' u jf yrf Trinity University LIBRARY, h \.No.l THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. VOL. III. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. BY H. BAILLOK PRESIDENT OF THE LINN. FAX SOCIETY OF PARIS, PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL NATURAL HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS. TRANSLATED BY MARCUS M. HABTOG, B.Sc. (Lond.) B.A. SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. VOL. III. MENISPERMACE^E, BERBERIDACE^E, NYMPH^ACEiE, PAPAVERACE^E, CAPPARIDACEJS, "CRUCIFER.E, RESEDACE^E, CRASSULACE^E, SAXIFRAGACE^E, PIPERACE^E, URTICACE^E. LONDON : L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1874 ^rary NOV 2 8 W69 Ife/TY Of ^ ft* *$> 97 ^•5 **j NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. XIII. MENISPEEMACE^. I. COCCULUS SERIES. The great genus Cocculus1 was formerly held to include the greater part of this order, and to it were referred the plants that produce Anamirta Cocculus. Fig. 1. — Male flowering branch (|). 5 C. Bauh., Pinax, 511, ex DC, Syst., i. 515 ; Prodr., i. 96. — Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, viii. VOL. III. 13._Endl., Gen., n. 4687 (part.). — B. H., Gen., 36, 961, n. 16. — Miees, in Ann. Nat~ B XATTBAL EISTOEY OF PLANTS. the Indian Berry [fig. l\ and Colombo Eoot (fig. 16), &c. ; but it is now reduced to a far more limited number of species, generally remarkable for their trimerous flowers, with calyx, corolla and androceuni each formed of two whorls. In Cocculu* proper, as in all known Menispermaceie, the flowers are small and dioecious, with a small convex receptacle. If, for instance, we analyse those : carolinus,'- which flourish in our gardens, we usually find2 in the Coccml** carolimus. m s ! V^ £ *)\ Fie-, a. ^. 3. Fie- I .- • " - : ■ - -■ • male flowers (figs. C-4 an outer calyx of three sepals, and an inner calvx of three more, alternating with the former, and like them ■ valvate in the bud and petaloid. Internal to these come three petals superposed to the outer petals, and three more superposed to the inner ones - re all similar to one another, shorter and : ticker than the sepals, concave inside, and with their _ - indexed to partially envelope the sir sed stamens. These, forming two wd rlsj and all simila: isist ach of a free filament, dilated above, and a basifixed introzse four-lobed two-celled anther, of longitudinal dehiscence.3 The cent. the flower is occupied by three or six lit: je bodies, repres _ idimentary carpels. In ffist^ ser. 3, six. 19.— 3" L "... 7 Cockimc': ' — Ef baferimm F - \ar. Gf. '-. — Wemdlamdir. W_ Spec. .PL, ii. -"— Cecatla FcatSK, jF -T '._; i.-A -.;3., 171. — Leal i ] 173 — ■ ."mlidimm - _H, lac cit^ 16. — Ademoc&etc _ . in 1- — Xepiroiec MlKBS, in Amu. . mL, ser. i _ — if loc eit. (ind. : IHploel Mrj ss, Limaeia 3., PericampyiusllitZ' 7 :idtoeah IX.). 1 DC, S*st.,\. 534; ZV "-.. L 98,1 85.— Memisptrmmm carolimmm L„ Sp-ee^ 14' - - iiammm Her: — -tdlamdia jpopmlifolia ■. -. a D - E-: not constantly, for the :en accompanied by three, or even six, others, :;: :..:.:>_. - I. .~ .--. ::-- ._'-'.-. i ' '. :.: -' - -r ' ■ - - .:. t : .: r-. ii :ir .::e: sepals, only differing in their smaller sire. It is the presence of these extra whorls that leads - : doubt the value of the Australian genus 7 fkfcxeig nxx, Fngm. Piiff. Am- *fr»; _- ;_b. E -. ■ i" — Hist., ser. 3, six. >7>, un- known to us, but of which Bs>~tp <¥ says, .-.•-■ Jo valde affine, diftVrre videtur imprimis - -- : .: - 3 Despite outward appearances, there are really only two cells, in each of whicL -act rudi- mentary septum perpendicular to the true MENISPERMA CEM. 3 the female flowers the perianth is the same ; but the androceum differs by the absence of the anthers or their becoming narrow, elongated and sterile.1 The gynseceum consists of three carpels, each consisting of a free ovary surmounted by a reflexed style that tapers to its stigmatiferous apex. In the ventral angle of the single cell of each ovary is a placenta bearing, on anthesis,2 a single descending anatropous ovule, whose micropyle looks upwards and outwards. The multiple fruit consists of three rounded reniform drupes, with the scar of the style brought down near the base.3 Under the thin fleshy mesocarp is a stone whose depressed sides send inwards an unequally perforated or solid projection {condyle of Miers), the base of which is near that of the fruit. The back of the seed is uneven and tuberculate ; its cavity contains a bowed seed, moulded on the internal prominence of the stone. Within the seed-coat is a fleshy albumen, containing in its axis a narrow curved embryo, with linear, somewhat flattened cotyledons, and a superior conical radicle. The fruits of C. macrocarjpus* are obovate and more elongated than usual ; this species has been made into a distinct genus Diploclisia? which we only retain as a section. In C. incanits* the styles, of variable form, are often subulate and bipartite ; this too has been made into a distinct genus Pericampylos? Ln C. cuspidatus* and some allied species,9 the stamens, more swollen at the apex, have their cells more elongated and nearer the vertical, while the internal pro- minences of the stone contain a more distinct cavity ; this dis- tinguishes Limacia,10 whereof we propose to make another section of the genus Cocctdtus, as their organization is otherwise similar. 1 The two cells and the groove separating * Wight & Ar>-., Prodr., i. 13. — Walp., them may often be distinguished, bat there is no Rep., i. 94-, n. 15. pollen, in the cultivated plants hermaphrodite 5 MzBBS, in An,i. Xaf. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 42 ; flowers occar (fig. 3), with ovules in the ser. 3, xix - ovaries, and a variable number of fertile 6 Colebe., in Trans. Linn. 8oc, xiii. 57 '. — stamens. Ch/pea corymbom Bl., Bijdr^ 24. — M 2 When youn? there are two ovules, and spermum cillosum Roxb., Ft. Ind., iii. 812 (nee Pateb (Traite d'Organog. Comp. de la Fleur, Lake.). — CUsampetos Wallichiana Wall., 243, t. 53) noticed them in Coeculus, lTe,,i- Cat., n. 4980 (nee DC). tpertmum, and Cissampelos. We have seen them " aTxees, in Ann. Xaf. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40 ; ser. {Adawonia, ii. 320) in Burasaia madagas- 3, xiv. 369. — B. H.. Gen., 37, 961, n. 17. — Legne- cariensis and Jateorhiza strigosa Miees (Adan- phora aIiees, in Ann. Xat. Hint., ser. 3, xiv. - -. ionia, v. 365), and Geiffith has in Fibraurea. (A doubtful synonym of Pselium, p. 20, not. 6.) We shall see that they persist all along in Ade- 8 Wall., Cat., n. 4!> . liopsus. 9 Such as C. velutinm Wall., triandrtu 3 This incurvation of the pericarp is thus Colebe., oblongus Wall. comparable with the campvlotropv of ovules. 10 Locb., FL CocMnch., 62r>. — M^iees, in B 2 4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Thus circumscribed/ the genus Coccuhs includes some twenty species,2 all inhabiting all the warm regions of America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.3 They have slender stems, woody at the base, rarely erect, more frequently sarmentose and climbing, covered with alternate simple petiolate exstipulate leaves, sometimes peltate or cordate at the base. Their flowers form axillary supra- axillary or lateral, or more rarely terminal racemes, simple or more frequently ramified, and then consisting of little cymes, with each flower axil- lary to a usually caducous bract. The Moon-seeds (Fr., Menispermes,4 figs. 5-11) have all the charac- Menispermum dahuricum. tfH0S Fig. 6. Hale flower (\). Fig. 5. Male floriferous branch. Fig. 7. Long. sect, of male flower. ters of Cocculus ; the same perianth, gynseceum, and fruit. But their male flowers contain a much larger number of stamens, from Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 2, vii. 43 ; ser. 3, xiv. 363. — B. H., Gen., 36, 961, n. 15. — Hypserpa Miehs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40 ; ser. 3, xiv. 365. l /l. Fucocculus. 2 ? Tristichocalyx. 3. Cebatha. 4. Diploclisia. 5. Limacia. .. 6. Pericampy his. 2 Wendl., Hort. Herrenh., t. 16 (Wend- Cocculus. Sect. 6. landia).— Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 94, 97.— A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 28.— Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 82. — Benth., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl., 49; Fl. HongTcong., 12; Fl. Austral, i. 56 {Pericampylvs). — 'WAVF., Ann., iv. 126 (Hypserpa), 128 (Pericampyltts), 127. 3 Two doubtful Brazilian species have been described by Eichleb (in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 183). 4 Menispermtim T. in Mem. Acad. Par* (1705), 237.— Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 364.— MENISPERMACEtfl. 5 ten or twelve to twenty-five or thirty.1 The fruits are bowed, laterally compressed, and the reniform stone has a slightly prominent dorsal crest, and is concave laterally with imperforate internal prominences on both sides. Only two species of this genus are known, one from Menispermum dahuricum. Fig. 8. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 9. Female flower (^). Fruit (f ). Long. sect, of fruit. Loug. sect, of female flower East Asia,2 the other North America;3 both are cultivated in Europe. Their broad leaves are often slightly peltate and palmati- lobed, or with angular incisions. Abuta1' has also nearly the flower of Cocculus, but without petals. The three inner sepals are the larger, sometimes petaloid and valvate or imbricated. The fruit is elongated, divided by a thin vertical septum across which the seed is folded ; the embryo is transversely ruminated. The genus consists of seven or eight species5 of lianas, from Tropical America, whose coriaceous leaves are 5-7-ribbed at the base. The flowers form racemes, simple or slightly ramified in the female plants, much more branched in the males. J., Gen., 2S5.453. — Lame., Dict.,\v.M; Suppl. iii. 657; III., t. 824.— Schkuhe, Handb., t. 337.— DC, Prodr., i. 102.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, viii. 18. — Endl., Gen., n. 4685. — A. Geay, Gen. III., t. 29.— B. H., Gen., 37, 962, n. 18. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 367. — Trilophus Fisch. — ? ? Selwynia F. Muell., Fragm., iv. 153. 1 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains, with three grooves, which in water become narrow bands. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 325.) - M. dahuricum DC, Prodr., n. 2. — Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 100. — Trilophus ampelisagria Fiscu. 3 H. canadense L., Spec, 1468. — SlMS, in Bot. Mag., t. 1910.— DC, Prodr., n. 1. 4 Babeebe, Fr. Mquin. (ex J., nee Loue.). — Afbl., Guian., 618, t. 250, 251. — J., Gen., 286.— DC, Syst., i. 542; Prodr., i. 103.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, viii. 14 (?). — Endl., Gen., n. 4687 {Cocculus).— B. H., Gen., 35, 961, n. 12. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 254. — Batschia Thunb., in Nov. Act. Upsal., v. 120, t. 2 (nee Gmel., nee Vahl.) — Trichoa Pees., Syn., ii. 634. — DC, Prodr., i. 103. — Endl., Gen., n. 4691. — Anelasrna Mieks, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, vii. 42 ; ser. 3, xiv. 259. 5 Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, t, 188. — Geiseb., in Journ. Linn. Soc, iii, 108. — Benth., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl., 48. — Teiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 45. — EicnL., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 172, t. 39-42. NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Spirospermum1 has the male flowers of Cocculus, but with more vertical anthers of submarginal or slightly introrse longitudinal dehiscence. The female flower is unknown, but the fruit is charac- teristic ; it is flattened and orbicular, and rolled round itself in a plane into a spiral ; while the thin albumen and embryo, contained in the stone, are rolled up with it. S. penduliflorum Dup.-Th./ the only known species of this genus, is a climbing glabrous shrub from Madagascar. Its leaves are oblong coriaceous ; and its flowers form racemes, which have more ramified and slenderer axes in the male plants than in the females. Tiliacora3 has nearly the flower of Cocculus ; but the three inner sepals are much longer than the others, and nearly petaloid. The stamens have elongated introrse two-celled anthers of vertical dehis- cence. The fruit consists of drupes, of which there may be as many as twelve ; each is short and club-shaped ; the stone is folded lengthwise over a vertical septum, over which the albuminous seed is also folded. The only known species, except a doubtful one from Africa,4 is Indian.5 Syiiclisia6 scabridci' is a plant from the west of Tropical Africa, whose place will remain uncertain so long as the female flower and fruit are unstudied ; its male flower has nine sepals, whereof the three innermost are much more developed than the rest ; six small petals ; and six stamens, only coherent towards the base, and bearing anthers with sublateral longitudinal cells. Herein it comes very near Tiliacorus, differing chiefly in that its three large inner sepals are united edge to edge nearly all the way up, into a sort of tube simu- lating a gamopetalous corolla. In Anomospermum,* the flowers again resume nearly the symmetry 1 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 19, n. 63.— ser. 3, xiv. 252.— Braunea W., Spec, iv. 797 DC, Syst., i. 514 ; Prodr., i. 96.— Endl., Gen., (part.). n. 4690.— B. H., Gen., 39, 11. 30 ; 962, n. 17 b.— * T. ? funifera Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 44. Miees, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xiii. 125.— H. 5 T. acuminata.— T. racemosa Colebe., loe. Bn., in Adavsonia, viii. 154. cit., 53, 67.— Men ispermum acuminatum Lamk., 2 Cocculus milleflorus DC, Syst., i. 530 ; Diet., iv. 101.— M. radiatum Lamk., loc. cit.— Prodr., i. 99, n. 42. (C. gomphioides DC, M. polycarpiim Koxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 816.— Prodr.., n. 42, does not belong to this genus, as Cocculus acuminatus DC, Prodr., i. 99, n. 34. — we at first thought. Its leaves are nearly those Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 95.— C. radialus DC, of S. penduliflo, 'dl.). — Endl., Gen., n. 4692.— B. H., Gen., 35, 961, n. 10. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 125. — Pereira Lindl., Fl. Med., 370. 3 G^etn., Fruct., i. 219, t. 46 (Meni- spermum). — Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 178.— Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 809.— Walp., Ann., iv. 122. 16 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAXTS. IV. CISSAMPELOS SEEIES. Cissampelos1 (figs. 22-30) has dioecious flowers. The males (fi^s. 22-24) are regular and hermaphrodite and tetramerous, with a double perianth. The outer whorl is a calyx of four valvate sepals, within which is a sort of short cupule of a single piece." The androceum is represented by a short vertical column, expanding above into a discoidal platform ; on the rim of this are borne four horizontal anther-cells3 of transverse dehiscence. The female flower (figs. 27, 28) bears on top of a little club-shaped pedicel, one single unilateral sepal, a small superposed petal,4 entire or bifid,5 and a carpel articulated at the base, and consisting of a one-celled ovarj'- tapering above into a style with three stigmatiferous branches or teeth, whereof two are superposed to the petal and sepal (figs. 27, 2S). It is on the same side that is found the parietal placenta, which when adult6 supports a descending subanatropous ovule, whose micropyle looks upwards and away from the placenta. The fruit is a sub-globular or flattened-orbiculate campylotropous drupe, with the cicatrix of the style near its base. Its stone is compressed, tuberculate behind, with hollowed sides, and an imperfect false septum projecting inside, on whose convexity is moulded the horse- shoe-shaped seed, whose linear embiyo is surrounded by a fleshy albumen. Cissampelos consists of shrubs, usually climbing, rarely humble and erect with alternate, entire or incised leaves. The flowers are small and numerous, forming axillary supra-axillary or lateral fascicled leaves. The male racemes are much ramified, con- 1 L., Gen., n. 1138. — J., Gen., 2S5. — Lame., tetrandrous; the cells alternate with the petals; Diet., v. 9, Suppl., iv. 299 ; III., t. 830. — Sw., the pollen has the same form as in Menisper- Observ., t. 10, fig. 5. — Dttp.-Th., in Jov.rn. macece in C. mauritiana and orbiculata, accord- Bot., ii. 65, t. 3, 4.— DC, Syst., i. 352 ; Prodr., ing to H. Mom. i. 100. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, viii. 23. — Endl., * This has often been termed a sepal, what we Gen., n. 4695. — B. H., Gen., 37, 962, n. 21. — describe as such being then regarded as a bract. Caapeba Plum., Gen., 33, t. 29. — Adass., Fam. 5 Specially bifid with the species from Mada- des PI., ii. 357. — Antizoma Miebs, in Ann. Nat. gascar, wherefrom Miebs took the type of his Hist., ser. 2, vii. 41; ser. 3, xvii. 266. — Disso- genus Dissopetalum. Hence the hypothesis that petalum Miebs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xvii. the petal of Cissampelos, even when entire, con- 267. sists of two leaves. '-' It is sometimes entire, sometimes crenulate, 6 At first there are two ovnles; and that often rather fleshy in consistency. It has been which disappears more or less completely mav frequently described as a gamopetalous corolla. persist even very long in certain species, such as 3 These, perhaps, represent only two anther C. Pareira (fig. 26). cells ; the androceum is generally termed di- or MENISPERMACE&. 17 sisting of numerous cymes. The female inflorescences have each a simple axis; this bears alternate bracts, usually broad rounded, axillary to which the floral pedicels are arranged in two parallel series between the bract and the axis (figs. 25, 26), becoming shorter from within outwards.' All the known species2 inhabit the tropics. Cissampelos Pareira. Fig. 22. Male inflorescence. Fig. 25. Female inflorescence. Fig. 23. Male flower (j). Fig. 26. Fig. 24. Diagram of female inflorescence. Long. sect, of male flower. 1 The very singular structure of these flowers, which seem like only parts of a single regular flower each more or less elevated on a hranch or division of the floral receptacle, and tbe position of the placenta relative to the sepal and petal, are facts which deserve the full attention of botanists, especially those who are in a position to observe the organogeny of the female flowers of Cissam- pelos. 2 Miees (in Ann. Nat. Hist., xvii. 128) ad- VOL. III. mits sixty-nine, besides five species for Antizoma and one for Dissopetalum. Bentham & Hooker reduce them to some eighteen. — A.S.H., PI. Us. Brasil., t. 34, 35; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. t. ii.— Deless., Ic. Sel., i. t. 98, 99. — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 10 ; PI. Wright., 5.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 10, 11 {Antizoma). — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 183, t. 43-46. — Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 45.— Walp., Rep., i. 96; ii. 749 j v. 17 ; Ann., i. 18 ; ii. 22 ; iv. 130. 18 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Next to Cissampelos come Cycled and Stephania. In the former genus the male flowers have a cornet- or bell-shaped calyx ; and the females resemble those of Cissampelos, but have two lateral petals instead of one. The genus is composed of Lianas from Tropical Asia.2 Cissampelos Pareira. Fig. 27. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 28. Female flower (f). Fruit (f). Long. sect, of fruit. Long. sect, of flower. Stephania* has the female flower of Cyclea ; but the calyx of the males (figs. 31, 32) consists of from six to twelve free leaves. The androceum though triandrous resembles that of Cyclea, being repre- sented when adult by a cylindrical column, at the apex of which is seen a circular platform edged by an apparently single anther," which dehisces by a continuous marginal horizontal cleft. Stephania consists of plants from Tropical Asia, Australia, and Africa.5 Thus constituted, and containing moreover a large number of doubtful genera,6 and others whose place in these series is uncertain 1 Abn., in Wight III., 22. — Miebs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 17.— B. H., Gen., 38, 963, n. 22. — Lophophyllum Gbifp., Notul., iv. 313. — Phaptomeris MiEES, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 41. — Peraphora MiEBS, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 20. 2 There are eleven species according to Miees ; only three according to Bentham & Hookee. — Hook. p. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 201— Waxp., Ann., iv. 131. 3 Loue., Fl. CocMnch., 608. — Endl., AtaM., t. 49, 50 ; Gen., n. 4694 ?— B. H., Gen., 37, 962, n. 20. — ClypeaHL., Bijdr., 26. — Ileocarpus Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 40. — Homocnemia Miees, loc. cit. — ? Perichasma Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 21 4 It is always triple when young, and each anther has originally two distinct cells (figs. 31, 32). Later the clefts of the different cells unite by their extremities. Bentham & Hooker have seen the cells distinct in the buds of S. ? [Perichasma) Icetificata; and they are so even in the adult flower. The same union of the anthers into a double platform with a circular cleft be- tween the two parts occurs in the closely analo- gous androceum of certain species of Phyllanthus. 5 Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 195. — Wight, Icon., t. 939.— Benth., Fl. HongJc., 13; Fl. Austral., i. 57.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 46. — Walp., Ann., ii. 21 ; iv. 129. 6 1. Adeliopsis Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 59. — B. H., Gen., 964, n. 30 ?.— Miees, in^»». Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 125. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, viii. 153. — Sepals 5-9; 2-4 outer small bract- like. Petals 3, unequal concave, shorter than calyx. Stamens 9-12, central; filaments free, MEXISFEBMACEJS. 10 because all their essential organs are not yet known, this order was established in 1788 by A.-L. de Jussieu, in his Genera Plantarum} It included Leceba and Epibaterium Forsk., which are not distinct genera, Cissampelos of Linnaeus and Abuta of Barrere and Aublet.2 This erect, linear-terete or subcompressed, thickened towards apes, tapering antheriferous at very top ; anthers globose didymous; cells sublateral rimose. Female flower : perianth of male. Stamens 0. Carpels 3, free ; ovules 2, superposed descending on ventral angle, one subabortive; style rather thick, at apex reflexed, papillose, stigmatose on inner side. A shrub (habit of Pleogyne) ; leaves alternate ovate ; flowers in short gloinerules along rachis of axillary spikes. (Species 1, Australian : A. decnmbens Bexth.) 2. Antitaxis Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 44. — " Perianth-leaves decussate ; petals 2. Stamens 2 in male flower." A doubtful Euphor- biad according to B. H„ Gen., 33 ; but not so according to Muell. aeg., Prodr., xv. 1258. (Species 3, thereof 1 doubtful from Timor : A. 1 longifolia Miees.) 3. Clambus Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 16.— B. H., Gen., 962, n. 21. — Appa- rently a male specimen of some Mexican Phyl- lanthus, allied to P. laxijlorus Benth. and P. glaucescens H. B. K. 4. Disciphania EiCHl.., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 168, t. 36.— B. H., Gen., 960, n. 6 b?. — " Sepals 6, subequal, 2-seriate. Petals 6, much smaller, nearly equal to one another in length, fleshy depressed, united into a 6-gonal-subor- bicular disk. Stamens 3, very short, free ; an- thers subsessile; connective thick, cells sub- globose discrete, dehiscing by an introrsc vertical lid. Interior rudiment (of inner series of sta- mens or of gynseceum ?) always present, nodular. Female flower and fruit. . . . ? — A shaggy villous climber ; leaves broad cordate, 3-lobed ; spikes elongated." — (Species 1: D. lobata Eichl., which recalling Jateorhiza in habit, Anomo- spermum in its petals, is however of very uncer- tain position, owing to our ignorance of the fruit.) 5. Penianthus Miees., in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 124.— B. H., Gen., 959.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 50. — Male flowers ? . . . . Female flower : calyx 6-leaved ; sepals 2-seriate, imbri- cate. Petals 0. Stamens 6, free ; anthers effete. Carpels 3 ; ovules 2, unequal descending ; micro- pyle superior extrorse ; style finally dilated into a ciliate-laciniate horizontal blade. A glabrous shrub; leaves lanceolate acuminate subcoriaceous; flowers in small axillary or supra-axillary pedun- culate umbels. (Species 1, from Western Tropical Africa : P. longifolius Miees.) 6. Pselium Loub., Fl. Cockinch., 621. — This genus, distinct according to Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 371, is in part the same as Peri- campylns according to B. H., Gen., 37, n. 17 (a very doubtful genus). 7. Quinio cocculoides Schltl., in Linn&a, xxvi. 732 (flowers 5-merous) ?? (East Indies). 8. Rhigiocarya Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiv. 100.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 47. — The genus is summed up by B. H. {Gen., 960), in these words : " The genus is made from a fragment collected by Barter in Tropical Africa, and preserved in the Hookerian Herbarium. It consists of a leaf, a piece of the inflorescence, and a few drupes of some Menispermad (appa- rently Chasmantkera nervosa Miees) with two leaves and a twig of a totally different plant, perhaps a species of Smilax." (Species 1 : B. racemiftora Miees). 9. Somphoxylon Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 205, t. 37.— B. H., Gen., 959. — "Sepals 6, 2-seriate; outer smaller, united at base. Petals 6, smaller than sepals, outer con- cave, united at edges; inner nearly flat. Stamens 3, high-united ; anther cells discrete, opening by a vertical cleft. — Quite glabrous. Leaves mem- branous penniveined. Flowers minute along twigs of a full fascicled panicle." (Species 1 : S. Wullschla^gelii Eichl.) 10. Syrrhonema Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xiii. 124.— B. H., Gen., 959.— Oliv., Fl. Trap. Afr., i. 50. — Male flower : sepals 9-12 ; 3-6 outermost smaller ; inner ones gradually larger. Petals 0. Stamens 3, more rarely 4—6, connate into a tubular column widening out above ; anthers included within apex of tube, 4-locellate introrse. Female flower. . . . ? — A tomentose pubescent climber; leaves broadly cordate; flowers pedicellate fascicledal nodes. (Species 1, from the Island of Fernando Po : S. fasciculatum MlEES.) 11. Tripodandra H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 317, not. 1. — Male flower : sepals 6, subequal. Petals 6, shorter, unequal, rather fleshy, concave inside. Stamens 3, filaments connate at base into a slender column 3-fid, nearly halfway down ; lobes finally reflexed, at apex passing into a linear fuseate connective ; cells 2, lateral adnate, 2- lobed, extrorse vertically rimose. Female flower and fruit ? — A climber, with all parts hirsute- tomentose; leaves petiolate ellipsoidal; male flowers crowded on much-branched slender axillary racemes. (Species 1, from Madagascar : T. Thouarsiana H. Bn.) 1 284, Orel. XVII. Menisperma. Adanson (Fam. des PL, ii. 364) had placed Menispermum in his family of the Anones. 2 1741 and 1775. C 2 20 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. group in turn was called Menispermoidea? and Menispermece? while De Candolle in 18243 gave it the name Menispermacea. In this order he ranged the then known Lardizabalete, Burasaia and Spirospermum of Dupetit-Thouars,4 Cocculus,5 Pselium* Cissampelos, Menispermum, Abuta, Trichoa, and Aydestis,1 besides Schizandra which is a Magno- liad ; thus he only knew six of the genera that we now consider as distinct undoubted members of this order. When Endlicher wrote his Genera* he added Stejohania of Loureiro,9 Coscinium and Anamirta Stephania hernandifolia. Fig. 31. Young male flower (^). Fig. 32. Longitudinal section of male flower. of Colebrooke,10 besides three genera of Phytocrenea, and Meniscota which is a Sabiad. It is to Miers that we owe the most important and conscientious studies on this order of plants, which he has investigated so deeply during twenty-five years," and wherein he has created so many new genera. Among those that we deem it right to retain the following ten are due to this observer : Tiliacora, Anomo- spermum, P achy gone, Hamatocarpiis,Pleogyne,Sciadotania, Tinomiscium, Odontocarya, Parabtena, and Pycnarrhena ; while he shed new light on the genera Chondodendron of Euiz & Pavon,12 Calycocarpum of Nuttall,13 and Cyciea of Arnott.14 Hochstetter had published the genus Chasmanthera in 1844 ; J. Hooker & Thomson published Aspidocarya in 1855. Sarcopetalum is due to E. Mueller,15 Synclisia and Triclisia to Bentham,16 Sychnosepalum to Eichler.17 We demon- 1 Vent., Tall, iii. 78. - Jeaume, Expos. Fam., ii. 82, t. 86. 3 Prodr., i. 95. 4 Nov. Gen. Madag., 18, 19 (1806). 5 Batjh., Pinax (1596), 511. 6 Lotje., Fl. Cochinch. (1790), 621. 1 "Phytolaccacea" (B. H.). 8 825, Ord. CLXXI1. (1836). 9 Fl. Cochinch. (1790), 608. 10 In Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 65, 66 (1821). 11 In Lindl. Yeg. Kingd. (1846) ; in Ann. Nat. Hist.,ser.2,\n. (1851), 38; ser. 3, xiii. xiv. xvii.-xix. (1864-68). 12 Prodr. Fl. Per. (1794). 13 Ex Toee. & Ge., Fl. N. Amer., i. (1838). 14 In Wight III., 22 (1831). 15 PI. Indig. Col. Tict., i. (1860-62). 16 Gen,, 36, 39 (1862). V In Mart. Fl. Pros., Menisp. (1864). MENISPERMACEM. 21 strated in 13621 that Burasaia is a true Menispermad, and have recently added the genus Rameya f thus completing the tale of thirty genera, besides the uncertain types. The order contains some hundred and thirty-five species,* nearly all tropical. Some few only extend northward in the east of Asia and America, up to 55°. At the south of the Equator a small num- ber are found in South America and the Cape, from 35° to 38° and even as far as 42° in New South Wales. Of the thirty genera that we have given as undoubted members of this order, nineteen belong exclusively to the Old World, and the four genera Cocculus, Cissampelos, Menispermum, and Pachyyone are found in both Worlds. Hence America possesses only the seven genera Abuta, Anomospermum, Calycocarpum, Chondodendron, Odontocarya, Sciadotania, and Sychno- sepalum. Of these, Calycocarpum alone is stationed in North America. Of the Old World genera, Synclisia and Triclisia are confined to Tropical Africa. Burasaia, Spirospermum, and Rameya have only been found in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands of the east coast. Pleoyyne and Sarcopetalum are confined to Australia, and Coscinium, Tinomiscium, Aspidocarya, Anamirta, and Ha ma to carpus have been observed only in the East Indies. The genera proper to America comprise only a little over one-tenth part of the species contained in the order. These plants have some characters constant, others that are very rarely wanting. The former are the alternation of the leaves, the diclinism of the flowers, the freedom of the carpels, and the direc- tion of the ovules, which are always descending, with the micropyle upwards and outwards.4 The latter are the ternary number of the members of the flower-whorls and the multiplicity thereof,5 the simple leaves,6 the freedom of the perianth-leaves/ and the dicoty- 1 In Adansonia, ii. 316. perianth of dimerous verticils. In Cissampelos 2 In Adansonia, ix. 313 (1870). the male flowers are tetramerous, and there is but 3 Miees admits a much larger number. " He a single piece in the female flowers to represent has enumerated 320 species, ranged in 59 genera; either calyx or corolla. In the other Cissam- it seems right to reduce the former to 100, pelidece the flowers are no nearer being regularly the latter to 35." (B. H., Gen. 958.) trimerous. 4 Probably the originally binary number of 6 Burasaia is the only genus with compound the ovules is also constant, but of course this leaves. character is irrelevant to the adult state. 7 The perianth of Cissampelos has heen snp- 5 In the genus Antitaxis Miers describes a posed to consist of a double leaf whose parts are 22 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ledonous embryo.1 These constant or nearly constant characters are those of the order. To split it into tribes or series others have been used, which, though no doubt not unexceptionable, are the only ones at present available in the study of a group usually represented in collections by more or less imperfect specimens.2 We have hence adopted provisionally the classification proposed by J. Hooker & Thomson, based mainly on the structure of the fruit and seed.3 In certain Menispermacea the embryo is exalbuminous as in Tacliygone ; in others the albumen envelops it. In Cocculus and Menispermum, the two cotyledons are applied to one another by the whole extent of their inner faces, while in Chasmantfiera or Burasaia they diverge at their very insertion, leaving an angular space of variable breadth into which the albumen penetrates. Hence we get the three series, Cocculece, Cliasmantherece, and Pacliygonece ; the fourth series, Cissampelidea, rests on totally different characters, drawn from the structure of the flower and the number of its parts. These are not regularly trimerous.4 At the same time the androceum consists of stamens which cohere for a certain distance to form a column on top of which the anthers, sessile or subsessile, are united into a sort of terminal cap. The gynseceum is unsymmetrical, reduced to a single unilateral unilocular ovary.5 We may then sum up the general character of the four series as follows. I. Coccule^. — Seed with a narrow embryo, whose cotyledons are applied to one another, surrounded by albumen. Drupe with stylar cicatrix subterminal or more frequently brought down near the base of the incurved fruit. Stone with an internal projection of variable form from the ventral angle on which the seed is moulded bowed or inflexed. Carpels 3-6, more rarely 9-12 (8 genera). more or less intimately united. This view seems 2 Whether because only the male or female to be purely theoretical. In the other genera, plant of a given specimen is there ; or while the where the jierianth leaves are united, some ap- flowers are well known, the characters of the pear to show true gamosepaly, like Cyclea ; but embryo are unknown ; or again, because the only more commonly the sepals that are united for a examples are on the contrary fructiferous, certain distance, as in Synclhia, TUiacora, &c, 3 " Distrib. in trib. (forte minis artificiales) appear merely to stick together by their edges. imprim. ad fruct. v. sem. limitat." (B. H., 1 Only one cotyledon is well developed in Gen., 30.) Rameya and Trlclisia. Mr. Mieks informs 4 " Flores non regulariter trimeri." (Hook. me that he has shown this in the latter genus, et Thoms.) and that the same thing occurs in Spirosper- 5 The top of the style is however usually di- mum. vided into three branches. MENISPEKMACE^. 23 II. Pachygone^;. — Seed with a fleshy exalbuminous embryo. (All other characters of Cocculece) (9 genera). III. Chasmanthere^:. — Seed with a thin albumen, concavo-convex from within outwards, surrounding an embryo with thin foliaceous laterally divaricated cotyledons. (All other characters of Cocculea and Pachygonece (10 genera). IV. Cissampelide^e. — Flowers not regularly trimerous, their anthers united on top of a common column. Carpels solitary excen- tric (3 genera).1 In each of these series the genera are distinguished by the essen- tially variable characters presented by the total number of verticils of the perianth and androceum, and the presence or absence of a corolla, the definite or indefinite number of the stamens, and their freedom or union, the number of carpels, the form of the fruits, and especially of the stones and their internal projection ; the straight curved or hippocrepiform direction of the long axis of the seed and embryo, the form of the albumen and its continuity or seg- mentation into ruminate lobes ; the equality or extreme inequality of the two cotyledons.2 The structure of the stems in this order has often been described on account of its great anomalies. The variation often found in matters of detail in passing from one genus to another, do not seem to affect the general type of histological structure usually ascribed to the stems of Menispermads. This structure is such that Lindley was formerly inclined to separate this order from the Exogens, recognising at the same time their striking analogies with those of the Aristolochiads. Decaisne, taking up the study of 1 These plants might he classed by their male all those observed in the flowers of both sexes, flowers, and this is what Bent-ham & Hookeb And this has been done to some extent by Miebs have tried to do (Gen., 32). But as yet, not who proposes (in Ann. Nat. Mist., ser. 3, xiii. only have as many difficulties been found in 122) to divide Menispennacece into seven tribes: rendering these characters practically available 1. Heteroclinece (nearly the same as our Chas- es, with those drawn from the carpels, but their mantherece) ; 2. Anomospermece (the single genus use is just as artificial. Thus, it is quite certain Anomospermum) ; 3. Tiliacorea (which we con- that to separate, because of the seed-structure, fine to Tiliacora and Chaimantherd) ; 4. Hyp- genera with fundamentally similar male flowers, serpece (Limacia) ; 5. Leptogoneee (including sucli as Cocculus, Pachygone, and Hcematocarpus, Assampelideee and some of the Cocculea:) ; 6. is a most artificial course. No less so is it, how- Pl-atygonece (formed chiefly of the genus Cucculus ever, to group together from characters taken and its numerous sections which are raised to the from the androcenm alone, genera differing so rank of genera) ; and, 7. Pachggonece (Pachygone widely in the organization of the female flower and Sarcopetalum). as, for instance, Stephania, Sarcopetalum, and - Miees thinks, moreover, that the nervation Aspidocarya. Evidently we should view at the of the leaves in this order may form a differential same time both, not merely single characters character of great value, taken from the flower of one sex alone, but of o4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. this question in 1837,' found that in Menispermum canadense, for instance, a young branch in its first year, while the tissue is still herbaceous, presents the same general organization as that of any other Dicotyledon ; but that " this structure, after succeeding years of o-rowth, differs widely from that of other deciduous Dicotyle- dons. In fact, on observing a two-year-old branch, no new layer is found, but instead of this, an elongation of each vascular bundle whose obovate form is still more marked ; at its outer part are still distinguishable the semilunar layer of rudimentary wood, and the layer of liber of the same form. This liber is the same unchanged ; but the formerly rudimentary wood is now perfect wood and has produced afresh a layer of cambium. So this mode of growth goes on indefinitely, without the deduplication of any of the fibro- vascular bundles or the addition of any fresh ones, their number remaining unaltered. " Each of these bundles has grown chiefly at its outer parts, to which new fibres and vessels are constantly added. During all this the liber remains stationary, and in a stem of consi- derable growth only very small bundles are formed outside the segments of the woody zone. In a non-climbing species with persistent leaves, like Cocculus lauriflorm, the primitive structure of a young branch is the same, and the fibro- vascular bundles are narrow in proportion to the progressively increasing breadth of the medullary rays. After several years have passed there make their appearance in the cortical parenchyma, outside the first fibro-vascular bundles and alternating with them, an equal number of fresh bundles ; these, however, differ histologically, possessing no spiral vessels and having no liber outside them. Later on, a third formation of vessels takes place, alternating with the second, and of identical structure. Thus may further appear in turn a fourth circle, a fifth and so on.2 The growth of the stem 1 In Arch. Mus., i.154, t. 10. cells of the primary bark, or else from these and 2 Tr£cul was the first to explain (in Ann. Sc. from their immediately external neighbours." Nat., ser. 3, xix. 265) the formation of these He has also shown that " the secondary vascular secondary bundles, saying, " Tbey are the cells bundles are never connected with the leaves." — at a certain depth in the youngest utricular layer See also on this question NiGELi, Beitr. zu Wiss. of the bark, which have first enlarged and then Bot., i. 16. In this memoir the Menispermads been divided by septa." Radlkofeb (in Flora are taken as the type of the Dicotyledons with (1858), 193 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, x. 164) successive limited zones of cambium in the has also referred their origin to a new cambium " protenchyma." formed at a certain age " from the innermost MENISPEEMAGE^J. 25 may thus become very uneven, because the later sets of bundles may not, after a certain age, be produced all round a bough, but only on the side where some rather large branch comes off. Hence the appearance of certain old stems whose pith is excentric or even close to one side ; because the unilateral development of a large number of woody zones (seen as crescents in transverse section) throws the greater part of the woody body to the same side.1 Cissampelos Pareira is accordiug to Decaisne organized like Cocculus. J. Hooker & Thomson2 have generally confirmed the above facts, and have shown that the structure of the most closely allied types may differ as much as it agrees closely in most widely different genera.3 The pith may, they say, form from one-fifth4 to three-quarters5 of the thickness of the stem, and the number of fibro-vascular bundles varies from twelve6 to seventy.7 They are formed of dotted fibres mixed with vessels. The liber bundles are more or less widely separated, and form a crescent of variable curvature in transverse section ; but they may be confounded into a continuous zone.8 To the above we must add three others, which have been im- perfectly indicated, or passed over in utter silence in the study of the Menispermad stems. The zone surrounding the pith is some- times peculiar. Besides its being often greenish, and of a close dense tissue (which characters often occur in the deep layers of the cortical parenchyma, and in the medullary rays, wherewith it is continuous), it is in Menispermiun formed of tough elongated elements intermediate in external character between cells and fibres.9 In the next place, we find in Anamirta, for instance, that the fibro- vascular bundles are intermixed with well developed laticiferous vessels, forming long vertical courses in the stem, and filled with a 1 Hence the strange forms affected by the 5 In Aspidocarya. stems of certain species in transverse section. 6 In certain species of Cissampelos. (Dcne., loc. cit., t. x. fig. 17. — Gaudich., Rech. ' In Coscinium fenestratum. sur VOrganis. . . . des Veg., t. 18, fig. 13. — 8 The structure of the stems in Menisper- A. Rich., Elem., ed. 7, 154, fig. 86.) macece has been studied by a very large number 2 Fl. Ind., i. 177. — Oliy., Stem in Dicot., 4 of authors. — Lindl., Introd. to Bot., i. 214. — ■ \m Nat. Hist. Rev.,\\. (1862), 300]. The authors Maet., Gel. Anzeig. (1842), 387.— Griffith, of the Flora Indica have studied the structure of Notul., iv. 305-319. — -H. Mohl, Ueb. d. Bau. the stem in sixteen genera, and that usually in d. Rank. Scldingpfl. (1827), § 75. — Schacht, specimens of various ages. Lehrb,, ii. 57; Die Pflanzenz., 284, t. 19; Der 3 Thus Anamirta and Pachygone resemble Baum, 95, 199. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Coscinium in structure ; while Parabana and Menisp., 207, t. 50, 51. Tinospora are as dissimilar as possible in this 9 Recalling the elements of fibrous appeai-ance point, though closely allied in flower and fruit. found in the medullary sheath of Lauracea. 4 In Parabcena sagittata. 26 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. copious yellowish-white juice.1 Thirdly, Anamirta, like Menispermum, and many other genera of the same group, has two kinds of cells in the adult pith, one soft and full of gas when old, the others isolated or collected into small islets, transformed into rounded, elongate, or fusiform sclerous sacs, with very thick and solid, highly refractive walls, perforated by a large number of well-marked simple or ramified canals, by which they communicate with one another, or with the ordinary cells of the pith. No doubt these cells, which have been for some time past so frequently observed in the chief so-called polycarpic orders {Magnoliacece, Rosacea, Lauracece, &c.) are the active organs of a special secretion ; for they are seen here as elsewhere to be usually filled with a granular more or less coloured liquid. Affinities. — Menispermacece show manifold affinities with Lau- racece, Magnoliacece (chiefly through ScMzandrece), Anonacece, and Myristicacece, Berberidacece (through the series Lardizabalece), and lastly Euphorbiacece. Of the Lauracece they have the small and usually inconspicuous flowers, with an almost constantly trimerous perianth in both groups. True, the carpels are solitary in Lauracece, which only occurs in such exceptional cases as Cissampelos among Meni- spermacece ; and on the other hand, the anthers of the latter order open by clefts, not valves. Moreover the floral receptacle is concave in the former order, convex in the latter. But these differences lose in importance when we reflect that Laurads are really only a part of a larger natural group, where with valvicidal anthers may be found a polycarpellary gynseceum and a scarcely cupulate floral receptacle. The habit is sometimes the same in both groups. The non-climbino- species of Cocculus, such as C. laurifolius, have the aspect and foliage of certain Lauracece ; and among these last the llligerece thoroughly recall Burasaia in the form of their digitate leaves. The true diffe- rence between the groups is in their ovules, solitary in Laurads ; usually, if not constantly, geminate at first in Menispermads : here too they are descending with the micropyle extrorse ; there it looks inwards. Among Magnoliads the ScMzandrece have far more of the characters of the Menispermads, notably the convexity of the re- ceptacle, the diclinism of the flowers, the direction and number of the ovules, the habit, with sarmentose stems and exstipulate leaves. H. Ex., in Adansonia, is. fase. 12. MENI8PEBMACEJE. 27 When Menispermacece have like Schizandrece indefinite stamens and albuminous seeds, the only absolute difference left between the two groups lies in the form of the embryo ; which is short and relegated to the extremity of the albumen in the latter, elongated with flattened or leafy cotyledons, nearly equal in length to the albumen itself in the former. Anonads, which so nearly approach Magnoliads in almost their whole organization, must of necessity be very difficult to distinguish absolutely from Menispermads ; and the more so as the latter may occasionally possess a ruminated albumen. Anonads, it is true, have often a polyandrous androceum, while this is excep- tional in Menispermads ; but as the latter have not constantly six stamens, and several Anonads may present a definite number, we must look to the gynseceuni for a clear distinction : either the ovules are indefinite in Anonacece, which is the case in no known Menispermad, or there are but one or two ovules ; these however are then ascending with the carpel looking downwards and outwards, while in Menispermacece they are descending with the micropyle upwards and outwards. The Nutmegs have, as we have seen, strong analogies with those Menispermads whose albumen is ruminated ; but they are easily distinguished by their simple perianth, their completely diclinous flowers, their solitary carpel, and the direction of the ovule, the same as in the uniovulate Anonads. Berberidacece are closely allied to Menispermacece by the series Lardixabalece. These have always compound leaves : which has been found in but one genus of Menispermacece.1 The floral symmetry, like diclinism, is the same in both types, but no Menispermad is known to possess a multiovular ovary, which is constant in Lardizabalece? Moreover a relation of uncertain degree has been indicated, not without good grounds, between EupUorbiacece and Menispermacece. A. Saint- Hilaire noticed that the male flowers may be quite the same in both groups, especially when the stamens are monadelphous.3 But the gynseceum and fruit are totally different. Finally, Menispermacece may be considered at about the same distance from Lauracece 1 Burasaia, which as we have seen, with all especially in the sarmentose species and those the fundamental organization of 3Ienispermacece, whose male floral glands are sufficiently developed was long relegated to Lardizabalece. to simulate the small petals of the Menispermads; 2 Benthah & Hooker ((?e«., 30) also dis- accordingly several species of the group Phyllan- tinguish Berberidacece by the valvicidal anthers ; thece have been referred to this order as new but this does not apply to Lardizabalece, &c. generic types. s This is peculiarly the case with Phyllanthus, 28 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. and Magnoliacece. Adanson1 placed them in his family of the Anonas ; Jussieu2 placed them next in order, like De Candolle,3 and Bentham & Hooker.4 Lindley5 put them between Schizandrece and Cucurbitacece ; Endlicher6 between Ribesiece and Myristicacece ; and J. G. Agardh7 between Piper acece and Artocarpece, far from the above families, but close to Monimiacece? The properties9 of 'Menispermacece are as uniform as their organi- zation ; they are usually plants with bitter tonic stomachic juices ; more rarely venomous, containing an acrid narcotic toxic latex. The plant that furnishes the Indian-berry (Fr., Coque du Levant), or so-called Cocculus Indicus, combines these qualities in the highest degree. It is a liana, Anamirta Cocculus, from India and the neigh- bouring regions.10 Its fruits are used by the natives to stupefy fish ; but thus killed they may become a dangerous aliment." They are very bitter, and are hence said to be used in England to give a certain taste to the beer, to the great detriment of the public health.12 The poisonous principle seems to be confined to the albumen, which contains picrotoxine and a concrete oil composed of elaine and stearine ;13 while the pericarp contains the insipid base menispermine, which though emetic' is not poisonous. The root and stem are used in India in fevers, under the name of Putrawalli ;u 1 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 364. 2 Gen., 285, Ord. XVII. 3 Syst., i. 509 ; Prodr., i. 95, Ord. V. 4 Gen., 30; 958, Ord. VI. 5 Veg. Kingd., 307, Ord. CIV. 6 Gen., 825, Ord. CLXXII. 7 Theor. Syst. PL, 241. " Menispermacece sunt Dioscoreis, Aristolochieis, Lardizabaleis, Anonaceis, Berberideis, Schizandreis, &c, vario mode analogs, Monimiaceis potissimum collate- rals, Piperaceis, ut videtur, affinitate proximal et liarum formam superiorem constituentes." 8 De Candolle has also indicated relations with Sterculiacece. Dioscorece have often the habit, foliage, and flowers of Menispermacece. So have the climbing Phytolaccacece, besides possessing a polvcarpellary gynajceum. 9 Endl., Fachirid., 415. — Likdl., Veg. Kingd., 308. — Guib., Drog. SimpL, ed. 6, iii. 726. — Pereira, Mem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 661. — Rosenth., Syn. Plant. Diaph., 581. 10 Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 146. — Pereiea, op. cit., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 666. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 371.— Guib., Drog. SimpL, ed. 6, iii. 732. — H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., W. 95. — A. paniculata Colebb., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 52. — A. racemosa Colebb., loc. cit., 66 (ex Arn.). — Menispermum Cocculus L., Spec, 1468. — M. lacunosum Lamk., Diet., iv. 98. — M. heteroclitum Roxb., Fl. Ltd., iii. 817. if. monadelphum Roxb., Cat. Merc, t. 30.— Cocculus lacunosus DC, Prodr., n. 11. — C. suberosus DC, n. 12. — Bacca orientalis, Grana Orientis, Cocculi indi, Cocculce officinarum, Cocculus levanlicus s. piscatorius OS. — Mahez- heregi, Maheirheza Avic;. (see pp. 1, 15, fig. 1, 18-21). 11 Meb. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., ii. 329. 12 Pereira {loc cit., 668) estimates the im- portation of these fruits into England at 2500 sacks in 1834. [It is to be hoped that the stringent prohibitory clauses of recent Acts of Parliament will stop this most shameful adultera- tion.— Tbans.] 13 Guib., loc cit., 733. 14 This name is also applied to Cocculus crispus (p. 30, note 2). MENI8PEBMAGEJE. 29 these, like the fruit, when exhibited in proper doses, are an excellent remedy in vomiting and other intestinal affections. The branches are used as a yellow dye. The two drugs supplied by this order, most extensively used after Cocculus Indicus, are Colombo-root (Fr., Bacine de Colombo) and Pareira- brava. The former is supplied by Chasmanthera Columba,1 which grows in Madagascar, the east coast of Africa, and the East Indies.2 It is a tonic subaromatic drug, containing columbine or columbin3 and berberine, and which seems to be endowed with very active properties; it has been recommended in colic, dysentery, dyspepsia, obstinate sickness, and inertia of the stomach.4 Its chief succedanea are the roots of Cocculus fiavesceni and pellatus.6 The root Pareira-brava, also called Butua,7 comes chiefly from Brazil and the Antilles ; but it might be obtained from all the tropical countries where the nume- rous varieties of Cissampelos Pareira* to which it is ascribed, are found. The stem appears to possess, though in a less degree, the properties of the root, which is bitter, sweetish, very diuretic, and mucilaginous, recommended in nephritic colics, and formerly sup- posed to be an excellent solvent for renal or vesical calculi, and cure for the bites of venomous animals. It is very little used at the pre- sent day.9 1 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306 (see. p. 12, figs. 16,17). — Jateorhiza Columba MlERS, Niger, 214, not. — Menispermum Columba Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 807. — Cocculus palmatus DC, Syst., i. 522. — Gtjib., op. cit., 727. — Pereiea, op. cit., 661, fig. 106.— Lindl., Fl. Med., 369. 2 It is said to be cultivated only in India and Madagascar. 3 The latter is the name used by Pereiea. 4 Redi was the first to cite this as an alexi- pharinic agent in 1675 (Exp. Circ. Var. res Nat., 179). 5 Synon. according to LlNDLEY, of Anamirta Cocculus (p. 28, note 10). 6 Synon. of Cyclea Burmanni (p. 30, note 9.) 7 Probably wrongly. The true Butuas from Brazil and the neighbouring regions are generally species of Chondodendron ; and the above name seems to be also applied to true Abutas. 8 L., Spec, 1473 ; Cod., ed. Richt., 987, n. 7515.— Nees, PI. Off., t. 367.— C. Caapeba L., Spec, 1473 ; Cod., loc. cit., n. 7516. — C. con- volvulacea W., Spec, iv. 863. — C. pareiroides DC, Fss. Med., 78.— C. orbiculata DC, Syst., i. 537. — C. tomentosa DC. — C. heterophylla DC. — C. microcarpa DC. — C. argentea H. B. K. —C, guayaauilensis H. B. K. — C. orinocensis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, v. 68. — C. austra'fis A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 44. — C. gracilis A. S. H. — C. littorulis A. S. H. — C. monoica A. S. H. — C. Kohautiana Peesl, Bel. Hccnlc., ii. 81. — C. clemalidea Presl, Bot. Bern., 7. — C. mucronata Guill. & Perr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. t. 11. — C. obtecta Wall., Cat., n. 4981. — C. hernandifolia Wall., loc. cit., n. 4977. — C. acuminata Benth. — C. canescens Miq. — C. apiculala Hochst.— C. nephrophylla Bar. — C. comata Miers. — C. Vogelii Miers. — C. discolor A. Gray. — C. eriocarpa Tr. & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 42. — C. glaucescens Triana & Pl. — C. grandifolia Triana & Pl. — C. myrio- carpa Tr. & Pl. — C. scutigera Tr. & Pl.— C. subreniformis Triana & Pl. — Cocculus orbicu- latus DC. — C. membranaceus Wall. (part.). — Caapeba s. Erva de nossa Senora v. Cipo de cobras Marcgr., Bras., 25. — Batta-valli, Cattuvalli Rheed., Sort. Malab., xi. 127. (For the detailed synonymy of this species see Eich- ler, in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 188.)— All the forms of the plant used enjoy the same pro- perties. (Guib., op. cit., 730. — Pereira, loc cit., 670. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 372. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 221.) 9 Fromit is extracted cissampeline (C15H21N03) 30 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Several other Menispermads are or have been used medicinally in hot countries, chiefly as bitter tonics. We may cite the following from India : Chasmanthera cordifolia1 (the Gualancha), and Tinospora crispa2 and malabarica? belong to the same genus; Coscinium fenestra- tum* Fibraurea tinctoria,5 Stephania capitate? and rotunda? Tachygone ovata,8 Cyclea Burmanni* and peltata,10 Cocculus ylaucus11 and Leaba^ Chasmanthera Bakis™ and Cissampelos mauritia?iau are used in Tro- pical Africa for the same purpose, like the species of Chondodendron,15 Cissampelos ovalifolia™ and several forms of C. Pareira and Abuta ru- or pelosine (Wigg., in Ann. Pharm., xxxiii. 81 ; — Schw., Chem. d. Org. Alk., 416), identical with berberine according to Fluckigeb. 1 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306. — Cocculus cordifolius DC, Prodi:, i. 97. — C. convolvulaceus DC, loc. cit. (nee alior.) — Menispermum mala- baricum |3 Lamk., Diet., iv. 96. — M. cordifolium Eoxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 811. — Tinospora cordifolia Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38. — Goluncha luta of the Bengalese; Tippa tiga of the Cingalese. 2 Miebs, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38. — Menispermum crispum L., Spec., 1468. — 31. verrucosum Eoxb., — Cocculus crispus DC. — C. verrucosus Wall. — C. coriaceus Bl., Bijdr., 25. This plant is considered as active a febrifuge as cinchona in Malaysia. 3 Miebs, loc. cit. — Cocculus malabaricus Lamk. 4 Colebe., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 65. — Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 178. — Miebs, in Pot. Mag., t. 4658 ; in Pharm. Journ., xii. 85. — Menispermum fenestratum G^etn. — Pereiria medica Lindl., Fl. Med., 370. — Woniwol, Venivel, Bangwellgetta of the Cingalese. The root infused in water is the best stomachic known in Ceylon. It contains berberine (Gitib., op. cit., 728). 5 Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 769. — Cocculus Fibraurea DC, Syst., i. 526. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 367. The root is diuretic. The Malays use it mainly in intermittent fevers and disorders of the liver. 6 Clypea capitata Bl. 7 Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 747. — Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 197. — Cocculus Roxburgh- ianus Wall. — C. Finlaysonianus Wall. — Cissampelos glabra Eoxb. — Clypea Wightii Aen. 8 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 43. — Cissampelos ovata Poie. — Cocculus brachy- stachyus DC. — C. leptostachyus DC. — C. Plukenetii DC — C. Wightianus Wall. All its parts, especially its fruit (figs. 12, 13), are bitter and tonic. 9 Miees, in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 41. — Cocculus Burmanni DC. — Clypea Burmanni Wight & Aen. (part.). — Waltiedde G^etn., Fruct. ii. t. 180.— Lindl., Fl. Med., 372. The root, besides being used in the treatment of re- lapsing fevers and diseases of the liver, is em- ployed in dysentery and piles in Malabar. 10 Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 201.— Meni- spermum peltatum Lamk. — Cocculus peltatus DC. 11 Bosenth., op. cit., 581. 12 DC, Prodr., i. 99.— C. Cebatha DC— C. Fpibatherium DC — Menispermum edule Vahl. It is the Leceba and Cebatha of Foeskhal, wrongly referred to Fuphorbiacea under the name of Adenocheton. It is found from Malaysia up to the borders of the Red Sea. 13 H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 306. — Cocculus Bakis Guill. & Peee., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 12, t. 4. — Tinospora Bakis Miebs. The root is very bitter and diuretic. The negroes of Senegal use it in the treatment of fever and urethritis. 14 Dup.-Th., in Journ. Bot., ii. 65, t. 3, 4.— DC, Prodr., i. 101, n. 11. Made by Miees (in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. xvii. 267) the type of the genus Dissopetalum. This species furnishes the Pareira-brava of the Mascarene Islands, possess- ing the same properties as the American drug. Eichlee makes it a mere variety of C. Pareira (p. 29, note 8). 15 C. tomentosum R. & Pav. {Prodr., 132 ; Syst., 261 ; — Fpibaterium ? tomentosum Pees., Syn., ii. 561 ; — Cocculus Chondodendron DC, Prodr., n. 19), and the other species or varieties of the genus, especially Cocculus platyphylla A. S. H. (Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 48 ; PL Us. Bras., t. 42) and C. cinerascens A. S. H. (Fl. Bras., Mer., i. 47), bear the vulgar name of Bufua or Abutua, and have the same properties as Abuta. Cissampelos Abutua Velloz. (Fl. Fltim., x. t. 140) is a Chondodendron. 16 DC, Syst., i. 537 ; Prodr., i. 102. To this species Eichlee refers the following plants as mere varieties : C. crenata DC— C. ebracteata A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 41. — C. communis A. S. H.— C. velutina A. S. H. — C. suborbi- MENISPERMA CEM. 31 fescens1 in America. Cocculus vittosus is also considered a sudorific in India. The fruits of C. Leceba are acrid, but the Arabs eat them, and prepare from them a fermented drink which they name khumr ool majnoon. The acid mucilaginous drupes of Chondodrendron convol- vulaceumr are also eaten in Peru, under the name of Uva del monte? cularis A. S. H.— C. subtriangularis A. S. H.— C. rotundata Pohl. — C. amazonica MiebS. — C. assimilis Miebs. — C. vestita Tbiaua & Pl., in Ann. sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 44. 1 Aubl., Ouian., 618, t. 250. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 373. — Rosenth., op. cit., 582. — White Pareira-brava of Guiana. 2 Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, 1. 190. 3 Several Abuta have been considered poison- ous, only because according to Maetius {Reis., hi. 1155) they enter into the composition of the Woorali poison. This he says is the case with A. rufescens {Cocculus Pahni Maet.), A. Imene Eichl. (in Mart. Fl. Bras., Menisp., 177), and Cocculus toxiferus Wedd., whose flowers are unknown, but which belongs to the genus Abuta or Chondodendron. 32 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. GENERA. I. COCCULE^. 1. Cocculus Bauh. — Flowers dioecious regular. Sepals free, 6 in 2 series, or more rarely 9-1 2 ; outer 3-6 shorter, bract-like ; aesti- vation subvalvate or imbricate. Petals 6 in 2 series, shorter than sepals, concave or involute around the filaments, entire or 2-fid. Stamens 3 (barren in female flower), more rarely increased in num- ber (7-10) in some flowers {Selwynia) ; filaments free ; anthers ter- minal or lateral and subextrorse {Limacia), 2-celled, often 4-lobed, 2-rimose. Carpels usually 3, opposite outer sepals, free; ovaries 1-locular ; styles varying in form, cylindrical or compressed-dilated, erect or recurved, stigmatiferous ; apex attenuate or variously dilated, entire or 2-fid. Ovule solitary (or 2, one smaller and abor- tive) descending, anatropous ; micropyle superior, extrorse. Drupes subrotundate or obovate, rarely elongate {Diploclisia) , oftener late- rally compressed ; scar of style a little way from base ; putamen arcuate or hippocrepiform, concave on each side and more or less intruded, back tubercular or cristate ; each process imperforate {Pericampylos) or more or less perforate, intruded inwards on either side and more or less above the base. Seed hippocrepiform ; embryo elongate, in the axis of albumen ; cotyledons linear appressed. Climbing shrubs ; stems sarmentose, or more often twining, woody, or or more rarely subherbaceous ; leaves alternate petiolate exstipulate, base entire or more rarely subpeltate or cordate ; flowers in simple or more usually branched racemose cymes {All tropical and sub- tropical). See p. 1. 2. Menisperrnum T. — Flowers of Cocculus. Stamens 12-ao (6 ste- rile in female flowers ; anthers terminal, 4-lobed. Carpels 3-6 ; styles flattened out and dilated; apex stigmatose. Drupes com- pressed ; putamen reniform ; outer surface subcristate ; each process imperforate, intruded inwards. Seed hippocrepiform ; embiyo slender ; cotyledons appressed. — Leaves broad, often subpeltate, angular or palraately lobate {Eastern Asia, North America). See p. 4. MENISPEBMACE^E. 33 3. Abuta Barr. — Flowers almost of Cocculus, apetalous ; sepals 6-12, in 2-4 series, outer 3-9 small ; inner by far the larger, subpe- taloid, valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower) ; outer 3 free ; anthers 2-locular ; inner 3 free or connate at base, anthers sub-4-lobed. Carpels 3 ; styles cylindrical recurved. Drupes subovoid ; scar of style a little way from base ; cavity of putamen divided at centre by a thin erect lamina ; seed induplicate on lamina ; albumen transversely ruminated ; embryo linear, hippo- crepiform ; cotyledons appressed. — Leaves coriaceous, 3-5-nerved to base; flowers in subsimple (female) or branched (male) racemose cymes {Tropical America). See p. 5. 4. Spirospermum Dup.-Th. — Perianth almost of Cocculus. Sta- mens 6 ; filaments free thickened at apex ; anthers underneath apex, vertical, subintrorse, dehiscence longitudinal submarginal. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3-9, shortly stipitate, orbiculate-circinate, com- pressed ; scar of style a little removed from base ; putamen thin. Seed smooth, spirally involute ; albumen little ; embryo shorter than seed, linear, incurved-circinate"; cotyledons appressed (one smaller, subabortive ?) shorter than radicle. — Climbing shrubs, leaves oblong glabrous coriaceous; inflorescence elongate; branches pendu- lous thin compound in male plants ; thicker simple in female {Madagascar). See p. 6. 5. Tiliacora Colebr. — Sepals 6-9 ; outer 3-6 in 1, 2 series, small, bract-like ; inner 3 much larger subpetaloid, valvate or slightly im- bricate. Petals 6 in 2 series, small, cuneate, subcordate. Stamens 6, in 2 series ; filaments erect, free ; anthers elongate, introrse, 2- celled. Perianth of female flower similar to male. Carpels 6-12; styles short subulate. Drupes oo, stipitate ; stalks connate at base ; pericarp long-obovate, with a very short spur at base, laterally com- pressed ; scar of style very near base ; putamen smooth sulcate. Seeds uncinate-incurved. ; albumen ruminated; embryo almost as long as seed; cotyledons appressed. — Stems climbing; leaves ovate; inflorescence elongate {Tropical Asia, East Tropical Africa ?). See p. 6. 6 ? Synclisia Benth. — Male flower. Sepals 9 ; outer 6, short VOL. III. d 34 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS bract-like in 2 series ; inner 3 much longer, connate high up into a long conical bud, valvate; apex alone free. Petals 6, minute, orbicular-glanduliform, in 2 series. Stamens 6-10, filaments con- nate at base, clavate, erect ; anther-cells sublateral, adnate a little beneath apex, longitudinally rimose. Female flower and fruit. . . . ? Stems and branches slender ; leaves cordate 5-nerved, pilose with red or brownish hairs. Male flower axillary ; pedicles slender soli- tary or more seldom in pairs (Tropical West Africa). See p. 6. 7. Anomospermum Miers. — Sepals, outer 3 small ; inner 3 alter- nate, much larger, thick fleshy orbicular imbricate. Petals 6, in 2 sub- equal series, each folded round the superposed stamen, thick fleshy, with very incurved margins. Stamens 6, free, wanting or sterile in female flower, slender, longer than petals in male ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, 2-rimose. Carpels 3, free ; style very short, at once ex- panding into a wide stigmatose head spreading downwards. Drupes oblong, straight ; scar of style terminal ; a straight ventral vertical thin lamina intruded within putamen. Seed oblong straight, tra- versed by a groove receiving lamina of putamen ; albumen strongly ruminated, incompletely septate transversely ; embryo (almost as long as albumen) terete or slightly compressed, straight ; cotyledons appressed, radicle superior. — A climbing shrub, leaves simple, coria- ceous, entire, oblong-acute ; male flowers in solitary or fasciculate racemes; female flowers solitary or subsolitary [Tropical America). See p. 6. 8. Sarcopetalum F. Muell. — Sepals 6, or more rarely 3-5, un- equal, 2-seriate. Petals 3-6, longer than calyx, thick fleshy, un- equally obovoid, or obpyramidal, narrowed at base, depressed or sub- globose and subrugose above. Stamens 2-4, inserted on erect column ; apex with 2-4 slightly divaricating lobes ; anther-cells adnate, horizon- tally parallel. Female flower: Perianth of male. Carpels 3-6; styles reflected ; apex 2-3-lobed. Drupes compressed ; cicatrix of style scarcely removed from base. Putamen seed and albuminous embryo of Cocculus. — Stems climbing, leaves broad, cordate at base ; flowers in simple lateral solitary or fasciculate racemes {Australia). See p. 7. MENISFEBMAGE2E. 35 II. PACHYGONE^E. 9. Pachygone Miers. — Flowers of Cocculus. Carpels 3 ; styles somewhat thickened. Drupes reniform or subglobose, more rarely oblong compressed (Hyperbana) ; scar of style scarcely removed from base ; putamen slightly excavated on either side ; process intruded. Seed hippocrepiform, exalbuminous. Embryo thick fleshy ; ra- dicle short; cotyledons semicylindrical. — Leaves ovate or oblong, subcoriaceous. Flowers in cymiferous racemes (Asia, Tropical America). See p. 7. 10. Haematocarpus Miers. — Flowers almost of Pachygone; sepals 9-15, in 3-5 series; the inner gradually larger. Petals 6. Stamens 6, free, irregular, with apex more or less incurved, clavate ; anther-cells lateral. Female flowers . . . ? Drupes large, ovoid, smooth ; cicatrix of style slightly removed from base ; endocarp thin ; process intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; exalbuminous embryo of the same form, suberose-fleshy. — Leaves coriaceous, ovate or oblong ; petiole thickened at base and apex, flowers in branched cymiferous racemes (East India). See p. 8. 11. Pycnarrhena Miers. — Sepals 6, in 2 series, concave. Petals 6, in 2 series, subsimilar, much smaller. Stamens about 9, ap- proximated into a short mass nearly flat at summit, or else distinctly free at base ; anthers erect ; cells confluent at apex, de- hiscing by 2 longitudinal slits. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3, reniform, somewhat laterally hollowed; process of thin putamen scarcely intruded ; scar of style lateral ; embryo incurved ; radicle very short; cotyledons thick. — Stems climbing; leaves oblong penninerved ; inflorescence either short and densely crowded, or lax and slender pedunculate, collected in axils of leaves or at old nodes (East India, Borneo). See p. 8. 12. Chondodendron Euiz & Pav. — Sepals 9-12, or more rarely 15-18, in 3 rows, gradually enlarging from base; inner 3 some- times thickened at margin a little above base, subpetaloid, apex reflexed. Petals 6, in 2 series, either shortly orbicular, or elongated and much narrowed at base. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower), free or connate at base ; filaments inflexed at apex ; connective d 2 36 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. incurved, apiculate ; anthers basifixed ; cells lateral, rimose. Carpels, 3-6 ; styles. . . ? Drupes stipitate, suboval ; scar of style slightly removed from base ; lamina of putamen intruded from base. Seed hippocrepiform ; embryo exalbuminous thick ; cotyledons semi- cylindrical fleshy.— Stems climbing ; leaves large, 5-nerved at base ; racemes subsimple ; sparsely branched, or more usually (male) much branched, axillary, or coming laterally from the wood (Tropical America). See p. 8. 13. Sychnosepalum Eichl. — Sepals co , in 3-ao series, gradually enlarging from base. Petals 6, in 2 series; smaller than inner sepals, concave. Stamens 6 (3-6 sterile in female flower), either all connate at base, or inner 3 markedly 1-adelphous ; outer free, shorter ; cells of 3 inner anthers lateral or extrorse, rimose ; outer anthers usually smaller, introrse. Carpels 6, united at base ; styles connivent into column ; stigmas short spreading. Drupes united at base, outer surface convex ; scar of style a little way from base ; process intruded from base of endocarp. Seed exalbuminous? Embryo. . . ? — Stems climbing, tomentose ; leaves coriaceous, 3-5 -nerved ; flowers in racemes or simple or branched spikes (Tropical South America). See p. 8. 14. Sciadotaenia Miers. — Male flower. . . ? Sepals of female flower 9-12, in 3-4 series ; outer smaller, bract-like ; inner 3 much larger, erect, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 series, membranous, oblong. Stamens 6, sterile ; outer 3 lengthened, often thickened at apex into a sterile anther ; 3 smaller or wanting. Carpels ao sessile, collected into a sphere, mutually much compressed ; ovules 2, one small sterile ; style slender, glabrous, reflexed. Drupes 6-1 2, long stipitate ; stalks clavate, connate at base ; pericarp subglobular compressed ; scar of style slightly removed from base ; process of thin putamen intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; embryo thick, fleshy, albuminous. — Stems climbing, leaves ovate-acuminate, 3-5-nerved at base, veined transversely; female flowers solitary axillary; peduncle long slender nutant (Guiana). See p. 9. 15. Pleogyne Miers. — Sepals 7-9, in 3 series; outer 4-6 small or subulate, bract-like, imbricate; inner 3 larger, apex recurved MENISPERMACE2E. 37 spreading, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 series, short involute. Stamens 3, central, alternating with inner sepals ; filaments free terete sub- reflexed with thickened apex ; anthers small, nearly didymous ; 2-rimose. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3-6, reniform ; scar of style lateral; putamen scarcely hollowed; intruded process 0. "Seed reniform attached by centre of side ; embryo exalbuminous, reniform ; cotyledons thick, almost conferruminate ; radicle hardly distinguish- able."— Climbing shrub; leaves ovate; flowers in short branched axillary racemes {East Subtropical Australia). See p. 9. 16. Triclisia Benth. — Sepals 6-15, in 2-5 series ; outer imbricate, gradually increasing in size towards inner ones ; inner 3-6, larger, subpetaloid, valvate. Stamens 3 or 6, incurved at apex ; anthers lateral or subintrorse, 2-locular, rimose, apex muticous or apiculate. Female flower. . . ? Drupes 3 (?)-oo , nearly straight or scarcely reniform ; scar of style lateral ; putamen scarcely hollowed ; process intruded, small ; embryo of similar shape, exalbuminous, thick, fleshy ; cotyledons very unequal, one minute subabortive, the other very thick, subcylindrical, slightly incurved. — Leaves ovate orbiculate or cordate. Flowers in axillary or lateral cymes either short and densely crowded or laxer with many flowers {West Tropical Africa). See p. 9. 17. Rameya H. Bn. — Male flowers. . . ? Perianth of female flowers of . . . unequal leaves. Stamens linear. Carpels co , globose- capitate ; ovule 1, arcuate; style slender, linear subulate. Drupes go, stipitate obovate -compressed hippocrepiform ; scar of style a little way from base ; process of putamen intruded from base. Seed uncinate-incurved, induplicate on lamina, exalbuminous. Embryo of similar shape ; cotyledons markedly unequal ; the smaller abortive, the larger hippocrepiform, fleshy, thick. — A climbing shrub ; leaves alternate subcoriaceous 3 -ribbed at base ; flowers inserted on the wood ; female flowers few subcymose {Madagascar). See p. 10. III. CHASMANTHERE-E. 18. Chasmanthera Hochst. — Flowers almost of Com^s; sepals usually 6, in 2 series. Petals 6, much smaller, concave. Stamens 6 38 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. (sterile in female flower), either free {Tinospora, Colombo), or more or less strongly 1-adelphous {Euchasmanthera, Jateorhiza) ; anthers extrorse, lateral or subterminal; cells 2, rimose, more or less confluent at apex. Carpels 3 (of Cocculus), styles narrow or dilated, divided. Drupes destitute of prickles or aculeate, smoother within, marked by cicatrix of style a little under apex ; putamen concave within; process hemispherical or semi-ovoid, intruded, leaving an empty false-cell. Seed meniscoid, convex outwardly; albumen of same shape, fleshy, more or less ruminated or subcontinuous ; embryo incurved; radicle superior cylindrical; cotyledons mem- branous, divaricating laterally on each side between the lamina? of albumen. — Stems climbing, smooth or pilose-aculeate; leaves alternate cordate at base, entire or palmatilobate, rarely hetero- morphous ; flowers in simple or branched racemes ; male inflores- cence more branched {Asia, Australia, Tropical Africa). See p. 11. 19. Calycocarpum Nutt. — Sepals 6, subequal, thin, in 2 series. " Petals 6, somewhat flattened." Stamens 6-10 (6, sterile in female flower), free ; anthers basifixed introrse ; cells vertical, longitudinally rimose. Carpels 3 ; styles lacerated ; apex stigmatose. Drupes un- equally ovoid, rather flat within ; scar of style subterminal ; putamen concave within ; process intruded hemispherical. Seed meniscoid, markedly concave within ; albumen thin ; embryo of Chasmanthera. — Stems climbing, leaves palmatilobate, cordate at base ; flowers in narrow composite racemes {North America). See p. 13. 20. Tinomiscium Miers. — Sepals 6-9 ; outer 3 smaller, bract- like. Petals 6, a little shorter than sepals, suborbicular erect. Stamens 6, free, attenuate at base, clavate and expanded behind at subincurved apex, subcarinate inside ; anther-cells lateral at apex. Female flower. . .? "Drupes ovate-oblong, very compressed; scar of style terminal ; putamen with a flat surface ; lamina intruded, projecting a little." Seed. . . ? — Leaves often large, coriaceous, 3-5-nerved at base ; flowers in lengthened simple or sparsely branched racemes {Tropical Asia). See p. 13. 21. Odontocarya Miers. — Flowers almost of Chasmanthera; 3 inner sepals thinner. Petals 6 ; shorter, somewhat flattened. MENI8TEBMACE2E. 39 Stamens 6, filaments united more than halfway up the middle; anthers erect terminal ; cells extrorse parallel. Female flower : " Carpels 3 ; stigma foliaceous, deflexed." Drupes ovoid, somewhat compressed from the outer surface ; scar of style subterminal ; putamen filamentous or woolly outside, with a hollowed surface ; process intruded, oblong, hemispherical. Seed meniscoid j albumen fleshy; cotyledons divaricating. — Leaves cordate or hastate. "Flowers in simple slender elongated subfasciculate racemes " {Tropical America). See p. 14. 22. Fibraurea Lour. — Sepals 9 ; outer 3 small, bract-like ; inner layer subequal. Petals 0. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower), free, attenuate clavate about the incurved apex ; anther-cells adnate at apex, diverging below. Carpels 3 ; stigmas excentric, small. Drupes oblong, somewhat compressed ; scar of style terminal ; surface of putamen sulcate ; process high-intruded. Seed similar in form, surface hollowed; albumen ruminated. — Leaves ovate or oblong coriaceous 3-nerved. Flowers in very much branched racemes, solitary pedicellate on branches {Malaysia, Indian Archi* felago). See p. 14. 23. Burasaia Dup.-Th. — Sepals 6-15, in 2-5 series; outer smaller, bract-like. Petals 6, smaller, oblong-ovate. Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower) ; filaments short, connate at base ; anthers longer, 2-celled ; cells introrse subparallel close to apex. Carpels 3 ; styles foliaceous, reflexed ; apex shortly 2-fid. Ovules 2 ; smaller abortive. Drupes unequally ovoid, scarcely compressed; scar of style terminal ; putamen straight, filamentous- woolly outside, surface Ion o-itudin ally sulcate ; process intruded, obtuse. Seed of the same form as its situation, surface more or less hollowed ; albumen fleshy, abundant, ruminated; cotyledons membranous, flattened, divaricate. — Feeble shrubs ; leaves alternate long-petiolate 3-foliolate coriaceous ; flowers in axillary few-flowered racemes {Madagascar). See p. 14. 24. Parabsena Miers. — Flowers almost of Chasmanthera ; sepals 6 ; petals 6, shorter obovate or 3-lobed. Stamens (sterile free in female flower) united into a central column; anthers 6 coalesced 40 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. into a terminal subglobose head, dehiscing transversely. Carpels 3 ; styles subulate, recurved. Drupes ovate ; scar of style subterminal ; putamen tuberculate on outer surface, rostrate above, deeply hollowed within ; process intruded hemispherical. Seed meniscoid ; albumen fleshy homogeneous ; embryo curved ; radicle long ; cotyledons ovate, laterally divaricate. — Leaves sagittate. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes {India). See p. 14. 25. Aspidocarya Hook. & Thoms. — Mowers of Parabana; sepals 6-1 2, in 2-4 series ; inner ones wider. Petals 6, shorter, cuneate. Stamens 0, united into a peltate column ; anthers hori- zontal, sessile at margin. Carpels 3; styles short, subcapitate. Drupes compressed from the back ; scar of style subterminal ; putamen carinate at back ; flattened within, scarcely intruded. Seed oblong, conspicuously marked inside by raphe ; albumen fleshy ; embryo inverted; radicle short; cotyledons flattened, divaricate at base, parallel at apex. — Leaves cordate or subpeltate. Flowers in branched elongated racemose cymes {Himalaya). See p. 14. 26. Anamirta Colebr. — Sepals 6, in 2 series, or 9-12; outer 3-6 much smaller, bract-like. Petals 0. Stamens (6-9, sterile, free, in female flower) go ; anthers capitate 6-seriate on top of a short vertical column, crowded and compressed, 4-lobular, horizontally rimose. Carpels 3 (rarely 4-6) ; stigmata subcapitate. Drupes stipitate, obliquely ovate-reniform ; scar of style a little way from base ; putamen woody, glabrous ; process intruded within, strongly 2-lobed. Seed externally subglobose, hollowed within ; albumen subcorneous (scattered in farinaceous lumps) ; embryo incurved ; radicle cylindrical superior; cotyledons very thin, divaricating, shorter than albumen. — Stems climbing; leaves large, usually cordate at ba^e ; flowers in elongated branched racemes hanging from the older branches {Tropical Asia). See p. 15. 27. Coscinium Colebr.— Sepals 9, in 3 series, inner larger, sub- petaloid. " Stamens 6 (sterile in female flower); outer 3 free; anthers 1-celled; inner connate as far as middle; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 3-6; styles subulate, recurved." Drupes subglobose; putamen bony ; process intruded near base, stipitate and peltate. 1IENISPEBMAGE2E. 41 Seed subglobose, hollow within ; albumen ruminated, fleshy, oily, embryo almost straight ; radicle small ; cotyledons divaricate, deeply laciniate. — Stems climbing j leaves large peltate ; flowers capitate ; capitula globose pedunculate {Tropical Asia). See p. 15. IV. CISSAMPELIDEJS. 28. Oissampelos L. — Flowers dioecious. Calyx of male 4-leaved, valvate. Corolla (?) short, cupuliform, subentire or crenate. Stamens connate into a short peltate column at apex ; anther-cells 4, sessile at margin, transversely rimose. Female flower unsymmetrical ; sepal 1 (" bracteole ") unilateral ; petal 1, opposite sepal, entire or 2-fid. Carpel 1, excentric, free; ovary 1 -celled; ovules 2 inserted on placenta placed before petal and sepal ; one hemitropous, de- scending ; micropyle superior; other minute abortive, or even 0; style 3-dentate or 3-fid ; lobes 2-fid. Drupes subglobose or obovoid, very hippocrepiform ; scar of style a little way from base ; putamen campylotropous compressed, tuberculate at back ; hollowed on each side ; process intruded. Seed hippocrepiform ; albumen fleshy, delicate ; embryo linear ; cotyledons oppressed. — Shrubs or undershrubs, climbing or rarely erect ; leaves alternate, varying ; male flowers in much-branched cymes ; female flowers in often shorter cymiferous racemes ; inflorescences small, usually fascicled at axils of rounded bracts ; or more rarely cymes of either sex short and few-flowered [Throughout the Tropical Region). See p. 1(3. 29. Cyclea Arn. — Sepals of male flowers 4-8 united into a cam- panulate tubular or inflated-globose calyx. Petals as many, more or less united. Stamens connate at apex into a central peltate column ; anthers as many as sepals, adnate at margin, 1-locular and trans- versely rimose. Calyx of female flower with one sepal ; petals 2 lateral. Carpel 1 ; style 3-5-fid. Drupes ovoid or subglobose ; scar of style a little way from base ; putamen tuberculate at back ; process intruded from either side, enclosing 2 spurious cells. Seed hippocrepiform ; embryo sparsely albuminous ; cotyledons appressed. — Leaves peltate or cordate ; flowers in much-branched racemes {Tropical Asia). See p. 18. 42 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 30. Stephania Lour. — Sepals of male flower free, 6-12, in 2 series. Petals 3-6, shorter, thick, somewhat fleshy. Stamens connate at apex into a peltate column ; anthers sessile at margin, at length confluent into a horizontal ring. Sepals of female flower 3-5. Petals of male. Carpel 1 (of Cycled). Drupe of Cyclea ; putamen hollowed on either side; process perforate, intruded. Seed of Cyclea. — Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in simple or composite umbels (?) {Asia, Tropical Australia). See p. 18. XIV. BERBERIDACE^. I. LARDIZABALA SERIES. In the genus Lardizabala} (figs. 33-36) the flowers are regular and dioecious. On the narrow convex receptacle are inserted the calyx and corolla, both double and trimerous. The sepals are large, rather fleshy, valvate or subirnbricate in the bud. The petals are much smaller, and taking them as a whole, each superposed to a sepal. The same is the case with the six stamens, whose filaments Lardizabala biternata. Fig. 33. Male flower ({). Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Diagram of male flower. Diagram of female flower. Long. sect, of seed (f ). are united into a vertical tube, on top of which are inserted six ex- trorse two-celled anthers, of longitudinal dehiscence, and each sur- mounted by an acute prolongation of the connective.2 In the bottom of the androceal tube are seen three little rudimentary carpels. The perianth is the same in the female flowers as in the males ; but the stamens are small and free, with sterile anthers. The gynaeceum consists of three3 free carpels superposed to the outer sepals, and each formed of a one-celled ovary tapering at the top and sur- 1 Ruiz & Pav., Prodr. Fl. Per., 143, t. 37 ; Syst., i. 286.— DC, Syst., i. 511 j Prodr., i. 95. — Dcke., in Arch. Mits., i. 187, t. 11 A.— Endl., Gen., n. 4703. — Miees, in Ann. Nat. Mist., ser. 3, ii. 190, 431.— B. H., Gen., 42, n. 1. — Cogylia Mol., Sagg.,e&. 2, 300. — Boissiera Domb., mss. — Thomnia Domb., mss. (ex Endl.). 2 In the genus Lardizabala, as in Lardiza- bale— G^etn., Frvct., i. 73, t. 19.— Mieb., in 78; III., t. 463.— Tuep., in Ann. Hits., vii.210, Ann. Mus., xiii. 465, t. 34; xvi. 448, t. 19. — t. 11.— Poit., in Ann. Mus., xiii. 359, t. 29. — H. Bn., in Adansonia,x. i. t. 3. — Nelumbium J ., Cokeea, in Ann. Mas., xiv. 74, t. 8. — Eich., in NYMPHJEAGE2E. 11 lilies, consisting of four1 unequal imbricate-decussate sepals, and an indefinite number of imbricated dissimilar sepals arranged along a spiral with very close turns.2 The stamens, inserted along the continuation of this spiral, are also indefinite in number, each formed of a free filament and a basifixed introrse anther, with two linear cells of longitudinal dehiscence, surmounted by a long nearly club- shaped process of the connective.3 Above the androceum the re- Nelutnbo nucifera. Fig. 75. Flower without perianth. Fig. 76. Long. sect, of the gyna'ceurn. ceptacle expands into a large inverted cone (figs. 75, 76), whose upturned base is hollowed into a variable number of alveoli (from five to seven), with circular mouths. Each of these includes a small non-adherent carpel, formed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted by a short style with exserted and capitate stigmatiferous apex." The ovary has near the upper part of its back a gibbosity,5 and contains a sub- apical placenta, which gives insertion to a usually single6 descending Ann. Mus., xvii. 249, t. 9.— DC, Syst., Li. 43 ; Brodr., i. 113. — SpaCH, Suit, a Biiffon, vii. 180.— Endl., Gen., n. 5026.— B. H., Gen., 47, 965, n. 8.— Dcne. & Lem., Traite Gen. de Bot., 402.— Cyamus Sm., Exot. Bot., i. 59, t. 31, 32. 1 More rarely five. 3 We take the view that, as in Nymplicea, they represent metamorphosed stamens. 3 The pollen consists of oval grains with longitudinal grooves (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 33). When the anther cells open the lips of each cell roll up, one inside, one out- side. The clubs surmountinsr the connective are often folded inwards. Finally both these pro- longations and the filaments themselves are often twisted. 4 The study of development has shown us that the carpels are at first free, as in a Ranun- culad, inserted on a broad depressed receptacle, but later on this grows and rises up between the carpels, forming by its enlargement around them the wells whose mouth is occupied by the style. 5 The top of which bears a little glandular surface. 6 Some observers have occasionally seen two ovules. 78 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. anatropous ovule,' whose micropyle usually looks upwards and in- wards.- The fruit is multiple, formed of a variable number of carpels lodged in the cavities of the now woody receptacle. Each carpel has a dry indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent pericarp, containing one suspended seed. Within the spongy seed-coat is a large exalbuminous embryo. Its two cotyledons form by their approximation a fleshy mass, in the centre of which is a highly developed gemmule, with alternate green leaves, inflexed above3 (tig. 78). Nelumbo consists of aquatic perennial herbs. The stem forms a thick rhizome, creeping in the mud, and bearing alternate polymorphous Nelumbo lutea. Fig. 77. Achene. Fig. 78. Embryo (f ). Fig. 80. Achene (f). Fig. 79. Multiple fruit (f). Fig. 81. Long. sect, of achene. leaves ; one kind are short and scale-like, hidden close to the stock under water ; the others emerge, and are peltate, with long petioles.4 1 With two coats. 2 B. Clakke has put an interpretation of his own on the floral organization of Nelumbo ; he considers that the carpels are female flowers, with the back of the ovary turned towards the centre of the flower (in Journ. Bot. (1865), 127 ; A New Arrang., 27). 3 In each leaf may be distinguished the petiole and blade, and even sometimes its axillary bud. Hence this embryo represents a complete plant on a small scale. 4 Te£cul has made special researches (in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr„ i. 18, 60 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 291) on the abnormal arrangement of the leaves and stipules of N. codophyllum (the same as Nelumbo lutea, — Nelutnbium luteum W.). He thinks it a mistake to consider the hyaline membrane that surrounds the gemmule in the seed (fig. 81) a stipule. As regards the leaves he admits that they have three stipules, one axillary, and two others which he terms extrafoliar. Moreover, all the leaves are uni- lateral. He shows that the two extrafoliate stipules are the axillary stipules of two aborted leaves. NYMPH 2E ACE, V. 79 Each flower is borne on a long peduncle.1 Only two species of this genus are known : one, N. lutea? with yellow flowers, is American ; the other, N. nucifera,3 with white or pink flowers, is found in the fresh waters of the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. II. CABOMBA SERIES. Cabomba* (figs. 82-86) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The Cabomba aquatica. Fig. 84. Diagram. Fig. 82. Habit. Fig. 86. Fruit (f). very small convex receptacle bears a corolla, a calyx, a whorl of 1 The position of this peduncle is singular. I have always seen it placed between the back of a leaf (axillary to which is, on the other side, a bud) and the upper surface of another appendage like a bract or stipuliform appendage, to which the leaf is superposed. 2 Nelumbium Interna W., Spec, ii. 1259. — DC, Prodr., i. 114, n. 2.— Toee., Gen. PI. Fl. Amer. Bor., i. 97, t. 40, 41. — Walp., Rep., i. 105 ; Ann., ii. 24. — ? N. pentaphyllum W., hoc. cit. — N. codophyllnm Rafin., Fl. Ludov., 22, n. 64. — N.jamaicense DC., Syst., ii. 47; Prodr., n. 5. 3 GvEETN., hoc. cit. — Casp., in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 242. — Nelumbium speciosum W., Spec, ii. 1258.— Roxb., Fl. bid., 647.— DC, Prodr., n. 1. — Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 248. — Walp., Rep., i. 105; Ann., ii. 24, n. 2; iv. 151, n. 1. — N. asiaticum Rich., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 249, t. 9. — N. indica PoiE., Diet., iv. 453. — N~. caspicum.—Cyamus Nelumbo Sm., Exot. Pot., i. 59, t. 31, 32. — C. mysticus Salisb., Ann. Pot., ii. 75. 4 Aubl., Guian., i. 321, t. 124.— J., Gen., 46. — L. C. Rich., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 230, t. 5, 80 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. stamens, and one of carpels. The calyx consists of three petaloid sepals, imbricated or twisted in the bud ; the corolla of three alter- nating, usually smaller petals, also imbricated or twisted in prseflora- tion. The stamens are three in number, superposed to the sepals ; or else, through deduplication, each is replaced by a pair.1 Each stamen consists of a free hypogynous filament, and an extrorse two-celled Cabomba aquatica. Fig. 83. Flower (f). Fig. 85. Long. sect, of flower. anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynseceum normally con- sists of three free carpels2 superposed to the petals, each formed of a one-celled ovary tapering above into a style which ends in a little stigmatiferous head. Around the gynaeceum is a little papillose disk. Each ovary contains from two to four descending anatropous ovules inserted on its walls, with their micropyles upwards and outwards.3 The fruit (fig. 86) consists of a few drupaceous carpels, within whose thin mesocarp are one or two one-seeded stones.4 The seed is sus- pended anatropous, and contains within its coats a copious farinaceous albumen. At its apex is seen another, relatively smaller, fleshy albumen, surrounding a little embiyo with a short superior radicle, fig. 23; Anal, du Fruit, 46, 61, 62, 64.— Tuep., in Diet. Sc. Nat., ii. t. 80.— DC, St/st., ii. 36 ; Prodr., i. 112. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 161.— Endl., Gen., n. 5024.— B. H., Gen., 46, n. 1. — Nectris Scheeb., Gen., n. 610. — Ntjtt., Gen. Arner., i. 230. 1 There are hence often six stamens, as in fig. 84, or three, as in fig. 83, or only four or five, deduplication of all the stamens not being con- stant. 2 Some flowers have only two; others have four. 3 They have been described by most authors as orthotropous, and they are so sometimes, as shown in fig. 85. But we have demonstrated (in Adansonia, ix. 374) that this is only due to arrest of development, and should be regarded as exceptional. Normally the final direction of the micropyle is superior, and Schleiden made no mistake. 4 These hardened parts of the endocarp have often been described and figured as forming a seed-coat. NYMPH 'M 'AGE 'M. 81 and two large inferior cotyledons. Cabomba consists of aquatic herbs, whose stock bears herbaceous branches, covered, like all parts of the plant, with a mucilaginous juice, and bearing the leaves. The lower leaves are submerged and the digitiveined blade is reduced to its ramified veins ; the upper ones are peltate and float on the surface (fig. 82). The flowers, white or yellow, rise into the air to expand ; they are solitary axillary on long peduncles. Two or three species of this genus are known, all natives of the warm parts of America.1 Brasenia2 comes very near Cabomba, whereof it lias the general organization : it differs in three points ; all its leaves are floating and peltate ; the indefinite stamens have lateral anther-ceils ; and there are six or more carpels. The only known species3 has been observed in the fresh waters of nearly all tropical regions, in America, Asia, and Oceania. III. AVATER-LILY SERIES. Two species of Water-lily (Fr., Nenuphar) are best known in Europe : the White and the Yellow. The latter has been made the type of the genus Nuphar,* and with it we shall commence the study of this series. N. luteum* (figs. 87-92) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle is convex, and bears a double perianth, the androceum, and the gynaeceum. The calyx usually comprises five fi somewhat dissimilar sepals/ quincuncially imbricated in the bud. The petals are numerous, small, and somewhat fleshy, inserted along 1 Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 54— Walp., 4 Sm., Prodr. Fl, Grcec, i. 361.— DC, Syst., Rep., i. 105. ii. 59 ; Prodr., i. 11G. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, " Schkeb., Gen., 372. — Endl., Gen., n. vii. 174.— Exdl., Gen., n. 5021. — A. Gray, 5025.— A. GRAY, Gen. III., t. 39.— B. H., Gen., Gen. III., t. 41.— B. H., Gen., 46, 965, n. 3.— 46, n. 2. — Ixodia Soland., mss. (ex Endl.).— Wymphosanthus Rich., Anal, du Fruit, 68 (nee Hydropeltis L. C. Rich., in Ann. Mus., xvii. Lour.). — Nenuphar Hayn., mss. (ex Endl.). 230, t. 5, fig-. 22. — Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 5 Sm., loc. cif. — Dub., But. Gall., 20. — 323, t. 29.— DC, Syst., ii. 3S ; Prodr., i. 112. TrScul, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 286, t. 10- 3 B. nymphoides.—B. peltata Pursu, Fl. 13. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 56.— Nym- Amer. Bur., ii. 389. — Walp., Pep., i. 105; phcea lutea L., Spec, 729; Fl. Dan., t. 603. Ann., iv. 150. — Menyanthes nymphoides 6 Sometimes four or six. Thunb., Fl. Jap., 82. — Limnanthemum pel- ' They become broader, thinner, yellower tatum Griseb., in DC, Prodr., ix. 141 (ex Pl., and more pctaloid, as they are more enfolded in in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 257). — Hydropeltis the bud; the exposed parts remain green and purpurea L. C Rich., loc. cit. thick. VOL. III. G 82 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. a spiral and imbricated in the bud.1 The stamens, also indefinite, are hypogynous, dissimilar,2 each formed of a free filament and an introrse two-celled anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.3 The superior gynseceum consists of a many-celled ovary, surmounted Nuphar hdeum. Fig. 87. Flower (f ). Fig. 90. Fruit (i). Fig. 89. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 91. Seed (f). Fig. 88. Diagram. Fig. 92. Long. sect, of seed. by a style, whose expanded surface bears as many stigmatiferous rays as there are cells. These last contain each an indefinite number 1 Payee (Traite d'Organog. Compar., 269, t. 59) has studied the development and arrange- ment of these leaves ; he admits that at least the greater part are metamorphosed stamens, and that the flowers are double, as in Nymphcea. In fact, we see on the inner surface of the innermost petals, shorter and fleshier than the rest, two projections, which look like representatives of anther-ceDs. 2 The more internal they are the narrower are their filaments, and the closer together their anther-cells. 3 The pollen is at first elliptical (Tr£c, loc. cit., 324) ; later on its grains become rounded, and bristle with couical points. NYMPH^ACE^. 83 of descending anatropous ovules inserted on the side walls of the cells, with the raphe looking towards the median plane of the cell ; while the micropyle is upwards, close under the attachment of the ovule, and against the dissepiment.1 The fruit is a many- seeded berry; it however finally opens, each carpel separating from the epicarp and its neighbours by the splitting of the dissepiment.2 The seeds, plunged in a gummy mucus that fills the cells of the fruit, contain within their coats a large farinaceous albumen, at whose apex is seen a much smaller fleshy albumen, surrounding the embryo (fig. 92). This is short and stumpy, consisting of a very short tigellum and superior radicle, and two large cotyledons lodging in their hollow the gemmule, wherein two leaves are usually distin- guishable. The part of the seed lodging in the embryo is protected by a little, circular, valve-like lid (fig. 91), which, at a certain period, may come off from the rest of the seed-coats. Naphar consists of herbaceous perennials, inhabiting fresh water. The stem is a thick rhizome, creeping in the mud, and bearing the scars of adventitious roots and of leaves. The leaves are alternate exstipulate, with long petioles, and peltate floating blades, cordate at the base.3 The flowers are yellow, solitary or geminate,4 supported on long pe- duncles ; they expand in the air, where they ripen their fruit. Three or four species are known,5 inhabiting the extratropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere in both Worlds. The White Water-lily c (Fr., Nenuphar blanc) has been left the type of the genus Nymphaa 7 (figs. 93-98). Here the receptacle assumes the form of a rather deep cup, containing the greater part of the 1 They have two coats. Bor.-Amer., ii. 370. — Ait., Sort. Kew., ed. 2, 2 " Carpels oo , immersed in a thick annular iii. 295.. — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix. torus, and concrete therewith into an oo -locular 57. — Casp., in Ann. Mm. Lugd.-BaL, iii. 254, ovary" (B. H., Gen., loc. cit.). Tr£cul (loc. cit., t. 8.— Walp., Ann., iv. 168; vii. 76. 326) has fully studied the septicidal dehiscence of G Nymphaa alba L., Spec, 729. — DC, the Iruit. I do not think that any part of the Prodr., n. 14. — Gren. & Godr., Ft. de Fr., i. receptacle enters into the formation of the walls 156. of the gynseceum. ' T., Inst., 260, t. 137, 138 (part.). — L., 3 For the detailed study of all these parts and Gen., n. 653 (part.). — Neck., Flem., n. 1828. — the development of the vegetative organs see Rich., Anal, du Fruit, 69. — DC, Sgst., ii. 49 ; Tr£ct/l's memoir {loc. cit., 287, 293, 305). Prodr., i. 114. — Spjch, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 4 " I have not heen able to recognise the in- 167. — Endl., Gen., n. 5020. — Pater, Organog., florescence; the flowers are grouped in pairs, 269, t. 59. — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix. with one larger than the other, but whether 30. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 42, 43. — E. H., they arise from the axils of the leaves, as in Gen., 46, 965, n. 4. — Lexiconi/mphaa Boerh., Ntpnphcea alba, I am unable to say" (Pater, loc. Iugd.-Bat., 364. — Castalia Salisb., in Keen, cit., 269). Ann., ii. 71 ; Par. Land., n. 14, 68. 5 Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 6. — Puesh, Fl. G 9 84 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. adherent ovary, while the perianth and androceum are inserted on its outside. The calyx is quite inferior, composed of four imbricate sepals. The petals are indefinite in number, imbricated, and unequal, becoming more similar to stamens as they are higher up.1 Nymphcea alba. Fig. 93. Flower (i). Fig. 94. Long. sect, of flower (perianth removed). The stamens, also indefinite in number, are free, with a filament which is the broader and the more petaloid as it is the nearer the corolla, and an introrse, basifixed, two-celled anther, of longitudinal dehiscence.2 The gynseceum consists of a large number of carpels,3 emerging by their upper part from the receptacular sac, and forming around a central, conical, or globular process of the receptacle a style, whose branches cohere into a funnel, and each end by a fleshy incurved head. In each cell of the ovary are found indefinite ovules, arranged as in Nitphar. The fruit is a spongy berry, covered on the outside by the scars of the perianth and androceum (fig. 95). 4 It finally opens irregularly to free a large number of seeds, immersed 1 " The corolla of Nympheea alba is composed of the petals of the corolla proper, alternate with the sepals, and of a large number of other petals, which are only metamorphosed stamens The flower of N. alba is therefore a double flower in fullest sense of the word, but it is a normal1// double flower, since it is not through cultivation that it has become such" (Pater, loc. ciL, 270). 2 The pollen is ovoidal, with a longitudinal groove, and small spines in XT. alba ; hemi- spherical, with a circular groove, in K. Lotus (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 311). 3 Often from twelve to twenty. 4 It is surmounted by a sort of crown formed of the indurated incurved stvlar branches. NYMPHMAGEM. 85 in a gummy substance, that exudes into the cells. Each seed is sur- rounded by a membranous sacciform aril, springing from around the insertion of the funicle,1 and open below. Within the coats is a double albumen and a small embryo, resembling the same organs in Xgmphaa alba. \ Fig. 95. Fig. 96. Fig. 97. Fig. 98. Fruit. Seed without its aril (f). Long. sect, of seed. Seed, coats removed Nwphar. Some twenty species of Nymphaa are known,2 inhabiting all the tropics and the various parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The vegetative organs and inflorescence are the same as in Nwphar. Their flowers are large and handsome, white, pink, red, or blue, and the fruits ripen under water. In Barclaya? the floral receptacle forms a nearly cylindrical tube, lodging the gynseceum below, while the upper part gives insertion to the stamens on the inside, and by its mouth to an indefinite number of perianth leaves. Most authors consider this superior perianth as a polypetalous imbricated corolla, and regard the calyx as represented by five leaves inserted right at the base of the receptacular tube.4 The stamens are numerous, spirally disposed ; 1 Mieb., Nowo, Rech. d'Organ. Veg., t. 6, fig. 15, 16.— Pl., Dtv. et Car. des Ar., 17. Hence to form the pulp inside the fruit there is something besides the gummy mucilage also found in Nwphar, and mentioned by Caetiel (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xii. 77). 2 Divided into 4 sections : 1. Lot ox ; 2. Cya- nea ; 3. Hydrocallis ; 4. Castalia (Pl., loc. tit., 32). — Deless., Icon. Sel., ii. t. 5. — Case., in Annal. Mm. Lugd.-Batav., ii. 243, t. 7. — Walp., Ann., iv. 153 ; vii. 76. 3 Wall., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xv, 442, t. 18. — Endl., Gen., n. 5022. — Hook., Icon., t. 809, 810; in Ann. Sc. Nat., se'r. 3, xvii. 301, t. 21. — Hook, f., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. t. 21.— B. H., Gen., 47, n. 5.— Waip., Ann., iv. 167. 4 W. Hookee formerly considered these an involucre, an interpretation which has been con- tested by other authors (Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix. 57). 86 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. the uppermost are sterile, the rest formed of a recurved filament and a descending anther. The carpels are numerous and multiovulate ;l their styles are united into a short concave cone, cleft into as many lobes as there are carpels, and stigmatiferous on the inside. The fruit is a berry surmounted by the receptacular tube ; the contained seeds are covered with prickles. The only known species, B. longi- folia Wall., inhabits fresh water in Malaysia. From its short rhizome spring petiolate, non-peltate leaves, and axillary (?) ] -flowered scapes. In Euri/ale2 (figs. 99-101) the floral receptacle forms a deep cup, except in the centre, where its organic apex rises into a little erect cone. On the rim of the cup are inserted the perianth and andro- _Ew rya le ferox. Fig. 99. Fig. 100. Seed without arille (f). Long. sect, of seed. ceum, resembling those of Nymphaa, and thus perigynous. The carpels form a circle below, applied to the whole inner surface of the receptacle, their inner superior edges form prominent rays, oblique from below upwards and outwards, marking out a funnel-shaped cavity in the centre of which projects the apex of the receptacle. Eight on top of each ray is an obtuse projection, which has been described as a stigma. The ovary is plurilocular, and on the dissepiments are inserted the indefinite descending anatropous ovules, with their micropyles turned upwards and inwards.3 The fruit is a spongy berry, covered outside with descending prickles ; it bursts irregularly when ripe to free the seeds, surrounded by a more or less pulpy sacciform aril. The double albumen, the embryo Griffith (Notul., i. 218, t. 57, f) repre- 47, 965, n. 6.— Anneslea Andr., Bot. Rep., t. Bents the ovules as orthotropous. 618.— Roxb., PL Coromand., iii. 244; Fl. Ind., - Salisb., in Keen. Ann. Bot., ii. 13.— DC, ii. 573 (nee Salisb., nee Wall.). Syst., ii. 48 ; Prodr., i. 114.— Spach, Suit, a 3 Thev have two coats, and on the apex of Buffon, vii. 166.— Endl., Gen., n. 5018.— Pi., the funicle is already visible a little ring, the in Ann. Sc. IS at., ser. 3, xix. 28.— B. H., Gen., first rudiment of the aril, just as in Nympha-a. NYMPH&ACEJE. 87 and operculum are the same as in NupJiar. E. feroae1 comes from both India and China. Under the name of Victoria2 (fig. 101) has been distinguished another species3 from Equinoctial America, which has larger flowers than in the Asiatic species, with the divisions of the gynseceum Fury ale {Victoria) amazonica. Fig. 101. Longitudinal section of flower. described as stigmas continuous with acute arcuate falciform external prolongations, sometimes considered as interior sterile stamens.4 Omitting these singular bodies and some unimportant differences in 1 Salisb., loc. cit. — Casp., in Ann. Mas. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 253. — Walp., Ann., iv. 153 ; vii. 78. — E. indica Pl., loc. cit., 29, n. 2. — Bot. Mag., 1. 1447. — Anneslea spinosa Andk. — Lien- Jcien, Ki-teou of the Chinese. 2 Lindl., Monogr., Lond. (1837), ic. ; in Bot. Reg., Misc. (1838), 9.— Endl., Gen., n. 5019. — Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4275-4278 ; Vict. Reg., folio (1851). — Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xix. 2. — B. H., Gen., 47, n. 7. — Casp., in Flora, xi. 111. 3 E. amazonica Pcepp. in Fror. Notiz., xxxv. 9 ; ii. ; Reise, ii. (1835), 432. — Victoria ama- zonica Sow., in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850, part.). — Pi., in Rev. Sort. (15 Fevr., 1853).— V. regia Lindl., loc. cit. — Schomb., Views Int. Guyan., 2.— HENFB.,in Gard. Mag. of Bot. (1850), 225, ic. — V. regina Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot. (1837); in Ann. Nat. Hist. (1850), 146.— V. regina Hook., in Hook. Journ. (1850), 662. — V. Cruziana d'Orb., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xiii. 57. — NympTiaa Victoria Schomb., mss. (ex Hook.). 4 There can at least be no doubt that these acute prolongations form each one continuous organ with the inner more obtuse body, which is termed a stigma. 88 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. the form of the stamens,1 Victoria comes so near Euryale, that we can only make it a distinct section. Thus constituted, Bury ale includes two species of aquatic plants, that vegetate like the water- lilies. The floating blade of the large petiolate leaves is orbicular- oeltate, corrusrated-bullate above, covered below with a network of very prominent ribs. The various parts of the plant, especially the petioles, veins, peduncles, receptacle, and base of the calyx, are covered with rigid prickles of variable structure.2 The flowers are solitary on long peduncles ; they rise to expand above water, and are more or less pinky in the American species, violet-purple in the Asiatic plant. IV. SAEEACENA SPECIES. tSarracena'' (figs. 102-107) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the convex receptacle are inserted a cal}Tx of five sepals of imbricated praefloration,4 and a corolla of five alternating petals of peculiar form,5 also imbricated in the bud. The stamens are indefinite in number, and hypogynous ; each is formed of a free filament and an introrse two-celled anther of lougitudinal dehiscence.6 The gynseceuni is superior, formed of an ovary surmounted by a slender cylindrical style, which shortly dilates into a sort of petaloid parasol, with five angles superposed to the sepals. At the apex of each angle is a notch in the bottom of which is a little tubercle project- ing downwards, covered with stigmatic papilla?.7 The ovary is more much 1 In Euryale proper they possess a slender filament, and a shorter anther, more acute at the apex. 2 Some contain and others lack tracheae (Tb£c, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 156). 3 T., Inst., 567, t. 476.— Adans., Tarn, des PI., ii. 450. — Sarracenia L., Gen., n. 652. — J., Gen., 435. — Lame., Diet., vi. 544; Suppl., v. 39 ; III., t. 452. — Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, xiii. 329.— Endl., Gen., n. 5023.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 45, 46.— H. Ex., in Aclansonia,\. 210. — B. H., Gen., 48, n. 1. 4 They persist and thicken a little around the fruit. 0 The hase forms a sort of spoon, with its con- cavity inwards ; above is a contraction topped by a more expanded blade. The spoon part is at first applied pretty closely to the ovary, and the upper part, removed where it is contracted, is above again inclined inwards. The pollen is usually whitish, composed of elongated grains, fusiform, or sometimes as it were truncate at both ends, bearing from three to seven or eight longitudinal grooves. They are often united in variable numbers end to end, thus forming a sort of rod, which comes out of the anther in a single piece. These whitish cylinders then often stick to the inner faces of the petals, opposite the pro- minences of the stylar expansion which bear the stigmatic papillae. 6 The anther is at first straight, but becomes more or less recurved with age, according to the species. Then the upper part of the face turns outwards. When young the stamens are smaller, as they are more external. 1 In longitudinal section the fibro-vascular NYMPH JE ACE JE. 89 divided by five dissepiments superposed to the petals into as many usually incomplete cells ; each of these contains near its ventral angle a bilobed placenta bearing a large number of anatropous Sarracena Drumnwndi. Fig. 102. Young plant (l). Fig. 103. Habit (l). ovules.1 The fruit is a loculicidal capsule; the seeds contain within their coats2 a copious albumen, lodging at the apex a small embryo.'' Sarracena consists of perennial herbs, natives of the marshes of North America. The stock creeps in the mud and bears alternate exstipulate leaves, formed like an elongated urn or irregular cornet, bundles may be seen to divide in the notch, some going towards the edge of the blade, and others bendino- down to the stigmatiferous tubercle. This last is conical, bearing at its apex a tuft of large bowed conical papillae. 1 When the cells are incomplete the septum and its placenta have an arrow-head transverse section. The placentary edges are often incurved or involuted at the insertion of the ovules. 2 The outer seed-coat of S. purpurea is yellowish and almost suberous, with the raphe projecting from it. Inside is a thin translucent membrane. 3 It is contained in a very distinct chamber. Its small soft translucent cotyledons are often separated from the tigellum by a very fine annular rim. 90 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. willi a sort of lid over its mouth.1 The flowers are solitary,2 drooping at the summit of a long peduncle. This bears below the calyx three Fig. 104. Habit (i). Sarracena purpurea. Fig. 105. Flower (\). Fig. 106. Diagram. Fig. 107. Long. sect, of flower. bracts, which form a sort of calyculus to the flower. Some half- dozen species of Sarracena are known.3 The flower of Darlingionia califomica* has the same general or- 1 These organs form a sometimes very elon- gated cornet, whose mouth has a dilatation on the outside of variable form, which has often been termed a lid or operculum, with a rather prominent vertical crest running along the whole of the internal angle of its outer sur- face. Botanists were pretty generally agreed to consider the lid as a blade, the urn representing, as it was thought, a hollow petiole. However, the sheathing concavity of the base of the petiole exists towards the base of the leaf, quite distinct from the cavity of the urn. In tracing the development of these parts (in Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc., lxxi. 630 ; in Adansonia, ix. 331, i. 380) we have seen that the leaf is depressed at the top into a pit, representing the inner or upper surface of the blade, and this pit it is that afterwards deepens, like a peltate leaf, with its concavity immensely exaggerated. The lining membrane of the urn, covered with liquid-secret- ing hairs, hence must be held to represent the superior epidermis of the leaf. The operculum represents the terminal lobe, more developed than the rest of the edge of this blade, not the whole of the blade itself. The vertical crest along the ventral angle is analogous to the corre- sponding prominences or ribs which are often seen on the lower surface of the blade of a pel- tate leaf, extending from the insertion of the petiole to the basilar notch of the blade. 2 Terminating a large shoot found ending the divisions of the rhizome ; the last leaves on them are replaced by bracts. Later on a younger bud seems to be formed on the side of the first, and is also destined to end in a flower. Hence the subterranean axis of Sarracena is probably a sympodium. 3 Mill., Icon., t. 241. — Sm., Fxot.-Pot., i. t. 53.— Michx., Fl. Bor.-Am., i. 310. — Nutt., Gen., ii. 10 ; in Anier. Phil. Trans., ser. 2, iv. 49, t. 1. — De la Pyiaie, in Ann. Soc. Linn. Fa*-., vi. 388, t. 13.— Hook., Fxot. Fl., t. 13. — Ceoome, in Ann. Lye. N.-York, iv. 98, t. 6. — Tore. & Ge., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 58.— Pot. Mag., t. 780, 849, 1710, 3515.— Waip., Rep., i. 108; v. 20; Ann., ii. 25; iv. 169; vii. 82. 4 Tore., in Smithson. Contrib., vi. 4, t. 12. — B. H., Gen., 48, 965, n. 2— Walp., Ann., iv.169. NYMPH2EACEJZ. 91 ganization as that of Sarracena, but differs in some remarkable points. The gynceceum consists of an obconical ovary of five cells superposed to the petals and surmounted by a style, with five little branches, each rolled up into a tube.1 The seeds are club-shaped, covered with prickles.2 The incurved urn that forms the greater part of each leaf is surmounted by a double membranous tongue. Heliamphorc? has five (more rarely four) petaloid imbricated sepals, no corolla, an indefinite number of stamens with introrse anthers,4 and an ovary of three multiovulate cells.5 The style forms a channelled hollow column, expanding slightly at its apex into a little trilobate ring. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule ; the outer seed-coat is loosely reticulated, dilated into a membranous wing. //. nutans Benth., the only known species, is a perennial herb from Mount Roraima, in Venezuela. The leaves are urn-shaped, and the flowers, with drooping pedicels, are collected into small racemes, naked at the base. Salisbury, in 1S05,6 made a distinct order of the Nymphdeacece. Before this the water-lilies had been classed by B. de Jussieu7 in Papaveracece, by Adanson8 in his family " Ay-istoloches," by A. L. de Jussieu9 in his order Morreniece between Ilydrocharis and Trapa. Then botanists were generally agreed in referring these plants, whose embryo was very little known, to the Monocotyledons ;w but there is now no doubt as to their possessing two albumens,11 whereof the smaller represents the contents of the embryo-sac, and includes an embryo with two quite distinct cotyledons. De Candolle, in 1824,12 classed NymplicEacece just before Papaveracea, and after Berbcridacea* and Podophyllacece, wherein he placed Cabombece under the name of Hydropeltidece. He divided Nymphceacece into two tribes, Nelumbonece and NympluBece. Endlicher 13 made his class Nelumbia of three 1 Each forms a strap, which is stigmatiferous at its softened apex, and has its edges rolled hackwards, and meeting above to simulate a tube. 2 They taper into a tube on the side next the radicle (Dcne. & Lem„ Traite Gen. de Hot., 407). 3 Benth., in Trans. Linn, Soc, xviii. 432, t. 29.— Endl., Gen., n. 50231.— B. H., Gen., 48, n, 3. — Walp., i. 109. 4 Later on they become versatile ; the cells ter- minate below by a very slightly curvedmossy point. 5 The ovules are pluriseriate when adult. 6 In Kosn. Ann. of Bot., ii. 69. 7 In A. L. de Jussieu Gen., lxvii. (1759). 8 Fam. des PI., ii. 71 (1763). 9 Gen. (1789), 68, Ord. IV. 10 For the history of this question and the affinities formerly ascribed to the Nymphseads see the memoir of A. P. de Candolle in vol. i. of the Trans, de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve. 11 Mieb., in Ann. Mus., xvi. t. 29. 12 Prodr., i. 113, Ord. VIII. 13 Genera (1836), 898, Ord. CLXXXV.- CLXXXVII. 92 NATURAL HISTORY OF FLANTS. distinct orders : Nymphaacea, Cabombea of L. C. Kichard,1 and Ndumbonece:2 At the present day Bentham.& Hooker3 consider these three groups as onty tribes of the single order Nympltaacece, and place them next to Sarracena cea, and distinct from it, herein following De Candolle and Lindley.4 A. L. de Jussieu left Sarracena in his Genera insertce sedis* but Endicher considered it a sort of appendage to Nymphteacece* linking this order with Cabombea;, and we have followed his example, making, not without some hesitation, the SarracenecB into a fourth somewhat abnormal series of the order Nymphaacea. Of this order, thus limited, Tournefort made the genus Nelumbo in 1700 ; Linnaeus knew the two genera Nympliaa and Sarracena. The genus Cabomba was made in 1775 by Aublet, Brasenia, in 1789, by Schreber.7 In the early part of this century Euryale was proposed by Salisbury,8 and Nuphar by Smith9 in the same year, 1806. Wallich described Barclaya in 1826, and Bentham published Heliamphora as a near relation of Sarracena in 1838. Torrey has recently made known Darlinytonia, another member of the same small group. According to our views the order Nymph aacece will thus comprise ten genera, including two- score species. The eight species of the series Sarracenea are all American.10 So is Cabomba ; but Brasenia pel fata is found in fresh water in most parts of the tropics. Nelumbo and Euryale each one species from either hemisphere. The two Bar clay as are Malaysian. The two dozen species of Nymphcea and Nnpltar are to be found in all parts of the globe from the south of Asia and South America right up to Siberia, Swedish Lapland, and the Hebrides and Shetlands, thus spreading over a zone of 110° of latitude. The affinities are as variable as the structure in this order. By the sjmcarpic types, like the Sarracenece and Nymp/ta'acea, it approaches 1 Anal, die Fruit, 68 (1808). — Cabombacece " Linncei Gen. PL, edit. 8, 372. A. Geay, in Ann. Lye. N.-Torl", iv. 46. s In Keen. Ann. of Bot., ii. 73. 2 Lindley (Feg. Kingd., 408) bas also re- 9 Fl. Grcec. Frodr., she Plant. Omn. Fnum. tuined these three groups ns so many distinct qvas inv. ... J". Sibthorp . . . Char, et Syn. onlers, forming his alliance (31) Nymphales, Omn. Flab., J. E. Smith, ii. 361. 3 Gen. (1862), 45, Ord. VIII. 10 All arc North American (chiefly from the 4 Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 429, Ord. CLV. Eastern districts), except Heliamphora, which 5 Op. cit., 435. was found by Schombtjbgk on Mount Roraima 6 Op. cit., 901. in Venezuela. NYMPIIJSACE2E. 93 Papaveracete ; all botanists have noticed this affinity, which becomes the more striking on consideration of those species whose ovary is imperfectly septate towards the centre, and those whose vegetative organs contain laticiferous canals. On the other hand, the polycar- pellary types are closely linked to PodophyUece and Panunculacece. Besides the fact that Cabomhece were formerly referred to the latter order, organogenic studies show that the flower of Nelumbo is at first quite that of a Paaony or a Crowfoot. The carpels are at first free, stationed apart on the top of the receptacle, and it is only in the course of development that this gradually rises between the carpels to form around them the sockets in which they are finally implanted. And thus are explained the long-since suggested relations of Nyui- phaacea? to Hydrocharidea and Alismacece. The latter, which come very near the Crowfoots, cannot be far removed from Nywpliaacea, though lacking the dicotyledonous embryo. As regards the sug- gested relationship with Saururea and Piperacecs, which have a double albumen, I fail to see wherein it lies ; and I am not alone1 in saying as much of the supposed kinship of Sarracenece and Pirolece. Each of the series we admit in this order comes nearest some one of the above-mentioned orders by its own proper characters. These may be given generally as follows : — 1. Cabombe/E. — Flowers 3-merous. Carpels free, inserted on a convex receptacle. Ovules few, inserted in the ventral angle of the ovary (floral organization like that of Alismacece). Double albumen around the embryo. (2 genera.) 2. Nelumbeji. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels free, surrounded by the accrescent receptacle, each isolated in a separate cavity thereof. Ovules 1, 2, inserted on top of ventral angle of ovaries (alliance to Panunculeae). Albumen absent. (1 genus.) 3. Nvmphjse^;. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels united on convex or concave surface of a common receptacle. Ovules indefinite, in- serted on the side-walls of the ovary cells (alliance to Lardizabalecs, Podoplnjllece, &c). Albumen double. (4 genera.) 4. Sarracenece. — Flowers 4-, 5-merous. Carpels few, coherent into an ovary, divided completely or incompletely into multiovulate cells (alliance to Papaveracea, &c). Albumen simple. (3 genera.) i « Affinitus cum Pyrola iivoposita nos omnino effugit" (B. H., Gen., 48). 94 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. All these plants have remarkable vegetative organs ; all are peren- nial herbs, whose rootstock creeps in the mud of marshes or river beds ; all have alternate leaves, more or less singular in form, some- times dissected like the aquatic Crowfoots, as in Cabomba, in other cases submerged or floating, palmate, sometimes peltate, and more or less concave above, presenting the form of a very shallow cornet in Nelumbium. In the Sarracenea, as mentioned above, this form is exaggerated into a long, narrow cornet, whose apex forms a vari- ably-lobed lid. The histology of the vegetative organs has been most carefully studied by Trecul,1 in Nelumbium, Nuphar, Nymphcea, and Victoria, plants which in this point have often been regarded as more or less comparable with Monocotyledons.2 " In Nuphar luteal says this botanist, " we find all the characters ascribed to the stem in Monocotyledons. There are no distinct concentric layers, the pith is interposed between the fibrous bundles, without medullary rays, the density of the stem decreases from the circumference to the centre. All this is shown in a transverse section ; it is seen that the parenchyma, homogeneous in the centre, grows denser externally. At a certain distance from the periphery are bundles, arranged more or less regularly in a circle. In the centre are found some few scattered bundles in a young stem,3 the number increases with the size of the rhizome. Outside the circular zone are other thinner bundles going to the leaves. The whole is covered by a layer of epidermic cells." The same general arrangement prevails in Nympheeacea and Nelumbea. Trecul concludes from his observations that "the structure of the rhizome in Nuphar is altogether that of the Monocotyledons," as regards the longitudinal course of the bundles, which behave as in the Date-palms, and springing from the circum- 1 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 288, t. 10-13; Eiud. Anat. et Organogen. sur la Victoria regia, et Anat. Comp. du Nelumbium, du Nuphar et de la Victoria (in Ann, Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i 144, t. 12-14). 2 See Mikb., in Ann. Mus., xiii. 465. — Endl. & Ung., Grundz. d. Bot., 92.— DC, in Mem. Soc. Phys. de Gen., i. 2. — Hook. f. & Thoms., Ft. Lid., i. 236.— Vaup., Ueb. d. Peripher. Wachst. d. Gefassb. (1855), 23.— Henfr., in Phil. Trans. (1852), 289, tab. ; in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, x. 398.— Casp., in Flora (1857), 717 ; (1859), 118 ; in Bot. Zeit. (1857), 791.— Olit., Stem, in Dicot., 5. 3 " At germination the tigellum of Nelumbium codophyllum contains not a single central vascular bundle, as in the young stages of Nuphar and Victoria, but two zones of vascular bundles, one central, one peripheral, above the insertion of the cotyledons" (Tii£c., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 149, 169). NYMPEJUACEuE. 95 ference, rise vertically and follow a more or less oblique course through the stem to reach the leaves. At the same time adventitious roots, " also with the structure and growth of Monocotyledons," appear on the rhizome at the bases of the leaves.1 Moreover, the parenchyma, both of rhizome and petiole of NymphceetB and Nelumbece, is traversed by enormous lacuna?. These contain gas, with whitish masses of irregular mammilla ted cells projecting inside, and the so-called radiating or stellate cells, with their rays free in the cavity to whose wall their centre is fixed. These have been considered as organs of support for the different parts of the parenchyma ;2 in the leaves the rays extend so far that their points reach the epidermis. Stomates are only to be found in the Nym/phaem on those parts of the foliar epidermis which are in con- tact with the air — i.e., the upper surface, in the species with floating leaves. The lower surface bears either hairs, or in Euryale prickles, the largest of which contain longitudinal fibres and vessels, and end in a pore or osteole, which is probably an organ of absorption.3 The leaf blade of Victoria is also completely traversed by narrow holes termed stomatodes.4 Several Nymphceacece also contain laticife- rous vessels, tubular, continuous, cylindrical and more or less irre- gular.4 The histological structure of the Cabombea seems correlated with their habitat. The submerged parts contain no true vessels,6 but instead of these more or less elongated cells of variable form,7 con- stituting a small number of bundles8 (usually two) in the stem and branches. Outside is seen a parenchymatous tissue, which is here 1 "Nothing in theroots of a Ntiphar reaih those hedral tuberosities. The form varies greatly of a Dicotyledon. They have no distinct bark, with the position and the species under obser- any more than the stem, nor anything comparable vation. to medullary rays. Their whole structure is, on 3 The same author shows Planchon "over- the contrary, comparable to that of a Monocoty- stepped the truth in saying that the weakest no ledonous root " (Te£c), in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. less than the strongest of these prickles contained 3, iv. 304. vessels ; they are confined to the strongest." '2 Te£cul has studied the development of these * Pl., in Fl. des Serres, vi. 249. — Tafc, loc. cells, which had been described by Guettaed in cit., 158. 1747, Amici, Rudolph, De Candolxe, Meyen, 5 Tk£c., loc. cit., 159. Mirbel (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iv. 314, t. 12, . 6 Schleid., in Wiegm. Arch., ix. 230. — fig. 19, 25). He saw that at their origin they Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 412, fig. 289. were placed between two neighbouring cells, and ' Sometimes fusiform, sometimes cylindrical formed a triangular cell, with its angles at first and truncate at either end ; no spiracle is found, obtuse, and then elongated and ramified ; smooth s Usually two, as Brasenia and Calomba; at first, the cell was afterwards covered with poly- and these are often but slightly distinct from the 06 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. also analogous to that found in submerged stems generally, to what- ever group they may belong, presenting numerous cylindrical lacunar interposed between the lax chlorophyll-containing elements of the parenchyma. The whole is surrounded by an epidermis bear- ing peculiar hairs.1 The absence of spiral vessels and tracheae in the submerged leaves, as well as in the axes, is the most remarkable point of their organization. The scape of Sarracena approaches that of Leontice, and the Podophyllece in anatomical structure. It contains fibro-vascular bundles2 near the circumference, scattered through a jDarenchyma which is the sole constituent of the centre, where it forms a kind of pith.3 In the rhizome the most central of these bundles form a pretty regular circle, though separated from one another by unequal breadths of cellular tissue.4 The general properties5 of the Nt/mjrfiaacea may be shortly summed up : their vegetative organs are demulcent, sedative, and astringent ; the quantity of starch deposited in rhizome, albumen, and embryo makes these nutritive and analeptic. Nelambo nuci/era6 is the sacred Lotus so often seen figured on Egyptian and Indian monuments. According to the Brahmin mythology Brahma sits thereon, and on its floating leaves Vishnu was borne on the waters at the day our earth was formed. With it the Egyptians adorned the heads of Isis and Osiris. On the fresh waters of the East and Tropical Asia, its elegant floating leaves and magnificent white or pink flowers form a picture often copied by the Indian and Chinese painters, and sung by the poets sacred and profane. The corolla adds to its charming colour a scent of anise and a slight astringency, which render it as precious as the rose. The Tamarama of the Hindoos is moreover rich in farinaceous nutriment, a valued surrounding tissue, wberefrom they only differ in considerable, and gorged with starch. The outer- their more elongated elements. most bundles are slender, as compared with the 1 Conical, ascending, and often applied to the rest ; they early turn brown, and contain no surface, possibly secreting the mucilage with trachea? that can be unrolled. which the stems are covered. 5 M£e. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., iv. 639. — 2 In these the fibres often surround completely Gttib., Drog. Simp!., ed. 7, iii. 719. — A. Rich., the separate vessels, which are collected in the Mem., ed. 4, ii. 422. — Exdl., Enchirid., 462, centre; in other cases the fibres are confined to 464, 465. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 411, 412, 414; the outside. Fh Med., 19.— Rosenth., Syn. PL Diaphor., 3 Sometimes partially absorbed, making the 652, 1142. stem fistular. 6 See pp- 76> 79> note 2> fig_ 74^73. 4 The central part occupied by the pith is here NYMPH2EACEJE. 97 auxiliary in famine-times. The ancient Egyptians, too, ate these ' Egyptian Beans ' (Feces d' Egypte1) ; but they were forbidden fruit to the priests and Pythagoreans. And the Chinese and Hindoos of the present day eat the embryo roast or boiled, like the American Indians eat that of N. luteal The starch gorging the young stems shares these nutritive properties and uses in both species. N. nucifera is also a drug; its stem has astringent pro- perties. From the petiole and peduncle a viscid milky juice is extracted which is used in vomiting and diarrhoea. Most other Nympha?ads contain tannin ; and to this it is no doubt that Brasenia peltata3 owes its slightly astringent properties. Its leaves are thought of service in the treatment of dysenteiy, phthisis, and other pulmonary affections. They are bitter and stomachic ; and are sometimes used for food. So are several Ny)iipli«>t>(e, whose seeds and rhizomes contain quantities of starch. This is the case with Huryale ferocc,4 the Tien-kien or Ki-teou of the Chinese ; its root, stock, and albumen have been eaten from the remotest times, and the plant is still said to be cultivated for this purpose. E. anta.:vnicas (the Victoria Reg/a), the magnificent queen of the fresh waters of South America, has seeds of similar alimentary value ; it is the Mararu of the natives. Nor was the value of the Nymphseas of the Nile less noted among the Ancient Eg}rptians ; N. Loins shared the name of water Lotos6 with the Nelumbo. The tuberous stock, of the size and form of an egg, with a blackish surface and a yellow sweet flesh, was eaten roasted or boiled, like potatoes nowadays ; and a sort of bread was made from the seeds. No doubt the Blue Water- lily of the " Nile ':; had the same properties ; it has a pear-shaped tuberous stock, and beautiful light blue flowrers. The Arabs called it Linoufar or Niloufar, whence is taken the French name Nenuphar, applied to our White and Yellow Water-lilies. Their rhizome is gorged with starch. That of the Yellow [Nuphar hdeum*) is large, cylindrical, and whitish, covered with the scars of the adventitious 1 Kua/xos- nfyiimosTnEOPHR. (see Gvib.,Ioc. cit., 652. — Water-maize of the Americans (see cit , 723).— Rosenth., op. tit., 654. above, p. 87, note 3, iig. 101). 2 See p. 89, note 2, figs. 79-81. 6 Gum., op. cit., 721. s Ekdt.., Enchirid., 464. — Rosenth., op. cit., > NympTtaia caxulea Saw, Dec. Egypt., iii. 654. (See above p. 82, note 3.) 74— DC, Prodi:, n. 2.— Vent., Malm., t. 6. 4 See p. 86, 87, note 1, figs. 99, 100. s See p. 81, note 5, figs. 87-92. 5 Lindl., Teg. Kingd., ill.— Rosentu., op. VOL. III. H 98 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. roots, and the larger ones of the leaf-stalks. It is said to be eaten by the peasants of Finland and Eussia, as well as the petioles ; and the fruits were eaten in Bceotia. It is, however, astringent enough to be used for tanning, and when infused as a diarrhoea medicine. The yellowish stock of the White Water-lily, Nymphaa alba,1 almost black on the surface, has exactly the same properties. Its starch has been used for food in times when cereals have failed. It is mucilaginous, slightly acrid, bitter, and astringent ;2 hence its use in dysentery, blennorrhcea, and several other fluxes, and the vulnerary properties which have been ascribed to the leaf and flower-stalks. Most of the other species of Nymjiliaa have the same properties.3 Some act by the tannin they contain, like N. Candida Presl., of Bohemia, and N. odorafa Ait., of the United States, both astringents ; N. sf el/a fa W., of the East Indies, recommended in cystitis and dysuria ; N. Lotus L., pubescens W., and rubra Roxb., thought to cure ophthalmia, haemorrhoids, and wounds. Others are rich in starch and edible, as regards their seeds or rhizomes, which are eaten cooked like potatoes. This is the case with N. edulis DC. and N. rubra in India, N. gigantea Ho ;K., in Australia, and N. ampla DC. in Tropical America. All these species have magnificent flowers, white, pink, or blue, the ornaments of our aquariums, like the grand Euryales or Victorias, whose brilliant, enormous flowers and strong leaves, with projecting ribs covered with prickles, give them so high a position. Some species have scented flowers, like the last- mentioned, and NupJiar luteum, advenum, &c. All of them, especially the beautiful White Water-lily, have the strange reputation, founded it would seem on very slight grounds, of being refrigerant, calmative, and anaphrodisiac ; qualities no doubt imaginary, but proverbial throughout Europe. The Sarracenas have a reputation4 which is perhaps equally undeserved. The North American Indians consider their roots, especially of S. purpurea' and variolaris,6 as a preservative against 1 Gttib., op. cit., 720.— Likdl., FL Med., Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. -St ales, 20, n. I.—Ctot., 19-— Si'S^, Theophk.; NvficpaCa, Diosc. (see in Bof. Mag.,t. M9.—Bucanephyllum ameri- above, p. 83, note 6, fks. 93-98). canum Pluk., Amalth., 46, t. 376 (see p. 90, 2 It is also considered slightly narcotic. figs. 104-107). — -Huntsman's Cup, Sidesaddle Singers chew it, it is said, for relaxed uvula. Flower, Indian Cup of the Americans. 