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£. W. CLASSEY, F.RLES., ABA

Natura! History Bookseller

MINNI Cecy

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fA NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Pee xX? BOOK FOR STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS.

BY
: / / « 2 w)

a gai
i ie DOD, Ess,

gee

4

Author of ‘‘ The British Noctuz and their Varieties,’? ‘‘ Monograph of the British
Pterophorina,”’ ‘‘ British Butterflies,” ‘* British Moths,’’ ‘‘ Migration and Dispersal
of Insects,” ‘‘ Melanism and Melanochroism in Lepidoptera,’’ ‘‘ Practical Hints. for

the Field Lepidopterist,”’ &c.

WOE DV:

(With Synopsis of Contents of and General Index to Vols. I.-IV.)

LONDON:
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & Co., Paternoster Square, E.C.

BERLIN:
FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

APRIL, 1904

CONTENTS.

THE SPHINGO-MICROPTERYGID STIRPS.

SPHINGIDES (concluded) ... oac
SPHINGIDA ee Se bn
SESIINE ae ae nee
SESIIDI ves ia a
SESIA ... joc ne ee
SESIA STELLATARUM sh a
EUMORPHINE ... ee ae
EUMORPHIDI ... ae a8
EUMORPHA ae ahd Sts
EUMORPHA ELPENOR ate ae
THERETRA bes a ai
THERETRA PORCELLUS ... sis
HIPPOTIONIDI ... oe sia
HIPPOTION ae ae ses
HIPPOTION CELERIO BEE we
PHRYXIDI sia as ok
PHRYXUS oe bes Le
PHRYXUS LIVORNICA Ses sae
CELERIO Ee fe asi
CELERIO GALLII ae fa
HYLES ee nee sia
HYLES EUPHORBIA ost sos
DAPHNIDINE ... Lee ae
DAPHNIDIDI ... ast i
DAPHNIS i wae au
DAPHNIS NERII... sae wa
SPHINGINE sec ae HO
HYLOICIDI ies 56 ay
HYLOICUS ae ad ee

HYLOICUS PINASTRI le 500

PAGE.
: : I
Be ae I
eas o I
ne Sie 2
os Ln 2
vee 4,479
S: 36, 481
see soo = HO
aN: mee 5G
sole oa 61
500 566 SO
ois Sa OL
els Bie Pig (bok
Lier sees OL LO
oan wo EEO
wee tee 30
mate ae LAS
++ 147, 482, 499
ere ee Om,
500 505 OE
bie baa eKOR
was 202, 482
ae bbq, ene
Sate (ee 21415
isle oe 240
Sra 249, 484
ae sor) 12103
ek ein 2S
aoe Some iy/2!
oc son BO

iv. CONTENTS,

SPHINGIDI eee eee eee eee
SPHINX eee eee eee eee
SPHINX LIGUSTRI eee cee eee
AGRIIDI eee eee 506 eee
AGRIUS eee oe eee

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI eee eee eee
MANDUCIDI ose eee eee coe
MANDUCA eee eee eee eee
MANDUCA ATROPOS cee eee coe

APPENDIX.

MIMAS TILI/E

SMERINTHUS OCELLATA ... Slee
AMORPHA POPULI

HEMARIS TITYUS eee cee
CATALOGUE OF THE PALA.ARCTIC SPHINGIDES
INDEX TO VOL. IV see

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-IV
GENERAL INDEX TO VOLS. I-IV eee

PAGE

sa ise) B80
ss sas aos

PR EE ACE.

In presenting volume iv of this work to my brother-lepidopterists,
I do so with some misgivings, due to the fact that, whilst it has been
passing through press, Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan have issued
their large and excellent work, 4 Revision of the Lepidoplerous Family
Sphingidae, and have, as it were, thus brought my own limited
attempt into rather poor comparison with their own wider and more
comprehensive work. ‘The scope and aim of the two books, however,
though dealing more or less with the same subject, are so widely
different, theirs being distinctly systematic and mine essentially
biological, that one, perhaps, may he considered as more or less
supplementary to the other. It has been a matter of great satis-
faction to find that, in many instances, where my collaborators
and I had found it absolutely necessary to make new and marked
changes in the groupings of certain of the species, Messrs. Rothschild
and Jordan have, quite independently, made the same changes,
with the result that we found ourselves most unexpectedly in agree-
ment with these authors on almost all points in which we had
expected to encounter hostile criticism and opposition from
the more conservative workers at this interesting superfamily.
This, in itself, is satisfactory, and, if the British lepidopterist finds
that the British species, which our immediate lepidopterological
ancestors have lumped together under the generic names of Dezlephila,
Choerocampa and Sphinx, have, in most cases, not only been placed
in different genera, but, in some instances, in different tribes, and
even (in the case of Daghuis nerit) in a different subfamily, we
can only urge that we are sinning in good company, and that a
critical review of the Sphingids of the world has proved, quite
independently to Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan and to ourselves, that
the few British species, included in these genera by Stainton,
Newman, Barrett and Meyrick, are really scattered representatives
of widely different groups having their central areas often in districts
quite outside the limits of the Palearctic area. We feel quite satisfied,
therefore, with our results in this direction.

There is, however, one point of difference between these authors
and ourselves which is most unsatisfactory. This is the difference
in the results arrived at in our attempts to grapple with the question
of generic nomenclature. Whilst they and we both claim to have
been guided by the strict law of priority in this matter, we have
arrived, in many cases, at totally different results, and, whilst we
are agreed for example that gad/zz, should be, by the strict law of

Vi. PREFACE.

priority, called Celerzo gallit, populi—Amorpha popult, tiliae—Mimas
tiliae, and so on, yet Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan term the
species we call Hemaris fuciformis, Haemorrhagia fuciformis, the
species that we call Sesza stellatarum, they know as Macroglossum
stellatarum, and these differences are only typical of many others.
These divergences arise from three causes: (1) The entirely different
way in which we select the types of the various genera. (2) The
subdivision of certain genera by one held to be inseparable by
the others. (3) The rejection by these authors of Hubner’s Zenéamen,
which they urge contains only ‘‘nomina nuda.” Their mode of
selection of the type of a genus is easy if not scientific, for they
consider the species placed in the first position in the genus by
the author, the type, whether or not such species agrees with the
diagnosis of the genus, or whether the species was or was not known
to the author. There is much to be said for this mode of selection
of a type, for the most ignorant lepidopterist can do it as satis-
factorily as the most learned, it does away with the need of either
knowledge or brains, and the type-fixer need not determine which
species of the genus were really before the author when naming the
genus, nor which species were afterwards added by him as possible
members of his genus from descriptions or the examination of the
figures of other authors, the species being unknown to him in
nature. Neither does he need to trouble himself about the
action of the original author’s successors, nor consider their work.
By this amazing method ocel/ata becomes the type of Linné’s genus
Sphinx, although Linné himself shows us that he obtained thename from
Réaumur and intended it specially to apply to Zzgustvz, ‘The ‘*‘ Merton
Rules” insist that the ‘“‘ type” of a genus must not disagree with the
description of the genus, and shall be considered as that species
on which the generic diagnosis was essentially or mainly basea,
so far as is compatible with an acceptance of subsequent revisions,
in their chronological order—which is the only true “law of priority.”
This appears to us both sound logic and commonsense. It
requires, of course, in most cases, knowledge and _ intelligence to
settle these points, and it follows that the type can only be
determined by those who know. It is true that the fixing of
the type by this means is not automatic, it may lead to difference
of opinion and, therefore, has drawbacks. Without wishing to
defend the method adopted further, we will only add that, with
the publication of the ‘Merton rules” we had hoped that the
workers at the British Museum and our leading lepidopterists
would have been guided by their principles and a large measure
of uniformity attained. Vain hope! Every lepidopterist who has
reached a certain standard of work, knows how to construct rules
that shall lead to uniformity better than every other lepidopterist,
and the result is that almost everyone has his own independent
method. ‘To us the whole matter appears egotistical; at least the
leading British workers could readily agree to an uniform code,
but, evidently, whilst everyone cries aloud for an uniform nomen-
clature, the criers take every possible precaution not to get it.
Those differences that arise from a subdivision of genera, the
natural outcome of a close study of the species involved, are
of much less importance, for they are largely the- result of the

PREFACE, Vii.

personal predilections of the author, ¢.g., we maintain the /yles
(euphorbiae) group as generically distinct from the Celerio (galliz)
group, &c., but such differences are readily dealt with as they
involve no real divergence of practice by the authors. The
question of what have been termed generic ‘‘nomina nuda,” Ze.,
generic names without description, is on quite a different footing.
Hibner, in 1796, figured populs, as Sphinx popult. In 1806, he
published a scheme of classincation, known popularly as the
Tentamen, one of the original copies of which is in our possession,
and an exact verbatim copy of which is published in the Lxdom.
Record, &e., xiv., pp. 167-168 (and which he afterwards worked
out, with modifications, in his other works at length), in which,
among others, he proposed Amorpha as the generic name of fopulz,
Manduca as the generic name of afrofos, &c. To assert that
Amorpha is a “nomen nudum” appears to us quite untenable since it
was defined by its reference to fopuli (already figured by the same
author) as the type. It appears to us to be a much more clearly
defined generic term written simply—Amorpha populi—than does
Linné’s Sphinx defined as—‘‘ Antenne medio crassiores s. utraque
extremitate attenuate subprismatice. Alz deflexe—Ocella/a, populz,
tiliae, nerit, convolvult, ligustrt, atropos, celerio, euphorbiae, tantalus, stella-
tarum, culiciformis, filipendulae, phegea, statices,’ and many other hetero-
generic species. Our authors say that ‘‘ Every name is a term for a
definition.” If this be so, is the name Amorpha less satisfactorily defined
by simply citing popul7 to it, than is Sphznx, described in such a way
that atropos and statices are included in it? The fact 1s, the names of the
older authors must be used with commonsense and in the light of
our knowledge of the work of the authors; the work of Linné
shows us that he looked upon /gustri as the typical Sphinx, we
know that Hubner looked upon fopulz as the typical Amorpha and
atropos as the typical Manduca. ‘This excursus will perhaps be held
by some to form an excellent illustration of the rapid approach
we appear to be making to an uniform code of nomenclature that
shall be accepted by all lepidopterists !

To meet the criticism offered on our last volume, that we had
ourselves in some cases used generic ‘“‘nomina nuda,” and that
descriptions of these were advisable to save them from being sunk
by those who disagreed with our action in using such, we took steps
to have this matter rectified by describing them in the February no.
of Zhe LEntomologist’s Record, 1903, pp. 42-43; whilst, as it had
already become necessary to found and use new generic names
in our progress through the present volume, these also were
described in the March and April numbers of the same magazine
(op. cit., pp. 75-76, pp. Ioo-101). About a week after the latest of
these descriptions had appeared, the Revision of the Sphingidae was
published, when we found that we had unknowingly and unfortunately
forestalled some of the new generic names that Messrs. Rothschild
and Jordan had therein created, ¢.g., Clarina, Tutt, Ent. Rec., xv.,
p. 76 (March 15th, 1903) forestalls Berutana, Roths. and Jordan,
Revision, &¢., p.519, April 21st, 1903), etc. One or two others are in like
case, and our names must in these instances stand. In that part of our
book (from p. 297 to end) printed after the publication of the
fevision, we have, of course, utilised Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan’s

Viil. PREFACE.

new genera wherever available.

There is one point in particular, out of many others, in which
the work of these authors far> surpasses our own, and that is in
their mode of treatment of the variation of the species. Their
own immense collection, the visits paid by Dr. Jordan to all the
leading collections on the continent, the loan of types from out-
lying countries, &c., have permitted them to attempt to deal with
this phase of the subject on general biological grounds, and, in some
cases, they have thus been enabled to discriminate between the
“literary”? type and the “ biological” type, and, having determined
the latter, so far as the material allowed, have arranged the various
forms round it according to their assumed phylogenetic connection
therewith. For ourselves, our material has been too small and
our knowledge too limited to enable us to attempt anything so
extensive. Nor must we forget to draw attention to _ their
comprehensive scheme for separating the various forms, but their
reasons for changing the well-known term “aberration” to
“individual variety” and ‘‘variety” to ‘“‘subspecies” appear to us
altogether unconvincing. To assume that, because ignorant and
careless lepidopterists make an erroneous use of existing
terminology, reason is shown for changing the terminology,
appears to us unwarrantable. In our more ignorant days we misused
the terms variety and aberration, over and over again, and main-
tained this misuse throughout the whole of our work, The Aritish
Noctuae and their Varieties, but to assume that a _ different
terminology would have abolished our ignorance is at least open
to question.

Other points arise out of this view of our subject, one of which
is that in which these authors gird at those who, like ourselves,
have adopted the Superfamily, Family, Subfamily, Tribe, Genus and
Species, as the various group names for classification. They claim
that these are too numerous, that the Family and Superfamily
should be united as the Family, and the Subfamily should be the
second term of the series. It is humorous, however, to find them
calling the Superfamily Sphizngides the Family Sphingzdae, then
dividing their Family into Sections A (.Sfphingidae asemanophorae )
and B (Sphingidae semanophorae) and subdividing A and B in due
course into subfamilies. The fact is that their method differs in
no respect from ours; it is only a matter of terms, in which the
classificatory categories compare as follows:

Superfamily Family

Family Section of Family

Subfamily Subfamily

Tribe Tribe

Genus Genus

Species Species

Variety or local race Subspecies or Geographical variety
Seasonal variety Generatory variety

Aberration Individual variety

The authors claim simplicity for their method (2nd column) over
ours (1st column); we can only urge that if their method is the
more simple it is less lucid. We are unfortunate in not even
seeing its claim to simplicity; for ourselves, it looks much like
putting a premium upon ignorance. Unfortunately, human

PREFACE. ix.

ignorance is rarely, if ever, convinced with anything that attempts to
lead it by easy stages to a higher level, and we have little hope that
the entomological collector will be raised to a more exact method
of description by calling a ‘‘ variety” a ‘‘ subspecies,” an ‘ aberra-
tion” an ‘individual variation,” a ‘‘superfamily” a “family,” and
ae tamaily << Section A or BZ as the case may be. Nor do we
see the reason for the alteration of the generally accepted tribal
termination ‘‘idi” for ‘‘icz,” a change that makes neither for greater
uniformity nor simplicity. With their sinking of the ‘ subgenus” we
quite agree; if it is to be held, as they (and we) hold, that “the genus
is the classificatory unit one category higher than the species and com-
prising one definable group of species,” then a subgenus has no
place ; in its present use by authors the subgenus replaces the genus,
the genus the tribe, and so on, the result simply being an application
of terms to groups differently called by almost all other biologists,
and hence making for confusion.

These are the main points which a careful study of Rothschild
and Jordan’s magnificent work suggests to us are in need of
explanation, showing how the differences between their work and
ours have arisen. The wisdom of sinking a large number of well-
differentiated, and what have hitherto been held as clearly distinct,
species as varieties, is not for us to judge; we have insufficient
knowledge to deal with the matter.

It will be seen that the arrangement of our ‘‘ Catalogue,” at the
ena of this volume, differs considerably from the order adopted in our
work. During the progress of a work of this magnitude the author is
always having, as it were, to consider fresh facts that modify his
earlier judgments, formed on less material, and to make this change
clear to his readers. In fact, he educates himself by his work
and is really only fitted to commence the writing of his book
Meine concludes data Tf one cared out this’ © mental
attitude to its logical conclusion one suspects that no book would
ever be written, for, as it is a plea for perfection, and nothing perfect
from this standpoint can exist, it follows that each successive stage
of work would only lead to the desire for a better. This is only
put forward as a plea for lenient consideration of the many imperfections
and illogicalities that will be self-evident to every serious student as he
follows our work, and as a means of adding that the order of the
Catalogue, so far as a linear order means anything, represents a some-
what maturer view than the order of the book itself.

To my collaborators, I desire to express my unqualified thanks
—to Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot, W. J. Kaye and
L. B. Prout my very best thanks are due. The references to their
work will show how greatly I am indebted to them, whilst the kind
help of Messrs. G. C. Bignell, C. R. N. Burrows, J. C. Dollman,
W. F. Kirby, A. Sich, and others, must not pass unacknowledged.
I had hoped that the book would have been published some months
since, but various contingencies, mainly relating to printing, have
delayed the work till almost the end of the year before completion.
Still, I trust now that it is completed, it will meet with the approval
of all those serious students of lepidopterology who are generous
enough to support my work.

It has been continually urged, by Mr. Bateson and others, since

xX. PREFACE.

the publication of the rst volume, that an extensive ‘‘ general
index ought to be printed in addition to the long “special” index
provided with each volume, to make the contents more readily available
to the generalising biologist. In response to our offer in the
preface to volume ii to print such an index should any lepidopterist
be willing to compile one, our friend the Reverend George Wheeler,
M.A., kindly offered to do so and we have great pleasure in adding
his excellent contribution to our work to this volume. We have
no doubt the labour involved will be fully appreciated by those
biologists who use the work seriously.

Whilst we regret that our subscription Jist meets with no better
support from the British lepidopterist, who appears often to be
unwilling to extend his knowledge in the direction indicated in
these volumes, we have to thank that ever-increasing number of
supporters who purchase the work through the publishers and with-
out whose active aid the publication of the work could hardly
be seriously persisted in. At the same time we do most heartily
thank those who do subscribe and thus enable us to produce a
work which even the Continental lepidopterists recognise has a
much wider scope than its title would indicate, and which it has
already been suggested in the German magazines should be
translated into that language for the use of German lepidopterists.
One cannot believe that a work, essentially British in its
conception and main outlines, can be of greater value _ to
German lepidopterists than to those for whom it has been primarily
written. We trust that all those who have the work will find
as great pleasure in studying it as the author has had in
writing it.

The subscribers who have been added to our list since the
publication of the last volume are :—

Bayne, A. F. James, Russell E.
Broome, E. G. Lambillion, L. J.
Chamberlain, (Miss) M. Leicester Corporation, The
Colthrup, C. W. Oberthiir, Charles, F.E.S.
Dyar, Harrison G., Ph.D. Prest, E.E.B., M.A.
Federley,: Marry Redmayne, Mrs.

Gillmer, M. Wesley & Son (6 copies)

The knowledge that no one man can bring to a successful issue
so comprehensive a task as the completion of this work, leads us to
state that, if any well-qualified lepidopterist with sufficient leisure feels
inclined to prepare any one of the proposed future volumes, on the
same lines as those published, we should be pleased to hear from him.
It might be possible for us to collaborate and to take the responsibility
of publication of such a volume (or volumes) and we would suggest
that the Tortricids, the Noctuids, the Adelids, the ‘Tineids (27 sens.
strict.), Pyralids, Crambids, and Geometrids are among the groups a
thorough overhauling of which is highly desirable.

PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III.

‘* Nous venons de recevoir le troisitsme volume du grand ouvrage de J. W. Tutt, sur les
Lépidoptéres Britanniques, A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. Ve succés obtenu
par l’apparition des deux premiers volumes a été tel que le troisiéme était attendu par tous
les naturalistes sérieux avec une vive et légitime impatience. L’attente n’a pas été décue;
comme ses deux devanciers, ce livre est d’une inappréciable valeur et d’un intérét scientifique
immense au point de vue de l’étude des Lépidoptéres; i] est appelé 4 rendre de précieux
services 4 tous ceux qui désirent pousser trés loin ]’étude biologique des papillons. C’est
certainement l’ouvrage le plus complet qui a été écrit sur la matiére jusqu’a ce jour; il
crée comme une nouvelle orientation. Ce livre prendra rang parmi les ceuvres des plus grands
maitres de |l’entomologie. Cet ouvrage de 558 pages, d’un texte trés serré, est entiérement
consacré 4 ]’étude de treize espéces de papillons nocturnes anglais (qui sont également de
Belgique), c’est donc une moyenne de presque 43 pages de texte pour chaque espéce. :
Tutt ne se contente pas de donner l’histoire naturelle compléte des espéces qu’il traite,
mais i] y ajoute la description originale, la synonymie entiére du genre et de l’espéce,
les localités d’Europe ot ces espéces ont été signalées. Outre ces renseignements, il donne
encore, aprés chaque famille, un catalogue des espéces paléarctiques, ce qui fait de son
livre une véritable bibliothéque entomologique. L’étude des variétés et aberrations est aussi
parfaite qu’on peut l’espérer; l’auteur rencontre et décrit toutes celles qui ont été signalées
tant en Angleterre que sur le continent. Il est intéressant de donner un petit apercu de
la maniére dont l’ouvrage est composé. Aprés avoir traité de main de maitre tout ce qui
se rapporte aux Familles, Tribus, Genres, etc., le savant auteur attaque l’espéce sous tous
ses états, sous toutes ses formes—imago, dimorphisme sSexuel, gynandromorphisme, variation,
ponte, ceuf, mceurs de la chenille, comparaison de la chenille, avec celles des espéces voisines,
métamorphose. cocon, chrysalide, déhiscence de la chrysalide, parasites. plantes nourriciéres,
mceurs et habitat du papillon, époques d’apparition. localités, distribution géographique, etc.
Aprés ceci on peut se demander ce que les auteurs futurs pourront ajouter 4 |’histoire naturelle
des Lépidoptéres. Rien, si ce n’est débrouiller le terrible probléme de l’origine des espéces
et des variétés. Quelle somme de travail il a fallu pour écrire un tel livre, que d’auteurs
il a fallu consulter, que de renseignements il a fallu demander aux naturalistes de tous les
pays! Nous voudrions voir cet ouvrage dans les mains de tous les lépidoptéristes de notre
pays; ce serait une récompense et un encouragement pour |’auteur de cet immense et utile
travail. Puisse notre savant collégue étre 4 méme de faire paraitre sans retard son quatriéme
volume qui est attendu avec autant d’impatience que les trois premiers, et puisse-t-il voir
Vachévement et le couronnement de son ceuvre.’”’—L. J. L. LAMBILLION, Revue Jfensuelle
de la Société entomologiqgue Namuroise. November, 1902.

‘Die dem vorliegenden 3 Bande vorhergehenden Volumina dieses bedeutsamen Werkes,
welches—man kann wohl sagen—alles Aehnliche in den Schatten stellt, enthielten ausser dem
sehr ausfiihrlichen allgemeinen Teil tiber den Ursprung der Schmetterlinge, Embryologie,
Parthenogenesis, Variation, Schutzfarbung der Imago, Metamorphose, Morphologie, Phylogenie
der Puppe etc., den Anfang des ersten Stammes (Stirps) des vom Autor aufgestellten und
ausfuhrlich begrtindeten Systems, die Sphzngo-Micropterygiden. Der 1 Band (1899) behandelte
die Superfamilien: Mzcropterygiden, Nepticuliden, Cochlididen und Anthrocertden. Den
Anfang macht also eine Familie, welche bisher an den Schluss der ‘‘ Micro ’’-Schmetterlinge
(es sei mir gestattet, den Ausdruck zu gebrauchen) gestellt wurde, eine weitere Kleinschmetter-
lingsfamilie schliesst sich an und es folgen die unter der Bezeichnung Lzmacodiden und
Zygaeniden gelaufigeren beiden. nach bisherigen Begriffen recht entfernt von einander
stehenden Familien. In Band 2 (1900) erscheinen Psychziden und der Anfang der Lachnetden
(=Lastocampiden). Zu ersteren werden einige Gattungen der 7zzezden und Ta/laeforiden.
(Kleinschmetterlinge) gestellt, eine Neuerung, die im besonderen ebenso umwAlzend wirkt, wie das
System im allgemeinen. Bei den Laszocampiden erscheintinmitten eine bisher zu den Vofodontiden
gezahlte Gattung ‘NVadata), Band 3 bringt den Rest der Lachnerden, die Dinorphiten(=Endro-
mididen), Bombyciden, Attactden, und den Anfang der Sphingid-n nebst einer Uebersicht der
palaearctischen Lachnezden. — Als ein Factor zur Beurteilung der Griindlichkeit des Werkes
mag gelten, dass in dem Bande von 558 Seiten nur 13 Arten Lepidopteren behandelt werden,
wenn auch auf die allgemeine Systematik der Superfamilien Gruppen, Familien, Subfamilien,
Tribus und Genera ein nicht unbedeutender Raum entfallt. Die Decentralisierung des Systems,
so ausfitihrlich sie auch begriindet und klar durchdacht ist, wirkt fast etwas zu erschwerend
auf das Ganze und méchte die Frage nicht unberechtigt erscheinen, ob hierzu eine dringende
Notwendigkeit oder eine, dem Zwecke entsprechende Niitzlichkeit vorliegt. Die Revision der
einzelnen Gruppen geschieht in des Sinnes weitester Bedeutung. Im besonderen beschaftigt
sich die Systematik mit den in Grossbritannien heimischen Arten unter genauester Aufzahlung
alles dessen, was uber die Biologie, Gynandromorphismus, Hybridismus, Verbreitung und
Variation der Art tiberhaupt bekannt ist und spielt somit die Arbeit im Gebiete tuber, welche auch
dem Sammler des Festlandes von ungemein grosser Bedeutung sind und welche dem Buch eine
besondere Wichtigkeit verleihen, namentlich auch deswegen, weil eine ausserordentlich
umfassende Litteraturcitation und Verzeichnisse aller bekannten paldarctischen Gattungen und
Arten das Studium letzerer wesentlich erleichtern. Ebenso wie der Autor die generelle
Systematik der héheren Einheiten mit einer ausgiebigen Zahl neuer Bezeichnungen, die sich im
wesentlichen nur in der Endung unterscheiden, bereichert, wird auch eine gréssere Anzahl
verschollener Genera wieder eingefiihrt und bei den einzelnen Arten eine, man méchte sagen,
mehr als ausreichende Menge neuer Aberrationsnamen aufgestellt. Ueber den Wert solcher
Namen ist schon viel gestritten worden. Eine gewisse Utilitat ist bei dem Prinzip, Spielarten
zu benennen, nicht zu laugnen, wenn dies in massigen Grenzen geschieht. Bedenkt man aber,
dass von den Individuen einer Art kaum eines dem andern véllig gleicht, und wollte man
jede Farbenabinderung oder von dem Typus in sonst einer Weise gering abweichende Form
benennen, so dirfte dies zu weit fiuhren und bei dem Sammler einen Grad der Mnemotechnik
erheischen, der weit tber der Grenze des Geistes eines Durchschnittsmenschen liegt. Schlagen,

X11. PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III.

wir z. B. p. 227 des Buches auf: Wir finden im Index unter. Macrothylacta (Bombyx) rubt,
L., sage und schreibe 43 Aberrationen auct. Tutt. Das diirfte geniigen und den Autorgeliisten
anderer Entomologen oder Entomophilen ein fiir alle Mal einen Riegel vorschieben. Diese
Methode der Namensgebung beweist aber andererseits wiederum, die intensive Ausfihrlichkeit
der Arbeit, an der neben dem Autor und seinen Specialmitarbeitern (Chapman, Bacot, Prout)
etwa 200 Lepidopterologen beigesteuert und zu der nur alles erdenkliche Material aus
Zeitschriften und Special- Werken zusammengetragen worden ist. Das Werk verdient deswegen
unsere volle Aufmerksamkeit und Anerkennung und soll die Gelegenheit nicht versiumt werden
den Sammler europdischer Schmetterlinge, fiir den dasselbe nicht minder wertvoll als fir den
Briten, ja man kann wohl sagen unersetzlich ist, hierauf hinzuweisen. Der Beschaffungspreis
ist, —auf die Erscheinungszeit der einzelnen Bande verteilt —ein durchaus ertriiglicher, und sollten
es sich auch die Lepidopterologen des Festlandes, namentlich aber Institute, Gesellschaften und
Vereine angelegen sein lassen, durch Beschaffung der Biicher das Unternehmen zu unterstiitzen
und zu férdern, und wir wollen dem Autor wiinschen, dass es ihm vergénnt sein méchte, das
gewaltige Werk programmmiassig zum Abschluss zu _ bringen.—H. Stichel, Berlzxer
Entomologische Zettschrift, January, 1903. s

“Der dritte Band eines von staunenswertem Fleiss zeigenden Unternehmens liegt vor,
neben dem sich in der ganzen lepidopterologischen Literatur nur Scudders Butferfizes of the
Eastern United States and Canada vergleichsweise nennen lassen. Durch die geradezu
erschépfende Darstellung des Stoffes tiberragt aber Tutts Arbeit noch das Riesenwerk des
Amerikaners! Werden doch in dem vorliegenden Bande von 558 Seiten nur nachstehende
13 Arten besprochen. . . . Dieselben bilden einen Teil der Lachneiden (Lasiocampiden)
die Saturniiden, Endromididen und einen Teil der Sphingiden in der britischen Fauna. Diese
Breite der Darstellung wird nur verstandlich wenn man sich vergegenwartigt, dass der Stoff
eine Behandlung erfahrt, die weit iiber die Grenzen des Buchtitels hinausgeht. Die britische
Fauna ist gleichsam nur das Skelet, welches diese encyklopddisch angelegte Riesenarbeit zu
stiitzen hat. Und darin liegt auch ihre allgemeine Bedeutung. Der Resitz des Werkes, welches
auch bibliographisch eine Musterleistung genannt werden muss, kann die Beniitzung einer
Fachbibliothek, wenigstens fiir den Privatmann, fast entbehrlich machen. Einige Beispiele
mogen zur Erlauterung des Gesagten dienen. . . . Am Schluss der Lachneiden wird eine
Liste samtlicher palaarktischer Arten mit ihren Varietaten und Aberrationen gegeben, die
halbseitig gedruckt 35 Seiten beansprucht. Die Besprechung von Dzmorpha versicolora
(S. 229-264) gleicht einer Monographie iiber diese interessante monotypische: Gattung. In
analoger Weise sind die Saturniiden und Sphingiden behandelt, deren allgemeine Systematik,
vom historischen Standpunkte ausgehend, bei letzteren 40 Seiten beansprucht. Es liegt auf der
Hand, dass eine solche Leistung nicht von einem Einzelnen bewaltigt werden kann und in der
Tat hat das Werk auch eine grosse Zahl von Mitarbeitern gefunden unter welchen wir Namen
wie Chapman, Bacot und Prout finden. Nach dem Gesagten besitzt das Werk eine weit tiber
die Grenzen Englands hinausreichende Bedeutung, ja es muss namentlich fiir den literarisch
arbeitenden Fachmann durch seinen encyklopadischen Charakter geradezu als unentbehrlich
bezeichnet werden. . . . Wenn noch einige unwesentliche Ausstellungen—gewiss ohne
Schmialerung des Gesamtwertes des Werkes—hier ausgesprochen sein diirfen, so ware es vor
Allem der Wunsch nach Hervorhebung des hier Originellem und Neugebotenem, vor allem
des hier zuerst Bekanntgemachten. Viele wertvolle Beobachtungen und Angaben sind als neu
nicht sofort erkennbar, was bei Beniitzung des so breit angelegten Textes sehr winschenswert
ware. — H. REBEL, Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft tn Ween.

uly, 1903.

J gree from a host of popular handbooks, there are two works on the Palzarctic Hawk
Moths worthy of special notice. These are by Bartel, in Rthl, Grossschm., vol. ii., and by
Tutt, British Lepidoptera, vol. ili. . . . Tutt’s work is the most intrinsic ever written on
Palzarctic Lepidoptera. The third volume comprises only a portion of the SAhkizgidae; the
remainder of the family will appear in the fourth. The work will be of the greatest help to
the scientist who knows the matter well enough to be able to distinguish between what is
scientific and what appears merely in a scientific garb. . . . There is nothing written any-
where on European Lepidoptera coming up to it in thoroughness.—Rothschild and Jordan,
A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingtdae. April, 1903.

With remarkable and praiseworthy promptitude the successive volumes of this thoroughly
scientific work are appearing to gladden the heart of the earnest worker in the most popular group
of British insects, and we hardly know which to admire most, the zeal of the author in so rapidly
producing the mass of information which is contained in each volume, or the thoroughness with
which his work is done. Before dealing with the work more in detail, we must emphatically
assert that, in our opinion, it is far and away the best account of our native lepidoptera that has
ever been published; and, as much of the information relates to Scotland, both as regards
distribution and variation, we cordially recommend the work to the notice of our northern
entomologists. To the really scientific lepidopterist, indeed, Mr. Tutt’s volumes are quite
indispensable. The present volume deals with the remainder of the 6th superfamily (Lachneides)
of the Sphingo-Micropterygid strips, the 7th and 8th superfamilies (Dimorphides and Attacides),
and a portion of the oth (Sphingides). The exhaustive nature of the work is shown by the fact
that, in 540 closely printed pages, only 14 species are disposed of, that is, in addition to the
accounts of the various genera and larger groups to which those species belong. The account of
Lastocampa querctis occupies no fewer than 69 pages! The information there given is printed
under the following heads:—Synonymy, original description, description of imago, sexual
dimorphism, gynandromorphism, variation (39 pages), egg-laying, egg-parasites, description of
ovum, comparisons of ova of different varieties, habits of larva (4} pages), description of larva,
comparison of larve of different varieties, pupation, description of cocoon, description of pupa,
comparison of pupa with that of Cosmotriche potatorta, dehiscence of pupa, foodplants, parasites,
habits and habitat, time of appearance, localities, and distribution (3 pages of small type). What
more could the most exacting seeker after information desire? The matter, too, is so well
arranged that any particular fact, under any of the heads just quoted, can be found without much
difficulty. The present volume is an improvement upon the two previous ones, inasmuch as the
table of contents is more extended, but we would suggest a slight additional alteration which
would, we think, be acceptable to all who use the work. If in the index, the figures indicating
the page upon which the maz account of any particular genus or species commences were
printed in Baliee type, it would save unnecessary page turning. Lastly the addition of a
comprehensive index to this and the preceding volumes would be a boon, and we are glad to read

PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III. Xlil,

in the preface that the author is willing to print one if carefully prepared by anyone who has the
requisite time at his disposal.—P. H. Grimshaw, F.E.S., Zhe Annals of Scottish Natural
History, January, 1903.

“The third volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt’s British Lepidoptera is a really important book.
It has been compiled on the same plan as the preceding volumes, though partly on account
of the particular genera treated, but more from the catholic taste with which the author has
brought together his materials, the present work is even more useful to the scientific entomologist
than vols.iand ii. Jo the collector and systematist Mr. Tutt’s books are without doubt of high
value. The analysis of specific and varietal characters is evidently made with extreme care,
but, to the general naturalist, and especially to the student of evolution, the book has a
direct and uncommon importance. Nothing of this kind has been attempted in any language
hitherto. Mr. Tutt though modestly entitling his work A Natural History of British Lepidoptera,
has gone much further afield than such a title would lead a reader to expect. For example,
in treating Laszocampa guercus, we are provided not merely with a discussion of the British
races, but an abstract is given of all that has been observed in the field or discovered by experi-
mental breeding regarding the foreign forms and the laws which govern their heredity and variation.
Again, in connection with the natural history of Satuznuza pavonia, Mr. Tutt introduces a full
account of Standfuss’ important experiments in crossing the continental species. Many similar
examples might be given illustrating the broad scope of the work. It may well be imagined that, in
dealing thus liberally with species such as guercus, potatoria, pavonta, tiliae, populi and ocellata,
all forms famous in the literature of variation and hybridisation, a very fine body of evidence has
been amassed. Yo take the subject of gynandromorphism alone, it is scarcely too much to say that
the raw material for a treatise is scattered through Mr. Tutt’s pages. The abstracting and
condensation of the evidence, So far as it can be judged by one who is not a professed entomologist
has been most carefully done, and the reader may feel confidence that, though the points are
concisely put, exaggeration has been consistently avoided. Altogether, such a work is one to be
thankful for, and there can be no doubt that such a publication will stimulate the younger
generation of students to step from the narrow track of mere collecting, and to wander off into the
more fertile fields of experiment and observation of living forms. Mr. Tutt tells us in his preface
that if anyone will make a subject index, he will print it in the next volume. Cannot some keen
young worker take him at his word? Meanwhile the student of evolution must not be daunted by the
difficulty of putting his hand at once on the fact he is looking for, and the physiological chzffonzer,
as Claude Bernard calls himself, may be assured that, if he will only rummage about a little, he
will pick up some rare treasures in Mr. Tutt’s heap. To include everything that can by any
possibility relate to, or interest the student of, the British fauna, is to err on the right side, though
the connection with that fauna be rather remote. Now and again, however, we come on a few
pages which are very doubtful in point. Space being so valuable, we feel that, for instance,
the details regarding the structure and classification of the Attacides of the world need not
have found a place here, not that the facts are unimportant, but no one is likely to look for
them in a work on a fauna which contains one solitary species of the group. ‘The unprofessional
reader wonders, too, who zses the solid pages of locality records in the case of species widely
distributed. When these records detail the varieties of the districts their value is manifest, and
they will form a solid basis for the observation of future changes in distribution. Did we not
feel sure that, in this case, the author knows the requirements of his public, we might be
disposed to question whether this was really the best use to which the labour and space could
have been put. None of these remarks, however, detract from the statement that the new
British Lepidoptera is a fine scholarly piece of work, for which not only the entomological
specialist, but naturalists of all orders, will be thankful to Mr. Tutt for many a year.’”’—W.
Bateson, M.A., F.R.S., Axztomologist’s Record, &c., December, 1902.

“The third volume of this work has now appeared. It is of the same exhaustive character
as those which have preceded it, as may be inferred from the fact that, in its 558 pages, only
thirteen species are described, z.e., the remainder of the ‘ Lachuezdes’ (Lastocampa quercts,
etc.) D. versicolora, S. pavonia, the three species of the old Smerinthid genus, and the two
British ‘ Bee-Hawks,’ H. fuciformis and H. tityus (bombyliformis). As an example of the
author’s exhaustive treatment, Z. guerctis may be cited. All lepidopterists know the vast
amount of discussion that has taken place since the var. cad/wnae was introduced about 1847
as a distinct species. The immense amount of information since obtained as to the habits
of this species in different regions of Europe and Asia is brought together and discussed in
about 80 pages, in a manner which seems to leave scarcely anything more to be said. It
would be an error, however, to suppose that the volume is limited to descriptions of thirteen
species, their many varieties and recorded aberrations, their life-histories, habits and localities.
These, indeed, are given in very great detail; but the relations of the species found in our
islands to those found in the rest of world are always kept in view, and the result is that -
a very large proportion of the 558 pages-is devoted to information and discussions of as much
interest to Continental and American lepidopterists as to our own. In this connection I would
draw attention to the frequent observations on the conjectured phylogeny of the species, and
of the genera, families, etc., to which they belong, and on their proper places in a classification
based on the observation of the insects in all their stages. A knowledge of these is, of course,
essential for this purpose, seeing the different traces of their probable origin which they bear in
these stages, and the diversity of the directions in which, in these several stages, owing to the
entirely different lives they lead in them, they appear to have evolved. As regards phylogeny in
general, the observation at p. 359 is deserving of being well weighed. The passage is too long
to quote, but it comes to this, that what we call the ‘ lowest’ members of a stirps are as many
generations from the common stock as the ‘highest’ are; we may construct a hypothetical
ancestor, having all the generalised but none of the specialised characteristics of a group, the
members of it having specialised in different directions so that no existing form can be supposed
to be derived from any form now existing. Iam so thankful for the great labour which has been
expended by the author and his coadjutors in obtaining and recording, with the necessary
accuracy required, the detailed information contained in the work, that I do not like to suggest
that, ifeven more labour could have been given, the value of the work might have been greater
still. But when I find that such a common and widely distributed species as C. fotaforza has
more than five closely printed pages devoted to dates and localities of capture in the British Isles,
I cannot help thinking that a compressed and classified summary, which need not have occupied
more than half a page, would have been preferable. There are other cases also in which it
appears to me that compression and condensation would have been usefully employed. Even if

XIV. PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III.

Mr. Tutt agrees in this opinion, his answer might be that of the accomplished letter-writer who
accounted for the length of his communication by saying that he had not time to write short; if
this be so, it is greatly to be regretted, and one is all the more glad that he has had, and will we
hope for the succeeding volumes have, the valuable co-operation of such excellent and thoughtful
observers as Dr. Chapman, Mr. Bacot, and Mr. Prout, whose aid he acknowledges so heartily.”
—F. Merrifield, F.E.S., The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, November, 1902.

“Tt is pleasant to be able to review such an eminently satisfactory book as isthe third volume
of ‘ British Lepidoptera.’ Its predecessors were very welcome, but to a large number of
entomologists the mass of material relating to the ‘Micros’ was probably unread, and thus a
large portion of volumes i and ii, appeals only toa limited number. This third volume, therefore,
should find more support, as the species treated of are all very well known to the great majority of
callectors. The minutiz inevitably involved in such an undertaking are again manifest, and
with what effect they have been utilised it is for each individual to judge for himself. It is
strongly to be hoped that the necessary increased support will be forthcoming, and that many
more numbers are in store for us. The superfamily Lachneides is continued, and the first species
treated is Pachygastrza trzfolzz, which occupies exactly thirty pages. Following this comes the
species that has doubtless caused more research and taken up more time than any hitherto already
done, vzz., Lastocampa guercus. Preceding the description and all that follows concerning the
life-history of the type and its numerous forms and varieties, is a summary of the experimental
work in the hybridising of the different local races. Although nominally we have no chapter to
commence vol. iii, this summary of hybridisation is a very good substitute, and has as much
general interest as any such that has appeared in the previous volumes. By the time the * Times
of Appearance,’ ‘ Habits,’ * Localities,’ etc., have all been worked through, eighty pages have
been covered over this species alone, and it is doubtful if anything of any moment concerning this
insect can have escaped Mr. Tutt’s attention. Passing onto Wacrothylacia rubcvand Cosmotriche
potatoria, perhaps one of the most interesting collection of facts is to be found in the diver-
sified character of the habits of the larvze of these two species. To the former as much as
five and a half pages are alone given to this part of thescheme. Gastropacha tlic¢folia comes in its
turn, with full descriptions of larva, cocoon, pupa, food-plants, parasites, and so on, and the
collector will doubtless read with avidity the ‘ Habits and Habitat’ section. Under Dimorpha
versicolora the question of its allies is freely discussed and the reader is referred back to vol. i.,
pp. 124-125, and vol. ii., p. 440, for further discussion. One cannot help wishing, however, that
the author would point out where (when possible) the imaginal characters are in agreement with
the biological ones in assigning, or helping to assign, a position toa subfamily. The larval and
pupal habits under this species are again full of interest, and cannot fail to engage the atten-
tion of both student and collector. At p. 265 the superfamily Attacides is brought under review.
In the preface the author says heis entirely dissatisfied with his knowledge of the relationships of
the various families of the Saturniides (Attacides) zZe7 se, of those of the Sphingides zvzZer se, and
of these two superfamilies to each other. It, however, cannot be that he has not probed deep
enough, for the thirty pages or so, before our only British Attacid (Saturnza pavonia) is treated,
require the closest attention of the reader. The very thorough examination and diagnoses of the
characters afforded by the larve of the Attacides will call for time and thought for full digestion.
From p. 342 to the end of the volume the classification and position of the Sphingides are discussed,
and the complete natural history of the British species of Amorphinz and Hemarinz recorded.
Starting with Linnzeus, and working through Fabricius, Scopoli, Lamarck, Latreille, Hiibner,
Laspeyres, Oken, Leach, Dalman, Ochsenheimer, Swainson, Boisduval, Stephens, Curtis,
Duponchel, Duncan, and Westwood, a very complete review is given of the generic synonymy of
the British Sphingids, and at the close a list of the types of the genera deduced is set forth,
Another long diagnosis is given to the history of the superfamily, and starting with Réaumur, the
works of Hiibner, Stephens, Grote and Robinson, Butler, Herrich-Schaffer, Meyrick, Poulton,
and Dyar, are all brought under the focus in the order given. On pp. 365-366 is a scheme, drawn
up by Bacot, for separation into genera, based on larval characters, and closely following is a
family and subfamily division proposed by Chapman. Concerning the latter, one notes that the
' Sesiinze are only separated from the EKumorphine by the tufts to the abdomen, a character that
certainly does not hold good throughout. Perhaps, in vol iv, some better character will
be furnished when the true Macroglossids come to be reviewed. The high specialisations of
larva, pupa and imago are fully discussed. The details concerning the pupa offer food
for reflection, both as regards the proboscis-casing and the varying position of the glazed eye,
which latter, if we are not mistaken, is brought forward for the first time. We have descrip-
tions given of all the different hybrids produced in the Amorphinz, not the least interesting
being the comparison between the hybrids produced by Amorpha populé and Smerinthus
ocellata, and hybrids from Amorpha austauti and Smerinthus atlanticus. A very complete
classification of the forms and aberrations of A/zmas f¢7/rae is to hand at p. 404, and the same long
lists of localities are given, showing in many cases unsuspectcd curtailment or otherwise in the
range of distribution. On reference, for instance, to Hemarzs fuctformis, it is noted as
‘exceedingly rare, if not entirely absent, in Scotland and Ireland.’ No one, after this, will deny
that these extended lists serve a purpose other than that for the collector. In conclusion, there is
only one matter we really regret, and that is that we have had to wait two years for the
present instalment. It is pretty certain, however, that the book is all the more complete.—
W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Zhe Entomologist, December, 1902.

