius a. arquata (L.) — Scarborough. DAMALINIA Mjoeberg breviceps (Rudow) — On cow. Bos taurus L. — Widely distributed. caprae (Gurlt) — On goat, Capra hircus L. — Scarborough. DEGEERIELLA Neumann rufa (Burm.) — On kestrel, Falco t. tinnunculus L. — Scarborough. DENNYUS Neumann hirundinis (L.) — On swift, Apus a. apus (L.) — Filey, 22/5/52; Scar- borough. FELICOLA Ewing subrostratus (Burm.) — On domestic cat, Felis catus L. — Common. vulpis (Denny) — On fox, Vulpes vulpes crucigera (Bechst.) — Scar- borough. GLIRICOLA Mjoeberg porcelli (Schr.) — On cavy, Cavia porcellus (L.) — Scarborough. GONIOCOTES Burmeister alatus Piag. — On red-legged partridge, Alectoris r. rufa (L.) — Scarborough, 17/4/52. GONIODES Nitzsch dispar Burm. — On red-legged partridge, Alectoris r. rufa (L.) — Scarborough, 17/4/52. spinicomis Nitzsch — On tragopan, Tragopan satyra (L.) — Near Scarborough ; probably an aviary bird, and therefore the record is of no faunistic significance. GYROPUS Nitzsch ovalis Burm. — On cavy, Cavia porcellus (L.) — Scarborough. HOHORSTIELLA Eichler gigantea (Denny) — On stock-dove, Columba oenas L. — Flamborough, Scarborough. LUNACEPS Clay & Meinertzhagen numenii (Denny) — On common curlew, Numenius a. arquata (L.) — near Scarborough. MENACANTHUS Neumann mutabilis Blag. — On starling, Stumus v. vulgaris (L.) — Scarborough. stramineus (Nitzsch) — On domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo domestica — Scarborough . MENOPON Nitzsch gallinae (L.) — On fowl, Gallus domesticus — Scarborough. 112 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MYRSIDEA Waterston anathorax (Nitzsch) — On jackdaw, Corvus monedula spermologus V ieill . — Scarborough . cornicis (De G.) — On carrion-crow, Corvus c. corone L. — High Fordon, -/4/54; Scarborough. cucularis (Nitzsch) — On starling, Stumus v. vulgaris L. — Scar- borough. isostoma (Nitzsch) — On rook, Corvus f. frugilegus L. — Scarborough, picae (L.) — On magpie. Pica p. pica (L.) — Raincliffe Wood. ORNITHOBIUS Denny cygni (L.) — On whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (L.) — Near Scar- PECTINOPYGUS Mjoeberg borough, bassani (Fabr., 0.) — On gannet, Sula bassana (L.) — Scarborough, PERINEUS Harrison ^ 2/7/53. nigrolimbatus (Gieb.)— On fulmar petrel. Fulmarus g. glacialis (L.) — Scarborough, -/4/54; Flamborough. PHILOPTERUS Nitzsch atratus Nitzsch — On rook, Corvus f. frugilegus L. — Scarborough, 24/2/51 ; High Fordon, -/4/54. cincli (Denny) — ^On dipper, Cinclus cinclus gularis (Lath.) — Moors near Scarborough. fringillae (Scop.) — On house-sparrow. Passer d. domesticus (L.) — Scarborough, 27/12/51. guttatus (Denny) — On jackdaw, Corvus monedula spermologus Vieill. — Scarborough; Hackness, 19/7/24. *hamatus (Pack.) — On snow-bunting, Plectrophenax n. nivalis (L.) — Scarborough. *merulae (Denny) — On blackbird. Turdus m. merula L. — Scar- borough. modularis (Denny) — On hedge-sparrow. Prunella modularis (L.) — Scarborough, 29/7/53. ocellatus (Scop.) — On hooded crow, Corvus c. comix L. — Scar- borough. picae (Denny) — On magpie. Pica p. pica (L.) — Raincliffe Wood, pyrrhulae (Schr.)=P. c. citrinellae (Schr.) — On bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.) — Scarborough. turdi (Denny)— On song-thrush, Turdus ericetorum Turton — Scar- borough. QUADRACEPS Clay & Meinertzhagen alcae (Denny) — On razorbill, Alca torda L. — Scarborough, eugrammicus (Burm.) — On little gull, Lams minutus Pall. — Scarborough. obliquus (Mjoeb.) — On guillemot, Uria aalge (Pont.) — Filey Brigg, 14/1/51. omatus striolatus (Nitzsch) — On great black-backed gull, Lams marinus L., juvenile — Scarborough, 2/10/53. punctatus (Burm.) — On black-headed gull, Lams r. ridibundus L. — Scarborough, -/4/52. INSECTA — ANOPLURA 113 RICINUS De Geer bombycillae (Denny) — On waxwing, Bombycilla g. garrulus (L.) — Scarborough. irascens (Burm.) — On chaffinch, Fringiila coelebs L. — Scarborough. SAEMUNDSSONIA Timmermann calva (Kell.) — On guillemot, Uria aalge (Pont.) — Scarborough, celidoxa (Burm.) — On razorbill, Alca torda L. — Flamborough. cephalus (Denny) — On Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus (L.) — Scarborough. fraterculae (Overg.) — On puffin, Fratercula arctica (L.) — Flam- borough. inexspectata Timm. — On little gull, Lams minutus Pall. — Scarborough. New to science. lari breviappendiculata (Piag.) — On herring gull, Larus a. argentatus Pont. — Bempton, 15/4/51; Scarborough, 16/3/53. lari congener (Gieb.) — On common gull, Lams c. canus L. — Scarborough, 21/5/52. lari gonothorax (Gieb.) — On great black-backed gull, Larus marinus (L.) — Scarborough, on young gull, 22/10/53. lari lari (Fabr., O.) — On glaucous gull, Lams hyperboreus Gunn. — Scarborough. lari muelleri Eichl. — On black-headed gull, Larus r. ridibundus L. — Scarborough. lari tridactylae Timm. — On kittiwake, Rissa t. tridactyla (L.) — - Scarborough; Bempton, 18/7/53. lari waterstoni Timm. — On little gull, Lams minutus Pall. — Scar- borough. New to science. Miss Clay in litt. says “ Although the populations of Mallophaga on these gulls have been named and can for the present time be considered as subspecies, it is probable that further revisionary work will show that some at least are not separable ”. lockleyi Clay — On Arctic tern. Sterna macmra Naumann— Cornelian Bay, 12/9/52. occidentalis (Kell.) — On fulmar petrel, Fulmams g. glacialis (L.) — Scarborough, -/4/54. stemae (L.) — On common tern. Sterna h. hirundo L. — Scarborough, -/11/93. tringae (Fabr., O.) — On purple sandpiper, Calidris m. maritima (Brunn . ) — Scarborough . variabilis (Denny )= tringae (Fabr., O.) — On dunlin, Calidris alpin.i (L. ) — Scarborough . STURNIDOECUS Eichler stumi (Schr.) — On starling, Stumus v. vulgaris (L.) — Scarborough, -/3/52. TRICHODECTES Nitzsch canis (De G.) — On dog, Canis familiaris L. — Common, ermineae (Hopk.) — On stoat, Mustela erminea stabilis Barr.-Ham. Scarborough. 114 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT melis (Fabr., J. C.) — On badger, Meles meles (L.) — Common. Badgers found freshly killed have been very heavily infested, mustelae (Schr.) — On weasel, Mustela n. nivalis L. — Scarborough. TRINOTON Nitzsch anserinum (Fabr., J. C.) — On goose, Anser anser (L.) — Scarborough, querquedulae (L.) — On teal. Anas c. crecca L. — Scarborough. SIPHUNCULATA— SUCKING LICE The nomenclature adopted is that of Kloet & Hincks “ A Check List of British Insects ”, 1945. HAEMATOPINIDAE NEOHAEMATOPINUS Mjoeberg sciurinus (Mjoeb.) — On red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris leucourus Kerr, Forge Valley. POLYPLAX Enderlein spinulosa (Burm.) — On brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (ErxL), common in Scarborough District ; on water vole, Arvicola a. amphi- bius (L.), Seamer. HOPLOPLEURA Enderlein sciuricola Ferr. — On grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis Gmel., Forge Valley, Langdale End. LINOGNATHUS Enderleib stenopsis (Burm.) — On dog, Canis familiaris L., Scarborough, vituli (L.) — On cattle. HAEMATOPINUS Leach asini (L.) — On domestic ass, Equus asinus L., Scarborough ; on pony, Equus caballus L., Scarborough, suis (L.) — On pig, Sus scrofa L., common. PEDICULIDAE PEDICULUS Linnaeus humanus L. — V. capitis De G. — HEAD LOUSE. After a flare-up during the 1939-45 war the number of children affected is steadily declining and grossly infested heads are not at all common. With better standards and more efficient remedies the head louse should soon become a thing of the past. V. corporis De G. — BODY LOUSE. This and the following commitant of human degradation are rarely found nowadays. There has only been one case of v. corporis in a schoolchild reported during the past 20 years. PHTHIRIDAE PHTHIRUS Leach pubis (L.) — CRAB LOUSE. Apparently almost extinct. INSECTA — EPHEMEROPTERA 115 Order EPHEMEROPTERA — MAYFLIES H. Whitehead The first list of Ma3dlies found in Yorkshire was published in the “Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine” in 1927. More recent records have been given in the “ Naturalist ” and in the “ Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” Part 36 (1945). This list is very incomplete as several common species which one would expect to find in the district have not yet been recorded. Most of the species given spend their nymphal stages in rapid streams. The common names given are those used by fly-fishermen. The recorders are : H.B.— H. Britten, fil. G.BtW.— G. B. Walsh J.M.B.— J. M. Brown H.W.— H. Whitehead E.P. — E. Percival EPHEMERIDAE EPHEMERA Linnaeus vulgata L. — Scalby Sea Cut, 20/6/41, (H.W.). danica Muell. — “The Mayfly,” male imago — “Black Drake,” female imago — -“Grey Drake,” sub-imago — “Green Drake.” Fylinghall, 17/6/39, Ramsdale, 25/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Brockets, 14/6/38, (J.M.B.) ; Helwath Beck, 6/6/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/24, (H.W.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W.). LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE LEPTOPHLEBIA Westwood marginata (L.) — Jugger Beck, (E.P.). PARALEPTOPHLEBIA Lestage submarginata (Steph.) — Sub-imago — “Turkey Brown.” Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Brockets, 3/7/39, (J.M.B.) . cincta (Retz.) — Brockets, 5/10/37, (J.M.B.). HABROPHLEBIA Eaton fusca (Curt.) — Brockets, 2/7/37, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). EPHEMERELLIDAE EPHEMERELLA Walsh ignita (Poda) — Imago — “Sherry Spinner,” sub-imago — “Blue-winged Olive.” Brockets, 2/7/37, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, Goath- land, 12/7/46, (H.W.). BAETIDAE BAETIS Leach scambus Eat. — Goathland, 30/9/37, (H.B.). rhodani (Piet.) — Imago — -“Red Spinner,” sub-imago — “Large Dark Olive.” Stainton Dale, (E.P.) ; Littlebeck, 4/34, (sub-imago), Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/42, (H.W.) ; Goathland, 30/9/37, Hole of Horcum, 27/6/37, (H.B.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W.). 116 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT piimilus (Burm.) — Ramsdale, 14/10/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Brockets, 29/9/37, Maw Wyke, 12/6/38, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). CENTROPTILUM Eaton luteolum (Muell.) — ^Fylinghall, 12/9/36, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, (J.M.B.) ; Goathland, 2/9/47, (H.W.). pennulatum Eat. — ^East Row, 20/9/36, Fylinghall, 12/9/36, (J.M.B.). PROCLOEON Bengtsson rufulum (Muell.) — ^East Row, 20/9/36, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.); Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). ECDYONURIDAE RHITHROGENA Eaton semicolorata (Curt.) — Imago — “Yellow Upright.” Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Fylinghall, 20/6/36, Oxbank Wood, 14/9/36, Howdale, 12/6/37, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Brockets. 26/4/38, Maw Wyke. 12/6/38, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/42, Dalby Beck, 7/6/41, (H.W.). HEPtAGENIA Walsh lateralis (Curt.) — ^Mill Beck, (E.P.) ; Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Brockets, 2/7/37, Fylinghall, 23/8/39, (J.M.B.). ECDYONURUS Eaton venosus (Fabr.) — Sub-imago — “False March Brown.” Fylinghall, 20/6/36, Bay Town, 21/6/38, Brockets, 27/5/40, Oxbank Wood, 12/6/40, (J.M.B.); Goathland, 2/9/47, (H.W.). • dispar (Curt.) — Sub-imago — “August or Autumn Dun.” Fylinghall, 22/9/36, Oxbank Wood, 1/10/37, Brockets, 28/9/37, (J.M.B.) ; Goathland, 2/9/47, (H.W.). Order ODONATA DRAGON FLIES and DAMSEL -FLIES G. B. Walsh The following initials are used : — J.M.B. — ^J. M. Brown W.J.C.— W. T- Clarke H.W.D.— H. W. Dobson G.T.P.— G. T. Porritt T.N.R.— T. N. Roberts A.S.T. — A. S. Tetley E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh ZYGOPTERA COENAGRIIDAE PYRRHOSOMA Charpentier nymphula (Sulz.) — LARGE RED DAMSEL-FLY. One specimen at Langdale End, 1912 (A.S.T.) ; several up Bloody Beck, 1913 (E.A.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). INSECTA — ODONATA 117 TSCHNURA Charpentier elegans (v.d. Lind.) — COMMON ISCHNURA. Scarborough Mere. 29/6/13 — 27/7/13 (T.N.R.) ; Filey, 6/14 (G.T.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). pumilio (Charp.) — SCARCE PUMILIO. Scarborough Mere, 22/6/13 (T.N.R. ). ENALLAGMA Charpentier cyathigerum (Charp.) — COMMON BLUE DAMSEL-FLY. Common and somewhat variable. Occurs near many of the permanent pools in the district. COENAGRION Kirby, W. F. puellum (L.)— COMMON COENAGRION. Common. AGRIIDAE AGRION Fabricius virgo (L.) — DEMOISELLE. Common and at times abundant in the Derwent at Langdale End, Hilla Green and Forge Valley; common in Low North Beck at Barns Cliff (G.B.W.) ; abundant, Newton Dale, Jugger Beck (E.A.W.) ; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1946). splendens (Harris, M.) — BANDED AGRION. Very local, Ganton (E.A.W.) . ANISOPTERA CORDULEGASTRIDAE CORDULEGASTER Leach boltonii (Don.)— GOLDEN-RINGED DRAGON-FLY. Fairly com- mon along the banks of moorland streams. Occasionally it comes down to the lowlands, and on 12/10/49 (a very hot year), a pair were seen flying round Mr. H. W. Dobson’s ornamental fish-pond in Stepney Drive, Scarborough. AESHNIDAE AESHNA Fabricius jimcea (L.) — COMMON AESHNA. Somewhat local ; Ravenscar (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Langdale, Bloody Beck (E.A.W.). cyanea (Muell., O. F.) — SOUTHERN AESHNA. Scarborough (G.T.P. , in Viet. County Hist.) ; Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.). LIBELLULIDAE LIBELLULA Linnaeus quadrimaculata L. — FOUR-SPOTTED LIBELLULA. Stepney, 18/4/13 (T.N.R.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). depressa L. — BROAD-BODIED LIBELLULA. Scarborough (G.T.P.) ; two m. and one f. at Langdale End, 2/6/47 (E.A.W.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). SYMPETRUM Newman striolatum (Charp.)— COMMON SYMPETRUM. Occasional ; Throxenby Mere, 11/10/35 (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough, 12/10/49 (H.W.D.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) . 118 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LEUCORRHINIA Brittinger dubia (v.d. Lind.)— WHITE-FACED DRAGON-FLY. In June, 1900, many thousands of this rare dragon-fly were seen coming in from the sea at Scarborough ; they were seen from the South Cliff to as far north as Cloughton (W.J.C.) . They were identified by an expert of the " Field.” Miss Cynthia Longfield does not record it as a migrant in her “Dragonflies of the British Isles,” 1937. Order THYSANOPTERA THRIPS, BLACK FLY G. B. Walsh There are about 200 known British species of this little-known order of minute insects ; but no systematic work has been done on them locally, largely owing to the lack of a textbook of diagnostic tables. They are common enough and, though some few are agricultural pests, the authorities report that few species, if any, do damage of importance to forest trees. We are much indebted to Mr. H. W. Thompson for his help in compiling this list. AEOLOTHRIPIDAE AEOLOTHRIPS Haliday nobilis Priesn. — By sweeping, Fylingdales Moor (G.B.W.). THRIPIDAE HELIOTHRIPS Haliday haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) — GREENHOUSE THRIPS. Common under glass (H.W.T.). LIMOTHRIPS Haliday denttcomis Hal. — CORN THRIPS. Common and widely distributed (H.W.T., G.B.W.). cerealium Hal. — CORN THRIPS. Common and widely distributed, and at times a pest (H.W.T., G.B.W.). APTINOTHRIPS Haliday rufus (Gmel. in L.) — GRASS THRIPS. Not uncommon (H.W.T.). stylifer Tryb. — Not uncommon on grasses (H.W.T.). ODONTOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville ulicis (Hal.) — Abundant and generally distributed on Ulex (G.B.W.). KAKOTHRIPS Williams robustus (Uzel) — PEA THRIPS. On garden peas, runner beans and sweet peas. At times a troublesome pest which it is not easy to eradicate (G.B.W.). AMBLYTHRIPS Bagnall ericae (Hal.) — By sweeping, Fylingdales Moor and Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HETEROPTERA 119 TAENIOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville vulgatissimus (Hal.) — On Brassica, Beta, Rumex, Prunus and Pyrus (H.W.r.). atratus (Hal.)— CARNATION THRIPS. Common (H.W.T., G.B.W.). inconsequens (Uzel) — PEAR THRIPS. Occasional (H.W.T., G.B.W.). picipes (Zett.) — Abundant on flowers of Primula vulgaris in the spring (G.B.W.). THRIPS Linnaeus fuscipennis Hal. — ROSE THRIPS. On the flowering plants (H.W.T.). tabaci Lind. — ONION THRIPS. Not uncommon on Compositae, etc., and in glasshouses (H.W.T.). angusticeps Uzel — 'On Brassica, Taraxacum, etc. (H.W.T.). HAPLOTHRIPS Amyot & Serville senecionis Bagn. — On S. jacobaea and S. aquaticus (H.W.T.), Order HEMIPTERA — PLANT BUGS G. B. Walsh A fair amount of collecting Hemiptera has been done in the area, chiefly by H. Britten fil. in the north and west, and the late James Meikle Brown near Robin Hood’s Bay, and the author in the Scarborough district ; but much remains to be done, notably in the little-worked and obscurer groups outside the Heteroptera. Our best thanks are due to Dr. W. E. China for his kind help and advice in the compilation of this list. The following initials are used : — E.A.B. E. A. Butler W.J.F. W. J. Fordham H.B. H. Britten fil. E.C.H. E. C. Horrell J.M.B. J. M. Brown R.L. R. Lawson H.J.B. H. J. Burkill M.L.T. M. L. Thompson W.F. W. Falconer G.B.W. G. B. Walsh W.W.F. W. W. Fowler T.W. T. Wilkinson ^ Sub-Order HETEROPTERA — Plant Bugs ' The nomenclature used for the Heteroptera is that of Kloet and i Hincks’ “ A Check List of British Insects ”, 1945. Series POLYNEURIA [ PENTATOMIDAE , PALOMENA Mulsant & Rey prasina (L.) — Rare; Sleights (H.B.). 120 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PIEZODORUS Fieber lituratus (Fabr.)— Common on gorse in many localities. PENTATOMA Olivier rufipes (L.) — Widely distributed and often common. ZICRONA Amyot & Serville caerulea (L.) — Widely distributed all over the moors, but not common. ACANTHOSOMIDAE ACANTHOSOMA Curtis haemorrhoidale (L.)— Common. ELASMOSTETHUS Fieber interstinctus ( L . ) — Common . ELASMUCHA Stal grisea (L.) — Local; Hole of Horcum, Helwath Beck (H.B.). COREIDAE ENOPLOPS Amyot & Serville scapha (Fabr.) — Scarborough on Ononis (T.W., G.B.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). ALYDUS Fabricius - cakaratus (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.). This is the only Yorkshire record and needs confirmation. MYRMUS Hahn miriformis (Fall.) — Pickering (G.B.W.) . Series PHLOEOBIOTICA ARADIDAE ARADUS Fabricius depressus (Fabr.) — Beckhole (H.B.). Series ONYCHIOPHORA LYGAEIDAE MACROPARIUS Stal thymi (Wolff, J. F.)— Fylingdales Moor (H.B-). CYMUS Hahn glandicolor Hahn — Levisham (H.B.). KLEIDOCERYS Stephens ericae Horv. — Very common on all the moors of the district. MACRODEMA Fieber micropterum (Curt.) — Silpho Moor (E.C.H.) ; Ravenscar, Hazel Beck (H.B.). PLINTHISUS Stephens brevipennis (Latr.) — Cloughton (E.C.H.) . STYGNOCORIS Douglas & Scott rusticus (Fall.) — Near Sleights (M.L.T.). pedestris (Fall.) — At plant roots, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Levisham, Hole of Horcum (H.B.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HETEROPTERA 121 TRAPEZONOTUS Fieber arenarius (L.) — Common and widely distributed. DRYMUS Fieber sylvaticus (Fabr.) — Common. var. ryei Doug. & Scott — Under Calluna, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). brunneus (Sahib., R. F.) — Apparently not common; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Ramsdale, a single specimen (J.M.B.). piceus (Flor) — Scarborough (R.L.). TAPHROPELTUS Stal contractus (Herr.-Sch.) — Ravenscar (J.M.B.). SCOLOPOSTETHUS Fieber affinis (Schill.) — Probably common, though there are few records, thomsoni Reut. — Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). decoratus (Hahn) — Common under Calluna. GASTRODES Westwood grossipes (De G.) — Silpho Moor, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). Probably widely distributed. Series ANONYCHIA PIESMIDAE PIESMA Lepeletier & Serville maculata (Cast.) — Egton Bridge (H.B.). TINGIDAE ACALYPTA Westwood brunnea (Germ.) — Scarborough in moss on tree trunks in winter and spring (T.W.). TINGIS Fabricius S. LASIOTROPIS Stal reticulata Herr.-Sch. — Scarborough (R.L.). S. TINGIS s.s. cardui (L.)— Common on thistles. REDUVHDAE EMPICORIS Wolff, J. F. culiciformis De G. — Local; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). NABIDAE NABIS Latreille S. NABIS s.s. ferns (L.) — Stony Marl Moor, Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Beedale (E.C.H.). flavomarginatus Scholtz — Staintondale (W.J.F.) ; Seamer (G.B.W.) ; Ramsdale, Robin Hood’s Bay, the rare macropterous form,, 11/7/43 (J.M.B.). rugosus (L.) — Widely distributed, ericetorum Scholtz — Common among Calluna. brevis Scholtz — Sleights (H.B.). S. pOLICHONABIS Reuter limbatus Dahlb. — Common and widely distributed. 122 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CIMICIDAE CIMEX Linnaeus lectularius L. — Only too common in houses and ships, columbarius Jenyns — Common in dovecote, Scarborough (G.B.W.). ANTHOCORIDAE TEMNOSTETHUS Fieber pusillus (Herr.-Sch.) — Common and widely distributed, chiefly the brachypterous form. ELATOPHILUS Reuter nigricomis ( Zett . ) — Sleights ( H . B . ) . ANTHOCORIS Fallen confusus Rent. — Common, nemoralis (Fabr.) — Common, sarothamni Doug. & Scott — Ravenscar (J.M.B.). nemorum (L.) — Common, will “ bite ” at times. TETRAPHLEPS Fieber bicuspis (Herr.-Sch.) — Forge Valley, Silpho Moor (G.B.W.) ; Levisham (H.B.) ; Fylinghall (J.M.B.). ACOMPOCORIS Reuter pygmaeus (Fall.) — Common and widely distributed. ORIUS Wolff, J. F. majuscuius (Reut.) — Levisham, Beckhole (H.B.). LYCTOCORIS Hahn campestris (Fabr.) — Common and generally distributed. XYLOCORIS Dufour cursitans (Fall.) — Egton Bridge (H.B.). LORICULIDAE LORICULA Curtis pselaphiformis Curt. — Egton (J.M.B.). elegantula (Baer.) — Widely distributed and common on tree trunks in the Robin Hood’s Bay area from August to October, 1940 ; all female specimens (J.M.B.). MIRIDAE PITHANUS Fieber markeli (Herr.-Sch.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; not common. PANTILIUS Curtis tunicatus (Fabr.) — Widely distributed. PHYTOCORIS Fallen tiliae (Fabr.) — Rather common and generally distributed, longipennis Flor — Seamer Moor (W.J.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Levisham, Goathland (H.B.). pini Kirschb. — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B. ). varipes Boh. — Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar (H.B.). ulmi (L.) — Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). MEGACOELUM Fieber infusum (Herr.-Sch.) — Randymere (H.B.) ; occasional on oak, Ravenscar (J.M.B.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HETEROPTERA 123 ADELPHOCORIS Reuter seticcmis (Fabr.) — Filey (W.W.F.). CALOCORIS Fieber ochromelas (Gmel.) — Common. sexguttatus (Fabr.) v. insularis Reut. — Common on nettles, alpestris (Meyer-Duer) — Common in Raincliffe Wood and Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; less common, Oxbank Wood (J.M.B.). roseomaculatus (De G.) — Robin Fiood’s Bay, plentiful on Centaurea (J.M.B.). norvegicus (Gmel.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar (H.B.). MIRIS Fabricius striatus (L.) — Oaks, Oxbank Wood, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). DICHROOSCYTUS Fieber rufipennis (Fall.) — Ramsdale (T.M.B.). LYGUS Hahn S. LYGUS s.s. pabulinus (L.) — Hayburn Wvke, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). S. NEOLYGUS Knight viridis (Fall.) — Forge Valley on Filipendula ulmaria, Hayburn Wyke on nettles (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). contaminatus (Fall.) — Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; common at Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). spinolae (Meyer-Duer) — ^Grosmont (J.M.B.). lucorum (Meyer-Duer) — Goathland (H.B.). nibricatus (Fall.) — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, Sleights (H.B.). cervinus (Herr.-Sch.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Ramsdale, Ravenscar EXOLYGUS Wagner, E, (J-M.B.). pratensis (L.) — Very common. S. ORTHOPS Fieber campestris (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.). kalmii (L.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Egton Bridge (H.B.). PLESIOCORIS Fieber nigicolHs (Fall.) — Forge Valley, Seamer (G.B.W.) ; common on sallow, Fylinghall, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CAMPTOZYGUM Reuter pinastri (Fall.) — Hole of Horcum (H.B.). CHARAGOCHILUS Fieber gyllenhatii (Fall.) — Levisham, Beckhole (H.B.). LIOCORIS Fieber tripustulatus (Fabr.) — Common and generally distributed. RHOPALOTOMUS Fieber ater (L.) — Common. STENODEMA Laporte de Castelnau S. BRACHYSTIRA Fieber calcaratum (Fall.) — Common S. STENODEMA s.s. laevigatum (L.) — Scarborough (T.W., G.B.W.) ; Fylinghall holsatum (Fabr.) — Common. (J.M.B.). 124 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT TRIGONOTYLUS Fieber ruficomis (Geoffr.) — Common among grass. TERATOCORIS Fieber viridis Doug. & Scott — Robin Hood’s Bay, Hole of Horcum, Fyling- dales Moor, Levisham, Helwath Beck (H.B.). saundersi Doug. & Scott — Sleights (M.L.T.). LEPTOPTERNA Fieber ferrugata (Fall.) — Common, dolabrata (L.) -Common. MONALOCORIS Dahlbom fiiicis (L.) — Abundant and generally distributed. BRYOCORIS Fallen pteridis (Fall.) — Plentiful, both long- and short-winged forms. DICYPHUS Fieber constrictus (Boh.) — Rainciiffe Wood (Gr.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). epilobii Rent. — Common on Epilobiutn. errans (Wolff, J. F.) — Scarborough (T.W.). stachydis Reut. — Plentiful. pallidicomis (Fieb.) — Cloughton (G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.). globuiifer (Fall.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Rainciiffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). annulatus (Wolff, J. F.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). CAMPYLONEURA Fieber virgula (Herr.-Sch.) — Common. CYLLECORIS Hahn histrionicus (L.) — Common and generally distributed. DRYOPHILOCORIS Reuter flavoquadrimaculatus (De G.) — Widely distributed, but not as com- mon as the last. BLEPHARIDOPTERUS Kolenati angulatus (Fall.) — Common. GLOBICEPS Lepeletier & Serville dispar (Boh.) — At roots of rushes on moor above Raw (J.M.B.). MECOMMA Fieber ambulans (Fall.) — Common. CYRTORHINUS Fieber caricis (Fall.) — ^At roots of rushes, widely distributed. ORTHOTYLUS Fieber nassatus (Fabr.) — Rare; one specimen at Fylinghall, 15/9/36 (J.M.B.). prasinus (Fall.) — Brockets, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). MELANOTRICHUS Reuter virescens (Doug. & Scott) — Common on Sarothamnus. adenocarpi (Perr.) — On Sarothamnus, Grosmont (J.M.B.) ; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). ericetorum (Fall.) — Common on Calluna. INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HETEROPTERA 125 CAPSUS Fabricius meriopterus (Scop.) — Raw, on mint in garden, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). HETEROCORDYLUS Fieber leptocerus (Kirschb.) — Common on Sarothamnus. MALACOCORIS Fieber chlorizans (Panz.) — Common on hazel. ORTHOCEPHALUS Fieber mutabilis (Fall.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). STRONGYLOCORIS Blanchard leucocephalus (L.) — Scarborough, abundant on cliffs on short grass and Vicia cracca in July (T.W.). CONOSTETHUS Fieber roseus (Fall.) — Scarborough (T.W.). MACROTYLUS Fieber paykuUi (Fall.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Burniston Bay (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). HARPOCERA Curtis thoracica (Fall.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Howdale, Ramsdale ORTHONOTUS Stephens (J.M.B.). rufifrons (Fall.) — Ramsdale (J.M.B.). PHYLUS Hahn palliceps Fieb. — Brockets (J.M.B.). coryli (L.) — Brockets (J.M.B.). PSALLUS Fieber ambiguus (Fall.) — Forge Valley, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). betuleti (Fall.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Fylinghall, Brockets (J.M.B.). variabilis (Fall.) — Common. lepidus Fieb. — Spring Hill, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). alnicola Doug. & Scott — Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Grosmont, Hole of Horcum (H.B.). falleni Rent. — Forge Valley, Seamer Moor, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). varians (Herr.-Sch.)— Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). roseus (Fabr.) — Widely distributed. salicellus (Meyer-Duer) — Sleights, Helwath Beck (H.B.). ATRACTOTOMUS Fieber magnicomis (Fall.) — Seamer Moor, Forge Valley, Cloughton (G.B.W.) ; Goathland, Ramsdale (J.M.B.) . PLAGIOGNATHUS Fieber albipennis (Fall.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). chrysandiemi (Wolff, J. F.) — Widely distributed and common. arbustorum (Fabr.) — Very common. CHLAMYDATUS Curtis wilkinsoni (Doug. & Scott) — Scarborough (T.W.). ASCIODEMA Reuter obsoletum (Fieb.) — Common on Ulex. 126 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Series TRICHOTELOCERA CRYPTOSTEMMATIDAE CRYPTOSTEMMA Herrich-Schaeffer alienum Herr.-Sch. — Scarborough (T.W.) ; fairly common in shingle beds of the R. Derwent at Hilla Green and of other streams CG B W 1 Series HYDROBIOTICA ^ ^ • w . ; . HYDROMETRIDAE HYDROMETRA Latreille stagnorum (L.) — Seamer Carr (E.C.H.). GERRIDAE GERRIS Fabricius costae (Herr.-Sch.) — Uncommon; only on moorland pools above Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, Goathland (H.B.). thoracicus Schumm. — Somewhat uncommon ; not on moorland pools, but on both running and standing water, Fylingdales, Stoup Beck (J.M.B.). gibbifer Schumm. — Seamer Moor (W.J.F.) ; commonest species of the genus in Fylingdales (J.M.B.) . lacustris (L.) — Throxenby Mere (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; somewhat uncommon, Fylingdales (J.M.B.). odontogaster (Zett.) — Goathland (H.B.). argentatus Schumm. — Goathland (H.B.). VELIIDAE MICROVELIA Westwood reticulata (Burm.) — Seamer Moor (E.C.H.) . VELIA Latreille caprai Tam. — ^Very common on streams. SALDIDAE SALDA Fabricius muelleri Gmel. — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Goathland under Calluna, one SALDULA Van Duzee example (J.M.B.). scotica (Curt.) — Helwath Beck (H.B.). orthochila (Fieb.) — Harwood Dale (G.B.W.) . saltatoria (L.) — Common, c-album (Fieb.) — Common. CHARTOSCIRTA Stal cincta (Herr.-Sch.) — Fylingdales, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). cocksi (Curt.) — Ringing Keld Bog (E.C.H.). NEPIDAE NEPA Linnaeus cinerea L. — Somewhat uncommon. NOTONECTIDAE NOTONECTA Linnaeus glauca L. — Common, but less so on the moors, obliqua Gall. — Fairly common, maculata Fabr. — Very rare; Fylingdales (J.M.B.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HOMOPTERA 127 Series SANDALIORHYNCHA CORIXIDAE GLAENOCORISA Thomson, C. G. propinqua (Fieb.) — On the moors above Robin Hood’s Bay (T.M.B.). CORIXA Geoffroy S. VERMICORIXA Walton lateralis Leach — Evan Howe Pond, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). nigrolineata (Fieb.) — Common. concinna (Fieb.) — Rare ; Fylingdales (J.M.B.). S. CALLICORIXA White. praeusta (Fieb.) — Ugthorpe Moor (H.B.) ; not common, Fylingdales (J.M.B.). wollastoni (Doug. & Scott) — Common, especially on the moorland, but also at much lower elevations, Fylingdales (J.M.B.). S. RETROCORIXA Walton venusta (Doug. & Scott) — On the moors in Sphagnum pools (J.M.B.). limitata (Fieb.) — Uncommon; Fylingdales (J.M.B.). S. SUBSIGARA Stichel scotti (Fieb.) — Rare; Fylingdales (J.M.B.). fossarum Leach — Goathland ( H . B . ) . distincta (Fieb.) — Rare; Fylingdales (J.M.B.). S. HALICORIXA Walton stagnalis Leach — Biller Howe Dale (G.B.W.). S. ARCTOCORISA Wallengren germari (Fieb.) — Moors above Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/10/43 (J.M.B.). S. HESPEROCORIXA Kirkaldy castanea (Thoms., C. G.) — Moors above Robin Hood’s Bay, 8/10/43 (J.M.B.). moesta (Fieb.) — East Ayton (G.B.W.) ; Fvlingdales (J.M.B.). linnei (Fieb.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Fylingdales, very rare (J.M.B.). sahlbergi • (Fieb.) — Howdale, abundant Fylingdales (J.M.B.). S. CORIXA s.s. punctata (111.) — ^Abundant at Ravenscar (G.B.W.) ; common, Robin Hood’s Bay area (J.M.B.). dentipes (Thoms., C. G.) — Very rare ; one specimen, Fylingdales (J.M.B.). MICRONECTA Kirkaldy minutissima (L.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby Beck, plentiful among confervae at mouth (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, in enormous numbers in the muddy shallows of Brockets Beck (J.M.B.). Sub-order HOMOPTERA — Frog Hoppers, Leaf Hoppers etc. The classification of the Homoptera, with the exception of the Chermidae (Psyllidae) is that of Dr. W. E. China, A Check List of the British Hemiptera Auchenorhyncha, Ent. Mon. Mag., 86, 1950, pp. 243-251. 128 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Series AUCHENORHYNCHA CERCOPIDAE APHROPHORA Germar spumaria (L.)— Common and generally distributed. PHILAENUS Stal leucophthalmus (L.) — Abundant and in great variety. A pink form occurs on Calluna near the Falcon Inn. NEOPHILAENUS Haupt lineatus (L.) — Common and generally distributed. MEMBRACIDAE CENTROTUS Fabricius comutus (L.) — Rare; on the railway banks above Pickering (G.B.W.). CICADELLIDAE ULOPA Fallen reticulata (Fabr.) — Common on Calluna on the moors. MEGOPHTHALMUS Curtis scanicus (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). TETTIGELLA China & Fennah viridis (L.) — Common by sweeping in damp places. forma arundinis (Germ.) — Biller Howe Dale (G.B.W.). EVACANTHUS Lepeletier & Serville interruptus (L.) — Common. IDIOCERUS Lewis, R. H. stigmaticalis Lew., R. H. — Sleights, Grosmont, etc. (J.M.B.) . lituratus (Fall.) — Levisham, Goathland (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, very common (J.M.B.). elegans Flor — Sleights (H.B.) ; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). confusus Flor — Common and widely distributed, albicans Kirschb. — Sleights (J.M.B.); Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). lASSUS Fabricius lanio (L.) — Common. ONCOPSIS Burmeister alni (Schr.) — Common on alders, flavicollis (L.) — Common on birch, tristis (Zett.) — Widely distributed. , AGALLIA Curtis puncticeps (Germ.) — Raincliffe Wood, Cayton Bay, Pickering (G.B.W.). brachyptera (Boh.) — North Cliff, Scarborough in newly-cut grass at end of June (T.W.) ; East Ayton in cut grass »(G.B.W. ) . ANACERATAGALLIA Zachvatkin ribauti Oss. — Grosmont, Levisham (H.B.). EUPELIX Germar cuspidata (Fabr.) — ^At roots of grass, Ramsdale, Howdale, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HOMOPTERA 129 APHRODES Curtis bicinctus (Schr.) — Common and widely distributed. bifasciatus (L.) — Common and widely distributed at roots of Calluna. tricinctus Curt. — Hole of Horcum, Levisham (H.B.). albifrons (L.) — Common, especially at roots of Calluna. flavostriatus (D on . ) — Scalby (G . B . W . ) . DORATURA Sahlberg, J. stylata (Boh.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Howdale ^.M.B.). DELTOCEPHALUS Burmeister pulicaris (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). TURRUTUS Ribaut socialis (Flor) — Not common, Danes Dyke (J.M.B.). ERRASTUNUS Ribaut ocellaris (Fall.)— Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.) ; Goath- land, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). ADARRUS Ribaut multinotatus (Boh.) — Recorded from “ N.E. Yorks.” (E.A.B.). J ASS ARGUS Zachvatkin pseudocellaris (Flor) — Plentiful in both forms in Robin Hood’s Bay district (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). ARTHALDEUS Ribaut pascuellus (Fall.) — Pickering, East Ayton (G.B.W.) . PSAMMOTETTIX Haupt confinis (Dahlb.) — Plentiful among grass, Danes Dyke (J.M.B.) . ALLYGUS Fieber mixtus (Fabr.) — Ramsdale, Brockets, on ivy, Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). EUSCELIS Brulle lineolatus Brulle — Filey (W.J.F.) ; among grass near Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Grosmont (H.B.). plebejus (Fall.) — Common. obsoletus (Kirschb.) — Near the Falcon Inn (W.J.F.) . var. piceus Scott — Scarborough (T.W.). STREPTANUS Ribaut sordidus (Zett.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). marginatus (Kirschb.) — Fylinghall, cliffs at Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). HARDYA Edwards, J. melanopsis (Hardy, J.) — Howdale (J.M.B.). MOCYDIA Edwards, j. crocea (Herr.-Sch.) — Among dry grass, Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). THAMNOTETTIX Zetterstedt confinis Zett. — Common. PSEUDOTETTIX Ribaut subfusculus (Fall.) — ^Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Brockets (J.M.B.) ; Sleights (H.B.). LAMPROTETTIX Ribaut octopunctatus (Schr.) — Not common, Fylinghall (J.M.B.). 130 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CICADULA Zetterstedt quadrinotata (Fabr.) — East Ayton, Pickering (G.B.W.) ; Randymere, Hole of Horcum, Levisham (H.B.). quinquenotata (Boh.) — Seamer (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). persimilis (Edw., T.) — Goathland (H.B.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B.). ELYMANA De Long virescens (Fabr.) — Common. SONRONIUS Dorst quadripunctatus Fall. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; fairly plentiful at Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). MACROSTELES Fieber sexnotatus (Fall.) — Seamer (G.B.W.). ERYTHRONEURA Fitch angusta (Leth.) — Grosmont, Goathland, Brockets (J.M.B.). var. rubrinervis Edw., J. — Rare ; Brockets on hawthorn (J.M.B.). tiliae (Geoffr.)— Goathland (H.B.) ; Fylinghall (J.M.B.). flammigera (Geoffr.) — Common. alneti (Dahlb.) — Cayton Bay (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). s. sp. coryli (Toll.) — Littlebeck (H.B.). ZYGINIDIA Haupt scutellaris (Herr.-Sch.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). TYPHLOCYBA Germar cruenta Herr.-Sch. var. douglasi Edw., J. — Common. cam Edw., J. — Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Sleights (H.B.). decempunctata (Fall.) — Sleights, Helwath Beck (H.B.). sexpunctata (Fall.) — Common. quercus (Fabr.) — Common. bifasciata Boh. — Common. salicicola (Edw., J.) — Sleights (H.B.). callosa Then var. distincta Edw., J. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). rosae (L.) — Common. S. EDWARDSIANA Jazykov avellanae (Edw., J.) — Sleights (H.B.). crataegi (Dough) — Common. frustrator (Edw., J.) — Sleights, Goathland (H.B.). geometrica (Schrank) — Widely distributed. lethierryi (Edw., J.) — Goathland (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay RIBAUTIANA Zachvatkin (J-M.B.). ulmi (L.) — Abundant. debilis (Doug.) — Sleights, Goathland (H.B.). tenerrima (Herr.-Sch.) — Common. CICADELLA Dumeril vittata (L.) — Common, notata (Curt.) — Helwath Beck (H.B.). urticae (Fabr.) — Common. var. leucocnema (Osh.) — Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). Cyclops (Mats.) — Goathland (H.B.). stachydearum (Hardy, J.) — Common. INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HOMOPTERA 131 aurata (L.) — Common, atropunctata (Goeze) — Common, signatipennis (Boh.) — Common, tenella (Fall.) — Sleights (H.B.). EURHADINA Haupt pulchella (Germ.) — Common, concinna (Germ.) — Widely distributed. EMPOASCA Walsh S. KYBOS Fieber smaragdula (Fall.) — Common. S. CHLORITA Fieber decipiens (Paoli) — Common. ALEBRA Fieber albostriella (Fall.) — Danes Dyke, Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). wahlbergi (Boh.) — Brockets ( J.M.B.) . DIKRANEURA Hardy, J. mollicula (Boh.) — Ramsdale, Ravenscar (J.M.B.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). variata Hardy, J. — Ramsdale, beneath Calluna, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Sleights, Helwath Beck (H.B.). CIXIIDAE CIXIUS Latreille S. TACHYCIXIUS Wagner, W. pilosus (01.) — Common, var. albicinctus (Germ.) — Fylinghall (J.M.B.). var. infumatus Fieb. — Fylinghall (J.M.B.). S. CIXIUS s.s. nervosus (L.) — Danes Dyke, Ramsdale, Brockets (J.M.B.). S. PARACIXIUS Wagner, W. distinguendus Kirschb. — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; common on sallows, Fylinghall (J.M.B.); Goathland (H.B.). S. CERATOCIXIUS Wagner, W. cunicularius (L.) — Forge Valley, Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) . S. SCIOCIXIUS Wagner, W. similis Kirschb. — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). DELPHACIDAE STENOCRANUS Fieber minutus (Fabr.) — Ramsdale, 12/6/43 (J.M.B.). KELISIA Fieber vittipennis (Sahib., J.) — Ramsdale (W.J.F.) ; among grass. Brockets (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). CONOMELUS Fieber anceps (Germ.) — Common and widely distributed among rushes. CALLIGYPONA Sahlberg, J. discolor (Boh.) — Hayburn Wyke, Ellerbum (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Fylinghall (J.M.B.). pelluclda (Fabr.) — Pickering, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). 132 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT dubia (Kirschb.) — Brockets, Maw Wyke, Fylinghall (J.M.B.). forcipata (Boh.) — Rather plentiful, Howdale, Robin Hood’s Bay, Fylinghall (J.M.B.). leptosoma (Fior) — Fylinghall (J.M.B.). denticauda (Boh.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, not common; Ramsdale (J.M.B.). fairmairei (Perr.) — ^Goathland, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). DICRANOTROPIS Fieber hamata (Boh.) — Cayton Bay (G.B.W.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B.). CRIOMORPHUS Curtis albomarginatus Curt. — Common and widely distributed, moestus (Boh.) — A few specimens in rough grass near edge of moors STIROMA Fieber near Ramsdale ( J . M . B . ) . pteridis (Boh.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Brockets (J.M.B.). affinis (Fieb.) — Ellerbum, Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Newton Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). LIVIA Latreille juncorum (Latr.) Series STERNORHYNCHA CHERMIDAE -Widely distributed. STROPHINGIA Enderlein ericae (Curt.) — Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.) ; probably widely APHALARA Foerster distributed and common, calthae (L.) — On larch, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). exilis (Web. & Mohr) — Scarborough (T.W.). PSYLLOPSIS Loew, F. fraxinicola (Foerst.) — Raincliffe Wood, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Littlebeck (H.B.). fraxini (L.) — Littlebeck (H.B.) ; Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Scarborough, common (G.B.W.). CHERMES Linnaeus crataegi (Schr.) — Egton Bridge (Y.N.U. Mtg.); Littlebeck, Helwath costalis (Flor) — Fylinghall (J.M.B.) . Beck (H.B.). peregrinus (Foerst.)— Common and generally distributed, mail Schmidb. — Widely distributed, alni L. — Common and generally distributed. foersteri (Flor) — Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Littlebeck, Goathland, betulae L.— Sleights (H.B.). Helwath Beck (H.B.). buxi L. — Common on box. hippophaes (Foerst.) — Common on sea-buckthom at Scarborough and Cornelian Bay (G.B.W.) . melanoneura (Foerst.) — Pickering, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Sleights, Goathland (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). nigrita Zett. — Goathland, Sleights (H.B.). ambiguus (Foerst.) — Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). spartii (Guer.) — Common on broom, Staintondale (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar (J.M.B.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — HOMOPTERA 133 ARYTAINA Foerster genistae (Latr.) — Common on broom, Grosmont (J.M.B.) ; Beckhole TRICHOCHERMES Kirkaldy (H.B.). walker! Foerst. — Gall on Rhamnus catharticus, Scalla Moor, Pickering (H.J.B.) ; Rillington, plentiful at one spot (W.F.). TRIOZA Foerster remota Foerst. — -Pickering, Goathland, Ramsdale (J.M.B.) . urticae (L.)— Common and widely distributed. INDEX OF Acalypta 121 Cymus 120 Acanthosoma 120 Cyrtorbinus 124 Acompocoris 122 Adarrus 129 Deltocepbalus 129 Adelpbocoris 123 Dicbrooscytus 123 Agallia 128 Dicranotropis 132 Alebra 131 Dicypbus 124 Allygus 129 Dikraneura 131 Alydus 120 Dolicbonabis 121 Anaceratagallia 128 Doratura 129 Antbocoris 122 Drymus 121 Apbalara 132 Dryopbilocoris 124 Apbrodes 128 Apbropbora 128 Edwardsiana 130 Aradus 120 Elasmostetbus 120 Arctocorisa 127 Elasmucba 120 Artbaldeus 129 Elatopbilus 122 Atractotomus 125 Elymana 130 Arytaina 133 Empicoris 121 Asciodema 125 Empoasca 131 Enoplops 120 Blepbaridopterus Errastunus 129 124 Erytbroneura 130 Bracbystira 123 Eupelix 128 Bryocoris 124 Eurbadina 131 Euscelis 129 Callicorixa 127 Evacantbus 128 Calligypona 131 Exolygus 123 Calocoris 123 Camptozygum 123 Gastrodes 121 Campyloneura 124 Gerris 126 Capsus 125 Glaenorcorisa 127 Centrotus 128 Globiceps 124 Ceratocixius 131 Cbaragocbilus 123 Halicorixa 127 Cbartoscirta 126 Hardya 129 Cblamydatus 125 Harpocera 125 Chermes 132 Hesperocorixa 127 Cblorita 131 Heterocordylus 125 Cicadella 130 Hydrometra 126 Cicadula 130 Cimex 122 lassus 128 Cixius 131 Idiocerus 128 Conomelus 131 Conostetbus 125 Jassargus 129 Corixa 127 Criomorpbus 132 Kelisia 131 Cryptostemma 126 Kleidocerys 120 Cyllecoris 124 Kybos 131 GENERA Lamprotettix 129 Plagionatbus 125 Lasiotropis 121 Plesiocoris 123 Leptopterna 124 Plintbisus 120 Liocoris 123 Psallus 125 Livia 132 Psammotettix 129 Loricula 122 Pseudotettix 129 Lygus 123 Psyllopsis 132 Lyctocoris 122 Retrocorixa 127 Macrodema 120 Ribautiana 130 Macroparius 120 Rbopalotomus 123 Macrosteles 125 Macrotylus 130 Saida 126 Malacocoris 125 Saldula 126 Mecomma 124 Sciocixius 131 Megacoelum 122 Scolopostetbus 121 Megopbtbalmus Sonronius 130 128 Stenocranus 131 Melanotricbus 124 Stenodema 123 Micronecta 127 Stiroma 132 Microvelia 126 Streptanus 129 Miris 123 Strongylocoris 125 Mocydia 129 Stropbingia 132 Monalocoris 124 Stygnocoris 120 Myrmus 120 Subsigara 127 Nabis 121 Tacbycixius 131 Neolygus 123 Tapbropeltus 121 Neopbilaenus 128 Temnostetbus 122 Nepa 126 Teratocoris 124 Notonecta 126 Tetrapbleps 122 Tettigella 128 Oncopsis 128 Tbamnotettix 129 Orius 122 Tingis 121 Ortbocepbalus 125 Trapezonotus 121 Ortbonotus 125 Tricbocbermes 133 Ortbops 123 Trigonotylus 124 Ortbotylus 124 Trioza 133 Turrutus 129 Palomena 119 Typblocyba 130 Pantilius 122 Paracixius 131 Ulopa 128 Pentatoma Philaenus Pbylus 120 128 125 Velia Vermicorixa 126 127 Pbytocoris Piesma 122 121 Xylocoris 122 Piezodorus 120 Zicrona 120 Pitbanus 122 Zyginidia 130 134 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT APHIDIDAE — GREEN -FLIES The author’s thanks are due to Dr. F. Laing and the late Prof. F. V. Theobald for their assistance in naming many of the following species, and to Dr. J. H. Fidler for checking and adding to the list and for much valuable criticism. The following initials are used ; — H.B. H. Britten fil. F.V.T. F. V. Theobald W.F. W. Falconer G.B.W. G. B. Walsh J.H.F. J. H. Fidler MACROSIPHUM Passerini S. MACROSIPHUM s.s. gei (Koch, C. L.) — On Digitalis purpurea, Falling Foss, 14/7/28; on roses and cultivated lettuce, nymphs, 20/7/28; apparently common (G.B.W.) . euphorbiae (Thom., C. A.) — Scarborough, indoors on tulips, 4/31 (G.B.W.). funestum (Macch.) — On Rubus sp., Pickering, 14/5/49 (J.H.F.) . rosae (L.) — Common on roses. S. SITOBIUM Mordvilko fragariae (Walk.) — On bramble, Falling Foss, 14/7/28; apterae on young shoots, 23/8/28 (G.B.W.). avenae (Fabr.) — Apterous females on oats, Sawdon, 26/7/28; on grasses, Fyling Hall, 29/8/29 (G.B.W.). MACROSIPHONIELLA Del Guercio sanbomi (Gill.) — Fairly common on chrysanthemums under glass, millefolii (De G.) — Common on Achillea. Apterous and alate females, larvae and nymphs, Scarborough, 23/7/28; Sawdon, 26/7/28; Langdale End, larvae, 23/8/28 (G.B.W.) ; Filey (F.V.T. , Brit. Aph., I. p. 161) . tanacetaria (Kalt.) — Larvae and alatae on Tanacetum, mouth of Scalby Beck, 24/6/28 (G.B.W.). METOPOLOPHIUM Mordvilko dirhodum (Walk.) — On cultivated roses, Scarborough, apterae, 22/7/28; Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (G.B.W.); Filey (F.V.T., Brit. Aph., I. p. 161) ; on potatoes, Cawthorn, 30/7/47 (J.H.F.). ACYRTHOSIPHON Mordvilko onobrychidis Fonsc.— On white clover, larvae, nymphs and alatae, Staintondale and Scarborough, 21/7/28; on broom, Staintondale, apterae, 21/7/28 (G.B.W.). S. MICROLOPHIUM Mordvilko camosum (Buckt.) — Very common on nettles everywhere, pelargonii (Kalt.) — On Pelargonium indoors, Scarborough, apterae and young larvae, 21/8/28 (G.B.W.). INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — APHIDIDAE 135 DACTYNOTUS Rafinesque S. DACTYNOTUS s.s. tussilaginis (Walk.) — Common on Tussilago. S. UROMELAN Mordvilko campanulae (Kalt.) — On Campanula rotundifolia, Langdale End, apterae and larvae, 23/8/28 (G.B.W.). solidaginis (Fabr.) — On Solidago, Raincliffe Wood, apterae and larvae, 6/9/28 (G.B.W.). jaceae (L.) — On Centaurea nigra, apterae, alatae, larvae and nymphs. 23/7/28, Scarborough; Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (G.B.W.). MEGOURA Buckton papilionacearum Lind. — Alatae and larvae on pods of Vicia cracca, Sawdon Dale, 26/7/28; on Vicia sepium, abundant, 29/6/29, Fyling Hall (G.B.W.). HYPEROMYZUS Boerner, C. lactucae (L.) — Common on lettuce and Sonchus, Scarborough, alatae and larvae, 22/7/28 (G.B.W.). AMPHOROPHORA Buckton S. AMPHOROPHORA s.s. digitalisii Theob. — Apterae found on Digitalis purpurea at Falling Foss, 17/7/28 (G.B.W.), were described as new to science (F.V.T., Ent. Mo. Mag., LXIV., 226 - 1928) ; Theobald says “ distinct from anything I know ”, but Kloet and Hincks refer the species doubtfully to A. picridis Boem., C. ampullata Buckt. — On ferns, Raincliffe Wood, apterae, 3/9/28; apterae. Forge Valley, 8/9/28; these laid a number of (white) eggs in the tin in which I brought them home (G.B.W.). S. EUNECTAROSIPHON Del Guercio rubi (Kalt.)— On Rubus, Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (G.B.W.). MYZODES Mordvilko ligustri (Kalt.) — Filey, on privet, 14/8/92 (F.V.T., Brit. Aph., 1. 217). CRYPTOMYZUS Oestlund ribis (L.) — Abundant all over the district, at times doing a good deal of damage. CAPITOPHORUS van der Goot similis v. d. Goot — Apterae and larvae abundant under leaves of Tussilago, 11/9/28, Scarborough Mere (G.B.W.). CORYLOBIUM Mordvilko avellanae (Schr.) — Common on hazel all over the district. MYZAPHIS van der Goot rosarum (Kalt.) — On cultivated roses, Scarborough (G.B.W.). ELATOBIUM Mordvilko abietina (Walk.) — A serious pest to both forest and ornamental spruces and firs to which at times it does much damage. 136 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT OVATUS van der Goot menthae (Buckt.) — Alatae on garden mint, 1/7/28, Scarborough (G.B.W.). PHORODON Passerini pnini (Scop.) — On Prunus spinosa, Beckhole, 18/7/36; Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; common in the Scarborough district (G.B.W.). MYZUS Passerini omatus Laing — On crocus in the house, 17/2/33 (G.B.W. fide F. Laing) . cerasi (Fabr.) — Beckhole, 18/7/36 on Prunus spinosa; Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; uncommon on Asperula odorata, Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (G.B.W.). persicae (Sulz.) — On Petasites, Forge Valley, apterae and larvae, 6/8/28; on Petunia, Scarborough, 1/9/28 (G.B.W.). lythri (Schr.) — In the flower heads of Lythrum salicaria, apterae only. Forge Valley, 12/9/28 (G.B.W.). AULACORTHUM Mordvilko solan! (Kalt.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood, fairly common (G.B.W. ). LIPORRHINUS Boemer, C. cheiidonii (Kalt.) — Common on Calceolaria in the garden, Scar- borough, 1/9/28 (G.B.W.). IDIOPTERUS Davis nephrelepidis Dav. — Abundant on cultivated Pteris indoors, apterae and larvae, 20/8/28; common on greenhouse ferns. Hackness, 1928 (G.B.W.). CAVARIELLA Del Guercio pastinacae (L.) — ^Very common on fruits of Heracleum and on shoots of Salix caprea and S. pentandra, Scarborough district (G.B.W.). HYALOPTERUS Koch, C. L. arundinis (Fabr.) — Abundant on Prunus spinosa, often causing serious injury to foliage. BREVICORYNE van der Goot brassicae (L.) — Common on cultivated cabbages. HYADAPHIS Kirkaldy sii (Koch, C. L.) — On honeysuckle, larvae, nymphs and alatae, 11/9/28, Scarborough Mere; on leaves, 29/6/29, Fyling Hall (G.B.W.). APHIS Linnaeus sambuci L. — Alatae and young larvae on elder, Scarborough, 19/8/28 (G.B.W.). rumicis (L.) — Very common. fabae (Scop.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; at times common in winter, eggs on twigs of Euonymus europaeus. Forge Valley (G.B.W.). hederae (Kalt.) — On ivy, Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (G.B.W.). INSECTA - HEMIPTERA — APHIDIDAE 137 epilobii (Kalt.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.j ; Raincliffe Wood, apterae, 8/9/28 (G.B.W.). vibumi (Scop.) — Abundant at times on Viburnum, causing extensive damage; Scarborough district, well distributed (G.B.W.) ; Little- beck, 13/9/36 (H.B.). rhamni (Fonsc.) — On potatoes (G.B.W.). pomi (De G.) — On hawthorn, Scarborough (G.B.W.) . githagineUa (Theob.) — Several apterae apparently referable to this species were taken on corn-cockle (Lychnis githago), 26/7/26, det. F.V.T. (G.B.W.). grossulariae (Kalt.) — Common on gooseberries in the Scarborough district (G.B.W.). SAPP APHIS Matsumura pyri (Fonsc.) — Beckhole, 18/7/36, Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.). YEZABURA Matsumura sorbi (Kalt.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.); on mountain ash, Staintondale (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 393). tulipae (Fonsc.) — On tulip in the house, Scarborough, 3/28; on carrots in the garden, 1928, Scarborough (G.B.W.). crataegi (Kalt.) — Fairly common on hawthorn, producing reddish blisters on the leaves (G.B.W.). malifoliae (Fitch) — Causing leaf curl on crab-apple, Sawdon Dale, larvae, nymphs and alatae, 26/7/28 (G.B.W.). BRACHYCAUDUS van der Goot cardui (L.) — On Senecio jacobaea and Carduus sp., alatae and larvae, 21/7/28, Sawdon Dale ; common on Carduus, 23/8/28, Langdale End (G.B.W.) helichrysi (Kalt.) — ^General and abundant in the Scarborough area (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 393; G.B.W.). lychnidis (L.) — On Lychnis dioica, 8/24, Raincliffe Wood; on L. alba, 4/29, Hunmanby (G.B.W.). BRACHYCOLUS Buckton stellariae (Hardy). — On Stellariae graminea, 18/7/36 (H.B.) ; on Holcus mollis and Cirsium vulgatum, between Ravenscar and Robin Hood’s Bay ; on Stellaria holostea. Lady Edith’s Drive (W.F., Nat., 1922, p. 23). HOLCAPHIS Lambers hold (Hardy) — It is probable that the specimens from Holcus recorded above really refer to this species. MYZOCALLIS Passerini S. MYZOCALLIS s.s. coryli (Goeze) — An alate female, 23/8/28, Langdale End; on wych elm, Ulmus glabra. Falling Foss, 14/7/28, det. F.V.T. (G.B.W.). aini (De G.) — Apterae on alder, 20/7/28, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). castanicola Baker — Alatae on sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa. Mill. 26/7/28; Sawdon Dale (G.B.W.). annulatus (Hart.)— On oak, 14/7/28, Falling Foss (G.B.W.). querceus Kalt. — A single alate female on oak, 23/8/28, Langdale End (G.B.W.). 138 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT S. THERIOAPHIS Walker tiliae (L.) — Common on lime, Tilia vulgaris in Scarborough (G.B.W.). betulicola (Kalt.) — On birch, 24/5/28, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). EUCERAPHIS Walker betulae (L.) — Common on birch (G.B.W.). DREPANOSIPHUM Koch, C. L. platanoides (Schr.) — Common on sycamore all over the district. PHYLLAPHIS Koch, C. L. fagi (L.) — Common on beech, especially in hedges when it often causes leaf-curl. ATHEROIDES Haliday serrulatus Hal. — On grasses near Scarborough Mere, 11/9/28 (G.B.W.). PERIPHYLLUS v. d. Hoeven testudinatus (Thornt.) — Sycamore, Pickering, 18/5/46 (J.H.F.). VACUNA von Heyden, C. H. G. dryophila (Schr.) — Filey (F.V.T., Brit. Aph., Ill, p. 73). CINARA Curtis pini (L.) — On Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris Staintondale, 20/6/29 (G.B.W.). NEOCHMOSIS Laing pinihabitans (Mordv.) — Scots pine, Silpho Moor, 6/8/28 (G.B.W.). vanduzei (Swain) — On spruce. Forge Valley, 28/7/29 (G.B.W.). THECABIUS Koch, C. L. affinis (Kalt.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; on poplars south of Holbeck Gardens (W.F.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). BYRSOCRYPTA Haliday bursaria (L.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.); somewhat occasional at Scarborough ; the form lactucaria occurs in numbers at times on the roots of lettuce (G.B.W.). spirothecae (Pass.) — On black poplar on the cliffs south of Holbeck Gardens, Scarborough (W.F.,, Nat., 1919, p. 393). filaginis (Fonsc.) — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.). ERIOSOMA Leach lanigerum (Hausm.) — Fairly common on apple trees in Scarborough and elsewhere (G.B.W.). ulmosedens March. — Causing galls on elms in the Valley, Scar- borough, 21/7/28; Sawdon Dale, 26/7/28 (G.B.W.). TETRANEURA Hartig ulmifoliae Bak. — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.). GOBAISHIA Matsumura pallida Hal. — Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.). PHYLLOXERIDAE ADELGES Vallot abietis (L.) — Abundant all over the district, frequently causing great damage to spruce. INSECTA — HEMIPTERA — COCCIDAE 139 ALEYRODIDAE - WHITE-FLIES ALEYRODES Latreille proletella (L.) — Occasionally damaging cabbages, Scarborough, lonicerae Walk.— Larvae on Lonicera, Raincliffe Wood, Hayburn Wyke and Staintondale ; flies in great abundance, Forge Valley, 6/11/1920. PEALIUS Quaintance & Baker quercus (Sign.) — ^Fairly frequent on Corylus, Raincliffe Wood, Hack- ness, Staintondale and Langdale End. TETRALICIA Harrison, J. W. H. ericae Harr., J.W.H.- — Once, in abundance on Erica tetralix, near the Falcon Inn, 8/1920 ; Broxa, 8/1947. TRIALEURODES Cockerell vaporariorum (Westw.) — A common pest in greenhouses. COCCIDAE — SCALE INSECTS Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.) — Commonly on a palm indoors at Scar- borough. Chrysomphalus aurantii (Mask.) — Occasional on imported lemons. Parlatoria pergandii Comst. — At one time very common on imported oranges ; only occasional nowadays. Chionaspis salicis (L.) — ^Very common and widely distributed. Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) — MUSSEL SCALE. Not a very common species. Eriopeltis festucae (Fonsc.) — Occasional on grasses. Luzulaspis luzulae (Duf., L.) — Fairly common on Luzula in Raincliffe Wood. Eulecanium bituberculatum (Targ.-Tozz.) — On hawthorn, Scarborough. E. comi (Bouche)- — Common. E. coryli (L.) — Common. Physokermes abietis (Geoffr.) — Not uncommon on spruce. Pseudococcus adonidum (L.) — MEALY-BUG. Occasional in green- houses. Fonscolombia fraxini (Kalt.)— On old ashes. Stepney, Scarborough. Cryptococcus fagi (Baer.) — FELTED BEECH COCCUS. Very com- mon on beeches all over the district. Orthezia cataphracta (Shaw) — Common on the moors among damp sphagnum. Poly trichum. Newsteadia floccosa (De G.) — Fairly common on the moors among 140 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order MEGALOPTERA — ALDER FLIES SIALIDAE SIALIS Latreille lutaria (L.) — Common near most of the streams in the dales. Order NEUROPTERA — LACEWINGS The following initials are used : — H.B. — H. Britten fil. J.M.B. — J. M. Brown W.J.F.— W. J. Fordham G.T.P.— G. T. Porritt W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh CONIOPTERYGIDAE CONWENTZIA Enderlein psociformis (Curt.) — On holly, Raincliffe Wood, 3/8/25 (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Ramsdale (J.M.B.) . CONIOPTERYX Curtis tineiformis Curt. — Plentiful on hawthorn, Robin Hood’s Bay district (J.M.B.). pygmaea End. — Raincliffe Wood, Flixton sand pits, June, 1943 (W.D.H.). SEMIDALIS Enderlein aleyrodiformis (Steph.) — Plentiful on hawthorn, Hawsker, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) . OSMYLIDAE OSMYLUS Latreille fulvicephalus (Scop.) — Occurs every year in small numbers in Forge Valley (G.B.W.). HEMEROBHDAE EUMICROMUS Nakahara paganus (L.) — ^Beaten from a field hedge, Robin Hood’s Bay, 30/6/44 (J.M.B.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B.) ; Fylingdale (W.J.F.). HEMEROBIUS Linnaeus humulinus L. — Common. simulans Walk. — -Brockets, Fylingdale, -/6/39 (J.M.B.) ; Goath- land (H.B.). stigma Steph. — Common. nitidulus Fabr. — Ramsdale, 1/7/44 (J.M.B.). facing page NO Photograph : Vincent J. Watson. F.R.P.S INSECTA MECOPTERA 141 micans Oliv. — Frequent, June to September, lutescens Fabr. — Common. marginatus Steph. — Beaten from alders, Howdale, Fylinghall (J.M.B.) ; Goathland (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). KIMMINSIA Killington betulina (Stroem, H.) — ^Widely distributed, subnebulosa Steph. — Fairly common. WESMAELIUS Krueger concinnus (Steph.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) . quadrifasciatus (Rent., O. M.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). SYMPHEROBIUS Banks elegans (Steph.) — Howdale on alder, 7/8/42 (J.M.B.). CHRYSOPIDAE CHRYSOPA Leach flava (Scop.) — Common, vittata Wesm. — Common, ciliata Wesm. — Common. albolineata Kill. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Scarborough Mere (W.D.H.) : Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) . carnea Steph. — Common. ventralis Curt. — Robin Hood’s Bay, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). s. prasina Burm. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). NATHANICA Navas capitata (Fabr.) — Fylinghall (W.J.F.) ; Ravenscar, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). Order MECOPTERA — SCORPION FLIES PANORPIDAE PANORPA Linnaeus communis L. — Common, germanica L. — Not so common as the last, cognata Rambur — Rare, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). BOREIDAE BOREUS Latreille hyemalis (L.) — Probably commoner than is recorded. Hay Brow, fairly common; a specimen walking on the snow on Oliver’s Mount (G.B.W.). 142 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order TRICHOPTERA — CADDISFLIES H. Whitehead The Caddisflies have received a good deal of attention from York- shire entomologists and with the exception of one family (Hydroptilidae) , records have been kept for over forty years. Members of the Hydrop- tilidae are very small with a wing expanse of a little over a quarter of an inch. No doubt several species will be added to the present meagre list. In this area the larval stages, “Caddis Worms,’’ are found mostly in running water. The names of recorders are H.B.— H. Britten, fil. J.M.B. — J. M. Brown P.H.G.— P. H. Grimshaw W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks R.M. — R. M. R. McLachlan G.T.P.— G. T. Porritt G. B.W.— G. B. Walsh H. W.— H. Whitehead PHRYGANEIDAE PHRYGANEA Linnaeus obsoleta Hag. — Fylingdales Moor, 13/7/35, (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 12/7/46, (J.M.B.) . LIMNEPHILIDAE COLPOTAULIUS Kolenati incisus (Curt.) — Raincliffe Wood and Forge Valley, (W.D.H.). GRAMMOTAULIUS Kolenati strigosus (Curt.) — Pickering, 6/6/42, (H.W.). GLYPHOTAELIUS Stephens pellucidus (Retz.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, (J.M.B.). LIMNOPHILUS Leach rhombicus (L.)— Fen Bog, Goathland, 11/7/37, (H.B.). stigma (Curt.) — Seamer Moor, 18/6/41, (H.W.). limatus Curt. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1943, (J.M.B.). centralis Curt. — Ravenscar, 26/6/37, Brockets, 29/6/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Fylinghall, 26/6/36, (J.M.B.) ; Fen Bog, Goathland, 11/7/37, Hole of Horcum, 27/6/37, Wragby Wood, 6/6/36, Helwath Beck, 26/9/37, (H.B.) ; Pickering, 6/6/42, Forge Valley, 12/6/43, (H.W.). vittatus (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay. 1/4/45, (J.M.B.). affinis Curt. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 26/8/45, Maw Wyke, 16/9/36, (J.M.B.). auricula Curt. — Ravenscar, 26/6/37, Ramsdale, 25/6/37, Oxbank Wood. 2/7/37, Brockets, 19/6/37, (J.M.B.) ; Helwath Beck, 26/9/37, (H.B.). griseus (L.) — Ramsdale Beck. 4/6/42, (J.M.B.). INSECTA — TRICHOPTERA 143 luridus Curt. — Hole of Horcum, 27/6/37, (H.B.) ; Ramsdaie, 8/7/37, (J.M.B.). sparsus Curt. — Fylinghall, 26/6/36, Linger's Fields, 23/6/37, Rams- daie, 14/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Howdale, 12/6/37, (J.M.B.) ; Beckhole, 1/6/36, Goathland, 30/9/37, (H.B.). ANABOLIA Stephens nervosa (Curt.) — Pickering and Scarborough, (G.T.P.) ; Beckhole, 7/9/36, Robin Hood’s Bay, 25/9/45, Ramsdaie, 24/9/36, (J.M.B.) . PHACOPTERYX Kolenati brevipennis (Curt.) — Scarborough, (R.M.). STENOPHYLAX Kolenati rotundipennis (Brauer) — Scarborough, (R.M.). stellatus (Curt.) — Pickering, (G.T.P.) . latipennis (Curt.) — Linger’s Fields, 4/9/42, Brockets, 28/9/37, (J.M.B.). vibex (Curt.) — Scarborough, (G.T.P.) ; Beckhole, 1/6/36, (H.B.). permistus McL. — Haybum Wyke, (G.T.P.) ; Helwath Beck, 26/9/37, Goathland, 30/9/37, (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1943, (J.M.B.) ; Troutsdale, 9/5/47, (H.W.). MICROPTERNA Stein sequax McL. — Ravenscar, 9/10/37, (J.M.B.), HALESUS Stephens radiatus (Curt.) — Pickering, 18/9/41, (H.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 1943, (J.M.B.). digitatus (Schrank) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1943, (J.M.B.). guttatipennis McL. — Forge Valley, (G.B.W.) ; Pickering, 28/10/96 (G.T.P.). DRUSUS Stephens annulatus (Steph.) — Haybum Wyke, (G.T.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 7/9/36, Ramsdaie, 29/9/37, Fylinghall, 8/9/36, Oxbank Wood, 14/9/36, Maw Wyke, 16/9/36, Brockets, (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37, (H.B.). ECCLISOPTERYX Kolenati guttulata (Piet., F. J.) — Wykeham, Scarborough, (G.T.P.). CHAETOPTERYX Stephens villosa (Fabr.) — Pickering, 28/10/36, (G.T.P.); Goathland, 24/9/48, (H.W.). SERICOSTOMATIDAE SERICOSTOMA Berthold personatum (Spence) — Fylinghall, 26/6/36, Robin Hood’s Bay, 23/6/36, (J.M.B.) ; Fen Bog, Goathland, 11/7/37, (H.B.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W.) . SILO Curtis pallipes (Fabr.) — Ramsdaie, 14/6/37, Brockets, 15/8/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Robin Hood’s Bay, 14/6/37, (T.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W.). 144 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CRUNOECIA McLachlan irrorata (Curt.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 10/9/36, Fylinghall, 10/9/36, Ramsdale, 14/6/37, Throxenby Mere, 12/6/43, (J.M.B.) ; Haybum Wyke, (G.B.W.). LEPIDOSTOMA Rambur hirtum (Fabr.) — Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). LASIOCEPHALA Costa, A. basalis (Kol.) — ^Throxenby Mere and Forge Valley, 12/6/43, (J.M.B.) . BERAEIDAE BERAEA Stephens pullata (Curt.) — Maw Wyke, 30/6/42, (J.M.B.) ; Forge Valley, 12/6/43, (H.W.). maurus (Curt.) — Hayburn Wyke, (G.T.P.) ; Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37, (H.B.) : Robin Hood's Bay, 8/7/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Ramsdale, 8/7/37, Fylinghall, 12/7/40, (J.M.B.) ; Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.). ODONTOCERIDAE ODONTOCERUM Leach albicome (Scop.) — Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 30/6/45, Brockets, 21/7/42, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 2/8/41, Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.) ; Forge Valley, (G.B.W). LEPTOCERIDAE ATHRIPSODES Billberg ( = LEPTOCERUS Leach) aterrimus (Steph.) — ^Throxenby Mere, 12/6/43, (J.M.B.). cinereus (Curt.) — Scarborough, (G.T.P.) . albifrons (L.) — Scarborough, 1893, (G.T.P.). bUineatus (L.)— Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.). commutatus ( McL . ) — Scarborough , ( R . M . ) . MYSTACIDES Berthold nigra (L.) — Scalby Beck, (G.T.P.) ; Fen Bog, Goathland, 11/7/37, (H.B.). azurea (L.)— Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). ADICELLA McLachlan reducta (McL.)_ Robin Hood's Bay, 2/7/37, (J.M.B.). HYDROPSYCHIDAE HYDROPSYCHE Pictet, F. J. pellucidula (Curt.) — Helwath Beck, 6/6/37, (H.B.). instabilis (Curt.) — Hole of Horcum, 27/6/37, (H.B.) ; Brockets, 24/6/42, (J.M.B.). DIPLECTRONA Westwood felix McL. — Scarborough, (R.M.) ; Ramsdale Beck, 1933, (J.M.B.). POLYCENTROPIDAE PLECTROCNEMIA Stephens conspersa (Curt.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 4/7/39, in house, (J.M.B.). geniculata McL. — Ramsdale, 14/6/37, (J.M.B.). INSECTA — TRICHOPTERA 145 POLYCENTROPUS Curtis flavomaculatus (Piet., F. J.) — Scarborough, (G.T.P.) ; Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.). CYRNUS Stephens trimaculatus (Curt,) — Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.). PSYCHOMYIDAE TINODES Leach waeneri (L.) — Scalby Beck, (G.T.P.) ; Goathland, 6/7/46, (H.W.). aureola (Zett.) — ^Hayburn Wyke, (G.T.P.) ; Ravenscar, 5/7/37, (J.M.B.). dives (Piet.) — Hole of Horcum, 26/7/37, (H.B.) ; Maw Wyke, 5/7/38, (J.M.B.). PHILOPOTAMIDAE PHILOPOTAMUS Leach montanus (Don.) — Oxbank Wood, 12/6/40, (J.M.B.). WORMALDIA McLachlan occipitalis (Piet., F. J.) — Haybum Wyke, (G.T.P.) ; Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37, Sleights, 29/9/37, (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 16/9/36. Ravenscar, 9/10/37, (J.M.B.). subnigra McL. — Scarborough, (G.T.P.). RHYACOPHILIDAE RHYACOPHILA Pictet, F. J. dorsalis (Curt.)— Scalby Beck, (G.T.P.) ; Beckhole, 17/9/36, Brockets, 28/9/37, Ramsdale, 24/9/36, (J.M.B.) ; Pickering, 18/9/41, (H.W.). obliterata McL. — Scarborough, (G.T.P.) ; Goathland, 30/9/37, Sleights, (H.B.) ; Beckhole, 17/9/36, Robin Hood’s Bay, 14/9/36, Brockets, 7/10/37, Maw Wyke, 16/9/36, Fylinghall, 8/9/36, Ramsdale, 10/9/36, Oxbank Wood, 14/9/36, (J.M.B.) ; Hayburn Wyke, (G.B.W.). munda McL. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37, (H.B.). GLOSSOSOMA Curtis boltoni Curt. — Ravenscar, 26/6/37, Robin Hood’s Bay, 20/6/45, Brockets, 25/6/40, (J.M.B.). AGAPETUS Curtis fuscipes Curt. — Hole of Horcum, 27/6/37, (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bav, 25/6/37, Ravenscar, 26/6/37, Maw Wyke, 25/6/37, Oxbank Wood, 1/7/37, Ramsdale, 8/7/37, (J.M.B.). comatus (Pict., F. J.) — Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). HYDROPTILIDAE ALLOTRICHIA McLachlan pallicornis (Eat.) — Pickering, 2/8/41, (H.W.). HYDROPTILA Dalman mclachlani Klap. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 5/10/37, (J.M.B.). Order LEPIDOPTERA MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES G. B. Walsh A firm foundation for our knowledge of our local Lepidoptera was laid nearly a century ago by Thomas Wilkinson. He was one of our foremost British students of the Microlepidoptera, breeding and collecting for the first time a number of species which were described by H. T. Stainton. At the beginning of this century A. S. Tetley and T. W. Lownsbrough collected the larger species, Tetley specialising to some extent on the Noctuiids. Of recent years Mr. Arthur Smith of York has done much collecting in the district, both near Scarborough and at Pickering, and the late Mr. W. Craigs of Cat Cleugh, Northumberland, has collected near Staintondale; good work has also been done by young members of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society, notably by the late Mr. G. L. McDearmid, and Messrs. M. Ellison and E. Owston, who are keen students of the larger species. All modern workers have, of course, been much indebted in many ways to the late Mr. H. W. Head, the veteran breeder of Lepidoptera, to whose kindly soul and generous nature we pay tribute here. In using the following notes the student should recognise that Wilkinson records as from “ Scarborough ” many species which may have been taken some distance from the town ; e.g. Celaena haworthi Curt, was probably taken near the Falcon Inn. Moreover, some of his “ species ” are now known to be two species ; e.g. Coleophora laripennella Zett. and C. annulatella Tengstr. ; Tinaea clcacella Haw. and T. ruticolella Staint. In the absence of the actual specimens each species has been left under the name in which it was originally recorded. By far the greatest amount of work has been done on the open moors and in the woods and valleys near Scarborough and Pickering. Owing probably to their less picturesque character and to some degree of inaccessibility, very little collecting has been done in the Carrs of the Vale of Pickering or on the Wolds. On the open moorland there has probably been little change for many centuries. Here over very large areas there are more or less uniform environmental factors such as soil, humidity, drainage, aspect, insolation, etc., thus we get a more or less uniform plant covering, with Calluna as a dominant, and Erica, Vaccinium and moorland grasses (Nardus, Molinia, Deschampsia) as sub-dominants, with Pteridium dominant on the slopes. Observation seems to show that this uniformity of covering is associated with a fairly uniform distribution of the insects feeding on these plants, with, of course, seasons of greater or less abundance of individual species. Examples of such insects are the Green Hairstreak Butterfly (Callophrys rubi (L.)), and among the moths the Emperor (Satumia pavonia (L.)), Oak Eggar (Macrothylacia 146 INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 147 rubi (L.)), Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Anarta myrtilli (L.)), Ling Pug (Eupithecia goosensiata Mab.), etc. The Scarce Silver Underwing (Plusia interrogationis (L.)), a species of northern distribution, is less common, but is still widely distributed as it nears the southern border of its range. In the wooded areas it is probable that there has been little change in the general composition of the vegetation during the past centuries. Woods have been cut down and replanted and new plantings have taken place (Raincliffe Wood was replanted about 1860), especially the extensive plantings of conifers, many of them of foreign origin, now taking place under the Forestry Commission ; but on the whole there has been a more or less definite continuum of typical English woodland vegetation since the days of the Forest of Pickering. These wooded or cultivated areas offer a much greater variety of micro-climates than do the wide expanses of the moors, and consequently insects tends to be more or less localised, and may also vary a good deal in abundance from year to year. Observations, since the days of Wilkinson show that the insect population is by no means static in either number or constitution, but is always in a state of ebb and flow. The butterflies, on which, owing to their day-flying habits, observations are most easily made, exhibit this phenomenon in an interesting way. Just as in other parts of the country, there was, about fifty years ago, a marked diminution in the numbers of certain species until at last they completely disappeared ; some examples are the Comma (Polygonia c-albam (L.)), the Wall (Dira megera (L.)), the Grayling (Eumenis semela (L.)). A possible suggestion is that sunless wet years, especially 1863, so reduced the numbers of these species that they fell below the minimum necessary to preserve the vitality of the race and so they gradually disappeared owing to this form of natural inbreeding. Now, however, these butterflies are gradually coming back again to the haunts where they occurred before, not only in our own district but all over the country. This rejuvenescence of vitality may possibly be due, in some cases at least, to a gradual amelioration of climatic conditions accompanied by the immigration into the south of England of new “ blood ” from the Continent, with their subsequent natural spread into the haunts where they occurred before. In the special case of the Wall Butterfly the species is subject, for some unexplained reason, to these oscillations of abundance and scarcity over a number of years. Variations in the numbers of moths are not so easy to observe, but there is no doubt that they occur, although an apparent loss of a species may be due to some error in collecting. A number of species which were taken in Wilkinson’s time, some of them recorded as “ common ”, have not been seen for many years ; e.g., Red-Necked Footman (Atolmis rubricollis (L.)), Coronet (Craniophora ligustri (Fabr.)), Small Dotted Buff (Petilampa minima (Haw.)), Slender Brindle (Xylophasia scolopacina (Esp.)), The Confused (X. furva (Huebn.)), Union Rustic (Apamea pabulatricula (Brahn)), common in Wilkinson’s time but now 148 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT scarce. The Flame (Axylia putris (L.)), said to be “ very common ” in Stainton’s Manual, but not recorded for a very long time. There are many others which have not been taken for many years; most will doubtless be found again, but some, such as the Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.), definitely have disappeared from our present fauna. On the other hand a good many species have been recorded this century which were never taken by Wilkinson, and in fact, in at least one case, the Golden Plusia (Polychrisia moneta (Fabr.)) was not even a British species in his day. This was first recorded from the south of England in 1890 and was recorded from our area in 1919 ; since then it has become quite common in local gardens where the larva feeds on monkshood and larkspur. The case of the Large Elephant Hawk Moth (Deilephila elpenor (L.)) is very interesting ; recorded as common by Wilkinson, it was rare in Tetley’s time ; since then, however, it has become one of the commonest of our Hawk Moths, the larva feeding in gardens on fuchsia and in the wild on Rosebay Willowherb and species of Epilobium. It is noteworthy that the increase in the numbers of the moth has synchronised with the wide extension of range of this food- plant. Some other moths which have been taken more or less commonly in the district since Wilkinson’s time are Dark Swordgrass (Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.)), abundant at sugar, 1911 (A.S.T.), Orange Sallow (Tiliacea citrago (L.)), Dusky-lemon Sallow (Cirrhia gilvago (Schiff.)), Powdered Quaker (Taeniocana gracilis Fabr.), Scallop Shell (Calocaipe undulata (L.)), Lilac Beauty (Hygrochroa syringaria (L.)), Spinach (Lygris associata (Borkh.)). In very few cases can we give any reason for the gain or loss of a species in our local lists. In most cases their loss is definitely not due to over-collecting nor is it connected in any way with the damage they do to their food plant, for only in very few cases (and these chiefly the spring-feeding larvae of the Winter Moths and their allies) do the species cause any material damage to vegetation ; in fact, in most cases the food plants can apparently support with ease far more than the number of larvae normally found upon them. We can only hypothesise that it is connected in some complex way with climate, acting either favourably or unfavourably over more or less extended periods on the insect itself, on other species with which it is in competition or upon their parasites or predators. Several types of melanism or melanochroism occur in our area. Strictly speaking, the case of Phycis fusca Haw. is not an example of this phenomenon, but it is of great interest. It inhabits the swiddens — the patches on the moors where the heather has been burnt off — and harmonises well with the environment. Perhaps the larvae of the Magpie Moth (Abraxas grossulariata (L.)) give a better example. Among the caterpillars feeding on Euonymus japonica in the town, many are almost or quite black, and resemble well the somewhat sooty twigs on which they occur ; but the moths bred from them are no blacker than the normal and exhibit the usual variations in colour incidental to the species. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 149 Some of our moths exhibit the darkening in tint which we associate with moths living at high altitudes or in high latitudes.. Examples of such forms are frequently found in the Dark Arches (Xylophasia monoglypha (Hufn.) var. infuscata White), Marbled Minor (Procus strigilis (Clerck)), Grey Arches (Polia nebulosa (Hufn.)), and many other species have forms more or less, deeper tinted than south-country specimens. This may possibly be due to the direct effect of cold upon an early stage of the insect, and experiment has shown that melanochroic forms can actually be produced in this way. Another suggestion is that the deeper pigmentation is due to the more nourishing character of the vegetation in the North, this being due in its turn to lower temperatures which stunt growth and longer insolation in the summer which assists photosynthesis. The black variety (var. doubledayaria Mill.) of the Peppered Moth (Biston betularia (L.)) is now commoner in the district than the type though both forms occur commonly and may be found in copula with one another or be bred from the same batch of eggs. This form was not recorded by either Wilkinson or Tetley, and presumably was unknown to them. Its spread may be due, as South suggests (British Moths, II, 301), to the liberal distribution of eggs of the variety, or, more probably, to the natural spread of this vigorous form, parallel with the spread of some of the butterflies (v.s.). Finally, and perhaps the most interesting, are a few cases of the melanism which is usually associated with industrial areas. Some of the examples occurring with us are Pale Brindled Beauty (Phigalia pedaria (Fabr.)), Scalloped Hazel (Gonodontis bidentata (Clerck)), Small Early Grey (Diumea fagella (Fabr.)), Marbled Minor (Procus strigilis (Clerck)), Grey Arches (Polia nebulosa (Hufn.)), and perhaps we may associate with them the variety plumbea of Abraxas sylvata, the Clouded Magpie, which used to be taken in numbers at Sledmere. Most of these forms are locally of late origin for they were not mentioned by Tetley (d. 1916), and yet they occur in Raincliffe Wood which is 2 — 3 miles from the centre of the town and which Tetley worked assiduously, and probably elsewhere. The occurrence of these melanic forms is usually associated with soot, and may be due to selective destruction of paler forms by birds or possibly to the direct action on the insect in the larval stage of a food- plant contaminated with mineral salts. We may associate with this so-called “ industrial melanism ” of these species of moths the fact, mentioned by Dr. W. Watson in his Introduction to the Lichens, that certain species of local lichens show definitely the effects of soot. Probably a certain amount of this comes from the town, but much probably comes from other sources, perhaps from Tees-side and certainly from west and south Yorkshire. This is best seen in trees growing in the open and sufficiently far from the town as not to be masked by local soot. If the branches on the S.W. or W. side of such a tree be stroked with one hand and those on the opposite side be stroked with the other, the former becomes much blacker than the second ; or if an exposed 150 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT larch be observed in the autumn when the needles are yellow, those on the S.W. and W. sides are obviously darker than those on the opposite side. This suggests that, though the air seems quite clean, there is actually a small amount of wind-blown soot from the industrial areas of the West Riding. Nearer Scarborough the smoke of the town has a limited effect on 3 the foliage. For most of the year land breezes carry the smoke out to sea, but there is a spell in April and early May when sea-breezes blow it inland, and this, of course, would affect the young foliage of the year. The amount of soot deposition cannot be very great for the tree-trunks are not much blackened and the dark moths stand out upon them more clearly than do the typical forms. For further information on the subject see “ Moths ”, E. B. Ford, 1955, Chap. 13. The list has been compiled from the record-books of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society and from G. T. Porritt’s ” List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera ”, 1904. Our best thanks are due to Dr. B. M. Hobby and Mr. W. H. T. Tams who have kindly read through the ms. and offered helpful advice and criticism. The initials refer to the following workers : — R.H.B.— R. H. Barker D. W.B. — D. W. Bevan J.B. — ^J. Braim C.B. — C. Brown W.C.— W. Craigs H.W.D.— H. W. Dobson M.E. — M. Ellison J.H. — J. Harrison H.W.H.— H. W. Head R.H.— R. Hind G.B.H. — G. B. Horsman E. H. — E. Horton P.I. — P. Inchbald T.W.L.— T. W. Lownsbrough G.L.M. — G. L. McDearmid F. O.M. — F. O. Morris S.L.M. — S. L. Moseley E.O. — E. Owston G. T.P.— G. T. Porritt I. P.R. — (Mrs.) I. P. Robinson J. H.R. — ^J. H. Rowntree J.S.— J. Sang A.S. — A. Smith H. T.S.— H. T. Stainton G.W.T. — G. W. Temperley A.S.T.— A. S. Tetley G. T. — G. Tyers S. W.— S. Walker G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh T. W.- — T. Wilkinson MICROPTERIGlDAE ERIOCRANIA Zeller semipurpurella (Steph.) — Common near Scarborough, rubroaurella (Haw.) — Common, salopiella (Staint.) — Scarborough on birch (T.W.). sparrmannella (Bose) — With the last (T.W., A.S.). MNEMONICA Meyrick unimaculella (Zett.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). subpurpurella (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). MICROPTERIX Huebner thunbergella (Fabr.) — ^Very common, Scarborough (S.M.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 151 aureatella (Scop.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.), about spike heads of Carex sylvatica. aruncella (Scop.) — Common, Scarborough (S.M.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.). calthella (L.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.) ; abundant in Forge Valley about flowers of Caltha palustris (G.B.W.). HEPIALIDAE HEPIALUS Fabricius hectiis (L.) — GOLD SWIFT. Abundant in woods, even within Scar- borough. lupulinus (L.) — COMMON SWIFT. Common ever3Avhere. fusconebulosus (De G.) — MAP-WINGED SWIFT. Very common on the moors and in woods and dales where bracken occurs. Many beautiful forms may be taken. sylvinus (L.) — ORANGE SWIFT. Common almost everywhere. humuli (L.)— GHOST SWIFT. Common. ARCTHDAE piyy A JlucbnGi* complana (L.) — SCARCE FOOTMAN. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). griseola (Huebn.) — DINGY FOOTMAN. Common in Raincliffe LITHOSIA Fabricius Wood (T.W.). quadra (L.) — FOUR-SPOTTED FOOTMAN. Visits flowers of hog- weed on Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough in July (T.W.). ATOLMIS Huebner rubricollis (L.)— RED-NECKED FOOTMAN. Common (T.W.), but there have been no records for many years. COMACLA Walker senex (Huebn.)