3 Rosenth., op. oil., 652, 1142. 6 MiCHX., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 310.— Chapm., 4 Rosenth., op. cit., 1142. Fl. S. Unit.- States, 21, n. 6 (see p. 89, fig. 5 L., Spec, 728.— Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., 103).— Spotted Trvr.rpet-kaf of the Americans. i. 318.— A. Gbay, Man., ed. 5, 58, n. 1. — NYMPHJEACEJ2. 99 small-pox, wherewithal they profess to cure it at any stage and prevent pitting.' Can it be the whitish spots scattered over the leaves of the latter species that have given rise to this opinior. among these savages ? Several Sarracenas are cultivated amongst us for the beauty of their flowers, and still more for the strange form of their leaves ; but they are not wide spread on account of the very difficulty of their cultivation.2 1 They are used in powder, infusion and syrup. These preparations appear to be very energetic diuretics, and it lias been supposed that the variolous virus is thus eliminated. 2 E. Ramet, in Adansonia, vii. 310. H 2 100 NATURAL HISTORY OF TLANTS. GENERA. I. NELUMBEjE. 1. Nelumbo T. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite; receptacle convex, soon much enlarged into an obconical mass. Sepals 4, 5, inserted on receptacle imbricate. Petals go, imbricate, inserted with co stamens on calyx ; filaments more or less petaloid ; anthers basi- fixe 1 introrse 2-rimose ; connective produced club-shaped beyond anther-cells. Carpels go, inserted in alveoli on flat top of receptacle, free; germen 1-locular ; dorsum gibbous, glandular; style short with a minutely projecting, capitate, stigmatose apex ; ovules 1, 2, descending almost from apex of cell, anatropous ; micropyle superior, introrse. Nuts go, nearly round, slightly protruding from pits in the hardened receptacle, indelr'scent or obscurely dehiscent. Seed pendulous ; skin thin ; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, covering much developed leaf}^ plumule ; radicle superior very short. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome thick ; leaves alternate, floating, concavely peltate, "stipulate;" flowers axillary solitary pedunculate (Asia, Australia, Tropical and Subtropical America). See p. 76. II. CABOMBE^E. 2. Cabomba Aubl. — Flowers hermaphrodite, small ; receptacle shortly conical. Sepals 3, petaloid, imbricate or contorted. Petals 3, alternate. Stamens 3, alternating with petals, or more usually 6, in pairs opposite sepals, free ; anthers extrorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 3, opposite petals, or more rarely 2, 4, free; germen 1-locular; style capitate, depressed ; apex slender stigmatose ; ovules few (usually 3), inserted on the sides, descending anatropous ; micropyle superior extrorse. Drupes 1-3 ; mesocarp thin ; putamen thick, rough on surface. Seeds 1-3, descending ; albumen double ; inferior farina- ceous, superior (amniotic) fleshy, embracing short inverted embryo ; cotyledons thick ; radicle superior, short. — Herbs ; stem slender NYMJPHJEACEAL 101 covered with mucilage; leaves alternate ; floating ones peltate ; those submerged palmately divided into filiform segments ; flowers axillary solitary long-pedunculate {Tropical and Subtropical America). See p. 70. 3. Brasenia Sciirer. — Flowers almost of Cabomba; stamens ] 2— oo. Carpels 6- co ; ovules of Cabomba. Fruit of co drupaceous car- pels and seeds of Cabomba. — Stem branched, covered wi+h mucilage ; leaves all floating peltate entire ; inflorescence of Cabomba {America, Tropical Asia, and Subtropical Australia). See p. 81. III. NYMPH.EA^3. 4. Nuphar Sm.-— Flowers regular ; receptacle convex. Sepals 5, 0, unequal imbricate. Petals indefinite, unequal imbricate, the inner resembling stamens (staminodes) inserted in a spiral series, together with co hypogynous free stamens ; filaments flattened ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen superior ; apex tapering into a short style, peltate disk-shaped above; stigmas co, linear radiate; cells co; ovules co ; descending, anatropous, inserted on the sides. Fruit ovoid, corticate carpels baccate, separable in decay. Seeds co; embryo and albumen double {Cabomba); micropyle operculate. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome thick, sigdlate ; leaves alternate floating peltate; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs ; fruit emerged {The Northern Hemisphere beyond the Tropics). See p. 81. 5. Nymphsea L. — Flowers regular ; receptacle concave cupuli- form. Calyx 4deaved, imbricate, inserted with petals and stamens of Nuphar, in a spiral series on the receptacle from the base to the apex. Germen sunk in the receptacle, cc-locular, with a concave, conical, or round process (the apex of receptacle) protruding vertically from the centre ; styles free, exserted ; apex incurved, free. Ovules co (of Nuphar). Berries spongy, surmounted by scars of perianth and stamens, and by the style, pulpy, at length bursting irregularly. Seeds co (of Nuphar) immersed in pulp, covered by a sacciform aril ; operculum 0. — Herbs, with stem leaves and inflorescence of Nuphar ; fruit maturing under water {All tropical regions, especially of Northern Hemisphere). See p. S3. 102 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 6. Barclaya Wall. — Receptacle cylindrical, surrounded at base by 5 (" calycine ") imbricate leaves, produced into a tube above gynseceum. " Petals oo, imbricate, inserted at top of receptacle. Stamens cr, inserted above gynseceum within tube of receptacle ; outer sterile ; inner recurved ; anthers oblong pendulous. Carpels up to 10, quite included in tube ; ovules parietal, descending, ortho- tropous ; styles adhering into a cone, slit at apex, concave and stigmatiferous within. Berries round, surmounted by petaliferous tube. Seeds oo, prickly. — Rhizome short, leaves petiolate, oblong or orbicular, not peltate; flowers (axillary?) long-pedunculate {Malaysia). See p. 85. 7. Euryale Salisb. — Receptacle concave (almost of NywpJtaa), prickly outside. Sepals, petals, and stamens oo (of NytuplicBa). Carpels co, immersed in receptacle and adhering to form an inferior oo-locular germen, concave above, extruding from the centre a conical orbicular process (apex of receptacle); styles radiating, with their apices stigmatiferous, obtuse or produced into an unciform process {Victoria). Berries spongy, prickly, bursting irregularly. Seeds oper- culate, covered with a pulpy aril ; double albumen and embryo of Nymphaa. — Perennial herbs bristling with prickles ; stem floating leaves and inflorescence of Nywp//rpa (Tropical Asia, Equinoctial America). See p. SG. IV. ? SARRACEKE^E. 8. Sarracena T. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular ; receptacle convex. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, imbricate, de- ciduous. Stamens oo, hypogynous ; filaments free ; anthers introrse, becoming recurved and versatile, 2-rimose. Germen free; cells 5, alternate with petals, complete or incomplete ; ovules oo, anatropous; style slender, soon expanding into a peltate petaloid umbraculum, with 5 radiating nerves, and 5 alternipetalous, minutely papillose, stigmatiferous angles. Capsule usually surrounded at base by calyx, loculicidal, 5-valved. Seeds oo, albuminous, with a sometimes prominent sub-alate raphe; embryo small apical. — Perennial marshy NYMPHJEACE2E. 103 herbs ; rhizom rather thick ; leaves alternate exstipulate pitcher- shaped or tubular ; flowers terminal solitary long-pedunculate ; bracteoles 3, approximated into a membranous involucre under calyx {North America). See p. 8S 9. Darling-tonia Torr. — Sepals 5, connate below the base. Petals 5, subsimilar, spreading. Germen obconical, plano-convex at. top ; styles erect, 5 -fid at top ; lobes spreading, recurved, stigmatose at apex ; cells of ovary 5, alternating with sepals ; ovules a*. Capsule loculicidal, 5-valved ; seeds go, clavate, narrowed into a tube at base, setose aculeate outside. — Herbs ; rhizome and leaves almost of Sarracena ; leaves finally 2-winged ; flowers solitary; scapes bearing remote alternate subfoliaceous bracts ; calyx ebracteolate {California). See p. 90. 10. Heliamphora Benth. — Sepals 4, 5, unequal petaloid imbri- cate. Stamens oc ; filaments free ; anthers introrse, becoming versatile. Germen 3-locular ; cells oc-ovuled ; ovules inserted centrally, pluriseriate ; style erect, sulcate, tubular ; apex obtuse, 3-lobed, stigmatose. Capsule ovoid, loculicidal 3-valved; seeds co, with a loosely reticulate skin extended into a membranous wing. — Perennial herbs ; leaves pitcher-shaped ; flowers few in subnutant racemes naked at base {Venezuela). See p. 91. XYI. PAP AVE II ACE jE. I. PLATYSTEMON SERIES. We shall, begin this order by the study of the genus Platystemon l (figs. 108-111), which, by its gynseceum, presents us with a tran- sition between Banunculacea and Papaveracece. The floral receptacle Plaiystemon californicus. Fig. 109, Diagram, Fig. 111. Fruit (|). Fig. Ho. Gynseceum ('■[■). forms a little platform, slightly depressed and cupuliform at the apex.2 This part is empty, while on the edges of the cupule are inserted in due order a calyx and two corollas, all trimerous, and an androceum and gynseceum, both formed of an indefinite number of elements. The calyx is regular polysepalous and caducous, of con- torted or imbricate pignoration. The petals are similar to one another, twisted or imbricate, sessile ; the three outer alternate with the sepals, to which the three inner are superposed. The stamens are arranged in whorls of nine each ;3 they are free, each formed of a 1 Benth., in Trans. Jlort. Soc, ser. 2, i. 3 According to Pateb (Ice. cit., 220), " these 405. — Endx., Gen., n. 4832. — Benth., in Lin- nine stamens make their appearance in two stages; ncea, xii. 661. — Payer, Organog., 217, t. 46. — first come six in pairs superposed to the outer B. H., Gen., 51, n. 1. petals, and then three each in front of an inner 3 The top of the peduncle is slightly dilated petal." Some of the latter may be deduplicated. below the insertion of the perianth. PAT AVERAGES. 105 flattened petaloid filament and a basifixed extrorse two- celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.1 The gynseceum consists of a whorl of carpels, indefinite in number. The stylar part of each is free, form- ing a flattened band, with its inner surface and edges covered with stigmatic papilla? ; the ovarian division forms a deep gutter, looking inwards, united by its prominent edges to its neighbours to form the projecting placenta?. On both sides of each of these very imperfect septa (which divide only the peripheral part of the cell of the ovary2), are seen the ovules, variable in number, ascending and subanatropous, with the raphe upwards and inwards, and the'^micro- pyle downwards and outwards.' On the outside deep vertical grooves mark the limits of the several carpels. In the dry fruit even the bottom of each groove splits, so that the carpels are isolated ((\g. Ill), each thus resembling a little follicle, and containing several superposed seeds, between which the peri- carp has grown into transverse false-septa. The fruit often breaks up even into one- seeded joints in this way. There is a copious fleshy albumen, near the apex of which is a tiny embryo. P. californicus, the only known species,4 is an annual herb, often cultivated in our gardens. Its parts are milky ; it has alternate simple entire ex- stipulate leaves, which often become nearly opposite or three-whorled towards the top of the stem. The flowers are solitary, terminal,5 pedunculate. Platystigmd' (fig. 112J has the perianth of Platy.stenwn, and pre- sents but few points of generic difference. The stamens, indefinite or subdefinite in number,7 have scarcely dilated filaments, and extrorse Tlatystigma Hit are Fig. 112. Flower (f). 1 The connective, at first nearly flat, is later on deformed, so as to be slightly hollow on the outside. The pollen forms elongated grains, with three equidistant longitudinal grooves or folds. 2 " Each placenta divides into two ; each half, on which only one row of ovules developer, inclines towards the neighbouring half of the next placenta, forming with it a sort of chamber- let containing the ovules" (Payee, loc. cit., 221). 3 These ovules have two coats. They are usually enclosed in the imperfect canal or chamberlet formed by the concavity of each carpel. But here and there we see one or more, inserted on the innermost edge of the placenta, projecting into the central cavity of the ovary. 1 Lixi.L , in Hot. Reg., t. 1679.— BoL Mag , t. 3579, 3730.— Walp., Hep., i. 117. ' The floral peduncle bears three verticillate bracts at a certain distance from the flower. One of these is fertile, and bears in its axil a shoot that pushes the flower on one side ; hence this last appears opposite to the fertile bract. 6 Bexth., in Trans. Hort. Soc, ser. 2, i. 406. — Berxh., in Linncea, xii. 661— Endl., Gen,, n. 4830.— B. H., Gen., 51, n. 2. 7 In Meconella Xutt. (in Ton: $■ Gr. Fl. 106 NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS. anthers of submarginal dehiscence. The unilocular ovary is sur- mounted by three or four styles, and contains as many multiovulate, scarcely prominent placentas. The dry fruit opens from above downwards into three or four valves, bearing the seeds on their edges. Of this genus three species are known1 from North America, all annuals, with habit foliage and inflorescences of Platystemon. Momneya caJiforniccf approaches the above plants in the freedom of the numerous stigmatiierous tongues surmounting the ovary. Its stamens are very numerous, with filiform filaments and extrorse anthers. The fruit is a prickly capsule, divided inside by the seed- bearing septa into numerous complete or incomplete cells. This species is a branching herb, with pinnatifid leaves and terminal flowers, like those of Argemone. II. POPPY SEPJES. In the Poppies3 (Fr., Pavois; figs. 113-124) the carpels have quite lost their freedom ; the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite. The convex receptacle bears a calyx of two" opposite, imbricated or twisted, caducous sepals, and two corollas of two petals each, the outer alternate to the sepals, the inner superposed to them ; all the petals are twisted or imbricate, corrugated above, in the bud, and caducous.* The androceum is represented by an indefinite (usually very large)6 number of free h}rpogynous stamens/ whose filaments support a basifixed anther, with two lateral cells, each opening by a marginal or subextrorse longitudinal cleft.8 The N.-Amer., i. 64), which, through M. calijhrnica Torr., is inseparable from Platysligma. 1 Lindl., in Bot. Reg., t. 11)54— Ho K., icon., t. 38, 360 (Mecont!la).-—Bof. Mag., t. 3575.— Walp., Ann., i. 23. 2 Hary., in Hook. Journ., iv. 74, t. 3. — B. H., Gen., 51, n. 3.— Walp., Rep., v. 21. 3 Papacer T\, List., 237, t. 119, 12o.— L., Gen., n. 648. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. — J., Gen., 236. — Gjektn., Frvct., i. 288, t. 60. — Lamk., Diet., v. 110; Suppl.. iv. 335; 111, t. 451.— DC, Sgst., ii. 69; Proclr., i. 117 — Spach, Suit, a Biffi.n, vii. 10. — Bernh., in Linnesa, viii. 462.— Endl., Gen., n. 4823. Pater, Organog., 218, t. 224.— B. H., Gen., 51, 965, n. 4.— ? Closterandra B£l. (ex Esdl., Gen., 856). — ? Arctomecon Tour., in Frew. R ''O' ; ;r> A. Fig. 113. Habit (i). circular head, hemispherical or forming a very depressed cone ' capping the ovary and divided at the edge into as many rounded 1 Often, though wrongly, described as a stignm, 108 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. teetli as there are placentas in the ovary. To each tooth corresponds a groove, radiating- to it from the centre of the upper surface, with its lips lined by stigmatic tissue. These lines correspond with the Papaver somnifervm (nigrum). ^^S? Fig. 115. Seed ( 2T° ). Fig. 114 Fruit. Fig. 116. Long. sect, of seed. placentas. The latter, of very inconstant number, project inside the cell to a variable distance (often very slight) from the centre. Hence each forms an incomplete false septum, with both its faces covered wholly or partially1 with a quantity of little anatropous ovules.2 The fruit (figs. 114, 118) is dry and capsular ; it usually opens3 near the top, under the base of the style, by the depression of very short valves, corresponding with the spaces between the placentas.4 Through these false pores escape a large number of little bowed seeds (figs. 115, 110, 1:2:2, 123), reticulate or scrobiculate on the surface, and containing in the upper part of the very copious oily fleshy albumen a little straight or bowed embryo. The little valves of dehiscence do not separate so far from the 1 In this case the ovules occupy the lower and outer part of the placentas. - They have two coats. 3 In P. somniferum, var. album (fig. 118), the lines of dehiscence are marked, but no separation takes place. 4 After dehiscence the discoid part of the style is supported by as many short -columns as there are placentas, separated by the triangular open- ings through which the seeds pass. PAPAVEPACE2E. 109 wall of the fruit in those species which have heen erected into the genus Calomecon? and their flowers are often ternary in our gardens. Papaver somniferum (album'). Fig. 117. Diagram. Fig. 118. Long. sect, of fruit. These, like the rest of the Poppies, are annual or perennial herbs, glaucous and glabrous, or bristling with hairs of varying coarseness, containing white milk}- juice, possessing alternate exstipulate leaves that are almost always lobed or dissected. The flowers are nearly always solitary, on a long terminal or leaf-opposed peduncle, the top of which droops before the expansion of the flower.2 There are some fifteen species3 of this genus, mostly natives of the 1 StACH, Suit, a Bujfon, vii. 7. P. oyientale and bracteatuni are our cultivated representatives of this section. 2 White, yellow, or violet. 3 Jacq., Ft. Ausir., t. 83. — Sibth., Ft. GrcBc, t, 419, 492.— Lindl., Coll., t. 23.— 110 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. temperate or subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. One inhabits South Africa, and another Tropical Australia. r Fig. 119. Flower. Papaver Bhoeas. 1 — we*3S Fig. 120. Long-, sect, of flower. Close to Papaver come the nearly allied genera Meconopsis and Argemone? The former has a binary flower, with the perianth and D „, androceum of a Poppy. But the number of placen- tas is variable, from indefinite down to four or five ; and they are rib-like or slightly prominent. The style is distinct, and ends in a more or less depressed club, with deflexed radiating lobes superposed to the placenta. The fruit is a narrow elongated capsule, surmounted by the style persisting above the placentas, which are left bare when the walls of the ovary separate in triangular valves from above downwards. The seeds are scrobiculate, naked, or with an arillary outgrowth from the raphe. Meconopsis consists of annual or perennial herbs, with a yellow latex, and entire or incised alternate leaves. The flowers are, as in Papaver, borne on long drooping peduncles. The flowers3 are sometimes solitary terminal, sometimes Fig. 12"?. Seed (LS). Fig., 123. Long. sect, of seed. Vig., Papav., 35, fig. 5-7. — Deless., Ic. Sel>, ii. t. 7. — Reichb., Icon., t. 352, 742-74fi. — Eikan, Tent. Monogr. Gen. Pip. (1S39).— Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 249. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 105. — Harv. & So>.D., F'. Cap., i. 15.— Oliv., Fl. Prop. Afr., i. 53.— A. Okay, Man., 25. — Eichl., in Mart. Ft. Bras., Papav., 315. — Benth., Fl. Austral, i. 63. — Gren. & Gode,., Fl. de Fr., i. 57. — Walp., Pep., i. 110; ii. 750; Ann., i. 23; ii. 26; iv. 172; vii. 83. 1 Vig., Papav., 20, 48, fig. 3.— DC, Si/st., ii. 86; Prodr., i. 117; in Mem. Soc. Gen., i. t, 2, fig. 11. — Beknh., in Linncea, viii. 162. — Endi. Gen., n. iS22.— B. H., Gen., 52, n. 7.— Cerastites Gray, Brit. PL, ii. 704 (ex Endi..). 2 Perhaps it would be as well to suppress the genus Meconopsis, 3 Yellow, red, or blue, with a more or less poisonous smell. PAP AVE 'RACE 'M. Ill Papaver In/bridum. arranged along a common branch, axillary to its bracts or ill- developed leaves, so as to form a sort of large lax raceme, with the secondary axes drooping before the llowers ex- pand. 3f. cambrica? is European ; the seven or eight remaining species^ inhabit the Hiina- lavas and North America. Argcmone* (figs. 125—127) has usually tri- merous flowers, with a calyx,4 two corollas, and indefinite stamens. It is distinguished from Pf{p(wero\\\y by slight characters derived from the gynseceum and fruit, especially from the number of constituent carpels, the form and arrangement of the stigmatiferous divisions of the style, and the extent of the triangular valves of dehiscence. The one-celled ovary contains from three to six narrow multi- ovulate parietal placentas, and is surmounted by a short style, which soon expands into as many5 stigmatiferous lobes, concave above and lined by velvety stigmatiferous tissue. The fruit is an elongated capsule, opening- above by the depression of as many valves as there are placentas. These latter remain surmounted by the style to form a sort of cage, between the bars of which the scrobiculate seeds escape. Arr/emone consists of herbs with a yellow latex, possessing alternate incised pinnatifid leaves, often covered with stiff bristles or sharp prickles, like the peduncles, calyx, and ovary. The flowers6 are terminal. The five or six known species7 are American ; but one of them is now found all over the Tropics. Fig. 124 Inflorescence. 1 Via., loc. cit.— DC, Fl. Fr., v. 586.— Geen. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 60. — Papaver cambricum L., Spec, 1-1. 2 Hook, p., III. PI. Himal., t. S, 9.—B >/. Mag., t. 4668, 5585.— Walp., Rep,, i. 110 (part.) ; Ann., iv. 170 ; vii. 86. 3 A.gemone T., Inst, 239, t. 121.— L., G n , n. 619.— Adaxs., Fain, des PL, ii. 432.— J., Gen., 236.— G.ERT.V., F.uct., i. 287, t. GO.— Lamk., Diet., i. 287; Suppl., i. 417; 111., fc. 452.— DC, Prodr., i. 120.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 25. — Payee, Organog., t. 16. — E.NDL., Gen., n. 4821.— B. H., Gen., 52, V6h, n. 6. — Echtras Louu., Fl. Cochinch., 314. 4 A little below the organic apex of each sepal is an external prominence, a pointed cone ot variable length, resulting from a localized de- velopment of the midrib (rig. Ii5). 5 The stigmatiferous lobes are superposed to the placentas, as in the Poppies. 6 White or yellow. 7 Hook f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind., i. 255. — Eenth., Fl. Hongk., 15. — A. Guvr, Gen. III., t. 47; Man., 25. — Chapm., Fl S. U.iit. -States, 21.— Geiseb., Fl, Brit. W. hid., 12.— Ejchl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Papai)., 315. — Oliv., Fl. Prop. Afr.,\. hi.— Bat. R g., t. 1264.— Bot. Mag., t. 2342.— WA1.P., Hep., i. 109; Ann., ii. 25; iv. 170 ; vii. 85. 112 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Cathcartia} has the flower of Argemone, with a dimerous perianth, and a cylindrical capsular fruit with from four to six valves opening all the way down to leave a sort of cage, of which the bars are formed Argemone mexicana. Fig. 125- Flower-bud. Fig. 126. Flower. Fig. 127. Open fruit. by the hardened placentas surmounted by the persistent style. C. villosa is a Himalayan herb, with a yellow juice and the leaves covered with tawny hairs, like those of certain Poppies, of which it has the inflorescence. Siylopliorunr has nearly the fruit of Cathcariia, with two, three, or four placentas. The ovary is surmounted by an erect style which expands above into a head with erect stigmatiferous lobes separated by deflexed sinuses ; in other respects the dimerous flower and vegetative organs are very near those of Chelidonium. Four species of this are known,3 two are perennial herbs from North America; a third4 is Himalayan; the fourth comes from Eastern Asia and Japan.5 Sanguinaria canadensis* (figs. 128, 129) is a little perennial herb, 1 Hook, p., in Pet. Mag., t. 4536.— B. H., Gen., 52, n. 8.— Walp., Sep., iv. 175. 2 Nutt., Gen., ii. 7. — I'.eknit., in Linncea, viii. 461.— Ejcdl., Gen., n. 4820.— A. Gray, Gen. 111., t. 48.— 15. H., Cen., 52, n. 9. 3 DC, Prodr., i. 121 (Meconopsis). — Hook., in Sot. Mag., t, 4867.— Walp., Rep., i. 110 (Meconopsis) ; Ann., vii. 86. 4 S. lacfvcoides, wliereof J. Hookek & Tiiom- eox (Fi. Ind., i. 255) have made a genus, Diera- nostigma, because its gyr.seceuui is dicarpellary. 5 Chelidonium unifiorvm Steb. & Zrcc. (Ft. Jap. Fam. Nat., i. 63), wliereof Maximovitz (Prim. Fl. Amur., 36, t. 3) makes a genus Hi/lo- mecon, giving it the specific name H. vernalix. It has the fruit of Chelidonium, but its style is that of the other species of Stylophorum. Perhaps some day we shall be compelled to regard this as only a section of the genus Chelidonium. 6 Sanguinaria Dill., Flth., t. 252. — L., Gen., n. 645. — J., Gen., 236. — Lamk., Diet., vi. 498; III., t, 419.— DC, Sgst., ii. 88 ; Prodr., PAPAVERACEJE. 113 whose rhizome produces in spring one or more aerial shoots ; eacli usually consists of a well developed petiolate leaf with a palmi veined Sanguinaria canadensis (JPuecoon). Fig. 128. Habit. blade, several other leaves reduced to imbricate scales, and a peduncu- late flower, almost ephemeral. This resembles in calyx and andro- i. 131. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 37. — 53, n. 10. — Belharnosia Sabbac, ex Adans., Bebnh., in Linncea, viii. 459. — Endl., Gen., u, Fam. des Pl„ ii. 432. 4818.— A. Geat, Gen. IU.,t. 49.— B. H., Gen., VOL. III. I 114 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Bocconia {Macleya) cordata. ceum that of Chelidonium or Stylophorum. But there are from eight to twelve petals, each piece of both corollas being replaced by two or three unequal imbricate leaves (fig. 1.29). The ovary contains two multiovulate parietal placentas,1 and its style ends in two deflexed adnate stig- matiferous lobes. The fruit dehisces by two valves, which separate all down their edges, leaving the seeds suspended on the placentary frame or replum. These seeds are formed as in the Poppies, but the raphe has an arillary crest as in Chelidonium. This species extends over a great part of North America.2 In the genus Bocconia* (figs. 130-133) we see a greatly reduced type ; its flowers are apetalous4 and its ovary pauciovulate. In Macleya? which cannot be separated from this genus, the two placentas, which stand right and left, bear each several ascending ovules with the micropyle downwards and inwards. But in Bocconia proper (fi^s. 131-133) only one of them bears on its lower part an almost basilar fertile ovule.6 The stamens are indefinite/ or subdefinite in some species.8 The fruit is like that of Sanguinaria, with one Fig. 130. Inflorescence. 1 Tbe ovules have two coats, and are finally arranged in several rows on each placenta. » L., Spec, 723.— A. Gray, Man., 26.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit-Stales, 22.— Bot. Mag.,t. 162.— Walp., Hep., i. 109. 3 Plum., Gen., 35, t. 25. — Adaxs., Fam. des PL. ii. 431.— L., Gen., n. 591.— J., Gen., 236.— G^etn., Fruct., i. 204, t. 44.— Lahk., Diet., i. 432 ; I.ll,, t. 394. — DC, Sgsl., ii. 89 ; Prod,:, i. 121. — Beenh., in Linnaa, viii. 460. — Spacii, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 40, 42. — Endl., Gen., n. 4816.— B. H„ Gen., 53, n. 11. 4 Payee has seen that the two imbricate or twisted sepals (fij;. 132) "appear :lm>st simul- taneously, and are lateral" (Organog., 218, t. 48). 5 R. Be., in App. Benli. Sf Clapp., 218.— Endl., Gen., n. 4817. 6 The raphe at first looks towards the pla- centa; later on it gets twisted, so that the raphe looks to one and the inferior micropyle to the other interstice between the placentas. " In Macleya cordata R. Be. {Bocconia cordata W.) the androceum usually comprises four whorls of six stamens each (Payee, loc. cit., 219, t. 48). 8 " The andrcceum of B. frutescens usually consists of but six stamens, that make their appearance at two successive periods" (Patee, loc. cit.). In the specimens from the Antilles the stamens are often more numerous. PAPAVEBACEJE. 115 or few seeds possessing an arillary outgrowth above the base. Bocconia consists of perennial herbs or shrubs, with a yellow or red juice. The leaves are alternate, lobed ; the small flowers form terminal compound racemes.1 Of the three known species one inhabits China and Japan,0 and the others are spread over great part of Tropical America.3 Bocconia fmiescens. Fig. 131. Flower (\). Fig. 132. Diagram. Fig. 133. Long. sect, of gynaeceuni. Celandine4 (Fr., Chelidoine, figs. 134-136) has the perianth and androceum of the Poppies,6 two caducous sepals, four caducous similar petals, and an indefinite number of free hypogynous stamens with introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. But the gynseceum is reduced to two alternisepalous carpellary leaves. The elongated one-celled ovary ends in a short thick style, which divides above into two short deflexed stigmatiferous lobes superposed to the placentas.6 These last are superposed to the sepals, linear, bearing an indefinite number of anatropous ascending ovules, 1 " They are racemes of flowers again grouped into a raceme along a common axis. I may add that in each of the smaller racemes (Fr., Grappe) the chief axis of the inflorescence ends in a flower which expands before the rest" (Payee, loc. cit., 218). 2 B. cordata. Several forms from Japan are now cultivated, especially Macleya iedoensis Sieb. & Zucc. (Waxp., Rep., i. 109; Ann., vii. 87). 3 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 119, t. 35. — Bot. Mag., t. 1905. 4 CheUdonium T., Inst., 231, t. 116.— L., Gen., n. 647. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. — J., Gen., 236. — G^etn., Fruct., ii. 164, 1. 115. — Lake., Diet., i. 73; Suppl., i. 208; III., t. 450. — DC, Si/st., ii. 98; Prodr., i. 122.— Spach, Suit. a Bnffon, vii. 34. — Endl., Gen., n. 4819. — Payee, Organog., 217, t. 45. — B. H., Gen., 53, n. 14. 5 The pollen is like that of Papaver. 6 The two lobes being the prominent papillose portions, while the alternating deflexed rounded prominences represent the summits of the carpels. i 2 116 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. with their micropyles downward and inwards. The fruit is dry, narrow, and elongate; in short, it is formed like a siliqua, recalling in externals that of many Crucifers, but lacking the false septum ; when mature the two valves separate from the placenta, which, surmounted by the style, forms a narrow elongated frame, supporting the ascending seeds. These (figs. 135-136) have the micropyle in- ferior and contain copious Chelidonium majus {Common Celandine). fleshy albumen ai'OUnd the minute embryo, while the raphe is dilated towards its centre into a little arcuate arillar crest.1 Chelidonium comprises erect branching herbs, with coloured latex. The leaves are dissected, their lobes varying greatly in size with the form or variety. The flowers form an umbelliform cyme on top of a common terminal peduncle.2 Though bota- nists have admitted several species in this genus it probably contains only one,3 which has been observed in Europe, Temperate Asia, and North America. We find the fundamental organization of the Celandine in the Horn-Poppies4 (Fr., Glaucieres, Pavots coram ; fig. 137). But the stigmatiferous lobes of the style are more marked, and persist, extending into a four-lobed cupule above the apex of the seed. The fruit is itself very long, cylindrical, more or less bowed. Inside it Fig. 134. Floriferous branch. Fig. 136. Long:, sect, of seed. 1 The cells of the surface are here hvper- trophied, thus forming an aril of the raphe, which has often been termed a strophiole. 2 Sometimes leaf-opposed, owing to the rapid development of the axillary branch. 3 C. majus Mill., Diet., n. 1. — L., Spec, 723.— Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., Hi. t. 10. — Gkex. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 62. — C. laciniatum Mill., Diet., n. 2. — C. quercifolium Willem., Fl. Lorr., ii. 613. 4 Glaucium T., Inst., 254, t. 130.— L.( Gen., n. 236. — Adaxs., Fam. des PL, ii. 432. — J., Gen., 236. — G.EETN., Fritct., ii. 165, t. 115.— Lamk., Did., Suppl., ii. 209, 789.— DC, Syst., ii. 94; Prodr., i. 122. — Bebxh., in Linncea, viii. 463. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 30. — Exdl... Gen., n. 4826.— Payee, Organog., t.47. — B. H., Gen., 53, n. 12. PAP AVER ACE ^. 117 Glaucium flavum. project the two placentas covered with seeds and united by a thick hard false septum, which is nearly cylindrical, with the seeds more or less completely embedded in it. On dehiscence they remain in this central column, while the two carpellary leaves diverge from it from above downwards almost to the base of the fruit. The seeds are scrobiculate but not arillate. Glaucium consists of herbs with a coloured juice, and lobed or dissected alternate leaves. The flowers are in terminal cymes, sometimes reduced to a single flower. Five or six species have been distinguished1 from the Mediterranean, one inhabits the seacoasts of Europe, Asia, and North . Africa. Rcemeria* has the perianth and androceum of Glaucium or Papaver, so that the flower is externally quite that of the latter. But its slender elongated ovary, with from two to four linear placentas, is surmounted by a sessile slightly dilated stigma with deflexed. adnate lobes. The seeds attached to the edges of long narrow con- cave valves are quite those of a Poppy ; there is no false septum. One or two species of this genus are known,3 herbs from Temperate Europe and Asia, with the habit and inflorescence of Papaver. Fig. 137. Flower. III. ESCHSCHOLTZIA SERIES. Eschscholtzia* (figs. 13S-141) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle forms a hollow cone, whose mouth is surrounded by 1 Sm., Fxot. Bot.,\u t. 7. — Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 488, 489. — Fees., in Mus. Senkenh., i. 1. 10. — Reichb., It: Fl. Genu., iii. 1. 11, 12. — A. Gbay, Man., 26 — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 119.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 61. — Walp., i. 115; ii. 750; Ann., i. 23 ; iv. 174; vii. 86. 2 Medik., in lister. Ann., iii. Pep. (1792), 15.— DC., Syst., ii. 92 ; Prodr., i. 122.— Endl,, Gen., n. 4825.— B. H., Gen., 53, n. 13. 3 DC, in Mem. Soc. Gen., i. 224, t. 2.— Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 8. — Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 490 {Glaucium).— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 118.— Walp., Ann., i. 23 ; iv. 174. 4 Cham., in Nees Hor. Phys. Berol., 73, t. 15. — DC, Prodr., iii. 344. — Spach, Suit, a JSuffon, vii. 47. — Beenh., in Linncea, viii. 464. — Endl., Gen., n. 4827. — Payee, Organog., 217, t. 45. — B. H., Gen., 54, n. 17. — Chryseis LlNDl., in Pot. Keg., t. 1948. 118 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. a discoid rim more or less prominent externally,1 and bears a calyx and tetramerous corolla, perigynous like the indefinite stamens; while the g}maeceura is inserted down in the bottom. The two valvate sepals cohere completely, and come off together at the base by a circular slit, like an extinguisher. The petals are sessile and caducous, imbricate or twisted. The stamens, also inserted on the BschscJioltzia erocea. Fig. 139. Gynseceum (±). Fig. 138. Flower (f). Fig. 140. Gynseceum opened. edge of the receptacle,- consist each of a free filament and a basifixed introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is free and one-celled, with two multiovulate parietal placentas ;3 the terminal style ends in four, six, or eight branches, whereof two are the continuations of the placentas,4 all covered with stigmatiferous papillae at the apex. The fruit is a narrow elongated dry capsule, traversed by ten longitudinal ribs, and dehiscing down to the base into two rigid recurved valves which bear the seeds on their edges. The albumen is copious around a small embryo. Eschscholtzia con- sists of four or five species5 of glabrous glaucescent herbs from North 1 The development of this prominence is late ; it can only be compared to tlie usually more internal disks, which are due to hypertrophy of the receptacle. s Patek says (loc. cit., 219) they are "grouped in alternating whorls of six ; in each whorl the stamens appear at two successive times Moreover .... the four first stamens of the first whorl are in pairs superposed to the two outer petals." 3 When adult the ovules are arranged trans- versely or obliquely., in several rows. 4 As may be seen in figs. 139, 140, especially in the latter, where the two carpellary leaves, separated from the placentas, themselves end each in two or three stigmatiferous processes (Payee, Organog., 221). Hence we may say that two of the divisions of the style are simple and placentary (as in Cruciferce), while the others, simple or lobed, represent the apex of the carpellary leaves (as in Chelidofdwn). 3 Sot. Mag., t. 2S87, 3495, 4812.— Bot. Beg., t. 1168, 1677. — WAIP, Sep., i. 116; Ann., iv 175 j vii. 87. PAFAVE11ACE.V. 119 JEschscholtzia ( Hunnemannia) funi'irii -a Jul 'hi . America. They have alternate exstipulate leaves with linear lobes. Their flowers are solitary on long terminal or leaf-opposed peduncles. In the flowers of E. tenuifolia? cultivated in our gardens, the receptacle forms a sac without any external prominent rim. This cannot, however, be separated generically from Esckscholtzia, any more than the so-called Hunnemannia2 fumariecefolia (fig. 141), a Mexican plant which has been made the type of a distinct genus because its sepals separate instead of remaining united edge to edge ; we hence consider it a distinct section of the genus Eschscholtzia? Dendromecon rigidwm* has the flowers of a Hunnemannia, with a style divid- ing above into two short thick erect stigmatiierous lobes, alternate with the placentas. Its fruit is, moreover, nearly that of an Esckscholtzid, narrow and elongated, dehiscing into two long recurved valves that bear the seeds on their edges. But its vegetative organs are very different ; it is a shrub (from California) with alternate simple entire rigid reticulate leaves/' and solitary terminal flower/' Fig. hi. Flower. IV. FUMITORY SERIES. The only reason that Fumitory (Fr., Fumeterre, figs. 142, 159- 1G5) should give its name to this series is that it is the most common and the longest known type ; but it is, as we shall see later, an irregular and reduced one. In fact, it is not easy to understand its organization, till after the study of some other genera of the 1 Benth., in Trans. Hort. Soc, ser. 2, i. 408. 2 SWKBT, Brit. Fl. Gard., iii. t. 270 — Hook., in But. Mag,,t. 3061. — Eis'DL., &en., n. -1828. — B. H., Gen., 54, n. 16. 3 The ovary bears ten longitudinal ribs, three corresponding with each carpellary leaf, and two with each placenta. The stigmatiferous lobes are shorter than in Eschschollzia. There lire often six of them, two placentary, four carpellary. The dehiscence of the anthers is nearly marginal. The pollen is orange- coloured. 1 Benth., in Truns. Hurl. Soc, ser. 2, i. 4( '7.— B. II., Gen., 54, n. 15.— Hook., Icon., t. 37 ; in But. Mag., i. 5134. 5 Subsessile, elliptical, or lanceolate, penni- veined, with a network of anastomosing libs. 6 With a yellow delicate corolla, opening in sunshine, and closing in the shade, as in Each- scholizia. 120 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. same group, such as Hypecoum1 or Dicentra. The former (figs. 143-150) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the little convex Fumaria officinalis. Fig. 142. Habit. receptacle are borne two antero-posterior sepals, two alternating 1 T., Inst., 230, t. 115 [Hypecoon). — L., Suit, a Bvffon, vii. 62. — Endl., Gen., n.4833. Gen., n. 171. — J., Gen., 236. — Gm&TS., Fruct , Payee, Organog., 227; Fam. Nat., 128. — B. H., ii. 164, t. 115.— Lamk., Diet., iii. 160; Suppl., Gen., 54, 965, n. 18. — Mnemosilla Foksk., Fl. iii. 82; III., t. 88.— DC, ffy**., ii. 101 ; Frodr., Mgypt.-Aral., 122. i. 123. — Bekkh., in Litmcea, viii. 465. — Spalh, PAPAVEBACE.E. 121 petals, and two more superposed to the sepals, all four usually trilobate.1 The androceum consists of four stamens superposed two to the outer and two to the inner petals.2 Each has a free filament and an Hypecoum procumbens. Fig. 143. Flower (a). Fig. 145. Flower unexpanded. Fig. 144. Lonjr. sect, of flower. Fig. 146. Flower dissected. Fig. 148. Fig. 147. Fig. 150 Fruit. Sexual organs (-*-). Seed (f) Fig. 149. Long. sect, of part of the fruit (f). introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The free gynaeceum consists of an elongated one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style with two stigmatiferous branches, superposed to the outer petals. The placentas, alternating with these, are parietal, each 1 In this case the three lobes are imbricated, of alternation, in two dimerous verticils as in as though they were three distinct petals. JSpimedium. 2 For they are arranged according to the law 122 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. bearing a vertical row of ascending anatropous ovules, with their rnicropyles turned downwards and away from the placenta. The fruit is dry, partitioned off by transverse false-septa between the seeds and often dividing into one-seeded segments, more rarely dehiscing by two longitudinal valves.1 The ascending seeds contain a large albumen, lodging on one side some way from its organic apex a narrow bowed excentric embryo. The four or five known species2 of this genus are glaucous glabrous annual herbs, with alternate multisect leaves of linear segments. They become smaller and oi'ten opposite below the flowers, which are terminal or leaf-opposed, or sometimes collected into a sort of leafy raceme, on a peculiar axis with no leaves towards its base. All these plants are natives of the Mediterranean regions of Europe and Africa, or of Temperate Asia. Our knowledge of the floral organization of ffi/pecoum, makes that of Dicentrc? (figs. 151-153) now easy. Both of the oppositisepalous stamens are comj^letely deduplicated ; each lateral half, consisting of a slender filament and an anther-cell, quits its fellow to adhere to the edge of the alternisepalous stamen. Hence this appears formed, above a certain height, of one broad flattened filament bearing at the top four anther-cells, of which the two central alone belong to one single stamen. Such is the origin of the apparent diadelphy that groups the stamens in two bundles superposed to the outer petals (fig. 151). These have above their base a sac-like or spur-like dilatation, while the inner pair (fig. 153) are narrower and unguiculate, and cohere by their tips which bear an external keel or wing. The ovary is sur- mounted by a style with a two- or four-lobed lip,4 and contains a large number of ovules5 on two antero-posterior parietal placentas. The 1 On this character is founded the genus Tent. Fl. Nepal., 51, t. 39. — Bernh., in Lin- Chiazospermum Beenh. (in Linntea, viii. 465), neea, viii. 467. — Endl., Gen., n. 4835. Cap- whose type is H. erection L. (Spec, 181), a norchis Pl., in Fl. des Serr., viii. 193. — Eu~ Daourian species, which can only be made a capnos Sieb. & Zucc, in Abh. Ak. Miin., hi. distinct section of Hypecoum. 721, t. 1, fig. 2. 2 Sibth., Fl. Grcec, ii. 47, t. 156. — Reichb., 4 In the latter case we must distinguish be- Ic. Fl. Germ., Hi. t. 9. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 121. — tween the two primitive lobes corresponding with Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 62. — Walp., Rep., the apices of the carpellary leaves and the un- i. 117 ; Ann., i. 23; iv. 176; vii. 88. equally flattened and expanded lobes with incised 3 Boekh., ex Bebnh., in Linntea, viii. 468. — edges, which vary in form with the species, and Endl., Gen., n. 4836. — B. H., Gen., 55, n. 20. — are situated lower down, owing to a late hyper- Dlclytra DC, Sy.it., ii. 107 ; Prudr., i. 125. — trophy of the sides of the style. Payee, Organog., 227, t. 50 ; Fam. Nat., 127. s They are originally ascending, with the (The name has often been wrongly written micropyle downwards and inwards; they have Dielytra.) — Macrocapnos Rotle, in Lindl. two coats. Introd., ed. 2, 439. — Dactylicapnos Wall., TAT AVERAGE M. 123 fruit is dry, flattened so that the placentas are brought close against one another ; it dehisces longitudinally by the separation of the placentas from the valves, which either leave them entirely or remain clinging to one. The seeds, naked or with an arillary crest, are formed as in Corydalis. About twelve species1 of Dicentra are known, half American, half from Temperate Central and Eastern Asia. They are perennials, often climbing ; the leaves are alternate multisect ; the flowers are collected into terminal or leaf-opposed simple racemes or racemes of cymes. Dicentra spectabilis. Fig. 152. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 151. Diagram. Fig. 153. Inner petal. Adlumia cirrkosa,2 a climber from North America, is a Dicentra with conferruminate petals ; it is in no other respect different. Corydalii (tigs. 154-15S) may be denned as Dicentra with only one petal prolonged above its base into a spur, sac, or gibbosity. 1 Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 9 B — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 50; Man., 27.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.- States, 22.— Don, in Sw. Brit. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, ii. t. Vll. — Bot. Mag., t. 3031, 4458.— Walp., Rep. i , 118 ; Ann., i. 24 ; iv. 177 ; vii. 89. 2 Rafin., in N.- York lied. Bepos., ii. hex. 5, 350 ; in Desrx. Journ. Bot., ii. 169. — DC, Syst., ii. Ill; Prodr., i. 126. — Bernii., in Linncca, viii. 468. — Endl., Gen., n. 4837. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 151 ; Man., 27.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. -Slates, 22.— B. H., Gen., 55, n. 21 — Bicuculla Bokkh., in Boem. Arch., i. 2, 46. — Corydalis fungosa Vent., Ch. de PL, t. 19 (ex Endl.). 3 DC, Syst., ii. 113; Prodr., i. 126.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 71—84. — Endl., Gen., n. 4839.— B. H., Gen., 55, n. 22.— Capnoides Boerh., Lugd.-Bat., 391. — G^rtn., Fruct., ii. 163, t. 115.— T., Inst., 423, t. 237.— Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 431. — Cysticapnos Boerh., loc. cit. — Endl., Gen., n. 4812. — Neckeria Scop., Introd., n. 1436. — Bulbocapnos Bernh., in Linncea, viii. 469. — Phacocapnos Bernh., loc. cit., 664. — Sopliorocapnos TtJBCZ., in Bull. Mosc. (1818), i. 570. — Cryptoceras Schott (ex Walp., Ann., iv. 570). — Ceralocapnos Dur., in Parlat. Giorn. Bot., i. 336. 124 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Hence the flower is made irregular by the unilateral projection.1 The ovary contains one or more ovules,2 and the one- or many- Corydalis bullosa. Fig. 154. Inflorescence. Fig. 155. Flower (f). Fig. 156. Flower dissected. seeded fruit opens as in Dicentra. The seeds have an arillary crest.3 Some seventy species4 of this genus have been described, erect or 1 When, as occasionally happens, the opposite flower assumes a similar form, the flower Ik comes accidentally regular, like that of a Dicentra. This we have found the case in whole inflo- rescences of C. cava. [See Gode., Mem. sur les Fumariacees a Fleurs Irregvlieres et stir les Causes de leur Irregtdarite, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, ii. 272. See also, on the androeeum of Fitmariacece, Caruel, in Bull. Soc. Bot. de F, ., xiv. 228 ; and on the general symmetry of the flowers in this group, Eichl., in Flora (1865), 433, 449, 497, 513, 529, 545, in Mart. Fl. Bras., Papav., 323, t. 68; — Buchen., in Flora (1866), 39.] — Pater {Organog., 227, t. 49, 50) has also studied the symmetry of the parts by following ■up their development. 2 They have two coats. 3 Resulting from the excessive development of a little group of cells near the base of the raphe, on the opposite side of the hilum to the micro- pyle ; it has often been termed a strophiole. In this genus the seeds have often an enormous albumen at the time the fruit dehisce-*, without any embryo. This developes ulteriorly in certain species, just as in Eratithis. 4 Deless., Icon. Sel , ii. t. 9, 10. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. 5-8.— Wight, ///., 11.— Harv. & Sokd., Fl. Cap., i. 16. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 126.— Maxim., Prim. Fl. Amur., 37.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 52 ; Man., 27. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.- States, 23.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 64.— Wali\, Pep., i. 118; ii. 750; v. 23; Ann., i. 24; ii. 27, 29 {Ceratocapnos) ; iv. 1S4, 190 (Cryploceras) ; vii. 89. P AP AVER ACE JE. 125 Corydalis solida. climbing lierbs. When they are perennial the subterranean part is often a tuberous rhizome of variable form (157, 158), the evolution of which presents numerous specific peculiarities.1 The leaves are alternate or subopposite, multisect exstipulate. The flowers form terminal or leaf-opposed, simple or more rarely ramified racemes. Corydalis inha- bits Europe, Temperate Asia, North and South Africa, and Temperate America. Sarcocapnos" has altogether the flower of Corydalis; but the number of ovules on each of the two placentas is small3 or often reduced to one only. The fruit is a little, flattened, one- or two-seeded, inde- hiscent achene. Three or four species4 of this genus are known, low lierbs, from the Mediterranean, Spain, and North-western Africa. Their leaves are dissected as in Corydalis, with usually larger fleshier segments, terminal paucifloral racemes. The Fumitories5 (figs. 142, 159-165) offer a reduced type of Cory- dalis and Sarcocapnos. They have the same flower in perianth6 and androceum,7 and the indehiscent fruit of Sarcocapnos. But the ovary Fig. 157. Long. sect, of young bulb. Fig. 158. Long sect, of older bulbs. The flowers form 1 BlSCH., in Zeitschr. f. PJiys., iv. 146 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat.,ser. 2, i. 117. — Marly, in Flora (1838), 728. — E. de Bekg, in Ann. Sc. Nat., seY. 2, xiii. 158. — Michal., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vi. 779, 804; vii. 590.— Gerai., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vii. 590, 594. 2 DC, Syst., ii. 129; Prodr., i. 129— Endl., Gen., n. 4841.— B. H., Gen, 56, n. 23.— Apl ectrocapnos Boiss., Diagn., v. 79. 3 I have often seen two ovules, on one pla- centa, and only one on the other. 4 Lame., III., t. 597, fig. 4 (Fumaria). — Desf., Fl. All., t. 173 (Fumaria). — Bernh., in Linna>a, viii. 470. — Walp., Rep., v. 24. 5 Fumaria T., Inst., 422, t. 237.— L., Gen., n. 849. — Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 431.— J., Gen., 237. — GiERTN., Fruct., ii. 162, t. 115. — Lame:., Diet., ii. 566; Suppl., ii. 681; III., t. 115.— DC., Syst., ii. 129; Prodr., i. 129.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 85. — Endl., Gen., n. . 4843. — Pater, Organogen., 227, t. 49.— B. H., Gen., 56, 965, n. 24. — Hammar, Monogr. Gen. Fumar., in Nov. Act. Soc. Beg. TJpsal., ser. 3, ii. p. i. 257, t. 1-6. — Platycapnos Bernh:., in Linnrra, viii. 471. — Endl., Gen., n. 4844. — Discocapnot Cham. & Schltl., in Linncea, i. 569. — Bernh., in Linnaa, viii. 470. — Endl., Gen., n. 4840. 6 Flowers occur, which become regular (like those in figs. 162, 163), because neither petal is Fig. 162. Fig. 163. spurred. The petals, when affected by this monstrosity, are usually somewhat greenish, tapering at the base, and almost spathulate. 1 As in Corydalis, it sends down a glandular 126 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. at maturity contains only one subbasilar ascending ovule with its micropyle downwards and outwards, inserted on the lower part of one of the two parietal placentas. The other placenta remains sterile.1 The fruit is a little drupe, whose skin finally dries up ; the Fumaria officinalis. Fig. 164. Fruit (f ). Fig. 159. Fig. 161. Fig. 160. Flower (f). Flower, perianth Long. sect, of removed. flower. Fig. 165. Long. sect, of fruit. stone contains a single seed. The Fumitories are glaucous herbs, often annual, erect and much branched, or climbing. In leaves and inflorescence they resemble Corydalis. Half a dozen species are known," inhabitants of Europe, Asia, North and South Africa, Australia, and North and South America. The Papcweracea were made a distinct class, even in the list of decurrent spear into the hollow of the gibbous petal, like that of the androceuin of the Violet. The form of the pollen grains is very remarkable both in Fumaria and Corydalis (see H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 32G) ; it is poly- hedral, or else spherical, with very large pro- minent papillae that make it look polyhedral. Thus in Fumaria officinalis and Alexaudrina, and Corydalis capreolata, they form viscid opaque spheres, with six or twelve regularly arranged papilla?. In F. nohilis they bear three narrow bands. In C. lutea and sempervirens they are divided by narrow bands, " like a cube, triangular prism, or tetradon ;" in F. spicata, " like a pen- tagonal dodecahedron." The grains of F. offi- cinalis have the general form of a cube with the angles rounded ofi\ If one of the faces is pre- sented to the observer four large papillae are seen, forming a sort of hemispherical cap to each angle, with a sort of ring round the base. Nearer the centre of the face, and within these papillae, are seen not more than four similar ones. 1 Or if at first it bears a few ovules, their development is soon arrested, like those on the fertile placenta that do not reach maturity. 2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. t. 1-4. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 132.— Harv. & Sond., FL Cap., i. 18. — Habt., Thes. Cap., t. 10 (JDiscocapnos). — A. Gray, Man., 28. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Fapav.,3l9.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 103.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 55.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 66. — Walp., Rep., v. 23 (Discocapnos) ; Ann., ii. 27 ; iv. 178 ; vii. 92. PAP AVERAGES. 127 B. de Jussieu1 in 1759. Besides the seven genera Bocconia, Sangui- naria, Chelidonium, Argemone, Papaver, Hypecotim, and Fumaria, it con- tained Podophyllum, Nymphcea, Sarracena, Monotropa, and Impatiens. In 1763 Adanson'- included the same genera in his family Pavots (Poppies), together with the then known Berberidacea?, the Actceece, and Laurus ; but he excluded Monotropa. A. L. de Jussieu3 retained only the first seven of the above genera and added Glaucium ; re- legating Monofropa to the "genera incertce sedis" and Podophyllum and Actcea to Ranuncitlacea. Papaveracece was then reduced to eight genera, six with indefinite and two {ITypecoum and Fumaria) with definite stamens. De Candolle, between 1S22 and 1824,4 made Papaveracece and Fumariacece into two distinct orders. The former included all A.L.de Jussieu's order, except Fumaria, besides Pcemeria of Medicus5 and Meconopsis of Viguier ;6 the latter comprised Fumaria, Adlumia of Ra.fi nesque,7 and Diclytrc? and Corydalis.9 When Endlicher10 drew up his "Genera Plantarum" some fifteen years later, the order Papaveracece, including Fumariacece as a suborder, comprised seven more genera: Macleya of R. Brown,11 Stylophorum of Nuttall,12 Eschscholtzia of Chamisso,13 Dendromecon Platystemon and Plafystigma of Bentham,14 and Sarcocapnos of De Candolle.15 To these types have since been added Romneya by Harvey10 in 1845, and Cathcartia by J. Hooker17 in 1851 ; besides two other doubtful genera, one18 imperfectly described, the other19 of uncertain position, which raise the tale of Papaveraceous genera to twenty-three, comprising some hundred and sixty species. These plants are very unequally distributed over the globe. The 1 In A. L. de Juss. Gen., lxvii. 2 Fam. des PI., ii. 425, Fain. LIII. 3 Gen. Plant. (1789), 235, Ord. II. 4 St/st., ii. 67, 105; Prodr., i. 117, 125, Ord. IX., X. 5 In Uster. Ann., iii. (1792). 6 Hist. Nat. Med. et Econ. des Pavots et des Arqemones, Alontpell., 1814. 7 In N.- York Med. Repos., ii. 350 ; in Desvx. Jour 7i. Pot., ii. (1809). 8 DC, St/st., ii. (1822). 9 DC, Fl. Fr., iv. (1805). 10 Gen. (1836-1840), 854-861. 11 In Denh. § Clapp. App. (1826). 12 Gen., ii. (1818). 13 In Nees Hor. Phys. Berol. (1820). 14 In Trans. Hort. Soc„ ser. 2, i. (1835). 15 Syst., ii. (1S22). 16 In Hook. Journ., iv. 17 In Pot. Mag., t. 4596. is pteridophyllum Sieb. & Zucc. (in Abh. Ah. Mun., iii. 719, t. 1, f. 1 ;— B. H., Gen., 54, n. 19;— Walp., Rep., v. 21). "Sepals 2, scale- like. Petals 4, 2 outer elliptical-concave, 2 inner, flat. Stamens 4, opposite petals. Placenta of ovary nerve-like, bearing at very base 1, 2 ovules; style filiform ; stigmatiferous lobes spreading, alternating with placenta?. — A herb; rhizome rather thick ; leaves radical, pectinate-pinna- tisect ; scapes naked, ending in a simple or sub- racemose raceme. — Species 1, Japanese : P. racemosum Sieb. & Zucc." (This ill-known plant seems very near to Hicentra). 19 Tovaria Ruiz & Pat., which has been 128 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. two series whereof Platystemon and Fschscholtzia are the respective types, comprising five genera and fifteen species, are confined to the West of North America. Of the ten genera composing Papaverece only four extend to America : Papaver, whereof most species are confined to the Old World ; Aryemone, with all its species American ; two species of Sfylophorum, and the single one of Chelidonimn, are also represented there. In Fumariea, Fumaria and Corydalis are divided between both Worlds, though very unequally, America pos- sessing only one species out of six of the former genus, and four out of upwards of sixty of the latter. Of the twelve species of Dicentra half are found in each hemisphere. The monotypical genera Adhimia and Tovaria are exclusively American, and Hypecoum, Sarcocapnos, and Pteridophyllum are natives of the Old World only. The last is limited to Japan. Adhimia and Sanyuinaria, both monotypical, are confined to North America. The only known Cathcartia is a Himalayan plant. European representatives occur to the following genera : Papaver, Meconopsis, Glaucium, Rcemeria, Chelidonium, Hypecoum, Corydalis, Sarcocapnos and Fumaria, including more than one-third of the total number. Botanists of the present day are agreed in dividing Papaveracea into four tribes or series : I. Platystemone.e. — Petals all similar, stamens free indefinite. Stigmatiferous divisions of the style alternate with the placentas, free, distinct, often diverging. Gynasceum showing externally a usually classed as an abnormal genus of Phyto- laecacece, but Eichlee proposes to place it in PapaveracecB, as linking this with the former order. T. pendula, the only known species is a native of Peru, Colombia, the Antilles, &c. On its convex floral receptacle we find eight imbri- cated caducous sepals ; eight alternating imbri- cated sessile petals; from eight to twelve free bypogynous stamens, with introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence; a shortly stipi- tate gynseceum, whose 6— 8-celled ovary is sur- mounted by a short style, which rapidly dilates into a head with from 6 to 8 thick stumpy rays, stigmatiferous on the upper side. Each cell con- tains in its ventral angle a thick placenta, whose two lobes bear numerous anatropous ovules. The fruit is a globular berry, with a thin pericarp ; it contains in its pulp an indefinite number of seeds, inclosing a fleshy albumen and a bowed embryo. T.pendula is an annual herb of very strong smell, with an erect glabrous branching stem. Its leaves are alternate exstipulate, trifoliolate, membranous. Its flowers form slender drooping multifloral ter- minal racemes. (R. & Pay., Prodr., 49, t. 8; Fl. Per., iii. 73, t. 309.— Pat., in Act. Med. Matrit., i. 192.— Do>', in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., vi. 50. — Ekdl., Gen., n. 5006. — Hook., Icon., t. 664.— Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., i. 17.— Macf., Fl. Jam., 112 (Bancroftia). — Pl., in Toy. Bind., 20. — Tbia>a & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 88. — B. H., Gen., 110, 969, n. 23.— Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 239.) PAPAVEBACEJE. 129 trace of the separation of the ovaries of the several carpels, which becomes complete at maturity; seminiferous placentas then remaining attached to the valves of the fruit. — (3 genera.) II. Papavere^e. — Corolla and androceum as in Platystemonece. Style thick, dilated into a sort of more or less stumpy head (often wrongly described as a stigma), incised at the edges into lobes or crenulations which alternate with the placentas, or else bear each a stigmatiferous line or groove superposed to a placenta. Fruits capsular, usually opening by valves alternate with the placentas, which are here left free and support the style. III. Eschscholtzie^;. — Corolla and androceum perigynous, other- wise as in the preceding series. Gynaeceum partially inferior, dicar- pellary. Stigmatiferous divisions four at least, respectively. corre- sponding with the two placentas and the entire or divided summits of the carpellary leaves. Fruit elongate, longitudinally striate ; valves placentiferous on the edges. — (2 genera.) IV. Fumarie^e. — Flowers dimerous, with two dissimilar corollas. Stamens definite (4-6). Grynseceum dicarpellary. — (7 genera.) By each one of these series the order Papaveracece is linked to some special order among its allies ; by Plafysfemonce to Ranuncidacece, by Papaverece to Ranunculacece and Berberidacece, by Eschscholiziece and Fumariece to Cruciferce and Capparidacece. Thus Platystemon, where- with we commenced the study of this order, has sometimes been referred to Ranunculacece. For if the gynseceal elements be united by the ovarian portion into a single one-celled ovary, yet at maturity each carpellary leaf becomes free, so that the arrangement recalls that of a Eanunculad. Moreover, orders closely allied to Ranunculacece and Papaveracece may contain side by side with their polycarpic types, other genera with a one-celled ovary and parietal placentae; thus, in Anonacece, Maynoliacece, and Berberidacece we find such genera as Monodora, Canella, Erythrospermum. Hence the close affinities between Ranunculacece and Papaveracece cannot be ignored, and the latter may be termed the unilocular type of the former. But there are other characters that prevent our fusing the two orders into one ; the frequency of dimerous symmetry of the floral whorls, the presence of latex of peculiar properties in the organs, and the almost constantly capsular fruit of the Papaveracece. Podophyllece form another link between these two orders, and VOL. III. K 130 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. have sometimes been ascribed to Ranuncidacea. But at the same time it has been found impossible to ignore the close affinities between Sanguinaria and Jeffersonia, which only really differs in its unicarpellary gynaeceum. Hence the other Berberidacea, too, border closely on Papaveracea. True they lack milky juice and pos- sess a peculiar colouring matter instead. Their anthers often open by valves, though sometimes by longitudinal clefts. But we have shown that in the latter case the anthers are really introrse, despite contrary appearances, while those of Papaveracece are generally ex- trorse. It is useless to turn to the number of carpels, usually single in Berberidacea but numerous in Papaveracea, since the Lardiza- balece, all pluricarpellary, have been placed among the former, together with PJrythrospermea, whose carpels are united into a one-celled ovary, quite like that of a Poppy. But there is one other difference between Papaveracece and Berberidacece (including Podojjhyllece). The number of stamens, when definite, is a multiple of two in the former ; while in the latter it is a multiple of three, the androceum, consist- ing of deduplicated trimerous verticils. Epimedium, whose species have nearly all dimerous flowers, offers the only exception, and here the valvate anthers are characteristic.1 By the Fumariece, with the androceum definite, the Papaveracece no doubt approach the hexandrous Cruciferce ; but the stamens are not tetradynamous ; and even when, as in Glaucium, the fruit is a siliqua with a false dissepi- ment, the seeds have a fleshy albumen which is absent in Crucifers. 2 The Poppies come especially close to Nymphaacece and Sarracenece. But the latter group have as many petals as sepals ; not as in Papaveracece, a calyx and two corollas, whatever may be the sum total of the perianth leaves ; and the Nymphceece have indefinite petals arranged along a continuous spiral instead of in whorls ; while their seed has a double albumen. We find too among the orders with a 1 J. G. Agaedh (Theor. Syst., 72, t. 5, figs. structura seminum quoque comparata, typuin 6, 7) compares Papaveracece chiefly with Nan- omnino diversum mihi indicat." (Ag., loc. cit., dinecB, which he separates from Lardizabalece 73.) B. Mirbel (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, vi. and Berberidacece : " Papaveracece sunt Nan- 266, t. 11) long ago established the chief points dinece carpellis pluribus, in pistillum unicum con- of difference between Papaveracece and Cruci- junctis. fierce ; and when we study the floral symmetry of z " Gemmulse in Papaveraceis ita positae sunt the latter order, we shall see in what respects ut raphe lutus superum gemmula? horizontalis aut many botanists have found it comparable with erectiusculaj servet, micropyle infera deorsa. Gem- the former, mulas contra in Cruciferis epitropas video, quod, PAP AVERAGES. 131 one-celled ovary and parietal placentation whose affinities with the Polycarpicce are not yet clearly settled, certain genera that recall Papaveracece by their sexual organs ; such as Parnassia and several Cistacece, Bixacece,1 and Capparidacete. The vegetative organs of Papaveracea are to some extent charac- teristic. We may note the usually herbaceous stems, often glabrous and glaucous, or covered with long hairs, which may be harsh and prickly. Only in two, Bocconia and Dendromecon, does the frutescent stem become woody, at least in its lower part. A far more marked character of organization is the presence of a white or coloured milky juice in most Papaveracea. In some it becomes opalescent and trans- lucent, and in Fumariea almost exclusively the juice is quite or nearly transparent in stem and leaves. The Papaveracecs have always been cited as typically rich in proper juice or latex. The laticiferous vessels of Papaveracece, formerly imperfectly described,2 have been recently studied by Tkecul.3 He finds two types of structure and distribution of these vessels in Papaveracea. " In the one type they are chiefly allotted to the circumference of the fibrovascular bundles of the aerial stems and leaves {Chelidonium, Macleya, Sanguinaria, &c). In the other they are only present in the subliberian tissue of the fibrovascular bundles of these same organs ; hence in neither case is it the liber fibres alone that contain the latex ; which, however, does not imply that the laticifers have none of the characters of these fibres. The Papa- veracece .... on the contrary, will serve to show that these vessels are formed of elements that vary with the parts they traverse — i.e., in the parenchyma they are formed from cells like those of the parenchyma ; in contact with the liber they may be formed of cells like those of the liber, and susceptible of similar thickening, &c." In Papaver, Argemone, and Bajmeria the laticifers are seen in the sub- 1 Especially Cocldospermece, made a tribe of the laticiferous cells. (See also Amici, in Ann. tbis order, but sometimes possessing the habit of Sc. Wat., ser. 1, i. 224, t. 13. — Link, Icon. Anat., Papaveracea. Cochlospermum has, it is true, fasc. 2, xiv. 8. — C. H. Schttltz, in Nov. Act. pentamerous flowers, but the structure of its Nat. Cur., xviii. Suppl. ii. t. 16, 17.) gynseceum recalls that of a Poppy, and its latex 3 In Compt. Bend., lx. 522; in Adansonia, is yellow, as in Boemeria, Argemone, &c. vii. 145 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, v. 44. — This 2 By Moldenhatter, who in 1812 (Beitr. z. work it is that we summarize here, and to it we Anat. d. Pfianz., 141), described those of Cheli- refer the reader for the numerous details of the ionium, and since by Unger, Hanstein, &c, question. who have recognised the arrangement in rows of K 2 132 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. liberian tissue forming long continuous tubes, anastomosing more or less frequently, according to the species — very rarely in Papaver xomniferu))).1 In the calyx and fruit they form, on the contrary, a very intricate network. In the root of Argemone we see the rows of laticiferous cells which are destined to be transformed into anas- tomosing tubes. This condition, rows of cells forming a network with other rows, is permanent in Sanguinaria Canadensis, where we also find isolated latex cells, and in the petals continuous tubes. The laticiferous cells of Chelidonium vary in form, according to the part they occupy. In the cortical parenchyma and medullary rays they are short. In the liber they are elongated like the fibres thereof. In Bocconia (Maclei/a) cordata their distribution is nearly the same.2 The reservoirs of latex found in the liber appear to be true liber fibres, and differ in no respect from the rest of them when the contained latex has disappeared with age ; this occurs gradually, from below upwards.3 In Glaucium the latex is in isolated cells which in the stem are early emptied.4 Some rows of cells with yellow latex are found in the outermost layers of the root. In the various plants of this order the reservoirs of latex communicate either with one another by perforations or special canals,5 or with the various lymphatic vessels ; and even in Jrgemone, Trecul has seen the formation of latex in situ in the cavity of certain vessels, and stopping up their channels.6 The plants of this order owe their most marked qualities to the presence of these juices;7 where the latex is abundantwe find poisonous, narcotic, acrid, irritant, or evacuant properties usually very marked. The Poppies are essentially opium plants, and this terrible poison or heroic remedy, is an integral part of the latex, or rather is only the thickened latex, deprived b}r desiccation of the greater part of its water. This juice is found in most parts of the plant, fruit, calyx, leaves, 1 Far more frequently in tbe Red Poppy. meet, often touch by their summits, and then a There are cells with yellow orange or red blend by the absorption of their walls at the latex, "scattered through the bark and me- point of contact. dullary rays, and between the vessels of the 6 At first these form yellow protuberances on wood." the inner wall of the vessel, limited by a very 3 At a certain age it is confined to the peri- delicate membrane, which then meet in the centre carp. of the channel, and sometimes fuse. 4 Only a little brown granular matter is left 7 DC, Ess. sur les Propr., 107. — GtUB., in the cells round their walls. Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 695. — A. Rich., EUm., 5 In Argemone bays form in the neighbouring ed. 4, ii. 407. — Endl., Enchirid., 444. — Lindl., sides of two parallel vessels, and advancing to Veg. Kingd., 431 j Fl. Sort., 15. — Pebeiba, PAPAVEPAGEM. 133 branches, stem, and root. From these organs bruised the ancients obtained the narcotic extract, which they called meconium. It is by in- cision into the green fruit, some days after flowering, that opium is obtained. The process varies in Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, India, and even those European countries where native opium manufacture has been attempted- But opium invariably consists, when it has undergone no further manipulation, of little coherent pale or tawny transparent masses, which are only agglomerations of more or less desiccated drops of latex. We need hardly mention that opium is the sedative and narcotic par excellence and that its properties are found in the numerous compounds into which it enters,1 and in several o+* the numerous alkaloids it contains,2 whose study is so interesting from the point of view of chemical theory as well as of medical science. The true Opium-Poppy is the white-seeded variety of Papaver som- niferum* (figs. 117, 1 18), though the other varieties contain opium which might be utilized.4 P. bracteatum? orientale,6 Rhceas,7 dubium* hybridum? Argemone™ and nudicaiile" all appear to owe their properties to the presence of a little morphia in their organs. It is also found in some allied genera, Argemone in particular.1' In many other Papaverads the latex is acrid and irritant, often very poisonous. That of the Greater Celandine13 (Fr., Grande Eclaire ; figs. 134-136), which is orange- Elem. Mat. Med.,eA. 4,ii. p. ii. 586. — Rosenth., 5 Lindl., Coll., t. 23. — Ker, in Bot. Reg., t. Synops. PI. Diaphor., 623. 658. — DC, Prodi:, n. 18 — Guib., op. cit., 705. 1 Such as thebaic extract, Laudanum (of 6 L., Spec, 727. — Curt., in Bot. Mag., t. Sydenham & Rousseau), Mithridate, Theria- 57. — DC, Prodr., n. 17. — Guib., op. cit., 704. cum, Dover's Powder, Masse de Cynoglosse,sirop ' L., Spec, 726. — Sir., Engl. Bot., t. 645. — diacode, succinum or Jcarabe, Paregoric Elixir, DC, Prodr., n. 9. — Lindl., op cit., 15. — Guib., Tincture of Opium, Black Drop, &e. op. cit., 704. — Pereira, op. cit., 586. The 2 Especially Morphia (C,7H,9N03), Xarcotine petals, which contain rhceadine, are especially (C2„H.,3NO,), Codeine (C18H.nNO31H„0), Narcein used as a sedative (Hess., in N. Rep. Pharm., (C2gH29N09); Papaverine (0„0HniXO4), Narco- xv. 139). genine" (CMHl9N06), Thebaine" (C19H21N03), 8 L., Spec, 726.— Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 644.— Porphyroxine, &c. ScHKUHR.,if«/;-dl., Enckirid., 10 DC, Fl. Fr., iv. 637; Prodr., n. 8.— Gimb., 446. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 436 ; FL Med., op. cit., 695. — Fumaria cava Mill., Diet., n. 7. 17.— Rosenth., op. cit., 627. " DC, Fl. Fr., iv. G37 ; Prodr., n. 11. (Radix - L., Spec, 984. — DC, Prodr., i. 130, n. 6. — Aristolochia; carce off.) Guib., loc. cit., 6d3. fig. 760. 12 Pei;s., Syn.,-\\. 269.— DC, Prodr., n. 9.— 3 Lois., Not., 101. — DC, Prodr., n. 5. Fumaria falacea Betz., Prodr., ed. 2, n. 859 4 L., Spec, 985. — DC, Prodr., n. 1. — Platy~ (\M.\-t.).—Bulbocapnosfabacea Bebnh. (Radix capnos spica/us Bernh., in Linncea, viii. 471. Aristolochice. fabacem ofi'.j 5 Lois., Not., 102. — DC, Prodr., n. 8. 13 Pees., Syn., ii. 270.— Fumaria Halleri W. — 6 L., Spec, 985. — DC, Prodr., n. 4. Bulbccapnos digitatits Beenh. 7 Lamk., Diet., ii. 567. — DC, Prodr., n. 7. H Bobkh., loc. cit. — Bentl., in Pharm. 8 Puesh, Fl. Bor.-Amer., ii. 463. — Fumaria Journ., ser. 2, iv. 353. — Guib., cp. cit., 694. — glauca Cuet., in Bot. Mag., t. 179. — Capnoides Fumaria formosa Ande., in But. Repos., t. gluuea Michx. (Rerba Capnoides off.) 493. — Sims, in Bot. Mag., t. 1'335. — Diclytra 9 Pees., Syn., ii. 270. — Fumaria acaulia formosa DC, Syst., ii. 10'J. — Corydalis formosa Wulf., in Jacq. Coll., ii. 203; Ic. Rar., iii. t. Puesh, loc. cit. — Boseuth., op. cit, 628. 544. (Rerba Split s. Fumaria. luteal off.) 136 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. are cultivated for ornaments : some species of Corydalis, Dicentra jormosa and spectabilis, and Adlumia cirrhosa with its delicate climb- ing stems. In the other series, gardeners prize the various species of Eschscholfzia, Platystemon, and Platystigma, the white and yellow flowered Argemones, the Bocconias of the section Macleya, the Indian species of Meconojjsis, especially the blue ones, and numberless Poppies, such as P. orientate and bracteatum, and the handsome, numerous varieties and double forms of P. somniferum and persicum. PAPAVERACE&. 137 GENERA. I. PLATYSTEMONE.E. 1. Platystemon Benth. — Flowers 3-merous; receptacle conoi- dal with summit depressed. Sepals free, imbricate or contorted, deciduous. Corolla double ; petals of each of same shape, imbricate or contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, hypogynous ; filaments compressed ; anthers basifixed, extrorse 2-rimose. Carpels oo, united at first into sulcate germen, projecting a little inwards into oo-ovulate parietal placentas ; styles distinct, stigmatose within ; mature carpels distinct linear closed torulose, transversely septate within between seeds, separating into indehiscent, 1 -seeded joints. Seeds albuminous. — An annual herb ; leaves alternate simple j flowers usually opposite or 3-nate ; flowers long pedunculate, terminal or leaf opposed {California). See p. 104. 2? Platystigma Benth. — Flowers almost of Platystemon; stamens indefinite or subdefinite ; filaments not dilated. Germen 3-quetrous ; placentas 3, nerviform and scarcely projecting ; styles 3, distinct, alternating with placentas, ovate or lanceolate, spreading, stigmatose within. Capsule opening from apex into 3 valves, placentiferous on edges. — Annual herbs, appearance and inflorescence almost of Platystemon {Western North America). See p. 105. 3. Romneya Harv. — Flowers almost of Platystemon; sepals sometimes expanded into wings. Germen divided into oo complete or incomplete cells ; placentas intruded, 8 -ovulate ; carpels united into a ring, at apex diverging into as many styles, stigmatose within. Carpels ovoid, densely setose . . . ? — A branched glabrous glaucous herb ; leaves pinnatifid ; flowers terminal {California). See p. 106. II. PAPAVEKE.E. 4. Papaver T. — Flowers 2- or rarely 3-merous; receptacle a 138 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. narrow cone. Sepals imbricate or contorted, very caducous. Corolla double ; petals of each of similar form, imbricate or twisted, crumpled at apex, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous co ; anthers basifixed extrorse. Germ en shortly stipitate, usually 1 -celled, more or less deeply septate by the intruded placentas, bearing ovules nearly all over their surface ; style short, thick, soon dilated into a convex or pyramidal disk-like head, and applied to top of ovary; lobes radiating sulcate from the centre and stigmatose opposite the placentas. Capsule varying in shape, surmounted by persistent style, usually dehiscing by short pore-like valves underneath the vertex and between the placentas. Seeds oo, subreniform, pitted : albumen copious oily; embryo thin, more or less bowed. — Perennial or annual herbs, glabrous glaucous hispid; juice milky; leaves alternate, mostly lobed or dis- sected ; flowers terminal pedunculate ; buds drooping {Temperate and Subtropical Europe, Asia, North Africa, South Africa, Subtropical Australia, North America). See p. 106. 5? Meconopsis Vig. — Flowers almost of Papaver ; style distinct with clavate head ; lobes of stigma 4-6 radiate-deflexed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscing by short valves. — Annual or usually perennial herbs ; juice yellow ; flowers and inflorescence of Papaver {Himalaya, South Europe, North America). See p. 110. 6. Argemone T. — Flowers mostly 3-merous (almost of Papaver') ; placentas of ovary 4-6, nerviform. Style short ; apex dilated, depressed; lobes 4-6 opposite, placentas deflexed radiating from centre, concave stigmatose within. Capsule oblong, dehiscent by short valves, exposing placentas persisting with style. Seeds pitted. — Herbs, branched glaucescent ; juice golden-yellow; leaves much pinnatifid, usually spinose-dentate or stiffly setose ; flowers terminal ; often erect in bud, surmounted by 3 prickles (arising from back of sepals) {Tropical and Subtropical America, all tropical ret/ions). Seep. 111. 7. Cathcartia Hook. f. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of Papaver) ; placentas 4-6, nerviform. Style short, soon thickened into an enlarged-depressed head ; lobes radiating outwards opposite the placentas. Capsule cylindrical ; subdehiscent from apex to base by valves uncovering the persistent placentas and style. Seed pitted ; PAP AVERAGE JE. 139 raphe crested. — A herb, covered with tawny hairs, juice yellow ; leaves lobed; flowers long-pedunculate ; buds drooping {Himalaya). See p. 112. 8. Stylophorum Nutt. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of {Papaver) ; placentas 2-4, nerviibrm. Style distinct erect ; apex dilated, 2-4- lobed ; lobes erect, alternating with placentas, stigmatose all over with deflexed sinuses. Capsule generally stipitate, ovoid oblong or linear, dehiscing from apex to base by 2-4 valves, exposing the per- sistent placentas together with style. Seeds of Cathcartia. — Perennial herbs ; rhizome cylindrical; juice deep yellow; radical leaves pin- natifid or 0 ; cauline leaves alternate, few; those subopposite the flowers delicate, lobed or dissected; flowers pedunculate solitary or fasciculate ; nutant in bud {Central and East Asia, North America). Seep. 112. 9. Sanguinaria Dill. — Flowers 2-merous ; sepals 2, caducous. Petals 6-12, unequal imbricate deciduous. Stamens go. Germen 1-celled ; style short, soon enlarged subcorneal ; lobes stigmatiferous, deflexed adnate, opposite placentas ; placentas 2, nerviform ; ovules oo. Capsule stipitate, oblong, subdehiscent by valves opening lengthways, exposing linear placentas together with persistent style. Seeds go, smooth ; raphe crested-arillate. — A herb ; rhizome creeping perennial; juice orange or blood-coloured ; leaves few alternate, the lower scale-like and sheathing, the upper 1, 2 palmativeined ; flowers (precocious) pedunculate solitary or few {North America). Seep. 112. 10. Bocconia Plum. — Flowers 2-merous, apetalous. Stamens go, or subdefinite. Germen 1-celled; style short; lobes stigmatose, oblong or linear, erect, connivent-subconnate or diverging at apex, alternating with placentas ; placentas 2, nerviform ; ovules go mostly sterile, or 1 subbasilar. Capsule elliptical, stipitate, dehiscent by valves opening down to base, and exposing persistent placentas and style. Seeds few or 1, arillate at base. — Herbs or shrubs, glaucescent ; juice deep yellow or red ; leaves lobed ; flowers in terminal, much branched compound racemes {Tropical America, China, Japan). See p. 114. 11. Chelidonium T. — Sepals 2. Petals 4, deciduous. Stamens oo. 140 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Germen 1 -celled ; style slender, short, not much dilated at apex ; lobes stigmatiferous, deflexed-adnate, opposite the placentas ; placentas 2, nerviform ; ovules oo. Capsule linear; subdehiscent by valves opening to base and exposing the persistent placentas together with style. Seeds shining : raphe crested-arillate. — Herbs, erect branched; juice saffron-coloured ; leaves much divided ; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed subumbelliform cymes {Europe, Temperate Asia, North America). See p. 115. 12. Glaucium T. — Flowers almost of Chelidonium. Germen elongated. Style short or very short ; apex stigmatose dilated, sub- mitriform, lobes 4, not very distinct, or 2 much larger, divaricated- deflexed, opposite the placentas. Placentas 2, nerviform, connected by a spurious cylindrical dissepiment (sometimes evanescent). Capsule elongated linear ; valves dehiscing almost to base, and exposing the persistent placentas together with style ; seeds oo, wrinkled, half immersed in pits of hard spurious false dissepiment. — Glaucous herbs ; juice saffron-coloured; leaves lobed or dissected ; flowers large, long-pedunculate, terminal or leaf-opposed {Mediterranean region, coasts of Europe, West Asia and North Africa). See p. 116. 13. Rcemeria DC. — Flowers 2-merous (almost of Glaucium or Papaver) ; placentas 3, or 2, 4, nerviform ; dissepiment 0 ; style subsessile ; lobes stigmatose, little dilated, deflexed-adnate, opposite the placentas. Capsule linear, dehiscing from apex almost to base by valves exposing the persistent placentas with persistent style, or bearing them on their edges. Seeds wrinkled, not crested. — Annual herbs ; habit and inflorescence of Papaver {Mediterranean region, Europe, Temperate Asia). See p. 117. III. ESCHSCHOLTZIE,E. 14. Eschscholtzia Cham. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle concave obconical, more or less enlarged and cupulate at apex. Perianth distinctly perigynous ; sepals 3, cohering into a deciduous calyptra, or more rarely separate {Hunnemannia). Petals 4 in 2 series, nearly of the same form. Stamens oo (of Papaver) ; perigynous. Germen inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled, V A~P AVER ACE M. 141 tapering at apex into 4-8 unequal, stigmatose, linear, divergent lobes ; placentas 2, nerviform cx-ovulate. Capsule linear, 10-furrowed, dehiscing down to base ; valves inflexible, recurved, placentiferous at edges. Seeds go, not crested. — Herbs, glabrous glaucescent ; leaves alternate multisect ; lobes linear ; flowers long-pedunculate {North West America). See p. 118. J 5. Dendromecon Benth. — Flowers of Eschscholtzia ; sepals separate. Grermen elongated; style short ; apex stigmatose, 2-lobed ; lobes alternating with placentas, erect short persistent. Fruit and seeds of Eschscholtzia. — A glabrous shrub ; leaves alternate subsessile elliptical-lanceolate coriaceous stiff entire much veined ; flowers solitary terminal {California). See p. 119. IV. FUMAKIEvE. 16. Hypecoum T. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular 2-merous. Sepals 2, delicate. Petals 4, spreading ; outer ones flat or slightly concave at base, 3-lobed or 3-crenate ; inner dissimilar, narrower or more deeply lobed ; aestivation imbricate or twisted. Stamens 4, opposite the petals ; anthers 2 locular, extrorse, 2-rimose. Germen superior, elongated; style erect; lobes 2, subulate, stigmatiferous at apex, alternating with placentas; placentas 2, nerviform; ovules co, ascending ; micropyle inferior introrse. Capsule linear, divided trans- versely between seeds by cellular partitions, sometimes continuous and dehiscing by 2 valves, placentiferous at edges {Chiazospermum), more frequently separating into indehiscent 1 -seeded joints. Seeds compressed; albumen abundant flesh}T oily; embryo bowed excentric. — Annual herbs, glaucous ; leaves alternate, or floral leaves opposite, multisect ; segments linear ; flowers pedunculate, terminal or leaf- opposed, sometimes in short leafy pedunculate racemes {South Europe, Temperate Asia, North Africa). See p. 120. 17. Dicentra Borkh. — Flowers regular 2-merous. Sepals 2, small deciduous. Petals 4, erect-connivent ; the outer wider, saccate or spurred at base ; inner unlike the outer, narrower, narrowed at base, keeled or alate behind, cohering at apex. Stamens 6, in 2 equal 142 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ranks opposite outer petals, united above the middle or from the base ; middle stamen of each row often calcarate at base, and bearing a 2-celled, extrorse anther; lateral anthers 1 -celled (or rather 2 cells of each anther opposite to inner petals very discrete and adnate to adjacent 2-celled anthers). Germen 1 -celled; placentas 2, filiform, oo-ovulate ; style stigmatiferous ; apex 2-4-lobed. Capsule varying in shape ; subdehiscent by 2 valves, usually exposing the persistent placentas and style. Seeds bare or crested. — Herbs, erect or climbing; leaves multisect ; flower in terminal or leaf-opposed simple or cymi- ferous racemes {North America, Temperate Asia). See p. 122. 18. Adlumia Eafin. — Flowers of Dicentra ; 2 outer petals saccate and coalesced with interior at the compressed base. Other parts of Dicentra. — A herb, climbing by tendrils ; leaves multisect ; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes {North America.) See p. 123. 19. Corydalis DC. — Flowers irregular ; outer petals dissimilar; one gibbous saccate or spurred at base. Stamens of Dicentra. Germen of Dicentra ; placentas 2, nerviform, 1- oo-ovuled. Capsule linear, ovate, or inflated ; valves exposing placentas, more or less, more rarely subcarneous and scarcely dehiscing. Seeds naked or more frequently arillate-crested. — Herbs, sometimes erect with tube- rous rhizome, or csespitose, sometimes diffuse or climbing by ten- drils ; leaves radical multisect; flowers usually in simple terminal or leaf-opposed racemes {Mediterranean region, South Europe, South Africa, Central or North East Asia). See p. 123. 20? Sarcocapnos DC. — Flowers of Corydalis; one of the outer petals spurred or gibbous at base {Aplectrocapnos). Ovules 1 or 2 on each of 2 placentas [Corydalis). Fruit short, compressed, striate, becoming dry and indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Herbs, low csespitose glaucous ; leaves dissected ; segments somewhat broad and thick ; flowers in short terminal racemes {West Mediterranean region). See p. 125. 21. Fumaria T. — Flowers almost of Corydalis ; one of outer petals gibbous or spurred at base. Germen short ; style filiform ; apex PAPAVETLACEM. 143 subentire or 2-lobed ; lobes alternating with placentas ; placentas 2, nerviforra ; one sterile or with few ovules on either side, the other eventually bearing 1 fertile ovule above the base. Fruit small, drupa- ceous ; mesocarp at length thin ; putamen indehiscent, one-seeded. — Herbs, usually annuals, glaucous, erect branched or diffuse, or more rarely climbing subcirrhous ; leaves much divided ; segments usually narrow-linear ; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed spikes or racemes {Mediterranean region, Temperate Europe and Asia, Temperate America and Australia, South Africa). See p. 125. XVII. CAPPAKIDACE.E. I. CLEOME SEEIES. Cleome1 (figs. 166-173) has regular hermaphrodite flowers with a conical receptacle. On this are inserted four sepals, free or united Cleome spinosa. Fig. 166. Flowering branch (A). to a variable extent, valvate (fig. 168) or subimbricate in the 1 L., Gen., n. 826.— J., Gen., 243. — Gjkbtn., Suppl., iv. 4 ; III., t. 567.— DC, Prodr., i. Fruct., i. 368, t. 76,— Lamk., Diet., iv. 316 ; 238.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 309.— Endl., GAPPABIBAGEM. 145 bud.1 Above this is a corolla of four alternating free petals, twisted or imbricated in the bud. The androceum consists either of four stamens alternating with these, or, more frequently, of six stamens — two lateral, two anterior, and two posterior.2 Each has a free filament,3 Clet. nne spinosa. Fig. VJl. Flower. Fig. His. Diagram. Fig. 1(50. Long. sect, of flower (£). and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.4 Between the perianth and androceum, the surface of the receptacle is swollen into a glandular disk, sometimes complete, sometimes only between the feet of the petals.5 The free superior ovary is sessile or stipitate ; it is narrow and elongated, surmounted by a short style ending in a more or less flattened dilatation covered with stigmatic papillae. In the single cell of the ovary are two parietal placentas, each bearing an indefinite number of subcampylotropous ovules in two or more Gen., n. 4985.— Payer, Orga.wg., 201, t. 42; Fam. Nat., 134.— B. H., Gen., 105, 068, n. 2. — Micavibe Marcgr., ex Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 407. — Sinapistrum T., Inst., 231, t. 116. — Mojnch, Meth., 250. 1 They are equal or slightly unequal. They often separate from one another for a variable distance at their bases before their apices have parted. Still more frequently the petals fall to the posterior side of the flower, while the stamens protrude partially through the cleft of the peri- anth on the other side. 2 They are usually inserted at some distance VOL. III. from the corolla, and between the two verticils the receptacle is somewhat dilated, and spherical or conical. This interval of; en increases with age. 3 Either the filaments of all the stamens are equal, or else those of the lateral ones are a little shorter, as in Cruciferce. They are sometimes dilated towards the apex. 4 The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with three longitudinal folds. Moistened, they become spherical with three glabrous bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat , ser. 2, iii. 327). 5 Sometimes a large gland behind is separate and prominent, into a horn or spur. L 146 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Cleome spinosa. Cleome gigantea. rows. The fruit (fig. 170) is a capsule, short, or" more frequently elongated and narrow, siliquiform, opening when ripe by two mem- branous valves. These separate from the linear placentas which bear numerous reniform seeds,1 enclosing within their coats a fleshy embryo, sometimes enveloped in fleshy albumen (fig. 172). Cleome consists of herbs or under- shrubs, glabrous or glandular,2 with alternate simple or compound leaves and digitate entire or dentate leaflets. The flowers are solitary or more frequently collected into terminal racemes. In some species the androceum contains only four, in others from six to ten stamens, or even more, and sometimes certain of them are antherless. This is the case with Po- lanisia? comprising some fifteen herbs from hot countries, and formerly held a distinct genus. In Dtanf/iera,* also inseparable from Cleome, there are from four to twelve stamens ; but only two of these are large, and possess anthers ; their filaments are swollen at the apex. This last condition is that of the largest stamens of those American Cleomes which have been named Physostemon ;5 but their fruit is subsessile instead of stipitate. Siliquarid has a sessile fruit, only from four to six stamens, and free sepals ; in Peritomd' the sepals cohere into a tube at the base and Fig. 170. Fruit. Fig. 171. Seed (f). Fig. 172. Long. sect, of seed. 1 Often with a rugose or reticulate surface, sometimes covered with hairs. 2 The glands are sometimes stipitate, and secrete a strong-smelling viscid fluid. 3 Rafin., in Joum. Phys., lxxxix., 98. — DC, Prodr., i. 242.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 304*. — Endl., Gen., n. 4988. — Payee, Organog., 207, t. 43.— B. H., Gen., 106, n. 6. — Jacksonia Raftn., in N.-York Med. Repos., ii. hex. v. 350. — Corynandra Schrad., in Cat. Sem. Sort. Gwtt. (1846), ex Reichb., Ic. Ex., t. 147.— Ranmanissa Endl., Gen., n. 4988 b. — Tetra- teleia Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 58. — Chilocalyx Kl., in Pet. Moss., Pot., 154, t. 28.— Becastemon Kl., loc. cit., 157. — Symphostemon Kl., loc. cit., 159. 4 KL.,in Pet. Moss., Bot., 160, t. 27.— Harv. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 57. — Schweini., Ic. Lith. Abyss, (species natives of Eastern and Southern Africa). — ? Anomalostemon Kl., loc. cit., 162. 5 Mart. & Zucc, Nov. Gen. et Sp., i. 73, t. 45.— Endl., Gen., n. 4987. 6 Forsk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arab., 78. — Roridula Foksk., loc. cit., 35. — Rorida Rcem. & Sch., Syst., iii. 13.— Del., Fl. Mgypt., t. 36, fig. 2. 7 DC, Prodr., i. 237.— Atalant a NuiT., Gen. Amer., ii. 73. CAPP ARID ACE jE. 147 come off from the receptacle in a single circular piece. In Bushia1 the fruit is large and vesicular. In Isomeris2 it is also very large, but with thicker and more rigid walls, and the calyx is gam-o-sepal- ous, and the receptacle is short and thick dilated above. In the American Cristatella* the flowers have from six to twelve stamens, and unequal finely incised dentate petals. Generally speaking, all the above sections of Cleome have a siliqui- form fruit, whose length greatly exceeds its breadth. In Cleomella* also American, the capsule becomes short and few- seeded, lozenge- shaped or trapezoidal, with reticulate deltoid more or less sacciform valves. The other characters are those of the hexandrous Cleomes. The same is the case with the fruit of several small-flowered Brazilian species, of which the genus Bactyland" has been made ; but its androceum is reduced to the utmost, for out of from four to six stamens, the anterior alone has an anther, and is much more developed than the rest. In several undoubted members of the genus Cleome the stamens are inserted, not close against the petals, but a little higher up, owing to the elongation of the receptacle between the two whorls into a short vertical column. Hence we shall not make Gyn an drops is,6 con- sidered by many authors a distinct species, anything more than a section of Cleome. C. penltiphi/lla (fig. 173) and the seven or eight allied species7 taken as the type of this group, are in fact only distin- guished by a greater elongation of this column, which may become very long and slender. These species have usually six stamens, and 1 Bunge, Del. Son. Hort. Dorpat. (1859), 4 (ex Linncea, xxx. 752). 2 Nutt., in Torr. Sf Or. Fl. K.-Amer., i. 124.— Endl., Gen., n. 4990.— B. H., Gen., 1C6, 968, n. 5.— Toer., Mex. Sf Unit -States Bound. Surv., Bot., t. A— Bot. Mag., t. 3842.— W a lp., Rtp., i. 196. — (One Californian species.) * Nutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., vii. 85, t. 11.— Torr. & Gh., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 123.— A. Ghat, Gen. III., t. 77.— B. H., Gen., 105, n. 4 — Cyrbashim Endl., Gen., n. 4989. — (One species from North-west America : Walp., Rep., i. 196.) 4 DC, Prodr., i. 237.— Endl., Gen., n. 4983.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 75.— B. H., Gen. 105, n. 3. — (Four North American species, Torr., in Ann. Lye. N.-Yorlc,\\. 157; — Don, in Edlnb. New Phil. Journ., x. 113 ; Torr. & Gr., FL N.-Am., i. 120 ;— Walp., Sep., i. 193 ; Ann., i. 59 ; ii. 57 ; iv. 223.) 5 Schrad., Hort. Goelt. ined, (ex Endl., Gen., n. 4986).— KCEM. & Sch., Syst., vii. 9. — B. H., Gen,, 105, 968, n. 1. — Eichl., in Mart, Fl. Bras., Cappar., 242, t. 54. 6 DC., Prodr., i. 237.— Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, vi. 313.— Endl., Gen., n. 4984. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 68.— B. H., Gen., 106, 968, i;. 7. — Gymnogonia R. Bk., in Denh. fy Clapp. Narr,, 222. — Fodogyne Hoffmsg., Verz.,186. — Buperia F. Muell., in Hook. Journ., ix. 15 (nee J.). 7 Bf.nth., Fl. Austral., i. 91. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 261, t. 58.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 410.— Bot. Meg., t. 1681.— Walp., Rep., i. 193; ii. 764; v. 52; Ann., i. 59; iv. 223; vii. 186. L 2 its NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Cleome (Gynandropsis) pentaphylla. leaves with from three to seven leaflets. They inhabit the tropics in both hemispheres. Thus constituted,1 the great genus Cleome comprises some five-score species,2 nearly all exotics, inhabiting hot countries ; some few alone come from the Mediterranean. Widizenia refracfa,3 a North American annual, with alternate trifoliolate leaves, and flowers in short racemes, has the tetramerous calyx and corolla of a Cleome with six stamens. But its long-stipitate ovary has two short didymous cells, each containing two ovules, surmounted by a long subulate style. The dry fruit is also stipitate and didymous ; its hardened foot is continued into the interlocular septum, surmounted by the style ; from this separate the two mono- or di- spermous cells of the capsule. The seeds are reni- form conduplicate ; the embryo is strongly Fig. 173. arcuate, with the apex of the incumbent coty- Fiower. ledons close to the radicle.4 f 1. Siliquaria (Forpk.). 2. Physostemon (Mart.). 3. Polanisia (Raein.). 4. Tetrateleia (Sond.). 5. Ranmanissa (Endl.). 6. Corynandra (Schrad.). 7. Chilocalyx (Kl.). Cleome 8? Decastemon (Kl.). sect. 16. 9. Dianthera (Kl.). 10? Anomalostemon (Kl.). 11. Daetylama (Schrad.). 12. Periioma (DC.). 13. Cristatella (Nutt.). 14. Bushia (Bgk.). 15. Isomeris (Xltt.). J6. Gynandropsis (DC). • Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 21, 22 {Pola- nisia).— Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 650. — Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 15.— Kl., in Pet. Moss., Bof., 151, 157, 159, 162.— Benth., FL Austral., i. 89, 91.— Hak\ ., Thes. Cap., t. 136.— Harv. & Soxn., Fl. Cap., i. 56, 58. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 212, 213, 245, t. 54-58.— Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 74, 81.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 410-416.— Walp., Rep., i. 193, 195, 196 ; ii. 764; v. 52, 53; Ann., i. 59, 60; ii. 57; iv. 223; vii. 180. 3 Engeoi., Bot. Wisliz. Exped., 15, not. — A. Gray, PI. Wright., t. 2.— B. H., Gen , 106, n, 8.— Walp., Ann., iii. 823 ; iv. 22 I. 4 This genus is perhaps (?) related to Gxy- s'tjlis lutea Toi:r. & 1'rem. (in App. Frem. Rep., 312; in Duck. Rev. Bot., ii. 53;— B. H., Gen., 107, n. 9; — Walp., Ann., i. 59), a Cali- fornian plant, which we have been unable to study, but which seems to ns, from the very incomplete description given of it, hardly distinct from IVislizenia. cappapidace.t:. 149 II. CAPER SERIES. The characters of the Capers1 (Fr., Cdpriers ; figs. 174-179), vary from one section to the other. We may first study Capparis spinosa,2 indigenous in France, the flower-buds of which constitute the Capers Capparis spinosa. Fig. 174. Flowering branch (|). of commerce. Its flowers are hermaphrodite and symmetrical, but somewhat irregular. On the convex receptacle are inserted a tetramerous calyx and corolla, a polyandrous androceum, and a 1 Capparis T., Inst., 261, 1. 1 39.— L., Gen., t. 41.— Endl., Gen., n. 5000.— B. H., Gen., n. 643.— Adans., Fam. des PI, ii. 407.— J., 10S, 969, n. 17. Gen., 243.— Lamk., Bid., i. 604; Suppl., ii. 2 L., Spec, 720.— DC, Prodr., n. 4. — Boiss., 84; III., t. 446.— DC, Prodr., i. 245.— Spach, Fl. Or., i. 420.— Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 486.— Suit, a Btiffon, vi. 297. — Payee, Organog., 203, Ores. &. Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 159. 150 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. long-stipitate gynseceum. The sepals are free, one anterior, one posterior, and one on either side. The two latter are covered in the bud by the two former, which are also imbricated ; the posterior is usually covered by the anterior, and differs in being more concave and arched (fig. 176). The four twisted sessile petals, regularly alter- Capparis spinosa. Fig. 175. Long. sect, of flower. nating with the sepals, form, however, an irregular corolla, as the two anterior alone have their contiguous lower edges valvate, thickened, greenish, and covered with down. Between these the receptacle swells into a little inverted heart-shaped glandular pro- minence. The indefinite stamens come next on the conical recep- tacle;1 their filaments are free, corrugated in the bud, with an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.2 The 1 Pater (loc. cit. 205) bas seen that they arise from above downwards on the receptacle; first four stamens, superposed to the sepals ; then, lower down, four others, alternating with these; next eight more, alternating with the former eight; and so on from within outwards. 2 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains, which, when moistened, become spherical, with three papillose bands. This is the case according to H. Mohl (in Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 2, iii. 327), in C. spinosa, cegyptiaca, tomenlosa, cqfra, cynopli a Uuphora. CAPPARIDACE.%. 151 gynseceum is supported by a long stalk, the prolongation of the floral receptacle ; it consists of an ovary surmounted by a little subsessile stigmatiferous head. The ovary is divided into seven or Fig. 177. Fruit. Capparis spinosa. Fig. 176. Diagram. Fig. 178. Seed (f ). Fig. 179. Long. sect, of seed. eight cells by very thin septa, which unite along the axis into a sort of thickened cylinder,1 and bear on both surfaces an indefinite number of campylotropous ovules.2 The fruit is a long stipitate berry (fig. 177), lodging in its pulp3 a large number of campylo- 1 On fecundation this column becomes pulpy and scarcely visible, so that the ovary then seems one-celled, and only divided by rudiments of septa. In this respect it returns to the early stage of its ontogeny, when its single cavity was only imperfectly divid3d by the centripetal pla- centas springing from the periphery. 2 They have two coats. 3 In this fruit the septa become gradually thickened, soft, and pulpy. They form, together with the inner stratum of the convex wall of the cell, a whitish mass, in which the seeds are finally imbedded. This matrix gradually passes into a, green zone, formed of much denser tissue, outside which are traced a variable number of white vertical lines. These show through the whitish membranous superficial layer, which may be easily detached from the rest of the pericarp. 152 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. tropous reniform seeds (figs. 178, 179); within their seed coats' is a fleshy embryo, with a long radicle and narrow cotyledons folded repeatedly on themselves, and containing a little fleshy albumen in their anfractuosities. The Spiny Caper2 is a shrub with a woody stock, from which arise a large number of flexuous branches covered with alternate simple leaves, whose petiole is accompanied by two lateral stipules, gradually thickened and transformed into spines. Its flowers are solitary axillary, pedunculate. It is a plant from the Mediterranean, cultivated in gardens in France. All the nearest allied species are united with it into the section Eucapparis.3 In Sodatlct the flowers and fruit are the same in all essentials, but the stem is bushy, leafless, and spiny. It is now only made a section of Capparis, containing one species from Africa and the East. In Capparidastrmn,5 comprising species from Tropical America,6 the sepals are small, rounded, and imbricated ; the fruit is sometimes cylindroidal, much elongated. In Cj/iiojjhrilla,1 too, the berries are very long and elongated, but the sepals are bi-seriate, imbricate, and glandular or foveolate at the base.8 Breyniastrum? also comprises American species,10 with an oblong fruit ; but the sepals are triangular and spreading, even in the bud. Busbeckia" has also been proposed as a distinct genus ; it comprises species whose broad imbricated petals are united into a gamosepalous calyx, which bursts irregularly on anthesis. They inhabit Australia and 1 The seed coats are three in number. The outermost is soft and whitish ; the middle one thick, hard, testaceous, brittle, and brown ; the innermost thin and membranous. Towards the organic apex of the seed the triple envelopes form a sort of hollow beak, lodging the radicle. Around this the innermost coat forms a cylindro-conoidal sheath, ending in a little contracted tube. The exostome is seen with difficulty at the extreme apex of the outer coat. Close to it is the hilum, forming a little circular cicatrix, around which is a very little aril, a whitish cellular annular swell- ing of the superficial seed-coat. Though the seeds have been described as lacking albumen, this exists in small quantities, it is true, in the anfractuosities of the numerous folds of the irregularly con- voluted embryo. 3 [The so-called Caper plant of our English gardens is a Euphorbiad, F. Laihyris L.] 3 DC, Prodr., sect. i. The fruit varies in form in this section, being sometimes globular, sometimes ovoidal or obovoid. Its species are all from the Old World (Deless., Ic. Sel.,t.lQ~ 12).—? Petersia Kl., in Pet. Muss., Pot., 1G8, t. 30. 4 Foesk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arah., 81. This section contains only S. decidua Foesk., which grows in Egypt, Abyssinia, Western Asia, &c. — Del., Fl. d'Fy., 74, t. 2G.— DC, Prodr., i. 215.— 7/^- back Adans., Fann. des PI., ii. 408. 5 DC, loc. cit., 218, sect. ii. — Ulerveria Bertol., PI. Nov. Rort. Bonon., ii. 8 (ex Walp., Rep., i. 201). 6 Jacq., Amer., t. 104. 7 DC, loc. cit., 249, sect. iii. 8 The species of this section are unarmed, all American (Jacq., op. cit., t. 98, 99). 9 DC, loc. cit., 250, sect. v. — Breynia Plum., Gen. Amer., t. 16 (nee Forst.). 10 Jacq., op. cit., t. 100, 105. — Reichb., Ic. Exot., t. 233. 11 Endl., Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norfolk., 64; Gen., n. 5001. — F. Mtjell., Fl. Yicl., t. iv. suppl. GAPPARWACEM. 153 the neighbouring parts of Oceania. In Calanthea? an American section,2 the sepals are narrow and do not touch ; while the petals are valvate in the bud. Finalty, the name Qtiadrella* has been given, and generic importance assigned' to certain American species,5 with valvate sepals, often possessing an internal basilar gland, and with a fruit of variable form, sometimes dehiscing at maturity ; the un- armed stems bear opposite or alternate leaves. Under the name of Morisotiia5 four American species7 have been distinguished. Their calyx is gamosepalous at the base, parting unevenly into two, three, or four pieces on anthesis, with four internal alternipetalous basilar glands. The regular tetramerous corolla, the androceum of indefinite stamens, and the stipitate gynse- ceum, with a variable number of parietal placentas, are those of most American species of Capparis. The fruit is a corticate many- seeded berry. These plants have simple coriaceous leaves, tomentose or covered with scaly down, and flowers in multiiloral corymbs. We make them a mere section of the genus Capparis, scarcely distinct from Beautcmpsia? Thus limited, the genus Capparis contains some hundred and twenty-five species,9 many of them very ill-known. Their habit, surface, and inflorescence are most variable. They are confined to warm countries ; their northern limit is, in Europe, the north coast of the Mediterranean ; Mexico in America, Jtamisquea emarginalaw is a low, rigid, bushy, often spiny shrub from Western America, with nearly all its parts 1 DC, loc. cit., 250, sect. iv. 9 Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 21,— Thw., Enum. 2 Jacq., Amer., t, 100. PL Zeyl, 15.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 41 Jacq., Amer., t. 97.— Cay., Diss., vi. 308, lu Miers, Trav. Chil., ii. 529; in Trans. Linn. t. 163. — Sw., Obs., 272 (Capparis). — Griseb., Soc, xxi. 1, t. 1. — Hook. & Arn., Bot. Misc., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 19. iii. 143.— Endl., Gen., n. 4992.— B. H., Gen., 8 Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot., t, 56. Only 109, 969, n. 19. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 28. — the figure of this doubtful genus has been pub- Walp., Ann., iv. 22i. lished. 154 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Apophyllum anomalum. covered with scaly hairs, like those of Elaagnacece. Its flowers, externally like those of a small Camparis, are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, with four sepals, two external, large and valvate, two internal, alternating with the former, small, and tongue-like. Behind a pit whose edges are prolonged into three glandular teeth, the receptacle rises into an arched column, on whose expanded capital are inserted the sexual organs. There are six fertile stamens, two posterior, two lateral, and two anterior ; and three sterile ones, reduced to slender filaments, alternating with the anterior pair. The gy nseceum is of Capparis, borne on a slender foot and contain- ing two pluriovulate placentas. The fruits and seeds are nearly as in Capparis. Apophyllum anomalum1 is a frutescent plant from Tropical Australia, whose flowers (fig. 180), formed on the whole as in Capparis, are, however, so reduced as to be polygamous, with a corolla of sometimes only three or four petals, and only one or two stamens in the herma- phrodite flowers ; while there are none in the females. At the same time, the ovary, which has a large lateral gland at the base of its foot, contains but one or two ovules, usually ascending. The fruit is small, globular, and one-seeded. The embryo is slender, and rolled repeatedly on itself. This shrub is branching, almost leafless. Its flowers form little axillary or lateral bunches. In Roydsiar the small flowers have a gamosepalous calyx with six deep imbricated lobes, and very numerous stamens supported on a short foot with the ovary of three multiovulate cells. The fruit is a large one-seeded drupe ; the embryo has two fleshy unequal coty- ledons, the smaller of which is induplicate, enfolded by its fellow. Boydsia consists of shrubs with obtuse simple leaves, and flowers in simple or ramified racemes. Two species are known :3 one from the Fig. 180. Long. sect, of flower (f-). 1 F. Mttell., in Hook. Journ., ix. 306. — 2 Roxb., PI. Corom., iii. 86, t. 289. — Endl., Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 97.— B. H., Gen., 109, Gen., n. 5009.— B. H., Gen., 110, n. 20. n. 18. 3 Walp., Rep , i. 202. CAPPAEIDACEJ?. 155 East Indies, with a decidedly imbricate perianth ; one from the Philippine Islands, with longer sepals, in part almost valvate. In SteripJioma1 the subcylindrical gamosepalous calyx is divided unequally at the apex by from two to four longitudinal clefts. Inside its base are four ellipsoidal glandular squamiform pits, some- times scarcely distinct. Between these are seen four imbricated petals, equal or slightly unequal, supported on a short cylindrical column a little above the calyx. There are five or six very long, free exserted stamens, equal or unequal, with introrse elongated anthers. The stipitate gynseceum consists of an ovary whose two multiovulate placentas are finally joined, and is surmounted by a little flattened discoidal stigma. The fruit is said to be a many-seeded berry. Steriphoma comprises three species2 from Peru, Colombia, and the Southern Antilles ; they are shrubs, with alternate simple long-petiolate leaves, and flowers in terminal racemes. Thylachium3 has regular hermaphrodite apetalous flowers. The membranous valvate gamosepalous calyx bursts across irregularly/ the upper part coming off like a cowl. Above the receptacle expands into a short thick inverted cone, supporting on top a large number of free stamens finally much exserted, with two-celled introrse anthers. From the centre of its upper surface springs a long foot, bearing a one-celled ovary, which contains from four to ten parietal multiovulate placentas, and is surmounted by a little sessile stigmatiferous platform. The fruit is a many-seeded berry. Thylachium consists of glabrous shrubs, from the islands east of South Africa. Their leaves are alternately simple or trifoliolate ; their flowers form short corymbiform racemes, axillary or terminal.5 1 Spheng., Cur. Post., 130; Gen., n. 1311.— Endl., in Flora (1832), ii. t. 5; Gen., n. 5005 — B. H., Gen., 107, 96-J, n. 11. — Rcemeria Tbatt., Gen., 88 (nee Medik., nee Thunb., nee Zea). — Stephania W., Spec, 239.— DC, Prodr., i. 253 (nee Locr.). — Hermupoa Lcefl., It., 307. — DC, Prodr., i. 254.— Endl., Gen., n. 5008. 2 Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr.,t. Ill (Capparis). — Ghiseb.,.F/. Brit. W.-Ind., 19 — Tkiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 75. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl, Bras., Cappar., 266, t. 64. — V. Hotjtte, Fl. des Serr., vi. t. 534, 535. — Walp., Ann., i. 61 ; ii. 61. 3 Louis., Fl. Cochinch,, 342. — J., in Ann. Mus., sii. 71. — LAMK., Diet., vii. 632 ; Suppl., v. 301. — DC, Prodr., i. 254.— Endl., Gen., n. 4991.—B. H., Gen., 107, 968, n. 10. 4 This is the only character whereby Thyla- chium is really distinguished from Capparis, and it is of the less value, as there are members of Cleome, such as Peritoma, and Capparis, such as certain Busbeekias, whose calyx comes off just as in Thylachium, while we are yet unable to separate them generically from the other species. We are left to the leaves, often trifoliolate in Thylachium, but even here sometimes simple, as in Capparis. Hence the value of the genus is infinitesimal, and perhaps it will have to be reduced to a mere section of Capparis. 5 Lame., Diet., i. 609 (Capparis). — Dup.- 156 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Cadaba* in perianth comes pretty near certain species of Capparh; for of the four unequal caducous sepals, two are external and valvate, enveloping the others. There are either four petals, or only two, according to the species. There are from four to eight stamens, below which the receptacle is often prolonged into a large tubular or solid prominence, sometimes ending in a sort of galeate dilatation. The stipitate ovary contains two or four multi- ovulate placentas. The fruit is a cylindrical berry, dehiscent or indehiscent. A dozen species of Cadaba are known, unarmed or spiny shrubs from Tropical Africa, and Asia, and the Cape, with simple or trifoliolate leaves, and axillary flowers, solitary or collected into racemes or corymbs.'2 Euadenia? closely allied to Cadaba, links it with Cratceva. The calyx and corolla are tetramerous ; but the posterior pair of petals are much more developed than the other pair. There are five stamens, and a stipitate gymeceum like that of Cadaba; but the gynophore bears posteriorly, between the two large petals, a very long appendage ending in five lobes or bearing five distinct glands. The fruit is a globular or elongated berry. The two known species of this genus are glabrous shrubs from the west of Tropical Africa.4 Their leaves are trifoliolate, and their flowers form terminal racemes. In Cratceva* also the calyx has four imbricate sepals, and the corolla four equal or unequal petals with long claws, and the poste- rior may be larger than the anterior. The stamens vary from eight to twenty in number ; near their insertion the receptacle is more or Th., Hist, des Ve'g. des lies Austr. d'Jfr., 26 (Capparis). — Kl., in Pet. Moss., Pot., 164. — Walp., Rep)., v. 53. 1 Foesk., Fl. Aigypt.-Arab., 67. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 544.— DC, Prodr., i. 224,— E>dl., Gen., n. 4993.— B. H., Gen., 108, 969, n. 15.— Strcemia Vahl., Symb., i. 19. 2 The germs is divided into three sections ; 1. EucadaLa (Endl., loc. cit., a). Petals 0 or 4 ; stamens 4—6 ; leaves simple. (Deless., Ie. Set., iii. t, 8, 9.— Hook., Icon., t. 839. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 92.— Oliv., Fl. Prop. Afr., i. 88.— Haky., Thes. Cap., t. 135.— Walp., Pep., v. 53.)— 2. Desmocarpus (Wall., Cat., n. 6978). Petals 2 ; stamens 6 ; fruit incompletely bivalve ; leaves trifoliolate. (Wight, in Hook. Pot. Misc., App.,t.37. — Tvly? .,Enum. PI. Zeyl.,\b. — Walp., Pep., i. 196.) — 3. Schepperia (Neck., Elem., n. 1392 j— DC, Prodr., i. 245 ;— E>ul., Gen., n. 4991 ; — Macromemm Burch., Trac, i. 388). Petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; a leafless shrub. (L., Svppl., 300 (Chome). — Schltl., in Linneea, i. 255, t. 3.— Harv. & Sohd., Fl. Cap., i. 59.— Haet., Thes. Cap., t. 135.) 3 Our., in B. H., Gen., 969, n. 22 a; EL Prop. Afr., i. 90. 4 Scnvir. & Tiioxx., Peshr., 144 (Stramia). 5 L., Gen., n. 599.— J., Gen., 244.— Lamk., Diet., viii. 581 ; Suppl., v. 283 ; III, t. 395.— DC, Prodr., i. 242.— Spach, Suit, a Puffon, vi. 301.— Endl., Gen., n. 5003.— B. H., Gen., 110, 969, n. 21. — Otltrys Xoko>'h., ex Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 13. CAPPABIDAQE&. 157 less hypertrophied between the petals into distinct glandular lobes or a cupuliforra disk ; but we do not find the enormous backward process of Euadenia and certain Cadabas. The long-stipitate ovary has two placentas ; and the globular or ovoidal berry internally resembles a Caper. Cratceva consists of glabrous trees or shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and handsome flowers, often polygamous, and collected into axillary and terminal racemes. Some half-dozen species are known.1 Boscia2 has little tetramerous apetalous flowers. The sepals, usually caducous, are valvate or scarcely imbricate in the bud. At the foot of the stipitate gynasceum is found a little glandular disk, at the level of which are inserted from six to twenty stamens. The ovary, surmounted by a little depressed sessile stigma, has two parietal pauciovulate placentas. The fruit is generally globular, with one or few seeds in the incomplete cells. The embryo is fleshy and scented, rolled up, with traces of albumen between the folds. Boscia consists of unarmed glabrous shrubs from Tropical Africa/ Their leaves are simple, articulate, with two small lateral stipules ; their flowers are in small racemes or corymbs. In Bitc/tiea,4 a neighbour of Boscia, the flowers are regular and tetramerous with a valvate calyx, but they are large, with a small expansion of the receptacle above the perianth, and four5 long unguiculate petals forming wavy ribbons, and valvate-induplicate in the bud. On the convex top of the above-mentioned receptacular dilatation are inserted the indefinite stamens, from the middle of which rises the long slender foot of the ovary. The ovary, sur- mounted by a large sessile stigma, contains three or four multi- ovulate placentas. The fruit is an oblong stipitate berry, like that of certain Capers. The three or four known species6 of this genus 1 R. PR..in DenJi. Sf Clapp. Toy. App.,22Z.— 3 A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25, t. 6. — Deless., Ic. Sel., iii. t. 7.— Wight & Arn., Oliv., Ft. Trop. Afr., i. 92. — Walp., Rep., i. Prodr., i. 23— Thw., Fnum. PI. Zeyl., 14.— 196; Ann., i. 60; ii. 59. Forst., Prodr., 203. — A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., 4 R. Bk., in Denh. S( Clapp. Yoy.Ajip., 223. — i. 25. — Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 99.— Griseb., Exdl., Gen., n. 5004. — B. H., Gen., 110, 969, Fl. Brit. JF.-Ind., 17.— Triana & Pi , in Ann. n. 22. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 87. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. 5 Their number is indefinite in R. simplici- Bras., Cappar., 263, t. 59.— Walp., Rep., i. folia Oliv. 201 ; v. 55. 6 Hook, f., Niger, 216, t. 19, 20.— Sims, in ~ Lamk., Ill, t. 395 (nee Tiiijxb.). — DC, Bol. Mag , t. 596 {Cratceva).— Andr., in Bol. Prodr., i. 214.— Enpl., Gen., n. 4996.— B. H., Repos., t. 176 (Cratceva). — Oliv., Fl. Trop. Gen, 108,969, n. 16. — Podoria Pers., Syn., Afr., i. 100.— Bot. Mag., t. 5344.— Walp., ii. 5. Rep., i. 201 ; Ann., i. 60; ii. 61. 158 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. are erect or sarmentose climbing shrubs from the west of Tropical Africa. Their leaves are simple, or compound, with three or five leaflets, and their flowers form racemes or corymbs. Emblingia calceoloides,1 an undershrub from West Australia, is quite exceptional among Capparidacea. Its calyx is gamosepalous, irregularly campanulate, with five uneven divisions : it is cleft to the very base between the two anterior sepals. On the opposite side of the flower is seen the corolla reduced to the two posterior petals, which are conjoined into a sort of spoon which is turned backwards. Above the perianth the receptacle is prolonged into a narrow elon- gated bowed column, flattened and concave behind, and supporting at its summit the gynseceum, which owing to the curvature of the column is finally brought down close to its base. Around the ovary the gynophore expands into a sort of frill, with its edges incised into from eig-ht to twelve crenulations or short lobes. The anterior of these, from three to six in number, are obtuse and pubescent ; they perhaps represent staminodes. The posterior (from three to five) bear each an introrse two-celled anther, of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is one-celled, with two uniovulate parietal placentas, it is surmounted by a short style, which rapidly enlarges into a two-lobed stigmatiferous scale. The fruit is a little inverted drupe, supported by the now indurated gynophore, having at its base a gland, posterior in position, which existed in the flower. The thin mesocarp sur- rounds a rugose stone, containing a single seed with a fleshy involute embryo. Emblingia calceoloides has simple opposite or sub-opposite leaves, covered with harsh hairs, and solitary axillary flowers, on short slender peduncles. III. MJERUA SERIES. Mcerua" (figs. 181-1 S3) may be considered as Ritchiea wherein the floral receptacle has become concave, obconical or tubular, bearing on its rim the perianth, and inside the indefinite stamens. Thus Mcerua 1 F. Muiix., Fragm. Phyt. Ausirul., ii. 2, t. Prodr., i. 254.— R. Be., in Denh. $< Cla^. Vo$. 11.— Bekth., Fl.Ausiral.,\. 91.— 3. H., Gen., Jpp., 226. — Em>l., Gin., n. 4998. — Paysb, 968, n. 9 a. Fam. Nat., 136.— B. H., Gen., 108, n. 4. 2 Foesk., Fl. Mgypt.-Arab., 104. — DC, CAPPARIDACEJE. 159 will be to Capparidacete what Eschscholtzia is to the Papaveracea. The throat of the receptacle is sometimes bare,1 sometimes furnished with a disk forming a laciniate frill. Within the valvate tetramerous Marua angolensis. w Fig. 181. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 182. Diagram. Fig. 183. Fruit. calyx are sometimes four petals, but they are often quite absent. In Niebuhria? which belongs to tins genus, the receptacular tube is often shorter, and the stipitate gynaeceum has two or three multiovulate pla- centas. The fruit is ovoid and shorter than in Mcerua proper where it is usually cylindroidal and torulose. Thus we find here the same variations as in Capparis. We even find in certain species, for which the genus Courbonia 8 has been proposed, that there are, as in some Capers, only a few ovules, about two on either placenta, and that the berry becomes ovoid or globular, with one seed or very few. Mcerua * 1 This is the case in Streblocarpus (Akn., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 235; — Endl., Gen., n. 4997), which has four petals, and is distinguished hy these characters as a section apart in the genus Mania, from which it had been separated. But in Pumarua the edge of the receptacle is frilled. • DC, Prodr., i. 243 (part.).— Endl., Gen^ n. 4995 .— B. H., Gen., 107, 969, n. 13. 3 Ad. Br , in Bull. Soc. But. de Fr., vii. 901.— B. H., Gen., 969, n. 14 a. — PhysantJiemum Kl., in Pet. Moss., But., 167, t. 29.— B. H., Gen., 437, n. 16 a.—Omv., PI. Prop. Afr., i. 87. 4 '1. Pumeerwa. 2. Streblocarpus (Arn.). L3. Courbonia (Ad. Br.). M^RTJA. sect. 3. 160 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. thus defined consists of unarmed shrubs from India, Madagascar, Arabia, and above all the east of Tropical Africa. Their leaves are simple or unifoliolate, more rarely trifoliolate. The flowers are axillary or terminal, solitary or in racemes or corymbs. Some twenty species are known.1 IV. ? BOPALOCARPUS SERIES. Hopahcarpus (figs. 184, 185)2 has regular hermaphrodite flowers. They have four sepals, an outer pair and an inner pair, alternate- Ropalocarpus lucidus. .<*« £*JE*. .''a^-r £^V >p Fig 184. Fruit. Fig. 185. Long. sect, of fruit. imbricate in the bud. There are also four alternating petals, equal or slightly unequal, tapering at the base, unequally dentate or incised at the apex, finely reticulate, of very delicate texture, imbri- cated and slightly corrugated in the bud, very caducous. Im- mediately above the perianth are inserted the indefinite free sta- mens ; their filaments are corrugated in the bud, and their anthers are versatile (originally introrse) and twTo-celled, dehiscing longitudi- nally. After thus bearing the perianth and androceum, the receptacle 1 Vahl., Symb., i. 36. — Deless., Ic. Sel., iii. t. 13. — Wight & Au>\, Prodr., i. 23 {Nie- buhria).—A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent.,\. 27, t.78.— Cambess., in Jacquem. T'oy., But., t. 23, 2 1. — Hook., Icon., t. 124 {Niebuhria). — Habv. & Som>., Fl. Cap.,i, 60 {Niebuhria), 61 {Boscia). — Hart., Thes. Cap., t. 134 (Boscia).— Oliv., Fl. Trap. Afr., i. S3. — Walp., Rep., i. 196, 197 j v. 53 ; Ann., ii. 59. 2 Bo J., llori. Maurit., 44 (err. typ. B'/pulo carpus). — B. II., Gen., 238, 985, n. 32?— Bocy., in Adansonia, vii. 61. CAPPARIDACEJE. 161 is prolonged into a depressed truncated cone, with its small base inferior. Its large base supports the gynaeceum, and is edged by a disk forming a glandular ring. The short ovary, covered with rigid hairs, is surmounted by a slender subulate style, whose stigmatiferous apex is almost entire and scarcely expanded. Inside the ovary is seen a usually complete vertical membranous septum ; in either cell is a subbasilar placenta, bearing from two to four subcollateral ovules, with the raphe dorsal and the micropyle downwards and inwards. The fruit is, generally speaking, spherical in form, surmounting a pretty long peduncle and bristling with conical prickles. On close inspection we find an obtuse conical point, the true apex, which is brought down towards the base by a sort of anatropy due to the almost complete arrest of development in one of the cells of the ovary. This cavity is found, small and sterile, close to the base of the fruit ; while in the fertile cell we find a suberect ellipsoidal seed with its long axis hori- zontal, containing inside its coats a ruminated albumen. The inferior radicle is shortly conical ; the two cotyledons are enormous, membra- nous and translucent, with laciniate edges, whose rumpled lobes spread in all directions between the two laminae of each fold of the ruminated albumen. B. lucidus Boj., the only known species of this genus, is a glabrous shrub from Madagascar, with alternate simple leaves and the habit of several Capparidacece. Its stipules are more or less united into a single caducous triangular intrapetiolar organ. The flowers are in pedunculate cymes (?) axillary to the leaves, or to the bracts replacing them at the ends of the branches. V.? MOEINGA SERIES. Moringc? (figs. 180-190) has hermaphrodite irregular flowers; their receptacle is cup-shaped, lined by a glandular disk with a prominent free border ; on its oblique mouth are supported the perianth and androceum, while the gynseceum springs from the 1 Bttbm., Zeyl,, 162.— J., Gen., 348. — G.EBTy., Fam. Nat., 94.— B. H., Gen., 429, 1001. — H. Fnict., ii. 314. — Lame., Diet., i. 398; Suppl., Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 333. — Hyperanthera 390, 613 ; III., t. 147.— DC, Mem. Legwm., t. Foese., Fl. Myypt.-Arab., 67. — Vahl, Syml., 21 ; Prodr., ii. 478. — E. Be., in Denh. fy Clapp. i. 30. — Anoma Loue., Fl. CocMnch., 344. — Voy. App., 33. — DCNE.,in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, Alandina Nece., Elem., n. 1293.— Hypelate iv. 203, t. 6. — Exdl., Gen., n. 6811. — Payee, Sm., in Sees. Cyclop., xix. (nee P. Be.) VOL. III. M 162 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. bottom. The calyx consists of five slightly unequal sepals, of quin- cuncial pra^floration. The five alternating petals are usually of cochlear-imbricate pignoration. The anterior, internal in the bud, and differing in form slightly from the rest, remains erect on Moringa pferygosperma. Fig. 186. Flower (f). Fig. 189. Seed. Fig. 188. Fruit (i). Fig. 187. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 190. Long. sect, of seed. anthesis, while they become reflexed on the receptacle, like the sepals. There are ten stamens, perigynous, five superposed to the petals and five to the sepals ; the former are usually sterile, reduced to the filaments,1 sometimes very slender ; the five others have a dorsal fixed one-celled introrse anther of longitudinal dehiscence :2 moreover the 1 The filaments are free at their origin, more water it becomes spherical, with three papillose or less covered with hairs below. Later on they bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. stick together to a variable extent. 343). 2 The pollen is ovoid, with three folds ; in CAPPARIDACE3J. 163 androceum is most developed towards the anterior side of the flower ; so that the fertile stamen superposed to the enveloped anterior petal is the longest of all, while the posterior pair are the shortest. The gynaeceum consists of a stipitate ovary, surmounted by a slender cylindrical tubular style, undilated at its stigmatiferous apex.1 In the one-celled ovary there are three* parietal placentas, whereof two are posterior. Each bears an indefinite number of descending anatropous ovules, with their micropyles upwards and inwards. The fruit is a siliquiform elongated trigonous capsule, which at maturity opens by three longitudinal clefts into three valves, bearing the seeds on the middle of their inner surface. The seeds, more or less separated by a peculiar fungous tissue,3 are winged or wingless,4 and contain in their coats a large, fleshy, oily, exalbuminous erabyro, with a short superior radicle. Moringa consists of unarmed trees or shrubs, with alternate bi- or tri-imparipinnate leaves. Their divi- sions are opposite, and the leaflets are entire and caducous. The petioles, petiolulcs, and leaves are all articulated at the base ; the petiole is exstipulate, or has stipitate glands at its base, which are sometimes also found at the origin of the petiolules and leaflets. The flowers are very numerous, in much ramified racemes of cymes. Three species of Moringa6 are known, natives of the warm districts of North Africa and South Western Asia ; one has been introduced into nearly all tropical countries. Thus we admit seventeen genera in the order Capparidacem. This was originally distinguished in B. de JussieuV list of Ordines naturales, under the name Capparides, including the then known CapparidacecB, besides Tropceolum, Viola, Reseda, Melianthus, and 1 Perforated in the centre. those of their neighbouring seeds, which may at 2 Exceptionally we do find two or four carpels, maturity be arranged in a single vertical row with the same number of placentas and valves along the axis of the capsule. The number of to the fruit. wings will vary of course with that of the valves, 3 Produced from the inner wall of the pericarp. and also because the wing may exceptionally 4 There are no wings on the seeds of M. aptera, remain rudimentary on one or two angles of the which are triangular, each angle corresponding seed, or not be formed at all, as is normally the to the meeting point of two adjacent valves of case in M. aptera. the fruit. In M. pterygosperma the superficial 5 Wight & Abn., Prodr., i. 178. — Wight, seed-coat is here hypertrophied into a vertical III., t. 77. — Geiff., Notul., iv. 572, t. 609 wing, which extends into the sinus between the (Hyperantha). two valves. These wings are imbricated with 6 In A. L. de Juss. Gen., lxvii. M 2 164 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Maregravia. Adanson1 separated Viola, introducing, however, Viiis and Passifora. But A. L. de Jussteu2 increased the prevailing dis- order of this group, by adding as genera affinia Drosera and Parnassia, besides the Malvad Durio. A. P. de Candolle3 in 1824 banished from this order the genera which did not belong to it, retaining only (to use our generic limits) Cleome, Cratava, Boscia, Cadaba, Steri- p/wma, Stephania, Thglachimn, and Mcerua. To these eight genera E. Brown added Bitchiea in 1826. Bogdsia was established by Eoxburgh in 1S19, and Atamisquea by Miers in 1848. Of recent date are Wislizenia of Engelmann, Apophyllum and EmbUngia of F. Mueller, and Euadenia of Oliver ; to these we add, as types of somewhat doubtful series in this order, Bopalocarpus of Bojer, and Moving a of Burmann. These seventeen genera contain some three hundred genera, of which Cleome and Capparis contain each nearly a third. Among the fifteen remaining genera three alone are peculiar to America. Steriphoma, with three known species, Atamisquea* and Wislizenia, both monotypic. The twelve others are proper to the Old World. Three of them alone are monotypic : Bopalocarpus, from Madagascar; Apophgttum and EmbUngia, both Australian. In Tropical and South Africa is the favoured home of Capparidacece. Besides its numerous species of Capparis and Cleome, the continent and neighbouring islands are the sole birthplace of Boscia, Thglachium, Euadenia, and Bitchiea, with the greater part of Mania and Cadaba. The other species of the two last genera extend into Arabia, and even India, the sole country of Bogdsia. Moringa belongs to Tropical Asia and the warm regions of Eastern Africa. Cratava, comprising only half a dozen species, is however spread over a wide area in the Tropics, occurring in the hottest parts of West and East Africa, Asia, and the Indian Archipelago, Australia and Polynesia, the Antilles, Brazil, and the neighbouring parts of South America. In this respect its geographical distribution is comparable to that of Cappa- * Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 402, Fam. li. 4 Its only known species extends about forty (Jen., ^42, Orel. IV. degrees on either side of tbe equator in the west Prodr., i. 237, Old. XII. 0f America (see Adansonia, x. 28). GAPPAPWACBM. 165 ris and Cleome. The genus Capparis extends to 40° S. in Australia, the Cape, and La Plata. Northwards it extends to about 30° in America, above 40° in Asia, and not far from 50° in the Medi- terranean. The Capparidacea have long been divided into two tribes: Cleomea, with a dry capsular fruit, dehiscent by thin valves ; and Capparidea, with a fleshy fruit; the former usually herbaceous, with compound leaves, the latter woody ; and in this group most of the genera have a convex floral receptacle, and hence a hypogynous perianth and androceum. In Marua, on the contrary, the receptacle is hollow and obconical, with the perianth and androceum on its rim. Thus these plants are analogous to Eschscholtziece among Papaverads ; hence we propose to make a distinct series for them. Last come the two series of somewhat doubtful position, represented by Bopalocarpm and Moringa. "We now give the general characters of our five series : — I. Cleomeje. — Insertion hypogynous. Receptacle often produced into a cylinder. Fruit dry capsular, often siliquiform, one-celled, dehiscent. Plants herbaceous; often annual. (2 genera.) II. Capparide^e. — Insertion lvypogynous. Fruit fleshy (berry or drupe.) Plants woody. (12 genera.) III. M^erue^:. — Insertion perigynous. Receptacle concave. Fruit fleshy. Plants woody. (1 genus.) IV.? Ropalocarpe^e. — Insertion hypogynous. Receptacle obconi- cal short. Placentation brought down towards the base of the ovary. Fruit dry (?) indehiscent. Stem woody. Leaves simple. (1 genus.) V. MoRiNGEiE. — Insertion perigynous. Receptacle concave. Fruit capsular siliquiform dehiscent, usually 3-valvate. Stem woody. Leaves compound, 2-, 3-pinnate. (1 genus.) Thus the characters whereby we distinguish these series from one another are chiefly to be found in the consistency of the stem and pericarp, and the form of the floral receptacle. The other particulars of organization, on the variation of which we found our secondary and tertiary divisions, are as follows : — The leaves are sometimes simple, sometimes compound. The latter is nearly always the case in Clcomece ; but in Capparidea this 166 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. character is valueless, varying from one species to another in the same genus. Nor is the presence or absence of stipules of more value. Still we must lay stress on the union of the two intrapetiolar stipules into a single organ in Ropalocarpea ; and the presence of little glandular bodies in place of stipules and stipels in Morinyea. The leaves are simple in the former, decompound in the latter. The flowers are usually hermaphrodite ; but polygamo-dicecious in Apophyllum. The regularity or irregularity of the perianth is of no use as a generic characteristic ; for in Capparis, Cleome, Cratceva, Cadaba, &c, we find both regular and irregular corollas. Apetaly is sometimes considered of generic import ; thus it occurs in Boscia, Thylachium, and Roydsia ; but their perianth has some other pecu- liarity in the number of its parts or the mode of dehiscence. But mere apetaly is insufficient, for Mcerua and Cadaba have some species apetalous, others with corollas. Nor is the number of stamens, defi- nite or indefinite, or of carpels and placentas more serviceable. The genera Steriphoma and Thylachium have been defined by the dehiscence of their calyx, which will alone separate them from Capparis. If we look at this last genus, and see, indivisible as it now appears, the considerable variations found in the number of parts of the floral whorls, in the prsefloration, in the relative form and size of the parts of a single verticil, and even the arrangement of the placentas, which may be parietal, or divide the ovary up into complete cells, we shall understand that all these characters must lack any real significance in the group as a whole. The same remark may be applied to the form of the fruit. Since in the genus Capparis it may assume every possible form, from a perfect sphere to a narrow cylinder, thirty or forty times as long as it is thick, we can nowhere in this order retain genera only founded on the difference of the diameters of the pericarp. The chief affinities of Capparidacece are in no way doubtful. The order is allied to Papaveracece, Resedacece, and CrucifercB.x Of the first it lacks the double corolla, the copious albumen, the milky juice J. G. Agabdh says, moreover (Tkeor. Syst., pseolis collaterals, floribus 4-meris et axi intra 209) : " Capparidacece sunt Oxalideis et Tro- rlorem valde elongato diverste." CAPPARIDACECE. L67 with its peculiar properties. "We shall see that Resedacece, which A. L. de Jussieu included in the genera affinia of this order, are separable therefrom by no absolute character. Through Cleomece, especially the types with a dry siliquiform dicarpellary fruit, and a hexandrous androceum, we are brought so near Cruciferce that the only absolute distinction lies in the habit, and the false septum in the fruit of the latter. True, there are other differential characters, but they are inconstant: the organization of the leaves in Capparidacece, the frequent asymmetry of the flowers,1 the number of stamens, the long support of the fruit, and the direction of the ovules. Other secondary affinities must be noted. Such doubtful Capparidacece as Rqpalocarptts have been referred to Tiliacece. This closely linking of this order to Pixacece through Prockia enables us to see why Aphloia has been placed among Capparidacece, because of the form of the embryo. Moringc? shows close analogies with Leguminosce, differing essentially only in the number of its parietal placentas ; and Cordyla, which belongs to the Leguminose series Tounalece or Sivarfziece, was formerly placed in Capparidacece? and is only really distinguished therefrom by its single placenta. Differences in properties4 answer to the differences in histology between this order and Papaveracea. Its properties are on the whole very nearly those of Resedacece and Cruciferce, the vegetative organs usually containing acrid or stimulant, antiscorbutic juices, and the seeds an oily substance. The European Caper-plants are well-known for the use made of their flower-buds (more rarely the young fruit) as a stimulant aperient digestive condiment. Our Capers are the pickled buds of C. spinosah (figs. 174-179); but those of C. oegyptia* 1 Eichi., Fxc. Morph., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 338, t. 68. 