“ After an interval of but little more than two years, we have again the pleasure of re-
viewing another volume of Mr. Tutt’s enormously laborious and comprehensive woik on the
British lepidoptera. ‘The size and the manner of execution are similar to the two preceding
volumes; but it is entirely systematic, as no space could be spared for chapters on general
subjects, and perhaps, as a consequence, vol. iii contains no illustrations. We are glad to
see that Mr. Tutt has adopted a suggestion made by some of his critics, and has given a
somewhat fuller table of contents, which will much facilitate the use of the book. eee
Volume iii contains the continuation of what Mr, Tutt calls the ‘ Sphingo-Micropterygid
Stirps,’ and includes the Lachnetdes, Dimorphides, Attacides, and part ot Sphingzdes, the
entire volume being devoted to 13 species only, vzz., Pachygastria irifoliiz, Lastocampa
quercus, Macrothvlacita rubi, Cosmotriche potatoria, Gastropacha tlictfolia, Eutricha querct-
folia, Dimorpha verstcolora, Saturnia pavonta, Mimas tiliae, Smerinthus ocellata, Amorpha
popult, Hemaris fuctformis and H. trtvus, Of course, every species will not require to be
treated at the same length as Lastocampa guercus, which occupies (as a species) no less
than 69 of Mr. Tutt’s closely-printed pages, but we tremble to think of the number of volumes

PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III. XV.

and the number of years which will be required to deal with over 2000 species of British
lepidoptera on the same scale. : Turning to more general matters, the abstracts
given of different systems of classification of groups, often taken from old or scarce books,
will be most useful to all students who have not access to the best entomological libraries.
Mr. Tutt seems to aim at making his book a huge compendium and cyclopzedia of all that
has been published on the species of which he treats; and it will be of great value to
generalising entomologists, who will be able to sift from it a great amount of valuable infor-
mation in furtherance of their special studies. A large amount of information is given
respecting foreign species, especially those of continental Europe and North America; and
also on parasites, and various other subjects incidentally connected with the main subject of
the work. We are sorry to find that there is only a meagre list of new subscribers since the
last volume; but, as the work is necessarily too costly for many entomologists, and must
become increasingly so with the publication of each volume, we would wish to emphasize its
great value as a book of reference for public Natural History or Entomological Libraries,
especially at a distance from London or the University towns which alone possess full series
of the books of which Mr. Tutt’s work is largely an abstract -not that we do not also
fully recognize the large amount of material due to the original observations of Mr. Tutt and
his coadjutors. which is published. here for the first time.—W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., The Annals
and Magazine of Natural Historv.

** The 3rd volume of Tutt’s British Lepidoptera has appeared, and is fully up to the standard of
the first two volumes. ‘The superfamily Lachnerdes is completed, the superfamilies Dzmorphides
(Endromides), Attacides, and a part of the superfamily SpAzugides are finished. The references
to literature, ancient and modern, seem to leave nothing more to be desired in this respect ; in fact,
the amount of labour performed and research that has been made seems almost appalling, and we
wonder whether the author has the strength and endurance to carry such an undertaking through
to completion. This work may well be taken as a model by one who is less experienced, provided
he does not follow it too closely and thus destroy his own originality of thought and plan. Under
each superfamily is given a very complete history of the classifications of the different authors.
These are carefully discussed, and when the author differsfrom others he does not hesitate to express
his convictions. Many of our old familiar names have disappeared, and are to be found only among
the tail-feathers of synonymy. ‘This is, however, strictly in accordance with the law of priority, and
if any of us feel unreconciled to this, we may well ask ourselves whether we are to keep up with the
trend of modern scientific thought or fall by the way. Under each species is given the synonymy
and references to literature, so full and complete that we can hardly imagine anything of
importance to have been overlooked. Then follows the original description in the language in
which it was published, and this is followed by the author’s description of the imago. ‘There is
then given a full account of sexual dimorphism and gynandromophism (more than 5 pages being
devoted to gynandromorphous examples of Amorpha populr, L.). Variation is also taken up very
fully with all the forms described and named, and this requires 7 pages for A. Jopulz alone. A
complete account is given of the time, place, and manner in which the eggs are laid. followed by
a full description of the egg, the larva in each stadium, and variations of the larva, pupation
and cocoon, pupa, foodplants, parasites. habitats, time and place of appearance and distribution.
While this work must prove indispensable to the entomologist who desires full information on the
lepidoptera of the British Isles, it will be exceedingly valuable to students of the lepi-
doptera in the United States and elsewhere, because of the exhaustive study of the literature
of the genera, and higher groups, and the careful and conscientious manner in which the author
applies the laws of nomenclature.’’—C. H. Frernarp, M.A., Ph.D., F.E.S., The Canadian
Entomologist, January, 1903.

“Two years after the publication of the second volume, the third volume of British
Lepidoptera has been completed. It differs from its predecessors inasmuch as it is not
divided into two parts, but deals throughout with the species continued from vol. ii.
The first species dealt with is Pachygastria trifoltt, the last Hemarzs tetyus (bombyliformis).
One has little doubt that, of all the species dealt with, Laszocampa qguercts will come in
for the most notice, The history of this species occupies no less than 70 pages, much of
it is in small type, and the whole composed of summarised detail dealing with facts, and
without a word that could possibly be spared. Little that has ever been published on this
interesting species can have escaped the search-net, and the full details of the variation
will not only prove of the highest interest to all students and collectors of lepidoptera, but
the critical onslaughts made on the misuse of the varietal names on the continent will
necessitate a thorough study by continental lepidopterists. Short notes on Laszocampa var.
callunae, often repeated ad nauseam with no fresh facts or details, and stating simply what
has been published so often before, by recruits who are for ever finding out something quite
new because of their ignorance of previously published matter or their inability to find it,
must of necessity be fewer in number or more scientific in character now that the details
(pp. 73-85) so industriously collected by the author can be so readily studied, for these
pages do not represent the author’s opinion of the subject, but the opinions and facts of
all lepidopterists who have handled the subspecies since 1849, when Palmer first described
it. To many the account of Dimorpha versicolora will be especially welcome, consisting
as it does of 35 pages (pp. 229-264) of solid matter relating to this interesting species, and
embodied in which one finds descriptions of no less than ten striking gynandromorphs, a
complete life-history based on the observations of Chapman, Bacot, Holland, Clarke,
Gascoyne, Merrifield, Buckler, Bernard-Smith, Poulton, Jenvey, Bankes, Tugwell, etc., whilst
more than a hundred other lepidopterists are quoted for details relating to localities, dates
of appearance, habits, etc. As a matter of comparison, however, it may be noted that
Gastropacha tlicifolia has been worked out in such detail as to require from pp. 186-199
to describe it and its habits in their various aspects, and practically every detail of our
knowledge of the species in Britain is here embodied, as well as a complete life-history
never before published. The less than a dozen lines of Newman on Hemaris tityus, with at
least two glaring errors, become here some twelvesolid pages of detailed facts, checked with the
authorities and vouched for by their names. These two species are those that occupy the least
space; the other species are worked out in the same careful manner, but with more facts and details.
To the biologist the extensive details relating to the hybridity, gynandromorphism and life-
histories of the species treated, will prove a mine of information. The account of Swerinthus
hybr. Aydrzdus (pp. 448-459) is of the greatest value as a summary of all the work published on this
best known hybrid form ; but the details on pp. 391-395 will prove no doubt of still more interest.

XVi. PRESS NOTICES OF VOL. III.

The description and account of /zmas hybr. Zeonzae, a cross between Mzmas tiliae and Smerin-
thus ocellata; of Calasymbolus hybr. znterfaunus, a cross between a fof the American Calasym-
bolus astvlus and a @ of the European Smerinthus ocellata; of Smerinthus hybr. oberthirz, of S.
hybr. frzxgsz, Amorpha hybr. metis, and A. hybr. zzversa, are full of interest, whilst on pp 291-204
are the details of numerous Attacid crossings, and on pp. 296-304 a full summary of the crossings
of the allied European Saturnians ; there is no need to state that full accounts of the crossing ex-
periments of Laszocampa guercus and its various races are also given. The details relating to
gynandromorphs are most interesting. Scarcely a species that is here treated but has given some
examples, and when one notes no fewer than 32 gynandromorphs of Laszocampa guercus described,
60 of Saturnia pavonta and 80 of Amorpha populz, besides smaller numbers of other species the
biologist will recognise that he has here an ‘abundance of material on which to work. The British
collector. will turn with the greatest satisfaction to Chapman’s comparison of the life-histories of
Amorpha populi, Mimas trliae and Smerinthus ocellata, and the author’s grouping of the
Amorphids should at least flatter the vanity of the City of London Entomological Society,
which one knows he loves so well. The names of Messrs. Sich, Burrows, Kaye, Dadd, Bell,
Nicholson, and Clark are all laid under contribution for new genera, arid no doubt other
members’ names are only missing because they have been previously utilised. To the systematist
there are four chapters that will require time, thought and digestion. Firstly the account of
the family Lutrichidae (pp. 111-123). Secondly, the study of the position of Dzmorpha
(Endromzs} (pp. 229-236). Thirdly, the classification of the Attacides, a detailed account of
all the work done in this direction (pp. 265-290); and lastly the exhaustive chapter on the
literature, synonymy and classification of the Sphingides (pp. 342-382). _ Much internal evidence
shows that the author hopes to attract criticism on this part of his work, and his preface tends
also to point in the same direction. As to this, the final conclusion of the author on the actual
types of the genera he uses may be worth quoting . . . . It is of no use after this for the
British collector to cavil at the change of names; here he has the whole literature of the subject
at disposal so that he can form his own opinions, and the author himself provides the material
on which such may challenge him if they disagree with his conclusions. ‘The Catalogue of the
Palzarctic Lachneides’ (pp. 225-229), and the ‘Catalogue of the Palzarctic Dimorphides,
Bombycides, Brahmzides and Attacides,’ will prove of the utmost use to workers both in the
Palzarctic and Nearctic regions, although probably for matters of space the species of the latter
district have been excluded. ‘The author asks for a full measure of support from all lepidopterists.
He especially appeals to American lepidopterists to support the work, claiming that the volumes
have a wider basis than their title would suggest, and pointing out that the basis of work is
general, and, therefore, of as much importance to American as to European lepidopterists.’’?—
Lhe Entomologist’s Record, October, 1902.

“*Ein englisches Werk, das der Aufmerksamkeit auch der deutschen Naturforscher und
besonders der Schmetterlingskundigen empfohlen zu werden verdient, ist ‘ J. W. Tutt’s Natural
History of the British Lepidoptera.’ Dasselbe ist nach den Mitteilungen des Verfassers auf vier
Bande berechnet, von denen die drei ersten bereits erschienen sind. Das Buch ist mehr, als sein
Titel besagt ; es beschrankt sich nicht auf die britischen Schmetterlinge, sondern zieht alle mit
ihnen verwandten Arten und Varietaiten, wo immer sie vorkommen mégen, tberhaupt alles, was
mittelbar oder unmittelbar mit dem Thema im Zusammenhange steht, in den Bereich seiner
Betrachtungen. Das Werk nimmt aber auch uberall Ricksicht auf allgemeine Fragen. So
widmet der erste Band 112 (von seinen 560) Seiten eingehenden Erorterungen uber: 1. Ursprung,
2. Ki, 3. Embryologie, und 4. Parthenogenesis der Lepidoptera, 5. dusseren, und 6. inneren Bau
der Schmetterlingslarve, 7 Variation der Imagines, & Schutzfarbung und Verteidigungsmittel der
Larve, 9 Klassifikation der Schuppenfligler. Hierzu kommen im zweiten (584 Seiten starken)
Bande 100 Seiten Betrachtungen uber: 1, Metamorphose der Lepidopteren und 2. zufdllige
Erscheinungen dabei, 3. 4ussere Morphologie und 4. inneren Bau der Schmetterlingspuppe, 5.
Abstammung der Lepidopteren (mit Stammbaum). Auch der dritte Band bringt iber biologische
und andere Fragen (Hybridismus, Gynandromorphismus, Variation, Entwicklungszustande,
Metamorphosen usw.) eine Menge Details, eine Anhaufung von Material, das anderswo
grossenteils tiberhaupt nicht zu erhalten ist, und in einer so erschopfenden Vollstandigkeit, wie
sie bisher noch in keinem der einschligigen Werke erreicht worden ist. Dieser Inhaltsreichtum
gibt dem Schmetterlingsforscher stete Anregung, seinen Untersuchungsgegenstand von allen
moglichen Gesichtspunkten aus zu studieren, sich unablissig eine vollstandige Erforschung der
Insektenwelt angelegen sein zu lassen, die simtliche Entwicklungszustande des Schmetterlings
umfasst, nicht nur uber dessen Bau, sondern auch uber seine Physiologie und Biologie, seine
Wandelungen und Aenderungen, Habitus, Fundorte, Nahrungspflanzen, geographische Verteilung
usw., die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der Arten, die Varietaten usw. -Aufschluss gibt.
Somit findet auch der Phaenologe tiber die Schmetterlingswelt in ihrer Abhangigkeit von
klimatischen Einflissen tiber die Wohnbereiche der’ Arten usw. in Tutts grossem Werke eine
Fille der Belehrung, Anregung und Auskinfte. Dem Phaenologen, wie dem eigentlichen
Sammler erleichtert das Buch die Arbeit ausserordentlich; Jahre lang mussten sie studieren,
forschen, sammeln—und dann hitten sie doch noch lange nicht die Menge der fir ihre
Spezialarbeit in Betracht kommenden Angaben, Daten und zuverlissigen Informationen
beisammen, die ihnen hier in Tutts Buche wie auf dem Prisentierteller dargeboten. zur sofortigen
Verarbeitung fertig, entgegengebracht werden. *s handelt sich aber nicht blos um Zusammen-
tragung einer Menge von Material aus allen nur erreichbaren (britischen und ausserbritischen)
Quellen, um die mit ausserordentlicher Sachkenntnis und gereiftem, fachmannischem Urteil
durchgefihrte Anordnung, Sichtung, Formung, Kondensation und Wirdigung des ungeheueren
Stoffes ; sondern jeder Band des Werkes steuert auch zu dem wohlgeordneten und gesichteten
Riesenvorrate des bisher bekannten Wissens, der friheren Beobachtungen noch reiche Spenden
ganz neuen, noch nirgends gedruckten Materials teils aus des Verfassers eigenem Wissensschatze,
teils aus der Feder seiner Freunde und Mitarbeiter bei. Bei einem litterarischen Unternehmen so
umfassenden Charakters ist es ja unmdglich, dass die kolossale und vielseitige Arbeit von der
Kraft eines einzelnen Menschen bewdltigt werde. So enorme Arbeit [utt auch geleistet hat, so
bedurfte er selbstverstandlich doch der Mitarbeiter, und er fand sie unter den nambaftesten
Fachmannern seines Vaterlandes. TIT. A. Chapman, A. W. Bacot, L. B. Prout, Kirby, Durrant,
Lord Walsingham, W. H. B. Fletcher, Dr. Wood und andere mehr haben ihre Dienste dem
‘Luttschen Unternehmen geliehen; ausser diesen Gelehrten aber haben noch tiber 200 Entomiologen
auf die eine oder andere Art bei einzelnen Fragen ihre Beobachtungen, Aufzeichnungen, Listen,
Berichte, Auskinfte zur Verfigung gestellt. Dazu ist die gesamte vorhandene Literatur, soweit
sie in Betracht kam und zugiinglich war, alles, was in Buchern, Abhandlungen, Fachblattern,

PRESS NOTICES OF VOL, III. XVil.

Magazinen, Vereinsberichten, Verhandlungen gelehrter Gesellschaften und Korporationen,
Zeitungen usw. an einschlagigen Notizen und Erorterungen zu finden war, mit grosser Sorgfalt
gesammelt worden. So sind nicht nur die britischen Quellen, sondern auch die auslandische
Literatur (hauptsachlich die deutsche und amerikanische) herangezogen worden. Auch manche
noch ungedruckte Arbeit konnte benutzt werden. Auf diese Weise ist denn ein Sammel-und
Nachschlagewerk zu Stande gekommen, das besonders in seinem klassifikatorischen Teil eine
wahre Fundgrube der Belehrung bildet. Was Vollstandigkeit betrifft (schreibt Merrifield), so
steht Tutt’s Werk in der Fille der Detailangaben itber alle den Biologen, Systematiker, Sammler,
kurz jeden Fachmann interessierenden Fragen geradezu einzig da. Dazu kommt, dass das Buch
bis auf die Gegenwart fortgefihrt ist und die gesamte Literatur der zu dem Fach gehdérigen
Gebiete benutz hat. Die Klarheit der Darstellung erh6ht noch den Wert und die wissenschaftliche
Brauchbarkeit des Buches, das dem Forscher unschatzbare Dienste leistet als Ratgeber, der ihn
kaum jemals-im Stiche lasst und als Auskunftsbuch, das ihm nicht leicht die Antwort auf eine
Frage schuldig bleibt, das vielmehr tberall mit grossem Scharfsinn zusammengefasst die neuesten
Ergebnisse der entomologischen Forschung darbietet und zwar ohne Weitschweifigkeit, in
moglichst knapper, aber doch lesbarer Form. Dem Sammler geben die sorgfaltig ausgearbeiteten
Listen wohl beglaubigte Auskunft, wo und wann er jede Art der in dem Buche behandelten
Schmetterlinge finden kann. Auch iber die Jahreszeit, in welcher eine Schmetterlingsart
erscheint ist ebenso, wie iiber ihre Wohnstatten, Fundorte und Nahrungspflanzen das gesamte
Material in Tutts Werk zu finden. Ferner enthalt das Werk vollstandige Listen der
Synonymen der einzelnen Arten und Gattungen, sowie der literarischen Hinweise, und diese
Angaben sind zuverlassig, Tutt zeigt sich auch hier als ein Meister der Kompilation und
knappen Zusammenfassung. Vonbesonderem Interesse und grossem Nutzen ist der Wiederabdruck
der ersten Beschreibungen der einzelnen Arten. Doch sind auch neue Beschreibungen hinzuge-
kommen, und alle Mitteilungen iiber Lebensverhdltnisse und Entwicklung sind nach modernen
Gesichtspunkten ausgearbeitet. Ein weiteres Verdienst des Buches besteht in der Vollstandigkeit,
mit welcher die fremden Ansichten angefthrt und gewiurdigt werden unter Hinweis auf die
Gesichtspunkte, von denen der Verfasser dabei ausgeht. Hier tritt oft seine Selbstindigkeit
und Originalitat recht deutlich hervor ; tberall bringt er in summarischer Form auch die neuesten
und gewichtigsten Ansichten, vervollstandigt aber diese Zusammenstellung noch durch die
Ergebnisse seiner eigenen Forschungen und kritischen Untersuchungen. Tutt griindet seine
Klassifikation hauptsachlich auf die Lebensbeschreibungen der Schmetterlinge, und da er hierbei
das Ganze der Entwicklung, samtliche Stufen und Eigentiimlichkeiten, die Gesamtheit der
Erscheinungen, alle Seiten der Sache im Auge hat, so ist sein Werk nicht nur ein Denkmal
kolossalen Fleisses, unermiidlicher Arbeit und Sorefalt, sondern es bedeutet auch einen
wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt und hebt das Studuim seines Wissensgebietes auf eine weit
hohere Grundlage, als die bisherige war. In der Beschreibung der einzelnen Spezies geht das
Werk ju. a. auf folgende Gesichtspunkte ein: 1. verschiedene Benennungen, 2. Originalbesch-
reibung der Art, 3. Imago, 4. sexeuller Dimorphismus, 5. Gynandromorphismus (Beschreibung
aller bekannten Formen davon), Variationsformen, Abweichungen usw., 6. Vergleich mit
verwandten Arten, 7. Eiblage und Ei, 8. Larve, 9. deren Habitus, 10. und Variation (Tabellen
von sdmtlichen Variationsformen der betreffenden Art), Vergleichung der Larve mit den Larven
verwandter Arten, 11. Kokon (Doppelkokons und zusammengesetzte Kokons), Verpuppungsart,
12. Farbenanderungen am Kokon, 13. Auskriechen aus der Puppenhulle und Habitus der Imago,
14. Ndahrpflanzen (vollstandige Verzeichnisse und Aufenthaltsorte), 15. verlingerte Dauer des
Puppenzustandes, 16. Erscheinungszeit (phanologische Details), Puparium, 17. Fundorte (Listen
fur die Bezirke Britanniens), 18. geographische Verteilung (Listen der Verteilungsbezirke der
Arten nach den einzelnen Landern, in denen sie vorkommen). So gibt das Werk eine Uebersicht
tiber die betreffenden Gruppen, Familien und Genera, tber ihre Kennzeichen, Lebensweise,
Klassifikation und ihre Verteilung in der ganzen Welt, ttber die Namen der Arten. tiber die
Stellen, wo sich Beschreibungen der Arten, Varietaten oder andere Mitteilungen uber sie finden,
uber die ganze, auf die Art. Gattung usw. beziigliche Literatur. Der Preis des Bandes betragt
20 M@. In Anbetracht der aufgewendeten Arbeit und angesichts der Tatsache, dass dieses Werk
dem Forscher eine Masse Zeit, Mithe und Umstande erspart, und dass diese Bande gleichsam
eine ganze Bibliothek darstellen voll Belehrung und Informationen, die man sich sonst in der
Praxis nur mit grossen Schwierigkeiten oder iiberhaupt nicht zu beschaffen vermag, erscheint
der Preis nicht ibermassig hoch. Die britischen und amerikanischen Fachzeitschriften sind
tiber das Tuttsche Werk des Lobes voll. Die Ermachtigung zur Verdeutschung des Werkes hat
der Verfasser einem unserer Landsleute freundlicher Weise bereits iibertragen. Vielleicht
finden sich Subskribenten auf eine deutsche Ausgabe des Werkes in hinreichender Anzahl. um
einem unserer Verleger die Besorgnis zu nehmen, er konne sich mit der Herausgabe einer
deutschen Uebersetzung ein zu grosses geschdftliches Risiko aufladen. Fachgenossen, welche
sich fur die Angelegenheit interessieren, werden gebeten, sich mit Herrn O. Marpurg, Cothen
(Anhalt), Schiitzenstrasse 10, in Verbindung, zu setzen.’’—M. GILLMER, /zsekten-Borse, March,
1903.

‘* British entomologists are to be congratulated on having obtained such a valuable handbook
on their native lepidoptera, and we hope that the author will be able to complete the work on
the same lines . . . But to lepidopterists in other countries the work is of great im-
portance, particularly for the comparative study of the variation in structure and habits of the
Same species in different regions. _It is only to be regretted that the price of the work may
render impossible its being obtained by some private students.” —CHR. AUvRIVILLIUS, Hon. F.E.S.,

Entomologisk Tidskrift, April, 1903.

PRIPISH LEPIDOPTERA.

_ Superfamily IX: SPHINGIDES (concluded).
Family : SPHINGIDA.
Subfam.: SESIINA.

This subfamily has already been dealt with somewhat at
length in our consideration of the Sphingids (anéed, vol. 111). It has
also been: characterised (loc. cit., pp. 366—367) and compared
somewhat in detail (loc. cit., pp. 503 e¢ seg.) with the Hemarids, a
subfamily closely united by lepidopterists to the Sesiids, and it
must be confessed that there is considerable resemblance between
the two groups in all their stages except the pupal. The Sesiid
egg is small, laid upon the foodplant, and possibly specialised to
resemble the buds amongst which it is often placed. The larva is very
typically Sphingid, with well-developed caudal horn, a small head, and
only very slightly retractile thorax; in its first stadium it has tubercles
1, ll, 11, 1v generalised in position, that which is usually considered v
being, as in other Sphingids, distinctly prespiracular, a feature apparently
fairly characteristic* of the superfamily ; each of these tubercles
bears a single bifid hair; on the meso- and metathorax, however,
i and ii are placed on a common base ; in the later stadia, there is a |
growth of secondary bifid hairs. In these respects, Hemarid and
Sesiid larve show striking resemblances. The pupz, however, are
characteristically different, and ally the species closely with the
Eumorphids. Chapman, who has examined the pupa of Sesza
stellatarum, and seen those of some half-dozen other Sesiid species
that agree with it in general characters, says: ‘It is not easy to
say wherein the Sesiid pupa differs from that of the Eumorphid
section, in which the pupe have the labrum dorsal and the front
of the pupa occupied by a deep maxillary keel, whilst one is
inclined to place the pupa of /Veshe/e with the Sesiids rather than with
the Eumorphids. The chief difference is that the Sesiid pupa is
usually very markedly compressed from back to front, whilst the
Eumorphid pupa is more or less cylindrical, z.¢., of circular section.
Another frequent character (wanting in the pupa of S. stellatarum)
is a raised line or ridge across the anterior margin of the segment
dorsally, passing close in front of the spiracle as it fades out

* Bacot has recently found v united with iv on a common base on the Ist
abdominal segment of the larva of Ayles euphorbiae in its first stadium,

2 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

anteriorly. The Sesiid pupa agrees with the Eumorphid, in that
some species have the anal spike sharp and pointed, whilst others
have it rounded or spoon-shaped at the end. ‘The pupal structure
leaves little doubt that the Sesiids are a branch of the Eumorphids
and are not directly related to the Hemarids. The pupz of many
of the species have a tolerably firm structure, but that of S.
stellatarum is more typical in shrivelling up if it dies, whilst, on
dehiscence, it more usually twists and shrivels up than retains its
natural outline. It has a very delicate skin, connected no doubt
with the fact that it pupates above rather than under the ground,
and, perhaps, more especially, that it does not hybernate as a pupa
but passes a very short time in that stage.” Kaye remarks (zm
Zit.) on the immensely varied characters shown by the Sesiid
imaginal structures, ¢.g., the antenne (which range from fairly long and
slender to somewhat short and thick, whilst sometimes they are
moderately clubbed and in others scarcely so), and the tufted abdomen
(which appears to be only of service as a character when considered
in conjunction with other structures, and sometimes varies sexually).
The hind tibiz he finds to be more bristly-scaled in the Sesiids than
in the Eumorphids, and states that, frequently, quite a tuft of
scales eccurs round the base of the spurs. These latter, too,
appear never to be so free and conspicuous in the Sesiids as in
the Eumorphids. He suggests that the greater number of the
Sestinae fall into three natural tribes:

1. Wings not angulated; g and ¢ with anal and

lateral tufts .. 56 v. oe ae -. SESTUMIS
2. Wings angulated.
a. 6 and ? tufted a se a os CY Re
6. ¢ only tufted Sh 35 .. LOPHURIDE

These tribes would not embrace all che genera hitherto included
in the Sessz7vae. Undoubtedly further tribes will have to be erected
for some of the more isolated genera.

Tribe : SESIIDI.

This tribe is well-characterised by the widely distributed and
well-known Sesta stellatarum. Its structure has been already dealt
with in our consideration of the subfamily. The imagines are
remarkable for their swift flight, seeking flowers by day, into which
they thrust their long maxillez whilst poised onthe wing. | Reference to
Bates’ comparison with the true humming-birds (Vat. on River Amazons,
pp. 182—183) may be made here. | The i imagines are well-scaled and
usually have a markedly tufted abdomen. Kaye notes, however, that
Enyo is decidedly nocturnal in its habits, but, in spite of being some-
what aberrant, is still distinctly Sesiid. The tribe is widely distributed
throughout the whole of the Old and New Worlds, but is particularly
abundant in the Indian region, tropical Africa and tropical America.

Genus: Srsta, Fabricius.

SyNnonyMy.—Genus: Sesia, Fab., ‘‘Sys. Ent.,”? p. 548 (1775) 3 _“ Spec.
Ins.;7. li.» Pe 54. (U781) 4s St Mant.,”?: Ti, a. OO (1 787)): caumte Syst., lii., ee
380:°(1793); ‘ll, Mag.,” vi, pu 207 (1807) >) Leske, * Anfangs. Nat., ip. 458
(1779); Cuv., ‘ Tabl. Elem.,” p. 593 (1797); Leach, ** Edinb. Encycl., ’ 1X., Dp.
131 (1815); Kirby, «Ent. Mo. Mag.,” i, p. 210 (1865). Sphinx, ina eye)
Nat.,’’ xth ed., p. 493 (1758); xiith ed., p. 803 (1767) ; “ Faun. Suec.,”” ii., p 288
(1761) ; Poda, ‘Ins. Mus, Graec.,” p, 82 (17 61) ; Scop.,) * Ent, Carn.,” p- 187
(1763); Hfn., ' Berl. Mag.,”’ ai, p. 182 (1766) ; (Schiff. ‘1 «« Schmett. Wien.,” p. 43

SESIA, 3

(1775) 3] Hll.’s n. Ausg., p. 20 (1801); Esp., ‘“Schmett. Eur.,” ii., p. 114, pl.
Kili., figs. I—3 (1779); Bergst., ‘‘Sphing. Larv.,” p. 11 (1782); Rae. “Gen.
et Spec. Mise EPs syios) econ, °oKourc. Ent. Pars.,”?."1.,p; 253 (1785) 5
Bork., “Sys. eschew lg, Pp: 50, (34, 177 (1789) ; Don., « Brit, Iinss7 v5! 3
4t, pl. Pee(noo). ib. tur. Schmett.,> fie. 57 (1796) ; text Pp. 94 (circ. 1805) ;
Seems ep). ? i. Sph- in., Legit. A.-q.e¢., fig. 1 ue b (circ. 1800) ; ae
faieep. Brit.” p. 65 (1803); Lat. “ee Hist. Nat., gaits 401 (1802); xiv., p. 133
(1805) 5 Ochs., “ Die Schmett.,’ Pa 19 (1808) : Shae and Nodder, CANARY.
Nat.,” xxi. pl. 872 (1810); Godt., p Elise Nate, til p55 (1821s. Wacro=
olossum, Scop., Slim elistoe Nat caper 4ls Ci z77)5-lam., “Hist. Nat. An.
mumeeavert., 1V-, Pp. 9 (1817); Swains., “© Zool. lus.” i., expl. play god!
(ie2n)5. Kirby & Spence, “Int. Ent.,” ni., p. 557 (1826). Bombylia, Hb.,
peliemin.. « “p- 1 - (1806) ; . “ Franck Cat., a ?. 87 (1825). Sphinx (-Macro-
eyenege), Watr., ‘* Gen. Crust. et te. Iv2y Pon 2LOn (1809), Sezza, ‘Oken,
“‘Lehrb. Zool.,” i., p. 749 (1815). Memaris, Dalm., ‘‘ Vet. Acad. Hand.,” p.
207 (1816). Afacroglossa, Ochs., ‘Die Schmett.,”’ iv., pp. 41—q2 (1816);
poms) Ll aust.” it, p- 133 (1828); “Cat. Br. Ins.,” i1., p. 34 (1829) ; “ List
Bean. Br, Mus.” p. 29 (1850); Bdv., “‘ Hur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,” p.. 32 (1829) ;
meemeceiud- Meth” p. 45 (1840), “Hist. Nat. Sphing.,” p. 337 (1875);
Meigee 'Hur. Schmett., i, p. 127 (1830); Dup., ‘Hist. Nat.,” supp. ii., p.
ewe tos5)|; — Cat. Meéth.,7’-p.43 (1844); Dunc., ‘Brit. Moths,” p. 164 (1836) ;
ood) “Ind. Ent..” fig. 20 (1830); Curt., “Brit. Ent.,” xvi., pl. 747 (1840);
Humph.;and West., ‘Brit. Moths,” i, p. 24 (1841) 5 Evers.) -° Haun.) Vole:
Pee P07, (loa); E-Sch:| -* Sys. Bearb.,”? 1, p.. 84 (1846) ;
Weide List Brit. Lep.,” p. 3 (1847)s Heyd., “ Lep. Eur. ae Meth.,” ed.
3, P Beeton(os0));) speyer, “Geog. Verb...” 1, p- 314 (1858) ; 1. ps. 280 (1862) ;
Sete vane 2 1, p. 9s (1657); Elumph., “Gen. Brit. Moths?” Dee UL mp le tis.
mes Omm(rooo));, staud., | ‘* Cat., ed, 1, p.. 17. (1861); ed. 2, p.- 38
emecpecd. 35 p. to4 (1901); Kamb., “Cat. Lép. Andal.,” p. 122. (1866);
Seles De Viind-,”’p. 92 (1867); Berce, ** Faun. Frane.,” ii., p. 31 (1868);
ele ep. Fn. Est. 1, p. 90 (1868); Newm., “Brit. Moths,” p, 11
(soe); Mall. ‘Cat. Lép. Apr Nias ape i2ilmi(lo72)) bane-Haas. Nat.
ieee ens) xe, sp. 400 (1874); Cunt y Mart., °*Cat. Lep. Barc.,” ps 42
ae euro, << Bull) Soc. , Ent.. Ital.,” vit., p. 114 (1875); Butl., ‘ Trans.
Meme SO€.,: 1X., pt. 10, -p. 524 (1876) ; Kirby, ‘‘Eur. Butts. and Moths,”’
Paeepreplxx., 1105. 1 @—c¢ (1d79)5 “¢ Cat.,”’ p: 629 (1892); ** Handbook,”
fer ive, pp. o—9 (1697); Frey, ‘“Lep. Schweiz,” p. 59 ee Poult esssirans:
iaesoc) Wond.,”” 1884, p. 298 (1384) ; Buckl., “ Larvee,” &c., ., p. 113, pl. xxvi.,
fies 2 (1887); Auriv., “% Nord. Fyjar.,’’ p. 47 (1889); Mina- Pal. and Failla-Ted.,
Pato... Vil. p 135 (1668) ; Meyr., | “Handbook,” &c., p. 294 (1895) ; Barr.,
Sele brit. ., p.. 66 (1895); Tutt, ‘* Brit. Moths,” Dass) (rego)))= Bartel,
*« Palzeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ il., p. 216 (1899) ; Cann., “ Riv, tale: xxi, pp. Io—
17 (1901). Hemaris, Dalm., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Handl.,” XXXVii., p. 215 (1816). Psithyros,
ii WeIZ.,.. Pp. 132) (crc. 1822); Stephs., “ Ill, Hiaust.,” app. p. 5 (1834).
Rhamphoschisma, Wallgm., ‘‘Skand. Het.,’’ i., pp. 49--51 (1863).

The heterotypical genus Sesza was erected by Fabricius in 1775
for section III of Linné’s comprehensive group Sphinx. It was
diagnosed (Sys. Enz, p. 548) by Fabricius as follows:

Palpi reflexi, lingua exserta, truncata. Antenne cylindricz, extrorsum
crassiores— Tantalus, hylas, stellatarum, thysbe, fuciformis, apiformis, haemorr-
hoidalis, culiciformis, tipuliformis.

The extended description of the genus by Fabricius, and the
fixing of its type by Cuvier in 1797 as sé¢e//atarum, have already been
detailed at length (azéed, vol. ili., pp. 344345). Fabricius, himself,
also chose the Sphingid section of Sesza to represent the genus in 1807
(see anted, p. 347). Meyrick describes (Handbook, p. 294) the genus
under the name of JVacroglossa as follows:

Tongue strongly developed. Antennze over $, gradually thickened to near
apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked. Abdomen broad, smooth, with broad

truncate expansible anal tuft, last three segments with expansible lateral tufts.
Tibie hairy. Wings wholly scaled.

The genus Sesza is found throughout the greater part of the

4, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Old World, and is particularly numerous in the Indian Region. The
moths may be generally recognised by their strongly thickened
antenne, hooked at the tip, the thickly scaled dark brown or
blackish forewings, more or less coppery-red hindwings, and the
undentated hind margins. The black anal tuft, too, is very
conspicuous. Nearly all the species are very similar to Sesza
stellatarum in size, colour, shape and general appearance. ‘Their
mode of flight is too well known to need any detailed mentioning.

Bartel gives ( Palacark. Gross-Schmett., i\., Pp. 213) the following table
for the determination of the Palearctic species belonging to this genus :

Wings scaled throughout. Forewings dark with blackish markings.
1. Hindwings sulphur-yellow, etc. .. Ae .. caudata, Brem.
and Grey.
2. Hindwingsochre-yellow; at the base blackish-grey,
before the outer margin narrowly red-brown.
Antennz blackish-grey. Thorax unicolorous.
Abdomen on the sides of the first two segments
without yellow spots .. er ye OD 4
3. Hindwings black-brown, with an orange-yellow
transverse band in the middle, etc. .. saga, Bye
SESIA STELLATARUM, Linné.
SYNONYMY.—Species : Stellatarum, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p.
493 (1758); xiuthed., p. 803 (1767); 1°* Faun. Suec.,” i p> 26oe (Grom ememe:
il anid@INet7., ic Gen: Ct, (Specs wlNs..4. a Daa ana liso) Stellarum, Geoff.,
‘“Pourc. Ent. Par.,’’ -p. 253 (1785)-;* Latr., ‘ Hist. Nat. Crust nse eeeeees
p-) 133 (1805). Wzgra, Cosmovici, ‘Le Nat.,% xiv., p. 280) (1802) -aeheinas.
Nov. Zool.,” i., p. 99 (1894). [N.B. All other references mentioned under
the generic synonymy /anted, pp. 2-3) are referable to stel/atarum.]

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx stellatarum, abdomine barbato
lateribus albo nigroque variis, alis posticis ferrugineis. Merian,
Hur... 2, Pp. 33, t. 29, Réaum,, Jys., 1, t. 12; £75, 05) h@esmeeee
1, phal..1, t. 8. - Bradl, Wazur., t.. 26, £1, Ai Habitat ame
Rubia (inne, Sys: Vat, xth eds, 1p.) 408.) ne: s2onr

ImMaGo.—54mm.—6omm. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish-
grey, the middle abdominal segments paler and with a pale yellowish
lateral patch on either side of these segments; a black angular
transverse mark behind the paler area; black and white lateral tufts to
terminal segments of abdomen and black anal tuft. Anterior wings
blackish-grey, sometimes with a slight ochreous tinge; an indistinct
basal line, a black transverse line at some distance from base, black
angulated line from costa to anal angle; a dark terminal shade,
broader at apex and very narrow at anal angle; fringes of same colour
as outer marginal area. Posterior wings coppery- or ochre-yellow,
slightly darker at outer margin, covered with long grey scales at
base ; a dark outer marginal line from apex to two-thirds towards
anal angle; fringes paler, greyish-ochreous.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—JIn this species sexual dimorphism is
reduced to a very trifling amount. The antenne in both sexes
have about 52—56 joints, each carrying dorsal scales arranged in
two obvious and tolerably regular rows, and with a third row close to
the base and hidden (being formed of short scales) by the terminal row
of the preceding segment.. The male has well-developed hairs in the °
ordinary pocket or slipper-toe arrangement of the Sphingids, the
female a smooth under-surface with fine hairs. The anterior tibial
spine is slightly variable, but arises in the female a little further from
the base of the tibia than in the male, and is, therefore, very slightly

Stellatarum, L.

SESIA STELLATARUM, 5

shorter. The frenulum has been already referred to (avnfed, vol. iii.,’
p. 502). It is difficult to say that there is any sexual difference in
wing colour or pattern, or in the lateral abdominal tufts. The 3
possesses, but extremely small, by the side of the 2nd abdominal
segment, the fans so well developed in some Sphingids (Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM. — Only two gynandromorphous specimens
appear to have been described. The sexual differences being so slight,
great care should be taken in recording such. Those described are :

a. Halved. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Right pair of wings ¢, left ¢
(smaller). Right antenna larger than the left. Right side of the body more ¢,
more voluminous, left side ¢. On the abdomen traces of both sets of sexual organs
present. Bred in 1896. In Hartmann coll. (Schultz, £2. Woch. fur Ent., ii., p. 395).

8. Preponderantly ¢. Right antenna ¢,lelt ¢, Allelse purely ¢. Bred

along time since from a larva found near Ratibor by Hyckel. - In Hyckel coll.
(Schultz, 722. Zetts. fur Ent., iii., p. 137).

VaRIATION.—This species, in spite of its remarkably wide
distribution, is not subject to a very great deal of variation. Bower
records a specimen captured at Sandgate that measures only 30mm.
from tip to tip of its forewings. Piochard de la Brulerie describes
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1863, p. 666) an albinistic aberration, the
ground-colour of both pairs of wings being greyish-white, the
hind tinged with yellow, and with the dark border almost
typical. Mosley notes one with the hindwings very dark,
and suffused with orange-brown. Oberthtr observes that the
Askold examples have darker brown hindwings than those from
Europe, and that the same form occurs in Japan. Strangely,
Fletcher mentions that the specimens from North China and Japan
are very typical. The Teneriffe examples are also said to have
the hindwings somewhat deeper brown. Bartel says (Palaeark. Gross-
Schmett., i., p. 217) that “aberrations have been observed in
which there is a broad, velvety-black transverse band on the fore-
wings. Other specimens vary considerably in the tint of the hind-
wings. Thus Ochsenheimer refers (Die Schmett., iv., p. 175) to one
in which the hindwings show no yellow at all, but are unicolorous
black-brown ; also the one described by Herr Karl Uffeln, of
Nietberg (/vis, vill., p. 170), agrees with the above specimen of
Treitschke’s [ssc] in certain respects. It came from a normal
autumnal larva and pupa, and the brown colour of the hind-
wings extends to the whitish-mixed abdomen.” These alone
are sufficient to show that there is some variation in European
examples in the tint of the hindwings, and this is borne out by the
specimens in the British Museum coll., where it is quite clear that
local or aberrational variation exceeds manifold the geographical
variation. This is exactly what might be expected with a species,
individuals of which travel many miles, possibly hundreds of miles,
and so must cross practically throughout their whole range within a
few years. One of the most remarkable matters connected with this
well-known species was its re-description by Cosmovici in Le

* Caradja notes in his preface (/ris, viii., p. 2) that he wrote to Cosmovici
repeatedly, asking if he could see his types or for further information, but never re-
ceived a word in reply, and this, coupled with the fact that, although Cosmovici had not
been able to name his Geometrids except sambucaria, he had been fortunate enough
to discover two or three new Erebias, a new Theclid, and this new Jfacroglussa, in
Roumania, leads one to suppose that the publication of this note is due to sheer
ignorance, and is not to be taken seriously.

6 BRITISH “LEPIDOPTERA.

Naturaliste, xiv., p. 280.* That it was not a specially dark aberra-
tion that he named, appears clear from his note, “fort commun aux
mois de Mai et de Juin.” His description reads :

Macroglossa nigra (n. sp.).—Lépidoptére fort commun aux mois de mai et de
juin, a vol fort rapide en plein jour et a l’ardeur du soleil. Ailes supérieures d’un
noir corbeau, sans taches. Les inférieures d’un fauve roux, presque transparentes,
avec la base un peu obscure et une bordure terminale fine, noire. Téte et thorax
gris, fort poilus; abdomen de la couleur des supérieures. Les poils latéraux de la
base de leur queue d’oiseau ont la méme coloration grise que le thorax.

EccLayinc.—Of the egglaying of Sesza (Macroglossum ) stellatarum,
Prideaux writes (Zt. Rec., xil., p. 268) that, from July roth-2zoth
Ig00, this species was abundant on the South Devon coast where
he repeatedly had the opportunity of watching it egglaying on Galum
mollugo while hovering on the wing. The insect, he says, selects
the top of a flowering spray as a rule, carefully examining it before
depositing an egg. Rejected sprays, on being subsequently searched,
were found to have been previously bespoken for the purpose;
two eggs of this species were never laid on the same panicle of
the plant although ova of Anticlea rubidata, and probably those of
species of the genus JZe/anippe, were commonly found near those of
S: stéllatarum. The green globular ege- of the latter tieqen
large, is not a very conspicuous object amongst the masses of round
buds of the Ga/zum, on which it is usually deposited; but it has been
occasionally found laid on one of the upper whorls of leaves. The egg
period, Prideaux notes, lasted only seven days. Harwood observes
that the eggs are laid by the 9 on the flowers and flower-buds of
Galium mollugo, that she does not alight during the process but
keeps on the wing all the time, curling up her abdomen so as to
place the egg on the underside of the flower or bud (Buckler’s
Larvae, ii., p. 120). The eggs are laid singly, only one in the same
place, on leaves and upper twigs of Szed/atae. A specimen was watched
at Arcachon laying its eggs on leaves of Audia tinctorum precisely
as noted by Harwood (Chapman). Laid at the junction of the
pedicels of the flowerets of one of the lower lateral branches of
the main spike of flowers of Galium verum,; each egg is laid on
its long side, and its semitransparent green colour makes it very
inconspicuous among the flowers and buds of the yellow bedstraw,
and matching wonderfully well in size and appearance the young
seed-capsules thereof, although it differs considerably in colour, being
of a brighter and more pearly green (Bacot). Eggs laid from Novem-
ber rst—5th, 1901, in confinement, at Scarborough (Head). Ransom
observes that, waiting patiently by a patch of Galium verum in
the hot sun, he watched a @? hovering over the flowers, neither
alighting nor sucking the honey ; after a short time it selected a head,
clasped the flowers with all its legs, turning at the same time its
abdomen down and placing an egg on the side of one of the small
unopened buds of the Ga/ium, the moth vibrated its wings very
rapidly throughout the process, possibly for the purpose of supporting
itself, as otherwise its weight might bear down the _ flower-head.
The act of oviposition was observed on many occasions and he was thus
enabled to verify his first impressions. ‘The ovum was nearly always
placed on an unopened flower-bud, occasionally, however, on the under-
side of a leaf (out of some 200 found, he obtained only a very small
number laid onleaves). He further states that, when the flower opens, the

SESIA STELLATARUM. 7

egg, if laid on a bud, is, of course, turned downwards, and the petals,
though small, hide the egg; when the plant is in full bloom one
might suppose that the egg had been deposited in the centre of
the flower-head which, however, is not the case; if a plant be in
bloom at the time of oviposition the egg is placed on the open
flower ; the proboscis may be thrust into a flower during oviposition,
but it is certainly the exception and not the rule. The moth
appears to lay but one egg on a flower-head, but, on one occasion, he
found five placed singly on a single flower-head, on another a
cluster of three, and several times two, but his observation leads
him to doubt their being laid by the same individual. He further
notes that it is recorded that the abdomen is turned upwards when
egglaying, but that he never saw any attempt whatever at an upward
movement although he watched most carefully. Of five ova
deposited on July rith, t901, one hatched on July 15th and four
on July 16th, this giving, in this case, an oval period of only 4—5
days. Grote also notes mode of egglaying (Zool, p. 7153).
Ovum.— Green in colour; almost a sphere in form; but it has
a longer (micropylar) axis and a circular outline at right angles
to this; the length is almost exactly 1mm. and the transverse
diameter o-9gmm., some eggs are a little smalier than this, but the
diameters have the same ratio; the micropyle was not made out;
the surface sculpturing is in the form of a very shallow set of
pits, the lines of the netting being little raised above the general
surface ; the reticulation is of 5- and 6-sided pits of a diameter of
o‘ozmm. (Chapman. Described November 14th, 1901, from eggs
obtained by Head, of Scarborough). (1) Of a somewhat darker
green than the egg of TZheretra porcellus, and more strongly
sculptured ; about o‘gmm. in length by o-8mm. in width, with a well-
marked rosette of cells around micropyle ; apparently quite filled
by contents and without depression (July, 1901. Laid on flowering
shoot of Galium aparine). (z) <A short rounded oval, flattened
and depressed at sides, small, and of a bright semitransparent
green colour ; about 1mm. in length, o‘(9gmm. in width, and about o:o-
o'8mm. in thickness ; the surface smooth and pearly, but not highly
varnished ; with a shallow and poorly marked surface cell-pitting
(July 29th, r900. Laid on flower pedicels of Galium verum) | Bacot].
Almost exactly 1mm. in length, and only just under tmm. in
width, the outline being almost a circle, the height rather less than
the width, still the egg has the general appearance of being nearly
spherical, some with a fairly large, irregularly oval, hollow depression
on the upper surface (opposite point of attachment) others without ;
the surface distinctly covered with an irregular polygonal reticulation,
the network becoming more distinct at the micropylar end, which is
somewhat flattened; the micropyle appears to be composed of a
number of radiating cells which outwardly distinctly run into the
surrounding cells that form the ordinary network; colour at first
bright pea-green, changing to yellowish with green areas as the
embryo matures; the shell is quite transparent, and the embryo
is very distinctly to be seen through it, and the structure of the
young larva, and its striking bifid hairs may be clearly distinguished
[Tutt. Described July roth, 1901, from eggs found attached firmly
to leaves of Galium verum by Mr. Ransom, a few days previously |.