— ROUND- WINGED MUSLIN. Scarborough (T.W.). MILTOCHRISTA Huebner miniata (Forst.) — ROSY FOOTMAN. Scarborough (S.M.) ; this record needs confirmation. NUDARIA Haworth mundana (L.) — ^MUSLIN FOOTMAN. Generally common near Scar- borough ; common at light at Everley (A.S.T.) ; larvae feeding on moss in wall at Ayton Castle (A.S.), and Stepney Hill (G.B.W.). HYPOCRITA Huebner jacobaeae (L.) — CINNABAR. Common in many places ; at times the larvae are so abundant as to destroy the whole of the food-plant and then they turn to groundsel. UTETHEISA Huebner pulchella (L.) — CRIMSON SPECKLED. One on Raincliffe (Seamer) Moor by R. Beck, 2/9/187! (J.H.R.) ; one at Scarborough, -/6/1876 (J.H.R., Ent., viii., 54). ■ PHRAGMATOBIA Stephens fuliginosa (L.) — RLIBY TIGER. Common on heather moors all over the district. 152 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CYCNTA. Huebner mendica (Clerck) — ^MUSLIN. Scarborough (T.W.). SPILOSOMA Stephens lutea (Hufn.) — BUFF ERMINE. Common everywhere. The vars. radiata, fasciata and intermedia have been bred from larvae taken near Scarborough (A.S.). lubricipeda (L.) (menthastri Cat. Brit.)— WHITE ERMINE. Of general occurrence but not so common as lutea. DIACRISIA Huebner sannio (L.) — CLOUDED BUFF. Widely distributed on the moors, but local. Harwood Dale (A.S.T.) ; near Flask Inn, Robin Hood’s Bay, Silpho Moor (M.E. and E.O.) ; Pickering (A.S.). ARCTIA Schrank caja (L.) — GARDEN TIGER. Common and generally distributed. A black variety was bred by A. I. Burnley, 1928 (G.B.W.). PARASEMIA Huebner plantaginis (L.). — WOOD TIGER. Common and generally dis- tributed on the moors. The var. hospita sometimes occurs. NOLID AE NOLA Leach strigula (Schiff.)— SMALL BLACK ARCHES. Scarborough (T.W.) ; this is the only Yorkshire record, but having regard to its known distribution, it seems probable that there has been an error of identi- fication. ROESELIA Huebner confusalis (Herr.-Sch.) — ^LEAST BLACK ARCHES. Scarborough (T.W.) ; used to occur in Raincliffe Wood (H.W.H.) ; Pickering, 2 specimens (A.S.). CYMBIDAE BENA Billberg prasinana (L.) — GREEN SILVER -LINES. Used to be very common in the Scarl5orough area ; now occurs occasionally at sugar in Raincliffe Wood ; Mr. A. Smith has found the larvae common on oak at Pickering but has not taken the moth at sugar. SARROTHRIPUS Curtis revayana (Scop.) — LARGE MARBLED TORTRIX. Scarborough, scarce (T.W.) ; larvae common on oak at Pickering (A.S.). CARADRINIDAE APATELE Huebner leporina (L.) — ^MILLER. Rare ; odd specimens at sugar in Rain- cliffe Wood ; one at rest at Staintondale (A.S.T.) ; larvae not un- common on aspen on Seamer Moor (A.S.T.), on birch at Newton- by-Rawcliffe (A.S.). alni (L.) — ALDER. Not uncommon at Scarborough (T.W.) ; occa- sional specimens still occur. tridens (Schiff.) — DARK DAGGER. Scarborough (T.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 153 psi (L.) — GREY DAGGER. Common. megacephala (Schiff.) — POPLAR GREY. Larvae very common, even in the town (M.E. and E.O.). rumicis (L.) — KNOT GRASS. This is probably common but there are very few records of its occurrence. menyanthidis (View.) — LIGHT KNOT GRASS. Fairly common on the higher moors. CRANIOPHORA Snellen ligustri (Schiff.) — CORONET. Scarborough, very common (T.W.). COLOCASIA Ochsenheimer coryli (L.)— NUT-TREE TUSSOCK. Filey (F.O.M.) ; Scarborough (T.W.). CRYPHIA Huebner perla (Schiff.) — MARBLED BEAUTY. Common in many localities. AMPHIPYRA Ochsenheimer tragopoginis (L.) — MOUSE. Common. GORTYNA Ochsenheimer flavago (Schiff.) — FROSTED ORANGE. Scarborough (T.W.). I.UPERINA Boisduval testacea (Schiff.) — FLOUNCED RUSTIC. Fairly plentiful on Scar- borough Castle Hill and at Hackness (A.S.T.). RUSINA Stephens umbratica (Goeze) — BROWN RUSTIC. Fairly common at sugar fA.S.T.). NONAGRIA Ochsenheimer typhae (Thunb.) — BULRUSH WAINSCOT. The larvae burrows in Typha stems at Scarborough Mere. PANEMERIA Huebner tenebrata (Scop.)— SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING. Scarborough (T.W., R.H.B.) ; plentiful at Pickering (A.S.). COSMIA Ochsenheimer trapezina (L.) — DUN-BAR. Common and widely distributed, CARADRINA Ochsenheimer clavipalpis (Scop.)— PALE MOTTLED WILLOW. Generally com- mon. morpheus (Hufn.) — MOTTLED RUSTIC. Scarborough, common at sugar (A.S.T.). taraxaci (Huebn.) — RUSTIC. Scarborough (T.W.). MORMO Ochsenheimer maura (L.) — OLD LADY. Occasionally at sugar (A.S.T.). RHIZEDRA Warren lutosa (Huebn.) — LARGE WAINSCOT. One at Burniston at sugar, 1911 (A.S.T.). ARENOSTOLA Hampson elymi (Treit.) — LYME GRASS. Common on sand-hills at Auburn, south of Bridlington, just outside our area. pygmina (Haw.) — SMALL WAINSCOT. Fairly common ; Throx- enby Mere and near Falcon Inn (A.S.T.). 154 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PETILAMPA Aurivillius minima (Haw.) — SMALL DOTTED BUFF. Scarborough (T.W.). MERISTIS Huebner trigrammica (Hufn.) — TREBLE LINES. Fairly common at sugar. THALPOPHILA Huebner matura (Hufn.) — STRAW UNDERWING. Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Pickering (A.S.). PHLOGOPHORA Treitschke meticulosa (L.) — ANGLE SHADES. Common; it has occurred in ^lmost every month in the year. EUPLEXIA Stephens lucipara (L.) — SMALL ANGLE SHADES. Common ; one year the larvae did much damage to ferns in greenhouses. XYLOPHASIA Stephens remissa (Huebn.) — DUSKY BROCADE. Common at sugar, crenata (Hufn.)— CLOUDED BORDERED BRINDLE. Abundant at sugar. The var. combusta Haw. is almost as common as the type (A.S.T.) lithoxylea (Schiff.)- — FLIGHT ARCHES. Fairly common at sugar, sublustris (Esp.) — REDDISH LIGHT ARCHES. Scarborough (T.W.). monoglypha (Hufn.) — DARK ARCHES. Abundant and variable ; black forms, var. infuscata White are quite common, scolopacina (Esp.) — SLENDER BRINDLE. Scarborough (T.W.). hepatica (Huebn.) — CLOUDED BRINDLE. Scarborough (T.W.) ; not common (A.S.T.) . furva (Schiff.)— CONFUSED. Scarborough (S.M.). APAMEA Ochsenheimer sordens (Hufn.)— RUSTIC SHOULDER KNOT. Common at sugar, unanimis (Huebn.)— SMALL CLOUDED BRINDLE. Uncommon in the Scarborough district. pabulatricula (Brahm)— UNION RUSTIC. Common at Scarborough CELAENA Stephens (T.W.). haworthii Curt. — HAWORTH’S MINOR. Abundant on peat bog near Falcon Inn (A.S.T.) ; Sicarborough (T.W.). secalis (L.)— COMMON RUSTIC. Very common at sugar, HYDRAECIA Guenee micacea (Esp.) — ROSY RUSTIC. Common in Scarborough district, petasitis (Doubl.) — ^BUTTERBUR. Occasional ; Forge Valley, ■oculea (L.) — EAR MOTH. Not uncommon at ragwort flowers. Scarborough (T.W.) ; moors above Hackness (A.S.T.). MI ANA Stephens literosa f Haw.)— ROSY MINOR. Common at sugar. PROCUS Oken strigilis (Clerck) — MARBLED MINOR. Abundant at sugar, nearly all are var. aethiops (Haw.). fasciunculus (Haw.) — ^^HDDLE-BARRED MINOR. Common and variable. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 155 HELIOTHIS Ochsenheimer armigera (Huebn.) — SCARCE BORDERED STRAW. A fine female example was taken at Scarborough by W. Simmons in 1866 (Ent. Ann., 1867, p. 153). EUXOA Huebner obelisca (Schiff.) — SQUARE-SPOT DART. Scarborough, not uncom- mon (T.W.). nigricans (L.) — GARDEN DART. Occasional, tritici (L.)— WHITE-LINE DART. Common. AGROTIS Ochsenheimer segetum (Schiff.) — TURNIP MOTH. Very common, clavis (Hufn.)— HEART AND CLUB. Uncommon, exclamationis (L.) — HEART AND DART. Very common, ypsilon (von Rott.) — DARK SWORD GRASS. Abundant in Sept., 1911, at sugar (A.S.T.). EUROIS Huebner occulta (L.) — GREAT BROCADE. One female at rest. Wrench Green, -/8/1909 (A.S.T.). PERIDROMA Huebner saucia (Huebn.)— PEARLY UNDERWING. Occasional. LYCOPHOTIA Huebner porphyrea (Schiff.) — -TRUE LOVER’S KNOT. Very common on all heaths. OCHROPLEURA Huebner plecta (L.) — FLAME SHOULDER. Common at sugar; it very readily takes to flight. GRAPHIPHORA Ochsenheimer augur (Fabr.) — DOUBLE DART. Very common. AMATHES Huebner. agathina (Dup.) — HEATH RUSTIC. Larvae common on Calluna. castanea (Esp.) — NEGLECTED. Var. neglecta (Huebn.) occurs on Seamer Moor (A.S.T.). c-nigrum (L.)— SETACEOUS HEBREW CHARACTER. Common, triangulum (Hufn.) — DOUBLE SQUARE-SPOT. Not common, xanthographa (Schiff. )— SQUARE-SPOT RUSTIC. Abundant and very variable. umbrosa (Huebn.) — SIX-STRIPED RUSTIC. Common at light and ragwort bloom and occasionally at sugar, stigmatica (Huebn.) — SQUARE-SPOTTED CLAY. Local ; plenti- ful on Oliver's Mount (T.W.), and on sugar at Wrench Green (A.S.T.). glareosa (Esp.) — AUTUMNAL RUSTIC. Common on the moors, depuncta (L.) — PLAIN CLAY. Scarborough, sometimes abundant (T.W.). baja (Schiff.)— DOTTED CLAY. Common. SPAELOTIS Boisduval ravida (Schiff.) — STOUT DART. Uncommon on Seamer Moor. 156 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT DIARSIA Huebner brunnea (Schiff.) — PURPLE CLAY. Common, festiva (Schiff.) — INGRAILED CLAY. Common and very variable, rubi (View.)— SMALL SQUARE SPOT. Occasional, dahlii (Hiiebn.) — BARRED CHESTNUT. Seamer Moor, on sugar and heather bloom (A.S.T.). TRIPHAENA Ochsenheimer pronuba (L.)— LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING. Abundant and variable, some with grey, almost glaucous, primaries, comes (Huebn.)— LESSER YELLOW UNDERWING. Common, janthina (Schiff.) — LESSER BROAD-BORDER. Not common ; single specimens from Scarborough (A.S.T.), and Scalby (G.B.W.). AXYLIA Huebner putris (L.) — FLAME. Very common, Scarborough (S.M.), but not recorded for many years. PHALAENA Linnaeus typica L. — GOTHIC. Common. LAMPRA Huebner fimbriata (von Schreb.)— BROAD-BORDERED YELLOW UNDER- WING. Occasional at sugar or as larva. CERASTIS Ochsenheimer rubricosa (Schiff.) — RED CHESTNUT. Common. GYPSITEA Tams leucographa (Schiff.) — WHITE-MARKED. Raincliffe Wood, some- what uncommon. ANAPLECTOIDES McDonnough prasina (Schiff.) — GREEN ARCHES. Not uncommon in Raincliffe Wood and on Seamer Moor. BRACHIONYCHA Huebner sphinx (Hufn.) — SPRAWLER. Scarborough, common (T.W.) ; as larva at Wrench Green (A.S.T.). APOROPHYLA Guenee lutulenta (Schiff.) — DEEP-BROWN DART. Above Wrench Green, at edge of Moor (A.S.T.). CONISTRA Huebner vaccinii (L.) — CHESTNUT. Abundant. ANCHOSCELIS Guenee lunosa (Haw.)— LUNAR QNDERWING. Scarborough (T.W.), occasional (A.S.T.). helvola (L.) — FLOUNCED CHESTNUT. Common and very richly coloured. litura fL.)— BROWN-SPOT PINION. Abundant at sugar. ATETHMIA Huebner centrago (Haw.) — CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW. Scarborough, not uncommon (T.W.) ; one in Avenue Road, 1948 and 1949 (E.O.). TILIACEA Tutt citrago (L.) — ORANGE SALLOW. Haybum Wyke (G.T.P.) ; Raincliffe Wood (H.W.H.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 157 CURIA Huebner lutea (Stroem, H.) — PINK-BARRED SALLOW. Common and generally distributed. CIRRHIA Huebner fulvago (L.) — SALLOW. Common and generally distributed, ab. flavescens (Esp.) occurs. gUvago (Schiff.)— DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW. Raincliffe Wood, 1900 (T.W.L.). AGROCHOLA Huebner circellaris (Hufn.) — BRICK. Common and widely distributed. lychnidis (Schiff.)— BEARDED CHESTNUT. Scarborough (J.H.R.), not common. macilenta (Huebn.)— YELLOW-LINE QUAKER. Common. lota (Clerck) — RED-LINE QUAKER. Not common. PARASTICHTIS Huebner suspecta (Huebn.) — SUSPECTED. Seamer Moor at sugar (H.W.H.). ypsilon (Schiff.)— DINGY SHEARS. Uncommon (A.S.T.). EUPSILIA Huebner transversa (Hufn.) — SATELLITE. Very common and variable ; Raincliffe Wood at sugar in spring (E.O.) . DASYPOLIA Guenee templi (Thunb.) — BRINDLED OCHRE. Common at Scarborough (T.W.), but only very occasional specimens of late years. ALLOPHYES Tams oxyacanthae (L.)— GREEN BRINDLED CRESCENT. Common. CUCULLIA Schrank chamomUIae (Schiff.)— CHAMOMILE SHARK. One at Scalby, -/6/1915 (A.S.T.). umbratica (L.) — SHARK. Uncommon; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Seamer (G.B.W.). verbasci (L.) — MULLEIN. Larvae on mullein, Scarborough (A.S.T.); on figwort in Forge Valley (G.B.W.). XYLENA Ochsenheimer exoleta (L.) — SWORD-GRASS. Common. vetusta (Huebn.) — RED SWORD-GRASS. Scarborough (T.W.). LITHOMOIA Huebner solidaginis (Huebn.) — GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE. Very local ; Wrench Green (A.S.T.) ; Scarborough, probably Raincliffe Wood (T.W.). XYLOCAMPA Guenee areola (Esp.) — EARLY GREY. Common and widely distributed. GRIPOSIA Tams aprilina (L.)— MERVEILLE DU JOUR. Common. ANTUYPE Huebner chi (L.) — GREY CHI. Common and widely distributed, especially on walls on the moors. flavicincta (Schiff.) — LARGE RANUNCULUS. Common as both larva and moth. 158 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BOMBYCIA Stephens viminalis (Fabr.) — MINOR SHOULDER-KNOT. Scarborough (T.W.). EUMICHTIS Huebner lichenea (Huebn.)— FEATHERED RANUNCULUS. Common at Scarborough on Castle walls (J.B.). adusta (Esp.) — DARK BROCADE. Scarborough at sugar (A.S.T.). DRYOBOTA Lederer protea (Schiff.) — BRINDLED GREEN. Common. I.EUCANIA (Ochsenheimer) Huebner pudorina (Schiff.)— STRIPED WAINSCOT. Scarborough (T.W.). impura ( Huebn .) —SMOKY WAINSCOT. Occasional, pallens (L.)— COMMON WAINSCOT. Abundant at sugar. In 1911 specimens of a second brood in Sept. (A.S.T.). lythargyria (Esp.) — CLAY. Common. conigera (Schiff.)— BROWN-LINE BRIGHT-EYE. Common, comma (L. )— SHOULDER STRIPED WAINSCOT. Common. ORTHOSIA Ochsenheimer incerta (Hufn.) — CLOUDED DRAB. Abundant, gracilis (Schiff.) — POWDERED QUAKER. Scarborough, three specimens at sallow (E.O.). stabilis (Schiff.)— COMMON QUAKER. Abundant, populi (Stroem, H.) — LEAD-COLOURED DRAB. Scarborough (T.W.); larvae at Fylinghall (A.S.T.). cruda (Schiff.) — SMALL QUAKER. Common, munda (Schiff.)— TWIN-SPOTTED QUAKER. Sparingly at sallow, gothica (L.)— HEBREW CHARACTER. Abundant. CHARAEAS Stephens graminis (L.) — ANTLER MOTH. Generally distributed and at times common. THOLERA Huebner popularis (Fabr.)— FEATHERED GOTHIC. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Hackness at light (A.S.T.). PANOLIS Huebner griseovariegata (Goeze) — PINE BEAUTY. Fairly common and widely distributed. HADA Billberg dentina (Schiff.) — SHEARS. Uncommon. HADENA Schrank S. HADENA s.s. conspersa (Schiff.) — MARBLED CORONET. Scarborough, not uncommon (T.W.). lepida (Esp.)— TAWNY SHEARS. Scarborough (T.W.). bicruris (Hufn.)— LYCHNIS. Flamborough Head (E.H.). cucubali (Schiff.) — CAMPION. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Levisham (A.S.T.). S. HECATERA Guenee serena (Schiff.)— BROAD-BARRED WHITE. Rare; Ganton (A.S.T.) ; bred from larvae, Scarborough (E.O.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 159 glauca (Huebn.) — GLAUCOUS SHEARS. Widely distributed on all the moors but not common. S. LACANOBIA Billberg thalassina (Hufn.)— PALE-SHOULDERED BROCADE. Fairly common. HELIOPHOBUS Boisduval saponariae (Borkh.) — BORDERED GOTHIC. Sparingly most years at sugar on Seamer Moor (A.S.T.). DIATARAXIA Huebner oleracea (L.)— BRIGHT-LINE BROWN-EYE. Common. CERAMICA Guenee pisi (L.)— BROOM MOTH. Common. POLIA (Ochsenheimer) Treitschke nebulosa (Hufn.) — GREY ARCHES. Fairly common at sugar, many dusky specimens. MAMESTRA Ochsenheimer brassicae (L.) — CABBAGE MOTH. Abundant. MELANCHRA Huebner persicariae (L.) — DOT. Common. ANARTA Ochsenheimer myrtUli (L.)— BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING. Very com- mon on all the moors during most of the summer. PLUSIIDAE ZANCLOGNATHA Lederer tarsipennalis (Treit.) — FANFOOT. Scarborough on wild raspberry (T.W.). nemoralis (Fabr.) — SMALL FANFOOT. Fairly common in the rides in Raincliffe Wood (A.S.T.). SCHRANKIA Huebner taenialis (Huebn.)— WHITE-LINE SNOUT. Scarborough (T.W.). costaestrigalis Steph.- -PINION-STREAKED SNOUT. Scarborough HYPENA Schrank ' (T. W. ) . proboscidalis (L.) — SNOUT. Common among nettles everywhere. OPHIUSA Ochsenheimer pastinum Treit. — BLACKNECK. Common at Scarborough (G.T.P., J.H.R.) : Bumiston Wyke (A.S.T.) ; Pickering (A.S.). SCOLIOPTERYX Germar libatrix (L.) — HERALD. Common most of the year. Schr3,nk " fraxini (L.) — CLIFDEN NONPAREIL. One at Scarborough, -/9/1859 (T.W.) : one in Spa grounds, 3/10/1896 (J.H.R.). nupta (L.) — RED UNDERWING. Very rare ; one specimen under coping stone of Oliver’s Mount School, 4/8/1876 (G.T.) ; one specimen in Spa gardens, -/9/53 (H.W.D.). EUCLIDIMERA Hampson ■mi (Clerck) — MOTHER SHIPTON. Fairly common on the Wolds and on the moors where the limestone outcrops. 160 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ECTYPA Billberg glyphica (L.) — BURNET COMPANION. Occasional but well dis- tributed. PHYTOMETRA Haworth vitidaria (Clerck) — SMALL PURPLE-BARRED. Fairly common, usually where milkwort (Polygala) grows, on the moors and on the cliffs. POLYCHRISIA Huebner moneta (Fabr.) — GOLDEN PLUSIA. First seen in the district about 1919 and now quite common. PLUSIA Ochsenheimer chrysitis (L.) — BURNISHED BRASS. Fairly common, bractea (Schiff.) — GOLD SPANGLE. Rare ; Cayton Bay, one specimen, 6/7/1917 (G.W.T.). festucae (L.) — GOLD SPOT. On iris at lower end of Langdale, fairly common (G.L.M.). iota (L.) — PLAIN GOLDEN-Y. Fairly common, v-aui'eum (Huebn.) — BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN-Y. Common, gamma (L.) — SILVER-Y. Common, in some years abundant owing to immigration. interrogationis (L.) — SCARCE SILVER-Y. Not uncommon on all the moors but especially near the Falcon Inn. ABROSTOLA Ochsenheimer tripartita (Hufn.) — SPECTACLE. Occasional, at one time very common ; Scarborough, 1943 (H.W.H.). EPISEMA Ochsenheimer caeruleocephala (L.) — ^FIGURE OF EIGHT. Common. LYMANTRHDAE ORGYIA Ochsenheimer antiqua (L.)— VAPOURER. Fairly common. DASYCHIRA Stephens pudibunda (L.) — PALE TUSSOCK. Very common at Scarborough (T.W.) : larvae beaten at Broxa, 1947 (M.E., E.O.). EUPROCTIS Huebner chrysorrhoea (L.) — YELLOW-TAIL. Abundant, phaeorrhoea (Don.) — BROWN-TAIL. Rare ; one specimen picked UD in Scarborough (G.B.W.), also recorded by H. Marsh. LEUCOMA Huebner salicis (L.) — WHITE SATIN. Rare; a single specimen (A.S.T). STERRHIDAE STERRHA Huebner aversata (L.) — RIB.A.ND WAVE. Common. dimidiata (Hufn.)— SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE. Scarborough (T.W.). PYLARGE Herrich-Schaeffer fumata (Steph.) — SMOKY WAVE. Scarborough (G.T.P.). SCOPULA Schrank remutaria (Huebn.) — CREAM WAVE. Common. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 161 immutata (L.) — LESSER CREAM WAVE. Scarborough (S.M.), imitaria (Huebn.) — SMALL BLOOD-VEIN. Scarborough (S.M.). rubiginata (Hufn.)— TAWNY WAVE. Scarborough (J.H.R.). COSYMBIA Huebner trilinearia (Borkh.) — CLAY TRIPLE LINES. Scarborough (S.M.). GEOMETRIDAE JODIS Huebner lactearia (L.) — LITTLE EMERALD. Widely distributed and fairly common. ‘ GEOMETRA Linnaeus papilionaria (L.) — LARGE EMERALD. Fairly common in Rain- cliffe Wood. PSEUDOTERPNA Huebner pruinata (Hufn.) — GRASS EMERALD. Scarborough (T.W.). HYDRIOMENIDAE ACASIS Duponchel Vii-etata (Hhebn.)— YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE. Scarborough (T.W.) ; HaybumWyke (S.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood (M.E., E.O.). TRICHOPTERYX Huebner carpinata (Borkh.) — EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED. Scarborough, very common (T.W.) ; Seamer Moor, common on birches (G.B.W.). LOBOPHORA Curtis halterata (Hufn.) — SERAPHIM. Scarborough (G.T.P.). CHLOROCLYSTIS Huebner coronata ( Gey . ) — V -PUG . Scarborough ( S . M . ) . rectangulata (L.) — GREEN PUG. Scarborough (S.M.) ; larvae plentiful in Forge Valley on wild apple (A.S.). GYMNOSCELIS Mabille pumilata (Huebn.)— DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG. Scarborough (S.M.). EUPITHECIA Curtis venosata (Fabr.) — NETTED PUG. Scarborough (T.W.). goossensiata Mab. — LING PUG. Larva abundant on Calluna. absinthiata (Clerck) — WORMWOOD PUG. Common near Scar- borough (S.M.). albipunctata (Haw.)— WHITE-SPOTTED PUG. Scarborough (T.W.). vulgata (Haw.) — COMMON PUG. Common. centaureata (Schiff.) — LIME-SPECK PUG. Common and well distributed. [icterata (de VilL, C. J.)] s. subfulvata (Haw.) — TAWNY SPECK- LED PIJG. Flamborough Head (E.H.). satyrata (Huebn.) — ^SATYR PUG. Scarborough (S.M.). pukhellata Steph. — FOXGLOVE PUG. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Falling Foss (G.B.W.). succenturiata (L.) — BORDERED PUG. Scarborough (S.M.). castigata (Huebn.) — GREY PUG. Scarborough (F.O.M.). lariciata Frey. — LARCH PUG. Common in larch plantations. 162 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT virgaureata Doubt. — GOLDEN-ROD PL^G. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Langdale (G.B.W.). plumbeolata (Haw.) — LEAD-COLOURED PUG. Scarborough (S.M.). pygmeata (Huebn.) — MARSH PUG. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Picker- ing (A.S.). tenuiata (Huebn.) — SLENDER PUG. Larva not uncommon in sallow catkins. trisignaria Herr.-Sch. — ^TRIPLE- SPOTTED PUG. Scarborough (T.W.). indigata (Huebn. )--OCHREOUS PUG. Scarborough district, not uncommon on larch. abbreviata Steph. — BRINDLED PUG. Very common (T.W.). dodoneata Guen. — OAK-TREE PUG. Scarborough (T.W.). nanata (Huebn.) — NARROW-WINGED PUG. Common on the moors. EUCYMATOGE Huebner scabiosata (Borkh.) — SHADED PUG. Scarborough (F.O.M.). HORISME Huebner tersata (Schiff.)- — ^FERN. Scarborough (T.W.). rrGitschlcG legatella (Schiff.) — STREAK. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Staintondale (G.B.W.). ANAITIS Duponchel plagiata (L.) — ^TREBLE-BAR. Scarborough (J.H.R.) ; Forge Valley (G.W.B.) : Pickering (A.S.). CALOCALPE Huebner undulata (L.) — SCALLOP SHELL. Uncommon, but several speci- mens have occurred near Scarborough of late years (I.P.R., M.E., LYGRIS Huebner E.O.). prunata (L.) — PHOENIX. Fairly common, testata (L.) — CHEVRON. Abundant wherever Calluna grows, populata (L.) — NORTHERN SPINACH. Common on Silpho Moor and in Raincliffe Wood. mellinata (Fabr.) — SPINACH. Common in gardens. EPIRRHOE Huebner _ galiata (Huebn.) — GALIUM CARPET. Common, alternata (MuelL, O. F.) — COMMON CARPET. Very common, tristata (L.)— SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE. Scarborough (T.W.) ; common on Silpho Moor, at Staintondale (G.B.W.), and in other localities. EULYPE Huebner hastata (L.)— ARGENT AND SABLE. Scarborough (S.M.). LYNCOMETRA Prout ocellata (L.) — PURPLE-BAR. Scarborough district, common (A.S.). THERA Stephens obeliscata (Huebn.) — GREY PINE CARPET. Common, firmata (Huebn.) — PINE CARPET. Common. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 163 CIDARIA Treitschke fulvata (Forst.) — BARRED YELLOW. Scarborough (G.B.W.). CHLOROCLYSTA Huebner miata (L.)— AUTUMN GREEN CARPET. Scarborough (J.H.R.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.O.). siterata (Hufn.) — RED-GREEN CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). HYDRIOMENA Huebner furcata (Thunb.) — ^JULY HIGHFLYER. Abundant everywhere and very variable. impluviata (Schiff.)— MAY HIGHFLYER. Scarborough (S.M.). ruberata (Frey. )— RUDDY HIGHFLYER. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Hayburn Wvke, larvae common on old sallows on shore in Sept. (G.T.P., G.B.W.). DYSSTROMA Huebner truncata (Hufn.) — COMMON MARBLED CARPET. Common and very variable. citrata (L.)— DARK MARBLED CARPET. Common. ECLIPTOPERA Warren silaceata (Schiff.)— SMALL PHOENIX. Common. LAMPROPTERYX Stephens sufFumata (Schiff.) — WATER CARPET. Common. ENTEPHRIA Lederer caesiata (Schiff.)— GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET. Common, flavidnctata (Huebn.) — YELLOW-RINGED CARPET. Rare ; one specimen near Scarborough, 16/7/1891 (R. South, Moths of the British Isles, II, 193) . EAROPHILA Gumppenberg badiata (Huebn.) — SHOULDER STRIPE. Common among roses. COENOTEPHRIA Prout derivata (Schiff.) — STREAMER. Common. EUPHYIA Huebner bilineata (L.) — YELLOW SHELL. Abundant and variable. PERIZOMA Huebner taeniata (Steph.) — BARRED CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). alchemillata (L.)— SMALL RIVULET. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Forge Valley, Pickering (A.S.). affinitata (Steph.) — RIVULET. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Forge Valley (A.S.). albulata (Schiff.) — GRASS RIVULET. Scarborough, fairly common, flavofasciata (Thunb.) — SANDY CARPET. Scarborough, common MESOLEUCA Huebner (T.W.). albicillata (L.) — BEAUTIFUL CARPET. Fairly common, Silpho Moor, Raincliffe Wood, etc. ASTHENA Huebner albulata (Hufn.)— SMALL WHITE WAVE. Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Pickering, common; Langdale End (A.S.). PELURGA Huebner comitata (L.) — DARK SPINACH. Scarborough (T.W.). 164 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT OPEROPHTHERA Huebner brumata (L.)— WINTER MOTH. Abundant, fagata (Scharf.)— NORTHERN WINTER MOTH. Common. EUCHOECA Huebner obliterata (Hufn.) — DINGY SHELL. Fairly common. HYDRELIA Huebner flammeolaria (Hufn. )— SMALL YELLOW WAVE. Scarborough (T.W.) : Pickering, common; Forge Valley (A.S.). sylvata (Schiff.) — WAVED CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). DISCOLOXIA Warren blomeri (Curt.)— BLOMER’S RIVULET. Widely distributed; Pickering (F.O.M.) ; Scarborough (G.T.P., T.W.) ; Sledmere (G.T.P.) ; Raincliffe Wood, fairly common (G.B.W.). OPORINIA Huebner dilutata (Borkh.)— NOVEMBER MOTH. Abundant, autumnata (Borkh.) — AUTUMNAL MOTH. Common, filigrammaria Herr.-Sch. — SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET. Scar- borough (T.W.). VENUSIA Curtis cambrica Curt. — WELSH WAVE. Scarborough, common (T.W.) ; Forge Valley (A.S.). XANTHORHOE Huebner designata (Hufn.) — FLAME CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). munitata (Huebn.) — RED CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). montanata (Schiff.)— SILVER-GROUND CARPET. Abundant and somewhat variable. fluctuata (L.) — GARDEN CARPET. Abundant and variable. LARENTIA Treitschke cervinalis (Scop.)- — ^MALLOW. Common at Scarborough ; larvae on mallow on Castle Hill. ORTHOLITHA Huebner mucronata (Scop.) — LEAD BELLE. Common near Scarborough and on the Wolds. Hmitata (Scop.) — SHADED BROAD-BAR. Plentiful, bipunctaria (Schiff.) — CHALK CARPET. Common on the cliffs, Filey (G.T.) ; Flamborough, very common (E.H.) ; Scarborough (G.T.P.) . CALOSTIGIA Huebner multistrigaria (Haw.) — ^MOTTLED GREY. Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). didymata (L.)— TWIN-SPOT CARPET. Abundant, salicata (Huebn.)— STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). olivata (Schiff.)— BEECH-GREEN CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.); Silpho Moor (G.B.W.) ; Forge Valley, Pickering (A.S.). pectinataria (Knoch) — GREEN CARPET. Scarborough (G.T.P.) ; Silpho Moor (G.B.W. ). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 165 BREPHIDAE ODEZIA Boisduval atrata (L.)— CHIMNEY SWEEPER. Common. ALSOPHILA Huebner aescularia (Schiff.) — MARCH MOTH. Common. BREPHOS Ochsenheimer parthenias (L. ) — ORANGE UNDERWING. Common ; Seamer Moor, Lady Edith’s Drive (E.O.) ; Langdale (G.B.W., G.L.M.). notha (Huebn.)— LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING. Scarborough (T.W.) SELIDOSEMIDAE OPISTHOGRAPTIS Huebner luteolata (L.) — BRIMSTONE. Abundant. SEMIOTHISA Huebner liturata (Clerck)— TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE. Scarborough (T.W.); Silpho, fairly common (M.E., E.O.). CHIASMIA Huebner clathrata (L.) — LATTICED HEATH. Flamborough, common (E.H.) ; Scarborough, very common (G.T.P.) ; Burniston, com- mon on cliffs (A.S.). ITAMA Huebner brimneata (Thunb.) — RANNOCH LOOPER. In “Yorkshire Lep- idoptera,’’ p. 208, G.T.P. records a specimen of this species taken at Scarborough by R. H. Barker in 1894 (Nat., March, 1895), and states that he has seen the moth. This record certainly needs confirmation. wauaria (L.) — -V-MOTH. Common. ECTROPIS Huebner punctulata (Schiff.) — GREY BIRCH. Scarborough (S.M.). bistortata (Goeze) — ENGRAILED. Common, crepuscularia (Huebn.) — SMALL ENGRAILED. Raincliffe Wood, common (G.B.W.). CLEORA Curtis lichenaria (Hufn.) — BRUSSELS LACE. Not common but widely distributed. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Wrench Green (G.B.W.). repandata (L.) — MOTTLED BEAUTY. Common, rhomboidaria (Schiff.)— WILLOW BEAUTY. Common. BUPALUS Leach pjniarius (L.) — BORDERED WHITE. Common in pine woods. EMATURGA Lederer atomaria (L.) — COMMON HEATH. Abundant on the moors. HEMEROPHILA Stephens abruptaria (Thunb.) — WAVED UMBER. Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). ERANNIS Huebner leucophaearia (Schiff.) — SPRING USHER. Raincliffe Wood on old oaks (G.B.W.) ; Lady Edith’s Drive (E.O.). ptogemmaria (Huebn.) — DOTTED BORDER. Abundant. 166 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT aurantiaria (Esp.) — SCARCE UMBER. Fairly common, Raincliffe Wood. defoliaria (Clerck) — ^MOTTLED UMBER. Abundant. APOCHEIMA Huebner hispidaria (Schiff.)— SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY. Scarborough (S.M.). PHIGALIA Duponchel pilosaria (Schiff.)— PALE _ BRINDLED BEAUTY. Common. Melanie forms are becoming increasingly common. LYCIA Huebner hirtaria (Clerck)— BRINDLED BEAUTY. Scarborough (T.W.). BISTON Le^ch sttataria (Hufn.)— OAK BEAUTY. Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). betularia (L.) — PEPPERED MOTH. Common. The melanic form, doubleday aria Mill., is now much commoner than the type. ABRAXAS Leach grossulariata (L.) — ^MAGPIE MOTH. Abundant. Black larvae are common but yield typical moths. sylvata (Scop.) — CLOUDED MAGPIE. Raincliffe Wood and Forge Valley, very common. A lead-coloured form used to occur at Sledmere (R.H.B.). LIGDIA Guenee adustata (Schiff.) — SCORCHED CARPET. Scarborough (T.W.). LOMASPILIS Huebner marginata (L.) — CLOUDED BORDER. Common . THERIA Huebner rupicapraria (Schiff.) — NEARLY MOTH. Common. BAPTA Stephens bimaculata (Fabr.)— WHITE-PINION SPOTTED. Raincliffe Wood, -/5/1938 (H.W.H.). GNOPHOS Treitschke obscurata (Schiff.)— ANNULET. Plentiful on the coast (G.T.P.) ; Filey, Scarborough (G.T.P. , A.S.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.). LITHINA Huebner cblorosata (Scop.) — BROWN SILVER-LINE. Common among bracken. DYSCIA Huebner fagaria (Thunb.)— GREY SCALLOPED-BAR. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Silpho (E.H.). PERCONIA Huebner strigillaria (Huebn.) — GRASS WAVE. Scarborough (J.H.R.) ; very common on the moors (M.E., E.O.). CABERA Treitschke pusaria (L.)— COMMON WHITE WAVE. Abundant, ab. rotundaria (Haw.) — ROUND- WINGED WAVE. Quite common. exanthemata (Scop.) — COMMON WAVE. Common. OURAPTERYX Leach sambucaria (L.)— SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH. Common. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 167 ELLOPIA Treitschke prosapiaria (L.)— BARRED RED. Common on pines. CAMPAEA Lamarck margaritata (L.) — LIGHT EMERALD. Common. ANAGOGA Huebner pulveraria (L.) — BARRED UMBER. Scarborough (J.H.R.) ; Pickering (A.S.). PLAGODIS Huebner dolabraria (L.)— SCORCHED WING. Scarborough (T.W., G.B.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). EPIONE Duponchel repandaria (Hufn.)— BORDERED BEAUTY. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering, Burniston (A.S.). SELENIA Huebner bilunaria (Esp.) — EARLY THORN. Common, lunaria (Schiff.) — LUNAR THORN. Common. HYGROCHROA Huebner syringaria (L.) — LILAC BEAUTY. Several specimens of moth and larva on Seamer Moor and Lady Edith’s Drive in 1947-48 (M.E., E.O.). COLOTOIS Huebner peruiaria (L.) — FEATHERED THORN. Common. DEUTERONOMOS Prout alniaria (L.)— CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN. Common (J.H.R.). erosaria (Schiff.) — SEPTEMBER THORN. Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). ENNOMOS Treitschke quercinaria (Hufn.) — AUGUST THORN. Scarborough (S.M.). GONODONTIS Huebner bidentata (Clerck) — SCALLOPED HAZEL. Common. Black forms are fairly common. CROCALLIS Treitschke elinguaria (L.) — SCALLOPED OAK. Common. POLYPLOCIDAE HABROSYNE Huebner derasa (L.) — BUFF ARCHES. Frequent at sugar in Raincliffe Wood some years, absent in others. THYATIRA Ochsenheimer batis (L.) — PEACH BLOSSOM. Generally distributed, common in Raincliffe Wood. TETHEA Ochsenheimer duplaris (L.) — LESSER SATIN MOTH. Occasional in Raincliffe Wood, Langdale. or (Schiff.)— POPLAR LUTESTRING. Common, Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). 168 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ASPHALIA Huebner diluta (Schiff.)— LESSER LUTESTRING. Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). ACHLYA Billberg flavicornis (L.) — YELLOW-HORNED. Generally common among birch on Seamer Moor and in Langdale. POLYPLOCA Huebner ridens (Fabr.) — FROSTED GREEN. Raincliffe Wood, once (H.W.H.). SPHINGIDAE MACROGLOSSA Scopoli stellatamm (L.)— HUMMING-BIRD HAWK MOTH. Common in some years owing to immigration, e.g., 1947, when it occurred all over the district ; almost absent in other years. HIPPOTION Huebner celerio (L. )— SILVER-STRIPED HAWK MOTH. Very rare ; Scarborough, female on doorpost, 13/9/1917 (D.W.B.) ; male at Falsgrave, 7/10/1920 (G.B.W.). DEILEPHILA Laspeyres porceUus (L.)— SMALL ELEPHANT HAWK MOTH. Occasional ; commoner on the Wolds. elpenor (L.)— LARGE ELEPHANT HAWK MOTH. Common in T. Wilkinson’s time, but very rare at the beginning of the century (A.S.T.). Now quite common again, especially on Fuchsia. SPHINX Linnaeus ligustri L.— PRIVET HAWK MOTH. Rare ; Scarborough (S.M.) ; has not been recorded since. ACHERONTIA Ochsenheimer atropos (L.) — DEATH’S-HEAD HAWK MOTH. Occurs most years in small numbers, depending on immigration. SMERINTHUS Latreille ocellatus (L.) — EYED HAWK MOTH. Rare in Mr. Tetley’s time but now getting quite common. Ova taken in How Gill, 3/8/1927 (G.B.W.). DAPHNIS Huebner nerii (L.) — OLEANDER HAWK MOTH. A single specimen was taken near Scarborough Museum about 1927. CELERIO Oken [lineata Fabr.] v. livornica (Esp.) — STRIPED HAWK MOTH. One specimen taken at Scalby, 27/7/1946 (A.S.) ; a live specimen in fine condition was brought to the Museum in early August, 1952 (E. F. Gilmour). euphorbiae (L.) — SPLURGE HAWK MOTH. Stainton gives Scar- borough as a locality but this record is very uncertain. galii (von Rott.) — BEDSTRAW HAWK MOTH. Rare; three speci- mens were recorded by T. W. ; one in 1888 by W. Copley ; two on Seamer Moor in 1939 (I.P.R.) ; one was taken at marigold flowers, 1944, and brought to me (G.B.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 169 HERSE Oken convolvuli (L.)— CONVOLVULUS HAWK MOTH. Another rare moth whose incidence depends entirely on immigration. LAOTHOE Fabricius populi(L.) — POPLAR HAWK MOTH. Very common, and very variable in colour. NOTODONTIDAE CLOSTERA Samouelle pigra fHufn.)— SMALL CHOCOLATE-TIP. Scarborough (J.H.R.). NOTODONTA Ochsenheimer ziczac (L.) — PEBBLE PROMINENT. Generally common. dromedarius fL.) — IRON PROMINENT. Common. DRYMONIA Huebner dodonaea (Schiff.) — MARBLED BROWN. Common at Scarborough (T.W.). ruficornis (Hufn.) — LUNAR MARBLED BROWN. Scarborough, common (T.W., A.S.). PHEOSIA Huebner gnoma (Fabr.)— LESSER SWALLOW PROMINENT. Common. tremula fClerck) — SWALLOW PROMINENT. Common. PTEROSTOMA Germar palpina (L.) — PALE PROMINENT. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Silpho (M.E., E.O.). LOPHOPTERYX Stephens capucina (L.) — COXCOMB PROMINENT. Common and generally distributed. CERURA Schrank vinula (L.) — PUSS MOTH. Common. hermelina (Goeze) — POPLAR KITTEN. Seamer Moor on aspen (A.S.T.) ; Harwood Dale (M.E.. E.O.). furcula (Clerck) — SALLOW KITTEN. Fairly common and widely distributed. bicuspis (Borkh.) — ALDER KITTEN. This used to be taken in some numbers near Scarborough by T. Wilkinson, but has not been seen for many years ; Goathland (F.O.M.). PHALERA Huebner bucephala (L.) — BUFF-TIP. Fairly common. SATURNHDAE SATURNIA Schrank pavonia (L.) — EMPEROR. Common on the moors. SATYRIDAE PARARGE Huebner aegeria (L.) — SPECKLED WOOD. Very local ; Scarborough (T.W.), but not seen for many years ; abundant in suitable seasons at Pickering. 170 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT DIRA Huebner megera (L.) — ^WALL BUTTERFLY. Local ; used to occur at Scar- borough, but disappeared for many years ; has now re-appeared and has been seen or taken on Irton Moor (H.W.D.) ; in lanes near Cay ton (E.O.) ; Silpho Moor (M.E.). Now common. AGAPETES Billberg galathea (L.) — ^MARBLED WHITE. Local ; used to occur at Scar- borough but died out, the last specimen being taken in Raincliffe Wood, 1901 (H.W.H.) ; one specimen Cayton Bay, 1929 (G.L.M.) ; since then specimens have been taken in Falsgrave Park (T.N.R.) ; Raincliffe Wood (M.E., E.O.). Locally common on the Wolds. EUMENIS Huebner semele (L.) — GRAYLING. Local ; once abundant on Scarborough Castle Hill, but now extinct there. Now rapidly spreading (1947), and to be found in suitable localities on the edge of the moors from Scarborough to Pickering, also on the Wolds. MANIOLA Schrank tithonus (L.) — GATEKEEPER. Not common ; occasional in the Scarborough area, abundant at Pickering in suitable seasons. jurtina (L.) — MEADOW BROWN. Common in fields everywhere. COENONYMPHA Huebner pamphilus (L.) — SMALL HEATH. Common in the countryside generally. tullia (MuelL, O. F.) — LARGE HEATH. Very local ; on moors near its food-plant ; Falcon Inn, Murk Mire Moss, May Moss, Upper Langdale, etc. (M.E.). APHANTOPUS Wallengren hyperanthus (L.) — RINGLET. Local ; once common near Scar- borough, but it disappeared ; in several localities, however, of late years, Scarborough (M.E., E.O.), Wykeham, locally common at Pickering and on the Wolds. NYMPHALIDAE ARGYNNIS Fabricius selene (Schiff.)— SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Locally common in the dales and on the moors. Fond of marshy ground covered with Juncus, on which it rests, the underside closely resembling the brown flower-heads. euphrosyne (L.)— PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Local; less common than selene ; only in the dales. lathonia (L.)— QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. Very rare ; a single specimen, Oliver’s Moimt, -/9/1868 (T.H.R.). cydippe (L.)— HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY. Very local ; Scar- borough (T.W.), no recent record. Common at Pickering ; one record from the Wolds. paphia (L.)— SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY. Local; Scar- borough district (J.H.R.) ; common at Pickering. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 171 aglaja (L.) — DARK-GREEN FRITILLARY. Common near the head of most of the dales and in the Wold valleys. VANESSA Fabricius atalanta (L.) — RED ADMIRAL. Common, sometimes abundant, depending on immigration ; occurs almost every year. cardui (L.) — PAINTED LADY. A fairly frequent visitor, sometimes common, as in 1928, 1933 and 1945. AGLAIS Dalman urticae (L.) — SMALL TORTOISESHELL. Common and generally distributed. NYMPHALIS Kluk polychloros (L.)— LARGE TORTOISESHELL. Rare ; Pickering (T.W.). io (L.) — PEACOCK. Uncommon ; at one time very rare, now a few specimens are seen every year. antiopa (L.) — CAMBERWELL BEAUTY. Rare ; Oliver’s Mount, two in 1872, one in 1899 (J.H.R.), one in 1932 (G.B.W.) ; Beedale, one in 1897 (J.H.R.) ; Pickering ; Scalby, 1947 (C.B.). POLYGONIA Huebner c-album (L.) — COMMA. Rare ; recorded as abundant at Scarborough (T.W.) ; not seen for many years until 1942, when three specimens were seen in Peasholm Glen (G.B.H.) ; Pickering (A.S.) ; Langdale (E.O.). Now fairly common. RIODINIDAE HAMEARIS Huebner lucina (L.)— DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY. Locally common ; Scarborough (E.B.) ; Pickering very common, Thornton- le-Dale, Langdale End (D.W.B.). LYCAENIDAE CUPIDO Schrank : minimus (Fuess.)— SMALL BLUE. Rare; very common at Scar- borough (T.W.), but has not occurred for many years ; plentiful at Pickering in the 1880’s. PLEBEIUS Linnaeus argus L.— SILVER-STUDDED BLUE. Rare ; Scarborough (T.W.), once plentiful at Pickering. ARICIA R. L. agestis (Schiff.) — BROWN ARGUS. Locally common; Scarborough (G.T.) ; very common on Haugh Rigg near Pickering, and in the Wold valleys where rock-rose is common. POLYOMMATUS Latreille icarus (von Rott.) — COMMON BLUE. Generally distributed and common. CELASTRINA Tutt argiolus (L.) — HOLLY BLUE. Rare ; specimens of the spring brood have been taken at Scarborough (H.W.D.), and of the late 172 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT summer brood on Seamer Moor (E.O.) ; plentiful at Pickering ; Langdale (M.E.) ; spreading. LYCAENA Fabricius phlaeas (L.) — SMALL COPPER. Very common all over the district. CALLOPHRYS Billberg rubi (L.) — GREEN HAIRSTREAK. Common on the moors where bilberry grows, sometimes abundant. STRYMON Huebner w-album (Enoch)— WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK. Rare ; Raincliffe Wood (T.W., H.W.H.) ; Forge Valley (H.W.H.). PIERIDAE PIERIS Schrank brassicae (L.) — LARGE WHITE. Very common, in some years especially abundant. Sometimes added to by migration from the Continent, e.g., 1940. rapae (L.) — SMALL WHITE. Very common ; pale buff forms sometimes occur in both the spring and the summer broods. napi (L.) — GREEN-VEINED WHITE. Common, especially in woods and dales. EUCHLOE Huebner cardamines (L.) — ORANGE TIP. Fairly common; apparently commoner in recent years, especially as one moves west in the district. COLIAS Fabricius crocea (Geoffr.) — CLOUDED YELLOW. Rare, an occasional migrant. Scarborough (T.W.) ; Flamborough Head (W.B.T.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (G.B.W.) ; Bumiston Cliff (I.P.R.) ; common all over the district in 1947, when there were three broods, including the pale form helice (pallida) . GONEPTERYX Leach rhamni L. — BRIMSTONE. Very rare ; only very few specimens have been seen here, although recorded as of general occurrence in Yorkshire (G.T.P.), HESPERIIDAE ERYNNIS Schrank tages (L.)— DINGY SKIPPER. Widely distributed but local ; Scarborough, Langdale, Beast Cliff, Pickering. THYMELICUS Huebner sylvestris (Poda) — SMALL SKIPPER. Common near Scarborough and Pickering, in the dales, on the moors and Wolds. T-IpCJppDTA "PpTYT'ir'niQ comma (L.)— SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER. Very rare ; Scar- borough (E.B., “Newman’s British Butterflies’’). It may possibly occur on the Wolds. AUGIADES Huebner [venata (Bremer & Grey)] s. septentrionalis (Ver.) — LARGE SKIPPER. Commoner than the Small Skipper. 00 cu a; Li. C > X y: ^ O O LLi ULI facing page 172 INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 173 DREPANIDAE CILIX Leach glaucata (Scop.) — CHINESE CHARACTER. Seamer Moor, occas- ional at dusk (A.S.T.). Schr3.ril:C lacertinaria (L.) — SCALLOPED HOOK-TIP. Seamer Moor, fairly common on birches. falcataria (L.) — PEBBLE HOOK-TIP. Fairly common and gener- ally distributed. PHYCITIDAE SALEBRIA Zeller fusca (Haw.) — Common on the moors where the heather has been burnt. DIORYCTRIA Zeller abietella (Schiff.) — Not uncommon, Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). EPHESTIA Guenee kuehniella Zell. — Abundant in flour-stores, elutella CHuebn.) — Very common. HOMOEOSOMA Curtis nimbella (Dup.)^ — Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough in seeds of yarrow’ (T.W.). nebulella (Schiff.) — Not common. Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough ( T . W . ) . EURHODOPE Huebner advenella (Zinck.) — Scarborough (T.W.). ACROBASIS Zeller consociella (Huebn.) — Not common, Scarborough (T.W.). tumidella (Zinck.) — Scarborough (T.W.). GALLERIIDAE ACHROIA Huebner grisella (Fabr.) — Old comb containing this moth was given me by D. W. Bevan (G.B.W.). APHOMIA Huebner sociella (L.) — Several at Burniston, 26/7/1937 (A.S.). CRAMBIDAE CR AMBUS Fabricius hamellus (Thunb.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.) ; one at Pickering (A.S.). pratellus (L.) — Common, culmellus (L.) — ^Very common. . hortuellus (Huebn.) — ^Very common, pinellus (L.) — Scarborough, -/7/1938 (A.S.). margaritellus (Huebn.) — Plentiful in damp parts of the moors above Cloughton, 17/5/1939, and beyond the Falcon Inn, 17/8/1945 (A.S.). inquinatellus (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). 174 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT tristellus (Schiff.) — Very common, selasellus (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). CHILO Zincken phragmitellus (Huebn.) — Scarborough, abundant (T.W.). PYRAUSTIDAE NYMPHULA Schrank nymphaeata (L.)— Scarborough (J.H.). stagnata (Don.) — Scarborough (J.H.). stratiotata (L.) — Scarborough, not uncommon (T.W.). PHLYCTAENIA Huebner crocealis (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). lutealis (Huebn.) — Common, ferrugalis (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). nivealis ( F abr . ) — Common . terrealis ( Tr eit . ) — Scarborough ( T . W . ) . fuscalis (Schiff.) — Scarborough, plentiful (A.S.T.). NOMOPHILA Huebner noctuella (Schiff.) — ^Flamborough Head (E.H.. A.S.). PYRAUSTA Schrank olivalis ( Schiff . ) — Common . LOXOSTEGE Huebner sticticalis (L.) — Scarborough, formerly abundant (T.W.). SCOPARIA Haworth resinea (Haw.) — Not common. Scarborough on ash trees (T.W.). angustea (Steph.) — Scarborough (T.W.). murana (Curt.) — Scarborough (T.W.). truncicolella (Staint.) — Scarborough, fairly common (T.W.). pallida (Steph.) — Scarborough (T.W.). cembrae (Haw.) — Common, Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). ambigualis (Treit.) — ^Very common. MESOGRAPHE Huebner forficalis (L.) — Common. PYRALIDIDAE PYRAIJS Linnaeus farinalis (L.) — Common. AGLOSSA Latreille pinguinalis (L.) — Common. ALUCITIDAE OXYPTILUS Zeller parvidactylus (Haw.) — Scarborough (S.M.), but Mr. Porritt seems to think it a doubtful record. PLATYPTILIA Huebner acanthodactyla (Huebn.) — Scarborough (S.M.). gonodactyla (Schiff.) — ^Fairly common among coltsfoot, ocbrodactyla (Schiff.) — Scarborough, common among tansy (T.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 175 STENOPTILIA Huebner bipunctidactyla (Scop.) — Common ; Scarborough (S.M.) ; Langdale End (A.S.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.). pterodactyla (L.) — Common. ALUCITA Linnaeus tridactyla (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering in quarry, 8/7/1941 (A.S.). pentadactyla ( L . ) — Common . AD AINA (Tutt) Meyrick microdactyla (Huebn.) — Scarborough, plentiful among Eupatorium cannabinum (T.W.). OIDAEMATOPHORUS Wallengren osteodactylus (Zell.) — Scarborough 28/6/1912 (A.S.T., A.S.). tephradactylus (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). lithodactylus (Treit.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W., A.S.). monodactylus (L.) — Common, Scarborough, Pickering (A.S.). LASIOCAMPIDAE LASIOCAMPA Schrank quercus (L.) — OAK EGGAR. Abundant on the moors ; ours is the northern form callunae Palm. POECILOCAMPA Stephens populi (L.) — DECEMBER MOTH. Scarborough, common (T.W.) ; Forge Valley, Sawdon Dale (G.B.W.). ERIOGASTER Germar lanestris (L.) — SMALL EGGAR. Scarborough (T.W.), not now common: Pickering (A.S.). MACROTHYLACIA Rambur rubi (L.) — FOX MOTH. Common on the moors and on wild places on the cliffs. PHILUDORIA Kirby, W. F. potatoria (L.) — DRINKER MOTH. From 1902-12 decidedly un- common, but it has gradually increased until now it is quite com- mon in suitable places, especially on the cliffs. ZYGAENIDAE ZYGAENA Fabricius filipendulae (L.) — SIX-SPOT BURNET. Fairly common ; Fyling- hall (A.S.T.) : Filey, Langdale End, larvae abundant (G.B.W.) ; FI amborough ( S . L . M . ) . lonicerae (von Schev.)— NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. Abundant in many places, both on the coast and inland. PROCRIS Fabricius geryon (Huebn.) — CISTUS FORESTER. Common on the Wolds near Wold Newton (M.E., E.O.) ; Pickering (A.S.). statices (L.) — FORESTER. In great numbers on Flixton Carr (A.S.T.) : common in a marshy field near Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W., G.L.M.). 176 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT COSSIDAE COSSUS Fabricius cossus (L.) — GOAT MOTH. Scarborough (T.W.). There has been no record for many years. PHALONIIDAE PHALONIA Huebner rubigana (Treit.) — Scarborough (T.W.). cnicana (Doubl., H.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Forge Valley, 1/5/1946 (A.S.). tesserana (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). ciliella (Huebn.) — Plentiful at Pickering in June (A.S.). nana (Haw.) — Common. atricapitana (Steph.) — Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Burniston Cliff, 21/6/1946 (AS.), hybridella (Huebn.) — Scarborough from seedheads of Picris hieracioi- des (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). COCHYLIS Treitschke subbaumanniana (Wilk., S. J.)— Pickering, 6/7/1941 (A.S.). hartmanniana (Clerck) — Langdale End, common (A.S.). PHTHEOCHROA Stephens sodaliana (Haw.) — Scarborough on Hieracium (T.W.). maculosana (Haw.) — Forge Valley, plentiful, 5/6/1943 (A.S.). EUXANTHIS Huebner angustana (Huebn.) — ^Very common on the moors (A.S.). straminea (Haw.) — Flamborough Head, common (E.H.). zoegana (L.) — ^Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough, Picker- ing (A.S.). hamana (L.) — ^Flamborough Head (E.H.). IDIOGRAPHIS Lederer inopiana (Haw.) — Scarborough, common among fleabane (T.W.). TORTRICIDAE DITULA Stephens angustiorana (Haw.) — Common. EPAGOGE Huebner vulgana (Froel.) — Scarborough, Pickering, common (A.S.). grotiana (Fabr.) — Scarborough, one specimen, 1/9/1928 (A.S.). PHILEDONE Huebner gemingana (Schiff.) — Common on the moors (A.S.). CACOECIA Huebner oporana ( L . ) — Common . xylosteana ( L . ) — Common . rosana (L.) — ^Very common. hebenstreitella (Muell., O. F.) — Pickering (A.S.). lecheana (L.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). PANDEMIS Huebner corylana (Fabr.) — Fairly common. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 177 heparana ( Schiff . ) — Common . cerasana (Huebn.) — Common. TORTRIX Linnaeus loeflingiana ( L . ) — Common . viridana (L.) — Abundant, often defoliating oak. paleana (Huebn.) — Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). viburnana Schiff. — Common (T.W.). forsterana (Fabr.) — Scarborough (A.S.). musculana Huebn. — Common. EULIA Huebner ministrana (L.) — Common. pulchellana (Haw.) — Moors near Scarborough, abundant among bil- berry. TORTRICODES Guenee tortricella ( Huebn . ) — Common . CNEPHASIA Curtis osseana (Scop.) — Common, Pickering (A.S.). interjectana (Haw.) — Common, octomaculana Curt. — Scarborough (T.W.). incertana (Treit.) — Common, nubilana (Huebn.) — Common. ISOTRIAS Meyrick trifasciana (Don.) — Common. OLINDIA Guenee ulmana (Huebn.) — Scarborough (A.S.). ARGYROTOZA Stephens bergmanniana (L.) — Comm.on. conwayana (Fabr.) — Common. PERONEA Curtis holmiana (L.) — Common. rhombana (Schiff.) — ^Very common about hawthorn, aspersana (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). calidoniana (Steph.) — Pickering, plentiful in July and August (A.S^). femigana (Schiff.) — Pickering, common (A.S.). latifasciana (Haw.) — Common, variegana (Schiff.) — Very common. rufana (Schiff.) — Abundant on willow and sweet-gale (T.W.). sparsana (Schiff.) — Common. mixtana (Huebn.) — Scarborough, abundant on Erica tetralix and E. cinerea (T.W., A.S.). hastiana (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). liter ana (L.) — Scarborough, common (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). boscana (Fabr.) — Flamborough Head (E.H.). EUCOSMIDAE SPILONOTA Stephens ocellana (Schiff.) — Common. 178 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT EVETRIA Huebner pinivorana (Zell.) — Scarborough, among firs (T.W.). ANCYLIS Huebner myrtillana Treit. — Near Scarborough on bilberry (T.W.). unguicella (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.). diminutana (Haw.)- — Pickering (A.S.). mitterbacheriana (Schiff.) — Langdale End (A.S.). laetana (Fabr.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). NOTOCELIA Huebner uddmanniana (L.) — Common. rosaecolana Doubl. — Pickering, common (A.S.). EUCOSMA Huebner rheediana (Haw.) — Scarborough on honeysuckle (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). mercuriana (Froel.) — Scarborough (T.W.). griseana (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). myrtillana (Westw.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; near Flask Inn (G.B.W.). ratzeburgiaiia (Sax.) — Scarborough among firs (T.W.). isertana (Fabr.) — Common, trimaculana (Don.) — Common. nigromaculana (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). pupillana (Clerck) — Near Scarborough, abundant about wormwood (T.W.). cana (Haw.) — Scarborough (A.S.). hohenwartiana ( Schiff . ) — Common . pflugiana (Fabr.) — Flamborough Head (E.H.). costipunctana (Haw.) — Common on the Wolds (A.S.). cynosbatella (L.) — Common. penkleriana (Fisch. von Roesl.) — Scarborough, common (T.W.). bilunana (Haw.) — Scarborough, rather common among birches (T.W.) crenana (Huebn.) — Scarborough, common (T.W.). tetraquetrana ( Haw. ) — Common . triquetrana (Haw.) — Scarborough, common (T.W.). tedella (Clerck)— -Pickering, common (A.S.). maculana (Fabr.) — Scarborough, common among poplars (T.W., A.S.). solandriana (L.) — Common, semifuscana (Steph.) — Scarborough (A.S.). BACTRA Stephens lancealana (Huebn.) — Common. furfurana CHaw.) — Scarborough, not common (T.W.). POLYCHROSIS Ragonot fuligana (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). ENDOTHENIA Stephens fuligana (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W.). ARGYROPLOCE Huebner semifasciana (Haw.)- — Scarborough, among sallows (T.W.). lineana (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 179 corticana (Schiff.)^ — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). sororculana (Zett.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). nubiferana (Haw.) — Common, pruniana (Huebn.) — Common, sauciana (Gey. in Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). arcuella (Clerck)— Scarborough (T.W.). micana ( Froel . ) — Scarborough ( T . W . ) . lacunana (Schiff.) — Common, aemulana (Huebn.) — Common. HEMIMENE Huebner petiverella (L.) — Pickering, common (A.S.). acuminatana Zell. — Bumiston, common on cliffs (A.S.). plumbana (Scop.). — Pickering, very common (A.S.). PAMMENE Huebner splendidulana (Guen.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). argyrana (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.) ; Pickering (A.S.). spiniana (Dup.) — Scarborough, flies in the afternoon sunshine (T.W.). populana (Fabr.) — Scarborough, larvae in shoots of sallow (T.W.). regiana (Zell.) — Scarborough, very common ; larvae feed under loose bark of sycamore (T.W.). trauniana (S^iff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). ENARMONIA Huebner tenebrosana (Dup.) — Scarborough, larvae feed in rose-hips (T.W.). funebrana (Treit.) — Scarborough, larvae feed inside plums (T.W.). aurana (Fabr.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; ’ Flamborough Head (E.H.). pomonella (L.) — Scarborough, larvae within apples (T.W.). aspidiscana (Steph.) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). succedana (Schiff.) — Scarborough, common among gorse (T.W.) ; swarms at Pickering (A.S.). intemana (Guen.) — With the preceding. orobana (Treit.) — Bred from larvae in the pods of Vicia sylvatica on the cliffs to the north of Scarborough (T.W.). dorsana (Fabr.) — Scarborough, larvae in pods of Lathyras tuberosus (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). nigricana (Fabr.) — Common in pea-pods, strobilella (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.). coniferana (Ratz.) — Scarborough (T.W.). GELECHIIDAE METZNERIA Zeller lappella (L.) — Scarborough in seeds of burdock (T.W.). carlinella (Staint.) — Scarborough among carline thistle (T.W.). metzneriella (Staint. 1 — Scarborough, very common among knapweed (T.W., A.S.). PSAMATHOCRITA Meyrick osseella (Staint.) — Yedmandale and Forge Valley, freely on the wing in early June (T.W.). 180 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ARISTOTELIA Huebner tenebrella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W., J.S.) ; Troutsdale, 18/6/1946 (A.S.). pulveratella (Herr.-Schaeff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). ericinella (Dup.) — Common on the moors. hermannella (Fabr.) — Scarborough, larva on leaves of Chenopodium (T.W.). RECURVARIA Haworth leucatella (Clerck)— Scarborough (S.M.) ; Pickering (A.S.). EXOTELEIA Wallengren dodecella (L.) — Scarborough, larvae in shoots of Scots pine (T.W.). XENOLECHIA Meyrick aethiops (VVeStw.) — Scarborough, very common on Calluna (T.W.) ; Pickering (A.S.). notatella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). proximella (Huebh.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W.). fugitivella (Zell.) — Scarborough, common (S.M.). vulgella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, common (S.M.). sequax (Haw.) — Scarborough (S.M.). BRYOTROPHA von Heinemann domestica (Haw.) — Scarborough (S.M.). senectella (Zell.) — Scarborough (S.M., A.S.). desertella (Dough) — Scarborough (S.M.). terrella (Schiff.) — Common and generally distributed. GELECHIA Huebner difSnis (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common. Larva is found in a burrow at root of Rumex acetosella (T.W., J.S.). mulinella Zell.— Very common among gorse. longicornis ( Curt . ) — Scarborough ( S . M . ) . betulae (Haw.) — ^Very common on the moors. rhombella 1 Schiff.) — Scarborough, very common ; larva on apple (T.W., J.S.). cuneatella Dough — Scarborough on willow (T.W.). solutella Zell. — Scarborough (T.W.). PLATYEDRA Meyrick malvella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, in gardens about hollyhocks (T.W.). PHTHORIMAEA Meyrick plantaginella (Staint.) — Flamborough Head (E.H.) ; Scarborough, very common (T.W.). artemlsiella (Treit.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). acuminatella (Sire.) — Scarborough on thistle (T.W.). maculea (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae in seedheads and shoots of Stellaria holostea (T.W.). fratemella (Dough )^ — Scarborough, larvae in shoots of Cerastium (T.W.). viscariella (Staint.) — Scarborough about Melandrium dioicum, com- mon (T.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 181 tricolorella (Haw.) — Scarborough, larva among Stellaria holostea, very common (S.M.). THIOTRICHA Meyrick subocellca (Steph.) — Scarborough, abundant among Origanum (T.W.). STOMOPTERYX von Heinemann anthyllidella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). vorticella (Scop.) — Scarborough, rather local (T.W., A.S.). taeniolella (Zell.) — Scarborough, larvae between leaves of Lotus (T.W.). ANACAMPSIS Curtis populella (Clerck) — Scarborough (S.M., A.S.). ACOMPSIA Huebner cinerella (Clerck) — Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). ANARSIA Zeller spartiella (Schrank) — Scarborough, larvae in shoots of gorse, etc., rather local (T.W.). HYPATIMA Huebner conscriptella ( Huebn . ) — Common . COSMOPTERIGIDAE BLASTODACNA Wocke hellerella (Dup.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W., A.S.). SPULERIA Hofmann, E. flavicaput (Haw.) — ^Very common (S.M.). MOMPHA Huebner terminella (Westw.) — Scarborough, very common on enchanter’s nightshade (T.W., J.S.). locupletella (Schiff.) — Scarborough, common on Epilobium (T.W.). conturbatella (Huebn.) — Pickering (A.S.). propinquella (Staint.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W.) ; Flam- borough Head (E.H.). lacteella (Steph.) — Scarborough, common (S.M.). ochraceella (Curt) — Scarborough, very common, larvae in roots and stems of Epilobium (T.W., J.S.). miscella (Schiff.) — Scarborough, larva in leaves of Helianthemum (T.W.). BATRACHEDRA Herrich-Schaeffer praeangusta (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common among sallows (T.W.). OECOPHORIDAE OECOPHORA Latreille geofFrella (L.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). ESPERIA Huebner sulphurella (Fabr.) — Common. ENDROSIS Huebner sarcitrella (L.) — Very common in houses. 182 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT AMPHISBATIS Zeller incongruella (Staint.) — Common on the moors (T.W.). BORKHAUSENIA Huebner fuscescens (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W.). subaquilea (Staint.) — Scarborough (T.W.). minutella (L.)— Scarborough (S.M.). flavifrontella (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.). pseudospretella (Staint.) — A pest in houses and in insect collections. DIURNEA Haworth fagella (Schiff.) — Very common, variable in colour with a large num- ber of melanic specimens. phryganella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, common (S.M.). PLEUROTA Huebner bicostella (Clerck) — ^Very common on the moors (T.W., J.S.). EXAERETIA Stainton aliisella Staint. — Scarborough (T.W.). DEPRESSARIA Haworth apiella ( Huebn . ) — Scarborough ( S . M . ) . heracliana (L.)- — ^Abundant on hogweed. pulcherrimella Staint. — Scarborough among Conopodium majus (T.W.). albipunctella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, larvae on wild carrot (S.M.). ultimella Staint. — Scarborough (S.M.). costosa Haw. — Scarborough, very common among gorse (S.M., A.S.). umbellana Haw. — ^Very common among gorse (S.M.). liturella ( Schiff . ) — Common . pallorella Zell . • — Scarborough ( S . M . ) . assimilella (Treit.) — Scarborough among broom (S.M.). subpropinquella Staint. — Scarborough, common among thistles (S.M., A.S.). arenella (Schiff.) — Scarborough among knapweed and thistles (S.M.). propinquella (Treit.)— Scarborough among thistles (T.W.). carduella (Huebn.) — Scarborough among thistles (T.W.). angelicella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common among Angelica sylvestris (S.M., A.S.). rotundella Dough — Pickering, one specimen 20/8/1941 (A.S.). ciliella Staint. — Scarborough, very common among Angelica (S.M.). applana (Fabr.) — -Very common. alstromeriana (Clerck) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). ocellana (Fabr.) — Scarborough, very common among sallows (S.M.); Hayburn Wyke, Forge Valley (G.T.P.). hypericella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, larvae in screwed-up tops of Hypericum (T.W.). SEMIOSCOPIS Huebner steinkellneriana (Schiff.) — Scarborough, abundant on hawthorn and mountain ash (T.W.). avellanella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (S.M.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 183 ORNEODIDAE ORNEODES Latreille hexadactyla (L.) — Scarborough, larvae in flowers of honeysuckle, common (G.B.W., A.S.). SESIIDAE AEGERIA Fabricius tipuliformis ( Clerck) — Occasional. DIPSOSPHECIA Spuler scopigera (Scop.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Bumiston, one specimen at rest on poplar, -/7/1939 (I.P.R.),. SPHECIA Huebner bembeciformi.s (Huebn.) — Scarborough, not uncommon where there are poplars. SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE PANCALIA Curtis leuwenhoekella (L.) — Pickering, plentiful (A.S.). SCHRECKENSTEINIA Huebner festaliella (Huebn.) — Scarborough among bramble and raspberry (T.W.) ; Forge Valley, 7/6/1929 (A.S.). GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE ANTHOPHILA Haworth fabriciana (L.) — Common wherever nettles occur. GLYPHIPTERIX Huebner fuscoviridella (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). thrasonella (Scop.)— Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). cramerella (Fabr.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W., J.S.) ; very plentiful on the Wolds (A.S.). equitella (Scop.) — Scarborough among Sedum acre (T.W.). haworthana fSteph.) — Scarborough, very common in seed-heads of Eriophorum (T.W.). ELACHISTIDAE ELACHISTA Treitschke trapeziella Staint. — Scarborough among Luzula pilosa (T.W.). cinereopunctella (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common among Carex flacca (T.W.). gleichenella (Fabr.) — Scarborough, larvae plentiful on Luzula pilosa (T.W.). albifrontella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.) ; Flam- borough Head (E.H.). luticomella Zell. — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Flamborough Head, larvae on Dactylis glomerata (E.H ). atricomella Staint. — Scarborough, about Dactylis glomerata (T.W.). kilmunella Staint. — Scarborough among Carex (T.W.). perplexella Staint. — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of Deschampsia caespitosa (T.W.). subnigrella Dough — Scarborough, common (S.M.). 184 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ^tabilella Frey, H. — Scarborough (T.W.). tiigrella (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). bedellella (Sire.) — Scarborough, common (T.W.). obscurella Staint. — Scarborough, common (S.M.). taeniatella Staint. — Scarborough, plentiful on Brachypodium sylva- ticum (T.W.). megerlella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). semcomis Staint . — Scarborough ( T . W . ) . ibiatomella (Staint.)- — Scarborough on Carex flacca (T.W.). 'cleochariella Staint. — Scarborough on Eriophorum (T.W.). albidella von Tengstr. — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). -cerusella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.), plentiful (A.S.). subocellea (Steph.) — Scarborough, larvae on leaves of Brachypodium sylvaticum, very common (T.W.). Iriatomea (Haw.) — Scarborough, common about Festuca (T.W.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.). ruFocinerea (Haw.) — Abundant among grass, argentella ( Clerck ) — Abundant . SCYTHRIDAE SCYTHRIS Huebner senescens (Staint.) — Scarborough among Thymus (T.W.). YPONOMEUTIDAE CEDESTIS Zeller farinatella (Zell.) — Scarborough, among firs (T.W.), common (A.S.). ZELLERIA Stainton hepariella Staint. — Scarborough (T.W. ) . SWAMMERDAMIA Huebner combinella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.) ; Pickering and Biimiston (A.S.). heroldella Huebn. — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). lutarea (Haw.) — Scarborough (S.M.). spinlella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (S.M.). pyrella (de VilL, C. J.) — Scarborough (S.M.). PRAYS Huebner curtisellus (Don.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). YPONOMEUTA Latreille padella tL.) — Scarborough, common, sometimes abundant at the Mere, cognatella Huebn. — Scarborough, common (S.M.). COLEOPHORIDAE COLEOPHORA Huebner spissicomis (Haw.) — Scarborough (S.M.). albitarsella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae on ground ivy, etc., (T.W.). alcyonipennella (Koll.) — Scarborough, very common among Centaurea ni£ra (T.W., J.S.). paripennella Zell. — Scarborough on birch (T.W.). nigricella (Steph.) — Common. INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 185 siccifolia Staint. — Scarborough on whitethorn (T.W.). gryphipennella (Bouche) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of roses, very common (T.W., J.S.). orbitella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae on birch (T.W.). viminetella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae on sallow, very common (T.W.). fuscedinella Zell.— Scarborough, very common (S.M.). lutipennella (Zell.) — Scarborough among oaks (T.W.). bachipennella (Dup.) — Scarborough (S.M.). olivaceella Staint. — Scarborough (T.W.). laricella (Huebn.) — Very common on larch (G.B.W.). juncicolella Staint. — Scarborough, larvae on Calluna and Erica, com- mon (H.T.S.). chalcogrammella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae on Cerastium arvense in May (T.W.) ; Pickering, 21/6/1942 (A.S.). lixclla Zell. — Scarborough, larvae on grasses (T.W.). anatipennella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Abundant on the moors. genistae Staint. — Larvae on Genista anglica, common where this occurs in the Scarborough district (S.M.). discordella Zell. — Scarborough, very common (T.W., J.S.) ; Flam- borough Head, larvae on Lotus (E.H.). albicosta (Haw.) — Scarborough among gorse (T.W.) ; Pickering, 4/6/1939 (A.S.). lineolea (Haw.) — Scarborough (A.S.). troglodytella (Dup.) — Scarborough, larvae on leaves of Eupatorium cannabinum, very common (P.I., J.S.). virgaureae Staint. — Scarborough, larvae on seeds of Solidago, very common (T.W., J.S.). annulatella von Tengstr. — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). leucapennis (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae on seeds of Luzula (T.W.). caespititiella Zell. — Abundant wherever Juncus grows. GRACILLARIIDAE LITHOCOLLETIS Huebner roboris Zell. — Scarborough, larvae in large mines in oak leaves (T.W., A.S.). harrisella (L.) — Scarborough, very common among oaks (S.M.). heegeriella Zell. — Scarborough among oaks (T.W.). messaniella Zell. — Scarborough among oaks (S.M.). quercifoliella Zell. — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). rajella (L.) — Scarborough, very common among alders (S.M.). corvli von Nic. — Scarborough, larvae in hazel leaves, very common (S.M.). faginella Zell. — Scarborough among beech (S.M.). spinicolella Zell. — Scarborough among blackthorn (T.W.). ulmifoliella (Huebn.) — Scarborough among birch, very common (S.M.). 186 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT A.S.). very common nigrescentella Log. — Scarborough (T.W.). insignitella Zell. — Scarborough, common on Trifolium medium (T.W.). lautella Zell.- — ^Scarborough, larvae in oak leaves (T.W.). schreberella (Fabr.) — Scarborough among elm (T.W.). trifasciella (Haw.) — Scarborough, among honeysuckle (T.W.). emberizaepennella (Bouch.) — Scarborough (T.W.). tristrigeila (Haw.) — Scarborough among elm (S.M., stettinensis von Nic. — Scarborough among alder, (T.W.). froelicbiella Zell. — Scarborough among alder (T.W.). nicellii Staint. — Scarborough among hazel (T.W.). klemannella (Fabr.) — Scarborough (S.M.). viminiella (Staint.) — Scarborough among sallow, very common (S.M.). corylifoliella (Haw.) — Scarborough among hawthorn (P.I.). muelleriella Zell. — Scarborough (T.W.). acerifoliella Zell.— Scarborough among maple, very common (T.W.). ORNIX Treitschke guttea (Haw.) — Very common Scarborough (S.M.). loganella Staint. — Very common, Scarborough (T.W.). anglicella Staint. — ^Very common, Scarborough (S.M.). devonielia Staint — ^Very common, Scarborough (S.M.). torquillella Zell. — Scarborough (T.W.). scoticeila Staint. — Scarborough (T.W.). GRACILLARIA Haworth auroguttella (Steph.) — Scarborough among Hypericum (T.W.). syringella (Fabr.) — Very common among lilac, ash and privet, sulphurella (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Pickering, common (A.S.). tringipennella Zell. — Scarborough among plantain (T.W.) ; Burnis- ton (A.S.). elongella (L.) — Scarborough amohg alder, very common (S.M.). Mr. A. Smith has two Scarborough specimens which are probably to be referred to falconipennella Brown (Proc. S. London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47). alchimiella (Scop.) — Scarborough among oak, very common (P.I., A.S.) ; Forge Valley, Pickering (A.S.). stigmatella (Fabr.) — Scarborough among poplars and sallows (T.W.). semifascia Haw. — Scarborough, common on maple. EPERMENIIDAE CATAPLECTICA Walsingham fulviguttella (Zell.) — Scarborough among Angelica sylvestris (P.I.). EPERMENIA Huebner chaerophyllella (Goeze) — Scarborough (T.W.). PLUTELLIDAE ORTHOTAELIA Stephens sparganella (Thunb.) — Scarborough, larvae in stems of Sparganium erectum (T.W.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 187 YPSOLOPHUS Fabricius xylostellus (L.) — Common among honeysuckle, nemorellus (L.) — Scarborough among honeysuckle (T.W., A.S.). scabrellus (L.) — Scarborough, larvae on apple (S.M.). sylvellus (L.) — Scarborough among oak (S.M.). parenthesellus (L.) — Scarborough on sallow (T.W.) ; common on the Wolds (A.S.). ustellus (Clerck) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). sequellus (Clerck) — Scarborough (S.M., A.S.). vittellus (L.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). PLUTELLA Schrank porrectella (L.) — Scarborough (S.M., A.S.). maculipennis (Curt.) — DIAMOND-BACKED MOTH. Common, at times abundant, when it does great damage to cabbages, etc. dalella Staint. — Scarborough (T.W.). SUBEIDOPHASIA Weber, P. annulatella (Curt.) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Flamborough Head (E.H.). ACROLEPIA Curtis granitella (Treit.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of Pulicaria dysen- terica (T.W.). OCNEROSTOMA Zeller piniariella Zell. — Scarborough among pines (T.W., A.S.). ARGYRESTHIA Huebner bit>ckeella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). goedartella (L.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). pygmaeHla (Huebn.) — Scarborough among sallow (T.W., A.S.). sorbiella (Treit.) — Scarborough (S.M.). comella (Fabr.) — Scarborough among apple (S.M.). retinella Zell. — Scarborough among birch (T.W., A.S.). semifusca (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae in ash and sloe (S.M., A.S.). conjugella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae in fruit of mountain-ash, very common (T.W., J.S., A.S.). spiniella Zell. — Scarborough, larvae in young stem of mountain-ash (T.W., A.S.). pruniella (Clerck) — Scarborough (S.M.). curvella (L.) — Scarborough, very common, albistria (Haw.) — Scarborough, very common, semitestacella (Curt.) — Scarborough (S.M., A.S.). LYONETIIDAE OPOSTEGA Zeller crepusciilella Zell. — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). LEUCOPTERA Huebner labumella (Staint.)- — Abundant wherever laburnum grows. spartifoHella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, common among broom (T.W.). orobi (Staint.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus (T.W.). 188 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT lotella (Staint.) — Cloughton Moor, abundant on Lo*-us tenuis (T.W.). scitella (Zell.) — Scarborough among hawthorn (S.M.). LYONETIA Huebner clerckella (L.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). TISCHERIA Zeller complanella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, larvae in oak leaves, very common. marginea (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of bramble (S.M.). BUCCULATRIX Zeller cristatella (Zell.) — Scarborough, common on yarrow (T.W.). nigricomella (Zell.) — Scarborough, very common among ox-eye (T.W.). cidarella (Zell.) — Scarborough among alder (T.W.). rrataegi (Zell.) — Scarborough among hawthorn (S.M.). demaryella (Staint.) — Scarborough among birch (T.W.). OINOPHILA Stephens v-flava (Haw.) — Scarborough, common in wine-vaults (T.W.). TINAEIDAE TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot tapetzella (L.) — Very common. TINEOLA Herrich-Schaeffer bisselliella (Humm.) — ^Abundant, a great pest. TINAEA Geoffroy fulvimitrella Sod.^ — Scarborough (T.W.). arcella Fabr. — Scarborough, common (T.W.). granella (L.) — Scarborough (S.M.). cloaceUa Haw. — Common. ruricolella Staint. — ^May occur with us as Mr. A. Smith has found it nearer York. fuscipunctella Haw. — Common, pellionella (L.) — Common everywhere, pallescentella Staint. — Common in warehouses, ganomella Treit. — ^Very common. semifulvella Haw. — Flamborough (E.H.) ; Scarborough (T.W., A.S.). OCHSENHEIMERIA Huebner mediopectinella (Haw.) — Common. TALEPORIA Huebner tubulosa (Retz.) — Scarborough, abundant on sycamore trunks (T.W.). LAMPRONIIDAE PHYLLOPORIA von Heinemann bistrigella (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of birch, very com- mon (T.W., A.S.). INCURVARIA Haworth masculella (Fabr.) — Scarborough, very common. LAMPRONIA Stephens capitella (Clerck) — Scarborough (S.M.). INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA 189 oehlmanniella (Treit.) — Scarborough (T.W.). praelatella (Schiff.) — Scarborough (T.W.); Forge Valley, 21/6/1936 (A.S.). luzella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). rubiella (Bjerk.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.) ; Forge Valley (A.S.)'. ADELIDAE NEMOPHORA Hofmannsegg cupriacella (Huebn.) — Scarborough about scabious (T.W.). degeerella (L.) — Scarborough (A.S.). ADELA Latreille reaumurella (L.) — Very common and widely distributed, croesella (Scop.) — Scarborough (T.W.). rufimitrella (Scop.) — Scarborough (T.W.). fibulella (Schiff.) — Scarborough on germander speedwell (T.W.) ; ' common on the Wolds (A.S.). NEMATOPOGON Zeller swammerdammella (L.)— Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). panzeriella (Fabr.) — Scarborough (T.W.). pilella (Fabr.) — Scarborough (T.W.). metaxella (Huebn.) — Scarborough on marshy ground (S.M.). HELIOZELIDAE HELIOZELA Herrich-Schaeffer sericiella (Haw.)— Scarborough, very common (S.M., A.S.). resplendella (Staint.) — Scarborough, larvae inside alder leaves, very common (T.W.). ANTISPILA Huebner pfeifFerella (Huebn.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of dogwood (T.W.). treitschkiella (Fisch. von Roesl.) — Scarborough, larvae in leaves of dogwood (T.A.). STIGMELLIDAE STIGMELLA Schrank pomella (Vaugh.) — Scarborough on crab-apple (T.W.). pygmaella (Haw.) — Scarborough among hawthorn, very common (T.W.). atricapitella (Haw.) — Scarborough, larvae in galleries in oak leaves, very common (S.M.) ruficapitella (Haw.) — Common and generally distributed, anomalelia (Goeze) — Scarborough among roses, very common (T.W.). oxyacanthella (Staint.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). regiella (Herr. -Schaeff. )— Scarborough (T.W.). aurella (Fabr.) — Scarborough among bramble, very common (S.M.). hybnerella (Huebn.) — Scarborough (T.W.). alnetella (Staint.) — Scarborough among alders (T.W.). microtheriella (Staint.) — Scarborough among hazels, very common (T.W.). 190 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT plagicolella (Staint.) — Scarborough, very common (J.S.). ignobilella (Staint.) — Scarborough among hawthorn (T.W.). glutinosae (Staint.) — Scarborough, larvae in alder leaves (T.W.). luteella (Staint.) — Scarborough, among birch (T.W.). argentipedella (Zell.) — Scarborough, very common (T.W.). basalella (Herr.-Schaeff.) — Scarborough, very common (S.M.). malella (Staint.) — Scarborough on crab-apple (R.H.). angulifasciella (Staint.) — Scarborough among wild-rose, common (T.W.). arcuatella (Herr.-Schaelf.) — Scarborough among strawberry, common (T.W.). myrtillella (Staint.) — Scarborough among bilberry, very common (T.W.). salicis (Staint.)— Scarborough among sallow, very common (T.W.). floslactella (Haw.) — Scarborough among hazel, very common (T.W.). lapponica (Wocke) — Scarborough, larvae in mines in birch leaves (T.W.). septembrella (Staint.)— Scarborough among Hypericum (T.W.). catharticella ( Staint . ) - — Scarborough among buckthorn ( T . W . ) . weaveri (Staint.) — Scarborough about whortleberry, common (T.W.). trimaculella (Haw.) — Scarborough (T.W.). subbimaculeila (Haw.)- — Scarborough among oak (T.W.). cryptella (Staint.) — Scarborough among bird’s-foot trefoil (T.W.). pulverosella (Staint.) — Scarborough among crab-apple, common (T.W.). TRIFURCULA Zeller immundella (Zell.)— Scarborough among broom, common (T.W.). SCOLIAULA Meyrick quadrimaculella (Boh.) — Scarborough among alder in July (T.W.). INDEX OF GENERA Abraxas 166 Amphipyra 153 Argynnis 170 Abrostola 160 Amphisbatis 182 Argyresthia 187 Acasis 161 Anacampsis 181 Argyroploce 178 Acherontia 168 Anagoga 167 Argyrotoza 177 Achlya 168 Anaitis 162 Aricia 171 Achroia 173 Anaplectoides 156 Aristotelia 180 Acompsia 181 Anarsia 181 Asphalia 168 Acrobasis 173 Anarta 159 Asthena 163 Acrolepia 187 Anchoscelis 156 Atethmia 156 Adaina 175 Ancylis 178 Atolmis 151 Adela 189 Anthophila 183 Augiades 172 Aegeria 183 Antispila 189 Axylia 156 Agapetes 170 Antitype 157 Aglais 171 Apatele 152 Bactrachedra 181 Aglossa 174 Apemea 154 Bactra 178 Agrochola 157 Aphantopus 170 Bapta 166 Agrotis 155 Aphomia 173 Bena 152 Allophyes 157 Apocheima 166 Biston 166 Alsophila 165 Aporophyla 156 Blastodacna 181 Alucita 175 Arctia 152 Bombycia 158 Amathes 155 Arenostola 153 Borkhausenia 182 LEPIDOPTERA INDEX 191 Brachionycha 156 Diacrisia 152 Gelechia 180 Brephos 165 Diarsia 156 Geometra 161 Bryotropha 180 Diataraxia 159 Glyphipteryx 183 Bucculatrix 188 Dioryctria 173 Gnophos 166 Bupalus 165 Dipsosphecia 183 Gonepteryx 172 Dira 170 Gonodontis 167 Cabera 166 Discoloxia 164 Gortnya 153 Cacoecia 176 Ditula 176 Gracillaria 186 Callophrys 172 Diumea 182 Graphiphora 155 Calocalpe 162 Drepana 173 Griposia 157 Calostigia 164 Drymonia 169 Gymnoscelis 161 Campaea 167 Dryobota 158 Gypsitea 156 Caradrina 153 Dyscia 166 Cataplectica 186 Dysstroma 163 Habrosyne 167 Catocala 159 Hada 158 Cedestis 184 Earophila 163 Hadena 158 Celaena 154 Ecliptopera 163 Hamearis 171 Celastrina 171 Ectropis 165 Hecatera 158 Celerio 168 Ectypa 160 Heliophobus 159 Ceramica 159 Eilema 151 Heliothis 155 Cerastis 156 Elachista 183 Heliozela 189 Cerura 169 Ellopia 167 Hemerophila 165 Charaeas 158 Ematurga 165 Hemimene 179 Chesias 162 Enarmonia 179 Hepialus 151 Chiasmia 165 Endothenia 178 Herse 169 Chilo 174 Endrosis 181 Hesperia 172 Chloroclysta 163 Ennomos 167 Hippotion 168 Chloroclystis 161 Entephria 163 Homoeosoma 173 Cidaria 163 Epagoge 176 Horisme 162 Cilix 173 Epermenia 186 Hydraecia 154 Cirrhia 157 Ephestia 173 Hydrelia 164 Citrea 157 Epione 167 Hydriomena 163 Cleora 165 Epirrhoe 162 Hygrochroa 167 Clostera 169 Episema 160 Hypatima 181 Cnephasia 177 Erannis 165 Hypena 159 Cochylis 176 Eriocrania 150 Hypocrita 151 Coenonympha 170 Eriogaster 175 Coenotephria 163 Erynnis 172 Idiographis 176 Coleophora 184 Esperia 181 Incurvaria 188 Colocasia 153 Euchloe 172 Isotrias 177 Colotois 167 Euchoeca 164 Itama 165 Colias 172 Euclidimera 159 Comacla 151 Eucosma 178 Jodis 161 Conistra 156 Eucymatoge 162 Cosmia 153 Eulia 177 Lacanobia 159 Cosymbia 161 Eulype 162 Lampra 156 Crambus 173 Eumenis 170 Lampronia 188 Craniophora 153 Eumichtis 158 Lampropteryx 163 Crocallis 167 Euphyia 163 Laothoe 169 Cryphia 153 Eupithecia 161 Larentia 164 Cucullia 157 Euplexia 154 Lasiocampa 175 Cupido 171 Eupsilia 157 Leucania 158 Cycnia 150 Euproctis 160 Leucoma 160 Eurhodope 173 Leucoptera 187 Daphnis 168 Eurois 155 Ligdia 166 Dasychira 160 Euxanthis 176 Lithina 166 Dasypolia 157 Euxoa 155 Lithocolletis 185 Deilephila 168 Evetria 178 Lithomoia 157 Depressaria 182 Exaeretia 182 Lithosia 151 Deuteronomos 167 Exoteleia 180 Lobophora 161 192 NATURAL fflSTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Lomaspilis 166 Lophopteryx 169 Loxostege 174 Luperina 153 Lycaena 172 Lycia 166 Lycophotia 155 Lygris 162 Lyncometra 162 Lyonetia 188 Macroglossa 168 Macrothylacia 175 Mamestra 159 Maniola 170 Melanchra 159 Meristis 154 Mesoleuca 163 Mesographe 174 Metzneria 179 Miana 154 Micropteryx 150 Miltochrista 151 Mnemonica 1 50 Mompha 181 Mormo 153 Nematopogon 189 Nemophora 189 Nola 152 Nomophila 174 Nonagria 153 Notocelia 178 Notodonta 169 Nudaria 151 Nymphalis 171 Nymphula 174 Ochropleura 155 Ochsenheimeria 188 Ocnerostoma 187 Odezia 165 Oecophora 181 Oidaematophorus 175 Oinophila 188 Olindia 177 Operophthera 164 Ophiusa 159 Opisthograptis 165 Oporinia 164 Opostega 187 Orgyia 160 Orneodes 183 Ornix 186 Ortholitha 164 Orthosia 158 Orthotaelia 186 Ourapteryx 166 Oxyptilus 174 Pammene 179 Pancalia 183 Pandemis 176 Panemeria 153 Panolis 158 Pararge 169 Parasemia 152 Parastichtis 157 Pelurga 163 Perconia 166 Peridroma 155 Perizoma 163 Peronea 177 Petilampa 154 Phalaena 156 Phalera 169 Phalonia 176 Pheosia 169 Phigalia 166 Philedone 176 Philudoria 175 Phlogophora 154 Phlyctaenia 174 Phragmatobia 151 Phtheochroa 176 Phthorimaea 180 Phylloporia 188 Phytometra 160 Plagodis 167 Platyedra 180 Platyptilia 174 Plebeius 171 Pleurota 182 Plusia 160 Plutella 187 Poecilocampa 175 Polia 159 Polychrisia 160 Polychrosis 178 Polygonia 171 Polyommatus 171 Polyp loca 168 Prays 184 Procris 174 Procus 154 Psamathocrita 179 Pseudoterpna 161 Pterostoma 169 Pylarge 160 Pyralis 174 Pyrausta 174 Recurvaria 180 Rhizedra 153 Roeselia 152 Rusina 153 Salebria 173 Sarrothripus 152 Saturnia 169 Schrankia 159 Schreckensteinia 183 Scoliaula 190 Scoliopteryx 159 Scoparia 174 Scopula 160 Selenia 167 Semioscopis 182 Semiothisa 165 Smerinthus 168 Spaelotis 155 Sphecia 183 Sphinx 168 Spilonota 177 Spilosoma 152 Spuleria 181 Stenoptilia 175 Sterrha 160 Stigmella 189 Stomopteryx 181 Strymon 172 Subeidophasia 187 Swammerdamia 1 84 Talepora 188 Tethea 167 Thalpophila 154 Thera 162 Theria 166 Thiotricha 181 Tholera 158 Thyatira 167 Thymelicus 172 Tiliacea 1 56 Tinaea 188 Tineola 188 Tortricodes 177 Tortrix 177 Trichophaga 188 Trichopteryx 161 Trifurcula 190 Triphaena 156 Utetheisa 151 Vanessa 171 Venusia 164 Xanthorhoe 164 Xenolechia 180 Xylena 157 Xylocampa 157 Xylophasia 1 54 Yponomeuta 184 Ypsolophus 187 Zanclognatha 159 Zelleria 184 Zygaena 175 LEPIDOPTERA INDEX 193 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Alder 152 Kitten 169 Annulet 166 Angle Shades 154 Antler 158 Argent & Sable 162 August Thorn 167 Autumn Green Carpet 163 Autumnal 164 Rustic 155 Barred Carpet 163 Chestnut 156 Red 167 Umber 167 Yellow 163 Bearded Chestnut 157 Beautiful Carpet 163 Golden- Y 160 Yellow Underwing 159 Bedstraw Hawk 168 Beech-green Carpet 164 Blackneck 159 Bordered Beauty 167 Gothic 159 Pug 161 White 165 Brick 157 Bright-line Brown-eye 159 Brimstone 165, 172 Brindled 157 Beauty 166 Green 158 Pug 162 Broad-barred White 158 -bordered Yellow Underwing 156 Broom 159 Brown Argus 171 -line Bright-Eye 158 Rustic 153 Silverline 166 -spot Pinion 156 Brussels Lace 165 Buff Arches 167 Ermine 152 Tip 169 Bulrush Wainscot 153 Burnet Companion 160 Burnished Brass 160 Butterbur 154 Cabbage 159 Campion 158 Camberwell Beauty 171 Canary-shouldered Thorn 167 Centre-barred Sallow 156 Chalk Carpet 164 Chamomile 157 Chestnut 156 Chevron 162 Chimney Sweeper 165 Chinese Character 172 Cinnebar 151 Cistus Forester 175 Clay 158 Triple-lines 161 Clifden Nonpareil 159 Clouded Border Bordered 166 Brindle 154 Brindle 154 Buff 152 Drab 158 Magpie 166 Yellow 172 Comma 171 Common Blue 171 Carpet 162 Heath 165 Pug 161 Quaker 158 Rustic 154 Wainscot 158 Wave 166 White Wave 166 Confused Convolvulus 154 Hawk 169 Coronet 153 Coxcomb Promi- nent 169 Cream Wave 160 Crimson Speckled 151 Dark Arches 154 Brocade 158 Dagger Green 152 Fritillary 171 Marbled Carpet 163 Spinach 163 Sword Grass 155 Death’s Head Hawk 168 December 175 Deep Brown Dart 156 Diamond-backed 187 Dingy Footman 151 Shears 157 Shell 164 Skipper 172 Dot 159 Dotted Border 165 Clay 155 Double Dart 155 Square-spot 1 55 Striped Pug 161 Duke of Burgundy Fritillary 171 Dunbar 153 Dusky Brocade 154 Lemon Sallow 157 Early 166 Grey 157 Thorn 167 Tooth-striped 161 Ear 154 Emperor 169 Engrailed 165 Eyed Hawk 168 Fanfoot 159 Feathered Gothic 158 Ranunculus 158 Thorn 187 Fern 162 Figure of Eight 160 Flame 156 Carpet 164 Shoulder 155 Flounced Chestnut 156 Rustic 153 194 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Forester 175 Fourspotted Footman 151 Fox 175 Foxglove Pug 161 Frosted Green 168 Orange 153 Galium Carpet 162 Garden Carpet 164 Dart 154 Tiger 152 Gatekeeper 170 Ghost Swift 151 Glaucous Shears 158 Goat 176 Gold Spangle 159 Spot 160 Swift 151 Golden Plusia 160 -red Brindle 157 Rod Pug 162 Gothic 156 Grass Emerald 161 Rivulet 163 Wave 166 Grayling 170 Great Brocade 156 Green Arches 156 Brindled Crescent 157 Carpet 164 Pug Hairstreak 172 Silver-lines 152 -veined White 172 Grey Arches 159 Birch 165 Chi 157 Dagger 153 Mountain Carpet 163 Pine Carpet 162 Pug 161 Scalloped Bar 166 Haworth’s Minor 154 Heart & Club 155 & Dart 155 Heath Rustic 155 Hebrew Character 158 High Brown Fritillary 170 Holly Blue 171 Hummingbird Hawk 168 Ingrailed Clay 156 Iron Prominent 169 July Highflyer 163 Knot Grass 153 Larch Pug 161 Large Elephant Hawk 168 Emerald 161 Heath 170 Marbled Tortrix 152 Ranunculus 157 Skipper 172 Tortoiseshell 171 Wainscot 153 White 172 Yellow Underwing 156 Latticed Heath 165 Lead Belle 164 -coloured Drab 158 -coloured Pug 162 Least Black Arches 152 Lesser Broad- border 156 Cream Wave 161 Lutestring 168 Satin 167 Swallow Prominent 169 Yellow Underwing 156 Light Arches 154 Emerald 167 Knot Grass 153 Orange Under- wing 165 Lime-speck Pug 161 Ling Pug 161 Lilac Beauty 167 Little Emerald 161 Lunar Marbled - brown 168 Thorn 167 Underwing 156 Lychnis 158 Lyme Grass 153 Magpie 166 White 170 Mallow 164 Map-winged Swift 151 Marbled Beauty 153 Brown 169 Carpet 163 Coronet 158 Minor 154 March 165 Marsh Pug 162 May Highflyer 163 Meadow Brown 170 Merveille du Jour 157 Middle-barred Minor 154 Miller 152 Minor Shoulder- knot 158 Mother Shipton 159 Mottled Beauty 165 Grey 164 Rustic 153 Umber 166 Mouse 153 Mullein 157 Muslin 152 Footman 151 Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet 175 -winged Pug 162 Neglected 155 Netted Pug 161 Northern Spinach 162 November 164 Nut-tree Tussock 153 Oak Beauty 166 Eggar 175 -tree Pug 162 Ochrous Pug 162 Old Lady 153 Oleander Hawk 168 Orange Sallow 156 Swift 151 Tip 172 Underwing 165 LEPIDOPTERA INDEX 195 Painted Lady 171 Pale Brindled Beauty 166 Mottled Willow 153 Prominent 169 Shouldered Brocade 159 Tussock 160 Peach Blossom 167 Peacock 171 Pearl-bordered Fritillary 170 Pearly Underwing 155 Pebble Hook-tip 173 Prominent 169 Peppered 166 Phoenix 162 Pine Beauty 158 Carpet 162 Pink-barred Sallow 157 Pinion-streaked Snout 159 Plain Clay 155 Gplden-Y 160 Poplar Hawk 169 Kitten 169 Lutestring 167 Powdered Quaker 158 Privet Hawk 168 Purple Bar 162 Clay 156 Puss 169 Queen of Spain Fritillary 170 Rannoch Looper 165 Red Admiral 171 Carpet 164 Chestnut 156 Green Carpet 163 Line Quaker 157 -necked Footman 151 Sword-grass 157 Underwing 159 Reddish Light Arches 154 Riband Wave 160 Ringlet 170 Rivulet 163 Rosy Footman 151 Minor 154 Rustic 154 Round-winged Footman 151 Wave 166 Ruby Tiger 151 Ruddy Highflyer 163 Rustic 153 Shoulder-knot 154 Sallow 157 Kitten 169 Sandy Carpet 163 Satelite 157 Satyr Pug 161 Scallop Shell 162 Scalloped Hazel 167 Hook-tip 173 Oak 167 Scarce Bordered Straw 154 Footman 151 Silver-Y 160 Umber 166 Scorched Carpet 166 Wing 167 September Thorn 167 Seraphim 161 Setaceous Hebrew Character 155 Shaded Broad-bar 164 Pug 162 Shark 157 Shears 158 Shoulder-stripe 163 -striped Wainscot 158 Single-dotted Wave 160 Silver-ground Carpet 164 -spotted Skipper 172 -striped Hawk 168 -studded Blue 171 -washed Fritillary 170 Six-spot Burnet 175 -striped Rustic 155 Slender Brindle , 154 Pug 162 Small Angle- shades 154 Argent & Sable 162 Autumn Carpet 164 Black Arches 152 Blood Vein 161 Blue 171 Brindled Beauty 166 Copper 172 Clouded Brindle 154 Chocolate Tip 169 Dotted Buff 154 Eggar 175 Elephant Hawk 168 Engraved 165 Fanfoot 159 Heath 170 Pearl-bordered Fritillary 170 Phoenix 163 Purple-barred 160 Quaker 158 Rivulet 163 Skipper 172 Square-spot 1 56 Tortoiseshell 153 Wainscot 153 White 172 White Wave 164 Yellow Under- wing 153 Yellow Wave 164 Smoky Wainscot 158 Wave 160 Snout 159 Speckled Wood 169 Spectacle 160 Spinach 162 Sprawler 156 Spring Usher 165 Spurge Hawk 168 Square-spot Dart 154 Rustic 155 Square-spotted Clay 155 Streak 162 Streamer 163 Striped Hawk 168 Twin-spot Carpet 164 Wainscot 158 Suspected 157 Swallowtail 166 Swallow Prominent 169 Sword Grass 157 Tawny-barred Angle 165 Shears 158 Speckled Pug 161 Wave . 