2 See Adaasonia, vs.. 335, for the enumeration of the different groups to which Moringa has been referred, even bringing it near Monopetal(e, such as Bignoniacece. Agaedh (pp. cit., 211) says of Moringece : — " Capparideis collaterals aut paulo superiores, floribus 5-meris subsym- metricis et staminibus perigyuis ad Leguminosas transeuntes." Fl. Seneg. Tent., i. 30, t. 9. 4 Endl., Fnchirid., 457. — Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 358; Fl. Med., 94. — Rosenth., Syn. PL Diaph., 646. 5 L., Spec, 720. — Blackw., Herb., t. 417. — DC, Prodr., i. 245, n. 4. — GtJiB., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, hi, 671. — Lindl., Fl, Med., 94 —A. Rich., Flem., ed. 4, ii. 380, t. 80. — Rosenxh., op. cit., 648 (see above p. 149, note 2). 6 Lame., Diet., i. 605. — Del., Fl. Mgypt., 93, t. 31, fig. 3.— DC, Prodr., n. 7. 168 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. are used the same way in Egypt, like those of C. Fontanesia* in Barbary, and C. rupesfris2 in Greece. The bark of the roots of most of these species tastes bitter and pungent ; that of C. spinosa was formerly used as an aperient and deobstruant. We find much more marked properties in the roots of several species from Equi- noctial America; the bark is not only stimulant but vesicating. Hence the use of that of C. cynopliallophora? Breynia,4 jamaicensis? femtyinea,6 in the Antilles ; it is also considered emmenagogue, diu- retic, and hydragogue. The fruit of C. Breynia is held antispasmodic, and its flowers and root antihysteric and aperient. This idea may be due to the foetid smell of most of these plants ; for the same excre- mentitious smell characterizes many antispasmodic remedies. C. Morkonia'' one kind of the Mabouia-wood of the Antilles, is thought to have similar qualities. The fruit of C.frondosa* andpulc/ierriwa,9 are reputed poisonous in the same countries. Von Martius says that horses and mules have died from eating the leaves of C. Yco, in Brazil.10 Strangely enough, other species of the same genus are considered antidotal. The leaves of C. Bahi Forsk. and C. mithridatica Forsk. are rubbed in on snake-bites in Egypt. In India, C. Reedii, Beyneana, and brevispina are prescribed for vermin and many other affections. The fruits of C. Sodadau are simply edible ; but then they are always cooked beforehand in Egypt and Arabia. In Cadaba and Crotava we find the same diversity of properties. Cadaba indica12 is thought an anthelmintic; C.farinosa is chewed, audits powder is used as 1 DC, Prodr., n. 5.— C. ovata Desf., Fl. AH., i. 404 (nee Bieb.). 2 Sibth. & Sm., Fl. Grcpc., t. 487.— DC, Prodr., n. 3. This species and the preceding ones are held to he mere forms or varieties of C. spiiiosa by W. D. G. Koch (in Raid. Dentsch. F/., iv., ex Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 2, iii. 370). C. rupestris he would make an unarmed variety of C. spinosa. 3 L., Spec, 721.— DC, Prodr., i. 249, n. 61.— Lixdt,., loc. cit., n. 199. * Jacq, Amer., 161, t. 103. — L., Spec, ed. 2, i. 721.— DC, Prodr., i. 252, n. 95 (nee Sw.) — Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 80. — C. umiigdaliiia Laiik., Did., i. 608. — C. barcelonensis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, v. 92. — Breynia indica L., Spec, ed. 1, 503 (Feve du dialle, Jiois caea, of the Antilles). 5 Jacq., Amer., t. 101. 6 L., Amcen., v. 598. — P. Br., Jam., t. 28, fig. 1.— DC, Prodr., i. 251, n. 89.— C. oclrandra Jacq., Amer., t. 100. 7 Say., Ols., 272. — Morisonia americana L., Spec, 719.— Jacq,, Amer., t. 97.— DC, Prodr., i. 211. 8 Jacq., Amer., 162, t. 104.— DC, Prodr., i. 249, n. 51. 9 Jacq., Amer., 163, t. 106.— DC, loc cit., n. 250. 10 Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Cappar., 272, t. 60. — Colicodendron Yco Mabt., St/st.Mat. Med. Bras., 72 ; Kerb. Fl. Bras., 201. 11 Sodada decidua Fobsk., Fl. Mgiiyt.-Arab., 81.— Del., Fl. Mgypt., 74, t. 26.— DC, Prodr., i. 245. 12 Lamk., Diet., i. 511. — Cleome fruticosa L., Spec, 937.— Bibu., Fl. Ind., t. 46, fig. 3. CAPPABIDACEJZ. 169 an antiseptic. The American species Cratava gyndndray and Topia2 have a bitter bark, the decoction of which is a tonic, stomachic, and febrifuge. Their root is very acrid, even vesicant. The leaves of C. religiose? are prescribed internally as a stomachic, externally as a counter-irritant. C. Nurwala Ham., of India, is prized there for its edible fruits of vinous flavour ; and the berries of C. magna* are eaten in Cochin China. Those of Boscia senegalensis5 are eaten by the negroes of the Senegal ; they also treat headache by a topical application of a paste made of the leaves, or the vapour of water in which they are boiled. The root is reputed a vermifuge ; and the scraped wood gives a sweet taste to water, which is then used to make cakes. Nevertheless the flowers have the stercoraceous odour of those of so many species of Capparis and other genera. The series Cleomeae also contains many stimulant, or even vesicant, diuretic, aperient species. Cleome pentaphylla6 has the properties of Cress or Horseradish in the tropical countries where it abounds. C. triphylla1 is used in Hayti as an antiscorbutic and diuretic. C. viscosa* is used topically in affections of the ears, and its seeds are used as a condiment, like mustard. C.felina and icosandra? are used in India as a vermifuge and epispastic ; the root of the latter cures tapeworm.1" The flowers are used to season salads, like our nastur- tiums (Trqpaolum). The leaves of C. pentaphylla are eaten in Dongala, under the name of Bredes puantes." The oil in the embryo of the Capparidece is seldom extracted for use. But large quantities are extracted from that of the Ben nut [Moringd) in warm countries, 1 L., Spec, 636.— H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et 6 L., Spec, 938.— Bot. Mag., t. 1681.— a Spec, v. 86 ? — Lindl., Fl. Med., 95 {Palo de acuta Schum. & ThoNN., Beskr., 293. — Gynan- Gaaco, Sorrocloco of New Granada ; Garlick dropsis pentaphylla DC., Prodr., i. 238, n. 3. — Pear of Jamaica. G. denliculata DC, loc. cif., n. 4. 2 L., Spec, 637. — Pis., Bras., t. 69. — Macf., 7 l., Spec, 938. — Gynandropsis triphylla Fl. Jam., i. 37.— Eicin., in Mart. Fl. Bras., DC, Prodr., i. 237, n. 2. Cappar., 261, t. 59. SL., Spec, 938. — Polanisia groveolens Rafin., 3 Foest., Prodr., 203.— DC, Prodr., i. 243, in Journ. Phys. (Aug. 1819), 98.— DC, Prodr., n. 2. — Olit., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 99.— C. guineen- i. 242, n. 5. sis Sch. & Thonn., Beskr., 240.— C. lata DC, 9 L., Spec, 938.— Buem., Fl. Zeyl., t. 99.— loc cit., n. 3. — C. Adansonii DC, loc cit., n. 5. — Polanisia viscosa /3 DC, loc. cit. A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25 {Khed-kred of 10 Aubi/et also cites C.frutcscens of Guiana, as Senega!; Kada-kukku of India). being as strong an irritant as cantbarides. 4 In East Africa they also eat the seeds of H The following species are also cited as useful: Marua virgafa (figs. 182—184). Cleome spinosa and polygama, balsamic and sto- 5 Lame., III., t. 395. — DC, Prodr., i. 214. — macbic; C. pruriens, whose irritant hairs are A. Rich., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 25. — Podoria sene- sternutatory (see Eichl., loc. cit., 287). galensis Pees., Syn., ii. 5 (Pjandam of the natives). 170 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. especially in Egypt and Arabia. There oil is extracted from the seeds of M. aptera ;x it is sweet, inodorous, and limpid, does not easily turn rancid, and finally separates into two parts, one of which coagulates, while the other always remains fluid. It is used in the extraction of certain perfumes, and the more fluid part is often used by the watch- maker. The embryo is bitter and purgative, acrid especially when fresh, and then a rubefacient ; it is considered a febrifuge in the East. In Egypt the seed is extensively brought to market. It grows on plants raised in Cairo and the neighbourhood from seed imported from Sennaar. The seeds are exported to Syria and Palestine on account of their medicinal and alimentary uses. This is thought to be the tree that Belon saw on Sinai, and named Balanus myrepsica, adding, that the inhabitants " industriously gather its seed, whereof they make a great quantity of oil." It is not, however, found there now ; the Arabs have probably cut down and destroyed all these trees for charcoal. Probably a similar use might be made of the winged Ben,2 from Tropical India, which also contains a quantity of oil ; but it does not appear to have been used much hitherto. 1 G-ZERTN., Fruct., ii. 315. — DC, Prodr., ii. 478, n. 3. — Decne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv. 203, t. 6. — Gctib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, ill. 387. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 103. — M. zeylanica L., Spec, 546.— Pees., Syn., i. 460. — ? M. Nux Ben Desf., ex Del., Fl. Mgypt., 81. — Balanus myrepsica Bel., Obs., 126 (ed. 1553). — Blackw., Herb. t. 386 ? 2 Moringa pterygosperma G.&BTN., op. cit., 314, t. 147. — DC, loc. cit., n. 1. — M. oleifera Lamk., Diet., i. 398. — Quilandina Moringa L., Spec, 546. — Hyperanthera Moringa Vahl, Symb., i. 30. — ? Anoma Moringa L.OUB., Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 279. CAPPABIDACEAS. 171 GENERA. T. CLEOME^J. 1. Cleome L. — Flowers regular or more rarely sub-irregular, 4-merous ; calyx dentate or partite, persistent or deciduous, more rarely circumcissile at base, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals 4, equal or unequal, sessile or unguiculate, entire or dentate, or more rarely laciniate (Cristatettd). Receptacle convex or slightly concave (Isomeris) at base, naked above the perianth, or produced behind into an appendage of variable form. Stamens 4, 5, or usually 6, equal or sub-4-dynamous, more rarely 8-co (Polanisia), free, inserted on the elongated cylindrical receptacle immediately above the perianth, or a little higher, or very high (G 'ynandropsis) ; filaments free, often declinate ; all or many, or more rarely 1 (Dactyltena) antheriferous, sometimes subinflated beneath anthers ; the rest antherless ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, 2-rimose. Grermen stipitate, or more rarely subsessile, elongated, or more rarely subovate, or shortly trapezoid (Cleomclla) ; placentas 2, parietal, anterior and posterior, more rarely 3-qo ; ovules few, or usually go, subanatropous or campy- lotropous ; stigma on elongated style, or more frequently subsessile or sessile ; micropyle superior. Capsule membranous or inflated, or bladder-like coriaceous (Isomeris), cylindrical or compressed, or shortly ovoid or flask-shaped, or trapezoidal {Cleomclla), glabrous or glandu- lar, or prickly. Seeds few, more frequently co, reniform, glabrous, or scrobiculate rough or woolly ; embryo sometimes albuminous, bowed, induplicate or convolute ; cotyledons incumbent ; radicle conical superior. — Herbs, often annual, undershrubs, or more rarely small trees, often glandular stinking ; leaves simple, or digi- tately 3-5-7— 9-foliolate; stipules 0, or small herbaceous, or spi- nescent ; flowers solitary, or generally racemose ; racemes simple or branched, bracteate or leafy (All Tropical and Subtropical, rarely Temperate regions). See p. 144. 2. Wislizenia Engelm. — Flowers 4-merous ; sepals short imbri- 172 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. cate deciduous. Petals shortly unguiculate, imbricate. Stamens 6, inflexed in aestivation ; filaments finally elongated ; anthers exserted, 2-locular. Germen long-stipitate ; cells 2, didimous 2-ovulate, style slender, subulate. Capsule didymous, on a slender reflexed stipe ; lobes tuberculate, at length separating from perforated septum, 1 -seeded. Seed conduplicate, arcuate-reniibrm ; embryo much incurved; cotjdedons incumbent. — An annual glabrous herb; leaves alternate 3-foliolate; stipules fimbriate; flowers in short terminal and axillary racemes {New Mexico). See p. 148. II. CAPPARIDE^. 3. Capparis T. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular; receptacle convex. Sepals 4, or very rarely 5, equal or unequal, free or connate, sometimes unequally torn, bare within, or with a basilar gland, or internal or lateral ligula ; valvate or imbricate in aestivation. Petals alternate, 4, or more rarely oo, imbricate. Sta- mens usually oo, sometimes inserted on a glandular receptacle, free; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen long-stipitate ; cells l-oo ; septa incomplete or complete, bearing co ovules ; style very short, or next to none, soon dilated into a stigmatiferous lamina. Fruit a berry, or more or less corticate, very variable in shape, globular ovoid or much lengthened-siliquiform, sometimes constricted between the seeds, indehiscent, or more rarely obscurely dehiscent. Seeds oo, embedded, reniform ; testa coriaceous or oftener crustaceous ; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy and convolute about the very long radicle. — Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, unarmed spinose or aculeate, glabrous tomentose or variably lepidote ; leaves alternate, or more rarely opposite, very rarely 0, membranous or coriaceous, deciduous or persistent ; stipules setaceous or spinescent ; flowers axillary or supra-axillary, solitaiy or fasciculate, sometimes super- posed, or in terminal racemes or coiwmbs, usually bracteate {All Tropical, Subtropical, and Tempera te regions). See p. 149. 4. Atamisquea Miers. — Flowers hermaphrodite (small) ; recep- tacle unequally c}^athiform, produced beyond perianth, excentric and concave in front, with 3 alternipetalous tongue-shaped glandules at CAPPABIDAGE2E. 173 edges, 1 anterior longer ; 2 lateral shorter, a little more internal. Sepals 4, 2 -seriate ; onter ones (antero-posterior) much larger, concave, scaly externally, closely valvate ; inner ones lateral, smaller, subspathulate, attenuate at edges. Petals 4, slightly unequal ; anterior 2 subdissimilar to posterior 2. Reproductive parts inserted on top of dilated bowed column, concave and keeled in front. Stamens 9, 6 fertile (2 anterior, 2 lateral, and 2 posterior) ; filaments free ; anthers introrse, basifixed, at length curved, 2-rimose ; sterile 3 antherless ; anterior 1 longer, alternipetalous ; lateral 2 between anterior and lateral fertile ones on each side. Germen slender stipi- tate elongated-ovoid, densely lepidote ; stigma sessile, acute, placentas 2, oc-ovulate ; ovules 2-seriate. Berry ovoid, subcarneous, densely lepidote, apiculated by persisting style, 1 -celled, with a little pulp, indehiscent, bursting on pressure into 4 valves ; replum persistent. Seeds 1, 2, cochleate-reniform ; embiwo exalbuminous hippocrepi- forra ; cotyledons incumbent, plicately convolute on one another. — A branched rigid shrub, with scurfy elaeagnoid scales ; twigs divari- cating, sometimes spinescent ; leaves alternate or subopposite, small linear-oblong petiolate ; flowers pedunculate axillary to the 1, 2 superior leaves of the branch {Chili, Bolivia, California). See p. 153. 5. Apophyllum P. Muell. — Flowers pofygamo-dicecious, almost of Capparis ; sepals 3, 4, imbricate. Petals 2-4, imbricate; anterior 2 often wanting. Stamens 0 or 1-3 in female flower, some- times fertile; oo in male flower; filaments filiform inserted on short depressed receptacle ; anthers introrse. Germen (0 in male flower) stipitate; ovules 1, 2 ascending, parietal or subbasilar; stigma sessile. Berry stipitate pisiform. Seeds 1, 2, smooth; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons circinately involute. — A branched almost leafless shrub ; branches virgate terete ; leaves small linear ; flowers aggregated, into lateral fascicles {Tropical Australia). See p. 154. 6. Roydsia Eoxb. — Sepals connate from very base, imbricate. Stamens co, inserted a little above short calyx on erect cylindrical column ; filaments free ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen shortly stipitate, 3-locular ; ovules oo, inserted in central angle ; style divided into 3 subulate strips. Drupes shortly stipitate, ovoid ; puta- 174 NATURAL HI8T0BY OF PLANTS. men woody ; seed 1 ; test membranous ; embryo thick ; cotyledons unequal, the larger embracing the induplicate smaller one. — Shrubs; leaves alternate simple shortly petiolate exstipulate ; flowers in simple or branched axillary, or terminal, and sometimes much- branched racemes; pedicels 1-bracteate (Bast Indies, Philippine Islands). See p. 154. 7. Steriphoma Spreng. — Calyx gamosepalous, cylindrical-cam- panulate, irregularly torn, 2-4-lobed, valvate ; glandules 4 within at base, alternisepalous, concave-elliptical, scale-like. Petals 4, very shortly unguiculate, inserted on short column, somewhat above calyx, equal or slightly unequal, imbricate. Stamens 5, 6 inserted along with petals ; filaments free, finally long-exserted, unequal ; anthers lengthened, introrse, 2-rimose. Germen stipitate ; placentas 2, parietal, finally coherent in the centre ; ovules go, 2-seriate ; stigma sessile. Berry corticate, pulpy. Seeds go, immersed; embryo fleshy; cotyledons spirally convolute. — Shrubs, with stellate pu- bescence; leaves simple (1-foliolate) long-petiolate; flowers in terminal racemes {Tropical America). See p. 155. 8. Thylachium Lour. — Calyx gamosepalous, membranous, val- vate, at length unequally torn, and dehiscing transversely as an operculum. Corolla 0. Stamens oo, inserted on short column, a little above calyx, free ; anthers introrse rimose twisted. Germen long stipitate, 1-locular; placentas 4-10 ; ovules go; stigma sessile. Berry "oblong" stipitate oo-seeded. — Unarmed shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or 3-foliolate; leaflets entire or panduriform ; flowers in short terminal and axillary corymbose racemes {Islands of East Tropical Africa). See p. 155. 9. Cadaba Forsk. — Sepals 4 ; unequal ; 2 outer interior over- lapping, valvate, all deciduous. Petals 4, unguiculate ; 2 larger ; or 2 (Desmocarpus), more rarely 0 (Schepperia). Stamens 4-6, or more rarely 8 (Schepperia), inserted far above corolla on top of erect cylindrical column. Germen long-stipitate ; placentas 2-4 ; ovules go, 2-seriate ; stigma small sessile. Berry cylindrical coriaceous, sometimes indehiscent, sometimes dehiscing by 2 valves (Desmo- carpus). Seeds go, subglobose ; embryo fleshy; radicle conical; CAW ARID AVE M. 175 cotyledons incumbent convolute. — Unarmed or spinescent shrubs, sometimes leafless; leaves usually 1- or 3-foliolate ; stipules 2; flowers axillary solitary, or in racemes or corymbs {Ada, Tropical Africa). See p. 156. 10. Euadenia Oliv. — Flowers nearly of Cadaba ; sepals free, open in sestivation. Petals 4 ; 2 posterior much elongated. Stamens 5, inserted with or a little above corolla. G ermen stipitate ; gyno- phore produced at base into a long linear appendage between the 2 larger petals ; apex of appendage 5-lobed or 5-glandular ; placentas 2, parietal, oo-ovulate ; stigma subsessile. Berry subglobular or oblong, indehiscent ; seeds go, immersed in pulp. — Glabrous shrubs ; leaves 3-foliolate; flowers in terminal racemes (Tropical Wed Africa). See p. 156. 11. Crataeva L. — Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, or poly- gamous by abortion ; receptacle nearly flat, or slightly concave, lined by an equally or unequally-lobed disk, somewhat prominent between the petals. Calyx imbricate. Petals equal, or 2 posterior longer, long-unguiculate, open in sestivation. Stamens 8- go ; fila- ments filiform, elongated. Germen long- stipitate ; placentas 2, parietal or connate at centre ; ovules go, cc-seriate; stigma discoid, subsessile. Berry stipitate, ovoid, or globular, corticate. Seeds go, immersed reniform; cotyledons incumbent, convolute ; radicle conical. — Shrubs or trees, glabrous lenticellate ; leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers in terminal or axillary corymbs (All Tropical regions). See p. 156. 12. Boscia Lamk. — Sepals 4, valvate or slightly imbricate, deciduous, inserted on a short glandular torus. Corolla 0. Stamens 6-oo , inserted on top of torus, free or slightly connate at base. Germen stipitate; placentas 2, pauciovulate ; style short; apex capitate stigmatose. Berry subglobular, more or less long-stipitate ; pericarp occasionally coriaceous. Seeds l-oo , immersed; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons convolute ; radicle long. — Unarmed shrubs ; leaves simple ; petiole articulate ; stipules minute ; flowers (usually small) in racemes or corymbs (Tropical Africa). See p. 157. 13. Bitchiea R. Br. — Sepals 4, equally valvate. Petals 4, alter- 176 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. nately long-unguiculate ; claws indnplicate-valvate ; blades oblong undulate imbricate. Stamens go , inserted on hemispherical re- ceptacle above perianth, free. Germen long-stipitate ovoid ; stigma sessile, large, discoid ; placentas 2—4 ; ovules go . Berry oblong-elliptical, 2-4-ribbed. — Shrubs, climbing or erect ; leaves alternate, 3-5-foliolate ; stipules 0 or small caducous ; flowers in long-pedicellate corymbs {Tropical Africa). See p. 157. 14. Emblingia F. Muell. — Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, split down to base in front. Petals 2, alternating with posterior sepal, united behind into an ascending slipper-shaped corolla ; receptacle produced behind perianth into a gynophore with glabrous glandule at base behind ; gynophore much elongated flattened bowed, concave behind; apex dilated around germen into a disciform, 6-12-crenate or shortly lobed ring ; anterior lobes 3-6, obtuse pubescent sterile ; posterior 3-5, bearing a small 2-celled introrse 2-rimose anther. Germen 1-locular; placentas 2, 8-ovulate ; style short, slightly enlarged into a stigmatiferous, 2-lobed lamina. Drupe subglobular- compressed, inverted, curved down into calyx ; mesocarp thin ; putamen rugose or prickly, 1 -seeded. Embryo involute. — A pros- trate scabrous-hirsute undershrub ; leaves crowded, simple, opposite, or subopposite ; flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncle short, slender {West Australia). Seep. 158. III. MiERUE^E. 15. Mserua Forsk. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, or more rarely polygamous ; receptacle concave, obconical or tubular ; disk lining receptacle, and scarcely prominent from its mouth {Streblo- carpus), or produced into a simple or torn edge {Eumcerua). Petals 0 or 4 {Streblocarpus). Stamens co , perigynous ; filaments free or connate at base; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen stipitate, inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled; placentas 2—4; ovules few on each placenta {Courbonia), or more frequently co ; stigma sub- sessile. Berry stipitate, ovoid {Niebuliria) or subglobular {Cour- bonia), more frequently cylindrical torulose, more or less constricted between the seeds {Eumcerua). Seeds solitary or few {Niebuliria, CAPPARIDA CEJE. 177 Courbonid), or co , reniform ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent- convolute ; radicle superior. — Small trees or shrubs, unarmed or spiuescent ; leaves alternate 1-3-foliolate ; stipules minute or 0 ; flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in corymbose racemes {South- west Asia, continental and insular East Tropical Africa). See p. 15S. IV. EOPALOCARPE^]. 16. Ropalocarpus Boj. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular; sepals 4, in 2 imbricate series. Petals 4, alternate, ver}*- thin, dentate or subincised at apex, imbricate, corrugated. Stamens go, inserted with perianth ; filaments free, plicate-corrugated in bud ; anthers introrse 2-celled 2-riinose. Grermen inserted at top of receptacle by a short broadly obconical stipe with a glandular apex, completely or incompletely 2-celled ; ovules 2-4, inserted near base of each cell of placenta, suberect anatropous; micropyle introrse inferior; style slender subulate ; apex subentire stigmatose. Fruit dry (?) in- dehiscent, externally suberous, bristling with thick conical prickles, 2-celled ; one cell rudimentary, seedless ; the other incurved about the sterile one, apiculate, 1 -seeded. Seed suberect; test, crus- taceous ; embryo subcorneous, deeply ruminated, erect ; radicle short conical inferior ; cotyledons broadly membranous, hyaline, laciniate and lobed ; lobes go , corrugated-plicate, included between lamina? of albumen. — A glabrous shrub; leaves alternate simple entire; stipules 2 small, connate to a variable height into 1, intrapetiolar ; flowers small in axillary cymes (?) {Madagascar). See p. 160. V.? MOBINGE^E. 17. Moringa Burm. — Flowers hermaphrodite irregular; receptacle cyathiform, lined by a disk, obliquely truncate. Sepals 5, slightly unequal ; sestivation quincuncial. Petals 5, alternate, unlike ; the anterior one internal, erect at anthesis ; lateral and superior ones smaller, finally reflexed. Stamens 10, inserted with the peri- gynous perianth ; filaments free, decimate ; anterior ones longer ; 5 oppositipetalous, often antherless, sometimes reduced to seta? ; anthers VOL. III. N 178 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. dorsifixed 1 -celled introrse 1-rimose. Gennen stipitate, inserted in bottom of receptacle, 1 -celled ; style terminal slender tubular; apex stigmatose, truncated, perforated ; placentas 3, parietal ; 2 posterior ; ovules oo on each placenta, descending, anatropous ; microp}rle introrse, superior. Capsule rostrate siliquiform, 3-6- or more rarely 2-4-8-gonous, torulose, 1 -celled, 3- or more rarely 2-4-valved ; valves bearing in the middle of their sides co 1 -seriate seeds, separated by spongy spurious septa ; seeds ovate, wingless or with as many wings as valves ; embryo exalbuminous straight ; cotyledons amygdaloid, oily ; radicle superior short ; plumule many-leaved. — Unarmed trees, abounding in an odoriferous gum ; leaves alternate deciduous impari- 2-3-pinnate ; pinnse and pinnules opposite, occasionally stipellate ; leaves entire caducous ; stipules 0, or present at base of petiole and pinnae as sometimes stipitate glandules; flowers in axillary much branched cymiferous racemes {Warm Asia, North-east Africa). See p. 161. XVIII. CRUCIFER^. 1. WALLFLOWER SERIES. We shall commence the study of this order with the genus Cheir Cheiranthus Cheiri ( Wallflower). Fig. 191. Flowering branch. N 2 180 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. orfto.'of which one species, the Wallflower (Fr., Glroflee lame; fi>s. 191-200), is often cuitivrated in our parterres, and flowers in Cheiranthus Cheiri. Fig. 192. Flower. Fig. 196. Flower, perianth removed. Fig. 194. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 195. Petal. Fig. 193. Diagram. early spring. Its flowers are regular hermaphrodite, with a convex receptacle forming a depressed cone. It bears near its base a cru- ciate calyx of four free sepals, alternative-imbricate in the bud (fig. 1 L., Gen., n. 815. — Adans., Fam. ties PL, ii. Organog., 214, t. 44 ; Tarn. Nat., 138. — Hook. 418 {Cheiri). — J., Gen., 238. — R. Be., in Ait. F. & Thoms., Pracurs. ad Fl. Ind. (Crveif.), in Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. IIS.— DC., Sgst. Veg., ii. Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 136. — B. H., Gen., 68, n. 178; Prodr.,\. 135. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, 5. — Schelhammerla Heist., Helmst., 36. vL 406. — Endl., Gen., n. 4818. — Payee, CRUCIFER.E. 181 193). Two are anteroposterior (or placentary) ; they have flat bases inserted along a very open arc ; in the bud they cover the lateral (or carpellary) pair. These are dilated and boat-shaped at the base ; and the scar of their insertion on the receptacle is much curved. Cheiranthus Cheiri. Fig. 198. Seed. Fig. 199. Transverse section of seed (|). Fig. 200. Embryo (*). There are four alternipetalous petals, forming a cruciform corolla. Each one (fig. 193) consists of a long narrow claw, and a much broader blade, which is inclined to the claw. The prsefloration is somewhat variably imbricated ; as a rule one petal is wholly external, one wholly internal, and the two others are covered on one edge and overlapping on the other (fig. 193). The androceum is tetradyna- mous ; i.e., of its six stamens four are larger than the remaining two. The latter are superposed to the lateral sepals, the four large onos are superposed in pairs to the antero-posterior two.1 Around the foot of the stamens the receptacle swells into a green glandular tissue, constituting what have been termed the nectaries, or disks. In this species they form two large irregular islands, surrounding the feet of the short stamens (fig. 193). Each stamen (fig. 196) has a free subulate filament, and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.2 The gynaeceum is superior ; it has a sub- sessile narrow elongated subcylindrical ovary, surmounted by a short style, whose apex is divided into two little lateral diverging lobes, covered on their inner faces with stigmatic papillae. The ovary is one -celled, with two antero-posterior parietal placentas. Each bears two series of funiculate descending campylotropous ovules, whose micropyles look upwards and inwards ;3 and between its series 1 Certain authors hold that these are epposi- tipetalous, and form a distinct whorl to the lateral stamens. - The pollen of Cruel/era is generally formed of opaque ovoid grains, with three iolds. H. Mohl (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 327) dis- tinguishes those with a cellular and with a dotted external membrane. In the former the bands are smooth {Raphamis Raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Cardamine pralensis), or cellular (Chei- ranthus annaus, various species of Iberis). In Cheiranthus incanus and tr>cuspidatus there are no folds. 3 They have two coats. 182 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. of ovules each placenta advances to meet its fellow, and form an antero-posterior false septum, which divides the ovary into two false- Cardam'uie pratensis (Cuckoo-flower). Fig. 204. Flower, perianth removed. Fig. 205. Long. sect, of flower. cells.1 The fruit is a siliqua, that is a narrow elongated polysper- mous fruit, opening when ripe by four longitudinal clefts into three pieces. Two of them are the lateral valves. The third (median) piece, from which they separate, is composed of the hardened placentas, forming a narrow vertical antero-posterior frame of about the same breadth as the valves ; on them is strained the membranous false- septum, on either side of which are borne, before and behind, a row of seeds on free slender funicles. Each campylotropous descending seed contains within its coats2 a bowed fleshy embryo, whose radicle 1 Frequent anomalies occur in this genus and Fig. 201. many others, the carpels becoming free, separat- ing from the placenta, having their number increased, &c. The last is often due to the trans- formation of several stamens into supernumerary carpels, as shown in figs. 201-203, which are external to the normal carpels, and unite with them or remain free. (See Lindl., in Bot. Reg. t. 1168.— Ad. Br., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., viii. 454. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 351, t. 12, &c.) 2 Edged by a membrane in Dichroanthus (Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 65, t. 5, 6), that is, in the section Cheiroides (DC), where the fruit is tetragonal, with a slender style; not marginate in the other section (Cheiri DC.), with a compressed fruit, and scarcely any style. Fig. 202. GRUCIFEEJS. 183 Notoceras hispanicum. Fig. 206. Fruit. is closely folded on the cotyledons. It is applied to their edges and therefore termed accumbent. Cheirantkus comprises herbs and imdershrubs with fine bifurcated or more rarely stellate hairs scattered over their organs. Their leaves are alternate, simple, elongated, entire or dentate. Their flowers form terminal racemes, in which the alternate pedicels are not axillary to bracts. In some species1 with all the other characters of the genus the radicle is incumbent, that is applied not to the edges of the cotyledons, but across the side of one of them. The genus comprises a dozen species,2 natives of the temperate regions of Europe, "West and Central Asia, North Africa, and North America. The Rock-cresses {Arabis ; Fr., Arabette), closely allied to the Wallflowers, especially in fruit, are only distinguished therefrom by characters that would be held of slight value in other genera, but which here rise greatly of necessity, when we have to divide so close and natural an order into genera. The lateral sepals are sometimes like the other two. The siliqua is thin linear compressed sessile, and its valves are plane or carinate (figs. 206- 208). The seeds are arranged in one row, more rarely in two, on either side of the false septum, and may be marginate or even winged, or else wingless. Arabis has given its name to the first subseries in this group, the Arabi- dinete, usually3 characterized by the accumbent radicle. Therein are included twenty genera : Cheirantkus, Atelanthera, Nasturtium,* Barbarea, Arabis, Streptanthus, Cardamine (figs. 204, 205), Dryopetalum, Macropodlum, Leavenworthia, Parolinia ornata. Fig. 207. Fig. 208. Gynajceuin (^). Long. sect, of gynseceum. 1 Especially in C. Menziesii {Hesperis Menziesii Hook., in Beech. Toy., Bot., t. 75), type of the genus Phcenicaulis (NlTTT., ex Tobe. & Gb., Fl. N. Amer., i. 89). The same thing occurs at tunes in C. Cheiri and the allied species of our gardens. 2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., t. 45. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 185. — Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 86. — Walp., Rep., i. 121; ii. 755; Ann., iv. 192 ; vii. 98. 3 Here, as in Cheirantkus and generally in the memhers of this order, this character is, as we shall see, though convenient in practice, far from absolute, and many exceptions to it have been cited. (See Adansonia, x. 48.) 4 According to A. Geay, we should regard 1S4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Anastaiica hierochuntina {Rose of Jericho), Loxostemon, Mbrettia, Notoceras (fig. 206,) Andrzejowskia, Paro- linia (figs. 207, 208), Parri/a, Cithareloma, Mattkiola, Lonchophora, and Anastaiica (fig. 20$), only differing in minor characters, which will be given in detail later,1 and which chiefly refer to the habit ; the similar or dissimilar insertion of the sepals ; their form ; that of the siliqua ; the presence or absence of appendicular prominences (of very variable form) on its valves ; the form of the stigmatiferous apex of the style, which may be simply capitate, entire, and covered uniformly with papilhe, or more or less deeply bilobate, with the lobes erect, connate, or more or less decurrent on the style. The flowers of Sisymbrium (figs. 214, 215) are formed as in most of the preceding genera ; and so, on the whole, is the siliqua. But the cotyledons are incumbent ; that is to say, their radicle is folded against the Fig. 209. Fruit (f). Tetrapoma karbareifolia TrRCZ. (fi>s. 210-213) Tetrapoma barlareifoliir. Fig. 210. as an anomaly of Nasturtium palustre R. Br., not as the type of a distinct genus, for, although its ovary has three or four placentas, in other respects its organization is quite that of a Na- sturtium (see the Genera below). The style is thick, broad, subentire on top (figs. 210-212) ; four h ypogynous glands are seen at the base of the Fig. :12. Fig. 213. Fig. 211. ovary; when there are tour placentas thei arrangement is cruciate (figs. 211, 213). We must note that in our gardens this anomaly is retained more or less completely, and reproduced from year to year by seed. 1 See the Genera below. GRUCIFEIIJE. 185 outer face of one of the cotyledons, not on their commissure ; they sisymbrium are straight, convolute or more or less folded on them- (Gar'iic- selves transversely, but not longitudinally. Only excep- mustard). tionally are they accumbent ; and by this character, slight though its importance be, we distinguish the series Sisymbrinea, containing twenty-one genera : Sisymbrium, Conringia, Erysimum, Porphyrocodon, Smeloioskia, Zerdana, Christolea, Greyyia, Syrenia, Pac/iypodium, Stanleya, Warea, Streptoloma, Dontostemon, Lepidostemon, Malcolmia, Hesperis, Tetracme, Schizopetalon (fig. 216), Helinphila (fig. 217, 218), and Chandra. These genera are distinguished from each other mainly by the following traits : the siliqua has rarely horns towards its apex {Tetracme), and may be sessile or stipitate ; SchizopetahnWaikeri- the style is simple, capitate ^\^\<\ J ^ or divided into two short lobes, or two longer lobes, free erect, or connate and coalescing into a single co- nical body. The cotyledons may be folded once, or more rarely twice, on themselves; the stamens are free, exappendiculate, or else the longer ones have a basal appendage or tooth ; finally the petals, usually entire, are pinnatifid in the one genus Schizopetcdum . With the same general organi- zation in flowers and fruit, the Cabbages1 (Fr., Choux ; 219-241) have been made the type of a third subseries Brassicinece, only because their seeds differ in the folding of the cotyledons on them- selves and the radicle. Their Fig. 214 Fruit. Fig. 215. Transverse sect. (&). Fig. 216. Flower. Ileliophilia variabilis. Fig. 217. Fig. 218. flowers, nearly the Same aS tllOSe Flower, perianth removed(i). Long. sect, of flower. 1 Brassica T., Inst., 219, t. 106.— L., Gen., S>/st. Teg., ii. 582; Prodr., i. 213 (part.).— 820.— Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 417.— DC, Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 356.— Enul., Gen., 186 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. of Cheiranthus or Sisymbrium, have like them a convex receptacle forming' a depressed cone. The two lateral sepals are more or less gibbous or saccate above their insertion. They may be Brassica oleravea (Cabbage). Fig. 220. Flower, perianth removed (^). O a \W Fig. 221. Fruit. Fig. 223. Transverse section of seed (^). Fig. 219. Inflorescence. Fig. 222. Fruit dehiscing erect or spreading in the expanded flower. The petals are ungui- culate, cruciate, variably imbricated in the bud. Near the base of the six stamens, with free subulate filaments,1 is seen a disk of four n. 4949. — Payee, Lee. stir les Fam. Nat., 137. — B. H., Gen., 84, 967, n. 77.—? Corynelobos R(EM., in Linneea, xxv. 7. 1 Certain monstrous flowers occur, like that of fig. 225, which belongs to a Mustard, a sub- genus that, like several recent authors, we include in Brassica (see pp. 191, 192, figs. 235-241), with the anthers sterile and ill-developed. This condition is associated with partial or complete virescence of the petals, considerable hypertrophy of the ovary, which is here vesicular and folia- ceous, and which in many such flowers has a median vertical groove before and behind, but an incomplete false-septum, or even none at all. We also frequently find in such cases an atrophy of the style, with the ovules usually transformed into green foiiaceous blades of very variable form Fig. 225. CRUCIFERJE. 187 Brassica oleracea (cmrfo-rapd) (Kohl-Rabi). te§feh4& glands. Two of these are carpellary, placed inside the little lateral stamens, and are bowed, concave externally. The placentary pair, usually narrow and elongated, more rarely depressed, are external to and between the two large stamens of each pair. The fruit is elon- gated and cylindroidal, somewhat com- pressed perpendicular to the septum, which is nearly as broad as the valves. These bear one or three ill-marked longi- tudinal ribs ; the lateral ones are often flexuous. The ovary is surmounted by a short or elongated style, ending in a trun- cate stigmatiferous head, entire, depressed in the centre, or more or less bilobate. The seeds are spherical or oblong, in one row on either side of the septum, with free funic! es. The radicle of the large fleshy embryo is folded across the middle of one of the cotyledons. These are conduplicate, or folded transversely, one outside and pa- rallel to the other, and in the fold of the latter lies the embryo. The genus consists of herbs or rarely under- shrubs, with often erect branching stems, glaucescent and glabrous, or hairy. The flowers1 form leafless, simple or more rarely branched racemes. This genus is the most instructive for study of all in this immense order ; first, on account of the diverse modes of evolution of its vegetative organs, found again in the other genera ; next, because of the way its various sections stand apart or shade off into one another ; whence we learn the real value of the characters on which authors have based their separations of the genera of this order. As regards their vegetative organs, the Cabbages present that evolution in two stages which has been misnamed biennial, and which were better termed dicarpic, or dicarpian. True, the forms of the common Cabbages known as Green Cabbages,2 or Cabbages without Fig. 224. Young plant (jL). and size. This kind of anomaly, observed pretty frequently in the commoner Crucifers, is deter- mined by the prick of an insect, or the develop- ment of Erysiphe or some other parasitic fungus. 1 Yellow, more rarely whitish. 3 B. oleracea L., Spec, 932. — B. pinnatifida Desf., Fl. All., t. 65 (ex Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 359). — Napus oleracea Spejn'N. 188 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. a head1 {CJtoux verts, C. sans fete) long continue vegetating and developing leaves on a common stem, which elongates without thickening much. Here the successive evolution of the leaves exhausts the nutritive juices as they are formed in the plant ; but they may accumulate in some part of the plant in the varieties with two periods of vegetation. This is the case in the Savoys2 {Choux Brassica oleracea (caulo-rapa). m ' ..t*.,i w^ Fig. 226. Flowering plant (jTB). Brassica oleracea (gemmiferd). (Brussels-sprouts). Fig. 227. Habit (i). pommcs, cabus, fig. 232). Here, in the first period, the juices first accumulate in the head, that is, in the petioles, ribs, and veins of the fleshy crowded leaves, which are imbricated on the top of the 1 B. oleracea var. B., acephala DC, loc. cit.— Spach, loc. cit., 361. — B. oleracea viridis Lamk., Did., i. 743, n. 2. ' B. oleracea capilata L'C. — Spach, loc. cit., 361. C-RUCJFEUJE. 189 stem. In the second period the plant flowers, and these reservoirs Brassica eampestris {oleifera). Fig. 2:50. Seed (f). Fig. 229. Fruit. Fig. 228. Inflorescence (i). Fig. 231. Long. seer, of seed. of nutriment are emptied to supply the rapid evolution of the Brassica oleracea (capitata). (Saroy.) Brassica ohracea (Botrytis). (Cauliflower.) :/^ Fig. 232. Habit (i). Fig. 233. (Habit (i). 190 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Brassiea Napus {Turnip). inflorescence. In the Brussels Sprouts {Ckoux de BruoeeUes, fig. 227) numerous lateral buds in the axils of the leaves form the storehouses in the period of growth, and form little edible heads. In the Cauli- flower {Choux-HeurSy fig. 233) and Broccoli the large mammillated edible head is formed by the transi- tory accumulation of nutritive matter in the whole of the inflorescence which ends the plant after the first period of vegetation. The reservoir is far lower down in Kohl Rabi2 {C/tou-rave), where it is in the swollen base of the stem, on which may even be seen the insertion of the leaves (figs. 224, 226), and yet lower in the Turnips3 {Choux-naveh, fig. 234), where it is in the enormous tap-root without any leaf-scars, used for food by both man and beast. These variations are all found in the section which we shall call Eubrassica* the fruit of which is a sessile siliqua, whose valves bear a prominent mid- rib, and flexuous lateral ribs. It comprises dicarpic herbs, natives of Europe and Asia.5 In Erucastrum* by some made a distinct genus, the siliqua is narrow, with but one rib on each valve. This also includes European and Asiatic herbs,7 annual and perennial, with nearly the habit of Sisymbrium. In B. incana,8 which has also been made into the distinct genus Fig. 234. Young plant (i). 1 B. oleracea lotrytis DC, Prodr., i. 284, F. - B. oleracea gongyloides L. (?). — Spach, loc. cit„ 366. — B. oleracea caulo-rapa DC. I'} B. Napus L., Spec, 931.— DC, Syst., ii. 592 ; Prodr., i. 214, n. 4. — Geen. & Gopb., Fl. de Fr., i. 76 4 Sect. Brassiea DC, Syst. Yeg., ii. 582. 5 Reichb., Ic. FL Germ., ii. t. 91-98. 6 Peesl., Fl. Sic, i. 92. 7 Reichb., op. cit., t. 89. — Walp., Sep., 187 ; v. 49. 8 Sinapis incana L., Amoen., iv. 281 ; Spec, 934. — Erncastrum incanum Koch, Syn., ed. 1, 56. — Myagrum hispanieum L., Spec, 893.— Hirschfeldia adpressa Mcekch. GBUGIFEBJE. 191 Hirschfeldia? the vegetative organs are more or less hoary, and the valves of the fruit, which is Brassica (Melanosinapis) nigra (Black mustard). { c Fig. 235. Flower. Fig. 236. Embryo (f). here shorter than in Brassica generally, have a dorsal rib and anastomosing veins ; the siliqua ends in an oval beak, and contains a few ovoidal seeds. Thus this plant stands between the other species of Brassica and B. nigra2 (Black Mustard, figs. 235, 23G), which has been made a dis- tinct genus under the name of Melanosinajris? This plant has sessile or very shortly stipitate cap sules, erect and more or less closely applied to the axis of the inflorescence ; the valves have a carinate mid- rib. The other Mustards,4 inseparable from the genus Brassica, are all characterized by a sessile siliqua, sub- terete or tetragonal, with an often short rostrum, and containing one or several globular seeds, or else asper- mous. They are also European and Asiatic herbs.5 The White Mustard6 (fig. 237) has a fruit excep- tional in the details from its form and size. Hence it has been made into the genus Leucosinapis7 which we also regard as a mere section of the genus Brassica. Its fruits are very spreading, oblong, mammillated and prickly, with three prominent anastomosing ribs on each valve ; they contain few seeds, and are surmounted by a decurrent rostrum longer than themselves, tapering only at the apex, and usually a little falciform. Brassica (Leucosinapis) alba (While mustard). Fig. 237. Fruit. 1 Mcench, Meth., 264 2 Koch, Deutsch. FL, v. 713.— Ge.& Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 77. — Sinapis nigra L., Spec, 933.— S. incana Thuill., Fl. Par., 343.— #. torulosa Pees. — S. turgida Pees. — S. villusa Mb. 3 M. communis Spenn., Fl. Frilurg. (ex Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, vi. 377). 4 L., Gen., n. 821.— Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 85-88.— DC, Frodr., i, 217.— Bonnania Pkesl, Fl. Sic, i. 99. — Napus Schimp. & Spenn., ex Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., 55; ed. 2, 60 (ex E. H., Gen., 967, n. 77). 5 Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 72. — Walp., Rep., i. 186; Ann., i. 49; vii. 149. 6 Sinapis alia L., Spec, 733. — DC., Fl. Fr., iv. 645. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 74.— S. foliata W. — Napus Leucosinapis Spenn. — Leucosinapis alba Spach. 7 Spach, Suit, a Bitffon, vi. 348. 192 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. The Wild Mustard or Charlock1 (Fr., geneve commun ; figs. 238- 241) is another Brassica, which has been made into the genus Sinapistrtun- because it has a caducous style like Hirschfeldia, from which it differs however in having nearly globular seeds. Dip/o- taanSy has also been separated from Brassica, differing, as implied by the name, in having the seeds in two rows in each cell; but the character is far from constant in this group. It contains some twenty species from Europe, Asia, and Africa,4 which, as they have the flower and vegetative organs of Brassica, can only form a section thereof. Brassica (Sinapis) arvensis. (Charlock) Fig. 239. Fruit. u Fig. 238. Inflorescence. Fig. 240. Dehiscent fruit. Finally, Sinapidendroif includes frutescent species from Madeira, and the other islands off the West coast of Africa ;6 their siliqua is 1 Sinapis arvensis L., Spec, 933. — DC, Fl. Fr., iv. 644.— Grejt. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 73. — Sinapistrum arvense Spach. 2 Spach, Suit, a Buffun, \\. 343. 3 DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 268*; Prodr., i. 221.— B. H., Gen., 84, 967, n. 18.—Pendulina Willk., in Linncea, xxv. 2. 4 IiKicHii., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 81-84. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v 171.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 387.— Gekn. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 78.— Walp., Sep., i. 187 ; v. 49 ; Ann., i. 49; iv. 218; vii. 151. 5 Lowe, PI. Madeir., 86. 6 Hook., Icon., t. 571, 572. — Walp., Pep., i. 184; Ann., i. 147. CBUCIFEH.V. 193 sessile, or with a short or somewhat elongated stalk ; and its valves thus constituted1 are nearly flat. Brass, lea comprises about a hun- dred species,2 found in abundance in the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa. In the same sub-series we find six other genera ; Entca, Saviynya, Euzomodendron, Henophyton, Moricandia, and Orychophraymus, which only differ in unimportant characters from Brassica. II. RADISH SERIES. The Radishes3 (Fr., Radis ; figs. 242, 243) have cruciferous flowers with the four sepals somewhat unequal, the two lateral being slightly saccate above the base, and four unguiculate petals. The stamens are free tetradynamous, with entire filaments. The elongated ovary is surmounted by a cylindrical style, with a concave stigmatiferous head emarginate at the apex. At first the ovary is one-celled, with two pluriovulate parietal placentas and a false septum, us in other Crucifers. But the fruit, elongated or cylindro-conoidal, continuous or moniliform, smooth or ribbed longitudinally, corky or spongy, is indehiscent, with the placentas, septum, and inner layers of the peri- carp hypertrophied to fill the cavity with a pith-like substance excavated into alternate cells, which are separated from one another by partitions of this substance, and contain a descending subglobular seed, with a large fleshy embryo and conduplicate cotyledons. At the bottom of the fruit is often a cell separated by a transverse arti- culation, which is empty or contains a rudimentary seed. In R. Ra- phanistrum* which is often made into a distinct genus, Eap/ianistrum,5 there is moreover a transverse articulation between each seed (fig. 213), which is at maturity enclosed in a little achene-like joint, 1. Euhrassica. 2. Ei acasl rum. 3. Hirsehfeldia. Brassica/ 4. Melanusinapis. sect. 8. \ 5. Leucosinapis. 6. Sinapistrwm. 7. Diplotaxis. , 8. Sinapidendron. - Walp., Rep., i. 184; ii. 763; Ann., i. 48 , ii. 53; iv. 216; vii. 117. VOL. III. 3 Raphanus T., InsL, 229, t. 114.— L., Gen., n. 8S2. — Adans., Fain, des PL, ii. 424. — J., Gen., 23S.— O^eutn., Fruct., ii. 299, t. 143, fig. 5. — DC, Prodr., i. 228. — Spach, Suit, a Puffun, vi. 333. — Endl., Gen., n. 4972. — Payer, Organog., 212, t. 44.— B. H., Gen., 101, 968, n. 164. 4 L., Spec, 935.— Gken. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 72. — R. Sylceslris Lame:. — Rapistrum arvense All. 5 R. Lampsana G^RTN., loc. cit., fig. 0. — R. O 194 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Raphanus Raphanistrum. RapTianus salivas. indehiscent and one-seeded, separating with more or less facility from its neighbours. The Radishes are annual or biennial herbs, whose vegetative organs often behave like those of Brassica, the root becoming enlarged and fleshy. The stem is annual or biennial, branching, glabrous or hispidulous. The leaves are alternate, the lower ones often lyrate. The flowers ' form terminal or leaf- opposed simple or compound, ebracteate racemes. This genus includes half-a-dozen species,2 natives of Europe and Temperate Asia. Xext to the Radishes come the other eight genera of Baphonece, all plants whose fruit is always elongated, generally inarticulate, indehiscent, cylindroidal or moniliform, either hollowed only by one many-seeded cavity, or divided by the spongy more or less irregular false-septa into one-seeded chamberlets arranged in one or two rows. These genera are : Cryptos/jom, Anchonium, Raffe/iahlia, Parlatoria, Goldbachia, Chori- sjjora, Sterigma, and Caqjonema. Fig. 242. Fruit. m Fig. 243. Fruit. aroense Wallb. — S. irmoamm Mcexch. — R. segetum Baumg. — Durandea Delarbe., Fl. cVAuv., 365 (nee Pi.). 1 White, yellowish, or veined with purple. 2 Reichb., Ic. Ft. Germ., ii. t. 3. — Besth.. Fl. Honqk., 17. — Eichx., in Mart. Ft. Brat. Crvcif., 311.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 400.— Gren. k (iODB., loc. cit., 71. — Walp., Rep., i. 18b; Ann., ii. 55; vii. 178. CRUGIFERJE. Cakile maritima (Sea Socket). III. CAKILE SERIES. Cakile1 (fig. 241) has flowers like those of a Wallflower or Radish, with the two lateral sepals gibbous at the base, cruciate petals, six tetradynamous stamens, and four receptacular glands, two of which are conical-compressed, external to the pair of large stamens, and two smaller, internal to the two short stamens. The distinctive characters are to be found chiefly in the g}ma3ceum and fruit. The former consists of a pluriovulate ovary, surmounted by a subsessile stigmatiferous mass. The fruit is at first almost drupaceous, finally dry and corky ; it con- sists of two vertical indehiscent joints, which may separate transversely from one another at maturity. The lower one forms an inverted truncated pyramid, laterally compressed. The superior is a more or less elongated compressed cone. Each is one-celled and contains a single seed, the upper ascending, the lower descending, with a coloured fleshy embryo whose radicle is accumbent or oblique to the cotyledons. Two species of Cakile" are known, one of which is very common sandy beaches in Europe, North America, and Austra- lia. They are annual fleshy glabrous herbs, whose rami- fied stems are covered with alternate, entire or pinnatifid leaves, and end in racemes of flowers.3 This genus may be con- sidered the type of a series characterized by its fruit ; which is neither longitudi- nally dehiscent as in Cheiran- thece, nor indehiscent as in Fig. 244. Fruit. on Rapistrum (Didesmus) cegyptium. y^\ Fig. 215. Fruit. Fig. 246. Fig. 247. Long. sect, of fruit. Lower joint of fruit. T., Inst., 49, t. 483. — G^btn., Fruct., ii. Fl. Cam., ii. 35. — Dexess., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 57. — 287, 1. 141.— DC, Prodr., i. 185.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 330.— Endl., Gen.,n. 4899.— A.Gray, Gen. III., t. 74.— B. H., Gen., 99, 968, n. 156. 2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 1. — Scop., Gkiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 14.— Gren. & Godr., FL de Fr., i. 154. — Walp., Rep., i. 159. Several authors consider this genus monotypic. 3 Pale purplish pink, or whitish. o 2 196 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Haphanea ; but which divides transversely into two joints, one- or many-seeded, indehiscent or dehiscent, one-celled or divided into two Crambe maritima (Seakale). Fig. 219. Flower, perianth removed (*). Fig. 218. Flower (f ) Fig. 250. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 251. Fruit. Fig. 252. Long. sect, of fruit (*). Fig. 253. Embryo (*). or more compartments by false-septa. The remaining genera of the Emcaria aleppica. Fig. 255. Gynseceum (3-). Fig. 254. Flower. Fig. 256. Long. sect, of gynaeceum. Cakilea are Enarthrocarpus, Rapist rum (figs. 245-247), Muricaria, Crambe (figs. 248-253), Hemicrambe,Pltysorliynchus,Fortuynia,Erucarla (figs. 254-256), and Moritzia. CBUGIFEBJE. id; IV. WOAD SERIES. Woad1 (Fi\, Pastel ; figs. 257-262) has a cruciferous perianth and androceum, with the sepals equal at the base, and noteethtothestaminal filaments. The floral receptacle bears four glands superposed to the Isatis tincloria (Dyers' Woad). Fig. 257. Flower (f). Fig. 252 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 27.2-274), which is hence made the type of the subseries A/yssinea. It includes the fifteen genera Litnaria, Farsetia, Selenia, Platysper- mum, Alyssum, A/yssojjsis, Braba, Stenonema, Odontocyclus, Cochlearia CvcMearia Armoracia (Horseradish"). Fig. 279. Habit (i). (figs. 275-279), Vrinylea, Vesicaria, Coht.lcocaqjus, Aubrieta (figs. 280-282), Grtellsia, and Buchingera. Camelwa (fig. 283) is the type of a second subseries, Cawelinca, wherein the siJicule, of variable form, Las biseriate seeds., with, how- CRUCIFER2E. 203 ever, nearly always accumbent cotyledons. It includes nine other Aicbrieta deltoidea. Fig. 281. Flower, perianth removed {\). Fig. 280. Flower (f). Fig. 23?. Lonir. sect, of flower. / *< lla pst mlo- Cytisus. Camelina sativa {Gold of pleasure). genera : Mefikea, Splicer ocardamum, Geococcus, Stenopetalum, Tropido carp/nn, Blennodia, Mathewsia, Ammosperma, and Leptaleum. Finally we make a third subseries, as artificial as the two others of the genera, Succovia, Pachycladon, Vella (figs. 284, 285) and Carrich- tera, which in flower and seed come very near the BrassicinecB in Cheir- anf/iea, but possess a short, didymous or sub- globular fruit, and hence may be ranked in Silicit- losae, like AlyssinecB and CamelinecB. Fig. 283. Fruit (±). Fig. 284. Flower, perianth removed (j). Fig. 285. Long. sect, of llower. YJ. THLASPI SEEIES. Thlaspi1 (fig. 28C) has cruciferous flowers, with the sepals equal at the base, and the petals equal or subequal, obovate and shortly unguiculate. The stamens are tetradynamous, with a disk of four 1 Dillen, Giess., 123, t. 6.— T., Inst., 212 175.— Endi., Gen., n. 4885.— Hook. f. & (part.). — L., Gen., n. 802.— Adans.. Fam. des TiiOMS.. in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 176. — B. H., PL, ii. 421.— J., Gen., 241.— DC, Frodr., i. Gen., 91, 967, n. 116. 204 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Tk/aspi arvense. glands at their base. The gynaeceum consists of a short ovary con- taining a few descending ovules, and surmounted by a more or less elongated style, emarginate and stigmatose at the apex. The fruit is a silicule, subelliptical, obovate, obcuneiform, or obcordate, and much compressed perpendicular to the membranous septum, which is hence narrow and elongated. The valves of the siliqua, similarly narrow at the base, taper at the edges into a keel or wing of variable development,1 which is often prolonged above into a sort of horn, at either side of the base of the more or less persistent style. In each half-cell are two or several seeds, descending or subtransverse, glabrous and Iberis sempervirens (Candytuft). Fig. 2SB. Fruit (f). Fig. 288. Flower (|). Fig. 289. Long. sect, of Sower (antero posterior). Fig. 200. Flower, perianth removed. Fig. 287. Habit, Fig. 291. Long, sect, of flower, perianth removed. 1 Ahscnt in Carpoceras (in Boiss., Diagn. Or., viii. 36; Walp., Ann., ii. 43). CBUGIFEBJE. 205 wingless ; the cotyledons are accumbent. TIdaspi comprises annual and perennial herbs, glabrous or glaucous, rarely pubescent. Some twenty-five species are known1 inhabiting the temperate, alpine, and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but rare in Australia and South America. The so-called radical leaves are small, entire, dentate, usually approximated into rosettes ; the cauline are oblong hastate, auriculate at the base. The flowers2 form a more or less elongated, often corymbiform, terminal ebracteate raceme. Adanson made TIdaspi the type of one of his sections of this order, characterized by the silicule with a very narrow septum and carinate Ileris st mpervii < ns. Fig. 293. Fruit dehiscing (±). Fig. 292. Diagram. Fig. 294. Seed (';). Fig. 295.] Embryo. valves. Hence this series differs from the Lunariece chiefly in the narrowness of the septum, which is perpendicular to the plane of the valves, instead of being parallel with them. The first contains fourteen genera, which, like TIdaspi, have usually accumbent cotyledons. The subseries has often been named Iberidinece, a name which we adopt, after the genus Iberis, which may be defined as TIdaspi with an irregu- lar corolla. The remaining twelve genera are Teesdalia , Iberi della, Hut- 1 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 4. — 13enth., Sep., i. 155; ii. 758 ; v. 37; Ann., i. 37; ii. Fl. Au-.! i -al., i. 87.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 321.— 35; iii. 815; iv. 201; vii. 165. Gren. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 14.2.— Walp., " White, pink, violet, or purple. 206 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Siscutella aiiriculata. Lepidium sativum (Garden cress). chinsia, Redoioskid, Syuthlipsis, Lyrocarpa, Biscutella (fig. 21)8), Bros sardia, HeldreieJiia, Megacarpcea, Cremolobus, and Didynwphysa. The Cresses or Pepper worts (Fi\, Passerage ; fig. 297) head a second subseries in this order, distinguished from the first by possessing incum- bent or more rarely conduplicate cotyledons. So from the generic name Lepidium we get that of the subseries Lepidinece, which contains twenty- one other genera : Hymeno- pJiysa, BracJ/ycarpaa, Stroganowia, Physalidium (?), Coronopus (figs. 298, 299), Ionopsidium, Nocccea, Capsella (figs. 304, 305), Mancoa, Fig. 296. Fruit (f). Fig. 297. Fruit (f). Fig. 298. Flower (f). Coronopus Ruellii. Fig. 299. Long. sect, of flower. Nolothlaspi, Schouwia, Psy chine (fig. 30 G), Diloplda, Stubcndorfa, Eunomia, JEt/rionema (figs. 300-303), Bivoncea, Cawpy/opfera, Menon- villea (fig. 307), Hexaptera and Mthionema coridi folium. t\ , a n ji JJecaptera. All these are most closely related to one another and to Lepidium. They differ mainly, in the first place, in the form of the valves. These are sometimes wingless, sometimes with a marginal or dorsa] wing ; in the last case the fruit is laterally compressed. In the three last genera only the fruit is subdehiscent, and the valves bear lateral wings. The next variation Fig. 300. Fruit. Fig. 301. Long. sect, of fruit. CllUCIFEB^!. 207 jElh ionema memlranaceum. MUiionema crista! inn. Fig. 302. Fruit dehiscing. Fig. 303. Fruit. is in the form of the silicule, which may be elliptical, oblong, glo- bular, didymous, cordiform, obcuneiform, or cymbiform ; the valves may be flat, compressed, convex, navicular, carinate, bearing a double dorsal crest, or even four, six, or ten wings, as in the genera Menon- villea, Hexaptera, and Dec- aptera. The number of ribs on the valves is also of some use in distinguishing these genera. Next come the vegetative organs, the leaves, the inflorescence. Some genera are herbaceous ; others, like Bra- c/iycarpaa, are suffrutescent. Nocccea comprises scapigerous herbs. The leaves are linear entire in Brac/iycarpced ; the cauline ones are auriculate in Campy- loptera and Sc/iouwia. They are all opposite in Eunomia ; but this is the case with the inferior ones only in jffilhionema proper. All are pinnatifid in certain species of Hexaptera, pinnatisect in Nocccea. The inflorescence is in form racemose in most of the genera, corym- bose in Mancoa. PJiysalidium has the leaves of certain Saxifrages ; and in this, like the other series, such a cha- Psychine stylosa. Capsella Bursa-pasloris {Shepherd's purse). Fig. 304. Habit (A). Fig. 305. Fruit (f.) Fig. 306. Young fruit (§). 208 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. meter, elsewhere of only specific value, is sufficient at times to Menonvillea linearis, distinguish genera. Lepidium comprises herbs and undershrubs, glabrous or pubescent, with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. Sixty or seventy species are known, inhabiting the warm and temperate re- gions of the whole world, but not Alpine or Arctic. These species are grouped into sections,1 based on the form of the siliqua valves and style. Fig. 307. Fruit dehiscing (f ). VII. SUJ3ULARIA SERIES. Awlwort2 (Fr., Sitbulaire ; figs. 308-310) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle forms a deep cup, in the bottom of which is inserted the gynseceum, while the perianth and androceum are Fig. 309. Diagram. Fig. 308. Habit. Fig. 310. Long. sect, of (lower (^). borne on the rim, and are hence distinctly perig}Tnous. The calyx is formed of four free subequal sessile sepals, all similar at the base, 1 See the Genera below. Gen. III., t. 71. — H. H„ Gen., S3, u. 76.— 2 Subularia L., Gen., n. 799. —J., Gen., 240.— H. Bx., in Adansouia, x. 15, t. (i. Endl., n. 4977.— DC, Prodr., i. 23D.— A. Gray, CBUGIFEE2E. 209 imbricate-decussate in the bud. The alternating cruciate petals are sessile, riband-shaped, elongating with the growth of the flower, imbricate in the bud. The androceum is formed as in Crucifercs generally, of six tetradynamous stamens, the two lateral a little shorter than the rest. Each consists of a free filament, and an introrse two- celled, anther, of longitudinal dehiscence. The concavity of the receptacle is lined by a thin layer of glandular tissue, which is thick- ened in a circle towards the rim of the receptacle. There the disk is prolonged in front of each petal into a prominent truncate lobe. The gynasceum is free ; it consists of an ovary like that of most Crucifers, tapering above into a very short style, whose -scarcely dilated obtuse apex is covered with stigmatic papillae. Each, half- cell of the ovary contains from two to six descending campylotropous ovules. The fruit, accompanied at its base by the remains of the receptacular sac, is a turgid silicule, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, or sub- globular. It contains from two to six or eight descending seeds, formed as in Cruciferce generally, containing a very bowed embryo, whose ascending radicle is as broad as the accumbent cotyledons or even broader. Two species of Subularia are known, little herbaceous annuals ; one inhabits mountain-lakes in Europe, Asia, and North America ;' the other has a similar habitat in Abyssinia.2 Their leaves are alternate, all radical, narrow, elongated subulate, in form like those of a Monocotyledon. The flowers3 form ebracteate racemes (?), terminating a lateral axis, and simple or slightly ramified. The Crucifers have long been known as forming a most natural group in similarity of fruit, corolla, and androceum. Ray,4 in 1682, noticed them as uniform Telrcqjeialde and as Siliquoste. Herein he was closely followed by Magnolius,5 who in 1GSU classed them as Siliqno-ste, in the plants of his seventh section (tetrapetalous), and by P. Hermann,5 whose Class XL consists of herbaceous siliquose plants. Tournefort/ in 1694, resting chiefly on the cruciform corolla, united 1 S. aquatica L., Spec., 896. 5 Fam. PL per Tab. Disp., in Prodr. Hist. 2 S. monticola A. Be., in Schweinf. Beitr. Gen. PI. z. Fl. mhiop.—Scinvmx-e., Ic. Lith. 6 Fl. Lugd.-B.at. (1690). '° Small, with a whitish corolla. 7 Isagoge ; Inst. 210 (1700). 4 Meth. Nat. PI, ; Sist., xvi. 777. VOL. III. P 210 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. these plants into Class V. of his great work, comprising plants with a regularly cruciate corolla. Linn^us distinguished them both as Siliqi/.ostf1 and as Tetradynamece? thus bringing into the definition of the group the character of the inequality of the six stamens. Crantz,3 dwelling rather on their uniformity in medicinal qualities, named them Antiscorbutics. De Jussieu4 retained the name Sili- qnosce for his family (35); Haller5 changed it to Cruciate. The name Crucif era was finally adopted by Adanson6 in 1763, and after him by A. L. de Jussieu.7 It is under this name that the order has been made the object of the special work of many celebrated botanists of this century. A. P. de Candolle8 and R. Brown9 stand in the first place. Desvaux10 and Kunth11 also gave it special attention. Endlicher12 and Lindley13 in their general works collected the im- mense mass of matter on the organization of the Crucif erce that had been accumulated by their predecessors, at the same time modifying it to some extent. In 1857 J. Payer14 studied the organogeny of the flower, thus solving most of the contested questions as regards its symmetry.15 In recent years J. Hooker undertook, with the assistance of his colleagues,16 the very intricate study of this order, for his Genera Plantarum?1 wherein the number of genera is fixed at one hundred and seventy-three. We have reduced this number by ten, not to mention those which are utterly doubtful.18 1 Pralect., ed. Gies., 481. 2 Gen., 329. 3 Fl. Austr., 1. 4 Ex AdatnS., Fam. des PI., ed. 2, 35 j in A. L. Juss., Gen., lxvii. 5 Helm., i. 192. 6 Fam. des PI., ii. 16, 409. 7 Gen. PI., 237 (1789). 8 In Mem. Mus., vii. 169; Syst. Veg., ii. (1822), 139 ; Prodr., i. (1824), 131. (Illustr. in the Icon. Deless. ii.), from which we have taken figs. 206, 245-247, 261, 262, 265-267, 300- 303, 306, 307.) 9 In Ait. PTort. Ken\, ed. 2 (1812), iv. 7l ; in Denh. Sf Clappert. Narr. (1824), 210. 10 Journ. Pot., iii. (1813), 145. 11 In Verb. Perlin. Acad. (1832), 33 ; Die PI. und Fr. d. Crucif., Berlin (1833). 12 Gen. (1836-40), 861, Ord. CLXXXI. 13 Veg. Kingd. (1846), 351, Ord. CXXIII. Prassicacece. 14 Tr. d'Org. Comp. de la Fleur, 209, t. 44. 15 These have been chiefly investigated in the following works : — R. Tin., loc. cit. — DC, Mem. sur la Fam. des Cruciferes (I'aris, 1821). — Howell, in Ann. Nat. Mist., x. 254. — Likdl., Veg. Kingd., 352. — Seb., in Pull. Pot. de Gen. (1830), 112.— A. S. H. & MoQ., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, xx. 318. — Moq. & Webb, in Mem. Acad. Toil., v. 364. — Kravse, in Pot. Zeit., iv. 142. — Ditch., in Pev. Pot., ii. 207. — Schimp., in Mem. Congr. Sc. de Fr. (1843), 62.— Chat., in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., viii. 370.— Clahke, in Seem. Journ. of Bot. (1865), 5. — Gode., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, ii. 288. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Pros., Crucif., 330, t. 68. !6 Thomson, in vol. v. (129) of the Journ. of the Linn. Soc. (Preec. ad Fl. Ind.), & Bentham, for the Genera (57, 965). 17 It will be seen that we have based our study on the result of these researches, which are, for all that may be said to the contrary, the best that have been as yet produced on this difficult group, and certainly those in which the best use has been made of all previous works. 18 1. Agallis (Philipp., in Linncea, xxxiii. 12), CBUCIFEB^J. 211 All Crucifers have certain common constant characters : the quaternary perianth ; the cruciate sepals and petals, with the latter free and imbricate ; the non-adherent gynseceum ;* its normally binary structure, with the carpellary leaves united into a really one- celled ovary with parietal placentation,2 the cavity being at first undivided ;:i finally, the indefinite inflorescence. Next to these absolute (?) characters come others, which are all but constant, with single or very few exceptions, viz. : the convex receptacle, with hypogynous insertion, except in one genus ;4 the definite androceum, hexandrous and tetradynamous (polyandry occurs in one species ;s there are fewer than six stamens in certain cases of reduction6) ; the absence of albumen in the seeds ; the in- flexion of the embryo ; the alternation of the leaves ; the absence of stipules at their base ■/ the absence of bracts where the floral pedicels spring from the axis of the inflorescence.3 The characters of frequent variation differ in occurring in most of the organs both of vegetation and reproduction. We may enu- merate them : — 1. The root may be fibrous or fascicled, or a tap-root. In the latter case it becomes the seat of the deposit of a quantity of nutri- tive matter ; and is then edible, as in the Turnip, Radish, &c. 2. The stems varv in duration ; they are usualty herbaceous, whether annual or perennial.9 They are rarely frutescent ; still more rarely climbing, as in Cremolobus. Sometimes they have a creeping rhizome, covered with scales representing rudimentary leaves.10 3. The leaves are generally alternate ; but in Dentaria they are a very ill-known Chilian plant; — 2. Discov'uun s Megacarpea poll/ xndra DC. (Rafin., ex DC, Prodr., i. 120) ;— 3. Mali- « See p. 215, n. 12. molobos (Tattsch, in Flora, 1836, 410), whereof ' That is, of well-developed stipules when the same may be said ; — 4. Microstigma they are adult. (See p 212, n. 4.) Tkautv., ex Likdl., Teg. Kingd., 335b), whose 8 For the exceptions see p. 212, n. 7. name alone is published. 9 Spineseer.t in certain species. 1 Even in Subularia, where the receptacle is 10 The anatomical structure of the stem has concave, the ovary is not at all adherent to it. beenchiefly studied by UAUTiG(m Bot. Zeit., 1859, 2 The placentations that have been described 109), in Arabis, and by Hanstein (in Pringsh. as basilar or apical, are so only in appearance Jarhb., i. 231), who has traced the connexion of when adult. At first they are really parietal the arrangement of the leaves with that of the placentas, reduced to the short portion near their fibro-vascular bundles in the stem (Oliv., Stems base or apex. (See p. 215, n. 13.) in Dicot., 6 ; in Nat. Mist. Rev., ii, 303). The 3 The production of the false septum is always aerial axes of certain species of Dentaria (D. late. bulbifera L., &c), bear axillary bulbils. i Subularia. 2 212 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. opposite or in whorls of three. They are also opposite in several species oi^EtMonema, Eunomia, Cawjyt/lojjfera, Moriera, &c. In form they may be simple, entire, lobed, dissected, or runcinate. Some have the blade deeply divided down to the midrib, which is not, however, articulate as is usual in compound leaves. Often the cauline leaves are sessile, auriculate or amplexicaul, while those mis- named radical are petiolate and more deeply lobed.1 4. Stipules are usually absent in this order, and some have wholly denied their presence.2 But several authors3 state that they are quite conspicuous at first in certain species ; though their development soon stops, and they are only represented in the adult stage by little gland-like bodies. 5. The state of the surface is variable in the leaves, as in many other organs. They are often glabrous ; but when they are more or less downy, it is due to soft or rigid hairs, simple, bi- or tri- furcate, stellate, or medifixed, more rarely capitate and glandular. 6. The inflorescence is usually indefinite, very frequently racemose. Sometimes it is corymbose ; between these two forms we find every transition ; so that the corymb often becomes a raceme as the fruit ripens, owing to the elongation of its axis. The inflorescences are usually terminal or leaf-opposed, more rarely axillary ; they often become compound when the lateral groups are axillary not to leaves, but to bracts taking their places towards the top of the stem. Ex- ceptionally the flowers are solitary, axillary or terminal. The flower or flowers often terminate what is called a scape, an axis more or less denuded below. 7. The bracts to which the flowers are axillary are usually absent in Cruciferce. However, genera are cited such as Porjj/tj/rocodo/t, Stenonema, Psychine, Dipterygium, Schizopetalon, Ionopsidium, &c, wherein they exist to some extent ; others whereof some species alone have bracts ; and finally, in some species we find in a single inflo- rescence some flowers ebractate, others with bracts visible at the base> 1 The leaves of Nasturtium, Cardamine, &c., sometimes bear adventitious buds, more or less developed, usually springing from the ribs. (See Picart-Jourdain, in Soc. Linn, du Nord, i. (1840).— Tukp., in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc, ix. (1839).— A. S. H., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, ix. 190 2 Payee, Organog., 210. 3 Krause, in Bot. Zeit., iv. (1846), 142.— DrcuAETKE, in Rev. Bat., ii. (1846), 207.— Norman, in Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 4, ix. 105. — Godk., iu Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 5, ii. 281. CBUGIFERJE. 213 as in Sisymbrium, Nasturtium, Lnarthrdcarpus, Streptant/tus, Sgrenia, Vella, Boleum, Nothothlaspi, &c. When it is proved that in this order the secondary axes of the inflorescence are often carried up to a variable height on the chief axis, it will easily be seen that they really spring from the axil of a leaf or bract, but that they separate from the main axis so far above as to obscure their true relations when adult. 8. The floral receptacle is nearly always convex, usually forming a depressed cone ; this involves a hypogynous perianth and gyna> ceum. But in one series (the Subulariece), as we have elsewhere noticed particularly,1 the receptacle forms a pretty deep cup, on the edges of which the stamens and perianth are perigynous. 9. The usually hypogynous glands2 internal to the corolla, which have been considered by many authors the representatives of more or less abortive floral appendages, especially stamens when they are long and narrow,3 appear to us to be, as Adanson conjectured,4 depen- dencies of the receptacle, regions thereof hypertrophied late, as is the case with disks generally. The peculiar forms of these bodies, and the limited spots of the receptacle on which they form, would seem to depend on the free spaces left for their growth by the true floral ap- pendages between which they occur. This may be easily seen in certain genera wherein the receptacular surface is completely lined by a (yellow- ish or greenish) glandular layer, except at the depressions for insertion of pistil and stamens. In others the glandular surface is divided into two islets on opposite sides of the flower, either right or left, or, more rarely, in front and behind. Yet more frequently are there four : either two anterior and two posterior, one in front of each petal ; or oftener, two lateral, and two antero-posterior. In the latter case they embrace completely or partially a small stamen,5 or two large ones, respectively.6 Very often, too, the hypertrophy is localized inside the two small stamens, and outside the large ones. Jn such cases especially are the glands developed into crescents, scales, horns, or spurs ; and their form is so variable as to induce 1 See Adansonia, x. 45, t. 6. 4 See Fam. des PL, ii. 412. 2 See Pater, Organog., 213. 5 These glands are termed carpellary, like the 3 In this case the gland outside the pair of two lateral sepals, because of their position, large stamens has been held a staininode belong- 6 Similarly, these are termed placentary. ing to the same verticil as the two Literal small stamens. 214 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. error as to their true origin. But this appears to us impossible when the receptacle is cup-shaped as in the Awlworts ;' for then, just as in Rhamnacecs, Rosacea, Leguminosce, &c, the whole inside of the cup is lined by a thin layer which forms a circular rim at the edge, only dilated into four little lobes between the sepals. In the hypo- gynous Greggia the disk is also annular, and simply lobed on the rim. In Selenia, though the flower is tetramerous, it is divided into ten hypogynous lobes. Probably some use might be made in classifi- cation of the characters of the disk, which it is pretty easy to make out in the fresh flower. But from its very origin,2 it usually be- comes diffluent and indistinct in herbarium flowers softened by soaking : so that no practical use can be made of these characters. 10. Of the four sepals, the two lateral may or may not be equal in length and breadth to the antero-posterior. They are usually alternative-imbricate in praefloration, rarely valvate or subvalvate, as in Savignga, Ricotia, &c. The greatest dissimilarity in about half the cases usually lies in the insertion. In Brassica, for instance, the insertion of all four sepals is such that their scar on the receptacle forms a moderately curved arc. In Cheiranthus, &c, this is the case with the anterior and posterior only ; the two lateral are inserted along a horseshoe, with more or less divergent branches. Hence at the base of these sepals is a gibbosity, a sac of variable depth, or an obtuse spur, sometimes very prominent like that of Bicentra. This character varies but little within any genus. When the spur is well developed the corresponding gland grows large and projects within its cavity. A rudimentary formation of this kind occurs very rarely in the other sepals. 11. The petals vary : in the presence or absence of a claw ; in the form of the limb, which may be entire, emarginate, bilobate, or even plurilobate or pinnatifid, as in Brgopetalttm and Schizopetalon ; and in the mode of imbrication in the bud. The corolla is generally regular ; but the anterior petals are much more developed than the posterior in Iberis, which is thus alone distinguished from Tklaspi. Apetalous flowers occur pretty frequently in certain species of Capsella, Coro- nopus, CocMearia, Cardamine, Lepidium, Nasturtium, &c. 1 See Adansonia, x. 47. of the receptacle, either above or below the 2 "They only appear very long after the pistil, insertion of the stamens." (Patee, Organog., and are, as Adanson thought, only swollen parts 214.) CRUCIFERJE. 215 12. The stamens are indefinite in one genus only, Megacarpcea. There are in other cases six, tetradynamous ; very rarely are the two lateral scarcely shorter than the four others. But sometimes some or all of them disappear ; this occurs in Capsella, Lepidium, Nasturtium, and Coronopus. Four out of the six stamens, the large ones, may even disappear; or their filaments are reduced to tongues, sometimes surmounted by a glandular dilatation. The staminal filaments are all free ; or else the four longer are united in pairs to a variable height, as in certain species of Fella, Sterigma, Anchonium, Boleum, Dontoste- mon, Zerdana, Hexaptera, jEthionema, Euzomodendron, Leptaleum, JSlyagrum, SpirorJignchus, &c. The base of the filament is sometimes as it were articulated. It is here very contracted, but above may expand into a circular rim or unilateral scale, or still higher up, it becomes spreading, bowed, or angular, or is prolonged laterally into a tooth or appendage, even a sort of wing in Lepidostemon. This character is variable from species to species within a genus. The anther varies in form and colour ; though usually introrse and 2-celled, that of the large stamens is 1 -celled in Atelanthera. Sometimes the form is a little different in the two sets of stamens. 13. The ovary varies in form, nearly in the same way as the fruit, and may bear the same prominences as we shall see thereon. It often tapers into a more or less elongated style, sometimes laterally dilated near the base (as in certain Matthiolas) into horns ; these may occur lower on the g3rna3ceum or fruit, as in Loncltopjliora, Pgramidium, &c. The stigmatiferous apex is usually swollen, entire, or very variably divided into connate, approximated, or divergent lobes or horns. Pretty often there is no style and the stigma is sessile on top of the ovary. This is normally formed of two lateral carpellary leaves, and two alternating parietal placentas.1 But one of the latter may become in time quite abortive or be reduced to its lower part, and bear no ovules ; and the other one may bear but one or few ovules in only its upper or lower part. Thus the ovule and seed appear suspended or erect, as the case may be. The ovules are in form usually more or less campylotropous ; but some possess a raphe of variable development, and cannot be distinguished from ordinary anatropous ovules. 1 We have seen that the cases of three or four especially in Tetrapoma (p. 181, note A, figs, carpels and placentas must bs held anomalous, 210-213). 21 6 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 14. The fruit of the Crucifers is termed siliqua or silicule according as it is long or short.1 To really deserve these names it must be dry and dehisce longitudinally. But often it does not open, or separates transversely into one- or many-seeded joints. It is then usually not quite dry during the days before maturity. A woody or even bony stone may be distinguished, surrounded by a thin layer of fleshy or suberous mesocarp, which later on dries leaving the fruit " nuca- mentaceous." The true siliqua or silicule dehisces into three parts, {a) a frame (Fr., cadre) or replum, corresponding to the placentas, whereon is stretched a false septum springing from them,2 complete, or incomplete and perforated, fenestrated, or even reduced to its edges, membranous and translucent, even or veined,3 or rarely thick and rigid, dividing the ovary and fruit into two lateral half- or false-cells ; (6) two lateral valves, varying in form like the siliqua, nearly flat or more or less tumid gibbous or carinate, smooth wrinkled or muricate externally, without visible veins, or with a midrib and lateral veins of variable prominence, either free or con- nected by simple or anastomosing venules. All these details generally vary from genus to genus. The apex of the fruit may present prominences of diverse origin. Two correspond with and prolong the placentas ; they may be simple, or bifurcated as in Paro- linia. Others alternating with these correspond with the apices of the carpellary leaves. And some answer to a variable projection of the back of the valves, as in Tetracme or Jnastatica, and form points, or scales more or less dilated transversely. It will be seen below that the most important character is taken from the general form of the cross section of the fruit, according as its breadth is the same in all directions, or compressed parallel with or perpendicular to the septum. Its edges are then often more or less turned off, and keeled or with entire, incised, or even fenestrated wings, as in Thysanocarpus. The apex of the fruit maybe obtuse or prolonged into a beak formed by the style or its persistent base ; and this beak may remain attached or fall off at the base ; a character which may be used in the distinction of genera or subgenera.4 1 See p. 199, note 4. superadded in certain cases. (Fotten., in Bull. - See Bayek, Organog., 212. Soc. Bot. de Fr., xi. 237, 2S8.) 3 It is formed of one or more nearly parallel 4 The fruits of Morisia and Oeococcus are layers of cells, with peculiar elongated fibres peculiar in ripening under ground. CRUCIFERJE. 217 15. The number of seeds varies from one or two to fifty and up- wards. Sometimes subbasilar or subapical, descending or ascending, they are attached by a funicle of variable thickness, which may be quite free, or remain adherent for a very variable extent to the false septum. There are three seed-coats ; the inner membranous ; the middle, more or less testaceous, often prolonged into awing; the super- ficial, often thin and epidermoid, whose cells often swrell up in water into a thick layer of mucilage, as in the Mustards, &c. The presence of a thin layer of albumen is exceptional ; the embryo usually fills the seed-cavity. Frequently when the fruit is broad there are two rows of seeds in each false cell, while in narrow elongated fruits there is but one. However this point, on which great stress has been laid in classification, may vary from species to species in a single genus, and even from siliqua to siliqua on a single individual.1 10. The embryo is an organ to which the highest importance has been ascribed in the classification of this order. Its radicle, often ascending,2 is usually folded on the cotyledons.3 If these are flat and it is applied to their commissure they are termed accumbent ;4 if it lies on the back of one of them they are termed incumbent? Or the cotyle- dons are con duplicate? folded across one inside of the other, with the radicle inside the groove between the two halves of the former. Or they may be biplicate,1 or folded twice transversely ; or else coiled in a spiral.8 In intermediate positions the radicle is more or less ob- lique. Moreover, the cotyledons may be entire, emarginate, bilobate, or bifid, as in Schizopetalon. Which then of these variable characters have been used by botanists in their subdivision of this order ? First the form of the fruit. Linnjsus and his followers divided Cruciferce into Siliquosa and SiliculosfS ; and so did A. L. de Jussieu in his Genera Plantarum. Adanson went much further in his Families des Plantes. He more skilfully distinguished the form of siliqua that dehisces longi- tudinally, from that which is lomentaceous and divides across, and 1 See Wedd., Chlor. Andina, i. t. 85. — J. 5 Hesperis, Sisymbrium, 'Erysimum, &c. Gay, in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., x. 9. 6 Brassica, Moricandia, Succowia, JEruca, 2 " Radiculam ssepe ascendenteia a placenta Crambe, Rapistrum, Raphanus, &c. remotara." (B. H., Gen., 57.) 7 Heliophila, Chandra, &c. 3 Straight in Leavenworthia. 8 Bunias, Erucaria, &c. 4 E.g. : Arabia, Muttliiola, Cheiranthus, Nas- turtium, Cardamine, Lunaria, Yesicaria, &c. 218 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. that which, indehiscent and one-seeded, resembles an achene at maturity. In the silicule he saw that one form is flattened parallel to the broad septum, the other perpendicular to a long narrow septum. Hence he makes four sections — 1. Roqueites (Rockets), whose fruit is a siliqua of longitudinal dehiscence ; 2. Lunaires, whose fruit is a silicule with valves parallel to the septum ; 3. TAlaspis, with the valves of the silicule perpendicular to the septum ; 4. Half oris (Radishes) with achenes, or elongated fruits with either one-seeded joints, or chambers in two lateral vertical rows. For these characters, which are very satisfactory, and, if not absolute, subject to but few exceptions, A. P. de Candolle preferred to substitute those derived from the relative position of the radicle and cotyledon; and divided Cruciferce into four suborders : 1. Pleuro- rldzeae, with accumbent cotyledons ; 2. Notorhizece, with incumbent cotyledons; 3. Orthoplocece, with them conduplicate; 4. Sjnrolobece, with them spiral ; 5. Dijjlecolobece, with them biplicate. To this pro- cedure grave objections have been made.1 We ourselves are con- vinced that in so natural an order hardly any absolute characters can be found ; while to classify it (artificially after all is said) it is well to put in the first place the least inconstant characters, and those of easiest practical application ; and hence we fall back in principle upon Ad an son's scheme, modifying it by the admission of the new tribes subsequently added.2 We thus form seven series. One alone is characterized by a concave receptacle and a perigynous flower. The others comprise the hypogynous Crucifers, with a convex recep- tacle. These again fall into Siliquosce and SilicuLosce. The former are divided into three series, according as the fruit is longitudinally dehiscent, indehiscent, or transversely divided. Next come the three Siliculose series in which the fruit is respectively indehiscent, com- pressed parallel to the broad septum, compressed at right angles to the narrow septum. These series are : 1 See Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vii. 252 ; ix. 2 We have already said what use we have 536. — Payee, Lee. sur les Fain. Nat., 140. The made of the results obtained by J. Hookee, cases where accumbency and incumbency occur which, though they too have met with criti- in one and the same genus are very numerous. cism (Fouen., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., x. 449), Still more so are those of obliquity of the radicle are tbe most satisfactory we have met with, in every degree. CBUGIFEBJE. 219 a. Cruciferce hypogynce. 1. Cheiranthece. — Siliqua dehiscent longitudinally. 2. Raphaiiece. — Fruit elongated, (usually) indehiscent. 3. Cakilece. — Fruit elongated, more rarely short, lomentaceous. 4. Isatidece. — Silicule inarticulate, indehiscent. 5. Lunariece. — Silicule dehiscent, compressed parallel to the septum.1 6. Thlaspidece. — Silicule dehiscent, compressed at right angles to the septum.2 b. Cruciferce perigynce. 7. Subularice. — Silicule turgid. Next we use for the formation of subseries the less constant and easy character of the relations of the radicle and cotyledons, and we shall thus found in certain of these series secondary divisions which though far less absolute in their limits, may yet have great practical utility. Thus we divide the Cheiranthece into three subseries as follows : — ( 1. Arabidinecc. — Cotyledons (usually)'1 accumbent. CHEiRANTHEiE. < 2. Sisymbrinece. — Cotyledons incumbent. ( 3. Brassicineoe. — Cotyledons conduplicate. So also with Lunariece : — ( 1. Alyssince. — Cotyledons (usually) accumbent. LuNARiiE. < 2. Camelinece. — Cotyledons incumbent. ( 3. Succovinece. — Cotyledons induplicate. And Thlaspidece : — m ( 1. Iberidinece. — Cotyledons (usually accumbent). ( 2. Lepidinece. — Cotyledons incumbent (or conduplicate). The other series are more homogeneous, and remain undivided. The genera will be distinguished below by characters of the third grade, such as those of the insertion of the sepals ; the details of the androceum and of the gynseceum, including ovary, septum, style and stigma, and the fruit, seeds, funicle, &c. The affinities of Cruciferce have long been recognised.4 The order contains none of those types with free carpels which occur in 1 Even when the compression is ill marked 1), on every opportunity, on the exceptions, which the breadth of the septum remains always nearly are daily increasing in number. Bentham and equal to that of the valves. Hookee give them at the head of each secondary 2 Which is always narrower than the valves. group. 3 We have elsewhere dwelt (see p. 218, note 4 Mieb., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, vi. 266. — 220 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Papaveracece, and link it so well with Manunculacece. But it is undoubted that Cruciferce come next to Papaveracece on the one hand and CapparidacetB and Mesedacece on the other; so that if the sum total of natural affinities be considered they must be placed between these three orders. They differ from all of them in the distinctly cruciform perianth and generally definite tetradynamous anthers, no less than in the structure of the fruit and seed, To distinguish the tetradynamous Capparidacea with dry dicarpellary fruit, the only characters are the unsymmetrical flowers, the habit, the 1-3-foliolate leaves, and the absence of a false septum in the fruit. Mesedacece are separated by their indefinite unilateral androceum and the structure of their fruit. Certain types of Papaveracece approach so close to Cruciferce that they can only be distinguished by their indefinite androceum {Fumariea? are an exception to this), when their fruit becomes dicar- pellaiy, very much like a siliqua, and with a false septum compar- able to that of a Crucifer. Then the only difference lies in the t}^pe of the flowers, quaternary in this order, but ternary in Papaverads or repeatedly binary with a double or triple corolla of dimerous verticils, not of a single tetramerous whorl. Finally the embiyo of Papaveracece is always accompanied by an albumen much larger than itself. The geographical distribution of this order would alone suffice for a great work. Of one hundred and sixty-three genera retained by us in this order, twenty-two are confined to America ; seventeen are common to both Worlds, and a hundred and twenty-four are only found in the Old World. Of the species some authors have raised the number to upwards of two thousand : we admit some thirteen hundred, whereof six hundred and seventy belong to the Old World genera, and eight}T-four to the American ; of the remaining five hundred and fortyT-seven, be- longing to the genera common to both Worlds, not more than a tenth part are American, so that the sum total of the species in the New World is about one hundred and forty against some eleven hundred and sixty in the Old. Next comes the question of latitude. Bernh., in Linnaa, viii. 401 ; in Ann. Sc. JS'at., Teg. Kingd., 351. — J. G. AGAEDH., Theor. Syst. ser. 2, iii. 357.— J. Gay, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. PL, 212. 2, xviii. 218. — Endl., Enchirid., 452. — Lindl., CRUCIFERJZ. 221 The proportion of Crucifera in the Southern Hemisphere is small. Dropping the introduced species, there are about seventy in Chili, a score in Columbia, thirty in Australia, and half a hundred in South Africa. The Tropics are very poor in Cruciferce, which all but dis- appear at the Equator. In the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and even North America their number increases enormously. The Levant is the richest locality ; next come the two shores of the Mediterranean and Temperate Europe. In California and Texas the Crucifers are still pretty numerous, as well as in the Eastern States. Their number decreases on going northwards, in both Continents ;' moreover, here, as in other orders, there are generic types spread nearly all over the globe, such as Nasturtium, Draba, Carda- mine, Thlaspi, Erysimum, Sisymbrium, &c. ; others are peculiar to some- times very limited regions : thus, in Australia, Blennodia, Menkea, Geococcus, Stenopetalum ; in Tropical Africa, Heliophila, Chamira, Brachycarpaea, Palmstruchia, &c. ; in Chili, Schizopetalon, Mathewsia, Cremolobus, Menonvillea, Hexaptera. Other genera, usually monotypic, are still more limited. Atelanthera, in West Thibet ; Parolinia, in the Canaries ; Streptoloma, on the shores of the Caspian ; Porp/iyro- codon, in New Granada ; Warea, in Florida ; Mancoa, in the Peruvian Andes ; Bivoncea, in Sicily ; Morisia, in Corsica and Sardinia ; Hemi- crambe, at Tangier ; Nothothlaspi and Pachycladon, in New Zealand ; Prinylea, in Kerguelen's Land, &c. The properties of the Crucifers,- like their organization, are pretty uniform. Many are used for food, owing to the deposits in their 1 A. de Candoiee, in his Geographie Bo- tanique, has collected the numbers given by various authors for the proportion of Cruciferce to Phanerogams at large. In the different countries of Europe it varies from 4 to 6 per cent, generally. In Spain the percentage rises to 7-5 (Boissiee). In Asia there are in Daouria, 6 (Ledeb.) ; North China, 4"5 (Bttnge); Japan, 2 (Zuccarini). Tn Africa: Egypt, 5 (Delile) ; Algeria, 4"5 (Desf.) ; Madeira, 5 (Low.) ; Canary Islands, 3 (Webb). In America : Nor- thern States, 2 (Beck:); New California, 3-5 (Hook. & Arn.) ; Chili, 2 (C. Gat). The per- centage always falls 1 below in hot countries, such as Tropical Africa, India, Timor, New Guinea, Tropical America. Melville Island has the largest known — 13-5 (R. Be.). The same author also gives several Crucifers among the species extending over at least a third of the globe — viz., Capsella Bursa pastoris, several species of Nasturtium, Cardamine hirsuta, Ery- simum cheiranthoides . 2 Guib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 672. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 91; Veg. Kingd., 353. — Exdl., EncUrid., 452. — Peeeiea, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 576. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Blajjhor., 629, 1142. 222 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. various organs ; like the Kadishes,1 and the various Cabbages and Turnips, in which we have studied2 the seat of these deposits. In several the leaves are eaten, either cooked, as in Sea Kale3 (C/iou marin, figs. 248-253), and certain species of Lepidium, Cardamine, Baphanus, Prinplea,4 Matthiola,5 Zilla? &c. ; or raw, in salad, like the cultivated Cresses (Cressons). These last are not mere insipid green vegetables, but are distinguished by a greater or less development of the stimulant pungency, or even acridity common to most medicinal Cruci- fers.7 The Water Cress (Cresson officinal, C. de fontaine) is Nasturtium officinale? growing wild or cultivated in fresh water. It is pretty powerful as a stomachic, diuretic, depurative, and, above all, anti- scorbutic.9 From it is distinguished the Creeping Watercress {Cresson sauvage ; N. sylvestre)™ possessing the same virtues, though less used. The Cress of our gardens (C. aUnois or Nasitort) is a member of the totally different genus Lepidium ; it is L. sativum" and acrid and antiscorbutic, and sternutatory. Bittercress (Cresson des pres), the least used of all, is Cardamine pratensis™ For the same purposes, medicinal 1 All belonging to R. sativus L. (R. cMnensis Mill., orbicularis Mill., rotundus Mill., sativus Mill.), and comprising two chief races : 1. The small Radishes (Radis, Petites Raves), including the Turnip Radish (Radis Rond ; R. Radicula Pees.) and the Spring Radish (Radis Allonge, Rave ; R. sativus Mill.). — 2. The larger Radishes (Raves, vraies Raiforts), including the Black Radish (Rave Noir, Radis Noir ; R. niger Lob.), the large White Radish (Orosse Rave Blanche ; R. rotundis Mill.), the Gray Radish (Radis gris), Winter Violet Radish (R. Violet d'Hiver), &c. (See Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 340.— Gtjib., loc. cit., 674.) 2 See above, pp. 188-195, fig. 219-237. 3 Crambe maritima L., Spec, 937. — (Ed., Fl. Dan., t. 316. — Rosenth., op. cit., 645. So in the East are eaten C. orientalis L. and Kots- cliyana Lindl. C. Tataria Jacq. (C. tata- rica W.), or Hungarian Sea Kale, is probably the Chara Casaris on which Caesar's troops fed. 4 P. antiscorbutica Hook. F., is used in Ker- guelen's Land like the Cabbage in Europe. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 635, 1.142.) 5 M. incana R. Br. and livida DC. are only eaten in times of famine. 6 The Arabs eat the leaf buds and leaves of Z. myagroides Forsk. (Myagrum spinosum Lame. ; ■ — Bunias spinosa L.). 7 This also distinguishes them from Papa- veracea, which have a milky or more or less op-.descent latex. 8 R. Be., in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 110. — Spach, op. cit., vi. 432. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 675, fig. 752. — Chatin, le Cresson, lSiuo. (Paris, 1866). — N. siifoliutn Reichb. — JV. mierophyllum Reichb. — Sisymbrium Nasturtium L., Spec, 91 6. — Cardamine fontana LAMK. — Cardaminum Nasturtium McENCH. 9 It contains iodine, iron, phosphates, an essential oil containing sulphur and nitrogen, which gives it its peculiar pungency (Chat., op. cit., 96), and is used for medicine in the forms of the fresh juice, syrup, soft or dry conserve, ex- tract, and milk of Watercress. It enters into the sirop de Raifort iode of Parisian druggists. 10 R. Br.., loc. cit. — Guib., loc. cit., 676. — Fruca sylvestris Fuchs., Hist., 263. 11 L., Spec, 899.— DC, Prodr., i. 204, n. 9.— Turp., Fl. Med.,\c. — Thlaspi sativum Ceantz.— Lepia sativa Destx. — Thlaspidium sativum Spach, loc. cit., 557. It is thought to be the KdpBapov of Dioscorides. The other species, whose leaves or roots are used raw or cooked as antiscorbutics and diuretics, are L. campestre R. Br., latifolium L. (Broad-leaved Cress, grande Pa-sserage), Iberis Pall., ruderale L. (Nas- turtium ruderale Scop.) and virginicum L. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 638.) 12 L., Spec, 915.— DC, Prodr., i. 151, n. 23.— RosENTa., op. cit., 632. — H. B>\, in Diet. GBUCIFEU^E. 223 and alimentary, may be used the Barbarea, especially B. communis1 and prcecox* (Bittercress, Yellow Rocket), and Cocklearia officinalis3 (Scurvy-grass; Fr., Herbe aux Glitters, figs. 275-278). This last is the antiscorbutic of most repute.4 . It is almost unequalled save by the Horseradish (Fr., Cran de Bretagne ; C. Armor acia? fig. 279); its leaves, and still more its root, are used as a powerful remedy and useful condiment.6 The Mustards are yet more used, especially the Wild Mustard7 {Seneve sauvage), the White3 (fig. 237), and above all the Black9 (figs. 235, 236). The seeds of the last are used in the kitchen as a pungent condiment, and in medicine as an irritant and rubefacient.10 The pungent essential oil, which acts so intensely in the sinapism, is shown not to exist ready formed in the seed, but to be formed by the reciprocal action under favourable circumstances of myronic acid and myrosine, which do exist separately in the seed.11 Encycl. des Sc. Med., xii. Its chief properties are also found in C. amara L., asarifulia L., Impatiens L., hirsuta L., and in the Chilian species C. nasturtioides Bert. 1 R. Br., in Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109. — Guib., op. cit., ed. 6, hi. 681. — H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., viii. 340 (Herbe de Sainte- Burbe). 2 R. Br., loc. cit. (Cressonnette, Cresson des vignes). B. stricta Andr., and arcuata Reichb. (Rosenth., op. cit., 631), serve the same purposes. 3 L., Spec, 903.— DC, Prodr., i. 173, n. 10.— Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 551.— Nees, PI. Off., t. 399.— Turp., in Fl. Med., ic. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 676, fig. 753. — Spacii, Suit, a Buff on, vi. 501. — Rev., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele, i. 360, t. 35.— C. groenlandica L. — C. minor Sm. — C. rotun- difolia Sm. — C. pyrenaica DC. — C. lenensis DC. The same properties occur in C. anglica L., arctiea Schltl., danica L., oblongifolia DC, &c. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 63 1.) 4 Rich in an acrid, sulphuretted oil, it enters into the composition of antiscorbutic syrup, wine and tincture. It contains sulpho sinapisine and cochlearin. It has been recommended in rheu- matic, calculous, and hemorrhoidal affections. 5 L,, Spec, 904.— DC, Prodr., i. 173, n. 4.— Sm., Engl. Bot., t. 2323.— Nees, PI. Off., t. 400. — Schs., Sandb., t. 181. — Hatne, Arzn. Gew., v. t. 29.— M£r. & Del., Diet. Mat. Med., ii. 386. — Guib., op. cit., iii. 677, fig. 754. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 91.— Rir., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele, i. 360. — C. rusticana Lame. — C. rnacrocarpa Waldst. & Kit., PI. Sung., t. 184. — Armoracia rusticana Baumg., Fl. Transylv. — Spach, op. cit., vi. 520. — Rosenth., op. cit., 634. — A. Eivini Rupp. — A. lapatMfolia Gilib. — A. saliva Bebnh. — Raphanus sylvestris Blackw., Serb., t. 415. — Roripa rusticana Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 127. 6 The scraped root is often used as a seasoning or garnish. It enters into antiscorbutic syrup, and, taken in beer, white wine, &c, is one of the most powerful stimulant antiscorbutics known. It has been praised in gout, albuminuria, inter- mittent fever, &c. ' Brassica arvensis. — Sinapis arvensis L. (see above, p. 192, note 1, figs. 238-241). — Guib., loc. cit., 685. — Rosenth., op. cit., 643. 8 Brassica alba. — Sinapis alba L. (see above, p. 191, note 6). — Guib., loc. cit., 686, fig. 759.— Hayne, Arzn. Gew., viii. t. 39. — Nees, PL Off., t. 402. — Tuep., Fl. Med., ic. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 92. — Pereira, loc. cit., 5S3. — Rev., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele, ii. 373. 3 Brassica nigra. — Sinapis nigra L. (see above, p. 191, note 2). — Guib., loc. cit., 687, tig. 758.— Hayne, Arzn. Gew., viii. t. 46. — Nees, PI. Off., t. 403.— Turp., Fl. Med., ic— Lindl., Fl. Med., 92. — Pereira, loc. cit., 579, fig. 104. — A. Rich., Elem., ed. 4, ii. 402. — R£v., in Bot. Med. du xixe Steele, i. 373, t. 35. — Rosenth., loc. cit,, 643. 10 Used chiefly for preparing sinapisms and stimulating hand and foot baths. * " See Guib., op. cit., ed. 6, iii. 689-692. The outer layer of the seed coat of Sinapis, in contact with water, swells out into a thick layer of slimy mucilage. This is the case in many other Cru- cifers, but in none of the Isatidece (B. H., Gen., 64). 224 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. The other Crucifers which possess in a less degree a pungent taste, with stimulant, acrid, astringent properties, are the Wild Eocket J (Roqitette Sauvage),the cultivated Rocket2 (Roquette Cultivee), ThZaspi officinalis,3 Rape4 {Ravette), Garlic Mustard or Sauce-alone {Alliaria? figs. 214, 215), several species of Iberia? Teeadalia? Arabia? Sisymbrium? Alyssum?0 CapseZZa?1 Draba?'2 Cahile?3 Coronopus?* &c, all natives or introduced and cultivated in this country. In Asia Sinapis chinensis15 and Arabia chinensis?6 serve the same purposes, and are recommended by the Hindoo doctors as stomachic stimulants. Their action may be intense enough to determine abor- tion. Saviynya ceyyptica11 has the same properties as the Cresses ; 1 Brassica temiifolia. — B. muralis Huds. — Sisymbrium tenuifolium- L. — Diplotaxis tenui- folia DC, Prodi:, i. 222, n. 8. — Gttib., loc. cit., 686.— Rosenth., op. cit., 644. — Eruca muralis G.EBTN., Mey. & Scherb., FL Wett. — Sinapis tenuifolia R. Be. Moqttin (Bot. Med., 186) lias prepared from it an antiscorbutic syrup. It is often called Sisymbre brulant. 2 Eruca sativa Lamk., FL Fr., ii. 496. — Gtjib., loc. cit., 683. — E. Buchetfa Spach, Suit. a Buffon, vi. 355. Its leaves are pungent and aperient ; its seeds more acid than even those of the Black Mustard. The ancients regarded all these plants as diuretic, antiscorbutic, and aphro- disiac (Rosenth., op. cit., 644). 3 Which is, according to Guibotjrt (loc. cit., 681); Lepidium campestre R. Bb. Its seeds enter into the composition of theriaca. 4 A cultivated race, according to Spach (Suit, a Buffon, vi. 371), of Brassica Eapa Koch (Napus Rapa Spenn.). Its seeds are harvested, and yield colza oil. There are two kinds, a winter and a summer Rape. 5 Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop., FL Cam., 515.— Erysimum Alliaria L. — Hesperis Alliaria Lamk. — Alliaria officinalis Andrzj., ex Bieb., FL Taur., Suppl., 445.— DC, Prodr., i. 196, n. 1. — H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., iii. 541. 6 Especially I. umbellata L. (Rosenth., op. cit., 635), whose seeds are the semina Thlaspeos Cretici of old pharmacopoeias. 7 Especially T. nudicaulis R. Br., in Ait. Fort. Kern., ed. 2, iv. 83; — T. Iberis DC, Prodr., i. 178, n. 1 ; — Iberis nudicaulis L., Spec., 903). 8 A. arenosa Scop., ciliata Koch, perfoliata Lamk., sagittata DC and Thaliana L. (See H. Bn., in Bid. Encycl. des Sc. Med., v. 756.) 9 Especially Flixweed, the Sophia or Wisdom (Fr., Sagesse) of surgeons (S. Sophia L.), and S. polyceratium L., and Columnce L. (see Rosenth., op. cit., 637). S. toxophyllum C A. Met., of South Russia, is said to poison horses. 10 Notably A. montanum L. (see H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., iii. 467), and A. maritimum Lamk. (Kceniga maritima R. Br.), which is the Nasturtium or Thlaspi maritimum of old pharmacopoeias. 11 The species most commonly used is the Shepherd's Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastons L.), a popular remedy in country places in France. (See H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., xii.) 12 D. (Erophila) verna L. serves the same purpose as Capsella; whence its name, Herba Bursa pastor/ s minima. 13 C. maritima Scop. (FL Cam., n. 844; — DC, Prodr., i. 185, n. 1 ; — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 332; — C. Serapionis G^rtn., Fruct., t. 141, ii. tig. 2; — C. agyptiaca W., Spec, iii. 417; — Tuss., FL Ant., 1, t. 17; — C. aqualis Lh£r. ; — C. americana Ntjtt. ; — C. cubensis K.) has its young shoots eaten in salad, or pickled. The leaf-buds are antiscorbutic, and the whole plant is used on the sea coast as an aperient, diuretic, &c. 14 C. Enellii Dalech. (Senebiera Coronopus DC; — Cochlearia Coronopus L.) was used as an antiscorbutic under the name of Herba Nasturtii verrucusi s. Coronopi repentis. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 646.) 15 L., Mantiss., 95. In Asia, £. cernui Thttnb., dichotoma Roxb., glauca Roxb., ramosa Roxb., rugosa Roxb., have the same reputation. S. pekinensis LoriR. is eaten as an aperient. S. juncea L. (S. nigra Forsk.), is, according to T. von Maktius, the Mustard of Sarepta. (See Rosenth., op. cit., 644. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 92.) 16 The Aliverie of the Indians; according to Ainslie (Mat. Med. Ind., ii. 12), a stimulant, and even abortive. It is also applied to inflamed surfaces. (See H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., v. 756, n. 2.) 17 DC, Syst., ii. 244; Prodr., i. 157. — Rosenth., op. cit., 644 : the same as Lunaria parvijtora Del., used by the Arabs. CBUCIFEB^J. 225 so have Heldreichia Kotsc/iyi1 and certain Farsetias" in Asia, Nastur- tium humifusum3 in Senegal, N. indicum4 in India, N. terrestre' in Australia, Lepidium owaihiense, piscidium, oleraceum,6 in the Sandwich Islands, and Hutchinsia ckinensis1 in China. Strange to say, among all these stimulant plants, the Hedge Mustard8 {Velar officinal) is neither acrid nor pungent, but only harsh and astringent. The seeds of Crucifera are also noteworthy for the quantity of fixed oil they contain used in the arts as well as for household purposes and food. Among the best known are the Colewort or Colza9 (figs. 228- 231), the Winter and Summer Eape, and the cultivated Camelina}0 (fig. 283). The seeds of the various Cabbages and Radishes contain a good deal of oil, of which but little use is made ; so with Isatis, Erucastrum, and Crambe. Special therapeutic virtues are ascribed to the seeds of many Crucifers, such as Cheiranthus C/ieiri,11 Cardamine impatiens,12 Lunaria rediv'wa and biennis™ Iberis umbellata,u Hesperis matronalis and tristis,1'" Sisymbrium Sophia,16 Alliaria, Capsella Bursa pastoris, and several species of Brassica, Lepidium, and Bunias.17 1 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 319. — Rosenth., op. cit., 635 ; used chiefly in scurvy of the gums. 2 F. clypeata It. Hit. is said to be the aWvo-aav of Dioscoeides (Rosenth., op. cit., 633), sup- posed to cure scorbutic ulcers, skin diseases, hydrophobia, &c. a Guill. & Peer., FL Seneg. Tent., i. 19- 4 DC, Syst., ii. 199; Prodr., i. 139, n. 22.— Rosenth., op. cit., 631. — Sisymbrium indicum L., Manliss., 93. 5 R. He., in Ait. Kort. Kern., ed. 2, iv. 110 (a form of N. palustre DC). Its root is also edible. 6 Forst., Prodr., n. 248. — DC, Prodr., i. 207, n. 38. — Rosenth., op. cit., (339. 7 Bitter and antiscorbutic; given in dropsy and pulmonary catarrh. 8 Sisymbrium officinale Scop., Fl. Cam., ii. 26. —DC, Fl. Fr., iv. 672 ; Prodr., i. 191, n. I.—Schk., Handb., t. 183.— Turp., Fl. Med., ic. — Guib., loc. cit., 680, fig. 755. — R£v., in Pot. Med. cU xixe Siecle, iii. 447, t. 48. — Moq., Pot. Med., 108, t. 35. — Erysimum officinale L., Spec, 922. — Chamaplium officinale Walls., Sched. Crit., 377. — SpaCH, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 435. It is the BZerbe au chantre or Tortelle, and forms the basis of a Compound Syrup of Erysimum, used in the treatment of pulmonary catarrh, &c. 9 A cultivated race (Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 370) of Brassica Napus Koch. — B. campestris L., Spec, 931. — Brassica Napus oleifera DC. — Guib., loc. cit., 6S5. VOL- III. 10 Camelina saliva Fe., Nov. Mant., iii. 72. — Guib., loc cit., 681. — Rosenth., op. cit., 637. Besides the oil, the seeds themselves have been used in medicine under the name of Semina Sesami vulgaris. 11 Its herbaceous parts are bitter, acrid. The flowers have a strong scent, which makes thein slightly excitant and diaphoretic. 12 L., Spec, 914. Its seeds are diuretic, and of use in dysentery. The same applies to the P>entarias (which really belong to the genus Cardamine), especially B>. bulbifera L. (Herba. Dentarue minoris s. antidysentericce), digitata Lame., enneaphylla L., pinnata Lame., &c. These plants are sometimes used for fuod, as is -D. diphylla Michx., on which horses are fed in America (see Rosenth., op. cit., 632). 13 Their seeds are stimulating, pungent, &c. (See H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc Med., ser. 2, iii. 187.) They were used under the name of semina Violce lunaria. 14 L., Spec, 906.— DC, Prodr., i. 179, n. 10. It is a diuretic, pectoral, and anticatarrhal. 15 Recommended as pectorals, &c. (Rosenth., op. cit., 636), under the name of Viola matronalis s. damascecena. 16 See p. 224, note 9. V B. Erucago L. (Spec, 935 ;— DC, Prodr., i. 230, n. 1 ; — Rosenth., op. cit., 646) has a penetrating smell and taste. It was used under the name of Herba Erucaginis in ascites and other forms of dropsy. Q 226 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. There are few tinctorial Crucifers ; the chief are Neslia panicu- lata,1 and Woad2 {Pastel ; figs. 257-260), formerly so much prized in Europe as a blue dye. The Eose of Jericho3 (fig. 209) has been celebrated as a curiosity since the crusades. In dry weather its branches roll up in a ball, and are torn up and carried by the winds over the sands of the desert. It has given rise to thousands of fables and fantastic tales. In the East it is still believed that if it expands in the lying-in room, it presages a prompt and easy delivery. Finally there are many Crucifers that adorn our gardens by their beautiful flowers or their sweet scent. Of those with beautiful corollas, white, yellow, violet, or red, we need only mention the various species of Wallflower, Stock, Honesty, Thlaspi, Aubrietia, Malcolmia, Moricandia? &c. Certain species of Brassica are ornamental owing to the variegation or quaint form of their leaves, which are laciniate, curly or crumpled, green, or spotted with purple white or yellow. 1 Destx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 162. It was used in the same way as Woad. 2 Isatis tinctoria L., Spec, 936. — G^RTN., Fruct., ii. t. 142, fig. 6. — Schk., Handb., 1. 188.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 575. — Gtjib., loc cit., 682, fig. 756. — Rosenth., op. cit., 640. (Ghiede, Vouede, Gaude, &c.) 3 Anastatica hierochuntina L., Spec, 985. — Guib., loc cit., 679. — H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. dts Sc. Med., iv. 188 (Jerose hygrometrique). 4 Orychophragmus sonchifoliits, which has the flowers of Moricandia, is cultivated, though much more rarely, with far more difficulty; so are the Heliophilas, some of which have pretty blue flowers; and, in the conservatory, Porphy- rocodon pictum, which has probably the most beautiful flowers of the order. [For details and bibliography of the mode of fertilization of the flowers in this order, see H. Mulleh, Befruchiung der Blumen durch Insekten (Leipsig, 1873), 133-142]. CBUCIFEBJS. 227 GENERA. I. CHEIKANTHE.E. a. Arabidine^e. — Cotyledons usually accumbent. 1. Cheiranthus T. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle depressed-conical. Sepals 4, decussately imbricate ; lateral saccate at base. Petals 4, cruciate, long-unguiculate, imbricate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments free ; 2 lateral shorter ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Glands of disk hypogynous, usually 2, irregularly sur- rounding base of lateral stamens. Germen free elongated ; style short ; apex 2-lobed stigmatose; lobes spreading. Ovules go, descending campylotropous ; funicles free. Siliqua elongated compressed, or 4- gonous ; valves flat or connate, 1-ribbed ; septum membranous. Seeds oo, 1-seriate, campylotropous. Embryo rather fleshy (sometimes coloured) ; cotyledons accumbent, more rarely incumbent oblique. — Undershrubs or herbs, usually perennial, pubescent with appressed 2 -partite hairs, more rarely stellate-tomentose ; leaves alternate, oblong or linear, entire or toothed ; flowers in terminal racemes {Temperate Europe, North Africa and Canary Islands, West and Central Mountainous Asia, Frigid North America). See p. 179, 2. Atelanthera Hook f. & Thoms.1 — Sepals small erect equal. Petals linear-spathulate emarginate. Anthers 6, unguiculate at apex, 1 -celled in 4 larger stamens. Siliqua linear subcom pressed ; valves 1-ribbed; septum membranous; style short, at apex stigmati- ferous 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate compressed, not marginate. — An annual herb, low, very slender, hispid with small appressed 2 -partite bristles ; stem thin ; leaves few linear entire ; flowers few, in a short terminal raceme {West Thibet"). 3. Nasturtium B,. Br.3 — Sepals short patulous, at base equal or 1 In Joum. Linn. Soc, v. 138. — B. H., Gen., 3 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109. — Spach, 68, n. 6. Suit, a Buffon, vi. 430.— DC, Prodr., i. 137 — 2 Spec. 1. A. perpusilla Hook. f. & Thoms., Endl., Gen., n. 4850. — A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 53. loc. cit. — B. H., Gen., 68, n. 7. — Leiolobium Keichb., Q 2 228 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. slightly unequal. Petals shortly unguiculate, or 0. Stamens 6, 4- dymimous or 5 — 1 ; unequal. Siliqua short or more or less elongated, subterete, rarely 2-dynamous ; style short rather thick ; stigmatiferous apex subcapitate, simple or 2-lobed. Seeds ao, 2-seriate, very rarely 1 -seriate, minute turgid ; funicles short free. — Branching herbs of variable habit, glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs, sometimes aquatic ; leaves entire or variably lobed or pinnatisect ; flowers1 in short racemes, sometimes bracteate2 (All regions of the World3). 4. Barbarea R. Br.4 — Sepals erect equal, or lateral subsaccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6 free, 4-dynamous. Glands 6, alternate ; 2 placentary longer and narrower. Siliqua elongated, usually rigid, compressed ; style short thick sometimes ob- conical ; apex compressed, capitate or 2-lobed ; valves carinate or costate ; septum narrow hyaline. Seeds 1 -seriate oblong, not margi- nate ; funicles free ; cotyledons accumbent on ascending radicle. — Herbs erect ascending glabrous, 2-ennial or perennial ; stem angulate ; leaves entire runcinate-lobate or sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers5 in some- Consp,, 184 {Camelince sect, Pseudolintim DC, Syst., ii. 517). — Roripa Bess, (part.), ex Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 125 (? Nasturtiopsis Botss., Fl. Or., i. 237). — Brachylobos Schub., Fnum. Fl. Trans., 39 (Sect. ii. DC, Prodr., i. 137.) — Clandestinaria Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 478. 1 Usually small, yellow. ' Several subgenera and species have been proposed, referred by various authors, some to Cochlearia, some to Nasturtium, and some to new genera. The three following of De Candolle must be held the best, but on account of a few species varying between them, they are neither certain nor altogether natural : 1. Cardaminum, siliqua short deelinate, petals white; 2. Brachy- lobos, siliqua short decimate, petals yellow ; 3. Clandestinaria, siliqua elongated erect, petals very short or 0. Alyssopsis deflexa Boiss. (Walp., Rep., i. 134), though differing in its uni- seriate seeds, agrees exactly with Nasturtium in flower and siliqu , N. officinalis has a ribbed siliqua as in Barbarea. Teirapoma barbarei- folia Tuecz. (in Linnaa, x. Litt., 104; — Endl., Gen., n. 4883 ; — Deless., 7c. Sel., ii. t. 70; — Payee, Organog., 211, 215, t. 44; — Seem., Bot. Eer.,t. 2; — Walp., Rep.,\. 154), a plant re- markable for its usually 4-carpellary gyna:ceuni and fruit, and held the prototype of a distinct genus by many authors, is now better considered by A. Geay and others a sport of Nasturtium palustris R. Be. (See p. 183, not. 4, figs. 210- 213.) 3 Spec, about 20 (about 80 are described by authors). Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 50- 54. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 97.— Benth., Fl. Hongk., 16. — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 13.— Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 298, t. 66.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 21.— Teiana & Pi., in Ami. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 58. — Waxp., Sep., i. 125 ; ii. 755 ; v. 34 j Ann., i. 27 ; ii. 32 ; hi. 815 ; iv. 193; vii. 98. (Most of these species are distinguished by no technical character from Cochlearia B. H., loe. cit.) Roripa Bess., Fnum. Fl. Vohhyn. (ex Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 125) includes a few species between Nasturtium, Sisymbrium, and Cochlearia, among which, ac- cording to several authors, the most noteworthy is R. ruslicana Geen. & Gode., loc. cit., which is Cochlearia Armoracia L. (See p. 202, fig. 276, and pp. 223, not. 5, 270, not. 7.) 4 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 109.— DC, Prodr., i. 140. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 417. — Ende., Gen., n. 4851. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 139. — B. H., Gen., 69, n. 8. 5 Yellow. CBUGIFEB^. 229 times elongated racemes ; pedicels ebracteate or bracteate1 {Temperate regions in both Worlds"). 5. Arabis L.3 — Sepals usually rather short, equal at base, or lateral saccate at base. Petals equal entire, usually unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous. Siliqua sessile elongated, thin, linear, com- pressed ; style usually short or next to none ; stigmatiferous apex simple or 2-lobed ; valves flat keeled or ribbed, sometimes fleshy (Stevenia),4 more rarely marked by oblique crowded ribs between keel and edge {FaUrfan din a) ;5 septum membranous. Seeds go, ].- or very rarely 2-seriate (Turrtis,* Falklandina), more rarely few (Stevenia), compressed, marginate winged or immarginate ; embryo somewhat fleshy ; cotyledons usually accumbent :• — -Herbs, annual or perennial, glabrous or stellate-tomentose with furcate hairs, or hoary ; radical leaves usually spathulate ; cauline sessile ; flowers7 in ebracteate racemes (All Temperate, Alpine and Frigid regions*). 6. Streptanthus Nutt.9 — Sepals usually petaloid, either equal at base, or 2 or 4 saccate at base, broadly imbricate. Petals unguiculate ; claw straight or twisted. Stamens 6 ; filaments usually surrounded by somewhat thick glands at base ; the longer often connate in pairs to a greater or less distance. Siliqua sessile, com- pressed or sub-4-gonous, narrow or wide ; valves nearly flat, 1 -ribbed ; septum hyaline, occasionally shining ; apex of style stigmati- 1 A genus not easy to distinguish from Nas- turtium, differing chiefly in its " robuster habit, more rigid siliqua, with carinate valves and 1- seriate seeds." (B. H., loc. cit.) 2 Spec, about 20. Reickb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 47-19. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 90.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 62. — A. Met., Midd. Sib. Reis., i. 2, 14. — Reg. & Til., Fl. Ajan., 45, in Mem. Mosc. (1859), xi. — Boiss., Fl. Or , i. 183.— Walp., Rep., i. 12S ; ii. 755 ; v. 34 ; Ann., i. 27; vii. 101. 3 Gen., n. 818.— J., Gen., 238.— R. Dr., in Ait. Sort. Ketv., ed. 2, iv. 104. — DC, Prodr., i. 142.— Spach, Suit, a Buffmi, vi. 436.— Endl., Gen., n. 4854. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 140. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 58. — B. H., Gen., 69, n. 9. — Arabidium Spach, loc. cit., 436. 4 Ad. & Fiscn., in Ledeb. Fl. Ross.,\. 123. — DC, Prodr., i. 141. — Endl., Gen., n. 4855. 5 The type of this subgenus is A.falklandica Hook., whose siliqua has rigid carinate valves. 6 L., Gen., 819.— DC, Prodr.. i. 141.— Endl., Gen., n. 4853.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 59. 7 White, straw-coloured, pink, or purplish. 8 Spec, about 60 (as many as 130 given by authors). Reichb.,7c. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 33-44. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 20, 21. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 99.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 165. — Hary. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 22. — Walp., Rep., i. 129 (Turri/is), 130; ii. 756; v. 34; Ann., i. 28 ; ii. 34 ; v. 193 ; vii. 101. 9 Nutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., v. 134, t. 7. — Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 75. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 60, 61. — Endl., Gen., n. 4852.— B. H., Gen., 69, 966, n. 12. 230 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ferous simple. Seeds (almost of Mattlriold) 1-seriate, much compressed marginate. — Herbs, annual or perennial, glabrous; leaves entire or the lower lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline leaves sessile or occasionally amplexi- caul ; flowers1 in terminal racemes, bracteate or ebracteate2 {North America, especially the eastern parts''). 7. Cardamine T.4 — Sepals equal at base. Petals unguiculate. Flowers and fruit otherwise nearly oiArabis ; siliqua elongated linear- compressed ; valves flat, almost ribless separating elastically ; septum hyaline ; style short or elongated ; apex stigmatiferous, more or less enlarged, simple or 2-lobed ; replum obtuse {Dentaria)5 or acute or alate {Pteroneuron).6 Seeds go, 1-seriate, somewhat compressed im- marginate ; funicles occasionally enlarged {Pteroneuron, Dentaria) ; embryo rather fleshy (occasionally coloured) ; cotyledons accumbent or more rarely incumbent.7 — Herbs, usually flaccid and glabrous ; rhizome sometimes scaly or bulbiferous {Dentaria) ; leaves alternate, more rarely opposite, or 3-4-verticillate {Dentaria), occasionally pinnatisect ; flowers8 in racemes, sometimes subcorymbose, ebracte- ate, erect or nutant {All Temperate, cold and Alpine regions9). 8. Dryopetalum A. Gray.10 — " Sepals suberect ; lateral subsaccate at base. Petals unguiculate, 5-7-lobed. Stamens without teeth. Siliqua11 elongated, somewhat terete, many-seeded ; valves 3-ribbed 1 Often handsome, sometimes pendulous, purple, or more rarely white or yellow. 2 Sections 2, according to Endl. : 1. Fitstrep- tanthus ; calyx rather spreading; limb of petals broad. — 2. Eiiclisia (Ntttt.) ; calyx closed ; limb of petals narrow. The genus is very near Arabis. 3 Spec, about 13. Hook., Icon., t. 40, 44. — A. Geat, in Proceed. Ame-. Acad., vi. 182. — Bot. Mag., t. 3317, 3516.— W alp., Rep., i. 128; Ann., ii. 33; iv. 192; vii. 104. 4 Inst., 224, t. 109.— L., Gen., n. 812 — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 418. — J., Gen., 239. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 182; Suppl., ii. 393; III., t. 562.— DC, Prodr., i. 149. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 439. — Endl., Gen., n. 4859. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 14i. — B. H., Gen., 70, 966, n. 13. 5 L., Gen., n. 811.— DC, Prodr., i. 154.— Endl., Gen., n. 4861. — A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 56. 6 DC, Prodr., i. 154.— Endl., Gen., n. 4860. 7 Kardanoglyphos Schltl. (in Linnaia, xxviii. 472) has its seeds irregularly arranged, says its author, not 1-seriate, as in the other species. 8 White, pink, purple, or violet (" never ? yellow"). 9 Spec, about 60. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 29 {Pteroneuron), 30-32 (Dentaria).— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 106.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 160, 164 (Dentaria).— Hook. F., Handb. N,- Zeal. Fl, 11.— Bekth., Fl. Hongk., 16; Fl. Austral., i. 67. — Tkiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 59 (part.). — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind., 13.— EiCHL.,in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 300, t. 67.— Bakn., in C. Gay Fl. Chi/., i. 107.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 290. — Phil., in Linnaia, xxviii. 664; xxx. 186. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 23. — Walp., Rep., i. 135, 138 (Dentaria); ii. 757; v. 35, 36; Ann., i. 29; ii. 35 ; iv. 193 ; vii. 105. 10 In PI. Wright., ii. 12, t, 14.— B. H., Gen., 69, n. 10 (whence we take the characters). 11 Thin. GRUGIFEEM. 231 carinate ; septum narrow membranous, ribless ; style somewhat short ; stigma terminal, emarginate. Seeds many, 1-seriate oblong subcompressed immarginate. — An erect herb, annual or 2-ennial, branched ; radical leaves pubescent or shaggy (hairs simple), runci- nate-pinnatifid ; cauline leaves subsimilar ; racemes1 terminal, elongated after flowering ; pedicels filiform elongated ebracteate"2 (New Mexico3). 9. Macropodium R. Br.4 — Sepals lax, equal at base. Petals elongated, long-tapering at base. Anthers elongated twisted. Glands thick. Siliqua pedicellate elongated rather wide ; valves thin, flat, veined ; septum membranous, 2-ribbed ; stigma sessile, small. Seeds almost of Cheiranthus. — A tall glabrous herb ;s leaves alternate, long-petiolate ovate-lanceolate, serrulate or subentire ; flowers6 sub- sessile in dense spikes (Altai7). 10. Leavenworthia Torr.8 — Sepals and petals cuneiform, equal. Siliqua oblong-linear ; valves thin subinflated, obtusely contracted between seeds ; septum hyaline 1 -ribbed areolate ; style subulate ; apex stigmatiferous 2-dentate. Seeds 1-2-seriate orbicular-com- pressed, winged at margin ; embryo compressed ; cotyledons auri- culate at base ; radicle short, conical, " straight." — Low annual herbs ; leaves pinnatifid-lyrate ; flowers9 solitary or loosely racemose, on scapes (North America™). 11? Loxostemon Hook. f. & Thoms.11 — "Sepals patulous, equal at base. Petals unguiculate, broadly spathulate. Filaments of longer stamens thick, bent abruptly at apex. Siliqua linear ; 1 Flowers white. 8 In Ann. Lye. N. York, iii. 87, t. 5. — Torr. 2 "A genus scarcely distinct from Aralis." &Ge., Ft. N.-Amer., i. 89.— A. Gray, Gen. III., (B. H., loc tit.) t. 57.— Eni>l., Gen., n. 4862.— B. H., Gen., 70, 3 Spec. 1. D. runcinatum A. Gray, loc. cit. — - n. 16. Walp., Ann., iv. 191. 9 Yellow. 4 In Ait. Hort. Keiv., ed. 2, iv. 108.— DC, 10 Spec. 2, 3 (1 ex A. Gray). Walp., Rep., JProdr., i. 149.— Endl., Gen., n. 865.— B. H., i. 139. Gen., 69, n. 11. " In Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 147. — B. H., Gen., 5 " Habit of Stanleya;" leaves plantain-like. 70, n. 14 (whence the characters are taken). 6 White, rather large. 7 Spec. 1. M. nii-ale R. Br., loc. cit. — Hook., Lot. Misc., t. 67. 232 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. stigma sessile 2-lobed (other parts unknown). — A low annual herb ; stem thin glabrous flexuous few-leaved ; leaves scattered long-petio- late 3-foliolate ; leaflets linear quite entire ; corymb few-flowered ; flowers1 slender pedicellate " (Sikkim Himalaya?). 12. Morettia DC.3 — Sepals equal erect. Petals linear entire. Stamens 6 ; filaments without teeth ; anthers occasionally subsagit- tate. Siliqua thick stipitate subterete curved erect ; style short, rather thick ; apex stigmatiferous 2-lobed ; lobes divaricated or erect into a cone ; valves concave rigid ribbed, incompletely partitioned by transverse septa between seeds ; septum opaque. Seeds go, 1 -seriate, oblong or orbicular, compressed; embryo rather thick ; radicle longer than accumbent cotyledons. — Herbs, branched leafy, hispidulous with stellate hairs or hoary-tomentose ; leaves all cauline sessile entire dentate ; flowers axillary, solitary or subspicate at end of twigs (Arabia, North Africa4). 13. Notoceras E. Br.5 — Sepals and petals small subequal. Sili- qua linear-oblong, cylindrical-sub-4-gonous, dehiscing late, con- tinuous or torulose (Diceratetta) ;6 valves more or less subseptiferous within, carinate, at apex produced obliquely into a horn-like mucro; apex of style minutely capitate. Seeds few immarginate (of Cheir- anthui). — Herbs, somewhat rigid depressed branching, hoary with 2-partite hairs ; leaves linear or ovate sinuate or entire ; flowers7 in leaf- opposed racemes {West Asia, Mediterranean region, Canary islands9). 14 ? Andrzejowskia Reichb.9 — Flowers nearly of Notoceras; lateral sepals slightly saccate at base. Siliqua linear compressed indehiscent ; apex of style minutely capitate ; valves sharply keeled, with apex 1 Small, lilac. Gen., 71, n. 19. — Diceratium Lagasc. (ex DC, 2 Spec. 1. L. pulckelhts Hook. p. & Tnosis., Syst., ii. 71, 202). loc. cit. 6 Boiss., Diagn., v. 80 {Diceratium ol.) ; Fl. 3 Syst. Veg., ii. 426 ; Prodr., i. 185— Endl., Or., i. 313.— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 21. Gen., n. 4894.— B. H., Gen., 70, n. 17. 7 Yellow or pink, small. 4 Species about 5. Del., Ft. d'Fgi,Pt., 77, 8 SPec- l or 2- Beless., Ic. Set, ii. t. 17.— t. 33, fig. 3 (Sinapis).— Boiss., Diagn. Or., viii. Eoiss., Fl. Or., i. 31 1.— Wai.p., Rep., i. 124. 17; Fl. Or., i. 145.— Waxp., Rep., i. 159 ; Ann., 9 Fl- c' il-> '• l~°< *• 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 48 !7. jj 47_ — B. H., Gen., 70, n. 18. — Macroceratium DC, 5 In Ait. Hort. Keu:, ed. 2, iv. 117.— DC, Syst., ii. 204. Prodr., i. 140.— Endl., Gen., n. 4846.— B. H., CRUCIFERJ3. 233 obliquely produced into conical compressed horns. Seeds few, imraar- ginate. An annual glabrous herb j1 leaves pinnatisect ; petiole sub- auriculate at base ; flowers2 in terminal racemes, ebracteate {The Black Sea, Asia minor3). 15. Parolinia Webb.4 — Sepals bowed at base, subequal erect. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous; anther subsagit- tate. Hypogynous glands 4, within the petals, bowed concave ex- ternally. Siliqua linear-oblong, curved, subterete ; style thick ; apex long-divaricated, stigmatiferous ; lobes decurrent ; valves septate within, at apex produced into elongated forked horns. Seeds oo, 1 -seriate ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle subhorizontal. — A rigid upright undershrub (ashen or whitish) ; leaves linear entire ; flowers5 in short racemes {Canary Isles6). 1G. Parrya P. Br.7 — Flowers almost of Matthiola ; lateral sepals flattened or saccate at base. Siliqua compressed, varying in form, sometimes short and wide, or narrow and elongated {Neuroloma) f valves flat, 1-ribbed, usually veined ; septum (hyaline) entire or slit; style short ; stigmatiferous lobes connate, elongated or very short. Seeds oo, in 1, 2-seriate, wingless {Leiosporaf or winged. — Low shrubs, glabrous or pilose, or hispid, or covered with crowded medi- fixed hairs ; root multiple-perennial ; leaves of varying form, simple sinuate or more rarely pinnatifid ; flowers10 solitary, or more frequently racemose ; scapes naked or leafy {Mountains of North Asia, Arctic regions11). 17. Cithareloma Bge.1'2 — Sepals 4 erect ; lateral more or less saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate ; limb narrow. Stamens 6 ; fila- 1 Habit altogether of Cardamine. n. 4855^ — -3. H., Gen., 67, n. 3. — Pachynettrum 2 White. Bge , in Linncea, xiv. 121.- — Ermannia Cham., 3 Spec. 1. A. cornuta. — A. Cardamine in Linncea, vi. 533. Reichb., loc. cit. — Walp., Sep., i. 121. — 8 Andkz., in DC. Prodr., i. 156. Notoceras ? (Macroceraiiwni) cardaminifolium 9 C. A. Met., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 27. DC, Syst., ii. 205 ; Prodr., i. 140, n. 4. — 1° Often handsome ; white, pink, or purple. Lepidium cornutum Sibth., Fl. Grcec, t. 617 n Spec, about 10. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t. (ex DC). 86— Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 15.— Hook. f. 4 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xiii. 133, t. 3 (uec & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 135. — Boiss., Endl.).— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 20. Fl. Or., i. 159.— Walp., Rep., i. 134; ii. 757; 5 Pale pink. Ann., vii. 97. 6 Spec. 1. P. ornata Webb, loc. cit. — Walp., 12 In Linncea, xviii. 149. — B. H., Gen., 67, Rep., i. 121. n. 4. 