8 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

HaBIrtS OF LARVA.— Sepp worked out (Ved. Jnsecten, i1.,
no. 52) the life-history of this species over 100 years ago. He observed
that the larve hatched on July 7th, 6 days after the eggs were laid,
moulted for the rst time 3 days after this (July roth), moultea a
2nd time 4 days later (July 14th), moulted a 3rd time 4 days later
(July 18th), and a few days later for the 4th and last time, changing
colour wnen wandering off for pupation. Clifford notes (£77., i1., p. 298)
the extreme rapidity of growth after the 2nd moult, there being only 4
days between the 2nd and 3rd, and 4 between the 3rd and 4th moults; he
further states that after the larva has formed its cocoon it continues in
the larval state nearly a fortnight before the pupal state is assumed.
Prideaux says that the young larve can suspend themselves by a thread
when disturbed. Some that left the eggs on July 16th, 1901, were
observed to moult on July 19th and on July zgth, turning a very dark
green colour after the last moult (almost black), and, being fullfed, com-
menced to spin on August 3rd and pupated on August 8th (Ransom).
Bacot observes that the larva were exceedingly abundant at Frinton
on August 6th, rgoo, feeding on the bedstraw growing on the landward
side of the seawall; they were mostly in the final instar, and many quite
fullgrown. Referring to their protective habits, he states that they were
far less conspicuous than one would have considered possible; the
weight of the larva bends the bedstraw downwards, and the larva
feeds with its ventral area uppermost, and, in this position, the
colour corresponds well with the sage-green tinted leaves of the
small reeds and coarse grasses among which the bedstraw grows. He
says that the larve were so crowded that one could count two or three
dozen without moving, probably because the foodplant only grows
on a small part of the seawall, about 100 yards in length, and no
trace of Galium verum could be found elsewhere in the neighbourhood.
Hayward observes that the larvae were So common in 1865, at Devonport,
that above 100 were taken in various stages of growth during the first
three weeks of August, every clump of Ge/zum sometimes containing
several. In 1888, the larve were exceedingly abundant on the
southeast coast of Kent throughout the whole of September. At
Walmer and Kingsdown, on the small isolated patches of Galium
growing on the shingle, the larve of this species (and those of
Celerio gall) were in unusual abundance, those of S. stellatarum
hiding low down during the day. The larve pupated in due course,
and either emerged (or died failing to do so) during late October
and November. In July, 1894, high up on the French side of
the pass leading over the Little St. Bernard, a magnificent plant of
Galium verum, growing on a rocky wall by the roadside, tempted one
to examine it, with the result that a very large fullfed larva of
S. stellatarum was discovered clinging to the underside of one of the
main flowering branches, but not before its presence was made
known by its coming in contact with the hand; it was then feeding,
and the time about 7.30 p.m. (Tutt). Larva were found feeding by
night at Painswick (Watkins); in nature, nocturnal feeders, and
found with difficulty, as a rule between 6 p.m. and dusk. Wherever
the foodplant shows signs of being much eaten, search should be
made (Ransom); appear to prefer the plants of Galium mollugo
growing on old walls exposed to the sun (Chaumette) ; appear to
feed exposed on G. verum and G. mollugo growing on sunny banks

SESIA STELLATARUM. 9

&c. (Holland); frequently found on isolated plants at Brighton
(Merrifield); frequently in batches, several larve being found on a
small patch of Gadium at Lincoln (Musham); the larve prefer sunny
localities, occur very commonly in certain years, even in places
where it is otherwise seldom found (Bartel) ; appear to be found
most frequently on plants of shorter growth and less intermixed with
grass on the Lancashire and Cheshire sandhills; it may readily be
traced by the exposed black frass, and rarely wanders far away
till ready to pupate (Moss). The larve may be found almost
all the year through, in such years as the insect visits us, early
June, late July and early August and September being possibly the
months preceding the three more or less uncertain broods that we
have in favoured seasons here, but much depends upon the season,
for, in some years, larve are only obtainable in July and August
and late September and October, the latter usually being exterminated
by the early frosts. Robson notes that a larva dropped in water, by
accident, very quickly recovered. The following notes may be of
interest :—Larve in Upper Austria, June and September-October
(Himsl); 20 larve on Galium verum, July 26th-August 26th, 1857, at II-
fracombe, August 25th, 1859, at Braunton Burrows (Mathew) ; rather
young larve on August 19th, many quite small and almost fullfed
larve from August z2oth-September 5th, 1857, at Brighton (Merri-
field); a very large number of larve during the last week of
September, 1859, these spun up in early October, and produced
maemes sat the end of the same month, the pupe that
Gismenor do) so. then died ; no pupa. remained alive until
the next year (Hellins); larve, August 5th, 1865, at Rottingdean
(Image) ; larve abundant at Devonport during the first three weeks
of August, 1865 (Hayward), and in September, 1865, at Scar-
borough (Lighton), and from October 6th, 1865, onwards at
Barnstaple (Mathew); August rath-24th, 1867, August 28th, 1872,
fullfed, figured by Buckler (Hellins) ; July roth, 1872, at Pangbourne,
August 17th, 1890, at Hardwick, July 2oth, 1898, at St. Helens, Isle
of Wight (Holland); August 30th, 1873, at Dover (A. H. Jones) ;
larve, fullfed, August 4th, 1875, at Lee, August 22nd, 1892, larve
at Deal, August 12th, 1893, at Folkestone (Fenn); very abundant
October 24th, 1878, at Gallipoli (Mathew) ; August 17th-30th, 1879,
at Yarmouth (Lockyer); larve plentiful at Cleethorpes, August 23rd,
1879 (Auld); September rith, 1886, not halfgrown (Porritt); through-
out September, 1888, abundant at Deal, Walmer, and Kingsdown
(Tutt) ; 31 larve in various stages between September rst-5th, 1889, in
South Devon, and larvee common at Sidmouth in July, 1898 (Wells) ;

larve, nearly fullfed, August 26th, 1890, and August zgth, 1894, at
Reading (Butler) ; in July, 1892, a dozen larve, and several on July 22nd,

1898, at Wéstgate (Sich); larvae, August 21st, 1892, at Braunton
(Bartlett) ; July 1sth-24th, 1893, at Wicken (Mitchell) ; August,
1897, larve abundant at Walmer (Griffiths) ; larve young
and fullgrown at West Kirby on September 15th, 1897 (Moss),

August 3rd, 1898, at Sidmouth, eggs and plenty of young larve
on July 27th, 1go1, at Hazeleigh (Raynor); larve, July rath, 1gth,

27th, 29th, and 3oth, 1899, August 17th-21st, 1900, at Sudbury, also
larvee July 18th-2oth, 1899, at Henny, and from July zoth-August 6th,
1g0I, in the Sudbury district, by the latter date they were all fullfed

10 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Ransom); larve, July 14th, 1899, on Galium verum at Benfleet
(Whittle) ; larve, fullfed, in September, 1901, at Margate (Barrett).

Larva.—first instar (nearly fullgrown) : Very small, only
about 3mm. in length, colour of a much brighter yellow-green than
the tint of any other Sphingid larva known to me in this stage. In
general shape, the larva is cylindrical, rather short and stout, not
tapering to any appreciable extent. The head rounded, not very
small (considering that the larva described is near moulting),
bears a few black hairs, not bifid. The junction of head and
thorax marked by a black line, as is also the junction of the lobes
and the line of clypeal triangles. The body tubercles large, black,
chitinous, almost wart-like in their large size, yet each only bearing
a single hair except on the meso- and metathorax on which ii
carries two hairs, and i and 1 have a common base bearing the
two sete on the 3rd subdivision of the segment; on the abdominal
segments 1 and ii are placed trapezoidally, 1 on the 3rd and ii on
the 6th subdivision of each segment; on the meso- and metathoracic
segments, 111 is on the middle subsegment and carries two hairs,
while of the subspiraculars only the prespiracular (v) is in evidence,
iv, as is usual in the Sphingid larve, being absent. On the ab-
dominal segments, i11 is single-haired and placed on the 4th subsegment
of each segment; iv is on the lateral flange below and slightly posterior
to spiracle; the prespiracular (v) is on the anterior edge of the seg-
ment, almost directly in front of the spiracle. ‘There appear to be 8
subsegments to each abdominal segment, judging by the rows of sha-
green tubercles or mammillz of the next skin now showing through,
and 5 to the meso- and metathorax. The sete are stout black bristles,
much larger than those of Lumorpha (elpenor) and Theretra (porcellus /,
and bifid at the tip. The prothoracic scutellum does not differ
in colour from the general tint of the body, but is distinctly raised
above the general skin surface; it bears 6 tubercles on its anterior
and 4 on its posterior margin, the outermost of the anterior row
carries two setz ; the only other tubercle on the prothorax above the
ventral area is the prespiracular and this also bears two sete.
The horn is peculiar, being either black or very dark purple,
short and thick, tapering but slightly, and rising abruptly from
the skin-surface, in fact, it looks like an enormously raised tubercle,
it contrasts so strongly with the skin; it is roughened by minute
spicules or bristles and bears, as usual, the anterior trapezoidals
(1) at the summit. The spiracles are rimmed with black chitin,
very large on prothorax and the 7th and 8th abdominals, small
on abdominal segments 1—6 (about half the size of those on 7
and 8). The three anal plates are of a tint varying from dark
dusky to black. The prolegs bear small, flat, dusky-coloured
plates, on which the marginal series of hairs are situated, and the
ventral tubercles above the legs bear two hairs, those on the rst
and znd abdominals being single-haired. ‘The lateral flange is fairly
developed, both iv and the prespiracular (v) are placed on it,
iv on the summit of the ridge and the prespiracular (v) on its upper
edge, on that part which curves upwards somewhat at anterior
edge of segment. Second instar: The usual change that Sphingid
larvee are subject to at rst moult has occurred. ‘The primary setz
and tubercles are greatly reduced in size (comparatively with size

SESIA STELLATARUM. 11

Sotwideva), the former differmg but slightly im size. from the
-mumerous secondary shagreen hairs which now appear, and which
form so marked a feature of the larva; these hairs are small black
bristles with a bifid tip, each placed on a raised bright yellow-
coloured mammillary base, the pigment spreading over the
skin surrounding the base of the tubercle and forming a distinct
spot. ‘The hairs on the head are much more numerous than in the
last instar, and they also partake of the shagreen character except
that the hairs themselves are apparently simple and have no bifid
tip, whilst their bases are black as is also the skin area immediately
surrounding them ; the bases of hairs are aiso black on the scutellum
and anal plates. The larva is still cylindrical with a small head,
the body tapering scarcely at all or only very slightly ; the horn is more
slender, still of a deep purple-red colour, and carrying numerous
bristly bifid hairs; the prothorax is now divided into 6 subsegments
as well as the scutellar area, the mesothorax has 7, the metathorax
and abdominal segments are each composed of 8, subsegments. The
colour of the larva is bright but deep green, although the yellow shagreen
spots modify it and give it a more glaucous tint, while the hairs
give it a brownish hue to the naked eye. A narrow mediodorsal
stripe is present, in part formed by the absence of shagreen spots
in its area, and a subdorsal yellowish stripe is formed by the
shagreen spots following in regular sequence, and the yellow colour
of their bases spreading along this area; this subdorsal line runs
horizontally from head to 8th abdominal segment, and there turns
up to the base of the caudal horn. ‘The spiracles are conspicuous
and they bear the same relative sizes as in the ist instar except
that on the 7th they are a trifle smaller than those on the 8th,
but still larger than those on abdominal segments 1—6 (July 18th,
rg0o1). fenultimate instar : The most noticeable feature of this
instar is that the development of the shagreen hairs is much
stronger ; those on the head being black and distinct, although
som sand= some of them are bifid at the tip ; those on the
body are black, deeply forked at the tip. Some of the primitive
setee are still in evidence, being longer than the shagreen hairs,
and not bifid at the tip. Tuberclesiand 11 still appear as trapezoidals,
ii is well above and slightly posterior to spiracles, iv directly below
on the subspiracular flange. The horn is not degenerating at
this stage and has two hairs at tip although it is not distinctly
forked ; in addition to the shagreen hairs, there is a coat of minute
short black spicules present, except on the coloured areas of the
longitudinal. bands and the coloured skin-bases of the shagreen
Naim july 2oth, goe), . Laval asta, ; ead small; thoracic
segments tapering; the larva, as a whole, slender and of elegant
shape. Head, dull sage-green in colour, rather tall, a rounded
trapezoid in shape, notched at crown; the mandibles and upper
joints of antennz pale brown; the bases of antennz and mouthparts
(other than mandibles) green ; ocelli pale brown or yellowish; numerous
fine short hairs scattered over surface. Body pale apple-green
above to dull glaucous or sage-green beneath ; a broad white sub-
dorsal band edged above with dark green is present on abdominal
segments; this turns upwards, and ends at the base of the horn; for-
ward it narrows down, and is yellowish rather than white, becoming

12 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

fainter on thoracic segments, and ending just behind the scutellar
plate; a broad, vivid, yellow subspiracular band is present, and
the anal flap is edged with the same colour; on the thoracic and
Ist abdominal segments this band is situated on a raised fold
or flange of the skin; there is a tendency in many larve for the
spiracular yellow band to be shaded above and beneath with a
dusky reddish hue. The horn is sharp, slender, blue-green in
colour, with black tubercular hair-bases for about four-fifths of its
length ; the remainder (apex) is orange-yellow, and the hairs on
this portion without dark bases. Spiracles edged with a black
chitinous rim, and, excepting the prothoracic, which are whitish, they
are almost black, although a little white is noticeable within the
dark rim in some larve. The shagreen hairs are now very fine
and weak, surrounded by a coloured skin-area of greater or less
extent; above the spiracular band these are white (often very
brilliant), those below the band are yellow; none of the shagreen
hairs are forked in this stage. A very faint mediodorsal line may
be detected. The true legs are reddish-brown; the extremities of
the prolegs are pink; above this pinkish area is a bright yellow
stripe on the outer side of proleg, and above this again a black
dash (August 3rd, 1900). <Amother adult larva is bright green,
with a yellow subdorsal band and a whitish-yellow lateral band below
the spiracles. The horn well-developed, blue .o within one-third of
tip, then a ring of black, the tip yellow; the anal flap outlined in
yellow ; tbe spiracles black, the skin round the bases of shagreen hairs
white, giving the larva a speckled appearance. [On the whole the
appearance of the larva is rather Amorphid than Eumorphid.| The
subsegments clearly defined, 8 on the abdominal segments, the
first three not conjoined to make one enlarged 1st subsegment, as in
larva of Zheretra porcellus. The shagreen hairs arranged on the
top of the subsegments, as in Amorphid larve; they are short
and rather curved at tip; onthe horn they are larger and straight; the
tubercular bases of the hairs on the horn form tall black cones, giving the
horn a very rough and thorny appearance. The thoracic segments taper
much towards the head, which is small, and somewhat squared in outline
(Bacot). The fudlgrown larva is about 45mm. long, stout, but tapering
from segment 5 to the head, which is small and rounded; on segment
12 1s a short, stiff, rough horn with sharp point; the skin with
eight subdividing folds to each segment, set with rough points;
the colour either a dull grey-green or dull brown, with a darker shade
of the ground colour along the middle of the back; a well-defined
whitish subdorsal line, edged above with a rather darker tint of the
ground colour; a subspiracular yellowish line, the spiracles black, the
points on the skin white ; the horn bluish at the base, yellow at the tip
(Hellins). The dominating colour of ‘he fullgrown larva is bright green,
approaching celadon, the ground colour sprinkled all over with
white dots, and with two lateral white lines one above the other,
which descend insensibly from the head to the middle of the body,
and then ascend slightly, one to the caudal horn, the other to the
anal plate; after retaining these tints for some days, the larve
were observed one morning to be of a beautiful vinous-brown tint,
the dots remaining whitish, but the lateral lines changed to yellowish-
red, this great change having occurred in less than 24 hours without

SESIA STELLATARUM. 13

- a change of skin (Réaumur). The larva is light or dark green or
brown, densely covered with raised white dots. When fullgrown,
it is 50mm.—6omm. long. At each side of the dorsum runs a
longitudinal white or reddish line, above the legs a light or dark
yellow stripe, above which stand the black spiracles. A brown
stripe in the middle of the dorsum may be either present or
absent. The horn is bluish-green, brown, or blackish, at the
apex either red-brown, yellowish, or black. Head of the same
colour as body, rough, shagreened. Before pupation the larva
becomes dirty brown-red (Bartel).

VARIATION OF LARVA.—When rearing the larve of this species
ab ovo, and also when rearing captured larve that have been taken
very small, I find that after the second moult, the larve frequently
turn a dark green in colour, almost black, but are quite healthy
and produce perfect moths, although I do not take this aberration in
the wild state; if it does occur wild it must be very rare (Ransom).
Shortly before spinning up, but not in many cases before the larva
has finished feeding, the whole skin area, with the exception of the
coloured lateral stripe and the shagreen spots, darkens to a livid
reddish-purple hue, against which the stripes and shagreen spots
show up with great distinctness. This colour change (analogous
with that which occurs in the larva of A/imas t“liae) gives the larva
a repulsive snaky appearance, and the peculiar jerky method ot
crawling greatly aids in the sinister appearance of the larva. The
description of the full-grown larva /anéea, pp. 11-12) applies to by far
the greater proportion of some 50-60 larve collected in 1goo, but
a few examples showed striking variation in the ground colour.
One larva had the ground colour of a much darker and more vivid
green than usual, and a strongly-marked dark purple, almost black,
mediodorsal stripe; the subdorsal stripe cream-coloured instead of
white, strongly bordered above by the same dark purple tint as the
mediodorsal, the spiracular band similarly bordered both above and
below ; a narrow dark medioventral stripe also present ; the dark
borders gave the pale bands a much greater intensity. Another
larva varied-somewhat similarly, but the darkening had progressed in
this example until the whole ground-colour was dark olive-green, with
the exception of a broad vivid green band on either side of the dark
purple mediodorsal band. This form was the most handsome
observed, the dark purple mediodorsal band with the bright green on
either side making a striking contrast, whilst the sombre olive ground-
colour of the subdorsal and lateral areas also showed up, in fine
contrast, the subdorsal and spiracular bands and white shagreen
spotting. One or two larvz were even more extreme in the darkening,
the whole ground-colour being of the darkest olive-green, tending
to purplish in places ; the head olive-brown (Bacot). Buckler
meammesn(Lavdae, ‘etc. iu. pl. xxvi., figs! 2, 22, 24) three different
forms of the adult larva: (1) Purplish-red dorsally and laterally
to the bluish subdorsal line. (2) Brownish-grey with a dark brown
subdorsal line. (3) Green, witha white subdorsal line. Sich observes
(E£nt., xxv., p. 288) that he found a larva at Westgate, in July, 1892,
of the dark-green forin, which had the caudal horn curved down-
wards like that of the larva of Sphinx ligustri; the imago produced
was rather dark, but otherwise normai.

14 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

COMPARISON OF LARV OF SESIA STELLATARUM AND HEMARIS
Tityus.—The larva of Seséa stellatarum has a strong white stripe
edged with distinct black above, where the subdorsal pale band is in
that of Hemar?s tityus. The caudal horn has a brown or yellowish point
and black ring below in SS. s¢e//atarum. The latter also has a bright
yellow flange line edged with dark above, the spiracles black with
yellow spots within margin at top and bottom. It is also without the
red lateral spots of the larva of A. “ztyus. ‘The subsegments in both
species appear to be the same, but in S. s¢e/la/arum each has a single
row of largish white spots bearing minute hairs, 8 from spiracle to
centre of dorsum; legs brown (Chapman).

Cocoon.—The larve in our possession have spun up on the surface
of the ground, using almost any surface débris to mix with the
silk. Réaumur notes that sometimes the larve go under the ground
in order to make a cocoon in which to pupate, but others make
one on the surface of the ground, composed. of earth, pieces of
leaves, or any branches of the foodplant or other plants that may
surround ‘them at the time, (42é7., i., -p. 276, ply silegareeeer
The larva makes an open cocoon on the surface of the ground in
which to pupate, and is usually sheltered by a plant or stone
(Hellins) ; spins a very slight cocoon, sometimes among the food-
plant, at others on the surface of the ground, using, whenever
possible, grains of earth with the silk (Ransom); spins under moss
in a slight cocoon with a few threads of silk holding the moss
together (Lambillion) ; larvee sometimes pupate naked on the surface
of the ground (Burrows); the cocoon consists of leaves spun together
on the surface of the ground; the pupa does not go over the winter,
but produces an imago before the winter (Bartel).

Pupa.—Length 30omm.—35mm., width 8°3mm., somewhat flattened
antero-posteriorly, and with an S curve well-marked, the 3rd and 4th
abdominal segments (end of proboscis) and the flange of proboscis being
prominent ventrally, and the mesothorax and 6th and 7th abdominal
segments dorsally. The anal spine points a little ventrally rather
than directly backwards. From the mesothorax to abdominal segment
6 the dimensions are much the same, thence to the anal extremity
it tapers rather rapidly, the outline being convex. From the anterior
extremity the measurements are, to end of proboscis 23mm., of 2nd leg
17mm., of antenna 15mm., of 1st leg 12mm. There is no trace of Ist
femur. The proboscis keel round the front ot the head, and rather
flattened from side to side, gives a special facies to the pupa (in
common with its allies). There is some depression on each side
of the back of metathorax and rst abdominal segments giving a
definite ‘waist.” The head, thorax and appendages may be
described as very smooth and polished; the wrinkling of surface
being so fine and delicate that one takes it at first for delicate
colour shading rather than surface sculpture. A suture differentiates
the brown part of the clypeus from the cheeks on either side, but
there is nothing superficial to represent labrum, jaws or palpi.
There is a very definite suture separating the scape of the antenna
from the flagellum. The segmentation of the antenne is indicated,
but by very slight difference of surface. ‘The wings show the
neuration, the cell with median nervure, and the first eight nervures,
the others are lost in costa. Poulton’s line is very distinct on the fore

SESIA STELLATARUM, 15

_ wings and also down the strip of hindwing. The (1st) spiracular opening
is very narrow, with a very special dark raised posterior lip, the true
spiracle is fully 1mm. deeper than this. The metathorax and
hindwing are not quite as smooth as the forward portion of the
pupa, and the narrow ruge of the abdominal segments are well in
evidence without being strong enough for the pupa to be called
rough. Posteriorly (say on 8th) the sculpturing is by impressed
dots, inclined to be in transverse rows, but with a strong suggestion
of upholstering (z.e., a cushion pinned down by buttons at regular
intervals). Passing forward, the. pittings are connected with fine
depressed lines, and the fulnesses between seem rather fuller at
their posterior margins, the whole, however, as a fine wrinkling,
chiefly transverse. Such subsegmentation as there is, takes the
form of a slight variation in the character of the wrinkling, and
may be that and not definite subsegmentation. In front of the
spiracles of 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments, the surface
slopes inwards, so that there is a slight angulation of surface, just
anterior to the spiracles. This surface is not differentiated by sculpture
except in front of spiracle on 5th segment, where it presents a
number of small raised brown points in about ten rows between
anterior margin of segment and spiracle. The rows are not
very regular, or at most two or three of them are; they extend for
about 6mm. along the segment, 8 or Io points to 1mm., fading out
at each end. Placed as transparent objects under a 4in. compound
lens, these dots look like cups facing forwards and partly flattened
against the surface, partly buried in it. The same examination
shows the general surface of the abdominal segments to have
regularly scattered over it small tinted chitinous discs like coins or
blood discs affixed. Amongst these are some that carry very minute
bristles on a jointed base. These are very rare dorsally, abundant
ventrally on 5, 6 and 7, less on 8 (abdominal). The anterior margin
of abdominal segments, 5, 6, 7, has a narrow border sculptured (a
little dimly perhaps) just like intersegmental membrane, and behind
this is a border, little, if at all, sculptured, except by longitudinal
(microscopic) striation. The first of these two structures is broad
on each side of venter of 6th, and here carries several hair-points,
the second is most marked in front of spiracles on 5, and here it
carries several hair-points and hairs, as it does, but less abundantly,
elsewhere. The horn scar is a doubtfully marked smoothed surface ;
microscopically it shows a crowded group of very minute dots, much
massed centrally, looking like, and probably being to some degree,
an aggregation of the skin points of the horn diminished in size,
the points, except in size, resembling the discs elsewhere on the
skin, and each with a suggested central hair-point. The scars of
the prolegs have similar aggregations of skin points, but are differently
arranged. There is, in the first place, a central clear area, then
behind this 8 or 10 minute skin points, like abortive hair-bases,
each surrounded by a large dark area, and sufficiently far apart for
each area to be well developed. Then, just outside the clear area,
is an aggregation of skin points of the same character in a dark
clouded area, but so close together that the central 15 or 16 are within
a space equal to one of the posterior dark clouds. ‘The anal spike
occupies the dorsal half of the end of the roth abdominal segment, it

16 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

is 15mm. long, ‘7mm. broad at base, smooth, and terminates in a fine
point, that, seen under a lens, proves to be two fine points, slightly
divergent. The anal scar has a rather swollen lip on either side,
narrowing forwards. In the g is a circle on 9th segment below,
with a central longitudinal depressed line, the area between the
circle and line full, but not very prominent*. In the 9, the
ventral line of 8, 9 and to presents no segmental division, but
the surface runs smoothly from one to another, but without any
suggestion of being obliterated by a smoothing force, drawing the
posterior ones through it into 8. The 8th abdominal segment presents
two pores with faintly tumid margins, one centrally, the other at its
posterior margin. The colouring appears to vary, the general faint
terra-cotta or very pale sepia tint has various dark or nearly black
markings. The spiracles are dark, there is a dark line down the
median suture of the maxillz, and the anal spine is very dark. The
wings have rows of dark marks down the interneural spaces, and
similar dark markings occur on the other appendages. ‘The space
in front of the spiracle of the 5th abdominal segment, and the opposed
surface of 4 is dark, and the whole abdomen is finely dotted with
dark or black points, which are the fine hair-points already
described (Chapman). Poulton figures and describes (xz.
Morph. Lep. Pupa,-p.- 205, pl. xXx., \fgs. 24) 25) theseneaamem
abdominal segments of the pupa of Sesva stellatarum. ‘Fig. 24 (x4)
represents the last four segments of a 2 pupa seen from the
ventral aspect. The functional spiracles on the 7th, and the
rudimentary spiracles on the 8th, abdominal segments are repre-
sented in profile. ‘The posterior part of the pupa gradually tapers
into the sharp black rostrum. ‘The anus (A) is distinct. The chief
peculiarity of the pupa is the remarkable distinctness of both the
@ reproductive apertures. Although clearly seen in this figure,
their relation to the segments is better studied on the more highly
magnified fig. 25. Fig. 25 (x40) shows the median ventral area
of the last three segments of the pupa, represented in the preceding
figure. Of the very distinct reproductive openings, the anterior,
leading into the bursa copulatrix, is seen to belong to the 8th
abdominal, while the posterior, opening into the oviducts, apparently
belongs to the gth abdominal. The ventral prolongation of the
boundary between the gth and roth abdominals is marked by a

*In most specimens the depression is'rather deeper and wider than is implied
by calling it a line, being rather a pore or pit. It seems always to be quite sym-
metrical, “unlike the similar parts in Hemarids to ae reference was omitted invol. iii.
In his papers in 7rans. Linn. Soc., 1890, pl., xx., fig. 26, Poulton figures these parts
ina g pupa of 1. fuciformis, and calls sticHtion ‘to their asymmetry. Unfortunately,
it would seem he had only one specimen, and with the characteristic caution of true
science, merely notes it as that ‘ofthe individual represented.’’ It is, however, present
nall Hemarid pupze ex xamined (Hemaris fuctformis, titvus, Cochrania croatica, Ringit)
and probably in the whole subfamily. ‘In these pupz, the male tubercles are twisted
so that the left one is more to the front, as well as a little larger and more
prominent, and has a corresponding sinuation in the posterior margin of the 8th
segment. The groove between them is of course rendered oblique, so that its
anterior end points to the right instead of directly forward. The twisting probably de-
pends on the adoeagus of the imago, being twisted so that the opening, instead of being
ventral. is to the left side. The further asymmetry of the clasps” in the Hemarids
(see, Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 679 et seq.) is probably not represented in
the pupa, unless it is by the sinuation of the margin of the 8th abdominal segment,

SESIA STELLATARUM., 17

narrow median band prolonged from the area round the anus (A).
- The latter is very distinct. The surface of the pupa is everywhere
marked by circles, with a dot in the centre of each, representing the
(bristle-bearing) shagreen tubercles ofthe larva. The figure was drawn
from a transparent object.” The pupa is about 35mm. long, stoutest in
the middle, tapering to the head, which is prolonged into a flattish pro-
jecting tongue-case ; the abdomen tapers gradually to near the end, when
it slopes off rapidly ; it has a short sharp spike with two tiny straight
spines at the tip; the pupal skin is thin, slightly shagreened, but
showing some gloss; the colour dull drab, with the spiracles, wing-
nervures, and a line on the belly from the head to the end of the
wings, all dark brownish (Hellins). Elongate, lighter or darker
brown in colour, with protuberant head. Sometimes the pupa is
bluish-green, with a black-brown longitudinal stripe dorsally.
The cremaster is slender and pointed (Bartel). The cremastral
spine of the pupa of Sesza stellatarum is much more slender, and
tapers more evenly than that of Zheretra porcellus; it is also straight
instead of curved, and appears to be bifid at the tip. There are no
traces of a lateral dorsal ridge of spines on the 5th, 6th and 7th
abdominal segments. The pupal envelope is very delicate, and
would appear to be very badly adapted for passing an English
winter in this stage (Bacot). The pupa turns black two days
before emergence (Ransom).

FoopPLANts.—Galium, Rubia (Linné), Galium verum, G. mollugo,
G. aparine (Raynor), G. palustre (Hamm), G. saxatile (Sich), G. verum,
flowers preferred (Ransom), G. verum, seeds preferred (Guthrie),
Stellaria, Rubia tinctorum (Bartel), Hpilobtum (Moeschler).

PaRASITES.— Crypius migrator, ¥. (Marshall), Alysza breviventris,
Gour. (Rondani), Apanteles stellatarum, Bé. (Rondani), Apanteles
glomeratus, Linn. (Rondani).

Hasits.—This is one of the most remarkable of the moths
that visit this country. It has a distribution that covers the
greater part of the Old World, and an ability to fly rarely
witnessed in lepidoptera. It abounds in some of the hottest parts
of its area, producing a continuous series of broods throughout
the year, the spring examples of which often distribute themselves
over the whole of the north temperate parts of the continents of
Europe and Asia, where they increase during the summer in an
incredible manner. Then for a series of years the species will
be almost or quite absent. In 1865 and 1870, it swarmed locally
in Britain, and was generally abundant throughout the whole of
central Europe, Graeser observing that, in these years, the larve
occurred in countless thousands in districts where, in other years,
they only occurred singly. In 1872, again, it was also very abundant
in Britain, and Newman refused (Zz¢, vi., p. 112) to publish
further records of its occurrence. In 1899, it also appeared in great
numbers in most parts of the British Islands. The continuous-
brooded habit is almost certainly the cause of its repeated extermination
in the British Isles, for, although its very limited hybernating habit is
sufficient to carry it through the short winter in southern Europe,
allowing the @s to oviposit in February and March, our more
severe winter not only kills off most of the hybernators, but our
late spring probably; does not allow of a sufficient advance in

B

18 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

vegetation for the larve produced from the eggs of the few successful
hybernators to negotiate their early stages successfully. As to its
hybernating habits, Bromilow observes that, to winter, the imagines
enter dwelling-houses at Nice, and are often met with in disused
clothing, etc. The ‘species is, however, on the wing, im ime
Mediterranean district, practically all the winter, and the hybernating
habit is there evidently a weak one. Mathew observes that, at
Malta, it cannot be said to hybernate ; it merely hides itself in holes
in the countless stone walls, whenever a short spell of cold weather
sets in, but is always to be seen any day throughout: the winter
when the sun shines. It may be said even to aestivate to a
certain extent during the hottest time of the year at Malta, where
everything is parched up, for it is then rarely seen in the public
gardens at Valetta, and, on one or two occasions, it has been
observed day after day sitting in dark passages in houses or dark
corners of rooms. Walker records it as flying on Christmas Day,
1886, on the rock at Gibraltar, and further reports it as common
there all through the year. Mathew also saw a pair, zz cop., there, on
February 16th, 1866, when others were also noticed hovering about ;
Stainton observes that, in February and March, he has seen
three or four moths buzzing in nearly every window of the Villa
Borghese ; Chapman notes (£u/. Fec., xi., pp. 96—97) that,
at Cannes, the species was abundant in- February, 1899, the
specimens in varied condition buc usually somewhat worn, and he
had no doubt that they had been on the wing on suitable occasions
all the winter, whilst Fletcher records it at Crete and on the coast of
Greece in November and December, 1900, and throughout January
and February, rg01; at Kandahar, too, it is reported as very
abundant in November, December, January and February. Further
evidence of the slightness of the hybernating habit in the warm
southern countries that the species inhabits will be found (foséea )
when we discuss the time of appearance of the species. Such
evidence as is forthcoming suggests that, if the species survives
our winter at all, it has to do so in the imaginal state, yet the
evidence of successful hybernation in this country is not very con-
vincing. Three points stand out clearly, vzz.—(1) Larve that feed up in
September and October and pupate in October and November
must produce imagines within a few weeks of assuming the pupal
stage or die. (2) Imagines are found in houses, sheds, &c.,
during the early months of winter, showing that they attempt to
do the amount of rest that may be necessary even in southern
Europe, and possibly do successfully rest as long as they would
ever have to do there. (3) Imagines are very occasionally found in
January, February and March on sunny days in sheltered spots
in England, as they might be (though much more abundantly) at
the same time in Spain, southern France or Italy. As to the first
point, our own evidence, supported by that of Hellins, Merrifield,
Wells, Jefferys, Moss, and many other observers, is available; pupz
may live for a considerable length of time in the autumn beyond
the normal three or four weeks usual for this stage, but they do
not appear to be able to survive our winter. Moss curiously ob-
serves that late pupe in his possession emerged quite naturally
in November and December, 1897, without forcing, but that one sub-

SESIA STELLATARUM. 19

jected to a forcing treatment died. As to the second point, we our-
selves have frequently observed the imago in houses in the early
Pate of winter, Fletcher has observed - (Buckler’s Zarvae, &c.,
il., p. 149) that he has seen many examples swept from an out-house
in autumn mornings as though they had gone in for shelter through
the coming winter. Haworth noted a specimen taken at Christmas,
and suggested that the species hybernated in the imaginal stage; whilst
Stephens observes that there are three broods of imagines in a year,
in April, June and August, some of the latter brood having been
known to hybernate. Newman states (Zz? ii, p. 328) that
the late-emerging imagines crawl into a corner of a breeding-
cage or the cornice of a sitting-room and remain perfectly quies-
cent throughout the flowerless season. As to the third point,
Shackell notes a specimen (#.M.M, ii., p. 209), observed at
Carmarthen, buzzing in a window on December 24th, 1865.
eer srecOrds (77, xxxlV., p. 21) Six or Seven examples
coming into a house at Margate, during October, 1900, to hyber-
nate, one being still in his bedroom in December, 1900; he
offers no evidence for his statement (Joc. cit, p. 296) that there
is only one brood, and that the imagines hybernate from October
to May or June; Bartel, however, makes practically the same
statement (Dre Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., \\., p. 216), vzz., that the moths
emerge in Germany from July to October, hybernate, and are then
found in May and June; Stainton also says (Znt. Wk. Jnt., i.,
p. 21) that the imagines reappear in April after hybernation, as
also do Horton and others, but without offering any evidence on
the subject. Woodforde’s note (zm “7#t.) that he found an imago
hybernating in a house at Taunton on February 2nd, 1860, and
Willson’s observation that he saw one flying in a room at Port-
slade on February 8th, 1894, afford much better evidence than is
usually offered. Its appearance indoors must not, however, be altogether
taken as proving hybernation, for Swinton states that, in Jerusalem,
from March to June, at a time when the species is most active, it is
frequently seen in sleeping apartments, which are usually more
exposed to the sunshine than the sitting-rooms, and that imagines
were frequently dislodged from the fringe of Paviefarza that testoons
the entrance to the numerous rock-hewn caves. He also adds that
the imagines visit the vessels as they ride at anchor during the day
off the Syrian harbours. The mere entrance into houses, therefore,
is not altogether convincing evidence of intent to hybernate
unless stay for some time can be shown, and Raynor notes the
moths as especially abundant in the autumn of 1899, at Hazeleigh, both
at mornings and dusk, the insects entering rooms in the evening
for a safe resting-place till morning, and remaining pressed close up to
the top of the wall where it meets the ceiling, and, in this
position, not easily seen, whilst Grote observes that they
repeatedly enter conservatories and houses at Hildesheim. A
newly-emerged imago came into my room at Chamonix, on
August 16th, 1902, and flew about the room for some time, and
the same thing happened several times at Susa in August, 1897, but,
when undisturbed, the moths soon found their way out again. Fowler
notes (/nt., xxvii., p. 143) the imagines as being very abundant in
the house in the autumn of 1893, at Ringwood, flying against

20 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

windows, all the specimens being 9s; but we have evidence that
pairing in the south of France and in Spain takes place in very early
spring, so that, if this were for hybernating purposes, gs also
should be found. With regard to occasional imagines being seen
on the wing late (and early) in the year, reference will show the
appearance of imagines in the autumn, winter, and spring to
be not uncommon, but we may here notice—November roth,
1875, at Exeter, at fuchsia flowers (Hellins); January and Febru-
ary, at Gravesend (Clifford); a very good specimen captured at
Southsea, November 27th, 1867, the weather cold and frosty but
fine, it had been flying about the garden for a day or two before,
and had eventually flown in at a window (Pasley); one flying actively
along a stone embankment near Plymouth on February 13th, 1866
(Piffard); March 7th, 1866, on the wing at Budleigh Salterton
(Thomson) ; April 18th, 1866, at Wareham (Fulford); imago emerged
December 11th, 1887, at Clevedon, another seen flying along some
palings in a sheltered spot at Bath, occasionally alighting and bask-
ing in the sunshine, on January 31st, 1898, in mild weather (Jefferys),
January 3rd, 1899, at Hereford (Vaughan) ; January 27th, 1899, sent
alive from Torquay (Prout); February 18th, 1899, at Winchester
(Shepheard-Walwyn) ; March zoth, 1899, at Paul (Daws); April 2nd,
1899, at Weymouth (Peachell); November 24th, 1899, November 28th,
Igoo, at Truro (Rollason); February 28th, 1900, flew into a shop
at Guernsey (Luff); April 12th, 1900, at Apuldram (Ander-
son); one flying along the Parade at a tremendous pace on
April 3rd, 1902, a bright sunny day, at Torquay (Tutt). January
21st, 1865, freshly emerged in Paris (Fallou, Bud/. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1865, p.
5), February 7th, 1899, in room at Le Havre (Dupont), and February
12th, rg0r, at Gembloux(Derenne), suggest much the same condiuons for
central and northern France and Belgium as prevail here. One taken
inside a window on April roth, rgoo0, in North London, slightly faded,
but otherwise in very fair condition (James); April 13th, 1900, at
flowers of Awbrvitia at Bognor (Fletcher); one beaten out of a bush at
Bournemouth in February, 1902 (Robertson). It must be conceded
that this is scant evidence to find as a result of search over the
entomological periodicals for close on 40 years. Horton records
(Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., p. 165) that, in the autumn of 1865, he bred a
second (autumnal) brood of this species out-of-doors. He further notes
that he opened the abdomina of all the 9s without detecting any eggs
in them, and asks whether it is possible that the eggs develop during
hybernation! We are inclined to ask whether the abdomina of
any bred, unpaired, unfed @ s, would disclose ova at any period of the
year. It is the general opinion now among the most observant British
lepidopterists that very few imagines of this species ever get through
their hybernation safely in this country, less from extreme temperature
than from long-continued periods of wet and cold. Walker and other
first-class observers consider that the May and June examples, which
usually presage a later abundance in this country, when, on rare occa-
sions, it really is abundant here, are immigrants, possibly offsets from the
multitudes that occur regularly in May in the hottest Mediterranean
districts; these lay eggs that produce larve which, according to
the season, are fullfed either in late June or early July, and the
pup produce in due course imagines in July and August; these