161 Treble-bar 162 -lines 154 Triple-spotted Pug 162 True Lovers Knot 155 Turnip 155 Twin-spot Carpet 164 Twin-spotted Quaker 158 Union Rustic 154 Vapourer 160 V-Moth 165 V-Pug 161 Wall 170 Water Carpet 163 Waved Umber 165 Wavy Carpet 164 Welsh Wave 164 White Ermine 152 -letter Hair- streak 172 -line Dart 154 -line Snout 159 -marked 156 -pinioned Spotted 166 satin 160 -spotted Pug 161 Winter 164 Wood Tiger 152 Wormwood Pug 161 Yellow-barred Brindle 161 -horned 168 -line Quaker 157 -ringed Carpet 163 Shell 163 -tail 160 Order COLEOPTERA — BEETLES G. B. Walsh Robert Lawson, the first Scarborough coleopterist, was contem- poraneous with T. Wilkinson, the well-known lepidopterist and was said by E. C. Rye to be the first beetle-collector in Europe. Some years after he died, the study of local beetles, especially of the water-beetles, was taken up, at the beginning of the century, by the Rev. W. C. Hey, West Ayton, and at Scarborough by E. C. Horrell and W. Pearson. The work was then continued at Scarborough by A. E. Winter and G. B. Walsh ; at Whitby by H. Britten ; and at Robin Hood’s Bay by J. M. Brown. There are numerous records by visiting coleopterists, so that we have a good idea of the distribution of the Coleoptera in the north and central part of our area, though much still remains to be done in the south. The district is a rich one for beetles, and lacks only high mountains, a river estuary and coast sand-dunes. Areas of special interest are the coast and moors, both of which have a characteristic beetle fauna. The subject of distribution of moorland insects has been discussed in the introduction to the Lepidoptera ; among the Coleoptera, too, most moorland species are fairly common at least, and practically all the species are widely distributed. There is a very interesting area of wind-blown sand between Flixton and Ganton. On it occur some species which we usually associate with the coast, notably Broscus cephalotes and Notoxus monoceros. The district contains beetles of extremely localised distribution ; e.g., Chaetocnema conducta, taken on two widely separated occasions in Forge Valley, its only known British habitat ; Mesites tardii, a beetle of Lusitanian origin, occurs only at Haybum Wyke and in one restricted locality near Robin Hood’s Bay, the only known Yorkshire haunts ; Anoplus roboris used to occur only on a single alder in Haybum Wyke, but the insects were washed out to sea in a summer flood ; and just outside our area occurs Btedius dissimilis, in a sandy layer some distance up the cliffs in a short stretch just south of Bridlington, again the only known British locality. As among the Lepidoptera, it should be noted that in Lawson’s records, " Scarborough ” refers to the district within reach of the town. One feels, too, that the term "common” has, in some cases at any rate, been applied possibly to species which were common for only a limited time. There are, of course, fundamental differences in the structure of the wings of the Lepidoptera and of the Coleoptera. In the former the four wings are almost always covered with highly pigmented scales which give 196 INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 197 them their colouring and are more or less capable of degrees of pigmenta- tion ; in the latter the forewings are almost always modified to form hard chitinous coverings (elytra) which are in various degrees closely adpressed to the sides of the abdomen and protect the true organs of flight beneath, which are neither scaled nor horny. These elytra are heavily pigmented within and have a degree of colour stability which is not readily affected by external conditions. Just as in a good many moths there are a few beetles which exhibit degrees of increased pigmentation (melanism or melanochroism) which it seems difficult to explain in any way in terms of different external conditions. Nebria livida for instance, which lives at the base of clay cliffs, is black with yellow margins, but very occasionally is completely dark or, on the other hand, completely yellow ; these are almost certainly mutations which it is unnecessary to explain in general terms. We are on different ground, however, with Orsodacne cerasi which occurs in small numbers on hogweed flowers in Forge Valley ; this has a black form (glabrata) which is usually a somewhat undersized male but may be a female of normal size. Similarly on moors there is the very common “ heather beetle ” (Lochmaea suturalis) which at times is so abundant as to be a pest ; it also has a black form (nigrita). On the other hand we have beetles with diminished pigmentation where species which are normally black become dark reddish, a condition which the late W. E. Sharp paradoxically termed “ a condition of permanent immaturity ”, examples are Aphodius ater common everywhere and Nebria gyllenhali which is black in the shingle beds of the Derwent, but reddish on the dry uplands of Langdale Rigg. One is naturally tempted to explain this in terms of altitude only to be met by the exactly opposite case where Calathus melanocephalus with a red thorax at low altitudes has a black one above the 2000 ft. line. Up to the present, then, we have no generally accepted theory which will explain these different forms in terms of external conditions — ■ a state of affairs which, while disappointing in a way, is nevertheless decidedly stimulating to hypothesis and discussion. Winter flight. A good many beetles are in the larval state during late July, August and September and when they emerge in late September or in October they very quickly search for winter quarters where they may stay until the following spring or summer. If, however, there are heavy floods in the winter they may be washed out of these hibernacula and so be swept down-stream in flood-refuse. Moreover, many species are in very incomplete hibernation, and while they stay torpid in very cold weather, they emerge when the temperature rises a little. This particularly applies to a number of small carrion-feeding beetles which, together with certain flies of similar food habits, are on the wing on the warmer days searching for their food. The larger ones seem to remain torpid all through the cold weather, even Necrophorus vespilloides ( — mortuorum) which can be found in rotten fungi late into November. 198 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Is our beetle fauna stable? An ever-interesting problem in the study of field natural history is the question of the stability of a fauna or flora. It is probably easier to give an answer in such cases as the flowering plants and the birds, and some information on the matter can be found in the introductions to these sections. In the case of the beetles, it is more difficult to say, for the problem is complicated by the introduction of new methods of collecting, new methods of diagnosis of species and even by the predilections of collectors with favourite haunts, etc. There are at least three aspects of the subject to be studied ; — 1. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. Our knowledge of the local Coleoptera extends back for only about a century, far too short a time to include any major geological changes. It is probably on the coast that these are most obvious, where we have isolated colonies of species which prefer a special type of habitat : — a. Nebria livida prefers crevices at the base of clay cliffs, and occurs at Scarborough, Gristhorpe Bay and Filey. b. Micralymma marinum, Aepus marinus, Aepopsis robinii which live between layers of shaly rock, exposed at low tide ; these may be found at Robin Hood’s Bay, Scarborough and Gristhorpe Bay. These species do not fly and their occurrence in these “ pockets ” is best explained on the theory that in the post-glacial period the land extended far into the North Sea and there was thus a continuity of suitable natural habitats and thus a continuity of distribution; as the land sank, many of the habitats became untenable and the beetles are thus left in what are still suitable localities. 2. THE INFLUENCE OF MAN. Until quite recent times there has been little interference by man with the general character of the country- side. In the immediate neighbourhood of Scarborough, there have been great changes along the coast and, owing to the building of the Marine Drive and the construction of the bungalows, etc., in the North Bay, the haunts of Nebria livida which used to occur there have been destroyed; but the rocks are unchanged and Mycralymma, etc., still occurs in the crevices in the North Bay between the horizontal strata. There are two interesting examples of discontinuous distribution in the occurrence of Anoplus roboris at Hayburn Wyke and of Mesites tardii at Hayburn Wyke and Robin Hood’s Bay. When Yorkshire was largely covered with forest land these beetles were probably more wide- spread than they are to-day but with the destruction of most of the suitable timber, the haunts of the beetles were destroyed and we are thus left with these isolated surviving colonies. The restriction of a local strain of beetles to a single tree, as in the case of Anoplus roboris (v.s.), is by no means an isolated phenomenon and is perhaps to be explained on the hypothesis that this race has severely restricted physiological idiosyncrasies which were satisfied by this one particular tree. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 199 The most profound changes in the district are associated with the moorland. The surface covering is being broken up, and the land is being drained and stripped of its heather covering, so that “ Blacka- moor " as known and loved by we older naturalists is rapidly dis- appearing. Afforestation, too, is greatly altering the moorland, replacing the callunetum with dense forests of conifers, mainly of exotic species such as Sitka Spruce and Japanese Larch. As to the probable results of these changes, one can generalise only by seeing what has happened at Ringing Keld Bog and similar localities: beetles which depend for their very existence on certain special types of habitat, such as peat bogs, peaty pools, sphagnum and the special moorland plants are almost completely wiped out and survive only in a few specially favoured localities and in Nature Reserves such as that on Slipho Moor. Of course, beetles which depend upon native conifers will increase in numbers and we can already see this in the repeated occurrence of such beetles as Asemum striatum, Pissodes pini, P, castaneus. It will be interesting to note, too, whether insects strictly associated with the foreign conifers ever make their appearance in the district and whether any native beetles ever adopt these new plants as their normal pabulum. 3. CHANGE OF CLIMATE. This would seem to be the most interest- ing of all the factors which can change the beetle fauna and the most difficult to claim as an undoubted cause of such change. Observations of such global changes as the diminution in size and even disappearance of many glaciers in Switzerland, the U.S.A. and Iceland, and the regression of the North Atlantic ice barrier seem to show that there is a slow but sure amelioration of our climate despite the opposing evidence that might seem to be offered by the bitter winter of 1946-7 and the very wet and cold summer of 1954. If this change is taking place, one would expect to see the gradual disappearance of the northern elements in our fauna and flora and the gradual spread of the southern elements in part at least. It is very difficult to prove that a species* has entirely disappeared but much easier to recognise the advent of a new one. Such a case is almost certainly that of Hygrobia hermanni which is gradually spreading northwards in Yorkshire and made its first local appearance at Throxenby Mere in 1931. 200 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT The following abbreviations are used : — J. H. Bailey M.D.B. — M. D. Barnes E.G.B. — ^E. G. Bayford W.K.B.— W. K. Bissill H.B. — H. Britten fil. J. M.B. — J. M. Brown H.J.B.— H. J. Burkill W.M.C.— W. M. Crawford H. J. Flint W.J.F.— W J. Fordham W.W.F.— W. W. Fowler R.J.F. — R. J. Fryer E.F.G. — -E. F. Gilmour W.H.— W. Hey W.C.H.— W. C. Hey W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks E.C.H.— E. C. Horrell H.C.H.— H. C. Horrell R.S.J. — R. S. Johnson R.R.U.K.— R. R. U. Kaufman R.L. — R. Lawson K. M. — K. Middleton H.O. — H. Ostheide E.J.P. — E. J. Pearce W.P. — W. Pearson H.P.— H. Pollard C.M.R.— C. M. Rich A.M.R. — A. M. Robertson S. R. — S. Rowntree C.W.R.— C. W. Russell W.J.S.— W. J. Sanders W.E.S.— W. E. Sharp J.W.S.— J. W. Stanforth T. S. — ^T. Stainforth C.E.S.— C. E Stott A.H.H.S.— A. H. H. Stow R.A.T. — ^R. A. Taylor M.L.T.— M L. Thompson J.J.W.— J. J. Walker E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh J. W.— J. Walton T.W.—T. Wilkinson A.E.W.— A. E. Winter T.V.W.— T. V. Wollaston E.B.W.— E. B. Wrigglesworth G.A.W.— G. A. Wright CARABIDAE CICINDELA Linnaeus campestris L. — Common and widely distributed in suitable places on the moors ; local on the coast, ab. connata Heer — Rare; Goathland (C.M.R.). ab. conjuncta D. Torre — Not uncommon with the type at Goathland (R.S.J.). ab. funebris Sturm — Goathland (H.B.). CARABUS Linnaeus monilis Fabr. — Fairly common. [arvensis Herbst] s. silvaticus Dej. — Local on the moors, nemoralis Muell., O. F. — Common. [glabratus Payk.] var. lapponicus Born — Rare; Langdale End (W.P.) ; Cross Cliff (S.R.) . [problematicus Herbst] s. gallicus Gehin — Common, nitens L. — Common on the moors ; smaller and darker than the south-country form - f. alticola Walsh. [violaceus L.] var. sollicitans Hart. — Common. CYCHRUS Fabricius [caraboides L.] var. rostratus (L.) — Local. LEISTUS Froelich spinibarbis (Fabr.) — Uncommon; Langdale End (E.C.H.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 201 fulvibarbis Dej. — -Generally distributed, terminatus (Hellw.) — ^Generally distributed, ferrugineus (L.) — Generally distributed. NEBRIA Latreille brevicollis (Fabr.) — Probably common, but often confounded with N. salina. salina Fairm. & Lab. — Common. gyllenhaii (Schoenh.) — Common under wet shingle by running streams. var. rufescens (Stroem, H.) — High Langdale (A.M.R.) ; a reddish upland form. livida (L.) — At the foot of clay cliffs, now less common; Scalby Beck Scarborough; Filey; under rejectamenta on the beach Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (Y.N.U. Excn.). A pale specimen and one almost black taken in Scarborough North Bay (W.P.). NOTIOPHILUS Dumeril aquaticus (L.) — Generally distributed, hypocritus Putz. — Local on the moors, palustris (Duft.) — Fairly common, substriatus Wat., G. R. — Somewhat uncommon, biguttatus (Fabr.) — Very common. ELAPHRUS Fabricius cupreus Duft. — ^Generally distributed, riparius (L.) — Generally distributed. LORICERA Latreille pilicomis (Fabr.) — Common. CLIVINA Latreille fossor (L.) — Common and generally distributed, collaris (Herbst) — Fairly common in R. Derwent flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Scalby Beck (E.C.H.). DYSCHIRIUS Panzer globosus (Herbst) — Common, especially on the moors. BROSCUS Panzer cephalotes (L.) — Scalby Mills, Flixton sand-pits (G.B.W.) . MISCODERA Eschscholtz arctica (Payk.) — On the moors under stones, peat, etc., not common. ASAPHIDION Des Gozis flavipes (L.) — Uncommon; Forge Valley, Silpho Moor (E.C.H.). BEMBIDION Latreille litorale (01.) — Forge Valley (W.C.H., E.C.H.). ni^come Gyll. — Common under felted algae on the moors, especially in the late summer, lampros (Herbst) — Uncommon, s. properans Steph. — Scarborough (C.E.S.). var. coeruleotinctum Reitt. — Cloughton (E.C.H.). dentellum (Thunb.) — Forge Valley, Langdale End (E.C.H.). tibiale (Duft.) — Common, redtenbacheri Dan., K. — ^Fairly common, atrocoeruleum Steph. — Common. 202 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT monticola Sturm — Local; Forge Valley, Langdale End (E.C.H.). nitidulum (Marsham) — Fairly common. stephensii Crotch — Forge Valley, small form (E.C.H.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.). rupestre (L.) — Local; Scarborough (W.K.B.); Thornton-le-Dale (G.B.W.). maritimum Steph. — Local; Scarborough, Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.). ustulatum (L.) — Common and generally distributed, femoratum Sturm — Scarborough, Ellerburn (G.B.W.). [andreae (Fabr.)] var. bualei du Val — Filey, Gristhorpe, in great numbers on a sunny day in May (W.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale, etc. (E.C.H. ). saxa'dle Gyll. — Not uncommon, testaceum (Duft.) — Forge Valley (E.C.H.). decorum (Panz.) — Not uncommon. [genei Kuest.] var. illigeri Net. — Filey (W.J.F.) ; Cornelian Bay (G.B.W.). gilvipes Sturm — Widely distributed. quadrimaculatum (L.) — Uncommon but widely distributed, obtusum Serv. — Widely distributed, harpaloides Serv. — Locally common, biguttatum (Fabr.) — Widely distributed. aeneum Germ. — Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Hackness (E.C.H.). guttula (Fabr.) — Common. lunulatum (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Forge Valley (E.C.H.). unicolor Chaud. — Widely distributed, common on the moors. AEPOPSIS Jeannel robinii (Lab.) — Common under slabs of rock at Robin Hood’s Bay (T.S. and G.B.W.). AEPUS Samouelle marinus (Stroem, H.) — Ravenscar, Gristhorpe (T.S. and G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.) . TRECHUS Schellenberg secalis (Payk.) — One specimen in flood-refuse, Scalby Beck (T.S.). quadristriatus (Schr.) — Common, obtusus Er. — Common. rubens (Fabr.) — Three specimens in flood-refuse, Scalby Beck (T.S.). fulvus Dej. — Flood-refuse, Scalby Beck (T.S.). LASIOTRECHUS Ganglbauer discus (Fabr.) — One specimen in flood-refuse, Scalby Beck (T.S.) ; West Avton (A.M.R.). TRECHOBLEMUS Ganglbauer micros (Herbst) — With Trechus rubens (T.S.) ; common in flood- refuse, Sherbum (G.B.W.). PATROBUS Stephens assimilis Chaud. — Not common, but widely distributed. Filey, Silpho Moor (E.C.H.) ; Staintondale (W.J.F.) ; Goathland (T.S.). atrorufus (Stroem, H.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 203 PANAGAEUS Latreille A specimen belonging to this genus was taken in flood-refuse in Scalby Beck, but the species was not determined (R.L.). CHLAENIUS Samouelle nigricomis (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.). vestitus (Payk.) — Scarborough (R.L.); Scalby Beck in flood-refuse (T.S.). BADISTER Schellenberg bipustulatus (Fabr.) — Not a common species, but widely distributed, sodaiis (Duft.) — Rare; Forge Valley in moss under stones (W.C.H.). LICINUS Latreille punctulatus (Fabr.) — Rare; Scarborough district (W.C.H.). depressus (Payk.) — Rare; Flamborough (T.S.) ; Langdale Rigg HARPALUS Latreille (G.B.W.). S. HARPALUS s.s. aeneus (Fabr.) — Very common and very variable in colour, latus (L.) — Common and generally distributed, rubripes (Duft.) — Scarborough (R.L.). var. sobrinus Dej. — Scarborough (R.L.). tardus (Panz.) — Forge Valley (A.M.R.). S. OPHONUS Stephens diffinis Dej.— West Ayton (A.M.R.). puncticollis (Payk.) — Filey on blossom of knapweed in seed, Aug., 1878 (W.W.F.) ; Scarborough (E.G.B.). seladon Schaub. — East Ayton (G.B.W.). schaubergerianus Puel — Local but widely distributed ; Pickering, Forge Valley, Staxton, Beast Cliff, etc. S. PSEUDOPHONUS Motschulsky rufipes (De G.) — Very common. ACUPALPUS Latreille dorsalis (Fabr.) — Wykeham (A.M.R.). BRADYCELLUS Erichson ruficollis (Steph.) — Common. sharp! Joy — Filey, Scarborough, Forge Valley (E.C.H.). verbasci (Duft.)— Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Gristhorpe (W.J.F.). harpalinus (Serv.) — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Cloughton (E.C.H.) ; Ravenscar (W.J.F.). TRICHOCELLUS Ganglbauer cognatus (Gyll.) — Locally common, especially on the moors, piacidus (Gyll.) — Locally common, especially in damp places. DICHEIROTRICHUS du Val gustavii Crotch — Recorded by E.C.H. from Raincliffe Wood, but this seems a strange locality for this salt-marsh species. ANISODACTYLUS Dejean binotatus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Forge Valley (A.M.R.). nemorivagus (Duft.) var. atricomis Steph. — Scarborough (W.K.B.). AMARA Samouelle plebeja (Gyll.) — Fairly common; Scarborough (W.K.B.); Yeding- ham (G.B.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Filey, Seamer Moor (E.C.H.). 204 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT similata (Gyll.) — " North Riding " (E.B.W.). ovata (Fabr.) — Fairly common. communis (Panz.) — ^Well distributed but not common; Scarborough, Forge Valley (W.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Flamborough (T.S.). vulgaris (L.) — Rare; Hutton Buscel Moor (W.C.H.) . curta Dej. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse (E.F.G.). aenea (De G.) — Generally distributed. spreta Dej. — Hutton Buscel Moor; one specimen by shaking moss among heather in a sandy spot (W.C.H.) ; M. L. Thompson refers this to famelica. eurynota (Panz.) — Uncommon; Hutton Buscel Moor (W.C.H.); melanic form Bempton (E.C.H.) . familiaris (Duft.) — Generally distributed, tibialis (Payk.) — Uncommon; Scarborough (W.K.B.). bifrons (Gyll.) — Common in R. Derwent flood-refuse (W.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). praetermissa (Sahib., C. R.)— Uncommon; Ayton Quarries (W.K.B.). apricaria (Payk.) — Generally distributed. fulva (De G.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Flixton sand-pits (G.B.W.). consularls (Duft.) — Local; Seamer (W.C.H.). aulica (Panz.) — Common. convexiuscula (Marsham) — Local ; Robin Hood’s Bay, one under stone at mouth of Stoup Beck (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough Mere (W.D.H.). STOMIS Schellenberg pumicatus (Panz.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. FERONIA Latreille lepida (Leske) — Not common, but widely distributed on the moors. Sawdon Moor (W.C.H.) ; Langdale Rigg (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (T.S.), etc. cuprea (L.) — Fairly common, caerulescens (L.) — Scarborough (E.C.H.). macra (Marsham) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). adstricta (Esch.) — Common and generally distributed on the moors, oblongopunctata (Fabr.) — ^Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, 3 specimens nigra (Schall.) — Common. (E.C.H.). meianari.a (111.)— Very common, nigrita (Fabr.) — ^Very common, anthracina (111.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). minor (Gyll.)— Rare ; Seamer Moor, Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.); Scarborough, 10 specimens (W.K.B.). strenua (Panz.) — Common, diligens Sturm — Common. aethiops (Panz.) — Very local and rare; Hutton Buscel Moor (W.C.H.). madida (Fabr.)— Abundant, var. concinna Sturm — Common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 205 ABAX Samouelle parallelopipedus (Pill. & Mitt.) — Uncommon; in carrion traps in the spring, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PLATYDERUS Stephens ruficollis (Marsham) — Rare; Seamer Moor, one under stone CALATHUS Samouelle ( A.E. W. ) . fuscipes (Goeze) — Common. erratus Sahib., C. R. — Fairly common, especially on the moors, melanocephalus (L.) — Very common, var. nubigena Hal. — Local and uncommon; Goathland (A.H.H.S., R.R.U.K.). mollis (Marsham) — Scarborough, on the coast (R.L.) ; Cloughton (E.C.H.). micropterus (Duft.) — Common in woods, especially under bark, and in moorland valleys in autumn and spring, piceus (Marsham) — Locally common. SPHODRUS Schellenberg leucophthalmus (L.) — Scarborough, one in workshop (R.L.) ; several in cellar (G.B.W.) . PRISTONYCHUS Dejean terricola (Herbst) — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor (A.E.W.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). ODONTONYX Stephens rotundatus (Payk.) — Common and generally distributed. AGONXJM Samouelle marginatum (L.) — Not common; Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) . miilleri (Herbst) — Fairly common. viduum (Panz.) var. moestum (Duft.) — Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). assimile (Payk.) — Very common, ruficome (Goeze) — Very common, dorsale (Pont.) — Very common. micans (Nic.) — Scarborough, March and July (W.K.B.). fuliginosum (Panz.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, gracile (Gyll.) — Rare; Levisham (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood under bark of fallen firs (W.K.B.). thoreyi Dej. — Local and rare; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; with the last (W.K.B.). LEBIA Latreille chlorocephala (Hoffm.) — Local and uncommon; Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). RISOPHILUS Leach monostigma (Sam.)— Near Pickering (W.J.S.). atricapillus (L.) — Uncommon; Scarborough (R.L.). DROMIUS Samouelle linearis (01.) — Common. agilis (Fabr.) — Not common; under bark, Staintondale (G.B.W.); Scarborough (W.K.B.). 206 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT meridionalis Dej. — Not common; Seamer Moor, in faggots East Ayton; Rainciiffe Wood (G.B.W.). quadrimaculatus (L.) — Fairly common, quadrinotatus (Panz.) — Common. sigma (Rossi) — Throxenby Mere (R.L., A.S., G.B.W.). notatus Steph. — South Cliff, Scarborough (W.C.H.). METABLETUS Schmidt-Goebel foveatus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Several by searching at plant roots in Flixton sand-pits (G.B.W.). LIONYCHUS Wissmann quadrillum (Duft.) — Rainciiffe Wood at roots of ash (R.L.). CYMINDIS Latreille vaporariorum (L.) — Uncommon; on the moors, Langdale Rigg (W.C.H., G.B.W.) ; near Falcon Inn (G.B.W.) ; near Robin Hood’s Bay (T.S.) . HALIPLIDAE BRYCHIUS Thomson, C. G. elevatus (Panz.) — In running stream. West Ayton (W.C.H., G.B.W.). HALIPLUS Latreille obliquus (Fabr.) — Snainton brick-ponds. West Ayton (W.C.H.). lineatocoliis (Marsham) — Widely distributed, ruficollis (De G.) — Common. heydeni Wehncke — R. Derwent, near Malton, 1 spn. (E.J.P.). fluviatilis Aube — Rare; Beck Hole (H.B.) ; Hackness (E.C.H.). wehnckei Gerh. — Uncommon; near Goathland (R.R.U.K.). fulvus (Fabr.) — Not common; Throxenby Mere (W.C.H., E.C.H., G.B.W.) ; Ellerbeck (R.R.U.K.). flavicollis Sturm — Snainton brick-ponds. West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor (E.C.H.). HYGROBHDAE HYGROBIA Latreille hermanni (Fabr.) — Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.). DYTISCIDAE LACCOPHILUS Leach minutus (L.) — ^Generally distributed; West Ayton, Snainton brick- ponds (W.C.H.) ; Langdale End, Hackness (E.C.H.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). HYPHYDRUS Illiger ovatus (L.) — Common. HYGROTUS Stephens S. HYGROTUS s.s. inaequalis (Fabr.) — Fairly common. versicolor (Schall.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Snainton brick- ponds, rather plentiful (W.C.H.). S. COELAMBUS Thomson, C. G. confluens (Fabr.) — Local; Filey (Y.N.U. Excn.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 207 impressopunctatus (Schall.) — Rare; Snainton brick-ponds, 1 spn. ; East Ayton, 1 spn. (W.C.H.). DERONECTES Sharp latus (Steph.) — -Local; Cross Cliff (W.C.H.) ; Ellerbeck (R.R.U.K.). duodecimpustulatus (Fabr.) — Scalby (R.L.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.) . assimilis (Payk.) — Uncommon; Snainton brick-ponds (W.C.H.); Scarborough (R.L.). depressus (Fabr.) — ^Throxenby Mere (R.L., E.C.H.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.). elegans (Panz.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. OREODYTES Seidlitz davisii (Curt.) — Fairly common in moorland streams, septentrionalis (Gyll.) — Not uncommon in fast-running streams Scarborough (R.L.) ; Langdale, West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Eller- beck (R.R.U.K.) ; Hilla Green (G.B.W.). rivalis (Gyll.) — With the last two, common. HYDROPORUS Schellenberg pictus (Fabr.) — Well distributed in the Scarborough district, granularis (L.) — Mossy pools near Seamer (W.C.H.). lepidus (01.) — Local; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). lineatus (Fabr.) — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Cloughton (E.C.H.) . tristis (Payk.) -—Common in peaty pools on the moors, umbrosus (Gyll.) — Local; East Ayton, Seamer, Hunmanby (W.C.H.) ; near Falcon Inn, common, Goathland (G.B.W.). angustatus Sturm — Seamer, abundant (W.C.H.) ; Goathland in peaty pools, rare (R.R.U.K.). gyllenhalii Sch. — Common in peaty moorland pools, mono Aube — Common in peaty pools. striola (Gyll.) — Abundant; Seamer (W.C.H.); Sleights in wet sphagnum (H.B.) ; near the Falcon Inn (G.B.W.). palustris (L.) — Very common, erythrocephalus (L.) — Common. nififrons (Muell., O.F.) — Local and rare; Seamer (W.C.H.); Goathland (R.R.U.K.). longulus Muls. — Rare ; Maw Rigg near Langdale End, several speci- mens in a tiny rill (W.C.H., E.C.H.). melanarius Sturm — Fairly common in peaty pools on the moors, memnonius Nic. — Local, but widely distributed ; Langdale Rigg, Cornelian Bay, Seamer, West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.) ; near Falcon Inn (G.B.W.). obscurus Sturm — Fairly common in peaty moorland pools, nigrita (Fabr.) — Local; Levisham ; very common in pools near the coast (W.C.H.) ; Filey (G.B.W.) ; Goathland, Hole of Horcum (H.B.). discretus Fairm. — Very local and rare ; Filey, 2 specimens in small puddle (W.C.H.). pubescens (Gyll.) — Common, planus (Fabr.) — Common, tessellatus Drap. — Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.) . 208 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ferrugineus Steph. — Rare ; Black Beck, Langdale Rigg, 3 specimens in May, 1895 (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). obsoletus Aube — Scalby Beck (R.L., W.C.H.) . LACCORNIS Des Gozis oblongus (Steph.) — Rare; pond at Seamer, where it is most abundant in June (W.C.H.) . AGABUS Leach guttatus (Payk.) — Not common; Goathland, Ellerbeck (R.R.U.K.). biguttatus (01.) — Not common ; Scarborough (R.L.). paiudosus (Fabr.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Pickering (G.B.W.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). uliginosus (L.) — Very local and rare; 3 specimens near Seamer (W.C.H.). unguicularis Thoms., C. G. — Local; Seamer (W.C.H.); Beedale, a curious form of female with very distinct red spot on each elytron (E C H ) didymus ’(01.)— Local; Filey (W.C.H.); Pickering (G.B.W.); Seamer Moor (E.C.H.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). nebulosus (Forst.) — Local; Filey (F.C.H.) ; Scarborough (F.C.H.) ; Goathland, very common in late summer (R.R.U.K.). labiatus (Brahm) — Locally common; Throxenby Mere, Langdale End, Hutton Buscel Moor (G.B.W.). undulatus (Schrank) — In the collection of W. Pearson there was a specimen said to have been taken in the Scarborough district by W. C. Hey. This record may have been in error, sturmii (Gyll.) — Common. chalconatus (Panz.) — Common and widely distributed. [melanarius Aube — This occurs just outside our area in a pool in Amcliffe Woods (M.L.T.).] bipustulatus (L.) — ^Very common. var. solieri Aube — Goathland (R.R.U.K.). PLATAMBUS Thomson, C. G. maculatus (L.) — Common and variable. ILYBIUS Erichson fuliginosus (Fabr.) — Common and widely distributed, ater (De G.) — Fairly common. aenescens Thoms., C. G. — Very rare; Goathland, moorland reservoir and peat pools (R.R.U.K.). fenestratus (Fabr.) — Rare; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). COPELATUS Erichson haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) — Uncommon; Filey (E.C.H.) . RANTUS (Dejean) Stephens exsoletus (Forst.)— Scarborough (R.L.). pulverosus (Steph.) — Rare; Scalby Beck (E.C.H.). bistriatus (Bergstr.) — Local; moors near Falcon Inn (G.B.W.); Goathland (R.R.U.K.) COLYMBETES Schellenberg fuscus (L.) — Very common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 209 DYTISCUS Linneaus semisulcatus Muell., O. F. — Widely distributed but not common; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer Moor, Pickering (G.B.W.). marginalis (L.) — Common. ACILIUS Leach sulcatus (L.) — Widely distributed and fairly common. GYRINIDAE GYRINUS Geoffroy in Mueller, O. F. natator (L.) — There are many records for this species but their authenticity is doubtful. var. substriatus Steph. — Helwath Beck (H.B.); Saltergate (W.M.C.). marinus Gyll. — Throxenby Mere (E.C.H.) ; Snainton (W.C.H.). ORECTOCHILUS Stephens villosus (Muell., O. F.) — Scalby Beck in abundance (A.E.W. and G.B.W.) ; Hilla Green (G.B.W.). HYDROPHILIDAE OCHTHEBIUS Leach exsculptus Germ. — Local ; Black Beck (Langdale End) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Beckhole (H.B.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.) ; Filey (Y.N.U. Excn., 1903). dilatatus Steph. — West Ayton, Cornelian Bay (W.C.H.) ; Scar- borough (E.C.H. , C.E.S.). bicolon Germ. — Scarborough (R.L., E.C.H.). minimus (Fabr.) — Filey (Y.N.U. Excn., 1903); Cloughton (E.C.H.). HYDRAENA Kugelann testacea Curt. — Local; West Ayton (W.C.H.); Haybum Wyke (C.E.S.). palustris Er. — West Ayton mill-dam, 1 specimen under stone (W.C.H.). britteni Joy — Local; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) . riparia Kug. — ^Generally distributed. nigrita Germ. — Local and rare; Levisham (W.C.H.); Scalby Beck (C.E.S.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). rufipes Curt. — Scalby Beck (G.B.W., C.E.S.) ; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Langdale End (W.C.H., E.C.H.). gracilis Germ. — Widely distributed, s. elongata Curt. — Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). pulcbella Germ. — Rare; Scalby Beck (R.L.). minutissima Steph. — Scalby Beck (R.L.). pygmaea Waterh., G. R. — -Rare; West Ayton (W.C.H.); Ellerdale (G.B.W.) ; Scalby Beck (R.L.). LIMNEBIUS Leach truncatellus (Thunb.) — Common and generally distibuted. nitidus (Marsham) — Scalby Beck (R.L.) ; the Carrs (E.C.H.). HELOPHORUS Illiger 210 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT S. EMPLEURUS Hope nubilus Fabr. — Fairly common; Filey Cliffs (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Hilla Green (G.B.W.). rufipes (Bose d’Antic) — Uncommon, Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). S. CYPHELOPHORUS Kuwert tuberculatus Gyll. — ^Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; it was probably found in peaty patches on the moors, but has not been seen for many years. S. TRICHELOPHORUS Kuwert alternans Gene — Local. S. MEGALELOPHORUS Kuwert aquaticus (L.) — Common and generally distributed, var. aequalis Thoms., C. G. — Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). S. ATRACTELOPHORUS Kuwert arvemicus Muls. — Local; Forge Valley (W.C.H.) ; Ellerbeck by sweeping under banks (R.R.U.K.). brevipalpis Bed.- — Common. S. HELOPHORUS s.s. minutus Fabr. — Goathland, not uncommon but local (R.R.U.K.). granularis (L.) — Doubtfully recorded from Wykeham (E.G.B.) . flavipes Fabr. — Common. HYDROCHUS Leach elongatus (Schall.) — Scarborough (R.L.). COELOSTOMA Brulle orbiculare (Fabr.) — Local; Langdale End (E.C.H.); Hole of Horcum (H.B.). SPHAERIDIUM Fabricius bipustulatum Fabr. — Scarborough (G.B.W.). scarabaeoides (L.) — Scarborough, Scalby Mills (G.B.W.). lunatum Fabr. — Common and generally distributed. CERCYON Leach litoralis (Gyll.) — Common on the coast. var. binotatum Steph. — Scarborough (G.B.W.). depressus Steph. — Just south of Gristhorpe Bay (W.J.F.). lugubris (01.) — ^Very local; Littlebeck (H.B.). atomarius Fabr. — ^Very common, baetnorrhoidalis (Fabr.) — Widely distributed, melanocephalus (L.) — Very common. marinus Thoms., C. G. — West Ayton, by the side of a ditch (W.C.H.). lateralis (Marsham) — Fairly common, terminatus (Marsham) — Scarborough (C.E.S.). pygmaeus (111.) — Common. .unipunctatus ( L . ) — Common . quisquilius (L.) — Probably common but there are few records, granarius Er. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse, 2/51 (E.F.G.). tristis (111.) — Scarborough (W.C.H.). analis (Payk.) — Common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 211 MEGASTERNUM Mulsant obscurum (Marsham) — Common and generally distributed. CRYPTOPLEURUM Mulsant minutum (Fabr.) — Common. HYDROBIUS Leach ' fuscipes (L.) — Common and generally distributed. var. picicrus Thoms., C. G. — Seamer Moor (E.C.H.) ; Yedingham ANACAENA Thomson, C. G. flood-refuse (G.B.W.). globulus (Payk.) — Common. limbata (Fabr.) — Filey (T.S.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; Langdale End (E.C.H.) . LACCOBIUS Erichson minutus (L.) — Cornelian Bay (C.E.S.). biguttatus Gerh. — Cayton Bay (E.C.H.). striatulus (Fabr.) — Sherburn, flood-refuse (G.B.W. ); Filey (W.C.H.) ; Goathland (Y.N.U. Excn.). alutaceus Thoms., C. G. — Very common at Snainton (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor, Langdale End (E.C.H.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). ENOCHRUS Thomson, C. G. melanocephalus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Throxenby Mere (E.C.H.). testaceus (Fabr.) — Cayton Bay and the Carrs (E.C.H.). affinis (Thunb.) — Rare; Biller Howe Dale (G.B.W.). CHAETARTHRIA Stephens seminulum (Herbst) — Widely distributed round Scarborough. BEROSUS Leach spinosus (v. Stev.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Cayton Bay (G.B.W.). SILPHIDAE NECROPHORUS Fabricius humator (Goeze) — Very common, investigator Zett. — Common. vespilloides Herbst — Very common in carrion and decaying fungi, vespillo (L.) — Common. vestigator Hersch. — Very' local; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.); Scar- NECRODES Leach borough (E.F.G.). littoralis (L.) — Rare; Scarborough in a “ maggot-house ” (R.L.). THANATOPHILUS Leach rugosus (L.)- — Very common. sinuatus (Fabr.) — Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938). OECEOPTOMA Leach thoracicum (L.) — Common. ACLYPEA Reitter opaca (L.) — Local ; Scarborough (E.C.H) ; Ebberston (W.P.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B.). XYLODREPA Thomson, C. G. quadripunctata (L.) — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Langdale End (A.M.R.). 8 212 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SILPHA Linnaeus tyrolensis Laich. var. nigrita Creutz, — ^Rare ; Scarborough (E.C.H., G.B.W.). ABLATTARIA Reitter laevigata (Fabr.) — Scarborough (T. Bean). PHOSPHUGA Leach atrata (L.) — Common. ab. pedemontana (Fabr.) — ^Fairly common and widely distributed. LEPTINUS Mueller, P. W. J. testaceus MuelL, P.W.J. — Not common but widely distributed ; Scalby Beck in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.) ; Forge Valley and Scarborough in moss (G.B.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood in moles’ nest (R.A.T.) ; Filey in nest of field-mouse E.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor in moles’ nest (G.B.W.) . PTOMAPHAGUS Enoch subvillosus (Goeze) — Fairly common and widely distributed. var. sericatus (Chaud.) — Fairly common in Scarborough district. NARGUS Thomson, C. G. velox (Spence) — There are only a few local records of this common beetle. wilkinii (Spence) — Commoner than N. velox. anisotomoides (Spence) — Scarborough (R.L.). CHOLEVA Latreille spadicea (Sturm) — Uncommon ; Hayburn Wyke and Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). [agilis (111.) — Recorded from just outside our area at Ruswarp (F. Readman) .] angustata (Fabr.) — Gristhorpe (W.J.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). jeanneli Britt. — Scarborough (R.L.). CATOPS Paykull nigricans (Spence) — Common, fuliginosus Er. — Raincliffe Wood (W.J.F.) . grandicollis Er. — Raincliffe Wood in carrion-trap (W.J.F.). nigrita Er. — Local; Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Hutton Buscel (W.P.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). coracinus Kelln. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). morio (Fabr.) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). kirbii (Spence) — Common. chrysomeloides (Panz.) — Local; Raincliffe Wood, Seamer Moor, Yedmandale (G.B.W.). longulus Kelln. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood in carrion traps (G.B.W.). tristis (Panz.) — Common and widely distributed. SCIODREPA Thomson, C. G. fumata (Spence) — Common. watsoni (Spence) — Local; Raincliffe Wood, East Ayton (G.B.W.); Sleights (H.B.). COLON Herbst latum Kraatz — ^Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 213 dentipes Sahib., C.R. var. zebei Kraatz — Very rare ; Forge Valley, male by sweeping in late October (G.B.W.). var. denticulatum Kraatz — Very rare; Forge Valley, male by sweeping (G.B.W.). brunneum Latr. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). serripes Sahib., C.R. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). LEIODIDAE HYDNOBIUS Schmidt, W. L. E. punctatus (Sturm) — Rare; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Ringing Keld Bog by sweeping in a boggy place on the moor (R.L.). var. punctatissimus (Steph.) — Rare; Scalby Beck flood-refuse. Ringing Keld Bog (R.L.). LEIODES Latreille rugosa Steph. — Very local ; plentiful in flood-refuse in Scalby Beck (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 1 specimen by night sweeping in late October (G.B.W.). cinnamomea (Panz.) — Raincliffe Wood, 4 specimens in rain-water pools, end of October (G.B.W.). calcarata (Er.) — Fairly common; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Scalby Beck, plentiful in flood-refuse (R.L.). ab. nigrescens Fleisch. — Yedmandale (E.C.H.). lunicollis (Rye) — Rare; Scalby Beck in flood-refuse (R.L.). dubia (Kug.) — Scalby Beck, plentiful in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Danes’ Dyke (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). brunnea (Sturm) — Rare; Scalby Beck in flood-refuse (R.L.). litura Steph. — Scalby Beck, plentiful in flood-refuse (R.L.). ovalis (Schmidt, W.L.E.) — Scalby Beck, plentiful (R.L.) ; Goathland (H.B.). similata (Rye) — Scarborough (R.L.). scita (Er.) — Scalby Beck, plentiful in flood-refuse (R.L.). badia (Sturm) — Scalby Beck, plentiful in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). parvula (Sahib., C. R.) — Rare in flood-refuse (R.L.). CYRTUSA Erichson minuta (Ahr.) — In flood-refuse; Scalby Beck, plentiful in spring (R.L.); Yedingham (G.B.W.). COLENIS Erichson immunda (Sturm) — Scarborough in moss (R.L.). AMPHICYLLIS Erichson globus (Fabr.) — Scarborough at fern roots in Raincliffe Wood (R.L.). ANISOTOMA Kugelann humeralis (Fabr.) — Widely distributed; Raincliffe Wood in dry fungus on alder (R.L.) ; Hutton Buscel (W.C.H.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). orbicularis (Herbst) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood at fern root (G.B.W. ). 214 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT AGATHIDIUM Kugelann nigripenne (Fabr.) — Fairly common and generally distributed, atrum (Payk.) — Ringing Keld Bog (E.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor in moss, Beckhole (G.B.W.). marginatum Sturm — Scarborough (E.G.B.). varians Beck — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). rotunda turn Gy 11. — Rare; Sleights (Fl.B.). nigrinum Sturm — Sleights (H.B.). CLAMBIDAE CALYPTOMERUS Redtenbacher dubius (Marsham) — Rare; Sleights (H.B.). CLAMBUS Fischer von Waldheim minutus (Sturm) — Hilla Green (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole, not uncommon in flood-refuse (H.B.). armadillus (De G.) — -Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Thornton-le-Dale (G.B.W.) ; Cloughton (E.C.H.) . SCYDMAENIDAE EUTHEIA Stephens schaumii Kies. — In great abundance for several years near the Mere, when the tip was there (G.B.W.). scydmaenoides Steph. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, under bark (R.L.). NEURAPHES Thomson, C. G. rubicundus (Schaum) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, under bark (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). elongatjulus (Muell., P.W.J. & Kunze) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). sparshalli (Denny) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). STENICHNUS Thomson, C. G. scutellaris (Muell., P.W.J. & Kunze) — ^Scarborough North-side, plentiful in moss (R.L., C.E.S.) ; Seamer Moor (E.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). collaris (Muell., P.W.J. & Kunze) — Fairly common and widely distributed. exilis (Er.) — West Ayton Moor, in moss (W.C.H.). EUCONNUS Thomson, C. G. fimetarius (Chaud.) — Scarborough (R.L.). nanus (Schaum) — Raincliffe Wood, in moss on fern roots, in some numbers (R.L., T.W.). SCYDMAENUS Latreille tarsatus Muell., P. W. J. & Kunze — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough, rather plentiful in haystack bottom (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). ORTHOPERIDAE ORTHOPERUS Stephens brunnipes (Gyll.) — Rare; Scarborough, 1 specimen (T.W.) : Beckhole, in haystack refuse *(H.B.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 215 PTILIIDAE PTENIDIUM Erichson laevigatum Er. — Raincliffe Wood in moles’ nests, Seamer in wasps’ nests, Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Saltergate, in refuse in shippon (H.B.). turgidum Thoms., C.G. — Rare; Scarborough (T.W.). intermedium Wank. — Scarborough, under rotten birch-bark in March and April (T.W.) . fuscicorne Er. — Scarborough, South Cliff (C.E.S.). pusillum (Gyll.) — Scarborough (R.L., G.B.W.) ; Beckhole, Salter- gate (H.B.). punctatum (Gyll.) — Scalby Mills, common in rotting sea-weed (G.B.W.). nitidum (Heer) — Raincliffe Wood, Thomton-le-Dale, Yedingham flood refuse (G.B.W.); Beckhole, Saltergate (H.B.). PTILIUM Erichson myrmecophilum (All.) — Barns Cliff, common with Formica rufa (R.L., G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). PTILIOLUM Seidlitz sf>encei — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, in moss (G.B.W.); Thomton-le- Dale (G.B.W.). NEPHANES Thomson, C. G. titan (Newm.) — Barns Cliff, in nests of Formica rufa (C.E.S., G.B.W.). PTERYX Matthews, A. suturalis (Heer) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). ACROTRICHIS Motschulsky grandicollis (Mann.) — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H., G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.). _ montandonii (All.) — Bams Cliff, abundant in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck, Beckhole, in haystack refuse (H.B.). atomaria (De G.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole, in haystack, Saltergate, in shippon (H.B.). intermedia (Gillm.) — Forge Valley, in moss, Raincliffe Wood, in cut grass, Scalby (G.B.W.); Beckhole (H.B.). fascicularis (Herbst) — Scalby, common in cut grass (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). var. laetitiae (Matth., A.) Raincliffe Wood, in moss (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). chevrolati (All.) — Scarborough (R.L.). SCAPHIDHDAE SCAPHIDIUM Olivier quadrimaculatum 01. — Fairly common and widely distributed. SCAPHISOMA Leach agaricinum (L.) — Local; Sawdon Dale, under bark (G.B.W.); Pickering (M.D.B.) ; Sleights (H.B.). boleti (Panz.) — Local; Cayton Bay (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). 216 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT STAPHYLINIDAE SIAGONIUM Kirby, W. quadricome Kirby, W. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, under bark (R.L.) ; Deepdale (A.E.W.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). MICROPEPLUS Latreille staphylinoides (Marsham) — Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Filey, in nest of field-mouse (E.C.H.) ; Scalby (G.B.W.). fulvus Er. — Hackness; in nest of field-mouse, Filey (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S., G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). porcatus (Fabr.) — Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.) . PSEUDOPSIS Newman sulcata Newm. — Rare, but widely distributed in haystacks near Scarborough (T.S., G.B.W.). PHLOEOCHARIS Mannerheim subtilissima Mann. — Somewhat local, but not uncommon. METOPSIA Wollaston clypeata (MuelL, P.W.J.) — Scarborough, in moss (R.L.) ; Filey (E.C.H.); Sleights, Goathland (H.B.). MEGARTHRUS Stephens depressus (Payk.) — Not uncommon round Scarborough, affinis Mill., L. — Rare; Givendale (G.B.W.). sinuatocollis (Boisd. & Lac.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). denticollis (Beck) — Uncommon; Forge Valley, 1 in moss; Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). PROTEINUS Latreille ovalis Steph. — Fairly common and generally distributea. brachypterus (Fabr.) — Common. macropterus (Gyll.) — Raincliffe Wood, not uncommon in fungus heaps (G.B.W.). EUSPHALERUM Kraatz pallidum (Grav.) — Somewhat local but not uncommon, sorbi (Gyll.) — Fairly common. torquatum (Marsh.) — Common, at times abundant, primulae (Steph.) — Common, minutum (Fabr.) — Common. ACRULIA Thomson, C. G. infiata (Gyll.) — Rare, but widely distributed in the Scarborough district. ACROLOCHA Thomson, C. G. striata (Grav.) — Raincliffe Wood (H.C.H.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.); Gristhorpe in sheep-dung (W.J.F.). PHYLLODREPA Thomson, C. G. floralis (Payk.) — Common. vilis (Er.) — Local; Wykeham, under bark (G.B.W.); Goathland (H.B.). OMALIUM Gravenhorst laeviusculum Gyll. — Common in decaying sea-weed, rivulare (Payk.) — Very common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 217 septentrionis Thoms., C.G. — Very rare; Scalby Beck, 1 in flood- refuse (G.B.W.). allardi Fairm. — Local; Sleights (H.B.). oxyacanthae Grav. — Local; Scarborough (G.B.W.). exiguum Gyll. — Scarborough (Fowler, Brit. Col. II, 414). caesutn Grav. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood in dead leaves (G.B.W.). italicum Bernh. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). excavatum Steph. — Common. PHLOEONOMUS Heer pusillus (Grav.) — Fairly common under bark. XYLODROMUS Heer depressus (Grav.) — East Ayton, in haystack (W.C.H.). concinnus (Marsham) — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). ab. fuliginosum Heer — Scalby (G.B.W.) . PHILORINUM Kraatz sordidum (Steph.) — Fairly common. MICRALYMMA Westwood marinum (Stroem, H.) — Common between layers of rock on the coast. Robin Hood’s Bay (T.S., G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (E.C.H.) ; Gristhorpe Bay (G.B.W.). PHYLLODREPOIDEA Ganglbauer crenata (Grav.) — Rare; Sleights (H.B.). DELIPHRUM Erichson tectum (Payk.) — Scalby Beck, in flood refuse (R.L.). ANTHOBIUM Samouelle unicolor (Marsham) — Common, atrocephalum (Gyll.) — Fairly common. OLOPHRUM Erichson piceum (Gyll.) — Common. fuscum (Grav.)— Scarborough (R.L.) ; Hackness (E.C.H.) . consimile (Gyll.) — Rare; Seamer Moor, 2 in moss (G.B.W.); Scarborough (C.E.S.). ACIDOTA Stephens crenata (Fabr.) — Rare; Ringing Keld Bog, in sphagnum (R.L.). cruentata (Mann.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). var. ferrugineum (Er.) — Scalby Beck, 5 specimens in flood-refuse (R.L.). LESTEVA Latreille punctata Er. — Haybum Wyke, Goathland, common in moss in waterfalls (G.B.W.). heeri Fauv. — Fairly common and widely distributed, longelytrata (Goeze) — Common. s. maura Er. — Not uncommon on banks of Scalby Beck, Ellerbum (G.B.W.); Scarborough (C.E.S.). monticola Kies. — Rare; Forge Valley, in moss (G.B.W.). pubescens Mann. — Generally distributed in the Scarborough district. GEODROMICUS Redtenbacher plagiatus (Fabr.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Grosmont (W.J.F.). 218 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ANTHOPHAGUS Gravenhorst caraboides (L.) — Common and generally distributed. CORYPHIUM Stephens angusticolle Steph. — Rare; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). SYNTOMIUM Curtis aeneum (MuelL, P.W.J.) — Local; Raincliffe Wood (R.L.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). DELEASTER Erichson dichrous (Grav.) — Scalby Beck, in flood-refuse (R.L., G.B.W.). var. leachii (Curt.) — Scalby I3eck (R.L.). COPROPHILUS Latreille striatulus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.). ANCYROPHORUS Kraatz aureus Fauv. — Uncommon ; Scalby Beck, in flood-refuse (R.L., umalinus (Er.)— With the last (R.L.). G.B.W.). THINOBIUS Kiesenwetter linearis Kr. — Rare; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke (R.L.). longipennis (Heer) — Scalby Beck, in gravel (R.L.). TROGOPHLOEUS Mannerheim arcuatus (Steph.) — Local; Scarborough (W.H.) ; Yedingham flood- refuse (G.B.W.). bilineatus (Steph.) — Local; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). elongatulus Er. — Fairly common, corticinus ( Grav . ) — Scarborough ( T . W . ) . pusillus (Grav.) — Rare; Scalby Beck, 1 in flood-refuse (G.B.W.). APLODERUS Stephens caelatus (Grav.) — Uncommon; Yedingham and Sherbum, in flood- refuse; Forge Valley by sweeping (G.B.W.). OXYTELUS Gravenhorst rugosus (Fabr.) — Very common, insecatus Grav. — Rare; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). laqueatus (Marsham) — Common. sculptus Grav. — Common; a melanic form in Lowdales (E.C.H.). inustus Grav. — Common, sculpturatus Grav. — ^Very common, nitidulus Grav. — Common. complanatus Er. — Rare; Scarborough, in dung (G.B.W.). fairmairei Pand. — Hole of Horcum, frequent in sheep-dung (H.B.). tetracarinatus (Block) — Very common. PLATYSTETHUS Mannerheim arenarius (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Somewhat local but widely distri- buted. comutus (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Cornelian Bay, Sherbum flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; Fylingdales Moor (H.B.). BLEDIUS Samouelle pallipes (Grav.) — Local; Scarborough (Fowler, Brit. Col., II. 368); Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 219 terebrans Sch. — Whisperdales (E.C.H.). This was determined by Dr. Joy, but Mr. Bayford says it is pallipes. longulus Er. — Scalby Beck (R.L.). opacus (Block) — Cornelian Bay (R.L.) ; base of cliffs, Filey, 6/52 (J. H. Flint). gallicus (Grav.) — Cornelian Bay (R.L., C.E.S.). femoralis (Gyll.) — The red variety only, in plenty, Scarborough (R-L)- [dissimilis Er. — The only British locality for this species is in the clay cliffs just south of Bridlington ; the var. nigricans Er. occurs with erraticus Er. — Rare ; Whisperdales (E.C.H.). it.] subterraneus Er. Local; Scalby Beck, in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Pickering (G.B.W.). arenoides Tott. — Scarborough (R.L.). OXYPORUS Fabricius rufus (L.) — Not common but widely distributed; Wykeham, Flixton. Yedmandale (G.B.W.) ; Scalby Beck, in flood-refuse (R.L.). STENUS Latreille biguttatus (L.) — Not common; Scalby Beck (H.C.Et.). comma Lee. — Rare; Langdale End (E.C.H). guttula MuelL, P.W.J. — Common. guynemeri du Val — Not uncommon in moss in waterfalls; Hayburn Wyke, Goathland (G.B.W.) ; Scalby Beck (R.L., E.C.H.) . juno Fabr. — Common. clavicomis (Scop.) — Common and generally distributed, rogeri Kr. — Common. bimaculatus Gyll. — Fairly common but somewhat local, boops Ljungh — Common. morio Grav. — Very local; Cornelian Bay (G.B.W.). melanopus (Marsham) — Filey (E.C.H.). argus Grav. — Scarborough (E.G.B.). pusillus Steph. — Common. nanus Steph. — Not commion ; Burniston (G.B.W.); Scarborough (C.E.S.). carbonarius Gyll. — Yedingham flood refuse (G.B.W.). crassus Steph. — Scarborough (Fowler, Brit. Col. II, 343) ; Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.). bmnnipes Steph. — Common and generally distributed, nigrituius Gyll. — Rare; Scarborough, in cut grass (G.B.W.). latifrons Er. — Haybum Wyke (W.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Scar- borough (E.C.H.). fulvicomis Steph. — Somewhat local but well distributed, tarsalis Ljungh — Common, similis (Herbst) — Common. cicindeloides (Schall.) — Hackness, Scalby Beck, Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). binotatus Ljungh— -West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood, Cavton Bay (E.C.H.) ; Sherburn, in flood-refuse (G.B.W.). pubescens Steph. — Common. 220 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT flavipes Steph. — Common, nitidiusculus Steph. — Common. picipennis Er. — East Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). bifoveolatus Gyll. — Common in Scarborough district (G.B.W.) ; Flamborough (T.S.). picipes Steph. — Common. aceris Steph. — Uncommon; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). impressus Germ. — Common. erichsoni Rye — Hackness in wet moss (W.C.H.) . ossium Steph. — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.) ; Sherburn (G.B.W.). subaeneus Er. — Cloughton (E.C.H.) . palustris Er. — Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). DIANOUS Samouelle coerulescens (Gyll.)— Common in moss in waterfalls. EUAESTHETUS Gravenhorst ruficapillus Boisd. & Lac. — Scarborough, by beating oaks (R.L.) ; Thomton-le-Dale (E.C.H.). PAEDERUS Fabricius litoralis Grav. — Throxenby Mere (R.L., E.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale (E.C.H.). RUGILUS (Samouelle) Curtis orbiculatus (Payk.) — Common, erichsoni (Fauv.) — Rather local. MEDON Stephens fusculus (Mann.) — Forge Valley, several under stone (W.C.H.) ; Hackness, Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). pocoferus Peyr.- — Rare; Cloughton (E.C.H.). SUNIUS Stephens propinquus (Bris.) — Rare; Yedingham, 1 in flood-refuse (G.B.W.). LITHOCHARIS Dejean obsoieta (von Nordm.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; in cut grass, Scarborough (G.B.W.). ochracea (Grav.) — Common. LATHROBIUM Gravenhorst multipunctum Grav. — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). quadratum (Payk.) — Scarborough (R.L.). terminatum Grav. — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Yedingham flood- refuse (G.B.W.). [elongatum IL.)] var. fraudulentum Ganglb. — West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). geminum Kraatz — Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.). ripicola Czwal. — Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). fulvipenne Grav. — Common, brunnipes (Fabr.) — Common. longulum Grav. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 221 OCHTHEPHILUM Stephens fracticome (Payk.) — Rare; Ringing Keld Bog, in wet sphagnum (E C H ) LEPTACINUS Erichson parumpunctatus (Gyll.) — Gristhorpe, sheep-dung (W.J.F.). sulcifrons (Steph.) -Common. formicetorum Maerk. — Bams Cliff, Langdale, common in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). XANTHOLINUS Serville fracticornis (MuelL, O.F.) — Very common. angustatus Steph. — Local; Raincliffe Wood, Givendale (E.C.H.) ; Hole of Horcum, Beckhole (H.B.). atratus Heer — Helwath Beck (H.B.). glabratus (Grav.) — ^Common. tricolor (Fabr.) — Pickering (E.C.H.) ; Goathland (H.B.). linearis (Oliv.) — Common, longiventris Heer — Fairly common. GAUROPTERUS Thomson, C. G. fulgidus (Fabr.) — Cayton Bay (W.P.). BAPTOLINUS Kraatz affinis (Payk.) — Common. GYROHYPNUS Samouelle punctulatus (Goeze) — Very common, laeviusculus (Steph.) — Local; Raincliffe Wood (H.C.H.). angustus (Steph.) — Common and generally distributed, myrmecophilus (Kies.) — Not quite so common as the last. PHILONTHUS Stephens splendens (Fabr.) — Common. intermedins Boisd. & Lac. var donisthorpei Dollm. — Filey (W.J.F.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.) . laminatus (Cruetz) — Fairly common, politus (L.) — Common. succicola Thoms., C. G. — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.); Scarborough (G.B.W., C.E.S.). addendus Sharp — Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). tenuicornis Muls. & Rey — ^Harwood Dale (G.B.W.). rotundicollis Men. — Very local; Scarborough (W.K.B.) ; Harwood Dale (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). sanguinolentus (Grav.) — Not common; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W). decorus (Grav.) — Common and widely distributed, fuscipennis (Mann.) — Common and widely distributed, mannerheimi Fauv. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse, 2 specimens (G.B.W.). varius (Gyll.) — Common, marginatus (Fabr.) — Common. longicomis Steph. — Scarborough (C.W.R.) ; Scalby (G.B.W.). varians (Payk.) — Common, especially in dung, jurgans Tott. — Scarborough (G.B.W.). 222 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT albipes (Grav.) — Uncommon; Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W., JJ-W.). fimetarius (Grav.) — Common and generally distributed, cephalotes (Grav.) — Uncommon; Seamer Moor, 1 in carrion trap in January (G.B.W.). pachycephalus Nordm. — Common. nigriventris Tboms., C. G. — Uncommon; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). ventralis (Grav.) — West Ayton, in dung heaps (W.C.H.). discoideus (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood nigrita (Grav.) — Sleights (H.B.). (E.C.H.). puella von Nordm. — Fairly common, rectangulus Sharp — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). GABRIUS Stephens splendidulus Grav. — Thornton-le-Dale, 1/8/53 (A.M.R.). nigritulus (Grav.) — Common in Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.) ; Scarborough (R.L.). pennatus Sharp — Common; Ayton, Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). appendiculatus Sharp — Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W., T.T.W.); Beckhole (H.B.). CAFIUS Stephens xantholoma (Grav.) — ^Very common; sometimes swarms in sea-weed, var. variolosus Sharp — Not uncommon on seaweed at the mouth of Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). REMUS Holme sericeus Holme — Cornelian Bay under sea-weed (R.L.). STAPHYLINUS Linnaeus pubescens De G. — Local; Scarborough (R.L.). stercorarius Oliv. — Fairly common. caesareus Ced. — Langdale Fnd (W.C.H.) ; near Scarborough in very wet moss (R.L.). erythropterus (L.) — Uncommon; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Langdale (G.B.W.). olens MuelL, O.F. — Common, especially in the autumn, brunnipes Fabr. — Common and widely distributed, aeneocephalus De G.-. — ^All my local specimens are this species s. str (G.B.W.). ater Grav. — Scarborough (E.C.H.). globulifer Geoffr. in Fourcr. — Fairly common. morsitans Rossi — Rare; Fylinghall, 1 specimen (G.B.W.) ; Thornton- le-Dale (W.D.H.). ONTHOLESTES Ganglbauer tessellatus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Not common but widely distributed. CREOPHILUS Samouelle maxillosus (L.) — Not a common species near Scarborough. HETEROTHOPS Stephens binotatus (Grav.) — Beckhole (H.B.). praevius Fr. — Scarborough (R.L.). var. niger Kr. — Near Bridlington in moles’ nest (W.F.S.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 223 QUEDIUS Stephens brevis Er. — Not common ; Barns Cliff, in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Langdale (E.C.H.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.) ; Filey, away from ants’ nests (E.C.H.) . lateralis (Grav.) — Local; Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.) ; Thornton-le- Dale (W.D.H.). longicomis Kr. — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, 1 in carrion ; Oliver’s Mount, 1 in rotten turnip (G.B.W.) . nigrocaeruleus Fauv. — Rare ; 1 bred from moles’ nest at Ganton (G.B.W.). othiniensis (Joh.) — Fairly common in moles’ nests; Raincliffe Wood, Sherburn, Brompton (G.B.W.). cruentus (Oliv.) — Not common; Forge Valley (H.C.H.). brevicomis Thom., C. G. — A specimen bred from moles’ nest near Bridlington (W.E.S.). mesomelinus (Marsham) — Common and generally distributed, maurus Sahib., C.R. — Local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.); Goathland (H.B.). cinctus (Payk.) — Fairly common. laevigatus (Gyll.) — Uncommon; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Thornton- le-Dale (W.D.H.) ; Sleights (H.B.). f uliginosus ( Grav . ) — Common . tristis (Grav.) — Common, molochinus (Grav.) — Common. picipes (Mann.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, maritimus Sahib. — Not uncommon in moss, especially in waterfalls; our local records of umbrinus Er. must for the present be transferred to this species. nigriceps Kr. — Local; Harwood Dale, Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). maurorufus (Grav.) — Haybum Wyke (G.B.W., A.E.W.). fumatus Steph. — Rainclife Wood, Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). auricomus Kies. — Not uncommon in moss in waterfalls, scintillans (Grav.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). rufipes (Grav.) — Scarborough (T.S.) ; Yedingham (G.B.W.). semiaeneus Steph. — Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.) . Kyperboreus Er. — Common in R. Derwent flood-refuse, boops (Grav.) — The local records of this species need to be revised. We probably possess aridulus (Janss.) and arestor Tott. HABROCERUS Erichson capillaricomis (Grav.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). TRICHOPHYA Mannerheim pilicomis (Gyll.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Yedmandale (G.B.W.). MYCETOPORUS Mannerheim brunneus (Marsham) — Somewhat local; Sherburn flood-refuse. Stony Marl Moor, under felted algae (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). longulus Mann. — Yedingham flood-refuse, Saltergate (G.B.W.) ; Goathland (H.B.). 224 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT splendicus (Grav.) — Seamer Carrs (E.C.H.)^ Yedingham (G.B.W.); Goathland (H.B.). LORDITHON Thomson. C. G. trinotatus (Er.) — Common and widely distributed, thoracicus (Fabr.) — Common, lunulatus (L.) — Common. BOLITOBIUS Samouelle analis (Payk.) — Uncommon; West Ayton (W.C.H.); Scarborough _ (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). cingulatus (Mann.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L., E.C.H.). inclinans (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.). CONOSOMUS Motschulsky testaceus (Fabr.) — Common, immaculatus (Steph.) — Rare; Sleights (H.B.). pedicularius (Grav.) var. lividus (Er.) — Common. TACHYPORUS Gravenhorst nitidulus (Fabr.) — Fairly common, pusillus Grav. — Common. transversalis Grav. — Local and rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Yedman- dale (G.B.W.). atriceps Steph. — Local; Scarborough (G.B.W.). tersus Er. — Rare; Beckhole, Sleights (H.B.). chrysomelinus (L.) — Very common. scutellaris Rye — Langdale End (H.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). hypnorum (Fabr.) — Very common. solutus Er. — Raincliffe Wood, Filey, Yedmandale (E.C.H.). formosus Matth., A. H. — Rare; Scalby Beck (C.E.S.). obtusus (L.) — Very common. var. nitidicollis — Common near Scarborough. LAMPRINODES Luze saginatus (Grav.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L., C.E.S.). TACHINUS Gravenhorst lignorum (L.) — Raincliffe Wood in carrion traps (G.B.W.). proximus &aatz — Thomton-le-Dale (M.L.T.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). humeralis Grav. — Common and widely distributed. subterraneus (L.) — Common. ' rufipes (De G.) — Common. laticollis Grav. — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). marginellus (Fabr.) — Common. corticinus Grav. — Common. rufipennis Gyll. — Raincliffe Wood in carrion traps (G.B.W.). elcngatus Gyll. — With the last, fairly common in the spring (G.B.W.). LEUCOPARYPHUS Kraatz silphoides (L.) — Common in manure heaps. HYPOCYPTUS Mannerheim longicomis (Payk.) — Common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 225 laeviusculus Mann. — Local; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). seminulum Er. — Rare; Cornelian Bay (C.E.S.). GYMNUSA Karsten brevicollis (Payk.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; abundant at Sleights (H.B.). variegata IGes. — Very local; Ringing Keld Bog (R.L.). MYLLAENA Erichson intermedia Er. — Rare; Bumiston in cut grass (G.B.W.). graeca Kr. — Very rare ; the British status of this insect rests on five specimens taken at Scarborough many years ago (T.W.), probablv on the coast. kraatzi Sharp — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). elongata (Matth., A. H.) — Very local ; Scarborough (R.L., C.E.S.). brevicomis (Matth., A. H.) — Local; Thornton-le-Dale, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.); Sleights (H.B.). OLIGOTA Mannerheim apicata Er. — Scarborough (W.W.F.). inflata Mann. — Widely distributed. atomaria Er. — Very local; Saltergate in shippen refuse (H.B.). pusillima (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.). ENCEPHALUS Stephens complicans Westw. — Not common; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.). GYROPHAENA Mannerheim affinis Sahib., C. R. — Goathland (H.B.). gentilis Er. — Scarborough (R.L.). fasciata (Marsham) — Fylinghall (W.J.F.). lucidula Er. — Scarborough (R.L.). strictula Er. — Very local and rare; Scarborough (T.W.). AGARICOCHARA Kraatz latissima (Steph.) — Scarborough, by beating old trees, abundant (R.L.). HOMALOTA Mannerheim plana (Gyll.) — Sleights (H.B.). THECTURA Thomson, C. G. cuspidata (Er.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Sleights (H.B.). PHYTOSUS Curtis spinifer Curt. — Scarborough, 1 specimen among sea-weed at base of cliffs (H.J.B.). LEPTUSA Kraatz fumida (Er.) — Fairly common, ruficollis (Er.) — Fairly common. BOLITOCHARA Mannerheim lucida (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.). obliqua Er. — Raincliffe Wood (W.C.H.) ; Goathland, Sleights (H.B.). MJTALIA Samouelle impressa (Oliv.) — Common, rivularis (Grav.) — Common. 226 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CORDALIA Jacobs obscura (Grav.) — Fairly common. FALAGRIA Samouelle sulcata (Payk.) — Common. MYRMECOPORA Saulcy sulcata (Kies.) — Cornelian Bay (T.W.). TACHYUSA Erichson atra (Grav.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). leucopus (Marsham) — Fairly common, umbratica Er. — Ravenscar, in moss (G.B.W.). constricta Er.- — Forge Valley (H.C.H.) ; Scarborough (R.L.). GNYPETA Thomson, C. G. carbonaria (Mann.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, coemlea (Sahib.. C.R.) — Rare; Scalby Beck (W.H.). CALLICERUS Gravenhorst obscurus Grav. — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Filey (E.C.H.). AMISCHA Thomson, C. G. analis (Grav.) — Common. cavifrons Sharp — Rare; Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.). NOTOTHECTA Thomson, C. G. flavipes (Grav.) — Barns Cliff, Langdale, common in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). anceps (Er.) — With the last, but not so common. SIPALIA Mulsant & Rey circellaris (Grav.) — Common. ATHETA Thomson, C. G. S. HYDROSMECTA Thomson. C. G. delicatula (Sharp) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). fragilis (Kr.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). S. DILACRA Thomson, C. G. luteipes (Er.) — Cornelian Bay, on damp ground (C.E.S.). S. GLOSSOLA Fowler gregaria (Er.) — Common. S. ALOCONOTA Thomson, C. G. currax (Kr.) — Not uncommon; Hilla Green (G.B.W.) ; Scalby Beck (G.B.W. , C.E.S.). cambrica (Woll.) — Hilla Green, not uncommon in shingle (G.B.W.). sulcifrons (Steph.) — Forge Valley, in moss (G.B.W.). insecta (Thoms., C. G.) — -Filey (E.C.H.). S. AGAPHYGRA Tottenham luridipennis (Mann.) — Scarborough (C.E.S.). S. BRUNDINIA Tottenham gyllenhali (Thoms., C. G.) — Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). vaga (Heer) — Common. tomlini Joy — Cornelian Bay (C.E.S.). malleus Joy — Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.). elongatula (Grav.) — Common. hygrotopora (Kr.) — Scarborough (C.E.S.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 227 cui-tipennis (Sharp) — Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). islandica (Kr.) — Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). eximia (Sharp) — Scarborough (R.L.). S. HYGROECIA Mulsant & Rey debilis (Er.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; common in R. Derwent flood- refuse (G.B.W.) . britteni Joy — Abundant in R. Derwent flood-refuse (G.B.W.). S. PARAMEOTICA Ganglbauer complana (Mann.) — Scarborough (R.L.). S. DRALICA Mulsant & Rey rigua Will. — Yedingham flood-refuse, rare (G.B.W.). S. OUSIPALIA Des Gozis caesula (Er.) — Givendale, in fungi (G.B.W.). S. HALOBRECTA Thomson, C. G. flavipes Thoms., C. G. — Scarborough, among rotting sea-weed (G.B.W.). S. DINARAEA Thomson, C. G. aequata (Er.) — Cornelian Bay, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). S. PLATARAEA Thomson, C. G. brunnea (Fabr.) — Flixton, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). S. ENALODROMA Thomson, C. G. hepatica (Er.) — Rare; Levisham (M.L.T.). S. BESSOBIA Thomson, C. G. fungivora Thoms., C. G. — Scarborough (C.E.S.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). excellens (Kr.) — Sgarborough (G.B.Vv^.). monticola (Thoms., C. G.) — Cornelian Bay, in rabbit dung (C.E.S.) . S. ANOPLETA Mulsant & Rey corvina (Thoms., C. G.) — Givendale, •Raincliffe Wood, in fungi (G.B.W.). S. TRAUMOECIA Mulsant & Rey angusticollis (Thom., C. G.) — Fairly common. S. PHILHYGRA Mulsant & Rey palustris (Kies.) — Not uncommon in damp places near Scarborough (G.B.W., C.E.S.). S. MICRODOTA Mulsant & Rey mortuorum Thoms., C. G. — Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.). amicula (Steph.) — Common. S. ATHETA s.s. (Ganglbauer) nigricornis (Thoms., C. G.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). gagatina (Baudi) — Langdale End, in fungi (G.B.W.). sodalis (Er.) — Givendale, in fungi (G.B.W.); Goathland (H.B.). pallidicomis (Thoms., C. G.) — Scarborough, in cut grass (G.B.W.). fungicola (Thoms., C. G.) — ^Goathland (H.B.). inoptata (Sharp) — Common near Scarborough (G.B.W.). crassicomis (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood, Langdale End, common in fungi (G.B.W.). 228 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT hybrida (Sharp) — Sleights (H.B.). trinotata (Kr.)— Common, triangulum (Kr.) — Common. britanniae Bernh. — Sleights, Helwath Beck (H.B.). S. HYPATHETA Fenyes aquatica (Thoms., C. G.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). pertyi (Heer) — Common. castanoptera (Mann) . — Fairly common. aquatilis Thoms., C. G. — Haybum Wyke, Forge Valley (C.E.S.). S. LIOGLUTA Thomson, C. G. bypnorum (Kies.) — Sleights (H.B.). pagana (Er.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). longiuscula ( Grav . ) — Common . oblongiuscula (Sharp) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). S. MEGISTA Mulsant & Rey graminicola (Grav . ) — Common . S. THINOBAENA Thomson, C. G. vestita (Grav.) — Common on the shore. S. DIMETROTA Mulsant & Rey atramentaria (Gyll.) — Common. cinnamoptera (Thoms., C. G.) — Sleights, Goathland (H.B.). marcida (Er.) — Givendale, in fungi (G.B.W.). S. DATOMICRA Mulsant & Rey arenicola Thoms., C. G. — Common, zosterae (Thoms., C. G.) — Generally distributed. S. CHAETIDA Mulsant & Rey longicomis (Grav.) — Common. S. COPROTHASSA Thomson, C. G. melanaria (Mann.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Ravenscar (W.J.F.). sordida (Marsham) — Common. S. ACROTONA Thomson, C. G. aterrima (Grav.) — Common, muscorum (Bris.) — Common, fungi (Grav.) — Common. clientula (Er.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Goathland, frequent in moss (H.B.). S. AMIDOBIA Thomson, C. G. talpa (Heer) — Barns Cliff, Langdale, Silpho Moor, common in nests of Formica tufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). ALIANTA Thomson, C. G. incana (Er.) — Scarborough (R.L.). THAMIARAEA Thomson, C. G. bospita (Maerk.) — Scarborough (R.L.). DRUSILLA Samouelle canaliculata (Fabr.) — Common. ZYRAS Stephens bumeralis (Grav.) — Cloughton (E.C.H.) ; Bams Cliff, in nests of Formica rufa, rare (G.B.W.) . INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 229 TINOTUS Sharp morion (Grav.) — Common. PHLOEOPORA Erichson testacea (Mann.) — Common. ILYOBATES Kraatz nigricollis (Payk.) — Scarborough (T.W.). CALODERA Mannerheim nigrita Mann. — Scarborough (R.L.). aethiops (Grav.) — Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). riparia Er. — Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). CHILOPORATA Strand, E. longitarsis (Er.) — Not uncommon near Scarborough (G.B.W.). rubicunda (Er.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). OCALEA Erichson picata (Steph.) — Widely distributed round Scarborough; quite common in carrion traps in Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). rivularis Mill., L. — Scarborough (W.H.); Raincliffe Wood, in carrion traps (G.B.W.). badia Er. — -Forge Valley (C.E.S.). DINARDA Samouelle dentata (Grav.) — Helwath Beck (H.B.). markeli Kies. — Raincliffe Wood, sweeping (E.C.H.) ; Helwath Beck, Barns Cliff, not uncommon in Formica rufa nests (G.B.W., H.B.). MEOTICA Mulsant & Rey exilis (Er.) — Scarborough (R.L.). pallens (Redt.) — Scarborough (R.L.). OCYUSA Kraatz incrassata (Muls. & ivcy) — Near Sleights (H.B.). OXYPODA Mannerheim spectabilis Maerk. — Usually rare ; but not uncommon in carrion traps in Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). lividipennis Mann. — Raincliffe Wood, in carrion traps and moss (G.B.W.). opaca (Grav.) — Generally distributed. longiuscula (Grav.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, umbrata (Gyll.) — Scalby Beck (C.E.S.). exigua Er. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). alternans (Grav.) — Fairly common. haemorrhoa Mann. — Barns Cliff, Silpho Moor, common in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). formiceticola Maerk. — Common with the last. annularis Mann. — Local and rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) . ISCHNOGLOSSA Kraatz corticina (Er.) — Rare; Filey (E.C.H.). THIASOPHILA Fairmaire & Laboulbene angulata (Er.) — Bams Cliff, Langdale, Silpho Moor, common in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). 230 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CRATARAEA Thomson, C. G. suturalis (Mann.) — Beckhole (H.B.). MICROGLOTTA Kraatz puncticollis (Steph.) — Common in nests of small birds; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby, Thomton-le-Dale (G.B.W.) ; Wykeham (C.E.S.). ALEOCHARA Gravenhorst curtula (Goeze) — Common and generally distributed, moesta Grav. — Fairly common, sparsa Heer — Common. lanuginosa Grav. — Common and generally distributed, villosa Mann. — Scarborough, in pigeon-cotes (R.L., G.B.W.) . spadicea Er. — Not uncommon; Scalby Beck (R.L.) ; 2 in wasps’ nests, Forge Valley (A.E.W. and G.B.W.) ; Cloughton (W.J.F.) ; in moles’ nests, Sherburn (G.B.W.). nsficomis Grav. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Raincliffe Wood in carrion traps (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar (M.L.T.). bilineata Gyll. — Scarborough (C.E.S.). bipustulata (L.) — Common, algarum Fauv. — Common in rotting sea-weed, obscurella Grav. — With the last. PSELAPHIDAE TRIMIUM Aube brevicome (Reich.) — Scarborough, in some numbers on North Cliff in moss (T.W. and R.L.). EUPLECTUS Leach duponti Aube — Scalby Beck, about 30 specimens in rotten alder stump (R.L.). bescidicus Reitt. — Scarborough, under fir and elm bark (R.L.). piceus Motsch. — Possibly Scarborough (T.W.), specimens from him were in Dr. P. B. Mason’s collection, sanguineus Denny — Common in stack-bottoms ; Scarborough, Forge Valley (E.C.H., G.B.W.). BIBLOPORUS Thomson, C. G. bicoior (Denny) — Scarborough, abundant under bark in Raincliffe Wood (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (W.D.H.). TRICHONYX Chaudoir sulcicollis (Reich.) — In plenty in moss on the North Cliff, Scarborough (R.L.). REICHENBACHIA Leach impressa (Panz.) — Forge Valley (H.C.H.) ; Thornton-le-Dale (E.C.H.). j uncorum (Leach) — Common. BRYAXIS Kugelann punctic6llis (Denny) — Widely distributed and fairly common, bulbifera (Reich.) — Common, curtisii (Leach) — Scarborough (R.L.). macropalpus (Aube) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). burrellii (Denny) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Scalby (G.B.W.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 231 TYCHUS Leach niger (Payk.) — Common. var. dichrous Schm.-Goeb. — Rare; Yedingham flood-refuse (G.B.W.). PSELAPHUS Herbst heisei Herbst — Scarborough North Cliff, in moss (R.L.) ; Ringing Keld Bog (E.C.H.). CLAVIGERIDAE CLAVIGER Preyssler testaceus Preyssl. — ^Robin Hood’s Bay, 2 specimens with Lasius flavus (T.S.). HISTERIDAE ONTHOPHILUS Leach striatus (Forst.) — Fairly common. ABRAEUS Leach globosus (Hoffm., J. J.) — Scarborough, in rotten ash stumps (R.L.). ACRITUS Leconte nigricomis (Hoffm., J. J.)— Scarborough, in stack-bottoms near the Mere (R.L.). SAPRINUS Erichson semistriatus (Scriba) — Common, aeneus (Fabr.)— Hackness (E.C.H.). rugifrons (Payk.) — Forge Valley, not uncommon (W.C.H.). GNATHONCUS du Val [rotundatus (Kug.)] var. nannetensis Mars. — Forge Valle}' (W.C.H.). MYRMETES Marseul piceus (Payk.) — Barns Cliff, in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). CARCINOPS Marseul quattuordecimstriata (Steph.) — Not scarce in bones at the bone-mill, Scarborough (R.L.). MICROLOMALUS Lewis, G. flavicomis (Herbst) — Scarborough (R.L.). HISTER Linnaeus unicolor (L.) — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). striola Sahib., C. R. — Fairly common and widely distributed. cadaverinus Hoffm., J. J. — Common. carbonarius Hoffm., J. J. — Scarborough (R.L.). marginatus Er.-^Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, 2 in moles’ nest (G.B.W.) . bimaculatus (L.) — Scarborough (R.L., W.P.), duodecimstriatus Schr. — Scarborough (E.C.H.) ; Yedingham flood- refuse (G.B.W.). LYCIDAE ' DICTYOPTERUS Latreille affinis (Payk.) — Rare; 2 spns. under spruce bark in Raincliffe Wood (A.M.R.). PLATYCIS Thomson, C. G. minuta (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (W.C.H.). 232 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LAMPYRIDAE LAMPYRIS Geoffrey noctiluca (L.) — Local and gradually diminishing in numbers; Cloughton, Broxa (G.B.W.) ; Thornton le-Dale (H.C.H.) ; High Givendale (S.R.). CANTHARIDAE PODABRUS Westwood alpinus (Payk.) — Common and generally distributed. The varieties nitens (Fabr.) and enteralis Er. occur with the type. CANTHARIS Linnaeus [abdominalis Fabr.] var. cyanea Curt. — Uncommon and local, but occurs in many wooded valleys, e.g. Haybum Wyke, Beedale, Fylingdales. rustica Fall. — Fairly common. nigricans (Muell., O. F.) — Common, especially the var. discoidea (Steph.) . pellucida Fabr. — Common, livida (L.) — Common. rufa (L.) — Rather local ; Yedmandale (E.C.H.). pallida Goeze — Common. cryptica Ashe — Raincliffe Wood, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) . fulvicollis Fabr. — Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.) ; Scarborough (R.L.). paludosa Fall. — Local but fairly common in damp places ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Goathland, Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). METACANTHARIS Bourgeois clypeata (111.)