7 In Parry's Voy., App., 268. — Endl., Gen., 234 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ments short free 4-dynamous. Siliqua rather large, linear or ellipti- cal-oblong, much compressed, obtuse at both ends, style slender erect ; apex stigmatiferous 2-lobed ; lobes linear erect connate ; valves flat, 1 -ribbed, more or less undulate at edge ; septum membranous, 2 -lamellate, transversely areolate. Seeds go, 1, 2-seriate, orbicular much compressed winged ; cotyledons accumbent. — Annual herbs, leafy branching, pilose ; leaves dentate or sinuate ; flowers in rather short racemes, pedicels ebracteate, subdeflexed when fruiting {Kirghiz*). 18. Matthiola E. Br.2 — Flowers nearly of Cheiranthus ; lateral sepals saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Siliquas elongated, terete or compressed; rarely 2-rnorphous (superior as above) inferior indehiscent subterete (Diptgchocarpus) ;3 stigmatose lobes of style erect connivent, often thickened or horned externally ; seeds co, 1 -seriate compressed, usually marginate-alate ; funicles filiform free. — Herbs or branching shrubs ; hairs stellate ; leaves oblong or linear, entire or sinuate ; flowers4 racemose ebracteate5 ( West and South Uurojje, West Asia, North and South Africa*). 19. Lonchopliora Dur.7 — Flowers nearly of Matthiola; lateral sepals gibbous at base. Siliqua (of tardy dehiscence) sagittate subligneous 4-gonous ; valves rigid, dorsally compressed, produced at base into subulate horns (concave above, or slightly incurved at apex), un- equally transversely septate ; style erect 2-horned ; stigmatiferous lobes erect; horns alternating with valves. Seeds ovate-compressed ; cotyledons more or less obliquely incumbent. — Annual branching herbs ; hairs stellate-tomentose ; leaves linear or oblong superior subentire ; inferior lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers8 in terminal ebracteate racemes (Algeria*). 1 Snec. 2. Bge., TSnwm. PI. Lehmann., t. 5.— Boiss*., FL Or., i. 238.— W alp., Rep., v. 39 ; Ann., vii. 96. - In Ait. Sort. Kew,, ed. 2, iv. 119. — DC, Syst., ii. 162 ; Prodr., i. 132.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 400.— Endl., Gen., n. 4845.— B. H., Gen., 67, n. 1. — Leucoium Mcexch, Meth., 257 (nee Auctt.). — Microstigma Tbatjtv., PI. Imag., 34, t. 25. 3 Teaijtv., in Bull. Mosc. (1860), i. 108.— B. H., Gen., 67, n. 2. — Alloceratium Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 135 (Ckori- spora stricta DC, Prodr., i. 186, n. 2, referred to Matthiola by Beeshakdi). 4 Purple or white ; usually handsome. 5 Sections 2 (ex. B. H., loc. cit.): 1. Pachy* notus (Luperia) ; lobes of style simple or gibbous behind. — 2. Pindria (Acinotus) ; lobes horned behind. 6 Spec. 25-30. Deless., 1c. Sel., ii. t. 11, 12. — Boiss., Diagn. Or., ii. 6, 10; Fl. Or., i. 146. — Grex. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 85. — Walp., Pep., i. 123 ; Ann., i. 26 ; ii. 31 j iv. 191 ; vii. 96. ' In Rev. Bot., ii. 432 ; Fl. Alger., t. 72.— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 22. 8 Violet ; handsome. 9 Spec. 2. Waxp., Ann., i. 27 ; vii. 108. CBUCIFERJE. 235 20 ? Anastatica L.1 — Short sepals and unguiculate petals subequal. Siliqua short ventricose ; valves concave and transversely septate inside, externally appendiculate by a very short subulate flattened lamina at base, and a large oblique obtuse, internally concave, lamina at apex; seeds few or 1 {oWheiranthus) in each chamberlet, orbicular or elliptical compressed ; style conical ; extreme apex capitellate stigma- tose. — A low annual branching herb, woody when fruiting ; branches involute-connivent into a globe from drought ; leaves unequally oblong subdentate petiolate, rugose subtomentose ; flowers2 in short terminal or leaf-opposed spikes (Sj/ria, Arabia, North Asia6). b. Sistmbeineje. — Cotyledons usually incumbent. 21. Sisymbrium L.4 — Sepals variable, short or elongated, either all equal at base, or lateral pair subsaccate. Petals usually long-tapering at base. Stamens 6, free 4-dynamous. Glands variable, usually small. Siliqua linear-elongated, subterete or compressed; valves concave or convex, usually 3-ribbed ; septum subequal to valves, rib- less or 2-ribbed ; style usually very short ; apex stigmatiferous capitate, entire or shortly 2-lobed, more rarely cupulate. Seeds mostly cc, usually 1-, sometimes 2-seriate, immarginate subterete, usually oblong; funi- cles free ; embryo usually oblong ; cotyledons equal or unequal incumbent. — Herbs, usually annual or 2-ennial, glabrous pilose or hoary-tomentose ;5 radical leaves stellately rosulate ; cauline alter- nate, simple or more or less incised, lobed, runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect, at base often auricled amplexicaul ; flowers6 laxly racemose, more rarely axillary, ebracteate or very rarely bracteate7 1 Rort. Cliff., 328; Gen., n. 70S (part.).— J., Gen., 241.— Gjertw., Fruct., ii. 280, 1. 141. — Lajjk., Diet., iii. 227; Suppl., iv. 6JS; III., t. 555.— DC, Syst., ii. 425; Prodr., i. 185. — Endi., Gen., ii. 4895.— B. H., Gen., 71, n. 23. — Rierocontis Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 421. a Small, white. 3 Spec. 1. A. Merockuntina L., Spec, 895. — .Tacq., Rort. Vindob., t. 58. — R. Be., in Ait. Rort. Keu\, ed. 2, iv. 79. — Desvx., in Journ. Pot., iii. 169. — Boiss., Ft. Or., i. 315. — Pot. Mag., t. 4400. 4 L., Gen., n. 813. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 417.— J., Gen., 239.— DC, Prodr., i. 190.— Endl., Gen., n. 4906. — Hook. f. & Thojis., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 156. — A. Geay, Gen. III., t. 64.— B. H., Gen., 77, n. 49.— Fouen., This. Fac. Sc. Par. (18G5), n. 275 (incl. : Alliaria An\ys., Aph ray mus Axjmz. ,ArabidopsisScnTJU., Praya Steenb. & Hoppe, Cftamceplium Spach, Descurainia Webb, Discurea Schuk., Drubopsis C Koch, Eudema H. B., Eulrema It. Br., Ruyuenbiia Reichb., Leptocarpcea DC, Norta Schub., Oreas Cham. & Schltl., Orobium Reichb., Pachypodivm Webb, Platypetalum R. Br., Sisymbrella Spach (part.), Tonyuea P^ndl., Tricholubos Tttbcz., Valarum Schub.). 5 " Never (?) with hoary appressed 2-partite seltse." (B. H., loc. ciL, 78.) 6 Usually yellow, more rarely white, pink, or purplish. 7 The habit varies greatly in this genus, and the external characters simulate many different genera. Hence " the genus Sisymbrium is the 236 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. {Central and Southern Europe, Temperate Asia, Mountains of North and Tropical Africa, Temperate North and South America1). 22. Conringia Reichb.2 — Sepals elongated erect; lateral some- times more or less saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Flowers otherwise of Sisymbrium or Erysimum. Siliqua3 often large linear elongated, either compressed or 4-gonous. Style short or elongated most difficult of all. From Brassica (sect. E/ttcastrum) it differs only in its flat cotyledons ; from Conringia only in its leaves (S. fugax La&asc., from Spain, has the clavate style of C. clavatum). The stigma of S. pannonicum shows the two erect lobes of Malcolmia. S. supinum L. has manifestly 2-seriate seeds, as is common in Braya. In S. pusill/u/m Hook. (referred by various authors to Draba, Erysimum, and Arabis) the radicle is oblique. S. sophioides (a variety of S. Sophia) shows the subumbellate inflorescence of Thelypodium. Many sections have been proposed in Sisymbrium, but the dis- tinctions between most are very difficult. The following are the best we could make, though not strictly denned." (B. H., loc. cit.) Adding the species of Eutrema and Braya, we get the following 12 sections : — 1. Norta DC. (Prod?'., i. 191, sect. ii.). Siliquas subterete, spreading ebracteate pedicellate. Seeds 1-seriate. Petals yellow or yellowish white. Sepals spreading. (Reich., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 80.) 2. Irio DC. (inch Descurea DC. — Descurainia Webb, Phyt. Canar., 72. — Pachypodium Webb, op. cit., 75. — Hugueninia Reichb., op. cit., t. 81. — Tonguea Endl., Gen., n. 4905. — Lepto- carpcea DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 201). Fruit of Norta. Petals yellow. Sepals erect. 3. Velarum (DC, sect. i. — ChamcEplium Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 433). Siliquas subspicate ebracteate, appressed to rachis, subulate. Flowers yellow. (Reicub., op. cit., ii. t. 72.) 4. Arabidopsis (DC, sect. vi.). Siliquas brac- teate or ebracteate, pedicellate, spreading or erect, nearly fiat, rarely subalate. Seeds 1-seriate. Sepals spreading or erect. Petals white, pink, or purplish. (Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 60 [Conringia].) 5. Drabopsis (C Koch, in Linncea, xv. 253). Seeds 2-seriate. Other parts of Norta (Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 72. — Walp., Rep., ii. 760). 6. Braya (Steknb. & Hoppe, Diss., ex DC, Syst., ii. 210 j Prodr., i. 141. — Endl., Gen., u. 4912. — Hook, p., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 168. — B. H., Gen., 82, n. 70.— Foubn., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr„ x. 5. — Platypetalum R. Be., in Parr. Voy. App., 266). Siliqua ovate, oblong or linear, sub-compressed or subterete, rarely globose; valves 1-veined or ribbed. Seeds 1- or more often 2-seriate, few or 0. — Csespitose herbs; flowers shortly racemose or subcorymbose, sometimes soli- tary ; petals white, pink, or purple. (Spec, about 12, from all Frigid and Arctic Regions. Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 56. — Wedd., Chlor. Andina, i. t. 85. — Walp., Rep., i. 171, 174 {Platypetalum) ; ii. 761.) 7. Eudema (H. B., PL Mqv.in., ii. 133, 1. 125). Flowers of Braya; septum perforate. Scape sometimes 1-fiowered. (Walp., Rep., v. 41.) 8. Oreas (Cham. & Schltl., in Linncea, i. 29, t. 1. — Aphragmus Andbz., in DC. Prodr., i. 209. — Orobium Reichb., Consp., 185). Flowers of Braya ; septum 0. 9. Kibera (DC, loc. cit., 194, sect. v.). Siliquas axillary or bracteate; seeds 1, 2-seriate. (Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 73.) 10. Psilostylum (DC, sect. in.). Siliquas sub- terete ; style slender. Calyx closed. Petals yellow. (Deless., 1c. Sel., ii. t. 63, fig. 1.) 11. Alliaria (Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 418.— DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 488; Prodr., i. 196.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 413. — Endl., Gen., 875). Siliqua elongated. Flowers white. Leaves entire, cordate or deltoid. Seeds striate. Species 2, 1 Himalayan, 1 European and Asiatic. ((Ed., Fl. Dan., t. 935. — Scor., Fl. Carniol., 515. — Reichb., op. cit., ii. t. 60.) 12. Eutrema (R. Be., in Parr. Voy. App., 267, t. A. — Endl., Gen., n. 4924. — Hook, f., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 164. — B. H., Gen., 78, n. 50). Siliqua linear oblong terete ; valves convex costate. Seeds few. Perennial herbs ; stem3 simple, few-flowered ; flowers subcorymbose (white); radical leaves long-petiolate, oblong or cordate, entire or serrate ; cauline subsimilar or sessile. (Spec. 5, 3 Siberian and Arctic, 2 from mountains of Asia. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t. 258.— Walp., Rep., i. 174.) 1 Spec, about 90. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 63, 64.— Foebn., Thes. Cit., 54.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 212 (Alliaria), 213.— Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 63. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 303. — Gkiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 13. — Geen. & Code., Fl. de Fr., i. 92. — Walp, Rep., 163; ii. 760; v. 39; Ann., i. 40; ii. 48 ; iv. 209 ; vii. 133. - Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 61 (part.). — Endl., Gen., n. 4908 e .— B. H., Gen., 78, n. 51. 3 Very variable in form, and usually a de- ceptive character. CRUCIFEB&. 237 cylindrical; stigmatiferous apex cleft or 2-lobed; valves flat or con- vex, sometimes torulose, 1-3-ribbed ; septum membranous or spongy. Seeds oc, 1 -seriate oblong, glabrous or with very thin wrinkles, not marginate; embryo sometimes herbaceous; cotyledons incumbent sometimes concave, subconduplicate. — Annual or 2-ennial herbs, glabrous, often glaucous ; leaves simple entire ; cauline oblong auricled-amplexicaul ; flowers1 racemose ebracteate ( West Asia, South Europe*). 23. Erysimum L.3 — Flowers of CJieiranthus ; siliqua elongated, subterete, or sub-4-gonous, rather compressed ; style short or more or less elongated ; apex stigmatose capitate, emarginate or 2-lobed ; valves usually carinate, 1 -ribbed; septum more or less membranous ; style short or elongated, apex stigmatose capitate, emarginate or 2-lobed. Seeds co , 1-seriate oblong, immarginate or at apex marginate or apiculate ; funicles thin free ; embryo fleshy cotyledons accumbent. — Biennial or perennial herbs, often hoary with appressed (2-partite) hairs, sometimes laxly pilose or hairy- tomentose ; leaves alternate narrow,4 linear or oblong, entire sinuate dentate or rarely pinnatifid ; flowers5 in usually elongated ebracteate racemes6 (Mountains of South Europe, the East, Central Asia, North America'). 24 ? Porphyrocodon Hook, f.8 — Sepals erect unequal; 2 a little 1 Yellow or golden. 2 Spec. 6. DC, Prodr., i. 199 (Erysimum).— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 209. — Walp., Rep., i. 169 ; Ann., vii. 138. 3 L., Gen., n. 814 (nee T.). — Adans., Fam. des Fl., ii. 418.— J., Gen., 239.— DC, Prodr., i. 169.— Endl., Gen., n. 4908.— A. Geat, Gen. III., t. 6.— B. H., Gen., 79, n. 54. 4 Neither cordate-arnplexicaul nor pinnatisect. s Rather large, golden, or rarely purple, often scented. 6 The genus is scarce to be distinguished from Sisymbrium by certain characters. Alliaria comes between them. It is also closely allied to Cheir- anthus (sect. Cheiri), differing mainly in its usually accumbent cotyledons. According to B. H. (loc. cit.), " The following sections are made by modern botanists, but appear to be very uncertain : 1. Agonolobus (C A. Mey.). Siliqua subterete; valves and replum rounded at the back. (Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 68).— 2. Cuspidaria (DC). Siliqua double; valves cari- nate-compressed. — 3. Cheiropsis (C A. Mey.). Siliqua compressed-4-gonous ; valves and replum acutely carinate. (Reichb., loc. cit., t. 63). — 4. Frysimastrum (C A. Mey.). Siliqua 4-gonous ; valves and replum subprominent carinate. (Reichb., loc. cit., t. 63. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 66, 67.)" To this genus the same authors refer Strophades (Boiss., in Ann, Sc Nat., sew 2, xvii. 73. — Walp., Rep., i. 171), a rigid silvery Meso- potamian herb, with narrow linear leaves, much elongated fruiting racemes, purple petals, a dis- tinct rigid subulate style, a terete twisted siliqua laterally compressed. 7 Species made by authors upwards of 100, but should, perhaps, be reduced to 15-20. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 65-67.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 186.— Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 304. — Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 87. — Walp., Rep., i. 167; ii. 761; Ann., i. 42; ii. 48; iv. 210; vii. 139. 8 Gen., 79, n. 52. 238 NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS. shorter. Petals large erect long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free toothless inserted on much thickened shortly clavate glandular receptacle. Siliqua linear-elongated subcompressed tapering at both ends ; style slender much elongated, exserted : apex stigmatose capitate 2-lobed ; valves nearly flat 1 -ribbed; septum membranous. Seeds go, 1 -seriate compressed immarginate, funicles filiform. — A tall branching glab- rous herb; leaves imparipinnatisect; leaflets unequal at base, falsely- pedicellate unequally toothed ; flowers ' long-pedicellate, in bracteate racemes; bracts leafy2 {Venezuela, New Granada*). 25. Smelowskia C. A. Mey.4 — Flowers nearly of Erysimum ; sepals short lax, equal at base. Siliqua rather short, tapering at both ends, either laterally compressed or sub-4-gonous ; style short ; apex minutely capitate stigmatiferous ; replum filiform included. Septum membranous ; valves concave submembranous. Seeds few ; 1 -seriate immarginate; funicles free. — Perennial herbs, subca?spitose, hoary tomentose ; leaves pinnati- or 2-pinnatisect ; flowers5 racemose ebracteate6 (Siberia, Rocky Mountains1). 26. Zerdana Boiss.9 — Sepals erect elongated, subequal at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous; the larger ones con- nate in pairs half way up. Siliqua linear rather compressed sublinear subtorulose ; valves subcarinate veined ; septum membranous, sub-2- costate ; style subulate ; apex stigmatose, 2-lobed. Seeds go, 1 -seriate oblong ; funicles filiform free. — A perennial csespitose herb, hoary all over with glandular hairs ; rhizome elongated, double or multiple ; leaves all radical, rosulate subspathulate-obtuse ; flowers9 crowded at apex of simple scapes bare at base {Alpine Persia™). 1 Purple, large nodding. 2 A genus very near Cardamine. 3 Spec. 1. P. pictwm. — Cardamine picta Hook., in Rook. Journ., vi. 292, t. 12. — Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 59, n. 1. — Walp., Ann., i. 303. 4 In Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 165.— Endl., Gen., n. 4910.— B. H., Gen., 79, n. 53. 5 White or yellow, usually small. 6 " An anomalous genus, which, perhaps, needs breaking up, and is intermediate between Sisym- brium, Futrema, Draba, and Capsella, by S. calycina and others ; it also approaches Parrya by P. Frmani {Draba parryoides Eeh.). In S. calycina, the siliqua is very variable, sometimes 4- gonous, sometimes laterally compressed, short or elongated." (B. H., loc. cit.) — According to Fotjen. (in Bull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., x. 7),. B. arthrocarpa Wedd. approaches Smelowskia in flower and fruit. 7 Spec, about 4 (3 Siberian). Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Eoss.,t. 151. — Waxp., Rep., i. 171; Ann., vii. 139. 8 In Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 84. — B. H., Gen., 80, n. 55. 9 Yellow. 10 Spec. 1. Z. anchonioides Boiss., loc. cit. ; Fl. Or., i. 239.— Walp., Rep., i. 173. CRTJCIFERM. 239 27. Christolea Cambess.1 — Sepals suberect; lateral saccate at base. Petals long-tapering at base. Stamens 6, free 4-dynarnous. Siliqua linear-lanceolate, much flattened ; style very short ; apex entire minutely capitate subconical stigmatiferous ; valves flat, 1 -ribbed ; septum membranous ribless. Seeds co, 1-seriate compressed im- marginate ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent linear. — A herb (perennial) pubescent-tomentose, or subglabrous ; branches diffuse prostrate or ascending, leafy ; leaves alternate sessile, obovate cuneate rather thick entire or large-toothed ; flowers2 in lax ebracteate racemes {Alpine Thibef). 28. Greggia A. Gray.4 — Sepals linear patulous, equal at base. Petals narrowed-unguiculate at base. Stamens 6, toothless. Disk external to androceum, continuous unequally lobed. Siliqua linear, compressed across septum, hoary ; style slender erect ; apex thickened, cordate-2 -lobed, stigmatose ; valves orbicular-conduplicate, thinly 1-ribbed. Seeds co, 1-seriate subovate turgid immarginate ; funicles free. — A low undershrub, hoary with short stellate down ; branches diffuse ; leaves spathulate, repand-dentate or sinuate; flowers5 in lax racemes ; pedicels slender, elongated when fruiting" {Texas, New Mexico1). 29. Syrenia Andrz.8 — Flowers nearly of Cheiranthus or Erysimum ; lateral sepals saccate at base. Siliqua short or elongated, linear straight rigid, sub-4-gonous or laterally compressed ; style elongated subulate ; apex stigmatose, capitate or 2-lobed,9 papillose internally ; valves saccately carinate ; dorsal rib thick ; septum thin opaque or rather thick, 1 -ribbed, sometimes excavated.10 Seeds go, 1, 2 -seriate oblong immarginate ; funicles setaceous. — Branching 2-ennial herbs ; 1 In Jacquem. Toy. Bot., 17, t. 17. — Ettdl., allied to Synthlaspi and Lyrocarpa." (B. H., Gen., n. 4914. — Hook. F. & Thoms., in Journ. loc. cit.) Linn. Soc, v. 167. — B. H., Gen., 80, n. 58. 7 Spec. 1. G. camporum A. Geay, loc. cit. Yellow. Walp., Ann., iv. 208. 3 Spec. 1. C. crassifolia Cambess., loc. cit. — 8 Ex Ledeb., Fl. Alt., i. 162. — Endl., Gen., Walp., Eep., i. 172. n. 4918.— B. H., Gen., 80, n. 57. 4 PI. Wright., i. 8, t. 1 (nee G^ETN., nee 9 Elongated lobes of Zerdana in S. cuspi- Enoelm.). — B. H., Gen., 80, n. 56. data. S. comuta Gay takes its name from its 5 White. subarcuate reflexed lobes, stigmatiferous within. 6 " A genus with habit, &c, of Erysimum, )0 Form of siliqua rather variable in S. sili- and siliqua of Syrenia, but probably more closely culosa. 240 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. flowers1 racemose, ebracteate, or lower ones bracteate (South Russia, the East, Siberia:). 30. Pachypodium Nutt.3 — Sepals elongated, equal at base or lateral slightly saccate. Petals much elongated-contracted. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; anthers elongated twisted. Siliqua raised on a short thick gynobase, rather short or elongated torulose ; style short ; stigmatose apex capitate or emarginate ; valves convex, with a pro- minent rib ; septum hyaline, slightly thickened at middle or ribless. Seeds oo, more rarely few, 1-seriate oblong ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent ; funicles free slender. — Annual or 2-ennial robust glabrous herbs ; leaves entire laciniate or pinnatifid ; flowers4 in elongated racemes or dense coombs, ebrac- teate5 ( Calif orn ia6) . 31. Stanleya Nutt.7 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals narrow elongated long-unguiculate. Anthers elongated, finally twisted. Siliqua long-stipitate,8 much elongated slender, 4-gonous- subterete rather compressed ; style very short or nearly absent ; stigmatose apex entire; valves carinate 1-ribbed; septum membran- ous. Seeds oo, ] -seriate descending oblong subterete ; funicles slen- der free. — Glabrous glaucous perennial herbs ;9 leaves simple entire or pinnatifid ; flowers10 in elongated straight multifloral racemes, ebrac- teate (California11). 32 ? "Warea Nutt.12 — Flowers nearly of Stanleya ; sepals short. Petals rather broad, narrowed at base but not unguiculate. Siliqua decurved or pendulous, long-stipitate13 slender compressed ; style 0 ; 1 Golden, rather large. 2 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 71. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 209. 3 Nutt., in Torr. S{ Or, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 96 (nee Webb).— Endl., Gen., n. 4915 — B. H., Gen., 81, n. 61. — Thelypodium Endl., Gen., n. 4915. 4 Pink or pale purple. 5 From this genus we can scarcely distinguish (according to A. Gkay, in Proceed. Amer. Acad , vi. 188), Iodanthus Torb. & Gr., Fl. N.-Am., i. 72.— DC, Prodr., i. 149.— A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 54. — B. H., Gen.,10, n. 15. (Hesperis- pinna- tifida Michx.). 6 Spec. 4. Hook., Bot. Misc., 341, t. 68 ; Beech. Voy. Bot., t. 74 (Macropodium). — Walp., Rep., i. 172. 7 Gen., ii. 21. — DC, Prodr., i. 200. — Endl., Gen., n. 4916.— A. Gbay, Gen. III., t. 65.— B. H , Gen., 80, n. 59. 8 Nearly as in C/eome. 9 Habit of Arabis. 10 Yellow. 11 Spec, about 6. Tore., in Sitgr. Rep., 155, t. 1. — Walp., Rep., ii. 173 ; Ann., vii. 143. 12 In Joum. Acad. Philad., vii. 83, t. 10. — Endl., Gen., n. 4917. — A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 66.— B. H., Gen., 80, n. 60. 13 Nearly as in Cleome. CBUGIFEBM. 241 stigma emarginate ; valves nearly flat thin 1 -ribbed ; septum hyaline ribless. Seeds oo, 1 -seriate; funicles free; cotyledons obliquely in- cumbent or accumbent. — An erect annual branching glabrous herb ; branches slender ; leaves entire sessile ; flowers1 in racemes, sub- corymbose when fruiting (Florida2). 33 ? Streptoloma Bge.s — " Sepals short spreading equal at base. Stamens free, short ; longer externally appendiculate at base ; shorter sublobulate at base on both sides. Siliqua elongated thin longi- tudinally twisted constricted between seeds ; valves obsoletely 1- ribbed ; septum hyaline ; stigma sessile 2-lobed. Seeds 1 -seriate pendulous granulate ; funicles setaceous free. — A very thin and low annual herb, setulose with 2-partite hairs ; leaves entire, narrowly spathulate ; radical subdentate ; flowers4 racemose, few, ebracteate" {Caspian5). 34. Dontostenion Anurz.6 — Flowers nearly of Malcolmia ; sepals short, equal at base, sometimes glandular. Petals tapering at base. Stamens 6 ; longer connate in pairs. Siliqua subterete elongated; style short ; stigmatose apex entire or subemarginate ; valves convex, sub- 3-costate ; septum membranous. Seeds oo, 1-seriate, marginate or emarginate; cotyledons linear, incumbent or oblique; funicles free. — Herbs, branching erect slender ; hairs simple glandular or branching ; leaves entire or pectinate-pinnatifid ; flowers7 in ebrac- teate racemes (Mongolia, Mantchooria, Siberia*). 35? Lepidostemon Hook. f. & Tiioms.9 — "Sepals short patu- lous, equal at base. Stamens free, each with a broad membranous appendage. Siliqua (rather young) linear-elongated subterete hoary ; valves rather flat ; septum hyaline ; style rather short. Seeds 1-seriate oblong compressed ; funicle slender free. — A conspi- cuous annual herb, small pubescent-tomentose ; stem short simple, 1 White, lilac, or pink. 6 In DC. Prodr., i. 190. — Endl., Gen., n. 2 Spec. 1. W. cuneifolia Nutt., loc. cit. — 4904. — B. H., Gen., 11, n. 46. Toer. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 98. — Cleome ' Small ; white, pink, pale-purple, or violet. cuneifolia Muehl. 8 Spec. 7. Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Ross., t. 203, 3 In Arb. Nalurf. Ver. Riff., i. 155 ; Enum. 353. — Bge., PI. Lehm., 202.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. PI. Lehman., 31, t. 4. — B. H., Gen., 11, n. 48 226.— W alp., Rep., i. 163; Ann., i. 39. (whence we take the description). 9 In Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 156.— B. H., Gen., 4 « Very small, white." 77, n. 47 (whence the description is taken). 5 Spec. 1. S., Fam. des PL, ii. 224. — J., Gen., 242. — GiEETN., Fruct., ii. 292. — DC, Prodr., 225. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 326. — Endl., Gen., n. 4967. — Pater, Organog., 215, t. 44.— B. H., Gen., 98, n. 153. CRUCIFER2E. 253 pendulous from slender funicle rising from bottom of cell. Embryo subglobose fleshy ; cotyledons closely conduplicate. — Herbs or under- shrubs ; stock thick branching, like the rest of the plant glabrous glaucous or sprinkled with simple hairs ; leaves alternate, often broad pinnatisect ; flowers1 in large much branched elongated racemes ; pedicels filiform, thickened at apex ; bracts 0, or more rarely minute ; fruit erect-spreading {Europe, Islands North-west of Africa, West Asia"). 63. Hemicrambe Webb.3 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals elongated. Stamens 6 ; filaments dilated. Siliqua 2-articulate ; joints 1-celled, 2-valved ; lower smaller sterile, or 1-2-seeded ; upper oo-seeded elongated linear complanate ; margin acute ; ros- trum obtuse empty ; styde short, stigmatose at apex ; valves 1 -ribbed, transversely depressed between seeds, septum rudimentary. Seeds oblong or obovate compressed ; those of lower joint, and lower ones of upper joint descending ; uppermost transverse or obliquely ascending ; cotyledons conduplicate. — A small glabrous shrub ;4 leaves alternate, long-petiolate, unequally lyrate ; flowers5 in much branched terminal racemes ; pedicels lax filiform elongated ebracteate {Tin git ana*). G4. Physorhynchus Hook.7 — Sepals erect equal at base. Stamens 6, free toothless. Siliqua erect, 2-jointed ; lower joint rather short subobconical, longitudinally 2-celled, 2-valved; valves unequal dehis- cent ; cells aspermous ; upper joint much larger, ovoid subconical rostrate, thick suberous nucamentaceous, 2-celled, tapering into style; apex capitellate ; cells 2-4-seeded ; septum thin. Seeds descending compressed ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An erect glabrous glaucous nndershrub, thick at base, branching, leafy ; leaves alternate, rather fleshy ; lower petiolate ovate ; cauline con- 1 White. time recalling several Papaverads, such as Boo- 2 Spec, ahout 15. Eeichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. conia, Chelidonium. t. 2. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 91. — Boiss., Fl. 5 Yellow. Or., i. 405. — Gben. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 156. 6 Spec. 1. H. fruticulosa Webb, loc. cit. — — Walp., Rep., ii. 762 ; Ann., i. 49. Walp., Ann., iv. 215. - 3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xvi. 246, t. 19.— "' Icon., t. 821, 822.— B. B*., Gen., 100, a. B. H., Gen., 99, u. 158. 162. 4 With the aspect of Brassica, at the same 254 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. tracted at base, auriculate ; flowers1 in elongated racemes ; pedicels ebracteate rather short, finally thickened at apex {Afghanistan2). 65. Fortuynia Shutt.3 — Sepals erect equal at base. Petals linear. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, free. Siliqua very compressed elliptical or obovate, 2-jointed ; lower joint aspermous, longitudinally 2-celled, 2-valved ; upper subglobose thick indehiscent 2-celled, 2-seeded ; margin dilated into a broad wing ; style short, stigmatose emarginate at apex. Seed descending from near apex of each cell ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate ; radicle cylindrical accumbent. — Perennial erect virgate glabrous herbs; leaves alternate oblong entire glabrous glaucous fleshy ; flowers4 in simple or scarcely branched straight elongated terminal racemes {Persia*). 66. Erucaria G^ertn.6 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals long- unguiculate. Stamens 6, free. Siliqua 2-jointed ; upper joint globose or elongated ensiform, sometimes ovoid {Guiraoa1) rostrate indehiscent, 1-4-locellate ; cells superposed 1 -seeded; seeds ascending; style elongated ; stigmatose apex capitellate {Guiraoa) or emarginate ; lower joint elongated cylindrical or compressed 2-valved ; valves long-rectangular; septum membranous; seeds oo descending. Embryo fleshy ; cotyledons of seeds of upper joint conduplicate ; of lower incumbent conduplicate or convolute, sometimes undulate. — Annual erect branching glabrous herbs; leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid ; racemes ebracteate ; flowers variable ;8 pedicels thickened at apex, erect when fruiting {South Europe, North Africa, Syria, Persia, Greece*). 67. Morisia J. Gay.10 — Sepals erect ; lateral subsaccate at base. 1 Middle-sized, white. 7 Coss., Not. PI. Mid. Esp., iii. 97.— B. H„ 2 Spec. 1. P. brahmicus Hook., loc. cit. — Gen., 100, n. 160. — Walp., Ann., iii. 824. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 402. — Walp., Ann., iv. 215. 8 White, yellow, reddish white, or purple, 3 Ex Boiss., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvi. small or rather large ; pedicels long or short. 379.— B. H., Gen., 100, n. 161. 9 Spec. 4. R. Be., in Ait. Sort. Keic, ed. 4 Small, white. 2, iv. 122. — Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 95. — Del., 5 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 401.— Walp., Sep., i. FL d'Egypte, 30.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 365.— 183. Walp., Rep., ii. 764 ; Ann., i. 50 ; ii. 56 ; vii. 6 Fruct., ii. 298, t. 143, fig. 9.— DC, Prodr., 178. i. 230.— Endl., Gen., n. 4974. — B. H., Gen., 10 In Colla Sort. Ripul., App., iv. 50. — 100, n. 159.—? Reboudia Coss., in Bull. Soc. Moris, Fl. Sard., t. 7.— Endl., Gen., n. 4947.— Bot. de Fr., iii. 705. B. H., Gen., 100, n. 163. CRTJCIFER&. 255 Stamens 6 ; filaments free toothless. Siliqua (finally buried in the earth), 2-jointed ; joints longitudinally 2-celled ; lower oblong or turgid, 2-valved ; valves hemispherical scarcely deciduous ; seeds oo, 2-seriate ; upper joint subequal or usually smaller, subglobose or ovoid, indehiscent ; cells 2, 1 -seeded ; style terete; stigmatose capitate rostrate. Seeds different in the 2 joints ; in upper obliquely ascending or descending ; cotyledons conduplicate ; in lower de- scending or subtransverse ; one cotyledon nearly flat, the other dorsally convex. — A low, very depressed, subacaulescent herb ; root thick subligneous ; leaves rosulate elongated pinnatilobate ; flowers subradical solitary pedunculate ; peduncles scapiform, when fruiting contorted-deflexed1 {Sardinia, Corsica"). IV. ISATIDE^E. 68. Isatis T. — Sepals equal at base. Petals imbricate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous free toothless. Siliqua linear-oblong, ovate orbiculate or oblong-cuneate, indehiscent, woody horny or osseous in centre ; margin coriaceous thickened or foliaceous ; style very short papillose- stigmatose ; seed descending from top of cell, immarginate ; embryo rather fleshy; cotyledons incumbent, very rarely accumbent. — Annual or 2-ennial herbs, erect branching, glabrous glaucous, pubescent, or more rarely tomentose ; leaves entire ; cauline sagittate ; flowers in lax usually branching racemes ; pedicels ebracteate slender, when fruiting, deflexed {Europe, North and Central Asia, North of Africa). Seep. 197. 69. Pachypterygium Bge.3 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals contracted at base. Stamens 6, free toothless. Siliqua small elliptical, depressed in centre, coriaceous, thickened suberous at margin, indehiscent ; style very short ; apex stigmatose emarginate ; "A genus of doubtful relations; allied to de Fr., i. 155. — Erucaria hypogcea Viv.— Chorispora ?" (B. H., loc. cit.), placed by many Rapist-urn hypogceum Dub., Bot. Gall., 54. authors at foot of Cakilinece. 3 In Linncea, xviii. 155. — B. H., Gen., \)4>, n. 2 Spec. 1. M. hypogcea J. Gay, loc. cit. — 130. — Pachypteris Kae. & Kie., in Bull. Mosc. Mob., Fl. Sard., i. 104.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. (1842), i. 159 (nee R. Be.). 256 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. seed descending, obovate-compressed,immarginate smooth; cotyledons incumbent ; funicle adnate to wall. — Small thin branching herbs, quite glabrous ; leaves linear or oblong, sessile ; cauline cordate at base ; flowers1 (minute) racemose ; pedicels ebracteate filiform, when fruiting recurved (Caspian, Songaria2). 70. Dipterygium Dcne.3 — Sepals short, subequal at base. Petals shortly unguiculate. Stamens 6, free ; filaments short. Siliqua elliptical-oblong, compressed subdrupaceous ; exocarp dilated into a lax thin vertical membrane ; endocarp nucamentaceous, unequally rugose outside, 1 -seeded ;4 style subulate; apex capitate stigmatose. Seed ascending, immarginate ; embryo coloured ; cotyledons incum- bent, concave. — A virgate undershrub, divaricately branching ;5 leaves small,- alternate, petiolate, ovate or oblong, acute entire ; flowers racemose ; pedicels bracteolate, slender, short, erect, when fruiting pendulous (Arabia, Nubia, West Indies*). 71. Tauscheria Fisch.7 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens 6, free 4-dynamous ; glands small, interposed. Siliqua shortly ovate- cymbiform, unsymmetrical, arcuate-ovate, crustaceous in centre, some- times convex, sometimes with margin involute concave alate ; apex tapering into a subulate style. Seed 1, descending from near apex of cell ; cotyledons incumbent. — An annual branching herb, glabrous glaucous, or pilose; leaves entire; cauline amplexicaul; flowers8 ebracte- ate in simple axillary and terminal racemes ; pedioels decurved when fruiting [Central Asia, North India*). 72. Moriera Boiss.10 — Sepals equal at base. Stamens free, nearly 1 Yellow. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 417 (Capparidacea). — Walp., 2 Spec. 2. Bge., Fnum. PI. Lehman., t. 7. — Rep., i. 180. — D. glabrum Dcne., loc. cit. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 373. — Waxp., Rep., u. 762; Pteroloma arabicum Stecd. & Hochst., loc. cit. v. 48. 7 In DC, Sgst. Veg., ii. 563 ; Prodr., i. 210.— 3 Iu Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv. 67, t. 3. — Endl., Gen., n. 4939. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 178. — B. H., Gen., 94, n. 179.— B. H., Gen., 95, n. 132.— Pteroloma 131. Hochst. & Steud., in Schimp. PL Arab. Fxs., 8 Yellow ; small. n. 851. 9 Spec. 1. T. lasiocarpa Fisch., loc. cit. — 4 Ovules 1, 2. Royle, III. Himal., t. 17. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 5 With aspect of many Resedacece. 371. 6 Spec. 1. D. glaucum Dcne., loc. cit. — 10 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvi. 380. — B. H., C1WCIFER.V. 257 flat or winged at base. Siliqua patent, orbicular obcordate or oblong, indehiscent or subdehiscent, crustaceous in middle, broadly membran- ous at margin ; style very short ; apex stigmatose, emarginate ; lobes sometimes immersed in upper sinus of ovary. Seed l,1 descending; cotyledons incumbent or obliquely accumbent ; radicle ascending. — Herbs suffruticose at base, or much branching undershrubs, some- times aphyllous spinescent ; leaves alternate or opposite, obovate or linear-oblong, sometimes 0 ; flowers2 in short subcorymbose racemes, finally elongated ; rachis sometimes spinescent ; pedicels slender, ebracteate {The Fast3). 73. Clypeola L.4 — Sepals equal at base, erect or spreading. Petals shortly unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments mem- branous, appendiculate. Siliqua orbicular flat, broadly marginate, entire, or unequally incised or toothed, sometimes lanate, 1 -celled ; style short ; apex stigmatiferous, emarginate. Seed 1, subcentral orbicular immarginate, descending from funicle; embryo much com- pressed ; cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs usually annual, thin, hoary with stellate down ; leaves linear entire ; flowers5 in often short racemes ; pedicels ebracteate, recurved when fruiting {Central and South Europe, Mediterranean regions of Asia and Africa*). 74. Thysanocarpus Hook.7 — Sepals equal at base, nearly equal to petals. Siliqua orbicular, ovate or obovate, much compressed in- dehiscent, coriaceous in middle, 1 -celled, at margin membranous winged, and entire sinuate or lobed ; lobes contracted at base, more or less coalescent at apex, leaving spurious perforations. Seed 1, descending, immarginate; cotyledons accumbent or obliquely incum- bent.— Annual slender herbs ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline Gen., 94, n. 128. — Lipophragma Schott & Gs-i., 93, 967, n. 126 — Bergeretia Desvx., in Kotsch., Analect. Hot., fasc. iii. (ex B. H., loc. Joiirn. Bot., iii. 161. — Orium Desvx , loc. cit., cit.). — Crenularia Boiss., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 162. 2, xvii. 181. s Small, white or yellow. 1 Ovules 1-3. 6 Spec, about 8. Keichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 2 White, small or minute. 1. 12. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 308. — Geen. & Godb., 3 Boiss., Ft. Or., i. 33S.— Walp., Hep., i. Ft. de Fr., i. 120. — Walp., Rep., i. 146; Ann., 180; Ann., i. 45; ii. 46 ; vii. 173. i. 31 ; vii. 172. 4 Gen., n. 807.— J., Gen., 210.— DC, Prodr., ? Fl, Bor.-Amer., i. 69, t. 18 A ; Ic, t. 39, i. 165.— Endl., Gen., n. 4877. — Hook. p. & 42.— Endl,, Gen., n. 4940.— B. H., Gen., 94, n. Thoms., in Journ, Linn, Soc, v. 178. — B. H., 127. VOL. III. S 258 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. subentire, sagittate at base ; flowers1 in thin racemes ; pedicels fili- form ebracteate, when fruiting nutant (California, Oregon?). 75. Peltaria L.3 — Sepals equal at base, spreading. Petals ungui- culate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, toothless. Siliqua suborbicular or obovate, very compressed, reticulate-ribbed, 1 -celled, indehiscent; style short ; apex stigmatose, emarginate. Seeds 1—4, descending compressed immarginate ; funicles slender, more or less adnate to valves ; embryo compressed ; cotyledons accumbent. — Glabrous herbs ; leaves entire ; cauline sagittate- cordate at base ; flowers4 in short racemes, usually ramose or corymbiform; pedicels slender ebracteate, when fruiting patent or recurved5 (Southern and Eastern Eii rope6). 76. Tchihatchewia Boiss.7 — "Sepals erect; lateral saccate at base. Petals unguiculate ; lamina minute. Stamens without teeth ; siliqua pendulous obovate compressed, broadly membranous-margin - ate, 1 -celled, 2-seeded; cell linear-elliptical; stigma sessile puncti- form. Seeds pendulous from free short thickened funicles, ovate compressed immarginate ; cotyledons plane accumbent. — A biennial herb (?) very hispid ;8 root thick ; stem thick, leafy, bristling with long white hairs ; leaves oblong-linear dentate ; racemes short, with bracts at base"9 (Armenia™). 77. Tetrapterygium Fisch. & Mey.11 — Sepals patulous, subequal at base. Stamens free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua oblong or obovate, orbiculate, rounded or cordate at base, 4-winged ; wings unequal (2 shorter) membranous ; cell 1, indehiscent, 1-seeded ; style slender ; 1 White, pink, or violet. 2 Spec, about 8. Fisch. & Met., Ind. Sem. Sort, retrop., ii. 50. — Walp., Rep., i. 183; Ann., ii. 52. 3 Gen., n. 806.— DC, Prodr., i. 166.— Endl., Gen., n. 4878.— B. H., Gen., 93, n. 124. 4 White. 5 A genus in many characters allied to Lu- nana." (B. H., loc. cit.) 6 Spec. 3. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 12. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 307.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 121.— Walp., Rep., i. 146. 7 In Tchihatch. As. Min., Rot., i. 292 (whence our description). — B. H., Gen., 93, n. 125. 8 " Habit of Farsetia ; fruit of Isatis, 9 lines long, with a furcate down, becoming puberulous ; seeds large." 9 " Flowers of size of Raphanus Rapha- nistrum; purple." 10 Spec. 1. T. isatidea Boiss., loc. cit. ; Fl. Or., i. 310. — Walp., Ann., vii. 172. 11 Ind. Sem. Eort. Petrop. (1835), 39.— Endl., Gen., n. 4937.— B. H., Gen., 95, n. 133. CUUGIFEBJE. 259 apex globose, not marginate, stigmatose. Seed descending ; coty- ledons of fleshy embryo concave or conduplicate ; radicle cylindrical incumbent, immersed in a layer of albumen. — An annual herb, branching glaucous; leaves alternate entire; inferior petiolate ; superior amplexicaul ; flowers1 in ebracteate racemes ; fructiferous pedicels decurved {Persia1). 78. Boreava Jaub. & Spach.3 — Sepals subequal patulous. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous. Glands rather prominent between larger stamens ; subcorneal subcircinate around smaller. Siliqua ovoid-4-gonous, 4 -winged, crustaceous, at apex tapering to pyramidate style; stigma capitate simple; ovule 1, descending; raphe dorsal. Seed alone in loculus, descending, glabrous, immar- ginate ; radicle superior accumbent : cotyledons concave or inflexed. — A glabrous erect brandling herb ; leaves sessile cordate-amplexicaul entire ; flowers4 arranged in ramose patulous racemes, ebracteate {Asia Minor6). 79. Calepina Adans.6 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals unguiculate ; exterior usually somewhat shorter. Stamens G, free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua small, thick ovoid or oblong, subcompressed, subdrupaceous ; endocarp crustaceous lacunose, indehiscent, 1 -seeded; style short compressed ; apex stigmatose subcapitate. Seed descend- ing glabrous ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An annual herb, erect branching glabrous ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline sagittate at base ; flowers7 racemose ; pedicels ebracteate slender, when fruiting erect-patent {Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and Northern Asias). 1 Yellow, smnll. 2 Spec. 1. T. glastifolium Fisch. & Mey., loc. cit. — T. stylophorum Jatjb. & Spach, III. PI. Or., t. 50. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 375 (Sa- rneraria). — Walp., Rep., v. 43. 3 III. PI. Or., i. 3, t. 2.— B. H., Gen., 95, n. 134. — Martinsia Gode., Fl. Juven.. ed. 2, 58. 4 Middle size, yellow (almost of Diplotaxis). 5 Spec. 1. B. oricntalis Jaub. & Spach, loc. cit. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 372 — Walp., Rep., i. ISO; Ann., ii. 53. 6 Fam. des PI, ii. 423.— DC, Syst. Veg., ii. 648 ; Prodr., i. 255. — Endl., Gen., n. 4966.— B. H., Gen., 96, n. 140. ' Small, white. 8 Spec. 1. C. Corvini Desvx., Joum. Rot., iii. 158.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 132. — Keichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 2. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 409. — Rvnias cochlear ioides DC. — Mya- grum eruccefulium Vill. — 31. bursifolium Thuill. — Crambe Corvini All., Fl. Pedem., i. 256. s 2 ;! 260 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. SO. Texiera Jaub. & Spach.1 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens free, 4-dynamous. Siliqua subglobose or broadly obtuse, indehiscent, subdrupaceous ; endocarp bony ; mesocarp porous ; epicarp glabrous ; stigma peltate subsessile. Seed 1, descending immarginate ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons concave or folded ; radicle incumbent. — Herb branching slender glabrous glaucous ; leaves alternate sagittate amplexicaul entire ; flowers2 arranged into branching terminal and leaf-opposed ebracteate racemes ; pedicels short, when fruiting de- flexed (Syria*). 81. Schimpera Hochst. & Steud." — Sepals short, equal at base, patulous. Petals small, usually shorter than calyx. Stamens 6, free, subequal. Siliqua oblique subovoid compressed rugose ; apex produced to a large sword-shaped compressed beak, minutely-emar- ginate-capitate at apex;5 cell 1, 1-seeded (or with another abor- tive seed). Seed descending ; micropyle superior introrse ; funicle short; cotyledons of fleshy embryo subconduplicate. — Annual herbs, branching, glabrous or pilose ; leaves alternate, sinuate or runcinate-pinnatifid ; flowers8 in ebracteate racemes7 (Arabia, Persia*). 82. Myagrum T.9 — Sepals equal at base, suberect. Petals a little longer than calyx. Stamens 6 ; larger free or subconnate at base. Glands 4 ; placentary pair simple ; carpellary 2-lobed. Siliqua obpyramidate sublyrate, long-cuneate at base, compressed suberous; apex spuriously 3-celled ; lateral cells empty, middle fertile ; style shortly conical ; apex stigmatose, minutely capitate emarginate, persistent at top of fruit. Seed subpendulous, descending from side 1 III. Fl. Or., i. t. 1.— B. H., Gen., 96, n. 139. — Glastaria Boiss., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 203. 2 Small, yellow. 3 Spec. 1. T. glastifolia Jaub. & Spach, he. cit. — Glastaria deflexa Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 373. — Walp., Rep., i. 146,—Peltaria deflexa DC, St/st., ii. 337. * Ex Endl., Gen., n. 4982.— B. H., Gen., 96, n. 141. — Trallia Lindl. (ex Endl., Suppl., 1419). 5 " Ornithocephaloid." 6 Yellow, small. ' " A genus allied to Euclidium." (B. H., loc. cit.). 8 Spec. 2. Webb, in Journ. Bot. Ital. (1852), 221. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 384.— Wais.,- Rep., i. 192 ; Ann., i. 58 ; ii. 57. 9 Inst., 211, t. 99.— Medik., Gen., i. 39, t. 1, fig. 1. — R. Be., in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 74. — Destx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 160, t. 25, fig. 5.— DC, Syst., ii. 573; Prodr., i. 212.— Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 583. — Endl., Gen., n. 4943. — B. H., Gen., 96, n. 142. — Bricourlia Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 423. — Deltocarpus Liier., mss. — Sinistrophormn Schrank, mss. (ex Endl.). CEUGIFEB2E. 261 of central cell, obovate or oblong, immarginate ; cotyledons of thick embryo incumbent, concave or subconduplicate. — An annual herb, glabrous glaucous, erect ramose ; leaves alternate entire ; inferior petiolate ; superior auriculate-2-lobed ; flowers1 in straight elongated racemes ; pedicels ebracteate short erect ; when fruiting thickened obconical hollow {Southern Europe, the Bast2). 83. Sobolewskia Bieb.3 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; lateral very short ; longer broader at base. Siliqua ascending subclavate, slightly compressed or terete, suberect or curved, subcoriaceous ribbed, 1 -celled; apex tumid hollow; stigma globose sessile. Seed 1 (abortive ovules 1—2) descending from near apex of cell by short funicle, elongated, cylindrical or subfusiform ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo elongated incumbent. — Herbs, erect branching glabrous ; leaves long-petiolate subrotundate crenate ; flowers4 in ebracteate racemes ; pedicels slender ; when fruiting thickened decurved (Asia Minor'). 84. Spirorhynchus Kar. & Kir.5 — Sepals erect, equal at base. Petals long linear, slightly contracted at base. Stamens 6, 4-dyna- mous ; lateral 2 shorter sterile ; longer fertile, connate in pairs ; placentary glands elongated. Siliqua elongated, subterete, taper- ing at both ends, 2-ribbed, at apex prolonged to a very long style, curved slender narrowly 2-winged or marginate, 1 -celled, indehiscent. Seed descending oblong immarginate ; embryo coloured;7 cotyledons narrow incumbent ; radicle conical, thickened at middle. — -Herbs, annual branching glabrous ; leaves linear, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifld ; flowers few in elongated racemes ; pedicels filiform ; when fructiferous patulous or deflexed8 (Persia, Sonf/arid*). 1 Yellow, small. Deless., Io. Sel„ ii. t. 80. — Tchijiatcit., As. 2 Spec. 1. M. perfoliatum L., Spec, 893.— Min., Bot., i. 346.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 244.— Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 4. — Grex. & Walp., Ann., ii. 52. Godr., Fl. de Fr., ii. 129.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 6 In Bull. Mosc. (1812), i. 160.— B. H., Gen., SlO.—Cakile perfoliate/, Lh£r., in DC. Fl. Fr., 95, n. 137. iv. 720. 7 Yellowish. 3 Fl. Taur.-Cauc., Snppl., 421. — DC, Prodr., s " A genus approaching the Raplianece." i. 212.— Exdl., Gen., n. 4941.— B. H., Gen., 95, (B. H., loc. cit.) n. 136. ' 9 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 385.— Walp., Rep., ii. 4 Small, white. 702. 5 Spec. 4. W., Spec., iii. 450 (Cochlearia). — 262 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 85. Neslia Desvx.1 — Sepals subequal at base, patulous. Siliqua shortly stipitate globose subcompressed subcrustaceous reticulated, indehiscent or very slightly dehiscent, 1 -celled by obliteration of septum with 1 or more, rarely few seeds ; style slender ; apex stig- matose emarginate. Seeds obliquely descending or subhorizontal, immaro-inate ; cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, erect branch- ing covered with hairs or 2-3-rld bristles; leaves entire orsubentire; cauline sagittate ; flowers2 in often branching racemes with slender ebracteate pedicels ; fruiting pedicels erect-patent (Europe, Western Asia?). S6 ? Palmstruckia Sond.4 — "Flowers...? Siliqua sessile large orbicular, piano- compressed, 1-celied, 1-seeded, indehiscent; valves nearly fiat not ribbed venose ; style very short. Seed orbicular compressed, broadly winged emarginate ; cotyledons linear incumbent transversely 2-plicate. — An erect herb, decumbent at base, branching ; branches terete ; leaves remote filiform ; flowers turned downwards ; pedicels filiform, ebracteate; racemes elongated when fruiting" (Cape of Good Hope5). 87. Euclidium E. Bit/ — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals attenuated at base. Stamens free, without teeth. Siliqua obliquely ovate-globose dehiscent or indehiscent, 2-celled ; septum thick ; style in fruit obliquely subulate rostrate, in flower stigmatose emarginate at apex. Seeds solitary in either cell, generally descending from apex, broadly oblong-compressed ; embryo fleshy; cotyledons accum- bent or obliquely incumbent ; radicle cylindrical ascending. — Herbs, annual straight branching rigid pubescent; leaves petiolate, entire runcinate or pinnatifkl ; flowers7 in subspicate, lateral and terminal 1 Journ. Pot., iii. 162. — DC, Prodr., i. 202. — — Cranibe paniculata AJA^.—Bunias paniculata Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 580. — Endl., Gen., Lh£e. ii. 4942. — B. H., Gen., 95, n. 135. 4 Fl. Cap., i. 35 (whence our description). — 2 Small, yellow. B. H., Gen., 96, n. 138. 3 Spec. 1. N. paniculata Desvx. — Reicdb., 3 Spec. 1. P. capensis Sond., loc. cit. Ie. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 24. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. Walp., Ann., vii. 176. — Peltaria capensis 371.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr , i. 131. — Thtt.nb., Fl. Cap., 490 (nee L. fil.). Mi/agrum paniculatum L. — Alyssum pani- 6 In Ait. Hort. Few., ed. 2, iv. 74. DC. cula/um W. — Rapistrum sagittatum G^etn. — Prodr., i. 184. — Endl., Gen., n. 4896. B. H. Cochlearia sagittata Ceantz. — Vogelia sagit- Gen., 97, n. 145. tata Medik. — Chamcelinum paniculatum Host. 7 White, very small. CRUGIFEBM. 263 ebracteate racemes, afterwards elongated {Central Europe, Western Asia1). 88. Ochthodium DC.2 — Sepals subequal at base. Stamens free without teeth. Siliqua short, subquadrate-rotundate or broadly rhomboid ; angles tuberculate-rugose ; style short, apex stigmatose emarginate ; septum thick; cells 2, 1-seeded. Seeds descending oblong compressed ; radicle obliquely ascending ; cotyledons incum- bent or obliquely accumbent. — An annual herb, erect branching rigid, glabrous or pilose at base ; leaves pinnatisect or lyrate-pinnatifid ; flowers3 in elongated racemes ; pedicels slender ; when fruiting erect thickened-subclavate {The EasP). 89. Zilla Forsk.5 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals obtuse, rather broadly unguiculate. Stamens 6, free ; filaments without teeth ; anthers sometimes subsagittate. Siliqua subpyramidate or ovate ; epicarp produced to 2-4 (or 0) longitudinal wings ;6 endocarp long or crustaceous, 2-celled ; style subulate, apex stigmatose sub- globose. Seeds descending solitary in each cell ; funicle short ; embryo sometimes coloured ;7 radicle arcuate ; cotyledons condupli- cate, sometimes longitudinally undulate or subplicate. — Herbs or undershrubs, very branching leafy glaucescent; twigs often divaricated and thorny spinescent ; leaves oblong dentate rather thick ; flowers8 loosely racemose, ebracteate or solitary {Persia, Arabia, North Africa?). 90. Cycloptychis E. Mey.10 — Sepals erect, rather thick, longitu- dinally 3-ribbed, at base slightly unequal ; 2 lateral slightly gibbous. Petals narrow-elongate subsessile. Stamens free ; anthers sometimes subsagittate. Siliqua nucamentaceous orbicular-ovate strongly 1 Spec. 2. Gjertn., Fruct., ii. t. 141, fig. 11 6 " Z. Chamcerapistrum Boiss. shows two (Bunias). — Reiche-., Ie. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 1. — very small valves at base of siliqua, and so allied Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 368. to genuine Cakilinem." (B. H., loc. cit.) a Syst. Teg., ii. 423 ; Prodr., i. 184.— Endl., 7 Green. Gen., n. 4897. — B. H., Gen., 97, n. 146. 8 Rather large, white or violet. 3 Yellow, very small. 9 Spec. 4. Vent., Jard. Malm., t. 16 (Bu- 4 Jacq., Rort. Vindol., t. 145 (Bunias). — nias). — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 408. — Waep., Rep., i. Boiss., FL Or., i. 369. 188; ii. 763; Arm., vii. 176. 5 Fl. Mgypt.-Arah., 121 ; Icon., t. 17 A.— 10 In Rerb. Dreg.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cup., DC, Prodr., i. 224.— Endl., Gen., n. 4961.— i. 34— B. H., Gen., 98, n. 151. B. H., Gen., 98, n. 152. 264 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. compressed, conical-beaked ; valves marked with submuricate ribs radiating from lacunar disk ; septum rather thick; style persistent elongate, apex stigmatose minutely capitate emarginate. Seeds solitary in each cell, subpendulous from short funicle, orbicular much compressed ; cotyledons of embryo incumbent, transversely 2-plicate. — Herbs or undershrubs, erect virgate glabrous; leaves linear entire sessile ; flowers1 in elongated or subspicate racemes ; pedicels ebracteate thickened at apex {South Africa'). 91? Boleum Desvx.3 — "Sepals erect, equal at base. Longer stamens connate in pairs. Siliqua erect ovate-globose, indehiscent, 2-celled, 2-seeded, very hispid ; style narrowly tongue-shaped beaked; septum membranous ; stigma 2-lobed. — Seeds pendulous near apex of cell, broadly oblong compressed ; testa membranous ; funicle very short; cotyledons closely conduplicate ; radicle curved. — An undershrub, very branching woody very hispid leafy ; leaves linear, quite entire or lower ones divided ; flowers4 shortly racemose ; pedicels ebracteate or inferior bracteate"5 {Sjjaitf). 92 ? Lachnoloma Bge.7 — " Sepals erect, lateral saccate at base. Petals narrow. Stamens free toothless. Glands annular. Siliqua8 ovoid-pyramidal, sub-4-gonous, long-villous, crustaceous, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; septum thick ; style subulate ; stigma shortly 2-fid- Seeds obovate pendulous ; testa very thin ; funicle very short ; cotyledons narrow incumbent ; radicle large clavate. — An annual herb, pubescent-tomentose with stellate hairs, sparingly branching ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sinuate- dentate or pinnatifid; flowers race- mose,9 ebracteate"10 (Caspian11). 93. Bunias It. Br.1" — Sepals subequal at base, patent (Lcelia™), or 1 Rather large, purple. 2 Spec. 2. Haev., Thes. Cap., i. t. 59. 3 Journ. Sot., iii. 163, t. 26.— DC, Prodr., i. 223.— Endl., Gen., n. 4958.— B. H., Gen., 98, n. 149 (whence our description). 4 " Middle sized, yellow." 5 "A genus prohably very nearly allied to Succovia and Vella." 6 Spec. 1. JB. asperum Desvx., loc. cit. — Vella aspera Pees., Syn., ii, 185. 7 In L'mnaa, xviii. 154 ; Enum. PI, Lehm., 41, t. 8.— H. H., Gen., 98, n. 150 (whence our description). 8 " Erect, long and densely villous." 9 " Rather large ; yellow (?)." io « ^ genus hardly distinguishable from Boleus." 11 Spec. 1. L. Lehmanni Bge., loc. cit. — Eoiss., Fl. Or., i. 369.— Walp., Rep., v. 49. 12 In Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 75. — DC, Prodr., i. 229. — Endl., Gen., n. 4973.— B. H., Gen., 97, n. 147.— JErucago T., Inst., 232, t. 103 (nee alior.). 13 Desvx., Journ. Pot., iii. 160. — Spacu, loc. cit., 585. Fruit 2-celled. CRUCIFER&. 265 erect (Frucago1). Petals stamens and disk nearly of Brassica. Siliqua (drupaceous at first) finally nucanientaceous, unequally-ovoid or quadrate, beaked, with or without wings ; cells 1-4, arranged in various ways ; style frequently elongated ; apex stigmatose, capitate or emarginate. Seeds descending, oblong-compressed or cochleate ; funicle short ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo linear, circinately con- volute ; radicle conical. — Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy (hairs furcate or glandulous) ; leaves alternate, entire runcinate or pinnatifid ; flowers2 racemose, pedicels ebracteate {Europe, Western Asia*). 94 ? Pyramidium Boiss.4 — Sepals unequal at base ; lateral shortly saccate. Petals linear twisted. Germen stipitate. Siliqua pyramidate, 4-angular beaked thick, suberous lacunose within, horned on both sides at base; cells 2 or 4, 1 -seeded ; septa thick; stigmas erect. Seeds descending, shortly funiculate ; cotyledons of curved embryo accumbent. — An annual herb ; leaves stellate-tomentose oblong; flowers remote alternate subsessile, ebracteate5 (Afghanistan6). 95. Octoceras Bge.7 — Sepals equal at base, patulous. Petals very small. Siliqua unequally cubic pyramidate or obpyramidate, nuca- rnentaceous ; of the cells 2 angular, 2 longitudinally subalate ; septum rather thick ; style conical, apex stigmatose capitate emarginate. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous under apex, oblong or obovate ; funicle short ; integuments thin ; radicle of fleshy embryo cylindri- cal or fusiform, incumbent. — A small annual herb, branching from base, covered with stellate down ; leaves sinuate or pinnatifid ; flowers8 racemose, ebracteate; spikes elongated when fruiting (Afghan is fan, Caspian*) . 1 DC, Si/st., ii. 670. — -Desvx., loc. cit., 168. phora (of which it is, perhaps, a section), having Fruit 4-celled; angles cristate. its fruit in all external characters; but the 2 Rather large j yellow, brassicoid. number of seeds is indefinite. 3 Spec. 3, 4. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 6 Spec. 1. P. Griffithianum Boiss., loc. cit.; 1.— Gren. & Godh., Fl.de Fr., i. 132.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 367. — Walp., Ami., vii. 176. Fl. Or., i. 409. — Walp., Ann., ii. 56. ~> Enum. PI. Lehn., 42, t. 4. — B. H., Gen., 4 Diagn. Or., se"r. 2, i. 47. — Hook. f. & 97, n. 144. Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, v. 179.— B. H., 8 Very small, white. Gen., 97, n. 148. 9 Spec. 1. 0. Lehmannianum Bge., loc. cit. 5 A genus of doubtful affinities, referred by Hook. f. & Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, v. authors to Isatis. Flowers usually of Matthiola 179. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 370. Walp. Ann. i. and Morettia. Hence it is certainly near Loncho- 47. 266 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 96 ? Pugionium GjErtn.1 — " Sepals deciduous ; lateral saccate at base. Petals linear-oblong. Stamens free, toothless. Siliqua trans- versely elongated, 2-celled ; one cell 1 - seeded ; the other barren smaller ; indehiscent, 2-valved ; valves closely connate with septum, keeled, produced into a dagger-shaped process; each one 2-spinous on both sides, reticulate without ; epicarp only connected with endo- carp by fibres ; stigma simple sessile. Seed horizontal, with a 2-lobed strophiole at base ; cotyledons flat accumbent. — A glabrous herb; leaves linear entire half-amplexicaul ; racemes2 lax"3 (Deserts of Caspian4). V. LUNAEIE^]. a. Altssine^:. — Cotyledons generally accumbent. 97. Lunaria T. — Sepals dissimilar ; lateral saccate at base. Petals obovate unguiculate. Stamens 6, free, 4-dynamous; filaments some- times possessing a tooth (Braclii/pus). Siliqua stipitate broadly elliptical or oblong, much compressed ; style slender erect ; apex capitate obliquely 2-lobed stigmatose ; valves chartaceous or membranous ; septum thin transparent. Seeds co, often few and remote, usually suborbiculate, much compressed, winged at edge ; cotyledons leafy (coloured) accumbent on shorter conical radicle ; funicles elongated, adnate to septum or more rarely free (Bracliy- pus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, slightly pilose; stems branching; leaves alternate entire cordate petiolate ; flowers in terminal ebrac- teate racemes {Europe, Western Asia). See p. 199. 98. Farsetia Turra.5 — Sepals imbricated or subvalvate, frequently erect ; lateral more or less, or very slightly saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Staments 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments of smaller sometimes dentate inside. Hypogynous glands 6 ; 4 lateral larger, alternating with shorter stamens. Siliqua of very variable form 1 Fruct., ii. 291, 1. 142.— DC, Prodr., i. 185.— s Ex Desvx., in Journ. Bot., iii. 173.— DC, Endl., Gen., 96, n. 143 (whence our description). Prodr., i. 157. — Endl., Gen., n. 4865. — Hook. 2 " Flowers small ; white." F. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 147. — 3 " A genus of doubtful relations." B. H., Gen., 72, n. 27. 4 Spec. 1. P. cornutum GjEhtn. — Walp., Ann., i. 38. CBTJCIFERM. 267 orbicular ellipsoidal oblong or linear-angustate, turgid or more or less compressed ; style erect, short or long ; apex stigmatose, subcapi- tate or 2-lobed ; lobes erect, connate or free ; valves flat or convex, ribbed or not ribbed ; septum veined, sometimes fenestrate. Seeds oo, 1- or 2-seriate, sometimes solitary (Eicotia1), flat or immarginate ; funicles slender free. — Herbs or undersbrubs, branching virgate, hoary or silvery with bipartite or more rarely stellate appressed hairs, more rarely subglabrous (Eicotia) ; leaves alternate entire or pin- natisect (Eicotia); flowers2 ebracteate in racemes sometimes spiciform (Mediterranean, Tropical Africa, the Easf). 99. Selenia Nutt.4 — Sepals subequal, patulous (coloured). Petals erect, finally much elongated. Stamens 6, free. Hypogynous glands 10. Siliqua oval subelliptical much compressed or turgid, acute at base or at both ends ; style thin sword-shaped ; apex stigma- tose capitate ; valves reticulate ; septum hyaline, entire or more or less fenestrate. Seeds few in each cell (4-G), orbicular, much com- pressed, marginate or alate ; funicles slender free. — Small annual herbs ; leaves pinnatisect ; flowers5 in terminal leafy racemes (Texas, Arkansas6). 100. Platyspermum Hook.7 — Sepals equal, patulous obovate subsessile, afterwards much elongated, long-angustate, at base sub- spathulate. Stamens free. Siliqua ovate very much compressed sessile ; valves flat glabrous ; septum thin hyaline entire ; style nearly absent ; ovary stigmatose at top. Seeds few orbiculate compressed broadly marginate ; funicles thin ; cotyledons accumbent. — A low annual herb ; leaves " radical," subentire or pinnatifid ; flowers8 soli- tary ; peduncles long erect slender (Oregon9). 101. Alyssum L.10 — Sepals equal at base, often rather short, erect 1 L., Gen., n. 810.— DC, Prodr., i. 157.— Endl., Gen., n. 4864.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 26. 2 White, yellow, purplish, or pale lilac (Ricotia) . 3 Spec, about 20. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 34. — Boiss., Fl. G>\, i. 157, 254 (Ricotia).— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 113.— Rot. Reg., t. 49 (Ricotia). — Walp., Rep., i. 139; ii. 36 (Ricotia), 757; Ann., i. 31; ii. 36, 37; iv. 195; vii. 109. 4 In Journ. Acad. Philad., v. 132, t. 6. — A. Geay, Gen. Ill, t. 67.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 25. 5 Yellow. 6 Spec. 2. Walp., Rep., i. 154; Ann., vii. 108. ? Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 68, t. 18 B. — Endl., Gen., n. 4926.— B. H., Gen., 72, n. 28 (nee HOFPM.). 8 White, nearly of Cardamine. 9 Spec. 1. P. scapigerum Hook., loc. tit. 10 Gen., n. 805.— J., Gen., 240.— DC., Prodr., i. 160. — Spach, Suit, a, Ruffon, vi. 476. — Endl., Gen., 4874. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 148.— B. H., Gen., 73, 966, n. 34. 268 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. or patulous. Petals short, entire emarginate or 2-fid, orbiculate obovate or oblong. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, free, all edentulous or variably callous or appendiculate. Siliqua short, very polymorphous, ovate-oblong obovate or elliptical, strongly compressed or tumid, some- times conchoidal ; style more or less elongated ; apex simple stigma- tose ; valves flat, concave or more often convex, sometimes flat at margin and swelling at back ; septum membranous, entire or fenes- trate. Seeds few (1, 2) or , 1 -seriate im margin ate. — A csespitose herb hoary with stellate down ; leaves entire ; flowers l in short ebracteate racemes, rather long-pedicellate {Alpine Persia2). 103. Draba L.3- — Sepals short, equal at base. Petals usually short sometimes sessile, narrowed at base, entire, emarginate or 2-partite {Erophila*). Stamens 6, free. Siliqua elliptical or more rarely oval {Petrocaltis5), oblong sometimes elongated (JDottineria*) rarely linear compressed, usually 2-valved, in 1 species [HolargidiumF) 4-valved, with many or few seeds ; style erect, short or elongated ; apex stigma- tose capitate simple, valves very flat, very rarely {Dottinerid) ribbed at middle ; septum membranous. Seeds few or go, 2-seriate immargin- ate ; funicles bristly free {Erophila), or rarely adnate to septum (Petrocallis) ; cotyledons accumbent or more rarely incumbent. — Herbs usually small, csespitose, hoary with stellate down ; stems either naked scapes or leafy ; leaves entire ; radical rosulate ; cauline sessile ; flowers8 in short or elongated racemes ; pedicel slender, ebracteate9 (Temperate Alpine and Arctic regions of Northern Hani- sphere, South- West Australia™). 104? Stenonema Hook.'1 — "Sepals suberect, equal at base. Petals large emarginate serrate. Filaments filiform toothless. Sili- qua (unripe) ovate, very much compressed, 2-celled; valves flat; 1 "Yellow, open." Root strong many-crowned. Leaves rosulate 2 Spec. 1. A. Kotschyi BoiSS., loc. cit.; Fl. rather rigid ciliate, traversed by a strong rib Or., i. 182. — Walp., Ann., i. 29 (part.). below. Flowers white or golden. — b. Ckryso- 3 Gen., n. 800. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. drala. Root strong many-crowned. Leaves 421. — J., Gen., 240. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 325 ; rosulate, coriaceous or membranous, hairy or Suppl., ii. 524 (part.) ; III., t. 556. — DC, Prodr., tomentose; rib not prominent below. Flowers i. 166. — Eot>l., Gen., n. 4880. — Hook. p. & golden, rarely white. — c. Leucodraha (incl. Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 149. — A. Gray, Solargea Auctt.). Root biennial or perennial, Gen. III., t. 68, 69. — B. H., Gen., 74, n. 37. oftener many-crowned. Leaves soft flat neither 4 DC, Syst., ii. 356 ; Prodr., i. 172. — A. rigid nor keeled. Flowers white. — d. Drabella. Geay, Gen. III., t. 69. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., Annual. Stem or scape leafy. Flowers white or ii. t. 12. — B. H., Gen., 75, n. 37. yellow. Capsule often many-seeded." 5 R. Br., in Ait. Sort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 93. — 10 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 12-16. — Boiss., DC, Prodr., i. 166. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., FL Or., i. 292. — Tbiana & Pl., in Ann. So. ii. t. 16. — E>tdl„ Gen., n. 4879. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 61. — Geen. & Godb., Fl. de 6 Sap/tee, in Flora (1852), 353. Fr., i. 121.— Walp., Rep., i. 147; ii. 758; Ann., 7 Tuecz., in Ledeb. Fl. Boss., i. 156. i. 34; ii. 43; iv. 198; vii. 120, 126 {Erophila). 8 Usually small, white, gold-coloured, pink, " Ex Hook, f., Gen., 75, n. 39. — Leptonema lilac, or purplish. Hook., Icon., t. 692 (nee A. Juss.). — Walp., 9 The genus, from the characters and colour of Rep., v. 37. — DoUchostylis Tuecz., in Bull. its root and leaves, is divided into 4 sections by Mosc. (1854), ii. 305. recent authors. (B. H., loc. cit.) "a. Aizopsis. 270 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. septum membranous; cells sub-8-spermous; style very long-exserted; stigma capitellate. Seeds ovate pendulous, 2-seriate; funicles filiform free. — A branching herb, woody at base ; branches short leafy glandular hairy ; leaves subrosulate linear entire subcarneous glabrous ; flowers1 racemose long-pedicellate nodding ; pedicels slender, bracteate at base ; bracts linear (New Granada?). 105 ? Odontocyclus Turcz.4 — " Sepals equal at base. Petals emarginate. Stamens toothless, dilated at base. Siliqua sessile orbiculate ; valves flat, dentate at edge, not keeled ; replum included. Seeds 2, 3 in each cell, immarginate. — A small plant, covered (except on petals and silicules) with simple or branching patent hairs ; cauline leaves sessile cuneate-rhomboid, irregularly incised at apex ; racemes very numerous, axillary and terminal, with many flowers, ebracteate ; pedicels 2 or 3 times length of siliqua"5 (Kurile Islands*). 106. Cochlearia L.7 — Sepals short subequal lax. Petals unguicu- late imbricated. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous, or all subequal ; filaments free, upright or geniculate, or 4-longer arched at apex {Kernera8). Hypogynous glands 4, oppositipetalous. Siliqua sessile or shortly stipitate oblong or globose, sometimes turgid (Kernera), rarely late- rally compressed very rarely very flat ; style erect short or more or less elongated, at apex stigmatose, dilatate or capitellate ; valves frequently ventricose, sometimes very convex (Kernera), or tumid membranous laxly reticulate ribless (Tap/irospermum9), or oftener venose, seldom ribbed. Seeds go, or few (Taphrospermum) 2-seriate or more rarely 1 -seriate (Taphrospermum), immarginate ; testa smooth or tuberculate ; cotyledons accumbent or more rarely incumb- 1 " Dry yellow." Buffon, vi. 499.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 1882.— Hook. 2 "A genus of doubtful affinities, the fruit of f. & Thoms., in Journ, Linn. Soc, v. 154. — the specimens being unripe (perhaps allied to B. H., Gen., 75, 966, n. 40. — Boripa Bess., Fl. Porphyrocodon ?)." Volhyn. (1822) (part.— see p. 228, note 3).—? Ar- 3 Spec. 1. S. Lindeni Hook. F. moracia GiEETN. (P. G.), Mey. & Schekb., Fl. 4 In Ledeb. Fl. Boss., i. 756 (whence our Veil., ii. 426 (1799), ex Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., description). — B. H., Gen., 75, n. 38. 66. 5 " Petals white." 8 Medik., ex DC, Syst. Teg., ii. 359. — 6 Spec. 1. O. curilensis Ttjhcz. Reichb., It: FL Germ., ii. t. 17. 7 Gen., n. 803. — Adans., Fam. des PI, ii. 9 C. A. Mey., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt., iii. 172; Ic 421.— J., Gen., 240. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 164 Fl. Boss.,, . 320.— Bhizobotrua Tausch, in (part.).— DC, Prodr., i. 172.— Spach, Suit, a Flora (1836), 33. CBUCIFEBJE. 271 ent (Kernera, Chrysochamela}). — Herbs, frequently perennial, gla- brous, varying in habit ; leaves alternate, rarely rosulate,2 entire or pinnatipartite ; flowers3 in ebracteate racemes simple or branching more rarely in leafless solitary scapes {Temperate and cold Regions of Northern Hemisphere*). "107? Pringlea Hook, f.5 — Flowers usually those of Cochlearia (?) ; sepals equal oblong. Petals and stamens . . . ? Siliqua oblong- or ellipsoid-cylindrical, rather large turgid, 1 -celled; style short, apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves concave ribbed ; septum 0 or very incomplete. Seeds oo, crowded ovoid; testa thick, spongy- fleshy outside ; chalaza acute or acuminate ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo subobovate accumbent. — A pubescent herb ;6 rhizome thick elongated prostrate ; leaves cuneate-rotundate, thickly imbricate into a globe, entire concave ; " scape thick, simple ; raceme when fruiting erect upright thick, ebracteate"7 {Kcrguelen s Land8). 108. Vesicaria Lamk.9 — Sepals equal, or lateral saccate at base. Corolla of Alyssum (or more rarely of Cheiranthus). Siliqua globose or inflated, crustaceous or more rarely membranous (Physojjtychis™), sometimes laterally compressed or more rarely 2-dymous,u obtuse or obcordate at both ends ; septum hyaline ; style slender ; apex simple or 2-lobed ; lobes stigmatose erect or more rarely connivent [Clasto- pus]2). Seeds oo, sometimes marginate; funicles adnate at base to septum.13 — Herbs usually branching, hoary with short branching or forked hairs ; leaves entire, sinuate or pinnatifid ; flowers14 1 Boisa., Fl. Or., i. 313. 9 III., t. 559.— DC, Prodr., i. 159.— Spach, 2 In a few Oriental species. Suit, a Buffon, vi. 473. — Endl., Gen., n. 4869. — 3 White, more rarely yellow or violet. A. Gray, Gen. III., t. 70.— B. H., Gen., 73, n. 4 Spec, about 25. Reichp,., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 32. — Cystocarpum Spach, loc. cit., 471. t. 17.— Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 47-49.— Geen. io Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 260. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 127.— Boiss., Fl. Or., i. " Sect. Physaria (Ntttt.). Gen. propr., ex A. 245. — Walp., Hep., i. 153, 171 (Taphro- Geat, in Sillim. Journ., xxxiii. 14. spermum) ; Ann., i 37 ; ii. 200 ; vii. 127. 12 Bge., ex Boiss., Fl. Or., i. p. 261. s Fl. Antarct., ii. 238, t. 90, 91. — B. H., l3 In section Physaria (Nutt., ex B. H.), Gen., 76, n. 41. septum narrow and siliqua much compressed j 6 " Brassicoid." cotyledons across septum. ' " A genus hardly distinct from Cochlearia, u Large, or more rarely rather small ; yellow except by habit and seeds, with thick testa of or purple, seeds." 8 Spec. 1. P. antiscorlutica Hook, p., loc. cit. — Walp., Ann., i. 43. 272 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. racemose, ebracteate1 {South Europe, Persia, North and South America"). 109. Coluteocarpus Boiss.3 — Flowers nearly of Jlyssus ; sepals equal erect. Siliqua subglobose-inflated vesiculose, hardly dehiscent at apex; valves tumid membranous ; reticulate; mid-rib strong; septum membranous, disappearing above; style short; apex stigmatose capitate. Seeds few immarginate ; funicles adnate to septum, un- thickened at base. — A low subcaespitose glabrous herb ; leaves linear- oblong; radicals crowded, entire or toothed; flowers4 in short terminal racemes {Alpine Asia Minor5). 110. Aubrieta Adans.6 — Lateral sepals usually saccate at* base. Petals nearly of Cheiranthus. Stamens smaller either all enlarged by tooth at base within, or frequently inflated within and laterally subalate with epidermis. Glands lateral large subquadrate. Siliqua7 linear, globose or oblong ; valves unribbed ; septum transparent ; style thin straight, apex capitate stigmatose entire. Seeds go, 2- seriate, immarginate. — Perennial hoary-tomentose subcsespitose herbs; leaves entire or unequal-dentate ; flowers8 ebracteate in long pedi- cellate few-flowered racemes {Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Persia9). 111. Greellsia Boiss.10 — Sepals patulous short, subequal at base. Petals orbicular or obovate, long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, free. Siliqua oblong-lanceolate or obovate, much compressed stipitate ; style straight ; apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves membranous, thinly 3-ribbed ; replum fragile ; septum soon disappearing. Seed 1 , 1 A genus midway in fruit, as it were, between 6 Fam. des PI., ii. 420. — Aubrietia DC, Syst., Alyssum and Coluteocarpus. ii. 293 ; Prodr., i. 158. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, 2 Spec, about 20. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 35.— vi. 466.— Endl., Gen., n. 4868.— B. H., Gen., Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 262.— Gben. & Gode., Fl. de 73, n. 31. Fr., i. 113. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., ' Sometimes varying in the same species. 302, t. 67. — Walp., Rep., i. 140; Ann., i. 32; 8 Purple or violet; often rather large. ii. 37; iv. 195; vii. 112. 9 Reichb., PI. Crit., Hi. 235. — Geiseb., 3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 162; Fl. Or., Spicil., i. 268. — Sibtii., Fl. Grcec., t. 628 i. 306. — B. H., Gen., 73, n. 33. — LagoiosJcia (Alyssum), 630, 643 (Arabis). — Boiss., Fl. Or., Teautv., in Bull. Acad. Petrop. (1857), 620. i. 249.— Walp., Rep., i. 140; ii. 757; Ann., i. 4 White or pale purple. 31; ii. 37 ; iv. 195 ; vii. 110. 5 Spec. 1. C. Vesicaria. — C.reticulatus Boiss., lu In Ann. 8c. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 172. — B. H., loc. eit. — Walp., Rep., i. 141. — Vesicaria reti- Gen., 72, n. 29. culata Lamk., III., t. 559, fig. 2. — DC, Prodr., i. 159, n. 2. — Alyssum Vesicaria L., Spec, 910. CEUCIFEBJJJ. 273 large immarginafe ; funicle slender free. — A perennial herb ; rhizome woody thick wrinkled ; crown stupose with bases of old leaves ; leaves long-petiolate, largely crenate ; flowers1 corymbose-racemose at top of erect naked scape ; pedicels slender elongated patent, ebract- eate2 (Persia3). 112. Buchingera Boiss. & Hohen.4 — Sepals equal at base, patu- lous. Petals subspathulate entire. Stamens 0, toothless. Siliqua orb- icular, much flattened, rather hispid ; style persistent subulate ; apex stigmatose shortly 2-lobed; valves ribless net- veined, papillose outside ; septum hyaline. Seeds solitary in each cell, inserted a little below apex, descending orbicular much compressed margin- ate-alate. — A small annual leafy herb,5 hoary at apex with branch- ing or glochidiate hairs ; leaves oblong dentate petiolate ; flowers0 axillary ; pedicels curved (Persia7). b. Camelinine.e. — Cotyledons usually incumbent. ,113. Camelina Crantz.8 — Sepals equal short. Stamens 0, free toothless. Siliqua short obovoid, abruptly tapering into style ; valves turgid, strongly concave within, produced at apex beside base of style to a short reflexed apiculus ; margin often rather flat ; replum linear rather prominent subcarinate ; septum obovate, nearly as broad as valves, membranous entire ; style at apex stigmatose minutely capitate entire. Seeds oo, 2-seriate immarginate ; funicles short, bristly at base, adnate to septum or nearly free ; fleshy embryo ; cotyledons incumbent. — Annual erect herbs glabrous or furcately pilose ; inferior leaves often pinnatifid ; superior entire, cordate- auriculate at base ; flowers9 racemose, ebracteate {Middle and Southern Eurojje, West Temperate Asia}0). 1 White. 5 Aspect of Asperugo. 2 An anomalous plant. Habit of many Saxi- 6 WLite. frames. Inflorescence of Isatis. 7 Spec. 1. P. axillaris BoiSS., loc. cit. ; Fl. 3 Spec. 1. G. saxifragifolia BoiSS., loc. Or., i. 305. — Walp., Ann., ii .41. cit.; Fl. Or., i. 306.— Deless, Ic. Sel., ii. t. 8 Fl. Austr.,\. 17.— DC, Prodr., i. 201.— 50. — Walp., Rep., i. 154; Ann., vii. 108. — Spach, Suit, a Pvffon, vi. 122. — Endl., Gen., Cochlearia 1 saxifragifolia DC, Syst., ii. 370. n. 4919.— B. H., Gen., 83, n. 72. 4 Diagn. PI. Or., viii. 29.— B. H., Gen., 72, 9 Small, yellow. n. 30. 10 Spec. 1 (or, according to some authors, £—10, VOL. III. T 274 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 114. MenkeaLiEHM.1 — Sepals short, patulous, equal at base. Petals short, much contracted at base. Stamens 6 ; filaments free, slightly dilated at very base, toothless. Siliqua elliptical or linear-oblong obtuse, strongly compressed ; style short ; apex stigmatose sub- capitate or subemarginate ; valves very flat submembranous, 1 -ribbed reticulately venose ; septum thin, sometimes nearly absent or edging replum. Seeds co, small, 2-seriate striated immarginate ; funicles capillary, sometimes very long ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent. — Annual herbs, thin slender banching, glabrous or puber- ulous ; leaves alternate entire linear, generally few ; flowers2 ebracteate in short racemes (South Western Australia*). 115? Sphserocardamum Schau.4- — Sepals 4, patulous equal. Petals narrow. Stamens toothless. Siliqua5 subglobose, slightly marginate, 4-seeded ; valves strongly convex, obscurely J -ribbed at back ; septum entire ; style persistent. Seeds pendulous immargin- ate smooth ; funicles very short ; cotyledons incumbent flat across septum. — A small annual or biennial herb,6 erect branching above, hoary-hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate sessile, quite entire or repand denticulate ; racemes7 elongated bare ebracteate8 (Jlecvico9). 116. Geccoecus J. Drumm.10 — Sepals short patulous, equal at base. Petals small. Siliqua11 oblong subcompressed obtuse ; valves ribbed ; septum ....?; replum broad ; stigma sessile simple. Seeds few sub-2-seriate oblong immarginate ; funicles elongated. — A low depressed glabrous herb ; leaves all radical stellate spreading sub- membranous, pinnatifid or pinnatisect ; flowers subsessile12 (South Western Australia™). perhaps varieties of one). C. sativa Fe., Nor. 5 " Very small, hoary." Mant., iii. 72. — Reiche., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. fi " Habit of Neslia." 24. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 311.— Geen. & Godb., 7 " Flowers very small, whitish or pale yellow." Fl. de Fr., i. 130. — Walp., Rep., i. 173 ; v. s " Perhaps rather allied to Lepidium." 40. — C. sylvestris Walle., Sched., 347. — (B. H., loc. cit.) Myagrwm sativum C. Bauh., Pin., 109. 9 Spec. 1. S. nediaforme Schatt., loc. cit. — 1 hid. Sem. Mori. Hamburg. (1843), 8. — Walp., Ann., i. 43. B. H., Gen., 83, n. 75. 10 Ex Hakv., New Gen. of W. Austral. PI., 2 Small, white. in Hook. Journ., vii. 52. — B. H., Gen., 83, n. 71. 3 Spec. 2. Hook., Icon., t. 610, 617 (Ste- n When ripening hidden in the earth. nopetalum). — F. aTuell., Fragm., ii. 142 ; PI. u " Very small, w hite." Vict., i. 222. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 80. — 13 Spec. 1. G. pusilhts J. Deumm., loc. cit. — Walp., Rep., v. 41. Walp., Ann., iv. 208. 4 In Linnctn, xx. 720. — B. H., Gen., 83, n. 73 (whence our description). CRUGIFEE2E. 27 % 117. Stenopetalum E. Br.1 — Sepals erect linear subequalat base, or lateral slightly saccate. Petals elongate, long-tapering at base, sometimes twisted. Stamens 6 ; anthers elongate, sometimes twisted. Siliqua scarcely or shortly stipitate, terete subglobose or linear-elon- gated compressed ; style short rudimentary ; apex stigmatose slightly thickened simple; valves convex or rather flat, ecostate ; septum membranous. Seeds oo, 2-seriate minute immarginate ; cotyledons in- cumbent or obliquely accumbent; funicles slender free. — Annual thin branching glabrous herbs ; branches virgate ; leaves linear, entire or pinnatisect; flowers2 in (sometimes subspicate) racemes {Australia'). 118. Tropidocarpum Hook.4 — Sepals equal at base. Petals rather short, contracted at base. Siliqua linear-elongated, rather terete or laterally compressed ; style short erect; apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves convex submembranous, ecostate or costate by midrib ; septum 0. Seeds oo, 2-seriate immarginate ; funicles free. — Annual herbs, erect branching slender, hairy or tomentuiose ; leaves pinnatisect; flowers5 axillary solitary pedunculate {California6). 119? Blennodia R. Br.7 — Sepals short patulous, equal or sub- saccate at base. Petals short or elongated, long-tapering at base. Siliqua linear or linear-oblong, subterete, 4-gonous, or subeom- pressed; style short or very short ; apex stigmatose simple; valves con- vex, keeled or ribless ; septum more or less thick, sometimes rugose. Stamens ao, 1, 2-seriate oblong immarginate ;8 funicles free. — Annual herbs, erect branching, hoary-pubescent or subglabrous ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers in ebracteate racemes9 {Australia}0). 120. Mathewsia Hook." — SejDals equal at base, erect keeled. 1 Ex DC, Syst. Teg., ii. 513 ; Prodr., i. s " When moistened densely fibrous-mucous." 201.— Endl., Gen., n. 4920.— B. H., Gen., 82, (B. H , loc. cit.) 967, n. 68. u Is the genus sufficiently distinct from Cap- 2 Orange-coloured, sella ? The flowers are nearly the same ; the 3 Spec. 6. Hook., Icon., t. 618, 620. — fruit hardly differs in form. Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 77.— Walp., Rep., i. 10 Spec. 11. F. Muell., Fl. Vict., t. 2.— 174; v. 40. Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 73.— Walp., Ann., ii. * Icon., t. 43, 52.— Endl., Gen., n. 4907.— 48; vii. 145. B. H., Gen., 82, n. 69. " Bot. Misc., iii. 140, t. 96.— Endl., Gen., n. 5 White. 4922.— B. H., Gen., 81, n. 64. 6 Walp., Rep., i. 167. 7 In Shirt Eaj,ed. App., 67.— B. H., Gen., 82,967, n. 67. 2 T 276 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Petals oblong-lanceolate, twisted at base, long-unguiculate. Stamens free. Siliqua elliptical or lanceolate compressed ; style very short ; apex stigmatose, globose or subcorneal ; valves flat reticulate ; septum membranous or spongy {Machcerophorm*). Seeds cc, 2-seriate im- marginate ; embryo sometimes coloured ; cotyledons incumbent. — Underslirubs, branching leafy hoary tomentose ; leaves entire or pinnatifid ; flowers- racemose ebracteate terminal {Chili, Pei'if). 121. Ammosperma Hook, f.4 — Sepals erect; lateral more or less saccate at base. Petals obovate, long-unguiculate. Stamens 6, 4-dynamous ; filaments free toothless. Siliqua very shortly stipitate, narrowly linear elongated compressed ; style short ; apex stigmatose capitellate subtruncate ; valves flat minutely torulose, sometimes depressed at middle ; septum hyaline. Seeds ex, minute, 2-seriate oblong-compressed ; embryo rather fleshy (coloured) ; cotyledons incumbent. — A much branched hoary pubescent herb; branches terete leafy ; leaves pinnatifid ; flowers5 in terminal racemes, re- motely alternate; pedicles slender, ebracteate {Tunis6). 122. Leptaleum DC.7 — Sepals linear erect, subequal at base. Petals linear-angustate. Stamens 6 ; longer connate in pairs. Siliqua linear sessile, weakly dehiscent or indehiscent ; style short conoidal ; lobes 2, stigmatose connate ; valves rather flat coriaceous, 1 -ribbed, net-veined ; septum complete excavated subfungous. Seeds cc, close, 2-seriate small, broadly oblong obtuse, echinulate outside. — A small annual much branching herb ; branches thin ; leaves linear or filiform, entire or multifid ; flowers3 axillary, or in short subspicate few-flowered racemes {The Easf). c. SfccovinE-E. — Cotyledons usually conduplicate. 123. Succovia Medik.1" — Sepals erect, hardly unequal at base, 1 Schltl., in Linncea, xxviii. 46!). 7 Syst. Teg., ii. 510; Prodr., i. 200. — Endl., 2 Rather large, nearly of Matthiola or Cheir- Gen., n. 4913. — Hook. r. & Tuoms., in Journ. antlms. Linn. Soc, v. 168. — 13. H., Gen., 81, n. 65. 3 Spec. 3. Barn., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., i. 8 White, small. 152.— Walp., Rep., i. 174; Ann., vii. 144. 9 Spec. 1. L. filifolium DC, loc. cit.— 4 Gen., 82, n. 66. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 68. — BoiSS.,_FY. Or., i. 242. s Purple. ,0 Ex DC., Syst. Veg., ii. 642 ; Prodr. u, 6 Spec. 1. A. cinerea.— Sisymlriiim cine- 224. — Endl., Gen.,u. 4960. — B. H., Gen., 86, ream Desf., Fl. All., t. 157. n. 87. CRUCIFER.E. 277 acute at apex. Stamens free. Siliqua erect globose-2-dymous ; valves hemispherical, echinate outside ; beak subulate conoid sub-4- gonous ; apex stigmatose capitate ; septum 2-lamellate, fenestrate or subentire. Seeds solitary in each cell, descending from free seta- ceous funicle, rather large globose glabrous ; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons thick, 2-lobed conduplicate. — An annual branching glabrous herb ; leaves pinnatisect ; lobes dentate or pinnatifid ; racemes leaf-opposed1 (Mediterranean, Canary Islands1). 124 ? Pachycladon Hook, p.3 — " Stamens free toothless. Siliqua elliptical or linear-oblong, compressed ; valves cymbiform keeled wingless; septum imperfect; style very short; stigma capitate, 2- lobed ; cells 3-5-seeded. Seeds ovoid ; funicles short ; cotyledons incumbent. — A depressed herb ; stock short very thick, simple or with thick short branches covered with scars of leaves ; leaves rosulate pinnatifid ; scapes or peduncles oo from stock, arising below the leaves, spreading, 3-5-nowered" {New Zealand1). 125. Vella L.5 — Sepals equal at base, erect. Stamens 6 ; anthers unguiculate at apex ; filaments of larger high-connate in pairs, sub- petaloid. Siliqua erect ovate-2-dymous ; beak broadly foliaceous, rather rigid; apex stigmatose shortly 2-lobed; valves very convex ; septum thin pellucid. Seeds few, 1, 2 in each cell, descending sub- globose ; embryo nearly of Brassica. — Small shrubs, woody at base, rigid, very branching, sometimes spinescent ; leaves entire ; flowers6 in racemes (sometimes spiciform) ; lower pedicels bracteate {Spain"). 126. Carrichtera Adans.8 — Flowers nearly of Vella. Siliqua short turgid ; beak foliaceous subcochlear ; valves subhemispherical tur- gid, rugose outside ; septum membranous frequently torn ; stigma sessile. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, descending, subglobose or rather com- 1 "A genus very nearly allied to Boleus." i. 223. — Spach, Suit, a Biiffbn, vi. 529.— Endl., (B. H. loc. cit.) Gen., n. 4957.— B. H., Gen., 85, n. 85. 2 Spec. 1. 5. balearica Medik., ex DC, loc. 6 Rather large, yellow. CjY. 7 Spec. 8. Boiss., Voy. Bot. Esp., t. 10. — 3 Sandi. N.-Zeal. EL, 724.— B. II., Gen., Bot. Reg., t. 293.— Walp., Rep., i. 189. 967, n. 87 a. S Fam. des PL, ii. 421. — DC, Sgst. Teg., ii. 4 Spec. 1. P. N.-Zelandim Hook, f., loc. cit. 611 ; Prodr., i. 224.— Endl., Gen., n. 4959. — 5 Gen., n. 797.— J., Gen., 241.— DC, Prodr., B. H., Gen., 86, n. 86. 278 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. pressed ; embryo herbaceous ; cotyledons emarginate conduplicate ; radicle incumbent. — An annual branching herb ; leaves pinnatisect, lobes entire or pinnatisect ; racemes1 leaf-opposed; pedicels ebracteate slender, when fruiting nutaut {Europe, and Middle Asia2). VI. THLASPlDEiE. a. IberidinE-E. — Cotyledons usually decumbent. 127. Thlaspi Dillen. — Sepals equal at base, erect. Petals equal or subequal obovate. Stamens (5, free exappendiculate. Siliqua short, laterally compressed, oblong, obcordate or obcuneate, acuminate or more rarely acute at apex ; style more or less elongated erect ; apex stigmatose emarginate ; valves keeled or winged, more rarely wing- less {Carpoceras) ; septum narrow membranous. Seeds , or more frequently 2 in each cell, immarginate. — Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or glaucous, more rarely pilose ; radical leaves rosulate entire or dentate ; cauline oblong hastate-auriculate ; flowers ebract- eate in racemes sometimes corymbose-scapose (Temp crate, Alpine, and Arctic regions, especial/j/ of Northern Hemisphere, South America and Australia) . Seep. 208. 12S. Iberis L.3 — Sepals equal at base, or slightly saccate at base. Petals 4, unequal ; anterior 2 much larger than posterior.4 Stameus 0, free ; filaments exappendiculate, rather thick. Placentary glands small or 0 ; carpellary in pairs internal to smaller stamens, connate to each other or free. Siliqua flat-compressed at base, ovate or rotundate, at apex entire or emarginate : valves keeled, winged or marginate ; septum narrow, 2-lamellate ; style short or long ; apex stigmatose, subcapitate or emarginate. Seeds solitary in each cell, immarginate descending ; radicle accumbent dorsal, ascending or sub- horizontally superior. — Glabrous herbs or undershrubs, rather fleshy 1 Rather large, reddish white. 3 Gen., n. 804. — DC, Prodr., i. 178. — 2 Spec. 1. C. annua. — C. Felice DC., loc. Spach, Suit, a Buffun, vi. 559. — Endl., Gen., cit.—BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. S Spec. 2. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 100 — W. Ind., 14. — Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Haev. & Sokd., Fl. Cap., i. 33. Crucif., 309. — Geen. & Godr., Fl. de F,:, i. 8 In Tchihatch. As. Min., Bot., i. 327.— 149.— Walp., Rep., i. 176 ; ii. 762 ; v. 42 ; Amu, B. H., Gen., 88, n. 97. i. 44; ii. 50; iii. 822 ; iv. 213. 9 "Habit of Saxifraga granulata ; leaves 1 In Ledeh. Fl. Alt., iii. 180 ; Ic. Fl. Boss., t. inflorescence and flowers wonderfully like those 165.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 4933.— B. H., Gen., 88, of Grcdlsia. ii. 95. io « White." 2 White. >' " A genus without doubt very closely allied 3 Perhaps rather a section of Lepidium (?). to Grcellsia, differing in suppression of ovules 4 Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 362. — Walp., Rep., i. and contrary compression of siliqua." 179. l- Spec. 1. P. stylosum Boiss. & Hon ex., 5 St/st. Teg., ii. 698; Prodr., i. 236. — Endl., Diagn. Or., ser. 1, viii. 4.— Fenzl., loc. cit.— Gen., n. 4976.— B. H., Gen., 87, n. 93. Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 318. CRUC1FER2E. 2b5 145. Stroganovia Kar. & Kir.' — Mowers of Lepidium. Siliqua ellipsoid or obovoid, shortly stipitate, obtuse turgid ; valves boat- shaped, 1 -ribbed; septum entire, rather thick, transversely rugose or undulate ; style short ; apex stigmatose capitate. Seeds solitary in each cell, large, filling cells, descending, externally convex, internally flat ; cotyledons unequal nearly flat, or sometimes both concave on inside ; radicle rather short incumbent, more or less oblique, or accumbent. — A tall perennial herb ; root thick ; stem robust ; leaves alternate ; flowers2 ebracteate in branching, terminal and axillary racemes ; pedicels slender, ebracteate3 (JSongaria*). 146. Coronopus Hall.5 — Sepals short, either subequal at base, or lateral subsaccate. Petals small or more or less abortive. Stamens free toothless, G, or 4 (smaller abortive or 0). Glands 2, anteropos- terior, usually narrow linear. Siliqua small, 2-dymous, laterally compressed ; valves subglobose or rather compressed, rugose or crested ; stigma sessile subspherical. Seeds 1 in each cell, descend- ing ; micropyle extrorse superior ; albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons incumbent or induplicate, continuous at tapering base with narrowly conical radicle. — Annual or biennial herbs branching from collar, diffuse ; leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect ; flowers6 in short leaf-opposed racemes {Temperate and warm regions of both Hemi- spheres1'). 147. Ionopsidium Eeichb.8 — Perianth and stamens nearly of CocMearia. Siliqua oblong-elliptical or broadly oblong, compressed, obtuse at both ends ; valves subcarinate membranous wingless ; 1 In Bull. 3Iosc. (1841), 386; (1842), 535.— 2, fig. 21.— Carara Cesalp., PL, 370.— Coty- B. H., Gen., 88, n. 96.— Fotjen., in Bull. Soc. liscus Desyx., Journ. Bot„ iii. 16i, 175, t. 25, Bot, de Fr., ix. 535. fig. 13. 2 White. 6 White, more rarely purple, very small. 3 A genus with siliqua analogous to that of 7 Spec, about 6. Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. Camelina and Lepidium. ~ t. 9. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 27. — Benth., 4 Spec. 1 (or 3, 4 ?). Walp., Rep., ii. 763 ; Fl. Austral., i. 82.— BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. 362.— v. 50 ; Ann., vii. 159. Eichl., in Mart. Fl, Bras., Crucif., 307, t. 66. — 5 Selv., i. 217 (nee T.) — G.ertn., Fruct.,u. Griseb., Fl.Brit. W.Ind„14. — Gben. &Gode., 293, t. 242. — Lame., III., t. 558. — Senebiera Fl. de Fr., i. 153 (Senebiera). — Walp., Sep., i. DC., in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., ann. 7, 140, 190; ii. 764; v. 50; Ann,, i. 50; iv. 222; vii. t. 89; Prodr., i. 202.— PoiR., Diet., vii. 75; 156. Suppl., v. 128.— Space, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 8 PI. Crit., vii. 26, t. 649.— DC, Prodr., i. 577— Enel., Gen., n. 4975.— B. H., Gen,, 87, 174.— B. H., Gen., 86, n. 91. 967, n. 92. — Nasturtiolum Medik., Gen., 82, t. 286 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. septum narrow oblong very thin ; style short ; apex slightly capitate stigmatose, 2-lobed. Seeds few suborbiculate rather compressed, glandular tuberculate or echinulate ; funicles free or adnate to septum at base ; radicle cylindrical incumbent. — Bather small annual gla- brous herbs, one branching from base {Pastorea1) ; the other scapigerous, 1 -flowered; leaves sessile or petiolate, spathulate, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers2 either racemose {Pastorea) bracteate, or solitary (Euionopsidium) ebracteate {Portugal, Sicily, Northern Africa*). 148. NoccEea Reich b.j — Sepals patulous, equal or slightly unequal at base. Petals entire, contracted at base. Stamens 6, toothless. Siliqua elliptical or obovate-oblong ; style short erect, apex stigmatose capitellate ; valves boat-shaped slightly compressed, not keeled, usually 2-seeded. Seeds oblong ; funicles free ; coty- ledons incumbent. — Rather small herbs ; leaves crowded ; radical pinnatisect ; flowers5 subcorymbose at top of scape, ebracteate {Alpine Europe*). 149. Capsella Moench.7 — Sepals equal at base, afterwards patu- lous. Petals much narrowed at base, rather short. Stamens 6, free. Carpellary glands 4, interior to lesser stamens, more or less coales- cent in pairs. Siliqua obcuneate or elliptical-oblong, compressed or subterete ; valves much compressed, boat-shaped or triangular, keeled ; septum narrow membranous ; style short erect ; apex stigmatose minutely capitate. Seeds oc, wingless ; funicles free ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons incumbent or more rarely accumbent. — Annual herbs, often weak, glabrous or pilose ; stem branching ; radical leaves rosulate, entire or lobed ; cauline subentire, sometimes sagittate at base ; flowers8 racemose ; pedicles slender, ebracteate'1 {Temperate regions of both Hemispheres™). 1 Todar., PI. Sic, in Bert. Fl. Ital., x. 520; Nuov. Gen. et Spec., fasc. i. 17. 2 White flesh-coloured or violet, small. 3 Coss. & Due., Fl. Alger., t. 72.— Waif., Rep., i. 175; Ann., i. 44; vii. 155. 4 Ic. Fl. Germ., 633, ii. t. 11 (nee. Jacq.).— Endl., Gen., n. 2273 a.— B. H., Gen., 86, n. 90. 5 White, small. 6 Spec. 2. DC, Prodr., i. 177.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 147 {Rui chins id). ' Ex Vent., Tabl., iii. 110.— DC, Syst., ii. 383; Prodr., i. 177. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon,\\. 536.— Endl., Gen., n. 4927.— B. H., Gen., 86, 967, n. 88. — Hymenolobus Xutt. (ex Walp., Ann., iv. 212). — Mierolepidium F. MirsiX., in Linncea, xxv. 371. 8 Small, white. 9 A genus ill defined in limits, leaning on one side to Mutchinsia, on the other to SmelowsA ia. 10 Spec. 5, 6. Reiciib., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. CBUCJFEB^J. 2S7 150. Mancoa Wedd.1 — Sepals equal at base, persistent. Petals entire, sometimes subspathulate, long-tapering at base. Stamens toothless. Siliqua long elliptical or oblong, laterally compressed, indebiscent ; style erect short; apex stigmatose slightly thickened; valves boat-shaped, obscurely venose, obtuse behind ; septum narrowly oblong membranous. Seeds cc, 2-seriate beside septum ; embryo coloured ; cot}rledons incumbent. — An annual herb, very small spreading-prostrate very much branched, more or less stellately hispid; leaves lyrate or broadly sinuate-pin natifid ; flowers2 in short terminal racemes (Andine Peru3). 151? Notothlaspi Hook, f.4 — "Sepals suberect, equal at base. Petals spathulate. Stamens toothless free. Siliqua5 sessile, oblong or obcuneate, much compressed, cc-seeded; valves winged at back and apex ; septum narrowly elliptical membranous ; style robust ; stigma capitate or emarginate. Seeds very numerous, very small, reniform; funicles capillary elongated horizontal ; cotyledons incum- bent.— A rather small fleshy herb ; root perennial ; stem short simple, naked or leafy ; leaves crowded ; radical rosulate, oblong or obovate, spathulate crenulate ; flowers" subcorymbose ; pedicels elongate axillary or leafy, bracteate, sometimes racemose7 {New Irlandicf). 152. Schouwia DC.9 — Sepals erect; lateral broader, more or less saccate at base.10 Petals unguiculate. Stamens C, free 4-dynamous. Hypogynous glands 4 ; septal 2, long subulate. Siliqua thick stipitate large, oblong subelliptical or cordate, much piano-compressed, emarginate ; style elongated subcorneal ; apex stigmatose capitate emarginate ; septum linear ribless membranous ; valves quite flat, 11.— Wedd.. Chlor. Andina, i. t. 86 B {Hut- B "White." chinsia). — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 14. — 7 "A very distinct genus, owing to its very Eichl., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Crucif., 307. — numerous seed and capillary funicles." Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 340. — Benth., Fl. Hongk., 8 Spec. 2. Hook., Icon., t. 84S {Thlaspil). — 16; Fl. Austral., i. 81.— Gken. & Godb., Fl. Hook, f., Fl. Kov.-Zel., ii. 325; Handb. N.- de Fr., i. 147 {Thlaspi).— Walp., Rep., i. 175; Zeal. Fl., 14. ii. 761; Ann., vii. 155. 9 Syst. Yeg., ii. 643; Prodr., i. 224 (nee 1 Chlor. Andina, i. t. 86 D.— B. H., Gen., 86, Schbad.). — Endl., Gen., n. 4962. — B. H., n. 89. Gen., 89, n. 104. — Cyclopterygium Hochst., in 2 White. Flora (1848), 175, not. 3 Spec. 1. M. hispida Wedd., loc. cit. 10 Sacs larger in Cyclopterygium. 4 Gen., 90, 967, n. 106. 5 " Rather large, recalling that of Thlaspi arvensis." 288 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. chartaceous or membranous, reticulate, broadly alate. — Seeds go, 2-seriate ; funicles free ; transverse or descending ; testa (mucous) immarginate ; cotyledons conduplicate. — Annual branching glabrous herbs ; leaves alternate entire ; superior auriculate-amplexicaul ; flowers1 in racemes at first short corymbiform, afterwards elongated ; pedicels slender, usually short {Arabicr). 153. Psychine Desf.3 — Sepals elongated erect; lateral hardly saccate at base. Petals long-unguiculate. Stamens toothless. Siliqua large, broadly obcordate or obcuneate-2-lobed ; septum complete narrow hyaline ; valves turgid at base, broadly winged above, boat-shaped coriaceous, separating scarcely or not at all ; style long-subulate, at base sub-4-gonous, afterwards hardened ; apex stigmatose capitate emarginate. Seeds cc, small, subglobose or shortly ovoid, sometimes hardly compressed, glabrous ; embryo thick ; cotyledons conduplicate. — An annual branching hispid herb ; leaves obovate ; radical petiolate ; cauline sessile dentate, auriculate at base ; flowers'* in elongated racemes ; bracts foliaceous ; pedicels slender {North Africa*). 154. Dilophia Thoms.6 — Sepals patulous, equal at base, rather thick at apex, imbricate. Petals long-tapering at base. Siliqua short, shortly stipitate, broadly obcordate 2-dyrnous ; style thick very short ; apex stigmatose truncate ; valves short, behind thickly 2-cristate ; septum broadly fenestrate, afterwards disappearing ; replum broad, saccate on both sides at base. Seeds 1—4 in each cell, unequally oblong immarginate ; funicles rather thick ; radicle incumbent or obliquely accumbent. — A depressed glabrous rather fleshy herb ; root perennial elongated ; collar multiple ; leaves densely rosulate, unequally spathulate obovate or linear, entire or sinuate-dentate ; flowers crowded in branching contracted umbelli- form racemes, dense and leafy at base {Tibet7). 1 Rather large, purple. 3 Spec. 1. P. stylosa Desf., loc. cit. — Reg., 2 Spec. 2, 3. Hook., Icon., t. 223.— Jattb. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1857).— Walp., Ami., & Spach, III. PI. Or., t. 296, 297.— Boiss., Fl. vii. 162. Or., i. 398. — Waip., Ann., ii. 54. 6 In Hook. Journ., iv. t. 12; v. 19.— Hook. 3 Fl. All., ii. 69, t. 148.— DC, Prodr., 224.— f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 175.— Endl., Gen., n. 4963.— B. H., Gen., 89, n. 105. B. H., Gen., 89, n. 102. 4 Nearly of Brassica or Matthiola, rather ' In salt marshes. Spec. 1. D. salsa Thoms., large ; petals white, with blackish veins. loc. cit. CRUCIFEn.V. 289 155? Stubendorfia Sciirenk.1 — Flowers...? Siliqua obovate or obcordate compressed, 2-celled, scarcely dehiscent ; valves boat- shaped membranous-winged veined ; septum narrow membranous ; style very short. Seed in one cell abortive : in the other descending ; funicle short ; cotyledons long-tapering at base, incumbent. — A tall herb ;" root thick perennial ; leaves spathulate ; flowers in a large much branching raceme ; fruiting pedicels pendulous {Songaria3). 156. Eunomia DC.4 — Flowers nearly of JEthionema. Stamens 6, toothless. Siliqua elliptical flat-compressed ; valves compressed- keeled, winged at apex ; septum elongated membranous ; style short; apex stigmatose capitate, 2-lobed. Seeds 1, 2 in each cell ; funicles more or less adnate to septum at base. — Shrubs or subcsespitose herbs ; leaves opposite, sessile or amplexicaul, entire ; flowers5 in sometimes corymbiform racemes {Asia Minor0). 157. .ZEthionema R. Br.7 — Sepals subunequal ; lateral sometimes subsaccate at base. Stamens 6 ; larger either connate, or dilated outside at base, with an internal tooth below apex. Glands hardly .conspicuous. Siliqua cymbiform or cochleate ; valves broadly winged, with sometimes dentate wings, boat-shaped at middle septum membranous ; style short ; apex stigmatose capitate, sub entire or 2-lobed. Seeds co, or more rarely few, immarginate funicles free. — Herbs or undershrubs ; stem terete ; branches thin leaves generally glabrous glaucous, articulated at base, subsessile ; inferior sometimes opposite ; flowers8 racemose crowded ; pedicels articulate at base, ebracteate, slender {South Europe, Asia Minor, Persia*). 158. Bivonea DC.10 — Flowers nearly of Lepidium ; sepals sub- 1 In Linneea, xviii. 218. — B. H., Gen., 89, n. 103. 2 Aspect of Isatis ; stem robust glabrous. 3 Spec. 1. S. orientalis Schrenck, loc. eit. — Walp., Rep., v. 50. 4 Sgst. Veg., ii. 555 ; Prodr., i. 208. — Endl., Gen., n. 4930.— B. H_, Gen., 89, n. 101. 5 Small, white. 6 Spec, about 2. Jatjb. & Spach, III. PI. Or., t. 51. — BoiSS., Fl. Or., i. 314 (JEthionema). — Walp., Rej)., i. 175; v. 41 ; Ann., ii. 50; iii. 212 ; vii. 155. VOL. III. 7 In Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, iv. 80.— DC, Prodr., i. 208.— Endl.. Gen., n. 4934.— B. H., Gen., 88, n. 99. — DiastropMs Fisch. & Met., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop., 35 (ex Bge.). 8 Purple, pink, or flesh-coloured. 9 Spec, about 15. Deless., Ic. Sel., ii. t. 74, 75. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. t. 11. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 341.— Gren. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 112. — Walp., Ann., i. 44; ii. 51. 10 Si/st. Veg., ii. 554; Prodr., i. 20S.— Endl., Gen., n. 4929.— B. H., Gen., 88, n. 98 (nee Mo:;., nee Rafin.). U 290 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. equal at base. Siliqua elliptical or subovoid, emarginate, laterally much compressed; style very short; apex stigmatose minutely capitate ; valves keeled subalate ; septum oblong membranous. Seeds few (2-6) in each cell, ovate immarginate ; funicles slender, adnate to septum at base. — An annual herb, rather thin glabrous glaucescent ; inferior leaves petiolate ; cauline cordate-amplexicaul ; flowers1 in finally elongated racemes ; pedicels slender, ebracteate (Sici/f). 159. Campyloptera Boiss.3 — Sepals nearly erect; lateral gibbous at base. Larger stamens dilated or connate at base. Siliqua dimorphous cymbiform ; edges incurved unequally winged ; some 1-celled, 1-seeded ; others 2-celled. Seeds 1, 2 in each cell, descend- ing ; funicles free. — A branching glabrous herb ;4 lower leaves opposite sessile amplexicaul entire ; flowers5 in terminal racemes {Syria6). 160. Menonvillea DC.7 — Sepals scarcely dissimilar; lateral sub- saccate at base. Siliqua substipitate dorsally compressed, 2- scutate ; valves convex at back ; sides broadly winged. Seeds soli- tary in each cell ; cotyledons incumbent. — Erect herbs or under- shrubs, glabrous ; leaves linear ; radical more or less dentate ; caul- ine entire ; flowers8 ebracteate in frequently elongated racemes, simple Or sparingly branching {Peru, Chili9). 161. Hexaptera Hook.10 — Sepals uniform subequal. Petals con- tracted at base. Stamens 6 ; longer 4 connate in pairs or free. Siliqua inserted in unthickened receptacle, shortly stipitate dorsally compressed, 6-winged ; style cylindrical ; apex stigmatose capitate ; valves much contracted at suture, 3-winged ; dorsal wing 1 ; lateral 1 Small, yellow. Gen., n. 4893.— B. H., Gen., 90, n. 108.— ^ Spec. 1. B. lutea DC, loc. cit. ? Dispeltoplionis Lehm., Ind. Sem. Hort.Hamb. 3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, xvii. 194.— B. H., (1836), n. 2.— Cymatoptera Tuecz., in Bull. Gen., 89, n. 100. Mosc. (1854), ii. 209. 4 Habit of Tausclieria. 8 " White or dirty-tawny." 5 White. 9 Spec. 4. Deless., Ic. Sel, ii. t. 56.— 6 Spec. 1." C.lieterocarpa. — C. syriaca BoiSS., Prese, Bot. Bern., 9. — Barn., in C. Gay Fl. Fl. Or., i. 353. — Mthionema heterocarpum Chil., i. 181. — Walp., Rep., i. 159; Ann., i. 38 ; Fisch. & Met. — M. Buxbaumii DC, Syst., ii. vii. 162. 561 ; Prodr., i. 209, n. 4. 10 Bot. Misc., i. G50, t. 72-74.— Endl., Gen., 7 Syst. Fey., ii. 419; Prodr., i. 184.— Enel., n. 4935.— B. H., Gen., 90, n. 107. CBUCIFEBJS. 291 wings 2 ; septum very narrow. Seeds solitary in each cell, immar- ginate ; cotyledons flat. — Underslirubs or herbs, simple or ca?spitose, pubescent ; leaves radical and cauline, entire or pinnatifid spathu- late; flowers1 racemose, ebracteate {Chill2). 162 (?) Decaptera Turcz.3 — " Sepals equal at base. Stamens free. Siliqua (compressed dorsally ?) 2-celled ; cells 1 -seeded, indehiscent, pendulous from apex of style, flat along commissure, 5-winged behind ;4 style short ; stigma globose.5 Seeds pendulous ; cotyle- dons flat. — A low perennial many-stemmed villous herb ; leaves distantly scattered, petiolate cuneate, 3-fid ; racemes terminal many- flowered " {Chili"). VII. SUBULARIE.E. 103. Subularia L. — Receptacle cupuliform ; lobes of disk 4, truncate at apex, superposed to petals. Sepals patulous perigynous. Petals sessile, afterwards elongated. Stamens 0, perigynous free toothless, slightly 4-dynamous. Siliqua inserted in bottom of receptacle, subsessile, elliptical or subglobose, sometimes oblong, rather turgid ; style nearly absent ; stigma very short simple ; valves convex ribbed ; septum membranous. Seeds few, 2-seriate, descend- ing, immarginate ; embryo incurved ; cotyledons narrow incumbent, continuous with radicle. — Annual rather small herbs, aquatic or, submerged, glabrous ; leaves subradical elongated-subulate ; flowers small laxly racemose (?) at top of scape, ebracteate {Europe, Asia, and North America, Mountainous Abyssinia). See p. 208. 1 White. 2 Spec, about 6. Barn., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., i. 175. — Wedd., CM. Andina, t. 86 f. — Walp., Rep., i. ISO ; Ann., i. 45 ; vii. 162. 3 Iii Bull. Mosc. xix. 497 (whence our descrip- tion).—B. H., Gen., 90, n. 109. 4 " Valves recalling in form the mericarps of many Umbettiferce." (Turcz., loc. cit.) 5 " Fruit-cells affixed to persistent axis formed from style by thin threads, soon caducous." 6 Spec. 1. D. trifida Turcz., loc. tit. — ■ Walp., Ann., i. 45. U XIX. RESEDACE^E. I. ASTKOCARPUS SEEIES. This small group was formerly restricted to the members of the -Reseda Mea. Reseda (figs. 311, 320 — 329). One of these, formerly named R. ca/iesce?is,1 is easily distin- guished from all the rest by its free carpels ; it has been made the type of the genus Astro- carpus.2 Its flowers (figs. 312- 317) are irregular and herma- phrodite. On the concave re- ceptacle are inserted five or six unequal sepals, the smallest posterior and the largest an- terior, covering the lateral ones in prsefloration. The petals, five in number alternating witli the sepals, are formed, as we shall see, like those of Reseda ; they form a sort of scale at the base, on the back of which are in- serted petaloid blades, which differ on the different petals. The more posterior the petal the larger and the more dissected are the blades, so that that of the anterior sepal may be simple, Flowering tip.1 the lateral ones tri- or quadrifid, and the posterior ones divided into yet deeper and more dissected 1 L., Spec, 448. — B. sesamoides L., Spec., 449. — B. purpurascens L., Spec, 449. — B . stellata Lamk., Fl. Fr., 204. — Astroearpus sesamoides Dub., Bot. Gall., i. 67. — Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 22, t. 99.— J. Mttelx,, in DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 552. — A. Clusii J. Gay, in Schultz. Arch. (1812), 33.— Gren. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 190. — A. coclilearifolius Nym., in Yet. AJcad. Fonh. (1861), 191, t. 4. — A. interruptm Bob., Trois Not. sur les PI. de Corse (1859), 3. — Sesamella Tournefortii Reichb., in Flora (1830), 130. 2 Neck., Elem., ii. (1700), 243. — Spa. ii. Suit, d Buffon, vii. 105. — E>-dl„ Gen., n. 5013. JtESEDACEJl. 293 strips. We shall find all this in Reseda, of which Asirocarpus has the stamens too ; there are from six to twenty of these, inserted at very Astrocarpns canescens. .'/// M W O ■A -> Pig. 312. 6-carpellate flower Fig 31!. Long. sect, of flower (\ ). Fig. 315. 1 2-androus flower ("). Fig. 316. Fig. 313. Long. sect, of 12-androus flower (T). Diagram. Fig. 317. Fruit (f). unequal heights on the receptacle, for behind they are raised on a sort of disk, formed like a thick glandular scale and greatly developed on that side. The free superior gynseceum is formed of as many carpels as there are petals (to which they are superposed), inserted on the prolonged summit of the receptacle. Each carpel has an ovary, gibbous above and behind, tapering above and ventrally into a short style, whose apex is stigmatiferous internally. In each carpel is a dorsal parietal placenta, usually bearing one descending campylotropous ovule, with its micropyle looking upwards and in- — Payee, Organog., 199, t. 40. — J. Muell., n. 1. — Sesamoides T., Inst., 42i4>, t. 23S.— Sesa- Monogr. Resedac., 218, t. 10, fig. 130, 131 ; in mella Reichb., Consp. Regn. Veg.. n. 1823. DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 552.— B. H., Gen., Ill, 294 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. wards. Each carpel when ripe becomes a follicle, bearing outside a Astrocarpus canescens. glandular gibbosity (fig. 317), and opens to free a recurved seed. The folded embryo is fleshy, exal- buminous. A. canescens appears to be the only species1 of the genus ; it is a perennial herb from the Mediter- ranean, ramifying from the base, and bearing alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Its flowers, each axillary to a bract, form racemes which may almost become spikes. Fig. 318. Seed (f). Fig. 319. Lone. sect, of seed. II. RESEDA SERIES. The flowers of Reseda? (figs. 311, 320-329) are irregular and hermaphrodite, with a regular or oblique convex receptacle. The calyx, as in Astrocarpus, consists of an inconstant number of sepals, Reseda lutea. USUally five Or six, but varying from four to eight ; they are equal or un- equal, imbricated when very young, but early ceasing to touch by their edges. When there are five sepals, one is Fig. 321. Flower without corolla. Fig. 320. Flower (f ). posterior, two lateral, and two anterior; the sixth when present is in front of these last ; when there are only four sepals the posterior is absent. There are usually as many alternating petals as sepals ; they are un- equal and dissimilar. Eirst they are larger as they are more posterior, and next their blade is here more dissected, and the basal membranous scale is better developed ; it is even sometimes absent in the anterior 1 Walp., Rep., ii. 754; Ann., vii. 194. 2 Reseda T., Inst., 423, t. 238.— L., Gen., n. 608 (ed. 1, n. 447). — G-EBTN., Frttct., i. 369, t. 76.— J., Gen., 245. — Lamk., Bid., vi. 157; Suppl., iv. 669; III., t. 410. — Tbist., in Ann. Mas., xviii. 392, t. 21. — Spach, Suit, a Buff on, vii. 97. — Endl., Gen., n. 5011. — Payee, Organoff., 193, t. 39; Fam. Nat., 140. — M. aeg. (J. Muell.), JHon. Resedac., 96, 1. 1-9 ; in BC. Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 555.— B. H., Gen., 112, n. 4. — Phyteuma Magn., Prodr., 15. — Lutcola T., op. cit., 423, c. 238. — Spach, loc. cit., 103. — Pectanisia Rafin., Fl. Tell., 702. — Tereianthes Rafin., loc. cit., 704. — Arkopoda Rafin., loc, cit., 705. — Eresda Spach, loc. cit., 101. BESEDACE.E. 295 petals, which may be reduced to a very narrow simple strap.1 Above the corolla the receptacle expands into a flattened glandular disk with a fringed edge, which though complete all round is much more marked behind, or else is absent in front and so becomes crescent-shaped.' Reseda I Fro. 323. Fruit (f). Fig. 322. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 321. Long. sect, of fruit. On the free edge or a little lower on its interior surface are inserted the stamens, indefinite and very variable in number, whose sym- metry is no longer apparent when adult* (fig. 322). Each consists of a free filament, and an introrse 2-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.4 The gynaeceum consists of a sessile or stipitate 1 - celled ovary, tapering above into a variable number of stylar horns, each stigmatiferous at its tip. There are usually three or four, more rarely five or six, of variable position. The parietal placentas, of the same number as the styles with which they alternate, project more or less into the ovary, each bearing an indefinite number of descend- ing campylotropous ovules with their micropyles superior and at first introrse.5 The fruit (fig. 327) is capsular; it opens at the apex by short clefts radiating in a star and alternating with the placentas, 1 Pater (loc. cit., 194) has seen that the largest and most dissected petals are also the first to appear. As regards the scale at their hase, he remarks, " It is only after all the rami- fications of the petal have appeared, and are already well developed, that we see the origin of a transverse ridge nearly at the base of the petal, a sort of fold which grows very rapidly, and finally forms with the lower part of the petal the scale on whose nature so much has been written. This scale is hence, in fact, only a sort of appendage of the claw, quite analogous to that found on top of the claw of many Cart/ophylfece. 2 Payer (loc. cit., 195) has seen that this disk (on which, also, so many interpretations have been put) is only a partial swelling of the re- ceptacle, which begins after the birth of the petals. 3 See Pater, loc. cit., 196. 4 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains, with three folds, which in water become ovoid with three bands. (H. MonL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, hi. 326.) 5 They have two coats. 296 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. which by their increas- ing separation form a polygonal opening of as many sides as there were carpels. Through this es- cape the numerous cam- pylotropous seeds (tigs. 323,324,328,329), which contain within their coats an arcuate fleshy exal- buminous embryo.1 The floral symmetry j the number and position of the various parts of the flower, the form of the petals, disk, placenta, and leaves, vary greatly in this genus from species to species, and even from flower to flower on a Reseda luteola. 1 The seeds of M. odorala, for instance, are reniform, with the superior extremity, corresponding with the micropyle, hut a little more acute. The micropyle is always superior and next the placenta, which has its cellular layer hyper- trophied all round the insertion of the seed to form a truly papillose tissue, with very unequal pro- minences. A little helow the micro- pyle is seen the umbilical cicatrix, to which a very short funicle adheres. The outer coat of the seed is soft and whitish, pretty thin over the greater part of the seed ; hut all round the hilum, over a nearly Fig. 325. circular space corresponding with Habit (\). the notch of the kidney, and bounded above by the minute hole of the micropyle, this envelope is hypertrophied, of a more opaque white, and fungoid, forming a true umbilical aril. The second seed coat is thick, coloured, and crustaceous, with scattered unequal rugosities outside, showing even through the outer coat, and more marked dorsally than elsewhere. Next comes a thin soft whitish coat; and finally the thick fleshy oily embryo, resembling that in the Crueiferm, bowed, with a superior conical radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons, touching by their flat surfaces, and recurved towards the incumbent radicle, so that their organic apex is near the insertion of the seed. RESEDACEJU. 297 given specimen ; yet it is on these variations that sections or sub- genera have been founded, which some authors have held to possess even generic rank. If for instance we study the true Resedas,1 chiefly represented in our fields and gardens by R. luted (figs. 311, 320-324), Pliyteuma? odorata4 (figs. 32G-329), &c, we find that the leaves are simple, entire or deeply lobed, and that the pla- centas of the tricarpellary ovary are simple all along. In R. lutea, say, the flower is usually hexamerous ; it has two posterior petals larger and more incised than the rest ; a disk forming a deeply- curved crescent broadest behind ; a very variable number of stamens whereof some are sterile (one anterior, or more ; the flowers at the apex of the inflorescence may only have three fertile) ; and three placentas, whereof two are posterior, projecting above between the styles. In R. odorata (Mignionettc) on the contrary, the more numerous stamens are often all fertile ; the staminiferous disk pro- jects behind into a ciliate scale ; there are five or six stamens. R. Phytcuma has also one style posterior, a disk forming a bowed scale, and usually six petals and six sepals, both unequal. In the Weld5 (Fr., Gaude ; fig. 325), the solitary type of a second section,6 the gynajceum also usually consists of three carpels, but two styles are posterior and one anterior. The alternating placentas have their summits enlarged and bilobate ; the flower is tetramerous with one petal posterior, larger and more incised than the rest. The staminigerous scale is large and posterior. The leaves are entire. R. alba7 with five or six other species forms a third subgenus with 1 Sect. Resedastrum (Dtjb., Bot. G-all., i. 66 ; — M. AEG., Mon., 116 ; Prodr., 559, sect. ii). — Sect. Reseda E>"DL.,~Zoc. cit., b (part.). — Reseda Rafin. (nee Auctt.), loc. cit., 702. — Spach, loc. cit., 87. — Pectanisia RaFxN., loc. cit., 704. 2 L., Spec, ed. 1, 449.— M. akg., Prodr., 571, n. 27. — R. gracilis Ten., Viagg. in Bas. Cal., 122. — R. gracilis Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., ii. 22, t. 102. — R. Icevigata G. Don, Gen. Sgst., i, 289 ?. — R. orthostyla C. Koch, in Linncea (1845), 705.— R. clausa M. akg., in Bot. Zeit. (1856), 39. 3 L., Spec, ed. 1, 449.— M. aeg., Prodr., 563, n. 15. — R. calycinalis Lame., Fl. Fr., i. 204. — R. odorata Gueldenst., It., i. 422 (nee L.).— R. Tournefortii Schttlt., Obs„ 89. — R. aragon- ensis Lose. & Pakd., Arag., 14. — Pectanisia Phyteuma Rafin., loc cit. 4 L., Spec, ed. 2, 646.— M. aeg., Prodr., 565, n. 18. 5 L., Spec, ed. 1, 448.— M. aeg., Prodr., 583, n. 53. — R. crispata Link, Fn. PI. Hort. Berol., ii. 8. — R. pseudovirens Hamp., in Flora (1837), i. 232. — R. undulata Gilib., FL Litkuan., v. 210. — R. salicifolia Gbay, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI., ii. 666. — R. Gussonii Boiss., Diagn. Or., ii. 49. — Luteola resedoides Fuss., Fl. Transylv., 86. — L. tinctoria Webb., Phyt. Canar., 106. — L. australis Webb, loc cit. — Arkopoda Lvteola Rafjn. 6 Sect. Luteola DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i. 67. — M. aeg., Prodr., 582, sect. iv. — Gen. Luteola Spach. ' L., Spec, ed. 2, 645. — R. ochracea Mosnch, Meth., 58. — R. inyriophylla Mgsnch, loc cit. — R. undata DC, Fl. Fr., i. 726 (nee L.).— R. 298 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. penta- or hexamerous flowers.1 In the type species we see one sepal posterior; the petals larger and more divided as they are nearer this ; a posterior disk forming a glandular scale ; four carpels with four styles, whereof two are lateral, crowning the shortly stipitate Fig. 327. Fruit (f). Reseda o&orata. m Fig. 326. Diagram. Fig. 32S. Fruit (f). Fig. 329. Long, sect, of fruit. ovary ; and lastly four placentas alternate with the styles, hearing descending ovules, with their micropyles introrse. The leaves are pinnatisect, which only occurs in this section.2 Thus constituted, the genus Reseda contains some forty (?) herbaceous species, annual biennial and perennial, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially abundant on the borders of the Red Sea and Mediterranean.3 All have alternate leaves, with two usually subulate or tooth-like lateral stipules, and flowers forming simple terminal racemes, more or less elongated according to the species. Next to Reseda come two genera which have its habit, foliage, in- fruticulosa Reichb., Syst. Teg., ii. 433. — Terei- anfhes nudata Rafin. — T. alba Rafin. — T. fruticosa Rafin., loc. cit. 1 Lencoreseda DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i. 67. — M. aeg., Prodr., 556, sect. i. — Resedina Reichb. (ex Petebm., Deuisch. Fl., 67). — Gen. Tereianthes Rafin., Fl. Tell., n. 703 (part.). — Fresda Spach, Suit, a Bv.ffon, vii. 97. 2 Botanists have also admitted a section Glau- coreseda [DC, in Dub. Bot. Gall., i. 67 ; — M ARG., Prodr., 580, sect, iii.j — Leucoreseda (part.) Gben. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 186 (nee DC)], for R. glauca L., gredensis Willk., com- plicata Boey, and virgata Boiss., possessing three entire placentas, and lobed, but not pin- natisect leaves (and yellowish flowers). 3 Reichb., Ic. Fl. Germ., t. 99-102. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 421.— Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 187. — Wight & Ar>\, Prodr., i. 28. — Walp., Rep., ii. 751; Ann., i. 25; ii. 30; iv. 90; vii. 196. BESEDAGEJE. 299 Fig. 330. Long. sect, of flower (f ). florescence, and seeds, Ollgomeris and Caylusea.1 The flower of the former has only the two posterior petals, which may be free or connate. The capsule is 4-lobed at the apex. Five species'2 are known, natives of the Cape, excepting one from the East.3 Caylusea* (fig. 330) has pentamerous flowers with the posterior petals more divided than the anterior. But the receptacle after bearing the perianth rises into a long obconical disk on top and inside of which are inserted the stamens, and the six carpels connate at the base ; these form an ovary open above, wherein the alternicarpellary placentas are so approximated to the lower part as to become almost basilar. Hence the ripe open fruit resembles a six-lobed capsule. Of the two known species5 one is a native of Abyssinia, the other of Northern Africa, extending also into Arabia and Persia. Ochradenus? comprising shrubs and undershrubs from the Medi- terranean, has the flowers of Reseda, but without a corolla : while the pericarp does not open and becomes more or less7 fleshy at maturity. The four known species8 have simple linear leaves, often ill developed. Hence their aspect is quite peculiar ; this is the case wTith Randonia africana,9 a little branching Algerian shrub, with usually octamerous 1 Cambess., in Jacquem. Vox)., Hot., 23, t. 25.— Endl., Gen., n. 5012.— B. H., Gen., 112, n. 5. — Payee, Organog., 195 ; Fam. Nat., 142. — M. AEG., Prodr., 58 i. — Dipetalia Raeix., Fl. Tell., n. 1 07. —Resedella Webb. & Beeth., Pliyt. Canar., 107, t. 9. — Fllimia Nutt., in Ton: et Gray Fl. N.-Am., i. 125. — Rolopetalum Tuecz., in Bull. Mosc, xvi. i. 51. 2 Thunb., Fl. Cap. (ed. 1823), 402 {Reseda). —Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., i. 64. — Boiss., Fl. Or., i. 43. — Walp., Ann., vii. 202. 3 The genus is divided into two sections : 1. Resedella (Haev.). Three or four superior stamens, of which two alternate with the petals. — 2. Holopetalum. About ten stamens of peri- pheral insertion. 4 A. S. H., in Ann. Soc. Roy. d' Orleans., xxiii.; Deitxieme Mem. sur les Resedac, 29. — Endl., Gen., n. 5014. — Pater, Organog., 108, t. 39, fig. 14; Fam. Nat., 141. — M. AEG., Mon., 225, t. 10; Prodr., 550.— B. H., Gen., Ill, 970, n. 3. — Rexastylis Rafin., Fl. Tell, (nee Neog., 3). 5 Foesk., Fl. JEgypt.-Arab., 92 (Reseda). — Vaul, Symb., ii. 52 (Reseda). — Fisch. & Mey., Ind. Sem. Sort. Petrop. (1840), 43.— Walp., Rep., ii. 754; Ann., vii. 195. 6 Del., Fl. d'Fg., 15, t. 31, fig. 1.— Spacit, Suit, a Buffon, vii. 196. — Endl., Gen., n. 5010. — B. H., Gen., 112, 970, n. 6.— M. abg., Prodr., 587. 7 Slightly so in Homalodiscus (Bge., in Boiss. Fl. Fr., i. 422), which has, moreover, a thinner disk, and hence forms a distinct section in the genus Ochradenus. 8 Don., Gen. Syst., i. 290 (Reseda). — M. abg., Hon., 94, t. 6, fig. 84. — Boiss., Diagn. Or., ser. 2, i. 49 (Reseda), 50 ; Fl. Or., i. 423 (Homa- lodiscus).— Walp., Rep., ii. 751 ; Ann., vii. 203. 9 Coss., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., vi. (1859), 301 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 275, t. 21. — B. H., Gen., 970, n. 2.— M. aeg., Prodr., 554.— Walp., Ann., vii. 195. 300 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. flowers possessing eight nearly equal marcescent sepals, as many alter- nate ill-developed petals, which become more simple anteriorly, and sixteen stamens of Reseda. These last are, like the perianth-leaves, of somewhat perigynous insertion, owing to the concavity of the recep- tacle which forms an everted cupule. It is lined by a disk which is better developed behind than in front and bears in the centre a little di- or tricarpellary gynaeceum (of Reseda), which becomes a dry fruit, gaping at maturity. The Resedas were formerly included by Adanson1 in the Capers {Carriers) ; by Batsch2 in Fiolariacece. A. D. de Jussieu3 placed them in the genera Capparidibus affinia. It was A. P. De Candolle4 who in 1813 made them the type of an order, Resedacece, since admitted by all authors,5 and considered by all a neighbour of Crucifera, possessing the same habit, consistency,6 taste, size, duration, with nearly the same seed and embryo, differing chiefly in androceum gynscceum and fruit.7 Hence it is also closely allied to Capparidacea. Necker8 in 1790 distinguished Astrocarpus from Reseda. Deijle added Ochradenus in 1813. In two memoirs on this order, the latter9 published in 1837, A. Saint-Hilaire established the genus Caylusea. Oligomcris of Cam- bessedes10 dates from 1834 ; and Cosson has recently" added Randonia. With these six genera the order would contain sixty -eight species 1 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 407. - Tall. Affin. (1802), 57 (part.). 3 Gen. (1789), 245. 4 Theor. Elem., 214, n. 21 ; ed. 2, 244. 5 R. Be., in Denh. Sr Clapp. Nan:, 22 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 1, ix. 213.— A. S. H., in Ann. Soc. Roy. d' Orleans, xiii. ; Deux. Mem. sur les Resedac. (1837), in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, vii. 371.— Endl., Gen., 895, ord. 183.— Lindl., Collect., 22; Nix. PL, 52; Veg. Kingd., 356, ord. 121. The last author considered that the flowers of this order were as in Euphorbiacece, each a true inflorescence. He termed involucre what we have described as a calyx. The disk was the true calyx of a central female flower represented by the gynjeceum ; the stamens were so many fertile male flowers, while the petals were external sterile male flowers. Later on he gave up this view, convinced of his mistake by the arguments of Henslow (in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc, v.). 6 Ochradenus and Randonia are frutescent. The anatomical structure of the herbaceous Rese- das has been studied in R. lutea by J. Mueller {Mori., 16, t. 1). He found that the woody zone consisted of a thick -walled parenchyma, traversed by large dotted vessels, with elongated paren- chyma cells in their immediate neighbourhood. The medullary are complete, thick, pretty nume- rous. The liber cells are very thick walled, elongated, usually collected into groups of from three to seven (Oliv., Stem, in Dicot., 6). ' By means of the last two characters we divide the order into two series: 1. Astrocarpece, with free carpels, possessing in this respect no analogues in Cruciferte. 2. Resedece, with parietal or subbasilar placentas in a constantly unilocular ovary, and with a sometimes dicarpel- lary gynseceum, as in Cruciferce. 's Elem. Bot., ii. 243. 9 Dev.xieme Memoire sur les Resedacees, Montpellier, 4to. 10 In Jacquem. J'og., Bot., iv. 21. 11 In Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr.. vi. (1859). BESEDACE2E. 301 according to the last monograph of J. Mueller (of Argovia).1 But Bentham & J. Hooker2 think the number should be brought down to thirty. All belong to the Old World and abound in the South of Europe, Western and Central Asia and North Africa ; India posseses a few species of Reseda, Ochradenus and Oligomeris? The two monotypic genera Astrocarpus and Randonia are as yet limited to South Europe and Algeria respectively. There are not many useful species.4 A yellow colouring matter is found in the vegetative organs, mainly the stem, leaves and root, especially abundant in Weld {Reseda luteola5). This principle is luteoline,6 also found in R. lutea,7 alba, &c. Hence these species may, like Weld, be used in dyeing. This is perhaps even possible with R. odora/a,8 our Mignionette (Fr., Mignonette), the charming species, of unknown fatherland,9 cultivated in our gardens for its sweet flowers. From them are prepared perfumes, scented pomades, oils and extracts. This plant was considered a sedative drug. Others were formerly used for their slight pungency or acridity, like the Crucifers.10 R. Phytenma is used as a vegetable in Greece.11 Astro- carpus canescens1'2 is used in the South of Europe as a vulnerary and detergent.13 1 Honographie des Resextacees, 4to (1857) ; in DC. Prodi:, xvi. sect. i. (1S69). 2 Gen., Ill (1868). 3 One species of this last genus is found in New Mexico (A. Geay, in PI. Wright, 16 ; Ft. N.-Amer., 125, 669). 4 Endl., Fnchirid., Kingd., 356. — Dtjch., Drog. Simp/., ed. 6, iii. 670.- Pl. Diaphor., 650. 5 See p. 297, note 5, fig. 325. fi Pkeiss., in Joum. Pliarm. et Chim., v. (ex Guib., loc. cit.). 7 See p. 297, note 2, fig. 311, 320-321. 8 See p. 297, note 4, fig. 326-329. 9 "Sponte crescentem oliin prope Mascar Algeria? (ex Desf.), in J5gypto (ex Hall, Zinn., 458. — LlNDL., Teg. Bepert., 192. — Guib., -Rosenth., Syn. 254 Linn.) et in Syria (ex Delile) indicabant, ubi recentioribus hand obvia, et patria vera, nnde jam anno 1751 (ex Boissieb de Sauvages, Meth. PI. Sort. Montp., 194) in hortos europeos introducta erat, hucusque dubia." (M. akg., Prodr., 565.) 10 " Resedm luteola L. (Wau, Luteola off.), et 11. lutea L. {Reseda off.) radix acris, Raplianum redolens, olim ob virtutem aperientem, sudorificam et diureticam inter medicinas admissa. Luteola herba intense amara." (Endl., loc. cit.) 11 The oxiarpa of the modern Greeks. 12 See p. 292, note 1, fig. 312-319. 13 Ducn., loc. cit. — Rosenth., op. cit., 651 [For details of the fertilization of these plants by insects see H. Mullee, Befrucht.d. Blum., 142]. 302 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. GENERA I. ASTEOCAEPE^. 1. Astrocarpus Neck. — Sepals 4-6, unequal imbricate. Petals 4-6, alternate unequal, membranous appendiculate at base, subentire or 2- oo -fid ; posterior larger and more divided than anterior. Disk glandular, subsessile or more or less stipitate, expanded behind. Carpels 4-6, free, subverticilate at apex of stipitiform receptacle ; style short, stigmatose within. Ovules 1, 2, descending campylotropous ; micropyle introrse superior. Follicles stellately divaricate, 1 -seeded. Seed reniform ; embryo fleshy exalbuminous. — A herb, often woody branching from base ; leaves alternate linear entire ; stipules minute ; flowers in terminal racemes ; pedicels short {South Europe). See p. 291 . II. EESEDEiE. 2. Beseda T. — Flowers irregular ; calyx 4-8-partite, imbricate. Petals as many, unequal, subentire or 2— co-fid ; posterior more divided, and with a broader internal membranous appendage at base. Disk obliquely urceolate, much higher behind. Stamens go (2-40) inserted inside disk, free. Germen sessile or stipitate at apex 3-4- lobed, more or less open between styles ; placentas 3, 4, parietal, entire or 2 -fid at apex ; styles as many alternate, stigmatose at apex. Ovules co, descending, 2-6-seriate. Capsule gaping at apex, 3, 4-lobed. Seeds cc, exalbuminous (of Astro carpus). — Annual or perennial herbs, erect or decumbent, glabrous or pilose leaves alternate entire, lobed or pinnatisect; stipules minute; flowers racemose, bracteate {Central and South Europe, West and Central Asia, North East, and South Africa). See p. 294. 3. Oligomeris C a jibess.— Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx 2-5- partite. Petals 2, alternating with posterior sepal, free or connate. Stamens 4, posterior, or often 3, alternate with petals {Ilesedelta), or BE8EBACEJE. 303 6-10, inserted peripherally around germen (Holopetahm) ; filaments free or connate at base. Germen free, gaping at apex, formed of 4 (more rarely 5) connate carpels ; 2 lateral ; placentas 4, 5, parietal oo-ovulate. Capsule 4-5-angular, gaping above ; seeds oo smooth (of Reseda). — Herbs, annual or woody at base; leaves alternate or fascicled ; flowers in lax spikes, 1-ebracteate {South and North Africa, Canary Islands, South-west Asia, California). See p. 209. 4. Caylusea A. S. H. — Flowers 5-nierous irregular (nearly of Reseda); stamens 10-15, inserted on receptacle produced above perianth. Carpels 6, connate at base, open ; ovules oo, inserted on short erect subcentral placenta a little above base of carpel. Fruit dry, formed of stellately opening carpels ; seeds few (of Reseda). — Annual herbs ; habit and entire leaves of Reseda ; flowers densely racemose {Subtropical North Africa, West Asia, North-ivest India). See p. 299. 5. Ochradenus Del. — Flowers 5, 0-merous, apetalous. Disk greatly developed, peripheral or excentric-posterior, thick {Euochra- denus) or more frequently thin {Jlomalodiscus). Stamens 10-30, peripheral (of Reseda). Germen 3-merous (of Reseda), gaping at apex, 3-dentate ; ovules oo, descending from 3 parietal placentas. Capsule finally succulent {Euocliradenus) or dry {Horn alo discus), oo- seeded.— Glabrous branching shrubs or undershrubs ; branches vir- gate, finally leafless spinescent ; leaves (on younger ones) small linear entire ; flowers (sometimes pol}'gamous) spicate or subracemose, 1- bracteate {Mediterranean and Red Sea, South-ivest Asia). See p. 299. 