SESIA STELLATARUM. 21

lay, and the larve are fullfed in late August and September, some
of the imagines emerging in October and November, although, in
cold seasons, the bulk of the pupz perish without disclosing their
imagines. The number of imagines able to adapt themselves to the con-
ditions of our winter must be extremely small. Of swift flight, the habit
of this species of visiting ships at sea is well-known. We have already
stated that Swinton notes that it visits the vessels during daytime
as they ride at anchor off the Syrian harbours; Mathew observes
that, when cruising in the Mediterranean, rarely a day passes without
the moth being seen about the ship (zz “7/#.). He has recorded
several examples seen about H.M.S. Hawke, on August 11th-16th,
1898, in the Mediterranean, from 25-80 miles from land, between
Gibraltar and Leghorn; also seen every day on the ship in the
Mediterranean whilst going from Gibraltar to Malta, and, on August
25th, two days before reaching Plymouth, one was observed flying

about the ship. An imago is also noted as being observed
on a steamboat several miles off Ramsgate, August 3oth, 1856
(Powell). We have ourselves seen imagines flying at a tre-

mendous pace, over the summit of the Little St. Bernard
Pass in August, and, on the topmost point of the Col de la
Croix, at some 8000 feet elevation, this was one of the species
met with, in what may be described as a rocky wilderness.
Its ability to fly an immense distance in a short time is known to
every one. The amazing rapidity of its flight, its share in the cross-
fertilisation of flowers, and its remarkable habit of flying up and
down walls and rocks quite devoid of vegetation are equally well
known. Fletcher observes (#7, xxxill., p. 129) that the sound
made by the wings when poised over a flower on a hillside at
Wei-hai-wei was very audible, reminding one of a SAombus, but
louder and deeper, whilst Anderson notes (/z., xxxil., p. 306)
that he heard a specimen on rapidly-vibrating wings, at the
plants in a conservatory making a loud humming noise, consider-
ably louder than that of a humble-bee. Ransom and others have
confirmed this statement, and Oldham records that he observed
the imagines, from early morning until 7 p.m., at jessamine, honey-
suckle, and geraniums, from September 1st—r14th, 1899, at Wisbech S.
Mary, the hum of their rapidly-vibrating wings being audible at
a distance of several feet, and that, during flight, the long proboscis
appeared to be always fully extended, whilst rain seemed to affect
them but slightly, as, on two wet days, they were seen busily
probing the geraniums for nectar during sharp showers. Shaw
observes that he watched a moth on the wing, its wings vibrating
so rapidly that they could scarcely be noticed to move at all, the
long hairs of its body standing out straight along each side and across
the posterior of the body, and states that it inserted its tongue, which
protruded an inch or more, into flowers whilst on the wing, showing
particular preference for a certain kind of flower—in this case a
cream-coloured Vzo/a—ignoring all others, and systematically visiting
every flower of this colour in a row ten yards long, missing only
those flowers the edges of the petals of which had commenced to
turn up, but staying at many a flower that was fully open or had
commenced to open. Muller states (Fertilisation of Flowers, p. 119)
that Viola calcarata greatly surpasses Viola tricolor in the size of

oy? BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

its flower and the length of its spur (13mm.—z5mm.), and is
fertilised only by lepidoptera, chiefly by S. s¢e//atarum, which has
been observed to visit 194 flowers on different plants in 62 minutes,
and to crossfertilise them by means of its proboscis dusted with the
white pollen. Other flowers fertilised by this species are Dzanthus
carthusianorum, CGtnothera biennis, Echium vulgare, Ballota nigra,
LVepeta glechoma, Erythraea centaureum, Syringa vulgaris, Onopordon
acanthium. As to the selection of certain coloured plants on par-
ticular flights, Perkins observed hundreds of specimens at phlox at
Wotton-under-Edge, in 1858, those individuals that visited the phlox
never going to the petunias and zzce versd. The variety of flowers
visited by S. sée/lavarum is really legion; it is said to prefer Saponaria,
Echium, petunias and geraniums in Indre (Martin), Syvimga,
honeysuckle, Sambucus nigra and Antirrhinum linaria in the Baltic
Provinces (Nolcken), phlox, in Thuringia (Krieghoff), red-flowered
Galeopsis in Nassau (Rossler), £chiwm and Salvia pratensis in the
Grisons (Zeller), swarming at flowers of Echium vulgare at Cuxton,
Deal, Fontainebleau, Reading, &c. (Tutt), at red valerian at Bath,
and dahlias at Tullylagan (Greer), at honeysuckle at Reading
(Nash), petunias, geraniums and verbenas at Enfield (Kdelsten),
geraniums and lavender at Buckerell (Riding), honeysuckle and
turncap lily at Carlisle (Day), tropzolum at Great Grimsby
(Dawson), rhododendron at Cambridge (Freeman), sweetwilliams at
Chatham (French), white arabis at Brighouse (Blakeborough),
wallflower and lilac (Haggart), privet blossom at Deal (James),
geraniums and petunias at Namur (Colignon), flowers of Ceztran-
thus ruber at Morthoe in August and September, 1883 (Riding),
LEchium vulgare in July, 1883, at Deal and Dover, in the evening
and again in the early morning sunshine (Coverdale), bugloss
as late as 8.30 p.m. (Poulton), exceedingly abundant at ZcAzum, in 1893,
at Reading (Hamm), and at Portsdown Hill (Pearce), several visited
honeysuckle on two or three moonlight nights in succession at Ilfra-
combe (Smith), at honeysuckle in the middle of September, 1872,
came after dark, as well as at twilight and dusk (Corbin), at phlox, at
Chagwood, at dusk (Jefferys), at petunias at Forres (Norman),
in hundreds at red valerian in July, 1893 (Johnson), at petunias
about 6.15 p.m., at Kilburn (Bergman), at pansy blossoms at
Haslemere, and, on October 23rd, 1899, at 7.30 a.m., one was observed
at petunias, although the weather was dull and gloomy and there was
a soaking dew (Newman), extraordinarily abundant at valerian in
early July, 1892, on the 5th, numbers at the blossoms in the pouring
rain, at Lynton (Cooper); at pinks, pansies, and Awdritia tll the
white phlox opened, then the other flowers were neglected (Armitt).
Mathew notes that at Malta, in the Floriana Gardens, one afternoon
in 1897, he saw more than a hundred flying before the flowers of
a small evergreen privet, and states that they also seemed very
partial to flowers of Lantana, valerian at Weston-super-Mare
(Hudd), pelargoniums at Worcester (Rea), £sca//onia at Lynmouth
(Briggs), jessamine at High Wycombe (Peachell), red valerian
at Sulby (Clarke), valerian, at dusk, at Emsworth (Christy), phlox
at Reading (Holland), violets and crocuses at Budleigh (Thomson),
larkspur at Kensington (Stevens’, lucerne at Beachy Head
(Colthrup), heather at Bath (Jefferys), flowers of lilac and wall-

,

SESIA STELLATARUM. 23

- flowers in hundreds, in June, 1899, at Galashiels (Haggart), rhodo-
dendron at Bettws-y-Coed (Bland), A//ium ursinum in Roslin Glen
(Grimshaw), Astragalus hypoglotits, Salvia verbenaca, Lotus corniculatus
between Burntisland and Kinghorn (Evans), eight at once on a small
patch of vetch at Swanage (Kemp), Ozonzs at Yarmouth (Lockyer),
fuchsias at Swanage (Hall), jessamine, red valerian, petunias, gerani-
ums, bugloss, Gallium and verbenas are mentioned repeatedly by
various observers as being exceedingly attractive, although one
suspects that the visitors to Galium are largely 2s for the purpose
of oviposition. Bower’s observation (Zz. fec., xill., p. 111) on
November 6th, 1901, as to the way this species extracts nectar
from fuchsia flowers is interesting; the flowers of fuchsia being
pendulous it would be difficult, if not impossible, for the moth
to insert its proboscis into the nectary in the same way that it
does when feeding at those of geranium, verbena, &c., so it very
cleverly thrusts it in through the small spaces formed by the
tapering of the petals at their bases. Gatcombe records (£uxz,
v., p. 146) that, whilst holding a flower of Habenaria bifolia near
his face, a specimen hovered over it and inserted its proboscis in
every flower, beginning at the bottom and going to the top in a spiral
direction, &c., whilst Merrifield observes that a specimen flew to a
flower of scabious in a lady’s dress and searched every floret for honey,
returning a second time before flying away. Haworth observed one fly-
ing in and out of a room to the flowers of white Campanula placed on a
table in Hull. The moth appears sometimes to be attracted by colour;
Welictte motes (Anz. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxi., p. Ixvu) a specimen
flying into rooms to artificial flowers; exceedingly abundant at
Angmering in 1899, hundreds might have been taken, and they
appeared frequently to be attracted by colour, and were often seen
hovering over the gaily painted tops of croquet sticks standing in
the turf (Dollman), one attracted by a gaudily printed poster, at
Gloucester, on which it rested some time (Merrin), one hovering
over a brass door knob on which the sun was shining (Bartlett).
The habit of flying up and down quite bare stone walls exposed to
the sun, and- occasionally resting thereon, is very remarkable. We
once saw more than a score flying at one time up and down,
in apparently the most purposeless manner, a bare stone wall
outside one of the Savoy stations, probably St. Pierre d’Albigny, and
occasionally resting under the coping, and they kept up their almost
ceaseless journeyings up and down and along the wall, all the
while we observed them. We have noticed them dozens of times,
both in England and on the Continent, engaged in the same
apparently purposeless pursuit. Norman says that, in July, 1865, the
insect swarmed in Guernsey, large numbers settling on the walls and
cliffs by the wayside, and, on one gravelly hillside, fully 30 specimens
were seen in about five minutes; Evans records them as careering over
the rocks of Arthur’s Seat on June roth, 1899; Chaumette stated
that he had found them flying against walls exposed to the sun,
and considered that they did so for the purpose of oviposition on the
Galium growing in such situations; Eaton considers that the habit
is due to the increased heat afforded by the walls. McLachlan has
observed that the walls especially frequented are often those most
free from any vegetable growth, except the lowest forms of lichens; and

24 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Bond has watched the insect enter holes in walls, where it rested between
its flights, and this observation has been confirmed by Wallace. Chap-
man notes it as frequently resting on rocks and stones, at Cannes,
generally in shallow hollows where it is very inconspicuous, and as
it remains there should the sun become obscured, it is probable that
it hybernates, so far as it does hybernate, in such situations.
Mathew also notices the habit of the moth in autumn to fly about
the face of cliffs and walls, and twice he has seen it creep into
holes. Jefferys notes (/77., xxxiiil., p. 15) that the moths restms
on walls depend on their similarity to their environment for pro-
tection, and records how, on the borders of Dartmoor, he was
able to place his hand completely over a specimen that he observed
to alight, and that it did not attempt to move till he touched it
with his fingers. Robertson records the species as very common at
Boscombe, in 1899, chiefly taken about noon, at rest on a
stony bank, with the sun shining on them, few being attracted
by flowers. Griffiths notes the species as common at Eastbourne,
in 1892, often alighting on the hot bricks of walls in the sunshine,
whilst, in 1899, on dull days, Sich observed the imagines at Malvern
sitting on the rocks on three or four occasions, but it required a
quick hand to box them; Merrifield has observed them flying
about and occasionally resting on a wall at Cuckfield, and Watkins,
in July, 1899, saw many at. one time sunning on a favourite old
freestone wall at Mumbles and on the seawall at Langland Bay,
whilst Burrows has observed them flying at the brick walls of the
houses in Hackney Road. Holland observed some at rest on a
fence at Oxford, September Ist, 1893, and Briggs a swarm of
more than 50, in 1865, flying over a burnt place on the heath at
Crohamhurst. Rendall observed one, resting on a tarred shed in
the sunshine, and on being disturbed it twice returned to a similar
position before being captured. Clifford, French, and others
(Ent., ., pp. 328—329) have noticed its partiality for resting on
coal. Colthrup observes that he saw one at rest at noon,
on August 14th, 1899, at Eastbourne, clinging to a piece of clothes-
line touching a wall, and looking like a knot in the rope. The
imagines appear to emerge from pupa preferably in the morning,
although some variation may be observed. Ransom notes 8.30 a.m.
to noon, usually, however, between g a.m.—1o.30 a.m. Merrifield
has detailed a long series of emergences, 10 a.m., 10.30 a.m., before
noon, before I p.m., 9.30 a.m., II a.m., 10.30 a.m., before noon,
before 8.30 p.m., 11 a.m., 8 a.m., 8.30 a.m., 10 a.m., before 1 pimy
It a.m., 1 p.m. Two others emerged at about 3 p.m. ang@e4emam
respectively, the latter fully expanded at 5.30 p.m. Although the
moth flies in the hottest sunshine, the condition of flight appears to be
simply an adequate temperature, either of the air, in which case it
will fly in dull weather or by night, or of direct solar radiation,
when it flies at any time during the winter, at Cannes, when
there is hot sunshine. We observed it in abundance until dusk
visiting the Salva flowers above Bobbie in August, rgor, and
on several occasions in heavy showers, at Susa, Chambery and
other places we have noticed the moths restlessly visiting geraniums
and oleander bloom, quite undeterred by the weather. Merrin
notes that, at Gloucester, he observed one hovering over jasmine in

SESIA STELLATARUM., 25

- August, 1865, whilst it was raining ; Cooper notes it hovering over
valerian in the pouring rain at Ilfracombe, July 5th, 1892; Walde-
grave observed specimens hovering over flowers during a sharp
shower of rain at Chewton Mendip. Daws observes that in 1899
he could have taken hundreds at the fuchsia flowers at Penzance ;
they flew chiefly from 8 a.m.—10.30 a.m., and again from 5 p.m.
to dusk, fewer being observed in the middle of the day; Riding
notes the moth as abundant in 1899, at Buckerell, preferring flowers
-of lavender and scarlet geraniums, a luxuriant bed of petunias
being completely ignored, and states that they flew most freely in early
morning and evenings; Gordon notes it as very abundant at Corse-
malzie at rhododendron blossom between 3.30 p.m.—5.30 p.m., as
many as seven being seen at one plant at the same time, but a few
were also on the wing in the morning. Zeller also observes it as flying
in the evening at flowers of Lchiwm and Salvia in the Engadine.
Mason’s observation (ut. Record, xii., p. 53) that the moths flew up
and down outside a conservatory in their attempt to get at the orchid
blossoms inside, suggests their being attracted by sight rather than
scent. There are two records of its having appeared at light, Studd,
on one occasion, took it in his light-trap at Oxton, and Blakeborough
feords one at light at. £0.30 p.m., on August 2nd, 1900, at
Brighouse. Oldham notes (£v7., xxxil., p. 255) that, on August
2a4th, 1899, he saw one mobbed by sparrows. Little is known
about the pairing of this species. Mathew notes that he saw a pair
in copulé at Gibraltar flying across one of the paths on the Rock,
on February 16th, 1866, whilst many others were hovering about,
and one suspects that, although, usually, pairing takes place soon
after emergence in summer, the autumnal and winter emergences
may put off the operation for some little time; feeding seems to
be an absolute necessity for the development of the eggs.

Hapitat.—To suggest habitats for this species is practically useless
—the highest Alpine passes are traversed in a very short time, and the
valleys are sometimes full of them; roadsides, woods, gardens, fields,
hills, moors, fens, cliffs, and marshes are the haunts of this species,
which we may meet anywhere. It even stays to sip the nectar from
the flowers in the hands of the flower-sellers of Cannes and to
extract its share from the flowers in the window-sill of a London
garret.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—In Britain, occasionally in January,
February, March and April, often abundant in May and June,
again in July-August, again in late September-November, and
occasionally in December. In some years entirely absent, sometimes
for several years in succession, in other years large numbers of
immigrants appear in May and June, and spread all over the
British Islands. In the southern and hotter parts of its range
the species is continuously-brooded and has no real hybernating
period, ¢.g., the species is abundant all round the Mediterranean
littoral, and, except for brief intervals between the broods, occurs
all the year round—e.g., in most parts of the Mediterranean littoral,
particularly the western portion, such as the north African coasts, Spain,
mid and southern Italy, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Egypt and
all the islands. At Malta, where most of the low-growing vegetation
dries up during the summer months, it is very abundant during

26 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the autumn, spring and early summer, and may be seen any
bright day throughout the winter ; wild flowers are most plentiful from
the end of November to the end of March, and, about Christmas,
various species of sweet-smelling narcissus are in flower in the
various little rocky valleys that abound throughout Malta, and
‘S. stellatarum is very partial to these. In gardeus, the flowers of
Lantana, Plumbago and evergreen privet are very attractive when they
are out. I think the first ova must be deposited in October and
then all through the winter, for I have seen larve full grown and
quite small early in the year (Mathew). Mathew further gives (zz
litt.) the following table of observations recorded in his diaries,
of course, a very small proportion of the whole, but still sufficient to
give considerable food for reflection :—

Feb. 11th, 1862 Gibraltar Many seen flying about the face of
the rock in the hot sun.

Feb. 15th, 1863 Lisbon Several flying about in the hot sun.

Noy, 12th, 1865 Malta Ditto. +

Feb, 16th, 1866 Gibraltar In great numbers; a pair seen flying

slowly zz cop.
April 21st-24th, 1866 | Malta to Gibraltar | Several seen flying about ship during

passage.

April 28th, 1878 Mediterranean At sea, 150 miles E. of Malta; many
seen about ship.

May 24th, 1878 Sea of Marmora Off Bulair Lines ; noticed ovipositing

on a plant on which was full-grown
larva. Cochrania croatica also seen
nearly every day.

June 13th, 1878 Gallipoli Very numerous with Cuchrantacroatica.
Aug. 14th - Sept. | Besika Bay Numerous.

12th, 1878
Oci=erth, 13716 Artaki Bay An example, still alive in the claws of

a mantis.

Feb. 27th - March | Malta Seen frequently.

24th, 1879
Oct. 17th, 1896 Salonika Many seen at flowers of plumbago.
Jan. 3rd, 1897 Malta Several ; one of these moths probed the

flowers of a bunch of narcissus, held
in the hand.

Feb. 27th, 1897 Malta Several.
Sept. 30th, 1897 Malta Ditto.
March 11th, 1898 Platea Unusually abundant, Flies in the

dullest and coldest weather. Often
found them in cabin at dusk; these
commence to fly about as soon as
electric light is turned on.

Other records are—November Ist, 1900, at Nauplia, November rgth
off Crete, December 1st at Ayas Bay, January 30th, 1901, at Platea
in Greece, February 18th at Zea, March e2nd, rgo1, again April
26th to the end of May, abundant at Malta, July 26th, rgor,
at Malta, &c. In 1902, observed at Malta, February 26th-March
rst, abundant, March 8th-r2th, commonly, March 26th a few,
May 13th, one or two absolutely fine, evidently the forerunners of
a brood commencing to emerge, on May 15th-17th, a few were taken
quite fresh, and May 24th one, common again August 18th-zoth, then
October 12th, abundant at the Zazfana flowers (Fletcher); may
be seen any fine day throughout the year along the Mediterranean
coast, examples seen on Christmas day, 1886, on the rock of

SESIA STELLATARUM. Oil

_ Gibraltar (Walker), occurs all the year round at Gibraltar (Parry),
common throughout the whole year in gardens, hills, and extending
into the mountains in Italy (Cannaviello); throughout the year
in the whole island of Sicily (Mina-Palumbo), flies throughout
the year except for a few weeks at end of July and early August
in Roumania (Caradja), very common everywhere in Bulgaria, in
May, July-August, September-October (Bachmetjew), reported
as being very abundant from November-February at Kandahar ;
common throughout the whole of the warm season at Wei-hai-Wei
and Chifu (Fletcher), common February-early April at Tangier
in 1868 (Blackmore), and from March-May, in 1866, at Rome
(White), observed February 12th, 1901, at Gembloux (Poskin),
in June-July and August-September at Namur (Derenne), also
in October-November at Namur (Lambillion), October znd-8th, 1898,
at Namur (Colignon), abundant from January-May in most years,
in the Riviera, seen, zz copula, on March 18th, 1899, at Le Trayas
(Chapman), observed also October 12th, 1892, at Nice (Bromilow),
May, August and early spring in Baden, an imago found December
31st, 1884, flying in street at Carlsruhe (Reutti), observed April
rith, 1898, at Chifu, and from May to November, 1898, very
abundantly on Leu-kung-tao, also abundant April 22nd-25th, 1899,
on mainland (Fletcher), April to June, 1897, at Alderney (Wells),
imagines, eggs and larve all abundant on May 24th, 1878, at
Gallipoli ; seen every day, in August, 1883, at sea between Malta
and Gibraltar, also August 25th at sea, two days before arriving
at Plymouth, also common in June, 1898, at Canea and Suda
Bay, several specimens netted on board ship August r1th-16th,
1898, between Gibraltar and Leghorn (Mathew), May-June and
August-September, in Upper Austria (Himsl), May-June, also
in August-September at Konigsberg (Riesen). Odd dates have
been noted as follows: June 18th-26th, 1897, at Fontainebleau
(Tutt), June roth-23rd, 1890, at Tancarville (Leech), June 22nd,
1887, at St. Ouens Bay (Walker), June 22nd, 1886, at Engelstein
(Baker), average date, June 27th at Bergin (Zeller), swarmed in
July, 1875, at Argeéles (Distant), July, 1892, at Scheveningen
(Walker), in myriads in August and September, 1877, at Tresco
in the Scilly Isles (Crewe), September roth, 1897, at Lyngor (Strand).
British dates have been recorded as follows: August and early Sep-
tember around Nottingham (Leivers), abundant to September at
Boscombe (Robertson), June, September and October at Chelmsford
(Miller), seen flying in December and January at Gravesend
(Clifford’, abundant in 1818 and 1819, at Dover (Stephens), imagines
September 8th-roth, 1846, July roth-24th, 1847, August 31st-Sep-
tember goth, 1847, common, larve on August 5th, 1847, pupated
August 30th, commenced to emerge October 28th, 1847, August
Ath, 1849; imagines began to emerge September 30th, 1857, and on
the same date many were seen hovering over the geraniums in the
college gardens, others emerged October 3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 12th,
13th, then every day from 15th-21st, 29th, November 3rd, 4th,
7th, 8th, 12th, 1857, the last for the year, at Brighton; August 3rd,
1857, at Cuckfield (Merrifield), July 31st, 1856, imago at Brighton
(image), August rst-8th, 1856, at Shanklin, July 17th, 1857, on
the slope near Headley Lane (Trimen), August 3oth, 1856, off

28 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Ramsgate (Powell), July 25th, 1857, at Ganarew (Langley), August
Ist-4th, 1857, at Newhaven (Reeve), imagines emerged October
sth, 1857, from fullfed larve found at Ilfracombe beginning of
September, 1857 (Mathew), May 2gth, 1858, at the Lizard (Boyd),
June ist-7th, 1858, near Kilmun (Chapman), June 6th, 1858,
at West Wickham (Healy), June 14th, 1858, rather common at Deal
(Harding), June r5th-22nd, 1858, common at Folkestone (Drury),
July rst-13th, 1858, at Margate (Cox), August tst-17th, 1858,
common in London gardens (Stevens), common September 18th,
1858, at Newark (Gascoyne), June 2nd, 1859, at Kirriemuir (White),
July 23rd, 1859, at Llandaff (Ollivant), common at larkspur, at
Southport, week ending July 25th, 1859 (Hudson), August, 1859,
common at Stoke Newington, July 2nd-October 21st, 1865, very
common, May 31st, and September 7th, 1867, August 4th, 1875,
June 2oth-August 3rd, 1892, at Lee, June 24th, 1875, at Dartford,
July 13th-September 28th, 1884, common July roth-August 8th,
1889, very common from July 25th-August 6th, 1890, June 2oth-
August 3rd, 1892, at Deal (Fenn), scarce July 16th, 1860, at Deal
(Harding), bred September, 1861, from larve found in August on
Galium verum at Great Yarmouth (Harwood), June 26th-July 4th,
1865, at Chertsey, June 24th, 1870, at Maidenhead, June 24th,
1886, at Malvern, imagines June 3rd-September trith, 1899,
at Marlow (A. H. Clarke), from June to late autumn in 186s,
none in 1866, at Kettering, July 3rd,.1865, at Crohambhurst,
October 8th, 1899, at Lynmouth (T. Briggs), August and September,
1865, at Gloucester (Merrin), abundant October 5th, 1865, at Instow
(Mathew), larvee September, 1865, at Scarborough, pupated before
the end of month, a dozen imagines emerged from October rith ina
cold room (Lighton), December 24th, 1865, a specimen at Carmarthen
buzzing in a window (Shackell), February 13th, 1866, near Plymouth
(Piffard), March 7th, 1866, on wing, at Budleigh Salterton (Thomson),
only two observed in 1866, one on April 18th, the other in August
at Wareham (Fulford), two only in Chatham district in 1866, one
June 2oth, 1866, at sweet-william, the other at Langley, Maidstone,
although most abundant in 1865 (French), November 27th, 1867, cap-
tured at Southsea (Pasley), very abundant in June and again in mid-
August, 1868, at Sheerness (Walker), August 14th, 1868, at Penzance
(Cornish), bred September rst, 1868, from larva found July zoth, 1868,
also in July, 1899, abundant, at Painswick, also November rath,
1884, from larva taken at Edge Hill on August 23rd, 1884, and which
pupated August 30th; September rst-13th, 1899, at the Mumbles
and Langland Bay (Watkins), July, 1869, at Scarborough, August
r1th-31st, 1893, at Morecambe (Porritt), imagines, July 18th, 1871,
at Walton-on-Naze, common November rst, 1886, at Brentwood, June
roth, 1892, July roth-25th, 1893, at Rainham, June 3rd, 1899, June
16th, 1900, at Mucking (Burrows), September rst, 1871, at Bulmershe
Park, August 19th, 1873, at Burghfield, August 2oth, 1875, at
Whitchurch, September 7th, 1880, at Reading, September 17th, 1890,
at Warren, September rst, 1893, at Oxford, July 26th, 1898, at St.
Helens (Holland), August, 1876, at St. Austell (Hodge), June
27th, 1878, July 3rd, 1879, at Rugby (Wilson), June roth, 1879,
at Torquay (A. H. Jones), June, 1879, in great abundance in Isle
of Man hovering over rhododendrons, pinks and other flowers,

SESIA STELLATARUM, 29

- June 6th hovering over the flowers of holly at Lezayre, the scent
from which is very strong, also July roth, 1897, September
sth-11th, 1899, July tst-16th, 1900, abundant at Sulby (Clarke),
July roth, 1883, at Lewisham, at geraniums (Douglas), plentiful 1884,
absent in 1885, at Cork (Sandford), July roth, 1884, July 6th, 1892,
July 8th, 1893, June 15th, 1897, at Hayton, June 4th, 1899, July 18th,
1900, July, 1901, in Carlisle district ( Routledge), July 23rd, 1884,
at Hampstead, July 17th, 1889, at Deal, October 15th, 1899, at
Maidstone (Watts), many throughout October, up to the 31st, 1884,
at King’s Lynn (Atmore), August znd, 1885, at Kingsdown, June
Boia 1oo9, and September 1st, 1899, at Croydon (Sheldon),
September tst-roth, 1885, at Lizard (Riding), July 21st, 1886,
July 18th, 1887, September 20th, 1896, at Reading (Butler),
liovae September, 1687, gave imago December rrth, 1387, in a
cold room at Clevedon, also January 31st, 1898, flying in sunshine
at Bath (Jefferys), July toth, 1887, at Edinburgh (Evans), July
17th, 1887, at Moffat (Long), August, 1887, at Ilford (Tonge), August
7th, 1887, at Wednesfield (Hill), October 24th, 1888, July roth-23rd,
1892, October 13th, 1893, August rath, 1897, at Bristol, September 5th,
1892, at Braunton (Bartlett), October 14th, 1889, flew into house at Ar-
magh (Johnson), 31 larve in various stages between September tst-5th,
1889, in South Devon—4 died—z27 pupe, the moths all emerged be-
tween October zoth-November 26th ; July, 1898, at Sidmouth (Wells),
May 31st-June 7th, 1890, at Brockenhurst (Ogden), August 3rd, 1890,
to end of month at Mansfeld, May roth-July 16th, 1898, at Paul,
seen as early as March 2oth, but worn, also on August 3rd, again
September tst-30th, 1899, in 1900 continuously, from middle of July
till late autumn, at Mansfield (Daws), May 25th, 1891, quite in
centre of town, at Cambridge, May 5th, 1893, May 11th, 1895,
May 2oth, 1896, May 6th-z2znd and September roth, 1898, at
Prescot (Freeman), July 3rd, 1891, at Leckhampton Hill (Goodlake),
July -20th, 1891, at Cheltenham (Sanders), common June to
October at Oxton, September 29th, 1891, August 25th and October
Foie so2 September 13th, 1893, August 20th, 18096, June roth,
1897, September rst, 3rd and 8th, 1898, May 28th and August
14th, 1899 (Studd), June 2nd-gth, 1892, at Abbotts Wood and
Eastbourne (Porritt), June 8th, 1892, at Worcester Park, July goth,
1892, abundant in waste places in Jersey. (Kaye), June zoth,
1892, and preceding days, October 23rd, 1899, at Haslemere
(Newman), June 21st, 1892, June 16th and July roth, 1897, June
7th-22nd, 1899, abundant, then again September 2nd-25th, 1899,
1892, worn, July rith, 1894, August 25th, 1895, August 2nd, 1897,
at Corsemalzie (Gordon), July 2nd-12th, 1892, at Eastbourne
(Tugwell), July 3rd, 1892, at Crossgates, near Leeds (Nelson),
very abundant at Lynton and Ilfracombe in early July, 1892, at
red valerian, even in pouring rain, on July 5th (Cooper), July 8th,
June 17th, 1898, fresh, all at Eastbourne, September 17th, 1893, at
Ealing (Montgomery), July 26th, 1892, August 5th-September gth,
abundant at Swanage (Hall), July 26th and 27th, 1892, July 15th,
August 29th, 1893, August, 1899, plentiful, August, 1900, a few at
Sandown, January 27th, 1899 (sent up to me alive) end of July-August,
1899, plentiful at Torquay (Prout), eggs laid July 29th, 1892, at
Hornsea, produced imagines November ist and following days

30 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Inchbald), 1st week in August, 1892, at Folkestone (Byrne),
abundant in August, 1892, at Eastbourne (Griffiths), August 3rd,
1892, August 15th, October tst-znd, 1893, at Panton, September
6th, 1393, at Halton, June _ 6th, 807, June 8th-17th, July 2oth,
August 18th-23rd, 1899, at Hazel eigh, July 13th, 1899, at Little
Baddow (Raynor), imagines, a few at Seaton, May 3rd, 1893, on
August 18th, abundant, also on November Ist, 1900, at Seaton (Still),
May 2oth, 1893, in splendid condition at Manchester, June 2oth,
1893, at Old Trafford (Stones), May and again October 11th-r4th, 1893,
at Harrow-weald (Brown), very abundant in June, 1893, at Barmouth
(Johnson), June and July, 1893, very abundant, insect in all its
stages at this time, at Reading (Hamm), June 27th, 1893, June
r1th, 1899, July 15th, 1900, at Carlisle (F. H. Day), June 28th, 1893,
June roth, and again September rst, 1899, at Southend ( Whittle), July
Ist, 1893, exceptionally abundant at Reading (Clarke), July 6th,
1893, abundant at Monks Wood (Blake), July r5th-z4th, 1893,
at Wicken (Mitchell), July 16th, 18th and 2oth, 1893, at Wannock
(Pearson), imagines August-September and October 8th-17th,
1893, at Southampton (Moberly), August and October, 1893, at
Guildford (Grover), August 31st, 1893, several at Ashmore Woods,
August i4th, . 1900, at Sheerness (Fletcher), bred aie ewes
September rst, 1893, September, 1895, at Shoreham (Nicholson),
September 3rd, 1893, at Kil burn (Bergman), September 22nd,
1893, at Mile End (McIntyre), October 2nd, 1893, at Sittingbourne
(Hewett), very abundant in September and October, 1893, and still
out October 23rd at Bournemouth (McRae), February 8th, 1894, flying
in aroom at Portslade (Willson), April 25th, 1894, at Kilberry (Cotting-
ham), July rst-21st, 1894, at Barmouth (Kenward), July 28th, 1896, a
single specimen caught at Middlesborough (Lofthouse), August -
14th-17th, 1896, at Bath, August 23rd, 1898, at Tullylagan, June
5th-zoth, 1899, in hundreds on coast of Co. Antrim, a larva
found August 7th, 1900, produced an imago in Co. Down,
on October 5th~* (Greer), August: 31st, 1896, - at) (stoma
(Gribble), June 2ist-22nd, 1897, at Dinas Mowddwy
(Tetley), June, 1897, at Aldershot, September,» 1897, an mee
cott, June, 1899, at Bettws-y-Coed (Bland), July toth-24th, 1897, at
Barmouth (Imms), August 24th, 1897, at Scilly, August 22nd, 1898,
at Boscastle (Adkin), flying September 13th, 1897, September roth,
1898, at Cambridge (Thornhill), September 18th, 1897, at West Kirby,
September rgth-22nd, 1897, at Hall Road, two miles north of Waterloo
(Moss), June 13th, 1898, &c., at Enniskillen (Allen), plentiful at Port-
land from August 2oth till the end of September, 1898 (Hyde), Sep-
tember roth, 1898, over flowers in daytime, June 14th, 1899, on wall of
room at ro p.m. (Barraud), September 18th-24th, 1898, at Lyn-
mouth, July r1th-r5th, 1900, at Llandudno (Cotton), September
24th- 2th, 1898, April 2nd, 1899, June 2nd-14th, 1899, many
in August, 1899, at Weymouth, April 6th, 1899, August r4th-Sep-
tember sth, at High Wycombe, June 3rd-8th, 1899, many in
August at Portland (Pe: achell), January 3rd, 1899, appeared at the
supper of the Hereford Hunt ball (Vaughan), February 18th, 1899,
at Winchester (Shepheard-Walwyn), April rath, rg900, at Apuldram
(Anderson), imagines swarmed in June and September, 1899, at
Galashiels (Haggart), first appearance June rst, in 1899, increased

SESIA STELLATARUM. 3l

to 20th, when it appeared to be very common, and generally
distributed in Edinburgh district June roth, 1899, between
Burntisland and Kinghorn, June 15th, 1899, in the Isle of
Moy, June 16th, 1899, between Longniddry and Aberlady, June
roth, 1899, near Blackford Hill (Evans), June 2nd, 1899, at
Poyntzpass (Johnson), from June 3rd, 1899, in the Frensham district
(Bingham-Newland), June 3rd, 1899, in Roslin Glen (Grimshaw),
June 4th, 1899, at Thornaby, June roth, 1899, at Great Ayton,
July 2ist-August 23rd, September 1st, 1899, at Linthorpe, June
16th, 1900, at Kildale, July 14th, 1900, at Great Ayton (Lofthouse),
June 5th, 1899, first seen at Ringwood, extremely abundant
later (Fowler), June 5th, 1899, on the Wallasey sandhills,
imagines began to emerge August 21st, 1899, from larve taken
at Broadstairs on July 12th, and which began to pupate July 2oth
(Eddrup), June roth, August goth, 1899, July 17th, 1900, but not
often seen at Rugeley (Freer), June roth, at Halliwell, another at Old
Trafford, June 17th, 1899, hovering over some blue flowers in a
lady’s hat (Whittaker), June 13th, 1899, on into July, abundant at
Reading, August 8th, 1899 onwards, at Bude and Boscastle (Reece),
June 15th, 1899, in Breconshire (Jefferys), emerged July zoth-August
15th, 1899, exceedingly abundant the first week in September, and on
fine days to be seen until November 4th, also on July 24th, 1900,
at Sudbury, and September 28th-October 17th, 1901, in the Sudbury
district (Ransom), from August 1st to end of October, most abundant
1899, at Llanstephan (Bingham-Newland), August 1st-September
rith, 1899, at Swanage (Kemp), August 3rd-roth, September, 1899,
July 17th, 1900, at Worcester, August 12th-23rd, 1896, at Dawlish
(Rea), August 4th, 1899, at Malvern, August 17th, 1899, at Stratford-
on-Avon, August 23rd, 1899, at Eastnor Castle, September 2nd,
1899, at Chiswick, July 16th, rt901, at East MHoathly (Sich),
August troth-27th, 1899, at Eastbourne, August 2oth, 1899,
at Herne Hill (Carr), August 14th at Eastbourne, September 17th
at Beachy Head, September 30th, 1899, at East Dulwich (Colthrup),
August 13th, 1899, at flowers of Wezgelia coccinea at Ulverston
(Petty), last week in August and first week in September at
Eastbourne, mid-July, 1899, at Shoreham, near Brighton, Octo-
ber 21st, tg900, at Paddington (Phillips), August 27th, 1899, at
Lewisham, September 3rd, 1899, at Chattenden (Tutt), Sep-
tember 1st-14th, 1899, at Wisbech St. Mary, July 17th, 1900,
at ~Siddington (Oldham), September tst-znd, 1899, in Hyde
Park (Ent.), swarming at Enfield in September, 1899 (Edelsten), -
September 8th, 1899, at Sandgate, November 6th, 1g00, at Uckfield
(Bower), September 9th, 1899, many at Dover (Shaw), September 28th,
1899, at Luddenden Foot (Robertshaw), October 11th, 1899, in the city
of London (Gresham Street) (Blenkarn), November 24th, 1899, Novem-
ber 28th, 1900, at Truro (Rollason), September 22nd, 1899, at Malvern
' (Edwards), imago early in February, 1900, in London (Ficklin),
captured in North London on a window, April roth, 1900, July 31st-
August 2nd, 1900, at Deal, bred October 25th-November 4th,
Ig01 (James), April z1st, 1900, August znd, rg00, common at
Brighouse (Blakeborough), June 4th-6th, 1g00, at Newbury
(Hopson), June 17th, 1900, at Lowestoft (Jenkinson), July rith,
1900, at Kilmarnock, September 20th, 1900, at Glasgow (Dalglish),

32 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

July 15th, 1r900, abundant at Box Hill (Turner), July rzrth-August
3rd, 1900, at Rydall (Armitt), July 18th, 1900, at Lincoln (Mason),
July 24th, t900, at Milnthorpe (Stabler), July 24th, socom
Ripon (St: Paul), August. 1st, 1900, at Ingleby (Hlgeey
August gth-17th, rg00, common at Weston-super-Mare (Whit-
taker), larve at Margate on July 22nd, 1900, pupated, and produced
imagines August 17th-rgth (Russel 1), September 24th, ageesmae
Chewton Mendip (Waldegrave), October rst, rtgo00, at Kilburn
(Walker), during October, 1900, six or seven came into house at
Margate, one remained in bedroom until December; -first imago
in 1901, seen on June 21st, dozens early in July at Margate
(Barrett), imagines September 16th, 1900, from larvze obtained
August 15th-27th, 1900, at Folkestone, September 21st-October
Ist, 1go00, at Ilford, October znd, 1900, at Wimbledon (Pickett),
abundant in t1goo at Cranbrook, one as late as November
27th (Marshall), June 27th-September 21st, 1901, at Dorking
(Oldaker), on the moors between Porlock and the Doone valley,
August gth, 1901, also on August 16th, 1901, at Lynton (Carr),
imagines not seen before September 7th-8th, 1901, at Newick, but
from the end of July intc November in 1900 (Mackinnon), April
16th, 1902, at Reigate (Prideaux), June 28th, 1902, at Burnley
(Clutten), August 15th, 1902, at Burgess Hill (Dollman).

LOCALITIES.—May occur almost anywhere from the most southerly to
the most northerly, and from the most easterly to the most westerly points of the
British Islands. ABERDEEN: abundant in some years from the coast up to
1500ft. at Braemar (Horne), Aberdeen (Traill). ANTRIM: on the coast, abundant
in 1901 (Greer), Belfast (Watts). ARGYLL: Kilberry (Cottingham), near
Kilmun (Chapman), ARMAGH: Armagh, Poyntzpass (Johnson). AyR: Kil-
marnock (Dalglish), Cloncaird Castle (Anderson). BEDs: Biggleswade (Blake),
BERKS : Reading, Maidenhead (Clarke), Pangbourne, Bulmershe, Burghtfield
(Holland), Hurst (Broome). BERWicK: Berwick (Shaw). BRECON: Brecon
(Jefferys). Bucks: Foscott dist. (Bland), Marlow (A. H. Clarke), Halton, Wavendon
(Stainton), High Wycombe (Peachell), Buckingham (Slade). BUTESHIRE :
Arran (McArthur). CAMBRIDGE: Fen district, abundant (Balding), Wicken
(Mitchell), Cambridge (Farren), Wisbech St. Mary (Oldham), Ely, Bottisham,
common (Jenyns). CARMARTHEN: Carmarthen (Jefterys), Llanstephan (Bingham-
Newland), Langharne (Kaye). CARNARVON: Bettws-y-Coed dist. (Bland), Abersoch
(Martineau). CHESHIRE: general on the coast sandhills, Wallasey sandhills (Eddrup),
Cheadle (Masefield), Alderley Edge, Wilmslow, Siddington (Oldham), Winnington dist.
(Lucas). CoRK: Cork (Sandford), Courtmacsherry, common, Timoleague, ‘Ummera
Woods (Donovan), Mallow, scarce (Bingham-Newland). CORNWALL: Tintagel, com-
mon (Sheldon), Boscastle, Scilly Isles (Adkin), Tresco (Crewe), Bude (Reece), Lizard
(Riding), St. Austell (Hodge), Paul, Penzance (Daws), Truro (Stainton).
CUMBERLAND: uncertain, abundant some years (Day), not uncommon on’ the
coast (Mawson), Keswick, seldom seen (Beadle), Lake district (Stainton), Carlisle,
Silloth, Salkeld, Penrith, Maryport (fF. H. Day), Hayton, Castle Carrock (Routledge).
DENBIGH : Denbigh (Walker), Llandudno (Cotton), Llanrwst (Bairstow), Ruthin
(Ward), Bettws-y-Coed dist. (Bland), Colwyn Bay (Whittaker). DERBY: southern
parts, common (Payne), Burton district, abundant some years (Payne), Middleton Dale
(Alderson), Bakewell (Fuller), Staveley district (Hooke), Burton-on-Trent (Stainton),
Ashbourne, abundant some years (Lighton), Derby (Pullen). DEVON : Oxton,
common, sometimes abundant (Studd), South Devon (Wells), Lynton (Carr),
Seaton (Still), Budleigh-Salterton (Thomson), Lynmouth, Ilfracombe (Cooper),
Instow, Barnstaple, Braunton Burrows (Mathew), Lorquay (Prout), Sidmouth
(Raynor), Buckerell, common some years (Riding), Dartmoor (Gammer), Newton
Abbot (Holdaway), Dawlish (Rea), Exeter, Teignmouth, Plymouth (Stainton),
Morthoe, Bideford (Longstaft), Devonport (Hayward), Lundy Island (Chase),
Chagwood / Jeffreys). DONEGAL : Derry district (Campbell), Ballyshannon
(Johnson). Dorsrtr: Portland (Partridge), Wareham (Fulford), Poole (Wanhill),
Swanage (Hall), Weymouth, (Blackmore), Dorchester (Stainton), Glanvilles

SESIA STELLATARUM. 33

- Wootton (Dale), Ashmore Woods (Fletcher), West Bournemouth (Robertson),
Lyme Regis (Charles). Down: Lisburn, Newcastle, White Mountains (Watts).
Dustin: Dublin (Kane), Blackrock (Greer), Kingstown (Kane). DuMFRIEs:
Moffat (Long). DurHAM: uncertain in the Durham district (Maddison),
Hartlepool, sometimes abundant, Durham, common (Robson), Darling-
ton (Stainton), South Shields (Eales), Axwell (Hedworth), Barnard Castle (Lees),
Seaton Carew (Sang), Tow Law (Fawcett). EDINBURGH: Edinburgh (Stainton),
Buckstone Farm near Edinburgh (Evans). ELGin: Elgin (Brown), Forres (Norman),
Strathspey (Moore). EssrXx: coast districts, sometimes common (Harwood), Ilford
(Tonge), Chelmsford (Miller), Hazeleigh, Little Baddow, Maldon (Raynor), Muck-
ing, Wanstead, Brentwood, Rainham , Walton-on-the Naze (Burrows), Harwich,
Weeley (Mathew), Sudbury dist., Henny (Ransom), Leigh, Benfleet (Whittle), Epping
(Stainton), Frinton (Bacot), Leyton district (Meldola), Southend, common (Vaughan).
FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Alen), Tempo (Kane). Fire: Falkland, between
Burntisland and Kinghorn (Evans). FORFAR: Kuriemuir (White), GALWAY:
Galway (Barrett), Connemara, common (Birchall), Clonbrock (Allen). GLa-
MORGAN: Langland Bay, Swansea (Robertson), Llandaff (Ollivant), the Mumbles
(Watkins), Glamorgan (Llewelyn). GLOUCESTER: generally distributed, not
often abundant (Hudd), Micheldean (Searancke), Gloucester (Merrin), Pains-
wick, Edge Hill (Watkins), Leckhampton Hill (Brooke), Stonehouse
(Nash), Bristol (Tibbs), Lower Guiting (Stainton), Clevedon (Mason),
Weston-super-Mare (Crotch), Cheltenham (Robertson), Almondsbury (Porritt),
St. Briavels (Pashell), very abundant, Stroud, Upton-on-Severn (Redmayne).
HADDINGTON: between Longniddry and Aberlady, Craiglockhart (Evans).
Hants: New Forest (Cox), Burghclere district (Alderson), Brockenhurst (Ozden),
Ringwood (Fowler), Portsdown Hill, Cumberland Fort, Portsea, Gosport (Pearce),
Bournemouth (Robertson), Boscombe, Aldershot (Bland), Winchester (Holdaway),
Wishanger (Bingham-Newland), Southampton (Moberly), Lyndhurst (Stainton),
Isle of Wight—St. Helens (Holland), Shanklin (Trimen), Sandown (Prout),
Totland Bay (Sich), Ventnor (Guyon), Newport (Moberly), Kimpton (Rudd).
HEREFORD : Hereford (Anderson), Leominster (Hutchinson), Tarrington
(Wood), Eastnor Castle (Sich). Herts: Broxbourne (Bacot), Much Hadham
(Bingham-Newland), Hertford (Stephens), Hitchin (Griffith), Tring-—the Chilterns
(Tyrer), Bushey Heath (Barraud}. Hunrs: St. Ives (Norris), Monk’s Wood
(Blake). IstzE oF MAN: in great abundance in all parts in some years—Lezayre,
Douglas Head, Castletown, Douglas, Ramsey, Sulby (Clarke). Kernr: Longheld,
Gravesend (Jennings), Chatham district, Langley, Maidstone (French), Sandwich, St.
Margaret’s Bay, common (Shepherd), Ramsgate (Willson), Dover (Walker), Folke-
stone (Byrne), Westgate (Sich), Margate (Cox), Strood, Cuxton, Chattenden, Lewisham
(Tutt), Bromley (Turner), Sandgate (Bower), Deal (Harding), Rochester (Chaney), Herne
Bay (Butler), Lee, Dartford (Fenn), Cranbrook (Marshall), Tenterden (Stainton), Kings-
down (Sheldon), Sheerness (Fletcher), Broadstairs (Eddrup), Walmer (Grifhths),
Sittingbourne (Hewett), Erith (Sabine). Kerry: Killarney (Kane), Kirkcup-
BRIGHT: Douglas (Robinson). LANARK: Glasgow (Dalglish). LANCASHIRE: general
on the coast sandhills (Moss), fairly common in South Lancs (Ellis), common
in North Lancs (Murray), Manchester (Stones), Burnley dist. (Clutten), Halliwell,
Old Trafford (Whittaker), Southport (Hudson), Preston (Stainton), Prescot (Free-
man), Crosby coast and sandhills, Prestwich, near Grange (Ellis), St. Helens (Thomp-
son), Ulverstone (Petty), Morecambe (Porritt), West Kirby, near Waterloo (Moss),
Blackpool (Mosley), Bolton (Johnson), Lytham (Hodgkinson), Liverpool district
(Harker). Lrrcesrer: fairly common—Buddon Woods, Quorn, Loughborough,
Gumley, Leicester, Kibworth (Bouskell). LincoLn: Lincoln district, occasionally
(Carr), Cleethorpes (Auld), South Park (Musham), Grantham, Brant Broughton
(Stow), Great Grimsby (Dawson), Panton, Hatton (Raynor), Woodhall
Spa, Horncastle, Thornton (Walter), Wyberton, near Boston (Lane-Claypon),
near Lincoln (Burlow). LONDONDERRY: Derry (Campbell). LourH: Castle
Bellingham (Thornhill), MERIONETH: Barmouth (Johnson), Dinas Mowddwy
(Tetley), Harlech district (Graves). MIDDLESEX: Harrow district, common
(Rothschild), Kilburn (Bergman), Highbury (Hodge), Chiswick (Sich), Mill Hill,
St. John’s Wood (South), Ealing (Montgomery), Kensington (Stevens), Islington
(Smith), Tottenham (J. A. Clark), Harrow Weald, Oxhey Grove (Brown),
Enfield (Edelsten), Mile End (McIntyre), Stoke Newington (Fenn), Kingsbury
(Ficklin), Twickenham (Burrows), Hampstead (Watts), Paddington (Phillips), Isle-
worth (Myers), Waltham Cross (Bowles), Chelsea (Carr). MONMOUTH: Ganarew
(Langley), Monkswood (Rea), Wye Valley (Vaughan). NorFoLK: King’s Lynn
(Atmore), Cromer (South), Great Yarmouth (Harwood), Norwich (Harris). NorTH-
AMPTON: Daventry (Green). NoRTHUMBERLAND: uncertain, some years common