- — Common. RHAGONYCHA Eschscholtz translucida Kryn. — Not common; Yedmandale (E.C.H.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.). lutea (Muell., O. F.) — Local; Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). fulva (Scop.) — Very common in July. testacea (L.) — Not uncommon and widely distributed. limbata Thoms., C. G.— Common. lignosa (Muell., O.F.) — Common. MALTHINUS Latreille flaveolus (Payk.) — Fairly common. MALTHODES Kiesenwetter marginatus (Latr.)— Common. mysticus Kies. — Local; Langdale End (M.L.T.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). minimus (L.) — Common. flavoguttatus Kies. — Helwath Beck (H.B.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). dispar (Germ.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). I maurus (Cast.)] a. misellus Kies. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). fibulatus Kies. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). pumilus (Breb.) — Rare; Scarborough (G.B.W.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 233 MALACHIIDAE MALACHIUS Fabricius bipustulatus (L.) — Very local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.)- DASYTIDAE DASYTES Paykull aerosus Kies. — Not common, but widely distributed. PHLOIOPHILUS Stephens edwardsii Steph. — Raincliffe Wood in abundance, by beating oaks (R.L.). CLERIDAE OPILO Latreille mollis (L.) — Rare; 1 spn. under spruce bark in Raincliffe Wood (A.M.R.). THANASIMUS Latreille formicarius (L.) — Raincliffe Wood, under oak bark (R.L.) ; Hayburn Wyke, in dead ash (T.W.) ; in dead sallows (G.B.W.) . NECROBIA Olivier ruficollis (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.). violacea (L.) — Hole of Horcum (H.B.). rufipes (De G.) — Seamer Moor, Flixton (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). ELATERIDAE ADELOCERA Latreille murina (L.) — Local; Flixton sand-pits (G.B.W.); Forge Valley (E.C.H.). ELATER Linnaeus balteatus (L.) — Local but widely distributed ; Cross Cliff (R.L.) ; Langdale End (W.C.H.) ; Ellerdale (W.P.) ; Hole of Horcum, Helwath Beck (H.B.). HYPNOIDUS Stephens riparius (Fabr.) — Common. quadripustulatus (Fabr.) — Fairly common in cut grass at Scalby (G.B.W.). dermestoides (Herbst) — Scarborough (R.L.). var. quadriguttatus Cast. — Scarborough, much commoner than type (R.L.) ; Filey (E.C.H.). MELANOTUS Eschscholtz rufipes (Herbst) — Not common ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H., G.B.W.) ; Langdale End, Beedale (G.B.W.). LIMONIUS Eschscholtz aeruginosas (01.) — Not common; Langdale End (W.C.H.). minutus (L.) — Local; Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Langdale End (G.B.W.) ; Yedmandale (E.C.H.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). ATHOUS Eschscholtz hirtus (Herbst) — Local; Langdale End (M.L.T.) ; Forge Valley (W.C.H., E.C.H.) ; Seamer, injurious to barley (A.E.W.), etc. vittatus (Fabr.) — Fairly common, haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) — Very common. 234 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT bicolor (Goeze) — Rare; Staintondale (G.B.W.). CORYMBITES Latreille pectinicomis (L.) — Uncommon; Scarborough (W.P.) ; Goathland (G.B.W.). cupreus (Fabr.) — Common and widely distributed. var. aeruginosus (Fabr.) — With the type but much less common; Hackness (G.B.W.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.) ; Gristhorpe Bay (G.B.W.). siaelandicus (Muell., O.F.) — Local; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938); Goathland (R.R.U.K.). aeneus (L.) — Uncommon; Hackness (E.C.H.) ; Ebberston (W.P.). incanus ( Gy 11 . ) — Common . var. ochropterus (Steph.) — ^With the type but much less common; Langdale End, Lowdales (E.C.H.) ; Flixton (G.B.W.) . PROSTERNON Latreille tessellatum (L.) — Dalby Warren (E.C.H.); Sleights (H.B.). AGRIOTES Eschscholtz acuminatus (Steph.) — Local; Filey (E.C.H.); Hole of Horcum (H.B.). pallidulus (111.) — Common. sputator (L.) — Local; Filey, Seamer Moor (E.C.H.); Forge Valley (G.B.W.). lineatus (L.) — Less common than obscurus, but widely distributed, obscurus (L.) — Common. DALOPIUS Eschscholtz marginatus (L.) — Common. SERICUS Eschscholtz brunneus (L.) — Rare; Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Staintondale, Saltergate (G.B.W.). ADRASTUS Eschscholtz nitidulus (Marsham) — Common. rachifer (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Seamer, common (A.E.W.). DENTICOLLIS Filler & Mitterpacher linearis (L.) — Common. , EUCNEMIDAE DIRHAGUS Castelnau pygmaeus (Fabr.) — Swept from bracken at Pickering (A.S.). TRIXAGIDAE TRIXAGUS Kugelann dermestoides (L.) — Common; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.); Pickering (M.D.B.). BUPRESTIDAE APHANISTICUS Latreille pusillus (01.) — Rare; Scarborough, 1 specimen in Harper’s Field (R.L.). TRACHYS Fabricius troglodytes Schoenh. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 235 DASCILLIDAE DASCILLUS Latreille cervinus (L.) — Rather local; Filey (W.J.C.) ; Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (W.P.). EUBRIA Germar palustris Germ. — Cornelian Bay, abundant in moss (R.L.). HELODIDAE HELODES Latreille minuta (L.) — Common. marginata (Fabr.) — Rather local; but widely distributed. MICROCARA Thomson, C. G. testacea (L.) — Common. bohemani (Mann.) — Local; Thornton-le-Dale (G.B.W.). CYPKON Paykull variabilis (Thunb.) — Common. var. nigriceps Kies. — Biller Howe Dale (G.B.W.). ochraceus Steph. — Biller Howe Dale, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Fylingdales Moor (H.B.). coarctatus Payk. — Common. paykulli Guer.-Men. — Rather common and widely distributed. PRIONOCYPHON Redtenbacher serricomis (Muell., P. W. J.) — Scarborough in ants’ nests (T.W.). HYDROCYPHON Redtenbacher deflexicollis (Muell., P.W.J.) — Not common, but widely distributed; Langdale End (M.L.T., W.C.H.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). SCIRTES Illiger hemisphaericus (L.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). DRYOPIDAE DRYOPS Olivier ernesti Des Gozis — Common, auriculatus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Common. HELICHUS Erichson substriatus (Muell., P.W.J.) . — Not common; Forge Valley on floating chips (R.L.) ; Scalby Beck, in moss on timber (R.L.). ELMIS Latreille [maugei Bed. s. megerlei Dufts.] ab. aenea Muell., P. W. J. — Very common. ESOLUS Mulsant & Rey parallelopipedus (Muell, P. W. J.) — Fairly common. LIMNIUS Illiger i tuberculatus Muell., P. W. J. — Fairly common. RIOLUS Mulsant & Rey ' cupreus (Muell., P.W.J.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; West Ayton , (W.C.H.) ; Langdale End (E.C.H.). nitens (Muell., P. W. J.) — Rare; Scarborough (W.C.H.). i LATELMIS Reitter volckmari (Panz.) — Common. 236 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GEORISSIDAE GEORISSUS Latreille crenulatus (Rossi) — Scalby Beck, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.). HETEROCERIDAE HETEROCERUS Fabricius marginatus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scalby Beck (G.B.W.). DERMESTIDAE DERMESTES Linnaeus maculatus De G. — Scarborough, abundant (R.L.). frischii Kug. — Scarborough (W.W.F.). undulatus Brahm — Scarborough (R.L.). lardarius L. — Common, sometimes doing great damage. ATTAGENUS Latreille pellio (L.) — -Fairly common. MEGATOMA Herbst undata (L.) — Rare; Scarborough (G.B.W.). TROGODERMA Berthold in Latreille granaria Everts — Scarborough, becoming commoner, in stored foods (G.B.W.). BYRRHIDAE SIMPLOCARIA Stephens semistriata (Fabr.) — Common. CYTILUS Erichson sericeus (Forst.) — Rather common and widely distributed. BYRRHUS Linnaeus fasciatus (Forst.) — Local; Seamer (A.E.W.) ; Hutton Buscel, Langdale Rigg (W.C.H.) ; Goathland (H.B.) ; near the Falcon Inn (G.B.W.). pustuiatus (Forst.) — Rare; Langdale End (W.C.H.). pilula L. — Common. SYNCALYPTA Stephens setigera (111.) — Flixton, 1 at roofs (G.B.W.). OSTOMATIDAE TENEBROIDES Filler & Mitterpacher mauritanicus (L.) — Scarborough in flour stores, common (R.L., G.B.W.). THYMALUS Latreille limbatus (Fabr.) — Very local; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). BYTURIDAE BYTURUS Latreille ochraceus (Scriba) — Very local; Filey (E.C.H.) ; Pickering (W.E.S.). urbanus (Lind.) — Very common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 237 NITIDULIDAE KATERETES Herbst pedicularius (L.) — Local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). bipustulatus (Payk.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.); Forge Valley (G.B.W.); Ebberston (W.P.) ; Sleights (H.B.). The abs. ochraceus Murray and suturalis Murray occur with the t}rpe in Forge Valley (G.B.W.). rufilabris Latr. — Local, but widely distributed. BRACHYPTERUS Kugelann glaber (Steph.) — Fairly common round Scarborough, urticae (Fabr.) — ^Very common. LARIA Scopoli dulcamarae Scop. — Scarborough (J.H.B.). MELIGETHES Stephens brevis Sturm — Forge Valley in some numbers on a limestone hill with Helianthemum and other flowers (R.L.) ; also taken by C.E.S. (1936). atratus (01.) — Levisham (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Pickering. Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). lumbaris Sturm — Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Hayburn Wyke, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) : Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). fulvipes Bris. — Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley, Troutsdale (G.B.W. ). aeneus (Fabr.) — Very common, viridescens (Fabr.) — Common, brunnicomis Sturm — Rare; Filey (E.C.H.). viduatus (Heer) — Primrose Valley, on Geranium sanguineum (W.J.F., G.B.W.). ovatus Sturm — Plentiful with the last, picipes Sturm — Common. obscurus Er. — Rare; Scarborough (J.H.B.) ; Sleights (H.B.). CARPOPHILUS Stephens ligneus Murr. — Scarborough in dried figs (E.F.G.). NITIDULA Fabricius bipunctata (L.) — Common. flavomaculata Rossi — Very rare and doubtful as to origin. In rams’ horns and in the bone-mill (now disappeared) at Scarborough (R.L.). DMOSITA Erichson discoidea (Fabr.) — Common, colon (L.) — Common. 2PURAEA Erichson limbata (Fabr.) — Wykeham (E.G.B. ). aestiva (L.) — Common. melina Sturm — Fairly common and widely distributed, deleta Sturm — Common. terminalis (Mann.) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood by beating oaks (R.L.. T.W.). rufomarginata (Steph.) — Rare; with the last, variegata (Herbst) — Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). 238 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT unicolor (01.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.) ; Thomton-le-Dale, abundant at sap (W.D.H.). angustula Sturm — Rare ; Rainclifte Wood, in burrows ot Trypodendron domesticus in dead holly (R.L., T.W.). pusilla (111.) — Fairly common, florea Er. — Common, melanocephala (Marsham) — Common. SORONIA Erichson punctatissima (111.) — Raincliffe Wood, plentiful by beating oaks (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) . grisea (L.) — With the last; also Goathland (H.B.). CYCHRAMUS Kugelann luteus (Fabr.) — Common, especially on flowers of hogweed. LIBRODOR Reitter quadriguttatus (Fabr.) — Langdale End at sap (W.C.H.) ; Forge Valley by sweeping (W.D.H.). hortensis (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Fairly common. GLISCHROCHILUS Reitter quadripunctatus (L.) — Very local; Sleights (H.B.), PITYOPHAGUS Shuckard ferrugineus (L.) — Hutton Buscel (E.G.B.). RHIZOPHAGIDAE RHIZOPHAGUS (Herbst) Illiger aeneus Richt. — Very rare; Scalby Beck flood-refuse (R.L.). depressus (Fabr.) — Very local; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). ferrugineus (Payk.) — East Ayton, common under bark of faggots. Forge Valley, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). Mr. E. A. Newbery said that all our specimens are the var. minor Meq. parallelocollis Gyll. — Local ; West Ayton, in old hawthorn stumps (W.C.H.) ; Hutton Buscel (E.G.B.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). bipustulatus (Fabr.) — Common, dispar (Payk.) — Common. oblongicoUis Blatch — Scarborough, Langdale End (E.C.H.). nitidulus (Fabr.) — Scarborough, Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Hutton Buscel (E.G.B.) . cribratus Gyll. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). CUCUJIDAE MONOTOMA Herbst quadrifoveolata Aube — Scarborough, in a flour-mill, not scarce (R.L.). conicicollis Aube — Barns Cliff, abundant in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). angusticollis Gyll. — With the last, picipes Herbst — Common. iongicollis Gyll. — Scarborough, abundant in stack bottoms (R.L.) • Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 239 ORYZAEPHILUS Ganglbauer surinatnensis (L.) — Scarborough, in a flour-mill, plentiful (R.L.) ; in a grocer’s shop (G.B.W.). LAEMOPHLOEUS Castelnau ferrugineus (Steph.) — Scarborough, plentiful in flour-mill (R.L.). EROTYLIDAE TRIPLAX Herbst aenea (Schall.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Newton Dale, 17/4/53 (A.M.R.). DACNE Latreille rufifrons (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood on dry fungus (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (W.C.H.) ; Goathland (H.B.). CRYPTOPHAGIDAE TELMATOPHILUS Heer caricis (01.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer, West Ayton (W.C.H.) . typhae (Fall.) — Scarborough (R.L.). PARAMECOSOMA Curtis melanocephalum Herbst — Scalby Beck, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.). HENOTICUS Thomson, C. G. serratus (Gyll.) — Scarborough, beaten out of holly (R.L.). MICRAMBE Thomson, C. G. villosa (Heer) — Abundant. CRYPTOPHAGUS (Herbst) Paykull pubescens Sturm — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.), in wasps’ nest (G.B.W.). lapponicus Gyll. — Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). scanicus (L.) — Common. dentatus (Herbst) — Common. pallidus Sturm — Rare; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) . scutellatus Newm. — Robin Hood’s Bay, very abundant at foot of old haystack, Saltergate ( H . B . ) . umbratus Er. — Beckhole (H.B.) ; Filey in nest of field-mouse (E.C.H.). distinguendus Sturm — Scarborough in pigeon-cote (G.B.W.). badius Sturm — Scarborough with the last (G.B.W.) ; Sleights Littlebeck (H.B.). cellaris (Scop.) — Common. laticoUis Lucas, H. — Beckhole (H.B.). lycoperdi (Scop.) — Sleights, in Scleroderma vulgare (H.B.). setulosus Sturm — Sleights (H.B.). ANTHEROPHAGUS Latreille nigricomis (Fabr.) — Widely distributed, but only in small numbers, pallens (Fabr.) — Cloughton Moor (M.L.T.) ; Ellerbeck, Goathland, Scarborough (in nest of Bombus terrestris) (G.B.W.). CAENOSCELIS Thomson, C. G. ferruginea (Sahib., C. R.) — Rare; Forge Valley, in moss at roots of ash (T.W.). 240 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ATOMARIA Stephens impressa Er. — Scalby Beck, abundant in flood refuse (R.L.). munda Er. — Scarborough (R.L.). mesomela (Herbst) — Filey (M.L.T.) ; Scarborough, abundant in rushes at the Mere (R.L.) ; Ringing Keld Bog (E.C.H.) ; flood- refuse, Yedingham (G.B.W.). nitidula Heer — Raincliffe Wood, Ringing Keld Bog (E.Q.H.). fuscata (Schoenh.) — Common. atricapilla Steph.— Common. bicolor Er. — Common. peltata Kr. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). fuscipes (Gyll.) — Common. pusilla (Payk.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. ?versicolor Er. — R. Lawson recorded this from Scarborough, but E. A. Newbery (E.M.M. 1917, p. 126) says all British reputed examples of this species were wrongly identified ; probably morio Kol. apicalis Er. — Scarborough, in cut grass, not uncommon (G.B.W.) ; Saltergate (H.B.). ruficornis (Marsham) — ^Local ; Scarborough (C.E.S.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Beckhole, Saltergate (H.B.). analis Er. — Common. gibbula Er. — Scarborough, in wet moss on the moors, not plentiful (R.L.). umbrina (Gyll.) — Scarborough (R.L.). nigriventris Steph. — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). linearis Steph. — ^Local ; Forge Valley (sweeping), Sherburn, Yedingham in flood-refuse (G.B.W.) . alpina Heer — Rare ; Scarborough, in stack-bottoms at the Mere (R.L.). fimetarii (Herbst) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Flamborough (T.V.W.). OOTYPUS Ganglbauer globosus (Waltl) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). EPHISTEMUS Stephens globulus (Payk.) — Common. PHALACRIDAE PHALACRUS Paykull coruscus (Panz.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). substriatus Gyll. — Rare; Ringing Keld Bog in wet moss (R.L.). During the last week of July and the first week of August, in numbers on bog asphodel at the top of Cloughton Bank. LATHRIDIIDAE LATHRIDIUS Herbst lardarius (De G.) — Very common, nodifer Westw. — Very common, bergrothi Reitt. — Scarborough (G.B.W.). ENICMUS Thomson, C. G. minutus (L.) — Very common. I INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 241 transversus (Oliv.) — Very common. histrio Joy— Common and generally distributed. testaceus (Steph.) — Filey (E.C.H.). CARTODERE Thomson, C. G. fUiformis (Gyll.) — ^Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). ruficollis (Marsham) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; West Ayton (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole, Saltergate (H.B.). CORTICARIA Marsham pubescens (Gyll.) — Uncommon. crenulata (Gyll.) — West Ayton (W.C.H.). serrata (Payk.)— Filey (E.C.H.) ; Scalby (G.B.W.) . elongata (Gyll.) — Common. ferruginea Marsham — Sawdon Dale (G.B.W.). CORTICARINA Reitter gibbosa (Herbst) — Common, similata (Gyll.) — Sleights (H.B.). fuscula (Gyll.) — Common. MYCETOPHAGIDAE PSEUDOTRIPHYLLUS Reitter suturalis (Fabr.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer (W.C.H.). TRIPHYLLUS Latreille bicolor (Fabr.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). LITARGUS Erichson connexus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Raincliffe Wood (K.M., G.B.W.). MYCETOPHAGUS Hellwig quadripustulatus (L.) — Fairly common. TYPHAEA Stephens stercorea (L.) — Common. COLYDIIDAE ANOMMATUS Wesmael duodecimstriatus (Muell., P. W. J.) — Rare; Scarborough, in stack bottom at the Mere (R.L.). CERYLON Latreille histeroides (Fabr.) — Widely distributed but not common, ferrugineum Steph. — Very local ; Sawdon Dale, common under bark (G.B.W.). ENDOMYCHIDAE MYCETAEA Stephens hirta (Marsham) — Local; Scarborough in stack bottoms (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). ENDOMYCHUS Panzer coccineus (L.) — Widely distributed but not common. COCCINELLIDAE SUBCOCCINELLA Guerin-Meneville vigintiquattuorpunctata (L.) — Local; Filey, common (G.B.W.); Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). 242 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT COCCIDULA Kugelann rufa (Herbst) — Fairly common. RHYZOBIUS Stephens litura (Fabr.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. SCYMNUS Kugelann auritus Thunb. — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Sleights (H.B.). suturalis Thunb. — Common. var. limbatus Steph. — Common, mbromaculatus (Goeze) — Scarborough (R.L.). redtenbacheri Muls. — Very rare; Scarborough (T.W.). HYPERASPIS Redtenbacher reppensis (Herbst) — Local; Scalby Beck, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Cloughton Moor (G.B.W.) ; Fylingdales Moor (H.B.). HIPPODAMIA Faldermann tredecimpunctata (L.) — ^Rare ; Filey, 1 on sands (W.J.F.) ; 1 at Scalby (R.L.). ADONIA Mulsant variegata (Goeze.) — Rare; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Newton Dale, 17/4/53 (A.M.R.). ANISOSTICTA Duponchel novemdecimpunctata (L.) — Rare; Scarborough (E.C.H.) ; Primrose Valley, Filey (G.B.W.) ; Throxenby Mere (A.S.). APHIDEITA Weise obliterata (L.) — Very common. ADALIA Mulsant decempunctata (L.) — Abundant and very variable, bipunctata (L.) — Very common and variable. COCCINELLA Linnaeus septempunctata (L.) — Very common, undecim punctata (L.) — Common. hieroglyphica (L.) — Common on heather; black form common. MYRRHA Mulsant octodecimguttata (L.) — Fairly common. PSYLLOBORA Chevrolat vigintiduopunctata (L.) — Common. CALVIA Mulsant quattuordecimguttata (L.) — Common. NEOMYSIA Cowley oblongoguttata (L.) — Common on pines. ANATIS Mulsant ocellata (L.) — Fairly common on pines. CHILOCORUS Leach renipustulatus (Scriba) — Local; Levisham (W.C.H.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). bipustulatus (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. EXOCHOMUS Redtenbacher quadripustulatus (L.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 243 SPHINDIDAE SPHINDUS Chevrolat dubius (Gyll.) — Hutton Bused, on fungus on stumps of felled oaks, not scarce (R.L.). ASPIDIPHORIDAE ASPIDIPHORUS Sturm orbiculatus (Gyll.) — Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Raincliffe Wood (R.L.). CIIDAE CIS Latreille mtidus (Fabr.) — Goathland (H.B.). boleti (Scop.) — Very common, bidentatus (01.) — Scarborough (R.L.). ENNEARTHRON Mellie affine (Gyll.) — Scarborough (R.L.). OCTOTEMNUS Mellie— glabriculus (Gyll.) — Common and widely distributed. LYCTIDAE LYCTUS Fabricius brunneus Steph. — Egton Bridge, several in house (G.B.W.). fuscus (L.) — Scarborough, in oak book shelves (G.B.W.). BOSTRICHIDAE DINODERUS Stephens minutus (Fabr.) — Scarborough, introduced in bamboos (G.B.W.) ; one specimen in the house, Scarborough, 12/53 (A.M.R.). RHIZOPERTHA Stephens dominica (Fabr.) — Scarborough, abundant in flour-mill (R.L.) ; common in flour in store (G.B.W.) . ANOBIIDAE HEDOBIA Latreille imperialis (L.) — Scarborough, by beating hedges (R.L.). GRYNOBIUS Thomson, C. G. excavatus (Kug.) — Local but widely distributed. DRYOPHILUS Chevrolat pusillus (Gyll.) — Cloughton Bank, common in cut larch-tops, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). ERNOBIUS Thomson, C. G. nigrinus (Sturm) — Rare, 2 specimens on windblown pine on • Cloughton Bank (G.B.W.). mollis (L.) — Filey (W.J.F.) ; Seamer Moor, Raincliffe Wood, by beating dead timber (G.B.W.). STEGOBIUM Motschulsky paniceum (L.) — Scarborough (E.C.H., G.B.W.). ANOBIUM Fabricius punctatum (De G.) — Common. PTILINUS Mueller, O. F. oectinicomis (L.) — Uncommon; Forge Valley (G.B.W.); Scar- borough (E.F.G.). 9 244 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PTINIDAE TRIGONOGENIUS Solier globulus Sol. — Common in dried figs, Scarborough (E.F.G.). NIPTUS Boieldieu hololeucus (Fald.) — Widely distributed. TIPIWS Thomson, C. G. unicolor (Pill. & Mitt.) — Scarborough, abundant in pigeon-cotes (R.L., G.B.W.). PTirWS Linnaeus fur (L.) — Scarborough, in wood at Museum (E.C.H.) ; abundant in pigeon-cotes (R.L., G.B.W.). tectus Boield. — Common in stored foods. OEDEMERIDAE NACERDES Faldermann melanura (L.) — Filey (W.C.H., E.C.H.) . OEDEMERA Olivier nobilis (Scop.) — Ramsdale, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). PYTHIDAE RABOCERUS Mulsant & Rey foveolatus (Ljungh) — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood by beating oak trees (R.L.). SALPINGUS Illiger S. SPHAERIESTES Stephens castaneus (Panz.) — Scarce; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Goathland (H.B.). VINCENZELLUS Reitter viridipennis (Latr.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. RHINOSIMUS Latreille ruficollis (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, planirostris (Fabr.) — Common. PYROCHROIDAE PYROCHROA Geoffroy serraticomis (Scop.) — Common and widely distributed. ANTHICIDAE NOTOXUS Geoffroy monoceros (L.) — ^Very local; Flixton sand-pits, several, 1 black variety (G.B.W.) . ANTHICUS Paykull humilis Germ. — Very rare ; Scarborough (R.L.). floralis (L.) — Common. quisquilius Thoms., C. G. — East Ayton (G.B.W.). instabilis Schm.— Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 245 MELOIDAE MELOE Linnaeus proscarabaeus (L.) — Very local; Flamborough (T.S.) ; Fylingdales Moor (M.L.T.) ; Hole of Horcum 1938 (Y.N.U. Excn.) ; Scarborough (E.C.H.) ; Yedmandale (W.P.). violaceus Marsham — Very local ; with much the same localities as the last. RHIPIPHORIDAE METOECUS Dejean paradoxus (L.) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, in wasps’ nests (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W. and A.E.W.). MORDELLIDAE MORDELLISTENA Costa, A. pumila (Gyll.) — Flixton sandpit (W.D.H.). ANASPIS Mueller, O. F. rufilabris Gyll. — Common, frontalis (L.) — Local, regimbarti Schilsky — Common, lurida Steph. — Very local; Forge Valley (G.B.W. ). humeralis Fabr. — Very local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). maculata Geoffr. in Fourcr. — Common. SERROPALPIDAE TETRATOMA Fabricius fungorum Fabr. — Local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.); Raincliffe Wood in polypori on birch, larvae in great abundance about Christmas (R.L.). desmarestii Latr. — Very local; Raincliffe Wood, abundant on dead oak branches about October 8th, also in June (R.L.). ancora Fabr. — Very local; abundant with the last (R.L.). ORCHESIA Latreille micans' (Panz.) — Very Local; Scarborough, abundant on fungus on ash (R.L.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). minor Walk. — Very local; Raincliffe Wood, abundant in summer by beating oaks, Pickering (R.L.). undulata Kr. — Very local; Raincliffe Wood, abundant under dead holly bark (R.L.) ; Haugh Rigg, Pickering (M.D.B.). ABDERA Stephens flexuosa (Payk.) — Raincliffe Wood, abundant in fungus on alder (R.L.) ; Sleights, Helwath Beck, abundant (H.B.). MELANDRYA Fabricius caraboides (L.) — Very rare; Hole of Horcum, 1 drowned in stream (H.B.). OSPHYA Illiger bipunctata (Fabr.) — Very rare; Scarborough (G.B.W.). LAGRHDAE LAGRIA Fabricius hirta (L.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W., A.M.R.). 246 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ALLECULIDAE ISOMIRA Mulsant murina (L.) — Rare; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Castle Hill, Scarborough (W.D.H.). TENEBRIONIDAE BLAPS Fabricius mortisaga (L.) — Rare; East Ayton (A.M.R.). mucronata Latr. — Fairly common and widely distributed. PHYLAN Stephens gibbus (Fabr.) — Rare; Cayton Bay, 1 specimen (A.M.R.). CRYPTICUS Latreille quisquilius (L.) — Rare; Flixton sandpits, at plant roots (W.J.F., G.B.W., and W.D.H.). SCAPHIDEMA Redtenbacher metallicum (Fabr.) — Local; Hackness (E.C.H.); Scarborough, Yedingham in flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ALPHITOPHAGUS Stephens bifasciatus (Say) — ^Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). GNATHOCERUS Thunberg comutus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L., E.A.W.). TRIBOLIUM Macleay castaneum (Herbst) — Common and widely distributed, confusum du Val — ^Very local; Scarborough, abundant in a flour store (G.B.W.). PALORUS Mulsant ratzeburgi (Wissm.) — Scarborough (R.L.). subdepressus Woll. — Scarborough (R.L.). ALPHITOBIUS Stephens diaperinus (Panz.) — Abundant; Scarborough (R.L.). laevigatus (Fabr.) — ^Abundant; Scarborough (R.L.). HYPOPHLOEUS Fabricius bicolor (01.) — Deepdale, Scarborough, common (A.E.W.) ; Forge Valley under elm bark, 15/4/53 (A.M.R.). TENEBRIO Linnaeus molitor (L.) — Fairly common. obscurus Fabr. — Uncommon; East Ayton (A.M.R.). CYLINDRONOTUS Faldermann laevioctostriatus (Goeze) — Cloughton (E.C.H.) ; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). SCARABAEIDAE TYPHAEUS Leach typhoeus (L.) — Local on sandy places on the moors, var. pumilus (Marsham) — Ellerbeck (R.R.U.K.). GEOTRUPES Latreille mutator (Marsham) — Very local; Flamborough, fairly common (E.B.W., T.S.). spiniger (Marsham) — Common. tercorarius (L.) — Much less common, but widely distributed. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 247 stercorosus (Scriba) — Common. vemalis (L.) — Local; Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Langdale End (G.B.W.). APHODIUS Illiger erraticus (L.) — Local; Pickering (M.D.B.). subterraneus (L.) — Local; Ebberston (W.P.). fossor (L.) — Common. haemorrhoidalis (L.) — Local; Scarborough (T.S.). luridus (Fabr.) — Common. var. gagates Muell. — Langdale End (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). depressus (Kug.) — Fairly common. ab. atramentaria Er. — Goathland (R.R.U.K.). ab. nigripes Steph. — Bempton (E.C.H.). rufipes (L.) — Common, contaminatus (Herbst) — Common, prodromus (Brahm) — Common, sphacelatus (Panz.) — Common, merdarius (Fabr.) — Fairly common, tristis Zenk. — Very local; Pickering (M.D.B.). fimetarius (L.) — Common. aestivalis Steph. — Local ; but widely distributed. scybalarius (Fabr.) — Local; Filey (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough (E.G.B.). lapponum Gyll. — Local on the high moors ; Goathland (Y.N.U. Excn., 1903) ; Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). ater (De G.) — Common. borealis Gyll. — Fairly common on the moors; Seamer Moor, Langdale End (G.B.W.). constans Duft. — Fairly common and widely distributed on the moors, tenellus Say — As the last. rufescens Fabr. — Not common; Scarborough (C.W.R.). granarius (L.) — Not common; Harwood Dale (G.B.W.). OXYOMUS Castelnau sylvestris (Scop.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). PSAMMOBIUS Heer sulcicoliis (111.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). AEGIALIA Latreille sabuleti (Panz.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Langdale End (G.B.W.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). arenaria (Fabr.) — Cayton Bay (A.M.R.). TROX Fabricius scaber (L.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). SERICA Macleay brunnea (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. AMPHIMALLON Berthold in Latreille solstitialis (L.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Cloughton (W.J.F.). MELOLONTHA Fabricius melolontha (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, ab. albida Muls. — Beckhole (J.W.S.). 248 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PHYLLOPERTHA Stephens horticola (L.) — Local; Cloughton (R.T.F.) ; Hackness (E.C.H.). CETONIA Fabricius aurata (L.) — Langdale End, -/6/49 (A.M.R.) ; Hunmanby (G.B.W.); West Ayton, 6/52 (A.M.R. ). LUCANIDAE DORCUS Macleay parallelopipedus (L.) — Langdale, -/6/49 (A.M.R.). SINODENDRON Schneider cylindricum (L.) — Fairly common. CERAMBYCIDAE ASEMUM Eschscholtz striatum (L.) — Woods above Wykeham (G.B.W., leg. M. Pittam) ; Cloughton (A.M.R.); Newton Dale, 7/53 (A.M.R.). This beetle is extending its range in the district, probably as a result of afforestation. TETROPIUM Kirby, W. gabrieli Weise var. crawshayi Sharp — Sleights, in abundance in all stages, in pine and larch stumps and fallen timber (H.B.) ; Hackness (G.B.W.). RHAGIUM Fabricius bifasciatum Fabr. — Common and widely distributed, mordax (De G.) — Local, but not uncommon. STENOCORUS Geoffroy meridianus (L.) — Local and uncommon; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938) ; Langdale End (E.A.W.). GRAMMOPTERA Serville ruficomis (Fabr.) — Common. ALOSTERNA Mulsant tabacicolor (De G.) — Common in Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Goathland (H.O.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). STRANGALIA Serville quadrifasciata (L.) — Littlebeck, Helwath Beck, fairly common on alder (H.B.); Thomton-le-Dale, 1 spn., 8/51 (A.M.R.). maculata (Poda) — Fairly common and widely distributed, melanura (L.) — Very local; Pickering (M.D.B.) ; Forge Valley (A.M.R.). AROMIA Serville moschata (L.) — Very rare; Langdale End (E.C.H.). PHYMATODES Mulsant testaceus (L.) — Scarborough, in a timber-yard in imported timber (E.F.G.). CLYTUS Laicharting arietis (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. POGONOCHERUS Zetterstedt hispidulus (Pill. & Mitt.) — Not common, but widely distributed; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley, INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 249 Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.) ; Goathland (H.O.). hispidus (L.) — ^Very local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; West Ayton (W.C.H.) ; Wykeham (A.M.R.). fasciculatus (De G.) — Very local; Sleights (H.B.). LEIOPUS Serville nebulosus (L.) — Local; Forge Valley (W.P.) ; Beckhole, Hole of TIorcum (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (W.D.H.). SAPERDA Fabricius populnea (L.) — Hole of Horcum; abundant, Helwath Beck, galls and larvae plentiful (H.B.). scalaris (L.) — Rare; Cross Cliff (R.L.) ; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer, Hackness (G.B.W.) . carcharias (L.) — Hackness, 1 spn. (A.M.R.). The record for Crosscliff (T.W.) given in Fowler, Coleoptera of the British Islands, Vol. IV, p. 252, was in error and should be deleted. STENOSTOLA Mulsant ferrea (Schr.) — Very rare; Beckhole, 1 spn. (H.B.). CHRYSOMELIDAE DONACIA Fabricius clavipes Fabr. — Scarborough Mere, 2 spns., 11/6/43 (T.S.). crassipes Fabr. — Very local; Scarborough Mere (T.S.). versicolorea (Brahm) — Very local; Randy Mere, Goathland (H.B.). aquatica (L.) — Cornelian Bay (R.L.). [vulgaris Zschach — Occurs just outside our area at Bridlington and Arncliffe Wood.] simplex Fabr. — Forge Valley (W.C.H., E.C.H.) ; Levisham, Fen Bog, Goathland (H.B.). PLATEUMARIS Thomson, C. G. discolor (Panz.) — An upland species, associated with Eriophorum- Sphagnum bogs. Goathland (H.O.) ; Helwath Beck, Hole of Horcum, Fen Bog, Fylingdales Moor (H.B.) ; found in a lowland locality at Scarborough Mere (G.B.W.), sericea (L.)^ — Common and very variable in colour. ORSODACNE Latreille cerasi (L.) — Very local; Forge Valley, common (G.B.W.). ab. glabrata (Fabr.) — Fairly common with the type. ZEUGOPHORA Kunze subspinosa (Fabr.) — Very local; Langdale End, common (E.C.H.). LEM A Fabricius cyanella (L.) — Newton Dale, about 1-| miles above Pickering, common on thistles (G.B.W.). lichenis Voet — Fairly common. melanopa (L.) — Not common; Forge Valley (W.C.H.) ; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Sleights (H.B.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (E.F.G.). CLYTRA Fabricius quadipunctata (L.) — Local in nests of Formica rufa ; Bams Cliff, Langdale (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). 250 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CRYPTOCEPHALUS Geoffroy aureolus Suffr. — Above Pickering (M.D.B.). hypochaeridis (L.) — Pickering (A.S.). moraei (L.) — Pickering (M.D.B). labiatus (L.) — Not common, but widely distributed; Seamer Moor, abundant on birch (G.B.W.). CHRYSOLINA Motschulsky staphylaea (L.) — Very common and generally distributed, oricalcia (MuelL, O.F.) var hobsoni Steph. — West Ayton (W.C.H.). brunsvicensis (Grav.) — Forge Valley, in plenty on ragwort (R.L.) ; Pickering, common on Hypericum (G.B.W.). hyperici (Forst.) — As the last. varians (Schall.) — Forge Valley (W.C.Fl.) ; near Pickering, in hundreds (G.B.W.). polita (L.) — Common and generally distributed. GASTROPHYSA Chevrolat viridula (De G.) — Local and not common; Scarborough (R.L.). polygoni (L.) — Common. PHAEDON Latreille cochleariae (Fabr.) — Common and widely distributed. armoraciae (L.) — Goathland (R.R.U.K.). tumidulus (Germ.) — Very common; at times a pest on celery. HYDROTHASSA Thomson, C. G. aucta (Fabr.) — Local; Throxenby, cut grass, Yedingham, flood- refuse, common (G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.). marginella (L.) — Common and widely distributed. PRASO^RIS Latreille junci (Brahm) — Rather common and widely distributed, phellandrii (L.) — Common. CHRYSOMELA Linnaeus populi L. — Somewhat local, but often common. PHYTODECTA Kirby, W. olivacea (Forst.) — Not common ; Littlebeck (M.L.T.). pallida (L.) — Widely distributed and often common. PHYLLODECTA Kirby, W. vulgatissima (L.) — Not common ; Scarborough (R.L.). vitellinae (L.) — Very common. laticollis Suffr. — Rare; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) . TIMARCHA Latreille goettingensis (L.) — Local ; Forge Valley (W.P.). PYRRHALTA Joannis vibumi (Payk.) — Very local; Raincliffe Wood (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). GALERUCELLA Crotch lineola (Fabr.) — Forge Valley, Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.) ; Yedingham flood-refuse (E.F.G.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 251 calmariensis (L.) — Local; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.). tenella (L.) — Fairly common. nymphaeae (L.) — Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.) ; West Ay ton, 7/51 (A.M.R.). GALERUCA Geoffroy tanaceti (L.) — Very local; Langdale End, Filey (W.C.H.) ; May Moss (E.A.W.). LOCHMAEA Weise capreae (L.) — Local; Levisham (W.C.H.) ; Helwath Beck, plentiful on Salix (H.B.). suturalis (Thoms., C. G.) — Common on the moors. var. nigrata Weise — Fairly common, crataegi (Forst.) — Uncommon; Ganton (R.L.) ; Levisham (M.L.T.). PHYLLOBROTICA Redtenbacher quadrimaculata (L.) — Throxenby Mere, abundant on skullcap (R.L.) ; still occurs there (G.B.W.) . LUPERUS Geoffroy longicomis (Fabr.) — Common and widely distributed, flavipes (L.) — Local; Bams Cliff (M.L.T.) ; Beckhole (H.B.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). SERMYLASSA Reitter halensis (L.) — Common. PHYLLOTRETA Stephens vittula Redt. — Hackness (E.C.H.). vittata (Fabr.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). nemorum (L.) — Very common. undulata Kutsch. — Very common; these two species often (e.g. 1948) do great damage to turnips, tetrastigma (Com.) — Very local ; Beckhole (H.B.). flexuosa (111.) — Sherburn flood-refuse (G.B.W.) ; F'iley (E.C.H.) ; W.D.H. says this is a dark variety of nemcrum. ochripes (Curt.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H. ). atra (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; var. cruciferae (Goeze) — Hackness, Langdale End (E.C.H.). aerea All. — Very local; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). consobrina (Curt.) — Not uncommon in Forge Valley in September (G.B.W.). nodicornis (Marsham) — Rare; Raincliffe W’ood (E.C.H.). APHTHONA Chevrolat euphorbiae (Schr.) — Pickering (A.S.). cyanella Redt. — Rare; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). coerulea (Geoff, in Fourcr.) — Locally common; Filey, all specimens with black legs (W.J.F.) ; Langdale End (E.C.H.) ; Seamer (W.C.H.). herbigrada (Curt.) — Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). 252 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LONGITARSUS Berthold in Latreille ochroleucus (Marsham) — Uncommon; Cloughton (E.C.H.) ; Flixton sandpit (W.D.H.). jacobaeae (Waterh., G. R.) — Very common. succineus (Foudr.) — Not uncommon; Hayburn Wyke, Cayton Bay, East Ayton (G.B.W.). tabidus (Fabr.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). membranaceus (Foudr.) — Local; Cloughton (E.C.H.) . melanocephalus (De G.) — Common, exoletus (L.) — Local; East Ayton (G.B.W.). gracilis Kutsch. — Rare; Scarborough (E.G.B.). ganglbaueri Heik. — Langdale End (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). suturalis (Marsham) — Local; Scarborough (E.C.H.). atricillus (L.) — Local; Pickering, East Ayton (G.B.W.). suturellus (Duft.) — Common and generally distributed, holsaticus (L.) — Rare; near Falcon Inn, 1 specimen in marshy place containing both Equisetum and Pedicularis (W.J.F.). luridus (Scop.) — Very common, brunneus (Duft.) — Very local; Ravenscar (G.B.W.). anchusae (Payk.) — Very local; Langdale End (E.C.H.). HALTICA (Geoffrey) Illiger brevicollis Foudr. — Ebberston High Moor (W.C.H.) ; this record is very doubtful. oleracea (L.) — Common and widely distributed, pusilla Duft. — Goathland (R.R.U.K.). var. montana (Foudr.) — Scarborough (E.G.B.) ; Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). britteni Sharp — Abundant oniheather. BATOPHILA Foudras rubi (Payk.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. CREPIDODERA Faldermann transversa (Marsham) — Common, ferruginea (Scop.) — Common. DEROCREPIS Weise rufipes (L.) — Common. HIPPURIPHILA Foudras modeeri (L.) — ^Veiy local; Forge Valley, Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.). CHALCOIDES Foudras aurea (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — “Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). fulvicomis (Fabr.) — Common. var. picicomis Weise — Haybum Wyke, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). aurata (Marsham) — Uncommon and local. MANTURA Stephens obtusata (Gyll.) — Very local; Scarborough, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). rust'ca (L.) — Scarborough, abundant in moss and flood-refuse (R.L.) ; fairly common in the district. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 253 matthewsii (Curt.) — Forge Valley, abundant on Helianthemum (R.L.). CHAETOCNEMA Stephens concinna (Marsham) — Common. conducta Motsch. — Very rare and local; Forge Valley, 2 specimems by sweeping in May (E.C.H.) ; Scarborough district, 1936 (C.E.S.). arida Foudr. — Very rare; Scarborough (R.L.). subcoerulea Kutsch. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). hortensis (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). sahlbergii (Gyll.) — Very local; Ringing Keld Bog, in plenty in moss (R.L.). SPHAERODERMA Stephens testaceum (Fabr.) — Common, rubidum Graells— Common. APTEROPEDA Stephens orbiculata (Marsham) — Scalby Beck, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Forge Valley (W.C.H.). globosa (111.) — Rare; Scalby Beck, in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Forge Valley, Gristhorpe Bay (G.B.W.). MNIOPHILA Stephens muscorum (Koch, J. D. W.) — Local; near Raincliffe Wood, in plenty, by beating trees IR.L.) ; Hay Brow, in moss in the winter (G.B.W.) PSYLLIODES Berthold in Latreille picina (Marsham) — Local; Scarborough, 4 by evening sweeping (G.B.W.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). chrysocephala (L.) — Local; Scarborough (M.L.T.). napi (Fabr.) — Local but not uncommon, cuprea (Koch, J. D. W.) — Fairly common. CASSIDA Linnaeus hemisphaerica Herbst — Rare; Filey, 1 specimen (W.W.F.). flaveola Thunb. — Fairly common, vibex (L.) — Rare; Filey, 1 specimen (W.W.F.). rubiginosa Muell., O. F. — Common. BRUCHIDAE BRUCHUS Linnaeus rufimanus Boh. — Not uncommon in beans in shops, pisorum (L.) — With the last. BRUCHIDIUS Schilsky unicolor (01.) — var. debilis (Gyll.) — ^Givendale, East Ayton, by sweeping Helianthemum (G.B.W.). incarnatus (Boh.) — Scarborough (R.L.). Introduced, fasciatus (01.) — Pickering (M.D.B.). CALLOSOBRUCHUS Pic chinensis (L.) — Scarborough (W.W.F., Brit. Col. IV, p. 261). 254 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PLATYSTOMIDAE BRACHYTARSUS Schoenherr nebulosus (Forst.) — Not common as a rule, but widely distributed; common on fallen firs in Forge Valley, Pickering (G.B.W.). CHORAGUS Kirby, W. sheppardi Kirby, W. — Very rare; Cornelian Bay, 1 specimen by beating hawthorn (R.L.). CURCULIONIDAE RHINOMACER Fabricius attelaboides Fabr. — Fairly common by beating male flowers of pine in late May and early June ; Wrench Green, Staintondale, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). LASIORHYNCHITES Jekel ophthalmicus (Steph.) — Rare; Scarborough (W.W.F., Brit. Col. V, p.l26). CAENORHINUS Thomson, C. G. nanus (Payk.) — Not common; Seamer Moor, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). longiceps Thoms., C. G. — Ellerdale (G.B.W.) . germanicus (Herbst) — Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Robin Hood's Bay (W.J.F.). aeneovirens (Marsham) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Sawdon Dale (G.B.W.) ; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). aequatus (L.) — ^Wykeham (A.M.R.). RHYNCHITES Schneider cupreus (L.) — Common on mountain ash. DEPORAUS Samouelle mannerheimi Humm. — Very local ; Fylingdales, Langdale End (M.L.T.) ; Pickering (Y.N.U. Excn., 1938) ; Raincliffe Wood (W.D.H.). betulae (L.) — Common. ATTELABUS Linnaeus nitens (Scop.) — Not common, but widely distributed. APION Herbst violaceum Kirby, W. — Common. marchicum Herbst — Very local; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). affine Kirby, W. — ^Local ; Cloughton (E.C.H.) ; Beckhole, Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). curtirostre Germ. — Common. aenum (Fabr.) — Fairly common on Malva, Ballota, etc. radiolus Kirby, W. — Common on mallow, ulicis (Forst.) — Common, frumentarium (Payk.) — Fairly common. var. brachypterum Sharp — Scalby, Scalby High Moor (G.B.W.). s. cmentatum Walt., J. — Langdale End (E.C.H.) ; Raincliffe Wood in moles’ nest (G.B.W.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 255 var. desideratum Sharp — Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.). sanguineum (De G.) — Very local; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). rubens Steph. — Rare; Scarborough (J-W.) ; Ravenscar (A.E.W.). pallipes Kirby, W. — Common in spring and autumn on Mercurialis. seniculus Kirby, W. — Fairly common, onopordi Kirby, W. — Fairly common, carduorum Kirby, W. — Common. loti Kirby, W. — Local; Langdale End (G.B.W.) ; South Cliff, Scarborough (C.E.S., G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). meliloti Kirby, W. — Staxton (G.B.W.). tenue Kirby, W. — Very local; Filey (W.W.F.). striatum Kirby, W. — Fairly common, immune Kirby, W. — Local; Goathland, Sleights (H.B.). gyllenhalii Kirby, W. — Rare; Hackness (E.C.H.). pisi Fabr. — Common. aethiops Herbst — Local ; Hunmanby, Hayburn Wyke, common on Vicia sylvatica (G.B.W.). spencii Kirby, W. — Local; Beckhole (H.B.) ; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). punctigerum (Payk.) — Local; Scalby (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). reflexum Gyll. — Yedingham flood-refuse (E.F.G.). vorax Herbst — Local; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). ononis Kirby, W. — Common, simile Kirby. W.— Very local; Filey (G.B.W.). viciae (Payk.) — Common, ervi Kirby, W. — Common. subulatum Kirby, W. — Local; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). craccae (L.) — Rare; Langdale End (E.C.H.). virens Herbst — Common, dichroum Bed. — Common. nigritarse Kirby, W. — Somewhat local but widely distributed, aestivum Germ. — Rather local ; Sherburn flood-refuse, Flixton sand- pits (G.B.W.) ; Scarborough (C.E.S.). apricans Herbst — Very common. schdnhem Boh. — Very rare ; Scarborough, Aug. 1837 (J.W.). assimile Kirby, W. — Fairly common and widely distributed, ononicola Bach — Rare; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) OTIORRHYNCHUS Germar 1 raucus (Fabr.) — Very local; Goathland (R.R.U.K.). nodosus (Muell., O. F.) — Very local; Scarborough, in moss on North Cliff (R.L.) ; West Ayton, 2/9/53 (A.M.R.). singularis (L.) — Very common. sulcatus (Fabr.) — Common, and at times destructive in greenhouses, ovatus (L.) — Local; Ravenscar (Y.N.U. Excn., 1891); Pickering (M.D.B.). atroapterus (De G.) — Langdale End (H.C.H.). 256 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT TRACHYPHLOEUS Germar bifoveolatus (Beck) — Scarborough (W.H.). aristatus Gyll. — Scarborough (T.W.). olivieri Bed. — Scarborough (iW.H.). PHYLLOBIUS Schoenherr viridicollis (Fabr.) — Locally common, parvulus (01.) — Common, virideaeris (Laich.) — Common, oblongus (L.) — Common, pyri (L.) — Common, maculicomis Germ. — Fairly common, argentatus (L.) — Very common, calcaratus (Fabr.) — Common, pomaceus Gyll. — Very common. POLYDRUSUS Germar pterygomalis Boh. — Common, cervinus (L.) — Common. pilosus Gredl. — Common and widely distributed (G.B.W.). confluens Steph. — Veiy local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). tereticollis (De G.) — Common, mollis (Stroem, H.) — Locally common. LIOPHLOEUS Germar tessulatus (MuelL, O. F.) — Fairly common. SCIAPHILUS Schoenherr asperatus (Bonsd.) — Common. BRACHYSOMUS Schoenherr echinatus (Bonsd.) — Cloughton, Yedmandale (E.C.H.). BARYPITHES du Val araneiformis (Schrank) — Raincliffe Wood (H.C.H.); Cayton Bay, 1950 (A.M.R.). pellucidus (Boh.) — Wykeham, 8/51, Forge Valley (A.M.R.). sulcifrons (Boh.) — Scarborough, in moss on North Cliff (R.L.). STROPHOSOMUS Schoenherr melanogrammus (Forst.) — Very common. faber (Herbst) — Scarborough (W.C.H.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). sus Steph. — Common on heather. nebulosus Steph. — Fairly common and widely distributed. CNEORRHINUS Schoenherr plumbeus (Marsham) — Local; Thomton-le-Dale (H.C.H.) ; Forge Valley, Saltergate (G.B.W.) ; Seamer (A.E.W.). PHILOPEDON Stephens plagiatus (Schall.) — Cloughton (H.C.H.) . BARYNOTUS Germar obscurus (Fabr.) — Common. [squamosus Germ.] var. schoenherri (Zett.) — Common in cut meadow grass in the Scarborough district, moerens (Fabr.) — Common. INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 257 SITONA Germar regensteinensis (Herbst) — Common. striatellus Gyll. — Common. lineatus (L.) — Common. suturalis Steph. — Common. sulcifrons (Thunb.) — Common. puncticollis Steph. — Common. lepidus Gyll. — Common. lineellus (Bonsd.) — Rare; Filey (W.W.F.). macularius (Marsham) — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H) ; W. E. Sharp says " Probably crinitus but remarkably small ”. ^ hispidulus (Fabr.) — Common, cylindricollis Fahr. — Cornelian Bay (C.E.S.). humeralis Steph. — Common. TANYMECUS Germar palliatus (Fabr.) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). TROPIPHORUS Schoenherr terricola (Newm.) — Common. CLEONUS Schoenherr piger (Scop.) — Local; Scarborough (W.P.) ; Hackness (E.C.H.) . MESITES Schoenherr tardii (Curt.) — Very local; abundant in felled stumps of ash and under bark of various trees; Haybum Wyke, June 1868 (R.L. and T.W.) ; still occurs there (G.B.W.) and at Robin Hood’s Bay (T.S.). BAGOUS Germar limosus (Gyll.) — Scarborough (W.W.F., Brit. Col. V. 288), recorded as petro. subcarinatus Gyll. — Scarborough (R.L.). HYDRONOMUS Schoenherr alismatis (Marsham) — Snainton brick-ponds (W.C.H.). TANYSPHYRUS Germar lemnae (Payk.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer (W.C.H.) ; Forge Valley, Throxenby Mere (E.C.H.). DORYTOMUS Germar taeniatus (Fabr.) — Common. longimanus (Forst.) — Scarborough North Cliff (R.L.). tortrix (L.) — Scarborough (R.L.). melanophthalmus (Payk.) — Ellerdale, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) . rufatus (Bed.) — Littlebeck (M.L.T.) ; Sleights (H.B.) ; Forge Valley, Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.). NOTARIS Germar acridulus (L.) — Common. aethiops (Fabr.) — Very rare; Sherburn flood-refuse, 1 specimen (G.B.W.). GRYPUS Germar equiseti (Fabr.) — Common. 258 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ORTHOCHAETES Mueller, P.W.J. setiger (Beck) — Scarborough, abundant in moss on North Cliff (R.L.) ; Helwath Beck (H.B.). ELLESCHUS Stephens bipunctatus (L.) — Hayburn Wyke, at one time common on sallows, much less common of late years. TYCHIUS Germar lineatulus Steph. — Rare; Scarborough in moss on North Cliff (R.L.) ; Filey, 1 specimen (W.W.F.). schneideri (Herbst) — Filey (W.W.F.) ; Scarborough (R.L.). ANTHONOMUS Germar rubi (Herbst) — Common. var. brunneipennis Curt. — Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). pomorum CL.) — Cross Cliff (R.L.) ; Forge Valley, Pickering (G.B.W.). inversus Bed. — Rare; Levisham (W.C.H.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). ab. rosinae Desbr. — Forge Valley, 1 specimen (G.B.W.). pedicularius (L.) — Common. conspersus Desbr. — Common, and at times abundant on mountain ash in several localities in the Scarborough district (G.B.W.). CURCULIO Linnaeus S. CURCULIO s. s. villosus Fabr. — Pickering (Y.N.U.Excn., 1918). betulae (Steph.) — Rye says “ One specimen named by me for Mr. T. Wilkinson of Scarborough ”. rubidus (Gyll.) — ^Goathland, 1 specimen (R.R.U.K.). S. BALANOBIUS Jekel salicivorus Payk. — Common. pyrrhoceras Marsham — Rare; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). PISSODES Germar pini (L.) — Stated by the forester to be common at Thornton-le-Dale in the Government Afforestation Woods {teste G. B. Ryle) . MAGDALIS Germar armigera (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). carbonaria (L.) — One in Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). HYLOBIUS Germar abietis (L.) — Common and generally distributed. LIOSOMA Stephens deflexum (Panz.) — Common. ab.collaris Rye — Rare; Seamer Moor, 1 in moss (G.B.W.). ALOPHUS Schoenherr triguttatus (Fabr.) — Local; Forge Valley (H.C.H.) ; Seamer (A.E.W.). PHYTONOMUS Schoenherr austriacus (Schr.) — Fairly common. dauci (01.) — Rare; Flixton sand-pits, under Erodium (G.B.W.). adspersus (Fabr.) — Scarborough (R.L.). rumicis (L.)— Local; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Pickering (J.M.B.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 259 nigrirostris (Fabr.) — Common. arator (L.) — Local; Scarborough (R.L.). suspiciosus (Herbst) — Filey, not uncommon near the coast (W.W.F.). plantaginis (De G.) — Fairly common. fuscocinereus (Marsham) — Uncommon; Forge Valley (Fl.C.H.) ; Cloughton (E.C.H.). posticus (Gyll.) — Not common but widely distributed, venustus (Fabr.) — Filey (W.W.F.). SITOPHILUS Schoenherr granarius (L.) — Common in food stores and generally distributed, oryzae (L.) — With the last, also common. CRYPTORHYNCHIDIUS Pierce lapathi (L.) — Hayburn Wyke, not uncommon on sallows (G.B.W.) , Pickering (M.D.B.). BARIS Germar laticollis (Marsham) — Ganton, abundant in flood-refuse (R.L.). lepidii Germ. — ^Goathland, Beckhole (R.R.U.K.). LIMNOBARIS Bedel t-album (L.) — Ringing Keld Bog, abundant in moss (R.L.) ; Levisham (M.L.T.) ; Goathland, Fylingdales Moor (R.R.U.K.). COELIODES Schoenherr dryados (Gmel. in L.) — Fairly common. rubicundus (Herbst) — Local; Robin Hood’s Bay, Sleights (H.B.) ; Pickering (G.B.W.) . STENOCARUS Thomson, C. G. umbrinus (Gyll.) — Fairly common near Scarborough. ZACLADUS Reitter geranii (Payk.) — Local; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Primrose Valley (G.B.W.). MICRELUS Thomson, C. G. ericae (Gyll.) — Very common on the moors. CIDNORHINUS Thomson, C. G. quadrimaculatus (L.) — Very common. CEUTHORHYNCHIDIUS du Val dawsoni Bris. — Rare; Scarborough (E.C.H.). troglodytes (Fabr.) — Common. CEUTHORHYNCHUS Germar floralis (Payk.) — Common, litura (Fabr.) — Common. trimaculatus (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood (R.L.) ; Yedmandale (E.C.H.). asperifoliarium (Gyll.) — Egton Bridge (H.B.). pollinarius ;^Forst.) — Common, pleurostigma (Marsham) — Common, assimilis (Payk.) — Common, cochleariae (Gyll.) — Egton Bridge (H.B.). quadridens (Panz.)^ — Local; Hayburn Wyke, Ellerdale (G.B.W.); Filey (W.W.F.) . 260 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT sulcicollis (Payk.) — Rare ; Filey (E.C.H.). erysimi (Fabr.) — Common, contractus ( Marsham) — Common. RHINONCUS Schoenherr pericarpius (L.) — Common, inconspectus (Herbst) — Pickering (M.D.B.). castor (Fabr.) — Scalby Beck, common in flood-refuse (R.L.) ; Saltergate (G.B.W.). bruchoides (Herbst) — Very local; Scarborough Mere (R.L.). perpendicularis (Reich.) — Scarborough Mere (G.B.W.). LITODACTYLUS Redtenbacher leucogaster (Marsham) — Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). PHYTOBIUS Schoenherr canaliculatus Fahr. — ^Rare ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). comari (Herbst) — ^Very local; Scarborough (R.L.). quadrituberculatus (Eabr.) — ^Very local; Filey (W.W.F.) ; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). muricatus Bris. — Rare; Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.). quadrinodosus (Gyll.) — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). POOPHAGUS Schoenherr sisymbrii (Fabr.) — Ebberston (W.P.) ; Snainton brick-ponds (W.C.H.), OROBITIS Germar cynaneus (L.) — Scarborough, abundant in moss on North Side (R.L.) ; Langdale End, Silpho Moor (E.C.H.) ; Pickering (M.D.B.). NANOPHYES Schoenherr marmoratus (Goeze) — Hackness, Langdale End (E.C.H.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.) . MECINUS Germar pyraster (Herbst) — Common. GYMNETRON Schoenherr labile (Herbst) — Scarborough, North Cliff (R.L.) ; Beckhole (H.B.). linariae (Panz.) — Pickering (M.D.B.) ; Yedirigham flood-refuse (E.F.G., G.B.W.). CIONUS Schellenberg alauda (Herbst) — Local and rather uncommon ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). scrophulariae (L.) — Common. CLEOPUS Stephens pulchellus (Herbst) — Local; Beckhole (H.B.). ANOPLUS Schoenherr plantaris Naezen — Common. roboris Suffr. — Very local; Hayburn Wyke on alder (G.B.W.). RHYNCHAENUS Schellenberg quercus (L.) — Rather local; Scarborough (R.L.) ; Forge Valley, Silpho Moor (E.C.H.) ; Langdale End (G.B.W.). pilosus (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.). avellanae (Don.) — Scarborough (R.L.). INSECTA — COLEOPTERA 261 rusci (Herbst) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Pickering (Y.N.U.Excn., 1938). fagi (L.) — Common, salicis (L.) — Common. foliorum (MuelL, O. F.) — Rare; Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) . RHAMPHUS Schellenberg pulicarius (Herbst) — Common and widely distributed. SCOLYTIDAE SCOLYTUS Geoffroy intricatus (Ratz.) — Beckhole, Sleights (H.B.). scolytus (Fabr.) — At one time abundant in Raincliffe Wood and at Seamer, not so common nowadays; Beckhole, Sleights (H.B.). mali (Bech.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; Lawson’s record of S. intricatus is given under mali by W.J.F. HYLESINUS Fabricius crenatus (Fabr.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. fraxini (Panz.) — Common. oleiperda (Fabr.) — Scarborough (E.G.B.). XYLECHINUS Chapuis pilosus (Ratz.) — Scarborough (R.L.) ; very rare, probably intro- duced. KISSOPHAGUS Chapuis hederae (Schmitt) — Raincliffe Wood (R.L.) ; prefers ivy just dying after severance from roots but not dead. HYLASTINUS Bedel obscurus (Marsham) — Scarborough (T.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Sleights, Littlebeck (H.B.) ; Throxenby Mere 1 on Salix leaf (W.D.H.). MYELOPHILUS Eichhoff piniperda (L.) — Raincliffe Wood (E.C.H.) ; Goathland (H.B.). HYLURGOPS Leconte palliatus (Gyll.) — Rather common and widely distributed. HYLASTES Erichson ater (Payk.) — Hutton Buscel (E.G.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.) ; these records may refer to the next species, brunneus Er. — Wykeham (G.B.W.). opacus Er. — Wykeham, a few under bark (G.B.W.). POLYGRAPHUS Erichson poligraphus (L.) — Very rare; Scarborough 1 specimen under bark (R.L.). CRYPHALUS Erichson abietis (Ratz.) — Scarborough (C.E.S.) ; Wykeham (G.B.W.). TRYPOPHLOEUS Fairmaire asperatus (Gyll.) — Scarborough (T.W.). PHLOEOPHTHORUS Wollaston rhododactylus (Marsham) — Locally abundant in stems of gorse. 262 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT DRYOCOETES Eichoff autographus (Ratz.) — Local; Scarborough (T.W.) ; Beedale (G.B.W.). villosus (Fabr.) — Sleights (H.B.). TRYPODENDRON Stephens domesticum (L.) — Fairly common. lineatum (01.) — The larval burrows were found at Thornton-le-Dale but not the perfect insect. PITYOGENES Bedel chalcographus (L.) — Very local ; Scarborough (T.W.). bidentatus (Herbst) — Common; Cloughton, abundant in pine branches (G.B.W.) ; Sleights, Goathland (H.B.). IPS De Geer. tyjK)graphus (L.) — Scarborough (T.W.). acuminatus Gyll. — Rare; Scarborough (R.L.). ONTHOTOMICUS Ferrari lands (Fabr.) — Very local; Forge Valley (E.C.H.). ANISANDRUS Ferrari saxeseni (Ratz.) — Broxa, Langdale End (A.M.R.). PLATYPODIDAE PLATYPUS Herbst cylindnis (Fabr.) — Very local and rare; Scarborough (R.L., T.W.). INDEX OF GENERA Abax 205 Alosterna 248 Apion 254 Bledius 218 Abdera 245 Alphitobius 246 Aploderus 218 Bolitobius 224 Ablattaria 212 Alphitophagus 246 Apteropeda 253 Bolitochara 225 Abraeus 231 Amara 203 Aromia 248 Brachypterus 237 Addota 217 Amidobia 228 Asaphidion 201 Brachyomus 256 Acilius 209 Amischa 226 Asemum 248 Brachytarsus 254 Aclypea 211 Amphicyllis 213 Aspidiphorus 243 Bradycellus 203 Acritus 231 Amphimallon 247 Atheta 226, 227 Broscus 201 Acrolocha 216 Anacaena 211 Athous 233 Bruchidius 253 Acrotona 228 Anaspis 245 Atomaria 240 Bruchus 253 Acrotrichis 215 Anatis 242 Atractelophorus Brundinia 226 Acrulia 216 Anisandms 262 210 Bryaxis 230 Acupalpus 203 Ancyrophorus 218 Attagenus 236 Brychius 206 Adalia 242 Anisodactylus 203 Attelabus 254 Byrrhus 236 Adelocera 233 Anisosticta 242 Autalia 225 Byturas 236 Adonia 242 Anisotoma 213 Adrastus 234 Anobium 243 Caenorhinus 254 Aegialia 247 Anommatus 241 Badister 203 Caenoscelis 239 Aepopsis 201 Anopleta 227 Bagous 257 Cafius 222 Aepus 201 Anoplus 260 Balanobius 258 Calathus 205 Agabus 208 Antherophagus Baptolinus 221 Callicerus 226 Agaphygra 226 239 Baris 259 Callosobruchus Agaricochara 225 Anthicus 244 Barynotus 256 253 Agathidium 214 Anthobium 217 Barypithes 256 Calodera 229 Agonum 205 Anthonomus 258 Batophila 252 Calvia 242 Agriotes 234 Anthophagus 218 Bembidion 201 Calyptomerus 214 Aleochara 230 Aphanisticus 234 Berosus 211 Cantharis 232 Alianta 228 Aphideita 242 Bessobia 227 Carabus 200 Aloconota 226 Aphodius 247 Bibloporus 230 Cardnops 231 Alophus 258 Aphthona 251 Blaps 246 Carpophilus 237 COLEOPTERA INDEX 263. Cartodere 241 Cryptorhynchidius Esolus 235 Cassida 253 259 Euasthetus 220 Catops 212 Curculio 258 Eubria 235 Cercyon 210 Cychramus 238 Euconnus 214 Cerylon 241 Cychrus 200 Euplectus 230 Cetonia 248 Cylindronotus 246 Eusphalerum 216 Ceuthorhynchi Cymindis 206 Eutheia 214 dius 259 Cyphelophorus 210 Exochomus 242 Ceuthorhynchus Cyphon 235 259 Cyrtusa 213 Falagria 226 Chaetarthria 211 Cytilus 236 Feronia 204 Chaetida 228 Chaetocnema 253 Dacne 239 Gabrius 222 Chalcoides 252 Dalopius 234 Galeruca 251 Chilocorus 242 Dascillus 235 Galerucella 250 Chiloporata 229 Dasytes 233 Gastrophysa 250’ Chlaenius 203 Datomicra 228 Gauropterus 221 Choleva 212 Deleaster 218 Geodromicus 217 Choragus 254 Deliphrum 217 Georissus 236 Chrysolina 250 Denticollis 234 Geotrupes 246 Chrysomela 250 Deporaus 254 Glischrochilus 23& Cicindela 200 Dermestes 236 Glossola 226 Cidnorhinus 259 Derocrepis 252 Gnathocerus 246 Cionus 260 Deronectes 207 Gnathoncus 231 Cis 243 Dianous 220 Gnypeta 226 Clambus 214 Dicheirotrichus Grammoptera 248. Claviger 231 203 Grynobius 243 Cleonus 257 Dictyopterus 231 Grypus 257 Cleopus 260 Dilacra 226 Gymnetron 260 Clivina 201 Dimetrota 228 Gymnusa 225 elytra 249 Dinaraea 227 Gyrinus 209 Clytus 248 Dinarda 229 Gyrohypnus 221 Cneorrhinus 256 Dinoderus 243 Gyrophaena 225 Coccidula 242 Dirhagus 234 Coccinella 242 Donacia 249 Habrocerus 223 Coelambus 206 Dorcus 248 Haliplus 206 Coeliodes 259 Dorytomus 257 Halobrecta 227 Coelostoma 210 Dralica 227 Haltica 252 Colenis 213 Dromius 205 Harpalus 203 Colon 212 Drusilla 228 Hedobia 243 Colymbetes 208 Dryocoetes 262 Helichus 235 Conosomus 224 Dryophilus 243 Helodes 235 Copelatus 208 Dryops 235 Helophorus Coprophilus 218 Dyschirius 201 209, 210 Coprothassa 228 Dytiscus 209 Henoticus 239 Cordalia 226 Heterocerus 236 Corticaria 241 Elaphrus 201 Heterothrops 222 Corticarina 241 Elater 233 Hippodamia 242 Corymbites 234 Elleschus 258 Hippuriphila 252' Coryphium 218 Elmis 235 Hister 231 Crataraea 230 Empleurus 210 Homalota 225 Creophilus 222 Enalodroma 227 Hydnobius 213 Crepidodera 252 Encephalus 225 Hydraena 209 Cryphalus 261 Endomychus 241 Hydrobius 211 Crypticus 246 Eniemus 240 Hydrochus 210 Cryptocephalus Ennearthron 243 Hydrocyphon 235 250 Enochrus 211 Hydronomus 257 Cryptophagus 239 Ephistemus 240 Hydroporus 207 Cryptopleurum Epuraea 237 Hydrosmecta 226. 211 Ernobius 243 Hydrothassa 250 264 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Hygrobia 206 Hygroecia 227 Hygrotus 206 Hylastes 261 Hylastinus 261 Hylesinus 261 Hylobius 258 Hygurlops 261 Hypatheta 228 Hyperaspis 242 Hyphydrus 206 Hypnoidus 233 Hypocyptus 224 Hypophloeus 246 Ilybius 208 Ilyobates 229 Ips 262 Ischnoglossa 229 Isomira 246 Kateretes 237 Kissophagus 261 Laccobius 211 Laccophilus 206 Laccornis 208 Laemophloeus 239 Lagria 245 Lamprinodes 224 Lampyris 232 Laria 237 Lasiorhynchites 254 Lasiotrechus 201 Latelmis 235 Lathridius 240 Lathrobium 220 Lebia 205 Leiodes 213 Leiopus 249 Leistus 200 Lema 249 Leptacinus 221 Leptinus 212 Leptusa 225 Lesteva 217 Leucoparyphus 224 Librodor 238 Licinus 203 Limnius 235 Limnobaris 259 Litnnobius 209 Limonius 233 Liogluta 228 Lionychus 206 Liophloeus 256 Liosoma 258 Litargus 241 Lithocharis 220 Litodactylus 260 Lochmaea 251 Longitarsus 252 Lordithon 224 Loricera 201 Lupenis 251 Lyctus 243 Magdalis 258 Malachius 233 Malthinus 232 Malthodes 232 Mantura 252 Mecinus 260 Medon 220 Megatoma 236 Megalelophorus 210 Megarthrus 216 Megasternum 211 Megista 228 Melandrya 245 Melanotus 233 Meligethes 237 Meloe 245 Melolontha 247 Meotica 229 Mesites 257 Metabletus 205 Metacantharis 232 Metoecus 245 Metopsia 216 Micralymma 217 Micrambe 239 Micrelus 259 Microglotta 230 Microcara 235 Microdota 227 Micromalus 23 1 Micropeplus 216 Miscordera 201 Mniophila 253 Monotoma 238 Mordellistena 245 Mycetaea 241 Mycetophagus 241 Mycetoporus 223 Myelophilus 261 Myllaena 225 Myrmecopora 226 Myrmetes 23 1 Myrhha 242 Nacerdes 244 Nanophyres 260 Nargus 212 Nebria 201 Necrobia 233 Necrodes 211 Necrophorus 211 Neomysia 242 Nephanes 215 Neuraphes 214 Nicrodota 227 Niptus 244 Nitidula 237 Notaris 257 Notiophilus 201 Notothecta 226 Notoxus 244 Ocalea 229 Ochthebius 209 Ochthephilum 221 Octotemnus 243 Ocyusa 229 Odontonyx 205 Oeceoptoma 211 Oedemera 244 Oligota 225 Olophrum 217 Omalium 216 Omosita 237 Ontholestes 222 Onthophilus 231 Onthotomicus 262 Ootypus 240 Ophonus 203 Opilo 233 Orchesia 245 Orectochilus 209 Oreodytes 207 Orobitis 260 Orsodacne 249 Orthochaetes 258 Orthopenis 214 Oryzaephilus 239 Osphya 245 Otiorrhynchus 255 Ousipalia 227 Oxyomus 247 Oxypoda 229 Oxyporus 219 Oxytelus 218 Paederus 220 Palorus 246 Panagaeus 201 Paramecosoma 239 Parameotica 227 Patrobus 201 Phaedon 250 Phalacrus 240 Philhygra 227 Philonthus 221 Philopedon 256 Philorinum 217 Phloeocharis 216 Phloeonomus 217 COLEOPTERA INDEX 265 Phloeophthorus Rantus 208 Tachinus 224 261 Reichenbachia 230 Tachyporus 224 Phloeopora 229 Remus 222 Tachyusa 226 Phloiophilus 233 Rhagium 248 Tanymecus 257 Phosphuga 212 Rhagonycha 232 Tanysphyrus 257 Phylan 246 Rhamphus 261 Telmatophilus 239 Phyllobius 256 Rhinomacer 254 Tenebrio 246 Phyllobrotica 251 Rhinoncus 260 Tenebroides 236 Phyllodecta 250 Rhinosimus 244 Tetratoma 245 Phyllodrepa 216 Rhizopertha 243 Tetropium 248 Phyllodrepoidea Rhizophagus 238 Thamiaraea 228 217 Rhynchaenus 260 Thanasimus 233 Phyllopertha 248 Rhynchites 254 Thanatophilus 21 1 Phyllotreta 251 Rhyzobius 242 Thectura 225 Phymatodes 248 Riolus 235 Thiasophila 229 Phytobius 260 Risophilus 205 Thinobaena 228 Phytodecta 250 Rugilus 220 Thinobius 218 Phytonomus 258 Thymalus 236 Phytosus 225 Salpingus 244 Timarcha 250 Pissodes 258 Saperda 249 Tinotus 229 Pityogenes 262 Saprinus 231 Tipnus 244. Pityophagus 238 Scaphidema 246 Trachyphloeus 256 Platambus 208 Scaphidium 215 Trachys 234 Plataraea 227 Scaphisoma 215 Traumoecia 227 Plateumaris 249 Sciaphilus 256 Trechoblemus 201 Platycis 231 Sciodrepa 212 Trechus 201 Platyderus 205 Scirtes 235 Tribolium 246 Platypus 262 Scolytus 261 Trichelophorus 210 Platystethus 218 Scydmaenus 214 Trichocellus 203 Podabrus 232 Scymnus 242 Trichonyx 230 Pogonocherus 248 Serica 247 Trichophya 223 Polydrusus 256 Sericus 234 Trigonogenius 244 Polygraphus 261 Sermylassa 251 Trimium 230 Poophagus 260 Siagonium 216 Triphyllus 241 Prasocuris 250 Silpha 212 Triplax 239 Prionocyphon 235 Simplocaria 236 Trixagus 234 Pristonychus 205 Sinodendron 248 Trogoderma 236 Prosternon 234 Sipalia 226 Trogophloeus 218' Proteinus 216 Sitona 257 Tropiphorus 257 Psammobius 247 Sitophilus 259 Trox 247' Pselaphus 231 Soronia 238 Trypodendron 262 Pseudophonus 203 Sphaeridium 210 Trypophloeus 261 Pseudopsis 216 Sphaeriestes 244 Tychius 258 Pseudotriphyllus Sphaeroderma 253 Tychus 231 241 Sphindus 243 Typhaea 241 Psylliodes 253 Sphodrus 205 Typhaeus 246 Psyllobora 242 Staphylinus 222 Ptenidium 215 Stegobium 243 Pteryx 215 Stenichnus 214 Vincenzellus 244 Ptilinus 243 Stenocarus 258 Ptiliolum 215 Stenocorus 248 Ptilium 215 Stenostola 249 Xantholinus 221 Ptinus 244 Stenus 219 Xylechinus 26! Ptomapagus 212 Stomis 204 Xylodrepa 211 Pyrochroa 244 Strangalia 248 Xylodromus 217 Pyrrhalta 250 Strophosomus 256 Subcoccinella 241 Quedius 223 Sunius 220 Zacladus 259 Syncalypta 236 Zeugophora 249 Rabocerus 244 Syntomium 218 Zyras 228 Order HYMENOPTERA G. B. Walsh SYMPHYTA— SAWFLIES It is only during the last few years that the sawfiies of the district have been systematically collected and studied, and so records tend to cluster round the three centres of population where the collectors have lived, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough. Much still remains to be done in adding new species and in extending our knowledge of distribution — in particular the Carrs and the Wolds are almost wholly terra incognita. The records are mainly compiled from the record-books of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Sociejty, from a private list generously lent by Mr. H. Britten, hi., and from the columns of The Naturalist, especially a list of sawflies from the Robin Hood’s Bay area compiled by Mr. J. M. Brown (Nat., 1944, pp. 124-127). The sawflies collected by W. J. Fordham and G. B. Walsh were named by the late Rev. F. D. Morice ; for the identification of the others the responsibility rests with the captors. We are deeply indebted to Dr. W. D. Hincks for his assistance in the compilation of this list and to Mr. R. B. Benson for much useful advice and help. As far as the two parts already (Sept., 1954) go, the classification and nomenclature are those of R. B. Benson, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Symphyta, Parts 2a and 2b published by the Royal Entomological Society of London, 31 Oct., 1951, and 5 Sept., 1952. After this, the list follows A Check List of British Insects by A. S. Kloet and W. D. Hincks. The following initials are used : — H.B. H. Britten fil. E.C.H. E. C. Horrell J.M.B. J. M. Brown R.L. R. Lawson H.J.B. H. J. Burkill G.T.P. G. T. Porritt W.F. W. Falconer M.L.T. M. L. Thompson W.J.F. W. J. Fordham G.B.W. G. B. Walsh W.W.F. W. W. Fowler T.W. T. Wilkinson W.D.H. W. D. Hincks XYELIDAE XYELA Dalman julii Breb. — Though Mr. Benson states that this is “ common and sometimes extremely abundant ” (p. 9), there is only one record for our district, a single spn. taken on spruce in Forge Valiev (G.B.W.). 266 INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — SYMPHYTA 267 PAMPHILIIDAE PAMPHILIUS Latreille hortorum (Klug) — Brockets (J.M.B.). vafer (L.) — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.). pallipes (Zett.) — Ramsdale on sweet gale, Myrrhis odorata (J.M.B.). inanitus (De Villers, C. J.) — Fyling Hall (J.M.B.). sylvaticus (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay on several occasions, Ramsdale (J.M.B.) ; Fyling Hall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). SIRICIDAF UROCERUS Geoffroy gigas (L.) — Thorpe (J.M.B.) ; occurs in small numbers each year in the Scarborough district (G.B.W.) ; Beckhole, Sleights (H.B.). SIREX Linnaeus juvencus (L.) — Rare at Scarborough (G.B.W.) and at Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CFPHIDAE HARTIGIA Schioedte linearis (Schr.) — Low Farm Fields, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CEPHUS Latreille pygmaeus (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B., H.B.) ; Flixton (J.M.B.) ; Wykeham (W.D.H.)'. CALAMEUTA Konow pallipes (Klug) — Ramsdale (J.M.B.). ARGIDAF ARGE Schrank ustulata (L.) — Ramsdale on flowers of sweet gale (J.M.B.) ; Fyling Hall, -/6/28 (W.J.F.). CIMBICIDAF CIMBEX Olivier femorata (L.) — Staintondale (G.B.W.). TRICHIOSOMA Leach sorbi Hart. — Larvae not uncommon on mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia at Staintonddle (G.B.W.). lucorum (L.) — Brockets (J.M.B.) ; Staintondale, common near Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Filey (G.T.P.). DIPRIONIDAF NEODIPRION Rohwer sertifer (Geoffr.) — Larvae at Goathland, 7/7/31 (R. J. Flintoff, det. R. B. Benson). DIPRION Schrank pini (L.) — Occasional in the Scarborough district, sometimes stripping pine trees of their needles, but rarely doing serious damage (G.B.W.). TENTHREDINIDAE STROMBOCEROS Konow delicatulus (Fall.) — Generally common about bracken, Pteridium aquilinum. 268 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT STRONGYLOGASTER Dahlbom lineata (Klug) — Common about bracken and generally distributed ; J.M.B. says " Males much rarer ANEUGMENUS Hartig padi (L.) ( = stramineipes Klug) — Common and generally distri- buted among bracken. MELISANDRA Benson mono (Fabr.) — Hawsker, Maw (J.M.B.) ; Egton Bridge (H.B.). SELANDRIA Leacb serva (Fabr.) — Common and generally distributed, early June to late August. sixii Voll. — Brockets, 30/5/40 (J.M.B.). LODERUS Konow vestigialis Klug — Common among horsetail, Equisetum spp. and widely distributed. DOLERUS Panzer bimaculatus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay among horse- tail (J.M.B.). pratensis (L.) — With the last (J.M.B.). gernianicus (Fabr.) — Not common; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). aericeps Thoms., C. G. — Very plentiful in the Robin Hood’s Bay area wherever Equisetum limosum and E. palustre occur from June to August (J.M.B.) ; Levisham, Goathland (H.B.) ; Throxenby Mere (G.B.W.). cothumatus Lep. — With the last. madidus (Klug) — Ramsdale about Juncus (J.M.B.) ; Hole ot Horcum (H.B.). femigatus Lep. — About Juncus on several occasions at Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). puncticollis Thoms., C. G. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). gonager (Fabr.) — Generally distributed and common in grassy places, even in the middle of Scarborough, haematodes Schr. — Jugger Howe Dale (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). asper Zadd. — Raw, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Fyling Hall (W.J.F.). nitens Zadd. — Rigg, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). niger (L.) — Ramsdale, Oxbank Wood (J.M.B.). aeneus Hart.- — -Very common, picipes (Klug) — Common and widely distributed, nigratus Muell., O. F. — Common. anthracinus Klug — Only males seen in late March in the Robin Hood’s Bay area (J.M.B.) . rugosulus Daila Torre ( = brevitarsus Hart.) — Plentiful in the Robin Hood’s Bav area (J.M.B.). HETERARTHRUS Stephens aceris (Kalt.) — Larvae in sycamore, Acer campestris, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). vagans (Fall.) — Beaten from alder, Alnus, Brockets (J.M.B.). I S] ■Hi INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — SYMPHYTA 269 ATHALIA Leach bicolor Lep. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/6/45 (J.M.B.). glabricollis Thoms., C. G. — Common about flowers of Cruciferae from Tune to late September in the Robin Hood’s Bay area (J.M.B.). lugens Klug — Ramsdale on sweet gale, 1 spn. only, 15/5/43 (J.M.B.). cordata Lep. — Very common. lineolata Lep. — Common and widely distributed. var. cordatoides Pries. — Raincliffe Wood, 18/6/43 (W.D.H.). liberta Klug — Goathland ( H . B . ) . MONSOMA MacGillivray pulverata (Retz.) — Brockets, Fyling Hall (J.M.B.). EMPRIA Lepeletier baltica Conde — Maw Wyke (J.M.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 12/6/4S (W.D.H.). liturata (Gmel.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). tridens (Kon.) — Ramsdale, Brockets (J.M.B.); Egton Bridge (H.B.). alector Bens. — Finger’s Fields, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). AMETASTEGIA Costa, A. equiseti ( Fall . ) — Ramsdale ( J . M . B . ) . glabrata (Fall.) — Ramsdale, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) . ALLANTUS Panzer rufocinctus (Retz.) — Beaten from hedges among Rosa and Rubus, Ramsdale, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). cinctus (L.) — On garden roses, frequent between early June and late July, Ramsdale, Middlewood Lane, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). cingulatus (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). ERIOCAMPA Hartig ovata (L.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). ENDELOMYIA Ashmead aethiops (Fabr.) — Frequent on garden roses, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CALIROA Costa, O. varipes (Lep.) — Fyling Hall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.) ; Beckhole, 1945 (H.B.). EUTOMOSTETHUS Enslin ephippium (Panz.) — Brockets, Ramsdale, Raw (J.M.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 18/6/43 (W.D.H.). luteiventris (Klug) — Common among damp vegetation, especially Juncus, during May and June, Robin Hood’s Bay area (J.M.B.) ; Egton Bridge, Hole of Horcum (H.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). STETHOMOSTUS Benson fuligincsus (Schr.) — Hole of Horcum (H.B.). MONOPHADNUS Hartig pallescens (Gmel.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). ARDIS Konow sulcata (Cam., P.) — On garden roses, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). 270 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BLENNOCAMPA Hartig pusilla (Klug)— Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). MONOPHADNOIDES Ashmead geniculata (Hart.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). waldheimii (Gimm.) — ^Ramsdale, 30/5/42 (J.M.B.). confusa (Kon.) — -Raw (J.M.B.). HALIDAMIA Benson affinis (Fall.) — Ramsdale (W.J.F.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) METALLUS Forbes albipes (Cam., P.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 14/8/45 (J.M.B.) . SCOLIONEURA Konow betuleti (Klug) — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) . PROFENUSA MacGillivray pygmaea (Klug) — Ramsdale (J.M.B.). FENUSA Leach ulmi Sund. — Ramsdale (J.M.B.). dohmii (Tischb.) — Ramsdale, Fyling Hall, Brockets (J.M.B.). PERINEURA Hartig rubi (Panz.) — Ramsdale, 1 f., 7/6/46 (J.M.B.). AGLAOSTIGMA Kirby, W. F. aucuparia (Klug) — Common and generally distributed, fulvipes (Scop.) — Fyling Hall, -/6/28 (W.J.F.) ; Rigg, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). TENTHREDOPSIS Costa, A. excisa (Thoms., C. G.) — Hole of Horcum (H.B.). litterata (Geoffr.) — Seamer Moor (G.B.W.) ; Fyling Hall (W.J.F.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). nassata (L.) — Very common. RHOGOGASTER Konow picta (Klug) — ^Restricted to areas where broom, Sarothamnus scoparius occurs, Ravenscar (J.M.B.). punctulata (Klug) — Brockets, Ramsdale, Raw (J.M.B.) ; Hole ot Horcum (H.B.) ; Fyling Hall, -/6/28 (W.J.F.). viridis (L.) — Very common. TENTHREDO Linnaeus maculata Geoffr. — Common and generally distributed. temula Scop. — ^Alsq common. atra L. — Common. livida L. — Plentiful. femiginea Schr. — Widely distributed. balteata Klug — Plentiful. velva Fabr. — Hayburn Wyke, 17/6/24; Raincliffe Wood (W.D.H.). colon Klug — Forge Valley, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). olivacea Klug — Less common than some of the preceding species; Robin Hood’s Bay, Hawsker, Ramsdale (J.M.B.). mioceras (Ensl.) — Ramsdale, Hawsker (J.M.B.). mesomelas L. — Plentiful, vespa Retz. — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — SYMPHYTA 271 arcuata Forst. — Very common, perkinsi (Mor.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Fyling Hall (W.J.F.) ; Ramsdale (J.M.B.). PACHYPROTASIS Hartig antennata (Lep.) — Ramsdale (J.M.B.) ; Goathland (H.B.). rapae (L.) — Very common. MACROPHYA Dahlbom duodecimpunctata (L.) — Goathland (H.B.). annulata (Geoffr.) — Fyling Hall, Ramsdale, Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). CLADIUS Illiger pectinicomis (Geoffr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.) . PRIOPHORUS Dahlbom eradiatus (Hart.) — Common on hawthorn, Crataegus, Robin Hood’s Bay, from late May to mid-August (J.M.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). varipes Lep. — Fyling Hall, 24/6/25 (W.J.F.) . PSEUDODINEURA Konow fuscula (Klug) — Among damp vegetation, Ramsdale (T.M.B.). MESONEURA Hartig opaca (Fabr.)— Robin Hood’s Bay, 22/5/45 (J.M.B.). HEMICHROA Stephens alni (L.)— Fyling Hall, on alder (W.J.F.). HOPLOCAMPA Hartig testudinea (Klug) — Sleights (H.B.). crataegi (Klug) — Ramsdale (J.M.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (H.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Wykeham (W.D.H.). PLATYCAMPUS Schioedte luridiventris (Fall.) — Fyling Hall, Ramsdale, Brockets (J.M.B.) ; Scarborough (G.I3.W.) ; Hole of Horcum (H.B.). ANOPLONYX Marlatt duplex (Lep.) — Egton Bridge (H.B.). CROESUS Leach varus (de Villaret) — Ramsdale, Ravenscar (J.M.B.). EUURA Newman atra (Jur.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Littlebeck (H.B.) ; Harwood Dale (H.J.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Ravenscar (J.M.B.). amerlnae (L.) — Common on Salix pentandra in Troutsdale and Rain- cliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay (J.M.B.). testaceipes (Zadd.) — Cornelian Bay on Salix fragilis (H.J.B.) . saliceti (Fall.) — Very plentiful on Salix during May and June, venusta (Zadd.) — Common and widely distributed. PONTANIA Costa, A. leucosticta (Hart.) — Ramsdale, Raw on Salix caprea (J.M.B.). viminalis (L.) — Littlebeck (H.B.) ; Cornelian Bay (H.J.B.). pedunculi (Hart.) — Littlebeck (H.B.); Galls from Ravenscar, Jugger Howe Dale, Staintondale (H.J.B.) ; Falcon Inn (W.F.). proxima (Lep.) — Galls abundant. 272 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT DINEURA Dahlbom virididorsata (Retz.) — Ramsdale on birch (J.M.B.). stilata (King) — Plentiful on hawthorn, Robin Hood’s Bay during June and July (J.M.B.). NEMATUS Panzer lucidus Panz. — Ramsdale, Raw, Brockets on hawthorn (J.M.B.). HOLCOCNEME Konow crassa (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 26/6/46 (J.M.B.). PTERONIDEA Rohwer ferruginea (Foerst.) — Helwath Beck (H.B.). INDEX OF SYMPHYTA GENERA Aglaostigma 270 Diprion 267 Macrophya 271 Pseudodineura 271 Allantus 269 Dolerus 268 Melisandra 268 Pteronidea 272 Ametastegia 269 Mesoneura 271 Aneugmenus 268 Empria 269 Metallus 270 Rhogogaster 270 Anoplonyx 271 Endelomyia 269 Monophadnoides Scolioneura 270 Ardis 269 Eriocampa 269 270 Arge 267 Eutomostethus 269 Monophadnus 269 Selandria 268 Athalia 269 Euura 271 Monsoma 269 Sirex 267 Stethomostus 269 Blennocampa 270 Fenusa 270 Nematus 272 Stromboceros 267 Neodiprion 267 Strongylogaster Calameuta 267 Halidamia 270 2bs Caliroa 269 Hartigia 267 Pachyprotasis 271 Tenthredo Tenthredopsis Trichisoma 270 270 267 Cephus 267 Hemichroa 271 Pamphilius 267 Cimbex 267 Heterarthms 268 Perineura 270 Cladius 271 Holcocneme 272 Platycampus 271 Croesus 271 Hoplocampa 271 Pontania 271 Urocerus 267 Priophorus 271 Dineura 272 Loderus 268 Profenusa 270 Xyela 266 BRACONIDAE There is a vast field of work to be done here, and we have only a few scattered records. H.B.— H. Britten fil. W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks W.J.F.— W. J. Fordham G.T.L.— G. T. Lyle G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh BRACON Fabricius anthracinus Nees— Filey (G.T.L.) ; Flixton, 13/6/43 (W.D.H.). marshalli Szepl. — Goathland Moor, 1925 (G.T.L.) . exhilarator Nees — Raincliffe Wood, 11/6/43 (W.D.H.). EXOTHECUS Wesmael braconius (Hal.) — Wykeham, 11/6/43 (W.D.H.). ROGAS Nees unipunctator (Thunb.) — Filey, -/8/22 (W.J.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 11/6/43 (W.D.H.). circumscriptus Nees — ^Wykeham, 6/6/45 (W.D.H.) ; Hole of Horcum, 12/6/37 (H.B.). CHELONUS Jurine inanitus (L.)— Flixton, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.) . INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — BRACONIDAE 273 APANTELES Foerster glomeratus (L.) — Abundant. difficilis (Nees) — Hole of Horcum, 1 f., 5/6/37 (H.B.). fulvipes (Hal.) — Scarborough, bred from Noctuid larva (G.B.W.), probably common. meridiana Hal. — Castle Hill, Scarborough, 13/6/43 (W.D.H.). MICROGASTER Latreille alvearia (Fabr.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). MICROPLITIS Foerster tristis (Nees)— Flixton, 13/6/43 (W.D.H.). BRACHISTES Wesmael tibialis CHal.)— Raincliffe Wood, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). PYGOSTOLUS Haliday falcatus (Nees)— Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). sticticus (Fabr.)— Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). BLACUS Nees ruficortiis (Nees) — Forge Valley, sweeping, 5/5/23 (G.B.W.). maculipes (Wesm.) — Seamer Moor in stack refuse, 4/1/23 (G.B.W.). MACROCENTRUS Curtis marginator (Nees) — Robin Hood’s Bay (W.J.F.). DIOSPILUS Haliday capito (Nees) — Goathland (G.T.L.). METEORUS Haliday ictericus (Nees) — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). MICROCTONUS Wesmael aethiops (Nees) — Goathland (G.T.L.). EUPHORUS Nees pallipes (Curt.) — RaincUffe Wood to Forge Valley, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). OPIUS Wesmael victus Hal.— Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). CHASMODON Haliday apterus (Nees) — Scalby in cut grass, 23/7/19 (G.B.W.). PANEREMA Foerster inops Marshall— Forge Valley, 16/9/46 (W.D.H.). TRACHYUSA Ruthe aurora (Hal.) — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). TANYCARPA Foerster gracilicomis (Nees) — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). ALYSIA Latreille manducator (Panz.) — Hole of Horcum, 8/8/37 (H.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.) : probably common. PHAENOCARPA Foerster ruficeps (Nees) — Beedale, 6/6/45 (W.D.H.). RHIZARCHA Foerster pubescens (Curt.) — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). EPHEDRUS Haliday plagiator (Nees) — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). lacertosus (Hal.) — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). 274 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MONOCTONUS Haliday caricis (Hal.) — Flixton, 13/6/43 (W.D.H.). APHIDIUS Nees rosae Hal. — Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). avenae Hal. — Flixton, 14/6/43 (W.D.H.) ; Beedale, 7/6/45 (W.D.H.). ervi Hal. — Raincliffe Wood to Forge Valley, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). granarius Marshall — Raincliffe Wood, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). DYSCRITULUS Hincks planiceps (Marshall) — Robin Hood’s. Bay, Thorpe, 17/9/46, cliffs 19/9/46 (A. E. Winter) ; Scarborough, common (G.B.W.). ICHNEUMONIDAE The following initials are used ; — H.B. — H. Britten, fil. W.J.F. — W. J. Fordham W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh STENICHNEUMON Thomson, C. G. militarius (Thunb.) — Ramsdale, 30/6/29 (W.J.F. ). ratzeburgii (Hart.) — Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). CRATICHNEUMON Thomson, C. G. nigritarius (Grav.) — Hole of Horcum, 4/8/37 (H.B.). fabricator (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood, 6/20, Yedmandale, 7/23 (G.B.W.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 12/6/43, males only, very common (W.D.H.). culex (MuelL, O. F.) — Staintondale, 28/6/26, Seamer Moor, 6/26 (G.B.W.) : Ramsdale, 22/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). versator (Thunb.) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). rufifrons (Grav.) — Forge Valley, Troutsdale, Staintondale, by beating flowers of mountain ash, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). lanius (Grav.) — Hayburn Wyke, 17/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 6/20 (G.B.W.). BARICHNEUMON Thomson, C. G. bilunulatus (Grav.) — Raincliffe Wood, 6/26 (G.B.W.). locutor (Thunb.) — Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). ICHNEUMON Linnaeus nereni Thoms., C.G. — Staintondale (G.B.W.). xanthorius Forst.— Fylinghall, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.) ; Littlebeck, 17/5/37 (H.B.). deliratorius L. — Ravenscar (C. T. Bingham) ; Wykeham, 6/6/45, Scarborough Mere, 3/6/43 (W.D.H.). confusorius Grav. — Raincliffe Wood, 6/20 (G.B.W.). stramentarius Grav. — Pickering (G.B.W.). suspiciosus Wesm. — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B.). sarcitorius L. — Common near Scarborough (G.B.W.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ICHNEUMONIDAE 275 CHASMIAS Ashmead motatorius (Fabr.) — Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). LIMERODES Wesmael arctiventris Boie — Hayburn Wyke (E. A. Elliot). SPILICHNEUMON’ Thomson, C. G. occisorius (Fabr.) — Scalby High Moor, 24/8/24 (G.B.W.). AMBLYTELES Wesmael uniguttatus (Grav.)— Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F., G.B.W.). armatorius (Forst.)— Raincliffe Wood, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). palliatorius (Grav.) — Gristhorpe, 1891 (W. Hewett) ; Fylinghall, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). fossorius (L.) — Ravenscar, 25/8/23 (T. Stainforth). PLATYLABUS Wesmael jjedatorius (Fabr.)^ — Fylinghall, 1/7/29 (W.J.F.). rufus Wesm. — -Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.) ; Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). vibratorius (Thunb.) — Troutsdale (G.B.W.) . CYCLOLABUS Heinrich nigricollis (Wesm.) — Fylinghall, m., 6/28 (WJ.F.). EURYLABUS Wesmael rufipes (Steph.) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). DIADROMUS Wesmael troglodytes (Grav.) — On spruce. Forge Valley, 27/5/24 (G.B.W.). subtilicomis (Grav.) — Sweeping, Forge Valley, 5/6/23 (G.B.W.). AETHECERUS Wesmael dispar Wesm.- — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). MEVESIA Holmgren arguta (Wesm.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/27 (W.J.F.). PHAEOGENES Wesmael invisor Thunb. — On spruce, Goathland (G.B.W.). ALOMYA Panzer debellator (Fabr.) — Common and widely distributed. APTESIS Foerster abdominator (Grav.) — Sweeping, Forge Valley, 5/6/26 (G.B.W.). RHEMBOBIUS Foerster perscrutator (Thunb.) — Raincliffe Wood, 25/4/28 (G.B.W.). GLYPHICNEMIS Foerster profligator (Fabr.) — Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). brevis Grav. — On flowers, Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). erythrograstra (Grav.) — ^Wykeham, 6/6/45 (W.D.H.). PHYGADEUON Gravenhorst variabilis Grav. — Pickering (G.B.W.). exiguus Grav. — Pickering (G.B.W.). ovatus Grav. — Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). gravenhorsti (Foerst.)— In cut grass, Scalby, 5/7/19 (G.B.W.). ISCHNURGOPS Foerster claviger (Tasch.) — Raincliffe Wood, 28/6/24 (G.B.W.). tenerrimus (Grav.) — ^With the last. 276 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT HEMITELES Gravenhorst cinctus (L.)— Hole of Horcum, 4/8/37 (H.B.). necator (Fabr.) — Sweeping, Forge Valley, 20/10/23 (G.B.W.). areator (Panz.) — ^Hole of Horcum, 4/8/37, 7/5/38 (H.B.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). similis (Gmel. in L.) — On spruce. Forge Valley, 11/5/24 (G.B.W.). gravenhorstii (Ratz.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). paradoxus Bridgman — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). atricapillus Gray. — Scarborough district (G.B.W.)- subzonatus (Gray.) — In cut grass, Scalby, 5/7/19 (G.B.W.). GELIS Thunberg festinans (Fabr.) — Flamborough, 14/9/25 (G.B.W.) . pulicaria (Fabr.)— Scalby High Moor, 10/9/22 (G.B.W.). carnifex (Foerst.) — Common. ochracea (Foerst.) — Beating alder, Forge Valley, 20/8/25 (G.B.W.). modesta (Foerst.) — Common. * distincta (Foerst.) — Pickering, Forge Valley, 4/9/25, Scalby High Moor, 4/8/21 (G.B.W.). fraudulenta (Foerst.) — Beating, Cloughton Bank, 29/8/25 (G.B.W.). attenta (Foerst.) — Hayburn Wyke, 27/5/19 (G.B.W.). agilis (Fabr.) — Scarborough district (G.B.W.). unicolor (Foerst.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). insolens (Foerst.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 19/6/37, 1/7/37 (H.B.). melanocephala Schrank — Raincliffe Wood, 10/8/25 (G.B.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, 13/7/37 (H.B.). POLYRHEMBIA Foerster tenebricosa Gray. — Sweeping, Forge Valiev, 5/5/23, Raincliffe Wood, 28/6/24 (G.B.W.). STILPNUS Gravenhorst gagates Gray. — Sweeping, Forge Valley, 20/10/23 (G.B.W.). PYCNOCRYPTUS Thomson, C. G. director ( Thunb . ) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). AGROTHEREUTES Foerster abbreviator (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PIMPLA Fabricius instigator (Fabr.) — Goathland, 15/10/36, f. (H.B.). contemplator (Muelh, O. F.) — Fylinghall, Forge Valley, 5/6/26 (G.B.W.). turionellae (L.) — Raincliffe Wood, Hayburn Wyke (G.B.W.). rrOPLECTIS Foerster maculator (Fabr.) — Hayburn Wyke, Staintondale, Forge Valley (G.B.W.) ; Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). alternans (Gray.) — Goathland (G.B.W.). APECHTHIS Foerster compunctor (L.) — Scarborough (Y.N.U. Excn., 1882) ; Seamer Moor (G. Tyers). rufata (Gmel. in L.) — Seamer Moor (G. Tyers). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ICHNEUMONIDAE 277 PERITHOUS Holmgren divinator (Rossi) — Helwath Beck, 25/8/35 (H.B.). TROMATOBIA Foerster ovivora (Boh.) — Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). oculatoria Fabr. — Raincliffe Wood to Forge Valley, 12/6/43, f. (W.D.H.). CLISTOPYGA Gravenhorst incitator (Fabr.) — Ellerbeck, 5/8/36 (H.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 6/34 (W.J.F.). . RHYSSA Gravenhorst persuasoria (L.) — Owing to its large size and striking appearance, there are numerous records of this insect. GLYPTA Gravenhorst bifoveolata Grav.— Staintondale, 28/6/26, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PHYTODIETUS Gravenhorst ornatus (Desv.)— Staintondale, 9/23 (W.J.F.). gelitorius (Thunb.) — Staintondale, 28/6/26 (G.B.W.). LAMPRONOTA Curtis catenator (Panz.) — Fylinghall (G.B.W.). bilineata (Grav.) — Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). LISSONOTA Gravenhorst cylindrator (de VilL, C. J.) — Common and widely distributed from June to September. bellator (Grav.) — Also common and widely distributed. CYLLOCERIA Schioedte caligata (Grav.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/27 (W.J.F.). EXETASTES Gravenhorst cinctipes (Retz.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). ISCHNOCEROS Gravenhorst rusticus (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). TRYPHON Fallen vulgaris Holmgr. — Scarborough, 20/7/26 (G.B.W.). PERILISSUS Holmgren rufoniger (Grav.) — Fylinghall, 8/28 (W.J.F.). spilonotus (Steph.) — Forge Valley, 6/26 (G.B.W.). luteolator (Grav.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 10/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Scalby (G.B.W.). PRIONOPODA Holmgren stictica (Fabr.) — Helwath Beck, 26/6/37 (H.B.). HADRODACTYLUS Foerster tiphae (Geoffr. in Fourcr.) — Troutsdale (G.B.W.). GENARCHES Foerster sulphuratus Grav. — Staintondale, 9/27 (W.J.F. ). LAMACHUS Foerster eques (Hart.) — Goathland ex Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.), 5/32 (W.T.F. & R. J. FHntoff). MESOLEIUS Holmgren filicomis Holmgr. — Beedale (G.B.W.). 278 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SCOPESIS Foerster bicolor ( Grav . ) — Raincliff e Wood (G.B.W.). EXOCHUS Gravenhorst decoratus (Holmgr.) — Staintondale, 23/6/27 (G.B.W.)- DIPLAZON Nees graculus (Grav.) — Ramsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). deletus (Thoms., C.G.) — Rare; Thorpe, 24/6/24 (W.J.F.). annulatus (Grav.) — Flixton and Staxton, 14/6/43, m. (W.D.H.). albosignatus (Grav.) — Raincliffe Wood, 6/24 (G.B.W.) . tetragonus (Thunb.) — Raincliffe Wood, Hayburn Wyke, Scarborough on window, 20/8/26 (G.B.W.) ; Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). laetatorius ( F abr . ) — Common . pectoratorius (Grav.) — Staintondale, on mountain ash (G.B.W.) ; Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). caudatus (Thoms., C.G.) — ^Wykeham, 6/6/45 (W.D.H.). dimidiatus (Schrank) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). pictus (Grav.) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29, Ramsdale, 30/6/29 (W.J.F.). signatus (Grav.) — Fylinghall, 6/28, Robin Hood’s Bav, 9/27 (W.J.F.). PROMETHES Foerster cognatus (Holmgr.) — ^Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). pulchellus (Holmgr.) — Forge Valley, 22/6/24 (G.B.W.). OPHION Fabricius luteus (L.) — Fairly common, especially on the moors ; bred from Spilosoma lutea (Hufn.), 28/6/24 (G.B.W.). stigmaticus Mori. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). ALLOCAMPTUS Foerster undulatus (Grav.) — ^Fylingdale Moor, 13/7/35, m. (H.B.). BLAPTOCAMPUS Thomson, C. G. nigricornis (Wesm.) — -Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). AGRYPON Foerster flaveolatum (Grav.) — Hole of Horcum, 4/8/37 (H.B.). CAMPOPLEX Gravenhorst nitidulator Holmgr. — Raincliffe Wood to Forge Valley, 12/6/43 (W.D.H.). EULIMNERIA Schmiedeknecht albida (Gmel. in L.) — Primrose Valley, Filey, 12/7/24 (G.B.W.). NEMERITIS Holmgren macrocentra (Grav). — Staintondale, 24/5/24 (G.B.W.). canescens (Grav.) — Bred from Ephestia sericarium (Scott), Scar- borough (G.B.W.). PHOBOCAMPE Foerster crassiuscula (Grav.) — ^Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). ECPHOROPSIS Ashmead fuscipes (Holmgr.) — Ramsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). NEPIERA Foerster collector (Thunb.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/27 (W.J.F.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — CYNIPOIDEA 279 ANGITIA Holmgren chrysosticta (Gmel. in L.) var. fenestralis (Holmgr.)^ — Robin Hood’s Bay, 9/27 (W.J.F.). ANILASTUS Foerster notatus (Grav.) — Fylinghall, 24/6/29 (W.J.F.). HOLOCREMNUS Foerster argentatus (Grav.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PAR ABATES Foerster cristatus Thoms., C. G. — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). PANISCUS Schrank testaceus (Grav.) — Flixton, 14/6/43 (W.D.H.). MESOCHORUS Gravenhorst fnlgurans Curt. — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). giberius (Thunb.) — Forge Valley (G.B.W.). ORTHOPELMA Taschenberg mediator (Thunb.) — Bred in abundance from galls of Rhodites rosae L., and probably common all over the district. ISURGUS Foerster morionellus (Holmgr.) — By sweeping. Forge Valley, 5/5/23 (G.B.W.). INDEX OF ICHNEUMONIDAE GENERA Aethecerus 275 Agrothereutes 276 Agrypon 278 Allocamptus 278 Alomya 275 Amblyteles 275 Angitia 279 Anilastus 279 Apechthis 276 Aptesis 275 Barichneumon 274 Blaptocampus 278 Campoplex 278 Chasmias 275 Clistopyga 277 Cratichneumon 274 Cyclolabus 275 Cylloceria 277 Diadromus 275 Diplazon 278 Ecphoropsis 278 Eulimneria 278 Eurylabus 275 Exetastes 277 Exochus 278 Gelis 276 Genarches 277 Glyphicnemis 275 Glypta 277 Hadrodactylus 277 Hemiteles 726 Holocremnus 279 Ichneumon 274 Ischnoceros 277 Ischnurgops 275 Isurgus 279 Itoplectis 276 Lamachus 277 Lampronota 277 Limerodes 275 Lissonota 277 Mesochorus 279 Mesoleius 277 Mevesia 275 Nemeritis 278 Nepiera 278 Ophion 278 Orthopelma 279 Parabates 279 Paniscus 279 Perilissus 277 Perithous 277 Phaeogenes 275 Phobocampe 278 Phygadeuon 275 Phytodietus 277 Pimpla 276 Platylabus 275 Polyphembia 276 Prionopoda 277 Promethes 278 Pycnocryptus 276 Rhembobius 275 Ryssa 277 Scopesis 278 Spilichneumon 275 Stenichneumon 274 Stilpnus 276 Tromatobia 277 Tryphon 277 CYNIPOIDEA— GALL WASPS References: — 1. H. Britten hi. — personal record-book. 2. J. M. Brown — “ Additional Plant Galls from the Scarborough District ”, Naturalist, 1920, pp.73-4. 3. H. J. Burkhill — ‘‘ Plant Galls observed near Scarborough, 1921 ”, Naturalist, 1922, pp. 193-6. 4. W. Falconer — ” Plant Galls from the Scarborough District ”, Naturalist, 1919, pp. 392-3. 5. G. B. Walsh — personal record-book. 280 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CYNIPIDAE RHODITES Hartig rosae (L.) — Common; from a gall found near Scalby were bred 13 males and 14 females, a most unusual occurrence in a species which is normally partheno genetic (G.B.W.). ^pinosissimae Gir. — Thornton-le-Dale (G.B.W.). eglanteriae Hart. — Fairly common. LIPOSTHENUS Foerster latreillei (Kieff.) — Lady Edith’s Drive on Nepeta glechoma (G.B.W.) . GILLETTEA Ashmead taraxaci Ashm. — Scarborough (G.B.W.) . AULACIDEA Ashmead hypochoeridis (Kieff.) — Ravenscar, 5/8/34 (H.B.). hieracii (Bouche) — Near Ravenscar (H.J.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Ramsdale (H.B.). XESTOPHANES Foerster potentillae (Retz.) — Oliver’s Mount on Potentilla reptans (H.J.B.) ; Hackness (G.B.W.). brevitarsis (Thoms., C. G.) — Brompton Moor and Staintondale (H.J.B.). Generally distributed on the moors between Robin Hood’s Bay and the cliffs near Scalby Mills (J.M.B.). DIASTROPHUS Hartig rubi (Bouche) — Sleights, 2/5/35 (F. M. Sutcliffe) ; Grosmont, 9/5/36 (H.B.). BIORHIZA Westwood pallida (Oliv.) — Sleights, 17/5/36; Littlebeck, 13/9/36 (H.B.) ; Hackness Park (G.B.W.). ADLERIA Rohwer and Fagan kollari (Hart.) — Common and generally distributed ; it varies in num- bers a good deal from year to year. ANDRICUS Hartig testaceipes Hart. — Scarborough (J.M.B.). quercus-radicis (Fabr.) — Sleights, 17/5/36 (H.B.). f. trilineatus Hart. — Sleights, Littlebeck (H.B.). quercus-corticis (L.) — Sleights (H.B.). fecundator (Hart.) — Common ; Sleights (H.B.) ; Hayburn Wyke (H.J.B.) ; Seamer Moor, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). f. pilosus Adi. — Sleights (H.B.). ostreus (Hart.) — rCommon and generally distributed, curvator Hart. f. collaris (Hart.) — Beckhole, Sleights, Littlebeck (H.B.). albopunctatus (Schlecht.) — Littlebeck (H.B.). marginalis (Schlecht.) — Hayburn Wyke, one example (W.F.). quadrilineatus Hart. — Sleights (H.B.). CYNIPS Linnaeus quercus-folii L. — Littlebeck, Bloody Beck (H.B.). f. taschenbergi (Schlecht.) — Harwood Dale (H.J.B.). longiventris Hart. — Ellerburn, Hayburn Wyke, Harwood Dale (H.J.B.) ; Littlebeck (H.B.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ACULEATA 281 £. similis Adi. — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). divisa Hart. — Common, f. verrucosa (Schlecht.) — Common. agama Hart. — Scarborough (J.M.B.) Harwood Dale (H.J.B.). NEUROTERUS Hartig tricolor (Hart.) f. fumipennis Hart. — Sleights, Littlebeck (H.B.). albipes ( Schenck ) — F ylinghall ( H . J . B . ) . f. laeviusculus Schenck — Hayburn Wyke, Bloody Beck (H.J.B.) ; Sleights, Littlebeck (H.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). quercus-baccarum (L.) — Common, f. lenticularis (Oliv.) — Common, numismalis (Geoffr.) — Common, f. vesicator (Schlecht.) — Common. FIGITES Latreille subapterus Walk. — This species is not catalogued by Kloet and Hincks, but a single specimen taken at Scalby Mills in shore-refuse was referred by C. Morley to this inadequately described species, “ Ent. Mag. ” II, p. 117. (G.B.W.). ACULEATA— ANTS, WASPS and BEES The following records have been compiled from : — Naturalist — 1930, pp. 241-6, 363-9. 1931, pp. 155-8. 1932, pp. 233-6, 256-9, 279-82, 325-9. 1937, pp. 105-7. (R.B. and W.J.F.). Record book of the Scarborough Field Naturalists'^ Society. Personal diary of H. Britten. The initials refer to the following collectors : — D.W.B.— D. W. Bevan H.B. — H. Britten hi. H.J.B.— H. J. Burkin R.B. — R. Butterfield W.J.F.^W.^J. Fordham W.C.H.— W. C. Hey G.H.L.— G. H. Lowe W.P. — W. Pearson M.P. — M. Pittam T.S. — T. Stainforth E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh DRYINIDAE ANTEON Jurine S. CHELOGYNUS Haliday fulviventre (Hal.)— Ellerbeck, 3/8/36, (H.B.). Homoptera parasitised by Dryinid larvae have been found commonly in Forge Valley, but the species is (are) unknown, (G.B.W.). 282 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CHRYSIDIDAE CHRYSIS Linnaeus ignita (L.) — Common ; Fylinghall, (W.J.F.) ; Helwath Beck, Fen Bog, (H.B.) ; abundant in Holbeck Gardens, (G.B.W.). ruddii Shuck.— Fen Bog, 11/7/37, (H.B.). viridula L. — Common in Holbeck Gardens, (G.B.W.). SAPYGIDAE SAPYGA Latreille quinquepunctata (Fabr.) — Burrows in palings, etc., Robin Hood’s Bay, -/6/24 (W.J.F.) . MUTILLIDAE MUTILLA Linnaeus europaea L. — SOLITARY “ANT.” Scarce but very widely dis- tributed on the moors. Ellerburn Moor, (W.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, (F.E., T.S., numerous records) ; Lilia Cross, (E.A.W.) ; Stony Marl Moor, (G.B.W.) ; Wykeham Moor, (M.P.). FORMICIDAE FORMICOXENUS Mayr nitidulus (Nyl.) — Occurs in the nests of Formica rufa and F. pratensis. Quite common at Barns Cliff, (G.B.W.) and Helwath Beck, (H.B.). MONOMORIUM Mayr pharaonis (L.) — An introduced species, nests in a grocer’s shop in Scarborough , (G.B.W.). MYRMICA Latreille laevinodis Nyl. — RED ANT. Common and widely distributed, var. ruginodis-laevinodis For. — Hole of Horcum, 4/8/37, (H.B.). ruginodis Nyl. — Comrnon. sulcinodis Nyl. — Robin Hood’s Bay, (G.H.L.). scabrinodis Nyl. var. sabuleti Mein. — North Cliff, Robin Hood’s Bay, Beast Cliff, 1937, (G.H.L.). lobicomis Nyl. — One nest each at North Cliff and Little Wood, Robin Hood’s Bay and at Beast Cliff, 1937, (G.H.L.). LEPTOTHORAX Mayr acervorum (Fabr.) — Chiefly in stumps of trees. Fairly common and widely distributed. LASIUS Fabricius niger (L.) — BLACK ANT. Grosmont, Beckhole, Hole of Horcum, (H.B.) ; Harwood Dale, Silpho Moor, (G.B.W.). flavus (Fabr.) — YELLOW ANT. Fairly common and widely distributed. umbratus (Nyl.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, (H.B.). mixtus (Nyl.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, (H.B.). FORMICA Linnaeus rufa L. — WOOD ANT. Apparently commoner formerly than now. INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ACULEATA 283 Scarborough, common in woods, (T.W.) ; now very local. Barns Cliff ; of late a number of colonies have been started at the far end of Silpho Moor on the sides of the path running down to Whisperdales ; at first there were few myrmecophiles but the numbers of such species are now increasing, (G.B.W.) ; Helwath Beck, (H.B., G.B.W.) . var. rufo-pratensis For. — Jugger Howe Dale, (G.H.L.) ; Helwath Beck, both females and workers, (H.B.). var. alpina Santschi — Helwath Beck, 5/7/37, (H.B.). pratensis Retz. — Helwath Beck, (H.B.). Dr. I. H. H. Yarrow (Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., Vol. 12, Part 1, 1955) considers that the Formica rufa group consists of four distinct species, F. rufa L. and F. nigricans Emery in the south and F. lugubris Zett. and F. aquilonia Yarr. in the north. All Yorkshire wood ants are referable to F. lugubris, specimens sent to the British Museum (Natural History) have been confirmed as this species (Feb., 1956). Accordingly all references to Formica rufa or its varieties, or to F. pnratensis in this volume should be emended to read Formica lugubris Zett. fusca L. — Common and generally distributed. var. rubescens For. — Fylingdales Moor, 5/9/36, (H.B.). POMPILIDAE PRIOCNEMIS Schioedte perturbator (Harr., M.) — Levisham, preys on spiders, -/6/24, (R.B.). minor (Zett.) — Goathland, 14/9/35, (H.B.). exaltatus (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, -/9/27, (W.J.F.). pusillus Sch. — Scarborough , ( H . J . B . ) . gracilis Haupt — Fylingdales Moor, 5/9/36, (H.B.). POMPILUS Fabricius trivialis Dahlb. — Scarborough, (D.W.B). VESPIDAE ODYNERUS Latreille spinipes (L.) — Burrows in banks and makes a projecting tunnel of grains of sand, etc. Fylinghall, 21/6/24, and -/6/28 (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough, at bottom of path through Holbeck Gardens, -/6/34, (G.B.W.). ANCISTROCERUS Wesmael callosum (Thoms., C.G.) — Flixton sand-pits, (W.D.H., “ Nat,” 1943, p. 123). parietum (L.) — West Ay ton, plentiful on flowers of Centaurea and Epilobium (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough, common, (G.B.W.). pictus (Curt.) — Scarborough Mere, 13/6/43, (W.D.H.). trimarginatus (Zett.) — Fylinghall, -/6/28, (W.J.F.) . SYMMORPHUS Wesmael sinuatissimus Rich. — -Fylinghall, 26/6/29, (W.J.F.). VESPULA Thomson, C. G. vulgaris (L.) — Very common. 284 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT germanica (Fabr.) — Common. tufa (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. Very fond of the flowers of Centaurea, Cotoneaster and Pyrus japonica, (W.C.H.). austriaca (Panz.) — Goathland, a female, (R.B.). sylvestris (Scop.) — Scarborough district, common, (G.B.W.) ; Fyl- inghall, (W.J.F.) ; Sleights, (H.B.). norvegica (Fabr.) — Common; males on Heraclium in July (W.C.H.). Nests in gooseberry bushes. SPHECIDAE TRYPOXYLON Latreille figulus (L.) — Fylinghall, -/6/26, (W.J.F.) ; Fen Bog, 11/7/37, (H.B.). clavicerum Lep. — Helwath Beck, 26/7/35, (H.B.). PEMPHREDON Latreille lugubris (Fabr.) — Helwath Beck, 3/8/35, (H.B.) ; Fylinghall. 26/6/29, (W.J.F.). CEMONUS Panzer shuckardi Mor. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 24/6/24, a male with abnormal neuration, the recurrent nervure nearly absent, (W.J.F.). PASSALOECUS Shuckard monilicornis Dahlb. — Sleights, 28/7/35, (H.B.). MIMESA Shuckard shuckardi Wesm. — Thorpe, 24/6/24, (W.J.F.). PSENULUS Kohl atratus (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, -/9/27, (W.J.F.). CRABRO Fabricius cribarius (L.) — Probably common ; Crosscliff, m. and f., July-Aug., 1915 (D.W.B.). COELOCRABRO Thomson, C. G. walkeri (Shuck.) — Goathland, 14/7/35, (H.B.). leucostomus (L.) — Goathland, 14/7/35; Sleights, 28/7/35; Beckhole, 9/6/36, (H.B.). CROSSOCERUS Lepeletier and Brulle palmipes (L.) — Goathland, 14/7/35, Helwath Beck, 3/8/35, (H.B.). varus Lep. & Brull. — Helwath Beck, 3/8/35, Goathland, 14/7/35, (H.B.) ; Flixton sand-pits, 13/6/43, (W.D.H.). elongatulus (v. d. Lind.) — Hayburn Wyke, 4/9/20, (W.J.F.) ; nest- ing in stone walls, Scarborough, Ruston, Mowthorpe (D.W.B.). BLEPHARIPUS Lepeletier and Brulle dimidiatus (Fabr.) — Hayburn Wyke, 4/9/20, (W.J.F.). confusus (Schulz) — Helwath Beck, 20/7/35, (H.B.). CLYTOCHRYSUS Morawitz planifrons (Thoms., C.G.) — Hackness, with the next species, cavifrons (Thoms., C.G.) — Helwath Beck, 20/7/36, (H.B.) ; Hack- ness, 11/7/36, (C.A.C.. Nat., 1936, p. 210). chrysostomus (Lep. & Brull.) — Beckhole, 3/8/36, (H.B.) ; Hole of Horcum, 30/6/37, (H.B.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ACULEATA 285 SOLENIUS Lepeletier and Bmlle continuus (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood, 13/6/43, (W.D.H., Nat., 1943, p. 122). RHOPALUM Stephens clavipes (L.) — Ellerbeck, 8/8/36, Sleights, 28/7/35, Hole of Horcum, 26/6/37, 4/8/37, fH.B.) ; Raincliffe Wood, 13/6/43, (W.D.H., Nat., 1943, p. 122). LINDENIUS Lepeletier and Brulle albilabris (Fabr.) — Near Raincliffe Wood, 1918 (D.W.B.). NYSSON Latreille spinosus (Forst.)— Raincliffe Wood, 11/6/43, taken with Gorytes mystaceus, its host, (W.D.H.). GORYTES Latreille mystaceus (L.) — Fylinghall, 6/6/28, (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough Mere, 11/6/43, (W.D.H.). MELLINUS Fabricius arvensis (L.) — Wykeham in large numbers, m. and f., 6/8/18 (D.W.B.). APIDAE COLLETES Latreille succincta (L.) — ^Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Fylingdales Moor, 5/9/36, (H.B.) ; Ravenscar, (W.J.F. ). fodiens (Geoff.) — Fylingdales Moor, males, 5/9/36, (H.B.). Its parasite is Epeolus variegatus (L.). HALICTUS Latreille rubicundus (Christ) — Common. Its inquiline is Sphecodes ‘ gibbus (L.). , calceatus (Scop.) — Common on ragwort, albipes (Fabr.) — Common on yellow composites, fratellus Per. — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Staintondale, 4/9/20, (W.J.F.). nitidiusculus (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Goathland, 14/9/35, (H.B.). Its inquiline is Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, W.). rufitarsis Zett. — Egton Bridge, 1/6/35, (H.B.). tumulorum (L.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Goathland, (R.B., H.B.) ; Littlebeck, 25/8/35, (H.B.). smeathmanellus (Kirby, W.) — Common. Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Staintondale, 4/9/20, (W.J.F.) ; Ellerbeck, 8/8/36, Sleights, 17/5/36, Beckhole, 1/6/36, (H.B.). leucopus (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). SPHECODES Latreille gibbus (L.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.), associated with Halictus rubicundus (Christ). monilicornis (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.), associated with Halictus spp. and Andrena flavipes Panz. fasciatus (von Hag.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.), associated with Halictus spp. 286 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT ANDRENA Fabricius haemorrhoa (Fabr.) — Common in spring on sallow bloom. At times many hundreds of burrows are found in close proximity. Parasitised by Nomada ruficornis (L.). nigroaenea (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). bicolor (Fabr.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). angustior (Kirby, W.) — Helwath Beck, 1/5/37, (H.B.). jacobi Perk., R. C. L. — Common. Parasitised by Nomada marsha- mella and N. flava Panz. fucata Smith, F. — Robin Hood’s Bay, male, 14/6/24, (W.J.F.). lapponica Zett.- — Helwath Beck, 1/5/37, (H.B.). clarkella (Kirby, W.) — Fairly common on sallow catkins. Parasitised by Nomada leucophthalma (Kirby, W.). fuscipes (Kirby, W.)^ — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Goathland, 14/9/35, (H.B.). saundersella Perk., R. C. L. — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Egton Bridge, 1/6/35, (H.B.). wilkella (Kirby, W.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, male, 14/6/25, (W.J.F.) ; Goathland , ( R . B . ) . MELECTA Latreille punctata (Fabr.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). Parasitic on Anthophora acervorum (L.). NOMADA Scopoli stigma Fabr. — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). Attached to Andrena humilis Imh. goodcniana (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; Ravenscar, 1/9/20, (W.J.F.). Parasitic on Andrena pubescens Oliv., A. nig- roaenea (Kirby, W.) and A. thoracica (Fabr.). lathburiana (Kirby, W.) — Levisham, -/6/24, (R.B.). Parasitic on Andrena cineraria (L.). marshamella (Kirby, W.) — Common. Parasitic on Andrena jacobi Perk., R. C. L. ruficomis (L.) — Common. Parasitic on several spp. on Andrena. leucophthalma (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). Occurs with Andrena clarkella (Kirby, W.). fabriciana (L.) — Common in April and May. Parasitic on Andrena niqroaenea (Kirby, W.), A, bicolor (Fabr.), and A. angustior (Kirby, W.). flavogiittata (Kirby, W.) — Hole of Horcum, 12/6/37, (H.B.). Par- asitic on Andrena saundersella Perk., R.C.L., A. subopaca Nyl., and A. parvula (Kirby, W.). MEGACHILE Latreille centuncularis (L.) — Scarborough, cutting rose leaves, fairly com- mon, (D.W.B.). ligniseca (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). COELIOXYS Latreille elongata Lep. — Scarborough, occurs with Megachile spp., and Osmia rufa (L.). INSECTA — HYMENOPTERA — ACULEATA 287 inermis (Kirby, W.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.). Associated with Megachile centuncularis (L.). OSMIA Panzer rufa'(L.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) ; common, (G.B.W.). BOMBUS Latreille terrestris (L.) — Very common, our earliest Bombus. lucorum (L.) — Common, lapidarius (L.) — Common. pratorum (L.) — Common, especially on flowers of Rubus, (W.C.H.). jonellus (Kirby, W.) — Very common at West Ayton on flowers of Campanula glomerata ( W . C . H . ) . lapponicus (Fabr.) — Sleights (Dr. Robson). hortorum (L.) — Common ; at West Ayton it varies very much in size, (W.C.H., 1882). subterraneus (L.) — Scarborough, (D.W.B.) , a dark form common at West Ayton, (W.C.H.). distinguendus Mor. — Queens in Yedmandale in May on Orchis mascula, with pollinia on their heads ; later many queens and workers, gen- erally on Carduus lanceolatus. Particularly abundant in upland lanes towards the moors, (W.C.H.). ruderarius (Muell., O. F.) — Goathland, -/6/24 (R.B.). sylvarum (L.) — West Ayton, not plentiful, (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough, a worn female, (D.W.B.). agrorum (Fabr.) — Very common ; at West Ayton, (1908) it varied very much in colour, the abdomen in some males being black, muscorum (L.) — West Ayton, -/8/08, on Carduus lanceolatus ; on the carrs and in a clover held, (W.C.H. ). PSETHYRUS Lepeletier rupestris (Fabr.) — Parasitic on Bombus lapidarius (L.). Ravenscar, male, -/9/30, (W.J.F.) ; East Ayton, female, (W.C.H.) ; Seamer Moor, males common on knapweed at end of August, 1908, (W.C.H.). vestalis (Geoffr.) — Parasitic on Bombus terrestris (L.), West Ayton carrs on ragwort, (W.C.H.); Robin Hood’s Bay, -/6/24, (W.J.F.) . var. amoenus — Two specimens on the carrs near West Ayton, (W.C.H.). barbutellus (Kirby, W.) — Parasitic on Bombus hortorum (L.). Scar- borough, (D.W.B.). West Ayton, fairly common in gardens, (W.C.H.). campestris (Panz.) — Parasitic on Bombus agrorum (Fabr.). West Ayton, large numbers of males on knapweed in lane to Seamer Moor. Forge Valley, a black variety, -/9/08, (W.C.H.) ; Scar- borough, (D.W.B.); Goathland, (R.B.). sylvestris Lep. — Parasitic on Bombus pratorum (L.). West Ayton, not uncommon in gardens, (W.C.H.) ; Scarborough, (D.W.B.). APIS Linnaeus mellifera (L.) — Very common. Order DIPTERA — TWO -WINGED FLIES G. B. Walsh The following list of local Diptera has been compiled from the undermentioned sources : — a. b. d. The record-books of H. Britten fil., the late W. J. Fordham, and G. B. Walsh ; The record -book of local galls compiled by J. M. Gloag ; The lists of flies captured on excursions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union within our area and published in the ‘ Naturalist ’ ; The lists of local galls published in the ‘ Naturalist Most of the species collected by W. J. Fordham and G. B. Walsh were indentified by highly competent authorities. The whole of Dr. Fordham’ s collection was destroyed by enemy action in Hull, We are deeply indebted to Mr. R. L. Coe for his very helpful advice and for checking the list and to the late Mr. C. A. Cheetham for help and advice extending over many years. The following initials are used : — R.S.B. — R. S. Bagnall E. G.B. — E. G. Bayford H.B. — H. Britten fil. J.M.B. — J. M. Brown H.J.B.— H. J. Burkill C.A.C. — C. A. Cheetham F. W.E.— F. W. Edwards W.F. — W. Falconer W.J.F.— W. J. Fordham G. E.F.— G. E. Frisby J.M.G.— J. M. Gloag E.F.G. — E. F. Gilmour P.H.G. — P. FI Grimshaw J.W.H.H. — J. W. Heslop Harrison W.D.H.— W. D. Hincks E.C.H.— E. C. Horrell W.D.R.— W. D. Roebuck H.W.T.— H. W. Thompson A.J.W.— A. J. Wallis G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh V.C.H. — Victoria County History ORTHORRHAPHA NEMATOCERA TIPULIDAE — DADDY-LONG-LEGS, CRANE-FLIES TIPULA Linnaeus S. ACUTIPULA Alexander fulvipennis De G. — Pickering, 8/6/43, Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). maxima Poda — Widely distributed. S. SCHUMMELIA Edwards, F. W. variicomis Schumm. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C. ). S. VESTIPLEX Bezzi scripta Meig. — Widely distributed. S. TIPULA s. s. variipennis Meig. — Widely distributed. 288 INSECTA — DIPTERA 289 hortulana Meig. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 23 j 6 12^ (H.B.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). rufina Meig. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). unca Wied. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). marmorata Meig. — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B., C.A.C., F.W.E.). obsoleta Meig. — Goathland, 30/9/37 (H.B.). staegeri Niels. — Goathland, 30/9/37, Sleights, 2/10/37 (H.B.). oleracea (L.) — Common. paludosa Meig. — Common. vernalis Meig. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). lateralis Meig. — Common, pruinosa Wied. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) . luteipennis Meig. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). pagana Meig. — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37, Sleights, 29/9/37, Goath- land, 30/9/37 (H.B.). luna Westh. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). S. LUNATIPULA Edwards, F. W. fascipennis Meig. — Scarborough, 11/6/43 (C.A.C.). cava Ried. — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). NEPHROTOMA Meigen crocata (L.) — Not uncommon at Scarborough (G.B.W.). flavipalpis (Meig.) — Ramsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). maculata (Meig.) — ^Widely distributed. flavescens (L.) — Hackness, 11/7/36, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). TANYPTERA Latreille strata (L.) — Sleights, 1936 (H.B.). CTENOPHORA Meigen pectinicomis (L.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38, (C.A.C.) ; bred from larvae in rotten wood, Raincliffe Wood, 1924 (G.B.W.). CYLINDROTOMA Macquart distinctissima (Meig.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.) . LIMONIA Meigen S. LIMONIA s. s. nubeculosa Meig. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). flavipes (Fabr.) — With the last. tripunctata (Fabr.) — 'With the last; Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). macrostigma Schumm. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.) ; Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). S. RHIPIDIA Meigen maculata (Meig.) — Sleights, 29/9/37; Goathland, 30/9/37 (H.B.). PEDICIA Latreille S. PEDICIA s. s. rivosa (L.) — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.) ; Ramsdale, 1933 (Y.N.U. Excn.) ; Levisham (W.D.R.). 290 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT S. CRUNOBIA Kolenati straminea Meig. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). S. TRICYPHONA Zetterstedt immaculata (Meig.) — Widely distributed. EPIPHRAGMA Osten-Sacken ocellaris (L.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). AUSTROLIMNOPHILA Alexander ochracea (Meig.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38,, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). LIMNOPHILA Macquart S. PHYLIDOREA Bigot meigeni Verr. — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). phaeostigma (Schumm.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) . ferruginea (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). S. ELAEOPHILA Rondani mundata (Loew, H.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). submarmorata (Verr.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). S. LIMNOPHILA s. s. pictipennis (Meig.) — Levisham, 13/5/95 (W.D.R.). S. PILARIA Sintenis nemoralis (Meig.) — ^Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). CRYPTERIA Bergroth limnophiloides Bergr. — Goathland, 4/9/37 (H.B.). LIPSOTHRIX Loew, H. remota (Walk.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). CHEILOTRICHIA Rossi S. GONEMPEDA Alexander flava (Schumm.) — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). S. PLATYTOMA Lioy cinerascens (Meig.) ( = Empeda nubila Schumm.) — ^Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). ERIOPTERA Meigen lutea Meig., var taenionotata Meig. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). fuscipennis Meig. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). trivialis Meig. — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). ORMOSIA Rondani S. ORMOSIA s. s. lineata (Macq.) — Ravenscar (Y.N.U. Excn., 1924). nodulosa (Macq.) — Ravenscar (Y.N.U. Excn., 1924). S. RHYPHOLOPHUS Kolenati varia (Meig.) — ^Goathland, 4/9/37 (F.W.E.) ; Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). haemorrhoidalis (Zett.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B.). MOLOPHILUS Curtis griseus (Meig.) — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). serpentiger Edw., F. W. — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). appendiculatus (Staeg.) — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 291 TRICHOCERIDAE — WINTER-GNATS TRICHOCERA Meigen regelationis (L.) — Very common, hietnalis (De G.) — Very common. ANISOPODIDAE ANISOPUS Meigen fenestralis (Scop.) — Widely distributed. punctatus (Eabr.) — Eylinghall (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough (V.C.H.). PTYCHOPTERIDAE PTYCHOPTERA Meigen aibimana (Eabr.) — Eylinghall, 20/6/24, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). scutellaris (Meig.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). paiudosa (Meig.) — Eylinghall, 24/6/29 (W.J.F.) ; Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). lacustris (Meig.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22, Eylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). PSYCHODIDAE PERICOMA Haliday nubila (Meig.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). CULICIDAE— GNATS, MOSQUITOES DIXA Meigen nebulosa Meig. — ^Goathland, 30/9/37 (H.B.). puberula Loew, H. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). submaculata Edw., F. W. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). ANOPHELES Meigen — MOSQUITOES claviger (Meig.) — Muston (Brit. Mus. Handbook), maculipennis Meig. — Flamborough, Filey, Cayton, Scarborough, Harwood Dale (Brit. Mus. Handbook) ; Filey, 1927 (W.J.F.). THEOBALDIA Neveu-Lemaire annulata (Schrank.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). CULEX Linnaeus — GNATS pipiens L. — Very common. CHIRONOMIDAE HYDROBAENUS Fries S. LIMNOPHYTES Eaton minimus (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, (W.J.F.). CHIRONOMUS Meigen plumosus (L.) var. ferrugineovittatus Zett. — PLUMED GNAT. Eylinghall, 1929 (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). dorsalis Meig. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). CERATOPOGONIDAE — MIDGES FORCIPOMYIA Meigen nigra (Winn.) — Scarborough (H.J.B., Ann. Bot., 1895). CULICOIDES Latreille obsoletus (Meig.) — Common. 292 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SIMULIIDAE SIMULIUM Latreille reptans (L.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). BIBIONIDAE BIBIO Geoffrey leucopterus (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 3/6/24, Fylinghall, 8/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough, 6/27 (G.B.W.). pomonae (Fabr.) — Common. marci (L.) — ST. MARK’S FLY. Common, 'bred from old stack refuse (G.B.W.). lepidus Loew, H. — Scarborough (H.J.B.). laniger Meig. — Ants’ nest, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1933 (Y.N.U. Exen.) ; Saltergate Moor, 12/5/95 (W.D.R.). DILOPHUS Meigen febriiis (L.) — In enormous swarms, Scarborough, 22/5/39 (G.B.W.). femoratus (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 3/6/24 (W.J.F. ). bispinosus (Lundstr.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.). SCATOPSIDAE SWAMMERDAMELLA Enderlein brevicomis (Meig.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). SCATOPSE Geoffrey notata (L.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.) ; Goathland, 8/9/20 (W.J.F.) ; Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). flavicollis Meig. — Staintondale, 13/9/27 (W.J.F.) ; Goathland, 30/9/37, Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). MYCETOPHILIDAE — FUNGUS GNATS BOLITOPHILA Meigen occlusa Edw., F. W. — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). hybrida (Meig.) — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). cinerea Meig. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). MACROCERA Meigen stigma Curt. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 20/6/24 (W.J.F.). MYCOMYIA Rondani cinerascens (Macq.) — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). tenuis (Walk.) — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). NEURATELIA Rondani nemoralis (Meig.) — Beckhole, 1/6/36 (H.B.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). MONOCLONA Mik rufilatera (Walk.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). BOLETINA Staeger trivittata (Meig.) — ^Widely distributed, plana Walk. — Beckhole, 1/6/36 (H.B.). basalis (Meig.) — With the last. EXECHIA Winnertz subulata Winn. — Goathland, 4/9/37 (F.W.E.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 293 RHYMOSIA Winnertz cristata (Staeg.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). fenestralis (Meig.) — Beckhole, 18/7/36 (H.B.). ALLODIA Winnertz omaticollis (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). sericoma (Meig.) — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). CORDYLA Meigen crassicomis Meig. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). pusilla Edw., F. W. — Sleights, 29/9/37 (H.B.). PHRONIA Winnertz annulata Winn. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). cinerascens Winn. — Beckhole, 1/6/36 (H.B.). MYCETOPHILA Meigen lineola Meig. — Sleights, 1/6/36, Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). vittipes Zett. — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). finlandica Edw., F. W. — Beckhole, 1/6/36 (H.B.). signatoides Dziedz. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). obscura Dziedz. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). SCIARA Meigen S. SCIARA s. s. trochanterata Zett. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38, Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). S. PSILOMEGALOSPHYS Enderlein flavipes Meig. — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.T.F.). S. BRADYSIA Winnertz carbonaria Meig. — In myriads, Scarborough and along the coast, 22/5/39 (G.B.W.). CECIDOMYHDAE — GALL-GNATS LASIOPTERA Meigen rubi Heeg. — Scarborough (R.S.B. & J.W.H.H.) ; Forge Valley (G.B.W.). RHABDOPHAGA Westwood albipennis (Loew, H.) — Very common on Salix spp. heterobia (Loew, H.) — On Salix cinerea, Jugger Howe Dale, 1921 (H.J.B.). marginemtorquens (Winn.) — Very common on Salix spp. nervorum (Kieff.) — Common on Salix spp. rosaria (Loew, H.) — Common on Salix spp. rosariella Kieff. — Harwood-dale, Biller Howe Dale, 1921 (H.J.B.). salicis (Schr.) — Common, terminalis (Loew, H.) — Abundant. DASYNEURA Rondani acrophila (Winn.) — On Fraxinus. Generally distributed, cirsii (Rueljs.) — Common and generally distributed, crataegi (Winn.) — Abundant. filicina (Kieff.) — Common and generally distributed, fraxinea (Kieff.) — Somewhat uncommon on Fraxinus. fraxini (Kieff.) — With the last. 294 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT fructuum (Ruebs.) — Common, galiicola (Loew, F.) — Common on Galium verum. hygrophila (Mik) — Jugger Howe Dale on Galium palustre (H.J.B.). kiefleriana (Ruebs.) — Scarborough on Chamaenerion angustifolium (J.M.B.). lathyri (Kieff.) — On Lathyrus pratensis, common, lathyricola (Ruebs.) — Ravenscar, Cayton Bay (J.M.B.). plicatrix (Loew, H.) — On Rubus, Raincliffe Wood and Robin Hood’s Bay (W.F.). pustulans (Ruebs.) — Common on Filipendula ulmaria. ranunculi (Bremi-Wolf) — Fairly common. serotina (Winn.) — Near Falcon Inn, on Hypericum humifusum (H.J.B.). tortrix (Loew, F.) — Scarborough, common on wild Prunus domestica (W.F.). tubicola (Kieff.) — On Sarothamnus scoparius on Hardhurst Moor (H.J.B.). ulmariae (Bremi-Wolf) — Common. urticae (Perr.) — Very common. viciae (Kieff.) — On Vicia cracca, common. JAAPIELLA Ruebsaamen cirsiicola (Ruebs.) — Widely distributed, loticola (Ruebs.) — Not uncommon on Lotus spp. veronicae (Vail.) — Very common, volvens Ruebs. — Not uncommon. LATHROMYZA Ruebsaamen schlechtendali (Kieff.) — Scarborough, Ravenscar on Lathyrus montanus (H.J.B.). GEOCRYPTA Kieffer galii (Loew, H.) — Common. WACHTLIELLA Ruebsaamen persicariae (L.) — Common, rosarum (Hardy) — Fairly common. MACROLABIS Kieffer corrugans (Loew, H.) — On Heracleum sphondylium. Widely distributed. MIKIOLA Kieffer fagi (Hart., T.) — Danes Dyke (W.F.) ; Haybum Wyke (G.B.W.) ; uncommon. PEMPHIGOCECIS Ruebsaamen ventricola (Ruebs.) — Fairly common on Molinia caerulea (L.) on the moors. HARTIGIOLA Ruebsaamen annulipes (Hart., T.) — On Fagus, widely distributed. RONDANIOLA Ruebsaamen & Hedicke bursaria (Bremi-Wolf) — On Nepeta, Scarborough (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar (H.J.B.). MIKOMYIA Kieffer coryli (Kieff.)— Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W. and J.M.G.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 295 RHOPALOMYIA Ruebsaamen millefolii (Loew, H.) — Common, but overlooked. ASPHONDYLIA Loew, H. mayeri Lieb. — On Sarothamnus, Hardhurst Moor (H.J.B.). ulicis Verx. — Very common. CONTARINIA Rondani acerplicans (Kieff.) — Robin Hood’s Bay (H.J.B.). anthobia Loew, F. — Well distributed, barbichei (Kieff.) — Common on Lotus comiculatus. betulina (Kieff.)— Beast Cliff (H.J.B.). craccae Kieff. ^ — Common. flotiperda Ruebs. — Common on flowers of Sorbus aucuparia (R.S.B. and J.W.H.H.). loti De G. — Cornelian Bay (H.J.B.). steinii (Karsch) — Widely distributed. tiliarum (Kieff.) — Scarborough, uncommon (J.M.G. and G.B.W.). MACRODIPLOSIS Kieffer dryobia CLoew, H.) — Bloody Beck (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough (J.M.B.)'. PUTONIELLA Kieffer marsupialis (Loew, F.) — Helwath Beck, 4/7/27 (H.B.). BRACHYCERA STRATIOMYIDAE BERIS Latreille vallata (Forst.) — Fairly common. geniculata Curt. — Fylinghall, 29/6/29, Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.) ; Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (C.A.C.). morrisii Dale, J. C. — Scarborough Mere, 11/6/43 (C.A.C.). MICROCHRYSA Loew, H. polita (L.) — Fylinghall, 26/9/29, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). cyaneiventris (Zett.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 12/6/24 (W.J.F.). GEOSARGUS Bezzi cuprarius (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 2/9/27 (W.J.F.). iridatus (Scop.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). CHLOROMYIA Duncan formosa (Scop.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough (G.E.F. and C.A.C.) . ODONTOMYIA Meigen viridula (Fabr.) — Fen Bog, Goathland, 11/7/37 (H.B.). OXYCERA Meigen dives Loew, H. — Hole of Horcum, 5/7/37 (H.B.). RHAGIONIDAE XYLOPHAGUS Meigen ater Meig. — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). ATHERIX Meigen ibis (Fabr.) — Helwath Beck, 14/7/35 (H.B.) ; Bempton, 6/49 (A.J.W.). 296 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT KHAGIO Fabricius scolopacea (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 22/6/24, Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). notata (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). tringaria (L.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22; Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). var. nigriventris (Loew, H.) — With the type, lineola Fabr. — Staintondale, 13/9/27; Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). CHRYSOPILUS Macquart cristatus (Fabr.) — -Widely distributed. aureus (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.); Fen Bog, 11/7/37 (H.B.). SYMPHOROMYIA Frauenfeld immaculata (Meig.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). TABANIDAE CHRYSOPS Meigen caecutiens fL.) — Seamer Moor, Forge Valley (G.B.W.). HAEMATOPOTA Meigen pluvialis (L.) — CLEG. — Very common, especially in damp places. TAB ANUS Linnaeus— BREEZE-FLIES OR GAD-FLIES, sudeticus Zell. — Hole of Horcum, 4/7/37 (H.B.). bromius L. — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). BOMBYLIIDAE — BEE-FLIES BOMBYLIUS Linnaeus major L. — Fairly common in the spring. THEREVIDAE THEREVA Latreille nobiiitata i^Fabr.) — Staxton sand-pits, 13/6/43 (C.A.C.). ASILIDAE — ROBBER-FLIES ISOPOGON Loew, H. brevirostris (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). LASIOPOGON Loew, H cinctus (Fabr.) — Staxton sand-pits, 13/6/43 (C.A.C.). DIOCTRIA Meigen rufipes (De G.) — Common, Hayburn Wyke, 10/20 (G.B.W.). ASILUS Linnaeus crabroniformis L. — Clougthon (G.B.W.). EMPIDIDAE HYBOS Meigen culiciformis (Fabr.) — Staintondale, 1920, Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.), TRICHINA Meigen clavipes Meig. — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). OCYDROMIA Meigen glabricula (Fall.) — Goathland, 30/9/37 (H.B.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 297 HILARA Meigen intermedia (Fall.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). flavipes Meig. — Hole of Horcum, in flowers of Comus, 29/5/37 (H.B.). maura (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 8/6/24, Hayburn Wyke, 17/6/24 (W.J.F.) , Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). curtisi Coll. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). EMPIS Linnaeus S. XANTHEMPIS Bezzi stercorea L. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 23/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering,. 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). trigramma Meig. — Widely distributed. S. KRITEMPIS Collin livida L. — ^Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). S. LEPTEMPIS Collin grisea Fall. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). S. PACHYMERIA Stephens tessellata Fabr. — Widely distributed. S. EMPIS s. s. pennaria Fall. — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 ('W.J.F.) ; Pickering (C.A.C.)., rufiventris Meig. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C. ). RHAMPHOMYIA Meigen S. LUNDSTROEMIELLA Frey, R. hybotina Zett. — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). S. HOLOCLERA Schiner flava (Fall.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38. (C.A.C.). S. MEGACYTTARUS Bigot nigripes (Fabr.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) . [S. PARARHAMPHOMYIA Frey, R. dentipes Zett. — Occurs just outside our area at Egton Bridge.] S. DASYRHAMPHOMYIA Frey, R. plumipes (Meig.) — Very rare; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). S. AMYDRONEURA Collin hirsutipes Coll. — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B.). S. ACLONEMPIS Collin albohirta Coll. — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). S. RHAMPHOMYIA s. s. spinipes (Fall.) — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (F.W.E.). sulcata (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 30/5/24 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). albosegmentata (Zett.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) ; Levisham (W.D.R.). CHELIFERA Macquart concinnicauda Coll. — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). DOLICHOPODIDAE DOLICHOPUS Latreille 298 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT S. LEUCODOLICHOPUS Frey, R. atripes Meig. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). S. EUDOLICHOPUS Frey, R. discifer Stann.— Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). plumipes (Scop.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). pennatus Meig. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). popularis Wied. — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.T.F.). S. DOLICHOPUS s. s. brevipennis Meig. — Fylinghall, 20/6/24 (W.J.F.). ungulatus (L.) — Widely distributed. HERCOSTOMUS Loew, H. nigripennis (Fall.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). HYDROPHORUS Fallen nebulosus (.Fall.) — Goathland, 30/9/37 (H.B.) ; Seamer Moor, 1922 (W.J.F.). SCELLUS Loew, H. notatus (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 23/6/24 (W.J.F.).' LIANCALUS Loew, H. virens (Scop.) — Haybum Wyke, 4/9/20, Ramsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). SCHOENOPHILUS Mik versutus (Walk.) — Plentiful on the cliffs, Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (C.A.C.). NEUROGONA (Rondani) Oldenberg quadrifasciata (Fabr.) — Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). ARGYRA Macquart diaphana (Fabr.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 19/6/24, Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) . argentina (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). argyria (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 23/6/24 (W.J.F.). leucocephala (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.T.F.). CAMPSICNEMUS Walker scambus (Fall.) — ^Goathland, 30/9/37, Sleights, 2/10/37 (H.B.). curvipes (Fall.) — With the last. loripes (Hal.) — Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). SYMPYCNUS Loew, H. annulipes (Meig.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). PH GRID AE PHORA Latreille aterrima (Fabr.) — Ravenscar, 1/9/20, Staintondale (W.J.F.). CYCLORRHAPHA DORILAIDAE CHALARUS Walker spurius (Fall.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). DORILAS Meigen terminalis (Thoms., C. G.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). flavipes (Meig.) — With the last. INSECTA — DIPTERA 299 SYRPHIDAE — HOVER-FLIES LAMPETIA Meigen equestris (Fabr.) — BULB FLY — Occasional (H.W.T.). MYATHROPA Rondani florea (L.) — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). TUBIFERA Meigen tenax (L.) — DRONE FLY. — Very common, especially round Michaelmas daisies in September, arbustorum (L.) — Fairly common, rupium (Fabr.) — Widely distributed, horticola (De G.) — Widely distributed, pertinax (Scop.) — Common. ANASIMYIA Schiner lineata (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). HELOPHILUS Fabricius hybridus (Loew, H.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). pendulus (L.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 13/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). FERDINANDEA Rondani cuprea (Scop.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 25/6/24 (W.J.F.) . ZELIMA Meigen segnis (L.) — Common and widely distributed, lenta (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). sylvarum (L.) — Fylinghall, 1/7/29 (W.T.F.). PENTHESILEA Meigen berberina (Fabr.) — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). floccosa (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.T.F.). ARCTOPHILA Schiner fulva (Harr., M.) — Scarborough (H.J.B.) CINXIA Meigen silentis (Harr., M.) — Widely distributed. lapi>ona (L.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). TROPIDIA Meigen scita (Harr., M.) — Not uncommon, Scarborough Mere, 12/6/43 (C.A.C.). SYRITTA Lepeletier & Serville pipiens (L.) — Common. RHINGIA Scopoli macrocephala (Harr., M.) — Common. VOLUCELLA Geoffrey pellucens (L.) — Common; bred from larvae in nest of Vespula vul- garis in Forge Valley, 1920 (G.B.W.). bombylans (L.) — Fairly common. ' PELECOCERA Rondani tricincta Meig. — Seamer Moor, 1922 (W.J.F.). NEOASCIA Williston dispar (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). 300 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SPHEGINA Meigen clunipes (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 20/6/24 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). BACCHA Fabricius elongata (Fabr.) — Widely distributed from May to September. CHILOMYIA Shannon illustrata (Harr., M.) — Common. variabilis (Panz.) — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). honesta (Rond.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). chrysocoma (Meig.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). nebulosa (Verr.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.). albitarsis (Egg.) — Widely distributed. PORTEVINIA Goffe maculata (Fall.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). CARTOSYRPHUS Bigot nasatulus (Beck.) — Fylinghall (W.J.F.). nigripes (Meig.) — (As Chilosia antiqua Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1924; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). paganus (Meig.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). ORTHONEURA Macquart splendens (Meig.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). CHRYSOGASTER Meigen hirtella Loew, H. — Scarborough Mere, 11/6/43 (C.A.C.). macquarti Loew, H. — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). virescens Loew, H. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). solstitiaiis (Fall.) — Widely distributed. SULCATELLA Goffe tarsata (Meig.) — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). metallina (Fabr.) — Scarborough (W.D.R.) ; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). CHEILOSIA Panzer granditarsa (Forst.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). MELANOSTOMA Schiner mellinum (L.) — Levisham (W.D.R.) ; Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). scalare (Fabr.) — Common. PLATYCHEIRUS Lepeletier & Serville manicatus (Meig.) — Common. peltatus (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.) ; Wykeham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). scutatus (Meig.) — Common, albimanus (Fabr.) — Widely distributed, scambus (Staeg.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). fulviventris (Macq.) — Scarborough Mere, 11/6/43 (C.A.C.). clypeatus (Meig.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). angustatus (Zett.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 12/6/24, Fylinghall, 1/7/29 (W.J.F.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 301 PARAGUS Latreille tibialis (Fall.) — Staxton, 13/6/43 (C.A.C.). MELANGYNA Verrall quadrimaculata (Verr.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.). STENOSYRPHUS Matsumura barbifrons (Fall.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). compositarum (Verr.) — Scarborough Mere, 12/6/43 (C.A.C.). lasiophthalmus (Zett.) — ^Widely distributed. SPHAEROPHORIA Lepeletier & Serville scripta (L.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). menthastri (L.) — Filey, 8/22, Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). EPISYRPHUS Matsumura auricollis (Meig.) — Staintondale, 14/9/20, Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). _ _ var. maculicomis (Zett.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1924, Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). cinctus (Fall.) — Scarborough (E.C.H.). cinctellus (Zett.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). balteatus (De G.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). ISCHYROSYRPHUS Bigot glaucius (L.) — Ramsdale, 3/9/27 (W.J.F.). latermarius (MuelL, 0. F.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 6/9/27 (W.J.F.). EPISTROPHE Walker eligans (Harr., M.) — Levisham (W.D.R.) ; Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). PIPIZA Fallen noctiluca (L.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). austriaca Meig. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). PHALANGUS Meigen heringi (Zett.) — Scarborough, 11/6/43 (C.A.C.). CHRYSOTOXUM Meigen arcuatum (L.) — Common. ZANTHOGRAMMA Schiner citrofasciatum (De G.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). SCAEVA Fabricius pyrastri (L.) — Common. METASYRPHUS Matsumura latifasciatus (Macq.) — Fylinghall, 28/6/29 (W.J.F.). corollae (Fabr.) [=consisto (Harr., M.)] — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.) ; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). luniger (Meig.) — Filey, 8/22; Fylinghall, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). SYRPHELLA Goffe albostriata (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). , venusta (Meig.) — Widely distributed. lunulata (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). SYRPHIDIS Goffe torvus (Ost. Sack.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). ribesii (L.) — Common. vitripennis (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). 302 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SCHIZOPHORA CONOPIDAE CONOPS Linnaeus flavipes L. — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). PHYSOCEPHALA Schiner nigra (De G.) — Hutton Buscel (E.G.B.). ZODION Latreille cinereum (Fabr.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). SICUS Scopoli ferrugineus (L.) — Helwath Beck, 11/7/35 (H.B.). PLATYSTOMATIDAE PLATYSTOMA Meigen seminationis (L.) — Raincliffe Wood, 11/6/43 (W.D.H.). OTITIDAE HERINA Robineau - Desvoidy germinationis (Rossi) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). SEIOPTERA Kirby, W. vibrans (L.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). PALLOPTERIDAE PALLOPTERA Fallen saltuum (L.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). arcuata (Fabr.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). PIOPHILIDAE PIOPHILA Fallen casei (L.) — Occasional. Scarborough, damaging bacon in store (G.B.W.). DRYOMYZIDAE DRYOMYZA Fallen senilis Zett. — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). NEUROCTENA Rondani anilis (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; Sleights, 2/10/37 (H.B.) ; in carrion traps in the winter, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). HELCOMYZA Curtis ustulata Curt. — Scarborough (H.J.B.) ; Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.) . TRYPETIDAE UROPHORA Robineau - Desvoidy jaceana (Her.) — Common in galls in flower-heads of Centaurea nigra L. EURIBIA Meigen zoe (Meig.) — Common. PRIONIMERA Rondani cognata (Wied.) — Common. PHILOPHYLLA Rondani heraclei (L.) — Larvae in leaves of Heracleum sphondylium L., and at times a pest on parsnip and celery ; very common. INSECTA — DIPTERA 303 TRYPETA Meigen S. CHAETOSTOMELLA Hendel cylindrica (Rob.-Desv.) — Common. XYPHOSIA Robineau-Desvoidy miliaria (Schrank) — Common. ENSINA Robineau-Desvoidy sonchi (L.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). TEPHRITIS Latreille conjuncta (Loew, H.) — Ramsdale, 1928 (W.J.F.). vespertina (Loew, H.) — Widely distributed, leontodontis (De G.) — Fylinghall, 6/28 (W.J.F.). NOEETA Robineau-Desvoidy pupillata (Fall.) — Widely distributed. LONCHAEIDAE LONCHAEA Fallen chorea (Fabr.) — Widely distributed. LAUXANIIDAE PRORAPHOCHAETA Czerny inusta (Meig.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). CNEMACANTHA Macquart rorida (Fall.)— Helwath Beck, 26/9/37 (H.B.). pallidiventris (Fall.) — With the last, sordida (Hal.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). decempunctata (Fall.) — Ravenscar, 1924 (C.A.C.). TYLIDAE TREPIDARIA Meigen S. CNODACOPHORA Czerny adusta (Loew, H.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.T.F.). S. TREPIDARIA s. s. petronella (L.) — Fylinghall, 28/6/29 (W.J.F.). TYLOS Meigen corrigiolatus (L.) — Widely distributed. PSILIDAE CHYLIZA Fallen annulipes Macq. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). LOXOCERA Meigen aristata (Panz.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). PSILA Meigen S. PELETHOPHILA Hagenbach fimetaria (L.) — Widely distributed. S. PSILA s. s. rosae (Fabr.) — CARROT FLY. Abundant; at times doing serious damage to carrot crops. nigricomis Meig. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). nigra (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 20/6/24 (W.J.F.). 304 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SEPSIDAE THEMIRA Robineau-Desvoidy lucida (Staeg.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). NEMOPODA Robineau-Desvoidy nitidula (Fall.)— Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). SEPSIS Fallen fulgens Meig. — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.). violacea Meig. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). cynipsea (L.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.) ; Seamer Moor, 1922 (W.J.F.). SCIOMYZIDAE PHAEMYIA Schiner fuscipennis (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/39 (W.J.F.). SCIOMYZA Fallen dubia Fall. — -Widely distributed. scutellaris von Ros. — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 ; Fylinghall, 1933 (W.J.F.). DITAENIA Hendel cinerella Fall. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). RENOCERA Hendel pallida Fall. — ^Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). TETANOCERA Dumeril hyalipennis von Ros. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). silvatica Meig. — Fylinghall, 18/6/31 (W.J.F.). unicolor Loew, H. — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). elata (Fabr.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). TRYPETOPTERA Hendel punctulata (Scop.) — Widely distributed. ILIONE Haliday in Westwood albiseta (Scop.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). HYDROMYA Robineau-Desvoidy dorsalis (Fabr.) — Fylinghall, 26/6/29 (W.J.F.). LIMNIA Robineau-Desvoidy unguicomis (Scop.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). CHAMAEMYHDAE CHAMAEMYIA Meigen geniculata (Zett.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 8/6/24 (Y.N.U. Excn.). COELOPIDAE COELOPA Meigen pilipes Hal. — On the coast under seaweed (C.A.C.). frigida (Fabr.) — Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (C.A.C.). HELOMYZIDAE HELOMYZA Fallen [notata Meig.] var. hilaris Zett. — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). affinis Meig. — Fylinghall, (W.J.F.). flava Meig. — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 305 similis Meig. — With the last. palUda Fall.— Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). ustulata Meig. — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). TEPHROCLAMYS Loew, H. rufiventris (Meig.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, 21/6/24 (W.J.F.). NEOLERIA Malloch inscripta (Meig.) — In carrion traps in the winter, Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). ECCOPTOMERA Loew, H. microps (Meig.) — In moles’ nests, Brompton, 4/36 (G.B.W.). CHAETOMUS Czerny flavotestaceus (Zett.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). OPOMYZIDAE OPOMYZA Fallen germinationis (L.) — Goathland, 1921; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). EPHYRIDAE NOTIPHILA Fallen nigricomis Steph.^ — Flamborough (W.D.R.). cinerea Fall.— Flamborough (W.D.R.). HYDROPOTA Rondani griseola (Fall.) — Widely distributed. LIMNELLIA Malloch quadrata (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 24/6/24 (W.J.F.). TEICHOMYZA Macquart fusca Macq. — Flamborough (C.A.C.). SPHAEROCERIDAE STRATIOBORBORUS Duda nitidus (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 8/6/24 (Y.N.U. Excn.). THORACOCHAETA Duda zosterae (Hal.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1933 (Y.N.U. Excn.). Common at Flamborough (C.A.C.). DIASTATIDAE DIASTATA Meigen nebulosa (Fall.) — Hole of Horcum, 1/9/37 (H.B.). DROSOPHILIDAE DROSOPHILA Fallen S. SCAPTOMYZA Hardy graminum Fall. — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). S. DROSOPHILA s. s. phalerata Meig. — Goathland, 30/6/37 (H.B.). AGROMYZIDAE PHYTOMYZA Fallen ilicis Curt. — Very common. 306 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT BRAULIDAE BRAULA Nitzsch coeca Nitzsch — BEE " LOUSE Taken by Mr. Colin Beech in small numbers in 1952 in an apiary near Scarborough and in much larger numbers, on both drones and workers, in 1953. Probably introduced in purchased stock from the South. CHLOROPIDAE OSCINELLA Becker frit (L.) — Very common and harmful (H.W.T.). MEROMYZA Meigen pratorum Meig. — Fylinghall, 1/7/29 (W.J.F.). CHLOROPS Meigen pumilionis (Bjerk.) — Rare (H.W.T.). CORDILURIDAE CORDILURA Fallen pubera (L.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). PARALLELOMMA Becker dispar (Zett.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). SCOPEUMA Meigen inquinatum (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 24/6/24 (W.J.F.), lutarium (Fabr.) — Common. stercorarium (L.) — DUNG FLY. Common everywhere; in carnon traps in the winter in Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.). SCATOMYZA Fallen litorea Fall. — Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (C.A.C.). CERATINOSTOMA Meade ostiorum (Hal. in Curt.) — With the last. larvaevoridae’ CYZENIS Robineau-Desvoidy albicans (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). PHRYXE Robineau-Desvoidy vulgaris (Fall.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). LYDELLA Robineau-Desvoidy stabulans (Meig.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). CROCUTA Meigen geniculata (De G.) — ^Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). VORIA Robineau-Desvoidy ruralis (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 ; Fylinghall, 22/9/30 WAGNERIA Robineau-Desvoidy (W.J.F.). lends (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 19/6/24 (W.J.F.). GYMNOCHETA Robineau-Desvoidy viridis (Fall.) — Haybum Wyke, 17/6/24 (W.J.F.). LINNAEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy vulpina (Fall.) — Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). ERIOTHRIX Meigen rufomaculatus (De G.) — With the last. INSECTA — DIPTERA 307 LARVAEVORA Meigen grossa (L.) — Helwath Beck, 14/7/35 (H.B.). PHYLLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy volvulus (Fabr.) — Forge Valiev, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). DEXIOSOMA Rondani caninum (Fabr.) — Pickering, 2/8/41 (C.A.C.). ALOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy hemiptera (Fabr.) — Pickering, 2/8/41 (C.A.C.). OESTRUS Linnaeus ovis L. — SHEEP BOT FLY. Local and occasional (H.W.T.). CALLIPHORIDAE SARCOPHAGA Meigen ; S. THYRSOCNEMA Enderlein incisilobata Pand. — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). S. SARCOPHAGA s. s. camaria (L.) — FLESH FLY. Very common, subvicina Rohd. — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F.). HYPODERMA Latreille— OXWARBLE FLY. lineatum (de Vill., C. J.) — Common (H.W.T.). bovis (L.) — Common (H.W.T.). CYNOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy mortuorum (L.) — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). CALLIPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy — BLUEBOTTLE, erythrocephala (Meig.) — Very common. [ vomitoria (L.) — Less common than the last, i ONESIA Robineau-Desvoidy i, biseta Vill. in Kram. — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.) ; Robin Hood’s ji Bay, 8/6/24 (Y.N.U. Excn.). ( LUCILIA Robineau-Desvoidy ( caesar (L.) — GREENBOTTLE. Common. I illustris (Meig.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.) . I silvarum (Meig.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). ^ sericata (Meig.)— SHEEP MAGGOT FLY. Very common (H.W.T.). POLLENIA Robineau-Desvoidy rudis (Fabr.) — CLUSTER FLY. Very common. Found hibernating in clusters of hundreds under the stone steps in Hackness Church, also in houses. MUSCIDAE MUSCA Linnaeus domestica L. — HOUSE FLY. Still common, especially in the country, but much reduced in numbers. ORTHELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy comicina (Fabr.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.) ; occurred in great numbers in a house in Scarborough at the end of October, 1937 (G.B.W.). DASYPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy cyanella (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). 308 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GRAPHOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy maculata (Scop.) — ^Fylinghall, 24/6/29 (W.J.F.) ; Hackness, 11/7/36 (C.A.C.). MYOSPILA Rondani meditabunda (Fabr.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) ; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). MESEMBRINA Meigen meridiana (L.) — Common. MUSCINA Robineau-Desvoidy stabulans (Fall.) — STABLE FLY. Common. MORELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy hortorum (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 7/6/24, Fylinghall, 20/6/24 (W.J.F.). simplex (Loew, H.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). STOMOXYS Geoffroy calcitrans (L.) — BITING HOUSE FLY. Common; at times its bite sets up serious septicaemia. GASTEROPHILUS Leach intestinalis (De G.) — HORSE BOT-FLY. Not uncommon (H.W.T.). DRYMEIA Meigen hamata (Fall.) — ^Widely distributed. POGONOMYIA Rondani brumalis (Rond.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F. ). TRICOPTICOIDES Ringdahl decolor (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay. 1927 (W.J.F.). ALLOEOSTYLUS Schnabl diaphanus (Wied.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). TRICHOPHTHICUS Rondani . nigritellus (Zett.) — Ravenscar (Y.N.U. Excn., 1924). LASIOPS Meigen semicinereus (Wied.) — Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.) : Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). HERA Schnabl longipes (Zett.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22; Fylinghall, 29/6/29 (W.J.F.). LOPHOSCELES Ringdahl mutatus (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 7/6/24 (W.J.F.). POLIETES Rondani lardarius (Fabr.) — Common. PSEUDOMORELLIA Ringdahl albolineata (Fall.) — Fylinghall. 27/7/21; Robin Hood’s Bay, 7/6/24 (W.J.F.). PHAONIA Robineau-Desvoidy scutellaris (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 1931 (W.J.F.) ; Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). signata (Meig.) — Sleights, 29/6/37 (H.B.). incana (Wied.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.) ; in carrion traps in Rain- cliffe Wood in the winter (G.B.W.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 309 HYDROTAEA Robineau-Desvoidy— SWEAT FLIES, occulta (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 2/6/24 (W.J.F.). irritans (Fall.) — Abundant; a great pest. dentipes (Fabr.) — Raincliffe Wood (G.B.W.) ; probably abundant. FANNIA Robineau-Desvoidy hamata (Macq.) — Filey, 8/22 (W.J.F). canicularis (L.) — LESSER HOUSE FLY. Common, armata (Meig.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). coracina (Loew, H.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). mutica (Zett.) — In carrion traps in Raincliffe Wood in the winter (G.B.W.). LISPE Latreille tentaculata (De G.) — Plentiful in damp places near Flixton, 13/6/43 (C.A.C.). AZELIA Robineau-Desvoidy cilipes Hal. — Ramsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.) . macquarti (Staeg.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). triquetra (Wied.) — In carrion traps in Raincliffe Wood in the winter (G.B.W.) ; Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). LIMNOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy S. SPILOGONA Schnabl contractifrons (Zett.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). brunneisquama (Zett.) — With the last. denigrata (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928; Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). S. GYMNODIA Robineau-Desvoidy humilis (Zett.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.) ; Fylinghall, 28/6/29 (W.J.F.). S. LIMNOPHORA s. s. maculosa (Meig.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). HEBECNEMA Schnabl vespertina (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). MYDAEA Robineau-Desvoidy scutellaris Rob-Desv. — Ravenscar, 1924 (P.H.G.) ; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). urbana (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 7/6/24; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). HELINA Robineau-Desvoidy atripes (Meade) — Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). duplicata (Meig.) — With the last, lucorum (Fall.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 1927 (W.J.F.). marmortan (Zett.) — With the last, latitarsis Ringd. — Fylinghall, 1927 (W.J.F.). lasiophthalma (Macq.) — Fylinghall, 1931 (W.J.F.). impuncta (Fall.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.) ; Fylinghall, 1928 (W.J.F.). obscuripes (Zett.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). MYCOPHAGA Rondani fungorum (De G.) — Wj^keham, 6/6/45 (C.A.C.). 310 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT FUCELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy fucorum (Fall.) — Common under rotting seaweed, marititna (Hal.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 25/6/24 (W.J.F.). HYDROPHORIA Robineau-Desvoidy conica (Wied.) — Haybum Wyke, 17/6/24; Fylinghall, 1/7/29 (W.J.F.). PEGOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy bicolor (Wied.) — Forge Valley, 3/8/22 (W.J.F.). univittata (von Ros.) — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B.). hyoscyami (Panz.) var. betae (Curt.) — Very common (H.W.T.). HYLEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy strenua Rob.-Desv. — Common and widely distributed, nigrimana (Meig.) — Helwath Beck, 21/9/37 (H.B.). variata (Fall.) — Ravenscar, 8/6/24 (P.H.G.). PEGOHYLEMYIA Schnabl gnava (Meig.) — Scarborough, 1895 (H.J.B.). signata (Brischke) — Fylinghall (W.J.F.). DELIA Robineau-Desvoidy nuda Strobl — Fairly common. cepetorum (Meade) — ONION FLY. Very common, at times doing great damage to onion crops. ERIOISCHIA Lioy brassicae (Bouche) — CABBAGE ROOT FLY. Very common, and in some years a great pest. MELINIA Ringdahl pullula (Zett.) — Gristhorpe Bay, 3/7/48 (C.A.C.). EGLE Robineau-Desvoidy aestiva (Meig.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, 13/6/24 (W.J.F.). radicum (L.) — ROOT FLY. Common, muscaria (Fabr.) — Scarborough, 1897 (H.J.B.). brevicornis (Zett.) — Scarborough, (H.J.B.). LEUCOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy grisea (Fall.) — Hole of Horcum, 31/8/37 (H.B., F.W.E.) ; Goath- land, 4/9/37 (F.W.E.) . ANTHOMYIA Meigen pluvialis (L.) — Fylinghall, 1924 (W.J.F.). PSEUDOCOENOSIA Stein, P. abnormis Stein., P. — iRamsdale, 7/9/20 (W.J.F.). CARICEA Robineau-Desvoidy intermedia (Fall.) — Fylinghall, 28/6/28 (W.J.F.). tigrina (Fabr.) — With the last. COENOSIA Meigen humilis Meig. — Pickering, 4-6/6/38 (C.A.C.). PUPIPARA HIPPOBOSCIDAE HIPPOBOSCA Linnaeus equina L. — Occasional (H.W.T.). INSECTA — DIPTERA 311 MELOPHAGUS Latreille ovinus (L.) — SHEEP TICK or KED. Very common on sheep. STENEPTERYX Leach hirundinis (L.) — In the nests of house martin, Scarborough (E.C.H.) ; West Ayton (G.B.W.). Aclonempis 297 Acutipula 288 Allodia 293 Alloeostylus 308 Alophora 307 Amydroneura 297 Anasmyia 299 Anisopus 291 Anopheles 291 Anthomyia 310 Arctophila 299 Argyra 298 Asilus 296 Asphondylia 295 Atherix 295 Austrolimnophila 290 Azelia 309 Baccha 300 Beris 295 Bibio 292 Boletina 292 Bolitophila 292 Bombylius 296 Bradysia 293 Braula 306 Calliphora 307 Campsicnemus 298 Caricea 310 Cartosyrphus 300 Ceratinostoma 306 Chaetomus 305 Chaetostomella 303 Chalarus 298 Chamaemyia 304 Cheilotrichia 290 Cheilosia 300 Chelifera 297 Chilomyia 300 Chironomus 291 Chloromyia 295 INDEX OF Chlorops 306 Chrysogaster 300 Chrysopilus 296 Chrysops 296 Chrysotoxum 301 Chyliza 303 Cinxia 299 Cnemacantha 303 Cnodacophora 303 Coelopa 304 Coenosia 310 Conops 302 Contarinia 295 Cordilura 306 Cordyla 293 Crocuta 306 Crunobia 289 Crypteria 290 Qenophora 289 Culex 291 Culicoides 291 Cylindrotoma 289 Cynomya 307 Cyzenis 306 Dasyneura 293 Dasyphora 307 Dasyrham- phomyia 297 Delia 310 Dexiosoma 307 Diastata 305 Dilophus 292 Dioctria 296 Ditaenia 304 Dixa 291 Dolichopus 298 Dorilas 298 Drosophila 305 Drymeia 308 Dryomyza 302 Eccoptomera 305 Egle 310 GENERA Elaeophila 290 Empis 297 Ensina 303 Epiphragma 290 Epistrophe 301 Episyrphus 301 Erioischia 310 Erloptera 290 Eriothrix 306 Eudolichopus 298 Euribia 302 Exechia 292 Fannia 309 Ferdinandea 299 Forcipomyia 291 Fucellia 310 Gasterophilus 308 Geocrypta 294 Geosargus 295 Gonempeda 290 Graphomya 308 Gymnocheta 306 Gymnodia 309 Haematopota 296 Hartigiola 294 Hebecnema 309 Helcomyza 302 Helina 309 Helomyza 304 Helophilus 299 Hera 308 Hercostomus 298 Herlna 302 Hilara 297 Hippobosca 310 Holoclera 297 Hybos 296 Hydrobaenus 291 Hydromya 304 Hydrophoria 310 Hydrophorus 298 Hydropota 305 Hydrotaea 309 Hylemya 310 Hypoderma 307 Ilione 304 Ischyrosyrphus 301 Isopogon 296 Jaapiella 294 Kritempis 297 Lampetia 299 Larvaevora 307 Lasiopogon 296 Lasiops 308 Lasioptera 293 Lathromyza 294 Leptempis 297 Leucodolichopus 298 Leucophora 310 Liancalus 298 Limnellia 305 Limnia 304 Limnophila 290 Limnophora 309 Limnophytes 291 Limonia 289 Linnaemya 306 Lipsothrix 290 Lispe 309 Lonchaea 303 Lophosceles 308 Loxocera 303 Lucilia 307 Lunatipula 289 Lundstroemiella 297 Lydella 306 312 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Macrocera 292 Pericoma 291 Sicus 302 Macrodiplosis 295 Phaemyia 304 Simulium 292 Macrolabis 294 Phalangus 301 Sphaerophoria 301 Megacyttarus 297 Phaonia 308 Sphegina 300 Melangyna 301 Philophylla 302 Spilogona 309 Melanostoma 300 Phora 298 Stenepteryx 311 Melinia 310 Phronia 293 Stenosyrphus 301 Melophagus 311 Phryxe 306 Stomoxys 308 Meromyza 306 Phylidorea 290 Stratioborborus Mesembrina 308 Phyllomya 307 305 Metasyrphus 301 Physocephala 302 Sulcatella 300 Microchrysa 295 Phytomyza 305 Swammerdamella Mikiola 294 Pilaria 290 292 Mikomyia 294 Piophila 302 Symphoromyia 296 Molophilus 290 Pipiza 301 Sympycnus 298 Monoclona 292 Platycheirus 300 Syritta 299 Morellia 308 Platystoma 302 Syrphella 301 Musca 307 Platytoma 290 Syrphidis 301 Muscina 308 Pogonomyia 308 Myathropa 299 Polietes 308 Tabanus 296 Mycetophila 293 Pollenia 307 Tanyptera 289 Mycomyia 292 Portevinia 300 Teichomyza 305 Mycophaga 309 Prionimera 302 Tephritis 303 Mydaea 309 Proraphochaeta Tephroclamys 305 Myospila 308 303 Tetanocera 304 Pseudocoenosia Themira 304 Nemopoda 304 310 Theobaldia 291 Neoascia 299 Pseudomorellia Thereva 296 Neoleria 305 308 Thoracochaeta 305 .Nephrotoma 289 Psila 303 Thyrsocnema 307 Neuratelia 292 Psilomegalosphys Tipula 288 Neuroctena 302 293 Trepidaria 303 Neurogona 298 Ptychoptera 291 Trichina 296 Noeeta 303 Putoniella 295 Trichocera 291 Notip hila 305 Trichophthicus 308 Renocera 304 Tricopticoides 308 Ocydromia 296 Rhabdophaga 293 Tricyphona 290 Odontomyia 295 Rhagio 296 Tropidia 299 Gestrus 307 Rhamphomyia 297 Trypeta 303 Onesia 307 Rhingia 299 Trypetoptera 304 Opomyza 305 Rhipidia 289 Tubifera 299 Ormosia 290 Rhopalomyia 295 Tylos 303 Orthellia 307 Rhymosia 293 Orthoneura 300 Rhypholophus 290 Urophora 302 Oscinella 306 Rondaniola 294 Oxycera 295 Vestiplex 288 Sarcophaga 307 Voluoella 299 Pachymeria 297 Scaeva 301 Voria 306 Palloptera 302 Scaptomyza 305 Paragus 301 Scatomyza 306 Wachtliella 294 Parallelomma 306 Scatopse 292 Wagneria 306 ' Pararhamphomyia Scellus 298 297 Schoenophilus Xanthempis 297 Pedicia 289 298 Xylophagus 295 Pegohylemyia 310 Schummelia 288 Xyphosia 303 Pegomya 'Pelecocera 310 Sciara 293 299 Sciomyza 304 Zanthogramma Pelethophila 303 Scopeuma 306 301 Pemphigocecis 294 Seioptera 302 Zelima 299 Penthesilea 299 Sepsis 304 Zodion 302 INSECTA — SIPHONAPTERA 313 Order SIPHONAPTERA - FLEAS G. B. Walsh A good start has been made at the compilation of a list of the fleas of the district. The records are found in the lists of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society compiled by the Rev. R. A. Taylor (R.A.T.), 1913-15, in an old collection of microscope slides made by W. J. Clarke (W.J.C.), and in lists published in the "Naturalist,” 1938, p. 72, by H. Britten (H.B.), and pp. 185-7, by G. B. Walsh (G.B.W.). No dates are quoted as fleas may be found throughout the year. PULICIDAE PULEX Linnaeus irritans L. — All too common and generally distributed, sometimes in enormous numbers. ARCHAEOPSYLLA Dampf erinacei (Bouche) — Common and widely distributed on the hedgehog. CTENOCEPHALIDES Stiles & Collins canis (Curt.) — Scarborough, probably generally distributed. feli.s (Bouche) — Scarborough, not so common as the last. SPILOPSYLLUS Baker cuniculi (Dale) — Widely distributed on rabbits and in their burrows. CERATOPHYLLIDAE CERATOPHYLLUS Curtis Styx Roth., N.C. — More than 400 specimens in a nest of the common dipper, (R.A.T.), found by E. A. Wallis far from the nests of its usual host, the sand-martin. In nests of the sand-martin at Hilla Green about a month before the birds were due to return in the spring (G.B.W.). hirundinis (Curt.) — Common in nests of house-martin. Scarborough (G.B.W.) : Goathland (H.B.). farreni Roth., N.C. — With the last (G.B.W. ). garei Roth., N.C. — Goathland (H.B.). columbae Walck. & Gerv. — Scarborough on the domestic pigeon and bred from larvae in their nests (G.B.W’.). gallinae (Schr.) — Scarborough, on the domestic fowl (R.A.T. and G.B.W.). fringlllae Walk. — Scarborough, bred from larvae in deserted nests of sky-lark (G.B.W.). MALARAEUS Jordan penicilliger (Grube) — Scarborough, on the field-mouse and vole (R.A.T.). NOSOPSYLLUS Jordan fasciatus (Bose.) — Wifh the last species (R.A.T. ). 314 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT MEGABOTHRIS Jordan walkeri Roth., N.C. — Sleights (H.B.), and with the last two species. MONOPSYLLUS Kolenati sciurorum (Schr.) — Scarborough district on red squirrel (W.J.C.). DASYPSYLLUS Baker gallinulae (Dale, C.W.) — ^Widely distributed and common in the Scarborough district. In the nests of the wren (160 specimens), chaffinch, greenfinch, long-tailed tit, etc. (R.A.T.). Bred from larvae in nests of song-thrush, mistle-thrush, blackbird, robin, etc. (G.B.W.). PARACERAS Wagner, J. melis (Walk.) — ^In enormous numbers on young badger found dying by E. B. Lotherington at Staintondale (G.B.W.). CTENOPHTHALMUS Kolenati [agyrtes Hell.] s. nobilis Roth., N.C. — Common in the nests of field- mouse, vole and mole in the Scarborough district (R.A.T.) ; in moles’ nests at Ganton and Brompton (G.B.W.) ; Sleights (H.B.). bisoctodentatus Kol. — In nests of mole, Scarborough (R.A.T.) ; Ganton (G.B.W.) . RHADINOPSYLLA Jordan & Rothschild, N.C. pentacanthus (Roth., N.C.) — Scarborough district, in nests of mouse, vole and mole (R.A.T.) ; Brompton, Seamer, in nests of mole (G.B.W.). LEPTOPSYLLIDAE PALAEOPSYLLA Wagner sorecis (Dale, C.W.) — Scarborough on field-mouse (R.A.T.). kohauti Dampf — Ganton, Seamer and Brompton in moles’ nests (G.B.W.). minor (Dale, C.W.) — Common with the preceding species (G.B.W.). LEPTOPSYLLA Jordan & Rothschild, N.C. segnis (Schoen.) — Scarborough on house-mouse (G.B.W.). HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE HYSTRICHOPSYLLA Taschenberg talpae (Curt.) — Found in the nests of moles wherever examined (G.B.W.) ; from nests of field-mouse and vole, Scarborough (R.A.T.) ; Sleights (H.B.). ARACHNIDA SPIDERS, HARVESTMEN, PSEUDOSCORPIONS MITES AND TICKS Compiled by Mary Wood and F. C. Rimington. INTRODUCTORY NOTES W. S. Bristowe, M.A., Sc.D. A Greek contest which preceded the first Olympic Games, but which possessed none of their sportsmanship, led to Arachne being converted into a spider for daring to challenge the goddess Athene (Minerva) to a spinning competition. Even if she is loved by few, at least she has the satisfaction of lasting fame and of admiration for her craftsmanship. What ought to be recognised more fully is the amazing variety and interest of the habits of Arachne’ s kin, as well as the vast destruction of insects for which they are responsible. I claim with confidence that they devour annually in Britain a greater weight of insects than that of human beings in the British Isles. The first book on British spiders was written by a Yorkshireman, Martin Listei in 1678. This book described 34 species and he made ‘ ' bold to say that no one can find casually in this country any new species not described by me.” We now recognise 563 species. This confidence in his own powers may have helped Lister in his profession as a doctor, for in later years he attended Charles II and Queen Anne. R. H. Meade, a Bradford surgeon, made substantial contributions to our knowledge of British spiders and harvestmen in the middle of the 19th century, but perhaps his most important contribution was an indirect one. He stimulated the interest of a young clergyman, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in spiders and introduced him to J. Blackwall. Together these two great pioneers, Blackwall and Cambridge, spanned more than 90 years and provided us with detailed descriptions of more than five hundred species. W. Falconer, the principal contributor to our know- lede:e of Yorkshire spiders owed much of his skill to the encouragement and help of the Rev. O. P. Cambridge. A list of spiders can be a dull, though important, record, so some notes on the families are provided below. The DICTYNIDAE all have a comb on the hind leg with which silk is teased out in such a way that it adds to the difficulty of insects to escape once they have come in contact with it. The DICTYNAE are small solders which live on the heads of plants and grasses. The CINIFI.O’s are large and stretch their faintly blue tangled threads over the surface of walls, rotten tree stumps, etc. OONOPS is a tiny flesh-pink spider about 3 mm. in length, which lives under stones and bark, or in dry vegetation, including birds’ nests. 