6. Randonia Coss. — Flowers a:-merous; sepals connate at base, and inserted with as many alternating petals on margin of slightly concave receptacle. Stamens not more than 1 6, inserted perigynously with perianth ; posterior possessing a membranous coronula at base. Germen inserted in bottom of receptacle, surrounded by a disk more developed behind ; carpels 2, more rarely 3, connate into a germen gaping at apex ; placentas as many, alternating parietal co-ovulate. Capsule gaping at apex ; seeds 2- oo (of Reseda). — A small branching subaphyllous shrub ; leaves minute deciduous ; branches virgate ; flowers remote, 1-bracteate, in elongated subspicate terminal racemes {Algeria). See p. 299. XX. CBASSULACE.E. Sedum Telephium (Orpine). Fig. 331. Habit. The most complete type of this order is not the genus Crassida, to which it owes its name, but some genus with diplostemonous flowers such as Sedum1 (figs. 331-337), wherewith we shall commence its study. The recep- tacle usually forms a depressed cone.2 The calyx usually con- sists of five sepals, nearly free, or united for a variable extent below, valvate or imbricate in the bud. There are as many alternating petals, imbricate or twisted in the bud. The andro- ceum consists of two whorls, of five stamens each, the outer superposed to the sepals, the inner to the petals. They may be distinctly hypogynous, and consist of a free filament3 and a subbasifixed anther, whose two cells dehisce by an internal or marginal longitudinal cleft.4 The gynasceum, inserted near the apex of the floral receptacle, consists of five oppositipetalous carpels, free or nearly so, each with an entire bilobed or emarp-- 1 T., Inst., 202, t. 140.— L., Gen., n. 579 — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 248. — J., Gen., 307. — G^rtn., Fruct., i. 313, t. 65. — PoiR., Bid., iv. 628 ; Suppl., iv. 206 ; III., t. 390.— DC, Prodr., iii. 401. — Space, Suit, a Buffon, v. 90. — Endl., Gen., n. 4622.— Payee, Organog., 365, t, 79.— B. H., Gen., 659, n. 9. 2 Sometimes flat or slightly concave. 3 Their inner part is often covered with short hairs or projecting papillaj. 4 The pollen consists of ellipsoidal grains with three folds, which when moistened, become spherical, with three bands. H. Mohl (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331) distinguishes two CRASSULACEJE. 305 a to its base. The style whose apex ovary is is one- stigma- Sedum acre (Stonecrop). 1% inate scale below and external celled, tapering above into tiferous within. Each ovary contains in its ventral angle a parietal placenta, whose two vertical lips support a variable number of anatropous ascend- ing ovules, with their micro- pyles turned downwards and outwards.1 Thefruitis formed of five free follicles which dehisce down the ventral edge to free the elongated seeds,2 whose fleshy albumen3 sur- rounds an embryo with an inferior radicle. In certain Sedumx the flowers are tetra- merous ;4 in others they become polygamous5 by abor- tion. The transverse ex- pansion of the receptacle often renders the insertion of the perianth and androceum more or less perigynous ; and the stamens superposed to the petals may be adnate to them to a variable height. The oppositipetalous stamens are sometimes sterile ;6 sometimes the ovary cells have few ovules or only one.7 At least one hundred quite distinct species of this genus are known,8 herbs or undershrubs, glabrous or covered with glandular hairs. The various organs are Fig. 332. Habit. forms : " a. With papillose bands. Sedum his- panicum, spuriian, populifolium, acre, b. Without papilla? ? S. rejlexum." 1 They have two coats, often closely united together below. 2 They are usually wrinkled and dotted on the surface. 3 This is very thin, or even reduced to a mere membrane, or often quite absent. 4 They may, on the contrary, be 6-8-merous. 5 Especially in Rhodiola (L., Gen,, n. 1124; — Lamk., III., t. 819). 6 Especially in Procrassula (Griseb., Spicil. Ft. Rum., 323; — Telmissa Fenzl., Pug. PI. Syr., VOL. HI. 14 ; III. et Descr. PI. Nov. Syr., 63, 1. 16 ;— Aithales Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 178). The carpels are here more or less coherent at the base. " Especially in S. pumilum Benth. {PI. Hartweg., 310). 8 Reichb., PI. Crit., t. 841, 845.— DC, in Bull. Sec. Philom. (1801), n. 94; PL Grass., t. 22, 33, 55, 59, 10, 92, 93, 101, 110, 115-120, 143._Gren. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 617.— Royle, III. Himal., t. 48. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 95. — A. Gray, Man., ed. 2, 140. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 150. — Pot. Mag., t. 1807, 2224. — Walp., Pep., ii. 260, 935 ; v. 795; Ann., i. 324; ii. 670; vii. 919. 306 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. fleshy, as is most frequently the case in this order. The leaves are alternate or opposite, exstipulate, succulent, cylindrical (fig. 332) or flat (33 1),1 entire or more rarely dentate or incised. The flowers2 are Sedum acre. Fig. 333. Flower (f). ^ & <%, Fig. 334. Diagram. Fig. 335. Fruit (f). Sedum acre. sometimes solitary axillary, but oftener form regular or irregular3 and unilateral cymes (fig. 332). All the cold and temperate regions of the Old World abound in species ; they are less numerous in America. S. pusillum? from Carolina, has been pro- posed as the type of a genus Diamorp/ia,5 because its carpels, usually four in number, are slightly united towards the base.6 We shall place this small plant in a distinct section because its follicles open down the back. . Triactina verticittala,1 a small Himalayan herb, has the habit and vegetative charac- ters of many Seclums. It differs slightly therefrom in the following Fig. 336. Seed (L0). Fig. 337. Long. sect, of seed. 1 As a rule in the section Anacampseros (T., Inst., 264 j — Haw., %». PI. Succ, 111, nee Sims), which has turgid carpels and flat leaves. 2 White, pink, violet, or bluish, but more frequently yellow. a Owing to the flowers being carried up, or, as some express it, the pedicels adhering to or fused with the axes of the next degree. (See Payee, Mem. de Bot., 117, 118, 121, figs. 188, 191.) 4 Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 276. — Tillaa cymosa Nutt., Gen. Avier., i. 110. 5 Nutt., Gen. Amer., i. 293. — DC, Prodr., iii. 414 ; Mem., ii. 42, t. 1, fig. 9. — Endl., Gen., n. 4624. — Tobb. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 561.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 150. 6 Or rather their bases are inserted together nearly vertically on a somewhat elongated re- ceptacle. This occurs in a lesser degree in several indigenous Sednms. Hence the inner edge of the carpels becomes nearly horizontal and supe- rior. 7 Hook. f. & Thoais., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 90, 103— B. H., Gen., 6G1, n. 14. CRASSULACEJE. 307 characters. Its short unequal sepals are four in number, unsym- metrically arranged. Its gynseceum consists of but three carpels, Sempervivum tectorum. Fig. 33S. Flowers. Fig. 339. Lontr. section of {lower. Se mperv i vti m tectoru m . 1 IsMI « while there are five petals and ten stamens of Sedum ; and there are only three narrow scales at the foot of the gynseceum. Moreover, the carpels are united below fur a somewhat variable distance. Each ovary con- tains two descending ovules. The fruit is formed of three carpels cohering below. Triac- tina has branching stems bearing alternate or pseudo-verticillate glabrous leaves. The flowers form cymes, chiefly uniparous ; they are more or less carried up on the neighbouring branches, as in many species of Sedum; The Houseleeks1 (Fr., Joubarbes ; figs. 338- 340) are Sedums with the floral symmetry of a higher number than five. When, as is sometimes the case, the flower is pentamerous, the only distinguishing character lies in the vegetative organs. The genus com- prises herbs or rarely undershrubs, often stemless, with a rosette of succulent leaves arranged in a spiral of the greatest regularity. Axillary to the leaves buds are produced, often transformed into bulbels. The flowers end a common axis bearing reduced leaves or bracts, and form racemes or corymbs of C3rmes or glomeruli, which are often uniparous or scorpioid. The perianth is variable. In JEomum" and Fig. 340. Diagram. 1 Sempervivum L., Gen., n. 612.— J., Gen., 367, t. 79.— B. H., Gen., 660, n. 10 (inch : 307. — G^rtn., Frtict., i. 341, t. 65. — Lamk., Monivm Webb, Aichryson Webb, Greenovia Diet., iii. 288 ; Supph, iii. 176 ; III., t. 413.— Wj.bb, Monanthes Haw., Petrophyes Webb DC, Prodr., iii. 411. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, & Berth.). v. 99.— Esdl., Gen., n. 4623.— Payer, Organog., ■ Webb, Phyt. Canar., i. 184, t. 28-35. The 9 308 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. t Aichryson? the calyx is often cup-shaped, pluridentate or plurifid. The petals are slightly imbricate, sometimes united for some way at Cotyledon Umbilicus the base. The stamens are either quite free, or {Pennywort). united below with the bases of the petals, to which they are superposed. In certain ./Eonimns, and in Greenovia? whose flowers have upwards of thirty sepals and as many petals, the scales of the disk superposed to the carpels in other sections are absent, and the floral receptacle is more or less concave. The real number of species3 of House- leek4 is estimated at about forty, but some describers have reckoned as many as a hundred. They inhabit the temperate and mountainous regions of Central Europe and Asia, and Continental and Insular Africa. Monanthes* has rightly been made6 a mere section of this genus ; its flower is formed as in the other groups, with from six to twelve parts to the verticil. The sepals, petals, and diplostemonous androceum have a somewhat perigynous inser- tion on the thick receptacle, resulting from the expansion of the receptacle into a short in- verted cone. The scale external to the base of each carpel is fan-shaped, larger across than in height, and shortly stipitate ; or else it is divided into two cucullate lobes. The gynseceum, fruit, and seeds are &£ Fig. 341. Tn florescence. flower is 6- 12-merous. The scales of the disk are absent, or clavate or cordate. 1 Webb, loc. cit., i. 181, t 27. The flower is 5— 12-merous, with ciliate scales. 2 Webb, loc. cit., i. 198, t. 36. 3 DC, in Bull. Soc. Philom. (1801), n. 49; Mem., ii. 37, t. 1, fig. 4. — Cahbess., in Jacquem. Voy., Bot., t. 74. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 92. — Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 628.— Walp., Rep., ii. 263, 935; Ann., i. 326; ii. 670 ; vii. 923. 4 Sect. 6: 1. Chronobium (DC, PI. Ear. Jard. Gen., n. 21). Suckers 0. Flowers yellow or more rarely white. (Jacq., Sort. Schcenbr., t. 464- -Bot. Mag., t. 1963.)— 2. Jovibarba (DC, loc. cit., sect. ii.). Suckers springing from lowest axils. Flowers purple or pale yellow. (Species all European.) — 3. Aichryson (Webb). Calyx cyathiform, 5-12-merous. Scales ciliate. Carpels sunk in tube. (Species from Canaries. Bot. Mag., t. 296, 1809.)— 4. JEonium (Webb). Calyx fi-12-merous. Scales of varying form, clavate obcordate or quadrate, or 0. (Species from Canaries and Madeira. Bot. Mag., t. 1978, 1980.— Bot. Beg., t. 1741; (1841) , t. 61.)— 5. Monanlhes (Haw.). Flowers 6-12-merous. Scales petaloid flabellate, shortly stipitate. (Species 2 or 3, from Canaries.) 5 Haw., Rev. PI. Succ, 68.— B. H., Gen., 660, n. 11. — Petrophyes Webb & Berth., Pkyt. Canar., i. 201, t. 36, B, C 6 Endl., Gen., n. 4623 c. CBA88ULACEJE. 309 Fig. 342. Flower. Fig. 343. Long, section of flower. formed as in the other species of Sempervivum. Monanthcs includes two Or three Species from the Cotyledon (EcUoeria) racemomm. Canaries,1 humble peren- nial csespitose herbs, with slender climbing dichotomous steins. The fleshy leaves are opposite or alternate, distant on the elongated branches, or approximated and ros- ulate. The small flowers form cymes, pluriparous, or uniparous and racemiform. Cotyledon? (figs. 341-343) has regular pentamerous flowers. In Umbilicus,3 the commonest species in this country, the calyx consists of five sepals, slightly united at the base. The corolla is somewhat longer and gamopetalous ; the tube is pentagonal, with obtuse angles corresponding with the median line of the lobes. These are heart-shaped and acuminate, twisted or imbricate in the bud. The androceum consists of ten stamens, the five oppositipetalous a little the longer, all inserted on the corolla and adherent to it for a long way. The apex of the filament, alone free, bears an anther with two lateral cells, of marginal dehiscence. The gynseceum is formed as in Sedum and Crassula, with very numerous ovules4 arranged in several rows. The oppositipetalous glands, corresponding with the back of the carpels, are quadrilateral and flattened. PistorinicC differs at first sight from Cotyledon in the length and slenderness of the tube forming the base of the corolla ; but cannot be made a distinct genus owing to the transitional forms found in Umbilicus, where the corolla is often campanulate. The same ajDplies to Echeveria? wherein the tube is often broad and short, with some- times almost complete polypetaly, but it is connected by certain trans- 1 DC, PI. Grass., t. 157 ; Prodr., iii. 414 (Sempervivum, sect, iii.) — Curt., in Pot. Mag. t. 93. 2 L., Gen., n. 578. — J., Gen., 307. — DC. Prodr., iii. 396.— Endl., Gen., n. 4618.— B. H. Gen., 659, n. 8 (incl. : Echeveria DC, Pachy phytum Kl., Pistorinia DC, Umbilicus DC). 3 L., Spec., 615. — C.umbilicata Lame., Died, ii. 140. — C. rupeslris Salisb. — Umbilicus pendu limns DC, PI. Gr., t. 156 ; Prodr., iii. 400, n. 6. — U. Veneris Blackw., Herb., t. 263. 4 With two coats. 5 DC, Prodr., iii. 399. — Endl., Gen., n. 4619. A herbaceous erect annual, from Spain and Algeria. (DC, Mem., ii. 25, t. 1 j PI. Gr. t. 122.— Boiss., Voy. Ksp., t. 63.) 6 DC, Prodr., iii. 401. — Endl, Gen., n. 4621.— Pachy phy turn Kl., in Otto, et Diet. 310 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Bryopliyllum calycinum. ltional forms of Cotyledon proper with a cylindrical corolla of restricted gamopetaly. Hence these points will allow ns to divide Cotyledon only into sections,1 which are often ill-defined. Thus constituted it contains at least threescore species,2 especially abundant in the warm and temperate regions of Africa, less so in Eastern and Central Asia, Mexico, and South and West Europe. They are herbs or undershrubs of most variable habit. The leaves, differing in thickness and succulence, may be alternate or opposite, distant as in Sedum, or approximated into a rosette as in Sempervivmn, and are some- times even peltate. The flowers are erect or pendulous, racemose spicate or cymose. Kcdanchoe3 and BryojjJtyll/rm, closely allied to Cotyledon, have tetramerous flowers. In the former the sepals are nearly or quite free, and the corolla is tubular hypocrateriform, often The genus comprises herbs and undershrubs from Asia, tropical Africa, and the Cape, where there are a score, and one species is found in Brazil.4 Their leaves are opposite and fleshy ; their flowers form racemes of cymes. Brj/o- phyllum5 has the corolla of Kalanclioe (fig. 344) ; but the calyx is garaosepalous, cylindrical or tetragonal, with four teeth or rather Fig. 344. Flower. tumid at the base. Garienz., ix. 9 ; in Link, Kl. et Ott. Ic. PI. Bar., ii. 43. Herbs or shrubs ; calyx often well developed, and urceolate foliaceous fleshy ; corolla urceolate, rounded or angular. Mexico, Peru, Japan ? (DC, Mem., ii. 28, t. 5, 6.— Cat., Icon., t. 170. — J acq. f., Eclog., t. 17. — Sweet, Brit. Ft. Gard., iii. 275.— Hot. Beg., t. 1247; (1810), 57; (1844), 1; (1842), 22, 29; (1845), 27; (1847), 57.— Bot. Mag., t. 3570.— Walp., Bep., ii. 259, 935 ; v. 794 ; Ann., i. 323 ; ii. 669.) l / 1. Umbilicus (DC). Cotyledon. 2. Eucotyledon. Sect. 4. ' 3. Echeveria (DC). , 4. Pistorinia (DC). 2 Ledeb., Ic. Fl. Boss., t. 57, 395.— Geen. & Godb., Fl. de Fr., i. 630.— Webb., Phyt. Canar., i. t. 26. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 370.— Bot. Mag., t. 321, 2518, 2601, 4098.— Bot. Beg., t. 915.— Walp., Sep., ii. 257, 258 ; v. 792 ; Ann., i. 323 ; ii. 668. 3 Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 248. — DC, Prodr., iii. 394.— Endl., n. 4616.— B. H., Gen., 659, n. 7. — Calanchoe Pees., Syn., i. 445. — Kalenchoe Haw., Syn., 109. — Vereia Andb., Bot. Bepos., t. 21. — Verea W., Spec, ii. 471. 4 Vent., Malm., t. 49.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 64, 65, 100.— Wall., PI. As. Bar., t, 166, 167.— Wight, 111., t. Ill; Ic, t. 1158.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 378. — Hook. p. & Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 91. — TfL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 149. — Walp., Sep., ii. 256 ; Ann., i. 323; ii. 667. 5 Salisb., Par. Lond., t. 3. — DC, Prodr., iii. 295; Organogr., t. 22, fig. 2. — Endl., Gen., n. 4617.— B. H., Gen., 658, n. 6. — Crassouvia Commees., mss. (ex Endl.). — Physocalyiium Vest, in Flora (1820), 409. CRASSULACEJS. 311 deeper valvate lobes. This genus also comprises succulent suffrutescent plants, with simple or imparipinnate opposite leaves ; the flowers form large racemes of cymes. Three or four species are known1 from the Cape; one of these has spread into almost all warm countries.2 Crasssula (figs. 345-3 53)3 presents, with the same general organ- ization as in the preceding types, an androceum reduced to a single alternipetalous verticil ; and this alone distinguishes the Crasmla {Rochea) coccinea. genus. The flowers are herm- aphrodite and regular. In most we find, inserted on a con- vex receptacle, a calyx of five sepals, free or united below, of valvate or imbricate praeflo- ration, and a corolla of five alter- nating petals, free or slightly united at the base, imbricated or more rarely twisted in the bud. Each stamen has a free filament bearing an introrse 2-celled an- ther of longitudinal dehiscence.4 Alternating with the stamens are five glands, often crescent-shaped, but varying in form, applied to the back of the carpels. These last are superposed to the petals ; they are free ; each is formed of a one- celled ovary, tapering above into a style which is stigmatiferous on the upper inner surface. Inside the ventral angle of each ovary is Fig. 345. Flower. Fig. 316. Diagram . 1 DC, Mem., 33. — Wight, in Hook. Misc., App., t. 31. — Hart. & Sgnd., Fl. Cap., ii. 380. — Tll., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 148— #o*. Mag., t. 1409, 5147. 2 Remarkable for the power possessed by its leaves of developing reproductive buds under certain conditions. The species is B. calyci- num Salisb. — Crassouvia floripendula Com- MEES. — Cotyledon pinnata Lame., Diet., ii. 141. — C. calyculata Soland. — C. rlnzophylla Roxb. — C. calycina Roth. — Calancnoe pinnata Pees., Syn., i. 446. 3 L., Gen., n. 392. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 248.— J., Gen., 307.— Lame., Diet., ii. 170; Suppl., ii. 385; IU.,t. 220. — DC, Prodr., iii. 383. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 74. — Endl. Gen., n. 4610.— B. H., Gen., 657, n. 3. — Gomara Adans., loc. cit. (inel. : Bulliarda DC, Combesia A. Rich., Curtogyne Haw., Dasyslenwn DC, Dinacria Haw., Globulea Haw., Grammanthes DC, JTelophytum Ecel. & Zeth., Kalosanthes Haw., Larochea Peks., Margarella B. H., Pelrogeton Ecel. & Zeth., Pyrgosea Ecel. & Zeyh., Rochea DC, Sarco- lipes Ecel. & Zeyh., Spharitis Ecel. & Zeth., Tetraphyle Ecei. & Zeth., Thisantha Ecel. & Zeyh., Tillcea Mich., Turgosea Haw.). 4 The pollen is analogous to that of Sedum. It has three papillate bands in C. (Sepias) capensis and C. (Rochea) versicolor (H. Mohl, loc, cit.). 312 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Crassula parvifiora. a parietal placenta, bearing an indefinite number of anatropous ovules on either lip.1 The fruit consists of five polyspermous follicles, which open down the ventral angle. The small seeds contain a fleshy embryo. In certain species, such as C. falcala? coccinea,3 &c, the petals are more united than in the rest. Hence they have been made the type of a £enus Roc/iea.4 But as a rule there is no true gamopetaly here ; but the petals only stick very closely together by their edges, or are kept in contact by the filament of the alternating stamen. Hence Rochea can only be made a section5 of the genus Crassula. C. dic/tofoma,6 from the Cape, has also been proposed as the type of a new genus, under the name of Grammanthes,1 because it was said to have a gamopetalous corolla, with no glands at the base of the carpels. But the glands exist, though ill developed ; and the corolla is polypetalous, its leaves only sticking together by their edges, chiefly through the starainal filaments. Hence Grammanthes may be reduced to a section of the genus Crassula, characterized by its campanulate corolla, and Gentian-like habit, which this little herb owes to its opposite linear slightly fleshy glaucous leaves, and its so- called paniculate floral cymes. In the neighbourhood of Paris is found a little Crassula which has been named Bulliarda* Vaillantii (figs. 34S-353).9 It has been thus made the type of a distinct genus, either because of its small size, or because of its flowers being usually tetramerous. But in organiza- tion of flower and fruit this little herb cannot be distinguished more Fig. 347. Long. sect, of flower. 1 With two coats. 2 W., Fnum., 341.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 103.— C. obliqua Ande., Bot. Repos., 414. 3 DC, PI. Gr., t. l.—Bot. Mag., t. 495.— Larochea coccinea Haw., Sgn., 50. — Calosanthes coccinea Haw., Revis. Succ, 18. — Comm., Rar., t. 24. — Beadi., Succ, t. 50. 4 DC, PI. Or., n. 103 ; Prodr., iii. 393, sect. ii. (Franciscea), — Endl., Gen., n. 4615. — Kalosanthes Haw., Revis. Succ, 6. 5 Spec. 4, South African. Haet. & Soxd., Fl. Cap., ii. 368.— Bot. Reg., t. 320. — Bot. Mag., t. 495, 2178. 6 L., Amoen. Acad., vi. 86. — C. retrqflexa Thttnb., JF7. Cap., 282. — C. gentianoides Lamk., P>ict., ii. 175. — Grammanthes chlorcefolia DC, Prodr., iii. 392. — G. gentianoides DC, loc fit., 393. 7 DC, Prodr., loc. cit. — Endl., Gen., n. 4613.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., iii. 331.— B. H., Gen., 658, n. 4. — Yauanthes Haw., Revis. Succ, 18. 8 DC, in Bull. Soc Philom. (1801), 49, n. 1 ; Prodr., iii. 3S2. Crassula contains but few European plants. 9 DC, loc. cit. — Geek. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., i. 616. — Payee, Organog., iii. 368, t. 79. CRASSULACE2E. 313 than as a section of Crassula. The same applies to another minute native herb, Tillcea1 muscosar This has trimerous or more rarely tetramerous flowers. But in warmer countries, especially South Crassula (Bulliarda) Vaillaniii. Fig. 349. Flower (f). Fig. 318. Habit. Fig. 350. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 352. Fruit (f). Fig. 351. Diagram. Fig. 353. Fruit dehiscing. Africa, many species are found,3 analogous in habit and dimensions which have also pentamerous flowers ; and then it is at once im- possible to separate them in any way from Crassula proper. C. fliformis, a minute species from the Cape, with the habit of C. glabra, glomerata, &c, has been made into the genus Dinacria,4 because its carpels are surmounted by a little glandular dorsal pro- minence external to the style itself. But this character will only 1 Mich., Nov. Gen., 22, t. 20.— L., Gen., n. 177. — DC, Prodr., iii. 381. — Endl., Gen., n. 4607. — B. H., Gen,, 657, n. 1. — Combesia A. Rich., Fl. Abyss. Tent., i. 307. — Helophytum Eckl. & Zeyh., Enurn., 288. — Disporocarpa C. A. Mey., Ind. Sem. Sort. Petrop., viii. 56. 2 L., Spec, 186.— Lamk., III., t. 90.— Geen. & Godb., Fl, de Fr., i. 616. 3 Thttnb., Fl. Cap., 281.— Habt. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 328 (HelopJiytum), 329 (Bulliarda). — Hook., Icon., t. 295, 310, 535.— Reichb., PI. Crit., t. 191.— F. Muelx., PI. Vict., t. 19.— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 450. — Walp., Rep., ii. 251 j v. 791 ; Ann., i. 322; ii. 666. 4 Haev., Fl. Cap., ii., 330.— B. H., Gen., 657, n. 2. 314 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. suffice to distinguish a section, and that not well-defined, in this enormous genus.1 Crassula,2 as thus defined, includes some hundred and fifty species.3 Those belonging to Til/tea are cosmopolitan. The others are chiefly found in South Africa, and some in Abyssinia and the mountains of India. They are herbs, sometimes annual, more rarely shrubs, with opposite or alternate exstipulate fleshy leaves, which, like the stems vary greatly in form ; so that the aspect of these succulent plants is very variable. The flowers4 form ramified corymbiform cymes, usually terminal sometimes corymbiform or capituliform. This order was made by B. de Jussieu5 to contain, under the name of Sempervivece, the then known genera of Cra-s-stdacece which we have just been through, besides most of those now referred to Saxifragece, Portulacacece, and Droseracece, together with Cuscuta, Samolus, Forskalea, &c, thus forming a very heterogeneous group. Adanson6 1 The possession of unguiculate petals has also been given as characteristic of Dinacria, but they only taper gradually from above downwards. 2 The limits of the sections are, as a rule, ill- defined ; however, the following may be dis- tinguished in practice : 1. Eucrasmla. Petals spreading or reflexed, not tapering upwards, often mucronulate. [DC, PI. Gr., t. 19, 21, 37, 79, 103. — Cambess., iu Jacquem. Voy., Pot., t. 73 (Larochea Pees., Enchir., i. 337 (part.). — Pochea, sect. Danielia DC, Prodr., iii. 3'j3. — Kalosanthes Haw., Pevis. Sure, (part.), 5, 6. — Turgosea Haw., loc. cit., 14. — Curtogyne Haw., loc. cit., 8.— Ecel. & Zeth., Enum., 303. — Sarcolipes Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 290. — Petrogeton Ecel. & Zeth., loc. cit., 291. — Tetraphyle Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 292. — Pyrgosea Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 298. — This- antha Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 302.] — 2. Gram- tnanthes (DC). Calyx campanulate, nearly equal to tube of corolla. (Pltjken., Amalth., t. 115, fig. 6.— Haev. & SOND., Fl. Cap., iii. 331.)— 3. Pochea (DC, part.). Calyx shorter than tube of corolla, which consists of pieces sticking to one another and to the stamens, but seldom truly gamopetalous (see above, p. 312, note 4). — 4. Dinacria (Haby.). Petals long-tapering at base. Carpels possessing a dorsal horn. Leaves oppo- site. (See above, p. 313, note 4.) — 5. Pyramidella (B. H.). Petals elongated, long-tapering, cana- liculate at apex. Leaves imbricate, 4-stichous [Tetrapliyle Eckl. & Zeth., Enum., 292 (part)]. — 6. Sphceritis [Eckl. & Zeth., loc. cit., 299 (parr.) ;— DC, PI. Gr., t. 7]. Petals panduri- fcrm, gradually tapering and canaliculate at apex. — 7. Margarella (13. H.). Petals panduri- forxn, attenuate tapering abruptly into a glandular canaliculate inucro [Spheeritis Eckl. & Zeyh. (part.), loc. cit.~\. — 8. Pachyacris (B. H.). Petals lanceolate, at apex thickened glandular, 3-quetrous [Spheeritis (part.) Eckl. & Zeth.]. — 9. Globulea (Haw., Syn., 60 ; Pevis., 17 ; — DC, PI. Gr., t. 61, 133; Prodr., iii. 390 ;— Pot. Mag.,t. 1940). Petals panduriform, bearing a gland below obtuse apex. Undershrubs with approximated or rosu- late leaves ; floriferous branches leafless. — 10. Eutillcea. Flowers 3-5-merous. Calyx equal to corolla or shorter. (See above, p. 313, notes 1, 2, figs. 348-353.)— 11. Pulliarda (DC). Flowers usually 4-merous. Glands linear. Follicles many- seeded. — 12. Disporocarpaa (C A. Met.) Petals sticking together at base. Glands very small. Ovules usually 2 in each carpel. — 13. Helo- phyllum (Eckl. & Zeth., Enum., 288). Glands cuneiform truncate. Carpels usually 1-ovulate. (Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 328.) 3 Walp., Pep., ii. 251 (TilltBa), 252 ; v. 791 ; Ann., i. 322; ii. 666, 667; vii. 916. 4 White, pink, red, or crimson, more rarely yellow or orange. 5 Ord. Nat. (1759), in A. L. Juss. Gen., lxix. 6 Fam. des PI., ii. (1763), 13, 346, fam. xxxiii. CRASSULACE2E. 31 5 reduced it, under the name Joubarbes (Seda), to a smaller number, which would have been quite naturally associated had Suridna and Tetracera been omitted. A. L. de Jussieu1 in 1789 finally removed these two from his order Semperviva. Ten years later Ventenat2 named the group Succulent^.3 It at length received the name Crassulacea in the memoirs of A. P. De Candolle4 at the beginning of this century. Herein he included, besides the numerous genera that had been split off from Sedum, Sempervivum, Crassula, &c, the genus Penthorum, of which Jussieu had only made a genus affine, and which we shall refer to Saxifragacece. Of all these genera we shall retain only the seven referred to above, including Triactina, founded by J. Hooker and Thomson in 1S57.5 These eight genera contain about four hundred species.6 Most of the genera are cosmopolitan ; Sempervivum, Bri/opliyllum, and Triactina alone appear peculiar to the Old World. But if Crassula, Sedum, Kalanchoe, and Cotyledon are represented in America, it is but by very few species. Only one Kalanchoe occurs in Brazil, several Cotyledons in Mexico, and a few Sedums, besides Dlamorpha, in both North and South America. The Crassulacece are all succulent plants, and hence have a peculiar habit. The stems, and the leaves (in a yet higher degree), are thick and fleshy, with a rich succulent parenchyma, gorged with fluid. The vascular elements, few in proportion, often assume an arrangement corresponding with the form of the organs. When the leaves become thick and cylindrical, thus resembling the axes, the fibrovascular bundles are distributed in a circle around a central line occupied by fleshy parenchyma, like that which is found between the several bundles. In several genera, and notably in several House- leeks,7 there are no true medullary rays, but only so-called medullary 1 Gen., 207, ord. i. ; in Diet. Sc. Nat., xi. (1818), 269 (Crassulce). 2 Tall., iii. 271 (1799). 3 Linn-ETTS had united under this name, in his Ordines Naturales, a large number of very diverse fleshy plants, the same as Hawobtii did in 1812 in his celebrated Synopsis Plantariim Succulentarum (Lond., 8vo), wherein a large number of Crassulacea are studied with the rest. 4 Hist, des PI. Grasses (1799-1829) j Mem. sur la Fam. des Joubarbes [in Bull. Soc. Pkilom. (1801), 1] ; Mem. sur la Fam. des Cras- sulacees, Paris, 4to (1828) ; Prodr., iii. (1828), 381, ord. 87. Speengel calls them Sedece. 5 In Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 90. 6 Lindley counted 450, in 1846, in his Vegetable Kingdom (346, ord. 120). 7 Ad. Be., in Arch. Mus„ i. (1S39), 437. 316 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. fibrovascular bundles, standing in definite relations with the leaves. In several Crassulas the absence of a woody zone has been de- monstrated. The bundles of the medullary layer, consisting of tracheae and spiral annular and reticulate ducts, increase in number and volume, without producing a woody parenchyma. In several Cotyledons* the wood has been seen formed of fibres only, free from vessels, and traversed by vertical bands of parenchyma consisting of thin-walled cells, between which spiral vessels are included. When the Crasmlacece become woody, as in Sempervivum arboreum* for instance, a stem several years old possesses a cortical cellular zone, with a suberous layer outside, and a herbaceous inside. The wood, formed of dotted thick-walled fibres, is traversed by scattered isolated vessels. In the thickness of the wood, untraversed by true medullary rays, are arranged peculiar concentric zones, formed of vessels and elongated quadrangular cells with a delicate unsculptured wall. Bundles formed of annular and unrollabio spiral vessels, with elongated cells, occur in the wood all round the pith, which presents no peculiarity of structure. The same fundamental type, modified in details only, recurs in the other woody species belonging to Crassula, Rochea, Cotyledon, &c. The most general characteristics of the order3 are the absence of liber and medullary rays in the adult wood ; the presence of cords formed of fibroid cells and vessels, corresponding with isolated parts of the generative zone, within the body of the wood ; and the predominance of the paren- chymatous tissue, giving the organs their peculiar fleshy succulent consistency. These peculiarities, and yet more the outward appearance due to the fleshy organs, have at all times induced a comparison between the Crassulacete and other succulent plants, especially Cactacete and MesembryanthemacecB. But they differ in their carpels, as remarked by A. L. de Jussieu.4 Hence he placed them in Poly petal a Periyyna, next Saxifrayacea. Penthorum, made by him a yenas affuie 1 Link., Icon. Sel. (1839), fasc. 1, vii. 1,2; 2 Regnattlt, Rech. sur les Affin. de la Tige in Wiegm. Arch. (1839), 224; in Ann. Nat. des PI. du Or. des Cyclospermees (in Ann. Sc. Hist., iv. 241. — Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 345. In Nat., sen 4, xiv. 87). Sedum the structure of the stem is much nearer 3 Oltv., Stem, in Dicot., 16. (See also P. that of normal Dicotyledons. The tuberous roots, Magnus, in Pot. Zeit. (1871), 480. however, present certain histological peculiarities 4 Gen., 308 : " utpole polygynm." (Heney, Ueb. die Bildung d. Wurzelfasern v. S. Telephium, in Verli. Nat. S., v. (1860, 61). CliASSTJLACEM. 317 of Crassulacea, has neither the fleshy leaves, the habit, nor the dehis- cence of the fruit of this order ; it links it to Saxifragacece, wherein we class it. Its seeds have albumen, though far from copious ; and this is really absent1 as a rule in the ripe seeds of true Crassu- lacea? When Saxifragacece have their carpels free, they are thereby distinguished from Crassulacece, which moreover are never woody. The Francocce, which among Saxifragacece come nearest to this order after Pent/iorum, are distinguished by the presence of albumen and the more intimate union of the carpels. The free gland found in Crassulacece outside the base of each carpel, is also usually absent in Saxifragacece? De Candolle has also shown how Crassulacece pass into Illeccbrece through Tillcea. J. Gr. Agardh4 also allies this order to Tamariscinea. We ourselves, while holding like most living authors that it is inseparable from Saxifragacece, find that it is also closely allied to Astrocarpece, the polycarpic type of Resedacece. In Astrocarpus the vegetative organs are comparable with those of Penthorum ; the gynseceum consists of free carpels as in the House- leeks. And as the carpels become pluriovulate in Resedece, the only difference left between the two groups lies in the irregularity of corolla, androceum, and disk in Resedacece. Many Crassulacece owe their uses5 to the quantity of water contained in their fleshy succulent organs; this is especially true of the House- leeks (Joubarbes), which are used as cooling applications to burns, abscesses and haemorrhoids, and to soften warts and corns. The leaves are used entire, sliced or bruised, raw or rarely cooked, alone or in combination with oil or grease. The common Houseleek,6 which is 1 A. L. de Jussiett admitted its presence: " utpote perispermo seminis farinaceo instruct ce ;" an opinion shared by Bentham & Hookeb {Gen., 656) : " albumen carnosum." Exdlicueb writes (Gen., SOS, ord, 169) : "embryo in axi albuminis orthotropus," and Lindley (Veg. Kingd., 344, ord. 120) : "Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen:' But the existence of albumen is rightly denied by other authors (Ad. Be., Eiutm., xxviii. cl. li. ; — Lem. & Decne., Traite Gen., 237). 2 " Cephalotus is another type closely linking Crassulads and Saxifragads." (Adansonia, vi. 3.) 3 " A Crassulaceis discrepant (Saxifragacece) praecipue habitu, defectu glandularum hypogyn- arum carpellisque rarius polyspermis ; ted Crassit- lacea potius subordinem Saxifragaceamm quam ordinem sistunt." (B. H., Gen., 629.) 4 TJisor. Syst., 343, t. 25, figs. 6-9. " Crassu- lacea sunt Tamariscinea} herbaceae et nobilius corollata?, mecliante pra;cipue Telephio versus Curvembryas tendi'ntes." 5 Endl., Eiichirid. ,4>0(). — Linde., Veg. Kingd., 345; Fl. Med., 275. — Gdib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 254. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Biaplior., 573. 6 Semptrviium tectorum L., Spec, 664. — DC, 318 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. in most request, also contains vegetable albumen, permalate of lime, &c., and was formerly taken internally in inflammatory and bilious fevers, &c. The White Stonecrop {Petite-Joubarbe, or Trique Madame),1 was held to have similar cooling virtues, with a slight astringency that made it a vulnerary application. The Common Orpine or Live- long {Orjrin commun ; fig. 331 )2 is also used topically in the country to induce cicatrization. Many allied species of Stonecrop and House- leek, very poor in active principles and rich in water, are used raw or cooked in the preparation of soup, as vegetables, or for poultices,3 &c. But in some others acrid or even caustic principles are developed, which make them irritant, rubefacient, emetic, or purgative, so that care is needed in their use. The best known is our Wall Pepper (fig. 332-337),4 which has a pungent disagreeable taste, and is some- times prescribed as a resolvent. Dried and powdered it is here and there given in epilepsy. Pennywort or Navelwort (fig. 34 1)5 is also thought to be of use in epilepsy. Other Crassulads appear to have special virtues. Crassula tetragonal is considered a good astringent, and is given with milk in diarrhoea by the Japanese. Bryojihyllum PI. Gr., t. 104; Prodr., III. 413, n. 23.— Sow., Engl. Pot., t. 1320.— Gtjib., loc. cit., 254. — Lindl., PI. Med., 275.— R£v., in PI. Med. du x\x* Steele, ii. 184.— Caz., Traite des PI. Med. Indig., ed. 3, 536. — Sedum tectorum Scop., PL Carniol., ed. 2, n. 529 (Art/chard des Toils, A. sauvage, Barbajou, Jombarbe, PLerbe aux cors, Saxifrage pyramidale ; PLerba Sempervivi s. Sedi major is off.). 1 Sedum album L., Spec, 619. — DC, PI. Gr., t. 22 ; Prodr., iii. 406, n. 48. — Guib., loc. cit , 254, fig. 632,-Rosenth., op. cit., 574.— #. teretifolium Lame., Fl. Fr., iii. 48 (Basinet, Biz sauvage, Joubarbe blanche ; PLerba Sedi minoris lutei off.). 2 S. Telephium L., Spec, 616, a, /3, y.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 92; Prodr., iii. 402, n. 9.— Guib., op. cit., 255. — Caz., op. cit., 721. — £. vulgare Lame. (Beprise, Grassette, Joubarbe des Yignes, Herbe aux coupures ; PLerba Telephii s. Fabarice s. Faba crassa oft'.). Its leaves, fresh or pre- served in oil, are considered vulnerary, astringent and cooling. Many other Mediterranean species formerly enjoyed a similar reputation, viz.: "Sedum altissimum PoiR. C keifaov to puKpov, DlOSC.), S. stellatum L. ('Aei'<>oi' rpirov elSos), S. Anacampseros L. (Jrfkidnov, PLerba Anacamp- serotis off), S. Cepma L. (Kr^nala)." (Endl., Fiwhirid., 406). — £. amplexicaule DC. has the same properties as S. altissimum. S. purpu- reum Haw. and maximum Sut. may be used instead of S. Telephium, as also S. confertum Del., in Egypt. 3 The chief species are Sedum Telephium L., album L., rejlexum L., Bhodiola L., longifolium L., Anacampseros L., and Sempervivum tectorum L. 4 Sedum acre L., Spec, 619.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 117; Prodr., iii. 407, u. 51.— Bull., Serb., t. 30.— Guib., loc. cit., 256, fig. 633.— Lixul., Fl. Med., 276. — Caz;., op. cit., 538 ( Vermiculaire Brulante, Joubarbe acre, Marquet, Pain-d'oiseau, Poivre de murailles, Illecebra ; PLerba Sedi acris s. Illecebra; off). S. sexangulare L., a closely allied species, and S. boloniense Lois., are much less acrid. 5 Cotyledon "Umbilicus L., Spec, 615 a. — Sow., Fngl. Pot., t. 325. — Umbilicus pendulums DC, PI. Gr., t. 156 ; Prodr., iii. 400, a. 6.— GtriB., loc cit., 256 (Cotylet, Nombril de Uenus, Copertoicole, PLerbe aux hunches, a Vhirondelle, Ecuelles, Cymbalion, Queue-de-rondelle ; PLerba umbilici Ueneris off). C. orbiculalus is also con- sidered of use in epilepsy. 6 L., Spec, 404.— DC, PI. Gr., t. 19 ; Pro L:, iii. 384, n. 10. The same properties are ascribed to C. porlulacea Lamk. CBASSULACEJE. 319 ealycinumx (fig. 344) is said to be useful in cutaneous eruptions. Kalanchoe laciniatcc is used in India and Bourbon in the topical treatment3 of unhealthy ulcerations. Sedum glaciate'' is said to be antiscorbutic, and a detergent for ulcers, cancers, &c. ; S. longifolium diuretic, and S. Rhodiohr resolvent. Sempervivum montanunr is con- sidered a depurative and purgative in Persia, and the leaves of S. tectorum have been said to cure intermittent fevers. S. glutinosiim1 in Madeira, and S. bahamifcruiif in the Canaries, are used to prepare fishing-nets and preserve them from decay. This appears due to a sort of glue, and also perhaps to a tanning substance, present in several Crassulads. Here even the commonest species of Sedum, Sempervivum, &c, cover the rockeries in our gardens ; they have the advantage of needing next to no culture. In the conservatory we find several exotic species, especially of Crassula, Echeveria, and Bryo- phyllum. B. calycinum is often cultivated so as to favour the develop- ment of adventitious buds on the edges or veins of its fleshy leaves, as noticed in every botanical textbook.9 1 Salisb., Par. Lond., 3 (see above, p. 131, note 2). — Rosesth., op. cit., 573. In the interior the leaves are taken as cooling. " Leaves acid at morn, insipid at noon, bitter at sunset." (Exdl., Enchirid., 106.) 2 DC, PL Or.,t. 100; Prod,:, in. 395, n. 8. — Cotyledon laciniata L. — Plan/a Anatis RuurH., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 95. 3 The bruised leaves are used. Those of K. brasiliensis Cambess. {Cotyledon brasilica Velloz.) are also used as vulueraries in Brazil (Rose>"tii., op. cit., 573). 4 Clar., in DC. Fl. Fr., iv. 393. Probably only a form of S. acre L. 5" DC, Fl. Fr., ed. 3, iv. 3SG; PL Gr., t. 143; Prodr., iii. 401, n. 1. — S. roseum Scop., FL Cam., ed. 2, n. 560 (nee Stev.). — Rholiula rosea L., Spec, 1165. — R. odorata Lamk., 77/., t. 819 (Pose-root, Midsummer- men, Mille-graines, Orpin rose). Its root (radix Rhodia off.) smells of roses. It was formerly sold as a sedative, anti- phlogistic, refrigerant, &c. Its leaves are said to be eaten roasted in the north of Europe. 6 L., Spec, 665. — DC, PI. Gr., t. 105; Prodr., iii. 113, n. 25. — Jacq., FL Austr., v. App., t. 41. — Rosextii., op. cit., 576. 7 Ait., Hort. Ken-., ed. 2, 147. — Jacq., Hort. Schcenbr., 4, t. 644. — Sims., in Pot. Mag., t. 1963— Linul., in Pot. Reg., t. 278.— DC, Prodr., 411, n. 6 (Ensaiao of Madeira). 8 Webb, Phi/t. Canar., i. 181 (Farroba, Alfarroba of the natives). S. arboreum L. (Spec, 664;— DC, Prodr., n. 8) of the Medi- terranean is no doubt 'Aei£a)ov to fJ-eya of Dios- COEEDES (" hodie 'Afjuipam-os et 'Avao-Taaia," Exdl., in Cyprus and Greece). 9 DC, Organogr., t. 22. — LiKdl., Pntr. to Pot., 58.— Lem., Lee. Ele'm., 301, fig. 269. The leaves of Crassula (Rochea) falcata, when placed on damp earth, may also give rise to adventitious buds (A. S. H., Morph. Yeg., 222), as is the case with many other Crassulads cultivated in our gardens. [For details of fertilization of these plants by insects see H. Muleeb, Pefrucht. d. Plumen dv.rch Lisekten, 90.] 320 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. GENERA. 1. Seduni T. — Flowers regular, 5-merous (or more rarely 4, 6, 7- merous) hermaphrodite or polygamous ; receptacle usually narrow. Sepals free or connate at base, usually small, thick, valvate. Petals free, imbricate or twisted. Stamens twice as numerous as petals, equal, usually slightly perigynous ; filaments all free, or shorter ones adnate to base of petals ; anthers sub-2-dymous, introrsely or latterly 2-rimose. Scales as numerous as petals, inserted external to base of carpels, entire or 2-fid. Carpels 5 (more rarely 4, 6, 7), free or more rarely connate at base, 1 -celled, tapering above into style ; apex stig- matose inside; ovales oc, more rarely few or 1, oblique anatropous, inserted on ventral angle. Follicles 4-7 finally gaping internally or ex- ternally; seeds l-oo, often dotted; embryo exalbuminous (or slightly albuminous) ; cotyledons fleshy ; radicle cylindrical. — Undershrubs or far oftener herbs, perennial or rarely annual, fleshy, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, exstipulate ; flowers cymose ; cymes regular, or by abortion uniparous, sometimes few-flowered {Temperate and cold Regions of Northern Hemisphere, South America). See p. 304. 2 ? Triactina Hook. p. & Thoms. — Flowers nearly of Sedum, 4, 5- merous. Scales and carpels (of Sedum) 3, connate at base. Follicles 3? many-seeded. — An annual (?) herb ; habit of Sedum ; leaves (of Sedum) alternate opposite or verticillate, rather fleshy, entire ; flowers in lax leafy racemes (Temperate Himalayas). See p. 306. 3. Sempervivum L. — Flowers nearly (of Sedum), 6-co-merous, more rarely 5-merous. Sepals narrow, free or connate at base. Petals as many, alternate, free or connate at base, imbricate. Stamens co, usually twice as numerous as petals (very rarely of same number) ; filaments free ; usually slightly perigynous at base, anthers ovate or 2-dymous. Scales go, superposed to carpels, simple or 2-fid, sometimes connate in pairs, more rarely 0, or more or less stipitate petaloid (Monanthes). Carpels (of Sedum) as numerous as petals and superposed to them ; ovules co. Follicles co (of Sedu?n); co-seeded. Undershrubs or CBASSULACEjE. 321 more frequently thick fleshy herbs, acaulescent and giving off axillary leafy offsets, or more rarely caulescent leafy ; leaves alternate thick, often imbricate, sometimes revolute ; floral cymes regular or irregular unilateral, sometimes spiciform, often dense {Central and South Europe, West and Central Mountainous Asia, West-Insular and East Africa). See p. 307. 4. Cotyledon L. — Flowers 5-merous ; sepals equal to tube of corolla {Echeveria) or shorter. Petals connate; tube large, urceolate or cylindrical, sometimes much elongated {Pisforinia) ; lobes of limb small, imbricate or more frequently twisted, finally spreading. Stamens 10 (or very rarely 5), inserted in tube or throat of corolla ; exserted or included. Carpels 5, oppositipetalous (nearly of Sedum), each with an external scale at base, oo-ovulate. Follicles 5, oo- seeded. — Undershrubs or herbs, sometimes scapigerous, varying much in habit ; leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes rosulate, usually very thick and fleshy, sometimes peltate ; flowers racemose, spicate {Umbilicus), or more frequently cymose; cymes sometimes uniparous, 1-bracteate {Africa, West and Central Temperate Asia, Mexico, South and West Europe). See p. 300. 5. Kalanchoe Adans. — Flowers nearly of Cotyledon, 5-merous; corolla hypocrateriform, persistent; tube urceolate; limb spreading. Stamens 8, all fertile, or 4 oppositipetalous antherless, minute or 0 ; anthers included. Carpels 4, scales, membranous follicles, and seeds, all of Cotyledon. — Undershrubs or herbs, usually erect, robust ; leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, entire, crenate or pinnatifid, fleshy ; cymes (usually 2-chotomous) branching many-flowered {Tropical Africa, Tropical and Eastern Asia, Brazil). See p. 310. 6. Bryophyilum Salisb. — Flowers 4-merous (nearly of Cotyledon or Kalanchoe) ; calyx large inflated sacciform, terete or 4-zonal, shortly 4-fid or 4-dentate, valvate. Corolla urceolate or subcamp- anulate ; limb 4-fid, twisted, finally spreading exserted. Stamens 8 inserted in sets on tube of corolla. Scales 4, carpels, and ( co -seeded) follicles, all of Cotyledon or Kalanchoe. — Thick fleshy herbs, frutescent at base ; leaves opposite petiolate, simple or imparipinnate, crenate, sometimes gemmiparous ; cymes (usually 2-chotomous) much branch - VOL. III. Y 322 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ing ; flowers crowded nutant {Tropical Africa, all Tropical Regions). See p. 310. 7. Crassnla L. — Flowers 5-merous (more rarely 3, 4, or 6-9- merous) ; calyx partite, lobed or cleft. Petals equal to calyx or longer, free or more or less connate at base, sometimes contracted at base {Dinacria) ; praefloration contorted or imbricate. Stamens as numerous as petals ; filaments free or more or less united with petals. Anthers ovate or oblong, sometimes sub-2-dymous (Tillaa). Scales as numerous as carpels, varying in form. Carpels superposed to petals and as numerous, free or connate at very base ; ovules oo, rarely few {Tillcea), sometimes 2 {Disporocarpa), or 1 {Ilelophjtuni) ; styles tapering ; apex narrow or dilated, stigmatose ; germen sometimes shortly horned behind below style. Follicles 1, or more often co- seeded ; seeds exalbuminous or with scanty albumen of Sediim. — Shrubs, small shrubs, or more frequently herbs, annual or usually perennial, succulent fleshy ; leaves opposite, sometimes connate at base, usually entire, very thick ; flowers (large or small) cymose ; cymes regular or unilateral, often much branching, racemiform or more frequently corymbiform or glomerate {Warm and Temperate regions of Old World, more rarely of New). See p. 311. XXI. SAXIFRAGACE^. I. SAXIFBAGE SERIES. The Saxifrages1 (figs. 354-364) have hermaphrodite flowers, usually, but not constantly regular. But even omitting this, their organization may present differences, especially in the form and rela- Saxifraga tridactylites. Fig. 356. Fruit (f). Fig. 354. Habit. Fig. 355. Diagram. Fig. 357. Seed (-«). Fig. 358. Long. sect, of seed- tions of the receptacle and carpels, such as would elsewhere he held to distinguish genera or even orders. If we analyse the flowers of Saxifraga crassifolia, cord/folia, ligulata, punctata, astivalis, &c, we find 1 Saxifraga T., List., 252, t. 129.— Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 213.— L., Gen., n. 559.— J., Gen., 309. — G.ertn., Fruct., i. t. 177. — La^ie., Diet., vi. 670 ; Suppl., v. 72 ; III., t. 372.— DC. Prodr., iv. 17.— Spach, Suit, a Bvffon, v. 40.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 4634. — Payee, Orgauog., 381 : Fam. Nat., 85. — B. H., Gen., 635, n. 6. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 282 ; vi. 8 (inclus. Antiphglla Haw., Aulaxis Haw., Bergenic Mce:n'ch, Chondrosea Haw., Ciliaria Haw., Co- tylea Haw., Dermasea Haw., Diptera Boekh., Geryonia Sche., Hirculus Haw., Hydatica Neck., Kingstonia Gray, Leptasea Haw., Lig- ularia Duy., Lobaria Haw., Megasea Haw., Miscopetalvm Haw., Muscaria Haw., Oreos-ple- nium Zahlbe , Bobertsonia Haw., Spathularia Haw., Zahlbi uchiera Keichb.). V •) 324 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Saxifraga crassifolia. a slightly dilated receptacle, bearing a calyx of five sepals, quincunc- ial in the bud, and a corolla of five free equal petals, imbricated in the bud. The stamens, also perigynous and free, like the petals, are ten in number, five superposed to the sepals, five, smaller, to the petals. Each consists of a filament bearing a two-celled anther of introrse or submarginal longitudinal dehiscence.1 The gynseceum is free, mostly superior ; it consists of two2 carpels, antero- posterior, free or united below. Each has a one-celled ovary, covered at the base with a thin layer of glandular tissue representing a rudimentary disk, and tapering above into a style whose dilated apex is covered with stigmatic papilla?. In the ventral angle of the ovary is a parietal pla- centa, bearing an indefinite number of anatropous ovules. The fruit is dry, formed of two independent follicles, which open lengthwise to set free the indefinite small elongated seeds. These contain within their coats a fleshy albumen in whose axis is an •embryo of very variable length. In other species, such as S. rotundifolia, Ilircidus, &c, the gynseceum is still quite free ; and not only are the stamens hypogynous or sub- perigynous, but there is also an annular glandular disk, pretty high between their insertion and the base of the ovary. This consists of two carpels, united by the ventral surface so as to form two complete cells, with the placentas on the septum. We find numerous transi- tional forms between the two types of gynseceal organization ; and in S. Cymbalaria, umbrosa, hederacea, &c, for instance, the free ovary is two-celled below, dividing above into two quite distinct horns, wherein the corresponding part of the placenta becomes quite free. In other species again, with a gynseceum of variable form, the Fig. 359. Long. sect, of flower. Fig. 360. Diagram. 1 The pollen consists of elongated grains, with three folds. In water they become spherical with three bands. The bands are covered with papillae in S. crassifolia, but lack thein in S. Cotyledon. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331.) 2 The normal number is exceptionally three or four, tapering above into as many cupitate styles in S. trigyna R£m. (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, viii. 235), a little csespitose species growing about the snow-line in Bolivia ; but yet its other floral verticils are pentamerous. SAXIFRAGACE2E. 325 Saxifraga granulata. Fig. 361. Long. sect, of flower. form of the receptacle is altered ; it becomes a cupule varying in depth, lined by a glandular disk, and bearing the perianth and androceum on its edges, while the free pistil is inserted in the bottom. When the receptacular cavity becomes yet more concave, and camp- anulate sacciform or tubular, as in S. oppositifolia, Cotyledon, Aizoon, hypnoides, granulata, &c, while the carpellary leaves are inserted higher up and by a wider base on the inside thereof, the gynreceum becomes half, nearly, or almost completely inferior, and what was formerly termed adherent. Its two cells are complete for a great extent, with axile placentation ; and it is only above that we find two one-celled ovaries with parietal placentation. The two styles always remain independent. At the same time the disk and the insertion of the perianth and androceum are forced higher up, passing gradually into the most marked perigyny or even epigyny. In this case the fruit is a half-inferior or inferior capsule, dehiscing from above downwards by two longitudinal clefts betwreen the terminal stylar horns. Finally some species have an irregular corolla, like S. sarmentosa (figs. 363, 364), often cultivated for ornament ; it has two large petals, and three smaller ones which may even disappear entirely ; or else one large petal, two middle sized, and two small ones which may be quite absent. Thus constituted,1 the genus Saxifraga comprises about a hundred Saxifraga irrigua. Fig. 362. Long, sect, of flower. 1 Englee, who has most recently revised this genus [Ind. Crit. Specier. atque Synon. Gen. Saxifraga ( Vindob., 1869)], admits seventeen sec- tions, founded on the form and organization of the stems and leaves, the structure of the calyx, and the relative size of that and of the corolla : 1. Calliphyllum (Gaud.) ; — 2. Cotyledon (Gaud.) ; — 3. Kabschia (Engl.) ; — 4. Poro- phyllum (Gaud.); — 5. Tngonophyllam (Gaud.); 6. Trachyphyllum (Gaud.) ; — 7. Arietaria (Stebnb.) ; — 8. Hirculus (Tausch) ; — 9. Dactyl- oides (Tausch) ; — 10. Ligularia (Haw.); — 11. Eobertsonia (Haw.); — 12. Boraphila (Engl.); — 13. Isomeria (Toee. & Ge.) ; — 14. Pelli- phyllum (Engl.); — 15. Micropetalum (Tausch); — 16. Nephrophyllum (Gaud.); — 17. Cym- balaria (Geiseb.). 326 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. and fifty species,1 spread chiefly over the temperate Alpine and frigid regions of the Northern Hemisphere, less frequent in Temperate Asia and in South America, unknown in South Africa, Australia, and the Islands of the Pacific. They are herbs, perennial or more rarely annual. Their habit is very variable, like that of the subterranean Saxifraga sarmentosa. Fro. 363. Flower (f). Fig. 364. Diagram. parts, which may be thick rhizomes, or covered with fleshy bulbels as in our S. granulata. Some species are stoloniferous or climbing. The various organs are glabrous, or covered with hairs or glands. The leaves are alternate or opposite, very variable in form, with an often sheathing petiole, but no true stipules. The flowers, white pink or yellow, are rarely solitar}'-, usually in cymes, sometimes uni- lateral, collected into pseudo-corymbs or compound racemes, terminal or more rarely axillary. Under the name of Zahlbrucknerc? has been wrongly made a distinct genus for a little Styrian and Carinthian Saxifraga? whose petals, though smaller, resemble the sepals in colour and consistency, while the ovary is in great part inferior ; the very slender herbace- ous stem bears opposite or alternate lobed leaves, and solitary flowers borne on filiform axillary peduncles. 1 Steenb., Revis. Saxifr., Ratisb. (1810). — Haw., Mmm. Saxifr., Lond. (1821). — Gaud., Fl. Heh\, iii. 83. — Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. 341. — Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 48, t. 1, fig. 1. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 60. — A. Geay, Man., ed. 2, 142. — CHAPM., Fl. S. Unit. States, 153.— Geen. & Gode., Fl.de Ft:, i. 637, 661.— Bot. Mag.,t. 92, 196, 351, 424, 1651, 1661, 2207, 2959, 3026, 4915, 5066, 5377.— Walp., Rep., ii. 362, 936 ; v. 824 ; Ann., i. 336 ; ii. 687 ; v. 24 ; vii. 889. '2 Reichb., Fl. Germ. Fxcurs., 551. — Endl., Gen., n. 4633.— B. H., Gen., 636, n. 7. 3 S.paradoxa Vest, ex Steenb., Rev. Saxifr., 22, t. 14.— Engl., loc. cit, 12, 34.— Walp., Rep., ii. 362. 8AXIFBAGAGE2E. 327 The flowers of Chrgsosplemi/ni1 (figs. 365-367) are found on the whole as in Saocifraga ; but they are apetalous, pentamerous or tetra- merous, usually diplosteinonous, more rarely isostemonous. The i . Chrysosplenium alternifoliwm, r Fig. 366. Tetraraerous flower (^). Fig. 365. Inflorescence. Fig. 367. Long, sect, of gynacceum. receptacle is obconical or urceolate, everted and of no great depth. The one-celled ovary becomes a partly inferior polyspermous capsule, dividing above into two equal or unequal lobes. Some fifteen species2 are known, inhabiting the temperate and frigid regions of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. They are little annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, and little greenish axillary and terminal flowers. Next to Saocifraga and Chrgsosplenium come several other herbaceous genera, only differing in details ; Tellhna, Mile/la, Heuchera, and Tiarella. In Tellima3 (fig. 3GS) the Teliima grandijiora. ovary is partly inferior and one-celled, with two parietal placentas, a gamosepalous calyx with five deep divisions, five entire or lobed petals, and five or ten small included stamens, inserted on the periphery of a disk.4 It consists of some half- dozen American species, herbs with alternate lobed or dentate leaves and racemose5 flowers." Fig. 368. Flower (f ). 1 T., Inst., 146, t. 60.— L., Gen.,n. 558.— J., Gen., 309. — G.ertn., Fruct., 5. 208, t. 44. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 311 j III, t. 516.— DC, Prodr., iv. 48. — Enpl., Gen., n. 4638. — B. H., Gen., 638, n. 16. 2 Ledeb., Io. Fl. Ross , t. 401, 405.— Hook., Joum., i. 354, t. 16, 17. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Joum. Linn. Soc, ii. 73. — A. Gkay, Man., ed. 2, 145.— Chapm., Ft. S. Unit. St., 154.— C. Gat, Fl. CHI., iii. 42. — Maxim., Fl. Amur., 121.— Gren. & Godk., Fl. de Fr., i. 660.— Walp., Rep., ii. 368 ; v. 828. 3 R. Be., in Frankl, Joum. App., 765, obs. — DCL Prodr., iv. 49.— Endl.. Gen., n. 4642.— B. H., Gen., 637, n. 12. — Lilliophragma Toke. & Ge., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 583. 4 In T. grandijiora II. Be. the whole of the inside of the rectptitcle is lined by a glandular layer. The petals are revolute after antliesis. *• Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. 239. — Lindl., in Sot. Reg., t. 1178.— Walp., Rep., ii. 371. 6 Each flower is axillary to a denticulate bract, with two very minute lateral sterile bractlets. 328 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. MHella nttda. Mitelld (figs. 369, 370) lias ten or five stamens,2 with five trifid or pinnatifid petals. But the floral receptacle is everted and shallow, SO that the Mitella (Mitellopsis) pentandra. gynseceum is almost completely superior. The parietal multiovu- ]ate placentas are also those of a Saarifraga. The genus comprises four American species, and one from Eastern Asia.3 They have the vegetative organs of Tellima, with flowers in slender elongated racemes. Heuchera* has five or six perigynous stamens, and entire petals5 or no corolla. But the gyna?ceum and fruit are half- inferior.6 There are some twenty species,7 all North American. Tiarettc? has the same habit, vegetative organs, and inflorescence : but the receptacle is scarcely concave ; the gynseceum and fruit are Fig. 369. Flower (f). Fig. 370. Flower (f). 1 T., Inst., 241, t. 126.— L., Gen., n. 561 — GiEKTN., Fruct., i. 208, t. 44. — Lamk., Diet., iv. 195 ; Suppl., iii. 710 ; III., t. 373.— DC, Prodr., iv. 49.— E.ndl., Gen., n. 4641.— E. H., Gen., 63S, n. 13. 2 In the latter ease the stamens that disappear are sometimes the oppositipetalous, sometimes the alternipetalous (fig. 370). The pentanclrous species are made by some authors into a distinct genus, Mitellopsls (Meissn., Gen., 136 ; Comm., 100. — Endl., Gen., n. 4640. — ? Oreantkus Rafis., in Ser. Bull. Bot., i. 216.— Drummondia DC, Prod;:, iv. 49). 3 Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 82; in Bot. Mag., t. 2933.— Lixdl., in Bot. Beg., t. 166.— TORH.& Gkay., Fl. N.-Amer.,l 585.— A. Okay, Man., cd. 2, 145. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. Stales, 154.— W alp., Pep., ii. 370 (Mitellopsis), 371. 4 L., Gen., n. 320.— J., Gen., 308.— Gjeets., Fruct., i. 177, t. 362.— Lamk., Diet., iii. 127 ; Suppl., iii. 49; III., t. 184.— DC, Prodr., iv. 51. — ESDI., Gen., n. 4639.— B. H., Gen., 638, n. 14. s In Ft. americana L. (Spec., 328) the margins of the petals are a little ciliate. The petals are purple and spathulate in H. glabra DC, while and revolute, with a very slender claw in H. They form long linear straps in II. miearntha. liimalayensis. ipetalous. .H". cylindrica is often hex- 6 In several species, like H. americana, we pretty often find developed under culture, besides the five unequal alternipetalous stamens, a sixth exactly in front of a petal. Here, and in H. cylindrica, the ovary is normally gaping at the apex, for the carpellary leaves become quite independent above the placentas. M. cylindrica has unequal sepals, and no corolla. The anthers are tetragonal, and dehisce laterally, but the insertion of the filament is dorsal. The disk is very thin. In H. micrantha the inflorescence is a raceme of biparous cymes, becoming uniparous at the apex. The stamens have basifixed anthers and a quite lateral dehiscence. The disk, very thin in most of the species, is here represented by a yellow epigynous glandular layer. The petals, tapering greatly at the base, become revolute in anthesis. The ovary is half inferior, but the placentas do not extend beyond the level of the base of the carpellary leaves. 7 Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 79.— Tork. & Geat, FL N.-Amer., i. 577.— Bot. Peg., t. 1302, 1924.— Walp., Pep., ii. 369; Ann. \., 337; iii. 897; v. 29; vii. 900. 8 L., Gen., n. 560.— J., Gen., 309.— Lamk., Diet., vii. 657; III., t. 378.— DC, Prodr., iv. 50 (part.).— Endl,, Gen., n. 4643.— B. H., Gen., 637, n. 11.—? Blondea Neck., Elem., n. 786 (ex Endl., nee Rich.). SAX1FRAGACEJE. 329 Fig. 371. Flower (^). Fig. 372. Fruit (f). almost wholly superior ; and the stamens are much exserted (fig. 371). The two carpels are very unequal, and the placentas are relegated right down to the base of the ovary.1 The capsule opens broadly above, gaping into two very unequal l i /£ or,i\ Tiarella cord/folia. membranous valves (rig. 6(2). Of the five known species,2 one comes from the Hima- layas, the rest from North America. They have a per- ennial rhizome, alternate leaves, and flowers in simple or ramified terminal racemes. j5o///////<2smay be considered as Saxifraga with an inferior ovary, and with the androceum is reduced to the five alternipetalous stamens. Five species are known,' all perennial herbs from North America, with their organs covered with glandular hairs ; their leaves are alternate, with setaceous stipules, and the flowers form terminal racemes of cymes.5 Sullivantia ohioensis6 has also small flowers, closely analogous to those of the Saxifrages, with only five alternipetalous stamens. But the receptacle is shallow, lodging only the lower part of the ovary ; this divides above into two distinct bodies. Hence the fruit is a half-superior capsule ; it contains numerous scobiform seeds. The plant is a perennial herb from North America, with alternate leaves and flowers in di- or trichotomous cymes. Ore-si trojjhe montana' is, like Chrysosplenium, an apetalous Saxifrage with pentamerous flowers, and an androceum which is at least 1 The carpels are like two little rolled up leaves, prolonged into cornets cleft on the inside. The receptacle forms a shallow obconical cup. The tetragonal basifixed anthers open laterally. 2 Hook., Fl, Bor.-Amer., i. 238, t. 77, 81.— Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 587. — A. Geat, Man., ed. 2, 145. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, lb4.—Bot. Mag., t. 15S9.— Walp., Bep., ii. 372 (part.). 3 Xutt., in Journ. Acad. Philad., vii. 113. — Exdl., Gen., n. 46321.— B. H., Gen., 636, u. 8. 4 Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 576.— Walp., Rep., ii. 362. 5 Next to this genus comes, doubtfully, Boh andra califomica A. Geat (in Proc. Amer. Acad. (1867), vii. 341), which has pentamerous flowers, with perigynous persistent petals, five stamens, and a two-celled ovary, surmounted by two short styles. This genus appears at once allied to Tellima, Tolmiea, and Tiarella. 6 Toee. & Geat, in Sillim. Journ., xlii. 22, not. — A. Geat, C'/dor. Bor.-Amer., 38, t. 6; Bot. N. Unit. St., 144.— B. H., Gen., 636, n. 9. 7 Btjnge, Fwrnn. PI. Chin. Bor., 31. — Endl., Gen., n. 4646.— B. H„ Gen., 639, n. 17.— Walp., Rep., v. 828. 330 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. diplostemonous.1 But the receptacle is a shallow cup, so that the gymeceum is almost Avholly superior. The placentas are parietal and multiovulate in the lower part, which forms a single cell ; above the carpels are separate, and end in subulate styles. Hence the capsular fruit appears nearly free, and almost entirely divided into two horns ; it opens at maturity by two interstylar valves. 0. montana inhabits the North of China. It is a perennial herb,2 with a thick scaly rhizome, having usually only one radical leaf, ovate- cordate, serrate, with a thick petiole. Its flowers form dichotomous cymes at the top of a common scape. The flowers of Astilbe? pentamerous or more rarely tetramerous, have a concave receptacle framing the base of the carpels, which are pluriovulate and united below, surmounted by two or three distinct styles. On the rim of the receptacle are inserted the valvate or im- bricate sepals, the petals (which may be absent), and a diplostemon- ous androceum, with short subdidymous anthers. The fruit is dry and capsular, formed of two or three carpels, containing numerous scobiform seeds, whose outer coat is prolonged at each end into a sort of lax membrane ; the embryo is surrounded by fleshy albumen. Astilbe comprises half a dozen species/ from India, Java, China, Japan, and North America. They are perennial herbs, whose rhizome gives off branches covered with alternate leaves, bi- or tri-ternate, com- pound or decompound, with serrate leaflets. Adnate to the base of the dilated petiole are membranous stipules. The flowers form spikes or racemes, which may be simple or composed of cymes. We make Rodgersia podojjJtgUcF of Japan a mere section of this genus; it has the same floral organization, with the basal leaves digitate or pedate, and the cauline trilobate ; and its flowers are apetalous, sessile or subsessile, arranged along the numerous axes of the inflorescence in cymes which are usually uniparous and scorpioid. 1 Several flowers have from twelve to fourteen 4 Vent., Malmais., t. 54 {Tiarella). — stamens. Cambess., in Jacquem. 'Yoy„ Bot., t. 58 {Spi- 2 Its habit is compared to that of certain rcea). — V. Houtte, Fl. des Serr., n. 1207. — Begonias. The single aerial leaf developes after Bot. Mag., t. 3821 {Hoteia), 4959. — Walp., the flowers ; these are at first pink, but ulti- Rep., ii. 372 {Hoteia) ; Ann., i. 976 (Hoteia) ; mately turn green. v. 29; vii. 888, 8S9 {Rodgersia). 3 Hamilt., in Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal., 210. — 5 A. Gbay, in Mem. Amer. Acad,, ser. 2, vi. DC, Prodr., iv. 51.— Endl., Gen., n. 4645.— 389.— B. H., Gen., 635, n. 5. B. H., Gen., 634, n. 4. — Hoteia Mobe. & Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 316, t. 11. — Endl., Gen., n. 4644. I SAXIFRAGACEJE. 331 The small flowers of Lepuropetalon spathulatum1 are formed nearly as in the Saxifrages, with a deep receptacle lodging a half-inferior ovary in its concavity, and bearing on its edges five sepals, five petals, and five alternipetalous stamens. The placentation is exceptional in this order ; there are three multiovulate parietal placentas in the one-celled ovaiy, with as many branches to the style. The fruit opens above into three triangular flaps, each surmounted by a branch of the style, revealing the seeds inserted on a line continuous with this branch. The seed-coats are rugose outside, and surround the fleshy albumen, with a little axile embryo. This curious annual, of minute size," inhabits the United States and Chili ; it is ramified, glabrous, almost fleshy, with alternate or subopposite exstipulate leaves, and solitary terminal flowers. Leptarr/iena* on the contrary, is inform of receptacle and organiza- tion of gynseceum analogous to the Saxifrages with an almost superior ovary and independent carpels. But the ten stamens have one-celled anthers, and the placentas are confined to the lower part of the carpels. These last are in the fruit dry and coriaceous, erect, rostrate, and dehiscing ventrally. The seeds are prolonged into a long narrow point above and below, so as to be very elongated and spindle-shaped. L. pirolifolia R. Br.,4 owes its name to the form of its so-called radical leaves, which are petiolate, coriaceous, persistent, obovate, and serrate. Its flowers are in cymes, ending an erect scape. This plant is found in Kamschatka, and about the same latitude in North America. To! mica' represents the irregular form of the preceding types ; the receptacle and perianth together form a cornet cleft right down its anterior edge, with its mouth very obliquely bevelled downwards and forwards. In front it is edged by the two small sepals ; behind I 1 Ell., Carol., i. 370.— DC, Prodr., iv. 53.— Endl.. Gen., n. 4637.— B. H., Gen., 639, n. 18. — Cn/plopetahtm pusillum Hook. & Arn., Pot. Misc., iii. 314. 2 It is sometimes a centimetre in height, with a single terminal flower that appears almost radical, and several subjacent leaves, usually covered with little elongated brownish glands. In other cases, branches, also ending in a flower, develope in the axils of these leaves, and so on. Specimens occur wherein the solitary flower alone forms above half the bulk of the aerial part of the plant. 3 II. Br., in Parry's First Voy., Suppl., 273, obs. — DC, Prodr., iv. 48. — Ejsdl., Gen., n. 4635.— B. H., Gen., 634, n. 3. 4 Loc. cit.— Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer., i. t. 89. — Walp., Rep., v. 827. — Saxifraga pirifolia Sternb., Saxifr., Suppl., t. 2. 5 Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 582 (nee Hook.). — Endl., Gen., u. 46391. — B. H., Gen., 638, n. 15. 332 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Tolmiea Menziesii. Fig. 373. Diagram. are the three larger ones, each with a fertile stamen superposed (fig. 373) ; and between the sepals are seen long capillary filaments, which are considered petals. The free dicarpellary gynseceum and capsular fruit are those of a Saxifrage. Menziesia,1 the only known species of the genus, is a North American perennial, with a creeping rhizome, which gives off aerial branches covered with leaves ; these are alternate, cordate, incised-lobate, with membranous stipules ; the flowers are on drooping pedicels in terminal racemes. Eremosyne pectinate? is a little Australian herb, with the aspect of a small Caryophyllad, and pos- sessing a slender annual stem, with alternate lobed leaves. The small flowers grouped in ramified dichotomous cymes are nearly those of a Saxifrage as regards the half-inferior dicarpellary gynseceum, the pentamerous calyx and perigynous corolla and androceum. But in each of the nearly complete cells of the ovary is only a single subbasilar ovule, attached to the ventral angle, and ascending, with its micropyle downwards and inwards (?). The fruit is a little membranous loculicidal capsule, compressed at right angles to the septum. The seeds contain fleshy albumen surrounding the embryo. The receptacle of Vahlia (figs. 374, 375)3 forms a hollow hemi- sphere or short cornet, but on its edges are inserted five valvate sepals, five shorter alternating petals, and five epigynous stamens, whose filaments are inserted around a little circular disk framing the base of the styles ; they are often dilated at the base into a sort of scale, and then taper to the apex, which bears an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary is inferior, one-celled, with two or more, rarely three very imperfect septa projecting into its cavity, and separating the two or three placentas to a variable extent. These are ovoidal, suspended in the ovary by the narrow end (fig. 375), and are covered with small anatropous ovules.4 The 1 Heucliera Menziesii Hook., Fl. Por.-Amer., i. t. 80. 2 Endl., in Bueg. Eniim., 53 ; Gen., n. 4629 ; Iconogr., t. 112.— B. H., Gen., 634, n. 2 — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 449. 3 Thunb., Nov. Gen , ii. 36 (nee Dahl). — J., Gen., 318.— Lame., Bid., viii. 284; III, t. 183; E. Be., in Frankl. Journ., 766.— DC, Prodr., iv. 53. — Endl., Gen., n. 4631. — Pafee, Fam. Nat., 86.— B. H., Gen,, 637, n. 10.— Eusselia L. fil., Suppl,, 24 (nee Jacq.). — Bistella Del., Cent. PI. Afr., in Caill. Toy., 97, t. 63, fig. 2. 4 The styles are short or elongated. SAXIFRAGAGE2E. 333 Tahlia capemis. Fig. 374. Flower (\). Fig. 375. Long. sect, of flower. numerous seeds are small and albuminous. The four known species of Vahlia) inhabit Asia, but chiefly Tropical and South Africa. They are annual herbs, often glandular and pubescent, with dichotomous stems and branches. The leaves are opposite, entire, exstipulate. The flowers are paired in the axils of the leaves ; and the latter being re- placed by opposite bracts at the end of the branches, form terminal racemes or spikes. Donatio? has herma- phrodite flowers, with a hollow obconical recept- acle. On its rim are usually inserted five sep- als, and five alternat- ing petals ; and in the concavity is the ovary, three-celled, with a multiovulate placenta descending in a mass, with the ventral ano-le of each cell. The top of the ovary is slightly concave ; on it we see three recurved subulate styles, stigmatiferous at the apex, and corresponding with the cells below ; alternate with them stand three stamens, whose subulate filaments are slightly coherent at the base, and bear a didymous extrorse anther. The fruit is dry and three- celled, and finally opens broadly at the apex. It then forms a conical sac with two or three divisions, containing numerous oblong, glabrous seeds, diverging in all directions from the very narrow surface on which they are attached. Some flowers of Donatio, may have seven or eight sepals and ten petals ; others have only two cells to the ovary, two styles, and two alternating stamens. Two species of this genus are known,3 one from the extreme South of America, the other from the heights of New Zealand and Tasmania. 1 Reichb., Ic. Exot., t. 91. — Wight, HI., t. 115 j Icon., t. 562, 563.— Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 306. — Walp., Rep., ii. 362 ; Ann., ii. 687 ; vii. 900. 2Fobst., Char. Gen., 9, t. 5.— J., Gen., 300. — Lamk., Diet., Suppl., ii. 500; III., t. 51. — DC, Prodr., iv. 63. — A. S. H., in Mem. Mus., ii. 119.— Endl., Gen., n. 4630.— B. H., Gen 634, n. 1. 3 Hook., Icon., t. 16. — R£sr., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., iii. 39. — Hook, f., Fl, Antarct., ii. 281 ; Fl. Nov.-Zel., i. 80, t. 20.— Benth., Fl. Austral ii. 450. 334 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. They are little csespitose-tufted herbs, with the habit of certain alpine Saxifrages, and possess little imbricated, alternate coriaceous leaves, and sessile solitary terminal flowers, sometimes asexual by abortion.1 II. PENTHORUM SERIES. Penthorum (figs. 376, 377),2 a genus hitherto generally referred to Cramdacece, has regular hermaphrodite apetalous flowers, hexamerous or more frequently pentamerous. In the latter is a concave disk, thick and saucer-shaped, on the rim of which are inserted the perianth andandroceum. The former Penthorum sedoides. consists of five Or six short (\(5V)$ <\ rt somewhat unequal sepals, if% f: mm) ■ >--'* ' ^ valvate, or nearly so, in the ■^,^'4^^ "^^r i ^ ^ud. The petals are absent \f^/ " ^Hfej\ ^&)^^^^ : or iU-developed. There are -^' / V\" ^^^^f^^vj^ twice as many stamens, ^^ v^ half of them shorter, and FlG- 37,6; B FlG; f\ alternating with the sepals, Flower (±). Fruit dehiscing. ° * the other half superposed to them ; each consists of a short slender filament, and a basifixed two-celled anther, dehiscing b}^ two introrse or submarginal longitudinal clefts. The hollow of the receptacle forms a frame to the lower part of the five radiating carpels, which are applied to its walls and leave a depression m the centre. They alternate with the sepals ; each consists of a one-celled ovary tapering above into a style, slightly dilated and stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each ovary is a large ovoid stigma, covered with numerous little anatropous ovules. The fruit, surrounded by the persistent calyx, consists of five capsules, the free part of which separates from that adherent to the receptacle, setting free the numerous seeds. These are rugose or papillose, with an axile cylindroidal embryo, 1 Only with doubt do we refer the genus 65. — Lame., Diet., v. 160 ; Suppl., iv. 351 ; III., Donatio, to this order. " Gen. valde anomalum." t. 390. — DC, Prodr., iii. 41 1 ; Mem. PI. Gr., ii. (B. H., loc. eit.) 43, t. 1, fig. 8, t. 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 4625.— 2 L., Gen., n. 5S0.— Adans., F.im. des PI, ii. 13. H., Gen., 661, n. 13. 245. — J., Gen., 308.— GiERTN., Fruct., i. 312, t. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 335 surrounded by thin fleshy albumen. Two species of Penthorum are known,1 one Chinese, the other from the north-west of America. They are perennial herbs, with erect stems and alternate, simple, elongated, membranous-petiolate leaves. The flowers are small and greenish, and form branching cymes, uniparous and scorpoid towards the apex, terminating the branches. III. CEPHALOTUS SEEIES. The flowers of the genus Vami or Cephnhtus2 (figs. 37S-381), are regular, hermaphrodite, and monochlamydeous. The receptacle is a shallow cup, lined by a layer of glandular tissue, studded with papilla; and little glandular hairs. On its rim are inserted the six triangular petaloid leaves3 of the perianth. The androceum is diplo- stemonous, consisting of six stamens alternate with the perianth- leaves, and six smaller ones superposed to them. All are perigynous, and inserted on the rim of the disk ; they consist of a free filament, and a didymous, introrse, two-celled anther, whose connective is thickened into a swollen, fleshy, cellular, dorsal process. The gyna?ceum is inserted not far from the centre of the receptacle ;4 it is formed of six free carpels, alternating with the perianth-leaves ; each is formed of a one-celled ovary, tapering into a recurved style, stigmatiferous at the tip. In the ventral angle of each ovary, close to its base, is inserted by a short-curved funicle, the single ascend- ing anatropous ovule,5 with its raphe dorsal, and its micropyle looking downwards and inwards. The fruit is formed of six shortly stipitate follicles, around which persist the receptacle and perianth. 1 Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 561.— A. Gray, Man., ed. 2, 141. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 150. 2 Labill., PI. Nouv.-Holl., ii. 7, t. 145.— R. Br., in Mind. Vbtf., ii. 601, t. 4; in Edinb. Phil. Mag. (1832), 314.— Lamk., Diet., viii. 326.— Endi., Gen., n. 4628.— AG., Theor. Syst. PL, 360.— B. H., Gen., 655, n. 73.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 3. 3 They are greenish-white, and perhaps repre- sent a corolla. Without having seen the peri- anth at its first origin, we have seen it very young, and then its leaves were all of the same size, as in a corolla. Moreover, the large stamens alternate with them (fig. 388), and are thus in the position they occupy to the petals of other diplostemonous Saxifragacece. 4 Between the carpels the receptacle rises up like the bottom of a wine bottle, projecting into a little cone with an obtuse apex, inconspicuous at maturity. R. Brown, in his figures of Cepha- lotus, is wrong in drawing the carpels sometimes in front of the perianth-leaves, sometimes alter- nate with them. 3 It is said that there are sometimes two ovules j they have two coats. 336 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. This support finally opens and gapes widely, revealing the follicles covered with long reflexed hairs. They are surmounted by the recurved, hooked, persistent style, and open along the ventral angle. Cephalotus follicularis. Fig. 379. Flower (f). S3 1*1 - (few®* Fig. 380. Diagram. Fig. 381. Long. sect, of flower. The seed is elliptical-oblong, with a pale, lax, membranous, outer coat ; the fleshy albumen contains near its base a little axile embryo. C. follicularis,1 the only known sj)ecies, is a perennial herb, from the 1 Labile., loc. cit. — Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 3118, 3119.— Nees, in PI. Preiss., i. 278.— Bentii., Fl. Austral., ii. 449. — Lem. & Dcke., Tr. Gen., 266. BAXIFRAGACE2E. 337 marshlands of the South-west of Australia, with the habit of certain Saxifrages. Its short rhizome, sunk vertically, or more or less obliquely in the swampy soil, bears above ground the alternate, so-called radical leaves, petiolate and exstipulate, approximated into a rosette. Some of them are entire, flat, elliptical-oblong, without marked ribs ; others are developed into pitchers or ascidia (fig. 378) ; in these the petiole bears at its apex a suspended urn, with three longitudinal, external prominences, one median and two lateral ; a thick collar covered with vertical ribs surrounds the mouth of the urn,1 closed by a slightly convex lid. All the parts of this plant are covered with a fine silky down. The flowers are borne on a common erect scape, naked below, and bearing above a pretty large number of alternate, usually biparous cymes, with bracts at their base, but no bractlets to the floral pedicels. IV. PARNASSIA SERIES. Parncmicc (figs. 382—387) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle is slightly concave and saucer-shaped ; on its rim are inserted the perianth and androceum. The calyx consists of five sepals, one anterior, two lateral, and two posterior, of imbricate pignoration.3 The corolla consists of five imbricated marcescent petals.4 The five subperigynous stamens alternate with the petals ; each consists of a free filament, and an introrse, versatile, two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.5 Between the stamens are as many multifid scales (fig. 3S5), with slender subulate lobes, each tipped by a capitate gland. The g3'n0eceum is free; its one-celled ovary is surmounted by a short style, which at once divides into three, or more frequently four, stigmatiferous branches. To these are superposed as many parietal placentas,6 which bear either all 1 Duchtre., jElSm. de Bot., figs. Ill, 112. 3 The imbrication is peculiar in P. palustris 2 Parnassia T., Inst., 246, t. 127.— L., Gen., (fig. 384). Here it is quincuncial, but most n. 384.— Adans., Fan. des PL, ii. 449.— J., commonly with sepals 1 and 4 posterior, and Gen., 245.— Gjertn., Fruct., i. 2S7, t. 60.— sepals 2 and 3 lateral. Lamk., Bid., v. 22 ; Suppl., iv. 302 ; III., t. 216. 4 Sometimes fimbriate. —DC, Prodr.. i. 320.— Endl., Gen., n. 5039.— 5 The pollen grains are ovoidal, with three Payee, Organog., 183, t. 39 ; Fam. Nat., 101.— folds; in water they become spherical, with three A. Gray, Gen, III., t. 86.— B. H., Gen,, 639, papillate bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1004, n.'l9.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 7. — 2, iii. 329). Lem. & Dcke., Tr. Gen., 406. — Enneadgnamis 6 When there are four, two of the incomplete GESN.'(ex Adans.) — Pyrola Mor. (ex Adans., cells are lateral, two anteroposterior. nee alior.). vol. ii r. z 338 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. along or only below, an indefinite number of pluriseriate, oblique or transverse, anatropous ovules.1 The fruit, at whose base persists the withered perianth, is a capsule, opening above into three or four Parnassia paluslris (Grass of Parnassus). Fig. 384. Diagram. / ' ~ ' Fig. 382 Habit (i). Fig. 385. Glanduliferons scale (£). Fig. 38G. Fruit. Fig. 387. Seed. valves, each bearing on the centre of its inner face a many-seeded placenta. The seeds (fig. 387) have a lax cellular external coat, in which lies loosely the internal mass. This contains a fleshy cylind- 1 They have two coats, very distinct towards the micropvle. SAXIFRAGAGEJE. 339 roiclal embiyo, sometimes surrounded by a membranous albumen. Parnassia comprises about a dozen species of glabrous perennial herbs,1 inhabiting the temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and the mountains of India, preferring marshes and damp pastures. The radical leaves are alternate, with a petiole dilated at the base, and a simple blade. Axillary to these arise one- flowered peduncles, bearing halfway up one or more leaves or bracts. V. FRANCOA SERIES. Francoa? (figs. 3S8-391) has hermaphrodite regular flowers. On the rim of the very slightly concave receptacle are inserted four sepals, valvate or slightly imbricate, two lateral, two antero posterior. There are as many alternating petals, imbricate or contorted in the bud. Francoa sonchifolia. Fig. 388. Flower ('f). Fig. 38!). 1) msram. Fig. 391. Fruit dehiscing (|). Fig. 390. Long, sect, of flower. The androceum consists of eight subperigynous stamens, four super- posed to the sepals, and four smaller to the petals ; each consists 1 Vent., Malm., t. 39.— Hook., Fl. Bo,:- Amer., i. t. 27, 28; Bot. Misc., i. t. 23. — Zenk., PI. hid., t. 5.— K., Fl. Berol., i. 99.— Gren. & Godr., Fl. de Ft:, i. 193.— A rn., in Bot. Mag. Comp., ii. 315. — Wight, III., t. 21 ; Icon., t. 91-5. — Hook. f. & Titoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc.,\\. 79.— Walp., Sep., i. 230; ii. 768; Ann., i. 72, 958. 2 Cay., in Ann. Scienc. Nat., iv. 237 ; Icon., vi. 77, t. 596.— DC, Proclr., vii. 777.— A. Juss., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, iii. 192, t. 12 ; in Diet. cVBist. Nat., vii. 35. — Endl., Gen., n. 4626.— Spach, Suit, a Buffbn, v. 68. — Payee, Organog., 374, t, 82.— IS. H., Gen., 640, n. 20.— H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 388. — Liaupanlce Fetjill., Journ., ii. 742, t. 31. z 2 340 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. of a free filament and a two-celled anther dehiscing by two sublateral longitudinal clefts. Between the stamens are eight elongated glands. The free gynseceum consists of an ovary with four prominent cells superposed to the petals, each containing a large number of anatropous ovules. It is surmounted by a short style, which soon expands into a sort of four-lobed stigmatiferous cup, the lobes alternating with the cells of the ovary. The fruit, around whose base is the persistent calyx, is an elongated tetragonal septicidal capsule, dehiscing from the summit downwards, with concave valves bearing the polysperm- ous septa on the centre of their inner face, while the style persists, dried up on top of the central columella (fig. 391). The seeds have a lax membranous outer coat, and contain a fleshy albumen lodging a small embryo at its apex. There are two species of Francoa? perennial Chilian herbs. Their leaves are alternate, lyrate-pin- natifid,2 tapering at the base to simulate a winged petiole, though really sessile, exstipulate, and often sprinkled with glands. Their flowers form simple or compound racemes, and are each axillary to a bract, more or less adnate to the pedicel in one of the species. Tetilla Iiydrocotylafolia? a perennial herb from Chili, is formed as in Francoa ; but its perianth is irregular ; its posterior sepals are larger than the anterior ; and its anterior petals are either quite absent, or usually smaller than the posterior. The fruit is a many- seeded membranous loculicidal capsule ; the flowers are racemose. VI. HYDRANGEA SEEIES. Hydrangea* (figs. 392, 393) has its flowers all fertile, or of two kinds, the outermost of the inflorescence remaining sterile, with only 1 Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., vi. 51. — Kze., in Flora (1831), 369.— Sweet, Fl. Gard., ii. t. 151. — Lindi., in Pot. Peg., t. 1645. — Hook., in Pot. Mag., t. 3178, 3309.— C. Gat, Fl. Chil.,\\\. 147. — Lem.& Decne., Trait. Gen., 265. — Walp., Ann., vii. 902. 2 Not really compound. 3 DC, Prodr., iv. 667; vii. 778.— Deless., lc. Sel., iii. t. 77.— Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. t. 19.— A. Juss., loc. cit.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., iii. 149.— Endl., Gen., n. 4627.— Dimorphopetalum Tetilla Beet., in Merc. Chil. (1829), n. 12-14. — Tetraplasium Kze., in Flora (1831), 378. 4 L., Gen., n. 557 {Hydrangia). — J., Gen., 214.— G^etn., Fruct., i. 150, t, 30.— Lamk., Diet., iii. 150; Suppl., iii. 71; III., t. 170.— DC, Prodr., iv. 13.— Space", Suit, a Puffon, v. 8AXIFBAQAGEJE. 341 rudiments of the sexual organs and corolla. To make up for this the calyx is enormously developed, formed of four or five large coloured veined petaloid sepals. In the fertile flowers it is short, consisting of four or five little tooth-like sepals, inserted on the rim of the receptacu- Ilydrangea quercifolia. 1 f>] cSp Fig. 392. Flowering branch (i). Fig. 393. Flowers, sterile and fertile. lar sac. When its parts are large enough they are imbricate in the bud. The petals, inserted like the sepals, are alternate with them, free, and valvate in the bud. The stamens are what is termed epigynous, inserted outside a glandular disk surmounting the ovary. Four or five are superposed to the sepals, and as many to the petals. Their filaments are free and bear short two-celled anthers dehiscing by introrse or marginal longitudinal clefts.1 The ovary, sunk in the concavity of the receptacle, only springs from it towards its apex, surmounted by a style with two or four branches ; these are stigmat- iferous above or inside their extremities. There are as many parietal placentas, which often meet and unite along the axis of the 21. — Endl., Gen., n. 4668. — Payee, Fam. Nat., 87 — B. H., Gen., 640, n. 22. — H. Hn., in Adan- sonia, i. 371; vi. 11. — Lem. & Decne., Tr. Gen., 263. — Peautia Coiimees., mss. — Horiensia Commees. (ex J., loc. cit.). — Lamk., Diet., iii. 136; Suppl., iii. 59; III., t. 380.— Primula Loue., Fl. Cochinch., 127 (nee Auctt.). — Cor- nidia R. & Pav., Pro-1 K~ 35 ; Fl. Per. et CHI., iv. t. 335 (ined.).— Endl., Gen., n. 4671.— Sarcostyles Peesl, Pel. Hcenk., ii. 53, t. 60. 1 The pollen grains are small and ellipsoidal in H. radiata and in Hortensia speciosa, another species of this genus. When moistened they become ovoidal, with three bands. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 331.) 312 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ovary, which thus becomes two- or four-celled. The ovules are numerous, small and anatropous.1 The fruit is dry and capsular, often submembranous, surmounted by the teeth of the calyx and the two or four withered styles ; between these it opens at the apex to free the numerous seeds. The outer seed-coat is often prolonged into a reticulate membranous sac; the thin fleshy albumen contains in its axis a cylindrical embryo with very short cotyledons. Some thirty species of this genus are known,2 inhabitants of the temperate parts of North and South America, East and Central Asia, and Java. They are trees or shrubs, sometimes sarmentose, with opposite petio- late exstipulate leaves, persistent or caducous. The inflorescences are terminal, with caducous bracts at the base. They look like corymbs, but are really short ramified racemes of C3^mes, which often become uniparous peripherally, towards the sterile flowers with the large petaloid calyx (fig. 393). A Japanese Hydrangea has been described as a distinct species under the name of Schizopliragma ;3 its styles, instead of being free all along or for some distance, are united into a single column, right up to the four- or five-lobed stigmatiferous end. This character appears to us of only sectional value. PI at j crater* has the characters of Hydrangea with numerous stamens, and is to that genus what Philadelphus is to Deutzia. The flowers may be tetramerous or pentamerous ; but the carpels, with the styles and parietal placentas, are usually two or more rarely three in number. The latter number is found in Cardiandra? which is generically inseparable from Platycrater, though possessing alter, nate leaves. The two known species5 of this genus are Japanese shrubs, with the habit, inflorescence, and external sterile flowers of Hydrangea. Pileostegia1 has tetramerous flowers, very near those of some Ilyd- 1 They have two coats. 3 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., 58, t. 26. — Endl. ■- Duham., Arbr., ed. uov. iii. t. 24. — Wall., Gen., n. 4670. — B. H., Gen., 641, n. 23 — Tent. Fl. Nepal, t. 49, 50.— Cubt., in Syll. Walp., Rep., v. 836. PI., ii. 38.— Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., t. 51-64, * Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., 62, t. 27. Exdl., 92.— Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 10, Gen., n. 4669. — B. H., Gen., 642, n. 30. 1. 17 (Comidia). — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. b Sieb. & Zucc, op. tit., 119, t. 65, 66. Linn. Soc, ii. 75. — A. Geay, Man., ed. 2, 146. — Endl., Gen., n. 4668 l. — B. H., Gen., 643, n. 31. Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 155. — Bol. Mag. G Walp., Sep., v. 835, 836. t. 137, 975. 4253, 5038.— Walp., Rep., ii. 375 * Hook. p. & Thoms., in Jouni. Linn Soc, 377 (Conuriia); Ann., ii. 689; vii. 902. ii. 57, 76, t. 2.— B. H., Gen., 641, n. 21. ' SAXIFRA QA GFM. 343 rangeaSy especially those that possess a single style with a thick and more or less angular or lobed stigmatiferous head. But the valvate corolla is circumcissile, coming off at the base in a single piece. The fruit is a capsule with four or five many-seeded cells. This small genus comprises one or two Asiatic species, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and small flowers in compound branching racemes. Broiissaisia,x with the floral organization of Pileostegia, has a baccate fruit and polygamous flowers. Their single style is dilated above into a five-lobed stigmatiferous head. Dichroa? has a fleshy fruit, but from three to five distinct styles. The petals are well developed and valvate. One species of Dic/iroa is known, a native of the temperate regions of India, China, Java, and the Philip- pines,3 with alternate leaves, and flowers that change colour from blue to pinky lilac. The only known species4 of Broussaisia 1ms opposite leaves, and inhabits the Sandwich Islands. VII. PHILADELPHIA SERIES. We shall commence the study of this order with the genus Deulzicf (figs. 394-396), which has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The hollow receptacle, saccate or obconical, bears on its rim five valvate sepals, and five alternating petals of imbricate or valvate-induplicate aestivation. At the same height are inserted, more internally, ten stamens, five superposed to the sepals, and five shorter to the petals. Their filaments are large and subpetaloid, and divide above into 1 Gatjdich., in Voy. Freycin., Bot., 479, t. 4 B.pellucida Gattdich. (Voy. Bonite, loc. 69; Voy. Bonite, Bot., t. 9. — DC, Prodr., iv. cit.) has been described as a distinct species of B. 17. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4673. — A. Gbay, Bot. argv.ta Gaudich. {Voy. Freycin., loc. cit. ; — A. Unit. States Ex pi. Exp., i. 681, t. 87.— B. H., Gbay, loc. cit, 683), but it may well be only Gen., 641, n. 26. a form with somewhat different leaves ; still A. 2 Lotje., Fl. CocMncli., 301. — Endl., Gen., Gray retains the two as distinct species. n. 6882. — B. H., Gen., 641, n. 25. — Cyanitis b Thunb., Nov. Gen., 19; Fl. Jap., 10, t. Eeinyt., Syll. PI. Ratisb., ii. 10. — Adamia 24. — J., Gen., 431. — Gjeetn., Fruct., iii. 30, t. Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal, 46, t. 36; PI. As. 184.— Lajik., Diet ., ii. 275 ; Suppl., ii. 467 ; III. Bar., t. 213. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 28. — t. 3S0.— DC, Prodr., iv. 16. — Spach, Suit, a Endl., Gen., n. 4G72. Puffon, v. 18.— Endl., Gen., n. 6107.— Payer, 3 D.febrifuga Lotje., loc. cit. — BeiXth., Fl. Organog., 377.— B. H., Gen., 642, n. 27. — Hongkong., 128. — Walp., Ann., \ii. 903. — H. Bx., in Payer Fam. Nat., 347. Adamia versicolor Wall., loc. cit. — Bot. Mag. t. 3046. ai4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. three teeth, of which the central is much the longest and bears an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The ovary, Fig. 394. Flower. Beutzia scabra. Fig. 395. Diagram. Fig. 396. Long. sect, of flower. lodged inside the receptacle and covered with a glandular disk, is divided into three or four cells, surmounted by as many styles stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each is a thick placenta covered with anatropous ovules. The fruit is a septicidal capsule opening above into three or four valves. The seeds are numerous and oblique ; the membranous outer coat is prolonged above into a wing, below into a sort of tube. In the centre is an embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen. Beutzia comprises six or seven species' of shrubs from Temperate India, China, and Japan. Their leaves are opposite, simple, serrate, exstipulate, often covered with simple or stellate hairs. The flowers are grouped into simple or compound spikes or racemes, axillary or terminal, with opposite bracts ; more rarely they are solitary in the axils of the leaves. Philadelphus (the Syringa2 of our gardeners ; figs. 397-403), may be defined as Beutzia with flowers more frequently tetramerous than pentamerous, a twisted corolla, and numerous stamens in four bundles superposed to the sepals. The filaments have no lateral 1 Don, in Fdin. N. Phil. Journ., iii. (1829), 164.— Wall., PI. As. Rar.,t, 191.— Royle, III. Simal., t. 46. — Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., t. 6-8 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, vi. 80. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 83. — Bot. Reg., t. 1718; (1840), t. 5; (1847), t. 13.— Walp., Rep., ii. 151 ; Ann., vii. 903. 2 Philadelphus L., Oen., u. 614. — J., Gen., 325.— Gjebtn., Fruct., i. 173, t. 35.— Lamk. Diet., vii. 118; Suppl., v. 135 j III., t. 420.— DC, Prodr., iii. 205.— Spach, Suit. a. Buffon, v. 13.— Endl., Gen., n. 6105.— Payee, Organog., 377, t. 83.— B. H., Gen., 642, n. 29.— H. Bs., in Payer Fam. Nat., 348; in Adansonia, vi. 1, 11. — Syringa T., Inst., 617, t. 389 (nee L.). 8AXIFBAGACE2E. 345 teeth. The ovary has either three cells, or as many as there are petals superposed to them. The capsular fruit (fig. 401) is loculiciclal, with its valves entire or bifid at the apex ; the seeds (figs. 402, 403), re- Philadelplius coronarius. Fig. 397. Flowering branch. Fio. 398. Flower. Fig. 400. Long. sect, of fruit (-|). Fig. 399. Diagram. sembling those of Deutzia, are prolonged into a narrow wing at either end. This genus comprises shrubs from the temperate regions of Europe, middle Asia, and North America, possessing the vegetative organs and inflorescence of Beutzia. Some ten or twelve 346 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. species1 have been distinguished ; most of them are cultivated in our gardens. Fig. 402. Seed (f). Philadelphia coronarius. Fig. 401. Fruit dehiscing (^). Fig. 403. Long. sect, of seed. Decumaria barbara. Decmnaria (fig. 404)2 is a sarmentose shrub from North America, with the leaves of Philadelphm ; but its flowers, of fundamentally the same organization, are formed on the type 7 or 8, or even 9 or 10. They are grouped into a ramified corymbiform terminal cyme. The fruits are dry and many- seeded ; but they open as in several Escallonias, so that the external and internal layers of the peri- carp separate from the netted veins of the mesocarp. Within this network are seen the numerous small seeds, formed nearly as in Philadelphus. The flowers of Fendlera come very near those of Deutzia? with four superior valvate sepals, four alternate unguiculate petals, imbricated and often decussate, and eight stamens superposed to the perianth- leaves. They have an introrse anther, cuspidate at the apex ; and the filament expands above into two large alate petaloid lateral lobes which overtop the anther. The ovary is partly inferior, surmounted Fig. 404. Long. sect, of flower. 1 Royle, III. Himal., t. 46. — A. Gray, Man., ed. 2, 146.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. St., 156.— Bot. Mag., t. 1478, 5334.— _Bo£. Reg., t. 2003 ; (1838), t. 14; (1839), t. 32, 39; (1842), t. 38.— Walp., Sep., ii. 151; Ann., ii. 614; iv. 821; vii. 903. 2 L., Gen., 597. — J., Gen., 324. — Lame., Diet., ii. 265 ; Suppl., ii. 459 ; III., t. 403.— DC, Prodr., iii. 205.— Spacii, Suit, a Buffon, v. 19.— Exdl., Gen., n, 6106. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 348.— B. R\, Gen., 642, n. 28.— D. sar- mentosa Bosc, in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., i. 76, t. 13. — D. Forsythia Michx., Fl. Bnr.- Amer., i. 282. — D. radicans MCENCH. — Forsythia scandens Walt., Carol., 154. 3 Engelm. & A. Gray, in PI. Wright., i. (Smithson. Contrib., iii.), 77, t. 5. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 2. — 15. H., Gen., 643, n. 33. SAXIFBAGAGE2E. 347 by a style, deeply divided into four linear lobes, which however long remain sticking together into an apparently single column. They are stigmatiferous at the apex. There are four cells superposed to the petals, each with an axile placenta bearing a variable number of de- scending ovules. The fruit is a partly superior septicidal capsule, con- taining descending seeds like those of Philadelphia, with the embryo surrounded by lieshy albumen. The only known species1 of this genus is a shrub from Texas and New Mexico, with opposite leaves and terminal flowers, solitary or few together. Jamesia americana? is also a closely allied plant with pentamerous diplostemonous flowers. Its ovary is in great part superior, J -celled, with three or five oppositipetalous stylar branches, and as many alternating multiovulate placentas, T-shaped in transverse section. The fruit is a capsule, with the calyx persisting at its base ; it opens at the apex between the styles to free the numerous albu- minous seeds. This plant is a shrub from the Rocky Moun- tains, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and flowers in ramified terminal racemes. Near these, botanists have placed Carpenteria califoruica,3 a shrub with opposite leaves, and few terminal cymose 5-7-merous flowers. The receptacle is shallow, the calyx valvate, the corolla twisted, the indefinite stamens perigynous. The ovary, to a great extent superior, has from five to seven cells, into the ventral angle of which project two large placentary lobes covered with the numerous small ovules. It becomes a loculicidal capsule with albuminous seeds, like those of the preceding genera. Whipplea modesta* a low Calif ornian undershrub, has small flowers with a concave receptacle lodging part of the ovary, and bearing on its rim from four to six sepals, as many petals, and twice as many free stamens with didymous anthers, those opposite to the petals being the smaller. The partly inferior ovary has four or five cells, each containing a descending ovule attached close to the apex of the 1 F. riipicola Engelm. & A. Gray, loc. cit. — 3 Tokr., PI. Fremont., 12, t. 7. — B. H., Gen. Walp., Ann., iv. 820. 613, n. 34-.— Walp., Ann., iv. 820. 2 Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 593. — 4 Tour., in Wipp'. Expecl., Bot., 31, t. 7. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4(370 l. — H". Bn., in Adansonia, B. H., Gen., 614, n. 35. vi. 2.— B. H., Gen., 613, n. 32.— Walp., Ann., ii. 614. 348 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ventral angle. It is surmounted by a style with as many linear branches, stigmatiferous inside. The fruit is a capsule, with the re- ceptacle surrounding its base ; it divides above into several one-seeded stones which open ventraily. The slender scabrous branches of this plant are covered with opposite simple oval dentate leaves, petiolate, three-ribbed at the base, and exstipulate. The flowers are grouped in little terminal racemes.1 Pterostemon mexicanus? formerly classed with doubt among Rosacea,3 must now, as we have since discovered,4 be regarded as allied to Deutzia and Jamesia, at the same time presenting points of strong resemblance with Escattonia. Its leaves are indeed alternate ; but they possess very small stipules, and it has ten stamens ; but the alternipetalous alone have a flattened trifid filament, with the anther on the middle tooth ; the five others are reduced to sterile tongues. The capsular fruit dehisces as in Philadelphus, and con- tains wingless seeds, whose axile embryo is surrounded by fleshy albumen. The only known species has its flowers in corymbiform cymes, like those of the Service-trees, and sometimes reduced to very few flowers. VIII. ESCALLONIA SEEIES. Escallonicc' (figs. 405-408) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. In its saccate receptacle is embedded the ovary, crowned with an epigynous disk traversed by the base of the style. On the rim of the receptacle are inserted five sepals, free or united below, valvate or cjuincuncial in the bud. The corolla is formed of five alternate petals, free, but so applied to one another below as to form a sort of tube, and imbricated or rarely twisted in praifloration. The five stamens, alternate with the petals, are inserted like them outside 1 This plant appears to represent a Deciimaria of reduced type, with its ovary-cells containing but a single ovule. ? SchauER, in Linncea, xx. 736. 3 See above, i. 389, 461, n. 36. 4 In Adansonia, ix. 245. 5 L. Fit., Suppl., 21. — J., Gen., 321.— G.3EBTN., Fruct., iii. 16, 182. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 394; Suppl., v. 246; III., t. 143.— DC, Prodr., iv. 2. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 29. — Endl. Gen., n. 4674. — Payer, Organog., 385, t. 89. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 283; vi. 9. — B. H., Gen., 644, n. 36. — Lem. & Decne., Tr. Gen., 263.— Stereoxylon R. & Pay., Prodr., 38, t. 6 ; FL Per. et Chil., t. 234, 238.— Mollia Gmel., Syst., 303 (nee Mart. & Zucc). — Vigiera Velloz, Fl. Flum., ii. t. 73, 74. 8AXIFEAGACEJ2. 349 the margin' of the disk ; they have free filaments, often sticking to the edges of the petals, and introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. The inferior ovary contains two, or more rarely three cells, complete or nearly so,1 and containing in the ventral angle the Escallonia rubra. Fig. 405. Flowering branch. large 2-lobed placentas, covered with anatropous ovules. The stig- matiferous head of the single style is divided into two or three lobes, often ill-defined. This style persists with the disk and calyx at the top of the fruit, which is a septicidal two or three- celled capsule, opening at the base into two or three valves, while the placentas are left covered with the indefinite small seeds, whose coats2 contain a fleshy albumen enfolding an axile embryo. Escallonia consists of some thirty species3 of American trees or shrubs, often glandular, 1 Very often the placentas touch by the inner membranous bag, sometimes prolonged at the edge of their two rounded lobes (fig. 407), but base into a sort of cellular fringe, they may be usually separated by slight traction. 3 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, iii. 294. — 5 The outer coat usually forms a lax furrowed Vent., Ch. de PL, t. 54. — Reichb., Ic. JExot., 350 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. viscid and resinous. Their flowers1 are rarely axillary, usually collected into terminal cymes forming false racemes or corymbs. Valdima Gayana2 is a little Chilian shrub, whose flower scarcely differs from that of Escattonia? Its parts may be in sixes or Escallonia rubra. Fig. 406. Flower. Fig. 407. Diagram. Fig. 408. Long. sect, of flower (|). sevens, while the gynseceum is di- or trimerous.4 Each petal bears inside and near its base a tuft of hairs ; and the dry membranous fruit is perhaps indehiscent. The habit is very peculiar : the very humble stem bears large obovate-lanceolate leaves, with glandular teeth. The flowers form axillary racemes. In Quinlina5 the flowers are those of Escallonia and Valdivia, but smaller. The ovary is however only partly inferior, and contains from three to five cells, complete or incomplete. The fruit is capsular, and opens between the carpels to free the numerous winged seeds. The genus comprises shrubs with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and t. 202.— Presl, Bel. Hanlc, ii. t. 51-59.— A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. t. 51-59.— Pcepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 8, t, 13-15. — Link & Ott., Ic. Sel., t. 23.— R£ny, in C. Gay Fl. Chil., iii. 49.— Wedd., Chi. Andin., ii. 208, t. 71 B.— Hook., Icon., t. 114, 514, 540.— Bot. Beg., t. 1467, 1900.— Bot. Mag., t. 2890, 4473, 4827.— Walp., Bep., ii. 377 ; v. 837 j Ann., i. 338, 976; v. 32; vii. 905. 1 White, pink, or red. 2 ll&HY, in C. Gay Fl. Chil, iii. 43, t. 29.— B. H., Gen., 644, n. 37.— Walp., Ann., i. 976. 3 The petals are valvate. 4 If there are two placentas, they touch when adult, and the ovary is two-celled ; but when young they easily separate from one another. 5 A. DC, Monogr. Campanulac, 92 ; Prodr., iv. 5,— Endl., in Mora (1832), 389, t. 3; At alt., t. 10; Gen., n. 4675.— B. H., Gin., 615, n. 38. 8AXIFBA0ACE2E. 351 flowers in simple or ramified racemes. The four or five known species1 inhabit Australia and New Zealand. Forgesia borbonica- is a shrub, with flowers formed as in Escallonia except in two points : the petals, slightly united at the base, are valvate, not imbricate ; and the two styles are free, not united.3 The fruit, partially inferior, is a septicidal capsule.4 All the parts of this shrub are glabrous. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, exstipulate, simple, lanceolate. The flowers form pretty large lax terminal racemes of cymes. The flowers of Argophyllum' are regular and hermaphrodite, with the receptacle subconcave or very deep,6 so that the insertion of the perianth and androceum is subhypogynous or perigynous, according to the species. There are five or six sepals, and as many alternating petals, both sets valvate in the bud. The stamens of the isoste- monous androceum have a small free filament, and an introrse two-celled anther7 of longitudinal dehiscence. The disk is represented by five flattened persistent valvate fringed blades, applied to the inside of the petals. The nearly superior or partly inferior ovary has five cells superposed to the petals, or only from two to four ; it is sur- mounted by an erect style, whose stigmatiferous head is divided into as many obtuse lobes as there are cells to the ovary. In the central angle of each of these is a placenta, forming a more or less irregular mass inserted by a short narrow stalk. Its whole sur- face is covered with little anatropous ovules. The fruit, surrounded by the desiccated perianth and disk, is a loculicidal capsule opening by as many valves, often bipartite, as there are cells. The seeds are small, with a rugose or foveolate outer coat, and a little axile embryo surrounded by a fleshy albumen. Some four or five species of ArgophyL 1 Hook., Icon., t. 558. — A. Cpnn., in Tayl. Ann. Nat. Hist., ii. 356. — Hook..f., Fl. Nov.- Zel., i. 78.— Benth , Fl. Austral., ii. 437. — F. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austral., ii. 125; iii. 166; vi. 92, 189.— Walp., Ann., vii. 906. 2 Commeks., ex J., Gen., 164. — DC, Prod,-., iv. 5. — Endl., Gen., n. 4676. — Tul., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 156.— B. H., Gen., 618, n. hO.—Defforgia Lamk., III., 71, t. 125. 3 The two cells of the ovary are usually com- plete at maturity. 4 The two horned styles bend back at de- hiscence as far as the remains of the epigynous disk . 5 Forst., Char. Gen., 29, t. 15. — L. fil., Suppl., 156. — J., Gen.. 161. — G^rtn., Fruct., iii. 149, t. 210.— DC, Prodr., vii. 578.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 4679. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 9. — B. H., Gen., 646, n. 43. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xv. t. 170. 6 Often forming an inverted pyramid, as in A. nitidum Labill. In A. elliplicum Labill. (?), on the contrary, it is a shallow cupule, so that the insertion is much more nearly hypogy- nous. ' The anthers usually stick to the stigmatiferous end of the stvle. 352 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. lum are known,1 shrubs from Australia, and especially New Cale- donia, covered with silky down of sometimes submetallic lustre. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, simple, entire or dentate, exstipulate. The flowers form ramified corymbiform racemes, axillary or terminal. Carpodetus serrafus," a shrub from New Zealand, is scarcely generi- cally distinct from Argophyllum. Its narrow sepals do not touch j and its ovary, lodged inside the short everted funnel-shaped re- ceptacle, is surmounted by a glandular disk with five scarcely prominent lobes, opposite to the petals, but not lining them with a fringed scale. The number of cells in the ovary varies from three to five, superposed to the petals in the latter case. In the ventral angle of each is a placentary mass, inserted by a short straight pedicel, and covered with ovules. The fruit is coriaceous, slightly fleshy, dehiscent, crowned by the circular cicatrix of the perianth. The cells contain an indefinite number of small descending seeds, with a foveolate outer coat, surrounding a fleshy albumen which lodges a small embiwo near its apex. The leaves of this plant are alternate, petiolate, simple, with glandular teeth, and small stipules which are very inconspicuous at maturity. The flowers are in branching cymes, axillary, or terminal and leaf-opposed. Berenice argufa,3 a small undershrub from Bourbon, has nearly the flowers of Carpodetus, with a concave hemispherical receptacle lodging the ovary, five sepals, five valvate petals, and five epigynous stamens with introrse anthers. From the centre of the flat or depressed roof of the ovary rises an entire style, ending in a large stigmatiferous head. There are three or four cells, and in the centre of each is a multiovulate placenta forming a lobe with a cylindrical stalk. The fruit, crowned with the persistent sepals, is a depressed capsule, opening above by triangular loculicidal valves. The numerous rugose seeds contain a fleshy albumen, with an axile placenta. This plant has slender branches, with alternate simple serrulate leaves. 1 Labill., Sert.Austro-caled., 37, t. 40,41. — F. Mttell., Fragm., iv. 33; 177; vi. 188. — Bexth., Fl. Austral., ii. 436. — Walp., Ann., vii. 970. 2 Fobst., Char. Gen., 33, t. 17. — J, Gen., 382.— Spbeng., PugiU., i. 20.— DC, Prodr., ii. 29. — A. Ctjnn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., iii. 247. — Endl., Gen., n. 5691.— Hook., Icon., t. 564.— Fenzi, in Begensb. BenTc., 3, 1. 12. — B. H., Gen., 646, n. 44. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xvii. t. 170. — Walp., Ann., vii. 907. 3 Tcl., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 156. — B. H., Gen., 646, n. 42.— Walp., Ann,, vii. 907. 8AXIFBAGAGEM. 353 The flowers form terminal ramified racemes ; the pedicel of each flower bears lower down numerous alternate bracts. In Polyosma? the receptacle forms an elongated sac with a narrow mouth, around which are inserted a short four-toothed calyx, four long valvate petals, and four alternate epigynous stamens with two- celled anthers. The inferior one-celled ovary contains two multiovu- late placentas, and is surmounted by a simple style with a stigmati- ferous apex. The fleshy fruit contains only a single seed, whose thick fleshy albumen lodges a small embryo near its apex. Some half- score species of Polt/osma are known,2 trees from the warm regions of South and East Asia, and Oceania. Their leaves are opposite or alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, simple, entire or toothed, some- times like those of a Holly. The flowers form large terminal racemes, or more rarely they are solitary. Underneath the receptacle are inserted two lateral bracts. Itea3 (figs. 409, 41 0) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the shallow cup- shaped receptacle, lined by a layer of glandular tissue, are inserted five sepals, imbricated, or narrow and early ceasing to Itea virginica. Fig. 409. Flower (\ ). Fig. 410. Long. sect, of flower. touch, and five alternate petals, narrow and valvate. There are also five free stamens, superposed to the sepals, with introrse two-celled 1 Bl., Bijdr., 658 ; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 258, t. 57.— Endl., Gen., n. 4678 '.— B. H„ Gen., 647, n. 48. 2 Benn., PI. Jav. Ear., 196, t. 40.— Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc., ii. 77. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 438. — F. Muell., Fragm., vi. 189.— Waxp., Rep., ii. 379. 3 L., Gen., n. 275.— J., Gen., 159 — GiEKTN., VOL. III. Fruct., iii. 142, t. 209.— Lamk., Diet., Suppl. iii. 190; 111., t. 147.— DC, Frodr., iv. 6.— Spach, Suit, rt Fuffon, v. 34. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Jovrn. Linn. Soc., loc. cit. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4677.— B. H., Gen., 647, n. 47.— Diconangia Michel., Gen., 5. — Adans., Fam. des FL, ii. 165 (ex Ekdl.). A A >5fc NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Phyllonoma rnscifolium. anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynaeceum is free in great part or entirely ; it consists of an elongated two-celled ovary, tapering above into a style which early divides into two branches, erect or reflexed, and stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each cell is a multiovulate placenta. The fruit is a septicidal bivalve many-seeded capsule. The seeds are elongated, numerous and with a laxly membranous testa, or few with a smooth crustaeeous testa. The fleshy albumen surrounds a cylindroidal embryo. Itea comprises five species1 of trees and shrubs from North America, and Temperate Eastern and Central Asia. Their leaves2 are alternate petiolate exstipu- late simple, oblong or lanceolate, with glandular teeth or crenulations. The flowers are numerous, in axillary or terminal simple racemes. Pliyllonomc? has very small flowers, resembling those of Berenice, Carpodetas, Itea, &c, with a concave, ob- conical or obpyramidal receptacle bearing on its edges five little toothlike sepals, five triangular valvate petals, and five alternating stamens4 with introrse didymous anthers. The inferior ovary is surmounted by a style with two short branches stig- matiferous at the apex ;5 it contains two pluriovulate parietal placentas alternating with the stylar lobes.6 A thick fleshy disk covers the whole ovary. The fruit is fleshy, crowned by the scar of the peri- anth ; it contains one or more seeds with a fleshy albumen, near the apex of which is a short embryo. Two or three species7 are known, shrubs from Mexico and Columbia, in aspect like certain Celastrads, with elongated alternate petiol- Fig. 411. Flowering branch. 1 Hook. & A en., Beech. Voy., Pot., t. 39.— Toee. & Ge., Fl. N. Amer., i. 590.— A. Geay, Man., ed. 5, 146— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 155. — Bexth., FL Hongkong., 128. — Walp, Ann., vii. 908. 2 Caducous in the two species with crusta- ceous seeds, the one American, the other Japan- ese. 3 W., ex Rcem. & Sch., Syst. Teg., vi. 210 — B. H., Gen., 648, n. 49.— Bulongia H. B. K., Nov. Gen.et Spec.,\\.1Q, t. 623. — Endl., Gen., n. 5699. — H. Bsr., in Adansonia, v. 293, 294; vi. 12. 4 Inflexed in the bud. 5 They are antero-posterior. The ovary recalls that of the Cornels and Umbellifers, or even certain Rhamnads, near which this genus has also been placed. 6 We have usually seen six ovules on each placenta, arranged in two vertical rows. 7 Tukcz., in Pull. Mosc. (1858), i. 454.— Walp., Pep., i. 539 {Dulongia) ; vii. 908. SAXIFBAGACEM. 355 ate leaves. Their blade is surmounted by a long acumen, below the base of which the midrib bears on its upper surface the inflorescence, a little ramified raceme of cymes1 (fig. 411). Choristylis rhamnoides* has nearly the flowers of Phyllonoma, but its two parietal placentas come into contact when adult ; and the two styles, each ending in a little stigmatiferous head, are at first ap- proximated into a seemingly single column, afterwards separating and becoming recurved ; and the fruit is a little septicidal capsule. This plant is a shrub from the Cape with the aspect of a Kbamnad, and bears alternate exstipulate leaves, and polygamous flowers in little supra-axillary ramified cymes. With some doubt we place next to P/iyllonoma and Choristylis the genus Stichoneuron? hitherto made out a Santalad. Its flowers are polygamous. In those that have a gynseceum the ovary is sunk in a hollow obconical receptacle, and contains two pluriovulate parietal placentas ;4 it is surmounted by a style with two very short lobes. The rim of the receptacle bears a perianth of four decussate, or more rarely five imbricate leaves. To each is superposed a stamen whose erect filament bears above a little introrse subdidymous anther, of longitudinal dehiscence.5 The ripe fruit and seeds are at present unknown. The plant is a shrub from the East Indies, with knotty, articulate (?) branches, bearing alternate oblong lanceolate shortly petiolate leaves, membranous and nearly glabrous, and axillary racemes of flowers, of which the filiform axis is covered above with numerous alternate bracts, each with an axillary floral pedicel, articu- lated in its upper half. IX. BREXIA SERIES. Brcxia* (figs. 412-415) has regular hermaphrodite flowers, with a convex receptacle. This bears the following organs : a calyx 1 The axes all diverge from their apparent 3 S. membranaceum Hook, f. & Thoms., in insertion on the leaf. Keally, the inflorescence, Cat. Griffith (1865), 42, n. 43S7. — Colpopodium at first free, is after a certain age carried up Wall, (ex Geiff., herb.). with the midrib, as in Helwingia. Each floral 4 The ovules are anatropous (Hook. f.). pedicel is accompanied by a little bract. 5 After flowering the anthers fall, and the 2 Haev., in Hook. Jonrn., i. 19 ; Ft. Cap., ii. filaments persist. 308.— Endl., Gen., n. 4676 '.— B. H., Gen., 647, 6 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madagasc, 20.— n. 46. — Bceobotrys rufescens E. Met. — Mcesa Lixdl., Veg. Kingd., 573, fig. 388. — Endl., palustris Hociist. (ex Haev., loc. cit.). Gen., n. 4681. — Ag., Theor. Syst., 141, t. xi. fig. A A 2 356 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Brexia madagascariensis. gamosepalous at the base, with five deep very caducous lobes of quincuncial pignoration ; a corolla of five alternating petals,1 twisted or imbricated in the bud; five alternipetalous stamens, whose filaments are united at the base by a disk of five al- ternate lobes cut up into un- equal strips.2 The anthers are two-celled introrse, of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynseceum is superior ; it con- sists of a pentagonal ovary with its angles superposed to the stamens, tapering above into a cylindrical style, whose apex is divided into five stigma- tiferous lobes.3 The ovary contains five oppositipetalous cells, complete or incomplete, in the ventral angle of which is a placenta bearing two vert- ical rows of anatropous ovules. The fruit is a drupe of which the outer layer finally becomes hard, and it contains numerous angular seeds. These have a large embryo with a short radicle and fleshy cotyledons, surrounded by a very thin layer of fleshy albumen. Brexia comprises for most authors a pretty large number of species4 of glabrous shrubs from Madagascar ; but they should no doubt be reduced to one or two species, very variable in Fig. 412. Flowering branch. 15, 16. — H. Bn,, in Adansonia, v. 290; vi. 15 ; in Payer Fam. Nat., 349. — B. H., Gen., 645, n. 40. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xv. t. 170. — Lem. & Dcne,, Traite Gen., 264, 265. — Venana Lame., III., ii. 99, t. 131. 1 They are unsymmetrical at tbe base, ons side being prolonged into a sort of descending auricle. They are inserted outside a cupuliform ring formed by the united bases of the stamens and the lobes of the disk. 2 On either side of the base of each filament is one of these strips, larger than the rest. 3 We have shown (in Adansonia, v. 291) that the placentas, whether they touch by their ventral angle or not, here form each a dihedral angle, which is prolonged through the hollow tube of the style ; and becoming covered with papilla? at the blunt superior extremity, they form five little stigmatic lobes alternate with the cells of the ovary, and surrounded, as in the Heaths, by a little ring formed by the rim of the stylar tube. This arrangement is still more marked in Rotissea. 4 Li>-dl., in Bot. Beg., t. 730, 872.— Tr/L., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158. — Olit., in Fl. Trop. Afr., ii. 385.— W.ALP., Ann., vii. 907. SAXIFRAGAOE&. 357 the form of their leaves, which are persistent, alternate, elongated, more or less narrow, coriaceous, entire or incised into spiny teeth. The flowers are collected into corymbiform cymes at the apex of a common axillary peduncle, often flattened into a narrow cladode (fig. 412). Srexia madagascariensis. Fig. 413. Flower (^). Fig. 415. Long. sect, of flower (±\ Fig. 414. Diagram. Anopterus1 has a convex floral receptacle and a free, almost wholly superior ovary. The perianth is double, imbricated, each whorl com- prising from six to nine pieces. There are as many alternipetalous stamens, slightly perigynous,2 with free filaments and cordate or sagit- tate versatile introrse anthers. The ovary is surmounted by a style with two branches, stigmatiferous at the apex. It is one-celled ; on its walls are two large placentas, horseshoe shaped, with the concavity superior, on which are inserted numerous anatropous descending ovules, with their microp}rles upwards and outwards. The fruit is a coriaceous septicidal capsule, with a variable number of seeds on the edges of the valves. The seeds are flattened and imbricated, developed below into a large obovate wing, while in the upper part is a fleshy albumen with a large axile embryo. The two known species of this genus are shrubs, one Australian,3 the other Tasma- nia!].4 Their leaves are alternate, persistent, glabrous, coriaceous exstipulate, incised into glandular teeth. The flowers, externally 1 Labiix., PL Nouv.-Holl., i. 85, t, 112.— DC, Frodr., iv. 96. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, v. 33. — Exdi,., Gen., n. 4678. — H. Bn. in Adan- sonia, v. 2S9.— B. H., Gen., 61S, n. 51. 2 A small part of the cavitv of the ovary is, in fact, below their insertion. 3 A. Macleayanus F. M ctkll., in Journ. Pharm. Soc. Vict. (1859).— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 439, n. 2.— Walp., Ann., vii. 908. 4 A.glandulosus Labill., loo. cit., 86. — Hook. ¥., Fl. Tasman., i. 151.— Bat. Mag., t. 4377. 35S NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. very much like those of Brexia, are grouped in terminal racemes, each flower axillary to a leafy caducous bract. Iwerba b rex /odes' has regular flowers with a convex receptacle bearing five imbricated sepals, scarcely united below, and as many alternate petals, also imbricated in the bud. The five alternipetalous stamens have a free filament, and a versatile introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence ; they are inserted around a disk, with five alternating lobes. The gynaseeum is free, with five pro- minent oppositipetalous cells, tapering above into a twisted style with five prominent ribs, and undilated at its stigmatiferous apex. In the ventral angle of each cell are two descending subcollateral ana- tropous ovules, with their micropyles upwards and outwards. The fruit is a coriaceous loculicidal capsule tipped by the persistent style, and opens on top by five recurved valves, bifid at the apex. There are one or two descending seeds in each cell, with a fleshy aril of the hilunv and a crustaceous outer coat ; the large fleshy embryo has its radicle superior and is surrounded by fleshy albumen. Ixerba is a tree, with all its parts glabrous ; the leaves are alternate opposite or verti- cillate, petiolate, narrow and elongated, exstipulate, with glandular teeth. The flowers are collected into short axillary cymes. Itomsea3 (figs. 416-419) has nearly the flowers of Brexia, but with valvate sepals and petals. There are as many stamens as petals, alternating with them, possessing extrorse basifixed anthers and fila- ments of peculiar insertion. The superior ovary has five angles or prominent ribs on the lower part. Now the disk surrounding this is formed of five contiguous glands, bowed and crescent-shaped, with the concavity inwards. Each gland adheres by the centre of its concavity to one rib of the ovary, and meets its neighbour on either side (opposite a septum of the ovary, alternating with the ribs) to form a pretty deep pit, the whole inner wall of which is formed by the concave surface corresponding with each septum. 1 A. Cunn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., iii. 219. — 3 Smith, Icon, ined., i. 6, t. 6. — G.ERTN., Endl., Gen., n. 4GS1 '.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, FrucL, iii. 166, t. 212. — Poia., Diet., vi. 318.— v. 294; in Payer Fam. Nat., 319. — B. M., Gen., Lamk., III., t. 75. — DC, Prodr., vii. 522.— 615, n. 39. Exdl., Gen., n. 4680. — H. Bs., in Payer Fam. 2 As this is linear, extending along nearly the Nat., 319; in Adansonia, v. 2^2. — B. H., Gen., whole of the inner margin of the seed, the aril 615, n. 41. — Roussoa Rceii. & Sen., Sgst. Veg., itself forms a longitudinal crest, thicker above, iii, 3, n. 418. — R^usseaiivia Boj., Hoct. Maur., and adherent all a';ong to the umbilical cicatrix. 216, n 232. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 359 And in this pit is inserted the stamen. The fruit is a berry, with the reflexed calyx surrounding its base (fig. 419); the numerous Fig. 416. Fig. 118. Flower (£). Flower, perianth removed. Fig. 419. Youuk fruit. Fig. 417. Long. sect, of flower. seeds have their embryo surrounded by albumen. R. simplex,1 the only known species, is a climbing shrub from the Mauritius, with opposite or verticillate leaves ; the flowers are axillary, solitary, or in little cymes at first surrounded by the scales of the flower-bud. We shall place next the two monotypic Australian genera Abro- phyllum and Cittt-na.2 The former has 5-6-merous flowers, possess- ing a superior ovary, surrounded at the base by a short calyx, valvate petals, and as many stamens inserted around an ill-developed hypo- gynous disk. The pluriovulate cells are surmounted by a short style, with scarcely prominent stigmatiferous lobes ; the fruit is a many-seeded berry, with albuminous seeds. A. ornantf is a shrub with alternate, pstiolate, lanceolate, serrate, exstipulate leaves ; its flowers form terminal or axillary pedunculate dichotomous cymes. Cuttsia vibernea? has exactly the same habit ; but its flowers, though in other respects very similar, have the receptacle cupuliform, and a 1 Smith, loc. cit. — Teatt., Arch., ii. 64, t. 10u. — Ekdl., Icon., t. 107. — Tul., in Ann. So, Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158. — Walp., Sep., ii. 719; Ann., v. 403. 2 Hook, f., ex Bbnth., Fl. Austral., ii. 437. — B. H., Gen., 647, n.45. — Brachynema F. Muell., Fiagm., iii. 90 (nee Beutr.). 3 Hook, f., loc. cit. — F. Muell., Fragm , vi. 189. — Brachynema ornans F. Muell (ol.). 4 F. Muell., Fragm., v. 47, t. 40; vi. 189.— B. H., Gen., lOOi, n. 45 a. 360 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. little more concave, with from five to eight valvate petals, as many slightly perigynous stamens, and an ovary surmounted by a more elongated, cylindrical style, lobed only towards its stigmatiferous apex. And the fruit is not a berry, but a loculicidal capsule, with from four to six valves. X. PITTOSPOEUM SEEIES. Pittospomm1 (figs. 420-425) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. On the convex receptacle are inserted five sepals, free or coherent at the base, quincuncially imbricated in the bud. The corolla Pittosporum revolutum. Fig. 420. Flowering branch. consists of five petals, free or sticking together by their edges, or even gamopetalous and connate into a tube for a variable distance, of contorted or imbricate prsefloration. There are five alternating stamens ; each filament is free, or sticks to the two petals with 1 Banks, ex Gjertn., Fruct., i. 286, t. 59. — Lamk., Bid., iv. 426; Suppl., v. 361; 111., t. 143.— DC, Prodr., i. 346.— Spach, Suit, a Puff on, ii. 416.— Endl., Gen., n. 5661. — B. II., Gen., 131, 973, n. 1. — H. Bx, in Adansonia, v. 2S6 ; in Payer Fam. Nat., 349. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 236.— Lem.& Dcne., Tr. Gen., 240. — Senacia Commkbs. (ex DC, Prodr., i. 347). — ? ? Tribeles Phil., in Linncea, xxxiii. 307 (ex B. H., op. cit., 973). — ? Quinsonia Montrouz., in Mem. Acad. Lyon, x. 17S (ex B. H., loc. cit.). SAXIFBAGACJEJE. 361 which it alternates and keeps them more or less in contact, and bears an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence.1 The Pittosporum revolution. Fig. 421. Flower (f ). Fig. 422. Diagram. Fig. 423. Long. sect, of flower (^). Pittosporum Tobira. free ovary is formed of two nearly complete or incomplete cells, the parietal placentas usually touching without cohering. More rarely we find from three (fig. 424) to five cells. The indefinite ovules, biseriate on each placenta, are anatropous, usually ascending. The ovary bears a style, more or less dilated at the apex into a head; this may be subentire or divided into as many indistinct lobes as there are placentas. The fruit is a cap- sule ; it opens lengthwise into two or more rarely more concave valves, on the middle of each of which is a polyspermous placenta. The seeds are usually surrounded by viscid juice, and contain a hard or fleshy albumen, with a little embryo near its apex (fig. 425). Pittosporum comprises some fifty species2 of small trees and shrubs, from the warm and temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Fig. 424. Fruit opened. Fig. 425. Seed, long. sect. (±). 1 In P. undulatum the pollen consists of ovoid grains with three folds. When moistened they become spherical, with three papillate bands. (H. Mohl., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 338.) 2 Hook., Icon., t. 621. — Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Voy., Pot., t. 32. — Wight & Arn., Prodr., i. 153.— Wight, Icon., t. 971; III, t. 70. — Putterl., Si/n. Pittosp., 5. — Vent., Jard. Cels., t. 76.— Bonpl., Jard. Malm., t. 21. — Anpr., Pot. Pepos., t. 151, 383.— Sweet, Fl. Austral., t. 25. — Hook, f., Fl. N.-Zel., t. 10 ; Handb. N.-Zeal. FL, 18, 725.— A. Gray, Amer. Fxpl. Exp., Pot., t. 17-19.— Ad. Br. & Gr., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, ii. 141 ; in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Ft:, xi. 185.— Pot. Peg., t. 16, 186.— Pot. Mag., t, 1396, 1684, 2075, 3161.— Wale., Rep., i. 250; v. 71; Ann., i. 77 ; ii. 87; iv. 211; vii. 234. 3-32 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Their leaves, often persistent, are simple, alternate, or subverti- cillate, exstipulate. The flowers are axillary, or more frequently terminal ; solitary, or more frequently grouped in simple or branching racemes, sometimes corymbiform (fig. 420.) Under the name of Hymenosporum1 a distinct genus has been made for the Australian species, P.jlavum? with flattened seeds, edged by a wing ; we shall hence make it a distinct section.3 All the seven genera grouped in this series around JPittosporum consist of Australian plants. In Bursaria and Marianthus the fruit is a loculicidal capsule. In Marianthus* comprising spreading, Marianthus tenuis. Fig. 426. Flower. Fig. 427. Long. sect, of flower (|). flexuous, or twining undershrubs, the capsule is membranous or slightly coriaceous, thick or more or less compressed, and many- seeded. The genus comprises at present sixteen genera.5 Bursaria,6 which consists of two species of erect shrubs,7 often spiny, has a coriaceous, compressed, flattened capsule, with only one or two vert- ical seeds in each cell ; and the flowers are white, small and numerous. In most of the other genera, the fruit is indehiscent, usually with the 1 F. MtTELL., Fragm., ii. 77. — B. H., Gen., 131, n. 2. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 114. — Walp., Ann., vii. 236. 2 Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4799. 3 The petals taper below ; the style is hollow ; the cells of the ovary are complete or incomplete. 4 Hueg., Enum. PI. Nov.-HolL, 8. — Endl., Gen., n. 5664. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 2^7. — B. H., Gen., 132, 973, n. 4. — Oncosporum Putterl., Syn. Pittosp., 21. — Calopeialon Harv., in Hook. Joum., vii. 52. — Rhytido- sporum F. Muell., in Hoolc.f. Fl. Tasm., i. 39. 5 Benth., FL Austral., i. 115. —Link, Kl. & Ott., Ic. PL, t. 12.— F. Muell., PL Vict., i. 75 ; Fragm., ii. 145.— Bot. Mag., t. 3893, 52:33 {Calopeialon). — Walp., Rep., i. 256; v. 72; Ann., iv. 242 {Calopeialon) ; vii. 237. 6 CAT., Icon., iv. 30, t. 350. — Endl., Gen., n. 5662. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 287; in Payer Fam. Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 132, 973, n. 3. 7 Klatt, in Linnaea, xxviii. 568. — Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 114.— Bot. Mag., t. 1767.— Walp., Rep., i. 255 (part.); Ann., ii. 88; vii. 287. F. Mueller unites the two described species into one. SAXIFBAGACEAU. 363 whole thickness of the pericarp fleshy. This is the case with Solly a.1 It has pentamerous flowers, with obovate petals separate from one Pronaya elegans. Fig. 428. Flower. Fig. 429. Lon, another from the base upwards, and spreading on anthesis. The live stamens have their filaments longer than the introrse two-celled anthers, which dehisce longitudinally. The two multiovulate placentas, at first parietal and free, Biliardiera variifoiia. come into contact, and often adhere along' the middle line of the ovary. The genus comprises two or three undershrubs,2 flexuous or twining, with pretty, drooping blue flowers. C/ieirant/iera3 has nearly the same flowers ; but the anthers all fall to one side of the androceum instead of sur- rounding it regularly ; and their cells open by an apical pore.4 The fruit is dry and loculicidal, with bifid valves. The species5 of this genus ap- proach Sollya in habit and inflorescence. Billardiera? whose flower is also formed on the same plan as in Soil// a, has its petals adherent or connivent halfway up into a tube (fig. 430) ; while the anthers, of longitudinal dehiscence, are shorter than the Fig. 430. Flower. 1 Lindl., iu Bot. Reg., t. 1466. — Exdl., Gen., n. 5666. — Payee, Organog., 171, t. 34. — H. Bn., in Pager Fam. Nat, 350.— B. H., Gen., 133, 973, n. 8. — ? Xerosollga Tpecz., in Bull. Mosc. (1854), ii. 362. 2 Labill, PI. Nouv.-Holl., i. 65, t. 90 (Bit- lardiera).— Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 126. — Bot. Reg. (1840), t, 3.— Bot. Mag., t. 3523.— Walp., Rep., i. 257; v. 73 ; Ann., vii. 211. 3 A. Cunn., in Bot. Reg., sub n. 1719.— Endl., Gen., n. 5665. — H. Bx., in Pager Fam. Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 133, n. 9. 4 The two placentas touch down the centre of the ovary in C. linearis, but remain independent. 