34 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Maddison), common, Jesmond (Robson), common on the coast (Maling), Newcastle-
on-Tyne (Bold), Tynemouth, Cullercoats (Wailes), Dunstan (Hedworth), Twizell
(Selby), Blyth Links (Hedworth). NotTTriNGHAM: Newark (Gascoyne), Langford
Moor (Carr), Chilwell (Pearson), Mansfeld, not common (Daws), Wellow (Becher),
South Leverton (Thornley), Nottingham (Leivers), Worksop (Alderson). OXFORD:
Warren, near Reading, Whitchurch, Hardwick, Oxford (Holland), Foscott district
(Bland), Adderbury (T. Briggs). PEEBLES (Evans). PEMBROKE: Pembroke
(Barrett), Tenby (Robertson). PERTH : sometimes common, Perth, the
Forth, Earn, Gowrie districts, Craigie, Kinnoull, banks of Tay and Almond
(F. B. White), Balquhidder (Cameron). RENFREW: Gleniffer Braes, scarce
(Paisley Nat. His. Soc. Record Book). Ross: Isle of Lewis (McArthur), Contin
(White). ROXBURGH: Hawick district, common (Guthrie), Caverton district (Elliott),
Galashiels, sparingly (Haggart). RUTLAND; Uppingham (Bell). SHEYTLAND: Unst
(McArthur). SHROPSHIRE: Ludlow (Rea), Shrewsbury (Stainton), Market Drayton
district (Woodforde), Winnington district (Lucas}. SOMERSET: North Somerset, on
the moors between Porlock and the Doone Valley (Carr), Shepton, Montague, com-
mon (Webster), Wellington (Milton), Castle Cary, frequent (Macmillan), Clevedon
(Jefferys), Minehead Valley, Taunton (St. John), Wotton-under-Edge (Perkins),
Weston - super- Mare (Whittaker), Bishops Lydeard, Buckland Dinham
(Mathew), Bath (Greer), Chewton Mendip (Waldeegrave), Limpley-Stoke, near
Bath (Cardinall). STAFFORD: North - Staffs, rare, not uncommon some
seasons (Daltry). Wednesfield, Leek (Hill), Rugelev, Cannock Chase (Freer),
Tixall, plentiful in 1893 (Bostock), Market Drayton district, sparingly, in some seasons
only (Woodforde), Birchwood (Rea), Lichfield (Redmayne). SvTIRLING : Fintry
(Eggleton). SUFFOLK: generally distributed (Bloomfield), Sudbury district, very un-
certain (Ransom), Felixstowe, Needham Market (Mathew), Stowmarket (Stainton),
Lowestoft (Jenkinson), SURREY: Guildford (Grover), Wimbledon Common (Clifford),
Haslemere (Newman), near Headley Lane (Trimen), Chertsey (Clarke), West Wick-
ham (Healy), Worcester Park (Kaye), Dorking district, common (Oldaker),
Oxshott, Westcott, Horsley, Herne Hill (Carr), Box Hill (Turner), Purley, near
Croydon (Fletcher), (rohamhurst (T. Briggs), Ripley (Stephens), East Dulwich
(Colthrup). Sussex: Hastings, common (Bloomfield), Newick (Mackinnon),
Shoreham, near Brighton (Phillips), Eastbourne (Thornewill), Chichester (Ander-
son), Portslade (Willson), Newhaven (Reeve), Lewes (Nickolson), East Hoathly
(Sich), Burgess Hill, Angmering (Dollman), Brighton, Cuckfield (Mermfield),
Rottingdean (Image), Wannock (Pearson), Worthing (Stainton), Abbotts
Wood (Porritt), Apuldram (Anderson), Uckfield (Bower), Hove (Turner), Hay-
wards Heath, Battle (Jenner), Bersted (Fletcher), Bognor (Lloyd), Fulking
(Cardinall). Tyrone: Tullylagan (Greer). WARWICK: Stratford-on-Avon (Sich),
Rugby (Wilson), Solihull (Martineau), Sutton (Harcourt-Bath), Birmingham (Imms).
WATERFORD: Portlaw, common (Flemyng). WESTMEATH: Mullingar (Middle-
ton). WESTMORLAND: not common, Witherslack, rather common (Murray),
Coniston (Geldart), Kendal district, common (Moss), Milnthorpe (Stabler), Rydal,
Grasmere, Ambleside (Armitt). WIGTOWN: generally distributed, but scarce—
Corsemalzie (Gordon), Monreith (Morton). WuLtTs: Salisbury (Neale), Westbury
(Knapp), Bremhill, Calne (Eddrup).. WorcrstTER: Malvern (Clarke), Wor-
cester (Rea), Powick (Horton), Bockleton (Decie). YORK : distributed,
not uncommon, but uncertain in appearance (Porritt), York, Bempton,
Speeton, Wilton, Bridlington (Hewett), Saltburn (I’Anson), Bishop Wood
(Taylor), Brighouse (Blakeborough), Middlesborough (Lofthouse), Stokesley
(Gribble), Huddersfield, Scarborough (Lighton), Hull district, very common,
1865 (Norman), Hull, occasionally (Boult), Barnsley (Harrison), Bradford (Carter),
Bramham (Smith), Brantingham, very common in 1865 (Kington), Bridlington
(Lawson), Flamborough Head (Horton), Redcar, Saltburn, Weeton, Hunslet,
common (Pickles), Leeds (Birchall), Pannal (Roebuck), Pontefract (Hartley),
Richmond (Harris), Selby (Foster), Shefheld (Doncaster), Spofforth (Aked),
Wakefield (Talbot), Beverley (Johnson), Crosland Hall (Porritt), Pocklington
(Leadman), Stanley (Charles), Shefheld (Cockayne), West Ayton (Hey), Ingleby
(Elgee), Kaildale, Glaisdale, Thornaby, Great Ayton, Linthorpe (Lofthouse),
Redcar (Meek), Ackworth (Neale), banks of the Tees (Rudd), Nidderdale
(Walker), Skipwith (Ash), Gormire, Kirkleby Park (Dobrée), Ripon (St. Paul), Don-
caster (Paterson), Hornsea (Inchbald), Elland and Luddenden Foot (Robertshaw).

DISTRIBUTION.—The range of distribution of this species Is remarkable, includ-
ing the whole Palearctic area, turning south at the eastern limit into China, and, ac-
cording to Walker, extending to Tahiti in the Sandwich Islands. It covers the whole

SESIA STELLATARUM. 35

of Europe (except the northernmost part, above 65° N. lat.), northern Africa, and
Central Asia to Japan. Southward it reaches to 30° N. lat. (southern Japan—northern
India), and in Africa below 30° (Canary Islands, which appear to form the most westerly
point of its occurrence). The polar limits are marked by Scotland, Sweden,
Finland, and the Amur district. The commonness of its occurrence in the northern
parts of the region fluctuates considerably, but its rare occurrence in the Amur district
is remarkable, since it is noted as occurring very commonly in Japan. Bartel states that
“into North America J/. stellatarum has been accidentally introduced by shipping.* ”’
Limit of elevation 8000't. (Bartel). AFRICA: Azores (Godman), Madeira (Baker),
Canaries (White), Tangier (Meade- Waldo), Teneriffe (Christ), Orotava (Alphéraky),
Algeria, distributed throughout and not rare (Lucas), Collo, nearly all summer
and throughout the autumn (Seriziat). AstA: Asia Minor, the commonest lepidop-
teron (Zeller), Ayas Bay, Cyprus (Fletcher), Samsun, Amasia, Tokat, Diarbeker
(Lederer), April at Asterabad and Tschehar-deh (Bienert), Palestine—Jerusalem,
abundant (Swinton), northwest Asia Minor— Brussa, Olympus, the whole
summer very abundant, Lydia -Maghnisa, Smyrna, Aidin; Cilician Taurus
—Mersina, from the middle of February ; The - Taurus — Dorak, Giilek
(Rober), Syria—Haifa, Angora; northeast Asia Minor, everywhere; northern
Persia — Schahrud, Astrabad, &c., everywhere common; Transcaspian pro-
vinces — Kisil-arwat, Krasnowodsk, Mangyschlak peninsula’ /¢este Bartel) ;
Central Asia—Saisan, Lepsa (Staudinger), Kouldja district, to 350o0ft., rare (Alp-
héraky), Achalzik (Christoph), Amurland—Whadiwostok, very rare, Sutschan, rare
(Staudinger) ; Persia—Irak, swarms (Young), Askold (Oberthiir), Govt. Tobolsk, Ural,
and Turgai provinces ; Turkestan - Thian-Shan, Pamirs, from end of February, up to
Soooft., but not common (Erschoff), Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk provinces, Govt.
Tomsk; Afghanistan—Kandahar, November—February, very abundant ; Korea—
Pung-Tung /¢este Bartel); China—near Pekin (Bremer and Grey), Chifu, Wei-hai-
wei, Leu-kung-tao, very common (Fletcher) ; Japan—general, Yokohama, common,
Oiwake (Pryer), Nagahama, Nikko, Hakodaté, Nemoro, Foochau (Leech} ; north-
west India—Quetta; Central India — Saugor (Alexander). AUSTRO-HUNGARY:
throughout the Tyrol -Botzen, Mendelpass, Toblach, Cortina, &c. (Tutt), Ortler
Alps, Trient (Bartel), everywhere in the Brenner district, up to 84g0ft.
(Galvagni), Lavantthal (Hofner), Upper Styria—S. Lambrecht (K6dermann),
Upper Austria—everywhere, Postlingberg, Linz, &c. (Himsl), Lower Austria—
Schneeberg, Vienna, Moravia—Mahrisch-Tribau, Brinn, Ungarisch-Brod, Transsyl-
vania, Nosag, Kaschau, itosenau, Neusohl, Zsadany, Bugganz, Raab, Oedenburg,
Budapest, Debreczen, Grosswardein, Funfkirchen, Mehadia, Orsova, Slavonia,
Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia—Dervent /(¢este Bartel), Dalmatia—Island of Lissa, Great
Pelagosa, Little Pelagosa; Bukovina, everywhere common (Hormuzaki), Pressburg
(Rozsay), Bohemia—Carlsbad, Prague (Nickerl), Galicia, everywhere, but sparingly,
in untold numbers, however, in the forest-region at Dora in August, 1886 —
Ternéw, Lemberg, Brody (Garbowski), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow
(Werchratski), Brinn (Schneider), Raibl (Zeller), Taufers, Innsbruck (Weiler),
Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, common (Husz), Hungary (Vangel), Bresztova,
Kikulahegy, Drietoma, Kocsocz, everywhere common, Gdlnitz (Hudak), Glockner,
Fiume (Mann), Upper Carinthia, Salzburg, everywhere (Nickerl). BELGIUM: through-
out (Lambillion), Frameries, common, Hasselt, Bomel, Jambes (Derenne), Gembloux
(Poskin), Namur, common (Colignon), Rochefort (Carlier) BULGARIA: Sofia and
district (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, common
(Luff), Jersey, very abundant (Kaye), st. Ouen’s Bay (Walker). CORSICA :
abundant (Marshall). DENMARK: distributed, not rare, sometimes in consider-
able numbers (Bang - Haas). FINLAND: Abo, Nyland, Karelia (Lampa).
FRANCE: throughout (Berce), French Pyrenees (Oberthtir), Hautes-Pyrenees
Argéles, abundant (Distant), Paris (Réaumur), Cannes, the Esterels, Monaco, Nimes,
Avignon, Diyne, Larche, throughout Savoy—Aix-les-Bains, Chambéry, Chavoire,
Annecy, Chamonix, Moutiers, St, Pierre d’Albigny, St. Michel-de-Maurienne,
Bourg St. Maurice, Little St. Bernard, to over 7oooft.—Grenoble, the Arc
Valley, Fountainebleau, &c. (Tutt), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel),
Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, very common
(Guénée), Haute-Garonne, everywhere, also common at a high elevation (Caradja\
Puy de Dome (Guillemot), Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trimoulet)
Doubs (Bruand), Aude, common (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure, very common (Bon-
jour), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, very common (Viret), Indre,
extremely common (Martin), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Sarthe

* One would like to know Bartel’s evidence on which it is concluded that Sesia
stellatarum has been introduced into America by shipping.

386 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Desportes), Normandy—Tancarville (Leech), Brittany—Etretat (Reid), Boulogne
(Timins), Le Trayas (Chapman), Nice (Bromilow), Paris district—Courbevoie,
Forét de St. Germain, Parc Maison Lafitte (Walker). GERMANY: everywhere
(Heinemann), northwest Germany, generally distributed (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate
(Bertram), Wiirtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district, common
every where (Zimmermann), Waldeck (Speyer), Berlin district, common (Pfitzner),
Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Munich (Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg,
common some years, rare in others (Schmidt), Bremen, common (Rehberg),
Saxon Upper Lusatia, not rare—Bautzen, Kamenz (Schitze), Dresden, common
(Steinert), Thuringia—Erfurt, Gotha, nowhere rare (iKrieghoff), Prussia—not
common, Dantzig, Konigsberg, &c. (Grentzenberg), Tapiau, Goldap, Gerdauen,
Domnau, &c. (Riesen), Rastenburg (Klups), Upper Lusatia, everywhere common
(Moeschler), Nassau, common (Rossler), Silesia, nowhere rare (Assmann),
Pomerania, not rare (Hering), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode, in some years
common (Fischer), Brunswick (Heinemann), Hanover (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder
(Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), moorlands of the Upper Hartz, rare (Hoffmann), Crefeld
and district, very abundant 1892, Hilden, Barmen, Elberfeld, common, Cassel,
Halle, Leipzig, Wurzen, Kissingen, Ratisbon, Augsburg, Kempten, Frank-
fort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Trier, Bavarian Palatinate (teste Bartel), Chemnitz
(Pabst), Baden district, very common, Black Forest, to 3000ft., Constance,
Carlsruhe, &c. (Reutti), Lubeck, common (Paul), Hildesheim, common (Grote).
GREECE : everywhere — Acarnania, Attaca (Staudinger), Crete — Canea, Suda
Bay, Theodore Island (Mathew), Corfu, Argostoli, Volo, Lemnos, Nauplia,
Ayas Bay, Plataea, Zea Island (Fletcher), Navarino (de Ja Garde). IfALy:
very common throughout (Curd), sometimes exceedingly abundant in the Alpine
valleys—Susa, Courmayeur, Pré St Didier, Aosta, Torre Pellice, Bobbie, above
Au Pra to 800oft.; Turin, &c. (Tutt), Modena (Fiori), Roman Campagna, very
common (Calberla), Italian Riviera, Rome (Stainton), Riva dist., generally
common (Jones), Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, Sardinia, both lowlands and moun-
tains, Tuscany (Zeste Bartel), very common throughout, Sicily—Messina, &c., every-
where in February—Monreale (Mina-Palumbo). MALTA: general (Fletcher). NETHER-
LANDS: all provinces, not rare (Snellen), Breda, very common (Heylaerts), Schwe-
ningen (Walker). PorTuGAL: Lisbon (Mathew). ROUMANTA: everywhere through-
out the year (Caradja), Jassy (Cosmovici). RussIA: Baltic Provinces, throughout
(Noleken), Moscow government (Albrecht), southwest Caspian district—Lenkoran
(Radde), Crimea (Melioransky), Volga district, not frequent in Orenburg province, &c.
(Eversmann), Transcaucasia, common everywhere— Derbendt, Tiflis, Alexandropol,
Kars, Erzeroum (Romanoff), St. Petersburg-—Mourino, Charbola, Lachta (Erschoff),
govts. of Archangel, Oblonez, govts. Pskow, Mogilew—Gorki and Kiev, Podolia,
Bessarabia, govts. Cherson, Jekaterinoslaw, Poltawa—Lubny, south coast of the
Crimea — Alupka, govts. Orel, Kaluga, Tambow, Kasan, Simbirsk, Ufa, Ural
district, Baschkiria, govts. Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Astrachan — Zarizyn, not
common, Sarepta, &c. (teste Bartel). SCANDINAVIA: rare (Aurivillius), Scania,
Blekinge, Smoland, Gothland, East Gothland (Wallengren), Norway, some years
not rare — Christiania, Homansby, Haegdehaugen, Naes Vaerk, &c. (Siebke),
Uplandia—Staket (Sandahl), Upsala (Trybom), Lyngér (Strand), Spain: Andalusia
—Cadiz, &c., everywhere common (Rambur), Galicia (Macho-Velado), Barcelona dis-
trict, throughout (Cunt y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Bilbao, common
(Seebold), Gibraltar (Mathew), Granada, Ronda (Walker). SwirzeRLAND : every-
where up to a considerable elevation, ¢.¢., on the Riffelberg, near Zermatt and the
Albula Pass, near Bergun, at a height of 7o0o0o—8oo0ft. (Frey), Tuors Pensch, Bergiin,
Ober-Albula (Zeller), Weissenburg, common (Huguenin), Grisons (Killias), Dranse
and Arve valleys (Baker), valleys of the Engadine (Pfaffenzeller), Bechburg
(Riggenbach-Stehlin), Zurich, Dietikon (Dietrich), Canton Glarus, Andermatt at
44q4oft., Engelsten ( saker), Thun (Forbes), Bernese Oberland (Jordan), Evolena
(Tutt), TURKEY: Sea of Marmora—Bulair Lines, Salonika, Besika Bay, Artaki
Bay, Gallipoli, very abundant (Mathew). :

Subfam : EUMORPHINA.

Bacot insists most strongly that this group is, on larval characters,
the most generalised of all the Sphingids, and that we have in it
a division equal in value to all the rest of the Sphingids (see avéea,
iii., pp. 365—366). Meyrick treats ( Handbook, &c., p. 294) the group
as a genus, uniting, under the name Dev/ephila, all our British species,
which he diagnoses and tabulates as follows ;

EUMORPHINA. B37

Tongue strongly developed. Antennz less than 3, gradually thickened to near
apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked, Abdomen smooth, broad, conical,
pointed, Tibize with appressed scales.

1. Basal area of hindwings black .. os ae eis Be

Basal area of hindwings not black ae is iis 6.

2. Disc of hindwings rosy ae a ‘ .
DYE of hindwings yellow-ochreous ai eye be a Porcellas.

3. Hindwings w ith black subterminal fascia a :
Hindwings without such fascia eel) 2CLPCHor.
4. Forewings with anterior edge of pale band straight PeeSMCUILECLE.

Forewings with anterior ed¢ ge of pale band irregular rs 5
Fa ldge of dark postmedian ~ band reaching middle of
dorsum 6 euphorbiae
Edge of dark postmedian band reaching dorsum before
middle .. “ 30 56 66 we oo 7 gallit.
6. Forewings light brown LA a ws 50 So) RB CMAUD:

Forewings olive- -green Be as 65 Ah, RFID.

Bartel also includes ( Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., \\., pp. 52—58) the
whole of the Lumorphinae in his genus Deilephila, and gives the
insufficient reason that, to have divided it even into “the two
natural groups into which the species fall,’ he would have had to
make a change in the synonymy. He diagnoses these two
groups as follows:

I. DEILEPHILA-GROUP.— Larva cylindrical, glabrous, reduced only slightly
towards the head, otherwise of almost equal width throughout the whole length ;
the head moderately small but not retractile; a horn on the 11th segment (with
the exception of D. vespertilio) ; rather brightly coloured, variegated” with spots
on the sides, varying considerably (¢zter se) in ground colour and eae
(that of D. vespertilio is very constant in its characters). Cocoon onthe ground,
slight, between spun-together leaves. pa cylindrical with conical cremaster
that terminates rather sharply ; no projecting miakxilla-sheath. Jmagines with
fairly uniform pattern on forewings (with the exception of D. vespertilio) ; hind-
wings red, black at the base, with black band before the border.

Ds CHU:ROCAMPA-GROUP,—Lar va glabrous *, narrowed towards the head ;
usually on either side of 4th segment a large eye-spot, followed by similar spots
on the side of the body; the thoracic segments more slender and capable of
being withdrawn into the 4th segment; the first three segments elongate, in the
form of a swine’s snout; usually a horn on the 11th segment (occasiona'ly
wanting and then replaced by a horny wart-like elevation f) ; usually dimorphic,
green and dark brown. Cocoon on the surface of the ground, coarse-meshed,
composed of spun-together remains of plants and particles of earth. Ppa conical,
anteriorly almost truncated; maxilla-case sometimes slightly prominent. Imagines
very varied in colour and pattern.

He then gives the following table, which is evidently quite
artificial, and only accidentally agreeing with natural affinities, for the
differentiation of the species:

I. Antennz always with a tuft of hairs at end.
A. Hindwings in the middle red, at the base black, and with a black alm st
obsolete band in marginal area.

* The larva of Declephila syriaca, a species which approaches those of
Smerinthus, is, according to Lederer, not glabrous but rough and shagreened
(Bartel). Superficially on larval characters, this species appears to belong to an
entirely different group of the Eumorphids, being far removed from the Eumorphid
(sens. strict.) and Phryxid stirpes. It approaches the Sesiid and Hemarid larval forms
in coloration and pattern, and is possibly one of the least specialised of all the
Eumorphids, the Daphnid branch possibly intervening between it and tue
Eumorphids (sevs. strict.) and Phryxids (Bacot). See also Weismann (Studies
in Theory of Descent, transl. p. 191, pl. iv., fig. 29).

¢ This is not exact; the larva of Zheretra porcellus has not a horny wart
in place of the caudal horn (Bacot).

38 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

a. Nervures of forewings never white.

a. Forewings unicclorous slate-grey, with light, not prominent,-
spots on the transverse nervures; in the outer half of the wing
with only traces of a blackish line, which sometimes disappear
altogether. Head and collar externally margined with white—
vespertilio, Esp.

B. Forewings with a distinct dark oblique band, which commences
in a point at the outer angle, and ends broadly on the inner
margin. Head and thorax broadly light-margined externally.

a. The light colour before the oblique band of the forewings
is darkened with fine atoms, and passes gradually towards
the middle of the wing into the darker colour of the
costa.

I. Colour of costa and of the oblique band of
forewings, as also that of body, dark olive-
green. On the transverse nervure of the fore-
wing stands a distinct black dot—hzppophaes,
Esp.

2. Costa and oblique band of forewings, as also
the head, of a clay-yellow tint, inclined to
brown. The small black dot on the transverse
nervure of the forewings of preceding species
is wanting or only finely indicated —dcenertz,
Staud.

b. The light ground-colour of the forewings forming a
yellow or whitish band before the oblique band, sharply
dark margined on both sides.

I. ‘Lhe red of the hindwings unicolorous. Antennz
above entirely white. ‘Epaulettes always white-
margined internally—zygophylli, Och.

2. The red band of the hindwi ings is, in the upper
part, much lighter, whitish. Antennz above
dark olive-green, only at apex white. Epaulettes
always without light margin to the inner side—
gallit, Rott.

ce he light” ground-colour of the forewings is not sharply
defined inwardly, but mostly extends as far as the costa.
The dark colouring of the latter projects in the middle
as a large patch into the ground-colour.

1. Ground-colour of forewi ings (before the oblique
band) white in the lower part. Red of hind-
wings very light, inclining to yellow-brown.
Underside of wings ana body entirely without
red colour, only with a hardly - perceptible
reddish tinge in the middle of hindwings.
Epaulettes internally white- margined — maure-
tanica, Staud.

2. Ground-colour of forewings never white. Red
of hindwings very vivid. Underside of wings”
and body entirely covered with red. Epaulettes
internally mostly not light-margined, or hav-
ing also white or reddish inner margin—
euphorbiae, Linn.

The oblique band of forewings much steeper

than in D. euphorbiae, &c., &c.—nicaea,

Prunner.

6. Nervures of forewings, excepting those of costa and basal area, mostly
white. Epaulettes always interiorly with broad white margins.

a. Antennz above white—tithymadli, Bdv., costata, Nordm., dahliz,
Hb.-Gey.

3 Antenne above dark olive-green with white tip. The abdomen
in the incisions alternately black and white coloured. The red
band of the hindwings unicolorous— /¢vernica, Esp.

B. Hindwings at the base and inner margin red, with two black transverse
bands,

Los)

EUMORPHINEA. 39

I. Inner black band of hindwings interrupted
before the inner margin. Abdomen on the
sides of the first two segments with two black
transverse spots—os777s, Dalm.

2. Inner band of hindwings not interrupted.
Abdomen without black spots; segments I
and 2 being occupied by the ground colour—
celerio, Linn.

C. Hindwings without characteristic black transverse bands.

a. Abdomen with a tolerably broad uninterrupted golden-yellow band on
either side.

I. Basal half of forewings beneath without black
colouring. Abdomen above with a double
silver-white line with a metallic gloss in the
middle, which, like the markings of the upper
side of the forewings. stands out sharply from
the ground colour—oldenlandiae, F.

2. Basal half ot torewings benea-h predominantly
black. The central line of the abdomen very
faint, indistinctly divided with dark in the
middle, and of a yellow-brown colour; it does
not stand out sharply from the ground colour
like the markings otf the upper side of forewings
—yjaponica, Bdvy.

6. Abdomen simply with a black spot on each side of the ist segment.
Hindwings black at base.

a. A black dot on the transverse nervure of forewings. Forewings
entirely brown in colour. Hindwings with light area above the
inner angle—dvisduvalit, Bugn., alecto, Linn.

3. Dot on the transverse nervure of the forewings white. The fore-
wings olive-coloured with red transverse stripes with violet gloss,
costa of same colour. Hindwings in the outer half rose-red—
elpenor, Linn.

c. Abdomen unmarked.

a. Hindwings in basal area dull black.

1. Fringes at the end of the nervures much darker,
especially distinct on the hindwings. Prothorax
and epaulettes of the ground-colour of the body,
the former not light-margined, the latter with-
out white inner margin—fovcellus, Linn.

2. All the wings very long and narrow in propor-
tion, with waved outer margin reddish-brown.
The border of the hindwings above the inner

: angle much more emarginate. Prothorax and
epaulettes light-margined on both sides—
askoldensis, Oberth.

3. Hindwings with basal area not darker coloured than median area

—mongoliana, Butl., komarovi, Chr., davidi, Obth.

d. Segment 6 of abdomen with a longish triangular dark green spot on
either side. orewings variegated with pale and dark green, white,
reddish and violet. Hindwings at the base blackish, with double
curved, narrow, light, transverse stripe beyond the middle. Epaulettes
dark green, darker than the ground colour of the body. Prothorax
and metathorax with a dark green longitudinal stripe - zerz, Linn.

IJ. Antennz without tuft of hairs, gradually running to a fine point.

a. Margin of all the wings almost smooth, without tooth-
like projections. Forewings cinnamon-brownish, with
darker brown transverse stripes, of which the middle
one is very broad. Hindwings with dull black basal
half, shading off into the cinnamon-brown externally.
Body above with light median stripe commencing on the
head and ending on the anus—rwdbzginosa, Brem. and
Grey.

b. Margin of wings sinuate. Ground-colour of forewings
in the g_ yellowish-brown, in the ? more red-brown,

40 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

with darker transverse stripes and bands. Hindwings
almost unicolorous brown—syviaca, Led.

In considering the general appearance of the imagines there can be
no doubt that A7ppotion celerio is especially Sphingid (sens. restr.), and
it is also nearer Sp/Aznx in the structure of the large proboscis and eyes ;
Theretra porcellus and Eumorpha elpenor are the least so; Phryxus
fivornica 1s more Sphingid (sens: restr.) than the two last-named.
Separating Daphnis nerii (typical of a large tribe) as having markings
very unlike the rest of the Eumorphids that we find in Britain,
we find that the markings that cross the forewings show some
method in their evolution, and this is no doubt to be correlated
with different resting-habits. Taking Z. jporcellus with the oblique
line from apex to anal angle and two transverse lines, one before
and one beyond the middle of the wing, we find in £&. elpenor a
coalescence of the two outer lines into one reaching from the apex
to the inner margin, and a second, almost median, line; then
follow Zyles euphorbiae and Celerio gallit, then Phryxus livornica, and
lastly “7ppotion celerio. ‘The advance is by the greater straightness
and definiteness of the marking starting from the apex, and by
its reaching the inner margin nearer and nearer the base. This
is somewhat parallel to (1) Greater length of proboscis. (2) Larger
eyes. (3) More dorsal position of pupal labrum.* There is the further
stage beyond 4. celerto, where the pupa has a horn. The loss of the
larval caudal horn in 7. porcellus, &c., must be looked upon as a
specialisation ft. The habits leading to this appear to have absolved 7.
porcellus from competing with the others as to proboscis, &c., but
one cannot decide which is the higher of the two forms, specialised
in different directions; probably one would suggest that an imaginal is
higher thana larval specialisation. Without discussing the matter further,
we have no doubt that we have, represented among the species
taken in Britain, at least four very distinct tribes, which may be
tabulated thus:

I, Tnbe: EUMoRpPHIDI—Theretra porcellus, Eumorpha elpenor.

II, Tribe: PHRyxIDI—/yles euphorbiae, Celerio gallit, Phryxus livornica,

III. Tribe: Hiprorronipi—Aippotion celerio.

IV. Inbe: DAPHNIDI—Dapihnis neriz.

In suggesting the above groupings we know we shall be met with
at least one strong objection, vzz., that the larva of Aippotion celerio is
nearer to those of the Eumorphids (ses. sévzct.) than to those of the
Phryxids, but, judging from figures of the larva of 4. celerio, one
is inclined to doubt whether the resemblances are really fundamental.
It is true that the larva of AZzppotion has ocellated spots of a character
similar to those on the larva of the Eumorphids (sens. s¢ric¢.), and
so also, in a less degree, has the larva of Daphnis nerii, but there
seems no real connection between the ocellated spots of Hippotion

* These are, as pupal characters, to be correlated with the imaginal feeding-habits,
é.e., search for flowers at twilight and dusk requires large eyes; the long trunk is
connected with feeding whilst hovering over may-be large and conspicuous flowers
without alighting; the position of the pupal labrum is due to the modification of the
tongue, and cannot well be considered as a separate character apart from greater
length of proboscis (Bacot).

¢t The loss of the horn in 7. jorcedéus has probably been due to the habit of
hiding in crevices in the ground, where it would be very liable to injury (Bacot),

EUMORPHINA. 41

-and Daphnis, although it may be noted that, whilst Zheretra porcellus
and Lumorpha elpenor have them on the metathorax and the rst and
2nd abdominal segments, /Z. celervzo has none on the metathorax, and
D. nerit none on the ist and 2nd abdominals. Although usually
considered an Eumorphid (sens. strict.), 7.e., a Choerocampid, larva,
that of D. neri is wanting in the marked characteristics observed
in Eumorpha and Theretra, and they appear also to be more or less
absent in the larva of fzppotion, also usually considered a typical
Eumorphid, z.e., Chcerocampid, and certainly much more definitely
so than is Daphuis. Sepp’s figure (Ved. /ns., vii., pl. 50) suggests,
indeed, that the resemblance between Lumorpha and fippotion is
not so very real. The larva of the latter, also, has a lateral line on
the abdominal segments, 3—8, in a line with the ocellated spots, and a
very straight, long, slender caudal horn, but one cannot forget that the
really closely-allied Zheretra (porcellus) has no larvalhorn. ipfotzton,

@i rcourse, 1S not to LUPIN iseOiml- Cla
be derived through the DOT Eumorphid (sens. dat.)
Phryxids (see fig.), and Phryxus base than the Phryxids,
may, -therefore, very Papp phe and the Phryxids than
well have resemblances y Kumorphids (sezs.
to Lumorpha wanting SErUGL.), whilst one

mmmeezyles, Celer10, OF I/ recognises, of course,
Phryxus. In many at the same time, that
Gnamacters, MOWEVET, . one can show characters
Hippotion has gone in which the position
would be reversed. Bacot is quite agreed as to the larval characters
throwing Eumorpha and Theretra together, and is inclined to place
Hippotion also on a more specialised branch of the same group,
but separates Daphnis completely from the others, and suggests
that it belongs to a more primitive branch of the Eumorphid stirps,
although quite as specialised in its own particular features as are the
other British genera in theirs. He considers it further removed from
any other British genus than are, say, Zheretra (porcellus) and Hyles
(euphorbiae) trom each other. The Phryxid species known to him, he
considers, fall into an euphorbiae-dahlw group, gallit-zygophylli group,
with /zvornica separate from either, and he adds that the larve forbid
any association between the last-named species and ce/er7o in spite of the
broad superficial resemblance of the imagines.

The Eumorphid egg is very similar to that of other Sphingids,
of a pale green colour, the shell transparent and slightly iridescent,
almost smooth, and with little or no surface markings. ‘Those
eggs that we have seen have been small for the size of the moth,
but there are no very definite characters to distinguish them from
those of other Sphingids.

The Eumorphid larve are usually said to fall into two marked
groups: (1) With the body fairly cylindrical and the anterior segments
not markedly retractile—the Phryxid or Deilephilid group. (2) With
the thoracic segments attenuated, drawn out to a point, and retractile
within the 1st and znd abdominal segments, which are much enlarged
—the Eumorphid or Cherocampid group. In addition, the former
is generally stated to carry longitudinal rows of striking spots,
and to possess a warning coloration, whilst the latter has well-
developed ocellated spots on certain of the segments. But there are

42 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

undoubted Eumorphid /sevs. Za¢.) larvee which do not well fall into these
groups, and one suspects, therefore, that there are other groups which
are fairly distinct in the larval stages from either of them, as there cer-
tainly are in the pupal and imaginal stages. Structurally, however,
the Eumorphid larve appear (from those examined) to be very
similar, and are particularly characterised by tubercles i and ii,
on the meso- and metathoracic segments being placed in trapezoidal
position and not closed up on the same subsegment as in the
larvee of other Sphingids. This is remarkable, and gives good
ground for Bacot’s contention that the Eumorphids (sevs. at.) are the
most generalised Sphingids in the larval stage, and havea classificatory
value equal to all the other Sphingids. His diagnosis (avfed,

vol. ili., p. 365) reads as follows:

Dorsal tubercles on meso- and metathoracic segments, set in trapezoidal
(or oblong) form, i and ii being on separate subsegments ; an enlarged ist subsegment
(consisting of 3 or more of the normal subdivisions) ; the caudal horn not always
strongly developed; the hairs simple, hollow (not bifid).

The consolidation of iv and v on the 1st abdominal segment into
a two-haired oval tubercle occurs in the first larval stadium of //y/es
euphorbiae, and is very remarkable (it may be merely a specific and not a
generic or tribal character, although one suspects the latter). The larva
of Daphnis has a distinctive torm and markings, and the position
of the ocellated spot, on the metathorax and not on the abdominal
segments, is of importance; its scheme of coloration suggests that
it is protectively coloured as a tree- or bush-feeding larva, and not
as one feeding on Jow plants and near the ground, where warning
colours are predominant. Still one wants the young larva for detailed
comparison. ‘The consolidation of the first three subsegments of the
abdominal segments, as one large subsegment, is also remarkable ;
it occurs at an early larval stage in Zumorpha and Theretra, and is
noticeable in the later (almost adult) larval stage in y/es, Celerio and
Phryxus. The swollen rst and znd abdominal segments of certain
Eumorphid larvze must not be confused with the tumid thoracic seg-

SESIID LARVA.

EUMORPHID LARVA,

1. Tubercles i and ii on meso- and meta-
thorax arising from conjoined base,
in Ist stadium.

2. Abdominal segmerts with subseg-
ments 1-3 not united into an

enlargec subsegment.

3. Primary seta in Ist stadium long and
large.

4. Primary seta and secondary hairs
bifid, in 1st and 2nd stadia.

. Secondary hairs situated on mammil-
lary bases (=shagreen hairs), from
the 2nd stadium to full growth.

i and ii on meso- and metathorax arising
from separate bases on _ separate
subsegment*, in Ist stadium.

Abdominal segments with subsegments
1-3 united into an enlarged subseg-
ment f.

Primary sete in Ist stadium short and
stumpy.

Neither primary seta nor secondary hairs
bifid.

Secondary hairs without (or with only
slightly developed) mammillary bases ;
pigment round bases _ frequently
markedly developed.

* This larval character separates the Eumorphids /sevs. Zat.) from all other
Sphingid larva, and is, therefore, of great importance (Bacot).

t+ Varies in different species; it is most marked from the 2nd to the penul-
timate stadia in the Eumorphid larvae (sevs. s¢vict.), and in the later stadia in the

Phryxids (Bacot).

EUMORPHINA. 43

ments of certain Manducid and Sphingid larve. The differences
between the Eumorphid (ses. Jat.) and Sesiid larve are possibly
best shown in the tabulation given herewith.

The habits of the Eumorphid larve are most diverse. The
swimming ability of the larva of Kumorpha elpenor will be
referred to in our account of this species. Young notes the
occurrence of many larve of a non-British Eumorphid on a
species of water-ranunculus at Mahdopoor in the Punjaub, which
he came across while up to his knees in water snipe-shooting.
Most of the Eumorphid larve feed on low-growing plants, a few
only on shrubs.

The Eumorphid pupa is usually of a pale colour, and,
in this respect, differs from those of other Sphingids. It is
to be observed that the pupal structure appears to be some-
what at variance with the larval, for, whilst the larval pecu-
liarities give a distinct line of cleavage between the Eumorphid
and Sphingid larvze (seus. strict.), the Eumorphid pupal characters are
definitely Sphingid (z.e., not Amorphid). Chapman notes: The
pupz of the species examined, without being of delicate texture,
differ from those of the other Sphingid groups in having a terra-
cotta-colour, instead of the brown chitinous colour of Sfhimx and
Manduca, and that is familiar to us as that of underground pupe,
such as those of Noctuids. ‘The terra-cotta may be much overlaid
with black markings. It probably has relation to a habit of not
going deeply underground for pupation, but of making a cocoon
immediately below the surface, amongst rubbish, especially débris
of dead leaves, &c., or, if a strict line be drawn, between solid
earth and surface débris, not really burying themselves at all. We
may recognise several types amongst them, though they are much
alike in their general outline, the following being illustrative:

1. This pupa may be taken as the least specialised, it is smooth, ze., free
rom any spines or flanges, but is very definitely sculptured with a wrinkled surface,
the labrum is at the anterior extremity of pupa —yles euphorbiae, Celerio gallit,

2. This differs little from the former, except in one important particular, the
development on abdominal segments 5, © and 7, of a row of small sharp spines,
dorsally strong and towards anterior margin of segment, but laterally getting
weaker, passing behind the spiracle, and absent ventrally. [The lateral position
of these (behind the spiracle) shows they have nothing to do with the characteristic
prespiracular flange of Sphinx nor with the anterior rows of spines, common in
‘‘ pupze-incomplete.” I have not myself seen an Eumorphid pupa with the pre-
spiracular flange well-developed. |—Humorpha elpenor, Theretra porcellus.

3. This pupa is much smoother than that of Hyles (ewphorbiae), the wrinkles
being very flat, or almost obsolete, the head very large, the carina of proboscis
very strong, passing right round the front of the head, and making the labrum
absolutely dorsal—J/soples alecto, Hippotion celerio, Daphnis nerit.

4. This presents another form, differing in the anal armature and in
possessing a trace of the prespiracular flange, and in the proboscis having, not
merely a strong anterior flange but, a long horn passing directly forwards and
returning in a curving sweep, and dipping into and soldered to the ventral portion
of the proboscis at the level of the prothorax—Panacra vigil.

It may be observed that Zhaumas vespertilio has a pupa very little
different from /Zyles euphorbiae, suggesting that, in this case, the colour-
ing of the larva indicates its affinities more truly than its want of horn.
Considering how close many of the pupz are, Z. vespertilio might
be pupally characterised as a separate genus, by having the wrinkling
so modified that the pupa might almost be described as having

44, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

a smooth surface, dotted with pits, many of these pits, especially
dorsally on the 4th abdominal, having a crescentic flat ridge in front
of them, very much after the sculpturing of the pupa of A/zmas tiltae.
The prespiracular ridges are also rather numerous and well-marked.
The pupa of Zurneria hippophaés again suggests that the larval
colouring is of less value systematically than the horn. The pupa
is very close to that of HZ. euphorbiae, varying perhaps a little in the
direction of that of 7. vespertilio.

Hybridity among the Eumorphids has been repeatedly recorded,
but the data at disposal are weak and have little value ‘scientifically
compared with those already detailed (az/ed, i11., pp. 391 ef seg.)
and relating to the Amorphids. The described forms are Zheretra
hybr. standfusst, Hyles hybr. epilobit, H. hybr. pault, H. hybr. eugenz, 7.
hybr. déppec, Turneria hybr. vespertiliordes, Celerto hybr. phileuphorbia.
There is no absolute certainty, in fact, that a single reputed hybrid
form here mentioned is a hybrid. The parentage is not certainly
known nor has a single experiment by breeding ad ovo confirmed
the possibility of hybridity in any Eumorphid species unless we
accept absolutely the facts of Rossi (/us. Borse, xix., p. 369). The
evidence, however, has been carefully weighed, and the facts are here
given. After detailing the reputed hybrids in this subfamily, Standfuss
writes (Handbuch, p. 54): ‘‘ All three forms—standfussi, epilobit,
vespertilioides—have both been captured as imagines and also bred
from larve taken at large; I am not aware that any of these
hybrid pairings has been successfully carried out in captivity.
Very remarkable Deilephilid larve have been found by Herr J.
Rober (Dresden) on fuchsia, but, unfortunately, he did not succeed
in breeding them. These larve appeared to have come from a
crossing of fHyles euphorbiae and LEumorpha elpenor.” Standfuss
further notes (£7z¢., xxxiil., p. 342) that the law that primary
hybrids generally produce an individual which is relatively nearer
to the phylogenetic older species than the newer, is strikingly
exemplified by the hybrid euphorbiae S$ xX vespertilio 92. He
writes: ‘‘ All the individuals of this crossing which I have yet
seen—about 50 specimens—are so near to YD. euphorbiae that one
would suppose that they were an ill-characterised variation of
the latter species if its hybrid extraction were not known*. ‘The
type of D. euphorbiae is distributed over nearly the whole world
in numerous species, and is, therefore, almost certainly the relatively
older ; whereas ZL. vespertilio is a solitary type of eccentric character
occurring over a very limited area, and, therefore, most probably
newly formed.” ‘The following are the original descriptions (and later
notes) of the forms referred to:

1. THERETRA hybr. STANDFUSSI ¢ Bart., ‘‘ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,’’ ii., p. 122
(1900) ; Rossi, “‘ Ins. Borse,”’ xix , p. 369, fig. (1902).(?) Alpenor x porcellus, Hug.,
«Mitt. Schw. Ent. Ges.,” ili., p. 510 (1872). Alpenorellus, Staud., ‘* Cat.,” 3rd

ed,, p.. 104 (1901).—Derlephila corpore viridi, lateribus roseis, fascia media longi-
tudinali nulla, thorace viridi, fasciis longitudinalibus roseis quatuor, antennis
albis. Alis anterioribus olivaceis, margine exteriore fascia rubra, intus den-

* Standfuss does not inform us how the hybrid extraction of this form
is known.

+ Assumed parentage ¢ porcellus X ¢ elpenor. The larva was found on
Epilobium where one would expect a ¢ Aumorpha elpenor and not a ? TZheretra
porcellus to lay its eggs.