315 316 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Like the three species of DYSDERIDAE it has six eyes in contrast to the eight possessed by all the rest. DYSDERA has a red cephalothorax and legs, with a pale, almost white body. It lives under stones during the day and has huge jaws with 'vhich it can pierce the armour of woodlice. HARPACTEA lives in similar places and under loose bark. The cephalothorax is dark-brown and the abdomen very elongate. Unlike the other two DYSDERIDS, SEGESTRIA builds a web. It lives in a tube beneath bark or stones and there are a dozen straight "fishing lines’’ from the entrance which give warning of an insect’s approach. The abdominal pattern is similar to that cf an adder. The DRASSIDAE are usually sombre and unicolorous. MICARIA is an exception in that in sunlight, its black body (with minor white markings) glitters with rainbow tints. It runs frequently in company with black ants and can easily be mistaken for one. Some of the enemies of spiders which dislike ants avoid MICARIA. Most DRASSIDS live in silk cells under stones, etc., during the day and emerge on hunting excursions at night. ZELOTES is black, DRASSODES is light-brown ; SCOTOPHOEUS, a domestic species, is shiny grey. They are all short-sighted but rapid and fierce in attack. DRASSODES leaps over or round a formidable opponent trailing a band of silk to anchor and enmesh it. The CLUBIONIDAE have somewhat similar habits to those of the DRASSIDAE and the CLUBIONAE look much like the DRASSODES. ANYPHAENA lives on the twigs and branches of trees. The THOMISIDAE are called CRAB SPIDERS because of the way they hold their legs, and the ease with which they can walk sideways. They sit with legs outstretched and seize insects which approach them. Those of the genus XYSTICUS are remarkable for the males fastening the females to the ground with silk before mating with them. The females, as in most spiders, are larger and are apt to be dangerous. The SALTICIDAE are the longest-sighted spiders. They stalk their prey and leap on them. SALTICUS SCENICUS is the small, zebra-marked spider which hunts on the outside of buildings in sunlight. The LYCOSIDAE are WOLF SPIDERS, LYCOSAE hunt on the ground and can be seen almost everywhere on a sunny day. When eggs are laid they are enclosed in a silk covering and attached to the mother’s spinnerets. Later, when the young hatch, the babies are carried for a time on her back. TARENTULA and TROCHOSA are larger and thicker set, the latter chiefly nocturnal. ARCTOSA lives on sand-hills and excavates burrows from which it hunts. PIRATA is chocolate-brown and lives mostly on marshy ground. PISAURA is a long-legged WOLF SPIDER which trundles clumsily about with a huge egg-sac in its jaws until the young are about to hatch, when a silk tent is built which serves as a nursery over which the mother stands guard. ARACHNIDA 317 These last three families, SALTICIDAE, LYCOSIDAE and PISAURIDAE, all have interesting courtships because they are the long- sighted families. The males of the first two families do weird antics in front of the females to advertise their identity and to stimulate the female’s interest. The male PISAURA presents the female with a wedding present of an insect carefully wrapped up in silk. The AGELENIDAE include the sheet-building HOUSE SPIDERS (TEGENARIA) and their relations, but ARGYRONETA is of course the famous WATER SPIDER which fills a diving-bell with air below the surface of the water in a pond or ditch and spends its life there. The TETRAGNATHIDAE are long, slim orb-weavers which live near water except for the PACHYGNATHAE which have forsaken snares and hunt at the roots of plants. All have large jaws and the males grip those of the females to avoid “accidents”. In some species they are held shut, in others they are wedged open. The ARGYOPIDAE all build orb-webs. In META the centre is an open ring (as in TETRAGNATHA) . In ZYGIELLA webs a segment is missing as will be noticed in the window-frame species Z. LIT- TER ATA. The centres are meshed in ARANEA and there is no segment missing. The hump-backed CYCLOSA builds a longf silken band in the snare in which debris is placed. ARANEA DIADEM A is the garden spider and A. REAUMURI is the still more robust species which is usually encountered amongst heather or grass. It is probably our heaviest spider when fully grown. A. CUCURBITINA is bright green with a red tip to its abdomen. The THERIDIIDAE are leather small pea-bodied spiders which make scaffolding webs. The largest species, THERIDION TEPIDARIORUM, is restricted to hot-houses where it slings egg-sacs with brown silk cover- ings in its web. T. NOTATUM is a garden species which has the remarkable habit of feeding its young from its own mouth. The MIMETIDAE are pirates. ERO invades the webs of the THERIDIONS and destroys the owners. It feeds entirely on other spiders. The LINYPHIIDAE include numerous small black-bodied “money-spiders”. Spiders of this familv build sheet-webs and they run upside down on the lower surface. These are the chief gossamer spiders, with ERIGONE as one of the commonest. Spiders of the genus LINYPHIA are the largest and most conspic- uous species whose sheet-webs adorn bushes and beautify the country- side when they become dew-laden in autumn. By contrast with true spiders the HARVESTMEN (PHALANG- IDEA) may seem to be dull. They differ from spiders in having two eyes, pincer jaws, no poison-glands, and a compact body which is not divided into two parts. They are mostly long-legged, especially LIOBUNUM, and all feed at night. They catch small invertebrates, but they also act as scavengers and will sometimes chew vegetable matter. NEMASTOMA LUGUBRE is unlike the other species in having short legs and in being black with two white spots. It is common under stones, etc. 318 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT The PSEUDOSCORPIONS (CHELONETHIDA) are all small and even the largest, DACTYLOCHELIFER LATREILLEI, is only a few millimetres in length. They resemble a tailless scorpion and have pincer claws with poison glands, which help them to capture small insects. They are to be found amongst leaves and under stones, bark, etc. LAMPROCHERNES NODOSUS is often to be seen attached to the legs of flies, a habit thought to provide it with a means of dispersal. In conclusion let us remind ourselves of the Westmorland couplet : “ Kill a spider, bad luck yours will be. Until of flies you’ve swatted fifty-three.” ARANEAE — SPIDERS The spiders known to inhabit Great Britain comprise 563 species, of which 328 have been recorded from Yorkshire. The present list from the Scarborough district totals 217 species. The collectors responsible for A.E.B. — A. E. Barrett. D.W.B.— D. W. Bevan. H.B.— H. Britten, fil. H.C.D.— H. C. Drake. W.F. — W. Falconer. R.J.F.— R. J. Flintoff. this list have been : — R.G. — R. Gilchrist. J.W.H.H.— J. W. H. Harrison T.S. — T. Stainforth. R.A.T. — Rev. R. A. Taylor. G.B.W.— G. B. Walsh. W.P.W.— W. P. Winter. The records of H. Britten have all been confirmed by Dr. A. Randall Jackson ; those of Rev. R. A. Taylor by W. Falconer (Spiders, Harvest- men and Pseudoscorpions), Dr. C. F. George (Earth-mites), and C. D. Soar (Water-mites). The status of the species has not been given save where it has been stated by one or more of the collectors. Abbreviations ; Nat. — ” The Naturalist.” m. — ^male. f. — female, imm.— immature. At the time of capture several species found in the district represented additions to the County List : — Dysdera crocata Koch, C. L. Zelotes apricorum (Koch, L.) Cheiracanthium erraticum (Walck.) Xysticus audax (Schr.) Philodromus emarginatus (Schr.) Trochosa spinipalpis Cambr., F. 0. P. Amaurobius terrestris (Wid.) Smga hamata (Clerck) Theridion varians Hahn Theridion simile Koch, C. L. Lessertia dentichelis (Sim.) Mengea scopigera (Grube) Syedra pholcommoides (Cambr., O. P.) ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 319 The following are the sources of the records in this list : — 1. "The Victoria County History of Yorkshire’’ — Arachnida section 2. "The Spiders of Yorkshire’’ — W. Falconer, "Naturalist," 1918 to 1922. 3. " The Naturalist ’’ — many records of all sections of Arachnida. 4. The record books of Mr. H. Britten and of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society. The compilers are most grateful to Dr. W. S. Bristowe for his constant advice and for writing the introduction ; also to Mr. E. Browning and Mr. J. H. P. Sankey for their help in checking the nomenclature, and to Mr. F. Dixon and Mr. H. Britten for many helpful suggestions. The arrangement and nomenclature are as used in W. S. Bristowe’s "The Comity of Spiders” (Ray Society, 2 vols., 1939-41), modified in the light of the decision of the International Conference on Zoological Nomenclature, Paris, June, 1948 ; at which it was agreed that Clerck’s names should be valid. Where Clerck’s name differs from that used by Dr. W. S. Bristowe, the latter name is given as a synonym. DICTYNIDAE DICTYNA Sundevall arundinacea (L.) — Langdale Moors, Ringing Keld Bog, Levisham, 1913-14 (R.A.T.) ; Rillington (W.F., Nat., 1918, p. 321) ; Falling Foss, m. and f., 1936 (H.B.). uncinata Thor — Scarborough, imm. m., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Derwent Carrs, 1916 (T.S.). latens (Fabr.) — Thornton-le-Dale, Levisham, 1914 (R.A.T., W.F., Nat., 1918, p. 321) ; Beckhole, 1930 (H.B.). CINIFLO Blackwall ( = Amaurobius Koch, C. L.) ferox (Walck.) — Uncommon ; Scarborough, one f. (H.C.D., Nat., 1908, p. 399) : Cayton Bay in hen roost, two f., 1913 (R.A.T.). similis (Blackw.) — Common all over the district (R.A.T.). fenestralis fStroem) — Not as common as C. similis, but fairly frequent (R.A.T.). OONOPIDAE OONOPS Templeton pulcher Tempi. — Many records from Scarborough district (R.A.T., 1913 : W.F., 1904 and 1918). DYSDERIDAE DYSDERA Latreille crocata Koch, C. L. — Only record, Scarborough in a garden, three f. (R.G., Nat., 1906, p. 200). HARP ACTE A Bristowe (=Harpactes Templeton) hombergi (Scop.) — Scarborough, three f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay and Falling Foss, f., 1936 (H.B.). 320 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SEGESTRIA Latreille senoculata (L.) — Beastcliff, etc. (T.S.) ; Hackness, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; common in the Scarborough district \mder the bark of dead trees (G.B.W.). DRASSIDAE DRASSODES Westring lapidosus (Walck.) — Fairly common under stones and bark, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Ellerbeck, etc. (H.B., Nat., 1936, p. 221). signifer (Koch, C. L.) — Ringing Keld Bog, m., 1914 (R.A.T.). SCOTOPHOEUS Simon blackwalli (Thor) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). ZELOTES Gistel apricorum (Koch, L.) — Staintondale, four f., one imm. m., 1910 (T.S.) ; Haybum Wyke, one m. (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 391). MIC ARIA Westring pulicaria (Sund.) — Bickley (H.C.D., Nat., 1908, p. 299) ; Scar- borough (W.F.) ; and Staintondale (R.A.T., Nat., 1921, p. 313) ; Rillington, 1927 (W.F.) ; Helwath Beck, 1937 (H.B.). CLUBIONIDAE CLUBIONA Latreille terrestris Westr. — ^Forge Valley (R.A.T., Nat., 1921, p. 181) ; Ravenscar, m., 1904, and Rillin^on, f., 1927 (W.F.) ; Helwath Beck, f., 1937 (H.B.). stagnatilis Kulcz. — Ringing Keld Bog, m., 1913 (R.A.T.). phragmitis Koch, C. L. — Staintondale (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 201). holosericea (L.) — Staintondale (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 201) ; Scar- borough and Scalby, one m., one f., 1904 (W.F.). diversa Cambr., O. P. — Staintondale and Cloughton, 1913-14 (R.A.T.); Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). reclusa Cambr., O. P. — Many records from the Scarborough district (W.F., 1904; R.A.T., 1913-14). lutescens Westr. — Raincliffe Wood, m. and f., 1913-14 (R.A.T.) ; Forge Valley and Scarborough (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 201). trivialis Koch, L. — Scarborough, m., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Ringing Keld Bog, m. and f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Ellerbeck, m., 1937 (H.B.). brevipes Blackw. — Hole of Horcum, m., Helwath Beck, m., 1937 (H.B.). compta Koch, C. L. — Langdale End and Haybum Wyke (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 205) ; Falling Foss and Littlebeck, 1914 (W.P.W.) ; Helwath Beck, m., 1937 (H.B.). CHEIRACANTHIUM Koch, C. L. erraticum (Walck.) — Ringing Keld Bog, common, 1904 (W.F.) ; Whitby Moors, f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, f., 1936 (H.B.). virescens (Sund.) — Rare; Ellerbeck, f., 1936 (H.B.). AGROECA Westring brunnea (Blackw.) — On the moors near the Falcon Inn, where its egg-cocoons are not uncommon in the heather (G.B.W.). ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 321 proxiina (Cambr., O. P.) — Thorn ton-le-Dale, 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Rill- ington, L, 1927 (W.F.). ZORA Koch, C. L. spinimana (Sund.) — Ravenscar, Levisham, etc. (W.F., Nat., 1921, p. 204). ANYPHAENIDAE ANYPHAENA Sundevall accentuata (Walck.) — Haybum Wyke (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 203) ; Beckhole and Goathland, 1936-37 (H.B.). THOMISIDAE— CRAB SPIDERS XYSTICUS Koch, C. L. kochi Thor — Forge Valley, one m., 1919 (T.S.). audax (Schr.) — Rare; Langdale End, one f., 1914 (R.A.T.) . viaticus (L.) — Widespread ; records numerous, sabulosus (Hahn) — Rare; Hole of Horcum, f., 1937 (H.B.). erraticus (Blackw.) — Flamborough cliffs, one f. (T.S., Nat., 1921, p. 177) ; Hilla Green, 1924 (G.B.W.). OXYPTILA Simon trux (Blackw.) — Widespread ; records numerous. PHILODROMUS Walckenaer aureolus (Clerck) — Widespread ; records numerous, aureolus cespiticolis Walck. — Rillington, Scarborough, Cloughton (W.F., Nat., 1921, p. 179) ; Scarborough South Cliff, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). emarginatus (Schr.) — Rare ; Wragby Wood, imm. f., Helwath Beck, f., 1936 (H.B.). SALTICIDAE— JUMPING SPIDERS SALTICUS Latreille scenicus (Clerck) — ZEBRA SPIDER. Fairly common in and around Scarborough on walls and trees (G.B.W.) ; Rillington, abundant (W.F., Nat., 1922, p. 235). cingulatus (Panz.) — Rillington and Scarborough (W.F., R.A.T., Nat., 1922, p. 235). HELIOPHANUS Koch, C. L. cupreus (Walck.) — Rare ; Levisham, near station, one f., 1906 (W.F.). NEON Simon reticulatus (Blackw.) — Ringing Keld Bog, one f., Haybum Wyke, one f., 1904-5 (W.F.) ; Langdale End, one f., 1913 (R.A.T.). EUOPHRYS Koch, C. L. frontalis (Walck.) — Scarborough Mere, Scalby Mills, m. and f., Levisham, one m., 1904 (W.F.). LYCOSIDAE— WOLF SPIDERS LYCOSA Latreille amentata (Clerck) ( = L. saccata L.) — Records numerous ; one of the commonest of the genus (R.A.T.) ; Rillington, f. of the form described as L. postuma Cambr., O. P., 1927 (W.F.). 322 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT nigriceps Thor — Scarborough and Ringing Keld Bog, m. and f., 1904 (W.F.) ; 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Haybum Wyke and Beastcliff (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 174). pullata Clerck — Scarborough, fairly common, 1913 (R.A.T.) . tarsalis Thor — Ravenscar (W.F., Nat., 1922, p. 233). lugubris (Walck.) — Hole of Horcum, 1937 (H.B.) ; Falling Foss (W.P.W., Nat., 1922, p. 174). herbigrada (Blackw.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, f. (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 392) . TARENTULA Clerck accentuata (Latr.) — Bickley, one m. and one f. (H.C.D., Nat., 1908, p. 299) . pulverulenta (Clerck) (=T. carinata Oliv.) — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). TROCHOSA Koch, C. L. terticola Thor — ^Widespread and fairly common, 1913 (R.A.T.). spinipalpis Cambr., F. O. P. — Helwath Beck, four f., 1937 (H.B.). ARCTOSA Koch, C. L. perita (Latr.) — Scarborough North Bay, a few imm. examples, 1904 (W.F.). PIRATA Sundevall hygrophila (Thor) — Goathland, one f. (J.W.H.H., Nat., 1915, p. 27). piratica (Clerck) — Fairly common near Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Fylingdales Moor, two f., 1936 (H.B.) ; Flamborough, 1947 (G.B.W.). PISAURIDAE PISAURA Simon mirabilis (Clerck) ( = P. listen Scop.) — Robin Hood’s Bay, one f., 1911 (T.S.) ; Langdale End, 1921 (D.W.B.) ; Littlebeck, 1936 (H.B.). AGELENIDAE CRYPHOECA Thor silvicola (Koch, C. L.) — Silpho Moor, one f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Falling Foss and Littlebeck (H.B., 1936 and W.P.W., Nat., 1921, p. 315). AMAUROBIUS Koch, C. L. atropos (Walck.) — Common in the district, a northern species rarely found in the south. Very large numbers taken from under loose stones, Bloody Beck, 1913 (R.A.T.). ten*estris (Wid.) — Cayton Bay, 3rd record of this rare spider for Britain (R.G., Nat., 1906, p. 200) ; Scarborough (H.C.D., Nat., 1908, p. 299). ARGYRONETA Latreille aquatica (Clerck) — ^Local and uncommon. TEGENARIA Latreille domestica (Clerck) — HOUSE SPIDER. Abundant everywhere. TEXTRIX Sundevall denticulata (Oliv.) — Common ; large numbers of both sexes taken above Cloughton Wyke from under stones, 1913 (R.A.T.). ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 323 ANTISTEA Simon elegans (Blackw.)- — A scarce spider frequenting bogs ; Ringing Keld Bog, one f., Scalby Mills, four m., two f., 1904 (W.F.). HAHNIA Koch, C. L. nava (Blackw.) — Rare; Langdale End, one m., 1913 (R.A.T.). montana (Blackw.) — ^Widespread, many records. TETRAGNATHIDAE TETRAGNATHA Latreille extensa (L.) — Harwood Dale, f. (R.G., Nat., 1906, p. 200) ; Rilling- ton, m. and f., 1927 (W.F.). montana Sim. — Widespread, many records. obtusa Koch, C. L. — Rare ; a south of England spider. Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). PACHYGNATHA Sundevall degeeri Sund. — Frequent in the Scarborough district (R.A.T.). clercki Sund. — Widespread, many records. ARGYOPIDAE META Koch, C. L. reticulata (L.) — The commonest British spider, abundant everywhere, forma mengii Thor, the smaller, darker spring brood, Beckhole, Sleights, etc., very common, 1936 (H.B.). merianae (Scop.) — Widespread, many records. CYCLOSA Menge conica (Pall.) — Rare; Beckhole, melanic m., 1936 (H.B.). SINGA Koch, C. L. hamata (Clerck) — Rare ; Fylingdales Moor, imm. f., 1936 (H.B.) ; Oliver’s Mount, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). ARANEA Linnaeus diademata Clerck — ^Widespread ; many records, cucurbitina Clerck — Common on trees throughout the district (G.B.W.) ; forma opisthographa Kulcz. — Robin Hood’s Bay, m., 1937 (H.B.). sturmi (Hahn) — Scampston, one f. (W.F., Nat., 1921, p. 84). umbratica Clerck ( = A. sexpunctata L.) — Hackness, etc., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Falling Foss, 1936 (H.B.). quadrata Clerck (=A. reaumuri Scop.) — Falling Foss, f., Ellerbeck, m. and f.. Hole of Horcum, 1936-37 (H.B.). cornuta Clerck (=A. foliata Fourcr.) — Cayton Bay, Filey (T.S., R.A.T., Nat., 1921, p. 85). ZYGIELLA Cambridge, F. O. P. x-notata Clerck ( = Z. litterata Oliv.) — Common in bushes and hedge- rows (R.A.T.) . atrica (Koch, C.L.) — ^Widespread; many records. THERIDHDAE THERIDION Walckenaer vittatum Koch, C. L. — Forge Valley, one m., 1919 (T.S.) ; Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.) ;Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). 324 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT sisyphium (Clerck) ( = T. notatum L.) — Widespread ; many records, varians Hahn — Scarborough (H.C.D., Nat., 1905, p. 299) ; Scamps- ton, f., 1906 (W.F.). simile Koch, C. L. — Thornton-le-Dale and Levisham (R.A.T., 1914 and W.F., Nat, 1918, p. 321) ; Beckhole, etc., 1936 (H.B.). tepidariorum Koch, C. L. — The very common greenhouse spider, denticulatum (Walck.) — Scarborough, 1904 (W.F.) ; Derwent Carrs, 1916 (T.S.). pallens Blackw. — Forge Valley and Ringing Keld Bog, 1913-14 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, 1936 (H.B.). lineata (Clerck) ('=:T. redimitum L.) — Wragby Wood, Ellerbeck and Helwath Beck, 1936-37 (H.B.) ; Scarborough South Cliff, 1913 fR.A.T.). PHOLCOMMA Thor gibbum (Westr.) — Widespread ; many records. THEONOE Simon minutissima (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, two m.. 1913 (R.A.T.) . STEARODEA Sundevall bipunctata L. — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Levisham (J.W.H.H.). ROBERTUS Cambridge, O. P. lividus (Blackw.) — Fairly common (R.A.T.). NESTICUS Thor cellulanus Clerck — ^Locally common ; Hayburn Wyke, many m. and f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Levisham and Goathland (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 387). MIMETIDAE ERO Koch, C. L. furcata (Vill.) — Cayton Bay, 1913 (R.A.T.); Levisham, Ringing Keld Bog, Haybum Wyke, etc., 1904-6 (W.F.). These records were entered as E. thoracica Wid. and may refer to E. furcata (Vill.), or to E. Cambridge! Kulcz., as these two species were not separated until 1912. LINYPHHDAE CERATINELLA Emerton brevis (Wid.) — ^Widespread ; many records, brevipes (Westr.) — ^Widespread ; many records. BLANIARGUS Simon berbigradus (Blackw.) — ^Thornton-le-Dale, f., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Scar- borough Mere (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 267). METOPOBOCTRUS Simon prominulus (Cambr., O. P.) — Scarborough, one f., 1913 (R.A.T.) : Cayton Bay, three f. (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 236) ; Helwath Beck, m., 1937 (H.B.L PANAMOMOPS Simon sulcifrons (Wid.) — Rare ; Scarborough (H.C.D., Nat., Aug., 1908) ; Langdale End, one f. (R.A.T., Nat., 1919, p. 135). ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 325 LOPHOCARENUM Menge nemorale (Blackw.) — Ringing Keld Bog, three m. and three f., among pine needles, 1913 (R.A.T. ) ; Staintondale, f. (T.S., Nat., 1919, TRICHOPTERNA Kulczynski p. 22) . mengei (Sim.) — Ringing Keld Bog, among sphagnum, 1913 (R.A.T.) . thorelli (Westr.) — Rare; Langdale End, one m., 1913 (R.A.T.). ENTELECARA Simon acuminata (Wid.) — Rare; Beckhole, m., 1936 (H.B.). erythropus (Westr.) — ^Widespread ; many records. MINYRIOLUS Simon pusiilus (Wid.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). NEMATOGMUS Blackwall obscurus (Blackw.) — Rillington, m. and f., 1927 (W.F.) ; Sleights, 1936 (H.B.). SILOMETOPUS Simon elegans (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, one m., two f., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Sleights, m., 1936 (H.B.). HYPSELISTES Simon jacksoni (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare; Ellerbeck, imm. f., 1936 (H.B.). POCADICNEMIS Simon pumila (Blackw.) — ^Widespread ; many records. GNATHONARIUM Karsch dentatum (Wid.) — Carr Naze, Filey (T.S., Nat., 1919, p. 402) ; Forge Valley (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 391). TISO Simon vagans (Blackw.) — Scarborough, m., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, m., 1937 (H.B.). DIPLOCEPHALUS Berthold cristatus (Blackw.) — Scarborough, f., 1913 (R.A.T.). latifrons (Cambr., O. P.) — Cayton and Oliver’s Mount, 1913 (R.A.T.). permixtus (Cambr., O. P.) — Sleights, m., 1935 (H.B.). picinus (Blackw.) — Raincliffe Wood, f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Oliver’s Mount, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, m., 1936 (H.B.). SAVIGNIA Blackwall frontata Blackw. — Numerous records near Scarborough (R.A.T., H.B.). ARAEONCUS Simon humilis (Blackw.) — Helwath Beck, m., 1936 (H.B.). hiemalis (Blackw.) — Raincliffe Wood and Ringing Keld Bog, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Folkton, f. (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 25). DICYMBIUM Menge nigrum (Blackw.) — Widespread ; many records, tibiale (Blackw.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). MONOCEPHALUS Smith, F. P. fuscipes (Blackw.) — Raincliffe Wood, f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Beckhole, f., 1936 (H.B.). 326 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT THYREOSTHENIUS Simon biovatus (Cambr., O. P.) — Helwath Beck, in nests of Formica pratensis, 1936-37 (H.B.) ; common in nests of F. rufa at Bams Cliff and in Langdale (G.B.W.). becki (Cambr., O. P.)- — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, one f., 1914 (R.A.T.). TROXOCHRUS Simon scabriculus (Westr.) — Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). TAPINOCYBA Simon praecox (Cambr., O. P.)— Flamborough (T.S., Nat., 1919, p. 140). AULACOCYBA Simon subitanea (Cambr., O. P.) — Derwent Carrs (T.S.) ; Rillington, numerous (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 235). COLOBOCYBA Simon pallens (Cambr., O. P.) — Raincliffe Wood, two f., a rare spider, 1904 (W.F.) : Ringing Keld Bog., one m., 1913 (R.A.T.). WALCKENAERA Blackwall acuminata Blackw. — Oliver’s Mount, f., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Filey Cliffs (T.S., Nat., 1919, p. 268). WIDERIA Simon antica (Wid.) — Scarborough and Cloughton, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; 1904 (W.F.). fugax (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare; Raincliffe Wood, one m., 19.13 (R.A.T.). TRACHYNELLA Braendegaard nudipalpis (Westr.) — Scarborough South Cliff, one f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Sleights, f., Goathland, f., 1938-39 (H.B.). EVANSIA Cambridge, O. P. merens (Cambr., O. P.) — Harwood Dale in nests of Formica rufa (G.B.W.). CORNICULARIA Menge cuspidata (Blackw.) — ^Widespread ; many records. unicorhis (Cambr., O. P.) — Ringing Keld Bog, one f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Forge Valley, one m., 1914 (R.A.T.). vigilax (Blackw.) — Hayburn Wyke, f. (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 391). GONATIUM Menge rubellum (Blackw.) — ^Widespread ; many records. rubens (Blackw.) — ^Very common in bushes and shrubs (R.A.T.). HYPOMMA Dahl bituberculata (Wid.) — Ravenscar, f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Scarborough, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). comuta (Blackw.)- — Rillington, etc. (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 324) ,* Langdale End (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 391). DISMODICUS Simon bifrons (Blackw.) — ^Widespread ; many records. GONGYLIDIUM Menge rufipes (L.) — Scarborough, Ca5don and Levisham, 1906 (W.F.) and 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, etc., 1936-37 (H.B.). ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 327 ERIGONIDIUM Simon graminicolum (Sund.) — Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). ERIGONE Savory dentipalpis (Wid.) — Scarborough South Cliff, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Ellerbeck, f., 1936 (H.B.). atra (BlacW.) — Scarborough South Cliff, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T. ). promiscua (Cambr., O. P.) — Widespread ; many records. GONGYLIDIELLUM Simon vivum (Cambr., O. P.) — Hayburn Wyke, f., 1905 (W.F.) ; Ringing Keld Bog, m., 1904 (W.F.) and 1913 (R.A.T.). OEDOTHORAX Bertkau agrestis (Blackw.) — Goathland (W.F., Nat., 1922, p. 325) ; Forge Valley and Langdale End (T.S., Nat., 1922, p. 391). fuscus (Blackw.) — Widely distributed and quite common (W.F.). retusus (Westr.) — Widespread ; many records. apicatus (Blackw.) — Hole of Horcum and Helwath Beck, 1937 (H.B.). gibbosus (Blackw.) — Ringing Keld Bog, m., 1914 (R.A.T.). tuberosus (Blackw.) — Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). LOPHOMMA Menge punctata (Blackw.) — Scalby and Ringing Keld Bog., m. and f., a hydrophilous species and a scarce spider, 1904 (W.F.). CORYPHAEOLANUS Thor distinctus (Sim.) — Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). LESSERTIA Smith, F. P. dentichelis (Sim.) — Scalby Mills, under tidal drift, m. (T.S., Nat., 1920, V. 23) : third British record. PEPONOCRANIUM Simon ludicrum (Cambr., O. P.) — Scarborough, 1904 (W.F.) and 1913 (R.A.T.) : Beckhole, etc., 1936 (H.B.). MASO Simon sundevalH (Westr.) — Widespread ; many records. HILAIRA Simon excisa (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog., one f., and Haybum Wyke, two f. One of the Hayburn Wyke specimens was remarkable in having only half of its complement of eyes in a serviceable condition, two laterals on the same side being obsolete and two centrals being imperfectly formed (W.F., Nat., 1906, p. 29) . PHAULOTHRIX Bertkau huthwaiti (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare ; Hayburn Wyke, m. and f.. under stones on foreshore, 1905 (W.F.) ; Derwent Carrs, 1916 (T.S.). PORRHOMMA Simon pygmaeum (Blackw.) — Cavton Bav, Raincliffe Wood, etc., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). microphthalmum (Cambr., O. P.) — Ringing Keld Bog, one f., 1904,, Sleights, f., 1936 (H.B.). egeria Sim. — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, one f., 1914 (R.A.T.). 328 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT pallidum Jacks. — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.). proserpina (Sim.) — Helwath Beck, 1937 (H.B.), BATHYPHANTES Menge approximatus (Cambr., O. P.) — Raincliffe Wood, one m., 1914 (R.A.T.). nigrinus (Westr.) — Widespread in damp places ; many records, concolor (Wid.) — ^Widespread ; many records, gracilis (Blackw.) — Ravenscar, m. and f., 1904 (W.F.). dorsalis (Wid.) — Scampston (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 203) ; Derwent Carrs, 1916 (T.S.). pullatus (Cambr., O. P.) — Scampston, one f. (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 62) ; Goathland and Helwath Beck, 1937 (H.B.). POECILONETA Kulczynski globosa (Wid.) — ^Widespread ; many records. LABULLA Simon thoracica (Wid.) — Raincliffe Wood, m., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Falling Foss (W.P.W.) ; Hayburn Wyke (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 296). LINYPHIA Latreille montana (Clerck) — Scarborough, plentiful, 1904 (W.F.) and 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, etc., 1936 (H.B.). insignis Blackw. — Raincliffe Wood, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Scampston (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 297). hortensis Sund. — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). peltata Wid. — Falconer says, "Widely distributed throughout the county," but no specific records from the Scarborough district, clathrata Sund. — Scarborough South Cliff, f., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Goath- land, f. and Littlebeck, m., 1936 (H.B.). pusilla Sund. — ^Widespread ,* many records. STEMONYPHANTES Menge lineata (L.) — Scarborough, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). TAPINOPA Westring longidens (Wid.) — Holbeck Gardens (W.F., Nat., 1922, p. 392) ; Fylingdales, Sleights, 1935 (H.B.) ; Oliver’s Mount, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.). BOLYPHANTES Menge alticeps (Sund.) — Oliver's Mount, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, f., 1936 (H.B.). luteolus (Blackw.) — Scarborough South Cliff, m. and f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, f., 1937 (H.B.). 1.EPTHYPHANTES Menge minutus (Blackw.) — Scarborough, one f.. 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Hole of Horcum and Falling Foss, 1914 (W.P.W.) nebulosus (Sund.) — Local ; Scarborough, 1913-14 (R.A.T.). alacris (Blackw.) — Raincliffe Wood, f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Scampston, etc. (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 255). cristatus (Menge) — Local ; Hayburn Wyke, f. (T.S., Nat., 1920, p. 205) ; Levisham and' Goathland,- 1906 (W.F.). ARACHNIDA — ARANEAE 329' obscurus (Blackw.) — Local ; Hayburn Wyke, Raincliffe Wood, 1904 (W.F.) ; Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). pallidus (Cambr., O. P.) — Rare ; Raincliffe Wood, two m., 1904 (W.F.). leprosus (Ohl.)- — Scarborough in cellar, m., 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Derwent Carrs, 1916 (T.S.). zimmermanni Bertk. — The most abundant and generally distributed species of the genus in Yorkshire, many records, tenuis (Blackw.) — Less abundant than L. zimmermanni, but widely dispersed. flavipes (Blackw.) — Langdale End, m. (T.S., Nat., 1920, p. 205). ericaeus (Blackw.) — Widespread ; many records, mengei Kulcz. — Goathland, m., 1938 (H.B.). tenebricola (Wid.) — Hole of Horcum, 1938 (H.B.). DRAPETISCA Menge socialis (Sund.) — Hayburn Wyke, 1904 (W.F.) ; on tree trunks, Raincliffe Wood, 1913 (R.A.T.) . CENTROMERUS Dahl bicolor (Blackw.) — "Widely diffused and stations numerous in all parts” (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 21), but no specific records from the Scarborough district. concinnus (Thor)^ — Generally found with C. 6100101", but reaches to a greater height on the Yorkshire hills and is more abundant (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 21) ; Ringing Keld Bog, 1913 (R.A.T.). silvaticus (Blackw.) — Raincliffe Wood, f., 1914 (R.A.T.). prudens (Cambr., O. P.) — Ravenscar, one f., 1904 (W.F.) ; Rain- cliffeWood, L, 1914 (R.A.T.). RHABDORIA Hull diluta (Cambr., O. P.) — Ringing Keld Bog, one f., 1913 (R.A.T.) r Scampston (W.F., Nat., 1920, p. 61). MACRARGUS Dahl rufus (Wid.) — Widespread ; many records. OREONETIDES Strand abnomiis (Blackw.) — Local : Scarborough, m. andf., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Beastcliff (T.S., Nat., 1920, p 21). MENGEA Cambridge, F. O. P. scopigera (Grube) — Ravenscar from heather, one m., 1904 (W.F.) ; Goathland, one f. (W.F., Nat., 1919, p. 403). AGYNETA Hull conigera (Cambr., O. P.) — Hayburn Wyke, 1904 (W.F.) ; Langdale End and Raincliffe Wood, 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Rillington, 1927 (W.F.). cauta (Cambr., O. P.)— Rillington, f., 1927 (W.F.). MICRONETA Menge viaria (Blackw.) — Widespread ; many records. MEIONETA Hull saxatiiis (Blackw.)— Scarborough and Ringing Keld Bog, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Goathland and Rillington, 1927 (W.F.). 330 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT rurestris (Koch, C. L.) — ^Very widespread ; many records, gulosa (Koch, L.) — Rare ; Ravenscar from heather, m. and f., 1904 (W.F.) ; near its southern limits in this country. SINTULA Simon comigera (Blackw.) — Rare ; Ringing Keld Bog, three f., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Hayburn Wyke, 1919 (T.S.), SYEDRA Simon pholcommoides (Cambr., O. P.)- — Very rare ; Cornelian Bay from grass roots on the cliffs, one f., Aug., 1905 (W.F.). PHALANGIDEA — HARVESTMEN There are twenty British species, of which fifteen have been recorded in the Scarborough district. Genera have been re-arranged as a result of recent work by C. F. Roewer and other continental workers. LEIOBUNUM Koch, C. L. rotundum (Latr.)^ — Widespread and abundant ; many records, blackwallii Meade — Rare; Sleights, f., 1935 (H.B.). PHALANGIUM Linnaeus opilio L. — Many records, most plentiful on or near the coast. OPILIO Herbst parietinus De G. — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Sleights, 1937 (H.B.). PLATYBUNUS Koch, C. L. triangularis (Herbst) — ^Widespread ; many records. MEGABUNUS Meade diadema (Fabr.) — Langdale End and Raincliffe Wood, 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Hole of Horcum, 1938 (H.B.). MITOPUS Thor morio (Fabr.) — Scarborough, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Falling Foss, 1914 (W.P.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, Helwath Beck, 1937 (H.B.). var. alpinus Herbst — Scarborough cliffs and Raincliffe Wood, 1913-14 (R.A.T.). OLIGOLOPHUS Koch, C. L. agrestis (Meade) — Scarborough and Ringing Keld Bog, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Helwath Beck, m., 1932 (H.B.). hansenii (Kraepel) — Rare ; Scarborough, North Bay, m., 1905 (W.F.). tridens (Koch, C. L.) — Scarborough, Cloughton, etc., 1913 (R.A.T.); Hayburn Wyke, Falling Foss, etc., 1936-37 (H.B.). ODIELLUS Roewer palpinalis (Herbst) — Ringing Keld Bog and Oliver’s Mount, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Staintondale, Goathland, etc., 1936-37 (H.B.). LACINIUS Thor ephippiatus (Koch, C. L.) — Widespread ; many records. NEMASTOMA Koch, C. L. lugubre (MuelL, O. F.) — Very common all over the district (R.A.T.). chrysomelas (Herm.) — Levisham, 1905 (W.F.) ; Scarborough, Stain- tondale, Langdale End, etc., 1913-14 (R.A.T.). ARACHNIDA — ACARI 331 CHELONETHIDA — PSEUDOSCORPIONS Of the twenty- three species recorded in Britain, seven have been found in the Scarborough district. The nomenclature follows that used in M. Beier’s “ Pseudoscorpionidae,” Das Tierreich, Berlin, 1932. CHTHONIUS Koch, C. L. ischocheles (Herm.) ( = C. rayi Koch, L.) — Common, tetrachelatus (Preyss.) — Common near the sea. NEOBISIUM Leach muscorum (Leach) — Numerous stations near Scarborough (G.B.W., W.F., R.A.T.). LAMPROCHERNES Toemoesvary nodosus (Schr.) — Palsgrave on legs of fly, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Salter- gate from refuse in cattle shed, 1937 (H.B.). ALLOCHERNES (TOXOCHERNES) Beier dubius (Cambr., O. P.) — Hayburn Wyke, one example, 1919 (T.S.). PSELAPHOCHERNES Beier scorpioides (Herm.) — Bams Cliff, Harwood Dale, 1934 (G.B.W.). DACTYLOCHELIFER Beier latreillei (Leach) — Flixton (G.B.W.). ACARI — MITES and TICKS The records of the Acari, with the possible exceptions of the Erioph}7idae and Ixodidae, are very meagre. The nomenclature is as suggested by Mr. C. D. Radford and Mr. E. Browning of the British Museum of Natural History, to whom the compilers’ sincere thanks are due. In “Report on Forest Research,’’ 1953, Dr. P. W. Murphy gives a list of fifty- three species of mites recorded from the natural heathland and forest plantings of the Allerston area. The list includes two species new to science, and two genera and five species new to Britain. Some of the raw humus at Allerston was found to contain more than 3 quarter of a million mites and collembola per square metre. ERIOPHYIDAE — GALL MITES Eriophyes pteridis Moll. — Fairly common on Pteridium. E. tenuis (Nal.) — Scalby on Dactylis glomerata (W.F.). E. psilaspis Nal. — Scampston on Taxus (W.F.). E. tetanothrix (Nal.) — Widely distributed on Salix cinerea. E. salicinus Nal. ( = E. salicis) — Widely distributed on Salix caprea. E. spec. Houard No. S. 53 — Cornelian Bay, Scarborough Mere on Salix fragilis and S. alba (H.J.B.). E. lionotus (Nal.) — Haybum Wyke on Betula (H.J.B.). E. rudis (Can.) — Big-Bud on Betula, common. E. brevitarsus (Fock.) — Bempton, Cayton Bay, Ellerbum on Alnus (H.J.B., W.F.). E. laevis (Nal.) — Abundant on Alnus. 332 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT E. nalepai (Fock.)- — Abundant on Alnus. E. axillaris Schl. — Langdale End on Alnus, common (G.B.W.). E. avellanae (Nal.) — Big-Bud on Corylus, common. E. atrichus (Nal.)— Staintondale on Stellaria graminea (H.J.B.). E. ribis (Westw.) — Big-Bud on Ribcs nigrum, widespread and plentiful. E. similis (Nal.) — Common on Prunus spinosa. E. gibbosus (Nal.)^ — Beast Cliff on Rubus plicatus (H.J.B.). E. piri (Pgst.) — ^Fairly common and generally distributed on Sorbus. E. goniothorax (Nal.) — Common on Crataegus. E. euaspis (Nal.)- — Robin Hood’s Bay on Lotus comiculatus (H.J.B.). E. tiliae (Pgst.) — Hayburn Wyke on Tilia, abundant (G.B.W.). var. liosoma (Nal.) — Scarborough (G.B.W.). E. piri tvpicus (Pgst.) ( = E. crataegi Can.) — Common on Crataegus (W.F.). E. macrorrhynchus (Nal.) — Hackness, Ellerbum on Acer pseudopla- tanus, Pickering on A. campestre (H.J.B., R.M.B.). E. spec. Houard No. 3976 or 3977. — Haybum Wyke on Acer pseudo- platanus (H.J.B.). E. empetri Lindr. — Common on Empetrum, E. thomasi (Nal.)^ — Hackness on Thymus serpyllum, plentiful (W.F.). E. galii (Karp.) — Scalla Moor, Ravenscar, Beast Cliff on Galium aparine (H.J.B.). E. pilosellae (Nal.) — ^Troutsdale, Fylingdales Moor on Hieracium pilosella (H.B.). E. ulmi Nal. — Scampston on Ulmus (W.F.). Phyllocoptes gymnaspis Nal. — Staintondale on Acer (W.F.). P. acericola Nal. — Staintondale on Acer (W.F.). P. fraxini Nal. — Scarborough on Fraxinus (G.B.W.). P. epiphyllus Nal. — Scampston on Fraxinus (W.F.). Epitrimetlis trilobus (Nal.) — ^Scarborough on Sambucus (J.M.B.). E. salicobius (Nal.) — Raincliffe Wood on Salix sp. (G.B.W.). DEMODICIDAE Demodex folliculorum Sim. — Common and generally distributed. ORIBATIDAE -- BEETLE MITES Belba clavipes (Herm.) — Ringing Keld Bog, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Seamer Moor, 1920 (G.B.W.). B. geniculosa Oud. — Ringing Keld Bog, 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Staintondale, 1914 (W.P.W.). Hydrozetes lacustris (Mich.) — Cayton Bav pond, abundant, 1914 (R.A.T.) ; Seamer Moor, 1933 (G.B.W.). THROMBIDHDAE — EARTH MITES Allothrombium fuliginosum (Herm.) — Fairly numerous, Raincliffe Wood and Oliver’s Mount, etc., 1913 (R.A.T.). British examples appear to be var. norvegicum Berl. (J.E.H.). Anystis baccarum L. — The ubiquitous Red Spider. Bdella vulgaris Herm. — Grosmont, 1936 (A.E.B.). ARACHNIDA — ACARI 333 Calyptostoma expalpis (Herm.) — Robin Hood’s Bay and Hackness, 1914 (R.A.T.). Myobia musculi (Schrank) — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). Myocoptes musculinus Koch — Goathland, on bank-vole, 1936 (R.J.F.). Radfordia multivaga (Poppe) — Goathland on bank-vole, 1936 (R.J.F.). Ritteria nemorum Koch — Widely distributed ; many records. Trombidium holosericeum (L.) — ^Plentiful in the district. The first printed record of a mite probably refers to this species. It was included in Martin Lister’s " Araneorum Angliae,” 1678, as a Two-eyed Spider. “ I have noticed them in very great numbers near the sea-shore at Scarborough. Our herdsmen look upon them as creatures very much to be dreaded, indeed it is considered certain death to oxen if by chance they are eaten by them in the grass.” PARASITIDAE ( = GAMASIDAE) Amblysius obtusus Kr. — Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). Dermanyssus gallinae De G. — Red Mite. Common on poultry and cage birds. Euhaemogamasus horridus (Mich.) — Abundant in moles’ nests all over the district (G.B.W.). Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch) — Goathland, 1935 (H.B.). Euryparasitus emarginatus Koch — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). E. terribilis (Mich.) — Abundant in moles’ nests all over the district (G.B.W.). Haemogamasus nidi Mich. — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). Laelaps festivus Koch — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). Lasioseius plumosus Oud. — Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). Leiodinychus kramerii Can. — Probably common (W.F.). Liponyssus macedonicus Hirst — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). Parasitus coleoptratonim (L.) — ^Very common on manure, etc. (W.F.). Pergamasus crassipes L. — Common ever37where (W.F.). IXODIDAE — TICKS Argas reflexus Fabr. — Flamborough, on rock-dove, 1920 (G.B.W.). A. vespertilionis Latr. — Scarborough, larval form on pipistrelle, 1925 (G.B.W.). Hyalomma syriacum Koch — Scarborough, introduced species on imported tortoise (G.B.W.).’ Ixodes caledonicus Nutt. — Scarborough on jackdaw, upwards of 300 found on upper part of head, caused death of bird (G.B.W.) . I. hexagonus Leach — Ruston on hedge-hog (G.B.W.). I. ricinus L. — Littlebeck, 1910 (G.B.W.) ; Falling Foss, 1936 (H.B.) ; Scarborough (G.B.W.). I. trianguliceps Bir. — Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). I. uriae White (=1. putus Cambr., O. P.) — Flamborough on migratory sea-birds (W. C. Hewitt, 1902 ; O. Brabham, 1908 ; E. G. Wheeler, , 1906). 334 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SARCOPTIDAE — MANGE or SCABIES MITES TARSONEMIDAE Ctenoglyphus canestrinii Arm. — Beckhole, 1936 (H.B.). Oudemansium domesticus (De G.) — Goathland, 1935 (R.J.F.). Sarcoptes scabiei L. — Endemic and epidemic. Acarapis woodi (Rennie) ( =Tarsonemus) — The cause of Acarine disease among bees. Very common and destructive at one time but more under control now. HYDRACHNIDAE — FRESH-WATER MITES Acerus latipes (Muell.) — Cayton Bay pond, 1913 (R.A.T.). Brachypoda versicolor (Muell.) — Common (C. D. Soar) but no localities given. Hydryphantes ruber De G. — Cayton Bay pond, abundant, 1913 (R.A.T.). Hygrobates longipalpis (Herm.) — Cayton Bay pond, m., 1913 (R.A.T.) ; Oliver’s Mount, in horse trough (W.F.). Megaluracarus caudatus (De G.) — Cayton Bay pond, 1912 (R.A.T.) . Micruracarus bifidicodulus (Piers.) — Cayton Bay pond, f., 1913 (R.A.T.). M. integrator Muell.- — Cayton Bay pond, m., 1913 (R.A.T.). Neumannia spinipes (Muell.) — Seamer Moor pond, f., 1913 (R.A.T.). N. vernalis (Muell.) — Seamer Moor pond, m., 1912 (R.A.T.). Fiona conglobata (Koch)^ — Seamer Moor pond, f., 1913 (R.A.T.). P. nodata (Muell.) — Cayton Bay pond, abimdant, 1912 (R.A.T.). Pionopsis lutescens (Herm.)- — Cajdon Bay pond, m., 1912 (R.A.T.). INDEX OF GENERA Acarapis 334 Bathyphantes 328 Coryphaeolanus Acerus 334 Bdella 332 327 Agroeca 320 Belba 332 Cryphoeca 322 Agyneta 329 Blaniargus 324 Ctenoglyphus 334 Allochernes 331 Bolyphantes 328 Cyclosa 323 Allothrombium Brachypoda 334 332 Amaurobius 322 Dactylochelifer Amblysius 333 Calyptostoma 333 331 Antistea 323 Centromerus 329 Demodex 332 Anyphaena 321 Ceratinella 324 Dermanyssus 333 Anystis 332 Cheiracanthium Dictyna 319 Aranea 323 320 Dicymbium 325 Arctosa 322 Chthonius 331 Diplocephalus 325 Argas 333 Ciniflo 319 Dismodicus 326 Araeoncus 325 Clubiona 320 Drapetisca 329 Argyroneta 322 Colobocyba 326 Drassodes 320 Aulacocyba 326 Cornicularia 326 Dysdera 319 Entelecara 325 Erigone 327 Erigonidium 327 Eriophyes 331 Ero 324 Euophrys 321 Eulaelaps 333 Euryparasiticus 333 Evansia 326 Gnathonarium 325 Gonatium 326 Gongylidium 326 Gongylidiellum 327 Haemogamasus 333 Hahnia 323 Harpactea 319 Heliophanus 321 Hilaira 327 Hyalomma 333 Hydrozetes 332 Hydryphantes 334 Hygrobates 334 Hypomma 326 Hypselistes 325 Ixodes 333 Labulla 328 Lacinius 330 Laelaps 333 Lamprochernes 331 Lasioseius 333 Eeiobunum 330 Leiodinychus 333 Lepthyphantes 328 Lessertia 327 Linyphia 328 Liponyssus 333 Lophocarenum 325 Lophomma 327 Lycosa 321 ARACHNTDA INDEX Macrargus 329 Maso 327 Megabunus 330 Megaluracarus 334 Meioneta 329 Mengea 329 Meta 323 Metopoboctrus 324 Micaria 320 Microneta 329 Micruracarus 334 Minyriolus 325 Mitopus 330 Monocephalus 325 Myobia 333 Myocoptes 333 Nemastoma 330 Nematogmus 325 Neobisium 331 Neon 321 Nesticus 324 Neumannia 334 Odiellus 330 Oedothorax 327 Opilio 330 Oonops 319 Oligolophus 330 Oreonetides 329 Oudemansium 334 Oxyptila 321 Pachygnatha 323 Panamomops 324 Parasitus 333 Peponocranium 327 Pergamasus 333 Phalangium 330 Phaulothrix 327 Philodromus 321 Pholcomma 324 Piona 334 Pionopsis 334 Pirata 322 Pisaura 322 335 Platybunus 330 Pocadicnemis 325 Poeciloneta 328 Porrhomma 327 Pselaphochernes 331 Radfordia 333 Rhabdoria 329 Robertus 324 Ritteria 333 Salticus 321 Sarcoptes 334 Savignia 325 Scotophoeus 320 Segestria 320 Silometopus 325 Singa 323 Sintula 330 Stearodea 324 Stemonyphantes 328 Syedra 330 Tapinopa 328 Tapinocyba 326 Tarentula 322 Tegenaria 322 Tetragnatha 323 Textrix 322 Theonoe 324 Theridion 323 Thyreosthenius 326 Tiso 325 Toxochernes 331 Trachynella 326 Trichopterna 325 Trochosa 322 Trombidium 333 Troxochrus 326 Waickenaera 326 Wideria 326 Xysticus 321 Zelotes 320 Zora 321 Zygiella 323 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA E. Arnold Wallis and Athol J. Wallis Class GASTROPODA and Class BIVALVIA [Note ; Mr E. A. Wallis, some time before his sudden death, had been in correspondence with me over the question of nomenclature, and I had suggested using that adopted in the recent Census of the British Non-Marine Mollusca (Joum. Conch, xxiii, 1951, pp. 171- 244) . Even if one does not agree with all the details, the advantages, of using a “ standard ” printed list are obvious. Mr. Wallis agreed with this, and asked me to recast the list, bringing names and arrangement into conformity with those of the Census. This I have done, but credit for the following list is entirely due to Mr. E. A. Wallis, and after his death Mr. A. J. Wallis, who did all the laborious work of collating records and searching literature. I have added a few notes on species only recently recognised. — Nora Fisher McMillan.] The land and fresh water mollusca of the Scarborough district were well worked during the middle of the last century by the great conchologist William Bean and by Leckenby and others. Unfortunately the only records now available of the work of these early pioneers is a list of names in Theakstone’s “ Guide to Scarborough ”, 1858. This list includes several species such as Clausilia biplicata, Paludina listen, Cyclas rivicola and Helix lapicida, none of which occurs within many miles of Scarborough, and it is evident that Bean gave the name Scarborough a very wide signification, and his list cannot be relied upon as an indication of what now occurs within the confines of the district. The present list of the non-marine mollusca is compiled from the work done during the life of the Society by the conchologists who have thoroughly explored the district — W. Gyngell, J. A. Hargreaves, A. Harman, Rev. W. C. Hey, E. A. Wallis and others. A list of the local non-marine mollusca was compiled by J. A. Hargreaves and published in 1909 (Journ. Conch., xii, pp. 299-308), and this list forms the basis of the present records which contain only a few additions. The district is rich in the land and fresh water shells. As might be expected the higher parts of the Tabular Hills and the Moorland area are deficient in molluscan life. Here the only land mollusc that is commonly found is the black slug Arion ater (L.). The sour, peaty soil with its thick covering of ling and bracken is not suited to the requirements of snails ; but on many of the older walls along the edges of the Moors a few species, such as Balea perversa (L.) and Lauria cyltndracea (da Costa) are to be found, though their distribution is very discontinuous. One of the few localities from which Zonitoides excavatus (Alder) has been recorded is the foot of a dry 336 NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 337 wall on the top of the hills on the western side of Hackness Valley. This species has not so far been found on the Wolds. Forge Valley which cuts through the middle oolites, though small in area, is extremely rich in molluscan life and several species are found there which have not been recorded from other parts of the district. The Castle Hill and parts of the cliffs both north and south of the town have a varied molluscan fauna, though northwards this condition gradually changes, and generally speaking the whole ■district to the north is relatively deficient in snail life. Observation indicates that among the land shells found along the cliffs and near the shore a higher percentage of individual shells have the epidermis •either very much eroded or absent than is the case with specimens •of the same species found further inland. This is particularly noticable in the larger Helices. Changes in the land mollusca have occurred in recent years. It would seem that the alteration of drainage due to the widening and surfacing of the roads with tar-mac, and the extension of the town in all directions have had an effect on the habitats of many species, none of which are now to be found in places where they were once very abundant. Arianta arbustorum (L.) was, thirty years ago, very abundant on the Castle Hill, but has markedly declined in this locality where it is now relatively scarce. Pomatias elegans (MuelL), formerly ■common on both sides of the river in Forge Valley, seems to be disappearing, and no living specimens have been observed for many years. It may be lingering on, though certainly in much reduced numbers. On the other hand Trichia striolata (Pfeiff., C.) (= Hygromia rufescens Penn.) which used to be very local though common where it ■occurred, is now extremely abundant all over the town, and has extended its range into many parts where it was formerly rare and non-existent ; and the same is true of Monacha cantiana (Mont.). The most recent addition to the records is Potamopyrgus (= Hydrobia) jenkinsi (Smith). It was first recorded from a water- cress bed at Pickering in 1938, at the western side of the district under review. It was not recorded in the immediate neighbourhood of Scarborough until 1944, and in 1946 specimens were found at Folkton, again in watercress beds. It would appear doubtful if any connection can be traced between these two localities, for although the later records are from a habitat nearer the sea, the peculiar features of the district give a westerly drainage flow to the Vale of Pickering. Since 1946 the species has made a remarkable spread, and is now abundant in the R. Derwent and R. Hertford. It is, however, certainly a recent ■comer into the district. Our grateful thanks are due to Mrs. N. F. McMillan without whose help this list could not have been produced in such an accurate and ■complete form. She has willingly spent much time in recasting the list to bring it into line with present day nomenclature, and in reading through the manuscript and proofs. 338 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Thanks are also due to Mr. A. W. Stelfox who kindly determined material collected by A. J. Wallis in 1954. The classification and nomenclature used are those of the recent Census of the Distribution of British Non-Marine Mollusca (Journ. Conch., xxiii, 1951, pp. 171-244). been taken from the list of British B. B. Woodward in 1904. The following contractions are H.B. — H. Britten T.C. — ^T. Castle W.J.C.— W. J. Clarke J.E.C. — J. E. Crowther A.E.E.— A. E. Ellis G.F. — Greevz Fysher W.G.— W. Gyngell J.A.H. — J. A. Hargreaves A.H. — A. Harman W.C.H.— Rev. W. C. Hey Varietal names have, in the main, Non-Marine Mollusca prepared by used : — E.M.M. — Mrs. E. M. Morehouse A.E.P.— A. E. Peck W.D.R.— W. D. Roebuck A.S. — A. Smith A.W.S.— A. W. Stelfox C.F.S. — C. F. Sweetman A.J.W.— A. J. Wallis E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis Nat. — The Naturalist Journ. Conch.- — -The Journal of Conchology Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA NERITIDAE THEODOXUS Montfort fluviatilis (L.) — Rare. R. Derwent (J.A.H.) ; Brompton (W.G.). Order MESOGASTROPODA VIVIPARIDAE VIVIPARUS Montfort viviparus (L.) — Specimens from York were introduced into the Valley pond in 1909 ; nothing has been seen of them since (E.A.W.). fasciatus (Muell.) — Specimens from near Askern were introduced into a pond in Cayton Bay in 1903 (J.A.H.) ; they were still flourishing in 1952 (E.A.W.). The pond was drained in 1953. VALVATIDAE VALVATA Mueller cristata (Muell.) — Not common and local. R. Derwent at Ayton (J.A.H.) ; ditch near Seamer. piscinalis (Muell.) — Common in R. Derwent ; rare in ditches on the Carrs. Stream near Brompton, 1954 (A.J.W.). POMATHDAE POMATIAS Studer elegans (Muell.) — ^Formerly on Oliver’s Mount (J.A.H.) ; now only in Forge Valley, but much less common than formerly, last record of living specimens in 1944 (E.M.M. , Nat., 1945, p. 30). NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 339 ACMIDAE ACME Hartmann fusca (Mont.) — Very local. Not uncommon in Forge Valley ; rare in Yedmandale ; one record Beast Cliff (A. T. Moore, Nat., 1911, p. 108). HYDROBIIDAE POTAMOPYRGUS Stimpson jenkinsi (Smith) — First recorded in the district at Pickering water- cress beds (E.M.M., Nat., 1938, p. 237). In the immediate Scarborough area first records are R. Derwent, West Ayton, 1944 W. Thurgood, Nat., 1945, p. 29), and in watercress at Folkton, 1946 (Dr. M. Ealing). These records indicate that its first appearance was some time prior to 1944. Since that time the species has spread rapidly and is now abundant in R. Hertford and R. Derwent (E.A.W.). var. carinata Marshall — Occurs commonly with the type (A.T.W.). BITHYNIA Leach tentaculata (L. ) — Abundant on the Carrs ; formerly in the Mere but now extinct ; extremely abundant in Hackness Lake, being almost the only living mollusc, 1952 (E.A.W.). leachii (Shepp.) — One record, Ellerburn, Thornton-de-Dale, with previous species (G.F., Nat., 1922, p. 296). Order BASOMMATOPHORA ELLOBHDAE CARYCHIUM Mueller minimum Muell. (agg.) — Common in woods among moss and dead wood. Both segregates into which Carychium has now been separated (C. minimum s.s. and C. tridentatum (Risso)) have been recorded from v.c. 62 (York N.E.) and probably occur in the Scarborough district, but have not yet been definitely identified. LEUCOPHYTIA Winckworth bidentata (Mont.) — Said to have lived on the piers many years ago but cannot now be found ; dead shell found on the shore in 1908 had probably drifted down the coast (J.A.H.). LYMNAEIDAE LYMNAEA Lamarck truncatula (Muell.) — Local. Occurs on and near the coast from Ravenscar to Flamborough in ponds, marshes and streams and ocasionally in drinking troughs (J.A.H.) ; is less frequently found inland. glabra (Muell.) — Rare. A decollate form has persisted for many years in a small marsh in Lady Edith’s Drive ; the marsh is frequently dry and all the shells are small. Formerly in a pond in Cayton Bay, now extinct. Langdale End (J.A.H.) ; Harwood Dale (E.A.W.) ; Kingthorpe Woods, 1929 (G.F., Nat., 1929, p. 345). A sinistral specimen was found in Lady Edith’s Drive (H. Beeston, Journ. Conch., xii, 1908, p. 191). 340 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT palustris (Muell.) — Very common and widely distributed, var. elongata Moq.-Tand. — Seamer Carrs (J.A.H.). var. conica Jeffr. — Seamer Carrs (J.A.H.). var. roseolabiata Jeffr. — Occurs commonly with type (J.A.H.). stagnaiis (L.) — Not common. Formerly in the Mere ; occurs in Cay ton Bay and sparingly on the Carrs, var. fragilis L. — Pond on Filey Road, now drained (J.A.H.). auricularia (L.) — Not common. Local shells are usually small, var. acuta (Jeffr.) — Hackness Lake (J.A.H.) ; R. Derwent, Ayton (W.C.H., Nat., 1892, p. 368). peregra (Muell.) — Very abundant and generally distributed. Variable in form and condition. Large numbers have been introduced into the Mere and R. Derwent to provide food for fish. Sinistral specimens were found in a small pond near Hackness. In 1923 sinistral specimens from a pond near Leeds were introduced into a pond near Cayton Station ; it is not known whether they survived (W.G.). var ovata Drap. — Pickering Beck (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, p. 273). var. succineiformis Jeffr. — In a ditch on Thorn Park (E.A.W.). glutinosa (Muell.) — Specimens in Scarborough Museum are said to have been taken in the Valley ; no trace can now be found. PHYSIDAE APLEXA Fleming hypnorum (L.) — Abundant on the Carrs (J.A.H.) ; Throxenby Mere, specimens small in size (E.A.W.). PHYSA Draparnaud fontinalis (L.) — Common on the Carrs. PLANORBIDAE PLANORBARIUS Froriep corneus (L.) — Not common. Introduced into a pond on Seamer Moor and Throxenby Mere, 1906 ; has since increased and is now abundant, especially in the former locality (E.A.W.). PLANORBIS Mueller carinatus (Muell.) — Not common. Formerly abundant in the Mere, now extinct ; sparingly on the Carrs. var. disciformis Jeffr. — Formerly in Scarborough Mere (J.A.H.). planorbis (L.) — Fairly common on the Carrs. Fen Bog, Newton Dale, 1937 (H. Britten). vortex (L.) — Rare. Scalby Cut (J.A.H.) ; Filey (T.C., Nat., 1914, p. 255) ; Kingthorpe Woods (G.F., Nat., 1929, p. 345). leucostoma Mill. (= spirorbis (L.)) — Very abundant. Large numbers of scalariform specimens were taken in Ca5don Bay some years ago, but they have now disappeared (J.A.H.). laevis Aid. — Rare. Occurred only in a pond at Suffield, where it was abundant on Elodea canadensis, but a careful search in 1920 resulted in no specimens being found (E.A.W.) . No recent records, albus (Muell.) — Widely distributed but not common. NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 341 crista (L.) — Widely distributed. Often abundant where found, var. laevigata Adami — Scarborough Mere (J.A.H.) ; Dane’s Dyke Pond, about one to five of type (J.E.C., Nat., 1906, p. 245). contortus (L.) — Abundant and widely distributed. SEGMENTINA Fleming complanata (L.) ( = PI. fontanus Lightf.) — Rare. In ponds between Cayton and Lebberston (J.A.H., E.A.W.) ; Ellerburn, Thornton- le-Dale (G.F., Nat., 1922, p. 296). ANCYLIDAE ACROLOXUS Beck lacustris (L.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. ANCYLUS Mueller fluviatilis (Muell.) — Common in most of the becks where conditions are suitable. var. albida Jeffr. — Scalby Beck (A.H.). Order STYLOMMATOPHORA SUCCINEIDAE SUCCINEA Draparnaud putris (L.) — Early records are open to doubt as to identification, but has been recently recorded from Forge Valley, where an unusually dark form was taken (E.M.M., Nat., 1945, p. 30). pfeifleri Rossm. — Probably early records of S. elegans refer to this species. Authenticated records are from rocks just above high water mark at Thornw'ick Bay (A.E.E.) ; pond in Cornelian Bay (E.A.W. det A.E.E.) ; Jackson’s Bay (E.A.W. ). elegans Risso — Records of this species are open to doubt and cannot be included in this list. COCPILICOPIDAE AZECA Fleming goodalli (Fer.) — Rare. Occurs only in Forge Valley. COCHLICOPA Ferussac lubrica (Muell.) — Common and generally distributed. The closely allied species C. minima (Siem.) is also widely spread in the British Isles and no doubt occurs in the Scarborough area though it has not so far been recorded. Quick (Proc. Malac. Soc., xxx, 1954, pp. 204-213) gives an excellent account — with figs. — of the two species and points out that the correct name for C. minima appears to be lubricella (Porro). VERTIGINIDAE COLUMELLA Westerlund edentula (Drap.) — Common. Occurs on Lastraea, Iris, Carex pendula, Spiraea, etc. VERTIGO Mueller pusilla (Muell.) — Very rare. One locality, a wall near Ayton Castle (W.C.H.), although the last records from there are in 1923 (W.G.). 342 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT antivertigo (Drap.) — Not common. Formerly abundant iii a bog on the Castle Hill, before it was drained (J.A.H.) ; also recorded from Forge Valley and Throxenby Mere (J.A.H.) . substriata (Jeffr.) — Not common. pygmaea (Drap.) — In 1896 in great abundance in Forge Valley. Not common now but widely distributed. PUPILLA Fleming muscorum (L.) — Fairly common. LAURIA Gray cylindracea (da Costa) — Generally distributed and often exceedingly abundant. var. edentula Gray — Suffield (J.A.H.). anglica (Wood) — Not common, but widely distributed. Forge Valley, Scarborough South Cliff, Filey, Speeton (J.A.H.) ; Flamborough Head (W.C.H., Nat., 1902, p. 271) ; Hole of Horcum (C.F.S., Nat., 1938, p. 311). Usual habitat is moss with water slowly trickling through it. VALLONHDAE ACANTHINULA Beck aculeata (Muell.) — Not common but widely distributed, lamellata (Jeffr.) — Not common and sparingly distributed. Yedman- dale. Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke. Usually on dead holly and beech leaves. VALLONIA Risso costata (Muell.) — Widely distributed. More common at foot of Wolds than V. pulchella (A.H.). pulchella (Muell.) — Fairly common and widely distributed, exentrica Sterki — Rare. Ay ton Road (J.A.H.). ENIDAE ENA Turton obscura (Muell.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. CLAUSILHDAE MARPESSA Gray laminata (Mont.) — Fairly common and widely distributed. CLAUSILIA Draparnaud bidentata (Stroem) — Common and generally distributed. BALEA Gray perversa (L.) — Widely distributed ; locally abundant, FERUSSACIIDAE CECILIOIDES Ferussac acicula (Muell.) — Local and not common. Castle Hill, Irton, Cayton Bay, Folkton. TESTACELLIDAE TESTACELLA Draparnaud maugei Fer. — Rare. In a garden on South Cliff, 1900, probably introduced with plants (J.A.H.). NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 343 haliotidea Drap. — Rare. All records are from the South Cliff, Scarborough, the most recent being one in Holbeck Gardens, -/3/52 (E.A.W. del. A.S.). scutulum Sow. — Formerly very abundant in Walshaw’s Nursery Gardens where it was known for fifty years. Has been recorded from other parts of the town, and at Scalby. HELICIDAE HELICOGONA Ferussac lapicida (L.) — Specimens in the Scarborough Museum are marked ‘ Scarborough ’, but none have been found within the district and the exact locality where these were taken is not known. A few specimens were found at Appleton-le-Moors, six miles outside the district, in August, 1947 (E.A.W. ). ARIANTA Turton arbustorum (L.) — Generally distributed and common. Formerly abundant on the Castle Hill, but has markedly declined in recent years. var. alpestris Zieg. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. fusca Fer. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. fuscescens Dum. & Mort. — Rare. Castle Hill (J.A.H.) ; Scalby Road (A.H.) ; Farwath Bridge, Newton Dale (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, p. 273). var. cincta Tayl. — Cliffs north and south of Scarborough (J.A.H. ); Fyling Hall (G.F., Nat., 1924, p. 273). var. flavescens Moq.-Tand. — Castle Hill, Scalby Road and Spa Gardens (J.A.H.). THEBA Risso pisana (Muell.) — In 1916 living specimens were turned down near Scalby Mills ; nothing has been seen of them since (J.A.H.). HELIX Linnaeus hortensis (Muell.) — Generally distributed. More common than H. nemoralis except on the cliffs and has disappeared from many roadside localities where formerly abundant. var. roseolabiata Tayl. — Scarborough (J.A.H.) ; Bempton Cliffs (J.E.C., Nat., 1906, p. 245). var. fuscolabiata Von Mart. — Fairly common, var. albina Moq.-Tand. — Rare. Castle Hill, var. lutea Moq.-Tand. — Common. var. olivacea Tayl. — Fairly common and widely distributed, var. arenicola MacGill. — Ruston, Cayton Bay, Castle Hill, Lebber- ston (E.A.W.). var. citrinozonata Tayl. — Scarborough, 1948 and 1950 (E.A.W.). var. quinquevittata Moq.-Tand. — Pickering (G. F., Nat., 1929, p. 345). nemoralis L. — Well distributed throughout the district, but generally more abundant on the cliffs than inland. Now rare or absent in many roadside localities where formerly abundant. Out of 70 344 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT specimens taken from a chalk-pit at Binnington, five weighed .02 oz. and one .12 oz., or six times the weight of the lightest (W.G.). var. compressa Terv. — Ganton (W.G.). var. ponderosa Malm. — Binnington (W.G.). var. albolabiata Von Mart. — Binnington, Flixton. var. rubella Moq.-Tand. — Filey (T.C., Nat., 1914, p. 255). var. libellula Risso — Fairly common. var. olivacea Risso — Pickering watercress beds (E.M.M., Nat., 1938, p. 237). var. roseozonata Cock. — Rare. Castle Hill, Cayton Bay, Allerston (W.G.). var. hyalozonata Tayl. — Rare. Castle Hill, Folkton (W.G.). var. citrinozonata Cock. — Rare. Records from Castle Hill only (E.A.W., E.M.M.). var. undulata Gent. — Fairly common but very local, var. camea Baud. — Pickering watercress beds (E.M.M., Nat., 1938, p. 237). var. quinquefasciata Moq.-Tand. — Pickering and Scarborough Race Course (G.F., Nat., 1929, p. 345-6). aspersa (Muell.) — Abundant in many localities, and generally distri- buted. This shell is sometimes gathered by fishermen for bait (J.A.H.)._ var. conoidea Pic. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. tenuior Shuttlew. — Scarborough (J.A.H.). var. nigrescens Moq.-Tand. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. unduiata Moq.-Tand. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. zonata Moq.-Tand. — Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. exalbida Menke — Peasholm (A.H.) ; Castle Hill ; Ayton Road, locality now destroyed. var. lutescens Tayl. — Colony found on roadside near Hutton Buscel in 1909 (W.G.). Specimens still present in 1948 (E.A.W.). pomatia L. — In 1868 an attempt was made to introduce this species into Forge Valley. No living specimens have been found for many years and it is not known how long they persisted. A dead shell was found in 1907 (W.G.). HYGROMIA Risso subrufescens (Miller) — -Very common in Forge Valley and occurs in several other parts of the district, var. vitrea Fer. — Forge Valley (J.A.H.). striolata (Pfeiff., C.) (= H. rufescens Penn.) — Formerly very local but common where it occurred. Now the dominant species in and around the town has extended its range in the surrounding country and is now very abundant and generally distributed, var. rubens Moq.-Tand. — Scalby (J.A.H.) ; Hackness (G.F., Nat., 1925, p. 343). var. albocincta Cock. — Common with type (E.A.W.). NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 345 var. alba Moq.-Tand. — Suffield, Scarborough (E.A.W.) ; Hackness (G.F., Nat., 1925, p. 343). hispida (L.) — Common and generally distributed. A sinistral speci- men taken in Holbeck Gardens, Scarborough, 1/8/52 (E.A.W. , Nat., 1953, p. 26). var. hispidosa Mouss. — Less common than type but generally distributed (J.A.H.). var. depilata Aid. — Forge Valley, Yedmandale, Red Cliff, Castle Hill. var. subrufa Moq.-Tand. — Almost as common as type (J.A.H.). var. albida Jeffr. — Castle Hill, Burniston, Forge Valley (J.A.H.). MONACHA Fitzinger granulata (Aid.) — Abundant in Forge Valley ; less common in other places. cantiana (Mont.) — In 1908 J. A. Hargreaves recorded it as common where it occurs, but confined to the south and west of the town, while W. Gyngell considered it the dominant species on the Wolds, except for the northern slopes. In recent years it has made a very marked spread in its range the following records illustrating this spread, the dates referring to the first year in which it was noticed in each locality. 1948, corner of Stepney Drive and Scalby Road, Scarborough ; 1952, fairly common Coldy Hill Lane, Newby; 1953, near Lindhead, Burniston (E.A.W.). 1948, between Osgodby Hill Top and Cayton and at Crossgates ; 1949, near Seamer Station ; 1952, extremely abundant between Eastfield and Cayton ; 1953, common on the road from Cayton to Folkton (E.A.W.). var. albida Tayl. — Musham Bank (J.A.H.) ; Seamer Mere (E.A.W.) ; Lindhead, Burniston (E.A.W.). HELICELLA Ferussac caperata (Mont.) — Generally distributed ; variable in colour and markings. A sinistral specimen taken in Ayton Quarry (W.G.). var. subscalaris Jeffr. — Not common. Osgodby (J.A.H. ). var. bizonalis Moq.-Tand. — Rare. Forge Valley (J.A.H.). var. omata Pic. — Occurs with other forms in a few localities, var. fulva Moq.-Tand. — Fairly common. var. lutescens Pasc. — Fairly common. Occurs with type (J.A.H.). var. alba Pic. — Rare. Forge Valley (J.A.H.). gigaxi (Pfeiff., L.) — Rare. Recorded from an old chalk pit at Willerby Wold, 1912 (W.G.) ; Ayton Road, 1914 (J.A.H.). virgata (da Costa) — Extremely abundant and generally distributed. Varies enormously in colour, size and markings. Four sinistral specimens have been taken, the most recent one on Oliver's Mount, Scarborough, 1/9/52 (E.A.W., Nat., 1953, p. 26). var. depressa Requ. — Near Ayton (J.A.H.). var. Hneata Olivi — Common. var. leucozona Tayl. — Seamer, Cross Gates Quarry (E.A.W.). 346 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT var. rufulozonata Tayl. — Near Seamer (J.A.H.). var. maculata Moq.-Tand. — Not uncommon, var. radiata Hid. — Ayton Road (J.A.H.) ; Castle Hill (E.A.W.). var. nigrescens Grat. — Rare. Forge Valley (J.A.H.) ; Woodland Cemetery, Scarborough, 12/9/52 (E.A.W.) ; a beautiful dark violet form occurs in Cross Gates Quarry near Seamer (E.A.W. ). var. lutescens Moq.-Tand. — Very common, var. subalbida Poir. — Common, var. albicans Grat. — Common. var. hyalozona Tayl. — Rare. Occurs in widely separated places associated with other forms. Specimens in which the banding is only partially transparent from Castle Hill, 1949 (E.A.W.). itala (L.) — Widely distributed ; abundant where it occurs, var. leucozona Moq,-Tand. — Rare. Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. hyalozonata Cock. — Rare. Castle Hill (J.A.H.). var. alba Charp. — Rare. Castle Hill (J.A.H.). ENDODONTIDAE PUNCTUM Morse pygmaeum (Drap.) — Widely distributed and at times abundant. DISCUS Fitzinger rotundatus (Muell.) — Extremely abundant all over the district, var. turtoni Flem. — Forge Valley (J.A.H.). var. albus Moq.-Tand. — Fairly common and widely distributed. ARIONIDAE ARION Ferussac intermedius Norm. — Not common. Harwood Dale, Seamer Moor, Hayburn Wyke (J.A.H.) ; Filey (J.E.C., Nat., 1903, p. 245). circumscriptus Johnst. — Local, but common where it occurs. Majority of records are from the coastal regions of the district, hortensis Fer. — -Very abundant. var. nigra Moq.-Tand. — Scarborough Spa Gardens (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). subfuscus (Drap.) — Not common. Hayburn Wyke, 1894 (W.D.R.) ; Filey, 1903 (J.E.C.) ; Harwood Dale, 1904 (Nat., 1904, p. 182) ; Robin Hood's Bay, 1933 (E.M.M.). ater (L.) — Abundant throughout the district and occurs in the moor- land areas where it is the only mollusc. Variable, var. rufa L. — Langdale End (J.A.H.). var. brunnea Roeb. — Scarborough, 1913 (W.J.C.) ; Hutton Buscel, 1914 (W.G.) : Pickering, 1929 (G.F.) ; Scarborough (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). var. plumbea Roeb. — Newtondale (W.D.R. , Nat., 1886, p. 273). var. bicolor Roeb. — Scarborough (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). var. alba L. — Hutton Buscel, 1914 (W.G.) ; Hackness, 1921 (A.E.P.). var. aterrima Tayl.— Scarborough, Forge Valley (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 347 var. castanea Dum. & Mort. — Ramsdale Woods, 1888 (W.D.R.) ; Hole of Horcum, 1937 (H.B.). var. albolateralis Roeb. — Bempton and Flamborough, found spar- ingly (J.E.C., Nat., 1906, p. 245). var. nigrescens Raz. — Flamborough, 1 specimen (W.D.R. , Nat., 1906, p. 245). var. succinea Muell. — Newtondale (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, p. 273). All the above records refer to the aggregate only. No specimens of A. rufus (L.) have yet been determined, as it is only separable from A. ater (s.s.) by anatomy and the only specimen so far authenticated proved to be A. ater (L.) var. castanea Dum. & Mort. taken in Raincliffe Woods, 1954 (Dr. H. E. Quick in litt.). ZONITIDAE EUCONULUS Reinhardt fulvus (Muell.) — Common and widely distributed. var. alderi Gray — Raincliffe Woods, Forge Valley (J.A.H.). VITREA Fitzinger crystallina (Muell.) — Common OXYCHILUS Fitzinger draj>ernaldi (Beck) — Not common. Probably introduced with plants as most of the records are from public gardens (E.A.W.). cellarius (Muell.) — Common and generally distributed. var. albina Moq.-Tand. — One specimen Forge Valley (W.G.). alliarius (Miller) — Common and generally distributed. var. viridula Jeffr. — Fairly common, Forge Valley, helveticus (Blum) — Not common. May have been introduced with plants (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121) RETINELLA Fischer radiatula (Aid.) — Rare. Sparingly distributed. var. viridescenti-alba Jeffr. — Hayburn Wyke, 1901 (J.A.H.). pura (Aid.) — Common. var. nitidosa Gray — Forge Valley, Suffield (J.A.H.) ; Raincliffe Woods (E.A.W.). var. margaritacea Jeffr. — Pickering Castle (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, nitidula (Drap.) — Very common. p. 273). var. nitens Mich. — Forge Valley (J.A.H. ). ZONITOIDES Lehmann excavatus (Aid.) — Rare. Occurs in a few widely separated localities, e.g. Hayburn Wyke (J.A.H.) ; Spikers Plill, Forge Valley (E.A.W.) ; Hole of Horcum, 4/4/38 (C.F.S., Nat., 1938, p. 311). Has not been recorded from the Wolds, as this is the only British molluscan calcifuge (Boycott). nitidus (Muell.) — Not common. Formerlv in a bog on Castle Hill, but now probably extinct (J.A.H.) ; drv ditch at Folkton, 1918 (W.G.) ; Hole of Horcum, 1938 (C.F.S.) ; Raincliffe Woods, 1943 (E.M.M.). 348 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT VITRINIDAE VITRINA Drapernaud pellucida (Muell.) — Abundant and generally distributed. LIMACIDAE MILAX Gray gagates (Drap.) — One record, a specimen in Bempton Village (J.E.C., Nat., 1906, p. 245). sowerbyi (Fer.) — Common. var. nigrescens Roeb. — Castle Hill, 1912 (J.A.H.). UMAX Linnaeus maximus L. — Common and widely distributed. var. ferrussaci Moq.-Tand. — Scarborough (J.A.H.). var. cellaria D’Arg. — Newtondale (W.D.R., Nat., 18S6, p. 273). var. obscura Moq.-Tand. — Oliver’s Mount (J.A.H.). cinereoniger Wolf. — Rare. Forge Valley, Harwood Dale, Hayburn Wyke (J.A.H.) ; Kingthorpe Woods, 1929 (W.G.). flavus L. — Common. Rather sporadic in its appearance. var. virescens Moq.-Tand. — Thornton-le-Dale (G.F., Nat., 1922, p. 296). marginatus Muell. — Common and generady distributed. var. nemorosa Baud. — Beast Cliff (W.D.R., Nat., 1891, p. 289). AGRIOLIMAX Moerch reticulatus (Muell.) (= A. agrestis of British authors before 1941) — Very abundant and generalty distributed. var. sylvatica Moq.-Tand. — Newtondale (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, p. 273). var. albida Pic. — Newtondale (W.D.R., Nat., 1886, p. 273). var. reticulata Moq.-Tand. — Spa Gardens (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121) ; Castle Hill (E.A.W.). var. rufescens Less. & Poll. — Scarborough Spa Gardens (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). var. pallida Schrenk — Scarborough Spa Gardens (E.M.M., Nat., 1943, p. 121). The true A. agrestis (L.) has not been recorded from the Scarborough area. laevis (Muell. )— Common. Well distributed in damp places. Class BIVALVIA Order EULAMELLIBRANCHIATA UNIONIDAE UNIO Philipsson pictorum (L.) — Rare. R. Hertford, the shells are small and often encrusted with algae, occurs in proportion of 10% Unio to 90% Anodonta ( W . G . ) . NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA 349 tumidus Phil. — The only evidence of the occurrence of this species in the district is a few dead shells found on the site of the old monastery at Seamer. The molluscs had been dead for many years (E.A.W.). ANODONTA Lamarck cygnea (L.) — Formerly in the Mere where the shells were clean and finely coloured, one specimen measured 6| ins. Also in the Valley pond, where the shells were dark and tumid, but in 1927 only dead shells could be found there. In 1898 a remarkably deformed specimen was taken in the Valley pond (E.A.W., Journ. Conch, xiii, 1910, pp. 97-8), and curiously distorted shells have been found in a pond at Langdale End (E.A.W.). Occurs in R. Hertford, Scalby Cut and Peasholm Lake, var. arenaria Schrot. — R. Hertford (J.A.H.). anatina (L.) — Occurs in Scalby Cut, R. Hertford and Burniston Beck. SPHAERHDAE SPHAERIUM Scopoli corneum (L.) — Abundant on the Carrs. Formerly in the Mere and nearby ditches. Also recorded from Kingthorpe ponds (G.F., Nat., 1929, p. 345). Hertford River, 1954 (A.J.W.). transversum (Say) — In 1908 12 young specimens were introduced into a pond in Burniston Road, and 23 into a pond opposite Burniston school, but both ponds have long since been drained and built over (E.A.W.). lacustre (Muell.) — Not common but well distributed. PISIDIUM Pfeiffer, C. Most of the records for this genus are old and the specimens not now available for re-examination. Revision of the genus has made such records unreliable and it seems desirable to omit all but the following which have been verified by D. K. Kevan of Edinburgh and A. E. Ellis of Epsom in 1943, from the collection of A. Smith, amnicum (Muell.) — Abundant and widely distributed, cinereum Aid. (= casertanum (Poll)) — Scarborough (W.G.) ; pond near Silpho and Ruston stream, 1954 (A.J.W. det. A.W.S.). personatum Malm. — Thro.xenby Mere, 1930, Burniston Road, 1937 (A.S.). obtusale (Lam.) — Cayton Bay, 1920, Lady Edith's Drive (A.S.) ; Hackness, ditch near Sherburn, 1954 (A.J.W. det. A.W.S.). milium Held — Cayton Bay, 1920 (A.S.). subtruncatum Malm — Throxenby Mere, 1920 (A.S.) ; ditch near Sherburn, 1954 (A.J.W. det. A.W.S.). henslowanum (Shepp.) — Scarborough (A.S.). hibernicum (West.) — Scarborough (A.S.). nitidum Jenyns — Stream near Brompton, 1954 (A.J.W. det. A.W.S.). 350 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT INDEX OF GENERA Acanthinula 342 Helicella 345 Acme 339 Helicogona 343 Acroloxus 341 Helix 343 Agriolimax 348 Hygromia 344 Ancylus 341 Lauria 342 Anodonta 349 Leucophytia 339 Aplexa 340 Limax 348 Arianta 343 Lymnaea 339 Arion 346 Azeca 341 Marpessa 342 Milax 348 Balea 342 Monacha 345 Bithynia 339 Carychium 339 Oxychilus 347 Cecilioides 342 Clausilia 342 Physa 340 Cochlicopa 341 Pisidium 349 Columella 341 Planorbarius 340 Planorbis 340 Discus 346 Pomatias 338 Potamopyrgus 339 Ena 342 Punctum 346 Euconulus 347 Pupilla 342 Retinella 347 Segmentina 341 Sphaerium 349 Succinea 341 Testacella 342 Theba 343 Theodoxus 338 Unio 348 Vallonia 342 Valvata 338 Vertigo 341 Vestacella 342 Vitrea 347 Vitrina 348 Viviparius 338 Zonitoides 347 MARINE FISHES Professor E. A. Spaul Introduction Fishing has been a prominent feature of life on the Yorkshire coast for so long that ft is not surprising to find a published list of Fishes dating as far back as the early part of the last century and even earlier records. The extent of the coastline and the catches of local fishing fleets have provided opportunities for a succession of naturalists over the years to gather much information upon the variety and abundance of the fish to be found. Its completeness is due in great part to the enthusiasm and persistent interest of that distinguished and experienced naturalist the late W. J. Clarke, who was the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society recorder of fishes for so many years. Apart from his own numerous observations he collected all previous reliable records and compiled the “ List of Yorkshire Marine Fishes ” published in The Naturalist 1944, with many valuable notes upon their abundance, time of appearance and distribution. His work is essentially the basis of the present list in which the fish are classified according to the British Museum List of British Vertebrates, 1935. Reference has been made also to the Fauna Lists of Plymouth and the Isle of Man, Travis- Jenkins’ " The Fishes of the British Isles ”, and other publications. In the final revision of the list the author had the benefit of the advice of Dr. Ethelwyn Trewavas and Mr. D. W. Tucker of the British Museum. The records, with often only general or approximate locations given, cover a very wide area with no well-defined limits from the coast sea- wards or along the coast as in the case of sections dealing with the land fauna and flora. The greater freedom of movement and uniformity of the medium make a rigid definition of boundaries impossible and undesirable for an appreciation of the real character of the fish population with its variations and changes. Further, as many of these records are the result of landings made at Scarborough, much valuable and important information would be lost if their acceptance was determined by the relation of their location to a prescribed area. The list is of great interest and value not only for its length and the rare specimens included but also for its indication of the fluctuations in the fish population with the seasons and the changes observable over a period of years. Some species are inshore, others deep sea in habit, many more inshore only during the spring and summer for spawning or for food, coming shorewards either individually or in small groups or shoals. The seasonal preference of some is the result of a migration from a distance beyond this region. Many of these migrations, like the shoals appearing in the shallow waters during the warmer months, have an established regularity and are characteristic of this coast, but some are rare and accidental in their occurrence, a few having wandered far from their usual habitats. Among the rarer species, some have not been 351 352 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT recorded again since the latter part of last century ; others, however, are relatively recent records and there are those occasional visitors with long and variable intervals between their appearances. It would seem that most fish have maintained their numbers, but some reported as abundant in the early records are now rare, whilst others, like the Tunny, hardly seen apparently in the old days, are now common during part of the year at least. These variations in the appearance and abundance of different species over a period of years suggest the possibility of changing conditions (climatic, fluctuations in the seasonal range of salinity, temperature, etc.), even though recording may have improved, but whether changes in the great expanse of the sea or local factors are responsible cannot be decided in the absence of further information. Nevertheless, the value and importance of continuous records such as these cannot be over-emphasised, since they can be usefully correlated with more specific investigations and at the same time provide evidence relevant to many other problems. In some cases the cause is known. Pollution on the shore or from rivers has reduced the numbers of salmon and possibly affected some inshore fish, and overfishing has produced a decline in size and quantity of some species landed by trawlers in recent times. Class MARSIPOBRANCHII Order HYPEROARTIA PETROMYZONIDAE PETROMYZON Linnaeus marinus L. — SEA LAMPREY — not common, attacks tunny. LAMPETRA Gray fluviatilis (L.) — LAMPERN, RIVER LAMPREY — enters Scalby Beck for spawning, seen in Derwent and Esk, but less commonly in sea. Order HYPEROTRETA MYXINIDAE MYXINE Linnaeus glutinosa L. — HAGPTSH or BORER — in deep water, not common, found inside cod and ling, occasionally washed ashore after a storm (emaciated victims called “ slinks ”). Class SELACHII Sub-Class EUSELACHII Order PLEUROTREMATA HEXANCHIDAE HEXANCHUS Rafinesque griseus (Bonn.) — SIX-GILLED SHARK — two brought in from Icelandic waters (1938) but there are no Yorkshire records although it occasionally strays into North Sea. MARINE FISHES 353 LAMNIDAE LAMNA Cuvier cornubica (Gmel.)