5 Hook , Icon., t. 47. — Ad. Be., in Duperr. Yog., Bot., t. 77. — Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 127. — F. Mctkll., Fragm., i. 97; ii. 79. — Walp., Rep., v. 73 ; Ann , iv. 212 ; vii. 241. 6 Sm., Bot. Nov.-Holl., t. 1. — Endl., Gen., n. 56G8. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 287 ; in Pager Fam. Nat., 350.— B. H., Gen., 132. n. 6. — Labillardiera Kcem. & Sch., Sgst v 28. 364 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. filaments. The fruit is an ovoid or elongated berry. Half a score species have been described/ undershrubs with twining branches. Pronaycr (figs. 428, 429) has the same habit and vegetative organs, but its ovary is more decidedly one-celled at all ages, its fruit is fleshy, and its anthers shorter than the filaments, become re volute on anthesis. It is said to contain two or three undershrubs,3 with white or blue flowers. Citriobatus* on the contrary, comprises rigid spiny shrubs, like Bursaria. The solitary sessile flowers have petals connivent below, erect stamens, with the filaments longer than the anthers, a primarily one-celled ovary, and a globular coriaceous fruit. Two species have been described.5 XI. KIBES SERIES. The genus Bides6 (figs. 431-442) was long made by all authors into a distinct order, often brought near Cactaceae. It has regular flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamous. In the former, the concave receptacle lodges in its interior the inferior ovary, and then expands into a tube, funnel, or cupule, bearing the perianth and androceum on its rim. The calyx consists of five (more rarely four) sepals, of imbricate or subvalvate aestivation. They are often well-developed, nearly always much more conspicuous than the petals, and are erect 1 Labill., PI. Nouv.-HolL, t. 89. — Klatt, in Dinncea, xxviii. 569. — Hook, f., PI. Tasman., i. 36. — Benth., PL Austral, i. 122. — Pot. Reg., t. 1719.— Pot. Mag., t. 801, 1313, 1507 — Waif.. Rep., i. 257 ; Ann , iv. 242 ; vii. 239. 2 Hueg., Pot. Arch., t. 6. — Endl., Gen., n. 5G67. — B. H., Gen., 133, n. 7. — Campylanthera Hook., Icon., t. 82. — Spiranthera Hook., in Pot. Mag., sub n. 3523 (nee A. S. H.). 3 Benth., Fl. Austral., i. 125. — Waxp., Rep., i. 257; ii. 770; v. 73; Ann., i. 77; vii. 21-0. More probably tbis genus contains but one species. 4 A. Cttnn., in Pond. Sort. Brit., 585. — Endx., Gen., n. 5660. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 297; in Payer Fam. Nat., 350. — B. H„ Gen., 132, 973, n. 5. — ? Ixiosporus F. Mtjelt.., Fragm. Phyt, Austral, ii. 76.— Waxp., Ann., vii. 239. 5 Benth., Fl. Austral, i. 121. — Walf., Rep., i. 250; Ann., vii. 238. 6 Riles L., Gen., n. 281. — Ad as 5., Fam. des PI, ii. 243.— J., Gen., 310.— Lamk., Diet , iii. 47; Suppl., ii. 853; III, t. 146.— DC, Prodr., iii. 477. — Sfach, Revis. Grossul , in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv. 16 ; Suit, a Puffon, vi. 160. — Endl., Gen., n. 4682. — Pater, Organog., 383, t. 89 ; Fam. Nat., 88.— B. H., Gen., 654-, n. 71. — Schnizl., Iconogr., xiii. t. 171. — Lem. & Decne., Traite Gen,, 273. — Grossularia T. Inst., 639, t. 409. — GiERTN., Fruct., i. 149, t. 409 (inch: Polryocarpium A. Rich., Caloboin/u Spach, Ceropliyllum Sfach, Chrysobotrya Spach. Coreosma Spach, Grossularia A. Rich., Rebis Spach, Robsonia Beri>.). SAXIFRAGACEJE. 365 spreading or recurved, petaloid or greenish. Alternate with these are inserted as many petals on the throat of the receptacle ; they are Hibes ruhriiM (Bed currant.) Fig. 431. Flowering branch. Fig. 432-35. Leaves, various states. often small and included, either not in contact or of imbricate prse- floration. There are as many stamens, alternating and inserted with the petals ; their filaments may be short and hidden between the petals, or long and exserted ; the anthers are two-celled, subglobular or didymous, more rarely elongated-oval, introrse, of longitudinal dehiscence.1 The ovary is surmounted by a style with two branches, that separate at a very variable height, and end in a stigmatiferous dilatation. They alternate writh the two parietal placentas, which bear anatropous ovules, arranged in several rows when adult. Their number may be indefinite, or very inconsiderable ; and this character, together writh others derived from the form and length of the recep- tacle, calyx, and androceum, has been used to distinguish genera, 1 The pollen consists in the species that have having from eight to ten irregularly scattered been examined, especially B. Grossularia, rubrum, pores. (H. Mohl., in Ann, 8c, Nat,, ser. 2, iii. nigrum, &c., of finely dotted spherical grains, 328.) 366 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. which we only retain as sections. The fruit (figs. 438, 442), crowned by the persistent calyx, and often by the remains of the corolla and Hibes ruhrum. Fie. 436. Diagram. Fig. 437. Long. sect, of flower (*). Fig. 439. Seed (f). Fig. 438. Fruits. Fig. 440. Long sect, of seed. androceum, is a berry, containing a variable number of seeds in its pulp. These1 have a pulpy or fleshy outer coat,* and a crustaceous deeper one, under which is the fleshy albumen, lodging a little cylindrical embryo near its apex. This genus consists of shrubs, unarmed or covered with glands3 or prickles.4 Their leaves are alternate, petiolate, simple, entire or variably incised, with the stipules absent, or membranous and adnate to the petiole. The flowers are solitary, fascicled, or more frequently in racemes, each flower axillary to a bract, and with usually a few sterile bractlets on 1 Leetjwenh., Obs. on the Seeds of the Goose- berry, in Trans. Phil, xvii. (1693), 953, figs. 11, 12. 2 It is chiefly formed of the hypertrophied cells of the outer ovular envelope, and hence repre- sents a sort of generalized aril comparable to that of Magnolia, Pierardia, &c, but has different cell -contents. Thus the pulp of the fruit has a double origin, from the outer seed-coat as well as the pericarp. 3 Often stipitate, secreting a viscid or resinous matter. 4 They may be scattered over the branches, &c. In certain species they are, as we shall see below, localized at the insertion of the leaves, where they result from an extreme development of the suberous layer of the pulvinus. In this case they must not be confounded with spinescent stipules, for the stipules, when present, are to be found a little way off, with their usual characters. SAXIFEAGACEJE. 367 Rlbes nigrum. the pedicel. The known species, some fifty in number, inhabit temperate Europe, Asia, and America, and have been grouped into a certain number of sections. Our Red, White, and Black Currants belong to the section Eibesia ;l the re- ceptacle is everted, campanulate or tubu- lar; their stamens have short fila- ments ; and their unarmed branches bear leaves folded in vernation, and racemose flowers. Symphocalyx? com- prising several ornamental species, has the receptacle elongated and tubular, stamens with included filaments, un- armed branches, convolute leaves, and racemose flowers. Robsonia* has larger flowers, also with an elongated tube, long exserted stamens, few or solitary flowers, and the stems, branches, and fruits covered with prickles. Finally, our Gooseberries (Groseillc a Maquereau) form the type of the section Gros- sularia* also with solitary or few flowers, but with unarmed fruits, and possessing two kinds of prickles elsewhere ; one kind is scattered over the branches, the other developed in definite numbers and some regularity at the pulvinus of the petiole. Bides may in fine be defined as comprising Saxifragacece with a fleshy pulpy fruit. Half-a-hundred species are known,3 natives of Europe, Asia, Temperate F Africa and America, and Andine South America. Fruit. Fig. 441. Inflorescence. Eibes Grossularia. 1 Bebx., loc. cit., t. 2. — DC, Prodr., sect. iii. — CeropJiyllum Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 152. — Coreosma Spach, loc. cit., 154. — Botrycarpum A. Kick., Elena., ii. 487 (ed. 4, ii. 359). — Spach, loc. cit., 158. — Calobotrya Spach, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iv. 21. — Eebis Spach, loc. cit., 26. 2 Berl., loc. cit., t. 2. — DC, Prodr., sect. iv. — Siphocalyx B. H., Gen., 655. — Chrysobotrya Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 148. 3 Beel., in Mem. Soc. Gen., iii. t. 1, fig. 1. — DC, Prodr., sect. i. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 180. — Endl., Gen., n. 4683. 4 A. Rich, loc. cit. — Berl., loc. cit., t. 1, fig. 6. — DC, Prodr., sect. ii. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, vi. 172. 5 Twice as many have been described. R. & Pay., Fl. Per., t. 232, 233.— Hook., Ft. Bor.- Amer., t. 76. — Cambess., in Jacquem. Yoy. Bot., 368 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. XII. BAUEEA SEEIES. Bauefa1 (figs. 443-447) has a nearly flat or subconeave receptacle, on the margin of which are inserted the slightly perigynous perianth and anclroceum. The calyx consists of from four to ten persistent Bauera rtibiodes. cvCK Fig. 443. Flowering branch. Fig. 444. Flower (f). Fig. 445. Long sect, of flower. leaves, sometimes dentate, and of valvate or subimbricate activation. The corolla is regular, formed of as many alternate sessile imbricate petals. The number of stamens2 varies from as many to five times t. 76, 77. — Tore. & Gray, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 544. — A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 164.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil., iii. 32. — Wedd., CM. Andina, ii. 214. — Hook. f. & Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 86. — Geen. & Godr., Fl. de Fr., i. 634.— Bot. Reg., t. 125, 1237, 1274, 1359, 1471, 1557, 1658, 1692.— Bot. Mag., t. 3530, 4931.— Walp., Rep., ii. 357; v. 822; Ann., i. 975; ii. 6S7; v. 22; vii. 912. 1 Banks, ex Kenked., in Andr. Bot. Repos., t. 198. — Salisb., in Keen. Ann. of Bot., i. 12, t. 10.— DC, Prodr., iv. 13.— Spach, Suit. a Buff on, v. 12.— Ende., Gen., n. 4665. — H. En., in Adan- sonia, v. 301. — B. H., Gen., 655, n. 72. 2 In B. rubioides the clefts of dehiscence appear first above ; later on they blend towards the top of the connective. The pollen is analo- gous to that of the Saxifraga, Cunonia, &c SAXIFRAGACEJZ. 369 as many ; they have free filaments inserted on a slightly thickened part of the receptacle, and introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. The gyiiDeceum consists of an ovary, Bauera capitata. Fig. 446. Long. sect, of flower (f). Fig. 447. Long. sect, of flower. with only its base inferior, of two cells,1 surmounted by two styles, stigmatiferous at the undilated apex. On the interlocular septum are an indefinite number of anatropous ovules, arranged in several series.2 The fruit is a bivalve loculicidal capsule, almost entirely free, compressed, often truncate at the apex. Under the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen enveloping a cylindrical axile embryo. Two or three species are known,3 Australian branching shrubs, glabrous or covered with glandular hairs, with opposite sessile leaves, possessing two lateral leafy stipules, sometimes nearly as well developed as the leaf itself, so that one might fancy the leaves were in verticils of six. The flowers are solitary axillary, sessile or pedunculate. XIII. CUNONIA SERIES. For a long time the only known species of Cunonia* was C. ccqiensis (figs. 448-451), which is often cultivated in the orangery. It has regu- 1 At first the placentas do not touch. 2 Thrice as many in tig. 444, five times in fig. 445. 3 Reichb., Ic. Exot., t. 77. — Lodd., in Bot. Cab., t. 1197. — Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Jaurn., ix. 95. — F. Muell., in Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict., i. 41; Fragm., iv. 23; PL Vict., ii. t. 16. — Benth., El. Austral., ii. 447. — Bot. Mag., t. 715.— Walp., Rep., v. 835; Ann., vii. 914. VOL. III. 4 L., Gen., n. 556. — J., Gen., 310. — G.ebtn., Fruct., iii. 344, t. 225. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 225 ; 111., t. 371.— DC, Prodr., iv. 12. — Spach, Suit, a. Buffon, v. 10.— Endl., Gen., n. 4662.— Payee, Earn. Nat., 86.— B. H., Gen., 654, n. 70.— Osterdyckia Bt/rm., Afr., 259, t. 96. — Adans., Earn, des PI., ii. 445. B B 370 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. lar hermaphrodite flowers, with a convex receptacle bearing a short, very deeply five-lobed1 calyx, at first imbricate in the bud. The free alternating petals, of imbricate sestivation, have a hypogynous inser- tion like the ten stamens ; each of these consists of a free filament2 and a didymous introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The free superior gynseceum is formed of a two-celled ovary, sur- mounted by two long styles, tapering to their stigmatiferous apex. The base of the ovary is surrounded by an annular disk, with ten vertical grooves at the margin corresponding with the staminal "fila- ments.3 The cells of the ovary, complete or incomplete, are separated by the two placentas, which spring from their walls laterally, alter- nating with the styles, and meet inside, their thickened edges becoming united or remaining separate. In each cell are two vertical rows of descending anatropous ovules. The fruit (fig. 451) is a coriaceous septicidal bivalve capsule, surmounted by the per- sistent styles ; each navicular valve is detached not merely at its edges but at its base, and rises up more or less, remaining adherent by its tapering apex to the columella of the fruit.4 Thus are freed the numerous elongated compressed seeds, with their outer coats ex- panded into a wing at either end, and containing a fleshy albumen, which surrounds a small axile embryo, with elongated cotyledons and a superior cylindrical radicle.* Besides the African species,5 the genus Cunonia embraces four or five others, natives of New Caledonia.6 They are trees or shrubs, with the axis tumid at the insertion of the opposite petiolate trifoliolate or pinnate leaves. These possess two large leafy interpetiolar stipules, at first applied to one another, afterwards coming off at the base. The white or pink flowers are arranged on a simple common axis axillary to the upper leaves, which forms a raceme bearing little groups of pedicellate flowers.7 Weinmannia* is scarcely generically distinct from Cunonia, of which 1 Except i.nally hexamerous flowers occur. 2 The filaments are longer in the alternipetalous stamens. In the bud each is folded above into a loop, with the anther inverted and its face turned in. Later on the filament becomes erect and ex- serted (figs. 449, 450). 3 The pollen in Cunonia and Weinmannia is formed of ellipsoidal grains, with three folds, which, when moistened, become papillose bands. 4 The whitish harder endocarp comes off more or less easily from the exocarp. 5 C. capensis L., Spec, 569. — Lodd., Bot. Cab., t. 826.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 307. 6 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Ann. Sc Nat., ser. 5, i. 370 ; in Bull. Soc. Bot de Fr., ix. 71. 7 They appear to be in cymes on the common rachis. s L., Gen,, n. 493. — J., Gen., 309.— G.ebtn., FrucL, 225. — Lamk., Diet., vii. 578; III., t. 313. — DC, Proch:, iv. 8. — Spach, Suit. a Buff on, v. 7.— Endl., Gen., n. 4655.— B. H., Gen., 653, n. 69. — Windmannia P. Be., Jam., 212. — SAXIFBAGACEJE. 37 1 it has the flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamous, and tetramerous. But the calyx is here generally more imbricated and caducous. In the Cunonia capensis. Fig. 418. Flowering branch (i). septicidal capsule the valves part company from above downwards ; and the upper part, gaping inwards, is not united with the columella. However, these characters are not constant in Weinmannia, and to distinguish it absolutely from Cunonia we must fall back on the seeds. These are globular or oblong, reniform, with a membranous Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 343.— ? Pterophylla Gen., n. 4658. — Arnoldia Bl., Bijdr., 868. — Bon, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., i.v. 93. — Fls'Dl., DC, Prodr., iv. 12. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4659. B B 2 372 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. outer coat, often thinly sprinkled with hairs, rarely prolonged into a rudimentary wing. Some fifty species of this genus are known,1 inhabiting all the warm regions of the Old World, very abundant in Cunonia capensis. Fig. 449. Flower (-■*-). Fig. 451. Fruit, dehiscing. Fig. 450. Long. sect, of flower. South America, and extending into the south of North America. They are glabrous or tomentose, branching like Cunonia, with simple trifoliolate or imparipinnate leaves, possessing an often winged rachis, and coriaceous leaflets with frequently glandular teeth, caducous stipules, sometimes greatly developed, and axillary or terminal inflorescences of Cunonia. Spirceanthemum* has apetalous polygamous flowers. The calyx con- sists of four or five valvate sepals, inserted on a small receptacle which bears more internally one or two whorls of stamens, as many glands as there are stamens, alternate with them and a little more 1 H. B. K., Nov. Gen.et Spec, vi. 49, t. 520- 524.— Cav., Icon, t. 566.— R.& Pav., Fl. Per., iv. (ined.), t. 330-334. — A. Geay, Unit. Stales Fxpl. Exp., Bot., t. 85. — Cambess., in A. S. H. Fl, Bras. Mer., ii. 201.— RiM., in C. Gay Fl. Chil,, iii. 45.— Hook., Ie., t. 301.— Wedd., Chi. Audina, ii. 209. — Tui., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4} viii. 151. — Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 303. — ' Hook., v., Fl, N.-Zel., i. 79.— Ad. Be. & Ge., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., ix. 72 ; in Ann, Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 372. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 445. — Walp., Sep., ii. 373; v. 129; Ann., v. 29; vii. 910. 2 A. Geay, Unit. States Fxpl. Exp., Bot., 666, t. 83.— B. H., Gen., 650, n. 58. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 373 internal, and from two to five carpels. In S. vitiense, the first species that was known, there are eight or ten stamens, half superposed to the sepals and half alternate with them. In several New Caledonian species the latter alone exist. All are free and possess a didymous introrse anther of longitudinal dehiscence. There are often as many carpels as sepals, and in this case alternating with them. They are sterile or quite rudimentary in the male flowers. In the females and hermaphrodites they are quite free, each formed of a one-celled ovary tapering above into a style, swollen and stigmatiferous at the apex. Inside the ovary is a placenta bearing either one descending ana- tropous ovule, with its micropyle upwards and outwards, or from two to five ovules, similar and biseriate. The fruit consists of from two to five follicles, dehiscing ventrally. The seeds are flat- tened or winged, with a fleshy albumen surrounding the embryo. Five Oceanian species have already been described,1 trees or shrubs, with opposite or whorled caducous leaves possessing caducous stipules. Tetracarptea tas?nanica,~ a small shrub from Van Diemen's Land, comes near Spirceanthemum in the structure of its gyn^ceum. It has tetramerous flowers,3 with a convex receptacle, four imbricate sepals, as many alternating free imbricate petals, and eight stamens super- posed to the perianth-leaves, possessing free filaments, and basifixed anthers of submarginal dehiscence. The free superior gyna3ceum consists of four independent shortly stipitate carpels, superposed to the petals. Their one-celled ovary tapers above into a short style with a little stigmatiferous head. In the ventral angle of each ovary is a parietal placenta, bearing numerous anatropous pluriseriate ovules. The fruit is composed of four erect stipitate coriaceous follicles, opening down the ventral angle. The seeds are numerous, with a lax membranous outer coat, tapering at either end, and con- taining a fleshy albumen with a little embryo near its base. All the parts of Tefracarpcea are glabrous. Its leaves are alternate or sub- opposite, persistent simple, irregularly dentate, petiolate, exstipulate. 1 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sex. 5, i. 2 Hook, v., in Rook. Icon., t. 264. — B. K., 373; in Bull. Soc. Bot. cle Fr., ix. 73. — Vieill., Gen., 11, 618, n. 52.— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. PI. N.-Caled. (1865), 12 (ex Bull. Soc. Linn. 445. Norm., ix.). — Walp., Ann., v. 23; vii. 909. 3 Exceptionally pentamerous. 374 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. The flowers are grouped in little terminal racemes, each flower axillary to a bract, which may be adnate to its axillary pedicel.1 Geissois2 may be considered as Spirts anthemum with united carpels. It has the same receptacle and calyx, tetramerous or pentamerous. But the free superior ovary is one-celled, with two multiovulate parietal placentas. The stamens, inserted below and outside the more or less marked glandular disk are sometimes twice as numerous as the sepals, four opposite them, and four alternate. In other cases the number is greater ; either there are two large ones in front of each sepal, and two small ones alternating, or there are four large stamens alternating with the sepals, and two, three, or four in front of each. The fruit is a capsule, like that of Weinmannia, septicidal and poly- spermous. The outer seed-coat is membranous and reticulate, enlarged into a wing above. There are five Oceanian species,3 fine trees, with opposite compound leaves, and large stipules, comparable to those of Cunonia. Their flowers are in large simple or branching racemes. Lamanonicf is analogous to Weinmannia and Geissois. Like the latter genus it has apetalous flowers, with five or six valvate sepals and a large number of stamens. Of these the five or six largest are superposed to the centre of the sepals, and the others are pro- gressively smaller in the intervals of the sepals. The superior gynseceum, capsular fruit, and seeds are nearly those of Weinmannia or Geissois. Four species of this genus are known,5 all arborescent, natives of South Brazil. They have opposite digitately compound leaves, with large membranous stipules. The flowers are in axillary racemes.6 1 " A very anomalous genus, approaching Dilleniacece closely in hypogynous stamens, fol- licles and anthers/' (B." H., Gen., 649.) 2 Labile., Sert. AustroCaled., 50, t. 50. — Exdl., Gen., n. 4663.— B. H., Gen., 650, n. 56. 3 Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 96. — A. Gray, Unit. States Expl. Exp., Hot., 678, t. 86. — Ad. Br. & Gr., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 368 ; in Bull. Soc. Sot. de Fr., ix. 70. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 445. — F. Muell,, Fragm.,\.\G, 180.— Walp., Ann., v. 31; vii. 909. 4 Velloz., Fl. Flum., v. t. 104 (1827).— Belangera Cambess., Syn. Cunon. Bras. Mer. (1829), 3; in A. S. H. Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 203, t. 115-117.— DC , Prodr., iv. 11.— Spacu, Suit. a Buff on, v. 9.— Exdl., Gen., n. 4664.— B. H., Gen., 650, n. 57. — Polystemon Don, in Fdin. N. Phil. Journ., ix. (1830), 95. 5 Moric, PI. Nouv.-Amer., t. 90. — Walp., Ann., i. 338 {Belangera). 6 We place here, with some doubt, Gumillea awriculata (11. & Pa v., Prodr., 42, t. 7; Fl. Per. et Chil., iii. 23, t. 245;— Endl., Gen., n 4660; — B. H., Gen., 651, n. 60), which appears akin to the preceding genera, and has alternate im- paripinnate leaves, with large stipules like those of Weinmannia. The flowers, though imperfectly known, also seem analogous to those of that genus ; but they are apetalous, isostemonous, and sessile on the ramifications of the terminal pendulous inflorescence. 8AXIFBAGACE2E. 375 Ceratopetalanf has regular hermaphrodite flowers. Their recep- tacle forms a hollow inverted cone of variable depth framing the ovary, which is surmounted by a circular disk, with a more or less sharply crenulate edge. The calyx is inserted around the mouth of the receptacle, formed of four or five valvate triangular sepals. Between these are as many little rigid linear laciniate petals, which are absent in one species of the genus.2 Inserted on the margin of the disk and between its crenulations are eight or ten stamens, half superposed to the sepals, and half (shorter) alternating with them ; each consists of a free filament, inflexed in the bud., and afterwards erect, and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence and tipped by a prolongation of the connective. The ovary, partly inferior, is two- celled and surmounted by two subulate recurved styles, stigmatose at the apex. In the ventral angle of each cell is a placenta usually bearing four descending biseriate ovules, subanatropous, with the micropyle upwards and outwards. The fruit is dry, surmounted by the persistent accrescent calyx. The endocarp is very hard, surrounded by a thin suberous mesocarp ; the seed has a curved greenish embryo, surrounded by fleshy albumen. The two known species are Australian shrubs,3 with opposite glabrous petiolate leaves, simple4 or trifoliolate, accompanied by caducous in- terpetiolar stipules. The flowers are grouped in axillary and ter- minal pedunculate ramified cymes. Aphanopetahmt' derives its name from the fact that between the four large foliaceous imbricated accrescent sepals are four small petals, which may even be quite absent. They are inserted, like the eight stamens, around a deeply cupulate receptacle, on which is inserted a four-celled ovary, tapering into a style with four reflexed stigmatifer- ous branches. In each cell is a single descending reniform ovule with its micropyle downwards and inwards. The fruit is surrounded at the base by the leafy calyx, and has only one cell containing an arcuate seed, with a curved embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen. 1 S-M..,Bot. N.-Roll., t. 3. — DC, Prodr., iv. 13. 4 In C. apetalum. Don has made it the type of — Endi., Gen. n. 4651. — B. H., Gen., 651, n. 61. a section, Meridema. 2 C. apetalum D. Don, in Bdinb. N. Phil. s Endl., in Ann. Wien. Mus., ii. (ex Gen., n. Journ., ix. (1830), 94. — C. montanum D. Don, 4650); Iconogr., t. 96. — B. H., Gen., 650, n. 59. loc. cit. — Platyptelea Detjmm,, in Hook. Journ., vii. 55. 3 Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 442.— F. Muell., Fragm., vi. 189. 376 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. The two known species1 are Australian glabrous shrubs, with opposite simple leaves, and small caducous stipules, or none at all. Besides Aphanopetalum, three monotypic genera must be placed close to Ceratopetalum, only distinguishable therefrom by the varying depth of the receptacle, the form of the petals when present, and the consistency of the fruit. First comes Anodopetalum glandulosum? a Tasmanian tree, with simple opposite leaves. This has 4-5-merous flowers, a valvate calyx, linear petals, a diplostemonous androceum inserted under a disk surrounding the dimerous gynaeceum, and a fleshy one-seeded fruit. Next comes Schizomeria ovata* a tree from New South Wales, which has also opposite simple leaves. It has pentamerous flowers, with ill developed dentate petals, and a free ovary like that of Anodopetalum, with two quadriovulate cells, and a drupaceous fruit with a one-seeded stone. Plati/lophus trifoliatus* a South African tree, has nearly the same flower, tetra- or pentamerous, with a bifid capsular fruit, the valves separating from the placenta at maturity, and opposite trifoliolate leaves accompanied by little caducous stipules. Perhaps these three plants might strictly be made into only sections of a single genus. Caldcluvia5 has flowers strongly recalling those of both Anodopetalum and Weinmannia, with a shallow receptacle, four or five valvate sepals, as many small alternating petals, and a diplostemonous androceum. The stamens are free, with introrse two-celled anthers ; they alternate with as many glands. The gyna3ceum is free, and like that of Weinmannia. The same applies to the fruits, whose numerous seeds have a lax membranous outer coat ; and the embryo is surrounded by fleshy albumen. C. paniculata,6 the only known species of the genus, is a Chilian shrub ; its leaves are opposite simple petiolate, with : F. Muell., Fragm., i. 228. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 4±1. — Walp., Ann., v. 29 (Platy- ptelea). 2 A. Cunn., inss. ex Endl., Gen., n. 4654. — B. H., Gen., 652, n. 64.— Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 440.— F. Muell., Fragm., vi. 189. — Hook, f., Fl. Tasm., i. 148. — Weinmannia biglandulosa A. Cunn., in Hook. Icon., 301. 3 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 94. — Endl., Gen., n. 4652. — Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 442.— B. H., Gen., 651, n. 62.— F. Muell., Fragm. vi. 189. — Ceratopetalum ovatum Caxey, mss. (ex Endl.). 4 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 92. — Endl., Gen., n. 4653. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 307. — B. H., Gen., 652, n. 67. — Wein- mannia trifoliata Thunb., Prodr., 77 ; Fl. Cap., 384. — DC, Prodr., iv. 9. — Trimerisma Peesl, Pot. Pern., 73. 5 D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 98. — Endl., Gen., n. 4661.— B. H., Gen., 652, n. 66. — Dieterica Sek., in DC. Prodr., iv. 8. 6 Don, loc. tit. — EiM., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., iii. 47. — Weinmannia paniadata Cat., Icon , vi. 44, t. 565. — Dieterica paniculata See., loc. tit. 8AXIFRAGAGEJB. 377 glandular teeth, and large interpetiolar stipules, like those of Cunonia and certain Weinmannias. The flowers of Gillbeea adenopetala1 are hermaphrodite and irregu- lar. The receptacle is very shallow, lined by a disk which forms a circular glandular area. Outside it are inserted five valvate sepals,2 and five alternate shorter petals truncate or emarginate at the apex, which is bounded by two angles, each tipped by a little cupuliform gland. The androceum consists of ten subperigynous stamens superposed to the perianth-leaves. They have free filaments, and subglobular introrse two-celled anthers of longitudinal dehiscence. The gyna?ceum is free, inserted inside the area of the disk ; it con- sists of a trigonous ovary surmounted by three recurved styles, stig- matiferous at the somewhat dilated apex. To each angle of the ovary corresponds a cell, in the ventral angle of which are inserted from two to six descending anatropous ovules, with the micropyle upwards and outwards. The fruit, at the base of which the recep- tacle forms a little cupule, is dry, with three wings resulting from the development of the angles of the ovary, and prolonged on to the outer edge of the styles. In the central part are three narrow elongated cells, of which one or two may be sterile. In the fertile ones is a single suspended seed, with a fleshy albumen surrounding a straight embryo, with the cotyledons longer than the radicle. The only species of this genus is a tree from tropical East Australia; all its parts bristle with hairs ; the leaves are oj)posite pinnate, some- times unifoliolate f and its flowers form a large terminal raceme, with opposite branches covered with cymes, possessing opposite and alternate concave bracts and bractlets. Acropliylhim vem-snin? an Australian shrub with opposite or whorled leaves, has flowers of from four to six parts, with narrow persistent valvate sepals, imbricate petals, and a diplostemonous androceum. The filaments are long and exserted, the anthers didymous. The 1 F. Muell., Fragm.,v. 17, ISO; vi. 188. — Calycomis verticillata D. Don, in Fdinb. N.Phil. B. H., Gen., 1004, n. 65 a. Journ., ix. 93 (nee R. Br.). — F. Mtjell., Fragm., 2 Striate and tomentose. vi. 189. — Weinmannia venosa KKOWL.& Westc, 3 " With caducous stipules." Fl. Cab., t. 65 (ex Walp., Rep., ii. 373).— JF. 4 Benth., in Mound. Botan., ii. t. 95 ; Fl. australis A. Ctjnn., in Field N. S.- Wal., 353. — Austral., ii. 413.— B. H., Gen., 652, n. 63.— X DC, Prodr., iv. 9. verticillatum Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4050. — 378 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. free superior gynaeceum consists of an ovary, with two incomplete multiovulate cells, surmounted by two long diverging persistent styles. The fruit is a septicidal capsule, bearing on the edges of its two valves the numerous seeds. Thus this genus shows a close analogy in its flowers to Geissois and Spirts ant hemum. The flowers are crowded in the axils of the leaves, or the bracts replacing them, into globular cymes, forming axillary false verticils. Ackama* approaches both the preceding genera and Weinmannia. Its floral receptacle is subconcave ; inside the valvate calyx are five bilobate alternipetalous glands. Outside the disk are five caducous narrow spathulate petals, and ten stamens, half superposed to these and half to the sepals. The filaments are free and subulate, incurved at the apex in the bud ; the anthers are introrse two-celled, of longi- tudinal dehiscence, often tipped by a prolongation of the connective. The ovary is two- or three-celled, multiovulate ; and the fruit is a septicidal capsule, with hairy seeds. Ackama includes two species,2 trees from Australia and New Zealand, with opposite imparipinnate leaves and caducous stipules. The flowers are small in much branch- ing, compound, axillary, or terminal racemes.3 Bavidsonia pruriens* is a tree from North-east Australia, which owes its name to the irritating hairs with which it is covered. Its alternate imparipinnate leaves with two large stipules, are those of certain Mcliacece, Sapindacea, or Rosacea, and its flowers are grouped in long ramified racemes of spikes ; on the nearly flat receptacle are inserted four or five thick valvate sepals, and twice as many stamens ; the short filament is inserted below a little hypogynous disk, and the anther is introrse two-celled, of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynseceum consists of a two-celled ovary surmounted by two slender styles, stigmatiferous at the apex. In either cell is a septal placenta bearing a variable number of ovules (usually six or eight) inserted in a circle around its edge, and more or less descending when adult. 1 A. Cttkn., in Ann. Nat. Hist., ii. 358.— 719 ;— Walp., Ann., vii. 910), the Dirhynchosia Endl., Gen., n. 4657.— B. H., Gen., 653, n. 67. of Blume {Mel. JBot., 1855, n. 1, ex Walp., 2 Hook, p., Fl. N.-Zel., i. 79.— Benth., Fl. Ann., v. 31), a tree from Celebes, covered with Austral, ii. 444.— A. Gray, in Unit. States stellate hairs and glandular dots, with opposite Fxpl. Fxp., Bot., 671, t. 84 (Weinmannia). imparipinnate leaves like those of Weinmannia, 3 Bentham & Hooker {Gen., 653, d. 68) dioecious 5-6-merous flowers, and a birostrate place here a genus that is quite unknown to us, two-celled capsule. Spiratopsis celebica (Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. i. * F. Mtjell., Fragm., vi. 4, 249, t. 46. SAXIFBAGACE^J. 379 The fruit is dry, indehiscent ; it contains in either cell a single descending seed, whose fleshy embryo is said to be exalbuminous.1 Codia montana. ^MMm?,- XIV. CODIA SERIES. Codia2 (fig. 452) may be regarded as consisting of Cunoniece with an inferior ovary and capitulate flowers. The receptacle forms a hollow cone,3 on the rim of which are inserted four or five valvate sepals. Between these are as many narrow slender petals (which may be absent). The androceum consists of two whorls of stamens, inserted like the perianth, each formed of a slender free filament and an introrse didymous two-celled anther of longi- tudinal dehiscence. The ovary, quite inferior or nearly so, has two cells, complete or in- complete, each containing in its ventral angle two collateral descending anatropous ovules, with their micropyles turned upwards and outwards. It is surmounted by two diverging styles, stigmatiferous at the apex. The fruit is an achene ; and the seed contains a small layer of fleshy albumen around the embryo. Codia embraces some five or six species of shrubs from New Caledonia.4 The leaves are opposite simple and petiolate, with large usually caducous stipules. The capitula are axillary pedunculate globular, surrounded by an involucre of variable development, often formed of four bracts. Each flower5 is itself axillary to a little bract. Next to Codia come the two closely allied genera Panc/ieria,6 and Callicoma, which have the same inflorescences of globular pedunculate Fig. 452. Inflorescence. 1 In this character, and that of its stipules, this genus comes very near Rosacea, whereof, however, it has scarcely the perianth and sexual organs. F. Mueller thinks it akin to Gumillea and Spirceopsis. 2 Foest., Char. Gen., 59, t. 30.— DC, Prodr., iv. 7.— D. Don, in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ., ix. 93. — Endl., Gen., n. 4647. — H. Bn., in Adan- soma, v. 296.— B. H., Gen., 649, n. 53. 3 Its outer layer bears a copious down, and easily conies off from the deeper layers at a certain age. 4 Labill., Serf. Austro-Caled., 45, t. 46. — Ad. Be. & Ge., in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., ix. 76 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 377. 5 Whitish. 6 Ad. Be. & Ge., in Pull. Soc. Pot. de Fr., ix. 74; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, i. 374; in Nouv. Arch, du Mus., iv. 27, t. 11 (nee Monteouz.).— B. H., Gen., 649, n. 54. 380 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. capitula. In the former the flowers are polygamo-diceckms, with a variable number of parts to each verticil ; and the receptacle is not Callicoma serratifolia. Fig. 453. Flowering branch (i). very marked, bearing above a cupulate disk, continuous, or with distinct glandular elements. Hence the gynseceum is superior. In the male flowers it remains rudimentary ; in the females it consists of carpels free to a great extent. In each ovary are two collateral de- scending anatropous ovules, like those of Codia ; but the placentary margins are so involute that the raphe becomes external with respect to the floral axis. The fruit is formed of two follicles, dehiscing SAXIFRAGACEJB. 381 down the much-involute ventral angle, and containing one or two seeds whose micropyle is dilated into a wing. The embryo, sur- rounded by a layer of albumen, has its radicle superior. The five known species of this genus are New Caledonian shrubs with the habit of Codia ; but their leaves are verticillate. Callicoma serratifolia. }i} Iff Fig. 454. Flower (f). Fig. 455. Long. sect, of flower. Callicoma ' (figs. 453-455) has opposite leaves, and hermaphrodite flowers, with a receptacle of variable depth. In C. serratifolia- which was long the sole constituent of the genus, the receptacle is scarcely concave ; so that the ovary is nearly free (fig. 454), as in Pancheria. In C. Stidzeri? on the contrary, half the ovary is sunk in the ob- conical cavity of the receptacle, nearly as in certain Codias. The flowers of Callicoma are apetalous ; the cells of the ovary are com- plete or incomplete, multiovulate. The genus comprises Australian trees and shrubs.4 XV. BEUNIA SEEIES. Brunia* (figs. 456-45S) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. In the hollow of the concave receptacle is lodged part of the ovary, and 1 Andr., Bot. Repos., t. 566. — DC, Prodr., iv. 7 (part.). — Spach, Suit, a Buff on, v. 6. — Endl., Gen., n. 4648.— B. H., Gen., 649, n. 55. — Calycomis R. Br., in Flind. Toy., 549 (nee Don).— Endl., Gen., n. 4649. 2 Andr., loc. cit. — Lodd., Bot. Cab., t. 1167. — Bot. Mag., t. 18] 1. — C. ferruginea Don, in Edinb, N. Phil. Journ., ix. 93 (vur. with brownish down). 3 F. Mijell., Fragm., v. 32; vi. 188, 252. 4 Benth., Fl. Austral., ii. 440. 5 Bttrm., Afric., t. 100. — L., Gen., n. 274 (pnrfc.). — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 284. — J., Gen., 381, 452.— Gjertn., Fruct., i. 152, t. 30.— Lamk., Diet., i. 474.— Ad. Br., in Ann. 8c. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 372, t. 35, fig. 2.— Endl,, Gen., n. 4597. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 318 ; v. 295 ; in Payer Fam. Nat., 346.— B. H., Gen., 671, n. 382 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. its rim bears the perianth and androceum. The calyx is formed of five imbricate perigynous sepals, often tipped by a little blackish Brunia phylicoides. Fig. 457. Flower (f ). Fig. 456. Flowering branch. Fig. 458. Long. sect, of flower. gland ; the corolla of five alternating petals, oval or spatlmlate, im- bricate or subvalvate. On the middle of their inner face they bear a prominent vertical crest, often divided above into two lips by a deep groove.1 The androceum consists of five alternipetalous stamens, each formed of a free filament, and an introrse two-celled anther of very variable form.'* The half-inferior gynaeceum consists of a two- celled ovary surmounted by a style with two branches, free for a great distance, and indeed usually right down to the base, and dilated or un dilated at the apex, which is covered with stigmatic papillae. The cells of the ovary are separated by a septum, thick or thin, complete or incomplete ; and against this in each cell is an axile placenta bearing above one, or more frequently two descending ovules, with their micropyles at first superior and introrse, and their raphes dorsal. Later on the former are turned aside and outwards, while the latter tend to touch by a torsion comparable to that which occurs in many HamamelidecB.3 The fruit is dry, either indehiscent or dehiscing by 4. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 247. — Beckea Buem., Prodr.y 12. — Nebe.lia Neck., Ulem., n. 197. 1 Its apex is sometimes bifid. 2 The pollen grains are ovoid, with three folds, which become papillose bands in water (B. lanu- ginosa, B. abrotanifolla). In B. nodijlora there are six folds and six bands (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 338). 3 The cells remain empty in certain species. SAXIFRAGACEsE. 383 the splitting of the interlocular septum into two valves, each bearing a cleft of variable breadth on the ventral face. Through this escapes the seed,1 containing a fleshy albumen with a little embryo near its apex. JBrunia comprises half a score of species,2 which, like all the plants of this group, are natives of South Africa, especially the Cape. They are little undershrubs, with the habit and persistent foliage of many Heaths. The leaves are alternate, linear or acicular, imbricated when young, with two very small glandular lateral stipules3 at the base, often terminated, like the leaves, by a little glandular point. The flowers, grouped in globular terminal capitula, are each axillary to a bract and often accompanied by two lateral bractlets resembling the sepals. More rarely they form simple or ramified spikes. The name Raspalia* has been given to species of Brunia, with usually uniovulate ovary-cells, a calyx wrongly held inferior,5 and a perigynous corolla and androceum. Berardia? which we can only make a section of the genus Brmiia, has the same flowers, with uniovulate cells and a dicoccous fruit. But the axillant bracts are longer than the flowers, instead of being equal or shorter, and form a sort of coloured involucre. This section contains three or four species.7 JStaavia,8 comprising half a dozen species, has the foliage of Brimia, and approaches it very nearly, especially the section Berardia, of which it has the coloured involucre. But the ovary is inferior, with two uniovulate cells, and surmounted by a style, scarcely notched at the stigmatiferous apex, and traversed on either side by a longitu- dinal groove continuous with the interlocular septum. The fruit is dicoccous ; and below the apex of the seed is an annular frilled aril. Six species have been described,9 all natives of South Africa. 1 Unless the septum thickens and invades the cells with a spongy or suherous mass, the seeds then disappearing. 2 Beetn., Cent., t. 10.— TnrNB., Fl. Cap., 202— Bebg., Cap., 54.— Wendl., Collect., t. 35.— Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 313.— Oliy., in Joum. Linn. Soc., ix. 333. 3 See Adansonia, v. 299. 4 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 377, t. 37, fig. 1.— Endl., Gen., n. 4598.— B. H., Gen., 672, n. 5. — Berardia (part.). — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 320 (nee Ad. Be.). 5 See Adansonia, iii. 320. In S. niicropht/lla the calyx is superior, not inferior. The mistake has arisen from detaching the superficial layer of the inferior ovary right down to the hase together with the sepals in softened herharium flowers, while the corolla and androceum retained their normal epigyny. 6 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., se'r. 1, viii. 380, t. 37, fig. 2.— Ende., Gen., n. 4600.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 325. — B. H., Gen., 672, n. 6. 7 Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 318 (part.). 8 Thunb., Prodr. Fl. Cap., 41.— Endl., Gen., n. 4599. — B. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 325. — B. H., Gen., 672, 1006, n. 7. — Levisanus Scheeb., Gen., n. 377. — Astrocoma Neck., Flem., n. 196. 9 Wendl., Collect., t. 22, 82. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 321. 384 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Linconia and Audouinia, very closely akin, have a quite inferior ovary lodged in the obconical receptacle ; a pentamerous perianth of imbricated calyx and corolla, very much like that of the pre- ceding genera, and five free epigynous included stamens. In Audouinia1 the anthers are elongated, introrse, with parallel cells ; the ovary has three cells, each containing two collateral gemin- ated descending ovules, with their raphes alwa}rs dorsal ; and the style is simple trigonous, only divided at the apex into three stigma- tiferous crenulations. In Linconia2 each anther is surmounted by a conical glandular prolongation of the connective, from which the two divaricated cells descend obliquely. The ovary has but two cells, with one or two ovules in each, or one quite empty ; and the style is double. Thus the flowers come very near those of Brunia. In both these genera they form short terminal spikes, and are accompanied by a calycle of bracts. Only one species of Audouinia, z and three of Linconia4, are known, all South African. Berzeliah (figs 459-461) has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence in globular capitula of Brunia, together with the same perianth and androceum. But the inferior ovary has but one (uniovulate) cell, and the style surmounting it is unsymmetrical, usually somewhat bowed, with a shallow groove on one side, and towards the apex a unilateral stigmatiferous surface ; the fruit is indehiscent. Seven species" of Berzclia are known. LoncJtostoma,1 which is not regarded by all authors as an undoubted member of this group, has also a partly inferior ovary, with a penta- merous double perianth and androceum. But the corolla seems gamopetalous, its petals sticking together towards the base by means 1 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 384, t. 38, fig. 1. — Endl., Gen., n. 4602.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 327. — B. H., Gen., 673, n. 9. 2 L., Mantiss., 148. — Sw., in Berl. Mag., iv. (1810), 85, 284, t.4, 7, fig. 1.— Ad, Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 382, t. 37, fig. 3.— Endl., Gen., n. 4601.— B. H., Gen., 672, n. 8. 3 A. capitata Ad. Be., loc. cit. — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 323. — Diosma capitata Tiiunb., Prodr., 43. 4 Haev.& Sond.,.J7. Cap., ii. 317 (L. tamar- iscinia E. Met. (H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 321), does not belong to this genus, but has been re- ferred, despite its inflorescence, to the genus Brunia, under the name of B. pinifolia. (See Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 314, n. 3.) 5 Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 370, t. 35, fig. 1.— Endl., Gen., n. 4596.— B. H., Gen., 671, n. 1. — Helerodon Meissn., Gen., 72; Comm., 52. — Endl., Gen., n. 4605. 6 Wendl., Collect., t. 11, 45 {Brunia). — Haev. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 310.— Oliv., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ix. 333. " Wicksth., in Act. Holm. (1818), 349, t. 10.— Meissn., Gen., 72 (52).— Endl., Gen., n. 3877.— B. H., Gen., 673, n. 10.— H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 296. — G ravenhorstia Nees, in Lindl. Litrod., ed. 2, 439.— Endl., Gen., ». 4606. SAXIFRAGACEJ3. 385 of the alternating short staminal filaments, which thus appear to be inserted on the corolla; still there is no true fusion. Moreover there Berzelia lanuginosa. Fig. 460. Flower (f). Fig. 459. Flowering branch. Fig. 461. Long. sect, of seed. are not constantly two collateral descending ovules, with their niicropyles exterior, in each of the two cells, but often three or four in two vertical rows. Each ovule is surmounted by a subcorneal dilatation of its funicle. The fruit is a capsule, opening from below upwards into two or four valves. The three known species1 are branching heath-like shrubs, with alternate oblong concave coriaceous leaves, and the inflorescence of Audouinia or Linconia. Tliamnea? with all the habit and general floral characters of the other Bruniece, is exceptional in the structure of its g}ma3ceum. It 1 Haev. & Soijd., Fl. Cap., ii. 316. 2 Soland., ex Ad. Be., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 386, t. 38, fig. 3.— Endl., Gen., n. 4604. VOL. TTT. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 328. — B. H., Gen., 671, 1006, n. 2. — Oliy., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ix. 331. C C 386 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. has a pentamerous calyx, corolla, and androceum inserted on the rim of a concave receptacle ; this is often warty outside, and lodges in its concavity more or less of the two-celled ovary, which has from two to four descending ovules in each cell. But the septum being in great part absorbed, there is left an apparently free central placentary column, bearing near its apex1 a crown of ovules.2 A simple style surmounts the ovary. Four species of Thamnea proper have been described,3 little shrubs or undershrubs from the Cape, with minute imbricate leaves and solitary flowers terminating the branches or short axillary twigs. Brirnia laxa? which has been made the type of a genus Tittmannia," is a somewhat exceptional Thamnea, its flowers being directly axillary to the leaves, and the septum6 between its two biovulate cells being destroyed less rapidly and completely7 than in Thamnea proper; accordingly, this genus may be regarded as forming the type of a distinct section of the genus. XVI. HAMAMELIS SERIES. The flowers of Hamamelitf (figs. 462-464) are hermaphrodite or polygamous. In the former case the receptacle forms a deep cup, with four sepals of alternative-imbricate aestivation inserted on its rim. Between these are four long riband-shaped petals, involute in the bud. There are eight stamens in two whorls, four being super- posed to the sepals and four to the petals. The former alone are 1 This differs from truly free central placentas in that its enlarged apex adheres to the roof of the ovary. 2 Descending, as in the other Bruniece, and, as it appeared to us, with the inicropyle finally upwards and outwards in the expanded flower. 3 Haey. & Sond., Fl. Cap., ii. 324— OltlV., loo. cit., 331, 332. 4 Thttnb., Fl. Cap., 206.— Mcesslera late- riflora Reichb., Consp., 160. — Eckl. & Zeyh., Fnum., 1086. 5 Ad. Be., loc. cit., 29, t. 4, fig. 2. — Endl., Gen., n. 4603.— Haet. & Sond., Fl. Cap , ii 312.— B. H., Gen., 671, n. 3. 6 The presence of this septum leads Oliteb (loc. cit., 333) to include our Thamnea laxa in the genus Brunia. ' However, we have found numerous flowers where the placenta was finally quite as free as in the other flowers. Hence this character is in- sufficient to separate the two types, and so is the difference of insertion of the flowers (axillary or terminal), which appears of no importance when we find flowers of Thamnea proper ending ex- tremely short axillary twigs. 8 L., Gen., n. 169. — J., Gen., 288.— Lame., Bid., iii. 68; III,, t. 88.— DC, Prodr., iv. 268 (part.). — Enbl., Gen., n. 4591. — Ag., Theor. Syst., t. 13. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 323; v. 298; x. fasc. 4; in Payer Fam. Nat., 345. — B. H., Gen., 667, n. 7. — Trilopus Mich., in Ann. Nat. Cur., viii. (ex Aixans., Fam. des PI., ii. 381). 8AXIFBA0ACEJE. 387 fertile, and consist of a free filament, perigynous like the perianth- leaves, and an introrse basifixed two-celled anther. Each cell is ellip- tical with a well-marked outline, and opens along part of this outline by a curved cleft, which separates the wall of the cell like a valve from the connective.1 The latter is prolonged into a fleshy obtuse tip. The other stamens, usually described as glands, are reduced to Hamamelis vlrginica. Fig. 463. Flower (f). Fio. 462. Flowering branch. Fig. 464. LoiTjr. section of flower. fleshy bodies of variable shape. The gynseceum, inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, is in great part superior. It consists of an ovary, with two antero-posterior cells, surmounted by two arcuate styles, stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each is a placenta, near the top of which are inserted one or two descending ovules ; in the latter case one has its development early arrested. The other is anatropous,- with its micropyle upwards and inwards and its raphe dorsal ; but, owing to a more or less complete torsion, the latter is turned to the right or left, and the former to the other side of a cell. In many flowers the gynseceum is small and sterile, or contains only the rudiments of ovules ; the receptacle is then much shallower. The fruit is a dry capsule, partly sunk in the now 1 In H. virghuca the pollen grains are ovoid, with three grooves ; moistened they are spherical, with three bands, (H. Mohl. in Ann. Sc. Nat.,$er. 2, iii. 325.) 2 It has two coats. c c 2 383 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. woody receptacle. It opens at the apex into two loculicidal valves, whereof the bivalve exocarp comes off from the parchmenty or horny endocarp, more or less convolute about the seed. This contains under its smooth crustaceous teguments1 a fleshy albumen surrounding an axile embryo with oblong leafy cotyledons. Hamamelis comprises little trees, with alternate leaves closely recalling those of the HazeL unsymmetrical at the base, dentate, with secondary ribs parallel to the margin of the blade, and two lateral stipules to the petiole. The shortly pedicellate flowers, each accompanied by a sort of involucre or calycle of three or four bracts, are arranged in small groups like glomeruli on the wood or in the axils of the leaves. Two species are known,2 one from Japan, the other frequently cultivated here, from North America. Under the name of Loropetalum? a distinct genus has been made of a species of Hamamelis from China and Japan/ whose anthers open in a peculiar way ; and we shall make it the type of a section of Hamamelis. Two lateral vertical clefts appear, one on either side of the anther. Then the lips of each cleft are continued on either side into a hook at both ends. Thus are formed two little flaps, which separate from the rest of the anther and open like folding doors ; they are somewhat unequal, the outer being the larger. This section comprises one shrub with persistent leaves. Next to Hamamelis come Corylopsis and Dicoryphe, differing there- from mainly in the form of various parts of the flower. The flowers of Corylopsis5 are polygamous, often hermaphrodite,6 usually penta- merous. The receptacle is concave, lodging a great part of the ovary. On its rim are inserted five coloured sepals, five petals of about equal length, and five free alternipetalous stamens. The anthers open either by marginal clefts, or else, these clefts being prolonged 1 Marked by a long umbilical cicatrix, oblique, and approaching one extremity of the seed. 2 Schkuhe, Handb., t. 27. — Duham., Arbr., i. t. 114. — R. Be., in Abel's China, App., 374. — Toee. & Geat, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 597. — A. Geay, Man., ed. 5, 147. — Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 156. — Olit., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. 459. — Walp., Ann., vii. 936. 3 R. Be., in Abel's Cliina, App., 375, icon. — Oliv., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. 459. — B. H., Gen., 668, n. 9. 4 H. chinensis R. Be., loc. cit. — DC, Prodr., iv. 269, n. 3. — Plt/kn., Amalth., 32, t. 368, fig. 2. 5 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., i. 45, t. 19, 20.— Endl., Gen., n. 4589.— H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 344.— B. H., Gen., 667, n. 5. 6 In the gynseceum we find every transition between ovaries that are quite sterile and empty and those containing well-formed ovules. The cells may be well-marked, with ovules on the ventral angle, which yet do not attain full development, though in some cases a nucleus and its coats may be distinguished. 8AXIFRAGAGEM. 389 and arched at both ends, by single flaps1 or valves, not double as in Loropetalum. Between the stamens are five glandular bifid or bilobate bodies, forming a sort of disk ; they are probably staminodes. The ovary and ovules behave as in Hamamelis. The fruit is a bicuspidate capsule, with two bifid valves, and seeds of Hamamelis. Cori/lopsis inhabits temperate Central and Eastern Asia ; it comprises three or four frutescent species,2 sometimes cultivated in this country. The leaves are caducous,3 with large caducous stipules. The flowers come out before the leaves, at the beginning of the season ; forming pendant racemes or catkins, axillary to bracts or scales which are only the stipules of aborted leaves. Dicort/p/ie4 has usually tetramerous flowers, probably all hermaphro- dite. The concave receptacle lodges the inferior ovary, as in the last genus, but the form of the perianth is quite peculiar. The calyx is a cylindrical coriaceous tube, with four valvate teeth, and comes off at the base in a single piece. The petals are four thick fleshy tongues. There are eight stamens, but the alternipetalous set are sterile. The four others5 have flattened elongated basifixed anthers, with two introrse cells; each of these opens by a half-valve,6 correspond- ing with half its wall, or by the opening of the whole of the outer wall into a complete valve. There are two cells to the ovary; the ovules, originally two in each cell, behave exactly as in Hamamelis. The fruit is a capsule. This genus comprises five or six shrubs from Madagascar,7 with alternate or opposite entire persistent coriaceous leaves, possessing unsymmetrical stipules, often large and caducous. The flowers form terminal racemes, sometimes short, with the pedicels so short as to simulate cajDitula. 1 Their dehiscence shows a transition from the Noronh., mss. (ex Tul.). — Glycoxylum Chapel., longitudinal cleft to the valves that are so marked mss. (ex Tul.). in other genera, which greatly lessens the value 5 The filaments are united in D. stipulacea, but of the character. we do not know whether they only stick together 2 Griff., PI. Cantor., 22. — Hook. f. & or are really monadelphous. The sterile stamens Thoms., in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 85. — Hance, may stick to the contracted base of the petals, in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, xv. 224. — Bot. Mag., t. without, however, any real fusion. 5158. — Walp., Rep., ii. 434; Ann., vii. 936. 6 In D. stipulacea the anther first opens by a 3 Sprinkled with stellate hairs, like the young lateral cleft on each side ; then the two internal branches. half-cells bend inwards towards one another, while 4 Dup.-Th., Gen. Nov. Madag., 12 ; Hist, des the dorsal ones remain in situ. Yeg. des lies Afr. Austr., 31, t. 7. — DC, Prodr., 7 Jaume S.-Hil., Exp. Fain. Nat., ii. 368. — iv. 269. — H. Bn., in Pager Fam, Nat., 344. — RcEM. & Sen., Sgsl., iii. 845. — Tul., in Ann. So. Endl., Gen., n. 4588. — B. H., Gen., 667, n. 6.— Nat., ser. 4, viii. 142.— Walp., Ann., vii. 836. JDicorgpha Spreng., Syst., i. 546. — Diania 390 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Trichocladus" (figs. 465-466) has flowers closely resembling those of both Hamamelis and Dicoryphe, some pentamerous and others Trichocladus erinitus. Fig. 465. Flower (|). Fig. 466. Long. sect, of flower. tetramerous, polygamo-moncecious or dioecious, with a partly inferior ovary. The petals are very long and narrow, with revolute edges, except in the female flowers, where they are ill-developed or absent. The stamens have a short thick filament and a basifixed anther, opening laterally by two valves.2 The ovary, surmounted by two subulate styles stigmatiferous at the apex, has two cells, wherein the ovule is twisted as in Hamamelis. Two species are known, which alone represent this series at the Cape. They are shrubs covered with stellate hairs, with opposite and alternate leaves, and terminal floral capitula, sometimes borne on short axillary branches. This last is the chief distinction between Trichocladus and Hamamelis, of which it has, on the whole, nearly the flowers and fruit. In Eustigma oblongifoliumz the flower is fundamentally the same, with a superior imbricate perianth, and anthers dehiscing nearly as in Zorojjefalwm.4 The inferior ovary and the ovule5 found in either 1 Pees., Syn., ii. 597.— DC, Prodr., iv. 269. — Endl., Gen., n. 4590. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, v. 298; in Payer Pant. Nat., 344. — B. H., Gen., 667, n. 8.— Dahlia Thttnb., in Skr. Nat. Selsk. Kiohenh., ii. 133, t. 4 (nee Cat.). 2 Haet. & Sond., PI. Cap., ii. 324. 3 Gaedn. & Chapm., in Hook. Journ., i. 312. — Seem., Pot. Herald, t. 95. — Benth., Fl. Hong- kong., 132.— B. H., Gen., 668, n. 11. 4 Each cleft of the anther is at first lateral and vertical ; it then is continued inwards and out- wards to form a sort of double hook at top and bottom, thus marking out a pair of valves, which then open like folding doors. 5 The raphe is at first dorsal, but owing to a partial torsion, the micropyle is brought to one side. The primine is slipper-shaped, enclosing the secundine closely applied to the nucleus, nearly as in the Box-tree. 8AXIFBAGACE2E. 391 cell are formed as in all the preceding genera ; but the petals are very small, squamiform, subspathulate, geniculate, and swollen at the base ; and the two styles are greatly developed, long and exserted, tapering to the articulated base, and expanded at the top into a large thick lobulate stigma, more or less folded on itself. The fruit is a capsule. This plant is a small glabrous tree from Hongkong, with persistent alternate leaves, possessing two little caducous stipules- The small flowers are grouped in little axillary racemes.1 Tetrathyrum subcordatiim,2 a shrub from the same country, has alternate ovate-oblong cordate leaves, coriaceous and persistent, and small numerous flowers in axillary capitula, with the same general organization, the hollow obconical receptacle lodging a two-celled ovary, in great part free, with uniovulate cells, surmounted by two subulate styles. And its fruit is a bivalve capsule. But the rim of the receptacle only gives insertion to five calycine leaves, valvate and subpetaloid, while the corolla is completely lost. In front of the sepals are five superposed stamens ; their anthers dehisce longitudinally, the walls diverging from the cleft on either side, and they are surmounted by a long prolongation of the connective. Between each stamen and its neighbour projects a pair of rounded pubescent perigynous glands, free or united at the base. The corolla is also quite absent in the four following genera, while the calyx, often reduced in size, presents great varieties in the number of its parts. This is especially marked in Sycojjsis Gnffith- iana,3 a tree (?) from Khasia, with nearly the foliage of Emtigma. Its flowers are monoecious ; the gynseceum is in great part superior, with ovules of Hamamelis ;4 there are also eight stamens, but of a longitudinal dehiscence ; while the perianth in both males and females is irregularly and obliquely incised into unequal teeth and lobes. Parrotict was known for a longer time as an apetalous repre- sentative of Hamamelis. In fact its leaves, polygamous flowers, fruits (fig. 467), and seeds have the same general structure. But 1 The bractlets, inserted below the articulated 4 The position of the niicropyle varies with age; ovary, form a little involucre, and each flower is at first it looks upwards and inwards, and may at first hidden in its mother-bract. continue to do so permanently. 2 Fl. Hongkong., 132.— B. H., Gen., 668, n. 5 C. A. Mey., Verz. Pjl. Caucas., 46.— 10. Endl., Gen., u. 4592. — H. Bs„ in Adansonia, 3 Oliv., in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. 83, t. 8.— v. 299; in Pager Fam. Nat., 345.— B. H., Gen., B. H„ Gen., 666, n. 4.— Waip., Ann., vii. 935. 666, n. 1. 392 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Parrotia persica. there are from four to eight lobes to the calyx ; and the androceum (whose anthers dehisce longitudinally) is rarely diplostemonous, more frequently isostemonous. The two species of Parrotia are trees from Persia and Cashmere.1 Disiyliimi presents the same variability in its polygamous flowers, from three to six unequal divisions in the calyx, and from two to eight or nine stamens,3 analogous to those of Sycopsis. The gynseceum alone retains the funda- mental organization of the preceding groups. But the receptacle is of no depth, so that the ovary4 and capsular fruit remain free and superior. The two or three known species of Distyliam are trees from South-east Asia,5 with the simple leaves of Eustiyma and Sycopsis, and axillary floral spikes. Fothergilla alnifolia. Fig. 467. Fruit. Fig. 468. Flower. Fig. 470. Gynseceum (^). Fig. 469. Long. sect, of gynseceum. Finally, in Fotheryilla alnifolia* (figs. 468-470), a North American shrub cultivated in our gardens, the polygamous flowers, though formed as in the preceding genera, have indefinite stamens, and only a rudimentary calyx. Hence we might describe the species as a 1 DC, Prodr., iv. 268, n. 2 (Scmamelis). — CambeSS., in Jacquem. Voy., Bot., 73, t. 83. 2 Sieb. & Zucc, Fl. Jap., i. 178, t. 94.— H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat,, 344. 3 The anther is basifixed, and the lines of dehiscence are nearly lateral, but a trifle introrse. In the bottom of each cell projects a rudiment of a secondary septum. 4 Each cell contains two ovules, of which one alone attains its full development. 5 Benth., Fl. Hongkong., 133.— Walp., Rep., v. 928. 6 L. fil., Suppl., 42. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 523 ; Suppl., ii. 665; III., t. 480. — Duham., Arbr., ed. nov., iv. t. 26. — Tfkp., in Diet. d'Hist. Nat., Atl., v. t. 199.— DC, Prodr., iv. 269.— Toer. & Gray,JY. N.-Amer., i. 597. — Endl., Gen., n. 4533. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 345 ; in Adansonia, x. fasc. 4. — A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 148.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit. States, 157.— B. H., Gen., 666, n. 2.— Ag., Theor. Syst. PI., t. 13, fig. 5, 6.— Bot. Mag., t. 1341, 1342.— Walp., Ann., vii. 935. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 393 polyandrous subachlamydeous Hamamelis. The receptacle is con- cave, subcampanulate, and its rim is thickened and irregularly crenulate, thus forming* the sole representative of the calyx.1 In the bottom is a half inferior ovary, with a solitary ovule in each cell, twisted as in Hamamelis, with its superior micropyle on one side.2 The free perigynous stamens are unequal, and all belong to one verticil, despite their number. Each consists of a clavate filament, and a basifixed anther, opening at first by two lateral clefts. Later on their lips are reflexed into half-valves, as in Loropetalum, Par- rotia, &c. The capsule and seeds are nearly those of Hamamelis. Fothergilla has alternate simple leaves, with two little lateral stipules. Its flowers develop before the leaves come out in terminal spikes, in early spring. In the spikes alternate approximated bracts succeed the young leaves ; the lowermost are sterile ; higher up they are axillant to usually male flowers, and still higher are gene- rally the hermaphrodites. JDisanthis cercidifolius3 is a Japanese tree, with alternate, petiolate, orbiculate-cordate leaves, and scarious caducous stipules. The flowers are in pairs at the apex of little axillary peduncles, and form, as it were, a little capitulum, with very short bracts at the base. The receptacle is concave, and the perianth closely analogous to that of Hamamelis. The sepals are scarious and much imbricate, like the petals, which form very long triangles, tapering at the apex. The five stamens have a short filament and an anther, with two ovoid extrorse cells, each opening by a dorsal cleft, the outer margin of which is then bent outwards. The dicarpcllary gymeceum resembles that of the preceding genera ; but in the ventral angle of each cell we usually find two series of descending ovules, usually three ovules in each row. The fruit is loculicidal and many-seeded. jR/iodoleia4 has irregular subachlamydeous hermaphrodite flowers ; they are formed of a nearly free gynseceum, surrounded by a certain number5 of free stamens, around which we see only a little irregular 1 The superficial part of the receptacle has vi. 20 ; in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 5, vii. 379. — B. H., often been described as a calyx tube, adherent to Gen., 1005, n. 6(18. the ovary. 4 Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 4509. — Miq., in 2 It was at first ventral. The ovule has two Versl. e Meded. d. K. Ale. Wet. Nat., vi. 122. — coats. H. Bn., in Adansonia, iii. 176. — B. H., Gen., 3 Maxim., Mel. Biol., in Bull. Acad. Petersb., 668, n. 12.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 258. 5 Six or more. 394 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. frill representing a disk, with a few unequally arranged little leaves, the sole vestige of the calyx. These flowers are grouped on a common receptacle into a capitulum, surrounded by a large number of imbri- cated dissimilar bracts arranged in a spiral. The outer ones are short,1 broad, coriaceous-sessile, enlarging from without inwards. The innermost are petaloid, coloured, long-tapering at the base.2 Each stamen consists of a free filament and a basifixed anther, with two elongated adnate cells ; it dehisces by two longitudinal clefts, lateral or slightly introrse. The ovary is free in the greater part of its extent,3 surmounted by two elongated caducous styles, stigmati- ferous at the apex. In the ventral angle of each of the two (complete or incomplete4) cells of the ovary are found numerous anatropous ovules, in two vertical rows ; they are descending, with their micropyles turned upwards and outwards. The fruit is dry and woody, bicuspidate, bivalve, and polyspermous. The seeds are compressed, angular, thin, and imbricated at the edges. Their internal structure is unknown. Two species of Rhodoleia have been described, one from China,5 the other from Sumatra.6 They are little glabrous trees, with persistent alternate leaves, simple, entire, coriaceous, glaucous below, petiolate and exstipulate. The floral capitula are borne each on a thick recurved peduncle. XVII. LIQUIDAMBAE SERIES. Liquidambar1 (figs. 471-474) has its unisexual monoecious8 flowers grouped in capitula and spikes. The axis of the male inflorescence 1 Covered with down on their exposed surfaces. 2 From two to four of these bracts are inserted innermost, close outside the flower and near the disk, and seem to form a partial unilateral corolla to their flower. 3 The lower part, containing some ovules, is inferior as regards the disk, hence the insertion of the androceum is slightly perigyuous. 4 Especially incomplete below, where often the placentas do not even touch. Higher up they are more or less fused in the Sumatran species, but in the Chinese they are only in con- tact, and may be separated without rupture; thus they are really parietal, as in so many of the Saxifragacece. 5 R. Championi Hook., loc. cit. — Lem., Jard. FL, i. t. 4.— Seem., Rot. Herald, 380. — V. Houtte, Fl. des Serres, vi. 87, t. 561.— Benth., Fl. Hongkong., 141. — Walp., Ann., ii. 273 ; v. 89; vii. 936. — R.formosa Champ, (ex Hook.). 6 R. Teysmanni MlQ., loc. cit. — Waxp., Ann., v. 87. 7 L., Gen., n. 1076.— J., Gen., 410. — G^BTN., Fruct., ii. t. 90. — Lamk., Diet., iii. 532 ; Suppl., iii. 456 ; III., t. 783.— Ekdl., Gen., n. 1902.— H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 348; in Adan- sonia, x. fasc. 4. — Clarke, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1858), 1.— B. H., Gen., 669, n. 15.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 520 (iucl. Altingia Noeonh., Sedgwickia Geiff.). 8 Sometimes polygamous in our cultivated plants. SAXIFRAGAGEJE. 395 is often elongated ; it bears tufts of stamens, which have a usually short thick filament, and a basifixed anther with two lateral cells. There is no perianth, but only here and there a very little ring around the base of the stamens. In the female flowers this is usually more prominent, and less hesitation has been felt in describ- Liquidambar styraciflua. f ■ '- 1 1/M Fig. 471. Flowering branch. Fig. 472. Fig. 473. Fig. 474 ig. sect, of male Transv. sect, of female Fruit. inflorescence. inflorescence. ing it as the very short limb of a calyx. Inside are a variable number of stamens, with short filaments and antherless, or with sterile anthers, shorter than in the males. These may by accident become fertile, rendering the flower polygamous.. Then the recep- tacle is hollowed so much that the cavity is in great part sunk into 396 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. the axis of the capitulum, lodging the greater part of the ovary. This has two multiovulate cells, complete or incomplete, and is sur- mounted by two styles, recurved and stigmatiferous at the apex. The ovules are descending and anatropous. The fruit consists of a large number of capsules, framed in the now woody common recep- tacle. Each one opens septicidally in its upper free part ; the valves crowned by the indurated bases of the styles separate to free the numerous winged seeds. These are flattened, expanding into a membranous wing at the micropylar end, and contain in their coats an embryo with ellipsoidal cotyledons, three-ribbed at the base, and a superior cylindro-conoidal radicle. Liquidambar comprises three species,1 all trees gorged with balsamic resinous juice ; one inhabits North America, another Asia Minor, and the third Batavian India. Their leaves are caducous, alternate, petiolate, palmatilobate, with glandular teeth, and accompanied by glandular stipules. The female inflorescences are solitary, pedunculate at the ends of the branches or in the axils of the upper leaves ; the males are usually spicate or racemose. At the base of each capitulum is an involucre of three or four unequal bracts. Under the name of Altingia2 have been described two other species from India and Malaysia, differing from the preceding in that their leaves are oval or oblong persistent, with persistent or caducous stipules, while the fruits are muticous, owing to the fall of the styles, and the inflorescences have but one or two bracts at the base. "We shall make of these two Asiatic species3 only a section of the genus Liquidambar. BucMandia* approaches Liquidambar very closely. Its flowers are polygamous, capitulate. The calycinal ring is more prominent, gene- rally incised into five thick obtuse lobes. Inside we find, in the female and hermaphrodite flowers, four or more narrow linear tongues, described as either petals or sterile stamens. The gynse- ceum, which is free to a far greater extent than in Liquidambar, is 1 Michx., Arbr., iii. t. 4. — Bl., Fl. Jav., Sedgiciclcia Griff., in Asiat. Res., xix. 98, t. 15, Balsam., 6, t. 1, 2 ; in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, ii. 16. — Endl., Gen., n. 4595. 91.— Nebs, PI. Off., Suppl., ii. t. 12.— Miq., Fl. 3 Bl., Fl. Jav., Balsam., t. 1, 2 (Liquid- Ind.-Bat., i. add., 1097. — A. DC, Prodr., xvi. ambar). — Seem.. Bot. Herald, t. 94; in Bon- 157 (part.). — (Erst., Amer. Centr., fasc. i. t. 10, plandia, loc. cit. (Liquidambar, section I.). 11. — Seem., in Bonplandia, v. 104-122, 126, 4 R. Br., in Wall. Cat., n. 7414.— Griff., in not. — Walp., Ann., vii. 936. Asiat. Res., xix. t. 13, 14. — Endl., Gen., n. 2 Noronh., in Verb. Bat. Genootsch., v. 41. — 4594. — H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 345. H. Bn., in Payer Fa^. Nat., 346.— A. DC, B. H., Gen,, 668, n. 13. Prodr., xvi. 157.— B. H., Gen., 669, u. 14.— SAXIFRAGACEjE. 397 surrounded by a thick disk ; and its two-celled ovary is surmounted by a pair of styles, each traversed by a longitudinal groove, the lips of which widen and become re flexed, and covered with stigmatic papilla? near the apex. Each cell contains usually six ovules in two vertical rows, descending, with their micropyles upwards and out- wards. The fruit is nearly free capsular, with two bifid valves ; it contains winged descending seeds like those of Liquidambar. The superior are smaller and sterile. The stamens of the male flower have long slender filaments. The cells open down the edge, and separate right down that side from the connective, from which they then diverge like two concave valves. Two species of Bucliandia are known, trees from the mountains of India and Sumatra, with knotty articulated branches, alternate cordate coriaceous digitiveined petiolate leaves, and two large, oval or oblong coriaceous caducous stipules enveloping the young leaves and flowers, like those of Cunonia. XVIII. PLANE SERIES. We consider the Planes1 (figs. 475-4S1) as representing the most reduced arborescent type of Saxifrugacece, especially Liquidambarece. Platamts vulgaris (Plane tree). Fig. 475. Fig. 476. Fig. 477. Fig. 478. Male inflorescences. Male inflorescence, trans- Female inflorescences. Female inflorescence, transverse verse section (\). section, (I). The flowers are, as in that series, monoecious and grouped in 1 T., Inst., 590, t. 363.— L., Gen., n. 896 — Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 377. — J., Gen., 410. — G.ebtn., Fruct., ii. 57, t. 90, fig. 5. — Lame., Diet., v. 437 ; Suppl., iv. 436 ; III, t. 783.— 398 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. unisexual globular capitula.1 In the males (figs. 475, 476) the receptacle bears a large number of small flowers, each formed of from three to six verticillate stamens, with very short, erect filament, and an erect elongated clavate basifixed anther, possessing two lateral cells of marginate dehiscence,2 adnate to the connective, which is prolonged above them into a truncate head. Around these stamens Platanus vulgaris. f (I ; : '' Fig. 479. Composite fruit. Fig. 481. Long. sect, of fruit (^). Fig. 480. Single achene (|). are two kinds of appendages : first from three to six scales, with a hairy tip, which are probably sepals ; and inside these as many or fewer linear-clavate truncate bodies of greater length. The female flowers, also sessile in the receptacle, have a perianth like that of the males, but formed of three or four better developed leaves. Inside these are as many clavate appendages, which would seem to repre- sent staminodes, if we might judge from their clavate form, the same as in the fertile stamens, only differing in the absence of anther-cells. Alternating with these sterile stamens (?) are seen a variable number of little glandular tongues, sometimes completely absent. Finally, the centre of the flower is occupied by a whorl of from two to Nees, Gen., ii. 17. — Lindl., Teg. Syst., 187 ; Veg. Kingd., 272.— Endl., Gen., n. 1901. — Agaedh., Theor. Syst. PI,, 155, t. 13, figs. 1, 2. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 97. — Clakke, in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (1852), 102, t. 6.— A. DC, Prodr., xvi. sect. ii. 156. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 518. — H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. fasc. 4. 1 Exceptionally they are said to be polygamous, the lower flowers becoming hermaphrodite. 2 The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with three longitudinal folds. SAXIFRAGACEM. 399 eight free carpels, superposed and slightly adherent to the base of the sepals, and each consisting of a free one-celled ovary ; this tapers above into a recurved style, traversed by a ventral groove with stigmatiferous lips. In each overy is inserted near the apex of the ventral angle a descending ovule,1 orthotropous or nearly so, with its micropyle downwards.2 The fruit, borne on a spherical pedunculate receptacle, consists of a large number of elongated obpyramidal achenes, surrounding at the base by a fringe of long rigid hairs, and surmounted by the persistent style. Each achene contains a descending seed,3 whose thin coats cover a fleshy albumen,4 sur- rounding an axile embryo, with an inferior cylindro-conoidal radicle, and oblong cotyledons often unequal (fig. 481). The Planes are usually lofty trees, natives of North America and Mediterrannean Asia. The bark often peels off in plates of variable size and colour.8 Their leaves are alternate, palmiveined and palmilobate,6 covered with stellate down when young. The base of the petiole is swollen, and hollowed into a conical cavity which long envelopes7 the axillary bud. It is accompanied by two lateral stipules, which unite below into a tube embracing the branch above the insertion of the leaves, and expands higher up into a more or less irregular cornet, with a dentate margin ; above the stipules become quite detached to a variable extent.8 The flowers are vernal ; and the unisexual inflorescences are solitary, or grouped in a string, a few together and sessile, on a common pendant axis ending a young shoot. As many as half a score species have been made,9 which may, no doubt, be reduced to two or three.1" 1 There are said to be sometimes two. aud inside the cone formed by the dilated petiole 2 Often it rises up a little, instead of being a narrow opening into the cavity occupied by the quite inferior, the major axis of the ovule being bud, which proves that this is a groove in the slightly curved, as though through an attempt upper surface of the petiole, whose lips have risen at anatropy. The ovule has two coats. up and approached one another above the primi- 3 Very frequently sterile in the trees culti- tively free bud. The latter becomes visible and vated in Europe. quite free at the fall of the leaf. 4 Some authors describe it as very thin ; the 8 They generally separate from one another, majority say there is none. especially on the side next the petiole. 5 This exfoliation depends on the form of the 9 Dttham., Arbr., ed. nov. ii. 7, t. 2. — Ntjtt., plates of periderm that form large islands, dis- Suppl. to the N.- Am. Sylv.,\. 47, 1. 15. — Catesb., tributed between the suberous layers, and which Carol., i. t. 56. — Moeic., in Bull. Terr. Bot. soon come away, carrying with them the adjacent (1830), 79; PI. Nouv. Amir. (1833), 39, t. 26. — suberous layers. Hook. & Abn., in Beech. Voy., Bot., 160, 390. — 6 " Margins of the blade longitudinally plicate Maet. & Gal., in Bull. Acad. Brux., x. n. 4, externally in vernation." (Doll., 2 EM. Laubkn. p. 2. — Benth., Voy. Sulph., Bot.,54; PI. Hart- Ament., fig. 4.) weg., n. 1961.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr„ ill. " Not totally, as would appear at first sight, 145. for even when adult we may always find above 10 Before the discovery of the recently described 400 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. XIX. MYOSUBANDRA SERIES. Myosurandrc? (figs. 482-488) has regular dioecious, naked tetra- merous flowers, grouped in spikes or catkins. The male flower consists of only four stamens, two antero-posterior, and two lateral, Myosurandra moschata. cuP Fig. 483. Male flower (£). Fig. 482. Male flowering branch. Fig. 484. Diagram of male flower. inserted on a very small common receptacle ; each consists of a long slender free filament, and a tetragonal, basifixed, introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence, surmounted by a subulate pro- longation of the connective. There is no trace of a gynaBceum, nor is any rudiment of stamens to be found in the female flower. The latter (figs. 485-488) consists of a gynseceum, with a sessile elongated ovary, traversed by four longitudinal grooves, and divided into four American species Spach (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, he named P. vulgaris, comprising numerous forms v. 289) had reduced all the plants which had and varieties. already been held distinct species (notably P. } H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 325, t. 8, 9. orientalis L. and oecidentalis L.,) to one which 8AXIFBAGACE2E. 401 cells which occupy the same position as the stamens in the male. Above the cells become free, each tapering into a style, which is grooved right down the ventral surface. The thickened reflexed borders of the groove are covered with numerous stigmatic papillae. Myosiirandra moschata. Fig. 486. Female flower (^). Fio. 485. Female flowering branch. Fio. 488. Long. sect, of female flower. In the ventral angle of each cell is a placenta bearing numerous anatropous ascending ovules, with their micropjdes looking down- wards and outwards, and arranged in two parallel rows. The fruit consists of four follicles, slightly coherent by the inner edge ; they dehisce ventrally. The seeds are indefinite, and contain in their coats a fleshy albumen, surrounding a little axile embryo. As yet only one species of this genus is known, M. mosc/iafa,1 a shrub from Madagascar; all its parts have a musky scent, as the name applies. The branches are knotty. The leaves are opposite, each pair united below into a tubular sheath, which envelopes without adhering to 1 We recently found this plant in Bojer's herbarium, under the name of Antkospermum plicatum. VOL. I1J. D D 402 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. the whole internode above the point of insertion. On the upper margin of this sheath are inserted four subulate stipuliform1 tongues, two on either side. The leaf-blade is simple and elongated, folded longitudinally like a fan, with two ridges one side, and three alter- nating with these on the other, each ending near the top of the leaf in a crenulation or rounded tooth.2 The floral spikes are solitary terminal, bearing opposite bracts ; in the axil of each is a single sessile flower, accompanied by two lateral bractlets. Myrothamnus jlahellifolia? ■& little shrub from the west and south of tropical Africa, has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence of Myosu- randra, to which it is closely analogous. But its female flowers are trimerous, with one carpel anterior and two posterior ; and its stamens, from three to eight in number, are monadelphous and united into a central column, instead of being free.4 XX? DATISCA SERIES. Datiscah (figs. 489-496) has dioecious, or polygamous flowers. In the males (figs. 489, 490) there is a little convex receptacle, bearing a short gamosepalous calyx, with a very variable number of teeth,6 and a much larger number of free stamens, each formed of a short or elongated slender filament, and an elongate basifixed two-celled anther of marginal dehiscence. The female flower (figs. 491-493) has, on the contrary, a long tubular or ovoid receptacle, bearing round its mouth a calyx with from three to six teeth. The cavity of the recep- tacle is occupied by the one-celled ovary, surmounted by three or more bifurcate styles, covered ventrally and towards the apex with stigmatic papillae. Within the cell are the parietal placentas, covered with 1 One hesitates before describing these as true stipules, for they are inserted, not at the base of the leaf, but on a level with the base of the blade, hence they are, perhaps, the little lateral lobes of a trilobate leaf. 2 The prominent folds on the two surfaces alternate ; they correspond to longitudinal ribs, and alternate with furrows. The bl:tde may be unfolded artificially. 3 Welw., Apont. Phytogeogr. Angol., 578, note 8 ; in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxvii. 22, t. 8. — B. H., Gen., 1005, n. 15 a.— H. Bn., in Adan- sonia, ix. 328. — Oliy., Fl. Trop. Afr., ii. 404. — Ci'iff'ortia ? flabellifulia Sosd., Fl. Cap., ii. 597. 4 [Outer (loc. cit.) describes the filaments as free.— Te.] 5 L., Gen., n. 1132. — Adans., Fam. des PL, ii. 506.— J., Gen., 445. — G^ertn., Fruct., i. 147, t. 30.— Lame., Diet., i. 601 ; Suppl., i. 79 ; III., t. 825. — Endl., Gen., n. 5016. — Patib, Organog., 370, t. 61 ; Fam. Nat., 119.— A. DC, Prodr., xv. p. i. 410.— B. H., Gen., 844, n. 1.— Lesi. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 488.— Cannabina T., Inst. Cor., 52, t. 488. — Cannabis P. Alp., Exot., 298, 300 (nee Auctt.). — Luteola Bauh., Pin., 100 (nee Auctt.). 6 From four to ten. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 403 numerous anatropous ovules ; there are as many placentas as styles, with which they alternate, as they do with the outer divisions of the perianth when there are but three placentas. Tricerastes1 often has Datisca cannabina. Fig. 490. Male flower. Fig. 493. Tetrajnerous female flower. Fig. 491. Trimerous female flower (^). Fig. 489. Male flowering branch. Fig. 492. Long. sect, of female flower. hermaphrodite flowers, with a variable number of stamens between the styles and the base of the superior perianth. The fruit which has lost the perianth is superior, and opens only at the apex, into three or more triangular valves, each continued above into one of the branches of the style (fig. 494). The seeds (figs. 495, 496) are very numerous, small and elongated. The outer coat is covered with a prominent network ; and the fleshy subcylindrical embryo is surrounded by a thin layer of albumen, or none at all. Only two species of Datisca are known : one, with polygamous flowers inhabits Mexico and the neighbouring regions ;2 the other,3 with dioecious 1 Peesl, Eel. Easnk., ii. 88, t. 61. — Lindl, Veg. Kingd., 316, ic.— Endl., Gen., n. 5017. — A. DC, loc. cit., 411. 2 D. glomerata. — Tricerastes glomerata Pkesl, loc. cit.— Benth., PI. Eartweg., 334. a D. cannabina L., Spec., 1410. — Siuth., Ft. GrcBC, t. 960. — CIeiseb., Spicil., 502. — Ledeb., Fl. Ross., i. 238. — I). nepaleusis Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, 202. 1J D 2 404 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. flowers, grows in nearly all the temperate parts of Western Asia. They are perennial herbs, in habit resembling Hemp. Every year they produce glabrous aerial branches, covered with alternate im- paripinnate or trisect leaves, simple above. The flowers are grouped in cymes or glomeruli, either inserted in the axils of the leaves, or collected on a little common axillary peduncle. Dalisca canndbina. Fig. 495. Seed (f). Fig. 494. Fruit dehiscing (±). Fig. 496. Long. sect, of seed. To this group belong also Tetrameles and Octomeles, both with dioecious flowers. In Tetrameter they are tetramerous. The males have four stamens with short anthers, superposed to the perianth- leaves. In the centre is a little four-lobed body, perhaps representing a rudimentary gynseceum f these lobes alternate with the stamens. In the females the receptacle is elongated, as in Datisca, and contains an inferior ovary, with four multiovulate parietal placentas ; these alternate with the perianth-leaves and the styles. The last are stigmatiferous at the apex ; and the apex of the ovary is deeply depressed between their bases. Here we early see traces of four little grooves of dehiscence, alternate with the styles. The fruit is capsular, the seeds unkown. As many as three species of Teiramehs have been made, but there is probably only one.3 It is a lofty tree with alternate, oval or cordate, petiolate, caducous leaves. The 1 B. Br., in DenTi. et Clapp. Narr., App., 25. — Endl., Gen., n. 5015. — A. DC, Prodr., xv. p. i. 411. — B. H., Gen., 845, n. 2.— Anictoclea Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI., 252. a It has often been described as a disk. 3 T. nudiflora B. Be., in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar., 79, t. 17.— Thw., Enum. PI, Zeyl., 252.— T. rufinervis Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. 726; PI. Jun are grouped in twenty series, of which we shall now take a general view : — I. Saxifrages. — These alone represented all the true types of the order to A. L. de Jussieu. He admitted five genera, previously known to Linnaeus and Tournefort : Heuchera, Saxifraga, Tiarella, 401. — T. Grahamiana Wight, Icon., 1. 1956. — Anictoclea Grahamiana NlMMO, loc. cit. 1 Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl., 336.— A. DC, Prodi:, xv. p. i. 412.— B. H., Gen., 845, n. 3. 2 The petals, which, perhaps, fall early, have not been observed. 3 B. de Jussieu \_Ord. Nat. (1759), in A. L. de Jussieu Gen., lxix.] placed them formerly with Sempervivece, and AdaNSON \_Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 235], among his Pourpiers (Purslanes). 4 Gen., 308, Ord. II. 5 Without mentioning those that are of doubtful kinship to the family or placed in it. Of these there are two (besides Ostrearia, which will be referred to below) : 1. Distoinanthera Tuecz. (in Bull. Mosc. (1S62), ii. 328 ;— B. H., Gen., 634; — Walp., Ann., vii. 915), a Peruvian or Chilian plant, with simple opposite leaves and pentamerous flowers, possessing fifteen stamens, with porricidal anthers, and a partly inferior ovary with two or three pauciovulate cells. — 2. Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc. (in Flora (1817), 72!) ;— Miq., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 140; — H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. fasc. 4; — Walp., Ann., i. 364). In this Japanese plant, with opposite leaves like those of the Hamamelidece, we have observed flowers past bloom, or rather fruits, formed of four or less independent carpels, now become follicles, like those of certain Cunoniece ; they are surmounted by the persistent base of the style, and each contains two parallel series of oblique seeds, prolonged below into long descending wings, imbricated with those of the neighbouring seeds. The short woody branches of this plant are covered with opposite cicatrices, and end >n a bud, below which is the pedunculare flower. The calyx is said to be inferior, formed of four coriaceous caducous sepals. 406 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Mitella, and Chrysosplenium, to which he erroneously added Adoxa. De Candolle1 added in 1830 Leptarrhena, Tettima, Astilbe, Donatio. Vahlia, and Lepuropetalum ; the number has since been increased to eighteen by the genera Boykinia, SuUivantia, Bolandra, Oresitrqphe, Leptarrhena, Eremosyne, and Tohniea. All these are usually herbs with a subterraneous stock, and frequently scapiform floriferous branches. The leaves are usually alternate exstipulate. The flowers are regular (exceptionally irregular, as in Tohniea), usually pen- tamerous. The gynaeceum has one or two (more rarely three) cells, complete or incomplete. II. Penthore^i. — This series consisting of the single genus Pen- tltorum, previously referred to Crassidacets, comes very near many of those genera of Saxifragece whose carpels are free above. We thought it impossible to place Penthorum2 in any other order than that of Cephalotus. It differs no doubt but slightly from the Crassulads, yet it lacks their fleshy succulent leaves ; and its embryo, moreover, is surrounded by an albumen of noteworthy thickness. It is distinguished as a series by the receptacle, in which is plunged the lower half of the verticillate carpels, by the peculiar insertion of the perianth and androceum, and, finally, by the rudi- mentary condition of the corolla, when present. III. Cephalote^e. — The genus Cep/ialottts, founded in 1806, is the sole representative of this series, and was formerly held the type of a distinct order,3 allied to Renonculacece, Rosacea, Franco ace Char. Gen. (1716), 33. 7 Toee., PI. Fremont. (1857). ]5 In Hook. Journ., i. (1842). 8 In Adansonia, ix. (1870). ifi Gen., 632 (1865). 9 Except in Pterostemon, where they are >'" Rem., in C. Gay Fl. Chil., iii. (1854). alternate, with ill-developed stipules. These ls Fobst., Char. Gen. (1776), 29. characters further link Pterostemon with Escal- 19 Bx., Bijdr., 658 (1826). loniem. 10 In Frankl. Voy. (1824), 766 ; Misc. Works, (ed. Benn.), ii., 523 (Esca/loncu). 8AXIFEAGACEJE. 409 long considered the type of a distinct group ;' Pliyllonoma? long referred to Celastracea,3 but differing therefrom in its parietal placentation ; and lastly, Berenice,4 in floral organization so closely resembling Aryophyllum and Carpodetus. We have thought it right to add a little exceptional genus, Stichoneuron? hitherto held a member of Santalacea. IX. BrexietE. — The genera Breccia, Roussea, and Lxerba (besides Aryophyllum) were made by Lindley6 into the distinct order Brexiacece, allied to Citnoniacea, Celastracece, and Myrsinece. Since then the group has been made, like Cunoniacem, a tribe of Saxi- frayacea.1 We considered in 1865s that the Brexiece linked PittosporecB with Saxifrayacece, and showed9 that Anopterus must be placed in the same group as Brexia ; and that lxerba, except in the number of ovules, " has all the external characters and floral organization of a plurilocular Pittosporum."™ This series has the general characters of Escalloniea, but with a free ovary, an almost perfectly hypogynous perianth and androceum, and a single style ; hence we have referred to it the new genera, Abrophyttumn and Cuttsia.12 X. Pittospore^. — Considered by us, in 18G5,13 as Escattoniea with a superior dicarpellary gynaeceum, an imbricate corolla, an isostemonous androceum, a dry or fleshy, free, many-seeded fruit, and indefinite seeds, containing a small embryo near the apex of usually hard albumen. Piffosporacete was made a distinct order by R. Brown14 in 1814, placed by him near Dilleniacece vxAPolygalacece. Lindley,15 in 1846, made this group to comprise the eight genera that we retain, and placed it between Vitacece and Olacacece. Endlicher"5 1 Polyosmece Be., Mus. Litgd.-Bat., i., 258 BrcxiacecB with doubt next to Uricacece ami (1851). Lindley (Veg. Kingd., 751) makes Monotropa. this genus a Grossulariad. 7 In Ann, Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. 158. 2 W., in Raem. et Sch. Sijst. Veg., vi. (1820). 8 In Adansonia, v. 292. 3 Endl., Gen., 1090. J. G. Agaedh. 9 Loc. cit. 290. (Theor. Syst., 315) makes this genus the type of 10 Loc. cit., 294. DulongiecB, of which he says : "they are perhaps " Hook, f., Gen., G47 (1865). nearest allied to Helvingacece and Griselinece. !2 F. Mtjell., Fragm., v. 47 (1865). 4 Tul., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, viii. (1857). 13 In Adansonia, v. 286. 6 Hook. f. & Tiiohs., in Cat. Griff. (1865). " In Mind. Voy., Bot., ii. 542; Misc. Works 6 Veg. Kingd., 573, ord. 217 (ed. prior (ed. Benn.), i. 13. (1830), n. 95 (Brexiaceai). — Endl., Gen., 823. 15 Veg. Kingd., 441, ord. 161. — Bousseacem DC, Prodr., vii. (1838), 521. Ic Gen., 1081, ord. 234. Ad. Bhongniaet \_~Enum, (1843), 72] places 410 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. placed it in his class Frangidacece ; Bentham & Hooker1 between Bixacete and Tremandrea. XI. BiBESiEiE. — Isostemonous Saxifragads, with a pulpy, fleshy, inferior fruit.2 XII. Bauere^e.3 — Flowers 6-10-merous. Stamens some multiple of the petals (double or more). Ovary only inferior at its base. Capsule 2-celled, polyspermous leaves opposite, sessile, 3-foliolate. Lateral leaflets simulating broad stipules (1 genus). XIII. CuNONiEiE. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite4 or rarely verticillate, simple 3-5-foliolate, or imparipinnate. Petals imbricate or absent. Flowers grouped in cymes, simple or compound racemes, or racemes of cymes (10 genera). R. Brown3 separated this group from Saxifragacece as a distinct order. A. L. de Jussieu6 only knew the two genera Cunonia and Weinmannia, which he placed as genera Saxifragis afjinia. Endlicher7 made the Cunoniece a suborder of Saxifragacece, therein following De Candolle, who makes them a tribe of the order. He knew in 1830 five genera: Caldcluvia {Dieterica), Weinmannia, Lamanonia (Belangera), Cunonia, and Cerato- petalum.8 Lindley,9 following E. Brown, admitted in 1846 a dis- tinct order, Cunoniacece, comprising, besides the above, the nine genera: Callicoma, Acrophyllum (Calycomis), Aphanopetalum, Schizo- meria, JPlafglop/ius, Anodopetalum, Ackama, Gumillea, and Geissois. Since then the following new genera have been made : Spirceopsis, by Miquel,10 Spirceanthemum by A. Gray ;u Gillbeea}* and Davidsonia™ by F. Mueller. We have, moreover, referred to this series the genus Tetracarpcea of J. Hooker." XIV. ComEiE. — Cunonice with simple,15 opposite, or verticillate leaves, possessing caducous stipules, and flowers in globular capitula (3 genera) ; thus serving as a link to Liquidambarea, Bruniece, &c. 1 Gen., 130, ord. 18. 2 Grossulariece DC, Fl. Fr., iv. (1804), 406, — Grossulacea Mirb., Mem., ii. (1815), 897. — Ribesice A. Rich., Elem., ed. i. (1823), ii. 487. — Ribesiacece Endl., Gen., (1839), 823, ord. 171.— Grossalariacece Lindl., Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 750, ord. 287. — Saxifrag Oceanian trib. Ribesiece B. H., Gen., 654. — Cactorum gen. J., Gen. (1789), 310. 3 H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 9. — Baueracece Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 569 (ed. prior, 1830, n. 40). 4 Alternate (?) in the single genus Gumillea. 5 In Flind. Yog., Rot. (1814), 548; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), i. 20.— Don., in Fdinb. N. Phil. Journ. (June, 1830). 6 Gen., 309. ? Gen., 817. 8 Without counting Codia and Calliconia, nor Arnoldia (synonymous with Weinmannia). 9 Yeg. Kingd. (1846), 571, ord. 216. 10 Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. i. (1855). 11 In Unit. St. Expl. Fxp., Rot., 666 (1854). 12 Fragm., v. 17 (1865). 13 Op. cit., vi. 3 (1867). 14 In Hook. Icon., t. 284 (1840). 13 Except in Pancheria ternata. SAXIFBAGACE^J. 411 XV. BRUNiEiE. — Flowers isostemonous, often capitulate, rarely in compound spikes or racemes. Receptacle always concave. Ovary wholly or partially inferior, 1-3-celled ; septa sometimes rudimentary or absent. Ovules usually definite (1, 2)1 in each cell, descending, with the micropyle directed, before torsion,2 upwards and inwards. Fruit dry, indehiscent, dicoccous, or tricoccous. Shrubs or under- shrubs of often ericoid habit ; leaves usually rigid acicular, tipped (like the sepals, bracts, &c.) by a blackish glandular apiculus. Stipules lateral small. This group was distinguished as an order by R. Brown3 in 1818 ; it formed the subject of a monograph of An. Brongniart4 in 1826, who included therein six of the genera which we have retained in our studies on the order.5 The authors of the Flora Capensis6 added to it in 1861 the genus Lonchostoma, which had been successively referred to Thymelete and Retziete.1 XVI. Hamamelide.*;. — Flowers usually sessile, spicate or capitu- late, hermaphrodite or polygamous ; perianth simple or double, regular or unsymmetrical, or nearly absent. Anthers dehiscing by clefts or valves. Ovary inferior or superior. Ovules (1, 2-oo ) like those of the Bruniece? and presenting the same phenomenon of torsion. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. Trees and shrubs with simple stipulate leaves (3 genera). This group was made by R. Brown9 a distinct order in 1818, a course followed by all sub- sequent authors ;10 we referred it as a mere tribe or series to Saxi- fragacece in 1865.11 XVII. Liquidambare^:. — Hamamelidea, with unisexual or poly- gamous, spicate or capitulate flowers, possessing an ill-developed perianth or none, and a corolla represented by narrow tongues (?) or absent. Ovarian cells multiovulate. Female receptacle concave. Fruit capsular. Trees with simple leaves (3 genera). A series raised to ordinal rank, and placed near Amentacea by Blume12 under 1 Their number is often above two in Lon- chostoma. 2 See p. 382. 3 In Abel's Voy., Bot. (1818), 374; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), ii. 322. — DC, Prodr., ii. 43 .— Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 785, Ord. 300. — Endl., Gen., 805, Ord. 168. 4 Mem. s-ur la Fam. des Bruniacees, in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 1, viii. 357, t. 35-38. 5 See Adansonia, iii. 318 ; v. 294. 6 Hart. & Sond., op. cit., ii. 316. 7 EwdJj., Gen., 669. 3 Which Gabdneb (in Hook. Journ., i. 321) placed with Hamamelidete. 9 In Abel's Voy., Bot. (1818), 374; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), i. 381 ; ii. 321, 334. 10 DC, Prodr., iv. 267.— Ende., Gen., 803, ord. 167.— Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 784, ord. 299. — B. H., Gen., 664, ord. 62. 11 In Adansonia, v. 297 ; vi. 12. 12 Fl. Jav., Balsamifl. (1828).— Endl., Gen., 289, ord. 98.— AG., Theor. Syst., 155. 4.12 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. the name of Bahamiflua, and by Lindley1 under the name of AltingiacecB, but then restricted to the genus Liquidambar ; while Bucldandia, in organization quite inseparable therefrom, has from its foundation as a genus2 been placed with Hamamelidece, as the type of a special tribe, among Hamamelidece. XVIII. Platane/E. — Flowers unisexual; capitate. Perianth rudi- mentary. Stamens or carpels of variable number in each flower. Carpels free ; ovary uniovulate (rarely biovulate). Ovules descend- ing, suborthotropous. Fruit composed of achenes. Seeds albu- minous. Trees ; leaves alternate ; stipules united into a sheath embracing the branch, with the axillary bud hidden in a cavity at the dilated base of the petiole. Blatanus, the sole genus of this series, was long placed with Amentacec? or Urticece.* Only in 1826 was it considered the type of a distinct order.5 In 1843 Ad. Bron- gniart6 placed it, with doubt, as a distinct family, before Balsamifluece, in his class Hamamelinea. We think that, like the last-named family, it should form a tribe or series of the order under con- sideration. XIX. Myosurandreje. — Flowers amentaceous, unisexual, achla- mydeous. Two genera, one {Myomrandrci) with free, the other {Myro- thamnus) with monadelphous stamens. Carpels free, pluriovulate. Leaves opposite at base, forming a sheath, which completely enve- lopes (without adhesion) the internode above their insertion, and bears on its upper edge stipuliform appendages. XX. DatiscezE. — Flowers dioecious or polygamous, amentaceous, or grouped in axillary racemes or cymes. Male receptacle convex. Female receptacle concave, enveloping the inferior one-celled ovary with pluriovulate parietal placentas. Fruit capsular. Seeds albu- minous or exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate, exstipulate. The genus Datisca was made in 1 82 67 the type of an 1 Teg. Kingd., 253, ord. 79. He bas also called them Bahamacece. Tbey are sometimes called Styracijiuece. 2 R. Be., in Cat. Wall. (1828-1849); Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), ii. 534. B. Claeke has also shown in a special memoir [in Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hist. (1858), 100-109] that Sedguickia (syn. of Altingia) is a Hamamelid, as Griffith thought, and inseparable from Liquidambar. 3 Adans., Fain, des PL, ii. 377 (Castanea). — J., Gen., 410 {Amentaceai). — Eitdl., Gen., 289 (Juliflorai). — A. Jrss., Taxon. (1848), 53 (Amemtacece, ord. Platanea). 4 Liis-dl., Veg. Kingd., 272, ord. 89. 5 Lestib., Elem., 526 (Platanea). — Dumoet., Anal. (1829), 11. 6 Enum., 109; Fam., 231 (?). ' R. Be., in Denh. Sf Clapp. Narr., App., 25. — Limil., Introd., ed. 2, 82; Veg. Kingd. (1816), 316, ord. 106.— Ekdi., Gen., 8b7, or.!. BAXIFBAQACBM. 413 order placed near Cucurhitacea, Cactacea, Crassidacea, and Saxi- fragacece. We place it in the last, forming a series which links the order to the series Saururea in Piperacece, and to Urticacece. The genus Tetraneles was added in 1826,1 and Octomeles in 1SG0.2 In 1846 Lindley estimated the number of species in the genera that we admit in this order at 760. 3 Bentham and Hooker at the present day admit in their Genera some 717, thus distributed: Saxi- fragacea proper 542 ; Pent/tores 2 ; Hamamelidea 30 ; Bruniecb 40 ; Pittosjjorea 90 ; Datiscea 4.4 To give the geographical distribution in detail is here impossible ; for in no region of the globe are the Saxifrages unrepresented, They are fewest in the Tropics, and in South Africa and Australia. But these are the chief localities for Cunoniece, which also occur in numbers in all hot countries, chiefly represented by species of Weinmannia. Cunonia, formerly restricted to the Cape, is also found in abundance in New Caledonia. In America the numerous species of Weinmannia extend northwards some way into Mexico, and southwards into the south of Chili ; and in the Old World, as far as New Zealand and the Cape. The Escallonies are almost entirely confined to South America, especially the genus Escallonia, which has not been found elsewhere. The Hydrangea abound in the temperate regions of Asia and America ; and Siebold & Zuccarini thought that only two species of Hyd- rangea belonged to the Northern Hemisphere.5 Philadeljdies, Saxi- frages, Datisca, and Bides comprise the only types found in Europe. They are numerous in Japan, Temperate India, and North America. The series PentJiores is represented by one species in China, and another in North America. The only known Ceplialotus, and the whole genus Bauer a are Australian. The Bruniece are all natives of South Africa. The llamamelidece, widespread in tropical6 and temperate Asia, South Africa, and North America, were hitherto 184. — Ad. Be., Fnum., 106, fam. 219.— B. H., iece, 6; Pittosporece, 78; Francoece, 5; Altin- Gen., 844, ord. 76. giece, 3; Platanece, 6; Datiscece, 4. 1 R. Be., loc. tit. ; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), 4 We must add five species for Platanece, the i. 285. number adopted in the most recent publications 2 Miq., Fl. Ind.-P.at., Suppl., 336. on this group. 3 Namely : Saxifragece, 310; Cunoniece, 100; 5 True, the South American Cornidias had not Hydrangea, 45 ; Penthorece, 2 ; Ceplialotece, 1 ; yet been recognised as Hydrangeas. Parnassiem, 12; Hamamelidea, 15; Bruniece, 6 Including the one species of Rhodoleia from 66; Philadelphecc, 53; Escalloniece, 60 ; Prex- Sumatra. 414 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. thought to be unrepresented in Australia.1 The series Liquid- ambarecs is represented by Biicklandia in India and Sumatra, by Liquidambar in America, Asia, and Malaysia. Brexia and Roussea are restricted to the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar ; but the other genera of Brexieee represent it by some species in Australia and Tasmania. All the Francoece are Chilian ; the Myomrandrea are confined to the Cape and the islands off the east coast of Tropical and South Africa; and the Codiece are exclusively Oceanian. The Platanece are only found in North America and Mediterranean Asia. Of the four known Datiscete one alone is North American ; the others belong to South-eastern Europe, West and Central Asia, India, and the Indian Archipelago. The Pittosporece are all Australian, excepting the genus Piitosporum, which is also found in all hot countries of the Old World, extending obliquely from the south of Africa to the north-east of China. The Ribesiece inhabit the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, Mediter- ranean Europe, and the Andes of South America. An order of the size and constitution of this must necessarily present numerous affinities.2 Some of these are so close that it is extremely difficult to distinguish Saxifragacece by any absolute cha- racters from several other natural orders, such as Rosacea* and Crassu- lacece? as we have shown in treating thereof. Asfilbe, on the one hand, Bauer a, Eucryphia, and Pterostemon5 on the other, link Saxifragacece and Rosacea, the latter being distinguished from the former by its general (though not constant) lack of albumen. By Philadelphu8y Argophylluml and Carpodetus, on the one hand, and Cassipourea, Anisop/iyllea, and Crossostyles, on the other, the order Saxifragaceee is linked to Myrtacea, RMzophorece, and Melastomacea respectively ; by Thamnea, to Memecylece ;6 by Fendlera, Raleighia, Abatia, and Crypte- 1 The existence of the plant we have pro- : For details on these points we refer to onr visionally named Osbrearia australiana (in Observations siir les Saxifragees (in Adamonia, Adansonia, x. fasc. 4) was tlien unknown. v. 282 ; vi. ]). Though still hut very imperfectly known, it 3 See above, i. 414. seems to us a Hamamelid with a partially * See ahove, iii. 317. inferior ovary, a capsule dehiscing into two 5 See Adansonia, ix. 245. emarginate valves, and numerous flowers in long 6 See Adansonia, iii. 321). spikes, terminating branches covered with alter- nate simple entire glabrous lanceolate leaves. 8AXIFRAGACE2E. 415 ronia, to Lytlirariacece ; by Parnassia, to Droseracea ; by Rides, to Cactacece and Ficoidece ; by Donatia, to Sfylidece ;l by many of the Saxifrage® with a superior ovary to Hypericacece; and even to £b. — Hortensia opuloides Lame. — H. speciosa Pers. 4 Especially the Gooseberry (Ribes G-rossu- laria L., Spec., 291; — R. Uva crispa L., Spec, 292), the Red and White Currant (R. rubrum L., Spec., 290), the Black Cur- rant (R. nigrum L., Spec, 291 ; — R. olidum Mcench, Metli., G83). And, more rarely, R. reclinatum L., spicaium Eobs., petra'titn Wtjlf., alpinum L. ; in Sibtria R. prociimbens Pall. and fragans Pall. ; and in North America B. floridum Heist. (R. pensylvanicum Lame.), aureum Pursh (Chrysobotrya revoluta Spach), Cynobasii L., oxyacanlhcides L., Menzisii PtriiSH, liirtellmn Micnx., divaricatum Dougl., magellanicum Poir. (Rosenth., Syn. PI. Dia- fhor., 580, 1140). The fruit of R. incbrians Linbl. {Ceropliyllum inebrians Spach) is con- sidered poisonous and an emetic. E E 418 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. order. Saxifraga crassifolia and Hydrangea Thunbergii' may be used instead of Tea. The medicinal properties2 are not very noteworthy in this order. It contains several astringent plants : Heuchera americana? the root of which is used in the United States ; Chrysos- plenium alternifolium* considered a slight tonic ; and several Peruvian Weinmannias, which may be used to tan hides, and are sometimes mixed with Cinchona barks5 on account of their astringency ; the Indian species are also astringent. The Francoas have similar- properties ; the Chilians use their juice as a refreshing sedative and antiphlogistic ; the roots are used for dyeing black.6 Tetilla hydro- cotylcefolia1 is acidulous and of remarkable astringency. Its petioles are used in dysentery. The Pittosporeee are all aromatic, resinous, and bitter, but hardly seem to be used at all.8 The Hamamelids are also astringent. II. virginica is used in America for astringent lotions, gargles, &c, owing to the tannin contained in its leaves and bark.9 It is also said to contain an essential oil. The Oriental Plane is also astringent, for even the ancients regarded it as good to stanch bleeding and cure chilblains, burns, ophthalmia, &c. A de- coction of the roots of the Plane is used in America in the treatment of ulcers and dysentery. People have gone so far as to recommend it as a substitute for cinchona, and recommend it (in the kingdom of Naples) in cholera.10 All the parts of Myosurandra moschata have a very aromatic and persistent smell of musk.11 Several species of Biles, notably the Black Currant, are tonic and stimulant, bearing glands on their flowers which secrete an excitant scented substance. The leaves of the Escallonias have often a very marked scent of Melilot ; 1 It is named Celestial Tea (Amafsja; Fr., 8 Especially W. ovata Cav. (7c, vi. 45, t. The du del) in Japan. Its ally (Plaiycrater 566), elliptica H.B. K. and Ballisiana H. B. K. arguta Sieb. & Ztrcc.) serves the same purposes. The last especially has been fraudulently substit- The leaves of Philadelphus taste of Cucumber. uted for Cinchona. In the Antilles the name of 2 Endl., Enchirid., 410. — Lindl., Fl. Med., Tanrouges has been given to W. hirta Sw. and 273. — Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 576, 1140. glabra L. F., which also possess astringent, tan- 3 L., Spec., 328. — Tore., Fl. N.-Amer., i. ning barks, and exude a sort of gum. 390. — H. viscida Puesh. Its astringency is very 6 F. sonchifolia is used in piles (RoSENTn., op. great, whence its name Alum-root. Several other cit., 576). species have similar properties (Rosenth., op. 7 Vulg. Culantrillo, Tela de capra. cit., 578). s In Australia the natives, when famished, 4 L., Spec, 569. — DC, Prodr., iv. 48, n. 1 are said to eat their seeds, bathed in a viscid (vulg. Dorine, Cresson de roclier, C. dore, Saxi- matter of disagreeable taste (Endl., Ftichirid., frage doree, Hepatique doree, Herbe a Varcham- 572). boticher). It is said to be aperient and slightly di- 9 Its seeds are said to be edible, luent; its leaves are eaten in salad and soup in the 10 Caz., PI. Med. Indig., ed. 3, 861 . Vosges. C.oppositifolium~L. (vulg. Repalique des » H. Bn., in Adansonia, ix. 237. marais, Cresson de rocher) has the same properties. SAXIFRAGACE3J. 419 some species are considered tonics in Peru.1 Several European Saxifrages have superficial glands, whence exudes a viscid matter, said to be acrid and irritant.2 In Australia and South America certain CunoniecB afford gummy secretions.3 But the plants of this order most noted for their products are unquestionably the Liquid- ambars.4 In America L. styracifua? a fine tree from the United States and Mexico, affords two kinds of balm6 on incision : " one liquid and transparent, like an oil ; the other soft, white, and opaque, like Burgundy pitch."7 The latter resembles balsam of Tolu, and is sometimes used to adulterate it, but is distinguished by its acrid and markedly bitter taste. In Asia Minor grows a smaller species, L. orientate,3 which several authors hold yields on incision the liquid styrax or storax of pharmacy. This opinion, though disputed,9 must, as it would now appear, be adopted.10 On the coast opposite to the Isle of Rhodes the outer bark of this tree is removed and kept in parcels for fumigation. The inner bark is boiled in water till the resinous parts rise to the top ; they are then pressed in horsehair bags to extract what is known as oil of storax, or of Buchuri, which smells of vanilla, and enters into several ointments and plasters. L. altingia" a gigantic tree from Java, has also been held to supply the 1 Chiefly E. rubra Pers., resinosa Pees., 6 L., Spec, 1418. — Duham., Arbr., ed. nov., myrtilloides L. fie. (Rosexth., op. cit., 579). ii. t. 10. — Michx., Arbr., ill. 194. — A. Geay, The leaves and bark of Philadelphia and Brexia Man., 148. — Ciiapm., Fl. S. Unit. St., 157. — are also considered tonic. Other Saxifragads are A. DC, Prodr., xvi. p. ii. 157, n. 1. — L. macro- odoriferous. Ilea rosmarinifolia PoiR., in pkylla (Eest., Amer. Centr., t. 10. — Xochiocolzo Cochin China, contains an aromatic essential oil; Hernand., Thes., 56 (vulg. Sweet Gum, Copalm, and in Europe the so-called Syringas flower smells Balsam tree). of Jasmine, and has sometimes been used to make 6 Named by Guiboert "Baumes lirpddambar." scent. 7 Guib., op. cit., 305. 2 The lithontriptic virtues of the Saxifrages 8 Mile., Diet., n. 2. — SpACH, Suit, a Buff on, need demonstration. Their generic name may xi. 86. — Duham., Arbr., ed. nov., ii. 44. — seem to imply them, but it is rather due to the Loudon, jEncycl., 934, fig. 1739. — A. DC., way they grow upon rocks. It has been thought Prodr., n. 2. — L. imberbe Ait., Sort. Kew., ed. that these have been disintegrated by the slightly 2, iii. 365. — Platanus orientalis Pococe, Trav., acid juice of several species. Formerly the leaves ii. t. 89. of S. granulata L. were prescribed for stone in 9 Pereira, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. i. the bladder. S. tridactylites L. (figs. 354-358) 336. was formerly used in liver complaints. S. bron- 10 Hanbery, On Storax (in Pharm. Journ., chialis L., bulbifera L.,&c, were formerly thought xvi. 417, 461) . astringent and pectoral. S. cotyledon L., tri. " Be., Fl. Jan., fasc. xvii. 6, t. 1, 2.— A. DC, dactylites L., &c, are sometimes eaten as vege- Prodr., n. Z. — L. Altingiana Bii.,Bijdr., 527. — tables (Rosenth., op. cit., 577). L. Rasamala Be., Cat. Sort. Buitenz., 6. — 3 Especially Ceratopetalum gummiferum, whose Altingia excelsa Noronh., in Bat. Verh., v. 1. — gum is reddish. Sedgwickia cerasifolia Griff., in As. Res., i. 98, 4 Geib., Drog. Simpl., cd. 6, ii. 304, fig. 432, t. 15, 16 {Rasamalla, Rosamallas, Cotter-Mija). 433. — Linde., Fl. Med., 321. — Enel., Enchirid., 176.— Rosenth., op. cit., 203. E E 2 420 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. liquid storax of commerce on incision ; indeed, it does yield a semi- fluid odoriferous resin, but this would seem to be not very abun- dant, and to be only employed as a balsam in the country, without ever being imported into Europe. The Datiscas have well marked properties. D. cannabina is said to be a bitter, nauseous herb, laxative and emetic, recommended in Italy in the treatment of inter- mittent fevers, gastric complaints, scrofula, &c.' Its root contains a sort of fecula called daiiscine, closely allied to murine.2 1 Endl., EncMrid., 460. tale and Altingia in Asia; Cunonia capensis at the 2 The timber of several arborescent Saxifragads Cape. Several Hamamelidece have useful wood : is more or less used, that of the Planes here and Hamamelis, Parrotia, &c. [For details of the in America, by the carpenter, cabinet-maker, fertilization of the flower in this order see musical instrument-maker, coach-builder, &c, Mullee, Befruckt., 92-95, (Parnassia) 144. being made into furniture ; Liquidanibar orien- SAXIFRAGACEJU. 421 GENERA. I. SAXIFEAGE^]. 1. SaxifragaT. — Flowers usually hermaphrodite ; receptacle more or less concave, generally disciferous within. Sepals usually 5, free or slightly connate at base, equal or very rarely unequal, imbricate* finally erect or patent. Petals 5, alternating with sepals, rarely subsimilar to them, equal or very rarely unequal, sometimes glan- duliferous or fimbriate at base, imbricate or rarely contorted. Stamens 10, 2-seriate (or more rarely 5, alternatipetalous) inserted more or less perigynously with petals ; filaments free ; anthers 2- celled, often 2-dymous, of introrse or lateral dehiscence. Germen free, or partly or sometimes wholly inferior, surrounded by a disk to a variable height at base, or sometimes laterally ; carpels 2 (very rarely 3, 4), free or more or less highly connate into 1- or 2- celled germen ; placentas parietal or inserted in internal angle, at apex 2- lobed to a variable height ; ovules go , anatropous co -seriate ; carpels terminating in styles more or less elongated, often recurved at apex, truncate or capitate, stigmatose. Fruit dry capsular, 2-valved from apex within between beaks, or formed of 2 follicles, longitudinally dehiscent within. Seeds co , small smooth or rugose ; albumen fleshy ; embryo straight axile, subequal to albumen or shorter. — Perennial herbs, more rarely annual, sometimes frutescent at base ; leaves alternate or opposite ; inferior often rosulate ; petiole gene- rally straight at base ; stipules 0 ; flowers rarely solitary, generally cymose ; cymes (sometimes I -parous) grouped in a simple or branching raceme, often corymbiform {Temperate, Alpine, and Arctic regions of Northern Hemisphere, more rarely Australia, America, and South Africa). See p. 323. 2. Chrysoplenium T. — Receptacle shortly obconical or urceolate ; leaves of calyx 4, or more rarely 5, short, obtuse, imbricate. Corolla 0. Stamens 8-10 (or more rarely 4, 5, alternipetalous) ; filaments free short, inserted round epigynous crenulate disk ; anthers basi- 422 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. fixed, 2-dymous or subsagittate introrse 2-rimose. Germen im- mersed in receptacle, 1 -celled ; placentas 2, or more rarely 3, parietal broad ; ovules oo ; styles 2, 3, short, recurved, stigmatose at apex. Capsule partly superior, cruciately gaping at equal or unequal-lobed apex. Seeds oo , oblong or compressed, smooth outside, hairy or muricate, albuminous. — Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate exstipulate simple crenate ; flowers small axillary or terminal, solitary or in 1- or 2-parous cymes {Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, Temperate North and South America). See p. 327. 3. Tellima R. Br. — Receptacle subcampanulate, broadly inflated or dilated. Sepals 5, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate. Petals as many, inserted with calyx in throat of receptacle, entire, 3-fid or pinnatifid, sessile or unguiculate, afterwards reflexed or revolute. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, inserted with perianth, small included; anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen at base adnate to receptacle, half superior, 1 -celled ; styles 2, or more rarely 3, short, stigmatose at angulate or thickened apex ; placentas 2, or more rarely 3, parietal oo -ovulated. Capsule partly inferior, included membranous at apex, 2, 3-beaked, 2, 3-valved. Seeds oo , small albuminous. — Erect herbs ; leaves alternate lobed or dentate ; stipules 0, or adnate to base of petiole ; flowers nutant in elongate terminal racemes ; pedicels bracteolate {North West America). See p. 327. 4. Mitella T. — Receptacle shortly and openly cupulate, beyond dilated germen ; sepals 5, inserted in mouth, spreading, imbricate, or finally valvate. Petals 5, inserted in throat, 3-fid or pectinate- pinnatifid elongated slender; lacinise linear-capillary. Stamens 10 2-seriate, or 5 sometimes alternating, sometimes {Mitellopsis) opposed to petals ; filaments short ; anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen partly inferior, 1 -celled ; styles 2, short, stigmatose at capitellate apex ; placentas parietal 2, co -ovulate. Capsule exserted at apex, 2-valved. Seeds oo , small, erect, or subtransverse ; testa shining. — Herbs ; rhizome perennial ; leaves cordate, lobed or crenate ; stipules adnate to long petiole ; flowers remote usually secund and nodding, in thin elongated racemes, scapiform, and bare or 1 -leafed at base {North America, North Eastern Asia). See p. 328. 8AXIFBAQA0E2E. 423 5. Heuchera L. — Receptacle campanulate. Sepals 5, 6, some- times unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, 6, or 0, inserted in mouth of receptacle, entire. Stamens inserted and alternate with petah ; filaments short or elongated ; anthers frequently exserted, 2-celled ; dehiscence marginal or introrse. Germen altogether or to a great extent entire, 1 -celled ; styles 2, elongated, stigmatose at apex; placentas 2, parietal co -ovulate. Capsule inferior, apex 2-valved between styles. Seeds go , hispidulous or muricate. — Herbs ; rhizome thick perennial ; branches annual scapiform ; leaves radical broadly cordate or orbiculate, lobate or crenate ; stipules membranous adnate to long petiole ; flowers bracteate, in spikes or simple or branching racemes {Temperate and Frigid North and South America. See p. 828. 6. Tiarella L. — Receptacle shortly cupulate ; sepals and petals entire 5, inserted at margin. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, inserted with petals ; filaments free elongated ; anthers 2-celled introrse. Germen free, inserted in bottom of receptacle, 2-fid at apex ; lobes open, soon unequal, with few seeds at base, terminating in slender styles ; placentas 2, parietal at base of cell, oo -ovulate. Capsule mem- branous free, 1-celled, broadly 2-valved at apex between styles ; valves folliculiform gaping, very unequal, few-seeded at base. Seeds albuminous ; testa crustaceous smooth. — Slender herbs ; rhizome perennial ; leaves alternate, simple or 3-foliolate ; stipules small, adnate to long petiole ; flowers in terminal, simple and branching racemes (Temperate North America, Himalaya). See p. 328. 7. Boykinia Nutt. — Receptacle suburceolate very concave, adnate to ovary and slightly produced beyond. Sepals 5, 3-angular, inserted at mouth, valvate. Petals 5, alternate, a little longer, subspathulate, glandular-dilated at insertion. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; filaments short free; anthers introrse 2-rimose apiculate. Germen inferior, 2- or more rarely 3-celled ; styles 2, or 3, short, stigmatose at apex ; ovules co , inserted on axile placenta. Capsule 2, 3-celled ; beaks 2, 3, exserted ; dehiscent between styles. Seeds co , minute ovoid ; testa minutely punctate. — Glandular-downy herbs ; rhizome perennial suberect ; most of leaves radical petiolate orbicular, lobate or dentate ; 424 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. stipules setaceous or lacerate ; flowers in branching compound ter- minal cymes {Carolina, Mountainous California). See p. 329. 8 ? Bolandra A. Gray. — " Calyx campanulate dilated produced far beyond free ovary, 5-fid ; lobes 3-angular-lanceolate acuminate recurved, valvate in sestivation. Petals 6, inserted in throat, subulate- attenuate recurved persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than alternate petals; anthers cordate- 2 -lobed, Germen sessile, below 2-celled, above 2-fid ; horns 2, soon opening inwards, stigmatose at truncate apex; ovules oo . Fruit...? — A little herb; stems slender from granulate-bulbilliferous root ; leaves alternate subreniform, 5-lobed (purple-greenish) ; flowers (rather large) laxly subcorymbose, long- pedicellate " {California). See p. 329. 9. Sullivantia Torr. & Gray. — Receptacle subhemispherical ; sepals 5, erect, imbricate. Petals as many, alternate, marcescent. Stamens 5, perigynously inserted with alternate petals ; filaments short ; anthers cordate-ovate, introrse 2-celled. Germen half-superior, 2-celled, 2-beaked, placentas 2, thick axile, oo -ovulate. Capsule half- superior, surrounded by receptacle at base, 2-celled. Seeds oo , scobi- form ascending ; testa loose reticulate winged at both ends. — A per- ennial herb ; branches slender sparingly leafed glandular-pubescent ; leaves radical long-petiolate orbicular-reniform sublobate ; flowers small in 2- or 3-chotomous cymes ; pedicels decurved when fruiting {North America). See p. 329. 10. Oresitrophe Bunge. — Flowers nearly of Saxifraga ; receptacle shortly cupulate. Sepals 5, petaloid. Stamens 10, 2-verticillate or more rarely 12-14, shortly perigynous. Germen almost wholly superior, 1 -celled at base, higher up deeply 2-lobed; styles subulate; placentas 2, oo -ovulate, capsule coriaceous, 1 -celled, high, 2-beaked, 2-valved between styles. Seeds go , oblong smooth. — A herb (aspect of 1 -leafed Begonia) ; rhizome thick scaly; leaf 1, radical serotine ovate-cordate serrate, thick petiolate; flowers in dichotomous panicled cymes, inserted at top of common scape {Northern China). See p. 329. 11. Astilbe Hamilt. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; receptacle obconical or subcampanulate. Sepals 4, 5, valvate or SAXIFBAGACE2E. 425 imbricate and petals 4, 5, imbricate (or 0), inserted in throat. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate, inserted with perianth; anthers introrse, sub-2-dymous. Grermen inserted in concavity of receptacle, partly inferior ; carpels 2, 3, inside free or more or less highly connate, terminating above in subulate styles truncate or capitellate at stig- matose apex ; ovules go 5 inserted in central angle. Capsule 3-lobed, or carpels 3 folliculate, ventrally dehiscent. Seeds go , scobiform ; testa laxly membranous, produced at both ends; albumen fleshy, sometimes copious. — Tall herbs ; rhizome perennial ; branches annual, simple or branching ; leaves alternate, 2- or 3-nate, ternately decom- pound, or palmate or peltate- 5 -sect {Rodger sia) ; petiole dilated at base ; stipules membranous adnate to petiole ; flowers (small) in very branching cymiferous terminal racemes ; cymes sometimes 1 -parous, scorpioid ; flowers sometimes (Rodgersia) subsessile (Central Tern- perate Asia, the East, Japan, Java, North America.) See p. 330. 12. Lepuropetalum DC. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous minute ; receptacle subcampanulate ; sepals 5, ovate. Petals as many inserted in throat, included. Stamens 5, alternate and perigynously inserted with petals, included. Germen half-superior, 1 -celled; placentas 2, 3, parietal, go -ovulate, opposite the carpels ; styles as many, short, capitate at stigmatose apex. Capsule small half- superior included membranous, at apex loculicidal, 2, 3-valved ; seeds go , oblong subrugose. — An annual (very small) glabrous herb, sprinkled with deep-brown glands ; leaves alternate spathulate entire exsti- pulate ; flowers terminal solitary pedunculate (Chili, North America). See p. 331 . 13. Leptarrhena R. Br. — Receptacle subcampanulate; sepals 5, and petals as many alternate spathulate, inserted in mouth. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, perigynously inserted with petals ; filaments subulate ; anthers 1- celled, 2-valved. Carpels 2, scarcely cohering at base and inserted in bottom of receptacle, terminating in short styles stigma- tose at simple apex ; ovules go , inserted on subbasilar placentas, ascending. Carpels when mature erect-beaked coriaceous, dehiscent within ; seeds go , basilar scobiform ; testa membranous much pro- duced at both ends ; nucleus minute. — A herb ; root slender, 1-3 -headed ; leaves petiolate persistent obovate serrate ; petiole 426 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. sheathing at base ; scape simple erect, sparingly glandular, 1, 2-braoteate, bearing small racemose- cymose flowers at base {Nor ( It- West America, Kamtchatka). See p. 331. 14. Tolmiea Torr. & Gray. — Eeceptacle elongate-obconical subcampanulate, oblique at base, membranous, longitudinally split in front ; sepals 5, unequal ; larger 3 posticous imbricate. Petals 5 or 4 (anterior deficient) long capillary, inserted between sepals, finally pendulous. Stamens 3, inserted in throat of receptacle, opposite posterior sepals ; filaments free ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled ; cells laterally longitudinally rimose, finally confluent at apex. Germen shortly stipitate elongated, 1 -celled; styles 2, subulate, stigmatose at capitellate apex ; placentas parietal 2, od -ovulate. Capsule exserted from receptacle, elongated, 2-valved between styles at apex, 2-beaked. Seeds co , minute, globose muricate. — A perennial herb ; rhizome cylindroid ; branches annual erect; leaves cauline and radical, petiolate cordate incised-lobate ; stipules membranous; flowers in terminal slender racemes ; pedicels nutant ; bracts small ; bractlets bristly {North America). See p. 331. 15. Eremosyne Endl. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle con- cave subhemispherical. Sepals 5, oblong and petals 5, sometimes long-bristly at base, perigynous. Stamens 5, inserted and alternating with petals ; filaments markedly dilated, at base ; anthers minute. Germen half-inferior ; styles 2, divaricate, stigmatose at cajDitellate apex; cells 2, 1-ovuled; ovule inserted in bottom of internal corner, ascending; micropyle introrse (?) inferior. Capsule half-superior compressed transversely to septum, membranous strigose, sub-2- dynious, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds ascending albuminous. — A low annual strigose-hairy herb ; leaves alternate ; " radical entire " ; cauline sessile, pectinate-pinnatifid at base ; flowers very small in repeatedly dichotomous cy mules {South- East Australia). See p. 332. 16. Vahlia Thunb. — Flowers pentamerous ; receptacle concave hemispherical or obconical. Sepals valvate. Petals as many, shorter. Stamens 5, epigynously inserted with perianth round a small annular disk; filaments free, sometimes concave much-dilated at base; 8AXIFBAQAGE2E. ■ 427 anthers introrse 2-celled. Germen inferior, 2- or more rarely 3-celled ; styles 2, 3, free, stigmatose at capitellate apex ; placentas subovoid, pendulous from apex of cell, go -ovulate. Capsule at apex 2, 3-valved. Seeds go , minute oblong. — Annual herbs, often pubes- cent or glandular ; branches sub-2-chotomous ; leaves opposite entire exstipulate ; flowers pedunculate or sessile axillary, paired, or (the leaves changing into bracts) racemose or spicate at tops of twigs {Tropical and Southern Africa, Tropical and Subtropical Asia). See p. 332. 17? Donatia Forst. — Receptacle obconical. Sepals 5, inserted in throat, or more rarely 6-8. Petals as many, or 9, 10, linear or ovate. Stamens 3, or more rarely 2, epigynous, alternating with styles and adnate to their base ; filaments soon free, subulate ; anthers extrorse 2-dymous. Germen inferior, 2, 3-celled ; placentas short affixed from internal corner of cell, co -ovulate ; styles as many subulate, stigmatose at unthickened or capitellate apex. Capsule crowned by calyx, 2- or more often 3-celled, many-seeded, finally gaping at apex. — Low densely csespitose moss-like herbs ; leaves alternate densely imbricate linear thickly coriaceous entire, hairy at base; flowers (sometimes 1 -sexual by abortion) terminal sessile; bractlets few below the flower, sometimes passing into sepals {Southern Antarctic America, Tasmania, New Zealand). See p. 332. II. PENTHORE.E. 18. Penthoruin L. — Flowers 5, 6-merous; receptacle capuli- form. Sepals 5, 6, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals as many small, or 0. Stamens twice as many as sepals, perigynously inserted with them ; anthers basifixed, introrsely or laterally 2-rimose. Scales 0. Carpels 5, 6, alternating with sepals, adnate within at base to receptacle, soon free, tapering into short diverging styles stigmatose at capitellate apex ; placentas thick inserted in ventral angle of each ovary ; ovules co , anatropous. Carpels 5, 0, inserted in common receptacle, dry valvately obliquely or transversely separating and dehiscing above receptacle ; seeds go , sometimes oblong papillose, sometimes ovoid ; embryo rather fleshy, straight in axis of albumen ; albumen rather fleshy (frequently scanty). — Perennial erect herbs ; 428 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. branches terete or angulate at apex ; leaves alternate membranous, tapering at both ends, subsessile ; flowers in several terminal 1- parous many flowered cymes {North East America, China). See p. 334. III. CEPHALOTE.E. 19. Cephalotus Labill. — Flowers regular small ; receptacle cupulate, lined by a glandular papilligerous disk. Perianth (calyx ? ?) coloured, 6-foliolate, valvate, persistent. Stamens 12, peri- gynously inserted with perianth ; 6 larger, alternating with leaves, and 6 superposed ; filaments free subulate ; anthers 2-dymous introrse, longitudinally dehiscent, finally versatile ; connective tumid subglanclular. Carpels 6, free, inserted at bottom of receptacle round a small central process, alternating with perianth-leaves; ovaries 1- celled, shortly stipitate, tapering into uncinate styles, stigmatose at apex; ovules solitary (or more rarely 2) subbasilar, inserted in internal angle ascending, anatropous ; micropyle inferior, introrse. Follicles 6, surrounded at base by persistent receptacle and perianth, shortly stipitate crinite, longitudinally gaping within. Seed suberect ; testa pallid membranous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile minute. — A perennial herb ; rhizome short ; leaves all radical alternate petiolate exstipulate ; some oblong entire not-ribbed ; others changed to pendulous ascidia, with ringed operculate mouth. Flowers alter- nately cymose in an erect scape bare at base ; cymes 1-bracteate ; pedicels ebracteate {South Eastern Australia). See p. 335. IV. PARNASSIEiE. 20. Parnassia T. — Flowers regular hermaphrodite; receptacle shortly cupuliform. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, alternate, subsessile, entire or fimbriate, imbricate patent rnarces- cent. Stamens 5, more or less perigynously inserted with alternate petals ; anthers ovate or cordate, subintrorse 2-rimose. Scales 5, oppositipetalous, clavate at base, cuneate or multifid ; lacinia) gland- uliferous at apex. Germen for the most part superior, ovoid, 1 -celled; placentas 3, 4, parietal (lateral cells 2); ovules go , ana- tropous ; style very short thick, soon divided into 3 or 4 stigma- tiferous lobes, opposite to placentas. Fruit partly or almost wholly SAXIFRAGACE2E. 429 superior, capsular membranous, loculicidally 3, 4-valved. Seeds oo , inserted in the middle of valves, scobiform ; testa loose sacciform or subalate ; albumen fleshy thin ; embryo central cylindrical. — Per- ennial glabrous scapigerous herbs ; " radical" leaves alternate petio- late, oblong ovate or reniform ; scape angulate, 1 -flowered, folli- ferous to middle, sometimes polyphyllous (Cold regions and Temperate marshes of Northern Hemisphere, mountainous India). See p. 337. V. FEANCOEiE. 