EUMORPHIN-. 45

ticulata, in medio duabus fasciis obscurioribus et puncto albo_instructis,
ciliis rubris unicoloribus. Alis_ posticis im margine ad angulum interiorem
incisura magna instructis, denticulatis, ciliis maculatis, in costis_ roseis,
radice usque ad medium fere nigris, dein olivaceis, fascia terminali
obscuriore. Some weeks since I received an insect exactly intermediate
between D. elpenor and D. porcellus. Exact comparison shows it to be a hybrid
between the two species. The size is exactly intermediate between the
average wing-expanse of el/penor and forcellus (elpenvr 21mm.-23mm., porcellus
16mm.-18mm.), it amounts to exactly 20mm. The body, in form and colour,
_partakes exactly of the characters of the two. In forcedlus, the colour of the
body is usually red, mixed with green on the front of the thorax, the upperside of
the head is usually green, the underside of the abdomen is slightly tinged with
green; the collar is always red. In elpenor, the ground colour of the body is
olive-green, a lougitudinal band on the upperside of the abdomen, and its sides
red. The green thorax bears the 4 well-known red longitudinal bands, collar
and upperside of head are green. In addition, the form of the abdomen is
different in the two species, that of porcedlus undergoes a quick and sudden
narrowing behind the middle, which is not the case in elpenor. The inter-
mediate form has head and thorax of el/penor, and, therefore, lacks the red collar.
The abdomen, too, is green as in edpenor, the sides red. The red longitudinal
band is wanting, On the other hand, the form of the abdomen, especially its
rapid narrowing towards the apex, is quite similar to the symmetrical proportions
in porcellus. The antennz are exactly those of porceldus ; in elpenor they are
always tinged with red on the hinder half, in porce//éus white. Those of the
intermediate form are white, and are also not so long as those of elsenor.
The forewings share most precisely the characters of those of the parents.
Porcellus, as is well-known, possesses the strongly sinuated outer- and inner-
margin, which gives it its characteristic wing-form ; edpevor has not this. The
hybrid of which we are speaking has a weakly sinuate outer- and innermargin.
The border in elpenor is purely red, in forcellus, at least in the outer part,
chequered with white between the nervures. In the intermediate, there are
none of these white spots. The broad red area on the outer margin corresponds
in form with that of forcellus, the indentations on the inner margin thereof
are especially very strong and distinct as in forcel/us. Further, the red areas
of porcellus are entirely wanting on the costal margin, on the other hand, the
red stripe bordering the costal margin of edpenor is not wanting. The two
oblique red bands of the latter are found in the intermediate form. They follow
entirely the same course as in elpenor, but their red is extremely indistinct and
pale, they are distinctly marked by the darker green border on the outside,
which e/penor also possesses and which stands off distinctly from the ground
colour of the wing. The red splash on the inner side of the inner oblique stripe
is distinctly present, as also the white spot between the costa and inner oblique
stripe. The upper wing thus approaches more in form and colour to edpenor,
though with an unmistakable mingling of the characters of porcellus. In
colour it inclines more to the yellowish-green of porcellws, The hindwings are
in the highest degree characteristic. As is well known, orced/us approaches
the genus Smmerinthus in the cut of these. The sinuate hindmargin, the inden-
tation at the inner angle, the strongly sinuate inner-margin, and the white- and
red-spotted fringes, essentially distinguish it from e/penor, whose hindwings
have none of these characters—the fringes in particular being unicolorous white
throughout. Now, in the hybrid, the form of the hindwing is altogether that of
porcellus, not wanting the strongly sinuate outer- and inner-margin, whereby
arises the characteristic ‘‘tooth.”” The fringes likewise agree most exactly in
being red- and white-chequered. On the other hand the colour of the hind-
wings is more that of elpenor. The half of the wing is deep black as in that
species (in porcellus the black area is small and narrow). Thereto follows a
dirty reddish-green area, which in e/fenov appears much more intensely coloured.
A suggestion of forcellus appears again in a darker marginal area which cor-
responds entirely, in form and extent, with the red marginal-band of the hind-
wings of porcellus. There is some indication of the narrow dark stripe which,
in elpenor, runs through the middle of the red area of the hindwings. Altogether
the hindwings show such an exact blending of the peculiarities of those of the
prototypes that on an exact consideration of them all doubt must vanish. It is
to be added that, on the hindmargin of the forewings, towards the inside, elpenor
has a tuft of black hairs which is margined externally by a white one that loses
itself in the margin of the wing. This structure is wanting in forcellus. The

46 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

hybrid, in general, possesses it. The upperwings are more forcellus, with the
exception of the black basal area (Huguenin).

The details of obtaining the moth are given by Gruet (of Renan)
as follows: Larve found in July, 1870, on the large Lpzlobium
in the ditches on the banks of the Suze; they were of different
sizes, with the colours more or less dark, and I supposed they were
of the same species, but, in the spring of 1871, on the emergence
of this particular specimen, my father sent it to you. /orcellus
is also found here, but I have not yet been able to discover the
larva. Bartel gives (fal. Gross-Schmett., \1., pp. 122—123) another
detailed description of the specimen, and adds: ‘“’Fhere is a
further specimen of this interesting hybrid in Wiskott’s coll.,
Breslau,” Rossi notes (/zs. -Borse, xix., p: 360) thategj@reemss
in 1890, fed up larve of forcellus and elpenor on a patch of Galium
in his garden, covering them with a basket and allowing them to
pupate on the spot. In May or June, 1891, he found under the
basket a $ porcellus, in cop. with a Q elpenor. He allowed the
? to oviposit under the basket, and in August had three halfgrown
larve, of which only one pupated, and produced a fine hybrid
imago in January, 1892, which was sold to Heyne, and a figure
of which is’ reproduced‘ (Joc. ciz.): We descnbes themimaemunar
having the wings and the form of the body nearer e/fenor than
porcellus. In size it is intermediate—5 7mm., as against 68mm. for Rossi’s
largest e/penor, and 48mm. for his largest porce/lus. Body coloured
much as in e/fenor, thorax olive-green with rose-red stripes, abdomen
green in middle, red at side and tip ; the median red stripe which divides
the green central area of abdomen in e/fenor is hardly visible. The
forewings are olive-greenish, the inner oblique violet-red stripe of
elpenor 1s more yellow-reddish, towards the margin there are three
additional darker green oblique stripes. The white longitudinal
stripe which e/fenor has at base of inner margin is present, but
seems to be more reddish-white. The costa is narrowly margined
with rose-red, the outer margin broadly with the same colour,
while in e/penor it is violet-red. The hindwings resemble those of
porcellus ; they are black at the base, yellowish in the middle, rose-
red at the border, the black at the base is, however, darker than in
porcellus.

2.. Hyirs hybr. EPILOBII*, - Bdv., '.Rbr. and) ‘Gras., ““diegoeeene
Sphing.,”’ pl. 1x., fig. 2 (1832); Bdv., “* Icon.,”” i., p. 24, pl. 51, tea
«Spec. Gen.,” 1., p. 177 (1875); Dup.. “Hist. Nat.,” supp. ii., p. 123, pl.
xi, fig. I (1835); H.-Sch.,.** Sys. Bearb.,’’ ii, p. 89, fig. 9 (1eaG)peeocamem
‘Cat.,”’ 2nd ed., p. 36 (1871); 3rd ed., p. Tom (1901); Hotmieeeeaeeeee
Schmett.,”’ &c, p. 29, pl. xvi, fig. 1 6° (1884); “* Raupen,?) ee p. 205,
pl. xlviii., fig. 11 (1893); Kurby, ‘‘ Cat. Het.,”” p. 668 (1892); Stdfss., ‘ Hand-
buch,” &c., pp. 54, 63 (1896); ‘‘ Exp. Zool. Stud.,” p. 43 (1898)/) Seman
‘Mitt. Muhl. Ent. Ver.,”” no. 12, pp. I1-—6 (1897); no. 13, pp. 2—4 (1898) ;
Bart., ‘‘ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,’’ 11., p. 63 (1899); Mory, ‘* Mitt. Schw. Ent. Ges.,”
X., p. 33, figs. 2—3 (1901).—IMAGo: Alis anticis subcinereis fascia obliqua extus
angulosa ad apicem, alteri basali, macula media obsoleta thoraceque, cinereo-
olivaceis ; posticis rubroincarnatis basi limboque nigris, angulo anali albido; omnibus
subtus roseis extimo cinereo, anticis macula media, obliqua nigra (/cones, ii., p. 24,
Dio. ly. He 3) LARVA: Nigra flavo lateraliter punctulata, maculis_ seriatis,
rotundatis, flavis; fascia laterali interrupta vel subnulla rubra; capite cornuque
minuto, nigris. The great rarity of this larva, its colour and its markings, prove

* Assumed parentage ¢ euphorbiae x ¢ vespertilio, The larve were taken
on Lpilobium, the food of the last-named species.

EUMORPHINA, 47

clearly that it is only a hybrid of vespertilio and euphorbiae. It is of the form of
euphorbiae, and has the same black colour, but the little yellowish spots have a
tendency to disappear, and are not visible at all above. The first three segments
bear the rudiments of a red dorsal line. The sides, near the legs, are marked with
an interrupted red line. The belly has also traces of reddish. The stigmata are
ovoid, of a yellowish-white, with the border black. The horn is small and black.
The head is biack, with a part of the sutures red. The legs are blackish on their
outer side, red on the inner. It lives on Lpilobium angustifolium, near Lyons,
whence it was sent by M. Merk, a naturalist of that town (Chevzlles Sphing., pl. ix.,
fig. 2).

Boisduval suggests this only as a probable hybrid ; he states that
the larva presents no special characters. The forewings and thorax
of the imago, however, are nearly as in /y/es euphorbiae, the hindwings
and abdomen nearly as in Zhaumas vespertilio. He states that the
moth is very near Zurnerta hybr. vespertiliordes, the thorax “olive”
instead of “ashy-grey,” the bands of wings darker, more pronounced,
and that, towards the extremity, they are more angulated and blend
less completely with the tint of the ground-colour ; the rose-colour of
the hindwing also occupies less space, &c. Standfuss states, as
we have noted, that, of some 50 examples of the hybrid that he
had seen, all were so near /Zyles euphorbiae that one would suppose
that they were an ill-characterised variation of the latter species if
its hybrid extraction were not kncwn*. His further observations
have also already been referred to (anted, p. 44). Bartel says (Pal.
Gross-Schmett., \i., pp. 64—65) that the imago has more similarity to
H. euphorbiae than to T. vespertilio. ‘The forewings, however, are much
darker grey than in the former species, and of a very dusky hue;
the costa, the costal spots, and the oblique band which, as in Z#.
euphorbiae, runs into the outer area, are dark olive-green or olive-
brown; the costal spots, however, are irregular, weakly developed,
and scarcely perceptible. The inner side of the oblique band is
slightly curved, whilst the space between this band and the inner
margin is coloured dark blue-grey as in 7. vespertilio; the part of the
band that is always pale in 4. exphorbiae is slightly tinged with red,
and darkened by numerous fiake-like dots, although, rarely, it
appears somewhat lighter. At the base there is an olive-brown
spot, margined on either side with light grey hairs, similar to those
of 7. vespertilio, the corresponding hairs in HY. euphorbiae being always
pure white. The form and markings agree with those of 1. exphorbiae,
the nervures are prominent, but, as in 7. vesferfilio, are more rose-
coloured, whilst the black marginal band is similar to that of the
latter species, but is much further removed from the margin than
in this species. The black basal area extends as in 4. euphorbiae,
and runs into a white spot very faintly tinged with rose-colour at the
inner angle; in Z. vespertilio this is always reddish, and differs little
from the rose-colour of the wing. Between the border and _ its
black marginal band the colour is pale ash-grey or brownish. The
underside pale rose-red, with basal half of forewings blackish, whilst
towards the centre of the latter is a sharply-defined colour which
rarely fades gradually into the ground-colour; this area is very weakly
indicated in Z. vespertilio, strongly marked in H. euphorbiae. The
outer margin, as in both these species, is occupied with a blackish

* We have always been, and still are, under the impression that the actual
parentage cf these examples is not known,

48 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

or reddish-violet band. Hindwings with lighter central area some-
times banded, as in 7. euphorbiae, with black transverse stripes; the
marginal band and basal area darker; the transverse stripes some-
times less distinct than in the latter species. The antennz, white
above and brownish beneath, exhibit no special feature. The head
and thorax are olive-green above, the latter rarely grey-haired as
in 7. vespertilio, but always margined laterally with white. Abdomen
ashy-grey mixed with olive, with two alternately black and white
lateral spots and only insignificant differential characters ; the white front
margins are wanting from abdominal segment 5 ohwards. - The under-
side of abdomen and thorax are rose-red. The legs show no special
peculiarity. From 7. hybr. vespertelioides, H. hybr. epilobitis distinguished
by its olive-green thorax, which is ashy-grey in the former, and by the
darker and sharper bands of the forewings. ‘The band along the outer
margin of //. hybr. efz/obi is, moreover, more angular and passes
less gradually into the colour of the outer margin. The red of
the forewings is also more restricted, and the underside of the
forewings shows an oval black spot as in HZ. euphorbiae and
Hl. dahlit. The larva is most like that of A. euphorbiae, and
agrees with it also in form and mode of life. When full-
grown it is black, covered on the back and sides with innumer-
able small yellowish or yellow-reddish spots or points. These
spots are inclined to disappear, yet specimens without them
but rarely occur. The larva of 4. hybr. epiloda has, like that
of H. euphorbiae, a red, sometimes reddish-yellow, stripe, which
runs along the middle of the back, and is sometimes represented
only by faint remnants on the 3rd and 4th segments. On the sides
of the dorsal area are, on each segment, two whitish- or yellowish-
red oval or round spots standing one above the other; they are
margined with black, and the lower of them is always much smaller
than the upper. Beneath these spots there is sometimes a further
row of very small dots. Above the legs runs a stripe composed
of red spots, but this likewise has a tendency to disappear. The
yellowish-red or yellow-brown venter also exhibits, medially,
some rather dark red or reddish stripes. The spiracles are
oval, pure white or yellowish-white, with black margins. The
horn on the rith segment is very small, and coloured red
in its lower third; its two upper thirds are black. Head, anal pro-
legs (““Nachschieber”), and anal-flap likewise red, the former some-
times with red sutures. The legs are also of a reddish colour,
exteriorly overlaid with black. Larve also occur, which are
distinguished by an unicolorous black head and_ unicolorous
black horn, and in which the dorsal line is very narrow and
often only reaches to the 3rd segment, and in which, further, only
the thoracic legs are black-coloured at the tip; but, in other
respects, these specimens agree with the others. The larva of this
hybrid differs from that of A. euphorbiae (with which, but
for its occurrence on Lfrlodium, it might easily be confused) in
having its horn less strong and scarcely half as long as in the
latter species. The larva is found at large from July to September
on Lpilobium angustifolium, L. dodonaet and L£. fleischert, as well
as on other species of Zfz/obium. It is full-grown at the beginning
of September, and rests partly at the foot and partly on the stem of

EUMORPHIN&. 49

the foodplant. In this, it differs considerably from the larva of
T. vespertilio, which, by day, is to be found under stones or on the
earth. The pupa, in form and colour, more resembles that of
T. vesperiilio than that of H. euphorbiae. It is yellow-brown;
dorsal area and abdominal segments above darker, with small blackish
spots or streaks. ‘The wing-cases are greenish as in the pupa of 7,
vespertilio (in the empty pupa-case yellowish-brown) while in JZ.
cuphorbiae they are grey-yellow. ‘The pupa of HW. hybr. epz/obiz is more
slender than that of AH. euphorbiae, the cremaster is somewhat
longer, its forked points somewhat shorter than in either of the
original species. Like them, the pupa of H. hybr. efz/obz7 sometimes
goes over a second winter.” As to the parentage, Bartel says that Z.
hybr. ezobzz originates probably, according to Boisduval, from ¢
euphorbiae <X 2 vespertilio, since the larve found on £fi/obium rejected
the spurge that was offered them. It is well known that the various
species of Zithymalus (Luphorbia) form the foodplant of the larva
of H. euphorbiae, while that of TZ. vesferttlio only occurs on
Epilobium, and one may easily assume that the eggs of 7. vespertilio,
as also those of H. hybr. efclobii, are laid on or near Lpilobium,
whereas if the ¢ [parent] of this hybrid were H. euphorbiae, then
it would instinctively have laid its eggs on spurge, the food-
plant of that species, but no larve of A. hybr. epzlodit have hitherto
been found on TZ%thymalus (Euphorbia). Although this hybrid
might occur everywhere where the range of distribution of 7,
vespertilio coincides with that of “. euphorbiae, yet only a few
localities for it in a small part of the central and southern part
of Western Europe have been made known. This speaks distinctly
enough for its extraordinary rarity, as also, in general, for the
sparing occurrence of hybrids in a state of nature. In the literature
which has been searched, only the following localities have been found
catalogued: Alsace—Huningen, in July; Switzerland—Basle, Valais
Alps; Tyrol—Bozen; Lower Austria—Vienna; Southern France—
neighbourhood of Lyons.

3. TURNERIA hybr. VESPERTILIOIDES *, Bdv., ‘‘ Ann. Soc. Lin. Paris,’ 1827,
p- 114, pl. vi., fig. 4 (1827) ; ‘‘Icon. Chen. d’Europe, Sphinges,”’ pl. ix., fig. 1 (1832) ;
Belcotes a ip. 22, pl xlix, fig. 3 (1834); “Spec. Gen,” 1. p. 175 (1875);
wiermecatisty Nat... supp: i... p. 125, pl, xi., fg. 2) (1835); H1.-Sch., “Sys.
Bear. i, p. 89, figs. 10, 13 (1846); Staud., “* Cat.,”’ 2nd ed, p. 36 (1871); 3rd ed.,
p- Io (1901); Stdfss., <‘ Handbuch,” &c., pp. 54, 63 (1896); Bart., ‘‘ Pal. Gross-
Schmett.,’’ ii., p. 61 (1899); Mory, ‘‘ Mitt.Schw. Ent. Ges.,”’ x., p. 339 (1901).—_IMaAGo:
Sphinx hippophaes affinis, alis anticis cinereis; facia {sic} lata sinuataque,
cinereo-plumbea nitente, paululumque dilutior1 ad marginem ; macula _ baseos
alba nigro variegata; punto [sic] lunulaque nigrofuscis obsoletis supra disco,
alis posticis rubro-incarnatis basi et limbo nigris; angulo anali dilutiori, antennis
albis ; corpore cinereo duobus fasciolis albis totidemque nigris cingulato.
Larva, absque cornu nec tuberculo, levis oeneo [sic] viridis duobus _lineis
pallidis lateralibus a capite ad ultimum segmentum; corpore punctis multis
adsperso, stigmatibus aurantiacis nigro cinctis; maculis duobus carneis ellipticis
in anali segmento; capite cinereo ventro pedibusque carneis, quorum ad _ basin
lineola rubella, The larva of this species much resembles those of hippophaes
and vespertilio. Its body is bronze-green, dotted with whitish; each side is
traversed by a greenish-white line along its whole length. There is no trace
of horn or wart on the last segment; the stigmata are orange, surrounded by
a black aureole, above that of the last segment one notices an oblong spot of a
fleshy-red and some blackish transverse lines. Immediately above the base

* Assumed parentage, ¢ hippophaes xX ¢ vespertilio,

50 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

of the legs there is a pale rose-coloured line. The entire belly is of a delicate
rose-colour; the legs are bright red, as is also the crown of the prolegs.
I found this larva on July 22nd, 1825, on the subalpine. mountains of the Dept.
of Isére on the banks of the Drac. It was almost fullgrown and pupated
some days later. I brought the pupa to Paris, and, on July 18th, 1826, after a
year, all but 4 days, there emerged a very fine Sphingid, which, in colour and
markings, appeared to be a hybrid between Aippophaes and vespertilio, if only
viewed casually, but, as it has yet. to be proved that such crossings occur in
the wild state, I prefer to regard it as a legitimate species, especially as two
of my acquaintances have obtained the same insect from exactly similar larve
taken in the same locality (Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1827, pp. 114
et seq.). é 4

Boisduval re-described this form later (cones, i1., p. 22) as
‘‘Alis anticis cinereis, fascia obliqua ad apicem, altera basali,
punctoque medio obscurioribus ; thorace cinereo, posticis rubro-
incarnatis, basi limboque nigris; omnibus subtus_pallido-roseis,
atomis sparsis margine basique cinereis. Ce Sphingide étant treés-
rare, et ne presentant point de caractéres propres, mais un mélange
de ceux que nous offrant vespertilio et hippophaes, nous croyons devoir
de considerer comme un hybride produit par l’accouplement de ces
deux espéces. . .. . . Nous l’avons trouvé en bord yan rae
au rocher de Sessin, pres de Grenoble, localité ct. vesfertilio et
hippophaes sont fort commun. Voyez pour la figure et la descrip-
tion de la chenille, notre /con. des. Chen. d Europe, pla tx
Boisduval notes that the forewings have similar markings to Zurneria
hippophaes, but the tint a little more ashy ; the hindwings on the contrary
being almost exactly like those of Zhaumas vespertilio. Bartel says
(Pal. Gross-Schmett., \i., p. 61): The peculiar larva of vesfertiltoides ex-
hibits, in colour and markings, a mixture of the characters of the larve
of Zhaumas vespertilio and Turneria hippophaes, but it is darker than
the latter, bronze-green, only occasionally duller green, the tint a mixture
of those of the larve of the parent species. The front part of the
body of the larva is rather less stout than in that of Z. wespertilzo,
and, like the rest of the body, is furnished with white dots which,
however, are not nearly so numerous, though much larger, and
only become weaker on the upper anterior part of the segments ;
two greenish-white, scarcely conspicuous, lateral lines run from the head
to the last segment, and carry, on each side, as in larva of 7. vespertzlio,
a row of reddish but smaller dot-like spots, their colour in the
anterior portion connecting them with the lines; in these darker
ringed spots the white dots are wanting. The very small caudal
horn sometimes almost obsolete. The two spots at its sides are
placed as inthe larva of 7. Azppophaes, usually rather long, bright flesh-
colour and bordered by a few black striae. A white longitudinal line runs
along each side ofthe body. The spiracles are orange-centred, ringed
as In the larva of 7. vesfertilio with black, whilst under these runs a pale
rose-red stripe above the legs, which is made up of separate reddish
spotlets, of which only one lies on each segment. Head dull
green tinged with weak reddish-grey ; mouthparts brown ; venter
and upper part of claspers reddish, the undersides of latter and
true legs deep red. Some larvae, approaching more closely those of
T. hippophaes in the length of the caudal horn, are found in July and
August on L£pilobium angustifolium and £. dodonaet, whilst those
which most approach the larve of 7. Azppophaes feed on Hippophae
rhamnoides, ‘The larve were taken with those of the parent species, The

EUMORPHIN&. 51

pupa is similar to that of 7. Azppophaes, goes over the winter, the imagines

appearing at the same time as those of 7’ vesfertilio and 7. hippophaes,
although an occasional specimen may emerge in September, the
pupa not going over the winter. Boisduval considered the g parent
to be 7. vespertilio, the 2 TZ. Aippophaes, but Bartel suggests that as the
supposed hybrid larve were feeding on the foodplants of both parent
species, the reverse cross may also have taken place. He further
notes that the hybrid vesperfilioides is separated from Z. vespertilio by
the black instead of white spot on the cross-vein of the forewings,
the diagonal band, and the pale edges of the thorax. The ash-grey
ground-colour of the body and forewings, the darkened portion before
the diagonal band on the latter and the reddish spot at the anal
angle of the hindwings, separate at once the hybrid from JZ,
hippophaes and the other Deilephilid (z.e., Phryxid) species.

MeeewveEns. hybr. EUGENI *, Mory, ‘ Mitt. «Schw. Ent. Ges.,’2-x., p.
341, figs. 4,: 5, 6 (£901).—IMAGO ; Scales on forehead and crown dark
grey to black-grey, a white lateral stripe; palpi white, terminal joint dark
grey with a white stripe above. Antennze white, with reddish-brown pectinations.
Thorax above, bright to dark grey, below, bright to dark grey or rose; patagia
whitish on the outer portion, white towards the head. Abdomen above, dull-
grey with a strong or weak dark olive-green tint; two black lateral spots
on segments I and 2 behind each white patch; some examples have white ring-
like marks on the abdomen ; beneath, the abdomen, like the thorax, is variously
coloured. Forewings, with the ground-colour bright grey; the border of the oblique
band darker grey, the latter in form like that of H. hybr. efzdobiz; outer marginal
band darker grey, narrow, in clear contrast with the ground-colour; the spot
on inner margin dark grey, coalescent with the black basal spot, both forming
together a large blackish basal spot; a patch of white hair beside this spot on
inner margin and also above it at base of wing; the third dorsal spot absent
(one example, fig. 4, with the forewings entirely dark grey). Hindwings with
the ground-colour as in 7. vesfertilio or slightly darker red, basal spot spreading
more or less towards disc of wing; the spot on the anal angle very pale, almost
white; marginal band at a great distance from the fringes (in one example, in
coll. Standfuss, quite as far as in HZ. hybr. efzlodiz) ; the space between fringes and
marginal band with grey or rose-coloured scales. Fringes of forewings on outer
margin dark greyish-brown, paler on inner margin; of hindwings white. Under-
side of wings with a bright to dark reddish ground-colour ; lateral margins
of disc grey; base of forewing grey, the dark grey spot on the transverse
nervure visible corresponding with the second dorsal spot of upperside.
LARVA: [15 larvz taken with 200 typical larvee of 7: vespertilio are assumed to
be hybrid on the following characters: Caudal horn short; variable in colour
and markings, especially after last ecdysis.]. The fifteen larvae were then diagnosed
as: (1) Ground colour bronzy-green; caudal horn present. (2) Ground colour
black; caudal horn present. (3-4) Ground colour bright bronze, reddish spots
behind the yellow oblong lateral spots, the venter and prolegs red (more intense
than in vesfertilio); caudal horn present. (5-7) Mediodorsal reddish stripe
from head to anal flap; lateral spots and prolegs reddish, venter red, without
caudal horn. (8) Ground colour black; oblong spots rosy; reddish dorsal
stripe and prolegs, above the latter a row of white spots ; small caudal horn. (9-10)
Venter and dorsal stripe red; oblong spots ringed with black on the anterior
half of larva, with red on the posterior half; caudal horn present. (11) Like
vespertilio, but with caudal horn. (12) Colour of the oblong spots reddish,
venter and prolegs red; without caudal horn although a distinct hump is
present. (13) Colour black, small caudal horn. (14-15) Not different from
vespertilio larva.

Mory’s facts may be summarised as follows: 15 young larve
taken among 200 typical larve of Zhaumas vespertilio, in early June,

* Assumed parentage, ¢ epilobtt x @ vespertilio. Until this is proved
by crossing and breeding, most of Mory’s speculations must be considered as
very doubtful.

sp. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

1900, at Hiiningen, in Upper Alsace, on LEpzlobium rosmarinifolium,
differed from the typical form in coloration and markings, and, in some
cases, by having a caudal horn, in others a short horn; they became
very variable at the last ecdysis, and no two of the fifteen were exactly
alike; part, however, are said to have been not very unlike the larva of H.
hybr. epzloba (no details are given as to how the comparison with this
larva was made), another section was hardly separable from TZ. vespertilio,
the remainder about midway between both forms. The markings of Z.
hybr. ewgenz are very similar to those of 4. hybr. efzlobz7, but the colora-
tion is very similar to that of Z\ vesferfilzo. Lippe, in the same locality,
on the same foodplant, but at a later date, collected 18 almost fullfed
larve, probably of the same brood, and bred similiar imagines, and
some of his imagines are figured by Mory. Mory asserts that
the examples cannot be aberrations of 7! vesfertilio, because the larve
possess striking hybrid characters, ze., either the characteristic
caudal horn or a coloration reminding one of the larve of A. hybr.
epilobiz. The rest of Mory’s long argument is full of assumptions,
and, as the whole of his facts are summarised above and his figures
are available, lepidopterists can draw their own conclusions. We
own to more than a doubt as to the hybrid origin of the moths.

5. HYLES hybr. LipPEr*, Mory, “ Mitt. Schw. Ent. Ges jenn
figs. 7-9 (I901).— Three of the larve included in the description of
those of eugent (supra) produced imagines in August, 1900, which I
here name /ifpez. Which of the larve produced the moths is unknown.
Lippe also bred a specimen like these. Three imagines are figured
(figs. 7, 8 and 9), one (fig. 8) came from Lippe, the others bred by myself.
The moths are not very dissimilar from those of Z. vespertilio. The oblique
band of forewings is entirely absent. The spots on the dorsal margin are only
represented by a weak indication of the second spot on the transverse nervure,
which is about as distinct as in Z. vespertilio. The basal spot is not larger than
in 7. vespertilio, the white tufts are, however, connected with it asin Z. hybr. eugent.
The disc of the wing and the space usually occupied by the oblique band Ca
the borders) vary in the scaling from pale to strongly red. Lippe’s example (fig. 8)
is so intensely red-scaled that the grey bordering, in the form of a line, is
clearly in contrast with the rest of the wing. This difference in the red- scaling
of the three examples may probably be referred simply to individual variability.
Fringes as in H. hybr. ewgenz. The hindwings are not essentially different from those
of #7. hybr. eugenz, though the pale spot at the anal angle is more strongly tinted
with recdish, but in each case paler than in 7. vesper tilio. In one @, the basal
spot and mar ‘ginal band (which is as in H. hybr. ezgenz, clearly at a distance from
the margin) are in connection with each other. The body of . hybr. Z/ppez is lighter
than that of H. hybr. ezgez7, in fact, only a little darker than in 7. vespertilio. No
essential differences in the underside betw een 7. hybr. Zéppet and A. hybr. eugeni.
The differences bctween H. hybr. 2éppei and 7. vespertilio rest rather on the diflerent
physiognomy of the forms than on detailed and special characters, although such are not
wanting, e.g., “7. hybr. difpez may be separated from 7. vespertilio by the greater dis-
tance between the marginal Land of hindwings and fringes, by the light spot at the anal
argle of hindwings, by. the much darker ground- colour of the forewings, by the more
or less strongly “red scaling exhibited by the distinctly paler lateral and median
border of the basal spot of the forewings, and, lastly, by the dazzling white
streaks on the side of the head, on the upper part of the terminal joint of the
palpi, and at the base of the palpi. In 7. vespertidio these parts are pale grey
not clear white.

The whole of Mory’s facts are quoted above. From them he con-
cludes that //. hybr. /7pfez represents a hybrid of the third degree with
parentage fg eugent X Q vespertilio, There is, in our opinion, grave

* Assumed parentage, ¢ eugent xX 2 wvespertilio,
5”) 5 £

EUMORPHINE. 53

doubts as to whether it is anything but a form of Thaumas vespertilio.
His argument appears to support us in this conclusion.

6. HyLEs hybr. PAULI*, Mory, ‘‘ Mitt. Schw, Ent. Gesell.,’’ x., p. 350, fig. I
(1901). — Head dark olive-green above, white towards the sides; palpi grey,
terminal joint below dark grey, above olive-green; antennz white above,
pectinations red-brown. Thorax dark olive-green above; white towards the
sides, the inner edges of basal half of patagia white; reddish-grey beneath.
Abdomen above dark olive-green; the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments each
bear laterally a black spot with white scales behind each spot; brown-grey
beneath, the centre grey with scattered black hair-scales, the Ist abdominal,
however, whitish, without black hair-scales. Wings pointed, but not so acutely
as those of 7. hippophaes ; the disc whitish-grey, the margins grey, the costa
olive-green, blended with the three somewhat darker dorsalt spots; oblique
band darker olive-green, broad on inner margin, towards apex much waved,
the costal border indistinctly dentate; at the base a black spot bordered at
sides with white scaling, reaching the inner margin at its base and touching
the first costal spot at its apex. Most of the nervures are white where they
pass through’ the oblique band. Fringes on outer margin dark brown, on
inner margin white. The upperside of the hindwings is of a salmon-pink ground-
colour, just as in 7. hippophaes, the basal black spot extends towards the middle
of the wing and joins, at the outer angle, the very broad marginal band; anal
angle white; fringes white. The underside of wings are very similar to those
of Ayles tithymal, both in colour and markings as well as the sprinkling of black
scales. The upperside (especially of the forewings) also bears a certain resem-
blance to A. tithymalz.

The moth from which this description was made was bred
from a pupa obtained from a larva taken in 1897, near Sion, in
the Valais, by Paul, on Aippophae rhamnoides. No description of
the larva was made, but, on the superficial appearance of the imago,
and without any further evidence, Mory concludes that the parentage
of the moth is $ euphorbiae X Q hippophaes.

fj CELERIO hybr. PHILEUPHORBIA {,~ Mitz., ‘‘ Wiegm. <Arch.,” vui,,
pemeigiotwe pl. vul., fie. 1 (1340); Kirby, “ Cat.,” p. 665 (1892); Bart., ‘‘ Pal.
Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 75 (1899); Staud., ‘‘Cat.,”” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901).—? Galli,
Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,” ii., p. 36 (1871).—Allis anticis virescentibus, vitta pallida pellucente ;
posticis nigris fascia rubella rubromaculata; thorace nigruv terminato cillis, albis,
antennis viridi-fuscis apice albis; parte aversa pene subrubricunda. Larva caudata
virescens punctis pallidis utrinque decem ocellaribus capite cornuque rubro,
linea dorsali lutea. Pupa brunnea stigmatibus nigris et fuscis. The darva §
is, in its penultimate instar, light green, with an ill-developed yellow spot on
each segment on either side of the darker dorsal stripe. The horn is light red,
black at the tip. The length of the largest larva almost 1oomm. In the last
instar, the ground-colour is light olive-green, flesh-colour, or reddish ventrally ;
on either side is a fine yellow-green dorsal stripe, and not far from this stand
ten—on the anterior segments quite small, on the posterior larger—yellow
spots on a black ground, and, for the most part, having a brick-red tinge in
the middle; on each segment there is a blackish spot towards the venter; on
the sides, as far as to the yellow spots, and also between the same, the larva
is covered with fine red-yellow dots, which sometimes appear only sparingly,
and are then usually lighter; the head and caudal horn are red; the former
about the mouth black, whilst behind it stands a red prothoracic shield ; the legs,
prolegs, and anal claspers black, spotted with red. The fuga, of which the
Wing-cases are darker than the rest of the body, is coffee-brown with blackish
dashes and dots; the spiracles black. None which I have seen have exceeded the

—$——

* Assumed parentage, ¢ euphorbiae X ¢ hippophaes.

+ Should not this be ‘‘ costal ’’ ? (Sich). ;

+ Assumed parentage ¢ gallit x ¢ euphorbiae. :

§ Fuessly (V. Afag., i, pt. I, p. 70) and Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett.,
li., p. 220) have described the same larva but the examples died before changing,

54 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

measurements of a medium-sized D. euphorbiae. The upperside of the 7mago* is
similar to that of D. euphorbiae, but the ground-colour of the forewings is more grey-
green ; between the spots at the base and that in the middle on the costa stands yet
a third small spot, so that a distinct band is formed in the middle of the wing,
which is pale yellow in colour, green-grey below and at the tip. The thorax
is black-margined before the white hairs. The underside is more like that of
D. gallii, but less distinctly dehned, all the colours lighter in tone and mixed
with a dirty flesh-colour, and the yellowish band on the forewings shows through
less. D. phileuphorbia differs at first glance from D. galliz on the upperside through
the lack of the white spots along the middle of the abdomen, and from D. euphorbiae
through the grey-green antennz, which are always white in the_ latter species.
Three larvee were found near Berlin in August, 1838, on Euphorbia cyparissias,
resembling DY. gadliz, but no description was made of them; 2 ¢ moths emerged
in June, 1839, which were evidently neither D. gadlit nor D. euphorbiae, but either a
new species or a hybrid, but, as hybrids are usually sterile, the recurrence of
similar larve in larger numbers in September, 1839, induced the writer to
consider it as a new species [Miitzell, Arch. Nat., vi., 1, pp. 171-4, pl. viii., fig.
I (1840)]. [The name philewphorbia is erected on p. 172.]

Bartel writes (fal. Cross-Schmetl., i1., -p. 70): = Uhewsuysen
phileuphorbia, Mutz., originates from a crossing of gal and
cuphorbiaeé, most probably a gf of the former with a @ of the
latter.” ‘The larva, he says, has quite the appearance of that of
gallu, and he then quotes Miutzell’s description verbatim. Finally he
summarises the differences by stating that C. hybr. phzleuphorbia differs
from C. gall in the entire lack of the abdominal row of white spots,
in the more unicolorous red of the hindwings, and in the dark
grey dusted ground-colour of the lower part of the forewings. The
antenne, whose upper sides are only white at the tip, and the
form of the oblique band of the forewings, sufficiently separate this
hybrid from A. euphorbiae. As already indicated above, only bred
near Berlin, from larve taken at large.

* The imagines, a typical example of which is in the collection of the Museum fur
Naturkunde, at Berlin, approach far more neatly D. euphorbiae in their forewings than
D. gallit. The dark olive-green oblique band agrees in form with the latter species,
but projects outwards in a serrated form. The costa, which is of a lighter olive-
green than in D. gadliz, is broadest at the base, and appears in the middle in a
large spot, which projects into the pale yellow ground-colour. Before it stands a
small, indistinct spot in the ground-colour. This is grey in the upper part of the
wings, in the under part mixed with whitish and dark sprinkled, which never seems
to occur in D. gallit, but very often in D. euphorbiae. Glossy light grey colouring
extends before the outer margin of the forewings. Fringes light grey, in places lighter.
The markings and colour of the hindwings likewise agree far more with those of
D. euphorbiae. The black colour at the base occupies a smaller area than in D.
gallit, and the band of the same colour before the border is narrow and much
serrated. The red colour enclosed by the two is not whitish or yellowish in its upper
part, as in J. galliz, but is here only a little lighter than in D. euphorbiae, Colour
behind the black transverse band reddish, much more extended than in JD. gaddiz.
Fringes whitish, especially on the inner margin. Spot before the anal angle white.
Underside similar to that of D. gad/iz. In the middle of the forewings stands a black spot
near the costa, and the yellowish ground-colour is more extended ; the colour before the
outer margin, as also that of the hindwings, is mixed with reddish. The latter bear
traces of dark transverse bands, but these are far more indistinct than in D. gadliz.
In general all the shades of colour are lighter and the markings more weakly
expressed. Ground-colour of the body dark olive-green. Palpi white, olive-
coloured at the tip; the latter above with a fine white line. Antenne above
somewhat lighter olive-green than in D. gaddiz, only at the tip white. Head and
thorax white-margined. On the sides of the abdomen stand two alternately black
and white spots, and the incisions of the four terminal segments are here, likewise,
white-margined, It is striking that the dorsal line of spots on the abdomen, which is
always present in J. gaddi’, is entirely wanting. Underside of body dirty yellow-
brown; abdomen with white rings in the incisions (Bartel, Pal. Gross-Schmett., il.,
pp. 76—77).

EUMORPHINE. sy)

This concludes the information we have been able to collect
relating to hybidity among the Eumorphids. A few words relating
to the distribution of the Eumorphids alone has to be added to this
section. The powerful flight of the Sphingids is one of the most important
factors in their distribution. Humboldt says that he saw Sphingids
flying in the Andes 198ooft. above the sea. The South African species,
Daphnis capensis, was taken 472 miles from land, the nearest point
being Gibraltar, quite out of the normal range of the species (Proc.
Bee ond. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 137). Fletcher found two PAryxus
fivornica on board ship one morning, in the Mediterranean, when
about 100 miles from Greece, and when all the lights had been out the
whole of the previous evening for manoeuvring purposes (77., xxxIVv.,

. 233). Manger has examples of P. fivornica and Hippotion
celerio, taken by Captain Walker, on board ship, in the Red Sea.
Manduca atropos, Daphnis neriz, and other species have been seen and
captured far out at sea. Many other similar cases are recorded in
our accounts of the various species. It would appear, from the
circumstantial evidence at disposal, that many Sphingid (and other)
species that abound in the warmer temperate and subtropical regions
are continually attempting to spread their range into the cooler
temperate regions, and are ruthlessly exterminated by climate and
other causes. Some of the immigrants reach our latitudes, and we
thus have, in Britain, two groups of Eumorphid species with very
different habits, vzz.(1) Sedentary species—Lumorpha elpenor, Theretra
porcellus. (2) Immigrants— Aippotion celerio, Phryxus livornica,
Celerto gallit, Daphnis nerii, and probably Ayles euphorbiae. ‘The
present range of the last-named species on the western and north-
western coasts of France, coupled with its reported occurrence
abundantly in Devon some 80—go0 years ago, and more recently
in Cornwall, leaves us in doubt whether other than climatic causes
have not combined to eliminate this insect as a sedentary species
from our islands. At any rate, we offer, under the detailed account
of this insect, sufficient evidence to show that it is now an occasional
immigrant in districts where it could not very well ever have been
sedentary. An interesting article, dealing with the questions of the
immigration of Daphnis nerit, Hippotion celerio, Agrius con-
voluuli and Manduca atropos, much too long even to condense here,
and in which the author takes a view somewhat opposed to ours, was
published by Gaschet (Amn. de la Soc. Entom. de France, ser. 5, vol. Vi.,
pp.509—5z21). Meyrick notes (Handbook, &c., p. 294) one subfamily as
large and nearly cosmopolitan, but dwelling especially in warm regions,
the imagines flying at dusk and feeding on the wing, whilst he
adds that most of the species occurring in Britain are probably
only occasional immigrants, which, under favourable circumstances,
breed here and establish themselves for a year or two. Bartel
observes (falaeark. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 54) that the Deilephila
group (Phryxids) is relatively poorer in species than the Choerocampa-
group (Eumorphids sevs. strict.). ‘Their representatives occur both in
the eastern and western hemispheres. In Europe, the species of
the first group are proportionally very well represented. The numerous
species of the Choerocampa-group are distributed over the whole
world, but especially in the tropics. The extremely powerful un-
uring flight, which is peculiar to most species of this group,

56 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

enables them, as we have already noted, often to travel great
distances from their home into our own regions as immigrants.
Bartel further points out that the Palearctic Phryxid species
belong for the most part to the southern and eastern portions of the
region, and that some species, such as Phryxus livornica, Hippotion
celerto and Daphnis nerit, of which the two last-named probably
originated in the Ethiopian region, are only seen in the more tem-
perate parts of the district in very warm and favourable seasons as immi-
grants. In such years they spread a considerable distance north, lay
their eggs, the autumnal larve and pupe being killed off under the
more stringent climatic conditions to which they are subjected, and the
species are not then seen again for some time. Some of our European
species, Daphnis nerit, Phryxus livornica, Hippotion celerio, Lsoples
alecto, L. boisduvalti occur also in the Indo-Australian region, the
three first-named and Zhaumas mauretanica also in Africa. Celerio
galltz is also recorded from Labrador and the United States, but the
specific identity of the American and European examples is open to
some doubt, whilst Phryxus livornica is represented in North
America by the nearly allied representative species, P. lineata.
Tribe: EUMORPHIDI.

Our tribe Zwmorphidi comprises many of the species that were
formerly known as the Chcerocampids, a name given to them
on account of the formation of the three thoracic segments and
head, which form a sort of snout, and are more or less retractile
within the swollen 1st and znd abdominal segments. The only
really sedentary species—forcellus, elpenor—found in Britain, be-
longing to the Lwmorphinae, are members of this tribe. The eggs
are of the typical Sphingid form and colour, small for the size of the
moth, but apparently with no especial characteristics. The larve
exhibit many minute differences when compared with those of

the Phryxids, their nearest allies. In tabulated form these differences
work out as follows:

EUMORPHID LARVA. PHRYXID LARVA.

I, Tubercles iv and v separate on Ist} iv and vy conjoined on Ist abdominal (in

abdominal segment. euphorbiae) [Pa generic or specific
character].

2. Caudal horn small (or aborted) in later | Caudal horn retained throughout all the
stadia. stadia.

3. Thoracic segments retractile into tumid | Thoracic segments not retractile; ab-
Ist and 2nd abdominal segments. dominal segments { and 2 not tumid.

4. Ocellated spots developed from sub- | No ocellated spots on special segments,
dorsal band on Ist and 2nd (and but a chain of bright spots usually
possibly other) abdominal segments. developed trom subdorsal band on

most (or all) of the segments.
5. Conjoined subsegments I—3 of ab- | Conjoined subsegments 1—3 of abdominal

dominal segments not _— specially segments a marked feature of adult
marked in adult /z.e., the character Jarva /t.e., the character is not
is waning). waning).

6. Pigment spots at the base of the | Pigment spots strongly developed at the
shagreen (or secondary) hairs not base of the shagreen (or secondary)
specially developed. hairs.

Weismann has treated (Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 177-199)
this group of larve at considerable length, but we cannot do more than

— i.e

_

EUMORPHIDI. | 57

give his conclusions. On pp. 188 e¢ seg. of this work he suggests that
the remote ancestor of the Eumorphid or Cheerocampid larva was
uniformly green without any markings; at a later period the white
longitudinal subdorsal line made its appearance, then, at a still
later period, this line vanished, with the exception of a few more
or less distinct remnants, whilst, at the same time, from certain
portions of it, the eye-spots of the rst and znd abdominal seg-
ments became developed; after the perfecting of these eye-spots,
weak repetitions of the latter appeared as black spots on all the
segments except the Jast. Thus there are four chief stages in the
phyletic development of the group: (1) Green larva without marking.
(2) With a subdorsal line. (3) Development of eyespots on 1st
and znd abdominal segments. (4) A repetition of rudimentary eye-
spots on all remaining segments but the rath. He then notes the
following groups into which the larve fall :

I. Green, short oblique stripes over the legs, simple white subdorsal line, but
no trace of eye-spots— Clarina f syriaca, Led., Darapsa myron, Cr., D. choerilus, Cr.

2. Subdorsal more or less retained, with eye-spot on the Ist and 2nd
abdominal segments, imperfect traces in form of dark spots on succeeding segments —
Eumorpha elpenor, L., Theretra porcellus, L., [lorina + zaponica, Bdv., Hippotion
ecteri0,: 1. *.

3. Subdorsal line retained to a variable degree, eye-spots on all the segments
—Lilina + bisecta, Hors. (=silhetensis, Walk.), Xylophanes oldenlandiae, Fabr.,
Tsoples alecto, L., Pergesa acteus, Cram., Dilonche tersa, L.