— PORBEAGLE, called “ SKATE SCAUPER ” — most abundant of the larger sharks, off Yorkshire coast especially in summer. CETORHINUS Blainville maxlmus (Gunn.) — BASKING SHARK — not common, only small specimens seen. ALOPIAS Rafinesque vulpes (Gmel.) — THRESHER or FOX SHARK — rare, very few records. SCYLIORHINIDAE SCYLIORHINUS Blainville stellaris (L.)— LARGE or GREATER-SPOTTED DOGFISH, NURSEHOUND— scarce. canicula (L.)— LESSER SPOTTED DOGFISH, ROUGH HOUND — not common and irregular in appearance. CARCHARINIDAE CARCHARINUS Blainville glaucus (L.) — BLUE SHARK — caught occasionally off coast; one stranded on rocks, Filey Brigg, Dec., 1925. GALEORHINUS ■ Blainville galeus (L.)— TOPE, known as “ SWEET WILLIAM ’’—fairly common in deep water off Scarborough during the summer. MUSTELUS Cuvier mustelus (L.) — SMOOTH HOUND — said to be common in Bridlington Bay and off Scarborough years ago, but not recorded for some 60 years. SQUALIDAE ECHINORHINUS Blainville brucus (Bonn.) — SPINOUS or BRAMBLE SHARK — accidental and rare visitor. SQUALUS Linnaeus acanthias (L.)— PIKED DOGFISH, SPUR DOG— a small shark abundant in summer and caught in trawl, herring nets and on lines ; when skinned sold as “ Deep Sea Gurnards ” ; can inflict poisonous wound with spines in front of dorsal fins. SOMNIOSUS Le Sueur microcephalus (Schneid.) — GREENLAND or SLEEPER SHARK— accidental and rare visitor. SQUATINIDAE SQUATINA Dumeril squatina (L.) — MONK, ANGEL or FIDDLE FISH — not common occasionally in trawl nets. 354 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order HYPOTREMATA TORPEDINIDAE TORPEDO Houttuyn marmorata Risso — MARBLED ELECTRIC RAY — accidental and rare occurrence (only one record) . nobiliana Bon. — COMMON ELECTRIC RAY — accidental and rare occurrence. HOMELYN RAY— fairly RAJA Linnaeus RAJIDAE montagui Fowl. — SPOTTED RAY, common all the year, clavata L. — THORNBACK RAY — abundant in deep water through- out the year. A white variety caught 8 miles off Scarborough, Sept., 1929, and a hermaphrodite (male organs on right, female on left), Dec., 1930. radiata Don.— STARRY RAY, locally “ JENNY HANOVER formerly rare, now abundant throughout the year, naevus Muell. & Henle— CUCKOO RAY, locally " BUTTERFLY ” — resident but not abundant ; an almost completely white variety (male) was caught near Scarborough, June, 1930. fullonica L.— SHAGREEN RAY, FULLER’S RAY, locally “ WHITEHOUSE ’’ — resident, not common, batis L.— SKATE, FLAPPER SKATE, locally “ BLUE SKATE ”— resident and common in deep water, oxyrhynchus L.— LONG-NOSED SKATE, locally “ FAIR- WIND FISH ” — resident, not common. TRYGONIDAE TRYGON Cuvier pastinaca (L.) — STING RAY — occasional visitor but not common; an unusual colour variety was caught 18 miles off Scarborough, 1930 (almost black above, bright red with black margin beneath) . MYLIOBATIDAE MYLIOBATIS Dumeril aquila (L.)— EAGLE RAY — one record only, the first British record. Sub-Class HOLOCEPHALI CHIMAERIDAE CHIMAERA Linnaeus monstrosa L. — CHIMAERA, RABBIT-FISH — specimen exhibited in Scarborough, 1935, but doubtful if caught in North Sea. No other records. Class PISCES Sub-Class PALAEOPTERYGII Order CHONDROSTEI ACIPENSERIDAE ACIPENSER Linnaeus sturio L. — STURGEON — a few, mostly small, taken every year in trawl nets. MARINE FISHES 355 Sub-Class NEOPTERYGII Order ISOSPONDYLII CLUPEIDAE CLUPEA Linnaeus harengus L. — HERRING — very abundant in summer, less so in winter. sprattus L. — SPRAT — in great shoals inshore in summer ; shoals mixed with sand eels are known locally as “ Sile ALOSA Cuvier alosa (L. ) — ^ALLIS SHAD — not uncommon, brought in by both trawl and herring boats. fallax (Lac.) — TWAITE SHAD — frequent appearance but not common (both shads are given locally the name “ King Herring ”) . SARDINA Antipa pilchardus (Walb.) — PILCHARD, SARDINE — Casual visitor in summer. GONOSTOMATIDAE MAUROLICUS Cocco muelleri (Gmel.)— SKEPPY ARGENTINE, PEARLSIDE— this little phosphorescent fish is washed ashore at Scarborough on rare occasions. SALMONIDAE SALMO Linnaeus salar L. — SALMON — moves along coast in numbers during summer. trutta L. — SEA-TROUT or BROWN TROUT — large numbers around coast in summer, netted in shallow water off Scarborough. ARGENTINIDAE ARGENTINA Linnaeus sphyraena L. — HEBRIDAL ARGENTINE — one record, Yarrell, Redcar, Feb., 1852. silus (Asc.) — ARGENTINE — one record, taken off Scarborough, sent to British Museum. OSMERIDAE OSMERUS Linnaeus eperlanus L. — SMELT — in estuaries of Tees and Humber, not seen off Scarborough. Order APODES ANGUILLIDAE ANGUILLA Shaw anguilla (L.) — COMMON EEL — considerable migration along coast during autumn as they leave fresh water for Atlantic breeding ground. CONGRIDAE CONGER Cuvier conger (L.) — CONGER — resident but not abundant. 356 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order SYNENTOGNATHI SCOMBERESOCIDAE SCOMBERESOX Lacepede saurus (Walb.) — SAURY — a rare and occasional visitor. BELONIDAE BELONE Cuvier belone (L.) — GARFISH, locally “ MACKEREL GUIDE ” — common in inshore waters in summer. EXOCETIDAE EXOCOETUS Linnaeus volitans L. — FLYING FISH — record by T. Stephenson (Nat., 1894). Order SOLENICHTHYES SYNGNATHIDAE ENTELURUS Dumeril aequoreus (L.) — SNAKE PIPEFISH — resident, not common, some- times cast up after storms. NEROPHIS Rafinesque ophidion (L.)— STRAIGHT-NOSED PIPEFISH— among a list of fishes given in 1882 and earlier in 1860 ; recorded by Stephenson, 1880 ; no recent record. lumbrictformis (Yarr.) — WORM PIPEFISH — not common, resident in inshore waters, may be found beneath stones at low tide. SYNGNATHUS Linnaeus acus L. — GREATER PIPEFISH — resident, fairly common along coast, often found in crab-pots. SIPHONOSTOMA Kaup typhle (L.)— BROAD-NOSED PIPEFISH— only record by Woodall but no date or details. HIPPOCAMPUS Rafinesque hippocampus (L.) — SEA-HORSE — very rare, records give no dates or details. Order ANACANTHINI MERLUCCIIDAE MERLUCCIUS Rafinesque merluccius (L.) — HAKE — not very common, occasional small specimens brought in by trawlers. GADIDAE GADUS Linnaeus cailarias L. — COD — resident, very abundant both inshore and in deep water ; average size of adult decreasing as over-trawling of North Sea does not give fish time for full development ; fish weighing 56 lb., measuring 47 ins. in length caught at Scarborough, Mar., 1941, found on examination of vertebrae to be approx. 25 yrs. old ; six hermaphrodites have been noted and also some stunted specimens known locally as ‘ ‘ Lordfish ’ ’ ; small fish are known as ' ‘ Codling ’ ’ . medium size " Sprays ”. MARINE FISHES 357 aeglifinus L. — HADDOCK — :resident, still abundant but decreasing owing to over-trawling. luscus L. — BIB, POUT, locally “ BLIN ” — not common but often in limited numbers in catches from deep and inshore waters (some mistaken for John Dory) . minutus L. — POOR COD, POWER — only two records although this smallest member of the cod family is said to be common all round the British Isles (Travis- Jenkins) . merlangus L. — WHITING — resident, abundant, coming inshore during warm months in large numbers. poutassou (Risso) — POUTASSOU, COUCH’S WHITING — one record, Whitby, 1896 (Nat., 1896, Stephenson). virens L. — COALFISH, locally : adult “ BLACK JACK ” ; smaller “ BILLET ” ; young " PARRS ” — ^resident, abundant in rocky parts of coast, smaller average size than formerly. pollachius L.— POLLACK, locally “ WHITING PULLET ’’—not usually abundant but sometimes in warm months in considerable shoals coming inshore pursuing sprats and sand eels. UROPHYCIS Gill blennoides (Bruenn.) — GREATER FORK-BEARD — occasionally caught at long intervals. MOLVA Fleming molva (L.) — LING, locally Small specimens “ GRIZZLES ” — common near to the coast, usually in deep water. ONOS Risso mustelus (L.) — FIVE-BEARDED ROCKLING — resident, common in rock pools. tricirratus (Bloch) — THREE-BEARDED ROCKLING — not common, odd specimens occasionally both in deep and in shallow water. RANICEPS Cuvier raninus (L.)— LESSER FORK-BEARD or TADPOLE FISH— occurs sparingly in deep and inshore water and at times cast ashore after rough seas. BROSME Cuvier brosme (Muell.) — TORSK, TUSK — one recorded at Whitby, 1937; also in Ferguson’s List of Redcar Fishes (1860). Order ALLOTRIOGNATHI LAMPRIDIDAE LAMPRIS Retzius guttatus (Bruenn.) — OPAH, MOON FISH — extremely rare accidental visitor, last record 1869. TRACHYPTERIDAE REGALECUS Bruennich glesne (Asc.) — RIBBON FISH or OAR FISH — deep water species occasionally stranded on British shores, seven records from 1750-1880 ; one stranded at Flamborough, 1882 or 1883, and one at Robin Hood’s Bay, May, 1933. 358 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order ZEOMORPHI ZEIDAE ZEUS Linnaeus faber L. — JOHN DORY — not abundant, sometimes taken in trawl. CAPROIDAE CAPROS LacepMe aper (L.) — BOAR FISH — very rare accidental visitor, two records 1860 and 1877. Order PERCOMORPHI SERRANIDAE MORONE Mitchill labrax (L.) — BASS — this fine sea perch is not abundant off our coast, but limited numbers are caught at intervals, chiefly in our southern area. The largest caught weighed 18 lb. (Filey Brigg), but it is usually smaller. SERRANUS Cuvier cabrilla (L.) — COMBER — occasionally wanders to British waters from the Red Sea, Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic ; one record for the Yorkshire coast in 1938 was the first east of Dover Straits. CARANGIDAE TRACHURUS Rafinesque trachurus (L.) — SCAD, HORSE MACKEREL — common close inshore during the summer; actually good and palatable food. BRAMIDAE BRAMA Schneider rail (Bloch) — RAY’S SEA BREAM — irregular visitor, sometimes appears in considerable numbers stranded on beach. SCIAENIDAE SCIAENA Linnaeus aquila (Lac.) — MEAGRE — an accidental and very rare visitor; two records, Redcar 1847, Flamborough 1873. MULLIDAE MULLUS Linnaeus surmuletus L. — RED MULLET or SURMULLET — not common, occasionally in trawlers’ catches, mostly small and yellow-striped variety. SPARIDAE DENTEX Cuvier dentex (Gmel.) — DENTEX — only record 1932. PAGELLUS Cuvier & Valenciennes centfodontus (de la Roche) — COMMON SEA BREAM or RED BREAM — off-shore in small numbers, odd ones taken throughout the year. owenii Guenth. — AXILLARY BREAM — very rare. MARINE FISHES 359 SPONDYLIOSOMA Cantor cantharus (Gmel.) — BLACK BREAM or OLD WIFE — rare visitor from Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean ; five records : Dec., 1910 (2), Jan., 1932, Oct., 1934, Oct., 1936, all near Scarborough. CEPOLIDAE CEPOLA Linnaeus rubescens L. — RED BAND-FISH — said to have been cast ashore after storms (J. Cordeau.x), no other records. LABRIDAE L.ABRUS Linnaeus bergylta Asc. — BALLAN WRASSE, BERGYLT, locally " SEA PERCH ” — resident, common on rocky parts of coast; fishermen carry a triangular group of its throat teeth as amulet for good luck in fishing, called " bollan bones ”. mixtus L.— CUCKOO or STRIPED WRASSE— one record (J. Cordeaux) for Yorkshire, no date or locality. CTENOLABRUS Cuvier & Valenciennes rupestris (L.) — GOLD-SINNY — one record of fresh specimen from stomach of Coalfish, apparently just caught, Nov., 1933. Scarborough. AMMODYTIDAE AMMODYTES Linnaeus lanceolatus Lesauvage — GREATER SAND-EEL — common inshore in summer pursuing shoals of sprats. tobianus L. — LESSER SAND-EEL — very abundant in coastal waters during summer; mixed shoals of this fish and sprats are called “ sile ” locally. TRACHINIDAE TRACHINUS Linnaeus draco L. — GREATER WEEVER — resident in deep water but not common, occasionally caught in trawl nets. vipera Cuv. & Val.— LESSER WEEVER, locally “ STINGING FISH ” and “ NATTER-PARR ” — abundant in sandy bays close inshore, lies concealed in sand and can inflict a severe, painful wound with sharp stout spines of dorsal fin and gill cover which exude a poisonous secretion. SCOMBRIDAE SCOMBER Linnaeus scombrus L. — MACKEREL — abundant in warm months, coming inshore in great shoals. PNEUMATOPHORUS Jordan & Gilbert colias (Gmel.) — SPANISH MACKEREL — one record (T. Boynton, Bridlington, 1861). 360 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT THUNNUS South thynnus (L.) — TUNNY — two records up to 1853. In 1914 annual migration discovered on considerable scale during July, August and September; many caught in recent years mostly off Scarborough, usually between 500 lb. and 700 lb. ; heaviest caught 851 lb., smallest 313 lb. KATSUWONUS Kishinouye pelamis (L.)— BONITO or STRIPED-BELLIED TUNNY— two records, 1882 and 1922. SARDA Cuvier sarda (Bloch)— PELAMID or SHORT-FINNED TUNNY— two records, both caught in salmon nets in Filey Bay (Aug., 1933 — 4 lbs. ; June, 1936 — 8J lbs.) ; possibly occurs more frequently but mistaken for large mackerel. XIPHIDAE XIPHIAS Linnaeus gladius L. — SWORDFISH — casual but rare visitor ; four records between 1808 and 1874 ; one stranded (10 ft.) at Redcar, 1914 ; tunny fishers and Dutch herring fishers claim to have seen many off Scarborough of recent years but none caught. GOBIIDAE GOBIUS Linnaeus niger L. — BLACK GOBY — said to be common in rock pools at Redcar and Scarborough before 1881 but no records since then. ruthensparri Euphr. — SPOTTED GOBY — common in rock pools and elsewhere along coast, swimming in small groups near L.W.M. minutus Gmel. — FRECKLED or COMMON GOBY — said to be abundant in Scarborough rock pools (1881) ; only recent records Filey, 1928, Robin Hood’s Bay, 1938. jeffreysii Guenth. — JEFFREY’S GOBY — not abundant, occasionally in trawl net. CALLIONYMIDAE CALLIONYMUS Linnaeus lyra L.— DRAGONET, locally “ GREEN GUNNARD ’’—common in deep water, frequently seen in trawlers’ catches. BLENNIIDAE BLENNIUS Linnaeus pholis L.— SHANNY or SMOOTH BLENNY— very common resident in rock pools, fond of climbing out of water to bask in sunlight but dives into water when disturbed. CORYPHOBLENNIUS Norman galerita (L.)— YARRELL’S or CRESTED BLENNY— very rare resident in rock pools ; few records : 1832, in list of Scarborough fish (Murray) ; Sept., 1835, Redcar ; Nov., 1897, Scarborough ; Mar., 1920, Filey ; Feb., 1934, Burniston Bay. MARINE FISHES 361 PHOLIDAF PHOLIS Scopoli gunnellus (L.)— SPOTTED GUNNEL or BUTTERFISH, locally “ STINGING EEL ” — common rock pool resident. ZOARCIDAF ZOARCES Cuvier viviparus (L.)— VIVIPAROUS BLENNY, locally “ TOM POUT ” — common resident in shallow inshore waters ; gives birth to. perfectly formed living young. ANARHICHADIDAE ANARHICHAS Linnaeus lupus L. — WOLF-FISH, CATFISH, locally “ WOOF ” — common deep water resident frequently taken in trawl. latifrons Steenstr. & Hallgr. — WOLF-FISH — rare, taken near Scarborough in trawl, Aug., 1929, and Aug., 1932. STROMATEIDAE CENTROLOPHUS Lacepede niger (Gmel.) — BLACK FISH — very rare accidental visitor, two. records : Redcar, Feb., 1852; Scarborough, Nov., 1902. MUGILIDAE MUGIL Linnaeus chelo Cuv.— THICK-LIPPED GREY MULLETT— one record (Newbolt, Whitby). capito Cuv.— THIN-LIPPED GREY MULLET— occasionally in trawl nets, once reported abundant at Spurn ; there is confusion between different species of mullet which are very alike and past records are not reliable. ATHERINIDAE ATHERINA Linnaeus presbyter Cuv. — SAND SMELT, ATHERINE — rare visitor. Order SCLEROPAREI SCORPAENIDAE SEBASTES Cuvier marinus (L.)— BERGYLT, NORWAY HADDOCK, locally “ SOLDIER FISH ” owing to red colour — seldom taken in North Sea as native of Northern waters off Iceland and Norway ; records 1770 (Pennant) and Oct., 1933, both off Scarborough. viviparus Kroy. — Smaller and possible local variety of above, single example taken at Scarborough, July, 1927. TRIGLIDAE TRIGLA Linnaeus lucema L.— YELLOW or SAPPHIRINE GURNARD, locally " TUB ” — largest British gurnard, generally in trawlers’ catches-, but not in great numbers and not usually full size. 362 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT cuculus L. — RED GURNARD — not common, a few brilliantly coloured fish are obtained each year from deeper water. gumardus L. — ^GREY GURNARD — abundant and commonest York- shire gurnard coming into shallow water in warm months ; a red variety often mistaken for red gurnard. lineata Gmel. — STREAKED GURNARD — rare, two records ; Scar- borough, Jan., 1897 ; Robin Hood’s Bay, Feb., 1928. lyra L. — PIPER — only records in lists published 1832 and 1881. COTTIDAE COTTUS Linnaeus scorpius L.— SHORT-SPINED COTTUS, locally “ DEVILLY common all along the coast, small ones in rock pools, larger in deeper waters. bubalis Euphr.— LONG-SPINED BULLHEAD or COTTUS, SEA SCORPION — as abundant as short-spined species and has same bad name, both considered poisonous by fishermen. quadricomis L. — FOUR-HORNED SEA BULLHEAD — not common, in deep water, four records : Feb., 1905; Sept., 1926; Jan., 1928; all in trawl off Scarborough ; also one from Whitby, June, 1926. AGONIDAE AGONUS Schneider cataphractus (L.) — POGGE, ARMED BULLHEAD — not very common, occurs from time to time in trawl nets and one rock pool record years ago. CYCLOPTERIDAE CYCLOPTERUS Linnaeus lumpus L.— LUMPSUCKER, locally “ STONE CLAGGER common, fish coming into tidal waters in spring where males guard mass of salmon-coloured eggs attached to rock between tide marks. LIPARIDAE LIPARIS Scopoli liparis (L.) — SEA SNAIL — formerly common at Scarborough and often taken in crab-pots. montagui (Don.) — MONTAGU’S SEA SNAIL — common in rock pools under stones near low tide mark. GASTEROSTEIDAE SPINACHIA Cuvier spinachia (L.)— FIFTEEN-SPINED STICKLEBACK— resident, not common. Order HETEROSOMATA BOTHIDAE SCOPHTHALMUS Rafinesque maximus (L.) — TURBOT — in trawlers’ catches in moderate numbers and occasionally caught close inshore, varieties dark on both sides not uncommon, albino caught Scarborough, May, 1939. MARINE FISHES 363 rhombus (L.) — BRILL — in moderate abundance in deep water, not often caught inshore. LEPIDORHOMBUS Guenther whiff-iagonis (Walb.) — MEGRIM, SAIL-FLUKE — in only moderate numbers. PHRYNORHOMBUS Guenther norvegicus (Guenth.) — NORWEGIAN TOPKNOT — frequently in trawlers’ catches. regius (Bonn.) — ECKSTROM’S TOPKNOT — in list of Redcar fishes, 1860. ZEUGOPTERUS Gottsche punctatus (Bloch) — COMMON TOPKNOT, locally “ VELVET FISH ” — not frequently seen. PLEURONECTIDAE HIPPOGLOSSUS Cuvier hippoglossus (L.) — HALIBUT — now comparatively rare off coast and of smaller average size than formerly. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES Gottsche piatessoides (Fabr.) — LONG ROUGH DAB — frequent in trawls, not uncommon in deep water, but no commercial value owing to small size. LIMANDA Gottsche limanda (L.) — DAB — resident, common in inshore waters especially during warm months. PLEURONECTES Linnaeus platessa L. — PLAICE — resident and abundant, average size smaller than formerly owing to overfishing; largest local record 10| lb., caught near Scarborough, Mar., 1935, and according to growth rings on vertebrae age 22-23 yrs. Albino and partial whites not uncommon. MICROSTOMUS Gottsche kitt (Walb.) — LEMON SOLE — resident, common in deeper water, largest local record 5|- lb. GLYPTOCEPHALUS Gottsche cynoglossus (L.)— WITCH, POLE FLOUNDER— often in trawls but not numerous. PLATICHTHYS Girard flesus (L.)— FLOUNDER, locally “ HANDBUTT ’’—resident, common, reversed specimens with eyes on left side not uncommon. SOLEIDAE SOLEA Quensel solea (L.) — SOLE, DOVER SOLE — common in deeper water and occasionally comes into shallow tidal area ; white and orange varieties occur. MICROCHIRUS Bonaparte boscanion (Chab.) — SOLENETTE — record from Whitby, 1881, no details. 364 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order PLECTOGNATHI MOLIDAE MOLA Cuvier mola (L.) — SUNFISH — occasional visitor during warm months^ specimens up to 120 lb. taken at Scarborough. Order XENOPTERYGII GOBIESOCIDAE LEPADOGASTER Gouan gouani Lacepede — CORNISH SUCKER — not common ; in rock pools, in Robin Hood’s Bay. Order PEDICULATI LOPHIDAE LOPHIUS Linnaeus piscatorius L. — ANGLER, locally " MONK ” — common in deep water, occasionally comes inshore, large specimens 4-5 ft. formerly taken in trawls, but rarely now. FRESHWATER FISHES Professor E. A. Spaul INTRODUCTION There is only one river, the Derwent, of any size in the district, but many streams or becks of varying length and size exist, as well as ditches and ponds and one or two larger stretches of water. These provide a variety of conditions and habitats — gravel and mud bottoms, still, fast- and slow-moving water, open and overgrown stretches — favouring a good selection of fish. The Derwent at its beginning drains with its tributaries the northern part of our area, flows south and east towards the coast but then turns south through the Forge Valley to Ayton and reaches the broad expanse of the valley between Scarborough and Pickering. Here it turns away from the coast and proceeds west, receiving more tributaries,, and passes through Malton to join the Ouse later and reach the Humber. The streams in the north flow into the Esk which is beyond our northern boundary, and those in the east make their way to the coast. The Mere just outside Scarborough is a large and ancient stretch of water now some twenty acres in extent, although it has varied greatly in the past, and like the Derwent is noted for its fishing. At various times both the Mere and the Derwent have been restocked with fish (perch, carp, roach, tench, bream, trout and pike) to suit the needs of anglers, and good-sized fish are present in these waters according to weights recorded of specimens of the different species taken. Drought and pollution frequently affect the abundance of the fish. Plate VI facing page 364 TROUT {Sabno truita L.) MATING. JANUARY. 1955 FRESHWATER FISHES 365 Local angling clubs have provided valuable information to supplement the records of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society, collected mainly, as in the case of the Marine Fishes, by the late W. J. Clarke. Reference has been made also to the Victoria History of the County of York. The classification is based on the British Museum list of British Vertebrates, 1935, and revised by Dr. Ethelwyn Trewavas and Mr. W. D. Tucker of the British Museum. Class MARSIPOBRANCHII Order HYPEROARTIA PETROMYZONIDAE LAMPETRA Gray planer! (Bloch)— BROOK LAMPREY, PLANER’S LAMPREY— occasionally seen in the Derwent above Ayton, but often abundant in Scalby Beck, especially near its mouth. Class PISCES Sub-Class NEOPTERYGII Order ISOSPONDYLI SALMONIDAE SALMO Linnaeus j salar L. — SALMON — occasional after a spate in Scalby Beck. trutta L. — BROWN TROUT — numerous in the Derwent, common in Scalby Beck and other streams. gairdnerii (Richardson) — RAINBOW TROUT — have been introduced into the Derwent and the Mere but they disappear by the following season. Some are caught in the lower Derwent later, on their way to the sea. THYMALLUS Cuvier thymallus (L.) — GRAYLING — numerous in the upper Derwent and common in the lower reaches, but numbers appear to be less than twenty years ago ; also common in Scalby Beck. Order HAPLOMI ESOCIDAE ESOX Linnaeus lucius L. — PIKE — in the Derwent below Ayton and in the Mere which was stocked in 1921 with 25 18in. fish. Order OSTARIOPHYSI CYPRINIDAE CYPRINUS Linnaeus carpio L. — CARP — not uncommon in the Mere ; the largest caught was 8lb. ; the stock introduced in 1896 included a variety, the King Carp. 366 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CARASSIUS Nilsson carassius (L.) — CRUCIAN CARP — unknown in district until many were discovered in a pond at Kirby Misperton, averaging Sin. in length; introduced in June, 1942, into Scarborough and Throxenby Meres and into a pond at Wrea Head. GOBIO Cuvier gobio (L.) — GUDGEON — common in the Derwent and Scalby Beck, where they reach a large size ; many in a pond near Cayton Bay, but small and mostly blind. TING A Cuvier tinea (L.) — TENCH — introduced into the Mere in 1896 and now fairly common, specimens up to 41b. taken; also occurs in a brick, pond at Rillington. PHOXINUS Agassiz phoxinus (L.) — MINNOW — numerous in the Derwent especially below Ayton ; common in the Mere and very abundant in Scalby Beck. SQUALIUS Bonaparte cephalus (L.) — CHUB — common in all streams and the Mere and reach 41b. A 61b. specimen caught in the Derwent at Yedingham. LEUCISCUS Cuvier leuciscus (L.) — DACE — numerous and large in the Derwent below Ayton ; a specimen weighing 13Joz. caught at Ganton in November, 1934 — a local record. RUTILUS Rafinesque rutilus (L.) — ROACH — common in the Derwent and reach large size; specimens taken up to 21b. ; introduced into the Mere years aga and now common ; abundant also in the lake at Scampston. ABRAMIS Cuvier brama (L.) — BREAM, CARP BREAM — introduced into the Mere and now fairly common. NEMACHEILUS Van Hasselt barbatula (L.) — LOACH, STONE LOACH — common in Scalby Beck and the Derwent, especially the upper reaches. Order APODES ANGUILLIDAE ANGUILLA Shaw anguilla (L.) — EEL, COMMON EPiL — common in all streams. Order ANACANTHINI GADIDAE I, OTA Cuvier lota (L.)— BURBOT, locally BURBOT EELS— rare and local; occurs in the Derwent and Scalby Beck ; has been reported in drains ditches and slow streams. FRESHWATER FISHES 367 Order PERCOMORPHI PERCIDAE PERGA Einnaeus fluviatilis L. — PERCH — introduced into the Derwent and the Mere many years ago but found now only in the Mere, where they are common. ACERINA Cuvier cemua (L.) — POPE, RUFFE — not uncommon in the Derwent below Canton. Order SCLEROPAREI COTTIDAE COTTUS L innaeus gobio L. — MILLER’S THUMB, BULL-HEAD — common in Scalby Beck, but in smaller numbers in the Derwent especially above Ayton. GASTEROSTEIDAE GASTEROSTEUS Linnaeus aculeatus L.— THREE-SPINED STICKLEBACK, TITTLEBAT— has been reported to be in almost every ditch or pond in the district as well as the Derwent and Scalby Beck but records indicate that its abundance varies. PYGOSTEUS Gill pungitius (L.)— TEN-SPINED STICKLEBACK, TINKER— local in distribution ; abundant in ditches in Seamer and Flixton Carrs. INDEX OF GENERA Abramis 366 Coryphoblennius Katsuwonus 360 Acerina 367 360 Acipenser 354 Cottus 362,367 Labrus 359 Agonus 362 Ctenolabrus 359 Lamna 353 Alopias 353 Cyclopterus 362 Lampetra 352, 365 Alosa 355 Cyprinus 365 Lampris 357 Ammodytes 359 Lepadogaster 364 Anarhichas 361 Dentex 358 Lepidorhombus Anguilla 355, 366 363 Agentina 355 Echinorhinus 353 Leuciscus 366 Atherina 361 Entelums 356 Limanda 363 Esox 365 Liparis 362 Belone 356 Exocoetus 356 Lophius 364 Blennius 360 Lota 366 Brama 358 Gadus 356 Brosme 357 Galeorhinus 353 Maurolicus 355 Gasterosteus 367 Merluccius 356 Callionymus 360 Glyptocephalus Microchiras 363 Capros 358 363 Microstomus , 363 Carassius 366 Gobio 366 Mola 364 Carcharinus 353 Gobius 360 Molva 357 Centrolophus 361 Morone 358 Cepola 359 Hexanchus 352 Mugil 361 Cetorhinus 353 Hippocampus 356 Mullus 358 Chimaera 354 Hippoglossoides Mustelus 353 Clupea 355 363 Myliobatis 354 Conger 355 Hippoglossus 363 Myxine 352 368 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Nemacheilus 366 Raniceps 357 Squalus 353 Nerophis 356 Regalecus 357 Squatina 353 Rutilus 366 Syngnathus 356 Onus 357 Osmerus 355 Salmo 355, 365 Thunnus 360 Sarda 360 Thymallus 365 Pagellus 358 Sardina 355 Tinea 366 Perea 367 Sciaena 358 Torpedo 354 Petromyzon 352 Scomber 359 Trachinus 359 Pholis 361 Scomberesox 356 Trachurus 358 Phoxinus 366 Scophthalmus 362 Trigula 361 Phrynorhombus Scyliorhinus 353 Trygon 354 363 Sebastes 361 Platichthys 363 Serranus 358 Urophycis 357 Pleuronectes 363 Siphonostoma 356 Pneumatophorus Solea 363 Xiphias 360 359 Somniosus 353 Pygosteus 367 Spinachia 362 Zeugopterus 363 Spondyliosoma 359 Zeus 358 Raja 354 Squalius 366 Zoarces 361 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Allis Shad 355 Burbot 366 Eel 355, 366 Angel Fish 353 Burbot Eels 366 Electric Ray 354 Angler 364 Butterfish 361 Argentine 355 Butterfly 354 Fair-wind Fish 354 Armed Bullhead Fiddle Fish 353 362 Fifteen-spined Atherine 361 Carp 365 Stickleback 362 Axillary Bream Bream 366 Five-bearded 358 Catfish 361 Rockling 357 Chimaera 354 Flapper Skate 354 Ballan Wrasse 359 Chub 366 Flounder 363 Basking Shark 353 Coalfish 357 Flying Fish 356 Bass 358 Cod 356 Four-horned Sea Bergylt 359, 361 Comber 358 Bullhead 362 Bib 357 Conger 355 Fox Shark 353 Billet 357 Cornish Sucker Freckled Goby 360 Black Bream 359 364 Fuller’s Ray 354 Fish 361 Couch’s Whiting Goby 360 357 Garfish 356 Lack 357 Crested Blenny 360 Goby 360 Blin 357 Crucian Carp 366 Gold-sinny 359 Blue Shark 353 Cuckoo Ray 354 Grayling 365 Blue Skate 354 Wrasse 359 Greater Forkbeard Boar Fish 358 357 Bonito 360 Pipefish 356 Borer 352 Dab 363 Sand Eel 359 Bramble Shark Dace 366 Spotted Dogfish 353 Dentex 358 353 Bream 366 Devilly 362 Weever 359 Brill 363 Dover Sole 363 Green Gurnard Broad-nosed Dragonet 360 360 Pipefish 356 Greenland Shark Brook Lamprey 353 365 Eagle Ray Eckstrom’s 354 Grey Gurnard 362 Brown Trout 365 Grizzles 357 Bull-head 367 Topknot 363 Gudgeon 366 MARINE & FRESHWATER FISHES 369 Haddock 357 Hagfish 352 Hake 356 Halibut 363 Handbutt 363 Hebridal Argentine 355 Herring 355 Homelyn Ray 354 Horse Mackerel 358 Jeffrey’s Goby 360 Jenny Hanover 354 John Dory 358 Lampern 352 Large Dogfish 353 Lemon Sole 363 Lesser Forkbeard 357 Sand Eel 359 Spotted Dogfish 353 Weever 359 Ling 357 Loach 366 Long-nosed Skate 354 Long Rough Dab 363 Long-spined Bullhead 362 Cottus 362 Lumpsucker 362 Mackerel 359 Mackerel Guide 356 Marbled Electric Ray 354 Meagre 358 Megrim 363 Miller’s Thumb 367 Minnow 366 Monk 364 Monkfish 353 Montagu’s Sea Snail 362 Moon Fish 357 Natterparr 359 Norway Haddock 361 Norwegian Topknot 363 Nurse Hound 353 Oar Fish 357 Old Wife 359 Opah 357 Parrs 357 Pearlside 355 Pelamid 360 Perch 367 Pike 365 Piked Dogfish 353 Pilchard 355 Piper 362 Plaice 363 Planer’s Lamprey 365 Pogge 362 Pole Flounder 363 Pollack 357 Poor Cod 357 Pope 367 Porbeagle 353 Pout 357 Poutassou 357 Power 357 Rabbit Fish 354 Rainbow Trout 365 Ray’s Bream 358 Red Bandfish 359 Gurnard 362 Mullet 358 Ribbon Fish 357 River Lamprey 352 Roach 366 Rough Hound 353 Ruffe 367 Sail Fluke 363 Salmon 355, 365 Sand Smelt 361 Sapphirine Gurnard 361 Sardine 365 Saury 356 Scad 358 Sea Bream 358 Horse 356 Lamprey 352 Perch 359 Scorpion 362 Snail 362 Trout 355 Shagreen Ray 354 Shanny 360 Sheppy Argentine 355 Short-finned Tunny 360 Short-spined Cottus 362 Six-gilled Shark 352 Skate 354 Skate Scauper 353 Sleeper Shark 353 Smelt 355 Smooth Blenny 360 Hound 353 Snake Pipefish 356 Soldied Fish 361 Sole 363 Solenette 363 Spanish Mackerel 359 Spinous Shark 353 Spotted Goby 360 Gunnel 361 Ray 354 Sprat 355 Spur-dog 353 Starry Ray 354 Stinging Eel 361 Stinging Fish 359 Ray 354 Stone dagger 362 Loach 366 Straight-nosed Pipefish 356 Streaked Gurnard 362 Striped-bellied Tunny 360 Striped Wrasse 359 Sturgeon 354 Sun Fish 364 Surmullet 358 Sweet William 353 Swordfish 360 Tadpole Fish 357 Tench 366 Ten-spined Stickleback 367 Thick-lipped Grey Mullet 361 Thin-lipped Grey Mullet 361 Thorn back Ray 354 Three-bearded Rockling 357 Three-spined Stickleback 367 Thresher 353 Tinker 367 Tittlebat 367 Tom Pout 361 Tope 353 Topknot 363 Torsk 357 Trout 365 Tub 361 Tunny 360 Turbot 362 Tusk 357 Twaite Shad 355 Velvet Fish 363 Viviparous Blenny 361 Whitehouse 354 Whiting 357 Whiting Pullet 357 Witch 363 Wolf Fish 361 Woof 361 Worm Pipefish 356 Yarrell’s Blenny 360 Yellow Gurnard 361 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Elizabeth Rimington. Of the sixteen species given in the British Museum List, eleven are recorded from our area. The two species of Turtle are perhaps the most interesting and unusual, though both are vagrants and not inhabitants. The Viper is still fairly common in many parts of the moors, although local in its distribution. It does not as a rule grow to a great size and averages 20-22 ins. (males), and 23-25 ins. (females), though considerably larger ones have been recorded. During November and early December 1954 two pregnant female vipers were brought to Wood End Natural History Museum. In both cases eight young were born alive and lived for a short period in the Vivarium. In this country the gestation period of this species is from two to three months. Fertilisation does not take place until towards the end of May and the peak period of the birth of young is from August to mid-September. In North Sweden and Finland, as well as the mountainous regions of Europe, the breeding process is retarded into every second year, due to the shortness of the arctic summer, when the Viper is forced back into hibernation for a further eight or nine months. It is possible in the two cases mentioned that the pregnancy was accelerated due to the warmth of the Vivarium. In normal cases the birth would not have taken place until the spring of 1955. It could be suggested that this late pregnancy might have been due to late mating, but this is very unlikely. H. Velsoe (Structure and Seasonal Variation of the Male Reproductive Organs of Vipera Berus, Spolia Zool. Mus. Haumensis, Copenhagen, 1944) has pointed out that during autumn only a small percentage of mature spermatozoa are present in the male. The most reasonable explanation is suggested by Dr. M. Smith (The British Amphibians and Reptiles, 243, 1951), that an unseasonal summer is responsible for the rare occurrences of delayed development. The Viper is locally known as the “Hag-Worm”, and a superstition that it will not die until sunset is common in country districts. Our commonest reptile is the Viviparous Lizard. It is widely dis- tributed and has been regularly recorded from both the moors and the cliffs. It is locally known as the “ Dry-ask,” and is considered by some of the older country folk to be more venomous that the Viper. There are no records of either snakes or lizards on the Wolds. Both the Crested and Smooth Newts are common in many of the ponds and ditches. The Palmate Newt is very local and not common. Newts are locally known as “Wet-asks,” and the Crested Newt is also called the “ Doctor.” The arrangement and nomenclature used are those contained in the “List of British Vertebrates.” (B.M., 1935). 370 REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS 371 Grateful thanks are due to Mr. G. G. Watson for much of the information concerning the Viper. Abbreviations ; D.W.B.— D. W. Bevan ; W.J.C.— W. J. Clarke ; E.F.G.— E. F. Gilmour ; V.C.H. — Victoria County History, York ; B.M. — British Museum of Natural History ; E.A.VV. — E. A. Wallis. Square brackets imply that the record occurred just outside our area. REPTILIA CARETTA Rafinesque caretta (L.) — Loggerhead Turtle. One taken alive at Scarborough, 1885, now preserved in Wood End Museum (W.J.C., teste B.M.). DERMOCHELYS Blainville coriacea (L.) — Luth or Leathery Turtle. Bell, in his “British Reptiles,’’ records one taken at Scarborough in 1748 or 1749. [Bridlington Bay, Oct., 1871, 8-ft. long, 1000-lbs. in weight (V.C.H.)] ANGUIS Linnaeus fragilis L. — Slow-Worm. Common in all suitable localities. var. colchica Dem. — Blue-Spotted Slow-Worm. Cloughton, two specimens, 1951. The most northerly record for Britain. Not previously found north of Lat. 51°-30', except for one specimen from Epping and from two Welsh localities (E.F.G.). LACERTA Linnaeus vivipara Jacq. — Common or Viviparous Lizard. Common on cliffs and moors. NATRIX Laurenti natrix natrix (L.) — Grass Snake. No reliable records in the wild state. Specimens taken on Oliver’s Mount were possibly escaped pets from a near-by school. VIPERA Laurenti berus berus (L.) — Viper, Adder. Common but local on the moors. A Hackness postman, during his 44 years’ service, killed over 500 vipers on his moorland rounds. AMPHIBIA TRITURUS Rafinesque vulgaris vulgaris (L.) — Smooth Newt. Very common in almost every pond in the district (W.J.C.). helveticus helveticus (Raz.) — Palmate Newt. Uncommon and local ; Throxenby Mere (D.W.B. and W.J.C.) ; Bloody Beck (E.A.W.) ; Cayton Bay, 1951 (E.F.G.). palustris palustris (L.) — Crested Newt. Widely distributed and not uncommon (E.A.W.) . RANA Linnaeus temporaria temporaria L. — Common Frog. Very common. BUFO Laurenti bufo bufo (L.) — Common Toad. Common and widely distributed. BIRDS A. J. Wallis. During the whole history of the Society, the study of the bird life of the district has been prominent among the activities of many mem- bers. The names of W. J. Clarke, C. D. Head, W. Gyngell and T. N. Roberts are outstanding. H. H. Farwig, G. W. Temperley, E. A., and A. T. Wallis as well as many others have made valuable contribu- tions which have helped to make these records more complete. W. J. Clarke, T. N. Roberts and the brothers Wallis were among the early pioneers in the art of bird photography. At the present time the Society is fortunate in having R. M. Garnett resident within the district, and the recorder acknowledges with thanks his valuable help in reading through and criticising these records. Similar thanks are due to R. Chislett, who read through the manuscript also and made helpful comments for the recorder’s guidance. With the variety and range of habitats to be found in the district it is not surprising that the list of records is a long one. Two hundred and seventy-nine different species are named, of which ninety-nine breed regularly. Six have bred in the past, but for various reasons have ceased to do so, and thirteen others have been recorded as breeding at irregular intervals. Thirty-six species are regular winter visitors or passage migrants, and thirty-eight are infrequent in their occurrence yet cannot be classed as vagrants. Over a long periqd of years seventy- three species have occurred as rare vagrants or accidental visitors. The remaining fourteen are birds of subspecific status, all of which have been conclusively identified. During the many years, since the formation of the Society, interesting changes in the bird life have taken place. Some species have been lost to the district, or have become scarcer, but on the other hand several new species have appeared. Probably the most serious loss is the disappearcince of the Stone- Curlew which nested annually up to 1937. John Morley, who was keeper to the Earl of Londesborough, remembered it nesting on Seamer Moor in the late 1870’s. It nested on the Wolds in small numbers as late as 1874, and the last stronghold of the bird was on the edge of the moors in the Pickering area. Partly owing to the afforestation of that area, but more probably due to the systematic robbery of the eggs by unscrupulous egg-collectors, it is now extinct as a local breeding bird. The Corn-Crake, formerly common and widely distributed over the gi'eater part of the district during the spring and summer, is now extreme- ly rare, no records of its nesting having been made for many years. Its disappearance locally is but part of a decrease affecting the greater part of our islands, caused mainly by the development of the mowing machine. It would seem probable that the tractor is equally responsible for the very serious decrease in the breeding population of the Lapwing 372 BIRDS 373 within the district. The increase in numbers of the Rook may be a subsidiary factor, creating too strong a competition for the available food supply. During 1948 it was possible to travel from Scarborough to Pickering without seeing one pair of nesting Lapwings, where twenty years previously each field had two or more pairs nesting. Neither the Swallow nor the House-Martin is as common now as formerly. Tlie latter species nested regularly at one time as far down the town as the Old Bar, Scarborough and on other buildings in the main street. A large colony existed on the buildings of the pumping station at Cayton Bay, but was driven away when the gas engine was installed in 1913. The break-up of the larger estates will, no doubt, account for the decline in the Pheasant population, whilst the general neglect of the moors with the subsequent planting of large areas with trees during the past two decades has driven the Red Grouse away from its old haunts. Other birds that have become noticeably scarcer during the past sixty years are the Grey Wagtail, Ring-Ouzel, Whinchat, Stonechat, King- fisher and Long-eared Owl. The Ring-Ouzel is now confined to one or two localities on the moors, and the Whinchat, once a common and regular visitor all round the town, nesting on the cliffs and Oliver’s Mount, is rarely seen except in certain parts of the moors and on the Carrs. The decrease of the Stonechat has been even more complete, and very few records have been received for several years. There is no apparent reason for these decreases, as no change in the general habitats of these birds has taken place. The felling of the older woods during the 1914-18 war has made the Long-eared Owl only an occasional breeding species, where once it bred regularly. To offset these losses in our local birds we can with some satisfaction record marked increases in many species, and the addition of several to the list of nesting birds. Among the most marked of the increases are the following : — Carrion Crow, Magpie, Goldfinch, Pied Flycatcher, Turtle-Dove, Oyster-Catcher, Kittiwake, and Red-legged Partridge. The increase and spread of the Magpie is very marked. It used to occur only to the north of Scarborough in the cliffs at Ravenscar and Staintondale, and in a few isolated parts of the woodlands. It is now seen regularly within the town boundaries and is common throughout the whole district. The Goldfinch was apparently a rare species when the Society was founded but is now quite common and nests regularly in the town gardens and surrounding countryside. It was particularly abundant in 1945 and ’46, but the severe winter of 1946-47 had a disastrous effect on the bird, and very few were recorded the following summer. The Pied Flycatcher is not a common bird in the district, being locally distributed in certain wooded areas. It heis, however, extended its range as a breeding species during recent years. By the erection of nesting boxes in some of the afforested areas where formerly it was very rare, it has been induced to breed freely. 374 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT The spread of the Turtle-Dove is equally interesting. It was first recorded as nesting in the district in 1900, and has since become relatively common in many parts. A pair was found nesting in a garden on the South Cliff, Scarborough, in 1941. It is noticeable that the spread of this species through the district has been steadily from the south to the north, and not only to very local areas as is the case with the previous species. The Turtle-Dove is still rare to the north of Scarborough, yet each year it is recorded from a little further north than previously. Why the Oyster-Catcher should have become more frequent along the coast is not known. At one time of rare occurrence, small parties may now be seen throughout the greater part of the year. It has not been known to breed, the birds seen during the summer presumably being non-breeding birds. The Kittiwake, which has increased enormously in numbers at its chief breeding station on the cliffs at Bempton and Speeton, has also extended to one or two places northwards. It began nesting on the Castle Hill, Scarborough, about 1940, and by 1948 the colony had increased to about thirty pairs. This increase, since the bird is no longer persecuted for its feathers, seems hardly surprising, especially as at Bempton the birds are well established on the ledges some three weeks before the arrival of the Guillemots and Razorbills. The most interesting events in local ornithology that have occurred in recent years are the arrival of those species which have been added to the list of breeding birds. The spectacular spread of the Fulmar Petrel, reaching the cliffs at Bempton in 1919, and gradually forming colonies all along our coastline, and the coming of the Little Owl to the district are two examples. The Nuthatch, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker have been recorded as nesting, though only at irregular intervals. The Reed-Warbler has returned as a regular breeding species after an absence of many years, and the Coot has nested spasmodically in recent years after a long absence. The Little Owl, first recorded in 1924, has now spread into many parts of the district. It is more common on the Wolds than elsewhere, and there is no doubt that it breeds regularly, though in small numbers. The breeding of the Gannet at Bempton is interesting, but it is doubtful whether the colony will increase much owing to the lack of broad ledges. Before 1919 the Fulmar was known only as an offshore bird, and was rarely seen except by the fishermen, who know it as the " Mollymawk.” In 1921, it was reported as having bred at Bempton and small colonies were formed about that time at many places between Flamborough Head and Whitby. It is now a regular visitor to the cliffs from Januaty to the end of summer, and is known to have nested at several of its stations. Two other birds, both of which have bred in the district, though long before the founding of our Society, may claim a brief note. The Great Bustard was once not uncommon on the Wolds where it nested regularly up to the early years of the last century, when the Enclosure Act was applied and the land was ploughed up. It became extinct as BIRDS 375 a Yorkshire bird about 1835, the last known record being a bird at Foxholes. The Raven, also now a rare vagrant, nested on the Castle Hill, Scarborough, up to 1855, and a pair bred in Newton Dale, probably just outside our district, as late as 1875. Finall3^ one or two interesting visitors should be mentioned. From the middle of November, 1925, and throughout the winter to the early part of April, 1926, a Red-spotted Bluethroat frequented the garden of the house where Mr. Clarke lived in Oak Road, Scarborough. It became remarkably tame during this time, but disappeared with the coming of spring. What is, however, more remarkable is the fact that this bird came again to the same place on 1st February, 1927, and stayed until 30th April. It is safe to assume that it was the same bird as the 1925-26 one for it would indeed be an extraordinary coincidence if two different birds of this rare species chose the one spot on the East Coast where they would be safest and receive the most cordial welcome in addition to an unlimited supply of specially cooked food. Until 1946 the claim of the Eastern Rufous Turtle-Dove to be included in the list of British birds rested on a solitary example, a young bird captured near Scarborough on 23rd October, 1889. In 1888 there occurred an irruption of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse into the district. This immigration was only a small part of a very large movement of these birds, thousands of them reaching England and Scotland and as far west as Ireland. Quite a number of them appear to have nested in England, and two clutches of eggs were taken near Beverley. In 1899, Mr. Clarke saw a flock of seven and picked up a dead bird in Cayton Bay. Since then the bird has appeared only once in our district, a flock of 30-40 birds being frequently seen on the Wolds between June and October, 1908, by Mr. W. H. St. Quintin. No really long term observations on the migration of birds through the district have been made, but from what field work has been done it has become apparent that the district has certain peculiarities where migration is concerned. It will be seen that several species of passage migrants which use the “East Coast Route’’ regularly each year, are recorded only irregularly along our stretch of the coastline. It would seem that the shore between Teesmouth and Filey Brigg offers little in the way of feeding grounds. Owing to this it might be that many migrant birds, particularlv waders and geese, take an overland route from Teesmouth to the Humber passing over the western parts of the district. This would explain the fact that at Thornton-le-Dale geese and many species of waders are recorded in larger numbers and much more regularly than along the shore. So far direct observations have not proved this, and it has been pointed out by Mr. R. Chislett that birds which move inland from Teesmouth may pass further west into the Vale of Mowbray, and not make for the Humber estuary. Also migran's that are seen in the Vale of Pickering in autrmn may not have been to Teesmouth, or if they have may have travelled down the coast and come inland direct through the gap between the high ground of the moors and the Wolds. 376 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT It is also probable that many flocks of waders following the coast from Teesmouth to Flamborough miss the stretch of shore between Whitby and Filey Brigg, passing Scarborough well out to sea. There will also be an immigration direct from Scandinavia, and any birds on a course which brings them towards our stretch of coastline may well make for Flamborough Head as the most visible land fall if they are flying at a good height, striking land at Filey Brigg, especially if the wind is southerly. Low flying birds will approach the coast at almost any point and turn south as they approach land, possibly finding Filey Brigg to be the first suitable stopping place. If these conclusions are correct they would explain in some measure why the only point along our coast where waders are seen in any numbers is Filey Brigg. It is interesting to note that the winter flocking of gulls that roost on the shore is almost exclusively confined to the small bays where reefs of rock are uncovered very soon after the tide has begun to ebb, though these bays may be deserted in favour of more sheltered places during severe weather. In contrast to the notes on the migrations of waders and geese mentioned above, it has been observed that the flocks of migrating gulls, particularly the Great Black-backed, Common and Black-headed Gulls, follow the coast line very closely. The systematic order of the records which follow has been taken from Witherby’s Handbook of British Birds, Vol. V, 1941. The more recently published classification — Wetmore’s Order — and the dropping of the trinomial, have not been adopted because these changes came into use after most of the manuscript had been set up in type, and the cost to the Society in making the necessary alterations would have been more than could be afforded. Contractions used in the text of the records following ; — P.M. — Passage migrant R. — Resident. S. V. — Summer visitor. W.V. — Winter visitor. A.I.B. — A. I. Burnley. W.J.C — W. J. Clarke. W.E.C.— W. E. Collinge. M.E. — Miss M. Ealing. R.M.G. — R. M. Garnett. O.G. — O. Grabham. W.G.— W. Gyngell. M.F.M.M.— M. F. M. Meiklejohn. T.M. — J. Morley. T.N.R.— T. N. Roberts. R.S. — R. Smith. E.W.W.— E. W. Wade. M.E.W.— Mrs. M. E. Waites. A.J.W.— A. J. Wallis. A.T.W.— A. T. Wallis. E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis. E.O.W.— E. O. Wallis. J.R.W. — J. R. Wilkinson. Brit. Birds — British Birds Magazine. Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938 — The Handbook of Brit- ish Birds, 1938 et seq. Nat. — The Naturalist. Nel. — Thomas H. Nelson, The Birds of York- shire, 1907. Scar. Nat. Records — Records of the Scar- borough Field Natural- ists’ Society. Yorks. Birds — Ralph Chis- lett’s Yorkshire Birds, 1952. Zool. — The Zoologist. BIRDS 377 CLASS AVES Order PASSERIFORMES CORVIDAE CORVUS Linnaeus corax corax L. — RAVEN. Rare vagrant. Nested on the Castle Cliff, Scarborough, up to 1855, and in Newton Dale, near Pick- ering, about 1875 (Nel., p. 236). Last recorded during 1944 when a pair was seen several times on Seamer Moor during August (W.J.C.) ; and one during October on Silpho Moor (T.N.R.). comix cornix L. — HOODED CROW. W.V. Fairly common. Chiefly on the coast. Exceptional numbers at Thornton-le-Dale in early March, 1942, when more than 100 roosted on high ground ; believed to be on passage to N.E., but held up by adverse weather (R.M.G.). Instances of pairs staying to breed are recorded at Flamborough in 1858, 1871, 1876 and 1887, and there is also a record of a female mating with a Carrion Crow at Hackness (Nel., p. 246). corone corone L. — CARRION CROW. R. Common. A consider- able increase in numbers during recent years. frugilegus frugilegus L. — ROOK. R. Very abundant. Absent from the moors as a breeding species. Hackness Park has several large rookeries, 570 nests being counted in 1947 (A.J.W.). monedula spermologus Vieill.— -JACKDAW. R. Abundant. PICA Brisson. pica pica (L.) — MAGPIE. R. Very common. Formerly restricted to the undercliffs at Ravenscar and a few other localities. In recent years has increased and spread throughout the district. Nests freely, using tall hedgerows in the Vale of Pickering. These are being cut down everywhere and different sites will have to be found, which mav affect its status (R.M.G.). GARRULUS Brisson glandarius (L.) — JAY. R. Not common. Breeds locally in wooded areas. A flock of up to 20 birds seen in scrub on the edge of the moors, 8 Feb., 1948. It has b^^en suggested that such winter flocks mav be Continental birds (M.F.M.M., A.J.W.). PYRRHOCORAX Tunstall pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.) — CHOUGH. No definite records, but the late Canon Atkinson writing in 1861 states that the Chough " was until lately (1861) known to breed at Flamborough ” (Nel., p. 224). STURNIDAE STURNUS Linnaeus vulgaris vulgaris L. — STARLING. R. and W.V. Abundant. Recoveries of wintering birds indicate migrations from Russia and Scandinavia, e.g., one ringed Lisden, Liveland, Russia, June, 1912 — recovered Scarborough, 1 Jan., 1914 ; one ringed Thornton-le- Dale, 14 Dec., 1937 (R.M.G.) — recovered Koge, Denmark, 10 378 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT June, 1939 ; one ringed Scarborough, 1 Jan., 1951 (A.J.W.) — recovered near Leningrad, Russia, August, 1951 ; one ringed near The Hague, Holland, 29 Sept., 1952 — recaught Scarborough, 13 Feb., 1953 (A.J.W. ). Winter visitors arrive from mid-September to the end of October, large flocks gathering along the coast before dispersal throughout the district. Departure about the middle of April, usually at night (Nel., p. 217). The size of the flocks wintering in the district has increased considerably in recent years, and flocks from a radius of up to 10 miles gather together each evening to roost. One combined flock, numbering many thousands of birds, used a small conifer plantation at Wykeham as a roost during the winter of 1952-3, and did considerable damage to the trees (A.J.W.). PASTOR Temminck roseus (L.) — ROSE-COLOURED STARLING. One record, Scar- borough, July, 1863 (A. Roberts, MS., Nel., p. 222). ORIOLIDAE ORIOLUS Linnaeus oriolus oriolus (L.) — GOLDEN ORIOLE. Rare vagrant. A male. Hackness, 9 July, 1911 (Nat., 1911, p. 330). One seen Suffield, 20 July, 1932 (J.R.W.). A female seen on the cliffs at Robin Hood’s Bay, 11 May, 1947 (C. E. A. Burnham). FRINGILLIDAE COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.) — HAWFINCH. R. Uncommon. Breeds regularly in the district in small numbers. Flocks seen in winter (R.M.G.). CHLORIS Cuvier chloris chloris (L.) — GREENFINCH. R. and W.V. Common. Decreased in numbers about 1925, but has increased since. CARDUELIS Brisson carduelis britannica (Hart.)— BRITISH GOLDFINCH. R. Variable. Rare in and about 1897, but has increased steadily from 1920’ s onwards, being very common during 1946. Was almost exter- minated during severe winter, 1946-47. Had more than recovered in numbers by 1953. spinus (L.) — SISKIN. P.M. and W.V. Rare. Small numbers recorded every year, but is probably frequently overlooked. flammea flammea (L.) — MEALY REDPOLL, W.V. Irregular. Recorded Flamborough, Jan., 1907 (T. H. Nelson ; Yorks. Birds, p. 48), Scarborough Slere, Nov., 1921 (T.N.R.), and at Thornton- le-Dale, Nov., 1945 (R.M.G.). Doubtless often overlooked. flammea cabaret (Muell., P.L.S.) — LESSER REDPOLL. R. and W.V. Fairly common. Has shown a marked increase during recent years. BIRDS 379 hornetnmanni exilipes (Coues) — COUES’S REDPOLL. Rare vagrant. Recorded at Scarborough, 18 Dec., 1925 (W.J.C., Nat., 1926, , p. 171). _ _ flavirostris pipilans (Lath.) — BRITISH TWITE. R. Rare. Four or five records. A nest was found at Thornton-le-Dale, 5 June, 1922 (A.I.B.). cannabina cannabina (L.) — LINNET. R. Common. Has increased generally in recent years, very large flocks occurring along the coast and in the Vale of Pickering during the winter. PYRRHULA Brisson pyrrhula pyrrhula (L. )— NORTHERN BULLFINCH. Rare vag- rant. One obtained at Hunmanby, Nov., 1894 (Nek, p. 195). pyrrhula nesa Math. & Ir. — BRITISH BULLFINCH. R. Not com- mon. Has increased in recent years, breeding regularly throughout the district in suitable localities. An unusual nest was found on 5 Aug., 1949, on Hutton Buscel Moor, built amongst bracken and only 3 feet from the ground (A.J.W.). PINICOLA Vieillot enucleator enucleator (L.) — PINE-GROSBEAK. Accidental visitor. One shot at Littlebeck about 1861 (Nek, p. 196). LOXIA Linnaeus curvirostra curvirostra L. — COMMON CROSSBILL. Rare. Record- ed very occasionally up to 1927, in which year an irruption occurred, birds being seen in many wooded areas. Since then has been recorded more frequently, and nesting was proved in 1943 (R.M.G.) . As part of a widespread visitation in 1953 several records were made in the district, including a party of c.l2 at Scarborough on 19 July (A.J.W.) ; at Thornton-le-Dale, 28 July (R.M.G.) , and one on Pexton Moor in October (K. Green), leucoptera bifasciata (Brehm) — TWO-BARRED CROSSBILL. Acci- dental visitor. Recorded in 1898 at Flamborough (Nek, p. 201). One seen in a pine wood near Goathland on 3 May, 1931 (W. S. ’ Medlicott, Yorks. Birds, p. 54). FRINGILLA Linnaeus coelebs L. — CHAFFINCH. R. and W.V. Very common. Winter flocks probably increased by influ.x of continental birds, montifringilla L. — BRAMBLING. W.V. Fairly common. Occurs regularly in varying numbers from about mid-October to end of March or early April. EMBERIZA Linnaeus calandra L. — CORN-BUNTING. R. Local. Can be considered common on the Wolds, but is rare north of the Vale of Pickering, citrinella citrinella L. — YELLOW BUNTING. R. Very common, [cioides castaneiceps Moore— EAST SIBERIAN MEADOW-BUNT- ING. One record. A bird caught alive on the shore at Flam- borough, Nov. 1886 (Ibis, 1889, pp. 293-4 and 296). In a re- examination of this bird, R. Wagstaffe and K. Williamson, late of the Yorkshire Museum, York, came to the conclusion that it should 380 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT not stay on the list of British birds (North Western Naturalist, March-June, 1947, A Re-Examination of the British Record of Emberiza cioides Brandt).] schoeniclus schoeniclus (L.) — REED-BUNTING. R. Not common. Breeds regularly in small numbers, mainly on the Carrs. CALCARIUS Bechstein lapponicus lapponicus (L.) — LAPLAND BUNTING. Occasional visitor. Four records. A bird netted with Skylarks at Scar- borough, 6 Jan., 1893 (W.J.C.) ; an adult male close to the Bempton Cliffs on 11 May, 1893 (M. Bailey and J. Cordeaux) ; a considerable flock near Flamborough village in Nov., 1893 (M. Bailey) ; on Yons Nab, Gristhorpe Bay, one on 17 Jan., 1954, and two on 31 Jan., 1954 (A.J.W.). Probably overlooked amongst flocks of other species! PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger nivalis nivalis (L.) — SNOW-BUNTING. W.V. Occurs in small flocks, chiefly along the coast. PLOCEIDAE PASSER Brisson domesticus domesticus (L.) — HOUSE SPARROW. R. Very abund- ant. Absent only from the moors and uninhabited moorland valleys. montanus montanus (L.) — ^TREE-SPARROW. R. Local and not common. LULLULA Kaup arborea arborea (L.) — WOOD-LARK. Two records, one at Goath- land on 7 Jan., 1927 (W. S. Medlicott, Yorks. Birds, p. 63), and three birds seen at Cajdon Bay, 31 Oct., and 1 Nov., 1949 (H.P., A.J.W., E.A.W.). ALAUDA Linnaeus arvensis arvensis L. — SKY-LARK. R. and P. M. Common. Found chiefly in the cultivated parts, but occurs on the moors occasionally. Large flocks come from the Continent in autumn, but do not nsuallv stay for the winter. EREMOPHILA Boie alpestris flava (Gm.) — SHORE-LARK. W.V. Rare. An unusually early record was made at Filey, 15 July, 1922 (Nat., 1922, p. 3201. Last record, three on the Filey Cliffs on 26 Nov., 1959 (A.J.W.). MOTACILLIDAE ANTHUS Bechstein trivialis trivialis (L.) — ^TREE-PIPIT. S.V. Not uncommon in wooded localities with open spaces. pratensis (L.) — ^MEADOW-PIPIT. R. Common. Breeds regularly all over the district, but chiefly on the moors. Is found along the coast in winter, the numbers being increased by migratory birds. A juvenile ringed on Yons Nab, Gristhorpe Bay on 9 June, 1949, was in Portugal on 30 Oct., 1949 (A.J.W. and E. P. Leach, Brit. Birds, Vol. 53, p. 314). BIRDS 381 spinoletta spinoletta (L.) — WATER-PIPIT. W.V. Very rare. Recorded at watercress beds near Pickering in 1939-40-41 (R.M.G., Nat., 1941, p. 92 and 1942, p. 98). spinoletta petrosus (Mont.) — ROCK-PIPIT. R. Fairly common. Occurs along the coast throughout the year, the numbers being increased in winter. MOTACILLA Linnaeus flava flava L. — BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. One record, one at Flamborough on 12 May, 1950 (H.F. Woods, Nat., 1951, p. 58). flava flavissima (Blyth)— YELLOW WAGTAIL. S.V. Rare. A pair nested near Scarborough Mere in 1922-3-4 (T.N.R., Nat., 1923, p. 27, and 1925, p. 22). Passage migration through the Vale of Pickering during April and May, 1947, and birds seen feeding fledged young there during June and August, 1947 (R.M.G.). A nest with five eggs found in the same locality, 28 May, 1949 _ (R.M.G.). cinerea cinerea Tunst. — GREY WAGTAIL. R. Not common. Fre- quents the moorland streams, but is decreasing. Two nests with eggs found during 1949 (A.J.W.). alba yarrellii Gould — PIED WAGTAIL. S.V. Common. Local breeding birds leave in the autumn, but records have been made throughout the winter months. alba alba L.— WHITE WAGTAIL. P.M. Rare. Probably occurs more frequently than is recorded. CERTHIIDAE. CERTHIA Linnaeus familiaris britannica Ridgw. — BRITISH TREE-CREEPER. R. Not common ; breeding only in the larger woods. SITTIDAE SITTA Linnaeus europaea affinis Blyth — BRITISH NUTHATCH. R. Rare. First recorded in 1931, a pair nesting at Thornton-le-Dale. Not recorded again until 1946, when a pair again bred at Thornton-Ie-Dale. This pair was also successful in 1947, but in 1948 the male was killed before the eggs had hatched, the female soon after leaving the area (R.M.G.). Two pairs nested during 1949, one rearing a brood, the eggs of the other pair proving unfertile (R.M.G.). PARIDAE PARUS Linnaeus major newtoni Praz. — BRITISH GREAT TIT. R. Common. caeruleus obscurus Praz. — BRITISH BLUE TIT. R. Very Common. The commonest species of tit in the district. In 1935, a pair nested in the top of an inhabited bee hive. The nest was placed in one corner, but the whole of the roof was filled with moss fE.A.W.). ater britannicus Sharpe & Dress. — BRITISH COAL-TIT. R. Not common. Is mainly confined to the woodland areas. 382 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT palustris dressed Stejn. — BRITISH MARSH-TIT. R. Not common. Also keeps to the woodlands, though recorded on the Wolds in Dec., 1946 (A.J.W.). atricapUlus kleinschmidti Hellm.— BRITISH WILLOW-TIT. Rare. First recorded at Scarborough in 1926 (W.J.C.) ; H. F. Witherby recorded some at Forge Valley in 1935, and H. G. Alexander has records for Staintondale in 1936. Recorded regularly at Thornton- le-Dale, where it nested in 1938 and 1939 (R.M.G.). AEGITHALOS Hermann caudatus rosaceus Math. — BRITISH LONG-TAILED TIT. R. Not common. Subject to seasonal variations dependent upon the weather conditions during the winter months. LANIDAE LANUS Linnaeus excubitor excubitor L. — GREAT GREY SHRIKE. W.V. Irregular visitor, recent records being two at Dalby Warren, Thornton-le- Dale during Nov., 1946, one near Lockton, Dec., 1946 — Jan., 1947 (R.M.G.), Cornelian Bay, 14 Nov., 1949 (M.E.W.), Harwood Dale, 28 Mar., 1950 (R.M.G.), Wheatcroft, 18 Mar., 1953 (M.E.W.), and Harwood Dale, 20 Sep., 1953 (A.J.W.). senator senator L. — WOODCHAT SHRIKE. Rare vagrant. Three records. Two young birds obtained in the Castle Holmes, Scar- borough, in 1860 or 1861, by A. S. Bell (Nek, p. 145). An adult male shot at Hackness, June, 1881 (Zool., 1892, p. 347). One seen at Reighton by G. A. Danford, 9 May, 1903 (Nat., 1903, p. 347). collurio collurio L.— RED-BACKED SHRIKE. S.V. Very rare. Recorded six times. A pair found nesting on Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough, on 3 June, 1889 (W.G.) ; one near the Mere, 15 May, 1889 (T.N.R.) ; a single bird near Scarborough in 1919 (W.J.C.) ; a female on the Racecourse, 21 May, 1933 (E.A.W.) ; one at Ayton, 21 May, 1933 (W.J.C., Nat., 1934, p. 19) ; one at West Ayton, 14 July, 1944 (T.N.R. , Nat., 1945, p. 57). BOMBYCILLIDAE BOMBYCILLA Vieillot garrulus garrulus (L.) -WAXWING. W.V. Variable status. Large irruptions occurred in 1903, 1921-22, 1931-32 and 1941. During tho winter of 1943-44 an exceptional invasion occurred, and as many as 200 birds stayed a fortnight at Scarborough. The latest record that year was on 22 April, 1944, at Ruston. Some years no records are received, but its occurrence seems to be becoming more regular, and birds have been seen for several years in succession. MUSCICAPIDAE MUSCICAPA Brisson striata striata (Pall.)— SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. S.V. Common. Jadng page 382 YOUNG LONG-EARED OWL ( .-^s/o otus otus (L.) ) REED WARBLER { Acrocephalus s. scirpaceus (Herm.) ) BIRDS 383 Is found generally throughout the district, except on the moorlands. Numbers appear to fluctuate, the species being noticably more plentiful during 1945 and 1947. hypoleuca hypoleuca (Pall.) — PIED FLYCATCHER. S.V. Local. Has steadily increased in numbers since about 1925, and is now well established and breeding regularly in local areas of the woods. Has been induced to breed within the last few years by the erection of nesting boxes in some afforested areas where it was formerly unknown (R.M.G.). parva parva Bechst. — RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. Acci- dental visitor. One record ; an immature bird taken on Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough, on 23 Oct., 1889, by J. Morley (Nel., p. 152). REGULIDAE REGULUS Cuvier regulus (L.) — GOLDCREST. R. Common. Found chiefly in the fir woods, spreading to afforested areas quite soon after planting. Numbers increase in the autumn, possibly including some Contin- ental birds. SYLVIIDAE PHYLLOSOCOPUS Boie collybita collybita (Vieill.)— CHIFFCHAFF. S.V. Rare. As late as 1926 was recorded as common, but has so decreased that only two or three are recorded each year. One seen at Thornton-le-Dale on 23 and 26 Dec., 1943, was believed to be one of the Northern races (R.M.G.). trochilus trochilus (L.'l— WILLOW-WARBLER. S.V. Abundant. The commonest of all the warblers, being well distributed through- out the district except on the higher moors. sibilatrix (Bechst.) — WOOD-WARBLER. S.V. Not common. Has decreased from being a common species to one very locally distributed. LOCUSTELLA Kaup naevia naevia (Bodd.)— GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER. S.V. Rare. Recorded as very common in 1896, but decreased rapidly afterwards. A pair or two are recorded each year, but it is only rarely proved to breed. ACROCEPHALUS Naumann scirpaceus scirpaceus (Herm.) — REED-WARBLER. S.V. Local. After disappearing as a breeding species for many years, three pairs returned in 1929, and the species has breed regularly in one locality every year since. palustris (Bechst.)— MARSH- WARBLER. S.V. Very rare. Two records ; one at Scarborough Mere during the summer of 1928, (A.T.W., T.N.R., Nat., 1929, p. 78) ; one Throxenby Mere, 29 June, 19.33 (T.N.R.). schoenobaenus (L.) — SEDGE-WARBLER. S.V. Common. Breeds regularly in suitable localities. 384 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SYLVIA Scopoli borin (Bodd.) — GARDEN- WARBLER. S.V. Common. Breeds regularly in the woods. atricapilla atricapilla (L.)^ — BLACKCAP. S.V. Common. Breeds regularly in the woods. One recorded as late as 24 Dec., 1935, at Scarborough Mere (T.N.R., Nat., 1936, p. 35) ; and as early as 9 March, 1943, at Thornton-le-Dale (R.M.G.). communis communis Lath. — ^WHITETHROAT. S.V. Very common, curraca curraca (L.) — LESSER WHITETHROAT. S.V. Very rare. Last definite breeding record 1929, when a nest with young was found at Cloughton (T.N.R., Nat., 1930, p. 80), but birds were seen carrying food at Cloughton during July, 1953 (R.S.P.). TTTDruTC T • TURDIDAE TURDUS Linnaeus pilaris L. — FIELDFARE. W.V. and P.M. Common. Large flocks occur regularly on the Marishes during the winter, and a late passage occurs in late April and early May (R.M.G.). viscivorus viscivorus L. — ^MISTLE-THRUSH. R. Fairly common. Generally distributed. ericetorum Turt. — SONG-THRUSH. R. Common. Absent from the high moors. Numbers decrease during the winter, following an increase at the end of September due to immigrant birds, e.g., one ringed as nesting at Noord, Holland, 13 May, 1939, recovered at Pickering, 20 Jan., 1940. musicus musicus L. — REDWING. W.V. Common. Generally dis- , tributed, visiting the town gardens regularly. Suffers severely during hard weather, when numbers can be seen searching for food among seaweed-covered rocks along the tide line. T. Hy de-Parker found a freshly killed bird at Hunmanby on 29 June, 1940, an exceptionally late date. torquatus torquatus L. — RING-OUZEL. S.V. Rare. Has steadily decreased for many years, and is seen only very locally. A female was seen in a garden in Scarborough on 20 and 21 Feb., 1948 (M.E.). merula merula L. — BLACKBIRD. R., P.M. and W.V. Very common. The commonest thrush in the district. Numbers in- creased in the autumn, probably by immigrant birds. MONTICOLA Boie saxatilis (L.) — ROCK-THRUSH. One record, a bird near Robin Hood’s Bay in June, 1852 (Nel., p. 21). OENANTHE Vieillot oenanthe oenanthe (L.) — ^WHEATEAR. S.V. Not common. Breeds on high ground just below the heather line. Numbers appear to have decreased in recent years. A late bird was recorded near Scarborough on 23 Nov., 1945 (T.N.R.). oenanthe leucorrhoa (Gm.)— GREENLAND WHEATEAR. P.M. Rare. Possibly overlooked because of the difficulty of identification, but recorded by R.M.G. as follows : — ^Two males on Wilton Carr, BIRDS 385 21 April, 1944 ; one male at Keld Head, Pickering, 8 May, 1942 ; one male at Thornton-le-Dale, 10 May, 1942. SAXICOLA Bechstein rubetra (L.) — WHINCHAT. S.V. Although recorded each year, there has been a marked and continuous decrease in the Scarborough area since the early 1930’s. Still fairly common among the smaller trees in the Dalby Forest, Tliomton-le-Dale (R.M.G.). torquata hibernans (Hart.) — BRITISH STONECHAT. R. Verj" rare. As recently as 1938 numbers were increasing, birds breeding in all suitable localities. No records of breeding have been received for several years, and the species is now rarely seen, and then only on passage. Last recorded, one on passage with many other thrushes on Filey Cliffs, 18 Oct., 1953 (A.J.W.). PHOENICURUS Forster phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.) — REDSTART. S.V. Common. Breeds in suitably wooded parts of the district. ochurus gibraltariensis (Gm.) — BLACK REDSTART. W.V. Rare. Odd birds are recorded from time to time, nearly always along the coast. Recent records, one on Castle Cliff, Scarborough, 8 Dec., 1948 (A.J.W., R.M.G.) ; a female on cliff top near Gristhorpe, 17 Tan., 1954 (A.J.W.). LUSCINIA Forster megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm — NIGHTINGALE. S.V. Very rare. Four records ; Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough, 10 May, 1882 ; Raincliffe Wood, Scarborough, 18 May, 1896 ; Filey, June, 1897 (,Nel., p. 60). In May, 1933, one lived for two or three weeks in Peasholm Glen, Scarborough (T.N.R.). svecica svecica (L.)— RED-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Rare vagrant. An adult visited the garden of W. J. Clarke in Scarborough on 16 Nov., 1925, and at intervals throughout the winter. In 1927, possibly the same bird visited the same garden on several occasions between Feb., and 30 April (W.J.C., Nat., 1926, p. 172). One in Holbeck Gardens, Scarborough, on 21 April, 1954 (G. H. Ains- worth ) . svecica cyanecula (Meisn.)— WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Rare vagrant. The first British record ; a female found dead at Seamer, 12 April, 1876 (Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938, Vol. II, p. 198). ERATHICUS Cuvier rubecula rubecula (L.) — CONTINENTAL ROBIN. Passage birds moving down the coast, in some years in considerable numbers as in Oct., 1951, are known to include many of the Continental race, (see Yorks. Birds, p. 120). rubecula melophilus Hart. — BRITISH ROBIN. R. and P.M. Very common. PRUNELLIDAE PRUNELLA Vieillot collaris collaris (Scop.) — ALPINE ACCENTOR. One record, a bird shot at Scarborough during the winter of 1862-3 (Ncl., p. 100). 386 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT modularis occidentalis (Hart.) — BRITISH HEDGE-SPARROW. R. Common. TROGLODYTIDAE TROGLODYTES Vieillot troglodytes troglodytes (L.) — ^WREN. R. Common. CINCLIDAE CINCLUS Borkhausen cinclus cinclus (L.) — BLACK-BELLIED DIPPER. One record, a bird taken at Flotmanbv, near Filey, 8 Dec., 1875 (Nel., p. 103). cinclus gularis (Lath.) — BRITISH DIPPER. R. Uncommon. Occurs sparingly on most streams, breeding regularly despite decreasing numbers. A nest is recorded near Scarborough built in a tree six feet above the water (W.J.C., Nat., 1925, p. 22). HIRUNDINIDAE HIRUNDO I innaeus rustica rustica L. — SWALLOW. S.V. Common. Has decreased considerably, especially in the vicinity of the towns. Two young birds were seen at Scarborough on 22 Nov., 1942 (W.J.C.). DELICHON Moore urbica urbica (L.) — HOUSE-MARTIN. S.V. Common. A marked decrease was noted for many years, but it appears to be increasing again. Thirteen nests were counted in 1946 on one building, a site which has been known to carry as many as thirty nests, but was deserted for many years (A.J.W.). Latest record, one at Scar- borough, 15 Dec., 1900 (E.A.W.). RIP ARIA Forster riparia riparia (L.) — SAND-MARTIN. S.V. Local. Colonies of considerable size are to be found in suitable sand and gravel pits, river banks and cliffs. Order APODIFORMES APODIDAE APUS Scopoli melba melba (L.) — ^ALPINE SWIFT. Accidental visitor. One at Scarborough, 17 April, 1880 (Nel., p. 265). An exhausted bird picked up on the Spa, Scarborough, 1890 (Nel., p. 265). apus apus (L.) — SWIFT. S.V. Common. Considerable increase in recent years. Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES CAPRIMULGIDAE CAPRIMULGUS Linnaeus europaeus europaeus L. — NIGHTJAR. S.V. Not common. Occurs in odd pairs at suitable localities along the edge of the moors. In 1926 a pair nested almost within the Scarborough Borough boundary. BIRDS 387 Order CORACIIFORMES MEROPIDAE MEROPS Linnaeus apiaster L. — BEE-EATER. One record, a male caught alive in an exhausted state at Filey,, June, 1880 (Nel., p. 283). UPUPIDAE LTPUPA Linnaeus epops epops L. — HOOPOE. Casual visitor. One at Scarborough Lighthouse, 1 Nov., 1900 (Capt. Grantham). Adult female shot at Ganton, 3 Nov., 1910 (W.J.C.). One caught on board a trawler off Scarborough, 7 Nov., 1932 (W.J.C.). CORACIIDAE CORACIAS Linnaeus garrulus garrulus L. — ROLLER. Accidental visitor. One killed at Seamer in 1832, and one at Scarborough, 1833 (Neb, pp. 281-2). ALCEDINIDAE ALCEDO Linnaeus atthis ispida L. — KINGFISHER. R. Rare. Found sparingly on the larger streams. Visits the Scarborough Mere in winter, and has been seen along the shore. Order PICIFORMES PICIDAE PICUS Linnaeus viridis pluvius Hart. — GREEN WOODPECKER. R. Fairly com- mon. Can be found in most wooded areas. DRYOBATES Boie major anglicus (Hart.)— BRITISH GREAT SPOTTED WOOD- PECKER. R. Thinly distributed, but breeds regularly in the larger woods. minor comminutus (Hart.)— BRITISH LESSER SPOTTED WOOD- PECKER. Rare. Occasional sight records without proof of breeding, and two definite instances of nesting, a pair near Picker- ing in 1942 (R.M.G.. Nat., 1942, p. 159), and a pair at Thornton- le-Dale in 1953 (R.M.G., Nat., 1954, p 60). JYNX Linnaeus torquilla torquilla L.. — WRYNECK. S.V. Very rare. Five records, the most recent being a dead bird found at Cloughton, 13 April, 1947 (H. Alport). Order CUCULIFORMES CUCULIDAE CUCULUS Linnaeus canorus canorus L. — CUCKOO. S.V. Common. Generally distribut- ed, but more abundant on the Wolds. In 1945 four extraordinarily early records were made in the district, Mr. W. Harland at Scalby and Dr. Robertson at Ayton each saw one on 15 Feb., one came 388 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT down exhausted in Scarborough on 15 Mar., and was seen by Mr. J. Morley, and a bird arrived at Staintondale on 27 Mar., being seen daily by Miss M. Lazenby until it began to call on 21 April (see Nat., 1946, p. 63) COCCYZUS Vieillot americanus americanus (L.) — YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Acci- dental visitor. One record, the first for Yorkshire, a bird at Clough- ton from 14-17 Nov., 1953, lived in the garden of Mr. H. Ramsker (Nat., 1954, p. 78). Order STRIGIFORMES STRIGIDAE NYCTEA Stephens scandiaca (L.) — SNOWY OWL. Accidental visitor. On three occa- sions it has been, or is supposed to have been, observed in the dis- trict. Between the^ years 1849 and 1853 at Scarborough, at Flam- borough on 14 Oct., 1867, and near Scarborough in Dec., 1879 (Nel., pp. 309-310). BUBO Dumeril bubo bubo (L.) — ^EAGLE-OWL. Accidental visitor. One record at Scarborough, 30 Oct., 1879 (Nel., p. 314). AEGOLIUS Kaup funereus funereus (L.) — ^TENGMALM’S OWL. Accidental visitor. Six local records are detailed by T. H. Nelson, the latest being one caught at Bickley, 7 Nov., 1901 (Nel., p. 303). There are no recent records. ATHENE Boie noctua vidalii Brehm, A. E. — ^LITTLE OWL. R. Rare. Earliest record for the district was Nov., 1884, a bird being caught on board a trawler off Scarborough (Nat., 1884, p. 336). The species has slowly increased since then, and several records are received each year. It is met with in the Vale of Pickering, where pairs have been seen, and where it undoubtedly breeds (R.M.G.). A nest with four young was found at Ravenscar, 6 July, 1949 (A.J.W.). The species suffered severely during the bad weather of February and March, 1947. ASIO Brisson otus otus (L.) — ^LONG-EARED OWL. R. Rare. In the 1920’s was regarded as being fairly common, the species breeding regularly in many of the fir woods. Has decreased enormously and is now decidedly rare, very few breeding records having been received for many years. The last authentic record of a pair nesting is at Wilton, Vale of Pickering, in 1938 (R.M.G.). flammeus flammeus (Pont.) — SHORT-EARED OWL. W.V. Num- bers fluctuate, but is rarely numerous. Has been known to breed occasionally on the moors. STRIX Linnaeus aluco sylvatica Shaw- — BRITISH TAWNY OWL. R. Fairly common. BIRDS 389 Breeds throughout the district, and is well established within the Scarborough Borough boundary. TYTO Billberg alba alba (Scop.)— WHITE-BREASTED BARN-OWL. R. Rare. Breeding is recorded but only sparingly, alba guttata (Brehm) — DARK-BREASTED BARN-OWL. Rare vagrant. Two records ; one at Yedingham, 28 Jan., 1939 (T.N.R.) ; one at Goathland, 14 Oct., 1944 (Brit. Birds, xxxviii., p. 175). Order FALCONIFORMES FALCONIDAE FALCO Linnaeus rusticolus islandus Bruenn. — ICELAND FALCON. One killed on Filey Brigg, 4 Oct., 1864 (Neb, ERRATUM Accidental visitor. p. 356). Accidental Jay, 25 Nov., Page 389, Vol. 2, Natural History of the Scarborough District. Under the heading FALCONIDAE entry' of “subbuteo subbuteo L.” should read as follows. subbuteo subbuteo L. -HOBBY. S.V. Very rare. Some six or seven records the most recent being two at Goathland, 2 August. 1941. (Nat., 1942, p. 103). a crow’s nest in an alder (R.M.G.). tiimunculus tinnunculus L. — KESTREL. R. Common. Well distri- buted. vespertinus vespertinus L. — RED-FOOTED FALCON. Accidental visitor. Recorded at Bempton, 6 July, 1865, and 18 June, 1869 (Neh, p. 368). ACCIPITRIDAE AQUILA Brisson chrysaetus chrysaetus (L.)— GOLDEN EAGLE. Accidental visitor. One taken at Hunmanby, 24 July, 1844, and one caught at Helwath, Harwood Dale, in 1850 (Nei., pp. 332-3). BUTEO Lacepede lagopus lagopus (Pont.) — ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD. Occasional visitor. Usually seen singly, but between 13 Oct., and 7 Nov., 1903, twenty were reported. Last recorded in Forge Valley, 12 to 20 Nov., 1947 (R.M.G., A.J.W.). buteo buteo (L.) — COMMON BUZZARD. Occasional visitor. Last recorded in 1942, three separate birds being seen during the year. N. Regular iding occurred Dton regularly ist attempt at e six or seven one time bred only occasion- a birch tree, ! was found in 388 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT down exhausted in Scarborough on 15 Mar., and was seen by Mr. J. Morley, and a bird arrived at Staintondale on 27 Mar., being seen daily by Miss M. Lazenby until it began to call on 21 April (see Nat., 1946, p. 63) COCCYZUS Vieillot americanus americanus (L.) — YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Acci- dental visitor. One record, the first for Yorkshire, a bird at Clough- ton from 14-17 Nov., 1953, lived in the garden of Mr. H. Ramsker (Nat., 1954, p. 78). Order STRIGIFORMES STRIGIDAE NYCTEA Stephens scandiaca (L.) — SNOWY CiWI,. Accidental visitor. On three occa- sions it has been, or is s - • .i- - j.-„ trict. Between the^ years borough on 14 Oct., 1 (Nel., pp. 309-310). BUBO Dumeril bubo bubo (L.) — EAGLE Scarborough, 30 Oct., 1 AEGOLIUS Kaup funereus funereus (L.) — Six local records are de caught at Bickley, 7 i recent records. ATHENE Boie noctua vidalii Brehm, A, record for the district was Nov., iOOT, a uuu a trawler off Scarborough (Nat., 1884, p. 336). The species has slowly increased since then, and several records are received each year. It is met with in the Vale of Pickering, where pairs have been seen, and where it undoubtedly breeds (R.M.G.). A nest with four young was found at Ravenscar, 6 July, 1949 (A.J.W.). The species suffered severely during the bad weather of February and March, 1947. ASIO Brisson otus otus (L.) — LONG-EARED OWL. R. Rare. In the 1920’s was regarded as being fairly common, the species breeding regularly in many of the fir woods. Has decreased enormously and is now decidedly rare, very few breeding records having been received for many years. The last authentic record of a pair nesting is at Wilton, Vale of Pickering, in 1938 (R.M.G.). flammeus flammeus (Pont.) — SHORT-EARED OWL. W.V. Num- bers fluctuate, but is rarely numerous. Has been known to breed occasionally on the moors. STRIX Linnaeus aluco sylvatica Shaw — BRITISH TAWNY OWL. R. Fairly common. BIRDS 389 Breeds throughout the district, and is well established within the Scarborough Borough boundary. TYTO Billberg alba alba (Scop.)— WHITE-BREASTED BARN-OWL. R. Rare. Breeding is recorded but only sparingly. alba guttata (Brehm) — DARK-BREASTED BARN-OWL. Rare vagrant. Two records ; one at Yedingham, 28 Jan., 1939 (T.N.R.) ; one at Goathland, 14 Oct., 1944 (Brit. Birds, xxxviii., p. 175). Order FALCONIFORMES FALCONIDAE FALCO Linnaeus rusticolus islandus Bruenn. — ICELAND FALCON. Accidental visitor. One killed on Filey Brigg, 4 Oct., 1864 (NeL, p. 356). rusticolus candicans Gm. — GREENLAND FALCON. Accidental visitor. A mature bird killed near Robin Hood’s Bay, 25 Nov., 1854 (ZooL, 1885, p. 4558). peregrinus peregrinus Tunst. — PEREGRINE FALCON. Regular visitor. Single birds are recorded each year. Breeding occurred on Redcliff, Cayton Bay in 1901-2-3, and at Bempton regularly up to 1912, then spasmodically until 1920. The last attempt at breeding there was in 1938 (Yorks. Birds, p. 150). subbuteo subbuteo L. — HOBBY. S.V. Very rare. Some six or seven breeding there was in 1938 (Yorks. Birds, p. 150). (Nat., 1942, p. 103). columbarius aesolon Tunst. — MERLIN. R. Rare. At one time bred regularly in known localities on the moors, but is now only occasion- ally met with. In 1923, a nest was recorded in a birch tree, 14 feet from the ground (E.A.W.) ; and in 1942, one was found in a crow’s nest in an alder (R.M.G.). tinnunculus tinnunculus L. — KESTREL. R. Common. Well distri- buted. vespertinus vespertinus L. — RED-FOOTED FALCON. Accidental visitor. Recorded at Bempton, 6 July, 1865, and 18 June, 1869 (NeL, p. 368). ACCIPITRIDAE AQUILA Brisson chrysaetus chrysaetus (L.) — GOLDEN EAGLE. Accidental visitor. One taken at Hunmanby, 24 July, 1844, and one caught at Helwath, Harwood Dale, in 1850 (NeL, pp. 332-3). BUTEO Lacepede lagopus lagopus (Pont.) — ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD. Occasional visitor. Usually seen singly, but between 13 Oct., and 7 Nov., 1903, twenty were reported. Last recorded in Forge Valley, 12 to 20 Nov., 1947 (R.M.G., A.J.W.). buteo buteo (L.) — COMMON BUZZARD. Occasional visitor. Last recorded in 1942, three separate birds being seen during the year. 390 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CIRCUS Lacepede pygargus (L.) — MONTAGU’S HARRIER. S.V. Very rare. Has been known to breed within recent years. cyaneus cyaneus (L.) — HEN-HARRIER. W.V. Rare. Formerly bred in the district, the latest record being in 1907, from near Thornton-le-Dale (O.G.) ; now occurs at irregular intervals on the moors. ACCIPITER Brisson gentilis gentilis (L.) — GOSHAWK. Very rare. One was shot on Filev Brigg, Oct., 1864, and some five others were recorded between 1864 and 1904 (Nel., pp. 339-40). nisus nisus (L.) — SPARROW-HAWK. R. Fairly common. MILVUS Lacepede milvus milvus (L.) — KITE. Accidental visitor. Three birds are recorded as having been taken between 1850 and 1901, the latest being a female caught at Flamborough, 15 Oct., 1901 (Nel., pp. 344 and 345). HALIAEETUS Savignv albicilla (L.)— WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. Occasional visitor. In February 1948, one lived on the moors for some three weeks, return- ing each night to the same roost, and hunting during the day over a wide area including moors and marsh land (R.M.G., M.F.M.M., A.J.W.). Two earlier records refer to a male found dead at Cloughton on 12 Mar., 1942 (W.J.C.), and a bird shot at Bickley on 1 May, 1911 (Nat., 1911, p. 237). Nelson also mentions some four or five other occurrences (Nel., p. 336). [leucocephalus (L.) — AMERICAN BALD EAGLE. A bird in the Scarborough Natural History Museum which P. A. Clancey identi- fied as a specimen of the American Bald Eagle though labelled as a White-tailed Eagle was connected by Mr. Clancey with the bird recorded as trapped at Long Pain, Bee Dale in 1865 (Nel., pp. 336-37 ) . There is still some doubt if the bird is the same as the one referred to by Nelson as it was presented to the Museum by Mr. E. P. Brett, whereas the bird of 1865 was set up for Lady Downe and no transference of ownership to Mr. Brett can be traced.] PERNIS Cuvier apivorus apivorus (L.) — HONEY-BUZZARD, Accidental visitor. Two records, a bird shot on Seamer Moor, June, 1902 (W.J.C.), a dead bird found on Filey Sands on 7 Mar., 1929 (Nat., 1929, p. 174). PANDIONIDAE PANDION Savigny haliaetus haliaetus (L.) — OSPREY. Accidental visitor. One fre- quented Scarborough Mere from May 10 to 17, 1900 (T.N.R.) ; one at Scarborough Mere, 30 April, 1924, and one, possibly the same bird, was seen at Hackness Pond the following week (Nat., 1924, p. 210 and 1925, p. 22). BIRDS 391 CICONIA Brisson Order CICONIIFORMES CICONIIDAE ciconia ciconia (L.) — WHITE STORK. One record, a bird found dead floating in the sea at Scarborough on 8 April, 1888 (Neh, p. 405). THRESKIORNITHIDAE PLEGADIS Kaup falcinellus falcinellus (L.) — GLOSSY IBIS. Accidental visitor. Three records. An immature bird caught at Eiley, 1863 (Neh, p. 406), one shot and two others seen at Hunmanby, 15 Oct., 1909 (E. Mitford, Field, 6 Nov., 1909), and an adult shot at Cloughton, April, 1916 (W.J.C.). ARDEIDAE ARDEA Linnaeus cinerea cinerea L. — COMMON HERON. R. Scarce. The nearest heronry is just outside the district. Chiefly seen on the Carrs and occasionally on the sea shore. purpurea purpurea L. — PURPLE HERON. One record, a bird shot at Flamborough in 1833 (Neh, p. 391). IXOBRYCHUS Billberg minutus minutus (L.) — LITTLE BITTERN. Accidental visitor. Four records. Single birds at Scarborough Mere, Aug., 1863 ; Scalby Beck, 25 Feb., 1879 ; Filey, 27 Dec., 1879 ; and near Scarborough, 7 Jan., 1902 (Neh, pp. 397-8). BOTAURUS Stephens stellaris stellaris (L.) — BITTERN. W.V. Rare. Odd birds occur at infrequent intervals. Last recorded at Seamer 13 Jan., 1938 (Nat., 1939, p. 14). An adult was found alive in the Cemetery, Scarborough, on 24 Dec., 1936, and lived for some days at the Mere before disappearing (Nat., 1937, p. 54). Order ANSERIFORMES CYGNUS Bechstein ANATIDAE cygnus (L.)— WHOOPER SWAN. W.V. Rare. Small parties seen on migration fairly regularly on the Carrs (R.M.G.). bewicku bewickii Yarr.— BEWICK’S SWAN. W.V. and P.M. Small parties, and sometimes very large flocks, seen regularly on migration (R.M.G.). olor (Gm.) — MUTE SWAN. R. and W.V. Occurs regularly in the district, some birds probably being truly wild. All known breeding pairs are semi-domesticated. ANSER Brisson anser anser (L.) — GREY LAG-GOOSE. W.V. Occurs very rarely. albifrons albifrons (Scop.)— WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. W.V. and P.M. Flocks seen on migration crossing the Carrs, chiefly in the late autumn. Not recorded in every year, being spasmodic in its occurrence. 392 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT fabalis fabalis (Lath.)^ — ^BEAN-GOOSE. P.M. Occurs rarely, chiefly along the coast. Last record, a dead bird on the South Sands, Scarborough, 6 Mar., 1940 (W.J.C., Nat., 1941, p. 93). fabalis brachyrhynchus Baill.^ — PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. P.M. and W.V. The commonest of the geese seen in the district. The first to arrive, the chief line of flight apparently being across the moors from Teesmouth or Solway, in a direct line to the Humber. BRANTA Scopoli leucopsis (Bechst.)— BARNACLE-GOOSE. P. M. and W.V. Very rare. bemicia bemicla ^L.)— DARK-BREASTED BRENT GOOSE. P.M. bernicla hrota (Muell. )— PALE-BREASTED BRENT GOOSE. P.M. Both sub-species have been recorded, though the occurrence is very irregular. A considerable migration was recorded during Nov., 1920 (W.J.C., Nat., 1921, p. 25). canadensis canadensis (L.) — CANADA GOOSE, Very rare. Two records. One at Scalby Ness, 22 May, 1904 (W.J.C.) ; one on the Ellerburn pond, 9 April, 1949 (R.M.G.). TADORNA Boie tadoma (L.) — SHELD-DUCK. P.M. Rare. Does not breed within the district. Small flocks and odd birds seen occasionally along the coast, and more rarely during floods inland. ANAS Linnaeus platyrhyncha platyrhyncha L. — MALLARD. R .and W.V. Common. Numbers greatly increased during winter, a few remaining to breed, strepera L. — GADWALL. W.V. Very rare. Last recorded on Scar- borough Mere, 13 Nov., 1945 (T.N.R.). crecca crecca L. — ^TEAL. R. and W.V. Common on the Marishes in winter. Breeds sparingly within the district, crecca carolinensis Gm. — GREEN-WINGED TEAL. One record, a bird shot at Scarborough, Nov., 1851 (Nel., p. 456). querquedula L. — GARGANEY. P.M. Rare. Last record three males and one female seen on the Marishes, 14 Mar., 1948 (R.M.G.) . penelope L. — ^WIGEON. W.V. Common. Flocks seen regularly along the coast, and the species is very numerous during the winter months on flooded land in the Vale of Pickering, acuta acuta L.— PINTAIL. W.V. Rare. Occurs on the Marishes fairly regularly, usually during the spring migration (R.M.G.) . SPATULA Boie clypeata (L.) — SHOVELER. W.V. Seen regularly on the Marishes during the winter months (R.M.G.). AYTHYA Boie ferina (L.) — COMMON POCHARD. W.V. Uncommon. Irregular in its occurrence, but a few often seen on winter floods in the Vale of Pickering. Formerly nested at Scarborough Mere (Nel., p. 462), and a brood was reared on Throxenby Mere in 1936 (W.J.C.). facing page 392 PINTAIL {Anas acuta acuta L.) Male and Female BIRDS 393 fuligula (L.) — TUFTED DUCK. W.V. Uncommon. Occurs irregularly along the coast and in the Vale of Pickering during times of flooding. marila marila (L.) — SCAUP-DUCK. W.V. Uncommon. Small flocks seen each year along the coast. In very hard weather numbers are considerably increased. During Feb. and Mar., 1947, flocks of 200-300 birds were seen regularly in the North Bay, Scarborough (A.J.W.). Occasionally seen inland on the Marishes (R.M.G.). BUCEPHALA Baird clangula clangtila (L.) — GOLDENEYE. W.V. Not common. Odd birds and small parties seen fairly regularly along the coast and on the Marishes. CLANGULA Leach hyemalis (L.)— LONG-TAILED DUCK. W.V. Rare. Majority of records are of birds seen in Scarborough Harbour during stormy weather. HISTRIONICUS Lesson histrionicus histrionicus (L.) — HARLEQUIN-DUCK. Accidental visitor. One found dead at Filey, 1862 (Nek, p. 474., and Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938, Vol. 3, p. 326). POLYSTICTA Eyton stelleri (Pall.) — SPELLER’S EIDER. Accidental visitor. Young male shot off Filey Brigg, 15 Aug., 1845 (Nel., p. 476, and Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938, Vol. 3, p. 332). SOMATERIA I.each moUissima mollissima (L.) — COMMON EIDER. Rare. Surprisingly few records have been made. MELANITTA Boie nigra nigra (L.) — COMMON SCOTER. W.V. Common along the coast, often being driven to shelter in the harbours and bays during hard weather. fusca fusca (L.)— VELVET SCOTER. W.V. and P.M. Rare. Occasionally seen along the coast, but does not appear to remain long in one locality. MERGUS Linnaeus merganser merganser L. — GOOSANDER. W.V. Not common. Odd birds seen on suitable lakes and along the coast. Occasional inland on the River Derwent at Marishes. serrator L.— RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. W.V. Rare. Chiefly immature birds recorded. Has not been recorded inland. Last records, a pair of adult birds off Filey Brigs. 21 Nov., 1948 (A.J.W.), and four in Scarborough Harbour from 13-28 Feb., 1954 (A.J.W.L albellus L. — SMEW. W.V. Rare. Very few records. A female lived at Scarborough Mere from 16 to 21 Feb., 1947 (A. J.W., R.M.G.), and a female on Peasholm Lake, Scarborough, on 7 Mar., 1954 (A.J.W.). 394 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order PELECANIFORMES PHALACROCORACIDAE PHALACROCORAX Brisson carbo carbo (L.) — CORMORANT. R. Common. Well established colonies nest each year on the cliffs at Ravenscar and Gristhorpe, and odd pairs breed sporadically at Bempton. aristotelis aristotelis (L.) — SHAG. W.V. Not common. Odd birds usually seen. Small parties seek shelter in Scarborough Harbour during stormy weather. Can be seen off Bempton Cliffs as late as April and early May, and during the past three years birds have remained throughout the summer. Breeding has been suspected because of the behaviour of these birds, but has not been proved conclusively. SULIDAE SULA Brisson bassana (L.) — GANNET. R. and P.M. Not common. First nested at Bempton in 1927, and has done so more or less regularly since. Young were seen in the nest, 12 July, 1938 (R.M.G.). In 1948 the climbers reported three nests of which one had an egg, but only five adults were frequenting the cliffs (E.A.W.). There were still five birds present during 1949, one pair being successful in rearing a young one (A.J.W.). In 1950 no young were observed but in 1951 one, possibly two, young were reared. Three young were successfully reared in 1952, and again in 1953 (A.J.W.). Order PROCELLARIIFORMES HYDROBATES Boie HYDROBATIDAE pelagicus (L.) — STORM-PETREL. W.V. Rare. Occasionally seen along the coast, usually during high winds. OCEANODROMA Reichenbach leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Vieill.)— LEACH’S FORK-TAILED PETREL. Accidental visitor. Four records. A female at Flamborough, Dec., 1883 (Nel., p. 751) ; two seen in the North Bay, Scarborough, 13 Nov., 1901 (W.J.C.) ; single birds shot at Flamborough in Oct., 1908 (W. Hewitt, Yorks. Birds, p. 208) ; and two found dead near Pickering during the wreck of Oct., 1952, both having, presumably, been blown over the Pennines from the west coast (R.M.G.). PROCELLARHDAE PUFFINUS Brisson puffinus puffinus (Bruenn.)— MANX SHEARWATER. P.M. Rare. Seen only occasionally, usually during the autumn. Latest records, two about three miles offshore from Cloughton Wyke, 18 Aug., 1949 (E.O.W.) ; one off Filey Brigg, 18 Sept., 1949 ; 3 Sept., 1950, and 26 July, 1952 (A.J.W.). puffinus mauretanicus Lowe — BALEARIC SHEARWATER. Acciden- tal visitor. Recorded several times between 1890 and 1900-. No BIRDS 395 recent records. See Nel., p. 761., and Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938, Vol. 4, p. 47. gravis (O’Reilly) — GREAT SHEARWATER. W.V. Rare. Autumn and winter visitor of uncertain occurrence. Seen more frequently off Flamborough Head than elsewhere (Nel., p. 752 et seq.). griseus (Grn.)— SOOTY SHEARWATER. W.V. Rare. Recorded irregularly, though probably occurs fairly frequently (Nel., p. 755 et seq.) . BULWERIA Bonaparte bulwerii (Jard. & Selby) — BULWER’S PETREL. Accidental visitor. One record, a bird found dead near Scarborough, 28 Feb., 1908 (W.E.C., Nat., 1922, p. 128). FULMARUS Stephens glacialis glacialis (L.) — FULMAR PETREL. R. Common. Before 1919, when three birds were recorded frequenting Speeton Cliffs, was only occasionally seen out to sea by fishermen. By 1922, fifteen to twenty pairs were recorded from Bempton and eggs were taken by the climbers. Since then the bird has spread northwards along the cliffs within the district, and now breeds on most suitable cliff faces. By 1938 over one hundred pairs were counted at Bemp- ton (Nat., 1939, p. 15). During the summer of 1949 young birds unable to fly were seen on the Cliffs at Cloughton Wyke ; Castle Cliff, Scarborough ; Red Cliff, Cayton Bay ; Mell Casty Cliff and Pudding Hole, Gristhorpe and on the Speeton and Bempton Cliffs (A. J.W.) . On 4 May, 1942, two were seen being mobbed by Rooks at Thorn ton-le-Dale, fourteen miles from the coast (R.M.G., Nat., 1943, p. 50.) Order PODICIPITIFORMES PODICIPITIDAE PODICEPS Latham cristatus cristatus (L.) — GREAT CRESTED GREBE. W.V. Rare. Does not breed in the district, occurring irregularly during the winter on the sea and larger ponds near the coast. One record only from inland, one seen at Marishes, 28 Sept., 1946 (R.M.G.). griseigena griseigena (Bodd.) — RED-NECKED GREBE. W.V. Rare. An infrequent visitor, usually odd birds being recorded, chiefly along the coast, but occasionally inland. auritus (L.)— SLAVONIAN GREBE. W.V. Rare. Single birds seen along the coast during hard weather. Has not been recorded inland. During Feb. and Mar., 1947, several were recorded within the neighbourhood of Scarborough. nigricollis nigricollis Brehm — BLACK-NECKED GREBE. W.V. Rare Recorded some five or six times. Latest records are one in Scar- borough Harbour, 30 Jan., 1939 (T.N.R.) ; one on the Marishes 16 Jan., 1939 (R.M.G.) ; one in the South Bay, Scarborough, 2 Jan., 1950 (A.J.W.). ruficollis ruficoUis (Pall.) — LITTLE GREBE. R. Not common. Breeds regularly in one or two suitable localities. 396 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Order COLYMBIFORMES COLYMBIDAE COLYMBUS Linnaeus immer Bruenn. — GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. W.V. Rare. Fiv& or six records. Latest records, a bird lived in and about the harbour from 16 to 31 Dec., 1949 (R.M.G., A.J.W., E.A.W.), and two in Filev Bay on 12 Feb., 1950 (A.J.W.) adamsu Gray— WHITE-BILLED NORTHERN DIVER. Accidental visitor. Three records. One shot from Filey Brigg in Jan., 1887 (Nel., p. 734) ; one seen in Scarborough Harbour, 1 and 2 Mar., 1916 (W.J.C., Nat., 1916, p. 218) ; and one found dead on Scar- borough sands by E. Sigston on 30 Jan., 1952 (Nat., 1952, p. 105). arcticus arcticus L.— BLACK-THROATED DIVER. W.V. Rare. Five or six records. Occasional inland, stellatus Pont. — RED-THROATED DIVER. W.V. Not uncommon. Single birds occur each year along the coast, often seeking shelter in Scarborough Harbour. During Feb., 1947, three spent a week in the harbour (A.J.W. ). Very few records from inland waters. i Order COLUMBIFORMES I COLUMBIDAE f COLUMBA Linnaeus palumbus palumbus L.- -WOOD-PIGEON. R. and W.V. Very com- mon. Generally distributed, being absent only on the higher moorlands. aenas L. — STOCK-DOVE. R. Fairly common. Locally distributed, but well established. livia livia Gm. — ROCK-DOVE. R. Breeds on Speeton and Bempton ( Cliffs. Due to incursion of domestic pigeons a mixture of the two } occurs, but it is doubtful if the statement in the Handbook that the j wild type nredominates is true (A.J.W.). I STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte turtur turtur (L.) — ^TURTLE-DOVE. S.V. Fairly common. Record- j ed in 1897 on migration only. 'First recorded nesting in 1900 (Nel., | p. 497). Has increased as a nesting species since, breeding in ! considerable numbers on the Wolds, and is spreading northwards to ' the afforested areas to the west and north of Scarborough. ii orientalis orientalis (Lath.)— EASTERN RUFOUS TURTLE-DOVE. Accidental visitor. The first British record, a bird shot at White Nab, Scarborough, 23 Oct., 1889, (Nel., p. 498, and Hand. Brit. Ij Birds, 1938, Vol. 4, p. 145). I ( PTEROCLIDAE SYRRHAPTES Illiger j paradoxus (Pall.) — PALLAS’S SAND-GROUSE. Accidental visitor, i Two or three flocks were seen in the Scarborough district during the irruption of May and June, 1888 (Nel., pp. 499-503). BIRDS 397 Order CHARADRIIFORMES SCOLOPACIDAE LIMOSA Brisson lapponica lapponica (L.) — BAR-TAILED GODWIT. P.M. Not common. Single birds recorded along the coast at irregular inter- vals, but only one record inland, three at Marishes, 1 Oct., 1946 (R.M.G.). limosa limosa (L.)— BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. P.M. Very rare. Two records, a iDird shot on the Carrs, Sept., 1923 (W.J.C.), and a flock of 46-48 at Marishes, 26 April, 1947 (R.M.G.). NUMENIUS Brisson arquata arquata (L.) — COMMON CLTRLEW. R. and P.M. Fairly common. Breeds regularly on the moors, though numbers have decreased owing to military and forestry activities. Also nests on the Carrs. Frequents the shore throughout the winter, numbers being greatly increased by passage migrants. phaeopus phaeopus (L.) — WHIMBREL. P.M. Uncommon. Small numbers recorded on passage each year, chiefly in flight at night. SCOLOPAX Linnaeus rusticola L. — WOODCOCK. R. and W.V. Fairly common. Breeds regularly in wooded parts. Numbers increased during hard weather. In Feb. and Mar., 1947, birds were seen regularly in the town gardens (A.J.W.). CAPELLA Frenzel media (Lath.) — GREAT SNIPE. Accidental visitor. No definite records since the bird shot at Scampston on 18 Sept., 1884, men- tioned by the late W. H. St. Quintin (Yorks. Birds, p. 236). gallinago gallinago (L.) — COMMON SNIPE. R. and W.V. Breeds regularly on the Carrs and moors. Numbers considerably increased in the winter. LYMNOCRYPTES Boie minimus (Bruenn.) — JACK SNIPE. W.V. Scarce. Regular in late autumn at Keld Head, Pickering, but recorded irregularly elsewhere, probably being overlooked. PHALAROPUS Brisson fulicarius (L.) — GREY PHALAROPE. W.V. Rare. Recorded at infrequent intervals. One in North Bay, Scarborough, 2 Feb., 1940 (Nat., 1941, p. 94), the most recent being one in Filey Bay, 31 Oct., 1954 (A.J.W.). lobatus (L.) — RED-NECKED PHALAROPE. Accidental visitor. One record, an adult male shot in North Bay, Scarborough, 10 Oct., 1892 (W.J.C.). ARENARIA Brisson interpres interpres (L.) — TURNSTONE. P.M. Fairly common. Small flocks or single birds recorded regularly along the coast. Chiefly immature birds. 398 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT CALIDRIS Anonymous canutus canutus (L.) — KNOT. P.M. and W.V. Common. Flocks of up to one hundred birds seen regularly along the coast. Rarely seen inland. alpina schinzii (Brehm)— SOUTHERN DUNLIN. alpina alpina (L.) — NORTHERN DUNLIN. A regular visitor on migration, though the large flocks seen by observers forty years ago no longer occur. Local records do not specify sub-species, but it is assumed that both occur. testacea (Pall.) — CLTRLEW-SANDPIPER. P.M. Rare. Apparently oversteps the district on migration. Has been recorded only four times, the most recent being six at Filey, 11 Sept., 1948 (E.A.W.). Recorded once inland at Marishes, 1 Oct., 1946 (R.M.G.). minuta (Leisl.) — LITTLE STINT. P.M. Very rare. Four records, one in the North Bay, Scarborough, 19 Sept., 1899 (W.J.C.), and one at Marishes, 1 Oct., 1946 (R.M.G.), and single birds on Filey Brigg, 18 Sept., 1949, and 30 Aug., 1953 (A.J.W.). Doubtless other birds have been overlooked and not recorded. melanotos (Vieill.)— AMERICAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER. One record, a bird at Filey in 1854 (F. O. Morris’s British Birds, Vol. IV, p. 316). maritima maritima (Bruenn.) — PURPLE SANDPIPER. P.M. and W.V. Fairly common. Occurs regularly every year, small flocks winter in suitable localities. CROCETHIA Billberg alba (Pall.) — SANDERLING. W.V. Fairly common. Seeii regular- ly along the coast, usually singly or in small flocks. PHILOMACHUS Anonymous pugnax (L.) — RUFF. P.M. Rare. Occasionally seen on the Marishes. Last record, up to twenty during an unusual period of flooding from 22 — 31 Aug., 1954 (R.M.G.), and two at Staxton on 22 Aug., 1954 (A.J.W.). ACTITIS Illiger hypoleucos (L.) — COMMON SANDPIPER. S.V. Not common. Breeds regularly, but numbers are decreasing rapidly. TRINGA Linnaeus glareola h. — WOOD-SANDPIPER. P.M. Very rare. Three on marshy ground near Staxton, 22 Aug., 1954 (A.J.W.), and three or four beside floods at Marishes from 22 Aug., — 5 Sept., 1954 (R.M.G.). The first records for the district. ochropus L. — GREEN SANDPIPER. P.M. and W.V. Not common. Recorded regularly from the Carrs during the first week in August, usually as single birds. A flock of seven seen at Ganton, 2' Aug., 1948 (E.A.W., A.J.W.). Up to twenty together near Staxton on 22 Aug., 1954 (A.j.W.). totanus britannica Math. — BRITISH REDSHANK. R. and P.M. Not common. Breeds regularly in small numbers. Some birds stay through the winter, chiefly along the coast. BIRDS 399 erythropus (Pall.) — SPOTTED REDSHANK. P.M. Very rare. One record, a single bird at Marishes during a period of unusual flooding, 28 — 31 Aug., 1954 (R.M.G., A.J.W.). nebularia (Gunn.) — GREENSHANK. P.M. Very rare. Recent records, one seen on Flixton Carrs, 1 May, 1941 (T.N.R.) ; one seen at Keld Head, Pickering, 3 Sept., 1943 (R.M.G.) ; at Staxton on marshy ground, two on 21 Aug., and five on 22 Aug., 1954 (A.J.W.) ; one at Marishes 28 — 31 Aug., 1954 (R.M.G.) . CHARADRIIDAE ■CHARADRIUS Linnaeus hiaticula hiaticula L. — RINGED PLOVER. P.M. Fairly common. Small numbers seen regularly on passage along the coast. Does not breed within the district. LEUCOPOLIUS Bonaparte alexandrinus alexandrinus (L.) — KENTISH PLOVER. Accidental visitor. One record, two immature birds shot in Cayton Bay, 12 Sept., 1891 (W.J.C.). PLUVIALIS Brisson apricaria apricaria (L.) — SOUTHERN GOLDEN PLOVER. R. and W.V. Breeds sparingly on the moors. Numbers greatly increased in the autumn, probably including birds of sub-species altifrons, though no definite records have been made. Throughout the winter large flocks frequent the Carrs, often numbering several hundred birds. SQUATAROLA Cuvier squatarola (L.) — GREY PLOVER. P.M. Rare. Odd birds or small parties seen at infrequent intervals along the coast. Last record, three, Scarborough Harbour, 30 Jan., 1954 (A.J.W. ). EUDROMIAS Brehm morinellus (L.) — -DOTTEREL. P.M. Very rare. In the early part of last century large numbers were shot on the Wolds during the spring passage. Is now very rarely seen, the last record being a flock of about one hundred frequenting the Wolds near Bempton, from 11 to 18 June, 1907 (E.W.W.). VANELLUS Brisson vanellus (L.) — LAPWING. R. and W.V. As a resident species the numbers breeding regularly are decreasing at an alarming rate. Large flocks of immigrant birds spend the winter in the district. RECUR VIROSTRA Linnaeus avosetta L. — AVOCET. Accidental visitor. One record, two seen near Flamborough Lighthouse for several days during April, 1893 (Neh, p. 590). HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus ostralegus occidentalis Neum. — BRITISH OYSTER-CATCHER. W.V. and P.M. Has increased during the past few years. May be seen along the coast in small numbers throughout the year. Does not breed within the district. 400 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT GLAREOLIDAE GLAREOLA Brisson pratincola pratincola (L.) — PRATINCOLE. Accidental visitor. One record, one killed on Staxton Wold, May, 1844 (Nel., p. 565). BURHINIDAE BURHINUS Illiger oedicnemus oedicnemus (L.) — STONE-CURLEW. S.V. Nested regularly in one locality up to 1937. Odd birds still present 1938 and 1939, though breeding not proved (Hand. Brit. Birds, 1938, VoL, 4, p. 434). No records have been received since. OTIDIDAE OTIS Linnaeus tarda tarda L. — GREAT BUSTARD. Very rare vagrant. At one time was common on the Wolds, becoming extinct as a resident during the early 1830’s. The last record is believed to have been one seen at Foxholes- during 1835 (Nel., pp. 548-557). The only known Yorkshire egg is in the Scarborough Museum. tetrax L. — ^LITTLE BUSTARD. Very rare vagrant. Three records, the most recent being a pair at Allerston Marishes, Oct., 1886 (Nel., p. 558). GRUIDAE GRUS Pallas grus grus (L.) — COMMON CRANE. One record, a juvenile bird shot at Flamborough in Feb., 1892 (Nat., 1893, p. 203). LARIDAE CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque niger niger (L.) — BLACK TERN. Rare vagrant. Recorded three times, one at Scalby in 1863 (Nel., p. 655), an adult shot at Osgodby, April, 1901 (W.J.C.), and three juveniles in Jackson’s Bay, Scarborough on 7 Sept., 1952 (A.J.W.). leucopterus (Temm.)— WHITE- WINGED BLACK TERN. Very rare vagrant. Three records, the most recent a bird shot at Scar- borough, 26 Sept., 1896 (Nel., p. 650). HYDROPROGNE Kaup caspia (Pall.) — CASPIAN TERN. Very rare vagrant. One record, a bird shot at Filey, Sept., 1874 (Nel., p. 652). STERNA Linnaeus sandvicensis sandvicensis Lath. — SANDWICH TERN. P.M. Com- mon. Common along the coast during August and September, apparently as part of the spread of the species from its breeding haunts prior to the actual passage south. hirundo hirundo L. — COMMON TERN. P.M. Not common. Chiefly seen during the autumn passage. macrura Naum. — ARCTIC TERN. P.M. Fairly common. Can be seen regularly during August and September, prior to its passage to the south. Plate IX STONB CURLEW { Burhinus o. oedicnenius {L.) ) Photograph : Ralph Chislett. F.R.P.S. facing page 400 BIRDS 401 albifrons albifrons Pall. — LITTLE TERN. P.M. Rare. Surprisingly few records. XEMA Leach sabini (Sab.) — SABINE’S GULL. W.V. Very rare. Mainly imma- ture birds recorded, the most recent being one shot at Scarborough, 6 Oct., 1908 (W.J.C.), an adult shot at Bempton on 10 Oct., 1910 (Yorks. Birds, p. 283), and a juvenile first seen by M. Ness at Scalby Mills, Scarborough on 4 Oct., 1952 (E.A.W. & A.J.W.). LARUS Linnaeus minutus Pall. — ^LITTLE GULL. W.V. Rare. Single birds recorded at irregular intervals, birds seldom staying for more than one or two days. Latest records, an immature bird at Scarborough, 1 Feb., 1947 (A.J.W.), and single adult birds in Scarborough Harbour from 5-8 Feb., 1952, and on 6 and 7, Sept., 1952 (A.J.W.). ridibundus ridibundus L.— BLACK-HEADED GULL. R. and W.V. Common. Breeds at one locality in the district, though very few eggs hatch owing to the depredations of egg thieves. Numbers increased in winter by migratory birds. One recovered at Scarborough, April, 1936, had been ringed at Jinxford, Jutland, July, 1935. canus canus L. — COMMON GULL. W.V. Very common. Very large flocks winter in the district, spending the daytime inland, returning each night to the coast to roost. Several recoveries have been made of birds ringed in Sweden, Finland, and on Baltic coast, argentatus argentatus Pont. — HERRING GULL. R. Very common. Breeds in considerable numbers all along the cliffs, where rock faces afford suitable sites. First nested on the Castle Hill, Scarborough, in 1934. Commonly feeds inland during the winter, but seldom in as large flocks as previous species. fuscus graellsii Brehm— BRITISH LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. P.M. Uncommon. Although the species breeds north of the district, it is rarely seen except on spring and autumn passage, and then not in any numbers. Occasionally passes inland in spring across the moors (R.M.G.). marinus L.— GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. W.V. Common. Small flocks are seen regularly throughout the winter, and occasion- ally large flocks of up to three hundred birds are recorded. Of such a flock seen in Gristhorpe Bay, on 11 Oct., 1947, about half were mature (A.J.W.). Moves inland to flooded areas of the Vale of Pickering, up to fifty seen in 1944-45 (R.M.G.) . Odd birds may be seen along the coast throughout the summer, hyperboreus Gunn. — GLAUCOUS GULL. W.V. Not common. Immature birds recorded regularly during hard weather. Nine immature and one adult recorded on 16 Dec., 1942 (T.N.R.). glaucoides Mey. — ICELAND GULL. W.V. Rare. Recorded at irregular intervals. Majority of records are of immature birds. 402 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT RISSA Stephens tridactyla tridactyla (L.) — KITTIWAKE. R. Abundant. Large numbers breed along the whole length of the Speeton and Bempton Cliffs, their numbers having increased enormously during the past twenty years. A colony was started on the Castle Hill, Scarborough, during the war, but owing to military restrictions it is not clear in which year breeding was actually commenced. In 1948, between thirty and forty nests were counted (A.J.W.), and the colony has continued to increase. Occasional immature birds are seen during the winter months. PAGOPHILA Kaup ebumea (Phipps) — IVORY GULL. Vagrant. Nelson mentions five local records, the most recent being one at Flamborough on 5 April, 1904 (Nel., p. 693). There have been no records since. STERCORARIIDAE STERCORARIUS Brisson skua skua (Bruenn.) — GREAT SKUA. P.M. Rare. Infrequently recorded as migrations are made chiefly out to sea. The last record is of a bird killed by colliding with wires at Thofnton-le-Dale, 14 miles from the coast, during Dec., 1932 (W.J.C., Nat., 1934, p. 20). pomarinus (Temm.) — POMATORHINE SKUA. P.M. Fairly com- mon at sea. Rarely recorded near the coast except during gales from the east. Large numbers occurred along the coast during 1879, 1880, and 1886 (Nel., p. 696 et seq.). parasiticus (L.) — ^ARCTIC SKUA. P.M. Fairly common. Recorded irregularly along the coast. lot^icaudus Vieill. — LONG-TAILED SKUA. P.M. Very rare. An irruption occurred along the east coast during Oct., 1879, numbers being recorded at Scarborough. Last recorded, Oct., 1889, an adult killed at Scalby Ness (Nel., pp. 706-7), and two immature birds shot and an adult seen off Flamborough in Oct., 1908 (Yorks. Birds, p. 302) . ALCIDAE I- Rallus 404 Recurvirostra 399 Regulus 383 Riparia 386 Rissa 402 Saxicola 385 Scolopax 397 Sitta 381 Somateria 393 Spatula 392 Squatarola 399 Stercorarius 402 Sterna 400 Streptopelia 396 Strix 388 Sturnus 377 Sula 394 Sylvia 384 Syrrhaptes 396 Tadorna 392 Tringa 398 Troglodytes 386 Turdus 384 Tyto 389 Upupa 387 Uria 402 Vanellus 399 Xema 401 406 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES Accentor, Dipper, Goosander 393 Alpine 385 Black-bellied 386 Goose, Auk, British 386 Barnacle- 392 Little 403 Diver, Bean- 392 Avocet 399 Black -throated Canada 392 396 Dark-breasted Bee-eater 387 Great Northern Brent 392 Bittern 391 396 Grey Lag- 391 Little 391 Red-throated 396 Pale-breasted Blackbird 384 White-billed Brent 392 Blackcap 384 Northern 396 Pink-footed 392 Bluethroat, Dotterell 399 White-fronted Red-spotted 385 Dove, 391 White-spotted Eastern Rufous Goshawk 390 385 Turtle- 396 Grebe, Brambling 379 Rock- 396 Black -necked Bullfinch, Stock- 396 395 British 379 Turtle- 396 Great Crested Northern 379 Duck, 395 Bunting, Harlequin- 393 Little 395 Corn- 379 Long-tailed 393 Red-necked 395 East Siberian Scaup- 393 Slavonian 395 Meadow- 379 Sheld- 392 Greenfinch 378 Lapland 380 Tufted 393 Green shank 399 Reed- 380 Dunlin, Grosbeak, Snow- 380 Northern 398 Pine- 379 Yellow 379 Southern 398 Grouse, Bustard, British Red 404 Great 400 Eagle, Pallas’s Sand- Little 400 American Bald 396 Buzzard, 390 Guillemot, Common 389 Golden 389 Black 403 Honey- 390 White-tailed 390 Breunnich’s 403 Rough-legged Eider, Northern 402 389 Common 393 Southern 402 Steller’s 393 Gull, Chaffinch 379 Black-headed Chiffchaff 383 Falcon, 401 Chough 377 Greenland 389 British Lesser Coot 404 Iceland 389 Black-backed Cormorant 394 Peregrine 389 401 Crake, Red-footed 389 Common 401 Corn- 403 Fieldfare 384 Glaucous 401 Little 404 Flycatcher, . Great Black- Spotted 403 Pied 383 backed 401 Crane, Red-breasted 383 Herring 401 Common 400 Spotted 382 Iceland 401 Crossbill, Ivory 402 Common 379 Gadwall 392 Little 401 Two-barred 379 Gannet 394 Sabine’s 401 Crow, Garganey 392 Carrion- 377 Godwit, Hooded 377 Bar-tailed 397 Harrier, Cuckoo 387 Black -tailed 397 Hen- 390 Yelow-billed 388 Goldcrest 383 Montagu’s 390 Curlew, Goldeneye 393 Hawfinch 378 Common 397 Goldfinch, Hawk, Stone- 400 British 378 Sparrow 390 BIRDS — INDEX 407 Hedge-Sparrow, Oyster-catcher, Rook 377 Tern, British 386 British 399 Ruff 398 Arctic 400 Heron, Black 400 Common 391 Partridge, Sanderling 398 Caspian 400 Purple 391 Common 404 Sandpiper, Common 400 Hobby 389 Red-legged 404 American Little 400 Hoopoe 387 Petrel, Pectoral 398 Sandwich 400 Bulwer’s 394 Common 398 White-winged Ibis, Fulmar 394 Curlew- 398 Black 400' Glossy 391 Leach’s Fork Green 398 Thrush, tailed 394 Purple 398 Mistle- 384 T 1 J “577 Storm- 394 Wood 398 Rock 384 JacKdaw j ! ! 'll! Phalarope, Scoter, Song- 384 Jay J ! ! Grey 397 Common 393 Tit, Red-necked 397 Velvet- 393 British Blue 381 Kestrel 389 Pheasant 404 Shag 394 British Coal- 381 Kingfisher 387 Pigeon, Shearwater, British Great 381 Kite 390 Wood 396 Balearic 394 British Long - Kittiwake 402 Pintail 392 Great 394 tailed 382 Knot 398 Pipit, Manx 394 British Marsh Meadow- 380 Sooty 394 382 Lapwing 399 Rock- 381 Shoveler 392 British Willow- Lark, Tree- 380 Shrike, 382 Shore- 380 Water- 381 Great Grey 382 Tree-Creeper, Sky- 380 Plover, Red-backed 382 British 381 Wood- 380 Grey 399 Woodchat 382 Turnstone 397 Linnet 379 Kentish 399 Siskin 378 Twite, Ringed 399 Skua, British 379 Magpie 377 Southern Arctic 402 Mallard 392 Golden 399 Great 402 Wagtail, Martin, Pochard, Long-tailed 402 Blue-headed 381 House- 386 Common 392 Pomatorhine 402 Grey 381 Sand- 386 Pratincole 400 Smew 393 Pied 381 Merganser, Puffin, Snipe, White 381 Red-breasted Southern 403 Common 397 Yellow 381 393 Great 397 Warbler, Merlin 389 Jack 397 Garden- 384 Moorhen 404 Quail 404 Sparrow, Grasshopper-383 House- 380 Marsh- 383 Nightingale 385 Tree- 380 Reed- 383 Nightjar 386 Rail, Starling 377 Sedge- 383 Nuthatch. Water 404 Rose-coloured Willow- 383 British 381 Raven 377 378 Wood- 383 Razorbill, Stint, Waxwing 382 Oriole, British 402 Little 398 Wheatear 384 Golden 378 Redpoll, Stonechat, Greenland 384 Osprey 390 Coues’s 379 British 385 Whimbrel 397 Owl, Lesser 378 Stork, Whinchat 385 British Tawnv Mealy 378 White 391 Whitethroat 384 388 Redshank, Swallow 386 Lesser 384 Dark-breasted British 398 Swan, Wigeon 392 Barn- 389 Spotted 399 Bewick’s 391 Woodcock 397 Eagle 388 Redstart 385 Mute 391 Woodpecker, Little 388 Black 385 Whooper 391 British Lesser Long-eared 388 Redwing 384 Swift 386 Spotted 387 Short-eared 388 Ring-Ouzel 384 Alpine 386 British Great Snowy 388 Robin, Spotted 387 Tengmalm’s 388 British 385 Teal 392 Green 387 White-breasted Continental 385 Green-winged Wren 386 Barn- 389 Roller 387 392 Wryneck 387 MAMMALS F. C. Rimington Of the 76 species of mammals given in the List of British Verte- brates, British Museum (Natural History), 1935, excluding island forms, 45 have been recorded from the Scarborough district. Within historical times several other species flourished. It is gener- ally stated that the wolf became extinct in England about the end of the 15th century, but there is a tradition that this animal lingered on in the Yorkshire Wolds. Blaine, in his Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, 1858, p. 105, says that in the parish books of Flixton and Folkton are still to be seen memoranda of payments made for the destruction of wolves which used to breed in the bogs and rushes on the carrs below the villages, coming up at night to destroy great numbers of sheep. Unfortunately such entries in the parish registers can no longer be traced. In Richard II’s reign wolves must have been fairly common in the district for in the account rolls of Whitby Abbey for 1394-6 is the following entry of a payment for the dressing of wolf-skins : — Pro tewing xiiii pelliuni luporum .... los. ixd. In Farrer’s “ Early Yorkshire Charters ”, Vol. II, pp. 468-9, referring to Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1446-52, is a writ of 1448 confirming the foundation in the reign of King Athelstan of the Hospital of St. Mary and St. Andrew at Flixton, for the safety of travellers so that they should not be devoured by wolves and other wild beasts in the woods at that time, i.e., 10th cent. There is no mention in the writ of wolves existing there in 1448, the only dangers mentioned being ” waters, bogs and marshes ”. This hospital was popularly called ” Carmanspital ”, possibly a variant of Carlandspital (being built near the carrs, drained peaty land) to distinguish it from the nearby hospital of St. Mary at Staxton. Remains of the Flixton hospital can be seen in a field near Park House and its position is indicated as a short bank on the O.S. 6-in. map, just north of the village. Accord- ing to Hinderwell (History of Scarborough, 1811, p. 263) there was a parcel of land in this vicinity called ” Wolfland ”, but the name is no longer in use. Although the remains of the brown bear have been found else- where in the North Riding (Harting, Extinct British Animals, 1880, p. 13) dating probably from Roman times, there are no reliable records for this animal in our area. An interesting list is contained in ” A Booke of all the oulde Customes used in Pickering lithe time oute memorie and contenewed to this daie ”, Gawaine Bebington, 1622. He catalogues ‘‘ Beastes of the forrest, Harte, Hare, Beare, Wolffe ; Beastes of the chaise, Bucke, Roe, Fox, Mottrom (Marten ?) ; Beastes of warraint. Hare, Cony ; Fowles of warraint, Phessant, Partridg.” One suspects this is a list of animals that Bebington considered should exist in a forest worthy of the name rather than an actual record of species to be found in Pickering Forest. 408 MAMMALS 409 There are very scant records of the wild boar in the Pickering Coucher Book (14th cent.). It contains innumerable instances of the poaching of red, fallow and roe deer and the hare, but no mention of the taking of the boar. In 1306 it is recorded that the Abbot of St. Mary’s, York, holds in fee the office of forester on Blakey Moor, and can take all animals excepting the hart, hind, hawk and boar, “ which the king’s ancestors reserved for themselves and their heirs ” (Inq. P.M. 34, Edw. I, No. 162). In 1227, Henry III, writing from Stam- ford, instructed his huntsmen. Master Guy and John the Fool, to take 20 hinds and 10 pigs for the king’s use from his forest of Pickering (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 2, p. 219). This reference to pigs (porcos in the original Latin) may refer to the wild boar or, less likely, to the domestic pig, numbers of which were kept in the forest. It is clear that the wild boar was not a common animal. As late as the 17th century it is recorded (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 2, p. 7) that a ranger received from Scalby and other townships adjoining the moors, half a peck of oats annually per oxgang of land for pro- tecting the poultry against the fox ; later the status of this animal had become so precarious that artificial breeding places of brick and drain- pipe were constructed by the hunts on the Wolds, to the eventual confusion of the archaeologist. The breeding and trapping of rabbits in large warrens was part of the common farming practice in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Tuke (Agriculture of the North Riding, 1800, p. 283) mentions a warren recently planted at Lockton containing between 4 and 5 hundred acres, and two others, somewhat larger, at High and Low Dalby, these latter the property of the Duchy of Lancaster. Marshall (Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 1788, pp. 232 and 261) considers the rabbit to be “ a species of stock nearly three times as valuable as either cattle or sheep ”. He describes a warren in this district containing 1,800 acres, worth for the purpose of husbandry one shilling per acre, but let as a rabbit warren for £300 per year. Marshall describes in detail the working of rabbit warrens at Coldham (Cottam ?) on the Wolds, where “ three or four thousand acres of tolerably good land are appro- priated principally to rabbits, a circumstance which it would be difficult to equal ”. When parts of the warren became mossy they were en- closed by a turf wall topped with furze, the surface pared and burnt and the soil broken up for arable crops. Having afforded a succession of corn and turnips the ground was sown with grass and again thrown open to the rabbits. To encourage the animals artificial burrows were bored with an auger and if the soil was thin, loads of earth were brought in from elsewhere and stacked into mounds. The species bred in these warrens was at first the common grey, but later silver-haired strains were introduced into most warrens. These silver skins were dressed as fur and exported to the East Indies and to China *' there to be worn by the principal people ”. The rabbits were taken in “ type-traps ”, the remains of many of which may still be found on the moors. The type consisted of a pit 5 or 6 feet deep and 410 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT lined with stone. It was covered with a floor with a balanced trap- door in the middle ; it was baited with turnips and the trapdoor fastened for several nights. Then it would be loosened and the rabbits taken. Marshall says that 5 or 6 hundred couples were frequently taken at one time, and when two Wold warrens lay together there was once an instance of 1,500 couples being killed at one taking. It is significant that in the very extensive documents concerning the Forest of Pickering in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, there is no mention of the rabbit. All other animals that could be expected to live in a medieval forest are dealt with in detail and the absence of references to the rabbit implies that this animal did not then exist in the forest, which stretched from the River Seven to the sea and which included villages, cultivated land, heaths and moors as well as woodlands. The chief animals in the forest were of course the deer, red, fallow and roe. The fallow deer were confined to the park of Blansby to the north of Pickering. In the Duchy of Lancaster records (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 1, p. 198) it is said that there were between 400 and 500 fallow deer in the park in 1503. In the mid-16th century there were some 600 deer at Blansby, including 77 bucks (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 1, p. 212), but in a survey of the forest in 1608 it is stated that the stone wall of Blansby Park is decayed in many places and only about 100 deer are left. Later, Norden’s Survey of Pickering Forest, 1619-21, reports that the park had recently been replenished with fallow deer, but being unconfmed because of the broken wall, they ranged over the adjacent fields (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 1, p. 13). The different names given in the forest records to deer of various age are of interest ; RED DEER FALLOW DEER HART HIND BUCK DOE 1st year Calf Hind Calf Fawn Fawn 2nd ,, Knobber or Hearse or Pricket Teg Brocket Hyrsel 3rd ,, Spayard Hind Sorrel Doe 4th ,, Staggart , , Soar , , 5th ,, Stag Buck of 1st Head i 7 6th ,, Hart of 1st Head Buck of Great Head 7th ,, Hart of Great Head In medieval times poaching appears to have been a most popular pastime among all classes. Clerics of high degree, local nobility, yeomen, townsmen and vagrants were regularly indicted for poaching, the red deer being the principal victim. The Duchy of Lancaster records (N.R.R.S., all vols.) show the penalties varied from a fine of 6d. to outlawry ; indeed so very many were outlawed that one doubts the seriousness of the sentence, in many cases the fine appears to be the more serious. Thus on July 4th, 1307, John Humet, John Woodcock, MAMMALS 411 Thomas Gnatel (a confirmed poacher in trouble before), William Rufait, Roger Heywood, William Cooper, of Scarborough and Roger his lad, were caught taking a stag at Ellerbeck with bows and arrows and six greyhounds. Gnatel as an old offender was fined 6/8, Wood- cock was fined 5/-, the rest were outlawed ! (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol 2, p. 80). At the Assizes of the Forest held at Pickering in 1334 it was stated that during the few years that Richard Skelton had been keeper of Pickering Castle 180 harts and 200 hinds had been taken irregularly, 18 harts and 24 hinds had been delivered to the Abbot of St. Mary’s as tithe and 200 harts and 300 hinds had died of the murrain (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 2, p. 138). In an enquiry into the state of Pickering Forest in 1503 it was recorded that between 200 and 300 red deer were to be found within the forest. To test these numbers the examiners took 8 people with them and suddenly went into the woods. Within two hours 7 or 8 score of red deer were seen (Vol. 1, p. 198). Another survey in the mid-16th century (Vol. 1, p. 212)- says “ the remanent of the reade deare are vewed to be CCLXIII, whereof mayle deare LIIII ”. By 1608 the number appears to have fallen to 15 or 16 stags only and Norden’s Survey of 1619-21 records that there are but few red deer left, confined to Newton Dale and to Sir Thomas Posthumus Hoby’s woods at Hackness, perhaps one deer for every 5,000 sheep. The roe deer seems to have been less common ; quite a number were poached and they were sometimes caught in nets (Vol. 3, p. 225). In 1340 Henry de Percy, Lord of the Manor of Seamer, claimed the right to take and chase roe deer within the limits of the forest (Vol. 3, p. 164). There are many references to dogs in the forest records. Only mastiffs and cur-dogs could be kept in the forest and they must be lawed or maimed. A special claim had to be made to keep greyhounds or spaniels (N.R.R.S.N.S., Vol. 1, p. XXXHI). Manwood in his Treatise on Forest Law, Chap. XVI, describes the operation of lawing. " The mastive being brought to set one of the forefeet upon a piece of wood eight inches thick and a foot square, then one with a mallet setting a chissell of two inches broade upon three claws of the forefeet at one blow doth smite them clean off.” The fine for keeping an un- lawed dog in the forest was 3/- and when in 1335 the Prior of Brid- lington was indicted for keeping unlawed dogs at Scalby, he success- fully pleaded the right of the Holy Church to be free of the need to law its hunting dogs (Vol. 3, p. 6). In 1327 there were 135 dogs in the forest, mostly mastiffs and greyhounds hunting by sight and hrachcs or running-hounds hunting by scent, the latter somewhat resembling a very heavy foxhound of to-day (Vol. 2. p. XL). The last recorded specimen of wild cat in Yorkshire was trapped at Marton, near Hawnby in the Hambleton Hills in 1840, but this animal appears to have been quite common in the Pickering Forest. Many records exist of the granting of permission for its hunting, e.g.. 412 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Roger Hardy of Scarborough was allowed to hunt with his hounds for hare, fox, badger and wild cat (Pat. Rolls. 37 Hen. HI, m. 10). The marten was, at the beginning of the present century, a com- parative rarity in Britain. Its near-extermination, as was the case with many other carnivores, was due to its pelt being of considerable value as fur, and to the fact that such animals have for long been regarded as " vermin ”. Church Wardens' accounts of the 17th and 18th cen- turies, contain many entries of payments made for the destruction of various species of carnivores. Fortunately, however, the plantation policy of the Forestry Commissioners has provided many new and varied habitats where such rarities as the marten and the polecat may be encouraged to breed. There was at one time a herd of wild white cattle at Burton Con- stable. They differed from those at Chillingham in being larger and in having black ears, muzzles and tail-tips instead of red. They had become extinct by 1790 (Halting, Extinct British Animals, p. 228). Many of our mammals have local names : the hedgehog " Pricky- back Otchin ”, the stoat ” Clubster ”, the weazel ” Reazel ”, ttae shrew ” Blind Mouse ”, the brown rat ” Ratten ”, the porpoise ” Sea- Pig ”, the white-backed dolphin ” Ascus ”, the white-sided dolphin ” Scoutler ”, the bat ” Black-beeraway ”. The children of Ayton used to sing this charm : — ” Black black-beeraway. Fly my ear away. When we bake we’ll give When we wash we’ll give Abbreviations : — M.B. — M. Bailey R.B-C.— R. Barrington-Cooke W.J.C.— W. J. Clarke J.C. — J. Cooper R.M.G. — R. M. Garnett E.F.G. — E. F. Gilmour O.G. — Oxley Grabham G.K.G.— G. K. Green C.D.H.— C. D. Head B.M. — The British Museum (Natural History). Nat. — The Naturalist. N.R.R.S.N.S. — The North Riding Record Society Volumes, new series. V.C.H. — The Victoria County History, Yorkshire. Square brackets imply that the record occurred just outside our area. Acknowledgments Grateful thanks are due to Mr. T. C. M. Brewster, Mr. A. Gordon, Mr. G. K. Green, Mr. J. S. Hicks, Mr. N. Mitchelson, Mr. J. Rutter, Mr. G. G. Watson, Mr. J. Weatherell and others for their valuable help. Particular thanks are due to Dr. F. C. Fraser for adjusting the nomenclature in the cetacean section and for writing an introduction. you a cake, you a shirt ” (E.A.W.). T.S.H.— J. S. Hicks k.H.— K. Horsefield T.H-P.— T. Hyde-Parker E.P. — E. Percival E.J.R. — E. J. Rimington T.R.— T. Roberts P.T. — P. Tissiman E.A.W.— E. A. Wallis G.G.W.— G. G. Watson MAMMALS 413 MAMMALIA The nomenclature is that of the “List of British Vertebrates”, British Museum (Natural History), 1935 : the classification follows that of the “List of British Mammals”, British Museum (Natural History), 1952. INSECTIVORA TALPA Linnaeus europaea L. — Common Mole. Common in many districts but not usually on the moors ; unusually abundant in 1938. Specimens of uniformly cream colour taken at Staintondale (W.J.C., 1903). SOREX Linnaeus araneus castaneus Jen. — Common Shrew. Generally distributed and common. minutus L. — Pigmy Shrew. Records in most years, probably not uncommon. NEOMYS Kaup fodiens bicolor (Shaw) — Water Shrew. Generally distributed but not common. ERINACEUS Linnaeus europaeus L. — Hedgehog. Generally distributed and common. Many records of albino varieties. CHIROPTERA MYOTIS Kaup mystacinus (Kuhl) — Whiskered Bat. Uncommon ; Staxton (C.D.H., 1891) ; Scarborough (O.G., 1903) ; Scarborough Mere (W.J.C., 1924) ; Wood End Museum, Scarborough (E.F.G., 1950). nattereri (Kuhl) — Natterer’s Bat. Odd specimens taken at Thornton- le-Dale (V.C.H.). daubentonii (Kuhl) — Daubenton’s Bat. Only one record, a female found dead at Scarborough Mere, 29 April, 1953 (G.G.W.). PIPISTRELLUS Kaup pipistrellus (Schreb.) — Pipistrelle. Common and widely distributed. One taken at Scarborough in 1928 proved to be the largest ever measured by the B.M. staff. Its forearm was 32.5mm., and on its skin were a number of ticks new to Yorkshire. NYCTALUS Bowdich noctula (Schreb.) — Noctule or Great Bat. Fairly common at Thornton-le-Dale (R.M.G., 1943). Formerly not uncommon at Scarborough (W.J.C.), but not seen for many vears until 1948 when one was recorded at Throxenby Mere (E.J.R.). PLECOTUS Geoffroy auritus (L.) — Long-Eared Bat. Generally distributed and fairly common (W.J.C., 1897), no subsequent records until 1951, when three .specimens were recorded at Cropton, just outside cur area (E.F.G.). 414 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Although some miles outside our area, it is informative to note that Mr. Adam Gordon of Helmsley has taken the following bats in Buncombe Park : — Rhinolophus hipposideros minutus (Mont.) — Lesser Horseshoe. Occasional. Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl) — Whiskered. Local. M. nattereri (Kuhl) — Natterer’s. Local. M. daubentonii (Kuhl) — Daubenton’s. Local. Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreb.) — Pipistrelle. Common. Nyctalus noctula (Schreb.) — Noctule. Two colonies. Plecotus auritus (L.) — Long-Eared. Common. Barbastella barbastellus (Schreb.) — Barbastelle. Common and readily taken. CARNIVORA VULPES Oken vulpes cmcigera (Bechst.) — Fox. Common, particularly on the cliffs. (Occasionally breeds on the Castle Holmes. Melanistic strains not uncommon on the Wolds (J.S.H.). MELES Brisson meles meles (L.) — Badger. Quite common, despite persecution, breeds within miles of Scarborough Station. In 1931 one was captured in the centre of the town. In a recent survey of the Cloughton area over 40 sets were found, many either occupied or in use as travelling sets. Badgers abound in Allerston Forest, there being 15 sets in one part of Gandale alone. They are considered beneficial to the forest economy and are allowed to pass through special badger-gates in the rabbit-proof fences, wooden doors hinged at the top and weighted at the bottom, which a badger can push open but a rabbit cannot (G.K.G.). LUTRA Brisson lutra (L.) — Otter. Occasional in River Derwent and larger becks. Lindhead Beck, Scalby (E.J.R.,, 1947). One visited Peasholm Glen more than once in 1945, eating all the goldfish in the pond. Sc3.rborough Mere, 1948 (E.F.G.). MARTES Pinel martes martes (L.) — Pine Marten. Very rare; Levisham (Nat., 1921) ; Everley (K.H., 1925). MUSTELA Linnaeus erminea stabilis Barr.-Ham. — Stoat. Common. nivalis nivalis L. — V/easel. Fairly common. putorius putorius L. — Polecat. Rare; Seamer Carrs (W.J.C., 1894) ; Fylingdales (Nat., 1903) ; Killerby Hall (J.C., 1939). Five seen Jugger Howe Beck, 25th and 26th June, 1887. (R.B-C., Field, 1887). In the past many ferrets (Putorius furo) have escaped from captivity and interbred with wild polecats. Man has even crossed his ferrets with polecats, producing the coloured “ polecat-ferrets ”, which by pelage colour, size and ferocity could readily be mistaken for the pure-bred polecat. facing page 414 BADGFR {Meles m. meles (L.) ) Troutsdale MAMMALS 415 PINNIPEDIA HALICHOERUS Nilsson grypus (Fabr.) — Grey Seal. Rare ; Filey Brigg, 1927, male, exhibited alive at Filey for some years. Young male, washed ashore at ' Ca.yton Bay, Aug., 1953, preserved and exhibited at Wood End Museum. [Saltwick Bay (T.R., 1913)]. PHOCA Linnaeus vitulina L. — Common Seal. Not uncommon along the coast, occasionally in the harbour. LAGOMORPHA ORYCTOLAGUS Lilljeborg cuniculus (L.) — Rabbit. Very variable ; abundant in some years, scarce in 1932, 1933, 1937, owing to disease. In 1954 Myxomatosis reached the Scarborough area and by the summer of 1955 the rabbit appeared to have been virtually exterminated. LEPUS Linnaeus europaeus occidentalis de Wint. — Brown Hare. Generally distributed on cultivated ground. So scarce during the years 1937-41 that many of the usual coursing meetings were abandoned. RODENTIA MUSCARDINUS Kaup avellanarius (L.) — Dormouse. Very rare ; Raincliffe Woods and Langdale End (W.J.C., 1897) ; Barns Cliff (P.T., 1898). CLETHRIONOMYS Tilesius glareolus britannicus (Mill.) — Bank Vole. Less common than the Short-Tailed Vole, but not rare in Raincliffe Wood and in hedge- rows throughout the district (W.J.C.). ARVICOLA Lacepede amphibius amphibius (L.) — Water Vole. Common in suitable situa- tions. Black variety, Cayton Bay (W.J.C.). MICROTUS- Schrenk agrestis hirtus (Bell.) — Short-Tailed Vole. Normally plentiful ; very scarce in 1931-35, but in 1937-38 so numerous at Ebberston that many Short-Eared Owls gathered to feed on them. APODEMUS Kaup sylvaticus sylvaticus (L.) — Long-Tailed Field Mouse. Generally distributed and common. RATTUS Fitzinger rattiis (L.) — Black Rat. Rare before 1900 but then quickly became the dominant rat at the harbour. Less common since 1937 owing to exten.sive poisoning (W.J.C.) norvegicus (Erxl.) — Brown Rat. Common almost everywhere, less so at the harbour. MUS Linnaeus musculus L. — House Mouse. Very common. 416 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT SCIURUS Linnaeus vulgaris leucourus Kerr — Red Squirrel. Recorded in 1897 as “ Gen- erally distributed but decreasing in numbers.” No further records until 1927, but subsequently a few were seen for several years. In 1942 a small colony wels reported in Harwood Dale in company with Grey Squirrels (W.J.C.). carolinensis Gmel. — Grey Squirrel. W. H. St. Quentin brought thirty-six from Woburn, Beds., to Scampston, in June, 1906. Within a few months they had wandered four miles and one was killed at Pickering (Nat., 1907). Appeared at Hackness ‘‘prior to 1929” (W.J.C.), since then common in all suitable localities, even appearing in the centre of the town. UNGULATA CERVUS Linnaeus elaphus L. — Red Deer. A number have established themselves recently in the conifer forests north of Allerston. Stags, hinds and calves have all been observed, the largest number seen at one time being two hinds and one calf (1950). As presumably these deer huve escaped from Duncombe Park. Helmsley, they may not be sub-species scoticus, our true wild Red Deer, but descended from imported, larger races. DAMA Hamilton Smith datna (L.) — ^Fallow Deer. Five or six, presumed escapes, have become established in the Allerston Forest (G.K.G.). CAPREOLUS Gray capreolus thotti Loennb. — Roe Deer. Established and increasing in the Allerston Forest. Generally these and the other species of deer do little damage to the growing trees and they are tolerated by the foresters (G.K.G.). CETACEA Dr. F. C. Fraser Th'e animals included in the order Cetacea are perhaps the most interesting, certainly they are the most specialized of any of the Mammalia but nevertheless they are less well known than might be expected. Although even the smallest of them is large in size compared with the generality of say, rodents, yet their mode of life makes them difficult of observation. Most of their existence is spent under water except, of course, for the periodical visits they have to make to- the surface to breathe. But even then all that is usually seen is a fleeting glimpse of the top of the head or the dorsal fin and perhaps the tail flukes. Yet the cetaceans are now known, from living specimens kept in captivity, to have a high standard of intelligence, one authority rating it as between that of the dog and the chimpanzee. They are naturally playful, vigorous creatures capable of intercommunication by the MAMMALS 417 emission ot various sounds which are picked up by the highly specialized ears of their fellows. In their external modification of form to fit them to their aquatic environment as well as in the profound specialization of their internal anatomy the cetaceans merit and reward any study that can be devoted to them. Existing knowledge about cetaceans frequenting British waters is based very largely on specimens stranded on our shores and although it must be admitted that the information obtained from such a source is gravely deficient in many respects, still certain generalizations can be made by considering the systematic records which have been kept since 1913. For instance in the Scarborough area the absence of the abundantly occurring Common Dolphin fits in with what is known of its distribution round the coast, it being almost entirely concentrated in the waters adjacent to the southern and western parts of the British Isles. The absence of Risso’s Dolphin and the single record of the Bottlenosed Dolphin can be explained similarly. Of the species represented in the Scarborough fauna the Sperm Whale is noteworthy from the point of view that few of this kind of whale have been recorded on the coasts, and all of them, like the Bridlington specimen, have been males. It is recognised that this species normally frequents warmer oceanic waters and that only the unattached bulls migrate to higher latitudes both north and south. The W^hitesided Dolphin is not a commonly occurring species an5Twhere on our coast while the Whitebeaked Dolphin is a characteristic element of the North Sea fauna. The latter species rarely extends into the English Channel or on the West Coast beyond the southern limit of Scotland. Both species are in fact boreal dolphins that have their main concentration to the north of the British Isles. BALAENOPTERA Lacepede physalus (L.) — Fin Whale or Common Rorqual. Occasionally washed ashore. Cloughton Wyke, Mar., 1910, female, 51-ft. ; Sept., 1910, female, 69-ft. ; Scarborough North Bay, Sept., 1921, immature, 27-ft. (W.J.C.). acutorostrata Lacepede — Lesser Rorqual. Occasionally washed ashore. Scalby Ness, Nov., 1907, female, 30-ft., with foetus ; Flamborough, Mar., 1929, small specimen stranded alive, escaped with rising tide (Det. B.M. from photographs) ; Robin Hood’s Bay. May, 1936 ; Flamborough, March, 1939 (B.M.). PHYSETER Linnaeus catodon L. — Sperm Whale. Very rare visitor. [Bridlington Bay, male, Jan., 1937. Skeleton in B.M. (Nat., 1937).] HYPEROODON Lacepede ampullatus (Forst.) — Bottlenosed Whale. Only record, Flam- borough, Mar., 1888 (M.B., Nat., 1888). DELPHINAPTERUS Lacepede leucas (Pall.) — White Whale or Beluga. Rare ; off Scarborough Spa, 1903 (Nat., 1903 and 1904) (W.J.C.). 418 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT PHOCAENA Cuvier phocoena (L.) — Common Porpoise. Frequent in small parties, usually in summer. ORCINUS Fitzinger orca (L.) — Killer or Grampus. Occasional; Filey Brigg, Aug., 1903, (W.J.C.) ; Scarborough, Nov., 1927, Aug., 1937 (Det. B.M.) LAGENORHYNCHUS Gray albirostris (Gray) — Whitebeaked Dolphin. Occasionally taken in the nets. Staintondale, April, 1919, male (E.P.) ; Robin Hood’s Bay, June, 1928, female (Det. B.M.) ; Scarborough, Aug., 1938, 1937 (two records), July, 1939, Aug., 1939; Burniston, Oct., 1952 (B.M.). acutus (Gray) — Whitesided Dolphin. Occasionally taken by local boats, but it is exceptional to find it as far south as Scarborough. Cayton Bay, Feb., 1930 (Det. B.M.) ; Scarborough, Sept., 1933, July, 1934 (W.J.C.) TURSIOPS Gervais tmncatus (Mont.) — ^Bottlenosed Dolphin. Only record Filey, July, 1933, caught in salmon nets (T.H.P., teste B.M.). THE MAMMALS OF PLEISTOCENE AND PREHISTORIC TIMES J. G. RUTTER The comparative paucity of our present-day mammalian fauna is in contrast to the remarkable range of animals inhabiting Britain during the Pleistocene or Great Ice Age which terminated about 10,000 years ago. Since that date a progressive decline in the number of species, particularly of the larger animals, has been largely the result of climatic changes and the activities of man. In the faunal list which follows these introductory paragraphs are records of those species known to have frequented the Scarborough region in the Pleistocene and post- Pleistocene periods down to the Roman conquest in the 1st Century A.D. The Scarborough District as defined in Volume I (p. 1) of this work is a purely artificial division and for the purpose of this chapter it is considered necessary to incorporate the records from a few sites, such as those of Kirkdale and Sewerby, which lie a little beyond this area. The fauna of the Early Pleistocene, characteristic of the Norfolk Forest Bed, is not represented in Yorkshire but a number of valuable discoveries have produced animal remains of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. These include the famous hysena-den of Kirkdale, eight miles wes\ of Pickering, and the deposits at Sewerby, near Bridlington. The former site, a cavern in the Coralline Oolite discovered in 1821, was the scene of Dean Buckland’s famous excavations (Buckland 1823, pp. 1-51). Summarised accounts of Kirkdale Cave have been given by a number of authors (including Dawkins 1874, pp. 279-84; Lydekker 1907, pp. 99-100; Kendall & Wroot 1924, pp. 567-80; North 1942) and the faunal remains, many of which have been reidentified and described on a number of occasions (Owen 1846; Lydekker 1885-87; Woodward and Sherborn 1890; Reynolds 1902), are scattered among various museums. Unfortunately the absence of human artefacts and the unsatisfactory stratigraphy renders a close dating of the Kirkdale specimens impossible, although the presence of such “ warm ” or interglacial species as the Straight-tusked Elephant and Hippopotamus and the “ cold '' or glacial forms such as the Mammoth and Reindeer establishes the existence of at least two distinct assemblages. Other animals present in the cave deposits included the Hyaena, Lion, Cave Bear, Brown Bear, Woolly Rhinoceros, Slender-nosed Rhinoceros, Giant Deer, Horse and Wild Ox. At Sewerby, near Bridlington, deposits overlying the fragment of the Pleistocene shore-line described as the “ Pre-Glacial Raised Beach ” and probably forming part of the “ Patella Beach” of south and south-west Britain has also produced species typical of the Middle Pleistocene. These include the Straight-tusked Elephant, Hippopotamus, Slender-nosed Rhinoceros and Hyaena. The precise position of this ancient shore-line within the Pleistocene is rather 419 420 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT uncertain although it is undoubtedly much earlier than the last glaciation of this area. The Sewerby section was investigated by G. W. Lamplugh in 1887-88 and the mammalian remains were verified by E. T. Newton (Lamplugh 1888 and 1891). The most important collection of Mesolithic fauna in Britain was made during the excavation of a Maglemosian settlement (dated about 7500 B.C.) at Star Carr, Seamer, by Dr. J. G. D. Clark in 1949-51. The animal remains, which included the Elk, Red Deer, Roe Deer, Wild Ox, Wolf and Beaver, were identified by Dr. F. C. Fraser and Miss J. E. King of the British Museum (Natural History) (see Clark 1949 & 1950) . Dr. Fraser also determined the faunal material from the nearby sites of late Upper Pleistocene and Mesolithic date excavated by J. W. Moore on Flixton Carr. From Neolithic times {circa 2000 B.C.) the animal remains from archaeological sites are chiefly of domestic species although the Wild Boar and Red Deer still form important components. Records for the Neolithic and Bronze Ages are principally from burial mounds (Bateman 1861; Greenwell 1877 & 1890; Mortimer 1905) but the excavation of several settlements of Early Iron Age date has produced some interesting lists of mammals for the closing phase of prehistoric times. The Castle Hill, Scarborough, Iron Age “A” village (dated about 500-400 B.C.) excavated by F. G. Simpson in 1921-25, provided a fairly extensive collection of animal remains, which have been identified by Dr. J. W. Jackson (Rowntree 1931, p. 404 & Jackson 1950). Two Iron Age settlements, which appear to have remained in occupation into Roman times, have been excavated at Costa Beck and Thor nton-le-D ale, both near Pickering. The former was first investigated in 1893 by J. Mitchelson (see Duncombe 1899) and later by Dr. J. L. Kirk, who also excavated the Thornton-le-Dale site. The fauna from Dr. Kirk’s work was examined by Miss D. M. A. Bate of the British Museum (Natural History) (Bate 1931). INSECTIVORA HEDGEHOG Eiinaceus europaeus L. Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH) . CARNIVORA WOLF Canis lupus L. Present in Britain from the Pleistocene to Mediaeval times. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Tooth figured by Young 1822, plate XVII, fig. 2; Buckland 1823, plate 13, fig. 5. Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH) . Bronze Age : A Late Bronze Age socketed axe was found with broken skull of wolf on Wolds near Scampston (Bateman 1861, p. 220). Early Iron Age : Costa Beck settlement, near Pickering (Duncombe 1899). PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS 421 DOG Canis familiaris L. A domestic species possibly introduced in Mesolithic Age but certainly present in Neolithic times. Bronze Age : Present in a number of barrows. Skull found buried with child’s skeleton in Barrow 75, Garton Slack, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 224). Early Iron Age : Castle Hill, Scarborough. Scarce (.SM). Costa Beck, near Pickering. Probably “ Dog ” (Bate 1931). Thomton-le-Dale (Bate 1931). Vulpes vulpes (L. Pleistocene : Mesolithic : Neolithic : Bronze Age : Early Iron Age : COMMON FOX Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured by Buckland 1823, plates 6 & 10 (BMNH; SM). Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH). Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 40). Remains of “ Dog or Fox ” from a number of barrows on the Wolds (Mortimer 1905). Costa Beck settlement (Duncombe 1899). BROWN BEAR Ursus arctos L. A Pleistocene species which survived in Britain until historical times. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Bridlington (Sheppard 1904) (HM). CAVE BEAR Ursus spelsEUs Rosenmueller Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Tooth figured (as “ Bear, apparently Ursus spelaeus ”) by Buckland 1823, plate 6, fig. 1 (HMG). STOAT Mustela erminea L. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured (as “ Weasel ”) by Buckland 1823, plate 6, figs. 28, 29, plate 23, figs. 11-13. WEASEL Mustela nivalis L. Bronze Age : Gristhorpe Barrow. Calcined bones, probably weasel, found in oak-trunk coffin (Williamson 1872, p. 15) (SM). MARTEN Mattes sp. Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH; SM). 422 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT OTTER Lutra lutra (L.) Early Iron Age : Costa Beck (Duncombe 1899). Thornton-le-Dale (Bate 1931). Meles meles (L.) Mesolithic : Bronze Age : Early Iron Age : BADGER Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH) . Remains found in several of the Wold barrows Mortimer 1905, pp. 204, 347) including a skull found with human skeleton at Weaverthorpe (Greenwell 1877, p. 200). Thornton-le-Dale (Bate 1931). SPOTTED HY^NA Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben) Now confined to Africa but is frequently found in Pleistocene deposits in Britain. Kirkdale Cave was recognised as a typical Hysena den by Buckland in 1822, the first to be discovered in this country. Pleistocene ; Kirkdale Cave. Very numerous. Remains figured by Young 1822, plate XVII, fig. 15; Buckland 1823, plates 3-6; Owen 1846, fig. 55; Reynolds 1902, plate 5, fig. 9 (YM; HMG; SM). Sev/erby, Pcrocuta var. spelaea (Lamplugh 1891). WILD CAT Felis silvestris Schreber Early Iron Age : Castle Hill, Scarborough, one bone (SM) . Thomton-le-Dale (Bate 1931). LION Panthera leo (L.) Now confined to Africa and Asia but its range extended to Britain in the Pleistocene. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Teeth figured (as “ Tiger ”) by Buckland 1823, plate 6; Owen 1846, fig. 64 (BMNH). RODENTIA BEAVER Castor fiber L. Inhabited Britain from the Pleistocene to Mediaeval times. Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer. In moderate quantity (BMNH; SM). Neolithic : Teeth in Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 28, fig. 55). Bronze Age ; Tooth in Barrow No. 98, Painsthorpe Wold, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 132, fig. 340) and implement from tooth in Barrow II, Langton, E.R. (Greenwell 1877, p. 138). PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS 423 Early Iron Age : One skull from Costa Beck settlement (Buncombe 1899). HOUSE MOUSE Mus musculus L. Recorded from Kirkdale Cave (jaw and teeth figured as “ Mouse by Buckland 1823, plate 11, figs. 7-9 and Owen 1846, fig. 79) but probably a late introduction. WATER VOLE Arvicola amphibius (L.) Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured (as “Water Rat’’) by Buckland 1823, plate 11, fig. 12 (BMNH). Sewerby (Lamplugh 1891). Bronze Age : Bones in I3arrow 284, Wold Newton, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 352) and large quantity of “ Vole ’’ bones found with food vessel in Barrow XLV, Weaver- thorpe, E.R. (Greenwell 1877, p. 199). Early Iron Age : “ Voles ’’ recorded from Costa Beck settlement (Buncombe 1899). SHORT-TAILEB FIELB VOLE Micro tus agrestis (L.) Pleistocene : Pforkdale Cave. Remains figured (as “Water Rat’’) by Buckland 1823, plate 11, fig. 11. Bronze Age ; “ Field Vole ’’ recorded from Barrow 284, Wold Newton, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 352). LONG-TAILEB FIELB MOUSE Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) Bronze Age : Barrow 284, Wold Newton (Mortimer 1905, p. 352). LAGOMORPHA BROWN HARE Lepus europaeus Pallas Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Lower jaw figured by Buckland 1823, plate 13, fig. 8 (BMNH). Mesolithic ; Star Carr, Seamer, “ Hare ’’. Scarce (BMNH). Bronze Age : “ Hare ’’ recorded from Barrow LXHI, Rudston, E.R. (Greenwell 1877, p. 251n). RABBIT Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) It is possible that the Rabbit was present in the Pleistocene of Britain but the remains from Kirkdale Cave figured by Buckland 1823, plates 10-11, may be late introductions. There are no definite records of the species from prehistoric sites in this area. 424 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT UNGULATA SLENDER-NOSED RHINOCEROS Rhinoceros hemitoechus Falconer An extinct interglacial species of the Middle Pleistocene of Britain. Pleistocene ; Kirkdale Cave (BMNH) . sewerby. Recorded as R. leptorhinus Cuvier (Lamplugh 1891). WOOLLY RHINOCEROS Rhinoceros antiquitatis Blumenbach An extinct glacial species of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Pleistocene ; Kirkdale Cave. Teeth figured by Buckland 1823, plate 7, figs. 3-6; Owen 1846, fig. 125 (BMNH). Gristhorpe Bay, ? antiquitatis, molar (SM). _ L II T HORSE cquus caballus L. Although the generally regarded view is that the Pleistocene Wild Horse became extinct in Britain at the end of that period, certain evidence has been produced (Speed & Etherington 1952) that suggests its survival in breeds of ponies still existing in this country. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured by Buckland 1823, plates 7 & 10 (HMG; SM). Flixton Carr (Site 2) . Late Upper Pleistocene deposit (Moore 1951) (SM). Present in a number of barrows (Greenwell 1877; Mortimer 1905) including Peasholm Barrow, Scarborough (SM). Castle Hill, Scarborough, Iron Age “A” settlement, abundant in 1921-5 excavations. Used for food purposes, in height (SM) Several chariot burials of Iron Age “B” culture included skeletons of small horses : Crossgates, Seamer (Mortimer 1905, 358) ; Arras, Market Weighton (Stillingfleet 1848). Costa Beck settlement, small slender-limbed horse numerous (Duncombe 1899; Bate 1931). Thornton-le-Dale settlement, small horse present (Bate 1931) (SM). Sus scrofa L. The Wild Boar, a temperate-forest species, became extinct in Britain in historical times. Domestic pigs were introduced in the Neolithic Age. " Kirkdale Cave (SM). Star Carr, Seamer. Scarce (BMNH; SM). " Pig ” recorded from Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, 40) and jaws of about twenty pigs found in the Hanging Grimston Bronze Age Early Iron Age A slender-limbed animal about 13J hands Pleistocene Mesolithic Neolithic PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS 425 Long Barrow {ibid, 103-4) . Manham Hill Late Neolithic Settlement, Seamer (SM). East Ayton Long Barrow, Wild Boar’s tusks present (Londesborough 1849) . Bronze Age ; Wild and domestic pig remains recorded from a considerable number of barrows (Greenwell 1877; Mortimer 1905). Early Iron Age : Castle Hill, Scarborough, Iron Age “A” settlement. Single tusk of wild pig but domestic pig better represented although not abundant (SM). Costa Beck settlement. Wild and domestic pig present but not plentiful. (Buncombe 1899; Bate 1931) (SM). Remains of pigs frequently found in Iron Age “B” barrows on Wolds, sometimes in small pots, presumably as an offering to the dead (Greenwell 1906). HIPPOPOTAMUS Hippopotamus amphibius L. Present in Britain during interglacial phases of the Pleistocene,. Kirkdale Cave representing its northernmost record. Now confined to Africa. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Teeth figured by Buckland 1823,. plate 7, figs. 8-10; plate 13, fig. 7; Dawkins 1874, fig. 79 (YM). Sewerby (Lamplugh 1891). ROE DEER Capreolus capreolus (L.) A woodland species inhabiting Britain from the Early Pleistocene. Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer, abundant (BMNH; SM). Flixton Carr Site 1 (SM). Neolithic : Barrow 110, Hanging Grimston, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, pp. 103-4). Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. [ibid, p. 40). Bronze Age : From several barrows on the Wolds (Mortimer 1905). ELK (MOOSE) Alces alces (L.) Present in Britain during the Mesolithic but the date of its extinction in this country appears uncertain. Mesolithic : Star Carr. Seamer, fairly abundant. Mattocks and ' worked objects of antler figured by Clark 1949, plates XVII & XVIII and 1950, plate ‘XIII (BMNH; SM). Flixton Carr Site 1 . One tooth (Moore 1951) (SM)... PEarly Iron Age : Costa Beck. Possibly present (Buncombe 1899). 426 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT REINDEER Rangifer tarandus (L.) Inhabited Britain during the glacial phases of the Pleistocene but probably disappeared from England before the Mesolithic. Pleistocene ; Kirk dale Cave. Remains figured as “ smaller species of deer ” by Buckland 1823, p. 19, plate 9, figure 5. RED DEER Cervus elaphus L. Present in Britain since the Early Pleistocene. Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured (as “ large deer ”) by Buckland 1823, plate 9, figs. 3-4 (BMNH; SM). Star Carr, Seamer. The most abundant species. Barbed points (" Harpoons ”) of antler figured by Clark 1949, plates XI & XII and 1950, plates VIII and IX. Worked and unworked antlers, frontals and lower jaw figured by Clark 1949, plates X, XIV, XV, XVI & XVIII and 1950, plates X & XIII (BMNH; SM). Flixton Carr Site 1 (SM). Remains present in a number of barrows including Barrow 110, Hanging Crimston, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 103-4). Barrow CCXXH, Willerby Wold, E.R. (Greenwell 1877, p. 489) and antler picks from Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 27, figs. 59-60) . Numerous records from barrows (Greenwell 1877 and Mortimer 1905) . Antler picks from several burials including Barrow LX I, Rudston (Greenwell 1877, p. 231, fig. 34) and Barrow 54, Aldro, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, pp. 65-6, figs. 133 & 135) . Castle Hill, Scarborough. Few fragmentary antlers (SM). Costa Beck (Duncombe 1899; Bate 1931). GIANT DEER (IRISH ELK) Megaceros hibemicus Owen An Upper Pleistocene deer of exceptional size. No certain records of post-Pleistocene date (Mitchell & Parkes 1949) . Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave (BMNH) . Bridlington (Reid 1885, p. 49). Sewerby, ? Megaceros (Lamplugh 1891). Wold Newton. Remains from Bronze Age Barrow 284, identified by E. T. Newton (Mortimer 1905, p. 352), probably derived from the chalk gravel of late Upper Pleistocene date upon which the barrow is built and of which the mound has been largely constructed. Pleistocene : Mesolithic : Neolithic : Bronze Age : Early Iron Age : PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS 427 ^ ^ SHEEP Ovis anes L. Introduced into Britain as a domestic species in Neolithic times. Remains often indistinguished from those of goat. Neolithic : Bronze Age : Early Iron Age : Sheep or goat. Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, E.R. (Mortimer 1905, p. 40). Fairly numerous records of sheep or goat from barrows (Greenwell 1877; Mortimer 1905). Castle Hill, Scarborough. Rather scarce (SM) . Costa Beck. Numerous (Duncombe 1899; Bate 1931). GOAT Capra hircus L. Also introduced during the Neolithic. Neolithic and Bronze Age : See Sheep above. Early Iron Age : Costa Beck. Single skull (Duncombe 1899). ?Thornton-le-Dale (Bate 1931). EUROPEAN BISON Bison bonasus (L.) A woodland species almost exterminated in Europe. May have inhabited Britain until the Mesolithic Age. Pleistocene : PKirkdale Cave. Sewerby. Bison sp. (Lamplugh 1891). WILD OX Bos primigenius Bo j anus A temperate forest species of huge proportions, now completely extinct. It is possible that it survived in Britain until Roman times. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave. Remains figured by Buckland 1823, plates 8 & 10 (BMNH; SM). Mesolithic : Star Carr, Seamer. Fairly abundant. Skulls figured by Clark 1950, plate XIII and worked bones by Clark 1949, plate XVIII and 1950, plate XII (BMNH; SM). Flixton Carr (SM) . Bronze Age : Remains described as “ Urus ” from Barrow 209, Acklam Wold (Mortimer 1905, p. 90), Barrow 284, Wold Newton {ibid. p. 352) and “ Pit -dwelling ”, Garton Slack {ibid, p. 221. ” ?Urus ” from Barrow LXVII, Rudston (Greenwell 1877, p. 262 n) . CELTIC OX Bos longifrons Owen A species introduced into Britain in a domesticated form during the Neolithic period. Neolithic : Barrow 273, Howe Hill, Duggleby, probably longifrons (Mortimer 1905, p. 40). Manham Hill, Seamer, Late Neolithic settlement. ” Ox ” (SM). 428 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT Bronze Age ; Frequently present in barrows (Greenwell 1877^ Mortimer 1905), including Peasholm Barrow, Scarborough (SM). Early Iron Age : Castle Hill, Scarborough, Iron Age “A” settlement. Abundant 1921-25 excavations; only species identi- fied in 1953 excavations. A breed slightly larger than the Celtic Ox may have been present (SM). Costa Beck, near Pickering, abundant (Buncombe 1899, Bate 1931) (SM). Thornton-le-Dale (Bate 1931) (SM). STRAIGHT-TUSKED ELEPHANT Elephas antiquus Falconer An interglacial species of the Middle Pleistocene. Pleistocene : Kirkdale Cave (YM; BMNH). Sewerby (Lamplugh 1891 & Sheppard 1906). MAMMOTH Elephas primigenius Blumenbach An Elephant of the later glacial phases of the Pleistocene. Local finds restricted to tusks and molars. Pleistocene : Flamborough (SM) . Kirkdale Cave. Molars figured (as “ Elephant ”) by Buckland 1823, plate 7, figs. 1-2 (SM). Robin Hood’s Bay (Young 1822, p. 269, plate XVII, fig. 1 and Bevan 1909) . Scarborough (Young 1822, p. 270) (SM). Wykeham (SM) . MUSEUMS In the above list the abbreviated references to museums are not to be considered exhaustive and indicate only that certain museums possess animal remains from a particular site but not necessarily those quoted as figured. Pleistocene material from Kirkdale is scattered among a number of additional museums including the Sedgwick Museum (Cambridge), University Museum (Oxford), Geological Museum (London), Whitby Museum and Royal Scottish Museum (Edinburgh) . The Mortimer collection is in the Hull Museum, Greenwell’s material is in the British Museum, and Bateman’s collection is in the Sheffield Museum. BMNH British Museum (Natural History) HM Hull Museums HMG Hunterian Museum, Glasgow SM Scarborough Museums YM Yorkshire Museum, York PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS 429 BIBLIOGRAPHY BATE, D. A., 1931 Mammalian and Avian Remains from Costa Lake Dwellings, Yorkshire. Yorks. Arch. Joum., vol. XXX, pp. 169-70. Mammalian and Avian Remains from a Lake Dwelling, Thomton-le-Dale, Yorkshire. Ibid, pp. 171-2. BATEMAN, T., 1861 Ten Years’ Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills. London. BEVAN, D. W., 1909 Mammoth’s Tusk at Robin Hood’s Bay. The Naturalist, p. 270. BUCKLAND, W., 1823 Reliquiae Diluvianae, London. CLARK, J. G. D., 1949 A Preliminary Report on Excavations at Star Carr, Seamer, Scarborough, Yorkshire. Proc. Prehistoric Soc., vol. XV, pp. 52-69 (includes FRASER, F. C. & KING, J. E., The Bone Remains from Star Carr, Seamer, pp. 67-69) . CLARK, J. G. D., 1950 Preliminary Report at Star Carr. . . . (Second Season, 1950). Proc. Prehistoric Soc., vol. XVI, pp. 109-29 (includes FRASER, F. C. & KING, J. E., Second Interim Report on the Animal Remains from Star Carr, Seamer, pp. 124-8). DAWKINS, W. B., 1874 Cave Hunting, London. DUNCOMBE, C., 1899 Evidence of Lake Dwellings on the Banks of the Costa, near Pickering, North Riding of Yorkshire. Journ. R. Anthrop. Inst., vol. 1 (N.S.), pp. 150-4. GREENWELL, W., 1877. British Barrows. Oxford. GREENWELL, W., 1890 Recent Researches in Barrows in Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire, etc. Archaeologia, vol. LII, pp. 2-38. JACKSON, J. W., 1950 Pre-Roman Animal Remains found at Castle Hill, Scarborough. Unpublished. KENDALL, P. F. & WROOT, H.E., 1924 The Geology of Yorkshire. Printed for the Authors. LAMPLUGH, G. W., 1888 Report on the Buried Cliff at Sewerby, near Bridlington. Proc. Yorks. Geol. & Polytech. Soc., vol. IX (N.S.), part HI, pp. 381-92. LAMPLUGH, G. W., 1891 On the Drifts of Flamborough Head. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XLVII, pp. 384-431. 430 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT LYDEKKER, R., 1885-87 Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum. London. LYDEKKER, R., 1907 Palaeontology. Victoria History of Yorkshire, vol. 1, pp. 99-110. MITCHELL, G. F. & PARKES, H. M., 1949 The Giant Deer in Ireland. Proc. Royal Irish Academy, vol. LII, pp. 291-314. MOORE, J. W., 1951 Lake Flixton : a late-Glacial Structure. Scarborough and District Arch. Soc. Publication 1. MORTIMER, J. R., 1905 Forty Years’ Researches in British and Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire. London. NORTH, F. J., 1942 Paviland Cave, The “ Red Lady ”, The Deluge and William Buckland. Annals of Science, vol. V, pp. 91-128. OWEN, R., 1846 History of the British Fossil Mammals and Birds. London. REID, C., 1885 The Geology of Holderness. Memoirs of the Geol. Survey, London. REYNOLDS, S. H., 1902 The Cave Hyaena. Palaeontographical Society, vol. LVI. ROWNTREE, A., 1931 The History of Scarborough. London. SHEPPARD, T., 1904 Remains of the Bear in East Yorkshire. The Naturalist, pp. 142-3. SHEPPARD, T., 1906 Fossil Tusk at Bridlington. The Naturalist, p. 206. SPEED, J. G. & ETHERINGTON, M. G., 1952 An Aspect of the Evolution of British Horses. The British Veterinary Joum., vol. 108, No. 5, pp. 145-53. STILLINGFLEET, E. W., 1848 Account of the opening of some Barrows on the Wolds of Yorkshire. Proc. Arch. Inst., vol. II, pp. 26-32. WILLIAMSON, W. C., 1872 Description of a Tumulus opened at Gristhorpe, near Scarborough. 3rd Ed. Scarborough. WOODWARD, A. S. & SHERBORN, C. D., 1890. A Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata. London. YOUNG, G., 1822 A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast. 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