21. Francoa Cav. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; calyx 4- partite regular, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals 4, alternate, equal, imbricate or contorted. Stamens 8, 2-seriate (4 longer alternipetalous), slightly perigynous with perianth ; filaments free ; anthers oblong, introrse 2-rirnose. Glands 8, inserted with stamens and alternating, erect. Germen free oblong, 4-gonous, 4-lobed at apex ; cells 4, complete or incomplete, oppositipetalous ; ovules co , anatropous, inserted in internal angle ; style short, soon dilated into 4-partite urceolate stigma. Capsule surrounded at base by per- sistent calyx, coriaceous elongated 4-gonous, 4-lobed, septicidally 4- valved ; valves coherent, septiferous in middle, receding at apex from persistent style. Seeds oo , small oblong curved ; testa loosely membranous corrugated-striolate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile terete small. — Perennial herbs, glandular- pilose or tomentose ; rhizome thick perennial ; leaves alternate crowded, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate, glandular-dentate or sublobate, net-veined ; attenuated base tapering subalate imitating petiole ; stipules 0 ; flowers in simple or more rarely branching racemes, bare at base and erect; flowers (rarely 5-merous) bracteate ; bract more or less carried up with axillary pedicel {Chili). See p. 339. 22. Tetilla DC. — Flowers irregular ; calyx 4-partite ; sepals unequal ; posterior larger ; praefloration valvate. Petals 4 ; anterior 2 much smaller or 0. Stamens 8, 2-seriate ; posterior larger. Glands as many, alternating with stamens, erect, subclavate at apex. Germen 2-4-celled and style of Francoa. Capsule oblong papyr- aceous, 4-lobed, loculicidally 4-valved. Seeds go , very small oblong ; testa thin striolate ; embryo minute subterete, axile in fleshy albu- 430 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. men.— A. perennial subacaulescent glandular-pilose herb; rhizome thin ; leaves radical petiolate rotundate-cordate, sinuate-dentate, palmiveined, ribbed ; petiole sheathing ; flowers in loose elongated simple racemes, bare at base ; pedicels thin bracteate at base {Chili). See p. 340. VI. HYDRANGEA. 23. Hydrangea L. — Flowers usually 2-morphous ; exterior of inflorescence often sterile subapetalous, with much enlarged calyx. Receptacle concave in fertile flowers, usually sacciform ; perianth and androceum inserted on margin. Sepals 4, 5, in fertile flowers equal, small, sometimes dentiform ; in sterile broadly petaloid veined unequal (exterior usually larger). Petals 4, 5, valvate. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate; filaments slender, inserted outside base of epigynous disk ; anthers short 2-celled, subintrorsely or marginally rimose. Germen inferior included in concavity of receptacle ; cells 2-4, complete or incomplete ; placentas as many, more or less introflexed, co -ovulate ; style 2-4-branched nearly from base or to a variable, depth ; branches stigmatose at apex or within. Capsule mem- branous, topped by calyx and styles ; cells 2, 4, dehiscent from vertex between styles. Seeds co , minute, ascending or transverse ; testa membranous, sometimes produced beyond nucleus ; albumen thin fleshy ; embryo axile cylindrical ; cotyledons short. — Trees, or more often shrubs, sometimes climbing ; leaves opposite petiolate, often persistent, entire, serrate or lobate, exstipulate ; flowers in cymes, often 1 -parous, subcorymbose ; bracts of inflorescence basilar deciduous {Eastern and Central or Southern mountainous Asia, Java, North East and South- West America). See p. 340. 24. Platycrater Sieb & Zucc.— Flowers of Hydrangea, 4, 5-me- rous, or more rarely 2, 3-merous. Stamens co , epigynous, co -seriate, anthers varying in form, sometimes subcordate-truncate {Cardiandra), at apex stigmatose, more or less capitate. Capsule dehiscent between styles. Seeds co , ascending oblong • testa thin reticulate produced into a wing on both sides; embryo albuminous. — Shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate {Cardiandra) exstipulate, serrate or dentate, de- 8AXIFUAGACEJE. 431 ciduous ; inflorescence and exterior sterile flowers of Hydrangea (Japan). See p. 342. 25. Pileostegia Hook. f. & Thoms. — Flowers (nearly of Hy- drangea), 4, 5-merous ; sepals short, imbricate. Petals as many, valvate, coherent-calyptrate. Stamens 8-10. Germen inferior, 4, 5- celled ; style thick columnar subclavate ; apex conical truncate ; angles 4, 5, longitudinally stigmatose. Capsule 4, 5 -celled (of Hydrangea). — Glabrous shrubs ; leaves opposite exstipulate petiolate oblong-obovate acuminate, entire or serrate; flowers in branching compound ter- minal racemes (Temperate and East Asia). See p. 342. 26. Dichroa Lour. — Flowers nearly of Pileostegia, all fertile; petals 5, G, valvate. Stamens 10-12, epigynous. Germen inferior, incompletely 3-6-celled ; styles 3-6, diverging subclavate, stig- matiferous at apex within. Fruit baccate (deep blue), in great part inferior, indehiscent. Seeds co , of Hydrangea. — A shrub ; branches rather thick ; leaves alternate petiolate ovate-acuminate serrate ex- stipulate; flowers in compound corymbiform terminal cymes (Southern China, Himalaya, Java, Philippine Islands). See p. 343. 27. Broussaisia Gaudich. — Flowers nearly of Dic/iroa, poly- gamous-dioecious ; germen of male flowers imperfect, for the most part superior. Petals in female flowers small or squamiform. Germen 5 -celled ; style thick short subconical, apex thickened to a radiate- 5-lobed mass ; placentas thick, simple or more often 2-partite. Berry globose many-seeded. — A small shrub ; branches thick terete ; leaves opposed or subverticillate ; petiole exstipulate, dilated at base ; flowers in terminal compound corymbiform racemes (Sandwich Islands). See p. 343. VII. PHILADELPHE.E. 28. Deutzia Thunb. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub- campanulate. Sepals 5, valvate ; petals as many alternate, imbricate or induplicate-valvate, inserted in throat. Stamens 10, 2-seriate inserted with perianth below edge of glandular epigynous disk ; fila- ments flat, subulate or 3-fid at dilated apex ; middle lobe antheri- 432 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ferous; anthers subglobose-2-dymous, introrse 2-rimose. Germen inferior ; cells 3, 4, complete or incomplete ; styles as many elongated- filiform, surrounded at base by a disk, thickened by degrees above, stigmatose at apex or within. Ovules go , anatropous, oc -seriate, obliquely imbricate, inserted on thick fleshy placentas, Capsule sub- globose, corticate, tardily septicidal between styles. Seeds oo , ascend- ing oblong compressed; testa membranous reticulate produced at both ends beyond nucleus ; embryo axile in fleshy albumen. — Pubescent or scabrous shrubs ; hairs usually stellate ; leaves opposite (subde- ciduous) ovate or lanceolate, serrate exstipulate ; flowers solitary axillary, or in simple or cymiferous axillary or terminal racemes ; pedicels opposite (Himalaya, China, Japan). See p. 343. 29. Philadelphus L. — Flowers nearly of Deutzia, 4- or more rarely 5-merous ; calyx valvate ; petals imbricate or convolute. Stamens go , disk and germen of Deutzia ; placentas 3-5 ; style partite more or less deeply or to base. Capsule (3-5-celled) and seeds of Deutzia. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire or serrate ; inflorescence of Deutzia (Central Europe, Himalaya, Japan, North America}. See p. 344. 30. Decumaria L. — Flowers nearly of Philadelphus, G-10-merous ; receptacle turbinate-campanulate. Germen inferior, 5-10-celled; ovules co , descending pluriseriate. Capsule subturbinate ; apex crowned by thick capitate style ; pericarp fragile thin, 2-lamellate, bursting between ribs and veins ; septa membranous. Seeds go , albuminous (of Deutzia or Philadelphus). — A sarmentose climbing shrub ; leaves opposite transparent-lineolate, petiolate, exstipulate ; flowers in branching corymbiform cymes (North America). See p. 346. 31. Fendlera Engelm & Gray. — Receptacle shortly turbinate, 8- ribbed. Valvate sepals 4, and petals 4, alternating inserted on margin of receptacle. Stamens S, 2-seriate, perigynously inserted with perianth ; filaments flat, 2-partite at apex • lobes divaricated, produced beyond cuspidate anther. Germen half-superior ; cells 4, oppositipetalous ; branches of style 4, stigmatose at apex ; ovules go , descending. Capsule partly superior conoidal, septicidally 4-valved. Seeds go, descending imbricate; testa reticulate- winged below; 8AXIFBAGA0E2E. 433 albumen scanty ; embryo axile. — An erect shrub ; leaves opposite subsessile oblong entire, 3-ribbed at base, exstipulate ; flowers pedun- culate 1-3, terminating short twigs (Texas, North Mexico). See p. 346. 32. Jamesia Torr. & Gray. — Receptacle very shortly turbinate ; sepals 5, 3-angular-ovate, sometimes 2-ficl. Petals 5, alternate, con- volute. Stamens 10, 2-seriate ; filaments linear complanate ; anthers introrse, sub-2-dymous. Germen to a great extent superior, adnate at base inside receptacle, 1-celled ; placentas 3-5, parietal, oo - ovulate ; branches of style 3-2, subextemally stigmatose at apex. Capsule surrounded by calyx at base, incompletely 3-5-celled, dehis- cent at apex between styles. Seeds co , ovate ; testa shining ; embryo albuminous axile. — A branching shrub ; back deciduous ; leaves opposite petiolate ovate largely serrate, beneath white-pubescent, exstipulate, deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound cymiferous racemes (Rocl// Mountains of North Mexico). See p. 347. 33. Carpenteria Torr. — Receptacle cupuliform subhemispherical. Sepals 5-7, valvate and petals as many alternate, convolute, inserted on margin of receptacle. Stamens co , slightly perigynous with perianth, free ; anthers shortly oblong. Germen to a great extent superior ; cells 5-7 ; ovules co , go -seriately inserted on rather prominent 2-lobed placentas ; style 5-7-fid ; apex linear stigmatose. Capsule conical-ovoid, surrounded by calyx at base, 5-7 -celled, loculicidal. Seeds co , inserted on subglobose projected placentas ; testa loose reticulate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — A shrub ; bark deciduous ; branches 4-gonous ; leaves opposite petiolate exsti- pulate, elliptical- oblong or lanceolate-entire, 3-plicostate at base ; flowers few, in simple racemose cymes (Mountainous California). See p. 347. 34. "Whipplea Torr. — Receptacle shortly turbinate. Sepals 5-6, and petals as many alternate imbricate (?) inserted on margin of receptacle. Stamens 10-12, perig}Tnous ; filaments subulate free; anthers 2-dymous. Germen adnate at base to receptacle, ovoid ; cells 4, 5 ; styles as many, longitudinally stigmatose at apex within : ovule 1 in each cell, inserted below apex, descending. Capsule sub- VOL. III. p f 434 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. globose, adnate to receptacle at base, parting into 3-5 cocci, dehiscent within 1 -seeded. Seeds oblong ; embryo in apex of fleshy albumen, minute. — A slender undershrub, simple or sparingly branching, strio-ose ; leaves opposite petiolate exstipulate ovate paucidentate, 3- ribbed at base, deciduous; flowers (small) in terminal racemes {Cali- fornia). See p. 347. 35. Pterostemon Schauer. — Eeceptacle turbinate ; calyx 5-merous valvate, and petals 5, alternate imbricate, inserted on margin. Stamens 10, perigynously inserted with perianth; filaments coin - planate ; alternipetalous, 5 broader 3-dentate at apex ; tooth in middle bearing an oblong cuspidate introrse anther. Germen to a great extent inferior ; cells 5, oppositipetalous ; style erect, 5 -fid at apex; lacinise stigmatose at truncate apex; placentas axile, co -ovulate. Capsule aclnate to receptacle, crowned by persistent calyx and dried staminal filaments, dehiscent by 5-10 teeth at apex ; septa mem- branous disrupted. Seeds co ; testa cartilaginous ; embryo axile albuminous [PMladeljjhus). — A branching shrub ; small twigs terete rather hairy ; leaves alternate shortly petiolate obovate glandular ; stipules minute ; flowers in corymbiform cymes {Mexico). See p. 348. VIII. ESCALLONIE.E. 36. Escallonia L. fil. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous ; re- ceptacle concave shortly tubular, turbinate or hemispherical. Calyx inserted in margin; prsefloration valvate or imbricate. Petals alternate, imbricate ; claw erect ; lamina finally patent. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals below edge of epigynous disk ; fila- ments free filiform ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen inferior, adnate to receptacle ; cells 2, 3, complete or incomplete ; ovules co , anatropous, clothing inflated placentas ; style simple erect ; apex stigmatose capitate subentire or 2, 3-lobed. Capsule crowned by calyx and style, at base septicidally 2, 3-valved ; placentas filiform, usually adhering to axis. Seeds co , minute linear-oblong; testa membranous, often loose, sometimes fimbriate at base; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile.— Trees or shrubs, often glandular-pubescent ; leaves alternate, entire or serrate (evergreen) exstipulate ; flowers in BAXIFRAGACEM 435 simple or branching racemes, usually terminal, rarely axillary {Southern America, especially the West). See p. 348. 37. Valdivia Kemy. — Flowers nearly of Escallonia, 5-7-merous ; germen perfectly or imperfectly 2, 3-celled. Petals at base bearded inside, valvate. Capsule membranous, indehiscent (?) ; placentas globose foveolate, co -seeded. Seeds minute; testa sulcate ; embryo in base of small oily albumen. — A little low subherbaceous shrub ; leaves alternate or subopposite obovate-lanceolate acute sharply glandular-eroded or dentate, exstipulate ; flowers in short axillary racemes {Chili). See p. 350. 38. Q,uintinia A. DC. — Flowers nearly of Escallonia ; receptacle obconical. Sepals 5, ovate or 3-angular, minute, persistent, and petals 5, alternate, imbricate, deciduous, inserted in throat of receptacle. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals ; anthers ovate introrse. Germen to a great extent inferior ; cells 3-5, com- plete or incomplete ; style stigmatose capitate at apex, 3-5-lobed ; ovules co , 2-seriate. Capsule inferior or half-inferior, 3-5-ribbed ; often 1-celled owing to placentas being more or less retracted, dehiscent at conical vertex between lobes of style. Seeds co , elong- ated fusiform ; testa membranous loose expanded to thin wing ; embryo in fleshy minute albumen. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves persistent alternate petiolate, oblong or lanceolate, entire or serrate, glabrous ; stipules 0 ; flowers in simple or branching axillary and terminal racemes {Australia, New Zealand). See p. 350. 39. Forgesia Commers. — Eeceptacle turbinate. Sepals 5, free, valvate. Petals 5, connate at very base to a gamopetalous corolla, 3-angular, valvate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, inserted round thick annular disk ; filaments free ; anthers 2-celled, introrse 2-rimose. Germen to a great extent inferior; styles 2, free, thickened at base, stigmatose within at thickened sub-2-lobate apex ; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; placentas thick 2-lobed in each cell, ovuliferous on both lobes. Capsule partly superior, 2-celled, 2-beaked by styles, dehiscent between styles ; epicarp finally seceding from mesocarp. Seeds co , small... — A small gla- brous shrub (turning black when dried) ; leaves alternate petiolate F F 2 436 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. lanceolate glandular- serrate exstipulate; flowers in lax cymiferous terminal racemes (Bourdon). See p. 351. 40. Argophyllum Forst. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle scarcely or more or less cupuliform. Sepals 5, 6, inserted on margin, 3-angular, valvate. Petals as many, alternate, valvate, with a thick petaloid internal scale, silky-fimbriate above. Stamens 5, 6, in- serted and alternating with petals ; filaments free ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen almost wholly, or partly superior ; cells 2-4, or 5, G, oppositipetalous ; ovules oo , anatropous, inserted on a more or less unequal-tumid placenta affixed by short stipe to internal angle. Capsule surrounded by receptacle and calyx, loculicidally 2-G-valved; valves sometimes bipartite. Seeds co , minute ; testa rugose cancel- late ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute axile. — Silky-pubescent shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate coriaceous, whitish or rusty below, entire or coarsely dentate ; stipules 0 ; flowers in axillary and terminal corymbiform cymes (Neiv Caledonia, Australia). See p. 351. 41 ? Carpodetus Forst. — Flowers nearly of Argopl/yllum ; recep- tacle turbinate. Sepals 5, 6, narrow, deciduous. Petals as many, valvate. Stamens as many, perigynously inserted with perianth ; anthers introrse. Germen of Argophyllum, inferior, 3-6-locular, crowned with 5-lobed glandular disk ; lobes obtuse oppositipetalous. Fruit coriaceous-fleshy, surrounded halfway up by cicatrix of perianth, indehiscent ; cells 3-6, many-seeded. Seeds small, descending, long-funiculate ; testa foveolate ; embryo minute albuminous. — A branching small tree ; leaves alternate (evergreen) ovate-lanceolate, glandular-serrate petiolate ; stipules scarcely conspicuous ; flowers in compound axillary, terminal or leaf-opposed cymes {New Zealand). See p. 352. 42. Berenice Tul. — Flowers nearly of Argopliyllum or Caipodetus, 5-merous ; receptacle concave hemispherical eglandulose. Perianth valvate and stamens 5, epigynous. Germen inferior, 3, 4-celled; ovules go ; placentas of Carpodetus ; style cylindrical erect ; apex very thick globose stigmatose. Capsule crowned by calyx, loculi- cidally 3-valved at flat or depressed apex. Seeds co ; testa rugose ; SAXTFBA GA CEM. 437 embryo axile albuminous. — An undershrub ; branches slender ; leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, acuminate, narrowly serrulate ; flowers in lax branching terminal racemes ; pedicels pluribracteate {Bourbon). See p. 352. 43. Polyosma Bl. — Receptacle oblong-ovoid or turbinate ; throat much contracted. Calyx superior short, 4-dentate, persistent. Petals 4, alternate and epigynously inserted with sepals, linear, valvate, de- ciduous. Stamens 4, inserted and alternating with petals ; filaments free ; anthers elongated basifixed, introrse, longitudinally 2-rimose. Germen inferior, 1 -celled ; style slender; base dilated after anthesis; apex more or less thickened stigmatose ; placentas 2, parietal in- truded ; ovules co , anatropous. Berry ovoid ; apex masked by cicatrix of perianth; 1-celled. Seed 1, ascending filling cell; testa rather thick ; embryo minute below apex of thick fleshy albumen. — Branching trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate simple exstipulate persistent ; flowers rarely solitary, in multifloral terminal racemes; bractlets 1, 2 below receptacle {South- east Asia, warm Oceania). See p. 353. 44. Itea L. — Flowers nearly of Polj/osma ; receptacle obconical or subcampanulate. Sepals 5, ovate or subulate, imbricate, persistent} and petals as many alternate valvate, inflexed at very apex ; after- wards patent or reflexed, inserted in margin of receptacle. Stamens 5} inserted with alternate petals below edge of perigynous disk ; fila- ments free subulate ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen half- or almost wholly superior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; style erect simple, finally 2-partible ; apex stigmatose capitate ; ovules co , sometimes few, 2-seriate on parietal placentas. Capsule to a great extent superior, conical or oblong, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds co , or few fusiform ; testa laxly membranous produced on both sides, sometimes crustaceous shining ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile cylindrical. — Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate exstipu- late, oblong or lanceolate, glandular-dentate or crenate ; flowers in simple racemes sometimes much elongated, axillary and terminal {North America, Mountainous Central and Eastern Asia, Java). See p. 353. 438 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 45. Phyllononia W. — Eeceptacle obconical. Sepals and petals 5, alternate, valvate, inserted in throat. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals under edge of epigynous disk ; filaments free ; anthers 2-dymous, introrse. Germen adnate to receptacle, 1 -celled ; style very short ; stigmatose lobes 2, recurved ; placentas 2, parietal, co -ovulate. Berry small, crowned by cicatrix of perianth. Seeds co , more often few ; testa coriaceous rugose ; embryo minute globose- pyriform in base of fleshy albumen. — Glabrous trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate petiolate exstipulate ovate-lanceolate acuminate, entire or serrate ; flowers (minute) inserted in upper surface of leaves below apex of midrib, shortly racemose-cymose {Mexico, New Granada). See p. 354. 46. Clioristylis Harv. — Flowers (nearly of Phyllonoma) poly- gamous ; receptacle shortly obconical ; sepals 5, and petals as many, alternate deltoid perigynous valvate. Stamens 5 alternipetalous ; fila- ments perigynous free short ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen half- inferior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete, co -ovulate ; styles 2, stigmatose at capitellate apex, at first erect- coalite, afterwards freed recurved. Capsule half-superior, conical at apex, septicidally dehiscent by styles. Seeds co ; embryo...? — A shrub (habit of Celastrum or Mhamnus) ; leaves alternate ovate-oblong acute glandular- serrate petiolate exstipulate ; flowers small in small branching supra- axillary racemes {Southern Africa). See p. 355. 47 ? Sticlioneuron Hook f. & Thoms. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, minute ; receptacle concave obconical (in males very short) ; perianth-leaves 4, or more rarely 5, inserted in margin of receptacle ; prsefloration imbricate. Stamens 4, 5, subepigynously inserted with perianth-leaves and opposite to them ; filaments free, dilated at base, finally elongated ; anthers short sub-2-dymous, oblique within at top of filament, introrse 2-rimose. Germen (in male flower 0) included in concavity of receptacle, inferior, 1- celled ; style very short ; lobes 2, obtuse stigmatose ; placentas 2, parietal, alternating with lobes of style, co -ovulate. Fruit...? — A small shrub (?) ; branching nodose at leaves (articulate ?) ; leaves alternate shortly petiolate oblong-lanceolate acuminate entire membranous glabrous, penni veined, 3-5-plicostate at base, transversely veined ; SAXIFBAGACE^!. 439 flowers in axillary filiform racemes, bare at base, densely bracteate at apex ; bracts 1 -flowered ; pedicels articulated above middle (Fast Indies). See p. 355. IX. BKEXIE.E. 48. Brexia Dup.-Th. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle slightly convex. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate ; prse- floration twisted or imbricate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, hypo- gynously inserted with perianth ; filaments subulate alternating with subulate-conical unequal lobes of thick disk (larger lobes 2, lateral to filament) ; anthers oblong-sagittate, introrse 2-rimose. Germen free, surrounded at base by sessile disk, ovate-5-gonous ; cells 5, oppositipetalous, complete or incomplete ; ovules go , 2-seriate on (sometimes pulpy) placentas. Fruit drupaceous ; mesocarp thin or woody, afterwards 1 -celled. Seeds 00, ovate-oblong, unequally com- pressed or angulate ; testa black coriaceous ; cotyledons of thick embryo amygdaloid ; radicle short ; albumen fleshy thin. — Glabrous small trees or shrubs ; twigs thick ; leaves alternate (evergreen) coriaceous, entire or spiny-dentate ; stipules very small, scarcely conspicuous ; flowers cymose, inserted in top of axillary, usually rather compressed, sometimes subcladodiform peduncle (Madagascar). See p. 355. 49. Anopterus Labill. — Flowers nearly of Brexia; receptacle very shortly cupuliform. Sepals 5-9, and petals as many alternate, imbricate, shortly perigynous on margin of receptacle. Stamens 5-9, alternipetalous ; filaments subulate, dilated at base ; anthers cordate-oblong versatile, introrse 2-rimose. Germen for the most part superior, 1-locular, tapering to short style at apex ; style finally 2-partible ; apex 2-lobed, stigmatose within ; placentas 2, parietal, 00 -ovulate. Capsule oblong coriaceous surrounded at base by persistent calyx, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds oo , inserted in edges of valves ; testa membranous dilated-winged towards hilum ; nucleus small apical ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute axile. — Small trees or shrubs, quite glabrous ; leaves alternate persistent petiolate exstipulate elongated acuminate, glandular-dentate or serrate, coria- 440 NATURAL HIS TOBY OF PLANTS. ceous; flowers in terminal racemes; bracts leafy deciduous {Moun- tainous Australia, Tasmania). See p. 357. 50. Ixerba A. Cunn. — Mowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub- convex. Sepals 5, connate at very base, imbricate, patent, deciduous. Petals as many alternate free, imbricate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; filaments free; anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally rimose, versatile. Germen free, surrounded at base by a 5-lobed disk between stamens, 5 -ribbed ; style subulate, 5 -furrowed, twisted, stigmatose at tapering apex; cells of ovary 5, oppositipetalous, 2-ovulate. Ovule collaterally descending subanatropous ; micropyle introrse superior. Capsule thickly coriaceous, 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent to valves through 5-partible style; cells 1, 2-seeded. Seeds descending half-anatropous ; hilum linear-elongated arillate ; embryo and albumen fleshy ; cotyledons elliptical oblong amygdaloid ; radicle short superior. — A glabrous tree ; leaves alternate opposite and sub- verticillate, linear-elongated, glandular-serrate petiolate exstipulate, evergreen; flowers in short axillary cymes {New Zealand). See p. 358. 51. Boussea Sm. — Receptacle shortly and broadly obconical. Sepals 4, 5, equal or unequal, valvate, persistent, afterwards renexed. Petals as many inserted with alternate sepals in edge of receptacle, united into a campanulate corolla, villous outside, valvate, afterwards renexed or revolute at apex. Stamens 4, 5, inserted between 4, 5 arcuate lobes of disk confluent with base of germen ; filaments thick erect ; anthers oblong-sagittate extrorse. Germen almost wholly superior, 4-7 -gonous-p}Tamidate; style thick erect; apex subglobose, 4-7-lobed stigmatose ; cells 4-7 oppositipetalous, ovules go , co -seriate on thick placentas. Berry ovate-pyramidate subexsuccous,4-7-gonous; septa rather fleshy. Seeds go , nestling in pulp ; albumen fleshy, embryo small axile. — A glabrous climbing shrub ; small branches terete thick ; leaves opposite and verticillate, petiolate, ovate or oblong, glandular-serrate coriaceous, exstipulate; flowers axillary solitary or few, bursting from bracteate buds, nutant {Mascarene Is.). See p. 358. 5:2. Abrophyllum Hook, f. — Mowers 5-6-merous ; receptacle 8AXIFBAGAGEJE. 441 hardly cupulate. Sepals short, deciduous. Petals alternate, valvate deciduous. Stamens alternipatalous hypogynous under edge of scarcely conspicuous disk ; anthers oblong, introrse 2-rimose. Germen oblong-conical ; cells complete ; placentas axile, co -ovulate ; style short thick, 5, 6-lobsd. Berry small oblong; cells 5, 6, many seeded. Seeds subglobose ; testa crustaceous cancellate ; albumen fleshy oily ; embryo axile short. — A shrub ; leaves alternate broad petiolate exstipulate lanceolate acuminate subserrate membranous ; flowers in usually 2-chotomous, pedunculate, axillary or terminal cymes {South- east Australia). See p. 359. 53. Cuttsia F. Muell. — Flowers nearly of Abrophylfam, 5-7- merous ; receptacle shortly cupulate. Sepals valvate, petals and stamens equal in number; anthers subovate. Germen for the most part superior ; cells 5-7, co -ovulate ; style erect cylindrical ; apex 5-7-lobed stigmatose. Capsule almost wholly superior, loculicidally 5-7-valved. — A shrub ; habit leaves and inflorescence of Abrojphyllum (East Australia). See p. 359. X. PITTOSPOBE^E. 54. Pittosporum Banks. — Flowers regular ; receptacle convex or slightly concave. Sepals 5, free or connate at base ; pignoration imbricate. Petals as many, alternate, sometimes very much narrowed at base, free or connivent, more or less highly coherent or connate ; prsefloration imbricate or twisted. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate, free or coherent with alternate petals ; anthers erect ovate-oblong, longitudinally 2-rimose introrse. Germen sessile or shortly stipitate, imperfectly or perfectly 2-celled (more rarely 3-5-celled) ; style erect ; apex stigmatose, capitate or more or less lobate. Ovules co on each placenta, 2-seriate, anatropous, often ascending. Capsule ovoid obovoid or subglobose, often rather compressed; valves 2 (more rarely 3-5), coriaceous or subligneous, bearing placentiferous half- septa in middle. Seeds co , often nestling in viscid fluid, rarely marginate-alate (Hj/meuosporum) ; albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo minute contained in a small cavity of albumen near the hilum. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or subverticillate at apices of 442 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. twigs, evergreen, simple, entire or sinuate-dentate, exstipulate ; flowers terminal, or lateral, solitary or more often in simple or branching, sometimes corymbose racemes (Asia, Tropical Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand). See p. 360. 55. Marian thus Hueg. — Flowers 5-merous ; petals free, erect- connivent at base or more rarely to middle or beyond into a some- times oblique corolla, patent above. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform or dilated (Calopetalofi) ; anthers erect, usually oblong 2-rimose. Germen sessile or shortly stipitate ; placentas 2, 3, go -ovulate, some- times contiguous inside ; style filiform. Capsule ovoidal or oblong, compressed or subinflated, membranous or thinly coriaceous, loculi- cidal or sometimes septicidal ; seeds subglobose, obovoid or sub- renifonn, short or muricate corrugated (Rhi/tidosporum) ; funicle sometimes thickened. — Undershrubs ; branches flexuous procumbent or voluble ; leaves entire or serrate ; inferior rarely lobate or dissected ; flowers more rarely solitary in compound cymiferous racemes, some- times corymbiform or umbelliform, and terminal (Australia). See p. 362. 56. Bursaria Cav. — Flowers 4- or more often 5-merous ; sepals very small. Petals narrow spreading almost from base. Stamens 4, 5 ; filaments subulate ; anthers erect, ovoid or oblong, 2-rimose. Germen placed on thick short, 5-furrowed stipe ; placentas 2, parie- tal, very prominent ; ovules go ; funicles rather long descending ; style short. Capsule shortly stipitate thin-coriaceous piano-com- pressed, broadly orbiculate-sub-2-lobate, loculicidal at edges ; valves 2, hardly freed in middle, impressed outside against dissepiment ; seeds few reniform compressed. — Eigid shrubs ; abortive twigs usually spinescent ; leaves small entire, often fascicled ; flowers in terminal branching compound cymiferous pyramidate racemes (Kiira- tropical Australia). See p. 362. 57. Sollya Lindl.— Flowers 5-merous ; sepals small. Petals obovate, spreading from base. Stamens 5 ; filaments a little shorter than anther; anthers erect connivent into a cone round gynae- ceum, introrse 2-rimose. Germen sessile ; placentas 2, co -ovulate, finally contiguous inside ; style short. Berry oblong, indehiscent ; SAXTFRAGACEJE. 443 seeds globose or subovoid, nestling in viscid pulp. — Undershrubs ; branches flexuous or voluble ; leaves narrow, entire or sinuate ; flowers solitary to apices of small branches, pedunculate or more often laxly racemose-cymose, nutant {South-west Australia). See p. 363. 58. Cheiranthera A. Cuxn. — Flowers nearly of Sollj/a ; petals obovate oblong, spreading from base. Stamens 5 ; filaments free ; anthers longer than filament, more or less decimate secund, 2-porous at apex. Germen of Sollya ; style subulate. Fruit nearly dry ovoid, indehiscent ; seeds co , subglobose. — Shrubs or undershrubs ; branches flexuous or voluble ; leaves narrow entire ; flowers terminal solitary pedunculate, or peduncles laxly many-flowered, suberect or nutant {Extra-tropical Australia). See p. 363. 59. Billardiera Sm. — Flowers 5-merous ; sepals distinct, valvate or imbricate. Petals connivent or coherent beyond middle to a tube, spreading above. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform, longer than anthers ; anthers erect, ovoid or oblong, introrse 2-rimose. Germen sessile ; placentas 2, finally contiguous, oo -ovulate ; style short or elongate. Berry ovoidal or oblong, indehiscent ; seeds globose, ovoidal or reniform, nestling in viscid or subliquid pulp. — Undershrubs ; branches voluble ; leaves entire or sinuate ; flowers erect at apices of twigs solitary pedunculate or more often in racemiform, sometimes corymbose cymes {Extra-tropical Australia). See p. 363. 60? Pronaya Hueg. — Flowers nearly of Billardiera; staminal filaments filiform or complanate at base ; anthers oblong, at first erect, soon revolute above, introrse 2-rimose. Germen nearly of Billardiera ; placentas 2, parietal, go -ovulate ; style short. Fruit and seeds of Billardiera. — Undershrubs ; branches flexuous or voluble; leaves narrow entire; flowers in spurious, sometimes corymbiform, compact terminal racemes {South-west Australia). Se e p. 364. 61. Citriobatus A. Cunn. — Flowers 4-merous ; sepals distinct very small. Petals connivent or coherent to a tube beyond middle, spreading at apex. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate ; anthers erect 444 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. obloiiff, introrse 2-rimose. Germen subsessile ; placentas 2, parietal pluriovulate ; style short. Fruit globose, coriaceous or indurated, indehiscent; seeds few or 1, subglobose nestling in viscid pulp. — Eigid shrubs, usually armed with short spinescent twigs ; leaves small, entire or dentate; flowers solitary sessile, small, surrounded by 2, 3, sepaloid bractlets (Fast Australia). See p. 364. XI. KIBESIE.E. G2. Kibes L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or 1-sexual by abortion ; receptacle hollow ovoid or subspherical, sometimes sacciform. Calyx tubular or campanulate, inserted in mouth of receptacle above, often coloured disks ; lobes 4, 5, alternate, usually small squamiform, included ; pignoration shortly imbricate, or 0. Stamens 4, 5, inserted with alternate petals in throat of receptacle ; filaments short or elon- gated, sometimes exserted ; anthers subglobose or 2-dymous, introrse, 2-rimose. Germen inferior, adnate to receptacle, 1-celled ; style 2-fid or 2-partite to a variable depth at base ; branches simple stigma- tose at apex ; ovules oo , anatropous, 2—^ -seriate on 2 parietal placentas (or very rarely 3, 4), alternating with styles. Berry globose or oblong, crowned at apex by dried calyx, pulpy within. Seeds go , immersed in pulp ; exterior integument cellulose-gela- tinous ; interior crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute sub- terete. — Shrubs ; often glandular-resinous, unarmed or armed with scattered thorns sometimes pulvinar 2-nate ; leaves alternate, often fascicled petiolate, entire or more often crenate incised or lobate ; vernation plicate or convolute ; petiole often dilated at base to lateral adnate stipules (?) ; flowers racemose or rarely subsolitary ; pedicels 1-bracteate at base, 2-bracteolate at middle {Europe, Temperate Africa and Asia, Temperate America and Andine South America). See p. 304. XII. BATTERER. 03. Bauera Banks. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-10-merous ; receptacle sometimes rather concave ; sepals often dentate, imbricate or subvalvate, persistent. Petals as many alternate subsessile imbri- cate. Stamens inserted with petals round thin disk, as many alter- SAXIFRAGACEJZ. 445 nate, or co ; filaments free slender ; anthers sub-2-dymous, introrsely or laterally rimose. Grermen altogether or almost wholly superior, hairy, completely or incompletely 2 -celled ; styles 2, usually rather remote at base, slender recurved, stigmatose at unthickened apex ; ovules oo , anatropous, co -seriate, transverse or ascending. Capsule sub-2-dymous compressed, sometimes truncate at apex, loculicidally 2-valved from apex; valves sometimes bipartite; seeds go; testa coriaceous granulate ; embryo axile nearly terete ; albumen fleshy. — Branching shrubs, glabrous or glandular-hairy ; leaves opposite, 3- foliolate (spuriously verticillate) ; leaflets sessile serrate ; stipules 0 ; flowers solitary axillary pedunculate, subsessile by lateral leaves, or subsessile (thence subcapitate) by superior leaves {Eastern Temperate and Southern Australia). See p. 368. XIII. CUNONIEiE. 64. Cunonia L. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle rather convex. Calyx 5-merous ; leaflets deciduous, connate at base ; prrofloration slightly imbricate. Petals as many, imbricate inserted with alternate sepals under edge of glandular hypogynous (10-fur- rowed) disk. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, hypogynous with petals; fila- ments free exserted ; anthers small, 2-dymous, introrse 2-rimose. Germen superior; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; styles bipartite branches subulate-elongated, persistent, simple at stigmatose apex ; ovules co , 2-seriately descending in each cell. Capsule coriaceous ovoid-subcompressed, 2 -beaked, septicidally 2-valved ; valves boat- shaped, gaping above within ; exocarp usually seceding from endo- carp. Seeds co , oblong angulate compressed ; testa membranous slightly winged ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo oblong. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite petiolate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets 2, 3-jugal, glandular-serrate ; stipules large oblong coriaceous, valvate, soon caducous ; flowers racemose ; racemes axillary dense, opposite, straight, cymiferous on opposite sides [South Africa, New Caledonia). See p. 369. 65 ? Weinmannia L. — Flowers nearly of Cunonia, hermaphrodite or polygamous, 4, 5-merous ; receptacle sometimes shortly concave. Calyx persistent or deciduous. Stamens 8-10, inserted in base of 446 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. free disk. Capsule nearly of Cunonia, septicidally 2-valved ; valves cymbiform, gaping above within. Seeds go , sometimes few, oblong, reniform or subglobose ; testa membranous, usually rough with scattered hairs, sometimes subalate ; albumen, embryo and other parts of Cunonia. — Trees and shrubs, glabrous or tomentose ; leaves opposite, simple, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets coriaceous, often glandular serrate ; rachis sometimes winged ; stipules varying, sometimes broad, deciduous ; racemes axillary or terminal {Tropical Continental and insular Asia and Africa, Oceania, New Zealand, Tropical, Subtropical and Temperate South America). See p. 370. 66. Spirseanthemum A. Gray. — Flowers nearly of Weinmannia, apetalous, 4, 5-merous. Sepals valvate. Stamens twice as many or as many (4, 5 alternisepalous, abortive). Glands 4-10, alternate with stamens. Carpels equal in number to and alternate with sepals, or 2, 3 (in male flowers rudimentary or sterile), free; germen 1-celled ; style stigmatose at dilated apex ; ovules 1-5, or co , 2-seriate in ventral angle. Follicles 1-5, dehiscent inwards. Seeds 1-co, compressed; testa winged above or on both sides; embryo albuminous. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves opposite or verticillate, petiolate simple ; stipules deciduous ; flowers in axillary branching racemes ; pedicels articulate {New Caledonia, Islands of Samoa, Viti, and neighbourhood). See p. 372. 67. Tetracarpaea Hook. f. — Flowers 4-merous; receptacle rather convex. Sepals free, imbricate. Petals alternate hypogynous ungui- culate, imbricate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate hypogynous ; filaments free ; anthers elliptical-oblong marginally rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous stipitate erect linear-oblong, 1-celled, terminating in persistent short styles, stigmatose at obtuse apex ; ovules co , inserted in internal angle of germen. Follicles 4, coriaceous stipit- ate, longitudinally dehiscent inwards. Seeds co , minute elongated; testa loose membranous slightly produced on both sides ; nucleus minute ; embryo subglobose, nestling in base of fleshy albumen. — A rigid glabrous low small shrub ; leaves alternate and opposite, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, thickly coriaceous shining obovate- oblong irregularly duplicate-serrate ; teeth subglandular ; flowers in SAXIFRAGACEJE. 447 erect racemes ; bracts glandular-serrate (Mountainous Tasmania). See p. 373. 68. Geissois Labill. — Flowers apetalous, 4, 5-merous ; sepals hirsute within, valvate, deciduous. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate, or 15-25; filaments elongated free, inserted in base of thin hypogynous disk ; anthers 2-dymous. Grermen free, 1 -celled ; placentas 2, parietal ; oo -ovulate ; branches of style 2, simple at stigmatose apex. Capsule coriaceous, elongated or subclavate, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds co , ascending imbricate oblong ; testa membranous, winged above ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo subfoliaceous. — Trees ; leaves opposite petiolate, digitately 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets coriaceous, entire or serrate ; stipules large membranous ; flowers in simple lateral racemes (Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji Is. and neigh- bourhood). See p. 374. C9. liamanonia Velloz. — Flowers nearly of Geissois ; sepals 5, G, valvate, inserted in short receptacle. Stamens go , free, inserted under edge of thin disk; 5, G, oppositisepalous, larger; interposed oo , lesser ; anthers introrse, 2 -celled, finally versatile, 2-rimose. Germ en free ; styles 2, free divergent, stigmatose at minutely capitate apex ; placentas 2, parietal, oo -ovulate. Capsule oblong woody, septicidally 2-valved ; valves 2-fid. Seeds go , imbricate, complanate, gibbous at base ; external integument produced upwards to a membranous wing ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — Trees ; leaves opposite, digit- ate, 3-5-foliolate ; stipules large membranous ; flowers in axillary racemes (South Brazil). See p. 374. 70? Gumillea E. & Pav. — "Calyx campanulate, semi-5-fid ; laciniaj erect-patent. Stamens 5, inserted in bottom of calyx; anthers subglobose. Grermen free, 2-celled ; styles 2, short subulate diverging. Capsule 2-beaked ; seeds co , minute subrotund. — An erect branching shrub ; branches terete patulous tender-hirsute ; leaves alternate imparipinnate ; leaflets entire glabrous ; stipules large leafy subreniform reflexed ; flowers in terminal elongated hirsute pendulous subspicate racemes" (Peruvia). See p. 374. 71. Ceratopetalum Sm. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle con- 448 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. cave obconical. Sepals 4, 5, inserted in margin, 3 -angular, valvate. Petals as many alternate, linear laciniate, or 0. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate ; filaments inserted with perianth around epigynous disk, inflexed, finally erect; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen to a great extent inferior, adnate to receptacle, 2-celled ; styles 2, subu- late recurved, stigmatose at apex. Ovules few (usually 4) 2-seriate in internal angle of cells, descending. Fruit dry crowned by accrete calyx; mesocarp thin suberous ; endocarp very hard. Seed 1, descending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite glabrous petiolate, simple or 3-foliolate; stipules inter- petiolar, caducous ; flowers in branching terminal and axillary pedunculate cymes {Australia). See p. 375. 72. Aphanopetalum Endl. — Receptacle very short cupuliform ; sepals 4, decussate, membranous or subcoriaceous veined, enlarged after anthesis, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4, alternate very small linear or lanceolate, or 0. Stamens 8, slightly perigynous ; fila- ments free ; anthers oblong introrse, 2-celled, 2-rimose. Germen nearly free, 4-furrowed ; cells 4, alternating with sepals ; style erect, 4-furrowed ; apex divided into 4 reflexed lobes, stigmatiferous within. Ovules solitary in each cell, descending from rather thick funicle inserted at top of internal angle ; micropyle introrse superior. Fruit nucamentaceous, involucrate by accrete calyx, 1 -celled. Seed 1, reniform ; integuments thick ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved glabrous. — Voluble shrubs ; leaves opposite simple ; stipules small or 0 ; flowers axillary or cymose pedunculate ; pedicels 2-bracteolate half way up {Eastern Temperate Australia). See p. 375. 73. Anodopetalum A. Cunn. — Flowers nearly of Plati/lopus, 4, 5-merous; stamens 8-10, or more rarely (owing to some alterni- petalous being geminate) 12-15; filaments inserted under disk or edge of disk ; connective of anthers produced at apex, subulate. Germen superior; styles 2, diverging; cells 2, 2- or pauciovulate ; ovules descending subanatropous. Fruit fleshy oblong, inde- hiscent (?), 1 -seeded. Seed descending... ? — A glabrous tree ; leaves opposite petiolate simple serrate ; stipules interpetiolar lanceolate ; flowers axillary solitary or few cymose, 2-bracteolate {Tasmania). See p. 376. 8AXIFBAGACEJE. 449 74. Caldcluvia Don. — Flowers nearly of Weinmannia ; receptacle shortly cupulate. Sepals 4, 5, valvate. Petals as many shorter, linear-lanceolate. Stamens 8, 10, inserted with petals; perigynous glands as many, interposed; filaments free; anthers introrse 2- rimose. Germen free, styles and ovules of Weinmannia. Capsule coriaceous, 2-beaked, septicidally 2-valved ; valves boat-shaped gaping above ; placentas filiform, finally free. Seeds go , elongated ; testa membranous lax ; embryo nearly terete in axis of fleshy albu- men.— Small trees ; leaves opposite simple petiolate glandular- serrate; stipules large foliaceous subfalcate persistent; flowers in dense branching pedunculate cymiferous racemes {South Chili). Seep. 376. 75. Schizoineria Don. — Receptacle shortly cupuliform ; margin with 4, 5, nearly free, 2-lobed oppositipetalous glands. Sepals 4, 5, 3-angular, valvate. Petals as many shorter unequal-dentate. Stamens 10, inserted outside disk; filaments free; anthers ovoid; connective produced beyond cells to a short cone. Germen free, 2, 3-celled ; styles 2, 3, short recurved ; ovules 2-4, descending in each cell ; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit drupaceous, with re- ceptacle and calyx persisting at base; putamen bony. Seed 1, curved ; embryo curved (green) ; albumen fleshy. — A tree ; leaves opposite simple petiolate ; stipules small ; flowers in terminal, usually 3-chotomously cymose racemes {Southern New France). See p. 376. 76. Platylophus Don. — Receptacle shortly cupuliform, with shortly urceolate disk within. Sepals 4, 5, 3-angular, valvate, slightly perigynous. Petals as many alternate, shorter, entire or 2, 3-dentate. Stamens 8-10, inserted with petals around disk ; alternipetalous 4, 5, longer ; filaments free ; anthers sub-2-dymous, beaked by connec- tive produced beyond cells. Grermen free, 2-celled; styles 2, sub- ulate recurved ; ovules 2, collaterally descending in each cell ; micro- pyle extrorse superior. Capsule turgid subovoid coriaceous, com- pressed-winged at apex, surrounded at base by calyx, finally septi- cidally 2-valved; valves 1 -seeded, finally seceding from filiform placentas. Seeds oblong-curved ; embryo in fleshy axile albumen. — A glabrous tree ; leaves opposite, 3-foliolate ; stipules small de- void III. G G 450 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ciduous; flowers in axillary long-pedunculate cymiferous racemes (Southern Africa). See p. 376. 77. Gilbeea F. Muell. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle slightly concave, disciferous within. Sepals 5, inserted in edge, valvate. Petals 5, alternate shorter, apex truncate or incised, angu- late and bearing a small cupuliform gland on either side. Stamens 1 0, 2-seriate, slightly perigynous with perianth ; filaments free ; anthers subglobose introrse rimose. Grermen 3-gonous ; styles 3, recurved, stigmatose at slightly thickened apex ; cells 3 ; ovules 2-6, inserted in ventral angle, descending. Capsule surrounded at base by small receptacle ; cells 3, winged at back ; fertile 1-3, 1 -seeded. Seed descending ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo longer than superior radicle. — A hirsute tree ; leaves opposite pinnate, sometimes 1-foliolate; leaflets opposite; flowers in large terminal much branching cymiferous racemes ; bracts and bractlets concave, opposite or alternate {Tropical Eastern Australia). See p. 377. 78. Acrophyllum Benth. — Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-6-merous; receptacle small convex. Calyx gamophyllous at base ; lobes oblong- acute, valvate, persistent. Petals as many elongated, imbricate. Stamens 8-1 2, inserted with perianth at base of disk ; filaments long-exserted, inflexed in the bud ; anthers small, 2-dymous. Germen superior, sub-2-locular ; styles 2, straight elongated subulate, per- sistent, stigmatose at simple apex ; ovules go , 2-seriate in each cell (more or less complete). Capsule coriaceous subturgid, septicidally 2-partible ; valves terminated by style, go -seeded at edge. Seeds papillose outside ; albumen...? — An erect branching shrub; leaves opposite or verticilhite, sessile oblong, coarsely dentate, veined; stipules rigid, tardily deciduous ; flowers numerous, spuriously verticillate in sessile axillary cymes ; pedicels bracteolate at base, defract when fruiting (Southern Australia). See p. 377. 79? Ackama A. Cunn.— Flowers minute; receptacle shortly cupulate. Sepals 5, 3-angular valvate persistent. Petals 5, linear- spathulate thin deciduous, inserted with stamens outside a slightly perigynous disk, divided into 5 oppositipetalous 2-lobed scales. Stamens 10, 2-seriate; filaments free, inflexed at subulate apex; 8AXIFRAGACEJ3. 451 anthers introrse, soraetimes apiculated by connective. Germen almost wholly superior ; cells 2, 3, -ovulate ; styles slender re- curved, persistent. Capsule small turgid, septicidally 2, 3-valved ; valves boat-shaped, gaping- within above. Seeds go , ovoid, laxly pilose outside ; albumen fleshy scanty ; embryo axile cylindrical. — Small trees ; leaves opposite imparipinnate ; leaflets sharply ser- rate ; stipules deciduous ; flowers numerous, ebracteate, in much branching cymiferous racemes (Australia, New Zealand). See p. 378. 80 ? Spireeopsis Miq. — " Flowers dioecious ; male calyx free, 5-6-partite, valvate persistent. Petals 5, 6, subequal to calyx, in- serted outside pitted urceolate subcrenulate annular disk. Stamens 10-12, inserted with petals, 2-seriate ; filaments exserted ; anthers subglobose-2-dymous ; connective produced beyond cells. Germen sterile small hirsute. Perianth of female flower same as in male. Stamens 0. Germen ellipsoid, surrounded by disk at base, 2-celled; styles 2, free, patulous, capitellate at stigmatose apex ; ovules few, 2-seriately inserted in internal angle of cells, oblong imbricate. Capsule 2-celled ; cells gaping inside ; seeds co , fusiform, mem- branous-winged on both sides, imbricate. — A stellate-tomentose tree, resinous-punctate ; leaves opposite petiolate imparipinnate ; leaflets 2, 3-jugal opposite, elliptical or ovate-oblong, acuminate serrate coriaceous, covered above with stellate hairs, beneath with peltate scales ; flowers in large compound axillary and terminal many-flowered panicles ; males lax ; females denser" (Celebes). See p. 378. 81 ? Davidsonia F. Muell. — Flowers 4, 5-merous ; sepals thick valvate. Stamens 8-10 ; filaments free short, inserted under narrow ciliate disk ; anthers introrse 2-rimose. Germen free, 2-celled ; styles 2, free, setaceous, apex stigmatose minute. Ovules generally 6-8 in each cell, inserted in edge of orbiculate placenta, afterwards descending. " Fruit dry dehiscent ; cells 2, 1-seeded. Seed descending ; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo straight plano- convex ; radicle very short superior." — A tree (stinging) ; leaves alternate imparipinnate ; stipules herbaceous ; flowers small glo- merate-spicate in large branching racemes axillary to higher leaves (North Eastern Australia). See p. 378. g g 2 452 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. XIV. CODIES. 82. Codia Forst. — Flowers capitate hermaphrodite regular ; receptacle concave obconical. Sepals 4, or more often 5, inserted in mouth of receptacle, valvate. Petals as many, alternate linear very narrow, or 0. Stamens 8-10, inserted with perianth; filaments free; anthers 2-dymous, introrse or laterally rimose. Germen altogether or almost wholly inferior ; cells 2, complete or incom- plete ; styles 2, diverging, stigmatose at apex. Ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally descending, anatropous; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit nucamentaceous. Seed 1, descending ; albumen fleshy thin cotyledons of axile embryo leafy ; radicle short superior. — Shrubs leaves opposite simple coriaceous petiolate ; stipules large caducous capitula globose pedunculate axillary, at base involucrate by (usually 4) bracts; single flowers bracteate {New Caledonia). See p. 379. 83. Pancheria Br. & Gr. — Flowers dioecious, 3-5-merous ; calyx imbricate. Petals equal or unequal, scarious. Stamens G-10, of Codia (sterile in male flower). Germen superior (rudimentary in male flower) ; carpels 2, nearly free, tapering to simple styles ; placenta involute, 2-ovulate. Ovules inserted a little above base of germen, collaterally descending ; raphe extrorse by involution of placenta; micropyle introrse superior. Follicles 2, dehiscent within; edges very much involute. Seeds 1, 2, descending ; albumen and embryo of Codia ; micropyle superior, produced to a membranous wing. — Shrubs ; leaves 3-5-nately verticillate serrate ; stipules caducous ; capitula of Codia {New Caledonia). See p. 379. 84. Callicoma Andr. — Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly of Codia ; calyx 4, 5-merous coloured, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens 8-10, inserted with calyx in mouth of hardly concave or obconical recep- tacle ; filaments long-exserted. Germen free to a great extent or to middle ; cells 2, or more rarely 3, complete or incomplete ; ovules oc ; styles 2, 3, much elongated, circinate in bud, afterwards straight, long-exserted, Capsule more or less included in calyx, septicidally 2, 3-valved ; endocarp chartaceous, seceding from meso- carp. Seeds 1, or few ; testa crustaceous papillose ; embryo small SAXIFRAGACEJE. 453 albuminous. — Small trees ; leaves opposite simple serrate petiolate ; stipules deciduous ; capitula pedunculate (of Codia) axillary or oppositely racemose at ends of branches ; bracts of inferior flowers sometimes larger and simulating an involucre {Australia). See p. 381. XV. BRUNIEiE. 85. Brunia Burm. — Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle more or less deeply concave. Sepals 5, imbricate, glandular at apex. Petals 5, inserted with alternate sepals in edge of receptacle, ovate or subspathulate unguiculate, imbricate or subvalvate, more or less highly 2-crested, keeled within above glandular claw. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, included or exserted ; filaments filiform or subulate, equal or unequal ; anthers 2-dymous or oblong, introrse 2-rimose. Germen half-inferior, adnate to receptacle at base ; cells 2 j one sometimes empty ; style 2-fid or 2 -partite ; branches divergent, stigmatose at obtuse or capitellate apex; ovules 1, 2 in each cell inserted under apex of dissepiment, descending ; micropyle introrse superior, finally (by torsion of funic! e) lateral extrorse. Fruit capsular, coriaceous or submembranous, either 1 -celled and usually indehiscent, or 2-celled septicidal ; cells often 1 or 2, aspermous, filled with thickened spongy or suberous septum. Seeds smooth ovate-compressed; embryo minute at apex of fleshy albumen. — Polymorphous undershrubs, often heath-like ; branches subverticil- late ; leaves small, often acicular linear or oblong, rigid, nearly terete, rarely flat, alternate or subverticillate, lax or densely imbri- cate ; stipules 2, lateral small gland-like (blackish) ; flowers capitate or more rarely in branching racemes ; bracts and bractlets 2, usually sepaloid, glandular at apex, sometimes {Berardia) large coloured involucrant {South Africa). See p. 381. S6 ? Staavia Thunb. — Flowers nearly of Brunia; petals not crested. Germen altogether or partly inferior; cells 2, 1- or 2- ovulate, or one effete ; style 1 , longitudinally 2-furrowed ; apex stig- matose 2-crenate. Fruit 2-coccous, 2-beaked at vertex. Seeds oblong, surrounded a little below apex by thin membranous ciliolate 454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. aril (?). —Heath-like undershrubs ; leaves linear or acicular ; superior (coloured) involucrating solitary terminal flowers or many-flowered capitula; stipules gland-like very small {South Africa). See p. 383. 87. Audouinia Ad. Br. — Eeceptacle obonical ; perianth and androceum nearly of Staavia. Germen partly inferior 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally descending ; raphe dorsal ; style columnar, 3-gonous, 3-furrowed ; apex stigmatose hollow, 3-crenate. Fruit...? — An undershrub ; leaves alternate linear, imbricate; stipules very small ; flowers in oblong terminal spikes, 3, 4-bracteate at base {South Africa). See p. 384. 88. Linconia L. — Flowers of Audouinia ; anthers sub-3-angular hastate ; cells oblique divaricate ; connective produced to a conoid gland. Germen 2-celled ; styles 2, stigmatose at apex ; ovules 2 or 1 in each cell ; one cell more rarely effete. Fruit 2-coccous ; cocci dehiscent within. Seeds 1, 2, having a cupuliform aril (?) at apex. — Branching undershrubs ; leaves spirally imbricate, 3-quetrous, glandular-ustulate at apex ; stipules of same form, very small ; in- florescences of Audouinia ; bracts 3-5, large coriaceous, involucrate {South Africa). See p. 384. 89. Berzelia Ad. Br. — Flowers nearly of Brunia, 4, 5-merous. Germen half-inferior, 1 -celled, 1 -ovulate ; style simple, sometimes arcuate and furrowed ; apex stigmatose unsymmetrical. Fruit dry, obconical or turbinate, indehiscent. Seed 1 {Brunia). — Heath-like shrubs ; alternate small leaves and globose capitula of Brunia ; bracts spathulate or clavate {South Africa). See p. 384. 90? Lonchostoma Wickstr. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle shortly obconical. Sepals 5, ovate obtuse, or linear-subulate, perigy- nous. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong- lanceolate or spathulate, closely imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted in throat of corolla ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong-subhastate, 2-rimose introrse. Germen half-inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, stigma- tose at unthickened apex, united to a variable height. Seeds 2-4, 2-seriate on ventral angle of each cell, descending j micropyle extrorse 8AKIFBAQAGEM. 455 superior ; funicle short, thickened into an obturator. Capsule nearly free, 2-4-seeded, 2-4-valved from base. Seeds ovoid reticulate, suspended from thick funicle. — Branching twiggy shrubs ; leaves alternate sessile, concave coriaceous, silky at back imbricate ; flowers in terminal spikes, each flower solitary in axil of upper leaves of twig {South Africa). See p. 384. 91. Thamnea Soland. — Flowers nearly of Brunea ; receptacle obconical or subspherical ventricose, glandular or warty outside, enveloping germen. Sepals, unguiculate petals, and included stamens 5, nearly of Brunia. Germen spuriously 1 -celled, or imperfectly 2- celled ; septum thin more {Tittmannia) or less slowly evanescent ; ovules 2-4 in each cell, forming a false verticil on top of placenta (which adheres to top of cell), descending ; micropyle afterwards extrorse superior. Fruit nucamentaceous, 1 -seeded. Seed of Brunia. — Low slender heath-like shrubs or undershrubs ; leaves small spirally inserted, at apex callous glandular, imbricate ; stipules 2, minute gland-like ; flowers solitary axillary sessile {Tittmannia), or terminal; stipe sometimes few-leaved axillary short {South Africa). See p. 385. XVI. HAMAMELIDE^E. 92. Hamamelis L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or often polygamous. Receptacle cupuliform. Sepals 4, free or connate at base, inserted in edge of receptacle ; pramoration alternately imbricate. Petals 4 (or in male flower 0), alternate elongated linear strap-like ; prsefloration involute. Stamens 4, perigynously inserted with petals and alter- nating with as many oppositipetalous rather fleshy staminodes ; filaments free rather thick, continuous with connective ; anthers basifixed introrse ; cells 2, dehiscing by 1 or more rarely 2 {LoropeU alum) valves. Germen (in male flower rudimentary) inserted in bottom of receptacle, to a great extent free, 2 -celled ; styles 2 ; apex stigmatose, obtuse or capitellate ; ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally descending ; one soon abortive ; micropyle of fertile anatropous introrse superior, afterwards extrorse lateral. Fruit capsular, semi- superior or nearly altogether superior, stipitate to receptacle at base, 456 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. woody, loculicidally 2-valved at apex ; endocarp subcorneous parting from exocarp, 2-valved. Seeds oblong ; testa crustaceous shining ; albumen fleshy; radicle of axile straight embryo terete superior; cotyledons oblong flat. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate petiolate unequal at base, ovate or subrotundate, crenate-dentate, penniveined ; secondary venules straight subparallel to margin ; stipules 2, lateral; flowers axillary or lateral on wood, spuriously glomerate, few pedunculate ; bractlets few involucrant {North America, Japan). See p. 386. 93. Corylopsis Sikb. & Zucc. — Receptacle concave ; sepals 5, in- serted at edge, valvate. Petals 5, obovate-spathulate perigynously inserted with alternate sepals. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, peri- gynous with as many alternate truncate squamules (staminodes ?) ; filaments subulate ; anthers basifixed, longitudinally rimose or valvicidal. Germen {Hamamelis) half superior ; branches of style 2, filiform, capitate at stigmatose apex. Capsule woody, 2-cuspidate ; valves 2, 2-fid, sometimes with receptacle subbaccate at base ; endocarp horny separating. Seeds of Hamamelis. — Shrubs ; aspect and leaves nearly of Hamamelis (or Corylus) ; stipules large caducous ; flower (precocious) in axillary pendulous racemes; bracts membranous; inferior large {Mountainous India, China, Jajjan). See p. 388. 94. Bicoryphe Dup.-Th. — Receptacle cylindrical; calyx sub- tubulose, 4-dentate (more rarely 5 -dentate), valvate. Petals 4 oblong-linguiform thick. Stamens 8 ; alternipetalous sterile ; fertile 4 erect ; filaments thick subulate ; anthers basifixed oblong, introrse completely or incompletely valvicidal. Germen adnate to bottom of receptacle, 2-celled ; styles 2, simple at stigmatose apex ; ovules (of Hamamelis) 2 in each cell ; one finally abortive. Capsule adnate to receptacle, 2-horned at exserted vertex, septicidally 2- valved ; valves afterwards split behind ; endocarp horny dividing into 2-valved cocci. Seeds descending ; testa crustaceous (blackish shining) ; albumen fleshy or subcorneous ; cotyledons of inverted embryo subfoliaceous, recurved at edges; radicle cylindrical. — Shrubs ; branches virgate ; leaves alternate or opposite, entire coriaceous ; sti- pules foliaceous unequal, sometimes large, subcordate at base; flowers SAXIFRAGACEJZ. 457 in racemes or spikes sometimes short capituliform terminal {Mada- gascar). See p. 389. 95. Trichocladus Pers. — Flowers poly gam o-dicecious or monoe- cious ; receptacle shortly obconical. Calyx 4, 5-partite, valvate. Petals 4, 5, linear-spathulate, valvate or 0. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals on edge of receptacle ; filaments subfusiform short ; anthers basifixed, sometimes mucronate, valvicidal. Germen adnate at base to receptacle, in great part free ; ovules of Hamamelis; styles 2, subulate, simple at stigmatose apex. Capsule (of Hamamelis) to a great extent superior. — Shrubs stellately tomentose or ferru- ginous-villous ; leaves alternate and opposite, ovate, oblong or cordate, entire persistent ; stipules inconspicuous ; flowers terminal capitate (South Africa). See p. 390. 96. Eustigma Gardn. & Champ. — Receptacle concave subovoid ; catyx 5-partite imbricate, and petals alternate very small scale- shaped cuneate-2-lobed, geniculate at thickened base, inserted in mouth of receptacle. Stamens 5, perigynous with alternate petals ; filaments very short broad j anthers dehiscent by scarcely equal valves loosened from middle. Germen in great part adnate to receptacle; cells 2, and ovules of Hamamelis ; styles thick exerted, articulate at attenuated base, much dilated and lobulate at stigmatose apex. Capsule half-superior, obovoid, woody, 2-valved ; 2-fid ; endocarp horny, 2-valved, seeds...? — A small glabrous tree ; leaves alternate persistent oblong-acuminate, entire or subserrate, cori- aceous ; stipules small, caducous ; flowers (small) 3-bracteate, in short few-flowered racemes (Hongkong). See p. 390. 97. Tetrathyrium Benth. — Flowers apetalous; receptacle con- cave. Calyx 5-merous, perigynous valvate. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform ; cells of basifixed anthers dehiscent by 2 subequal valves, loosened from middle ; connective long-produced subulate. Disk annular, sub-10-lobate, downy. Germen half-superior, 2-celled, obtusely 2-fid; styles 2, long-discrete, capitellate at stigmatose apex. Fruit nearly of Hamamelis. — A glabrous shrub ; leaves alternate coriaceous ovate-oblong cordate at base, coriaceous minutely gland- ular-dentate, persistent ; flowers densely capitate ; capitula axil. 458 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. lary shortly pedunculate; bracts dentate or fimbriate {Hongkong). See p. 391. 98. Sycopsis Oliv. — Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Male calyx short, irregularly and obliquely dentate or lobate. Stamens 8, inserted in rather concave receptacle ; filaments short thick, continuous with connective ; anthers basifixed oblong-acute, longi- tudinally rimose. Germen rudimentary, 2-fid. Receptacle of female flower nrceolate ; calyx 4, 5-lobed, deciduous, inserted in throat of receptacle minutely scaly-pilose inside at base. Germen half-superior, adnateto receptacle at base within; cells 2 (of Hamamelis); branches of bipartite style, canaliculate stigmatose within, closely surrounded at base by throat of receptacle. Fruit... ? — A glabrous tree (?) ; leaves alternate petiolate oblong-lanceolate entire coriaceous, persistent ; stipules small lanceolate, caducous ; flowers of both sexes small, often intermixed, stellate tomentose, in short axillary racemes or glomeruli; bracts cucullate covering flowers {Khasia). See p. 391. 99. Parrotia C.A. Mey. — Flowers apetalous. Receptacle concave; lobes of subcampanulate calyx inserted in mouth 5-7, coriaceous persistent. Stamens 6, 7, opposite calyx-lobes ; filaments filiform perigynous ; anthers basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, connective muticous or mucronate. Germen half inferior, adnate at base to receptacle ; cells and style (of Hamamelis) simple at stigmatose apex. Half-superior capsule and seeds of Hamamelis. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves oblong or orbicular, crenate deciduous ; stipules large deciduous ; flowers (precocious) capitate or shortly spicate ; bracts large membranous involucrate {Persia, Cashmere). See p. 391. 100. Distylium Sieb. & Zucc. — Flowers polygamous, apetalous; calyx (sometimes very small) free, 3-6-partite ; lobes unequal, imbri- cate. Stamens 2-8, hypogynous ; filaments elongated free ; anthers basifixed, oblong, longitudinally rimose. Germen (in male flower rudimentary, 2-fid) inserted on minute receptacle, free 2-lobed; 2-celled ; ovules of Hamamelis; styles 2, subulate, capitellate at stigmatose apex. Capsule superior oblong or ovoid, 2-cuspidate, 2-valved at apex ; valves 2-fid ; endocarp horny, parting from exocarp, SAXIFBAGACEM 459 2-valved. Seeds nearly of Hamamelis. — Glabrous or pubescent trees ; leaves alternate coriaceous ovate or oblong-lanceolate entire ; stipules lanceolate caducous ; flowers (small) in axillary straight rather short spikes {Mountainous K/iasia, China, Japan). See p. 392. 101. Fothergilla L. — Flowers apetalous ; receptacle subcampanu- late. Calyx very small, inserted in edge of receptacle, obscurely and unequally-repand-4-7-dentate. Stamens oo , inserted with calyx ; filaments free elongated-subclavate, exserted ; anthers short ; cells 2, lateral, valvicidal.- Germen adnate to receptacle, 2 -celled ; styles 2, subulate, simple at stigmatose apex ; ovules solitary in each cell, descending- ; micropyle introrse superior, finally lateral. Capsule subcartilaginous, 2-valved at apex ; valves beaked, 2-fid. Seeds 1, 2 (of Hamemelis). A stellate-pubescent shrub ; leaves alternate obovate crenate, deciduous ; stipules lateral small ; flowers (precocious) in dense spikes ; bracts herbaceous (the lower ones sometimes 3-fid) deciduous (North East America). See p. 392. 102. Disanthus Maxim. — Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle cupuliform. Sepals 5 ; obtuse, concave, transparent, imbricate, revolute on anthesis. Petals as many alternate, long and narrowly fan-shaped from dilated base, finally stellately spreading. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals in throat of receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers extrorse ; cells externally rimose, confluent at apex ; valves finally patent. Germen inserted in bottom of receptacle, partly inferior ; cells 2, tapering into erect styles ; ovules generally 6, 2-seriately inserted on internal angle, descending. Capsule loculi- cidal ; endocarp cartilaginous parting from exocarp. Seeds few, unequal ; embryo...? — A glabrous tree (?) ; leaves alternate suborbi- culate-cordate petiolate entire 5-ribbed ; stipules scarious, caducous ; capitula axillary small pedunculate ; flowers sessile paired at top of peduncle ; obvallate by very short bracts at base (Jajjan). See p. 393. 103. Rhodoleia Hook. — Flowers hermaphrodite asymmetrical; receptacle concave. Calyx very short or nearly absent, usually annular surrounding edge of receptacle on outside. Petals 2-5, unguiculate oblong lanceolate, unequal, 1 -lateral, usually deficient in interior flowers. Stamens 5-10, perigynously iuserted with petals; 460 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. filaments unequal free; anthers basifixed oblong, subintrorse 2-rimose. Germen half-inferior ; branches of bipartite style linear- subulate, simple at stigmatose apex, deciduous ; placentas 2, parietal, sometimes contiguous at middle (not at base or apex) ; ovules oo , 2-seriate on each placenta. Capsule subligneous, 2-valved ; valves finally 2-fid. Seeds oo , compressed, imbricate ; testa crustaceous ; embryo...? — Glabrous small trees; leaves alternate crowded at ends of twigs, exstipulate-petiolate, oblong or elliptical, entire coriaceous, glaucous beneath; fbwers capitate ; capitulum axillary pedunculate nodding, surrounded by co coloured involucrant imbricate bracts ; bracts gradually shorter externally (China, Sumatra). See p. 393. XVII. LIQUIDAMBARE.E. 104. Liquidambar L. — Flowers 1 -sexual or polygamous. Male flowers bare ; stamens oo , glomerate into a globose capitulum ; filaments short, surrounded at base by shortly prominent ring ; anthers basifixed, oblong or obcordate, marginally 2-rimose. Recep- tacle of female flower concave ; ring (perianth?) short inserted in edge. Stamens oo , sometimes few or 0 ; filaments short ; anthers small (sometimes fertile). Germen at base or to a great extent adnate to receptacle ; cells 2 ; complete or incomplete ; placentas 2, oo -ovulate ; branches of style 2, at apex stigmatose recurved and furrowed within. Fruit compound globose indurated, bristling with indurated styles, or smooth by their fall (Altingia), oo -capsular ; capsules free above, septicidal, gaping at apex ; valves entire beaked, or 2-fid (Altingia). Seeds oo , angulate-compressed, shortly winged ; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy thin ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo oblong flat ; radicle terete. — Trees (abounding in balsamic juice) ; leaves alternate petiolate palmatilobate glandular-serrate, deciduous ; stipules lateral, deciduous ; flowers capitate ; capitula involucrate by 4 bracts or 1 (Altingia) ; males usually ramose or spicate ; females solitary (Asia Minor, East India, Malay, China, warm Tropical North America). See p. 394. 105. Bucklandia R. Br. — Flowers polygamous ; receptacle con- cave subcampanulate. Calyx marginal, unequally annular or thickly SAXIFRAGACE2E. 461 t repand-5-lobed. Petals (?) in female or hermaphrodite flower 4 or more, linear or spathulate, rather fleshy ; in hermaphrodite flower qo , larger (staminodes?). Stamens fertile in male flower, qo ; filaments subulate unequal ; anthers basifixed ; cells longitudinally rimose, afterwards 2-valved ; connective apiculate. Germen half-inferior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete ; ovules usually 6 in each cell, 2-seriate descending ; styles recurved, within flat stigmatose. Capsules subcapitate nearly free, woody; valves 2, 2-fid; endocarp bony shining fragile. Seeds about 6 in each cell ; superior smaller subosseous sterile ; inferior convex-3-gonous, winged above ; coty- ledons of rather fleshy embryo oblong ; radicle conical. — Glabrous trees ; branches articulated at nodes ; leaves alternate petiolate broadly ovate-acuminate cordate entire coriaceous ; younger large, 3-cuspid- ate ; ribs radiating at base of blade ; stipules broadly oblong coriaceous, involving younger leaves and flowers, soon deciduous ; flowers capitate ; capitula pedunculate corymbose ; peduncles articu- late {Sumatra, East Himalaya, Khasici). See p. 39G. XVIII. PLATANEJE. 10G. Platanus T. — Flowers monoecious ; male calyx (?) formed of 3-0 minute leaves, hairy at apex. Squamules (?) 3-6, longer linear-clavate furrowed, lobate-truncate at apex, sometimes unequal or 0. Stamens as many alternate verticillate erect ; filaments very short ; anthers elongate-clavate ; cells 2, laterally adnate, rimose at margin ; connective capitate, truncate above cells. Sepals (?) of female flower 3-5, minute. Staminodes (?) as many obovate-clavate, longer capitate at apex ; squamules as many alternate very small, sometimes absent. Carpels 2-3, verticillate, opposite the sepals, often adherent to them at base; germen ovoid-elongated, 1 -celled, terminating in linear elongated style recurved at apex stigmatose within ; ovule 1 (or rarely 2), descending below apex of ventral angle, suborthotropous. Fruit compound globose peduncu- late pendulous ; achenes go , coriaceous, surmounted by persistent style, surrounded by rigid hairs at base. Seed descending elongated orthotropous ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy ; radicle of axile embryo 462 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. inferior terete ; cotyledons subequal to radicle, oblong, sometimes of unequal lengths. — Trees, sometimes small; bark scaly broadly denuded; leaves alternate ; petiole concealing axillary bud in conical hollow at dilated base; stipules 2 connate in 1, cyathiform, unequal-2-fid at dilated apex, closely surrounding twig at tubular base above insertion of petiole ; limb lobed palmiveined ; flowers (precocious) capitate ; capitula globose, 1-sexual (rarely polygamous), 1 or few along distinct twig ; capituliferous twigs terminal cernuous {North America, Middle Asia). See p. 397. XIX. MYOSURANDREzE. 107. Myosurandra H. Bn. — Flowers dioecious bare spicate, 4-merous. Male flower : stamens 4 (2 lateral) ; filaments free inserted in minute receptacle, slender elongated, finally nutant ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, 4-locellate, 2-rimose ; connective produced to a beak. Rudiment of germen 0. Female flower : germen free sessile, elongate-4-furrowed, 4-celled ; cells 2, lateral, at apex free divaricated and tapering to slender recurved style, stigmatose and longitudinally furrowed within. Ovules go , 2-seriate along ventral angle, obliquely ascending, anatropous ; micropyle extrorse in- ferior. Fruit 4-follicular ; follicles more or less connate at internal angle, longitudinally dehiscent inwards, oo -seeded. Seeds small descending ; albumen copious ; cotyledons of small axile embryo short inferior. — A glabrous balsamic-resinous shrub ; branches virgate knotted ; leaves opposite, connate at base to a free cylindrical sheath ; stipules (?) 4, subulate, inserted in pairs in top of sheath ; blade flabellate-cuneiform, at apex crenate or obtusely dentate, longi- tudinally folded; spikes terminal solitary; bracts opposite, 1 -flowered; bractlets 2, lateral sterile {Madagascar). See p. 400. 108. Myrothamnus Welw. — Flowers dioecious, spicate (nearly of Myosurandra) ; males 3-8-, usually 5-androus ; filaments 1- adelphous into a central erect column. Female flowers generally 3-merous ; 2 cells posterior ; styles subspathulate revolute. Capsule small coriaceous ; carpels divaricated at apex, longitudinally dehis- SAXIFRAGACEJ3. 463 cent inwards. — A small balsamic-resinous shrub ; aspect leaves and inflorescences of Myosurandra {Tropical Western and Southern Africa). See p. 402. XX? DATISCEiB. 109. Datisca L. — Flowers dioecious or more rarely {Tricerastes) polygamous. Receptacle of male flower very short rather convex ; calyx short gamosepalous, 4-10-dentate. Stamens go ; filaments free filiform, short or elongated ; anthers basifixed oblong, laterally 2-rimose. Receptacle of female (or hermaphrodite) flower very con- cave, ovoid or tubular. Calyx inserted in mouth, 3-G -dentate. Stamens in hermaphrodite flower go , inserted with perianth. Germen adnate to receptacle, 1-celled ; styles terminal 3, 4, 2-fid or bipartite, papillose within ; placentas as many alternating with styles, co -ovulate. Fruit capsular, narrowly oblong, 3-5-ribbed, gaping at apex between styles. Seeds go ; testa striate, reticulate or impressed-punctate ; hilum arillate ; embryo cylindrical fleshy, axile in scanty albumen, or exalbuminous. — Glabrous herbs (like Cannabis) ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate or 3 sect ; uppermost entire ; leaflets lanceolate serrate ; flowers in cymes or glomeruli ; cymes axillary or grouped on elongated, simple or branching, axillary or terminal twigs {The East, Warm North-west America). See p. 402. 110. Tetrameles R. Br. — Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Sepals of males ovate or oblong, equal or unequal ; denticles sometimes interposed. Stamens 4, opposite ; filaments elongated inserted around centrally depressed-4-lobed disk ; anthers short, 2-dymous, introrse rimose. Receptacle of female flower tubular-4-gonous. Calyx 4-dentate, inserted in mouth. Germen adnate to receptacle, intruded at apex ; styles 4 oppositisepalous, truncate at dilated apex, stigmatose within. Placentas 4, parietal, alternisepalous, go -ovulate. Capsule membranous, 4-furrowed, many-seeded, dehis- cent at apex between styles. — A lofty tree; leaves alternate; deciduous, long-petiolate, ovate or cordate-rotundate acuminate, subentire or dentate ; flowers (precocious) in slender elongated 464 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. branching many-flowered racemes ; peduncles and pedicels hirtellate (East India, Java). See p. 404. 111. Octomeles Miq. — Flowers dioecious, 8-merous. Eeceptacle of male flower concave hemispherical ; calyx 8 -dentate. Petals (?) 8, small, alternate, inserted with calyx in throat of receptacle. Stamens 8, oppositisepalous ; filaments free, dilated at base ; anthers large recurved, laterally 2-rimose. Eeceptacle of female flower tubular, obscurely 8-gonous, bearing calyx at dilated apex. Germen adnate to receptacle, concave at apex, crowned with 8 oppositi- sepalous divaricated styles, dilated at stigmatose apex ; placentas 8, parietal, alternisepalous, more or less prominent within, x> -ovulate. Fruit coriaceous ; seeds go . . .? — A lofty tree, lepidote-furfuraceous ; twigs thick ; leaves long-petiolate cordate-acuminate entire ; flowers in simple robust much elongated axillary cernuous racemes {Indian Arch ijj el ago). See p. 405. XXII. PIPERACE^ I. SAURURUS SERIES. The Peppers (figs. 497, 503-513) alone long constituted the order Piper acea. But latterly other genera have been added,1 and among Piper (Eupiper) nigrum. Fig. 497. Fruiting branch (^). them those forming the little group Saururece. The type thereof that has been longest known is the genus Saururus? long repre- 1 C. DC, Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 235, 237. Tttkp., in Diet. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 295.— Ende., 2 L., Gen., n. 464. — Adaks., Fain, des PI., ii. Gen., n. 1824. — Lihdl., Yeg. Kingd., 524, fig. 46S. — J., Gen., 19. — Lamk., Diet., vi. 668; 356 (2-4).— Pater, Organog., 425, t. 90; Fam. Suppl., iii. 347; III., t. 276. — Mikb., in Ann. Nat., 146.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 500. — Mus., xvi. t. 19. — Rich., Diet. Class., xv. 195. — Schnize., Iconogr., t. 82. — C. DC, Prodr., 238, E. Mey., D. Houtiuynia el Saumreis, 13. — n. 4. — Maltuschkia Gmel., Sgst., 589. VOL. III. H II 466 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. sented by a single species, S. cernuus* (figs. 498, 499), a perennial herb from the marshes of North America, often cultivated in our botanical gardens. Its flowers are small and numerous, whitish, hermaphrodite, regular, and achlamydeous. On the convex recep- tacle are inserted usually six stamens2 below a central gynseceum. Saururus ceriums. Fig. 498. Long. sect, of flower (i). Fig. 499. Diagram. Each stamen consists of a free elongated filament, and a basifixed introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The superior gyna?ceum usually consists of four free carpels, two of which are lateral (fig. 499) ; each has a one-celled ovary, tapering above into a style, the apex of which is stigmatiferous internally. In the ventral angle of the ovary, which is not perfectly closed, is a parietal two-lipped placenta, each lip bearing one or two obliquely ascending orthotropous ovules with their micropyles superior.3 In the fruit each ovary becomes a slightly fleshy, one-seeded berry. The seed, formed as in the Peppers, contains beneath its coat two albumens ; one is large and farinaceous ; the other, surmounting it, is much smaller and fleshy, surrounded by the embryo-sac, and envelopes a little embryo with a short superior radicle and thick cotyledons. S. cernuus has a rhizome, from which spring the herbaceous annual 1 L., Spec, ed. 2, 489. — Rich., in Michx. Fl. Bor.-Ar.ier., i. 218. — Nutt., Gen., i. 240. — Toee. & Gkay, Fl. N.-Amer., i. 381. — A. Geat, Man., ed. 5, 427.— Chapm., Fl. S. Unit.-St., 398. — 8. hicidiis Don, Hort. Cant., 66. — Jacq. F., Eel. Amer., 29, t. 18. — Serpentaria repens PlUKN., Almag., 343.— iS. foliis profunde cor- dalis L., Hort. Cliff., 139. — Mattuschlcia aquatica Gmel., Syst., 589. 2 In this case one stands anterior, one posterior, and two more on either side of the flower. The upper flowers have often a smaller number, or in our cultivated specimens from seven to ten. . 3 They have two coats. PIPEBACEuE. 467 branches, covered with alternate simple cordate petiolate leaves ; the base of the petiole forms a stipuliform sheath at first enveloping the top of the twig, and in its upper part prolonged internal to the petiole, but without adhering thereto.1 The branches terminate in long racemes; each flower is axillary to a bract which is carried up to the top of the pedicel (fig. 499), except in the case of the lower flowers, which are sessile, rendering this part of the raceme a spike. Houttuynia cordata. Fig. 500. Inflorescence. Fig. 501. Flower (f). Fig. 502. Long. sect, of flower (\). In the second species of the genus, S. chine usis,2 from Eastern Asia, the general organization of the flowers is the same ; but all are pedicellate ; the stamens are shorter than the gynseceum, and have extrorse anthers.3 We shall make this into a section of the genus Saururus, under the name of Spathium. Houttuynia* (figs. 500-502) is closely allied to Saururus, and has its naked spicate flowers. It differs in the number of the stamens, usually three ; their somewhat higher insertion, at a certain height 1 So that this superior free part of the sheath represents two connate stipules adnate to the petiole. 3 H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 71. — S. cernuus Thttnb., Fl. Jap., 154 (nee L.).— S. Loureiri Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. 102. — Spathium chinense Lour., Fl. Cochinch., ed. Ulyssip. (1790), 217. — Saururopsis cliinensis Ttjecz., in Bull. Mosc, v. 21.— £. Cumingii C DC, Prodr., 239, n. 2. 3 The filaments are articulated a little ahove the hasc. 4 Thpnb., Fl. Jap., 12, 234 (uec Scheeb.). — J., Gen., 25. — Lamk., Diet., iii. 144; Suppl., iii. 65 ; III., t. 739. — E. Mey., Be Hoult. et Saur., 1. — Endl., Gen., n. 1825. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 521, fig. 356 (1).— Payee, Organog., 428, t. 90 ; Fain. Nat., 147. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 82. — C. DC, Prodr., 238.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 500. — Polypara Loue., Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 61. H H 2 468 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. on the ovary itself (figs. 501, 502) ; and in the individual carpels,2 three in number, with multiovulate placentas.3 The fruit is formed of three many-seeded follicles. Houttuynia comprises one species,4 a herbaceous perennial from marshy localities in the south-east of Temperate Asia. It has alternate cordate petiolate leaves, with a dilated sheath like that of Saururus. The inflorescence is terminal, with each flower axillary to a bract ; but while the upper bracts are small, the lower ones are large and petal oid, forming a sort of involucre at the base of the spike. The same involucre is found in Anemiopsis? a genus of similar floral organization, with usually six stamens and three carpels. But the flower is so inserted on the rachis of the spike that its ovary, far more inferior than in Houttuynia, is partially sunk therein when adult. Anemiopsis consists of Californian herbs, with the same station, habit, and inflorescence as in the preceding genera.6 Gymnotheca cJiinensis7 has the habit, foliage, and inflorescence of Houttuynia. But its four carpels are united edge to edge into a one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style with four branches stig- matiferous internally and at the apex. With these alternate four multiovulate parietal placentas.8 Towards the top of the ovary9 are inserted the stamens, usually six in number, each with a short filament and an elongated basifixed two -celled anther of marginal dehiscence. Each flower has a bract at its base. 1 Really they are inserted on a receptaeular Payee, Organog., 427, t. 90 ; Fam. Nat., 147. cupule, in which is lodged the hase of the ovary, C. DC, Froth:, 237. — Anemia Nutt., in Ann. here unilocular. Owing to the want of a perianth Nat. Hist., i. 136. this cupule is almost undistinguisbable when adult. 6 Only one species has been described, A. eali- 2 Two are anterior; they are superposed to the fornica Hook. & Abn. ; but perhaps there is stamens, which thus alternate with the placentas. another inhabiting the same country. 3 The ovules are orthotropous, with two coats. 7 Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, ill. 100, t, 4 H. cordata Thunb., Fl. Jap., 231, t, 26.— 5. — C. DC, Prodr., 237. W., Spec, ii. 290.— .Bo*. Mag., t. 2731.— S. s The ovulcg are orth0tropous, transverse or foetida Loud. — Polypara cochincJiinensis Lor/E., oblique. loo cit. 9 (),. perhaps, rather, of an obconical re- Hooe. & Abn., in Beech. Yog., Bot., 390, ceptac'.e enveloping the greater part of the t. 92.— Endl., Gen., n. 18251 (Suppl. i. 1374).— carpels. VITEBACEJE. 1.69 II. PEPPER SERIES. The study of the Peppers1 may be commenced by that of the Common- or Black-Pepper (Poivrier Commun, or P. Noir ; figs. 497, 503-50G). Its flowers, hermaphrodite or unisexual, are in long spikes, each flower axillary to a bract. In the former kind, we see , X Piper (Eiipiper) nigrum. Fig. 503. Fig. 504 Fig. 505. Fig. 506. 'lowers (>-). Diagram. Fruit (f). Long. sect, of fruit (£) in a pit above the bract, edged by a prominent crest on either side,3 a free gynseceum ; on either side of this is a stamen, formed of a short, often flattened filament, inserted below the ovary, and a basifixed articulated anther, whose two adnate cells open by longitudinal clefts, then parting into four valves to free the pollen.' The ovary 1 Piper L., Gen., n. 43 (part). — Adaxs., Fam. des PL, ii. 262. — J., Gen., 405. — Gjertn., Fruct., ii. 67, t. 92. — Lamk., Diet., v. 457 ; Suppl., iv. 454; III., t. 23.— Endl., Gen., n. 1820. — MiQ., Stfst. riperac, Kotterd., 8vo. (1843, 44), 305. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 81.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 502.— C. DC, Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 240. — Saurwrus Plum, (part.) nee L. (inch : Artanthe MiQ., Callianira Miq., Carpunya Peesl, Caulobryon Kl., Chavica MiQ. (part.), Coccobryon Kx., Cubeba Miq., EncJcea K., HecJceria K., Macropiper MiQ., Muldera Miq., Nematanthera MiQ., Ottonia Spbexg., Pofomorphe Miq., Rhyncholepis Miq., Schilleria K., Schizonephros Geiff., Serronia Gaudich. & Guillem., Sphcerostachys MiQ., Steffensia K„ Zippelia Bl. 2 P. nigrum L., Spec., 40. — W., Spec, i. 150. — Spach, Suit, a Buffon, t. 125.— Miq. Sgst., 308 ; III., 50, t. 50.— C. DC, Prodr., 363 n. 502. — P. spurium Link, Jahrb., i. 3, 60. — P. ? colonum Peesl,, Bot. Bern., 112. — P. rotundum nigrum Pl.FKN., Ahnag., 297, t. 437, fig. 1.— Lada, aliis Molonga Pis., Mant. Arom., 180, 181. — Malago Cod Rheed., Ilort. Malab., vii. 23, t. 12. 3 At first sight they look like large depressed bractlets, but their absence in other allied types leads to the view that they are merely the raised edges of the pit hollowed out in the axis. They are figured as two lateral curves in the diagram (fig. 504). 4 Generally formed of little ellipsoidal grains, with a longitudinal fold. (H. Mohl, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii. 311.) 47" NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Piper qfftcinarum. is sessile,1 one-celled, tapering above into a very short flask-shaped style, which soon divides into three, four, or more unequal reflexed stigmatiferous styles. In the cell is a little subbasilar placenta, bearing a single, nearly erect orthotropous ovule with its micropyle superior. The fruit or so-called Peppercorn {grain de Poivre ; tigs. 505, 506) is a sessile one-seeded berry ; and the seed contains within its coats a large farinaceous albumen (peri- sperm), whose apex is occupied by a second very small, fleshy albumen3 (endosperm), enveloping a minute embryo, with a very short superior radicle, and broad depressed cotyledons. The Black Pepper is a slender climbing herbaceous plant, with knotty stems, bearing adventitious roots. The leaves, inserted at the swollen articulated nodes, are alter- nate simple petiolate, ovate-acuminate, penniveined, subtricostate at the base. The petiole is dilated below into a sheath which is prolonged into two intrapetiolar stipules ; these separate at a certain age from the edge of the petiole and the branch, leaving a longitudinal and a circular cicatrix respectively. The inflorescences are long simple pedunculate spikes, leaf-opposed (fig. 497), or more rarely terminal. Other species, well known for their useful properties, such as Long-Pepper4 (fig. 507), Betel5 (fig. 509), Cubebs6 (fig. 508), Kava7 Fig. 507. Fruit. 1 It appears to be formed of a single carpel, and though the style divides above into several lobes, these would seem to represent parts of a single leaf. (See Adansonia, x. 340.) Here and there we find flowers with two or more carpels. But somewhat excentric, nearer the posterior side of the flower. 3 The former is formed in the nucleus; the latter in the embryo-sac. 4 P. longum L., Spec, 41 (part.). — MiQ., in Hart. Journ,, v. 351 ; Icon., t. 1928.— C. DC, Prodr., 555, n. 474. — P. longum Pistolockia Plukn., Aim., 297; Phyt., t. 104, fig. 4.— Cattu Tirpoli Rheed., Hort. Malab., vii. 27, t. 14.— Chavica Roxburghii Miq., Syst., 239 ; III., t. 30; Icon., n. 256. We show below that P. officinamm L. (fig. 507) chiefly produces the Long Pepper of commerce. 5 P. Betle L., Spec, 40 ; Fl. Zeyl., n. 27.— Lamk., III., 79.— W., Spec, i. 159.— C. DC, Prodr., 359, n. 489. — P. Melamiri L. (part.). — P. Siriboa L., Spec, 41. — Sirii folium Rumph., Herb. Amboin., v. 336, t. 116, fig. 2.— Siriboa Rumpu., hoc. cit.,v. 340, t. 117. — Codi Rheed., Hort. Malab., vii. 29, t. 15. — Chavica Betle Miq., Syst., 220. —Miq., in Ann. Mus. Lugd.- Bat., i. 136. — C. auriculata MiQ., Syst., 269. — Artanthe hexagyna MiQ., Syst., 412. 6 P. Cubeba L. fil., Suppl., 90. — Lamk., III., 81. — Roxb., Fl. Ind., i. 161. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 81, figs. 18-20.— C DC, Prodr., 340, n. 410. — Cubeba officinalis MiQ., Comm., 33 ; Syst., 285 ; III., 48. " P. methysticum Foest., PL Fsc, 76 ; Prodr., n. 21.— W., Spec, i. 161.— Deless., Ic . Sel., 53, t. 89.— GriLLEM., Zeph. Tail., 28.— PIPEBACEJE. 471 &c, have the same general organization, and only differ in details. Thus Long-Pepper {Poivre Long) owes its name to the fact that its berries are arranged in a long cylinder, close-packed with one- another and the bracts ; they are hence obpyramidal, and only free at the apex. In the Betel the bracts are rounded and peltate, and Piper Cubeba. Fig. 508. Fruiting branch (\). the leaves are pluricostate at the base. Cubebs has stipitate berries (whence its vulgar name of Poivre a queue [Tailed Pepper]), with bracts aclnate to the rachis except at the edges, and penniveined leaves. Kava has pedicellate peltate crenulate bracts, and long- petiolate penniveined leaves, cordate and 11-13-costate at the base, C. DC, Prodr., 354, n. 470. — Macropiper Bot., 96. — M.latifolium Miq., in Linncea, xx. methyrticum Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Voy,, 130 (vulg. Ava, Kava, Kawa-kaica). Piper (Steffensia) angusti- folium. H ..: < m NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. and surmounted by an acute acumen. The three central ribs are prolonged nearly to the apex. Other species of Piper again differ from the preceding m Piper {Eupiper) Bella. ^ number 0f stamens, which may rise from three or four to ten or twelve; in the anther, sometimes articulated with the apex of the filament ; in the more or less complete separation or union of the sexes in the flowers, which may be monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous in a single stock or inflorescence, or more rarely all herma- phrodite on the same spike ; in the position of the inflorescences on the branches ; and in the behaviour of the floral bract to the axis. On these differences have been founded a large number of sections,1 the limits of which how- ever it is often impossible to define well in so natural a genus. As many as one thousand species have been described, which botanists have found it possible to reduce '■ / I Fig. 509. Fruit. s/iirf J.-J) m \'i\ Fig. 510. Leaf (f). 1 C. De Candolle admits nine, which we reduce to eight : 1. Eupiper [C. DC, Prodr., 339 ; — Piper El. (part.). ; — Chavica MlQ., Syst., 222 (part.) ; — Cuheba MlQ., Comm., 35]. Bract free and distinct from the flower. Stamens 2, lateral, more rarely 3, with one posterior, or 4, with one anterior. Anthers articulate. In- florescences leaf-opposed. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, more rarely all hermaphrodite (Coco- Iryoti Kx., and 2, 3-androus (123 sp.) — 2. Apo- piper (C. DC, Prodr., 366). Enpiper with diandrous flowers, and exarticulate anthers (4 sp.). — 3. Potomorphe (MiQ., Comm., 33 ; — Heclceria K., in Linncea, xviii. 564; — Macro- piper MiQ., Comm., 35 ; — C DC, Prodr., 331). Flowers hermaphrodite or 1-sexual, 2, 3-androus. Inflorescences axillary or umhellate at apex of an axillary branch (12 sp.). — 4. (?) Carpunya [Peesl, Epimel, 229 ;— C DC, Prodr., 326 ;— Ottonia Spbeng., N. Enid., i. 225 (part.);— ScJdlleria K., in Linncea, xiii. 676; — Enckea K., loc. tit. (part.) ; — Arianthe MiQ., Comm. , 40 PIPEBAGEJE. 473 Piper (EncJcea) discolor. to some six hundred, of which some still seem to be of doubtful autonomy,1 natives of the hot countries in all quarters of the globe. All the Piperea were formerly included in the genus Piper. The other genera, after having been inordinately multiplied, are now reduced to very few, and are only distinguished by charac- ters of but slight importance, such as the behaviour of the floral bract, the dehiscence of the anther, the mode of division of the style into stigmatiferous lobes, and even the consistency and structure of the stems. C/tavica,2 with the same stem- structure as Piper, has extrorse bivalve anthers, from two to four in number ;3 Peperomia* (figs. 518-515), and Verhuettia,6 have a different histological struc- Fig. 511. Inflorescence. Fig. 512. Portion of inflorescence, enlarged (£). (part.)]. Flowers hermaphrodite. Bract free. Stamens 3, one posterior. Inflorescences leaf- opposed (22 sp.). — 5. Steffensia [K., in Linncea, xiii. 609; — C. DC, Prodr., 251; — Schilleria K., loc. cit,, 676 ; — EncJcea K., loc. cit. (part.) ; — Ottonia Speeng., loc. cit. (part.) ; — Serronia Gaudich. & Guillem., in Beless. Ic. Sel., iii. t 90 ;—Peltobry on Kl. (ex Miq., Syst., 369); — Artanthe MlQ., loc. cit. (part.) ; — Zippelia Bl., in Poem, et Sch. Syst., vii. 1614, 1651 ; — Brachy- stachys C DC, in Seem. Journ. (1866) ; — Macro- stachys C. DC, loc. cit. (part.)]. Inflorescences leaf-opposed. Flowers sessile or stipitate. Bract distinct frorn the flower. Stamens 4 (315 sp.). — 6. Enchea [K., in Linncea, xiii. 590 (part.) ; — C. DC, Prodr., 243 (part.); — Callianira MlQ., Syst., 344]. Char, of Steffensia, with herma- phrodite flowers, and 5, 6 stamens with articulate anthers surrounding the ovary (30 spo.). — 7. Nematanthera (MlQ., in Linneea, xviii. 606, t. 2 ; — C DC, Prodr., 367). Flowers monandrous, hermaphrodite. Anther articulate. Bract free (2 sp.). — 8. Schizonephos (Gbiff., Notul., iv. 383;— C DC, Prodr., 211 ;— Mulder a MlQ., Comm., 34). Flowers enclosed in a cupule formed (?) of connate bracts, polygamous or 1- scxnal. Anthers articulate. Inflorescences leaf- opposed (9 sp.). 1 C DC, Prodr., loc. cit, 211-380, 384-389, 492. 2 Miq., Syst., 222 (part.).— C DC, Prodr., 388. 3 All are natives of Tropical Asia and the East Indies, especially the mountainous districts of Silhet, Khasia, Sikkhim, Java, and the Moluccas (5 sp. ; Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz., 84; Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 42. — Diete., Sp., i. 145. — C DC, loc. cit.). 4 R. & Pav., Prodr., 8 ; Fl. Per. et Chil., i. 29.— Tuep., in Diet. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 293, 294.— H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 60.- Miq., Syst., 63.— Endl., Gen., n. 1820 a.— C. DC, Prodr., 392. — Dugagelia Gaudich., in Freycin. Voy., Pot., 513, 514.— C DC, Prodr., 471. — Acrocarpidium MlQ., in Biar. List. Nederl. (1842). — Tildenia MlQ., loc. cit. — Eras- mia Miq., loc. cit. — Phyllobryon Miq. Syst., 50. 5 Miq., Syst., 47 (part.) ; III., 5, 1. 1, fig. a. — C DC, in Mem. Soc. Geneve, xviii. p. ii. t. 1, fig. 58; Prodr., 391. — Mildea Geiseb., Cat. PI. Cub., 63. — Piperoides C DC, in Seem. Journ. (1866), 161. 474 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Peperomia blanda. Fig. 514. Flower (f). ture;1 the former has hermaphrodite flowers, and anthers of Chavica ; the latter,3 anthers of Piper. In both the floral bract is free. All these genera inhabit the hottest coun- tries of the globe. Ver- huellia comprises three or four species, all American, except one from the banks of the Nile. Peperomia is a very large genus ; up- wards of four hundred species have been de- scribed. In some there is a distinct style, in others the stigmatic papillae are merely on top of the ovary ; in some the flower and fruit are stipitate, in others sessile. Further di- visions have been founded on the form of the stig- matiferous surface, which may be entire and disc- oidal, scutellate, conical, or elongated, or bilobate ; on the insertion of the floral bract, which may be like a little leaf and attached by its base to the rachis, or dilated above and more or less peltate ; on the arrangement of the leaves, alternate or verticillate ; on their nervation, penniveined, multiplicostate, or pluricostate at the base. Fig. 513. Habit. Fig. 515. Long, sect of flower. 1 These peculiarities will be treated below, with respect to the organization of the stems. 2 Low herbs, American and African (4 sp. : W., Spec, i. 165 (Pipe?-).— Spbeug., Syst., i. 117 (Piper).— Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, i. 69 (Piper).— Dietr., Sp., i. 162 (Peperomia). 3 Herbs or shrubs from all hot countries (389 sp., C. DC, Prodr., 393-471). PIPERACEJ1. 475 III. CHLORANTHUS SERIES. CMorcmthus' (figs. 516-519) lias small flowers axillary to opposite bracts on the rachis of a spike. Each has a one-celled ovary, sur- mounted by a short style, more or less irregularly dilated at its Chloranthus inconspicuns. Fro. 516. Flowering branch. Fig. 517. Flower (f). Fig. 518. Long. sect, of flower. stigmatiferous apex. Inside is inserted on the wall of the ovary, usually close to its apex,2 a single descending orthotrop- ous ovule, with its micropyle inferior.3 This ovary must be 1 Sw., in Phil. Trans., lxxvii. 354 ; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ, 84.— J., Gen., 423.— R. Be., in Bot. Mag., fc. 2190. — Lindl,, Teg. Kingd., 519, fig. 355. — Endl., Gen., n. 1819. — Payee, Organog., 422, t. 90. — C. J. i>e Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 295. — H. A. de Solms, in DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 473.— Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 504. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 80. — H. Bn., in Adan- sonia, x. 134. — Nigrina Thitnb., Nov. Gen., 58; Fh Jap., 65 ; in Act. Upsal., vii. 142. — Lamk., III., 294.— Poie., Dict.,\v. 489.— Creodus Lor/E., Fl. Cochinch., 112. — Peperidia Reichb., Consp., 212. — Cri/phcea Hamilt., in Brewst. Fdinb. Journ. So. (1825), 11. — Stropha Noeonh., mss. 2 Sometimes lower down. We have seen it occasionally inserted a little above the middle of the posterior wall, and in that case nearly hori- zental. (See Adansonia, x. 141.) 3 It has two coats. 476 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Chloranthus inconspicuus. Fig. 519. Diagram. considered as partly inferior, since it bears somewhere about half- way up the more or less prominent rim of the receptacular cup in which it is enframed. Here are inserted the perigynous male organs ; they consist of a thick fleshy scale, concave towards the ovary. The median lobe bears the two cells of an introrse anther, each dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft, sur- mounted by a more or less marked prolongation of the connective. The anther borne on each of the lateral lobes is reduced to a single cell (fig. 518), also introrse and surmounted by an apiculus. It is still a moot point whether these flowers are hermaphrodite with a uni- lateral androceum, or really unisexual, in which case the three stamens would form a little cyme or glomerulus of monandrous flowers, placed on one side of a terminal female flower reduced to its gynaBceum.1 The fruit is a drupe with a thin fragile stone, and bears about half-way up a vestige of the rim that encircled the ovary in the flower. The seed is descending and orthotropous ; it contains within its coats a copious farinaceous albumen, and near its apex a little embryo, with a short inferior radicle, and small thick more or less divaricated cotyledons. In certain species of Cliloranthus the stem is frutescent, or sar- mentose and almost climbing. The best known of these species that are woody (at least at the base) is C. inconspicuus? an inhabitant of South-east Asia, often cultivated in our conservatories. Other species have creeping subterranean rhizomes, which give off herb- aceous aerial branches. They are aromatic plants, from China and Japan. Among the Japanese species two are remarkable for the enormous elongation of the connective above the anther, to form a 1 C. J. de Coedemoy (he. cit., 288) considers "the flowers of Chloranthus as a true inflorescence, in which the axis bears at its extremity a single female flower, composed merely of a naked ovary, and laterally in the axil of a bract a little glomer- ulus (biparous sessile cyme) of male flowers, represented one by a bilocular stamen, and the others by unilocular stamens." De Soims ascribes hermaphrodite flowers to Chloranthus, a view in which we thoroughly coincide (Adansonia, x. 143). 2 Sw., in Phil. Trans., loc.cit.,t. 15. — Liieb., Sert. Angl., t. 2. — C. J. de Cordem., loc. cit., 295. — De Solms, Prodr., 474, n. 2. — ? C. oltusi- folius ~Miq.,FLInd.-£at.,802. — Creodus odorifer Lour. — Nigrina spicata Thunb. (? ?). — N. spi- cifera Lajik., III., t. 71. PIPERACE31. 477 coloured narrow subulate tongue. It has been proposed to make them into a distinct genus Tricercandra,1 which we also admit only as a section of Chloranthus. Sarcandra- has also a frutescent stem, with all the organization of Chloranihus, except that its androceum is monandrous ; for it possesses only the median two-celled stamen, anterior to the ovary.3 Hence it has been made, not without reason, a mere section of Chloranthus* The genus thus constituted5 contains some half-score species,6 with knotty articulate stems and branches, possessing an aromatic scent, like most of the organs, and bearing opposite decus- sate leaves ; these have geminate lateral stipules, nearly free or united at the base with one another and the petiole, to form a very ill-developed sheath. The spikes are terminal, usually ramified. Hedj/osmum7 (figs. 520-525) has unisexual flowers, with both sexes sometimes on the same plant, sometimes separated. The female flowers are formed nearly as in Chloranthus, possessing the same uni- locular ovary, the same descending orthotropous ovule, and the same short style with a stigmatiferous head. Moreover the apex of the ovary bears three short thick rounded wings, alternating with its angles — two anterior and one posterior. Their morphological value is still uncertain. The male flowers are far more simple ; they are represented by numerous naked cuneate stamens (fig. 521), which are inserted in a spiral along a common axis; each stamen has two cells, of marginal dehiscence, surmounted by a thick obtuse dilatation of the connective. The genus Ilcdi/osmum com- prises some twenty species shrubs and undershrubs from the warm 1 A. Gray, Ace. of Bot. Spec. Jap., 318. — 6 W., Spec,, i. 248, 503. — Speeng., Anl., Saintlegeria C. J. DE Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. iii. 620 ; Syst. Veg., iii. 683. — Sieb. & Zucc. in 300. Mem. Acad. Yindob. (1846), 232. — Benth., Fl. 2 GaeDN., in Calc. Journ. of Nat. Hist., vii. Hongkong ., 334. — Bl., Enum. PI. Jan. i. 79 348. — C. J. de Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 301. (Ascarina) ; Fl. Jav., fasc. 8. — Rcem. & Sch. 3 In S.chloranthoides Gaedn., the fruit recalls Syst., iii. 29, 461, 567. — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. i. the ovary in its external characters. The seed 802. contains a very copious fariuaceous albumen, with 7 Sw., Prodr., 847 ; Fl. Ind. Occ, 59. a subapical embryo, whose ovoid radicle is much Endl., Gen., n. 1817. — Tr/BP., in Diet. Sc. Nat. better developed than the cotyledons. Around Atl., t. 287. — Ag., Theor. Syst., 210. C. J. the latter is a little irregular pulpy mass, the de Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 302. — De Solms rudiment of the fleshy amniotic albumen of Piper. Prodr., 479. — Tafalla R. & Pav., Prodr., t. 29 • The apex of the radicle ends in a little point. Fl. Per. et Chil., 270. 4 De Solms., Prodr., 474. , n ( 1. Euchtoranihus. s Chloeanthfs I 0 „, . , ; 2. Tricercandra. sect, 6. | 3 Sarcandm 478 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. parts of America.1 Their branches are opposite, articulated at the nodes. The leaves are opposite simple petiolate, each pair united at the base, for a whole internocle, into a subcylindrica! sheath embrac- ing the branch, and bearing above two stipules2 on either side, often Hedyosmum arborescens. Fig. 521. Stamen (f). Fig. 520. Male inflorescence. Fig. 523. Long. sect, of female flower. Fig. 524. Fruit (\). Fig. 522. Female flower {\). Fig. 525. Long. sect, of fruit. persistent after the fall of the rest of the leaf. The male catkins are solitary terminal, or grouped in terminal racemes, with opposite divisions. The female flowers are in little cymes or glomeruli, terminal, or again grouped into terminal racemes. In each cyme, biparous or triparous, there are as many axillant bracts as there are flowers, which by their union for some distance edge to edge form a sort of little involucre around the partial inflorescence. 1 W., Spec, iv. 476. — Speeng., Syst., iii. 865.— R. Be., in Bot. Mag., t. 2190.— Geiseb., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 172.— Maet., Fl. Bras., fasc. xi. — H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, vii. 126, 165, t. 654, 655. — Don, in Fdinb. Rev., iii. 432.— Kabst., Fl. Columb., ii. 129, t. 168. 2 Each of these is rather the free portion of the stipule, which is united below with the petiole and its fellow stipule into this sheath. PIPEBAGEJ^J. 479 Ascarina,1 finally, may be described as intermediate between Chlor- anthus and Hedyosmum. Of the former genus it has altogether the habit, leaves, inflorescence, ovary, and fruit. But its broad stigma is sessile ; the gynseceum is axillary to a bract, accompanied by two sterile bractlets ; and the unisexual flowers are dioecious. The male spikes consist of monandrous flowers as in Hedyosmum, with each stamen axillary to a bract. The two-celled anther tapers to the apex, and opens by two sublateral longitudinal clefts. The two or three species of Ascarina2 inhabit the islands of Oceania. IV. ? HOENWOET SEEIES. The Hornworts3 (Fr., Cornifle ; figs. 526-532) have monoecious Ceratophyllum vulgare (demersum). Fig. 527. Male flower (f ) Fig. 528. Fruit (f). Fig. 526. Flowering branch. Fig. 529. Long. sect, of fruit (f). Fig. 530. Embryo (f ). unisexual flowers. The males have a short convex receptacle, bear- 1 Foest., Char. Gen., 59. — J., Gen., 482. — Seem., in Bonplandia (1861), 251; Fl. Tit., 258, Eitdl., Gen., n. 1818. — C. J. de Coedem., in t. 74. Adansonia, iii. 301. — De Solms, Prodr., 477. 3 Ceratophyllum L., Gen., n. 1055. J., Gen., 2 W., Spec, iv. 647. — Spbeng., Syst., i. 19.— 18. — Gjsetn., Fruct., i. 211, t. 44.— Lame.] Hook, f., in Journ. Linn. £oc, i. 127, 129.— Diet., ii. 113 ; III., t. 775.— Schkuhb, Handb'., 480 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Ceratophylium vulgare (submersum). ing a multifid perianth.1 Inside this we find the indefinite stamens, each formed of a snbsessile extrorse anther, dehiscing more or less completely by longitudinal clefts2 (fig. 527). The females (figs. 531, 532) have the same receptacle and perianth; and the gynajceum consists of a free one-celled ovary tapering above into a long subulate style, undilated at its stigmatiferous apex.3 Within the ovary and near its apex is a placenta bearing a suspended orthotropous ovule with its micro- pyle inferior. As the ovary grows two or three little points develop near its base, which enlarge and harden greatly in the fruit of Long. sect, of female certain varieties4 (figs. 528, 529). flower. The fruit is an achene,5 containing a suspended orthotropous seed, with very thin coats and a large exalbuminous embryo. This is well- developed, a complete plant in miniature ;6 its short radicle is inferior ; and the axis bears first the two large opposite cotyledons, and then a pretty large number of leaves, arranged like those on the stem,7 and often possessing axillary buds.9 Ceratojjliyllam com- prises perennial aquatic herbs, submerged-natant, abundant in the fresh waters of Europe, North America, and the Antilles. Their branches are herbaceous, long and slender, covered with rigid brittle verticillate leaves, once or repeatedly di- or trichotomous, multifid Fig. 531. Female flower (f). Fig. 532. iii. 254, t. 297. — DC, Prodr., iii. 73. — Nees jttn., Gen., viii. 1. 11.— Endl., Gen., n. 1829. — Liitol., Veg. Kingd., 263, fig. 178. — Schleid., in Lin- ncea, xi. 513, 1. 11. — C. J. DE Coedem., in Adan- sonia, iii. 292. — Lem. & Dcne., Tr. Gen., 505. — Hydroceratopliyllum Vaill., in Act. Ac. Par. (1719), t. 2, fig. 2. — Dichotophgllum Dillen., Gen., 91, t. 3. 1 Its divisions are equal or unequal. 2 The clefts may be well defined or irregular, or else of tardy occurrence. The apex of the connective is prolonged into one or two points above the cells. 3 It is papillose on one side. 4 Especially C. demersum L. (-Spec , 1409). — C. cornidum Rich. (Anal. Fr., 46, 93) ; while in C. submersum L., it is said that the prickles are quite absent. This is true of the flower in general, even where they are present and attain to a more or less notable development in the fruit. 5 It is finally quite dry, but is really rather a drupe, with a very bard stone and a very thin exocarp, covered with little warty dots. 6 Its development was first studied in 1827 by Ad. Beongniaet (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, xii. 251, t. 44, fig. B). 7 The first pair above the cotyledons are usually simple, and were described by Nees as a third and fourth cotyledon. 8 C. J. de Coedem., loc. cil., 293. A trace of mucous albumen is often found between the folds of the embryo. Above, the seed bears a little brown chalazal cupule, much thicker than the rest of the seed-coats. PIPEBACE.fi. 481 and exstipulate. The flowers are solitary axillary. Three or four species have been made ;' but Schleiden2 reduces them to varieties of a single species. The twelve genera we admit in this order belong to four small series, the general characters of which we can now give. I. Saurure^e. — Herbs, with hermaphrodite pluricarpellary flowers. Carpels superior or partly inferior, free altogether or partially, or united edge to edge below or all the way up into a one-celled ovary with several pluriovulate parietal placentas. Leaves alternate. Fruit dry. Albumen double. Fibro-vasculate system simple peripheral (4 genera). A. L. de Jussieu,3 who knew Saururus and Hoidtuynia, placed them both in Monocotyledons, the former in Naiadece, the latter in Aroidece. L. C. Richard,4 in 1. 803, proposed to make a distinct order of the Saururea, accepted by most subsequent authors.5 C. De Candolle6 has recently made it a tribe of the order P/peraceof. The genera Anemiopsis7 and Gymnotheca* were added in the second quarter of this century. II. PiPEREiE. — The genus Piper was classed by A. L. de Jussieu9 in the Genera Urticis affinia. A. P. De Candolle10 made it a tribe of Urticete under the name of Piperitece. Kunth, in 181 5, n following the opinion of L. C. Richard,12 made the Piperacea a distinct order. This was accepted by Endlicher in 183613 to include only the two types Piper and Zijjpelia ;u besides, as doubtful members, Ottomia of Sprengel,15 and Laurea, which is a true Urticad. Several genera proposed as distinct by Gaudichaud'6 were kept by Endlicher among the Peppers. Then Miquel made a particular study of this group, 1 L., Spec, 1419.— (Ed., Fl. Ban., iii. t. 510., xii. t. 2000.— Sow., Engl. Bot,, t. 679, 947.— Cham., in Linncea, iv. 503, t. 6, 336. — A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 427. — Geen. & Godr., Fl. de Ft:, i. 592. 2 Loc cit„ 540 (C. vulgare Schleid.). 3 Gen. (1789), 19, 25. 4 Anal, du Fruit (1808), 41. 5 Saurnrece Endl., Gen., 266, ord. 82. — Ad. Br., Enum., 98, film. 198.— Ag., Th. Syst,, 93. — Lem. & Dcne., TV. Gen,, 5Q0.—Sauru- racece Lindl., Yeg. Kingd., 521. VOL. III. 8 Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 235-237 (1869). ' Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Yog., Bot. (1841). 8 Dcne., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. (1845). 9 Gen., 405. 111 Theor. Flem. (1813), 218. 11 In H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 46. 12 Anal, du Fruit (1808). 13 Gen., 265, ord. 81. 14 Bl., in Roem. et Sch. Syst., vii. (1829). 15 N. Entd., i. (1820). 16 In Freyein. Yoy., Bot. (1826), 513. I I 482 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. and in his memoirs1 divided it into a large number of genera, which have only been considered sections of Piper and Peperomia by the most recent authors, especially C. De Candolle.2 This botanist retains as distinct genera the two just mentioned, and Verhiellia and Chavica.3 These four have the following characters in common : a single one-celled ovary, with a nearly basilar suberect orthotropous ovule ; a one-seeded berry and a double albumen, just as in Saururea. The flowers are naked, unisexual or hermaphrodite, spicate or race- mose. Of this series C. De Candolle makes two tribes, Piper ea and Peperomiea, according as the fibro-vascular system in the stem is simple or double. III. Ch lor an the.*:. — The genus Chloranthus was classed by A. I±. de Jussieu4 with Loranthads, and by Sprengel5 with Caprifoliads. K. Brown6 was the first to make it the type of a distinct order, retained as such by all recent botanists.7 Nearly all have judged it akin to Piperacea, but they kept it distinct, while we include it in the latter order as a mere tribe or series. It is distinguished by the insertion of the ovule, near the apex of the posterior wall, instead of near the base of the ovary ; and we have shown8 that the ovule thus becomes descending instead of ascending. The direction seems also connected with the perigyny of Chloranthus, where the ovary is partly inferior. The flower is, according to our view, hermaphrodite, with a unilateral gynseceum.9 This series also contains Ascarina,™ left by 1 Pisput. Tax. et Geogr. de Piper ac. {Com- " Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 519, ord. 197 (Chlor- ment., i.), Lugd. Eat. (1839) ; Ohs. de Piperac. anthacece). — Ekdl., Gen., 264, ord. 80. — (Comment., ii.), Lugd. Bat. (1840); Syst. Pipe. C. J. DE Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. (1863), rac, Roterod. (1843-44), 8vo. 280.— H. A. de Solms, in DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. 2 Mem. stir la Fam. des Piperacees (in Mem. i. 472. ord. 188. Soe. Geneve, xviii. p. ii.) ; Prod,:, xvi. sect. i. 8 Sur la Position des Chloranthacees (in 235 fo, ord. 186. Adansonia, x. 138). 3 Besides Dvgagelia Gaudich., which we 9 This view is shared by most authors, and have referred to Peperomia, and Symbryon only confirmed by what we know of the flower Geiseb. (Cat. PI. Cub., 64), unknown to us, and in Piperem. However, C. J. de Coedemoy (in considered by C. De Candolle (Prodr., 471) as Adansonia, iii. 288) applies to Chloranthus the a doubtful genus. It is a knotty shrub, with theory which gives Euphorbia monoecious flowers, alternate leaves and diclinous flowers. The and regards the stamens as a cyme (lateral tri- females, alone known, have a single uniovulate floral biparous) of monandrous flowers, while the ovary, surmounted by a sessile stigma, and ac- gynseceum represents a terminal female flower, eompamed by two lateral scales. whence his expression that in Chloranthece we In Ann Mus., xii. 299. have "pseudo-hermaphrodite flowers." Anl. z. Kenntn. d. Geic., ii. 620. io FoRST Char. Gen. n776\ In Pot. Mag., n. 2190 (1820) ; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), i. 215; ii. 67l (Chlor- anthea). PIPERACE.E. 483 Jussieu in the Genera incerta sedis, and Ifedgosmum,1 wherein the receptacle is quite concave, and the flowers are dioecious. — Leaves opposite with lateral stipules, aclnate to the receptacle, and some- times to one another, for a long distance. Seed with a simple albumen in some species containing a rudiment of the fleshy mass2 which is developed in the embryo-sac in Piperece and Saur- urecB. IV? C erato phylle.e. — A. L. de Jussieu3 made Ceratophyttum a Naiad. Mirbel4 first regarded it as the type of a distinct group, held by F. C. Richard5 and Sohleiden6 a neighbour of Coniferece. Gray7 made it into the order Ceratophyllea, which De Candolle8 placed near Haloragece, Hippuridea, and Lythrarim, a view which has found the greatest support. Endltcher9 classed it next to Callitrichea and Podostemacea ; Lindleyiu next the Nettles ; Ad. Brongniart11 beside Chloranthaceai and Santrdacece ; A. Gray,'" because of the structure of the embryo, near Nelambece and Cabombece. C. J. de Cordemoy13 thought it should be placed in the same tribe with Chloranthece and Platanete. We make it, not unhesitatingly, a series or tribe allied to Chloranthea. It is characterized by monoecious flowers ; a circular gamophyllous perianth, incised into a variable number of lobes ; a free one-celled ovary, containing a single, almost suspended, ortho- tropous ovule ; a drupaceous fruit with a very thin mesocarp, and hard stone ; an erect exalbuminous embryo,14 so highly developed as to resemble a little plant, possessing leaves with axillary buds above the two large fleshy cotyledons. By this great development of the embryo the plants appear analogous in this order to Nelumbece in NymplKEcicea. — Submerged swimming herbs ; leaves verticillate, incised 2-3-chotomous, not aromatic. Flowers axillary sessile. 1 Sw., Prodr., Fl. Ind. Occ. (1788). 13 In Adansonia, iii. 293 (1863). 2 See p. 477, note 3. H Sometimes the mucilaginous remains are 3 Gen. (1789), 18. left between the little leaves of the embryo. 4 Ex Ag., Theor. Syst., 55 (1858). According to C. J. de Cokdemoy, " the absence 5 Anal, du Fruit., 46, 93. of albumen is not a character we can really use, 6 In Linncea, xi. (1837), 540. for if we follow the development of the ovule, we 7 Brit. PL Arr., ii. 554. think that at the time when it becomes a seed, 8 Prodr., iii. (1828), 73, ord. 73. and the embryo is present, there exists a true 9 Gen., 267, ord. 83 (1836). albumen." But the precocious growth of the 10 Veg. Kingd. (1846), 263, ord. 85 {Cerato- plantule early exhausts the albumen; and, finally , filiyllacece). the seed of Ceratophgllum resembles what that 11 Fnum. (1843), 115, fam. 240? of CMorantkus must be when, after germination, 12 In Ann. Lye. N.-York, iv. (1837), 48. it has attained the same grade of development." I I 2 484 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Thus the variable characters by which we separate the series of this group are as follows : the structure of the seed, the number and direction of the ovules, the number of carpels, the presence or absence of the perianth, the form of the floral receptacle, and the characters of the vegetative organs. The points by which the genera are distinguished in the several series are, in CMoranthea, the herma- phrodism or dicliny of the flowers, the presence or absence of a floral bract in the males, and the depth of the receptacle and organization of the perianth in the females. In Saururece : the independence or union of the carpellary leaves, the adnation or independence of the floral bracts, the number of parts in the androceum and gynaeceum, the form and depth of the floral receptacle. In Piperece : the de- hiscence of the anthers (into two valves or four), and sometimes the number of divisions of the style, and lastly the structure of the stems. Earely has such a character as the last been used in char- acterizing the tribes of an order, and this just proves its importance here. Long since was the attention of botanists called to the histo- logical organization of the Pipereee by their peculiar habit, their often sarmentose branches with prominent articulated nodes, by the insertion of the leaves, and the development of adventitious roots on certain parts of their stems.1 Moldenhauer2 noticed in 1812 that certain species have neither pith nor medullary rays. Since then it has been shown3 that in the herbaceous stems and branches the fibro- vascular bundles are irregularly scattered through the cellular mass, as in many Monocotyledons. When the axes become woody a regular sheath of wood forms in the second year or vegetative season, surrounding the parenchymatous mass in which the first fibro- vascular bundles are isolated. Then in time the woody zone thickens, and is enlarged with new elements. Finally, " in the arborescent . In roost -P^j-** where they occur they 3 Dutebn.j Unters_ ueb. Keim_ rf> M 2™5 T tbetln?des- . \*W? Cubeba and 23, t. l.-K., in Mem. Mus., iv. (1818), 442 mos 1° r nir P1'T r dfel°Pment « demerit. ™b. d. Fam. d. Piperaa\m Linnaa Si 3 tlU. r°, ' rTmed °f a hemi" <1839)< 561 ■> in A™- So. Nat., ser. 2, xiv. MS? Stlng °Ut tLr°llgh a 173)-E- Mey-> »e Soultuynia atque Saurur. base of tl e petiole Ks^V* ^ ^ f the (1827>' 38> ***■ 5-B-Bi., V J la Struct. cessor Lr in- from « m;ede«**°r and sue- des Poivres (in Mem. Soc. Sc. Batav., xi. (1826), ?2SE5£ r S brl hS aUernat'10n iehrK » p63-THET1E., Ays. a. Gel,, i. 210.- \ Beitr. m. Anat. d. P/ (1812) 5 not YEN" **■«"*%«. »■ 332- PIPER ACE JE. 485 and frutescent species the wood is compact, in layers, traversed by large medullary rays." We find numerous variations in detail in the different species. Unger1 demonstrated in 1S40 that some Piperads have two fibrovascular systems, a central and a peripheral. In the internodes their course is parallel, without anastomosis, but at the nodes they unite to form a plexus, whence the buds and roots take origin. Wood-formation is limited to the outer system, on the external surface of which are produced new bundles, composed of vessels and connective parenchyma.3 Hence the stems only become hard and woody in those plants which possess an external fibro- vascular system ; they are herbaceous where there is only the primi- tive system with scattered bundles ; thus it is that C. De Candolle3 distinguishes Peperomiece (herbaceous) from Piperece proper (woody). The perfect decussation of the leaves in Chloranthem leads to a regular arrangement of the bundles. In Chloranthus inconspicuus there were found4 four large bundles arranged in a square, in each internode. " These four large bundles are separated, each from its neighbours, by a pair of smaller ones which join together. When the bundles are fully developed they have all the general characters of the Dicotyledonous stem. The anatomical structure of Ceratophyllea? is quite peculiar, and correlated with their aquatic habitat. In the arrangement of its parts the stem recalls that of plants widely separated in other respects, but of submerged habit. Beneath the epiderm is a copious thick cortical parenchyma, with its cells full of pink liquid, or starch and chlorophyll. But its deeper layers are traversed by enormous tubular spaces filled with gas, separated from one another by vertical septa often consisting of a single stratum of 1 TJeb. d. Bau uad das Waehsth. d. DicoL 9, 10. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 515. — Henfe., Stam. Petersb. (1840). — MiQ., Comm. Phyt. Flem., 533. — Oliv., Stem in Dlcot., 32 (in Nat. (1838-40), 3; Syst. Piperac, 5, 7; in Mart. Hist. Rev., iii. 251). Ft. Bras., Piperac., Anat. The author con- 3 Mem. sur la Fam. des Piperacees ; Prodr., firmed what was already known of the general 235 65. structure of the stem. Studying this and that of 4 Ung., Ueb d. Bau. &c. — C. J. de Cordem., the root in Peperomia, Piper, Artanthe, Chavica, in Adansonia, iii. 2S6. This author found that Tildenia, he found that the medulla was traversed in the young stem, at first cellular, there ap- by fibrovascular bundles. The stem of an peared " twelve fibro-vascular bundles, which Artanthe revealed a score in transverse section, soon united into eight, by the symmetrical junc- most widely scattered towards the centre. In tion of eight in adjacent pairs." the wood there were medullary rays of various 5 Schleid., in Linneea, xi. (1837), 530; generations, and dotted vessels. Orundz., i. 250 ; ii. 54, 142. 2 Sec also on this point : Link, Ic. Anat., ix. 486 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. cells. The axis of the stem is occupied by close-packed elongated elements, which, perhaps, represent a woody zone, or rather a pith with its cells drawn out.1 The leaves are remarkable for that the paren- chyma with chlorophyll is only superficial, surrounding a very large central canal, here and there interrupted by thin transverse cellular septa. Affinities. — The Piperacea are especially close to Urticacea, of which they often have gynseceum, placentation, and ovule, and some- times, as in Laurea, habit, foliage, and inflorescence. But their perianth is different, save in doubtful cases, such as Hedyosmum, where the ovary is quite inferior, and Ceratophyllum, so distinct in all other features. Moreover, Urticacece lack the double embryo of most Piperacece, their aromatic odour, and the leafy embryo of Cerat- ophyttum. All the secondary groups that were formerly placed with Piperacece in Urticinece, such as Morea, Artocarpece, Vlmacece, Canna- binece, &c, have a gynaBceum of more than one carpellary leaf and anatropous ovules, not to mention the characters of the habit and male flower. Through Chlorantkcce and Ceratophyllece this order seems allied to Hippuridea, and, as some have thought, to Loran- thacear. But this last affinity, and that to Polyyonacece, Sakolacea, &c, seems to us less evident, for all these types have a pluricarpellary gynaeceum, with truly central placentation. Piperacece are, in the first place, inseparable from the Nettles. Next, by their more complicated types, they come very close to Datiscece. If we compare Gymotheca and Tetrameles we shall see that their floral organization is fundamentally the same, except that the latter has a perianth. This closely connects Ur/icacea and Saxifrayacea, which are also linked by Myosurandrece, for, as we have already shown, Myosurandra has the branches, opposite leaves, odour, and inflorescence of Chlor- antlius, the sheaths and stipules of Hedyosmum, the naked flower of the Piperea and Saurtcrece, the free carpels of several of the latter, with a ventral placenta, and differs in no absolute character but its anatropous ovules and single albumen. 1 Spiral vessels have been described in these plants, but we have been unable to find them. PIPEBAGEjE. 487 Piperacece are, generally speaking, tropical plants, always except- ing SaururecB and Ceratophyllece, chiefly spread over the temperate and cold parts of the Northern hemisphere. Houttuynia and Gymno- thecus are exclusively Asiatic, and so is one species of Saiirurus ; the other, like Anemiopsis, is confined to North America. In Piperece all the species of Chavica come from Tropical Asia and Java. Ver- huellia is American, save one species from the banks of the Nile. Piper1 and Peperomia are spread over all tropical and subtropical regions in both Worlds ; but not evenly, for in 1 849 Miquel described five hundredand twenty-one species, whereof three hundred and ninety- two belong to the New World, leaving only one hundred and twenty- nine to the Old. The latter are thus distributed : Africa, 1 9 ; Australia, 19 ; Asia, 91. Their limits are 35° N. lat., and 42° S. They are especially common in America within 30° S., and some species extend beyond the Tropic of Capricorn ; in the Andes they become humble and herbaceous. In the Indian Archipelago and Malaysia they are nearly as numerous as in America ; but their number diminishes on the continent of Asia ; they are rare in the Himalayas and China. They are also rare in Australia, and extend up to 40° S. in New Zealand. They are also found at the Cape, but are far more common in Madagascar and the Mascarene islands ; and a few species advance northwards as far as the Nile valley. All of them affect warm, damp, dark valle}^, and the neighbourhood of watercourses ; they are rare on heights.2 The various parts of most Piperads, and especially their leaves and fruits, are gorged with a peculiar essential oil, a more or less acrid resin, and a crystalline matter, which render them odoriferous and aromatic, pungent, stimulant, or irritant, or tonic, stomachic, and digestive. Hence they are used3 as spices, condiments, and sialogogue aperients, or as drugs in fluxes, catarrhs, rheumatics, &c. 1 Of the genus Piper the whole section Schi- 2 Miq., Si/st., 37, 554 bis. — Endl., Enchirid., zonepliros belongs to the Old World, while the 150. sections Enchea, Carpanya, Nematanthera, are 3 Endl., Enchirid., 150.— Lindl., Fl. Med., confined to the New. Eupiper, Potomorphe, 310,635. — Guib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, ii. 271. — and Steffensia are represented in both ; while of Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 175, 1102. the section Apopiper one species is American, the other is Australian. 488 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Common Black-Pepper is the fruit of P. nigrum? (figs. 497, 503-506), indigenous in India, the cultivation of which has been essayed in nearly all tropical regions, especially Java and Sumatra. It is generally thought2 that the same fruit, freed from the pericarp, con- stitutes the White Pepper of commerce, which, though less active,3 is more used as a spice. Cubebs or Tailed Pepper, so much used in medicine for the same purpose as Copaiva, is the pedicellate fruit (fig. 508) of P. Cubeba,' a native of Java and Borneo. With it are sold under the same name the berries of P. caninum :5 they are a little smaller, more oval, and end in a rostrate apiculum ; besides beinc less aromatic, acrid and bitter, and with a stronger taste of Anise. Moreover the dry fruit is brownish-black, with well marked rugosities in P. canina, and the pedicel is of the same length as the fruit ; while in P. Cubeba the fruit has a longer pedicel, and is black and scarcely rugose. In fine, P. caninum is less active than true Cubebs.6 Long-Pepper, formerly used in making diascordium and theriaca, but in much less demand now-a-days either as a drug or a condiment, is the cylindrical compound fruit (fig. 507) of P. longum' and officinarum? formed of a large number of sessile berries. The Betel of the East, whose leaves are used all over 1 See p. 496, note 2. — Nees & Eberm., Handb., i. 98; PI. Med., 21.— Guib., loc. tit., 272, fig. 414. — R£v., in Fl. Med. du xixe Steele, hi. 98. 2 " Sucb is the usually received opinion touch- ing the origin of White- Pepper ; however, it would seem from a passage of Garcias ab Hobto (Dujardin), supported hy figures given by Cltjsius (Fxot., 182), that the White- Pepper plant is not identical with the Black-Pepper... I conclude that if nowadays the White-Pepper is in great part Black-Pepper without the skin, yet there exists a plant which more distinctly bore its name, and formerly was its chief source." (Guib., loc. cit., 273, note 2.) 3 Both contain an essence lighter than water (C10H8), starch, and a crystallizable matter, lighter than water, extracted by Pelletieb (in Ann. Chim. et Phys., xvi. 337), and named Piperin (C31H^N206), — See Guib., loe. cit., 273 ; Pliarm. Pain., ed. 3, 704. 4 See p. 470, note 6.— Nees & Eberm:., Handb., i. 102.— Bl., in Act. Bat., xi. 200, fio-. 21.— -Lindl., Fl. Med., 313.— Pereira, FAem Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. i. 391.— Gpib., loc cit, 274, fig. 415.— Berg. & Schmidt, Off. Geiv , ii t. 29 a.— Rty., in Fl. Med. du xix.e Siecle, i. 424 5 Dietr., Sp., i. 681.— C. PC., Prod,:, n. 412. — Guib., loc. cit., 275. — Pereira, loe. cit., 391.—? P. Cubeba Roxb., FL Ltd., i. 159 (nee L.). — Cubeba canina Micj., Syst., 293. 6 They both contain a green essence (C20H32 according to Watts), an acrid resin, and a crystal- lizable substance named cubebin (C34H''010), by Soubeiran (in Jonm. Pharm., xxv. 355). 7 See p. 470, note 4. 8 DC, Prodr., n. 478. — P. longum Rumph., Herb. Amboin., v. 433, t. 116, fig. 1.— Piso, Mant. Arom., 182, icon, (nee L.). — Bl., Fnunt. PI. Jav., i. 70. — P. Amalago L., Spec., 41 (exi-1. syn.t. — ? P. Melamiris Hili, Diet., xxvi. t. 16, fig. 3. — Chavica cfficinarum Miq., Syst, 256; III., 39, t. 34.— Guib., loc. cit., 276. — Rosenth., loe. cit., 178. — C. maritima Miq., Syst., 262. — C. Labillardieri Miq., Syst., 263. — Pharmacum magnum vulgare Rumph., Herb. Amboin., 42, t. 26, fig. 1. There is a third Long-Pepper in India j its fruit is used as spice, and its roots are sold under the name of Pippula-moola. It is Chavica HoxburgMi Miq. (Syst., 239; III., t. 30, n. 256), which, as a form with slender fruit, belongs to P. longum L., not to P. qffici- narum. PIPEBACE.E. 489 Tropical Asia to envelop the mixture of powdered Areca-nut and lime, is P. Befle.x In Polynesia the acrid astringent leaves of P. methysticum- the Kava, Kama, or Awa, are chewed, and from them is prepared the intoxicating drink so dear to these benighted nations.3 Matico* long since used by the Peruvians and their neighbours as a sudorific and luemostat, and in all the cases where we use Cubebs, consists of the leaves of Pipers of the section Steffensia {Artanthe), especially P. angustifolium* (fig. 510), and in the next place of P. aduncum6 and lancecefolium ;7 these leaves are elongated acuminate, rugose velvety, reticulated with numerous meshes, convex above, below separated by the rich plexus of pro- minent veins. Innumerable are the remaining species of this genus prized as remedies where they grow ; such as the root of Piper umbettatunf {Pariparobo or Caapebd), P. Hoffmanseggianum? margin- atum™ Partheniutn" unguiculatum,13 eucalyptifolium™ &c, in Brazil; 1 See p. 470, note 5. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 312.— Guib., loc. tit., 277. 2 See p. 470, note . 7. — Foest., PI. Esc. Austr., 76. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 313.— Gum., loc cit., 27*7. — Gobl., in Journ. Pharm., xxxvii. (1860), 19. 3 M. Cuzent (in Rev. Colon., ser. 2, xv. 582) terms kava a "deadly drink." O'Rorke (in Rev. Colon., ser. 2, July, 1856) says that, bar- ring the way some abuse it, it may be a very useful drink, producing a general feeling of comfort, appetite, and calm sleep. He describes its preparation. It is not alcoholic, or prepared from the fresh root j but the dried root cut into sticks is chewed and insalivated by assistants, and then water being added in a common vessel, it is drunk at once. Its abuse leads to cutaneous affections. Kava is, moreover, a sudorific and a powerful adjunct in the treatment of syphilis. 4 Guib., loc. cit., 278, fig. 416. — Pebeira, op. cit., ii. p. i. 395. — Bentl., in Pharm. Journ. (1863), 290.— Mabcotte, Du Matico (Tkes. Fcole Pharm. Par., 1864). — H. Bn., in Diet. Fneycl. des Sc. Med., p. ii. v. 5 R. & Pat., Fl. Per. et Chil, i. 38, t. 57, fig. a. — C. DC, Prodr., n. 185.— -P. granulosum R. & Pav., op. cit., i. 38, t. 64. — P. elongatum Vahl, Enum., i. 312. — Steffensia elongata K., in Linncea, xiii. 637. — Gaudich., in Voy. Bonite, Bot., 95. — Artanthe elongata MiQ., Syst., 434. — Guib., op. cit., 278, t. 416. — A. granulosa Miq. — A. cearensis MiQ, 6 L., Spec, 41.— C. DC, Prodr., n. 184.— P. scabrum Lajik., III., 80. — P. celtidifolium H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 50. — Steffensia adunca K., in Linncea, xiii. 633. — Artanthe adunca Miq. It is the P. a fruit crochu of Descourtils (Fl. Ant., iii. 355, t. 230) and the Saururus arborescens fructu adunco of Plumier. 