In the third group the subdorsal line varies much, in some it
appears to have completely vanished (fergesa acteus), in others
it is present as a light stripe running along all the segments
(Lsoples alecto), whilst in others it is retained as a broad white
stripe which only extends to the 4th segment (Dzélonche tersa).
livis, however, an interesting fact that, even in this group,
which has made the greatest step forward, the subdorsal line is of
general occurrence, because the eye-spots in all these species may
have almost a similar development to those of e/penor and porcellus.
The third group appears to be purely tropical. Weismann considers
that the great differences observed among the Chcerocampid larve
can be very simply explained on the view that they stand at
different levels of phyletic development, some species having re-
mained far behind (group 1), others having advanced further (group
2), and others having reached the highest point of development
(group 3). ‘Uhe fact that the species of the third group are only
tropical accords well with this view, since many facts prove that
phyletic development proceeds more rapidly in the tropics than in
temperate climates. The striking markings of the Chcoerocampid

* It is most remarkable that, whilst European entomologists (Buckler, Larvae,
&c., iil., pl. xxv., fig. 2, Sepp, Zzs. Ned., viil., pl. 50) figure the larva of celerio as having
eye-spots only on the 4th and 5th segments, Horsfield and Moore /Cat. Lep. Ins.
Mus. Last India Company, pl. xi) figure the larva of the Indian celerio with eye-
spots on all the segments from the 4th to the 1oth, the size diminishing from the
front to the hindmost segments. It appears very doubtful whether two such
dissimilar larvee belong to the same species. Again, Staudinger obtained a larva of
alecto from Beyrout with a very distinct subdorsal line, a beautiful eye-spot on the
4th segment, which is repeated with gradual diminution to segment 8, whilst
Horsfield and Moore (Cat. Lep. Ins. East Ind. Co., pl. x) figure the eye-
spots as being perfectly alike on all the segments (see Weismann, Studies in Theory
of Descent, pp. 193—198).
Genus— Clarina, type syriaca. Florina, type japonica. Lilina, type bisecta
(stthetensis). Acteus might well stand as the type of Pergesa, and oldenlandiae of
Aylophanes,

58 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

larvee may be stated to originate from a local transformation of
two portions of the subdorsal line into eye-spots, and the subsequent
transference of these two primary ocellated spots to the other seg-
ments. The eye-spots always originate on segments 4 and 5, and
from there the transference mostly occurs backwards, although, in
certain cases, it takes place at the same time forwards. In the origin
of the eye-spots then hes a great distinction between the Choerocampids
and Deilephilids, which were formerly associated, but in which the origin
of a very similar kind of marking can be traced to quite ancther source.
With a better knowledge of the larve of the Eumorphid species,
one would expect considerable modification in their classification.
We are even now without a knowledge of the early larval stages
of many species, the adult larve and imagines of which were figured
more than a century ago, and, until these are obtained, no real
advance in the grouping of these species can be made. No doubt
a complete detailed ontogeny of such species as Daphnis nerti, Hippo-
tion celerio, Xylophanes oldenlandiae and Florina japonica, &c., might
be obtained did lepidopterists know how important a knowledge of the
early larval stages of these and allied species would beat the present time.

The Eumorphid (sens. strict.) pupze (porcellus and elpenor) are
very close to those of the Phryxids (euphorbiae and gall) with the
very important exception that they have developed certain head
tubercles and certain abdominal spines, apparently with the object
of enabling the pupa either to move within its puparium or to
escape from it. Functionally and morphologically the abdominal
spines are the same as those that exist in so many pupz-incom-
plete ; they are for moving the pupa, and they are special modifi-
cations of the secondary hairs (as seen in larva), though, as to
this view of their derivation, whilst they are undoubtedly modifi-
cations of hair-points, and these are again probably modifications
of the spiculate skin-points, it is more probable that in the pupe-in-
complete the spines are direct modifications of skin spicules, without
the intermediate condition of modification into hairs. ‘Their actual
positions, as already noted, differ also. They are, in fact, a
precisely similar, if not identical, structure developed de xovo,
without any genetic relationship to that of the pups-incomplete.
The pupa of Lumorpha elpenor cannot, in any other respects, be
said to differ from that of Myles euphorbiae to any important
degree except in the surface sculpturing. The maxillary keel is
a little more prominent and that is all. In that of TZheretra
porcellus the maxillary keel is very definitely more fully developed.
The keel is more prominent, sharper, and has pushed the
labrum a little further to the dorsum, and itself projects to the
front of the pupa. Another point of distinction is that the surface
sculpturing, which, in all this group, is wrinkling in front, and
becomes pitting only on the later segments, is, in jforcellus,
wrinkling right away down to the gth abdominal segment. It
is possible that this is relative to the loss of the larval horn. In
the larva, the horn preserves a primitive (comparatively) skin
structure, long after it has disappeared from the rest of the surface.
This conservative tendency of the horn may have some similar
effect on the neighbouring cutaneous structure of the pupa. In
comparing Hemaris fuciformis with Pterogon proserpina, we find

EUMORPHA. a9

‘that wrinkling has almost entirely prevailed in A. fuctformis, whilst
in the pupa of the hornless P. proserfina pitting is still the domi-
nant sculpturing. PP. proserpina and HZ. fuciformis are not, however,
sufficiently close to make this comparison of any cogency. Again, in
comparing the pupe of Phryxus (euphorbiae) and Thaumas (vespertilio ),
one concludes that, though wrinkling has made some advance into the
abdominal segments in the former and very little in the latter, this is
too far from the region of the horn to justify any conclusions. We see
here, however, that Z. porcellus and LE. elpenor have made a con-
siderable advance beyond the Phryxid group in the extension of
wrinkling at the expense of pitting, and that the pupa of £. e/penor
is still a little behind Z. porcellus which has practically completed
the process. The Phryxid (euphorbiae) group and the Eumorphid
(elpenor) group are then equally specialised in the distinctive
Sphingid characters, though Z. porcellus has achieved a trifling
advance. But the e/penor group has made a special advance in
a direction not essentially Sphingid. When we compare these
two groups with other Eumorphids, we find them far ahead of
the primitive Darapsa (myron, choerilus, &c.), but far behind groups
that we may typify by (1) Sesza stellatarum (2) Lsoples alecto, (3)
Fitppotion celerio, (4) Panacra vigil. In all these, the maxille
have much expanded and pushed the labrum to a dorsal position,
the “keel”? forming a great flange round the front of the head,
and in (4) actually forming a tongue-horn. |S. séellatarum, H. celerio
and Daphnis nertt have a very thin and delicate pupa-skin and very
similar coloration, and their structure, except perhaps that of D. xert7,
is almost identical. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to escape
the belief that they are on three very different lines of development.
They are specialised for a short pupal life amongst surface rubbish,
and, specialising on Eumorphid lines with little other development
(as in Z. elpenor) to about the same level, have become very much
alike. The pupa of S. stellatarum may always be distinguished by
its antero-posterior flattening, which probably holds good for many
other Sesiids. Though these groups are thus further advanced
by special Sphingid progress, it is probable that they must be
regarded as less specialised than the Phryxid, and Eumorphid (sezs.
strict.) groups by the persistence of pitting as against wrinkling of
surface. But this certainly varies much within each group.

Genus: EumMorpPHA, Hubner.

SYNONYMY.—Genus : Eumorpha, Soalenit-aee) Drmile (NOOO) 50 vo eranck Cate...
Bamogecio25)i>, butt, ** Brit. Lep.,” wi., p. 355 (1902). Sphinx, Linn., ‘Sys.
Nata xt ed., p. 491 (1758); xuth ed., (Oo COL (None Oo Wane Sweesa ath.
feezoomiiol)>) ‘Scop. & Ent Carm:.,”~ p. 186 (1763); Mull., “ Zool. Dan.
rod. =p: 186 (1776); Hin, ** Berl. Mag.,” u., B 130); (1760) 3) Babs, << Sys.
Hien Po 543 (1775) 5 “Spec. nis see ste 148 (Ii7S0)pa oo Mants 7 ii., Pp. 97
ei7o7)5) “Ent Syst.,” Le DUM Daa L702 Nis [Schiff.,] « Schmett. Wien..,’
P- 43 (1775); Ill’s n. Ausg., Del @e (son) Esp., COS aMetis Iie s ibs }o)
Dips pet tx, iigs. 1-4 (1779); pl. xxvil., fig. 3 (1782) ; Olle Medias SHR ie Nai Ae
1801) ; Bergstr., aS pPMIne eave eps Onl 762) > Netz... “iGen.-et Spec. Ins,”
p- 34 (1783) ; Geoff, oe Tie eaAbsea ls Pa 25a0 (l7O5)5. Bikhe ce Sys.
esciee i, pp. 66, 136, 175 (1789); Brahm, ‘Ins.-Kal.,” ii., p. 528 (1791);
Piel lis, IV. p. 39, pl. exxtl (1795); Hb., “Hur. Schmett.,” fig.
OT MCu7Oo):. “Tarv. Lep.,” Hip OP Meats Ieot.. 1D; fig. 2 a—b (circ. 1800);
text p. 96 (cérc. 1805); Schrank, “ Faun. Boica,” des p. 227 (1801); Haw.,
Peep Brit-; 1, p. 62 (1803) ; Latr., cOEbist. wNia ts, xiv. %p. 131 (1805) Ochs:,

60 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

“Die Schmett.,” a., p. 209 (1808); Shaw and Nodder, “Viv. Nat. 7oa7 oe
988, (1810); Leach, “Edin. Encycl.,” ix., p. 130 (1815); Dalm.j> Were
Handle? XXXVI, Pp. 215 (1816); Lam., “Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert.)" t.oge
AjDOn (Sey) Samouelle, ‘‘ Ent. Comp.,”’ p. 243 (1819); Godt., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,” ii,
p- 46, pl. xviii. (1821); Bdv., ‘‘Eur..Lep. Ind. Meth.,” p. 32 (1829); Meigs
‘Eur. Schmett.,” ii., p. 134 (1830); Zett., ‘‘ Ins. Lapp.,” p. 916 (1840); Evers.,
‘“‘Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”” p. 109 (1844); Assm., ‘¢Schmett. Schles.,” it., p. 32, pl.
x1., figs. 34 a—d (1845); H.-Sch., ‘‘ Sys.-Bearb.,” ii., p. 85 (1846); Speyer, “‘ Geog.
Verb:,”? 1., p- 316 (1858); i1., p 280 (1862); Hein.,.“‘ Schmett. Deutsehy, aes
(1859) ; Bang-Haas, ‘‘ Nat. Tids.,”’ (3), ix., p. gor (1874). Sfix, Rudolph, ‘‘ Hand-
buch,” &c., p. 81 (1766). Dezlephila [Lasp.], *‘ Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeit.,” iv., p. 100
(1809); Ochs., ‘Die Schmett.,” iv., pp. 42—43 (1816) ; Curt., “‘ Brit. Ent.,” 1., pl.
it (1823) 5 Stephs.,. “lll. ‘Haust.,” 1., sp: 131 (1828) 5 *\Cat: reece ee
p- 33 (1820); Bdv., ‘Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. iv., figs. 1—2 (cz7ve. 1840) 7) "Gemmes
Ind? Meth:,% p: 46 (1840); Wood; “Ind. Ent.,”> fig. 18 (18320) 5) Dupe etcome
Chen.,” pl. v., fig.-2 | (cive. 1835); ‘< Cat. Méth.,” p> 42 (1644); eblegerene
“Lep. Kur. “Cat. (Meth.,” ed. 1, p. 19. (1851); “Staud., ‘“ Cat.,’>seqemeeenees
(1861); 2nd ed., p. 37 (1871); Ramb., ‘‘ Cat. Lép. And.,” p. 131 (1866); Snell.,
“De Viind.,” p- 95 (1867); Berce, “Faun. Frane¢.,” i. p- 23 (feea) eae
“Cat. Wép. Alp:-Mar.,” p. 118 (1872); Cunt y Mart. (Cat. epeeeanees
p. 40 (1874); Curo; “Bull. Soc. Ent: Ital.” vil., p. 112, (1875) 5) Bikey
Schweiz,” p. 58 (1880) ; Mina-Pal., ‘‘ Nat. Sic.,”’ vii., p. 134 (1888) ; Auriv., ‘* Nord.
Fyar.,” p. 46 (1889); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbk.,”” p. 295 (1895); Bartel, ‘* Palaeark. Gross-
Schmett.,” ii., p. 116 (1900). Llpenor, Oken, “ Lehrb. Zool.,’’ 1, p. 760 (1815).
Oxeus, Wb., <° Verz.,”” p. 136 (czvc..1822); Stephs.;<* Ul.” app. ps5, (tegaye eee
Br. An. Br. Mus.,’” p. 29 (1850). Choerocampa, Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,’”? supp.
li., pp. 159, 160 (1835); Humph. & Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” i., p. 22 (1841) ;
Dbidy., “List Brit. Lep.,” p. 3 (1847); Sta... ‘¢ Man.” 1.) pesgbm eee
Humph., ‘Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 11 (1860); Wallgrn., ‘“‘Skand. Het.,” 1, p.
44 (1863); Newm., “Ent.,”’ iii, p. 127 (1866); ‘Brit. Moths,” p. 10 (1869);
Bdy;, S-Hist. Nat. Sphing.,” -p. 279 (1875); Kirby, ‘* uct ati
Moths,” -"p. 72, pl. xvi., fig. 3@¢—c¢ (0879); “Handbook,” (aves imam
18 (1897); Aunv., ‘Sv. Vet. Hand.,” xix., p. 137 (1882); Buckl) = eanvasys
&e3 ti, p. 113, pl. xxv., fig. 3 (1887); Bam,‘ But. eps aoe
(1395); Tutt, *°Brit. Moths,’ p. 29 (1896); South; *“Ent.{’? xxx epee
228 (1898). AZetopsilus, Dunc., ‘* Brit. Moths,” p. 161 (1836); Westd., ‘‘Gen.
Synops.,” p. 89 (1840). Chaerocampa, Butl., ‘“‘ Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” ix.,
pt. 10, p. 554 (1876); Leech, ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’’ 1888, p. 584 (1888) ; ‘‘ Trans,
Ent. Soc. Lond.,”’ 1898, p. 282 (1898); Hamps., ‘* Moths India,” 1., p. 84 (1892) ;
Staud., ‘‘Cat.,’’ 3rd ed., p. 103 (1901). Zkeretra, Kirby, ‘‘Cat..” p.,@Se stage

The genus Lumorfha was founded by Hubner in 1806 ( Zenz.,
p. 1), and elgenor fixed as the type. Hubner places it in his tribe
ii of the Sphingids, and notes: EumMorpH&—LZumorpha elpenor.
He had already described and figured the species as Sphinx elpenor
(Eur. Schmett., p. 61, and Larvae Lep., ii., Sph. ui, Lepaaeee
figs. 2 a-6). Curtis, in 1824, fixed edpenor as the type of Dedlephila,
Lasp.; we have declared edsenor the type of Zipenor, Oken;
Stephens, in 1850, cited e/penor as the type of Ovews, Hb., and
Westwood, in 1840, cited e/fenor as the type of JZefopsilus, Dunc.,
so that Deilephila, Elpenor, Oreus and Metopsilus all fall as synonyms
of Lumorpha, Hb., all having e/penor as the specific type. There is a
very close alliance between Zumorpha and Theretra, of which edpenor and
porcellus are respectively the types. The eggs are very similar. There
is, however, considerable difference in the larve in their first instar, so
far as relates to the development of the caudal horn; in Z. forcellus
it is merely a raised skin area, bearing tubercles i, whilst in the
former it is a long dark crimson or purple bristly horn bearing i, as
twin bristles, at the summit. The horn of 7. force//us has presumably
been larger, and is now aborted to such an extent that, in size, it is less
developed than in Dimorpha versicolora or even Lutricha quercifolia
(Bacot). Chapman has already shown (avéed, pp. 58-59) that the pupa

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 61

of Theretra (porcellus) is rather more specialised than that of
Eumorpha (elpenor). We further writes: “The pupa of Gurelca hyas is
the only one (of the few known to me) that has any direct bearing on the
curious development of spines in the pupe of LZ’. elpenor and 7. porcellus.
This species has a facies very close to Sesva (Macroglossa) as an imago.
The pupa, however, is much less so. It is cylindrical (not flattened)
pale in colour (Eumorphid), pitted (wrinkling not advanced). The
labrum is anterior, beginning to get dorsal. The pupa has, however, a
peculiar ridge, just in the lines that the spines occupy in £. e/senor,
which proceeds direct-to the spiracle, which it appears to enclose, but
rather more as if it went round it in front than behind. The ridge
is dark coloured and smooth (free from spines); in front of the
anterior one (on 5th segment) the surface is transversely wrinkled
in contrast to pitting elsewhere. It suggests a Darapfsa pupa that
had advanced some way towards both Eumorpha (elpenor) and Sesia
( Macroglossa), with some special advance of its own.” In the imagines
it may be well to notice that £. e/genor has the first joint of the
palpus about 2 width of second, whilst Z. porcellus has it only about
4to4( (Chapman). Hampson diagnoses the genus (lid. Moths, i., p.
84) as:

Antennz with the hook short and slight, the palpi moderately broad and
quadrate at tip; apex of hindwing acute; the discocellulars oblique.

EUMORPHA ELPENOR, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species : Hipenor, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 491 (1758);
miined. pp: 508 (1707), ccc. —Porcus, Ketz., “ Gen. et Spec. Ins.,” p.. 34 (1783).
Vitis, Oken, ‘‘ Lehrb. Zool.,” 1., p. 760 (1815). [NOTE.—This species has been
known by Linné’s name, edpenor, by every author of repute, except Retzius and
Oken. The whole of the references mentioned under the generic synonymy
(Zumorpha, antea, pp. 59-60), except those relating to these authors, designate
elpenor as the specific name of this insect. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION..— Sphinx elpenor, alis integris viridi
purpureoque variis : inferioribus basi atris. fm. Swuec., 811. Mouff.,
eemiovemmnecti Gaz, t. 40, f 17,012, 17. Merian, /s.,; 2, t. 33,
meueeenocs.,/75., t-1., pial. 1.,t. 4. Wilk:, Pap. i, t. 1., B.7, Raj,
Darrin AD. Sas. t.-9, 1 13: Frisch, /zs;, 12, t. 1. De
Gece /7s, 1. t. g, t. 8,0.. Habitat in. Epilobio, Impatiente, Vite
eiimne, Sys. Vaz, xth ed., p. 491). [Linné alters this to “ Sphinx,
alis integris virescentibus: fasciis purpureis variis; posticis rubris
Misieeatmis ~ >. . . Wiffert a sequenti. (force//us) simillime ;
magnitudine dupla. Thorace a tergo lineis 4 longitudinalibus arcuatis
rubris; abdominis tergo linea rubra longitudinali. Alis in medio
puncto albo; primoribus margine interiore albis” (Sys. JVaz., xiith
ed; p. 8o1.)|

Imaco.—58mm.—74mm. Head ochreous-green with red lines
from base of antenne to front; thorax ochreous-green, rosy-red
medially, with a longitudinal red line on either side and a white
line at base of wings; abdomen ochreous-green, with red median
longitudinal line, red laterally, a black patch on either side near
base of hindwings. Anterior wings ochreous-green, with a fine
rosy-red costal line; a glossy rosy-pink outer margin, commencing
at apex and ending at anal angle; a glossy rosy-pink oblique line
from costa near apex to inner margin (about one-third from
anal angle), edged internally with purplish-red; an oblique line of

62 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

rather darker ground-colour crossing middle of wing, ending on
inner margin towards base, a rosy-red patch (of varying size) lying
on this towards base of wing; a black basal patch at lower edge
of inner margin, edged below with long white scales; a fine white
inner-marginal line; a small white discal spot; cilia of outer margin
deep red, of inner margin white. Posterior wings, outer half bright
rosy-red, darker marginally, the basal half black ; cilia white.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—In this species the sexes are very similar.
The antenne differ as is usual in Sphingids; they differ, how-
ever, further, in the antenna of the @ being very decidedly more
slender than that of the g; both are about 12mm. long, and consist
of about 60 joints, but that of the g is about o'4omm. in diameter,
where at a corresponding point that of the ? is about o°-30mm. The
scaling is in three rows, the first of very short scales hidden below
the last row of the preceding segment, the second is a little irregular,
and the third or terminal row is more regular, and the visible
portions of the scales of this row, as compared with those of the
preceding row, are in length as about 3 to 2. ‘The anterior tibial
spurs are larger and apparently of more complicated structure in
the g. In both, the tibia is about 3°5mm. in length, and the spur
is at about its middle, and so arises a little nearer the base in the
6 than in the @, vzz., in the 2 about 1:omm. fromyimemeadses
in«the g o8mm.; its length is\ 15mm, im the 9) 2-2namaeeiame
3; the tibia extends beyond the spur about 1omm. in the ?, and
o'6mm. inthe g. It is difficult to say that there is any difference in
form of wing, colouring, or marking, between the g and @. There
is, however, a somewhat different build, very obvious in living
Specimens, less so in the cabinet. The 9 91s more Tobusi eae
the abdomen diminishes to a sharp apical point in the last 2 or
3 (visible) segments, whilst that of the g tapers more regularly to a
similar sharp apex. On the first tarsal joint of the second pair of legs
there is in both sexes a close series of fine spines just opposite
the larger of the tibial spines. This does not occur in Z. porcellus
(Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—Only one gynandromorphous example of
this species appears to have been described. This reads as follows:

a. Halved, ~ Left sidé g, right side 9. ~The coloration or tae euee
sides different. The left (¢) side strong rose-red; the right (¢) side on the
forewing olive-green and dull red, hindwing albinistic towards the outer margin.
Shape of the wings dissimilar, left longer and more slender. Left antenna male,
right female. Shape of the abdomen female, though the anal point is developed ina
crippled manner and glued together. Right wings 27mm., left 29mm. Bred at

3erlin.—In the Wiskvtt coll. (Wiskott, Fe stschrift, &c., pp. 108—109).

TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLE OF EUMORPHA ELPE Jan Laer
notices (Ale. Konst en Letterbode, 1847, pt. 2) ee he captured
an imago of £. elpenor with the left hindwing absent, but the
forewing on the side where hindwing was lacking was larger than
the other forewing, and showed also on its ‘ inner- -side” indications of
the markings of the hindwings.

VARIATION.—This species, distributed as it is over the greater
part of Asia and Europe, appears to offer considerable variation,
and the Indian and Japanese races have been_ respectively
described as distinct species, 7vz., rivularis, Bdy. (=macromera,
Butl. + /fraterna, Butl.) and /ew7szz, Butl. Besides these races

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 63

‘there is considerable variation among the European examples,
e.g., Bartel notes (Palaeark. Gross-Schmett., \1., p. 119) “that speci-
mens vary greatly in size, examples smaller than Zheretra porcellus
being by no means rare. An extremely interesting aberration was
bred many years ago at Osnabrick from an ordinary coloured
larva. This was at one time in Heydenreich’s collection, but is now
in that of Wiskott. The rose colour of the forewing is entirely
wanting, being replaced by an uniform chocolate-brown. The
specimen figured and described by Esper (Schmett. Eur., pl.
xlv., fig. 1, p. 33) may belong to a similar aberration. It was bred at
Frankfort-on-the-Main, and has, besides a considerable alteration
of colour and markings, also much shorter wings than normal
Pee ClUpenor. This latter condition is perhaps attributable to
crippling. The reddish, violet-tinged stripes of the forewings are,
in this aberration, bluish-black, and the rest of the surface of
the wing is red-brown, excepting the grey outer margin; the outer half
of the hindwings corresponds in tint with the dark colour of the fore-
wings. A further aberration is cited (/7zs, vil., p. 170) by Karl Uffeln
of Rietberg. This is normal as far as to the fourth abdominal
segment which, however, is black and gives the specimen a
peculiar appearance. Two albinistic forms, closely resembling one
another, were described (nt. Zeit. Guben, 1897, no. 9, p. 91)
as follows: ‘The general impression is quite that of very bleached
specimens of Eumorpha elpenor. In place of the deep green of the
type, they have a light orange-yellow colour with scarcely perceptible
trace of green, while in place of the ordinary dark rose colour
they are pale yellowish-grey.’ On the forewings of an aberrant speci-
men which is described by Schultz (//. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 702),
the red transverse stripes and margin are much less intense in
colour than in typical specimens. The normally red parts are
silvery-violet, and stand out on the olive-green ground-colour
much less prominently (lain lS wey A further aberration is
mentioned (oc. cit., p. 706) in which the red of the hindwings is
entirely wanting, being replaced by a dirty-white colour, and the
right forewing is partially albinistic. Unfortunately the specimen
is a complete cripple. Examples from the Amur region vary some-
what amongst themselves, but agree almost entirely with European.
The same applies also to specimens of £. e/penor from China.
Specimens from Corea are less dark-coloured and more like the
European than those from Japan.” Bartel adds that “specimens
from southern and eastern Asia have received several names.
Thus Butler has erected two separate species on different sexes * of the
Indian specimens, but these cannot even be adduced as separate
varieties, as transitions from one form to the other are present,

and the two show no characteristic distinctions at all.” Herz
describes a very small male from the banks of the river Wittim
im montawest Siberia (/77s, XI., P. 250). Bishopp records an

aberration, bred in 1870, which, instead of being of the usual
olive-green and pink tints, is of an uniform grey, with just a
little olive-green on the body; on June 23rd, the same lepidopterist

* This is not so (see posted, p. 65), where it is stated that both sexes occur
in each of the two forms.

64 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

records (Evt., vi., p. 485) another aberration, also bred at Ipswich,
of an uniform olive-green colour, excepting the abdomen, which
is tipped with bright pink. In 1871, Bond exhibited another
Ipswich specimen in which the central portion of each forewing
was perfectly hyaline and free from scales. It is figured and
described (#77, vi., p. 81, fig.) as follows: “ The forewmes
have a large central area, in which the membrane is without scales,
the wing-rays only being furnished with scales, and these
ochreous; the rest of the wing is smoky-brown. In the _hind-
wings is a similar central area, but not so completely denuded
of scales as that in the forewings; at the apical angle the
wings are smoky-brown and partially of the same colour as the
forewings, but the scales towards the ana] angle and nearer the
centre of the wing are dull ochreous. The palpi, crown of the
head and collar are dull olive-brown ; the thorax ochreous-brown, —
tinged with rosy, the abdomen brown, the margins of the segments
ochreous, and the tip rosy.” There is considerable minor variation
in our British examples. In .many, the bright ochreous-green
assumes a duller tint, and the red shades and areas on the fore-
wings are of a dull purplish or violet, and much restricted in area
at the centre and towards the base of the forewing, whilst the outer-
margin of the hindwings is paler in colour (ab. pa/izda, n. ab.). In
some examples, the outermargin of the hindwing is shaded with a tint
approaching the ground-colour of the forewing to such an extent as
to restrict the pinkish area to a transverse band just outside the
middle of the wing (=ab. wrgafa, n. ab.), whilst in others, the
outer marginal area of the hindwings is, on the other hand, some-
times quite whitish. Some examples, otherwise well coloured, have
no red markings at the centre of the forewings, except as a shade
on the inner edge of the second oblique line, and, rarely, extreme
forms have the forewings uniformly ochreous-green (= ab. wnzcolor,
n. ab.). A greenish-ochreous tinge is occasionally carried over
the apical area of the hindwings. On the other hand some
examples have all the red markings of the fore- and hindwings
brilliantly rosy-red, extending into a large patch towards the base
of the forewings, and developed as an unusually broad outer marginal
area on the hindwings (=ab. clara, n. ub.). Occasionally the white
discal spot of the forewings is absent (= ab, odsolefa, n. ab.).
The only described forms of this species are as follows:

a. var. dewisit, Butl., ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1875, p. 247 (1875) ; Kurby,
‘‘ Cat.,”’ p. 650 (1892) ; Bart., ‘‘ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 121 (1900). Zdpenor,
Leech, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1898, p. 282 (1898).—/mago : Very like C. edpenor,
but duller above, the rosy streaks on primaries less evident, primaries below
with the golden discal patch not extending (except as a fine line) below lower radial.
Expanse of wings 2 inches 10 lines, Japan. Larva: Very distinct from that of C.
elpenor, brown or green. The brown larva differs principally in having the lower
surface and lateral area of the last seven segments brown, with a defined, undate, sinuate
internal edge, each sinuosity answering to the convex margin of its segment; the
two eye-like spots are much smaller, and have pale brownish centres in both forms
of the larva; the horn in the green form is longer but less curved than in the brown
form. It feeds on fuchsia and balsam. [Without having seen the excellent figures
of the transformations obtained by Mr. Lewis, I should not for a moment have
thought this species distinct from C. e/fenor.] (Butler).

3remer and Grey (Schmetterlings-Fauna des LN. China's,
p. 11) note this species amongst their list of Pekin lepidoptera,

EUMORPFA ELPENOR, 65

‘but without any remarks as to its abundance or time of appearance.
Leech says (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 584) :—‘ Except that
some examples are more rosy than the type, the specimens from Oiwake,
in Pryer’s collection, and others I took at Shimonoseki and Gensan
in July, are not separable from C. elfenor. Localities: Oiwake
(Pryer) ; Shimonoseki, Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Hako-
daté (Fletcher).” On July 8th, 1897, when we were at Gensan, I had
a specimen of this species brought to me; it had been attracted
to light on board. On September 13th, 1897, I found at Endermo
(or Mororan), near Hakodaté, a larva, which soon pupated and I
bred a fine imago therefrom. On May 8th, 1899, whilst at Chifu, I
had another good specimen of this species brought to me, which seems
a little darker than my Korean and Japanese examples (Fletcher).
Hampson notes (Jud. Moths, p. 85) that ‘typical elpenor (= lewistz)
from Europe, Japan and northwest India is smaller, with the pink
on the hindwing and underside rather less developed ; whilst in the
form fraterna from the Western Himalayas, the colour is rather
duller and the pink on the underside more evenly disposed over
the disk of both wings than in the eastern form, macromera.”

3. var. (an sp. dist.) 7:vularis, Bdv., ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Insectes,”i., p. 280 (1875).—
Although the larva of this species, after Shervill’s drawing, is marbled with brown and
whitish, we only doubtfully separate it from e/penor, of which it is probably only an
Indian variety. At first sight it differs from e/feor in that all the rosy parts are of
an obscure rosy-violet, the second oblique band of the forewings is terminated on the
costal edge before the apical point, the stigmata more marked, the antennz are not
rose-coloured, and, lastly, that the corselet is almost entirely olive, marked slightly
with rose; otherwise, it has the same characters as e/penor. Simla, Darjeeling
(reared by Mr. Shervill) ; severai in the B. M. collection (Boisduval).

Butler’s two Indian Eumorphids—/raterna and macromera—are
by some authors, ¢.g., Bartel, supposed to be merely the two sexes
of the same Indian form, but this is not so, as both sexes occur
in each of the two forms. As a matter of fact, fraterna, Btl., is
identical with s7vularis, Bdv., and rivularis (=fraterna) may be
looked upon as a dark-coloured variety or local race of E. e/penor, whilst
macromera would seem to be merely a paler aberration of the Indian
race, and approaches more nearly typical £. e/penor, with character-
istics as given by Butler, both forms agreeing in having more
elongated and pointed hindwings than £&. elpenor. But typical
£. elpenor also occurs in India, for there is such a_ speci-
men labelled “ Shillong” in the British Museum collection.
There is, indeed, much to be said in favour of considering
rivularis a distinct species, ¢.g., it 1s remarkable in its neuration,
has nervures 6 and 7 of the hindwings more often than not stalked,
and possibly has other marked characters (Kaye). On the other
hand, other authors have considered the two forms as distinct varieties
of E. elpenor, so that, for the use of students, we append Butler’s
original descriptions :

I. macromera, Butl., *‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’”’ 1875, p. 7.—Nearly allied
to C. elpenor, but much larger; the primaries duller in colour, with the outer margin
more broadly rosy lilacine; secondaries with more than half the wing rosy; body
with the dorsal rosy line less defined; wings below with the costal ochraceous border
duller, much narrower, only clearly represented towards base; transverse band
converted into two narrow parallel lines. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines,
Silhet (Macgillivray), North India (Stevens). Type—B. M. coll. [Noted by Mr.
Walker as a variety of C. elpenor. I am satisfied, however (from the fact that the

E

66 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

more nearly allied Japanese species is now proved by breeding to be distinct), that
it is a different species] (Butler).’ 2. fraterna, Butl., ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”
1875, p. 247.— General aspect of C. macromera, but duller; primaries above golden-
olivaceous, with the two oblique bands and border dull greyish-pink ; secondaries
with basal half dull black, external half dull pink, fringe whitish ; body altogether
duller ; wings below bright rese-red, costa ochreous, a central grey-brown transverse
line ;_ basal half of primaries brown, clothed to first median branch with ochreous and
pink hairs; body below rose-red, abdomen with lateral white dots. Expanse of
wings 3 inches 2 lines. Simla (coll. F. Moore), N. India.

EccLayinc.—Usually laid singly, or more rarely two or three
together, on the underside of the leaves of Galium palustre, usually
attached just where the leaves join the stem. Eggs found by
searching at Potter Heigham, June 19th-2oth, 1896 (Bacot). Laid
singly on the underside of the leaves of Galium palustre, Epilobium
angustifolium, and more rarely on £. hirsutum; sometimes two
eggs are found on one leaf, and once I found two in contact, but
as a rule they are placed singly. Eggs found by searching, July
15th-16th, 1901, on which date, besides three smaller larve, one
about three-quarters grown and another 3 inches in length were
found, a sufficient illustration of the difficulty of fixing any par-
ticular date for the time of egg-laying, even in a single year.
The plants must be most carefully examined or the eggs may very
easily be missed (Ransom). Eggs taken on wild balsam at
Godalming on July &th, 1901, young larve being found on same
date (Latter, 77 “i/#.). Enclosed @ ona bunch of Galium palustre,
she oviposited in due course, the similarity of the eggs to the
seed-pods of this plant is noticeable ; the egg-stage only lasted
7 days (Butler, zz “77.). In the Reading district the esgs appear
usually to be laid two or three together on a leaf (Holland) ; laid
singly at the end of June on the leaves of LZpilobium hirsutum
and Czrcaea lutetiana, also, in London gardens, on the several
varieties of fuchsia (Newman).

OvuM.—1'5mm. in length, 1°3mm. in width, 1:2mm. in height;
rather a short, rounded oval, colour green (less vivid than that of
the Amorphid eggs) matching well the colour of the leaves of
Galium palustre; the surface shiny ; the surface reticulation faintly
but clearly marked (Bacot). Of a pale green colour, almost
circular in outline, but still just a little longer than wide; the shell
apparently smoo:h, but covered with a faint surface reticulation ;
a distinct depression on the upper surface of egg; the micropyle
is very indistinct and consists of a finely pitted depression at one
end of the egg. When the embryo is fully formed, the eggshell
is transparent and has an iridescent gloss (Zt. Rec., 1x. p. 237),
175mm. in length, 1°25mm. in width, oval, approaching circular in
outline, somewhat flattened on upper surface; colour bright green,
becoming yellow-green as development proceeds ; surface faintly
reticulated, the reticulations much clearer towards the two ends,
especially the micropylar, which is somewhat broader than its
nadir. The micropylar depression is marked and the stellate
centre is discernible (Tutt, July 9th, 1901. Eggs on Jmpatiens).
The eggs are nearly spherical, but somewhat compressed, of a
grass-green colour, a little lighter and somewhat larger (1°2mm.)
than those of //yles euphordiae. During the development of the
embryo the eggs first became yellowish-green and finally yellowish
(Weismann).

EUMORPHA ELPENOR 67

HaBITS OF LARVA.—The most remarkable larval habit seems
to me to be the rapidity with which it reaches maturity—16 days
from egg to the last stadium; it spends, however, a week or ten
days in this stage, even then its whole larval period is less than
a month (Bacot). Of this Garbowski observes that the larve are,
in Galicia, especially fond of Ampelopsis guinguefolia, on which
they are more easily and most rapidly reared, the first moult taking
place on the 3rd day, and the going to earth occurring on the 18th
day, after hatching. The young larve may be found by careful
searching, wherever, by the sides of ditches and rivers, the food-
plants show signs of being eaten; they appear to feed by day,
and do not, when they get older, make any attempt to hide except
when moulting, when they always appear to wander from the
foodplant ; often the search ofa well-eaten plant has proved unsuccess-
ful, when, two or three days later, a larva that could not possibly
have been overlooked has been found on the very plant; they
do sometimes, however, moult on the foodplant, and I have seen
a cast skin adhering to a stalk of Galium palustre. One egg, found
in 1901, hatched July 16th, the larva underwent its last moult on August
4th, was fullfed and spun its cocoon on August 14th, but did not
change to pupa till August 21st. At the time of moulting the
larva has all the appearance of dying, one that I observed care-
fully was lying for a time on its side quite motionless, the
skin turning a whitish colour, and a white line appearing along
the sides; the skin broke behind the head, splitting round
the latter, and enabling the larva to draw out its true legs; the
larva then literally walked out of the old skin, which immediately
shrivelled up (Ransom). The larve, when young, are well-hidden
away in the tufts of the foodplant, but when large they often lie
out exposed, and are readily seen; if you find one larva on a
plant, you usually find another, sometimes two more, on the same
plant (Holland). ‘The fullgrown larva rests on the twigs of Puchsza,
stretched at its full length, and holding by the third pair of legs
as well as by the ventral and anal claspers; the head is bent under,
touching the twig, but the “Sphinx” attitude is not assumed ; viewed
from the front the resemblance to a pig’s head is very striking,
the head of the larva representing the flattened disk of the pig’s
snout, and two ocellated spots on the 4th segment the pig’s eyes
(Newman). It is well-known that the larva usually inhabits marshy
places, and hence its foodplants grow by, or even in, the water.
The larvae may be found, in such places, stretched at length
on Galium palustre in the day, and also with a lantern feeding
voraciously at night (Tutt)*. Albin remarks that there is ‘‘ something in
this caterpillar very remarkable, vzz., its dexterity in swimming,
for, commonly feeding in or near the water, if, at any time, it
happens to fall in, it turns on its back, and swims with its head
and tail turned together, till it gets hold of some part of the plant,
by which it helps itself up again.” MHellins remarks that this
proceeding is more like floating, unless there is a ‘‘movement to

* These observations are not quite in consonance with the observations of
Weismann (fosted, p. 74), who finds the younger larvze well up on the plants, the
older low down upon or near the ground.

68 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and fro of the head and tail.” MHarris also, in 1749, refers to the
habit, and states that when a larva falls into the water it immediately
rises to the top of the water, where it remains tili its struggles
or the currents drive it to some plant, by means of which it can
crawl out and save itself. He suggests that the swollen rst and
2nd abdominal segments contain-air that assists them to keep on
the surface, and he noticed that one that had fallen into the water
kept the thoracic segments above, the swollen segments being even
with, the surface. Corbin notes that two larvae, carried several miles
in a bottle of water by a boy, were taken out, soon recovered their
normal vitality, fed up on fuchsia and pupated. Chaumette observes
that the three anterior segments are extended or contracted, according
as the larva is feeding, walking, or in a state of repose, and, when
contracted, they are drawn into the 4th segment. The follow-
ing details of the dates when larve have been observed
may prove interesting: Larve are to be found from July-Sep-
tember in the Linz district, 19 fullfed larve were captured in
early September, 1896, at Buchenau (Himsl), two dozen larve found
on Lpzilobtum in a wood at Braunfels, on August 13th, 1900 (Sich),
August at Romsey (Buckell), larvae abundant from znd week in
August to the end of September at Maidstone (Gandy), August 11th-
24th, 1856, larve at Cambridge (Farren), larve August 15th,
1856, spun up August 21st at Bisterne, near Ringwood (Sués., p.
20), larva. fullfed at Sherwood Forest on August 27th, 1856
(Pickard), fullgrown larva at Cuckfield on August 14th, 1857, pupated
August roth (Merrifield), August 26th, 1857, larve at Ilfracombe
(Mathew), August ath-17th, 1858, in Hammersmith Marshes (Gorham),
September 26th, 1860 (ichneumoned), October, 1867 (ichneumoned), at
Folkestone (T. Briggs), larvee common in September in the marshes
at Deal, August 11th, 1866, at Thame, August 6th-8th, 1867, at Deal,
July 22nd, 1874, larve abundant at Lee—4 dozen taken, August,
1874, at Catford, August 23rd-29th, 1888, September 24th, 1894,
at Deal, August 30th, 1896, at Dartford (Fenn), August 8th, 1867,
at Deal (Jones), in the hot summer of 1868, near Penzance, larve
on bogbean in July, these pupated same month, and two imagines,
after pupal period of fortnight, emerged August 5th, 1868
(Matthews), July 15th, 1870, August 317th, 1875, August 17th,
1897, August gth-roth, 1899, August 4th, 1900, at Oxton (Studd),
larve from June z22nd-August 3rd, 1878, at Wicken Fen, July
16th-28th, 1879, at Cleethorpes (Porritt), July 13th, 1878, larva
at Brandon, larvee fullfed on August 15th, 1900, at Oxton (Bower),
September 13th, 1878, at Taunton (Parish), larvae end of August,
1881, at Ipswich, August 23rd, 27th, 30th, September rst, 1895,
at Freshwater (Mera), August 11th, 1882, at Henley, August
3rd 1883, at Bulmershe Park, August 5th, 1889, about 50 fullfed
at Reading, August 14th, 1892, fullfed at Sulham, August 15th,
1896, at Oxford, August znd, 1898, at Caversham (Holland),
larve August 22nd, 1882, at Stamford Hill, August 3rd, 1894,
at Horning (Sheldon), August 25th, 1885, all pupated by September
7th at Painswick (Watkins), September r7th-19gth, 1885, at the Lizard
(Riding), larvae September 9th, 1887, at Brentwood, August 13th,
1897, at Bentley (Burrows), larve nearly fullfed August 3rd,
1888, August 19th, 1894, August iith, 1895, August 16th, 1896,

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 69

at Reading (Butler), larve fullfed August 20th, 1889, at Aylsham
(Freeman), July 29th, 1891, larve at Horning (Bowles), August,
1892, at Folkestone (Byrne), larva August 3rd, 1892, at Guild-
ford (Grover), larva August 18th, 1892, at Harrow (Rhoades- -
Smith), July 15th-24th, 1893, at Wicken (Mitchell), August 25th-
September 2nd, 1894, August 19th, 1895, August 15th-27th,
1897, August 3rd-28th, 1898, July 19th-24th, 1899, July 16th-
September 3rd, 1g00, at Sudbury, July z2nd-24th, 1896, August
r1th-17th, 1897, May 25th, 1898, July 31st-August 18th, 1899,
July 18th-August 12th, 1900, July 14th-August 18th, 1901, at
Henny, August 21st, 1898, at Borley (Ransom), larve August
30th, 1894, fullfed September 1st (Glenny), fullfed larve on July 21st,
1896, at Church Stretton (Newnham), larve at Wicken from August
18th-25th, 1895 (Brady), larvee common at Warminster in August,
1896, August 4th, 1898, a single larva at Tullylagan (Greer),
larva fullgrown August 4th, 1896, larve fullfed August 17th-
18th, 1899, at Chelmsford (Miller), larve September, 1896, at
Penmaenmaur (Bland‘, larve August 8th-22nd, 1897, on the banks
of the Stour (Wilson), August 12th, i898, at Epping (Image),
larva on willow-herb, August 24th, 1898, at Stalham (Edelsten),
September gth, 1898, fullfed larva, September 15th, 1899, larve
at Lakeside, Windermere (Moss), 50 larve during the first three
weeks of August, 1900, and August rst-20th, 1901, larva common at
Rye (Henderson), larve August and September, 1900, at South-
ampton and Winchester (Moberly), fullfed August 24th, 1900, in
the Frensham dist. (Bingham-Newland).

THE TERRIFYING ATTITUDE OF EUMORPHA ELPENOR. —Weismann
deals at length (Studies tn the Theory of Descent, pp. 327 et seq.)
with the formation of the ocellated spots in Eumorphid larve
and their possible significance. He shows that the primary ocelli
originate on the rst and znd abdominal segments by the detach-
ment of a curved portion of the subdorsal line, this fragment becoming
the “mirror,” and acquiring a dark encircling zone, “the ground
area,’ the nucleus or ‘ pupil” being added subsequently. He
points out that these spots make the larve more easy of detection
than otherwise, and that they appear to possess a biological value
as a means of terrifying their enemies. He observes that the
ocellated Eumorphid larve remain quiet on being attacked, that
they merely withdraw the head and thoracic segments into the
swollen rst and znd abdominal segments, and that the large ocellated
spots being situated on these swollen segments, the larva assumes
an aspect which he shows by experiment (loc. cit., pp. 331-334) 1S
most alarming to certain small birds. He concludes that the
advantage of the protective coloration of such larve remains as strong
as ever, and aids the concealment of the larve, that these markings are
of service to the larva when attacked, and that they thus serve asa
second means of defence, resorted to when the protective coloration has
failed. Poulton observes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. 154) that
it is specially to be noticed that the terrifying appearance due to these
markings, would be effective only against an enemy approaching from
the side or from above, but would produce very little, if any, effect
upon an enemy advancing from the front. He points out as a fact that
seems to have escaped the notice of Weismann, although it is really

70 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

described in his account of the larva of Z. porcellus as well as that ot
LE. elpenor ( Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 182, 187), that, when looked
at from the front, a larva in this attitude exhibits another pair of
ocellated marks, which appear as such in the defensive attitude only,
upon the 3rd thoracic segment. ‘The “mirror” of this spot is formed
by the posterior end of the white subdorsal, the ‘ ground-area ”
by the black patch which encircles the former except anteriorly,
but there is no trace of a nucleus as in the spots on the 1st and
2nd abdominal segments . . . and Poulton points out that,
when the larva assumes the terrifying attitude and the head
and thoracic segments are telescoped into the rst abdominal,
the swollen anterior end of the body is abruptly truncated, and,
when looked at from the front, appears as a flattish circular face
marked by deep concentric furrows, which are the lines between
the segments and between the annuli which are upon the latter.
The result of these deep furrows, and of the shortening of the
subdorsal is to render the latter, and its deep margins, inconspicuous,
except in the posterior part of their length, where they become
broadened, shortened, and rendered very prominent, as two eye-
like marks, one on each side of the median line and towards the
upper margin of the face-like extremity of the larva. Their position
is, therefore, exactly that which, better than any other, produces
the effect of eyes upon an enemy approaching from the front.
Although the white ‘‘mirror” is not completely encircled by the
ground-area, no impression of imperfection is produced and the
effect of the furrows and contraction is such as not to suggest
the continuity of the eyelike parts of the subdorsal and _ its
margins with the rest of these markings on the anterior thoracic
segments. These two eye-like marks differ from the others in
that they only possess significance in the terrifying attitude,
being quite unrecognisable as eyes in any other position. This
must certainly add to the effect of the suddenly assumed protective
attitude, when, in addition to the changed contour of the larva
and the prominence given to the large eye-spots, with equal sudden-
ness new terrifying marks seem, as it were, to spring into existence.