7 H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 49.— C DC, Prodr., n. 323. — Schilleria lancecefolia K., in Linncea, xiii. 702. — Artanthe lancecefolia Miq. 8 L., Spec, 43.— C DC, Prodr., n. 383.— Peperomia umbellala K., Syn., i. 124. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 314.— Mart., It., ii. 93.— Heckeria umbellata K., in Linncea, xiii. 569.- —Potomorphe umbellata Miq. It is the Agua xima of Piso (Hist., 197, ic.) and the P. a ombelles of Des- courtils (Fl. Ant., i. 177, t. 37). 9 Rcem. & Sen., Mant., i. 242.— C DC, Prodr., n. 556. — P. citrifulium Link., Jahrb., i., iii. 63 (nee Lamk.). — Rosenth., op. cit., 176. 10 Jacq., Ic. Par., ii. 2, t. 215. — P. caudatum Vahl, Fcl., i. 3. — P. decumanum Aubl., Guyan., i. 21 ? — P. anisatum H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec, i. 58. — Rosenth., op. cit., 177. — Schil- leria caudata K. — Artanthe caudata Miq. 11 Mart., Syst. Mat. Med. Brasil., 100.— Artanthe Mikaniana MiQ., Syst., 383 (vulg. Paribarabea). 12 R. & Pat., Fl. Per. et Chil., i. 34, t. 37, fig. 6. — P. glaucescens Jacq., Eel., t. 76. — P. celtidifolium Desf., Cat. Sort. Par., ed. 3, 414. Enckea unguiculata K. — E. glaucescens K. — E. Amalago Griseb. Used chiefly as a diuretic in Brazil, where it is often replaced by P. reticu- latum L., or nodulosum Lk. 13 C DC, Prodr., n. 43. — Ottonia eucalypti- folia K., in Linncea, xiii. 582. !'.'<» NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. P. arborescens? &c.,2 in Tropical Asia ; P. capense* in South Africa. Several Peperomias are also used as stomachics and tonics, such as P. trifolia, hispidida, rotundifolia, &c, in Tropical America, and P. grandifolia* in Guinea. In the herbaceous species the sapid and aromatic principles become scantier ; but their leaves are used as vege- tables or infused like tea.5 The Chloranthece are also aromatic and bitter, tonic and stimulant. C/doranthus officinalis6 and brachystachys1 are prized for their roots, which have a persistent pungent scent of camphor, with a rather bitter taste. They are supposed to have the same properties as Aristolocliia Serpent aria ; the mountaineers often find their stimulating infusion efficacious in fevers accompanied by great muscular weakness and suppression of the action of the skin. This drug, mixed with the bark of Cedrela Ihona, has cured epidemic intermittent fever, and severe cases of typhus ; com- bined with Cinnamomum Culilawan it is used to relieve spasm in children ; and with carminatives it is of the greatest service for children in small-pox and chicken-pox. It is, in fine, an inestimable stimulant, according to Blume. Ascarina po/ystac//ys,s the Earaihau of Tahiti, has very persistent aromatic properties.9 The species of Hedyosmum are similarly used in America as aromatic stimulants. H. Botiplandianwn10 is an analeptic, useful in fevers, lumbago, head- ache, &c. Several other species have the properties of Artanthe, and share with it the name of Herba soldado. In the Antilles //. nutans" and arborescens12 (figs. 520-525) are popular remedies for spasms or 1 RoXB., Fl. hid., i. 161. — Sirium arborescens tertium Rtjmph., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 28, fig. 1. Its bark is deemed an energetic rubefacient. 2 Among other useful species we may mention P. dilatatum Rich., dichotornum R. & Pay., Carpunya R. & Fav., attenuatum Miq. (diffu- sum Vahl), sanctum Scheechtl., geniculatum Sw., asperifolium R. & Pav. (Matico of Peru), peltatum L., subpeltatum W., Churumaya R. & Pav., longifolium R. & Pav., Waracabouca C. DC. (Nhambi of the Brazilians), crocatum R. & Pay., Jaboratidi Velloz (Serronia Jaborandi Gatjdich. & Guillem.), Neesianum C. DC.,&c. — See Rosenth., op. cit„ 176-179, 1102, 1103. 3 L. fil., Suppl., 90.— C. DC, Prodr., n. 405. — Coccobryon capense Kx. (ex Miq., Syst., 343; III, 50, t. 61). 4 Use is often made of P. reniformis Hook., talinifolia L.K., variegata R. & Pav., elliptica Lk. (Piper mauritianum Sch.), cristallina R. & Pav., incequaUfoJia R. & Pav., acuminata R. & Pav., &c. — See Rosenth., op. cit., 179, 1103. 5 For instance, P. pellucida H. B., rotundi- folia H. B., &c. 6 Bl., Enum. PI. Jan., iii. 10, 1. 1. — Schnizl., Iconogr., t. 80, figs. 1-6. — De Solms, Prodr., 474, n. 1. — C. sumatranus Miq. — C. salicifolius Pbesl. — C. indicus Wight. — Cryphaa erecta Ham. ' Bl., Fl. Jav., iii. 13, 14, t. 2. — Lindl., Veg. Kingd., 519. s Foest., Char. Gen., t. 59.— De Solms, Prodr., 478, n. 1. 9 Endl., Enchirid., 148. 10 H. B. K., iVoo. Gen. et Spec, vii. 165, t. 654, 655. — Rosenth., op. cit., 175. 11 Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, 959. — C. J. de Coedem., in Adansonia, iii. 305. 12 Sw., loc. cit., 961. PIPE BAG EM. 491 indigestion. II. Granizo Lindl., has been cited as an antisyphilitic. The Saururece1 are also aromatic, though in a less degree. Hoidtuijnia cordate? (figs. 500-502) is considered an emmenagogue in Eastern Asia. The bruised root of Saururus cernuus3 (figs. 498, 499) is used topically in pleurisy ; and the Indians - are said to e&V that of S. chinensis* 1 Endl., JEncMrid., 153. — Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 521. — Kosenth., op. cit., 180. 2 See p. 46S, note 4. 3 See p. 466, note 1. {Breast- Weed, Lizard's 4 They cultivate Piper, Peperomia, CJilor- anthns, as ornamental plants. 6 See p. 467, note 2. Tail of the Americans). 492 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. GENERA. I. SAURURE.E. 1. Saururus L. — Flowers hermaphrodite (rarely polygamous) naked ; receptacle convex. Stamens 6 ; 4 lateral in pairs ; filaments free, sometimes (Saururopsis) articulate ; anthers 2-celled ; dehiscence longitudinal, introrse lateral or sometimes extrorse. Carpels 3, 4, free ; ovary tapering above into short style, sulcate stigmatose inside ; ovules 2, inserted at base of ventral angle, sessile descending orthotropous ; micropyle superior extrorse. "Berries'" 1-4, 1- seeded . Seed orthotropous ; albumen copious fleshy ; embryo minute subapical inverted, clothed by a second subcarneous amniotic albumen. — Aromatic perennial herbs ; rhizome subterranean annual ; branches erect ; leaves alternate simple petiolate ; petiole sheathing at base, produced inside into connate stipules ; flowers in short terminal racemes or spikes ; bracts alternate 1 -flowered, free or connate with elevated axillary flower {North America, Temperate and Tropical Continental and Insular South- Eastern Asia). See p. 465. 2. Houttuynia Thunb. — Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of Saururus) ; stamens 3, perigynous free ; carpels 3, superposed (more rarely 4), adnate at base to inside of receptacle, and connate high up into a 1 -celled ovary; placentas 3 (more rarely 4) parietal, alter- nating with styles ; styles stigmatiferous within ; ovules oo , usually few (of Saururus). Fruit baccate; seeds few (of Saururus). — A perennial herb (polygonaceous) ; leaves alternate cordate petiolate ; petiole sheathing at base and produced into connate stipules ; flowers 1-bracteate, in terminal spikes; a few lower bracts of inflorescence broadly petaloid, coloured, involucrating base of spike {Continental and Insular South-Eastern Asia). See p. 407. 3. Anemiopsis Hook. & Arn. — Flowers nearly of Saururus, hermaphrodite; stamens 5, 6. Germen 1-celled, at base deeply immersed in and adnate to pits of rachis ; placentas 3 parietal ; FITERACE&. 493 ovules go (of Saururus). Styles 3, free, stigmatiferous inside at apex. Baccate fruit and seeds of Saururus. — A perennial herb ; leaves alternate ; flowers spicate terminating 2-phyllous twigs ; bracts free, 1-flowered {New Caledonia). See p. 468. 4. Gymnotheca Dcne. — Flowers hermaphrodite naked ; recep- tacle naked. Stamens 6 (more rarely 7, 8), subepigynous on margin of receptacle, free. Grermen adnate inside receptacle, 1- celled ; placentas 4 parietal ; ovules co (of Saururus), 2-seriate on eacb placenta ; styles 4, alternate with placentas, recurved stigmatose a long way down inside. Fruit...? — A perennial herb; aspect and leaves of Saururus ; flowers spicate {China). See p. 468. II. PIPERE^. 5. Piper L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or 1 -sexual, spicate or racemose. Perianth 0. Stamens 1—10, inserted below gynseceum ; filament usually short, free ; anther sometimes articulate 2-locular basifixed 2-rimose, 4-valvate when mature. Germen free superior, sessile or stipitate, 1 -celled; style short or more or less elongated; apex simple or more frequently 2-4- or plurifid or partite ; lobes often reflexed, subequal or unequal, stigmatiferous inside. Ovule subbasilar suberect orthotropous ; micropyle superior. Fruit drup- aceous, sessile or stipitate, 1 -seeded. Seed suberect orthotropous; albumen copious floury ; embryo apical inverted, closely coated with a second rather flesh v amniotic albumen. — Trees or shrubs, often climbing ; branches sarmentose, knotty-articulate ; fibrovascular system double ; outer zone tubular ; leaves simple petiolate ; stipules 2 lateral adnate to continuous margin of sheath and petiole to a variable height, usually high -connate together, persistent or caducous ; flowers grouped in scattered simple spikes, or crowded paniculate or spicate at ends of twigs, terminal or (the vegetation being also interrupted at the node) leaf-opposed; bracts 1-flowered; flower sessile or inserted in pits of receptacle, with the margin some- times produced (and simulating lateral bractlets) ; bract free or pro- duced into a cupule including the flower {All Tropical regions). See p. 469. 494 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 6. Chavica MiQ. — Flowers and fruits of Piper ; anthers 2-4, 2-valvate when mature, dehiscing outwards.— Shrubs ; aspect, fibro- vascular system, leaves, and inflorescence of Piper {Tropical Asia, Sunda Isles). See p. 473. 7. Verhuellia Miq. — Flowers nearly of Piper ; stamens 2, lateral ; mature anthers 4-valvate. Free germen and ovule of Piper ; style short, unequally 4-fid-stigmatose. — Small slender herbs ; fibro- vascular system simple scattered ; small leaves and inflorescences of Piper {Tropical and Subtropical America, East Africa). See p. 473. 8. Peperomia Euiz & Pav. — Flowers of Verhuellia ; anthers (not articulate) 2-valvate extrorse (of Chavica). Germen and ovule of Piper ; style simple. — Herbs or shrubs, often slender ; fibro- vascular system of Verhuellia ; leaves alternate opposite or verticil- late ; inflorescence of Piper ; bract free {All Warm countries). See p. 473. III. CHLORANTHEJE. 9. Chloranthus Sw. — Flowers hermaphrodite naked ; receptacle cupuliform, produced outside in front below stamens into a scale. Stamens inserted anteriorly on margin of receptacle, either 1 ; fila- ment thick ; anther introrse 2-celled, 4-locellate, longitudinally 2-rimose {Sarcandra) ; or else 3 ; filaments connate at base into a 3-partite fleshy scale ; middle anther 2-celled (sometimes sterile) ; lateral 2, 1 -celled {Euchloranthus) ; connective muticous at apex, or long-loricate beyond cells. Germen adnate at base inside recep- tacle, 1-celled; style short simple, soon dilated stigmatiferous ; ovule 1, inserted below apex of inner wall, subpendulous ortho- tropous ; micropyle inferior. Drupe fleshy or subcarneous, accom- panied by adnate base of receptacle ; putamen fragile. Seed subpendulous orthotropous ; albumen copious ; embryo small ; radical conical inferior ; cotyledons small divaricate. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, aromatic ; branches glabrous opposite knotty-arti- culate ; leaves decussate simple ; stipules lateral, connate at base to no great height together and with petioles; flowers 1-bracteate in PIPERAGEJE. 495 branching terminal spikes {North- East and South of Asia, Tropical and Subtropical Continental and Insular). See p. 475. 10. Hedyosmum Sw.- — Flowers monoecious or dioecious; males spicate ebracteate, 1-anclrous ; anther sessile 4-locellate ; cells parallel, longitudinally rimose ; connective shortly apiculate or peltate obtuse above cells. Female flowers : receptacle sacciform ; mouth shortly tubular, crowned at apex by 4 usually obtuse teeth (sepals?). Germen (of Chloranthus) adnate inside receptacle; style erect slender, ligulate or subclavate, sometimes irregularly 3-alate at stigmatose apex ; ovule and seed of Chloranthus. Drupe sub- carneous ; putamen very hard ; embryo minute albuminous ; coty- ledons superior, scarcely visible. — Aromatic trees and small trees ; branches opposite, nodose articulate ; leaves opposite simple ; stipules only free at apex, below connate together and with petioles into a long amplexicaul ochreiform tubular sheath ; flowers terminal ; females branching-subcapitate or cymose [Tropical and Subtropical North and South America). See p. 477. 11. Ascarina Forst. — Flowers nearly of Chloranthus, dioecious; male 1-androus, 1-bracteate, laterally 2-bracteolate. Female flowers naked; germen and ovule of Chloranthus ; style thick, very short subsessile, at apex flat dilated stigmatose ; naked drupe and seeds of Chloranthus. — Small trees and shrubs, aromatic ; habit leaves and inflorescences of Chloranthus {Oceania). See p. 479. IV. CERATOPHYLLE.E. 12. Ceratophyllum L. — Flowers monoecious; perianth simple 10-12-fid, or partite ; lobes entire or incised, subequal. Male flower : stamens go , erect free ; filaments very short ; anthers basi- fixed, ovate oblong, at apex 1-3-cuspidate or submuticous ; cells 3, extrorse longitudinally rimose. Female flower : germen sessile 1 -celled ; base muticous or aculeate by 2, 3 descending cusps ; style subterminal subulate, stigmatose at apex ; ovule 1, orthotropous, subpendulous from below apex of cell ; micropyle inferior. Fruit 496 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. drupaceous, finally nucamentaceous by desiccation of thin exocarp, armed at apex by style, at base by indurated prickles ; endocarp hard, 1 -seeded. Seed subpendulous orthotropous ; integument thin ; embryo exalbuminous straight (green) ; radicle short inferior ; cotyledons 2, thick fleshy; plumule substipitate, with go leaves verticillate, 2 lower opposite alternating with thicker cotyledons. — A submerged, much branching herb ; stem and branches rather rigid terete, nodose-articulate ; leaves verticillate sessile, 2- or 3- chotomously plurisect ; segments transversely septate dentate acute ; flowers solitary axillary [Northern Hemisphere in both Worlds). See p. 479. XXIII. UUTICACE.E. Fig. 535. Mule flower dia- gram. I. NETTLE SERIES. This order was formerly made to include a large number of types now separated from it ; it is at present restricted to plants closely resembling the Nettles and Pelli- Ur,imp!l^„. tories, which were formerly united into the group of Urticece proper. The flowers of the Nettles1 (figs. 533-538) are uni- sexual, mono- chlamydeous, and tetramerous, usu- ally regular. The male flower (figs. 534, 535) of Urfica pilulifera has a little convex receptacle bearing four sepals, two of which are lateral, and four superposed stamens. The sepals are free or slightly coherent below, and so imbricated in the bud that the lateral pair are overlapped by the antero-posterior, or else subvalvate.2 The stamens are free, inserted below the base of a little central body, often circular and cupuliform ; each consists of a filament and an introrse two-celled anther, which dehisces longitudin- Fig. 533. Flowering branch. Fig. 531. Male flower (f). 1 JTrtica T., Inst., 534, t. 308.— L., Gen., n. 1054. — Adaxs., Fam. des PI., ii. 376. — J., Gen., 403. — Lame., Diet., iv. 636 ; Suppl., iv. 217 ; III., t. 761.— Nees, Gen., ii. 28— Gaudich., Yog. Uran., JBot., 496. — Exdl., Gen., n. 1879 (part.). — Pater, Organog., 275, t. 60. — Wedd., VOL. III. Monogr. de la Fam. des Urticees, 55, t. 1, C ; in DC. Prodr., xvi. sect. i. 39. 2 The bud is depressed above. The outer face of the sepals bears, like most of the organs, a variable number of urticating hairs, chiefly borne on the prominent veins. K K 498 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ally often a little before anthesis. In the bud the filament is involute and more or less coiled, with the face of the anther applied to the concavity of the corresponding sepal. But on expansion it uncoils by its elasticity1 directly the anther is free to quit the central body that hooked it down, and becomes suddenly straight, the anther-cells often opening simultaneously to shoot out the pollen.2 The female flower (figs. 536-538) bears on its convex receptacle Urtiea pilulifera. Fig. 536. Female flower (±). Fig. 537. Diagram of female flower. Fig. 538. Long, section of female flower. four sepals, nearly free or united for a variable distance, imbricate- decussate as in the males, but often with the two pairs dissimilar, the lateral two being usually larger and more concave or carinate than the antero-posterior, and sometimes also dissimilar to one another, rendering the perianth slightly irregular. In the centre ol the flower is a unicarpellary gynseceum formed of a free ovary ; the terminal style is often very short, or at once divides into a large 1 This is dne to a peculiar property of its tissue, which gives it a great elasticity. " The filament itself describes a large arc, occupying the space between the lobes of the anther above ; it is often transversely notched on its concave side, so as to allow of this forced inflexion. When at last anthesis takes place, and the perianth-leaves scarcely begin to diverge, the filament, by the mere turgescence of its cells, suddenly springs up from the position in which it was hithei'to mechanically retained." (Wedd., Mon., 27.) " if on gathering the flowers this phenomenon is at once produced, it must not be supposed that the shock has excited the irritability of the stamen ; it has merely freed it from its prison. And though the singular structure of the fila- ment, its transverse folds and vertebralike articulations, may at first sight appear the indices of a special vital action, it will soon be seen that this arrangement is not the cause of the phe- nomenon, but the result of the forced flexure during its growth." [H. Bn., Des Mouo. dans les Org. Sex., &c. (Far., 1856), 39.] The facts observed in the Fellitories, whose stamens do not always possess these elastic filaments, will enable us to modify this assertion to some extent. 2 " Spherical, with three umbilici, each sur- rounded by a halo ; outer membrane transparent," in Urlica nrens and Parietaria erecta ; and the same with four pores in Bvehmeria caudata, according to H. Mom (in Ann. Sc. 2?at., ser. 2, iii. 313). Weddell (Blonogr., 27) says that the pollen is globular. UBTIGAOEM. 499 number of long papillose hairs, caducous or persistent, which play the part of a stigma. Near the base of the single cell, is inserted on the posterior wall a single ovule, almost erect and orthotropous,1 with a very short funicle, and the micropyle superior.2 The fruit is an oblong or oval compressed achene, often warty, surrounded by the persistent perianth. The orthotropal seed contains a fleshy albumen, enclosing in its axis the embryo, whose radicle is superior, cylindro-conoidal, while the cotyledons are rounded or elliptical, subcordate at the base. The Nettles are herbaceous annuals or perennials, rarely frutescent, cosmopolitan, especially frequent in the Temperate regions of both Worlds, with most of their organs usually covered with stinging hairs of peculiar structure,3 Upwards of seventy species have been described, but their number is now reduced by about one-half.4 Their branches are often tetragonal, covered with opposite leaves, often dentate, rarely incised lobate, palmiveined, rarely tricostate, more frequently 5-7-ribbed, petiolate, with two lateral stipules, often connate with those of the opposite leaf. The blade is often sprinkled with cystoliths, punctate or more rarely elongated-linear, prominent in the dry leaf.5 The flowers are in glomerules, grouped along a common axillary axis into capitula (fig. 533), or simple or ramified racemes or spikes, often unilateral, and are dioecious or monoecious ; in the latter case the inflorescences may be unisexual or androgynous. Next to Urtica come the two genera Nanocnide and Hesperocnide. They have the same general organization and straight fruit ; but the one has alternate leaves, and the two lateral sepals of the female 1 Sometimes a little arcuate, like that of the the tip of the hair breaks off; the skin is iriocu- Planes, especially before maturity, and more lated with it by the penetration of the hair. The convex hi front than behind. base of the sting is surrounded by a sheath of 2 It has two coats. prominent cells belonging to the subepidermic 3 Douval-Jouye has shown (in Bull. Soc. Bot. parenchyma, and these are supposed to secrete de Fr., xiv. 36, t. 1) that the Nettles have three the irritant liquid which then passes into the hair sorts of hairs: (1) Short, invisible to the naked like a reservoir. This hair is merely an elongated eye, not urticating, with a unicellular cylindrical epidermic cell. Its wall is hollowed by interstitial stem, and a swollen head formed of 2—4 cells. vacuoles, forming shining interrupted spiral lines. (2) Elongated conical, "unicellular, with finely (See DC, Fl. Fr., iii. 322. — A. Juss., Eleni., dotted walls. (3) The sting or stimulus, urti- 151. — Barhaedt, De Bills FL, Bonn. (1849). — eating simple, long-conical, unicellular, formed of Wedd., Monogr., 9. — Duciitre, Mem., 99.) a dilated basilar bulb, a conical stylet continuous 4 Wedd., Brodr., 39-59, 235c3. with it. and a little inclined tip swollen into a 5 See Wedd., Sur les Cystolithes... des Ur- ball. The whole is hollow, filled with an acid, ticees (in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 207). irritant liquid, which gives a burning pain when K K 2 500 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. flower always much larger than the other two ; the other has opposite leaves, but its female perianth is tubular. The fruit is oblique in the seven other genera of this series : Obetia, Fleurya, Lajjortea, Urera, Scepocarpus, Gj/rota/iia, and Girar- dinia. Tbey all have alternate leaves with the stipules axillary, not lateral ; tbey closely resemble one another in floral organization.1 II. PEOCEIS SERIES. Procris" (figs. 539, 540) has unisexual flowers, monoecious or Proeris Cephalida. Fig. 539. Flowering branch (i). dioecious. The males are formed nearly as in Urtica, but pent- amerous, with imbricated sepals, five superposed stamens, and a 1 See tbe Genera, pn. 517-522 • «, ,IT « Commas., „*,'. ^ J. ^:'403.-Lamk m ~ ™" ^ ***' *' 6' * '' ^^ III., t. 763.— Pom., Did., v. 629 (part.) ; Suppl.] 493^ 191. — Sciophila Gaudich., Yoy. Uran., Bot., VWPICAGEM. 501 little rudimentary globular or obovoid gynseceum. In the female flower the calyx is formed of three four or five sepals, often obovate, cucullate, slightly fleshy. Inside each of these we find, sometimes but not always, a glandular or scaly body, representing a staminode.1 In the centre of the flower is a gynseceum formed as in the Nettles, of a uniovulate ovary surmounted by a tuft of penicillate hairs, which early disappear. The fruit is an achene or a drupe with a scarcely fleshy mesocarp, surrounded by the now succulent calyx. Procris WigMiana. Fig. 540. Flowering branch (f). Within the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen, often thin or even reduced to a membrane ; the embryo is turbinate, with a superior conical radicle, shorter than the elliptical cotyledons. Procris con- sists of some half-dozen species,2 shrubs or undershrubs from tropical Asia, Africa, and Oceania. They have alternate distichous un- 1 In certain genera of this series they are much more developed, sometimes forming, as in certain Pileas, leafy blades nearly as large as the sepals to which they are superposed. - Foest., Prodr., n. 58 (Dorstenia) ■ Char. Gen., 53 (Elatos/ema). — Pehs., Syn., ii. 556 (Bcehmeria). — El., Bijdr., 508. — Miq., PL Jargh.y 23 ; Fl. Ind.-Bai., i. p. ii. 258. 502 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. symmetrical leaves,5 very unequal, a large leaf usually alternating with another that is very small, bract-like and abortive. All are sprinkled with linear cystoliths. The flowers are collected into little axillary glomerules, grouped in cymes or more rarely capitula in the males. The female glomerules are collected on a common fleshy receptacle, globular or clavate ; so that the inflorescence is the same as in several Artocarpece. Next to Proem come two other allied genera : Elatostema has a triphyllous female perianth shorter than the ovary, with a usually involucrate capitulum ; Pettionia has cymose flowers, with five sepals mucronate below the apex in the females ; Pilea, Achudemia, and Lecanthus form a group apart with opposite decussate leaves. The flowers of Lecanthus are grouped on a discoidal or concave recep- tacle ; they are cymose or glomerulate in the other two genera. But the females are pentamerous in Achudemia, trimerous in Pilea ; the perianth of the latter is irregular, one of the sepals being larger than the rest and gibbous. III. BCEHMEEIA SERIES. Bcehmcria' (fig. 541) has unisexual flowers, monoecious or dioecious. The males, analogous to those of a Nettle, have a valvate calyx, more or less deeply quadrifid, rarely tri- or quinquefid, with as many superposed stamens inserted below a clavate or subglobular gynseceum, glabrous or heavy at the base. The female perianth is gamophyllous saccate or tubular, contracted towards the mouth, which is incised into from two to four teeth. In this sac, and some- times adherent to it, is a gyna?ceum formed as in Urtica* The ovary contains a single ovule, orthotropous and suberect or ascending, and tapers above into a usually persistent filiform style, bearing stig- 1 Weddell has noticed that the Urticacece 1884; Icon., t. 86. — Wedd., Monogr., 343, t. with unsymmetrical leaves differ from other orders 11; Prodr., 195.— Duretia Gaudich., Pot). in that, while one half of the hlade tapers in a point Uran., Pot., 499. — Splitgerbera MlQ., Coram. towards the base, and the other is much larger, Phyt., 134. rounded or even projecting into an auricle, it 3 But it seems to stick to the calyx, not to be is the former half, not the latter, that is on the inserted in its concavity like a truly inferior ovary side of the leaf turned towards the parent branch. in its sacciform receptacle ; a slight traction will 2 Jacq., Stirp. Airier., 216. — J., Gen., 403. — separate it. PoiK.j Diet., Suppl., i. 617. — Endl., Gen., n. VKTICACE2E. matic papillae on one side only. The fruit is an achene, included in the persistent calyx, and its crustaceous or nucamentaceous pericarp contains an albuminous seed like that of the Nettles. Boehmeria comprises shrubs and undershrubs, with opposite alternate leaves, homomorphous or dimorphous, symmetrical or unsymmetrical at the base, dentate,1 sprinkled with inconspicuous punctiform cystoliths, petiolate and accompanied by free or connate stipules, usually Bah meria nivea. Fig. 541. Flowering branch (i). caducous. The flowers are grouped in glomerules, accompanied by short scarious bracts ; they are axillary, solitary or more frequently collected into ramified spikes or cymes. This genus contains some forty-five species,2 inhabiting both tropical and still more extra- tropical regions, all over the world. > Some are more or less deeply bilobate in a 2 Sw., Prodr., 34.— W., Spec, 340.— H. B. K., species which owes its name to this fact, and has Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. 31.— Don, Prodr. FJ. been made the type of a genus Splitgerbera. Nepal., 60.— Pkesl, Bot. Bern., 110.-E>'dl., 51 1 1 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. B. squamig&ra? an Indian species, has been made a distinct genus, Chamabaina? because the stigmatiferous apex of the style is sub- capitate, not linear ; but we can only make it a distinct section on this ground. The o-enera Pouzolsia and Memorialis, both closely allied to the preceding one, differ chiefly in their articulate caducous style, and their fruit, surrounded by a costate or winged persistent calyx. All these genera together form the subseries Eubcehmeriea with the following general characters : a tubular female perianth, free or adherent to the ovary, dry or membranous in the fruit, with two or four apical teeth. In the related subseries Sarcocldamydea the female calyx is free, with a lobed or dentate mouth But it always becomes fleshy and succulent around the fruit. This is the case with the five genera : Cypholophus, Touchardia, Laurea, Sarcoc/damys, and Poikilospermum. A third subseries Villebruniea contains the three genera Pipturus, Villebrunea, and Debreyeasia, wherein the female calyx is adnate to the ovary, with a very small limb, dentate or subentire. In Maoutiece, the fourth subseries, the female calyx is rudimentary or absent. It contains the four genera, Leucosyke, Maoutia, Myrio- caipct, and P hen ax. IV. PELLITORY SERIES. The Pellitories3 have polygamous flowers. Those of our com- monest species, the Wall Pellitory (figs. 542-540), are partly her- maphrodite. Their receptacle is convex, bearing four valvate sepals,4 free or coherent below to a variable distance, lined right at the bottom by a variable quantity of hairs. Four stamens are super- Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 38 ; Iconogr., t. 86. — Hook. & Arn., in Beech. Toy., Bot., 214, 271. — Bejjth., Niger FL, 519— Zoll., Verz., 100, 101, 105.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 199. — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 201, 210, 211, 226. 1 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 203. 2 Wight, Icon., vi. 1. 1981. — Wedd., Monogr., 387, t. 12, B ; Prodr., 218. 8 Varieiaria T., Inst., t. 289.— L., Gen., n. 1152 (part.). — Adans., Fam. des PI., ii. 261. — J., Gen., 404. — PoiE., Diet., v. 13; Suppl., iv. 300. — Lame., Ill, t. 853. — Endl., Gen., a. 1S85 (part.). — Payer, Organog., 276, t. 60. — Wedd., Monogr., 503, t. 17 ; Prodr., 235 "'.— Thaurnuria Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Bot., 501. — Freirea Gafdicii., loc. cit., 502 (incl. : Ges- nouinia Gaudich., Helxine Req.). 4 According to Pater there are (probably) two anterior, two posterior. UBTIGAGE2E. 505 posed ; eacli has a free filament of variable form1 inserted under the ovary, and an introrse two-celled anther of longitudinal dehiscence. The gynaeceum, inserted on the conical apex of the receptacle, consists of a one-celled uniovulate ovary, analogous to that of the Nettles, surmounted by a slender style, articulated at the base and Parietaria officinalis. Fig. 543. Hermaphrodite flower (&). Fig. 542. Flowering branch. Fig. 544. Long. sect, of female flower (|). caducous, with a stigmatiferous head, whose unilateral investment with long papillose hairs gives it the look of a bottle-brush (figs. 543, 544). The female flowers possess only a gynseceum, closely surrounded by the tubular gamosepalous calyx. The males have a shorter calyx, with the leaves free or nearly so, lined with hairs, close to the base of a rudimentary gyna3ceum. Against this are applied the anthers, while their filaments are strongly bent in the bud ; on anthesis they become straight by elasticity. The fruit (figs. 545, 540) is a straight somewhat compressed achene, smooth and shiny,'2 enveloped in the persistent calyx. The orthotropous seed, formed nearly as in the Nettles, has a cylindro-conoidal embryo, of nearly the same length as the cotyledons, which are 1 When the anthers are retained at the centre of the male bud, either by the rudimentary gynseceum or by the hairs at the bottom of the perianth, the filament thickens during this incur- vation, and then there form on its inner face the superposed transverse ridges alternating with grooves. To the turgescence of these bars is due the elastic rising of the filament. But when the filaments are shorter, not incurved, but erect and straight, which is the case in some flowers that are female or more or less completely herma- phrodite, no transverse band is developed on the inner face ; it remains smooth like the outer one, and no phenomenon of elasticity takes place. 2 Green, more or less dark in colour, according to the age. 506 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Parieiaria officinalis. Fig. 545. Fig. 546. Fruit. (f). Long. sect, of fruit. elliptical or ovate -oblong. Wall Pellitory is a perennial herb covered with hooked hairs, possessing alternate entire tricostate leaves, sprinkled with punctate cysto- liths, petiolate, with very small stipules or none. The axillary flowers are usually grouped five together into a little cyme on either side of a little axillary twig. The central flower is female; the four others, male or hermaphrodite, are paired on either side, axillary to a bract, accom- panied by two lateral bractlets, forming with it a sort of involucre. Other species are distinguished by their frutescent or annual stems, their unsymmetrical cymes, uniparous by abortion, their leaves three-ribbed at the base. In P. arboreax made into the distinct genus Gesnouinia2 the stigma is linear, not aspergilliform, and the cymes are trifloral, with the central flower female : from these characters we make it a separate section. So we regard P. Soleirolii? a species from Corsica and Sardinia, which has been made into the genus Helxine ;4 its inflorescence is reduced yet more, containing only one flower, male or female, in the axillary involucre. Thus constituted, Parieiaria comprises a dozen species' from the cold and temperate regions of both Worlds. Next to it come two closely allied genera, HemistyJis and Roussclia, representing the same t}^pe, very slightly modified in America. V. FORSKOHLEA SERIES. ForskoMea* (figs. 547-551) has monoecious flowers, reduced to a 1 Lh£e., in Roz. Journ., xxxiii. 55. 2 Gaudich., Toy. Uran., Pot., 502. — Wedd., Monogr., 521, t. 18, B ; Prodr., 23549. 3 Spbeng., Syst., iv. p. ii. 218.— Geen. & Gode., Fl. de Fr., iii. 110.— P. repens Soleib. (ex Mut., Fl. Fr., iii. 172). 4 Req., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, v. 384. — Wedd., Monogr., 529, 1. 18, A ; Prodr., 235 *>.— Soleirola Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Pot., 504: Voy. Pon., Pot., t. 114, B. 5 L., Spec, 1492.— Foest., Prodr., n. 387.— Del., Egypt., 137, t. 50.— Due., in Duchtr. Rev. Pot., ii. 427.— Bl., Mtis. Lugd.-Pat., ii. 245.— Webb, Phyt. Canar., iii. 264. — Wedd., iu Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 207 {Gesnouinia). — Dub., Pot. Gall., i. 418 (Helxine).— Viy., App. Fl. Cors. Prodr., 7 (Parieiaria). — Ledeb., Fl. Poss., iii. 639. 6 Mantiss., 11, n. 1262.— Ekdl., Gen., n. UBTICACE^. 507 single stamen or carpel. The stamen (figs. 547-549), resembling that of the Nettles, is accompanied on the outer side by a gamo- Forskohlea tenacissima. Fig. 547. Inflorescence (^). Fig. 548. Long. sect, of inflorescence. sepalous sort of bract, obtusely tridentate at the apex, and perhaps representing a triphyllous perianth, cleft right down on the inside. There is no rudimentary gynseceum. In the female flower Forskohlea tenacissima. Fig. 550. Female flower {\). Fig. 549. Male flower (f ). Fig. 551. Long. sect, of female flower. (figs. 550, 551) there is a perianth (?) analogous to that of the male ; and inside this a uniovulate ovary, like that of the Nettles, tapering info a long slender style, covered with hairs.1 The fruit is 1887.— Wedd., Monogr., 532, t. 19, B ; Prodr., 23554. — Forskalea J., Gen., 403. — G^ETN., Fruet., i. 332, t. 68. — Lamk., Diet., ii. 521 ; III., t. 388.— Caiclbeja Foese., Fl. Mg.-Arab., 82. 1 The ovary when young looks just like a little oval leaf, folded into a cornet with a very oblique mouth, and tapers to an apex in front, where the style is to he ; while the ovule takes origin behind at the bottom of the gaping orifice. 508 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. an acliene ; within the seed-coats is a fleshy albumen surrounding an embryo with rounded cotyledons, more or less cordate at the base, as long as the superior conical radicle or longer. ForsJwJdea comprises herbs or undershrubs, from the Mediterranean, North and South Africa, and West Asia. Their leaves are alternate, accom- panied by lateral stipules, and covered with hooked hairs; the flowers are surrounded by a little axillary common involucre, formed of from two to six foliaceous bracts, free, but covered inside with a quantity of wool that often holds them together ; they contain one or more female flowers, usually surrounded by a certain number of males (figs. 547, 548). Five species of this genus have been described.1 Of Droguetia? only distinguishable with difficulty from Forskohlea by a gamophyllous perianth, we make a mere section, comprising four species, Asiatic and African.3 In the little group Aiistralinea the involucre disappears. The flowers are monandrous and of similar organization in Australina and Didymodoxa, diandrous in Distemon. The Nettles, with some allies, entered into Linnaeus' Scabridece ;A Adanson5 placed them in his family Chdtaigniers (Chestnut-trees). In the time of A. L. de Jussieu6 the Urticece were held to comprise not merely the Nettles and similar genera, but also Artocarpea, Morece, Cannabinece, Piperaceae, and even CynocrambeaJ R. Brown,8 in 1818, established Artocarpea, Celiidete, &c, as distinct orders, on the one hand, and Urticea proper on the other. Endlicher9 only changed the name to Urticacece. Of the order thus restricted 1 L. fil., Suppl., 245. — Rjetz., Obs., fasc. iii. 31.— Desf., Cat. Sort. Par., ed. 3, 347. — Webb., Spicil. Gorgon., 179 ; Phyt. Canar., iii. 266. 2 Gaudich., Toy. TJran., Pot., 505 ; Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 87. — Endl., Gen., 285.— Wedd., Monogr., 538, t. 19, A; Prodr., 235 ^.— Didy- mogyne Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 35 (part.). 3 Pees., JEncIiir., ii. 554 ( Urtica). — A. Rich., Fl. Abyss. Tent., ii. 259 {Pouzolzia). — Wight, Icon., t. 1982 (Forskohlea). — Bl., Mus. Lugd.- Bat., ii. 201 {Boehniei-ia). 4 Ord. Nat. (1737), 593. 5 Fam. des PL, ii. (1763), 376. 6 Gen. (1789), 400. 7 He even included the Monimiads Ambora and Sedy carta, mistaking their flower for an inflorescence; the Haloragad Gunnera; and the Paronchiad Pteranthus. 8 Obs. PI. Cong., 35; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), i. 137. 9 Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 37 ; Gen., 282, ord. 94 (1836).— Lindl., Teg. Kingd., 260, ord. 84. URTICACE^J. S09 Linnaeus knew only the three genera Urtica, Parietaria, and Fors- Icohlea. Jussieu in 1789 published Procris of Commerson ; the two Forsters founded Elatostema in 1776, and Jacquin BceJuneria in 1763. The other genera are comparatively recent. In 1821 Lindley made the genus Pilea for a number of species, and Wallich made known Memorialis of Hamilton. Another Indian genus Chamahaina, is due to Wight. Gaudicha.ud, from 1826 to 1829, in the accounts of the botany of the voyages of the Bonite and Uranie, published the largest number of our modern genera. Of those at present retained there are fifteen : Australina, Debregeasia, Droguetia, Fleurya, Girardinia, Laportea, Neraudia, Obetia, Pelliouia, Pouzohiu, Rousselia, Sarcochlamys, Touchardia, Urera, and Vittebrunea. Yet more recently appeared Myriocarpa and Hemistylis of Bentham, Didymodoxa of E. Meyer, Leucosyke of Zollinger. H. A. Weddell, in the remarkable memoirs we shall refer to below, established the seven genera Cypholophus, Distemon, Lecanthm, Maoutia, Phenax, Pipturus, and Scepocarpus. Blume, whose researches on this group are of later date,1 distinguished two other generic types, Achudemia and Nanocnide. To these thirty-six genera have been added Gyro- taenia by Grisebach in 1860, Poikilospermum of ZirpEL by Miquel in 1863, and Tlesperocnide by Torrey & A. Gray in 1857. Weddell, who has recently given most attention to this so natural an order, and studied it with extreme care,2 divides it into five tribes, characterized as follows : I. Urere.e. — Plants with stinging (urticating) hairs, leaves opposite decussate, or alternate and inserted in a spiral. Female perianth 4-partite or 4-lobate, rarely 2-partite or 2-lobate, or tubular, always free (3 genera). II. ProcridEjE. — Unarmed plants ; leaves opposite or (by abor- tion) alternate and often distichous. Female perianth 3-partite, 1 Weddell has shown {Monogr., 48, 5L 90. 588) that Bltjme's works on the Urticacew, published in vol. ii. of ihe Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, though dated 1842, only appeared in 1856. 2 In several remarkable works, especially his Monographic des Urticees (in Arch. Mus., ix. 49) and the Urticaeece of De Candolle's Pro- dromus (xvi. sect. i. 32-23S64). These excellent publications date from 1856 and 1869 respec- tively. We have used them as a guide in the study of this order, and adopted as far as possible the conclusions of their author. Bleme is the last author who has made great investigations into this family ; we have mentioned these in note 1, and that they were really posterior to Weddell's. 510 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. rarely 5-partite, free, often accompanied by oppositipetalous stami- nocles. Stigma penicillate (6 genera). III. Bo3HMERiE/E. — Unarmed plants ; leaves opposite or alternate. Female perianth free or adnate, adherent to the ovary, sometimes (very frequently) tubular, sometimes very short or absent (16 genera1). IV. Parietarie/e. — Unarmed plants ; leaves always alternate and quite entire. Flowers diclinous or polygamous. Inflorescences (at least the females) possessing two or more herbaceous bracts. Female perianth tubular free (5 genera2). V. FoRSKOHLEiE. — Plants unarmed or sometimes covered with indurated hairs ; leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers diclinous, often involucrate. Female perianth tubular or absent (5 genera). Here we see the most variable characters that allow us to divide the order into tribes or series. The other variable characters of less importance, on which the genera and smaller divisions are founded, are as follows. The stem may be woody or herbaceous, erect or rooting. The leaves may be opposite or alternate, symmetrical or unsymmetrical at the base ; and we often find inequality between the two opposite leaves or two adjacent alternate leaves, the smaller sometimes aborting completely. The venation is pinnate ; or the blade may be tricostate or triplicostate3 at the base. The leaves, moreover, like the other organs, are glabrous or covered with hairs, which, again, may be of three kinds : simple non-urticating ; simple and urticating, glandular at the base ; capitate pericellular, non- urticating.4 Cystoliths5 are also usually present in the blade, pre- senting pretty constant variations in arrangement and form ; the latter may be rounded, oblong, fusiform, linear, or more rarely stellate. The stipules are sometimes lateral, sometimes axillary, cauline or petiolar, free or united in pairs for a variable distance, caducous or persistent. The floral cymes are simple or ramified, solitary or grouped into simple or compound racemes or spikes, symmetrical or unilateral. The axis of the general inflorescence is 1 Reduced by us to 15 by restoring Cliama- insertion of the petiole; in a 3-plicostate leaf baina (B. squamigera) to Bcehmeria. (folium S-plinervium) they are given off a little 2 Reduced to 3, by uniting Gesnouinia and above the insertion." (Wedd., Prodr., 34.) Helxine to Parietaria. 4 See p. 499, note 3. 3 " In a Z-costate leaf (folium Z-nervium) the & Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, ii. 267 ; basilar ribs spring from the midrib at the very Mono<]>:, 10. URTICAGEJa. 511 sometimes cylindrical, filiform, sometimes dilated into a mem- branous cladode,1 or a plate, cup, or pyriform sac, like the common receptacle of a fig. The flowers are sessile, or pedicellate ; the pedicel has often one or even two articulations, especially in the males. The inflorescence is sometimes naked, sometimes possessing bracts, small and distant, or leafy and involucrant ; free or cohering for a variable distance, they may form a single pair or verticil, or belong to numerous successive generations, corresponding to all the axes of a contracted dichotomous cyme. The type of the flower is variable ; the number of sepals, when present, is from one to five, equal or dissimilar, free or coherent, valvate or imbricate. In the fruit they disappear, or persist, dry and membranous, or thickened and fleshy. The rudimentary gymeceum present in the male flower varies in form with the genus. In female flowers there may be rudimentary stamens below the gynseceum, but they are usually absent. The form of the parts of the gynseceum also varies greatly, according to the genus. The ovary, like the fruit, may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical, with the style at the geometrical apex or some way off it. The middle layer of the pericarp is more or less fleshy ; its surface is smooth granular or tuberculate. The albumen varies greatly in quantity, and may even be reduced to a simple membrane. The form and relative dimensions of the radicle and cotyledons are also subject to numerous variations. The constant or nearly constant characters of the order are as follows : simple stipulate2 leaves, apetalous diclinous flowers3 grouped in definite cymes,4 an isostemonous or meiostemonous androceum,5 with a rudimentary pistil in the male flowers, and in the females a unicarpellary gynseceum, with a one-celled ovary ; a solitary, ascend- ing or suberect orthotropous or suborthotropous ovule, with its micropyle ; and finally an inclehiscent fruit. The Urticacece also j)resent several histological characters that are constant or very general. AVeddell6 has shown that the stem of most 1 Especially in Urtica membranacea (PoiE., ii. [1861], 319^, considering the inflorescence of Diet., iv. 63S), where the axis seems to he the plant as a whole, says that in Urticea it fasciate. forms a repeated polydiopsidal cyme, repeated 2 In Parietaria alone are the stipules rudi- indefinitely on axillary branches of all ages ; or mentary or absent. an indefinite, indefinitely repeated, sessile axiliary 3 Usually unisexual, but polygamous in Parie- Cymobotrya. twria. 5 Of never more than cue verticil. 4 GuiLLAED (in Presse St: des Deux Moudes, 6 Monogr., 7. 512 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. of them is not noticeably distinct from that of Dicotyledons generally, but in several species certain tissues are exceptionally modified, especially in the liber and woody system. " In the tribe Urerece, for instance, which gives us an exceedingly interesting study in this respect, the medullary rays are much prolonged vertically, without anv consequent change in the form of their cells, and are often seen to constitute real septa between the fibrovascular bundles."1 The vessels are very variable in calibre, most voluminous where the wood is soft. The dots too, rounded or more or less transversely elon- gated, are larger as the wood is less compact. Some Nettles have been said to lack medullary rays.2 Guillard3 thinks the woody fibres remarkable " in the thinness of the walls, retained even in the adult branches, in the regularity of their prismatic quadrangular form, and in their equality in thickness, about Tw of a millimetre." The same author notices that the trachea? of the medullary sheath are sometimes few and very large, approximated into bundles, sometimes, as in certain species of Urtica and Pilea, " grouped in no apparent order." He distinguishes the medullary rays as " extraordinary for the height of their cells." But all authors'1 agree in recognising that it is especially in the organization of the liber that the Urticacece are distinguished from the rest of Dicotyledons by a striking character. In fact, the cortical, singly very long and very fine, adhere to one another end to end, though not fused ; this renders them textile and of industrial value. Moreover, it is easy enough to make out that the fibres are so arranged inside the bark as to form concentric zones, and that each fibre is separated from its collateral neighbours by one or more rows of cells ; the fibres of the outermost layer are almost scattered through the cellular tissue of the middle layer of the bark."5 The suberous layer is generally ill developed.6 The wood may present peculiar features in some trees that grow to a 1 " I found this arrangement in a woody Pilea; it, no doubt, is also present in Ela- tostema." (Wedd., op. cit., 8.) 2 Chatin, Anat, Comp. des Veg., livr. iii. 9 (not.). 3 Loc. cit., 314. The author gives in the same work (p. 312) a table of the general structure of the stem, and represents that of Parietaria (Gesnouinia) arborea (figs. 15, 17) ; he also describes and figures the structure of the leaves, the starch-granules, crystals, raphides, &c. 4 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, vii. 309. — Guill., loc. cit., 312, 313. — Keissek, in Denk. d. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vi. — Oliv., Stem in Dicot., 33 (in Nat. Hist. Rev., iii. 252). 5 In fine, the liber closely resembles that of Hemp, and has nearly the same properties. 6 "The suberous layer has usually from four to eight concentric zones. This is as many, or more, than we find in most other orders." (Guile., loc. cit., 315.) URTICACEJS. 513 great height ; for instance, in Laportea gigas,1 which may attain one hundred feet, the dots of the woody fibres and vessels are surrounded by a concave areola, which, with that of the neighbouring fibre, forms a lenticular chamber, comparable to that found in many trees of various orders.2 The affinities3 of the order Urticacece are numerous. We have mentioned4 its close ties with Piperece, and shown how it is chiefly distinguished by the organization of the fruit, seed, and embryo ; it also differs in the manner of inflorescence, and its perianth and properties. All the secondary groups formerly united with this into one immense common order, and now separated into Cannabinece, Morece, Artocarpece, Ulwacece, Celtidece, are, no doubt, most nearly related to it. But they are constantly separated, generally speaking by the presence of two carpel lary leaves, united into a two-celled ovary, with one cell sometimes sterile, often distinct towards the top of the style, and connected below by an axile placentary column, which is inserted on either side an ovule more or less decidedly ana- tropous and descending. It is by an analogous character that Urticacece are far removed from many Polygonacece, Salsolacece, &c, with which they have been compared.5 In all these plants the basilar or free central placenta bears more than one carpellary leaf. But in Urticacece the gynaeceum is unicarpellary, as in Ceratoplnjllece and Piperece, to which botanists have rightly noticed their relations,6 and as in Ngctagi/tece, distinguished from this order chiefly by their often petaloid perianth and their anatropous ovule. The latter character also extends to several unicarpellary Phytolaccacece. Weddell has chiefly compared the present order to Tdiacece and Maloacece, consider- ing it especially as a reduced type of the former/ like Buettneriece may be said to have a reduced type in Etiphorbiacece. The last-named order shows in certain cases such close analogies in habit, foliage, and 1 Wedd., Monogr., 129, t. 3, 4; Prodr., 82, 311) presumes that this is exceptional in the n. \\.— Urtica gigas A. Cunn., hiss. — Urera order. excel'sa Wedd., in Ann. So. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178.— 3 Wedd., Monogr., 32. U. rotumdifolia Wedd., loc. eit. 4 See p. 4S6. 2 Wedd., Monogr., 131, t. 4, figs. 1-9. The 5 Lindl., Veg. Kmgd., 261, 262. bark contains, besides liber fibres, large oblong « Lindl., loc. eit., 264. cells filled with acicular or prismatic raphides of 7 See, for the development of this proposition, oxalate of lime (tig. 2). Guillakd {loc. eit., his Monographic, 35-41. VOL. III. L L 514 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. inflorescence, that it has been rightly affirmed that there is scarcely a collection in which they are not frequently confounded. True Euphorbiacea may be often distinguished by the gynseceum formed of two, three, or more carpels. But when these are solitary, as is the case in Macarcmga, Eremocarpus, Antidesma, &c, with the flowers moreover unisexual, and sometimes even achlamydeous, the only remaining essential character lies in the more or less complete anatropy of the. descending ovules. The geographical distribution of the thirty-nine genera (com- prising some five hundred species) now admitted in this order pre- sent some interesting features. According to Weddell,1 " the New World contains about a third ; Europe and Malaysia another third ; Oceania and Africa divide equally nine-tenths of the remaining third ; while Europe only claims a dozen species." Among these last are five or six species of Nettles and Pellitories that multiply about our dwellings. Some species of Urtica, such as U. dioica and urens, and Parietaria, such as P. debilis, are spread over the temperate and sub- tropical regions of the five quarters of the globe. U. urens extends into the Arctic regions, nearly as much a cosmopolitan as P. debilis ; indeed, it is that one of those species that accompany man everywhere in his migrations. Near the Equator, where the Urticacea are the worst weeds, we find a curiously unequal distribution between the continents and islands. In the Tropical archipelagos the percentage of species in the Phanerogamic flora is 5 to G ; in the neighbouring continents it is only 2. The properties2 of the Urticacece are unimportant ; were it not for the stinging hairs, which make some species prized as urtkatinf 1 Monogr., 41, 45. This work contains op- 6, ii. 328.— Kosenth., Syn. PI. Diaphor., 199, posite page 552 a detailed table of the geo- 1108. graphical distribution, with the total number of 3 Therapeutical irritation is sometimes practised species representing each genus in the various in Europe with U. dioica L. or wrens L., more parts of each hemisphere. According to this rarely with U. pilulifera L. It causes a trail- summary, out of 476 species, the Old World sitory cutaneous irritation, sometimes very acute, contains 289, the New 187. due to inoculation with the acid liquid contained 2 Endl., Enchirid., 170.— Ltnd., Yea. Kingd., in the stings (see p. 49S, note 3). 261 ; Fl. Med., 295.— Gtjib., B,og. Simpl., ed. VRTICAGEM. >15 counter-irritants, and which make the contact of certain tropical species1 so dangerous, their use in medicine would be very slight ; for there is no great foundation for medical virtues2 in the calcareous salts contained in the Nettles,3 or the nitrate of potash in Wall- Pellitory4 (figs. 542-546). Tasteless, and with scarcely any active properties, the leaves or young shoots of several species of Urtica,* Pilea,6 Pouzohia,7 Elatostema* &c, are only used in our country-dis- tricts and several tropical countries as watery vegetables, as greens and topical emollients, like Lettuce, Purslane, or Spinach. But the ' These species, formerly regarded as Nettles, generally belong to Daportea. D. crenulata Gaedich. (Voy. Uran., Bot., 196; — Wedd., Monogr., 133, n. 8; Prodr., 85, n. 16 ;— L. gigantea Gaudich., loc. cit. ; — D. latifolia Gatjdich. ; — Urtica javaensis J. ; — U. gigantea Poie., Diet., Suppl., iv. 221; — U. crenulata Koxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 591 ; — U. sinuata Bl. ; — ■ U. Churta Ham.; — Urera javaensis Gaudich.; — U. gigantea GArDlCH.; — U. crenulata Wedd.j — U. Commersoniana Wedd. ; — Dendrocnide crenulata Miq., PI. Jungh., 31) is famous from Leschenault's account of his being stung in the Calcutta Botanical Gardens by this plant, the Mealum-ma, of which the Hindoos are very much afraid. Though only three fingers were pricked, severe inflammatory and tetanic symp- toms came on, with intense pain, and only dis- appeared after eight days. The sting of this plant has been said to determine violent fever, and even death. D. decumana Wedd. {Monogr., 127, n. 4; — Urtica decumana Rumph., Herb. Amboin., vi. 171, t. 20, fig. 1 ;— Wight, Icon., ii. 689), is the Dan gattal besaer of the Malays, much used by them for systematic artication. The part rubbed by the leaves reddetis, and often blisters, unless the epidermis is too thick, as on the sole of the foot. The pain is not severe ; it is rather, if the friction be vigorous, an itching, which soon disappears if the skin be afterwards rubbed with oil. Men and women often have recourse to this revulsive with great advantage. D. stimulans Miq. {Urtica stinvulans L. fil., Suppl., 418), of Java, produces, according to Leschenault, the same effects as D. crenulata, but less energetic. However, he relates that in Java they rub buffaloes with it to excite them to fight with tigers. Urtica ferox, of New Zea- land {Ogna-wa of the natives), gives a painful sting that lasts four days (Collenso) ; and U. urentissima, of Timor (vulg. Daoun setan, or Devil's Deaf), is said by the natives to produce injuries that last a year, and may even cause death. Eis'dlicher ascribes the causticity of the Nettles to carbonate of ammonia, but the liquid has an acid reaction. The American species, Urtica baccifera, caravellana, pumila, are also cited as urticating (Rosenth., op. cit., 200). 2 Certain peculiar properties are ascribed to Boehmeria caudata (vulg. Asapeixe), used in baths in Brazil, for hemorrhoids ; Pilea mucosa, prescribed in dysuria ; and Urera baccifera, much used as an aperient and resolvent in the Antilles, in a decoction or poultice. 3 Wedd., Monogr., 48. Urtica dioica was formerly regarded as aperient, astringent, em- menagogue, excitant (Guib., loc. cit., 239). Even volumes have been written on its virtues, its properties as a drug, a textile, a dye stuff, on its oleaginous seeds as nutritious for man or beast. U. pilulifera has been vaunted as a diuretic, astringent, and anti-choleraic; its roots are used as a yellow dye in Sweden. U. membranacea was reputed an emmenayogue, aphrodisiac, &c. 4 Parietaria officinalis L., Spec. (ed. 1), 1052. — Wedd., Monogr., 506, u. 1 ; Prodr., 2354-, n. 1. — Meu. & Del, Diet. Mat. Med., v. 202.— GriB., loc. cit., 329. — A. Rich., Diem., ed. 4, i. 247. — Gken. & Gode., Fl. de Fr„ iii. 109. — Rev., in Fl. Med. du xixe Siecle, iii. 10.— P. diffusa Koch, Sun., 636. — P.judaica Vill., Fl. Davph., ii. 346 (nee alior). — P. maderensis Reichb., in Bot. Zeit. (1831), 131 {Wall Pellitory, Common Pellilory, Herbe du verre, de none, de muraille, de Notre-Dame, Operatoire, Cassepierre, Epinard de muraille, Morelle de muraille, Espargoule, Panatage, Vitriole, Perce- muraille). 5 U. dioica, pilulifera, membranacea, simensis {Sama of the Abyssinians), &c. 6 Notably P. muscosa, peploides, Wightii, htcens, &c. P. argentta DC. is used to make a sort of tea. 7 Wedd., Monogr., 46. The fleshy root of P. tuberosa is eaten in India, raw or cooked. 8 D. platypliyllum and lineolalum, among others, from the East Indies. L L 2 £16 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. TJrticacece deserve mention from an industrial point of view, since their liber is often textile. Without noticing JJriica dioica, canna- Una, parvifolia, &c, which even in France have been suggested as a substitute for Hemp, or Girardinia heierophylla? Pipturus propinquus? and Maoutia Pvya* also used for textile fabrics in hot countries, we must pause a little on the China Grass, Ma of the Chinese,4 often termed in France Chanvre de la Chine (Chinese Hemp). This is Bcehmeria nivea' (fig. 541), a native of Tropical Asia, chiefly culti- vated in the temperate and warm regions of the East, China, Bengal, Assam, Silhet, &c. Its culture has also been essayed in the warmest parts of Europe. The fibre obtained from it by steeping is the chief textile material used by the inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago ; from it they make cordage, nets, and especially body-clothing, that is light, cool, readily absorbing the perspiration, strong, and most durable against damp. 1 Dcne., in Jacquem. Voy., Sot., iv. 151, t. 153. — Wedd., Monogr., 164, n. 1.- — Urtica palmata Foesk., Fl. JEgypt.-Arab., 159. 2 Wedd., Monogr., 4Al, n. 3. — Urtica ar- gentea Foest., Prodr., n. 343. — U cinerascens Bl., Pijdr., 497. From this good cord is made in Tahiti. 3 Wedd., Monogr., 477, t. 16, B. — Urtica Pnya Wail., Cat., n. 4605. 4 Or Chu-ma, Tchou-rna in China, Rhea in Bengal, Ramie in Java, Caloiee in Sumatra. 5 Hook & Abn., Beech. Voy., Pot., 214 ; in Jonrn. of Pot. (1851), t. 8.— Miq., PI. Jungh., 33 ; Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 253.— Wedd., Mon., 380, t. 11, figs. 10-17 ; Prodr., 206, n. 25.— H. Bn., in Diet. Encycl. des Sc. Med., x. 15. — ? B. utilis Bl., Lid. Bij. (1853), n. 4.—B. tenacissima Gaudich., Voy. Uran., Bot., 500. — B. candicans Hassk., Sort. Bog., 79. — Urtica nivea L., Sort. Cliff-., 441; Spec., 1398.— U. tenacissima Roxb., FL Ind., iii. 590. — Z7. candi- cans Bl., Bijdr., 503. — Procris nivea Gaudich , Voy. Uran., Bot., 499. — Pamium majus Humph., Herb. Amboin., v. 214, t. 79. Decaisne [in Rev. Sort., ser. 4 (1855), n. 9] considered the Ramie (B. utilis), whose leaves are shorter and not so white below, distinct from the Ma (B. nivea). Royle is of the opposite opinion, and makes them only forms or varieties of one and the same species. — [See Wiesneb, Rohstoffe des pftanzenreiches (Leips., 1873), 320-322, 386-389. This book is a valuable compendium of Economic Botany. — Tb.] UBTJGAGEM. 51 7 GENERA. I. URTICE^E. 1. TJrtica T. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; receptacle small convex. Male calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals free or connate at very base, subequal, concave inside, outside more or less stinging hispid ; bud depressed at apex ; pignoration alternative-imbricate ; lateral sepals interior. Stamens 4, oppositisepalous ; filaments free, inserted under generally cupuliform hyaline rudiment of gynseceum, rather thick, inflexed in bud, elastically patent at anthesis ; anthers 2-celled, introrse ; longitudinally rimose. Female calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals free or connate at base, decussate-imbricate ; lateral 2, in pignora- tion interior, larger, erect sometimes cucullate ; exterior usually much smaller, sometimes subcarinate, patent. Germen free, 1- celled; style short or nearly absent, soon dilated to papillose-stigmatose long penicillate-capitate apex, either deciduous or rather long-persistent. Ovule 1, inserted behind a little above base of cell, ascending sub- erect orthotropous ; micropyle superior, usually adhering to top of cell by narrow obturator ; funicle short or nearly absent. Fruit dry straight, oblong or ovate, compressed rather smooth or verruculose, clothed in enlarged membranous or very rarely rather fleshy calyx. Seed suberect suborthotropous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile fleshy embryo obcordate-rotundate or subelliptical ; radicle superior cylindro-conical. — Annual or perennial herbs, rarely frutescent; leaves opposite petiolate, dentate or more rarely entire or incised-lobate, palmately 5-7 or very rarely 3-ribbed, sprinkled with punctiform or more rarely linear cystoliths ; stipules lateral interpetiolar or con- nate in pairs : flowers small glomerulate ; glomeruli bracteate at base, spicate or racemose in simple or branching axis (not 2-chotomous) sometimes rather thick, sometimes 1-lateral, more rarely solitary or capitate; inflorescences 1 -sexual or androgynous 2-nate in each axile; male pedicels articulate, usually ebracteate (All cold, temperate, and warm regions). See p. 497. 5i8 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ■ 2. Nanocnide Bl.'— Flowers monoecious. Male perianth 4, 5- partite ; segments externally glabrous or setulose ; bud depressed in middle.' Stamens as many ; anthers uniform. Eudiment of gynse- ceum hyaline obovoid. Segments of female perianth 4, unequal erect ; 2 exterior larger keeled ; 2 interior narrower nearly flat. Gyna?ceum of TJrtica. Achene straight compressed, enclosed in enlarged calyx. Seed of TJrtica. — Annual (unarmed ?) herbs ; stem slender; leaves alternate crenate, 3-5-ribbed ; cystoliths oblong or linear ; stipules lateral free ; flowers in axillary, solitary or 2-nate glomeruli ; males pedunculate rather lax ; pedicels articulate ; bracts deciduous; females sessile dense; bracts persistent2 {China, Japan3). 3. Hesperocnide Torr. & Gray.4 — Flowers monoecious ; males as in Nanocnide; calyx 4-merous, outside setulose-hispid. Female perianth tubular oblong-ovoid, hispid all over outside with hamate hairs ; mouth minute, 2-4-dentate ; teeth 2 larger. Gynseceum of Urtica. Achene straight ovate lenticular-compressed apiculate, clothed in enlarged membranous calyx. — Annual herbs, stinging ; leaves opposite, incised or crenate-serrate, 3-5-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform or oblong ; flowers in axillary androgynous glomeruli ; pedicels articulate, ebracteate {California, Sandwich Islands'). 4. Obetia Gaudich.6 — Flowers dioecious ; male perianth 5-partite ; leaves ovate-obtuse puberulous-hispid. Stamens 5. Rudiment of gynseceum globose. Female calyx 4-phyllous ; sepals unequal glabrous. Germen at first straight, afterwards oblique ; stigma sub- sessile ovate, villous or penicillate-capitate, persistent, finally inflexed ; ovule erect. Achene obliquely ovate compressed, straight-set on pedicel, and loosely involucrate by enlarged membranous calyx ; both faces scrobiculate concave rather smooth; edges acutate. Seed nearly of Urtica; cotyledons longer than radicle, transversely oblong-rotund- ate, emarginate at base and apex. — Stinging shrubs; leaves alternate, 1 Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 154.— Wedd., Monogr., 4 In Whippl. Exp., Sot., 83. — Wedd., 289, t. 9, B ; Prodr., 68. Frodr., 67. * A genus referred by Blume to Procridece, b Spec. 2. Wedd., Monogr., 67 ( Urtica). but it agrees better (according to Wedd.) in 6 J'oy. Bonite, Bot„ t. 82. — Wedd.,. in Ann. perianth, stigma, habit, and deficiency in stamin- So. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178; Monogr., 106, t. 1, B; odes with TJriicem. Prodr., 69. 3 Spec. 2. Wedd.. loc. cit. VHTICAGB2E. 519 lobate or coarsely crenate, penniveined or subdigitiveined ; cysto- liths punctiform ; stipules lateral-axillary free ; flowers in loosely cymose-racemose glomeruli ; pedicels terete ; bracts linear (Mada- gascar*). 5. Fleurya Gaudich.2 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5 -partite ; bud umbilicate ; outside glabrous or variously clothed. Stamens 4, 5. Budiment of gynaeceum globose, clavate or sublobate. Female calyx 4-lobed or 4-partite; segments subequal or more often unequal ; one (superior) of the exterior (smaller than interior) rotundate, cucullate or furnished with a stinging hair ; the other ovate lanceolate or minute. Germen (of Obetid) finally more or less oblique ; stigma sessile, ovate lanceolate or linear, persistent and finally uncinate, sometimes 2, 3 -partite ; lobes conni- vent ; one soon elongated ; the other 2 rudimentary. Achene obliquely ovate or rotundate, obliquely set on articulate pedicel, and falling from it at maturity with persistent slightly enlarged calyx. Seeds sparingly albuminous at apex ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo transversely elliptical-rotundate emarginate. — Annual herbs, stinging or almost unarmed ; leaves alternate, serrate or crenate- dentate ; cystoliths linear ; stipules axillary, 2-fid ; flowers3 in small 2-chotomous-scorpioid cymes or in subdistichous racemose axillary glomeruli ; males and females in the same inflorescences or distinct ; pedicels 1, 2-articulate; females cylindrical or more rarely compressed below flower {All Tropical regions*). 6. Laportea Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4-5-partite, in bud depressed in middle, glabrous or more or less hispid. Stamens 4, 5. Rudiment of gynseceum subglobose. 1 Spec. 2. Poie., Diet., iv. 638, n. 10 {Urtica). — Bory, Voy., i. 281 ( Urlica). — Gaudich., Voy. TJran., Bot., 496 {Urera?). 2 Voy. TJran., Bot., 497. — Exdl., Gen., n. 1S79, d. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,sev. 3, xviii. 204; Ilonogr., 109, t. 1, A; Prodr., 70. — Schychowshia Ekdl., in Ann. Wien., i. ]87. t. 13. 3 Females greenish ; males whitish or pink. 4 Spec, about 8. L., Spec., 1397 {Urlica). — Pltjm., Cat., 11. — Jacq., Hort. Schcenbr., iii. t. 3S8.— Forsk., Ft. Mg.Arab., 160. — FoufcT., Prodr., 341.— El., Bijdr., 503.— H. B. K., Nov, Gen. et Spec, ii. 42 (Urtica). — Hook. & Arn\, in Beech. Voy., Bot., iv. 69. — A. Rich., Fl. Cub., ii. 224 ( Urtica).— Griseb., Ft. Brit. W.-Ind., 154.— MiQ., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz., 106 ; in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urtic, 196. 5 Voy. Uran., Bot., 498. — Endl., Gen., n. 1879, c— Wedd., Mon., 121, t. 2-4; Prodr., 77. — Dendrocnide MjQ., PI. Jungh., 29. — Sclepsion Rafin., mss. — Discocarpus Liebm. (i.ec Kl., nee Pfeiff., ex Wedd., loc. cit.). 520 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. Female calyx (persisting almost unchanged around fruit) mem- branous, 4-lobed or 4-partite ; segments equal, or sometimes more or less unequal and dissimilar among themselves (as in Fleuryd). Germen finally oblique ovoid; stigma sessile, linear-elongated or rarely short, persistent ; ovule erect or ascending. Achene obliquely ovate or rotundate, sometimes slightly drupaceous and ventricose, more often compressed, sometimes very abruptly narrowed at base ; faces smooth or granulate ; edges equal or thickened. Cotyledons of thinly albuminous embryo rotundate, emarginate at base, sometimes truncate at apex. — Lofty trees or more often small trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, sparingly or plentifully stinging-hispid; leaves alter- nate, entire or variously dentate penniveined ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary, 2-ribbed, entire or 2-fid, deciduous ; flowers glomer- ulate ; glomeruli 1-sexual in much branching axillary racemes (male inflorescences in some species double superior) ; pedicels articulate; females sometimes variously dilated or fasciate ; bracts varying in form or 01 (Trq/ncal Asia, Oceania, North America2). 7. Urera Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-partite ; bud subumbilicate. Stamens 4, 5 ; anthers reni- form. Eudiment of gynseceum subglobose, depressed or cupulate. Female calyx 4-lobed ; lobes very unequal ; interior 2 larger ; of the exterior one anterior, very small, or even deficient. Germen straight or oblique subovoid ; stigma sessile peniciliate-capitate, rotundate, or more rarely lanceolate and densely villous-papillose, persistent ; ovule erect or subascending. Achene almost dry, straight or oblique, convex or compressed on either side, smooth or tuberculate, clothed 1 4 sections, according to Wedd., thus: 1. Sclepsion. Female flowers 4-partite ; segments very unequal; pedicels very often winged. — 2. Sarcojms (Wedd.). Female flower that of Sclep- sion ; fruiting pedicels botuliform thickened. — 3. Liscocarpus (Liebm.). Female flowers those of Sclepsion; fruiting pedicels not winged nor fleshy. — 4. Dendrocnide. Lobes of female calyx subequal • fruiting pedicels un- thickened, cylindrical or 0; extreme small twigs ol in florescence sometimes fastigiate-dilated. " Spec. 20-25. L. f., Suppl, 418 (Uriica).— RUMPH., Herb. Amboin., vi. t. 20, fig. 1 ( Uriica). — Foie., Lie/., Suppl., iv. 214 ( Uriica) ?— Jacq , Fran,. Bot., t. 33 'Uriica).— Bl., Bijdr., 496, 504 {Uriica).— Boxb., Fl. Lid., iii. 5S7 ( Uriica). — K., Lid. Sem. Sort. Berol. (1846), 11.— Be>'TH., in Hook. Niger, 517 (Fletirga). — SlEB. & Zvcc, in Abd. d. M-tth.-Pliys. Kl. d. Baier. Akad., iv. p. iii. 214.— Liebm., in Kbn. Densh. Tid. Selsk. Skr., xviii. 60 (Discocarpus). — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 178 (Urera). — AIiq., Ft. Lid. Bat.,i.]). ii. 230, 2b4(Boehme- ria); PI. Jinir/h., 30 (Dendrocnide). — Seem., Fl. Fit., 238, 239, t. 60 ; Ace. Gov. Miss. Fiti lsl., 427. — Hook, f., in Jonm. Linn. Sac, vii. 215. — Walp., in Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.- Carol., \\\., Suppl. ii. 422. :< Fug. Uran., Bot., 496. — Wedd., Monogr., 143, t. 2, A ; Prod,:, 88. URTICACEJE. 521 in accrete baccate and coloured calyx. Seed very sparingly albu- minous ; cotyledons of embryo rotundate emarginate on both sides. — Small trees, shrubs or erect undershrubs, sometimes climbing, plenti- fully or more rarely sparingly stimulate or aculeate (sometimes un- armed?) ; leaves alternate entire, crenate, dentate or incised, penni- veined or digitiveined ; cystoliths punctiform, oblong or fusiform ; stipules axillary, 2 -keeled, entire or 2-fid, deciduous ; flowers' either discrete, or in glomeruli (sometimes capituliform) ; glomeruli aggre- gated into 1 -parous or 2-chotomously 2-parous cymes; inflorescences solitary in each axil, 1 -sexual; male pedicels articulate; bracts usually 0 {Tropical, rarely Extra-tropical America, Oceania, and Africa*). 8. Scepocarpus Wedd.3 — Flowers dioecious (?) ; males...? Female calyx tubular, wholly including germen ; mouth contracted incon- spicuously denticulate. Germen straight oblong ; ovule erect sub- sessile ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate and rotundate, persistent. Achene obliquely set on thickened pedicel, obliquely ovate, convex on both sides rather smooth, closely clothed by baccate4 perianth. Seed of Urera. — A climbing stinging shrub; leaves alternate dentate, 3-ribbed very small subpunctiform ; stipules axillary entire, de- ciduous ; female flowers glomerulate ; glomeruli in 1-parous or spuriously 2-chotomous axillary cymes {Tropical Western Africa"). 9. Gyrotaenia Griseb.6 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4-partite; segments orbicular ; bud subumbilicate. Stamens 4 ; anthers reni- form. Rudiment of gynaeceum globose. Female calyx small, 2- lobed ; lobes equal, ciliate-denticulate at edge. Germen straight ovoid-oblong ; ovule erect ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate rotund- ate, persistent. Achene (almost dry) scarcely oblique ovate sub- compressed, accompanied at base by unchanged calyx. — Shrubs or 1 Coloured. Herald But., 194, n. 494.— Miq., in Mart. Fl. 2 Spec, about 18. L., Spec, 1398 (Urtica).— Bras., Urtic, 194 ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 232. Sw., Fl. Lid. Occ, i. 322 (Urtica).— Pom., 3 Prodr., 98. Diet., Suppl., iv. 224 (Urtica).— Jacq., Sort. 4 "Coloured." Sehaenbr., iii. 71, t. 386 ( Urtica).— H. B. K., 5 Spec. 1. S. Mannii Wedd., loc. cit. Nov. Gen. et Spec, ii. 41 (Urtica).— A. Rich., 6 In Mem. Amer. Acad. Sc. et Art., n. ser., Fl. Abyss. Tent., iii. 260 ( Urtica).— Wedd., in viii. (1860), 174 ; Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 155.— Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 177, 203 ; ser. 4, i. Wedd., Prodr., 99. 177.— Geisfb., Ft. Brit. W.-Ind., 154.— Seem., 522 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. small trees, not stinging (?) ; leaves alternate, entire or serrate ; cystoliths punctiform or oblong; stipules axillary entire, 2 -ribbed ; flowers spicate or capitate axillary ; females inserted in fleshy receptacle, ebracteate1 {Antilles1). 10. Girardinia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments ovate hispid. Stamens, 4, 5. Eudiment of gynseceum globose or cupulate. Female calyx bipart- ite ; segments very dissimilar ; one larger subtubular, 2-fid, dentic- ulate at apex ; the other ovate smaller or very small linear, sometimes abortive. Germen ovoid lanceolate ; ovule usually ascending ; funicle slender ; stigma filiform, usually minutely papillose, persistent. Achene accompanied at base by persistent patent calceolate calyx, obliquely rotundate compressed, smooth or thinly granulose, or very rarely setulose on both subconvex faces. Cotyledons of sparingly albuminous embryo rotundate, emarginate at both ends ; radicle oblong. — Annual or perennial herbs, more or less woody at base, tall erect, armed with hairs or stinging prickles ; leaves alternate serrate or lobate, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules of both leaves connate, not persistent to 1 axillary, entire or 2-fid at apex ; male flowers4 early deciduous, in glomeruli collected into a simple or forked, sometimes much branching raceme ; bracts few minute ; pedicels articulate ; females in compound cymiferous and (in superior twigs) scorpioid racemes ; cymes very dense and bristling with stings when fruiting {Warm and Temperate Asia and Africa6). II. PBOCEIDE^. 11. Procris Commers. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 5-partite ; sepals obovate muticous rather fleshy. Stamens 5, 1 " Between this genus and Urera there is no 4 Greenish. essential difference, except that the 2-lobed * Spec, about 7. Bttbm., Zeyl., 232 ( Urtica). perigonium is little enlarged after anthesis." — Foesk., Fl. Mg.-Arab., 159. — Vahl, Symb., (Wedd.) i. 76.— Link, Faum., ii. 285.— Zknk., PI. Lid. 2 Spec. 3. Poir., Diet., iii. t. 763, fig. 2 ScTvm., dec. 1, n. 3, 4. — A. Rich., Fl. Abyss. {Procris).— Pees., Syn., ii. 556 (Boehmeria).— Tent, ii. 262.— Wight, Icon., ii. t. 687.— Miq., Wedd., Monogr., 155 {Urera). Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 233; PI. Jungh., 32 3 Toy. Uran., Bot., 498.— Endl., Gen., n. ( Urtica).— Dcne.. Voy. Jacquem., Bot., 151.— 1879, e.— Wedd., Monogr., 163, t. 2, B; Prodr., Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 203; 100. ser. 4, i. 181. — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 158. VRTICACEM. 523 inserted under globose or obovoid rudiment of pistil. Calyx of female flower 3, 4-phyllous ; sepals obovate cucullate rather fleshy. Hypogynous staminodes 3, 4, oppositisepalous, minute or 0. Germen ovate, shorter than calyx ; apex stigmatose long penicillate, soon evanescent ; ovule subbasilar ; funicle very short. Fruit ovate or elliptical subbaccate striolate-painted, covered with persistent fleshy calyx ; capitulum finally fragariiform when fruiting. Cotyledons of sparingly albuminous or exalbuminous turbinate embryo broadly elliptical, longer than conical radicle. — Succulent shrubs or under- shrubs, almost erect or ascending, usually glabrous; leaves 2- stichous inequilateral, and very unequal in size (each larger leaf alternating with a very small bracteiform or abortive one), entire or sinuate penniveined ; cystoliths very small linear ; stipules entire axillary ; male flowers in glomeruli (rarely capituliform) ; females densely inserted in fleshy globose or clavate receptacle ; cymes and capitula solitary ; females sessile or pedunculate ; male pedicels ebracteate ; female bracts linear-spathulate, often glandular at apex {Tropical Africa, Asia, and Oceania). See p. 500. 12. Elatostema Forst.1 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments mucronate below apex. Stamens 4, 5 ; filaments more or less adnate to calyx at base ; anthers oblong. Rudiment of gynseceum conical, clavate or glabrous. Female calyx 3- or more rarely 4, 5-phyllous, or very small or imperfect, segments lanceolate or linear-subulate, sometimes ciliate. Germen ellipsoid ; ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma sessile, bearing a brush of papilla? or hairs, soon evanescent. Achene ovate or elliptical rather compressed, smooth, more rarely furrowed, often punctulate-painted ; pericarp thin fragile ; embryo of erect seed exalbuminous or spar- ingly albuminous ; cotyledons elliptical of nearly same length as thick radicle. — Undershrubs or more often perennial or annual herbs ; leaves distichous subopposite or more often (by abortion of one of each pair) alternate, inequilateral (edge of narrower side of limb looking upwards), entire or variously dentate, 3-pli- or penni- 1 Char. Gen., 53.— J., Gen., 403. — Gattdich., Procris Spkeng., Syst., in, 846 (nee Commers., Toy. Uran„ Bot., 493. — Exdl., Gen., n. 1880. — nee G^udich.). — Langeveldia Gaudich., lop. Wedd., Monogr., 290, t. 9, c, 10 ; Prodr., 171.— cit. 524 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. costate ; cystoliths usually linear ; petiole short or nearly absent ; stipules axillary entire, none the less developed to deficient leaves ; flowers collected in pedunculate or subsessile 1-sexual capitula; capitula solitary or paired at each node ; receptacle narrow or dilate, flat or convex, sometimes fig-shaped, regular or irregular, sub- carneous ; bracts involucrant more or less coalite or more rarely free; inflorescences sometimes exinvolucrate1 (East India, Oceania, Madagascar, Tropical Africa"). 13. Pellionia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4- or more often 5-partite; segments obtuse, mucronate at top of back, membranous at edge, much imbricate, Stamens 4, 5 ; anther-cells oblong-reniform. Rudiment of gynseceum conical glabrous. Female calyx 4, 5-partite, persistent ; segments equal or unequal, bare or mucronate. Germen elliptical rather compressed (shorter than calyx) ; ovule erect ; stigma sessile penicillate. Achene subcylindrical or compressed smooth, punctulate-painted or more often tuberculate. Seed erect ; cotyledons of sparingly albuminous embryo usually rotundate, twice as long as thick radicle. — Under- shrubs or most often herbs, glabrous or villous ; leaves subopposite ; one of each pair very small or hardly conspicuous, sometimes altogether abortive ;4 both inequilateral (edge of narrower side looking upwards) ; entire or serrate penniveined or 3-costate ; cystoliths fusiform ; stipules supra-axillary, sometimes elongated ; flowers glomerate or densely or rather laxly cymose; inflorescences sessile or pedunculate axillary, more often solitary ; glomeruli exin- volucrate; floral bracts small, 3-angular lanceolate5 (Tropical and Temperate Asia, Oceania*). 1 Hence, according to Wedd., 2 sections, Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 241. — Hassk., Sort- thus : 1. Androsyce. Inflorescence exinvolucrate, Bog., 79. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. receptacle fig-shaped.— 2. Fuelatostema. Male 188. — Hook, f., Fl. N.-Zel., 227. — Seem., FL inflorescence usually distinct involucrate, re- Vit,, 240. ciptacle commonly discoidal. '6 Voy. Uran., Bot., 494. — Endl., Gen., • Spec, about 50. Poie., Diet., v. 628 (Pro- n. 1883. — Wedd., Mow.gr., 282, t. 5, 6, A ; cm), — Ham., in Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal., 60 Prodr., 165. (Procris). — Hook. & Abn., Beech. Voy., Bot., A Whence leaves seem alternate. 70 (Procris).— Pees , Syn.,\\. 556 (Boehtneria). — 5 Habit of Elatostema, but "inflorescence Ad. Be., in Voy. Coq., Bot., 206. — Wall., Cat., rather of Pilea. The essential characters of the n. 4628-4636, 7273. — Bl., Bijdr., 509 (Pro- genus are taken from the number of perigynous wis). — Wight, Icon., t. 2091, figs. 3, 4 (Pro- female segments." (Wedd., loc. cit.) vris).— Guillem., in Ann. Se. Nat., ser. 2, vii. 6 Spec. 25. Bl., Bijdr., 510 (Procris). — 183.— Zoll. & Mob., Verz., 74, 102 (Procris).— Wall., Cat., n. 7272 (Procris).— Sieb. & Zucc •» TJRTICACE2E. 525 14. Pilea Lindl.' — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 4-partite (very rarely 2, 3-partite) ; segments concave rather fleshy, usually thickly mucronate under membranous apex. Stamens as many. Rudiment of gynseceum conical. Female calyx 3-partite ; segments rather fleshy, usually unequal ; lateral rather flat, usually smaller ; third gibbous or cucullate. Stamens rudimentary, oppositisepalous, squamiform inflexed. Germen straight rather compressed ; ovule suberect ; funicle slender oblique ; stigma sessile shortly penicillate. Achene rotundate or ovate, suboblique compressed, smooth or rather scabrous, almost naked or clothed by slightly enlarged calyx. Cotyledons of exalbuminous or sparingly albuminous embryo rotund- ate or ovate, longer than conical radicle. — Undershrubs or very often annual or perennial herbs, erect or prostrate and rooting ; leaves opposite, usually petiolate, generally unequal or 2-morphous in the same pair, equilateral or more often inequilateral, entire or variously dentate, 3-costate 3-plicostate or more rarely penni veined ; ribs often immersed in rather fleshy limb ; cystoliths linear fusiform punctiform or stellate ; stipules 2, connate to one, intra-axillary entire deciduous or persistent ; flowers2 glomerulate ; glomeruli sometimes solitary or rarely geminate in often 2-stichous branching cymes ; male pedicels articulate ; floral bracts shorter than calyx or rarely large ; males soon deciduous3 {Trojjical and subtropical regions*). 15? Achudernia Bl.5 — Flowers polygamous. Male flower of Pilea, 5-merous ; sepals unequal. Female and hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous ; perianth-leaves a little unequal. Stamens 5, in Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. d. Baier. Ak., iv. (iii.), 317 (Procris). — Benth., Fl. Hongkong., 330.— Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 239.— Seem., Fl. Vit., 239. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 187 {Pilea). — Walp., Ann., i. 647 (Procris). 1 Collect., t. 4. — Endl., Gen., n. 1822.— Wedd., Moaogr., 176, t. 6, C, 7, 8; Prodr., 104, 235 63. — Dubrueilia Gaxjdich., Voy. Uran., Bot., 495. 2 .Males pink, whitish or pale-greenish ; females green or reddish. 3 Weddell divides the very numerous arti- ficial species first by the shape of the leaves, whence 3 sections : 1. integrifolia ; 2. hetero- phyllce ; 3. dent at a. 1 Spec, descr. about 160. Sw., in Act. Holm. (1787), 61; Fl. Ind. Occ, 305 (Vrtica).— Hook. & Aen., Beech. Voy., Bot., 96. — Wight, Icon., t. 1973.— Hook, f., Fl. Antarct., 344.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, xviii. 208 ; ser. 4, i. 186. — Bl., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 45, fig. 18.— A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 437.— Penzl., in Denk. d. Wien. Kais. Akad. d. Wiss., i. 4. — Liebm., in Keen. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 5 Ra>kk. Nat. og Math. Afd., ii. 296.— Geiseb., Cat. PI. Cub., 59; Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 157.— Seem., Bot. Her , 194.— Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Yerz., 105 ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 236 ; in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urtic, 200. — Hance, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 5, v. 212. 5 Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 57, t. 20. — Wedd., Monogr., 278, t. 9, A ; Prodr., 163. 526 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. sterile squamiform inflexed in female flower. Achene lenticular- compressed subinflated, clothed in persistent calyx. Embryo of erect seed sparingly albuminous ; cotyledons flat-convex ; radicle short. — A herb ; aspect of Pilea ; leaves decussately opposite, petio- late equilateral, dentate, 3-costate ; stipules axillary ; flowers of both sexes in the same glomerulus ; glomeruli 1 -lateral subspicate in long- pedunculate sparingly branching cymes ; pedicels of male flowers articulate; female flowers subsessile, bracteolate at base1 (Java-). 16. Lecanthus Wedd.3 — Mowers monoecious or dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-partite ; segments petaloid a little unequal, gibbous- cucullate at back ; bud obconical. Stamens as many. Female calyx 3-partite or 3-phyllous ; leaves in fertile flowers, rather flat denticu- late, in sterile more or less cucullate. Rudiments of stamens scale- shaped inflexed, in sterile flowers often subequal to perianth. Germen ovate nearly straight compressed ; ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma sessile penicillate, soon disappearing. Achene ovate- subcompressed straight striate. Albumen of erect seed rather thick ; cotyledons elliptical longer than conical radicle. — An annual Kerb ; leaves petiolate opposite, in the same pair unequally large, equi- lateral, usually serrate, 3-ribbed, spreading ; cystoliths linear ; stipules axillary ; flowers4 inserted in discoid peltate or campanulate receptacle ; receptacles exinvolucrate axillary solitary pedunculate, 1-sexual ; male capitula sometimes very small ;s flowers generally pedicelate, ebracteate ; female receptacle denticulate at edge ; fertile and sterile flowers intermingled6 {East India, Tropical east and tvest Africa1). 1 " A genus distinct from Pilea by its poly- gamous flowers and female perigonium, like the male 5-partite, not 3-partite." (Wedd.) a Spec. 1. A. javanica Bl., loc. cit. — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 238. — Pilea subpuberula Miq., in Zoll. et Mor. Verz., 105; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 236. — Wedd., Monogr., 244. 3 In Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 187 ; Monogr., 279, t. 9, C ; Prodr., 164. 4 Males whity-brown ; females green. 5 Counterfeiting flower. 6 Differing from Flatostema in its at first sight decussate leaves, from Pilea in its capitate flowers. ' Spec. 1. L. peduncularis Wedd., Prodr. — L. Wightii Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., loc. cit. ; Monogr., 280. — L. major Wedd., loc. cit. — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 238.— Procris obtusa Rotle, Til. Rimal., t. 83, figs. 2, 3. — P. peduncularis Wall., Cat., n. 4634 (part.). — Flatostema ovatum Wight, Icon., t. 1985. — E. ojppositifolium Dalz., in Hook. Journ., iii. 179. UBTICACEJE. 527 III. BCEHMERIE.E. 17. Bcehmeria Jacq. — Flowers monoacious or dioecious. Male calyx 4-partite or 4-lobed (very rarely 3- or 5-partite) ; lobes leafy ovate, subaouminate or mucronate under apex, valvate. Stamens as many superposed ; inserted under clavate or subglobose rudiment of gynseceum, glabrous or shortly lanate at base. Female calyx tubular, compressed or ventricose, 2-4-dentate at contracted mouth. Germen included, free or coherent with calyx, sessile or stipitate ; style elongated filiform, on one side papillose-stigmatose ; ovule suberect or ascending. Fruit included in marcescent calyx ; pericarp crustaceous thin or nucamentaceous ; albumen of suberect seed more or less copious ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo elliptical, usually a little longer than conical radicle. — Small trees, shrubs, or under- shrubs, usually downy ; leaves opposite or alternate, either equi- lateral homomorphous, or more or less nnequilateral 3-morphous, variously dentate (very rarely unequal-2-lobed), 3-ribbed petiolate at base ; cystoliths minute punctiform ; stipules axillary, free or more or less highly connate, commonly deciduous ; flowers glomerulate shortly scarious-bracteate ; glomeruli axillary in spikes or branching racemes {All Tropical and subtropical regions). Seep. 502. 18. Pouzolsia Gaudich.1 — -Flowers monoecious or more rarely dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5-lobed or partite, rarely 3-partite ; lobes ovate-acuminate, convex at back (neither mucronate, nor transversely infract), valvate. Stamens 3-5. Rudiment of gynseceum obovate or clavate-glabrous or lanate. Female calyx tubular, often ovate ribbed ; mouth contracted, 2-4-dentate. Germen sessile included, usually free, more rarely more or less adnate to calyx ; ovule erect or ascending ; stigma filiform, articulate at base and usually falling2 before ripeness of fruit, sometimes laterally villous. Achene clothed with marcescent calyx (almost unchanged, or accrete with ribs or «5S* 1 Voy. Uran., Bot , 503. — Wedd., Monogr., ii. 211. — Margarocarpus Wedd., in Ann. Sc. 389, t. 13, A; Prodr., 219. — Leptocnide Bl., Nat., ser. 4, i. 203, 205. 3Ius. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 193. — Stachyocnide Bl., 2 Detained inside the now elongated neck of l^c. cit. — Leucococcus Liebm., in Keen,. Dansfc. calyx, and wrougly said to be persistent at top of Vid. Selsk. Skr., 5 Reekie. Nat. og Mat. Afd„ achene. 508 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. wings) ; pericarp crustaceous stinging ;J seed erect or suberect. — Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs; covering 0, or varying; leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, homoniorpbous or very rarely inequilateral, entire or variously dentate, 3 -ribbed ; ribs basilar branching, never produced to apex of limb ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules free, generally persistent; flowers in axillary or spiked glomeruli ; male and female monoecious in different species often mixed ; bracts small scarious ; male pedicels 0, or articulate {All Tropical and subtropical regions"). 19. Memorialis Ham.3 — Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, nearly of Pouzolsia ; segments of male calyx 3-5, ovate, shortly acuminate infract at top of back, transversely crested ; crest wrinkled or more often ciliate ; bud campanulate or turbinate ; prienoration valvate. Stamens 3-5. Eudiment of gynseceum linear- conical glabrous. Female flower and fruit of Pouzolsia ; pericarp black ; wings of calyx (when present) usually marginal. — Herbs, perennial or suffruticose at base ; leaves opposite, ternate, or superior alternate, homomorphous and equilateral, entire 3- or 3-pli- or 5- plicostate ; ribs basilar, produced from base to apex of blade, simple ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary or axillaiy-lateral, or free, or connate with stipules of opposite leaf ; flowers monoecious in axillary or spiked glomeruli, with both sexes mixed in some species; bracts small scarious {East, continent and islands of India*). 20. Sarcochlamys Gaudtch.5 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 5-partite ; segments ovate-obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 5. Eudi- ment of gynaeceum conoid small densely lanate. Female cahyx shortly unequal-4-lobed, campanulate, soon (owing to 1 -laterally much accrete tube) gibbous ; limb altogether lateral subanatropous 1 Black, brownish, or ivory-white. Mosc, xix. (1846), 509. — Hyrtanandra Miq., 2 Spec. about 35. L.,Fl. Zegl.,n. 371 {Parie- PI. Jungh., i. 25; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 260. tana). — Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 587 ( Urtica). — 4 Spec, about 12. Roxb., Fl. Ind., iii. 573 Benn., PI. Jav. Bar., 67. — Benth., Niger, 518; (Urtica). — Wight, Icon., vi. 36 (Pouzolzia). — Fl. Hongkong., 331.— Wight, Icon., vi. n. 36, Benn., PI. Jav. Far., 66 (Pouzolzia). — Hassk., 44, 45. t. 1779 bis, 1980, 2098-2100.— Miq., Fl. Cat. Hort. Bogor., 80.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 260. — Bl., Hits. Lugd.-Bat., Nat., ser. 4, i. 205 (Pouzolzia). — Bl., Mus. ii. 193, 230, 236. — De Solms, in Schweinf. Beitr. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 239 (Pouzolzia). — Benth., Fl. z. Fl. Mth., 889. Hongkong., 332. 3 In Wall. Cat., n. 1598, 4601.— Wedd., 5 Yog. Bonite, Bot., t. 89.— Wedd., Monogr., Monogr., 415, t. 13, B; Prodr., 235 2, 235 63.— 439, t. 16, C; Prodr., 235M. Qonostegia Turcz., in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. UBTIGACE^J. 529 mouth contracted ; lobes subconnivent. Germen included in calyx stipitate broadly elliptical oblique ; ovule suberect ; funicle short ascending ; stigma sessile penicillate-capitate persistent. Achene oblique smooth, laxly included in accrete fleshy succulent calyx ; seed...? — A shrub; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed serrulate, hoary below ; cystoliths punctiform hardly conspicuous ; stipules 2, connate to 1, axillary or axillary-lateral 2-fid ; flowers glomerate- spicate ; spikes axillary solitary or paired ; males lax ; females very dense (India1). 21? Poikilospermum Zipp.2 — "Flowers dioecious. Male calyx campanulate, 4-fid ; lobes ovate, valvate. Stamens 4. Eudiment of gynseceum obconical glabrous. Female calyx obconical campanu- late ; mouth very minutely 4-denticulate. Germen altogether included in calyx; stigma sessile capitellate peltate, minutely papillose. Achene baccate, embraced at base by finally accrete fleshy cupulate calyx. Seed of the same form ; albumen scanty. — A shrub; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed; stipules axillary; flowers frequently dichotomously cymose "3 (Amboijna Islands, Ceram4). 22 ? Laurea Gaudich.5 — Flowers dioecious. Segments of male calyx 4, rather obtuse puberulous, imbricate ? Stamens 4. Rudi- ment of gynseceum lanceolate, hairy at base, rather long-acuminate- attenuate hispid at apex. Female flower...? — A rather glabrous shrub (aspect of Piper) ; leaves opposite petiolate, slightly unequal in same pair, inequilateral entire, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths 0 (?) ; stipules axillary entire, deciduous ; male flowers in very dense spikes, simple or subsimple, axillary, 2-nate6 (Guiana'). 23. Cypholophus Wedd.3 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male cal}rx 4 -partite ; segments mucronate or bare under apex, 1 Spec. 1. S. pulckerrima Gaudich., Ioc. cit. — MiQ., Fl. Incl. Bat., i. p. ii. 2fil. — Urtica pulcherrima Roxb., FL Ind., iii. 587. 2 Ex Miq,, iu Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 203. — Wedd., Frodr., 235 15. 3 A genus differing, according to Miq., from Sarcochlamys in its regular female calyx. 4 Spec. 1. P. amboinense Zipp., Ioc. cit. 6 Toy. Coq., Bot., t. 88. — Wedd., Monogr., 443, t. 12, D ; Frodr., 23514. VOL. TTT. 6 A genus too imperfectly known, placed among SarcocJilamgdere, from a certain similarity to Sarcochlamys. (Wedd.) 7 Spec. 1. L. tiluefolia Gaudich., Ioc. cit. — < Piper tiliafolium Desvx., in Ham. Frodr. Fl. Ind. Occ, 4. — Mtq., Syst. Piperac, 551. — C. DC, Frodr., xvi. 379, 388. 8 Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 198; Monogr., 433, t. 12, C ; Frodr., 235 9. M M 630 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gynawenm obovoid, glabrous except at sparingly hairy base. -Female calyx tubular-ventncose ; mouth contracted, 2-4- unequal-dentate. Germen included, free from or scarcely adhering to calyx, sessile oblong ; ovule suberect ; stigma filiform much incurved; convexity hairy or subplumose. Achene obovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes lenticular, clothed with accrete, baccate or rather fleshy, compressed or angulate calyx; pericarp crustaceous, hence often thickened under apex. Seed sub- erect ; albumen not scarce; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo elliptical, a little longer than radicle.— Small trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite petiolate, usually inequilateral and heteromorphous, den- tate-serrate ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules free axillaiy-lateral, deciduous; flowers glomerate; glomeruli axillary, 1 -sexual or more rarely androgynous capituliform ; females very dense, finally amplexicaul; bracts go, scarious1 {Oceania, Malaysia"). 24. Touchardia Gaudich.3 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx nearly of Cypholophus, 5-merous ; rudiment of gynseceum shortly clavate glabrous. Female calyx subcampanulate, 4-lobed ; lobes more or less unequal, angulate, sometimes cucullate, rather fleshy. Germen subequal to calyx, ovoid straight ; ovule oblique more or less inflexed on ascending funicle ; stigma spathulate, on one face and edges rather long-papillose. Achene ovoid ventricose smooth, for a long time clothed with accrete fleshy calyx. — A shrub ; leaves alternate crenate, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary broad entire, subpersistent ; flowers crowded pedicellate in capitula terminating an axillary simple forked or 2-chotomously branching peduncle ; bracts linear4 {Sandwich Islands5). 25. Neraudia Gaudich.6 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4- partite ; segments ovate-acute rather fleshy, valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gynaeceum narrowly conical densely lanate. Female 1 A genus with aspect of Bahmeria, also 3 Toy. Bon., Bot„ t. 94. — Wedd., Monogr., allied by its inflorescence to Touchardia, but 441, t. 13, C ; Prodr., 235 13. owing to its distinct stigma, and its fructiferous 4 A genus by its inflorescence strongly allied baccate calyx, placed among Sarcochlamydece. to Ci/pholophvs, by its female calyx (rather 2 Spec. 9. Seem., Fl. Vit, 242, t. 62 (Bath. young) to Sarcoehlamys. meria). — Be, Hius. Lugd.-Bat., 207 (Boehmeria). 5 b'pec. 1. T. latifolia Gaudich., loc. cit. — Miq., Fl. hid. Bat., i. p. ii. 209, 251 (Bah- 6 Voy. JJran., But., 500, t. 117.— Wedd. meria), 262. Monogr., 437, t. 12, A ; Prodr., 235 lfi. VUTIGAGEM. 531 calyx tubular- ventricose, tapering at apex ; mouth contracted sub-4- dentate. Germen included sessile ovoid ; ovale erect ; funicle short ; stigma elongated-filiform, articulate at glabrous base, deciduous, in other parts villous. Achene depressed-conical, often lobulate at base, included in accrete fleshy globuliform calyx; embryo...? — Shrubs; "juice milky;" leaves petiolate alternate equilateral entire, 3-ribbed ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules axillary small ; flowers in axillary, usually few-flowered glomeruli1 {Sandwich Islands2). 26. Villebrunea Gaudich.5 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4- partite ; segments ovate-acute, rather hispid outside, valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gynaeceum obovate-clavate, lanate at base. Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; limb very small, 4-5-dentate. Germen adnate to calyx ; ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma sub- discoid subpeltate, long papillose-ciliate at edge. Achene subnuca- mentaceous, clothed outside by a fleshy ventricose stratum, obsoletely angulate (formed of adnate accrete calyx and simulating sarcocarp). Seed erect ; albumen not scanty ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo elliptical, subequal to radicle. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alter- nate, entire or crenulate, penniveined or 3-ribbed, glabrous or pubescent ; stipules connate to 1, axillary, 2-fid ; flowers in capitula or dense glomeruli, terminating simple, fasciculate, forked or 2- chotomous peduncles ; bracts numerous involucrant coalite around female flower to finally much accrescent fleshy cupuie {India, Malaysia, Oceania*). 27. Debregeasia Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 3- or more often 4-partite ; segments convex behind, shortly acuminate, valvate. Stamens 3, 4. Rudiment of gynpsceum ellips- oid apiculate, lanate at base. Female calyx ventricose-tubular; 1 A genus especially distinguished from pre- Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. Akad. fViss., iv. 3 ceding genus by its early deciduous stigma. (part.). '■ Spec. 2. Hook. & Abn., Voy. Beech., Bot. 4 tpec. 6-8. Bl., Bijdr., 506 ( Urtica) ; 96 (Buehmeria). — Meyen, Beis., ii. 124. — Mus. Imgd.-Bat., ii. 166. — Benth., FL Hung- Gaudich., Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 133. kong., 332.— Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 3 Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 91, 92. — Wedd., Mon- 195. — Hassk., Hort. Bog., 79 (Boehmeria). ogr., 451, t. 15, C ; Prodr., 235 m. — Oreocnide 3 Voy. Bon., Bot., t. 90. — Wedu., Monogr., Miq„ PI. Jungh., i. 39 ; Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 459, 1. 14, 15, A ; Prodr., 235 23.— Sieb. & Zucc., 269. Morocarpus Sieb. & Zucc, in Munch. in Munch. Abh. d. Math.-Phys. Kl. Akad. M iss , iv. 3 (part.). M M 2 532 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. month contracted, 4-dentate. Germen obovate-oblong, subadnate to calyx; ovule suberect; funicle short; stigma sessile penicillate- capitate. Achene nucamentaceous, fleshy outside and clothed in accrete baccate adnate obovate calyx. Seed erect ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo small subrotundate, nearly as long as conoid radicle. — Shrubs; leaves alternate serrate, often wrinkled, ashy or white-tomentose beneath; stipules axillary, 2-fid ; flowers at apices of twigs of forked or 2-chotomous peduncle ; males glomeru- late ; females capitellate ; glomeruli and capitula solitary or paired ; receptacle hardly fleshy ; peduncles paired in each axil, sparsely bracteolate (Abyssinia, India, Malaysia1). 28. Pipturus Wedd.2 — Flowers dioecious. Male calyx 4, 5- lobed ; lobes ovate-acute. Stamens 4, 5. Rudiment of gynseceum clavate lanate. Female calyx ovoid-ventricose, gradually taper- ing above ; mouth contracted very small, 4-5-denticulate. Germen of same shape as and adnate to calyx ; ovule erect ; funicle short ; stigma elongate-filiform, articulated at base, very caducous, hence glabrous. Achene nucamentaceous, closely enveloped in accrete baccate ventricose adnate calyx (?). Seed erect ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons of rather fleshy embryo ovate or elliptical a little longer than radicle. — Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rather glabrous or more often downy or tomentose ; leaves alternate petiolate equilateral, entire or dentate, 3 -ribbed ; often greyish, 3-ribbed beneath ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules 2, axillary con- nate to one deeply 2-fid ; flowers closely glomerulate or capitate ; inflorescences axillary or interruptedly spicate ; spikes sometimes 2-stichously branching ; female receptacle finally fleshy moriform ; bracts co , small hirsute (Oceania, Malaysia, Mascarene Islands*). 29. Maoutia Wedd.4 — Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Male 1 Spec. 5. Bl, Mns. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 155 3Ius. Lugd.-Bat., ii. f 14. — Pretoria H. By., (Morocarpus). — Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 272 M. Gen. Fuphorbiac ., 469. (Morocarpus) ; PI. Jungh., i. 36 (Leucocnide).— 3 Spec. 8. Poir., Diet., iv. 644, n. 38 (Ur- Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 195 {Mis. tica).— Hook. & Aen., Voy. Beech., Bot., 96 siessya).— Wight., Icon., vi. 7, t. 1959 (Cono- {Buehmeria).—^., Bijdr., 497, 501 ( Urtica) ; cepkah -flowered ; herbaceous bracts 1-3, involucrant {Temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres). See p. 504. 34. Hemistylis Benth.2 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 4-par- tite ; segments acute, valvate. Stamens 4. Rudiment of gymeceum obovate, lanate at base. Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; mouth contracted, 4-dentate. Germen ovoid-lanceolate free ; ovule erect ; style filiform, straight or incurved, sometimes stigmatose from base to apex, articulate at base, soon deciduous. Achene compressed, for 1 Spec. 9. Wedd., in Ann. Se. Nat., ser. 4, i. (Urtica). — Miq., Fl. hid. Bat., i. p. ii. 284.— 195; Monogr., 465, t. 15, fig. IS (Missiessi/a). — Seem., Fl. Tit., 214 (Missiessya). El., Bijdr., 498 ( Urtica) ; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 2 Plant. Kartweg,, 123. — Wedd., Monogr., t. 24 (Touchardia).— Roxb., Fl. Ltd., iii. 589 524, t. 18, C ; Prod,:, 235 5I. 536 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. a long time clothed in calycle and much compressed persistent calyx, meinbranous-marginate, by one face adherent to tube of involucre, by other connate to calyx of adjacent flower.1 Seed erect; albumen scanty ; cotyledons quadrate-orbicular, emarginate at both ends, longer than ovoid radicle. — Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate full, more often entire, 3-costate or 3-plicostate; c}7stolithspunctiform; stipules axillary free, caducous ; male flowers in spiked glomeruli ; females in 2-flowered small cymes ; male glomeruli (sometimes with few flowers) in axils of small subscarious bracts ; female eymules involucrate at base of male spike, or sessile in axils of higher leaves of branch, more rarely constituting distinct inflorescence ; bracts of involucre 2, broadly ovate with linear lobule on both sides at bottom of narrowed base, connate into a short tube ; receptacle of involucre sometimes more or less produced between fruits (Columbia2). 35? Rousselia Gaudich.3 — Flowers monoecious. Male flowers nearly of Ilemistylis ; rudiment of gynseceum narrow conical or rather terete. Female calyx ventricose-tubular ; mouth contracted, 2-4- dentate. Germen ovoid free ; ovule erect ; style filiform incurved, articulate at base, 1 -laterally4 papillose-plumose. Achene compressed, for a long time clothed in developed involucre, and narrowly mem- branous marginate by compressed accrete calyx, which is sometimes coherent with upper excavated surface of involucre. Seed erect; embryo scantily albuminous (of Hemistylis). — A perennial herb, sometimes suffruticose at base ; stem slender creeping ; leaves alternate entire, 3-ribbed ; stipules free petiolar, persistent ; flowers cymulose in its higher leaves ; small cymes rather laxly few-flowered, exinvolucrate ; females 2-flowered involucrate ; bracts of involucre 2, sessile, broadly ovate entire ; female receptacle compressed disciform, bearing hori- zontally patent or diverging flowers on both faces5 (Antilles*). 1 Very often nfterwards splitting from base to 4 "Behind." (Wedd.) apex on either edge. s Allied to preceding by character of calyx, 2 Spec. 4. Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Wat., ser. 4, i. differing in inflorescence and involucre. 208.- Miq., in Mart. Fl. Bras., Urtic., 193. « Spec. 1. P. lappulacea Gaudich., loc. cit.— 6 Toy. Uran., Bot., 503; Voy. Bon., But., t. Griseb., Fl. Brit. IV.-lnd., 159; Cat. PI. Cub^ 98.— Wedd., Monogr., 527, t. 18, D; Prodr., 60.— Ur.'ic, lappulacea Sw., Fl. Ind.Occ'., 37.— 235 ° • U. humilis Sw., loc. cit. URTICACE2E. 637 V. FORSKOHLE.E. 36. Forskohlea L. — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx 1-phyllous, narrowly tubular at base, obtusely 3-dentate at dilate apex, longi- tudinally open behind, hence bracteiform. Stamen 1, anterior ; filament incurved ; anther introrse 2-celled, 2-rimose. Female catyx, like male, anterior bracteiform. Grermen free ; style filiform, villous- hispidateat stigmatose apex ; ovule 1, ascending, orthotropous. Fruit dry straight compressed punctulate, covered with cottony wool ; seed suberect ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo subrotundate, emarginate at base, longer than radicle. — Undershrubs or herbs, tough, some- times {Euforskoldea) covered with hamate hairs ; leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, crenate or dentate ; cystoliths punctiform ; stipules lateral free ; flowers in campanulate or turbinate involucres ; males more numerous peripheral, or more rarely 0 ; females few (1-6) central ; bracts of involucre 2-6, nearly free or more rarely {Broguetia) more or less highly connate {South Eurojje, warm Africa, South-west Asia). See p. 506. 37. Distemon Wedd.1 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx sub- infundibuliform, bipartite ; segments equal entire shortly acuminate. Stamens 2. Rudiment of gynaeceum linear lanate. Female calyx tubular-ventricose, adnate to germen ; limb very small denticulate. Germen straight oblong-lanceolate ; ovule suberect ; funicle very short ; style linear, articulate at base, soon deciduous, sometimes stigmatose-papillose from base to apex. Fruit simple or double,2 nucamentaceous, clothed in persistent finally rather fleshy ovate calyx, adnate outside.3 Seed erect ; cotyledons of albuminous embryo quad- rate-rotundate, longer than conical radicle. — A perennial herb; stem erect ; leaves alternate largely serrate, 3-ribbed ; stipules lateral free ; flowers in small-flowered, often 3-flowered, exinvolucrate laxly spicate glomeruli; females often 2-nately concrete {East India, Java*). 38. Australina Gaudich.5 — Flowers monoecious. Male cal}7x 1 Monoqr., 550, t. 20, A ; Prodr., 234 62. Fl. Ind. Bat., i. p. ii. 275. — Urtica grossa 2 That is formed from 2 concrete flowers. Wall., Cat., n. 4615. 3 Whence spuriously drupaceous. 5 Vby. Uran., Bot., 505. — Wedd., Monogr., * Spec. 1. D. grossum Wedd., Prodr., loc. 543, t. 20, C; Prodr., 235 M. cit. — D. indicum Wedd., Monogr., 551. — Miq., 538 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. gamophyllous, infundibuliform or subcampanulate, unequal-2-lipped ; exterior lip longer inflexed in bud. Stamen 1. Female calyx ventri- cose-tubular ; limb sub-5-dentate. Germen straight; ovule erect; funicle short or 0 ; style linear, sometimes more villous. Achene ovate included in persistent calyx. Seed erect ; albumen scanty ; coty- ledons broadly elliptical, longer than conical radicle. — Perennial herbs ; stem creeping ; leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, petio- late, serrate or crenate, 3 -ribbed ; stipules lateral petiolar, connate interpetiolar leaf-opposed in some plants ; flowers in cymes or few- flowered, sometimes I -flowered, exinvolucrate glomeruli; small female cymes sessile, sometimes 1 -flowered; males pedunculate, 2-flowered (Australia, Tasmania, New-Zealand, Abyssinia1). 39. Didymodoxa E. Met.2 — Flowers monoecious. Male calyx subbracteiform, shortly tubular at base, cucullate acuminate at apex; edges ciliate closely connivent in lanceolate bud. Stamen 1. Female calyx 0. Germen straight ; ovule erect ; stigma subcapitate or shortly filiform, sometimes incurved, rather villous. Achene ovate suboblique compressed, hence rather thick-keeled. Seed erect; albumen scanty ; cotyledons rotundate subequal to terete radicle. — Annual diffuse branching herbs ; leaves alternate, entire or crenate, 3-ribbed ; stipules petiolar scarious ciliate ; flowers in axillary exinvolucrate androgynous glomeruli ; females sometimes 2-nately concrete3 (Cape of Good Hope4). 1 Spec. 3. Poie., Diet., Supp]., iv. 224, n. 2 In Fxs. Drege (ex Wedd., Jlonogr., 547, t. 16 (Urtica).—A. Rich., Fl. Abyss. Tent., ii. 20, E ; Prodr., 235 6'). 259 (Pouzohia). — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3 A genus very near Avstralina, differing in 4, i. 212.— F. Muell., Syst. Ind. PI. Vict., 18.— androgynous inflorescence and female calyx 0. Hook, f., FL Nov.-Zel., 225; Fl. Tasman., i. * Spec. 3. Thuxb., Prodr., 31 {Parietaria) ? 345. — Wedd., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, i. 212 (Aus- tralina). INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. Abrophyllum,HooK. F.,359, 440 Abuta, Bark., 5, 33 Aceranthus, Morr. & Dcne,56 Achlys, DC, 61, 75 Achudeniia, Bl, 525 Acinotum, DC, 234 Ackania, A. Cunn, 378, 450 Acrocarpidium, Miq., 473 Acropbyllum, Benth, 377, 450 Adamia, Wall., 343 Adeliopsis, Benth., 18 Adenocheton, Fenzl , 2 Adlumia, Bafin., 123, 142 iEonium, Webb, 30S iEthionema, B. Br., 289 Agallis, Phil., 210 A?onolobus, C A. Met., 237 Aiohryson, Webb., 308 Aithales, Webb , 305 Aizopsis, DC, 269 Akebia, Dcne, 46, 72 Alandina, Neck., 161 Alliaria, A dans., 236 Alloceratium.HooK.F. & Thoms, 234 Altingia, Noronh., 396 Alyssopsis, Boiss., 268 Alyssurn, L, 267 Ammosperma, Hook, f., 276 Anacanipseros, T., 306 Anadopodophyllum, T., 58 Anamirta, Colebr, 15, 40 Anasfatica, L., 235 Anchonium, DC, 248 Andrzejowskiq, Reichb, 232 Auelasma, Miers, 5 Auemia, Nutt, 468 Anemiopsis, Hook.& Arn.,468, 492 Anictoclea, Nimmo, 404 Anneslea, Andr, 86 Anodopetaluui, A. Cunn, 376, 448 Anoma, Lour., 161 Anomalos-tenion, Kl., 146 Anomospennum, Miers, 6, 34 Anopterus, Labill., 357, 439 Autiphylla, Haw., 323 Antitaxis, Miers, 19 Autizoma, Miers, 16 Apabuta, Griseb., 8 Aplianopetalum, Endl., 375, 448 Aphragmus, Andrz, 236 Aplectrocapnos, Boiss., 125 Apophyllum, F. Muell., 154, 173' Apopiper, C. DC, 472 Arabidopsis, Schur, 236 Arabis, L., 229 Arctomecon, Torr., 106 Argemoue, T., Ill, 138 Argophyllum, Forst., 351, 436, Arietaria, Sternb., 325 Arkopoda, Bafin., 294 Armoracia, G.ertn., Mey. & Schreb., 270 Arnoldia, Bl., 371 Artanthe, Miq., 472 Ascarina, Forst., 479, 495 Aspidocarya,HooK.F. & Thoms., 14, 40 Astilbe, Hamilt., 330, 424 Abtrocarpus, Neck., 291, 302 Astrocoma, Neck, 383 At.alanta, Nutt., 146 Atamisquea, Miers, 153, 172 AUlantliera, Hook. f. & Thoms., 227, 231 Aubrieta, Adans., 272 Aubrietia, DC, 272 Audouinia, Ad. Br., 384, 454 Australiua, Gaudich., 538 Bancroftia, Macf., 128 Barbarea, R. Br., 228 Barclaya, Wall., 85, 102 Bateriuin, Miers, 8 Batschia, Thunb., 5 Bauera, Banks, 368, 444 Beautenipsia, Gaudich., 153 Beckea, Burm., 382 Belangera. Cambess., 374 Belbarnosia, Sarrac, 113 Berardia, Ad. Br., 383 Berardia, Harv. & Sond., 3S3 Berberidopsis, Hook, f., 49, 73 Berberis, L., 49, 73 Bereuice, Tul., 352, 436 Bergenia, Moinch., 323 Bergeretia, Desvx., 257 Berteroa, DC, 268 Berzelia, Ad. Br., 384, 454 Bicuculla, Borkh., 123 Billardiera, Sm., 363, 443 Biscutella, L., 281 Bistella, Del., 332 Bivonea, DC, 289 Blennodia, B. Br, 275 Blondea, Neck, 328 Bocconia, Plum, 114, 139 Boelimeria, Jacq, 527 Boissiera, Domb, 43 Bolaudra, A. Gray, 329, 424 Boleum, Desvx, 264 Bongardia, C A. Mey., 54 Bouuauia, Presl, 191 Boquila, Dcne, 44 Boraphila, Engl, 325 Boreava, Jaub. & Spach, 259 Boscia, Lamk, 157, 175 Botrycarpum, A. Rich, 367 Botryopsis, Miers, 8 Boykinia, Nutt, 329, 423 Brachycarpsea, DC, 2S4 Brachylobos, Schur, 228 Brachynema, F. Muell, 359 Bracliypus, Ledeb, 199 Brachystachys, C DC, 473 Bradypiptum, DC, 283 Brasenia, Schreb, 81, 101 Brassica, T, 244 Braunea, W., 6 Braya, Sternb. & HoprE, 236 Breynia, Plum, 152 Breyniasfruin, DC, 152 Brexia, Dup.-Th, 355, 439 Brcssardia, Boiss, 281 Broussaisia, Gaudich, 343, 431 Brunia, Burm, 381, 453 Bryophyllum, Salisb, 310, 321 Buchiugera, Boiss. & Hohen, 273 Bucklandia, R. Br, 396, 460 Bulbocapnos, Bernh, 123 Bulliarda, DC, 313 Bunias, R. Br., 264 Burasaia, Dup.-Th, 14, 39 Bursaria, Cav, 362, 442 Busbeckia, Endl, 152 540 IXDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. Biuhia, Bge., 147 Caapeba, Plum., 16 Cabomba, Aubl., 79, 100 Cadaba, Foksk, 156, 174 Caidjeba, Forsk, 507 Cakile, T., 251 Calanchoe, Pers, 310 Calantbea, DC, 153 Caldcluvia, Don, 376, 449 Calepina, Adans, 259 CalJianira, Miq., 473 Callicoma, Andr, 3S1, 452 Callipbyilum, Gaud., 325 Calobotrya, Spach, 367 Calopetalon, Haw., 362 Calosantbes, Haw., 311 Caiycocarpum, Nutt, 13, 38 Calycomis, Don, 377 Calycomis, E. Br., 381 Camelina, Crantz, 273 Campylantbera, Hook., 364 Campyloptera, Boiss, 290 Cannabina, T., 402 Cannabis, P. Alp., 402 Capnoides, Boerh., 123 Capnorchis, Pl., 122 Capparidastrum, DC, 152 Capparis, T., 149, 172 Capsella, Mcench, 286 Carara, Cesalp., 285 Cardamine, T., 230 Cardaminum, DC, 228 Cardamon, DC, 283 Cardaria, Desyx, 283 Cardiandra, Sieb. & Zucc, 342 Carpenteria, Torr., 347, 433 Carpoceras, Boiss., 204 Carpodetus, Eorst, 352, 436 Carponema, Eckl. & Zeyh., 250 Carpunya, Presl, 472 Carrichtera, Adaxs, 277 Castalia, Salisb., 83 Cathcartia, Hook, p., 112, 13S Caulobryon, Kl., 469 Caulopbyllum, Michx, 54 Caylusea, A. S. H., 299, 303 Cebatba, Forsk, 2 Cepbalotus, Labill., 335, 42S Cerastitcs, Gray, 110 Ceratocapnos, Dur, ]23 Ceratopetalum, Sai, 375, 447 Ctiiatopbyllum, L., 479, 495 Cerciaiphylliim, Sieb. & Zucc, 405 Cerophyllum, Spach, 367 Clntinabaina, Wight, 504 Cliamffiplium, Spach, 236 Chamira, Thunb, 244 Cbartoloma, Bge., 197 Cliasnianthera, Hochst, 11, 37 Cbavica, Miq , 473, 494 Cheirantbera, A. Cunn., 363 Cheiranthus, T., 179, 227 Cheiri,DC, 182, 443 Cheiroides, DC, 182 Cbeiropsis, C A. Mey., 237 Chelidonium, T., 115,139 Chiazosperrnum, Bernh., 122 Chilocalyx, Kl., 146 Cblorautbus.Sw, 475, 494 Chondodendron, R. & Pav, 8, 35 Cbondrosea, Haw., 323 Chorispora, DC, 249 Cboristylis, Harv., 355, 438 Cbristolea, Cambess, 239 Cbronobium, DC, 30 S Chryseis, Lindl., 117 Chrysobotrya Spach, 367 Cbrysocamela, B.iss, 271 Chrysodraba, DC, 269 Chrysogonum, Rauw., 54 Cbrysosplenium, T., 327, 421 Ciliaria, Haw., 323 Cissampelos, L., 16, 41 Citbareloma, Bge., 233 Citriobatus, A. Cunn., 364, 443 Clambus, Miers, 19 Claudestinaria, Spach, 228 Clastopus, Bge., 271 Cleome, L., 144, 171 Cleomella, DC, 147 Closteraudra, Bel., 106 Clypeola, L., 257 Coccobryon, Kl., 469 Cocculidium, Spach, 2 Cocculus, Bauh., 1, 32 Cocblearia, L., 270 Codia, Forst., 379, 452 Cogylia, Mol, 43 Colicodeudron, Mart., 153 Colombo, H. Bx., 13 Colpopodium, Wall., 355 Coluteocarpus, Boiss., 272 Combesia, A. Rich, 313 Conringia, Reichb., 236 Cordylocarpus, Desf, 252 Coieosma, Spach, 367 Coruidia, R. & Pav., 341 Coronopus, Hall, 285 Corydalis, DC, 123, 142 Corylopsis, Sieb. & Zucc, 3S8, 456 Corynandra, Schrad, 146 Coiynelobos, Koeji, 186 Coscinium, Colebr, 15, 40 Cossonia, Dur, 24S Cotylea, Haw, 323 Cotyledon, Gaud, 325 Cotyledon, L, 309, 321 Cotyliscus, Desvx, 2S5 Courbonia, Ad. Br, 159 Crambe, T, 252 C'assouvia, Commers, 310 Crassula, L, 311, 322 Crata;va; L, 156, 175 Cremolobus, DC, 282 Crenularia, Boiss, 257 Creodus, Lour, 476 Cristatella, Nutt, 147 Crypbsea, Hamilt, 475 Cryptoceras, Schott, 123 Cryptopetalum, Hook. & Arn., 331 Crypt ospora, Kar. & Kir, 247 Cubeba, Miq., 472 Cunonia, L, 369, 445 Curtogyne, Haw, 314 Cuspidaria, DC, 237 Cuttsia, P. MutLL, 359, 441 Cyamus, Sm, 77 Cyanitis, Reinw, 343 Cyclea, Arn, 18, 41 Cyclopterygiuin, Hochst, 287 Cycloptycbis, E. Mey, 263 Cymatoptera, Turcz, 290 Cymbalaria, Gaud, 325 Cynocardamuui, Webb, 2 S3 Cynophalla, DC, 152 Cypbolopbus, Wedd, 529 Cyrbasium, Endl, 147 Cysticapaos, Boerh., 123 Cystocarpum, Spach, 271 Dactylsena, Schrad, 147 Dactylicapnos, Wall, 122 Dactyloides, Tausch, 325 Dablia, Tuunb, 390 Danielia, DC, 314 Dailmgtonia, Torr, 90, 103 Datisca, L, 402, 463 Davidsonia, E. Muell, 378, 451 Debregeasia, Gaudich, 531 Decaisnea, Hook. f. & Tuons, 44,71 Decaptera, Turcz, 291 Decastemon, Kl, 146 Decumaria, L, 346, 432 Detforgia, Lamk, 351 Deilosina, Spach, 2 i_' Deltocarpus, Lher, 260 Deudiociiide, MlQ., 519 Dendromecou, Benth.,119, 141 Dentaria, L, 230 Dermasea, Haw, 323 Descurainia, Webb, 236 Debiuoearpus, Wall, 156 Destru-esia, Gaudich, 153 Detandra, Miers, 8 Deutzia, Thuxb, 343, 431 Diamorpba, Nutt, 306 Diania, Noronh, 389 Diantbera, Kl, 146 Diastrophis, Fisch., 2S9 Diceutra, Borku, \z2, 141 Diceratella, Boiss, 232 Diceratium, Lag, 232 Dicbonangia, Michel, 353 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. 541 Dichotophyllum, Dill., 480 Dichroa, Lour., 343, 431 Dichroautbus, Webb., 182 Diclytra, DC, 122 Diconangia, Michel., 353 Dicorypha, Spreng., 389, 392 Dicorypbe, Dup.-Th., 389, 45G Dicranostie;ma, Hook. f. & Thoms., 112 Didesmus, Desvx., 252 Didymodoxa, E. Mey., 538 Didymogyne, Wedd., 508 Didymopbysa, Boiss., 282 Dieterica, Ser., 376 Dileptium, DC, 2S3 Dilophia, Thoms., 288 Diinorphopetalum, Bert., 310 Diinorphophyllum, H. Bn., 55 Dinacria, Harv., 314 Dipetalia, Rapin., 299 Diphylleia, Micnx., 60,^75 Diploclisia, Miers, 2 Diplotaxis, DC, 192 Diptera, Borkh., 323 Dipterygium, Dcne., 256 Diptychocarpus, Trautv., 234 Dirbynchosia, Bl., 378 Disanthus, Maxim., 393, 459 Disciphania, Eichl., 19 Discocapnos, Cham., 125 Discocarpus, Liebm., 519 Discoviurn, Rapin., 211 Discurea, Schur., 235 Dispeltophorus, Lehm., 290 Disporocarpa, 0. A. Mel, 313 Disporocarppea, C A. Mey., 314 Dissopetalum, Miers, 16 Distenion, Wedd., 537 Distomanthera, Turcz., 405 Distylium, Sieb. & Zucc., 392, 458 Ditliyrea, Harv.,2S1 Dolichostylis, Turcz., 269 Dollineria, Salt., 269 Donatia, Forst., 332, 427 Dontostemon, Andrz., 241 Douepea, Cambess., 246 Draba, L.,269 Drabella, DC, 269 Drabopsis, C Koch., 236 Droguetia, Gaudich., 508 Drummondia, DC, 328 Dryopetalum, A. Gray, 230 Dubrueilia, Gaudich., 525 Dugagelia, Gaudich., 473 Dulougia, H.B. K., 354 Durandea, Delarbr., 194 Duretia, Gaudich., 502 Echeveria, DC, 309 Echtrus, Lour., Ill Elatostema, Forst., 523 Elisarrhena, Miers, 7 Ellimia, Nutt., 299 Ellipsaria, DC, 283 Emblingia, F. Muell., 158, 176 Enartbrocarpus, Labill., 251 Etickea, K., 472 Enneadynamis, Gesn., 337 Epibaterium, Forst., 2 Epimedium, T., 54, 74 Erasmia, Miq , 473 Eremobium, Hoiss., 242 Eremosyne, Endl., 332, 426 Eresda,' Spach, 294 Ermannia, Cham., 233 Erophila, DC, 269 Eruca, T., 245 Erucago, T., 265 Erucaria, G^frtn., 254 Erucastrum, Presl, 190 Erysimasfrum, C. A. Mey., 237 Erysimum, L., 237 Erytbrospermum, Lamk., 48, 72 Escallonia, L. fil., 34S, 434 Escbscholtzia, Cham., 118, 140 Euadenia, Oliv., 156, 175 Euaiyssum, H. Bn., 268 Eubrassica. H. Bn., 190 Eucadaba, Endl., 156 Euoapuos, Sieb. & Zucc, 122 Eucapparis. DC, 152 Eucbasmauthera, H. Bnt., 13 Euchloranthus, H. Bn., 477 Euclidium, R. Br., 262 Euclisia, Nutt., 230 Kucocculus, H. Bn., 4 Eucotyledon, H. Bn., 310 Eucrassula, H. Bn., 314 Eudema, H. B., 236 Euionopsidium, H. Bn., 286 Eumaerua, H. Bn., 159 Eunpadynamis, Gesn., 337 Eunomia, DC, 2S9 Eupiper, C DC, 472 Euryale, Salisb., 86, 102 Eustisjma, Gardn. & Champ., 390, 457 Eustreptantlius, Endl., 230 Entillfea, H. Bn., 314 Eutrema, R. Br., 236 Euzomodendron, Coss., 246 • Euzomum, Link., 245 Falklandina, H. Bn., 229 Farsetia, Turra., 266 Feudlera, Engelm. & Gray, 346, 432 Fibraurea Lour., 14, 39 Fleurya, Gaudich., 519 For^esia, Commers., 351, 435 Forskalea, J., 507 Forskholea, L., 508 Forsytbia, Walt., 346 Fortuynia, Shutt., 254 Fothergilia, L., 392, 459 Franciscea, DC, 312 Francoa, Cav., 339, 429 Freirea, Gaudich., 504 Fumaria, T., 125, 142 Geissois, Labill., 374, 447 Geococcus, J. Drumm., 274 Geryonia, Schr., 323 Gesuouiuia, Gaudich., 506 (nllbeea. F. Muell., 377, 450 Girardiuia, Gaudich., 522 Glastaria, Boiss., 260 Glaucium, T., 116, 140 Glaucoreseda, DC, 298 Globulea, Haw., 314 Glyce, Lindl., 268 Glycoxylon, Chapel., 389 Goldba'cbia, DC, 249 Gonostegia, Turcz., 528 Graellsia, Boiss., 272 Grammanthes, DC, 312 Graveuborstia, Nees, 384 Greenovia, Webb., 307 Greggia, A. Gray, 239 Grossularia, A. Rich, 364 Grossularia, T., 364 Gesnouinia, Gaudich., 504 Guiraoa, Coss., 254 Gumillea, R. & Pav., 374, 447 Gynmogouia, R. Br., 147 Gymnospermium, Spach, 54 Gymnotbeca, Dcne., 468, 493 Gynandropsis, DC, 147 GyrotEenia, Griseb., 521 Haematocarpus, Miers, 8, 35 Halimolobos, Tausch., 211 Hamamelis, L., 386, 455 Heckeria, K„ 472 Hedyosmum, Sw., 477, 495 Heldreichia, Boiss., 282 Heliamphora, Benth., 91, 103 Heliopbila, L., 244 Helophytum, Eckl. & Zeyh., 313 Helxine, Req., 504 Hemicrambe, Webb., 253 Hemistylis, Benth., 535 Henonia, Coss., 246 Henopbyton, Coss. & Dur., 246 Hermupoa, Lcefl., 155 Hesperis, L., 242 Hesperocuide, Torr. & Gray, 518 Heterodon, Meissn., 384 Heucbera, L., 328, 423 Hexaptera, Hook., 290 Hexastylis, Rafin., 299 Hierocboutis, Adans., 235 Hirculus, Haw., 323 Hirculus, Tausch., 325 Hirschfeldia, M(ench., 191 542 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA. Holarges, DC, 269 Holargidium, Turcz., 209 Holbcellia, Wall., 45, 72 Holopeira, Miers, 2 Holopetaluin, Turcz., 299 Homalodiscus, Bge., 299 Homback, Adans., 152 Homocnemia, Miers, 18 Hornungia, Reichb., 279 Hortensia, Commers., 341 Hoteia, Morr. & Dcne., 330 Houttuynia, Thunb., 467, 492 Hugueninia, Reichb., 236 Hunnemannia, Sweet, 119 Hussonia, Boiss., 251 Hutchinsia, R. Br., 279 Hydatica, Neck., 323 Hydrangea, L., 340, 430 Hydrocallis, Pl., 85 Hydroceratophyllum, Vaill., 480 Hydropeltis, L. C. Rich, 81 Hylomecon, Maxim., 112 Hymenolobus, Nutt., 286 Hymenophysa, C. A. Mey., 284 Hymenosporum, F. Muell., 362 Hypecoum, T., 120, 141 Hypelate, Sm., 161 Hyperanthera, Forsk., 161 Hyperbsena, Miers, 8 Hypserpe, Miers, 4 Hyrtanandra, Miq., 528 Iberidella, Boiss., 279 Ibeds, L., 278 Ileocarpus, Miers, 18 Ionopsidium, Reichb., 285 Irio, DC, 236 Isatis, T., 197, 255 Isomeria, Torr. & Grat, 325 Isomeris, Nutt., 147 Itea, L., 353, 437 Ixerba, A. Cunn., 358, 440 Ixiosporus, F. Muell., 364 Ixodia, Soland., 81 Jaborandi, Velloz, 490 Jacsonia, Rafin., 146 Jamesia, Torr. & Gray, 347, 433 Jateorbiza, Miers, 13 Jeffersonia, Bart., 59, 75 Jondraba, Webb., 281 Jovibarba, DC, 308 Kalanchoe, Adans., 310, 321 Kalenchoe, Haw., 310 Kalbsclria, Engl., 325 Kalosantbes, Haw., 312 Kardanoglyphos, Scultl., 230 Kernera, Medik., 270 Kibera, DC, 236 Kin?stonia, Gray, 323 Kladnia, Schur., 242 Koeuiga, R. Br., 268 Kremeria, Coss., 252 Labillardiera, RcEM. & Sch., 363 Lachnoloma, Bge., 264 Lajlia, Desvx., 264 Lagowskia, Trautv., 272 Lamanonia, Velloz, 374 Lanceolaria, DC, 244 Langeveldia, Gaudich., 523 Laportea, Gaudich., 519 Lardizabala, R. & Pav., 43, 71 Larockea, Pers., 314 Laurea, Gaudich., 529 Leseba, Forsk., 2 Leavenwortbia, Torr., 231 Lecanthus, Wedd., 526 Lecanociiide, Bl., 533 Leguephora, Miers, 3 Leiolobium, Reichb., 227 Leiospora, C. A. Mey., 233 Leontice, L., 53, 73 Leontopetalam, T., 53 Lepia, Desvx., 2S3 Lepidiastrum, DC, 283 Lepidium, L., 283 Lepidostemon, Hook. f. & Thoms., 241 Leptaleum, DC, 276 Leptarrhena, R. Br., 331, 425 Leptasea, Haw., 323 Leptocarpsea, DC, 236 Leptocnide, Bl., 527 Leptormus, Eckl. & Zeyh., 244 Lepuropetalou, DC, 331, 425 Leucocnide, Miq., 532 Leucococcus, Liebm., 527 Leucodraba, DC, 269 Leucoium, Mcench., 234 Leucouympbsea, Boerh., 83 Leucoreseda, DC, 298 Leucosinapis, Spach, 191 Leucosyke, Zoll. & Mor., 534 Levisanus, Schreb., 3S3 Liaupauke, Feutll., 339 Ligularia, Desvx., 323 Limacia, Laour., 2 Linconia, L., 384, 454 Lipopbragma, Schott. & Kotsch., 257 Liquidambar, L., 394, 460 Litbropbragma.ToRR. & Gr.,327 Lobaria, Haw., 323 Lobulavia, Desvx., 268 Lonchophora, Dur., 234 Lonchostotna, Wickstr., 384, 454 Loropetalum, R. Br., 388 Loropbyllum, Griff., 18 Lotos, Pl., 85 Loxostemon, Hook. f. &Thoms., 231 Lunaria, T., 199, 266 Luperia, DC, 234 Luteola, Bauh., 402 Luteola, DC, 297 Luteola, T., 294 Lyrocarpa, Harv., 280 Mricba3ropborus Schltl., 276 Maclaya, R. Br., 114 Macrocapnos, Royle, 122 Macroceras, Morr. & Dc\e., 55 Macroceratium, DC, 232 Macromerum, Burch., 156 Macropiper, Miq., 472 Macropodium, R. Br., 231 Mtcrostachys, C DC, 473 Ma3rua, Forsk., 158, 176 Maboni, Nutt., 52 Malcolmia, R. Br., 242 Mancoa, Wedd., 287 Mauoploga, Bge., 283 Maoutia, Wedd., 532 Margarella, B. H., 314 Margarocarpus, Wedd., 527 Marianthus, Hueg., 362, 442 Martiusia, Godr., 259 Mathewsia, Hook., 275 Mattbiola, R. Br., 234 Mattuschkia, Gmel., 465 Meconella, Nutt., 105 Mecouopsis, Wig., 110, 138 Megacarpaia, Boiss., 282 Megasea, Haw., 323 Melanosiuapis, Si'ENN., 191 Memorialis, Hamilt., 528 Meniocus, Desvx., 26S Meuispermum, T., 4, 32 Menkea, Lehm., 274 Menonvillea, DC, 290 Meridema, Don, 375 Micambe, Marcgr., 145 Microceras, Morr. & Dcne., 55 Microclisia, Benth., 9 Microlepidium, F. Muell., 286 Micropetalum, Tausch.,325 Microstigma, Trautv., 211, 234 Mildea, Griseb., 473 Miscopetalum, Haw., 323 Missiessya, Gaudich., 534 Mitella, T., 328, 422 Mitellopsis, Meissn., 328 Mnemosylla, Forsk., 120 Mollia, Gmel., 348 Mouanthes, Haw., 307 Morettia, DC, 232 Moricandia, DC, 246 Moriera, Boiss., 256 Moriuga, Burm., 161, 177 Morisia, J. Gay, 254 Morisouia, Plum., 153 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. 543 Moroearpus, Sieb. & Zucc, 531 Muldera, Miq., 473 Muricaria, Desvx., 252 Muscaria, Haw., 323 Myagrum, T., 260 Myosurandra, H. Bn., 400, 462 Myrioearpa, Benth., 533 Mjrothanmus, Welw., 402, 462 Nandin, K^empf., 57 Naudina, Tuukb., 57, 74 Nanocuide, Bl., 5 IS Nasturtiolum, Medik., 2S5 Nasturtiopsis, Boiss., 228 Nasturtium, R. Br., 227 Nebelia, Neck., 382 Neekeria, Scop., 123 Nectrisj Schkeb., 80 Nelumbium, J., 76 Nelumbo, T., 76, 100 Nematanthera, Miq., 473 Nenuphar, Hayn., 81 Nephroia, Lour., 2 Nephroica, Miers, 2 Nephrophyllum, Gaed., 325 Neraudia, Gaudich., 530 Neslia, Desvx., 262 Neurolama, Asdrz., 233 Niebuhria, DC, 159 Nigrina, Thonb., 475 NoccEea, Reichb., 286 Norta, Schur., 236 Northocnide, Bl., 532 Notoceras, 11. Br., 232 Notothlaspi, Hook, f., 2S7 Nuphar, Sm., 81, 101 Nympha?a, L., 83, 101 Nymphosauthes, Rich, 81 Obetia, Gaudich., 51 8 Ochradeuus, Del., 299, 303 Ochthodium, DC., 263 Octoceras, Bge., 265 Ootomeles, Miq., 405, 464 Odontarrhena, C. A. Met., 268 Odoutocarya, Miers, 14, 38 Odontocyclus, Turcz., 270 Odostemon, Rafin., 52 Oligomeris, Cambess., 299. 302 Oncosporum, Putterl., 362 Oreanthus, Rafin., 328 Oreas, Cham. & Schltl., 236 Oreocnide, Miq, 531 Oreosplenium, Zahlbr., 323 Oresitrophe, Bge., 329, 424 Orium, Desox., 257 Osmiscus, Eckl. & Zeth., 244 Orobium, Reiciib., 236 Orthoselis, Spach, 244 Orychophragmus, Bge., 247 Osterdyckia, Burm., 369 Ostrearia, H. Bn., 414 Othrys, Noronu., 156 Otocarpus, Dur., 252 Ottonia, Spreng., 473 Oudneya, R. Br., 246 Oxystylis, Torr. & Frem., 148 Pachyacris, B. H., 314 Pachycladon, Hook, f., 277 Pachvgone, Miers, 7, 35 Pachynotum, DC, 234 Pachv phylum, Kl., 309 Pachypodium, Nutt., 240 Pachy podium, Webb., 236 Pachypteris, Kar. & Kir., 255 Pachypterygiuin, Bge., 255 Pachvstylum, Eckl. & Zeyh., 244 Palmstruckia, Soxd., 262 Pancheria, Br. & Gr., 379, 452 Papaver, T., 106, 137 Paraboena, Miers, 14, 39 Parietaria, T., 504 Parlatoria, Boiss., 248 Parnassia, T., 337, 428 Parolinia, Webb., 233 Parrotia, C A. Mey., 391, 45S Parrya, E. Br., 233 Parvatia, Dcne., 44, 71 Pastorea, Todar, 2S6 Peautia, Commers., 341 Pectanisia, Rafin., 294 Pfllionia, Gaudich., 524 Pell aria, L., 258 Peltiphyllum, Engl., 325 Peitobryon, Kl., 473 Pendulina, Willk., 192 Penianthus, Miers, 19 Penthorum, L., 234, 427 Peperidia, Reichb., 475 Peperomia, R. & Pav., 473, 494 Teraphora, Miers, IS Pereiria, Lindl., 15 IVricampylus, Miers, 2 Perichasma, Miers., 18 Peritoma, DC, 146 Perrevmondia, Barn., 243 Petrocallis, R. Br., 269 Petrogeton, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314 Petropbyes, "Webb. & Berth., 308 Pbacocapnos, Bernh., 123 Plienax, Wedd., 534 Pbiladelphus, L., 344, 432 Phoenicaulis, Nutt., 183 Phillobryon, Miq., 473 Pbyllonoma, W., 354, 438 Physalidium, Eenzl., 284 Pbysanlhemum, Kl., 159 Pbysaria, Nutt., 271 Physocalycium, Vest., 310 Physolepidium, Schrenk., 2S3 Physoptychis, Boiss., 271 Physorhynchus, Hook., 253 Physostemon, Mart. & Zucc, 146 Phyfeuma, Magn., 294 Pilea, Lindl., 525 Pileostegia, Hook. f. & Thoms., 342, 431 Pinaria, DC, 234 Piper, Bl., 472 Piper, L., 469, 493 Piperoides, C. DC, 473 Pipturus, Wedd., 532 Pistorinia, DC, 309 Pittosporum, Banks, 360, 441 Piagiorhegma, J\Jaxim., 59 Platanus, T., 397, 461 Platycapnos, Bernh., 3 25 Platycrater, Sieb. & Zucc, 342, 430 Platylophus, Don, 376, 449 Platypetalum, R. Br., 236 Platyptelea, Drumm., 375 Platyspermum, Hook., 267 Platystemon, Benth., 104, 137 Platystigma, Benth., 105, 137 Pleogyne, Miers, 9, 36 Podogyne, Hoffmsg., 147 Podophyllum, L., 58, 74 Podoria, Pers., 157 Poikilospermum, Zipp., 529 Polanisia, Rafin., 146 Polyosma, Bl., 353, 437 Polypara, Lour., 46S Polysteruon, Don, 374 Porojhyllum, Gaud., 325 Porphyiocodon, Hook, f., 237 Potomorphe, Miq., 472 Pouzolsia, Gaudich., 527 Primula, Lour., 341 Priuglea, Hook, f., 271 Procrassula, Griseb., 305 Procris, Commers., 501 Pronaya, Hueg., 364, 413 Pselium, Lour., 19 Pseudoliuum, DC, 228 Psilonema, C A. Mey., 268 Psilostylum, DC, 236 Psychine, Desf., 288 Pteridophyllum, Sieb. & Zucc, 127 Pteroloma, Hochst. c& Steud., 256 Pteroueuron, DC, 230 Pterophylla, Don, 371 Pterostemon, Schauer, 318, 434 Ptilotrichum, C A. Mey., 268 Pugionium, Certn., 266 Pycnarrhena, Miers, 8, 35 Pyramidella, B. H., 314 Pyramydium, Boiss., 265 Pyrgosea, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314 Pyrola, Mor., 337 544 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. Quadrella, DC, 153 Quinio, Schltl, 19 Quinsonia, Montrouz, 360 Quintiuia, A. DC, 350, 435 Raffenaldia, Gopr, 248 Rameya, H. Bn., 10,37 Randonia, Coss., 299, 303 Ranmanissa, Endl., 146 Raphanistrum, T., 193 Raphanus, L., 193, 247 Ra])istrum, All., 193 Eapistrum, Boerh., 251 Raspalia, Ad. Br., 383 Rebis, Spach, 367 Reboudia, Coss., 254 Redowskia, Cham. & Schltl., 280 Reseda, Rafin, 297 Reseda, T., 294, 302 Resedastrum, Dub., 297 Resedella, Webb & Berth., 299 Rhaptomeris, Miers, 18 Rhigiocarya, Miers, 19 Rhizobotrya, Tausch, 2/0 Rbodiola,'L., 305 Rhodoleia, Hook., 393, 459 Rhyncholepis, Miq, 469 Rbytidosporum, F. Muell, 362 Ribes, L., 364, 444 Ricotia, L., 267 Ritchiea, R. Br., 157, 175 Robertsonia, Haw., 323 Robsonia, Berl., 367 Rochea, DC. 312 Rremeria, DC, 117, 140 Rcemeria, Tratt., 155 Rceperia, F. Muell., 147 Romneya, Harv., 106, 137 Ropalocarpus, Boj., 160, 177 Rorida, Rcem. & Sch., 146 Roridula, Forsk., 146 Roripa, Btss, 270 Roussea, Sm, 35S, 440 Rousseauvia, Boj., 358 Rousselia, Gaudich., 536 Roussoa, RtEM. & Sch., 358 Roydsia, Roxb., 154, 173 Russelia, L. fil., 332 Saintlegeria, C. J. de Cordem., , 477 Sameraria, Desvx, 197 Sanguinaria, Dill., 112, 139 Sarcandra, Gardn, 477 Sarcocapnos, DC, 125, 142 Sarcochlamys, Gaudich., 528 Sarcolipes, Eckl. & Zeyh, 314 Sarcopetalum, F. Muell., 7, 34 Sarcopus, Wedd., 520 Sarcostyles, Presl, 341 Sarracena, T , 88, 102 Sarraeenia, J.. 88 Saururopsis, Turcz., 467 Saururus, L., 465, 492 Saururus, Plum., 469 Savisnya, DC, 245 Saxifraga, T., 323, 421 Scepoearpus, Wedd., 521 Sehellatnmeria, Heist., 180 Schepperia, Neck., 156 Sehilleria, K., 472 Scbimpera, Hochst. & Steud., 260 Scbiwereckia, Andr, 268 Scbizomeria, Don, 376, 449 Schizonepbros, Griff., 473 Schizopetalon, Sims., 243 Scbizophragma, Sieb. & Zucc, 342 Scliizowskia, Endl., 519 Sebonwia, DC, 287 Sciadotsenia, Miers, 9, 36 Sciophila, Gaudich., 500 Sclepsion, Rafin, 519 Sedirwickia, Griff., 396 Sedum, T., 304, 320 Selenia, Nutt, 267 Selenocarpoea, Eckl. & Zeyh., 244 Selwynia, F. Muell., 5 Sempervivum, L., 307, 320 Senacia, Commers, 360 Ser.ebiera, DC, 285 Serronia, Gaudich. &Guillem., 473 Sesamella, Reichb., 292 Sesamoides, T., 293 Siliquaria, Forsk., 146 Sinapidendron, Lowe., 192 Sinapistrum, Spach, 192 Sinapistrum, T., 145 Sinistrophorum, Schrank, 260 Siphocalyx, B. H., 367 Sirium, Rumph., 490 Sisymbrella, Spach, 235 Sisymbrium, L., 235 Slackia, Griff., 45 Smelowskia, C. A. Mey., 238 Sobolewskia, Bieb., 261 Sodada, Forsk., 152 Soleirola, Gaudich., 506 Sollya, Lindl., 363, 442 Somphoxylon, Eichl., 19 Sophorocarpus, Turcz., 123 Spathium, Lour., 467 Spathularia, Haw., 323 Sphseritis, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314 Sphserocardamum, Schau., 274 Spbserosfacbys, Miq., 469 Spirseopsis, Miq., 378, 451 Spirantbemum, A. Gray, 372, 446 Spiranthera, Hook., 364 Spirorhynchus,KAR.&KiR , 261 Spirosperrhum, Dup.-Th., 6, 33 Splitserhera, Miq., 502 Staavia, Thunb., 3S3, 453 St.acbyocnide, Bl., 527 Stanleya, Nutt., 240 Sfauntonia, DC, 45, 71 Steffensia, K., 473 Stenonema, Hook., 269 Stenopetalum, R. Br., 275 Stephania, Lour., 42 Stephania, W., 155 Stereoxylon, R. & Pav., 34S Sterigma, DC, 250 Sterigmostemoii, Bieb., 250 Steripliotna, Spreng., 155, 174 Stevenia, Ad. & Fisch., 229 Sticlioueurou, Hook. f. & Thoms., 355,438 Streblocarpus, Arn., 159 Sfreptanthus, Nutt., 229 Streptoloma, Bge., 241 Strigosella, Boiss., 242 Stroemia, Vahl, 156 Stroganovia, Kar. & Kir., 285 Stropha, Noronh., 475 Strophades, Boiss., 237 Stubendorfia, Schrenk., 289 Sl.vlophorum, Nutt., 112, 139 Subularia, L., 208, 291 Suecovia, Medik., 276 Sullivantia, Torr. & Gray, 329, 124 Sychnosepalum, Eichl., 8, 36 Sycopsis, Oliy., 391, 45S Symbryon, Griseb., 4S2 Sympliocalyx, Berl., 367 Sympliyostemon, Kl., 146 Synclisia, Benth., 6, 33 Synthlipsis, A. Gray, 2S0 Syrenia, Andrz., 239 Syrenopsis, Jaub. & Spach, 279 Syringa, T., 344 Syrrhouema, Miers, 19 Tafalla, R. & Pay.. 477 Tapbrospermum, C A. Mey., 270 Tauscheria, Fisch., 256 Tcbihatchewia. Boiss., 258 Teesdalia, R. Br., 279 Tellima, R. Br, 327. 422 Telmissa, Fenlx, 305 Tereianthes, Rafin, 294 Tetilla, DC, 340, 429 Tetracarpsea, Hook, f, 373, 446 Tetracme, Bge, 243 Tetrameles, R. Br., 404, 443 Tetrapbyle, Eckl. & Zeyh, 314 Tetraplasium, Kze, 340 Tefrapoma, Turcz, 228 Tet.rapterygium, Fisch. & Mey., 258 Tetrateleia, SoND., 146 Tetratbyrium, Benth, 391,457 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. 545 Texiera, Jaub. & Spach, 260 Thamnea, Sola.nd., 385, 455 Thaumuria, Gaudich., 504 Thelvpodium, Endl., 240 Thisantha, Eckl. & Zeyh., 314 Tiilaspi, Dill., 203, 278 Tlilaspidium, Spach, 281 Thouinia, Domb., 43 Thylacbium, 155, 174 Tliysanocarpus, Hook., 257 Tiarella, L., 328, -J 23 Tildenia, Miq., 473 Tiliacora, Colebr., 6, 33 Tillsea, Mich., 313 Tinomiscium, Miers, 13, 38 Tinospora, Miers, 13 Tittinannia, Ad. Br., 380 Tolniiea, Tour. & Gray, 331, 426 Tonguea, Endl., 230 Toucliardia, Gaudich, 530 Tovaria, R. & Pay., 127 Trachyphyllum, Gaud., 325 Trallia, Lindl., 200 Trent epolilia, Roth., 244 Triacti a, Hook. f. & Thoms., 30(5, 320 Tribeles, Phil., 300 Tricerastes, Presl, 403 Tricercandra, A. Gray, 477 Trichoa, Pers., 5 Trichocladus, Pers., 390, 457 TrichoJobos, Turcz., 235 Triclisia, Bentii., 9, 37 Trigonophyllum, Gaud., 325 Trilophus, Pisch., 5 Trilopus, Mich., 3S6 Trimerisma, Presl, 370 Tripodandra, H. Bn., 19 Tristichocalyx, F. Muell., 2 Tropidocarpum, Hook., 275 Turuosea, Haw., 314 Turritis, L., 229 Umbilicus, DC, 309 Urera, Gaudich., 520 Urtica, T., 496 Uterveria, Bertol., 152 Vahlia, Tnvxr,., 332, 426 Valdivia, Rem., 350, 435 Vancouveria, More. & Dcne., 56 Vauanthes, Haw., 312 Velarum, Schau., 236 Vella, L., 277 Venana, Lamk., 356 Vereia, W., 310 Vereia, Andk., 310 Verhuellia, Miq., 473, 494 Vesicaria, Lamk., 271 Vigiera, Velloz, 348 Villebrunea, Gaudich., 53 L Vogelia, Medik., 202 Warea, Nutt., 240 Weinniannia, L., 370, 445 Wendlandia, W., 2 Windmannia, P. Br., 370 Whipplea, Tour., 347, 433 Wislizenia, Engelm., 148, 171 Xerosollya, Turcz., 363 Zahlbrucknera, Reichb., 323 Zerdana, Boiss , 238 Zilla, Foksk., 263 Zippelia, Bl., 473 Zygopeltis, Fe.nzl., 282 END OF VOL. III. VOL. III. K N • LONDON : SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANl'OS STKKET, COVENT GAKl'EN. WORKS ON BOTANY. 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