Larva.—/irst instar (newly-hatched): The newly-hatched larva
of £. elpenor has the head and body yellow-green in colour, the
legs and prolegs paler and almost transparent; the caudal horn
long in proportion to the length of the larva, black in colour, and
Shghtly bifid at tip (£7nz¢. Fec., ix., p. 237).. Length on hatenme
4’5mm., pale green in colour, changing after a few hours to dark
grey; segmental incisions appear as white rings, due to over-

lapping of skin. Head rounded, pale green, with a few small
scattered hairs thereon; slightly wider than prothorax, but not
large for size of larva. Prothoracic scutellum large, but not

distinct, more opaque in colour than the head. ‘Tubercles 1 and
11 on meso- and metathorax placed trapezoidally on separate sub-
segments, ili 1s double on these segments, and only one subspiracular
hair (v) is traceable; 1 and 11 on abdominal segments in the usual
trapezoidal form, the anteriors (i) on the 8th abdominal segment
being on the summit of caudal horn ; ili is a single-haired tubercle, iv
is single-haired below spiracle ; each of the tubercles bears a single,
very short, light-coloured seta, slightly knobbed at tip. The caudal

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 71

horn is dark purple-red, almost black, in colour, long (about one-
third of length of larva), roughened, thickly covered with short
spicules (a rather well-developed horn for a newly-emerged larva) ;
no trace of shagreen-hairs or spicular skin-points except on the horn
(July 3rd, 1896). About to undergo rst moult, length about 8mm.;
colour pale shining green; the subdorsal lines, shagreen dots, and
a very faint and narrow lateral line are visible through the old
skin (July 9th, 1896). Second instar: Head bright green; rounded,
but inclined to be tall, and somewhat square at top; division of
lobes distinct; small compared with size of body; a few scattered
hairs as in 1st instar. -Body bright green, but with a whitish
tinge caused by the shagreen tubercles, each bearing one short
hair, which put in an appearance at this stage; the prothorax
and mesothorax small, the metathorax and 1st abdominal segment
large, the incision between the latter very slightly marked; other
incisions distinct (with exception of that between 7—8), owing to
overlapping of skin; a dark mediodorsal line present, appears
not to be a skin-marking, but the dorsal vessel; faint green spiracular,
and stronger whitish, subdorsal lines present; the subdorsals start
on either side of head, run back to the 8th abdominal, and
then slope upwards to base of caudal horn; each thickens into a
small lunule on the rst and 2nd abdominal segments, more
strongly on the 1st; this is the first sign of the development of
the marked ocellated spot of the mature larva. The caudal horn
is stiff, shiny, straight, rather longer than the thickness of larva,
reddish at base, black above; less rough than in 1st instar; the
raised points being less like prickles and each bears one com-
paratively long hair; the apex is forked, each branch bearing a
rather long hair (the sete of tubercles 1); each shagreen tubercle
bears a very short hair which appears to be knobbed (not forked) ;
there appear to be 8 subsegments to each of the segments (July
19th, 1896; but from a different larva from that of which rst
instar description was made). TZhird «instar: Length 19mm.-
25mm.; head very small for size of larva, surface dull, colour clear
green, shape as in 2nd instar; body bright green; prothorax very
little larger than head, mesothorax rather larger, metathorax large,
though not so large as the rst and znd abdominal segments
which are rather larger than the remaining abdominal segments.
The head, prothorax and mesothorax, retractile; they were slightly
so in 2nd instar. ‘The subdorsal lines faint on metathorax and
ist and znd abdominal segments ; the anticipatory lunuiar markings
of preceding instar rather higher, much stronger, of a bright cream-
colour, bordered beneath with black (the black border is absent in
one larva in this instar), the subdorsal band more distinctly marked
on remaining abdominal segments than in previous instar, being
bordered above by clear green, due to the whitish colour which
spreads from the base of the shagreen-hairs, being less strong
here than on the rest of the body. The lateral spiracular line
has disappeared, but the oblique stripes are faintly marked, and
are broad dashes like those of the larva of Sphinx ligustri, the 1st
and 2nd and the lower part of the 7th are very faint, the upper part
of the 7th joins the subdorsal line and is very strong; they seem to
be formed as in the Amorphid larve by the massing of the shagreen

G2 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

tubercles. The caudal horn is black, shorter than in preceding
instar. Hairs very short, those on caudal horn longer than those
on body; the shagreen tubercles on area of future ocellated spots
are mere specks (July 12th, 1896). Sourth instar: 25mm. growing
to 43mm. at end of instar ;.head, as in last instar, very small for size
of larva. Body green in colour (but dark forms occur in this
stadium). Head, prothorax and mesothorax now strongly retractile ;
the metathorax and rst and 2nd abdominals much swollen. The
dark mediodorsal line still present; the subdorsal broad, not
so distinct as in previous instar, strong on 8th abdominal, and
bordered with dark brown on the upper side; the oblique lines
only faintly marked, although in some instances bordered with
dark brown or black; the ocellated spots now strongly marked,
the lunule large and bright, the upper half yellow, the lower half
bright pink, surrounded by a narrow black line, on the under side
this black border is enlarged into a velvety-black blotch, often
with a small detached spot beneath, rather stronger on the tst
than on the znd abdominal; the pink lower border of the ocellated
spots in 4th instar becomes gradually surrounded by the yellow
and is left as a pink lunule in the centre of the yellow one. One
of the larve has strongly marked black blotches on each
segment just above the subdorsal line, and a black blotch
on the posterior mediodorsal portion of each segment; it is also
faintly mottled with black all over the dorsal area. . The caudal
horn still prominent in some larve, stiff, pointed, slightly curved, shiny,
black, but with white tip (July 15th, 1896). 7th znsfar (the last):
Bright green in colour, mottled with paler green specks (shagreen
spots). Head rather tall, rounded in shape, very small, of a duller
green tint than body, mottled with darker green on face. Pro-
thoracic scutellum also darker green than rest of body. The
markings on the body as in preceding instar, but rather stronger ;
the spiracles dark; the subdorsal stripes on thoracic segments
bordered both above and below with black (very strongly marked on
anterior half of metathorax); the ocellated spots now very prominent,
the central area dark greenish-brown, extending to lunule, bordered with
yellow above and blue beneath, the black border very strong, especially
the lower part of that on the 1st abdominal, almost equally so on both
the upper and lower parts on that on the znd abdominal. [One sus-
pects that the clearly-marked portion of the subdorsal line on the meta-
thorax with its deep black borders is the commencement or remnant
of another ocellated spot, and it suggests how this characteristic
style of marking possibly originated.]| Caudal horn mounted on a
pyramidal-shaped hump, the horn itself very small and insignificant
(July roth, 1896) (Bacot). dlgrown larva: About 7omm. in
length, stout from the rst to the 8th abdominal segment, being
widest at the rst and znd abdominal segments. The thoracic
segments taper rapidly to the head, which is small and round.
The head, prothorax, and mesothorax can be retracted into the
metathorax, which then becomes puffed. ‘There is a small, curved,
rough caudal horn, 2mm. long, on the 8th abdominal segment.
The skin generally smooth (Hellins), Newman also describes the
fullfed larva (£77., 111., pp. 127—128).

VARIATION OF LARVA.—Albin described the green and brown forms

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 73

in 1749, noting that the larve were taken on June 26th, were full-
fed on July 7th, the imagines emerging on April 15th of the following
year. Harris, in the Aurelian, notes the green and brown larve
as belonging to different sexes, the green being ?, the brown ¢.
Hellins says that, in colour, there are two main varieties: (1) This
form has the ground-colour a sort of mouse-brown, buff at the
folds, covered with a network of blackish freckles, except on the
thoracic segments. These have a subdorsal line of dusky buff
enclosed in a blackish border which, on the metathorax, swells out
into a blacker blotch. The rst and 2nd abdominal segments have
each, at the subdorsal level, a large blackish blotch enclosing in
its upper half a lilac, kidney-shaped spot, the centre of which is
olive in colour, and, at the commencement of each segment at
the subdorsal level, the black freckles are more distinct and deep
in tint. .The head and horn are dull black, and there is, on the
8th abdominal, a black V with its tip at the caudal horn. The
spiracles are dusky buff, ringed with black. The belly is buffish,
freckled with a smaller pattern than that on the back, the legs
dusky. (2) The second form has the ground-colour dull green,
paler at the folds, with traces of black-brown network of freckles,
most distinct as a subdorsal patch on the front of each segment ;
there is also a dorsal line of freckles. The subdorsal line on
pieminoracie segments and the blotches on the ist and 2nd
abdominal segments as in the other variety. The spiracles pale
brownish, with dark rings; the ventral area dusky-green ; the
caudal horn and the V-mark on the 8th abdominal segment black.
Bacot observes that of six larve that hatched from Norfolk ova, all
were green until the 3rd moult, and that one then obtained the dusky
coloration that is usual with adult larve; in this larva the usual
markings were present, but they were dark grey-brown, lighter than
the general ground-colour; the black spots on each segment, just
above the subdorsal lines, present, and, with these exceptions,
all the other markings clearer and more distinct than in the
mecamorm ) dhe remaiming five latve were green in the 4th
instar, one being entirely green, three with black spots above the
subdorsal band and below the stripes; the remaining one was
without spots. In the black form the spiracles were white;
fides ereen form black. Chaumette writes (Zool, 1x:, Pp.
3100) that the ground-colour varies from a fine apple-green to
dark brown, variously variegated with small dusky lines; the
dark individuals having much resemblance to the colour of the
Spanish radish. The sides of the 4th and 5th segments are each
ornamented with a iarge eye-like spot of a shining black colour
(ocellus), on the upper half of which is a large reniform spot of a
light greyish-olive colour, lighter towards the sides; also two dark
oblong patches on either side of the 3rd segment, from which pro-
ceed two dusky longitudinal lines towards the head; there are also
faint traces of a dusky dorsal line; there is generally an interrupted
longitudinal line on either side in a line with the ocelli; sometimes
there are traces ot a dusky interrupted lateral line, and, often,
especially in the darker individuals, there is a series of pale
oblique stripes. In the dark specimens, the anterior segments
are of a much lighter colour than in the others; the caudal

74 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

horn dark brown or black, tipped with white, with two short
dark oblique stripes joining the base of it. Head, abdomen and
prolegs varying according to the colour of the body, thoracic legs
pale flesh colour; stigmata brownish-yellow bordered with black, but
variable. James notes one nearly black larva at Deal, one brown and
two green ones at Rickmansworth, one dark brown one at Broxbourne,
and Russell records that larve taken on the banks of the Basingstoke
canal from water-bedstraw were in various stages, some nearly fullfed,
others very small; half of them were green in colour (the small ones)
and half black. In confinement all the green ones in moulting changed
to black and pupated when of that colour. Hammond describes
(Ent., xili., p. 280) a form of the larva as: Light brown; on 5th and
6th segments a velvety-black ocellated spot, with a kidney-shaped
whitish spot within the black; on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 1oth
segments an oblique lateral stripe of lilac and white, similar to those
in the larva of Sphinx ligustri, but shorter; horn very short. As
to the cause of the dimorphism in the larve of this species, Weismann
observes (Studies in the Theory of Descent, transl. pp. 296, 301) that the
larve of £. elpenor, when young, rest on the leaves, but, when
adult, rest by day among the dead branches and leaves of its
foodplant, Zpdlobium hirsutum, and on the ground among the tangled
leaves and branches if feeding on £. parvifolium. The change
thus appears to be associated with a change in habit, and it is
probable that this (and similarly coloured species with similar
habits) first acquired the habit of concealing itself by day on the
ground and among dead herbage, before the original green colour
could have been changed into brown by natural selection. The
adult larve are, therefore, sometimes brown and sometimes green,
because the anciently-inherited green has not yet been completely
replaced by the newly-acquired brown coloration, some individuals
still retaining the old green colour.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—/i7rs¢ stadium: 4mm. in
length, of a yellowish-white opalescent colour (directly after hatching),
the large and somewhat curved caudal horn being black ; so
transparent that (under a low magnifying power) the nervous,
tracheal and alimentary systems could be beautifully seen. As
soon as the larve began to feed they became green in consequence of
the food appearing through the skin, but the latter also gradually
acquired a dark green colour (pl. iv., fig. 17). All the specimens
(20) were exactly alike and showed no trace of marking. Second
stadium: The first ecdysis occurred after 5-6 days. Length of larve
now 9mm.-romm., shining green, the horn becoming a little red at the
base, while a fine white subdorsal line extended from the horn to
the head (fig. 18). The head and legs green; the segmental
divisions appear as fine light rings, the entire upper surface of the
segments also crossed by fine transverse rings (as also was the case
in ‘the ist stage). At the beginning of the present stage no trace
of the eye-spots could be detected, but a few days after it was
observed that the white subdorsal line was no longer straight on the
4th and 5th. segments, but had curved upwards into two small
crescents. The latter soon stood out more strongly, owing to the
filling up of their concavities with darker green. These are the
first rudiments of the eye-spots (figs. 19 and 30). A very fine white

3 EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 75

- line now connected the spiracles (infra-spiracular line) and could be
traced from the last segment to the head. This line takes no further
part in the subsequent development of the markings, but disappears
in the following stage. The blood-red colour of the base of the
black caudal horn is retained till the 5th stage, and then also
disappears. Before the second moult, which occurs after another
period of 5-6 days, the larve, which were about 1°3cm. in length, had
assumed their characteristic, tapering, slug-like form. It was not
observed that the larva at this stage possessed the power of with-
drawing the three foremost segments into the two succeeding ones,
as is so frequently to be observed in the adults, neither were
these two segments so strikingly enlarged as they are at a later
period. Third stadium: After the second ecdysis the marking and
colouring only undergo change with respect to the eye-spots. The
concayities of the crescent-shaped portions of the subdorsal line
become black, the remainder of this line at the same time losing
much of its whiteness, and thus becoming less distinct, while the
crescents assume the appearance of small eye-spots (fig. 20).
During this stage the curved crescent-formed portions become pre-
pared for complete separation from the remainder of the subdorsal
line, and, just before the third moult, the eye-spots become sharply
defined both in front and behind, whilst the black ground-colour
curves upwards, and the white spots gradually become lenticular
and commence to enlarge (fig. 21). ourth stadium: The third
moult takes place after another interval of 5-6 days, the eye-spots
then becoming very prominent. The white nucleus of the first spot
is kidney-shaped, and that of the hind spot egg-shaped, whilst the
black ground-colour extends as a slender border upwards along the
sides of the spots, but does not completely surround them till
towards the end of the present stage (fig. 21). The central portion
of the white spots at the same time becomes of a peculiar violet-
brown colour, inclining to yellow above, the peripheral region alone
remaining pure white. Of the subdorsal line, only traces are now to
be recognised, and these are retained, with almost unchanged in-
tensity, sometimes into the last stage, remaining with the greatest
persistence on the three front and on the penultimate segments,
whilst on those containing the eye-spots, z¢., the 4th and 5th, not
a trace remains. At the present stage, the peculiar mingling of
colours becomes apparent over the whole of the upper surface, the
green is no longer uniform, but a mixture of short and gently
sinuous, dark green striations on a lighter ground, now appear.
On the sides of the caterpillar, these stripes, which are at first
indistinct but become more strongly pronounced in the next stage,
are arranged obliquely on the spiracles, with the lower portions
directed forwards. Fifth stadium: The 4th moult occurs 7-8 days
after the 3rd, the larva being 4cm.-5cm. in length. Whilst all the
specimens hitherto observed were, with one exception, light green,
they now mostly changed their colour and became dark brown. In
one case only did the brown colour appear in the previous (4th)
stage. The striations previously mentioned appear as dull and
interrupted dirty yellow streaks, the same dirty yellow colour showing
itself continuously on the sides of the front four segments. Of the
subdorsal line, only a distinct trace is now to be seen on the 11th

76 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and on the front three segments, whilst on the 3rd segment the
formation of another eye-spot commences to be plainly perceptible by a
local deposition of black (fig. 23). This third spot does not, how-
ever, become completely developed, either in this or in the last stage,
but the subdorsal line remains continuous on the three front segments.
Among other changes at this stage, there occurs a considerable
shortening of the caudal horn, which, at the same time, loses its
beautiful black and red colours and becomes brownish, The two
large eye-spots have now nearly attained complete development. The
kidney-shaped white spot has become entirely surrounded by black,
and, on the brown, red, and yellow tints present in this spot during
the last stage, a nearly black spot has been developed—the pupil of
the eye* (fig. 33). In this 5th stage the larva attains a length of
6cm., after which the 5th moult takes place, the larva becoming ready
for pupation in the 6th stage. No striking changes of colouring
or marking occur after the present stage, but only certain unimportant
alterations, which are, however, of the greatest theoretical interest.
Sixth stadium+t: In this stage the eye-like appearance of the spots on
the front segments becomes still more distinct than in the 5th stage;
_at the same time these spots repeat themselves on all the other
segments, from the 6th to the r1th, although certainly without pupils,
and appearing only as diffused deep black spots, of the morphological
significance of which, however, there cannot be the least doubt.
They are situated in precisely the same positions on the 6-11 seg-
ments as those on the 4th and 5th—near the front, and above and
below the subdorsal line. A feeble indication of the latter can often
be recognised (fig. 23). In all dark brown specimens the repeated
spots can only be detected in a favourable light and after acquiring an
intimate knowledge of the caterpillar, but, in light brown and green
specimens, they appear very sharply defined. ‘There is one other new
character never observed at an earlier period than the 6th stage—
viz., the small dots which appear in pairs near the posterior edge of
segments 5-11. ‘These dots cannot have been developed from the
subdorsal line, as they are situated higher than the latter. Their
colour varies according to the ground-colour of the caterpillar, but it
is always lighter, being light green in green specimens, dull yellow in
those that are light brown, and grey in the blackish-brown cater-
pillars. ‘These ‘dorsal spots” are chiefly of interest because they are
present in the larva of Zheretra porcellus, in which species they appear
one stage earlier than in Lumorpha elpenor (Weismann, Studies in the
Theory of Descent, transl. pp. 177 e¢ seq.).

COMPARISON OF ADULT LARV& OF EUMORPHA ELPENOR AND
THERETRA PORCELLUS.—|The larva of £. e/fenor is the younger,
so that the larve are almost equal as regards size. Both larve
are of the dusky form.] General coloration: The larva of &.
elpenor is of a more inky hue than that of Z. forcelius, which

* In order to establish a definite terminology for the different portions of the
eye-spot, the pupil is designated the ‘‘ nucleus,’’ the light ground on which the pupil
stands the ‘‘mirror,’? and the black ground which surrounds the mirror is termed
the ‘* ground-area.”’

+ We know of no other lepidopterist who has observed a 6th stadium in the
larva of this species. The 5th stadium is by all considered to be the last.
Weismann’s experience must have been quite unusual.

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 77

is only a greyish- or smoky-green when it is examined closely ;
the general effect, however, is to give it an earthy look at a little
distance; both have the darker tessellated shading, but in 7,
porcellus there are no velvety-black subdorsal patches, nor is the
dark shading round the ocellated spots so intensely black as in
E. elpenor. Spiracles: The spiracles of 7. porcellus are pure white,
those of £. elpenor have a dusky band across the centre. Ocellated
spots: The ocellated spots are quite different; those of £. elpenor
consist of a rounded lunule, or a bent and round-ended oblong
of purple-tinted white, deepening at centre and back to greenish-
sepia, the whole giving a blue effect, the spot being situated at
the upper edge of a large, roughly circular, velvety-black spot.
Those of Z. forcellus are less striking; the area of the black is
greatly reduced by the central spot being broadened into a rounded
trapezoid .of pearly-white, having, in its centre, a broad oval of
dull pink that shades off centrally into a narrow oval of dull
smoky-yellow. As ocellated spots, those of 7. Zorcellus are possibly
the more correctly developed in plan and shading, but their dul-
ness probably renders them less effective in their startling appearance
than the more vivid ones of £&. elpenor. Structural differences :
There seems little, if any, difference beyond the fact that there is a
tolerably well-developed caudal horn in £. elgenor, which is absent
in Z..porcellus, although, curiously, the white tip to the horn of
the former finds its analogue in a white spot at the apex of the
low elevation that replaces the horn in Z. foreellus. The larva
of Z. porcellus tapers rather more towards the anal end, as though
the 8th abdominal segment had dwindled slightly with the de-
generation of the horn. In both species the abdominal subsegments
appear to be 6 in number, the 1st being equal to the 3 or even
4 following ones in size. (This would make 8 subsegments to each
segment were the rst counted as 3, as is possibly structurally the
case.) Habit: Both larve have a similar slow but jerky method
of moving and crawling. (Bacot. July 28th, rgor).

Cocoon.— The larva spins a very slight cocoon among the rubbish
below the foodplant (Ransom); the puparium is very loosely spun,
composed of leaves and silk (Watkins) ; makes a slight cocoon under
moss, grass or moss being interwoven with the silk (Lambillion) ;
spins an open irregular but strong network of dirty-whitish silk on
the surface of the soil, fastening in pieces of earth, dry leaves,
&c. (Hellins). Perkins notes (£7. Wk. Int., 1859, p. 3) finding

-puparia beneath pinks in a garden at Wotton-under-Edge, larve
having been found on fuchsias in the same border the previous
summer.

Pupa.—This form is characteristically Eumorphid, fairly cylin-
drical, z.e., not specially flattened; labrum anterior, a distinct keel to
anterior 6mm. of maxilla, convexity of eye directed a few degrees
ventrally of directly forward. Thickest part 4th and 5th abdominal
segments, thinning forwards and with some little flattening in front
about end of 1st legs and antenne (made more conspicuous by the
maxillary keeling). The detailed dimensions of an apparently
average specimen (f ) are :—

78 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

DISTANCE

FROM TRANSVERSE | __-NTERO-
BARNS SECU ES) oN ANTERIOR |DIAMETER AT bine ee
EXTREMITY.

Eye-spines.. 50 se | cOmmts 5°3mm. 5‘Omm.
Posterior border 1st thoracic segment SP Sn hacOMrs 8:00 3°20,
Widest part of mesothorax.. na soar an 7c Soe 93 » S61
End of Ist leg and antenna (1st abdominal) Sey WL Oca HOHE) 55 1O7G\ ie
End of 2nd leg (3rd abdominal) .. a ~.| 16°O!",, “}- 10:6)" 55,-oimeaomee
Widest part (4th abdominal) “3 o6 Fal) BOG tos 1-2 LO 5,
End of 4th abdominal Ae ut oi Wal22sOunen L1cO eee IPO: 58
Across spines (5th abdominal) .. 26 AE AS ION a5 Ao 1 £°O) gee
Across spines (6th abdominal) .. ae esl ZOO. LlOngs 1033;
Across spines (7th abdominal) .. a fuses) a5 AO). 5 8°" Ge
Middle 8th abdominal as ‘ea oe dia S340 5s (308 =3s 6:6. 3,
Base terminal spine . Mie se elise Ouees Ean ie a
End of spine=Total length ae 36 Fale SOS. oe

At the extreme front is a rough prominence, nearly as a transverse
ridge 2mm., transversely by ‘6mm., so rough that it is not easy to say
whether it is labrum and mandibles, or belongs to the clypeus
and epicranium, it has a central portion and a more pronounced
point at each end. Further out and immediately in front of the
eyes 1S a square prominence, ending in a rounded tubercle with
one or two subsidiary ones (called eye-spines above); besides
the maxillary keel, the rst tibiz present a prominent fulness in front.
The antenne and rst legs terminate at about same level, the znd legs are
separated from head by the rst ones touching about rmm. of the antenne.
Wings and maxille terminate together at margin of 4th segment (ab-
dominal). The 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments possess each
a circle of spines, which is nearly complete on 7th, but wanting
over ventral 4th of segment on 5th and 6th. ‘They are not referable
to any subsegment (2.e., not obviously), they are quite to the front
of the segment dorsally, are less so laterally when they le behind
the spiracles and then again pass a little more forwards. In the
movements of the pupa, they just touch the margin of the seg-
ment in front, in extreme flexion of the pupa in any direction.
Dorsally, they are smallest, but most numerous in several irregular
rows, they are largest half-way from this to spiracles, whence
there is no more than one row, but so irregularly placed as to
quite admit of being described as isolated spines belonging to
two or more rows. ‘They are black, conical, sharp-pointed, with
a curve backwards. ‘They stand on the anterior slope of a ridge
most marked where they are largest. The largest are perhaps
‘2mm. in length, by ‘15mm. wide at base. These spines, with the
head tubercles, suggest a habit of leaving the puparium for
emergence. The anterior spiracle is very obvious but has no lips
or flanges of special structure, the others are narrow oval areas,
with a central slit, which has raised margins and is a little wider
at either end, the areas are surrounded by the ordinary wrinkling
which takes, however, the form of fine concentric rings round
them. When mounted as a transparent object, however, the
anterior spiracle is seen to have a thickened anterior lip with
many fine hairs, the posterior to be a_ flattened plate, closely

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 79

beset with minute spicules, the true spiracle is at some distance
within this. The anal spine is very large and formidable, its base
occupies the whole dorsal half of the 1oth abdominal segment,
nearly 35mm. broad and over 1‘omm. thick, seen from above it is
triangular, but not quite regularly; for the first 1°3mm. the sides
approach each other slightly, then, curving in, proceed to a point;
the length is 3°omm., really it is more, as when seen sideways, the
dorsum is seen to be longitudinal for 2:°omm. and then to bend
down at an angle of 120° or thereabouts for 2°5mm., whilst the
venter is regularly curved; it ends in a very fine polished point,
the extremity of which is, however, minutely bifid; beneath, it
has a central ridge and two side hollows, and there is a deep
grooved recess between its base and the anal eminences; it is
black and covered with closely-set rather deep pits, the ridges between
which preserve much of the character of wrinkling. The subsegmenta-
tion is obscure, except on dorsum of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal
segments, where there is a broader anterior subsegment, and 4 narrower
subsegments behind it; traces of these may be seen on the other
segments. Behind, and ventral to the spiracles in abdominal segments
5 and 6, may be seen, halfway between the spines and the posterior
margin of the segment, the broader wrinkle, as of a wave flowing
from the front backwards, since the level is lower behind it than
in front, which marks off the intersegmental subsegment, which
is not otherwise very obvious. ‘The scars of prolegs may be quite
absent, or may be darker (more chitinised), projecting, smooth,
and altering the lines of wrinkling. The normal arrangement
seems to be a little extra dark pigment, with a slight elevation
and hollow behind it, but no interference with the transverse lines
of the wrinkling. The horn scar is equally variable. In one specimen,
a little extra pigment is all that denotes it, in another it is a
little raised polished circle of darker (more chitinised) colour,
surrounded by a ring of minute pits, with the fine wrinkling
radiating from it into the general surface, but actually domi-
nating the lines on the whole dorsum of the segment. ‘There is
also a very definite hollow behind the raised spot. The general
sculpture or wrinkling is exceedingly difficult to describe in all
these pupe. I am not sure that the attempt is not hopeless. It
affords definite differences between many different species of
these pupze, and yet description will hardly show anything that
is not common to many of them. It is, perhaps, hardly mere
sculpturing that the middle ventral line of abdominal segments
5 and 6 shows in most specimens as a longitudinal dark mark, which,
in some specimens, has a depressed groove added. The prothorax
appears to have a median suture which sometimes is and some-
times is not functional on dehiscence; there is none in mesothorax.
The head is tuberculated, rather than wrinkled, and there is almost
a definite pattern within the circle of the glazed eye; the antennz
have a central line and transverse impressions on either side
(marking segments). The segments are separated by a fine double
line, and there is indicated a line across each segment, the true
wrinkling is extremely minute and secondary to these. The ridge
of the maxille has a depressed line separating its two sides, and
has various irregular wrinklings, on the whole transverse. The

80 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

legs are roughly tuberculated, perhaps, rather than wrinkled. The
thorax is finely wrinkled in a “cerebral convolution” sort of
pattern, without special features, except to be coarser at the wing-
bases. The wings have coarse transverse wrinkling along the costa,
finer and longitudinal at the hindmargin, varying in some specimens
to nearly smooth ; the nervures are visible, more so at a ilttle distance
as paler lines than on closer inspection. The abdominal wrinklings
down to the 6th segment are of the cerebral convolution pattern,
except that they are arranged to be practically transverse. On the
5th and 6th abdominals they are much coarser in front than behind the
spinous ridge, with a somewhat intermediate condition on the 7th,
on the 8th and gth the sculpture is largely pitting. The colour is
terracotta, with a very varying amount of black. The thorax and
wings, a dorsal line, and the subdorsal region are always dark,
sometimes quite black. Individuals vary so that one would expect
as rare varieties to see one pure terracotta. or pure black. On
the thorax the sulci of the wrinklings are black, even when the
ridges are pale; the same is the case with the wings and
these often have black spots in rows down the nervures.
On the abdomen the black especially affects the hair-spots, but
is also more widely distributed. Viewed as a transparent object,
the shell structure is very elaborate. The sulci in thorax and
wings are marked as dark dendrites. At the wing-bases are a
considerable group, on each side on meso- and metathorax, of fine
hairs in minute circles or in chitinous points; these are less common
dorsally. The hindwing, by the way, just falls short of the spiracle
of the 3rd abdominal before being lost under forewing. The minute
hair-points become more numerous on the abdominal segments
and only fail on the absolute dorsal line. No definite arrange-
ment of them is detected. Passing backwards, the hairs and hair-
points become more numerous; when hairs are absent the hair-
points are present as dark spots at the intersections of the dendritic lines
of the sulci. On the final segments the pits are these same points
enlarged into coin-like hollows, with either a minute hair or a hair-
point in the centre. The spines on the abdominal ridges are seen
to be a special development of these hair-points. Seen under the
microscope, some of these are solid projeciions rising from the
surface, not unlike, in colour and shape, the anal spine of the
pupa. Some are then found with a deep pit under them, or rather
behind them; then, in the neighbourhood of these, hair-points
with hairs, but with the forward margin of the surrounding circle
of chitin raised into a ridge with central point, clearly the same
structure as the spine. In the course of examining the pupe, bits
of fine scale became detached, and it is found that the pupa is
covered by a fine scale, as in AZtmas tiliae (anted, vol. il., p. 412),
most often observable on the thorax, where it is consolidated with
the ridges, but passes across the valley of the wrinkling, but, when
looked for, it is seen to cover the whole pupa, at least in some
specimens. The anal scar is a longitudinal depression with a
raised, rather broad, lip surrounding it, with parallel impressed lines,
The lips pass round the posterior end of the depression and over-
hang the cavity at the base of the anal spike. Anteriorly they
rather fade out into the general surface. There is considerable

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 81

difference in their disposition, sometimes the lips with the central
line as depression occupy a circular area, more often it is narrower,
7.é., elliptical, and sometimes, by the sides being nearly parallel, it
is rather quadrangular. The small angular portions of the roth
segment not occupied by the scar and spike are strongly pitted,
but usually without special feature ; rarely, close to the posterior angle
of the anal scar, there is an irregularity that may be the scar of the
larval claspers. The male tubercles are full and rounded, occupy an
exactly circular area, with the median crevice between them; this is a
little wider posteriorly. Though in the middle of abdominal segment
g, these male tubercles have the appearance of belonging to 10, as
the posterior border of 9 1s wanting opposite them, ze¢., appears
to bend up to them, and may more easily pass round them in front
than behind. Precisely similarly the segmental divisions are wanting
im the Same parts in the female pupa between 8, 9, and 10; 9
presents a few wrinkles, which pass back to the anal scar, and
the margin of 8—g passes forwards to the posterior pore. This
is very similar to the male pore, but on a much smaller scale;
in front of this is, less marked but quite distinct, another longitudinal
impression; the area on 8 occupied by these two pores and their
accessories 1S a square with its diagonals longitudinal and _trans-
verse, and from its lateral angles a line passes outwards and fades
into the posterior margin of the segment (Chapman).

PupaL Hapits.—The pupa of Z. e/penor is remarkable in that
it is able to work its way out of its cocoon before emergence in
the same way as does the pupa of Dimorpha versicolora. ‘This is
effected by means of the spines already described (anted, p. 78)
as existing along certain of the abdominal segments. Bacot notes
that he had larva, in 1895, that pupated in a flower-pot filled with
moss, and formed long and rather narrow cocoons by spinning the
moss stems together with a small amount of silk. These cocoons
were all vertical, or nearly so, and were from half-an-inch to an
inch longer than the pupa, the top being usually left open; in the
spring the pupze were observed to move up and down in their.
cocoons, and one, in particular, used to push itself half-way out on
sunny days, going down again in cold and dull weather, and it was
halfway out of its cocoon when the moth was disclosed ; some moths,
however, emerged from pupe that had their heads only protruding,
while, in other instances, no movement on the part of the pupa
had apparently been made before emergence. Ransom observes
that, about a month before emerging, some pupz work their way
Out of the cocoons and travel several inches away from the cocoon ;
the movement is accomplished by means of strong spines on the
abdominal segments; the abdomen is moved from side to side,
and the spines, catching hold of any substance with which they come
in contact, enable the pupa to progress. Russell notes that as
early as May 14th, the pupe (which remained in the moss in
which the larve had pupated) prepared for emergence. They
raised themselves on end, and, in many instances, stood out of the
moss practically upright, although about one-third otf the pupz
eppeated ft0 make no movement at all. A note in the Zvz7.
Wk. Int., vii., p. 109, states that a pupa worked itself out of its
loose cocoon, and lay quite bare on the moss for 5 or 7 weeks before

F

82 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the emergence of the perfect insect. Bacot observes (z# Jit.) that
he has immersed pupz of this species in water for periods of a
few hours up to 23 days, and that they have all survived.

FooppLants.—£pilobium angustifolium, Impatiens, Vitis, Convol-
vulus (Linné), Galium palustre, Epilobium hirsutum (Buckler),
Menyanthes trifoliata (Huene), Galium mollugo, Fuchsia, vine (Hellins),
variegated holly, Fuchsia fulgens (Hodge), Galium verum (Riding),
LEpilobium palustre (Lambillion), mpatiens nolt-me-tangere, Circaea lute-
tiana (Crewe), Vitis vinifera (Calberla), Rubia tinctorum (Snellen),
Lythrum salicaria (Krieghoft), Lpilobtum parviflorum (Weismann),
Lythrum purpureum (Poulton), Czrcaea intermedia, Ampelopsis
hederacea (Rossler), A. guinquefolia (Garbowski), /mpatiens parvifiora,
Balsamina repens, Lonicera (teste Bartel), lettuce (Vaughan, £77, xxxiv.,
p. 100), apple (Thornewill). Bacot observes: ‘‘ The larve eat Fuchsia
well in captivity; in nature (in the Lea valley) they appear to
commence on Galium palustre, and after they have finished this
they attack the Lf7/obium, on the top of a tall plant of which they
are sometimes very conspicuous.” Ransom notes: “The larve
eat Galium palustre and various species of Efpzlobium, but E. hirsutum
much less frequently than the other species.” Russell writes: “The
larve eat fuchsia greedily, but some I had did not fancy one plant
that had reddish-coloured leaves.” At the meeting of the Ent.
Soc. of London, November 19th, 1902, Mr. Goss stated that in
August, 1898 and 1899, he collected a number of larve of Eumorpha
elpenor feeding on Jmpatiens noli-me-tangere, that, when this was
exhausted, he offered them L£7lobium hirsutum, Fuchsia, Galium
mollugo, and G. aparine. ‘The larve refused to eat any of them,
and many of the larve (nearly three dozen) died of starvation before
a fresh supply of /mpatiens could be obtained.

PARASITES. — Amblyteles proteus, Christ (Bignell), Amdlyteles
JSusorius, Linn. (Brischke), /chneumon privenis (Harris).

Hasirs.—The imago usually emerges in the morning about 9 a.m.
(Hewett). Both sexes fly to flowers at dusk, flight not lasting long
(Ruhl), and they may then be sometimes taken in large numbers.
They affect the flowers of Saponaria, Lonicera, Echium, Petunia,
&c., in Germany (Bartel), flowers of Syringa and Lonicera caprifolium
in the Baltic provinces (Nolcken), but are attracted by many
other flowers—Turk’s-cap lily at Armagh (Johnson), rhododen-
dron, swarming in scores at one small bush at Dinas Mawddwy
(Tetley), also abundant at the same plant at Lissan (Greer), garden-
rocket (Ash), Galium (Sich), J/ris pseudacorus (Barrett), Cerasus
lusttanica (Oldham), at violas at Bushey Heath (Barraud), at Aconitum
napellus, abundant at St. Clerans (Lawless), white pinks and valerian
at Sulby (Clarke), different varieties of garden /ris are particularly
attractive at Clevedon (Mason), whilst honeysuckle is repeatedly
noted from various localities. ‘The moth is also attracted by sugar.
We shall never forget one dark evening in June, 1874, at Cuxton,
when rain came on at dusk, directly after the sugar had been put
on the trees; Noctuids swarmed, but the appearance of several
splendid imagines of Lumorpha elpenor, drinking steadily at the
sugar on quivering wing, proved the excitement of the evening.
Comes freely to sugar at Sulby from about - June goth (Clarke),
buzzing at the sugar at Barnwell Wold, also at Abbott’s Wood in

EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 83

1892 (Porritt), at sugar at Gravesend (Button), in Wicken Fen
(Musham), in the Wye Valley (Vaughan), at York (Wilson), at
Llanrwst (Pearson), at Ranworth (Harmer), hovering at the
sugar in south Devon (Prideaux), a fine g at sugar, July rst,
1897, at Benfleet, quite settled on it and not flying round (James),
June 24th, 1899, and July rst, 1900, at Bude, at sugared J7ss,
and on June 12th, 1900, at Wicken, at a sugared treetrunk (Kaye),
Hervey notes 4 specimens at sugar at Glastonbury, June 22nd,
1875, three hovering at one tree, and taken by one sweep of
the net; they arrived comparatively early in the evening, before the
lamp was lighted to examine the sugar. Burrows observed one
hovering at sugar, June roth, 1896, at Rainham; the light was
kept steadily on the insect, whilst a larger box was fetched; it took
no notice of the light, but went on drinking. ‘Trimoulet also
records the insect at sugar in the Gironde dept. The imagines
are also attracted to light—at the electric lights at Bern (Hiltbold),
at Portschach (Wagner), most abundant on July g3rd-4th, 1898,
from 9.15 p.m.—1iIo0.20 p.m., at Aigle, at the electric lights (Lowe),
also at electric light at Eastbourne (Dewey), at Ipswich (Morléy),
at Chester (Dobie), at light at Taunton (Farrant), at Paul (Daws),
at Erith (Fenn), at Winchester (Shepheard-Walwyn), &c. Smith
fees 2 9 captured-by a friend at Exeter, carried to Burton
alive in a box in pocket, and states that, while waiting near Chelten-
iaumed § settled on him (£z/., xxix., p. 124). Time of day and
other details are altogether wanting.

Hapitat.—The imagines visit gardens, roadsides, woodsides,
&c., attracted no doubt by the flowers, and their larve are
occasionally found in such localities, but fens, ditchsides, river-
banks, streamsides, pondsides, and similar localities are their
favourite haunts. The.larve are sometimes abundant on all the
ditchsides between Sandwich and Deal (Tutt), ditchsides at Folke-
stone (Byrne), on the banks of a pond at Oxton (Studd), along the
banks of the Stour near Ashford and Wye (Theobald), on the
banks of ditches and by the riverside near Sudbury (Ransom),
along the banks of streams and ditches at Maidstone (Gandy),
abundant in the water-meadows at Newbury (Hopson). Thornewill
records finding a larva in a garden at Burton on apple; Perkins
finds the species sometimes common in gardens at Wotton-under-
Edge, and Calberla states that the larve are abundant in the
vineyards of the Roman Campagna.

TIMES OF APPEARANCE.—In the British Islands the species is
single-brooded, occurring generally in late May and June (extending in
late seasons into July), whilst the appearance of autumnal examples
is very occasional. We have only noted the following records, zz.,
reared a second brood through August, 1859, at Lancaster (Taylor).
Several larvze obtained in July at Oxford, pupated in due course,
two pupe producing imagines on August 5th, 1868 (Matthews), Sep-
tember 12th, 1878, an imago at Taunton (Parish), August 13th,
1879, at light, at Erith (Fenn), a second-brood 9 example
emerged September 15th, 1900, at Sudbury, from a pupa that was
in the pupal stage a very short time and which was of a very pale
colour (Ransom). On the continent complete or partial double-broods
are common. ‘Thus we find—end of May and commencement of

84 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

August at Lineburg (Machleidt), June and August-September at
Crefeld (Rothke), May-June and August at Leipzig (este Bartel),
May-June and August, common, in Baden (Reutti), May and August
at Wiesbaden (Rossler), May-June, but more abundantly July-
August at Dessau (Rossler), May-June, but occasional single
specimens under favourable conditions in autumn at Ratisbon
(Schmid), May-June in Inn Valleys, but imago again July 2oth,
1896, at Riesenhof (Himsl), May-June, and again in August, at
Epiries (Husz), May-June and August-September in Budapest
(teste Bartel), Fritsch gives dates for Austro-Hungary from April
r8th (at Pressburg) and May tst up to July toth, with two doubtfully
second-brood records on July 13th and August ‘3rd, and two evident
second-brood ones, August 26th and September rath, all from
Salzburg. Double-brooded in Roumania, end of May and August-
September, very common from August 25th to September roth, at
Valeni (Caradja), May-June, and very rarely in August in the
Haute-Garonne (Caradja), May-June, and again in August, at
Mantes (¢esfte Speyer), common from May 15th to September 3oth,
but especially in July in the Indre dept. (Martin), June-July and
again in September at Florence (Fiori), May and again in
July, double-brooded, in the Roman Campagna (Calberla), May
and July-August at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), &c. Single broods
only have been recorded from the followimg—May in the Kuldja
district (Alphéraky), June in Wetterau, also in southwest Siberia
(teste Bartel), May-June at Kaschau, Raab, Draga, near Fiume, &c.
(Fritsch), May-June at Biedenkopf (Ruhl), Eutin, Brunswick, Werni-
gerode, Halle, Thuringia, Augsburg, Schwerin, Bremen, Cassel, &c.
(teste Bartel), May-June at Sarepta (Eversmann), May-June in
Switzerland (Frey), at light from June r4th, 1893, at Berne (Hiltbold),
May-June in all the provinces of the Netherlands (Snellen), May-
July in the Baltic provinces (Nolcken), May-July at Carlsruhe
(Reutti), &c. The following records show little as to whether
there are. two broods or not in the respective districts—
May 8th, 1899, at Chifu (Fletcher), June-July, very common
in Lombardy (¢es/e Bartel), May-July in Sicily (Mina-Palumbo),
July 16th, 1897, at Solka, in Bukowina (Hormuzaki), July 25th,
1879, at Wiesbaden (Sich), July 3rd and 4th, 1898, at Aigle (Lowe).
The time of its appearance may vary locally in Britain, e.g.,
Woodforde notes it as appearing later at Market Drayton than in
North Wales (June znd-July 15th at Market Drayton). ‘The following
are the actual dates of appearance that have accumulated: June trst-
15th, 1858, at dusk near Gloucester (Guise), June a2ist, 1858,
June 3rd, 1861, emerged May 28th, 1865, at Worcester (Edmunds),
June 22nd, 1858, seven at one time at a rhododendron at Tinahely
(Bristow), June 7th, 1859, and following days at Oundle (Whall),
June gth-22nd, 1861, June 2nd-5th, 1889, May 24th, 1893, all bred
from larve from Deal (Fenn), July 8th, 1866, at Chertsey (A. H.
Clarke), June 12th, 1868, at Northleach (Todd), June 2oth, 1868,
at Cirencester (Harman), June 22nd, 1868, at Gravesend (Button),
bred June rith, 1870, from larva found at Kingsmill, August 26th,
1869 (Watkins), bred June rst, 1871, June r1th-zoth, 1876, June
7th-8th, 1900, at Oxton (Studd), June 6th, 1876, at Goring, June
11th, 1877, netted in a willow-bed at Burghfield, June 16th, 1881,

. EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 85

netted in garden at Reading, June 18th, 1890, at Caversham (Holland),
June 26th, 1879, at Rugby (Wilson), June 14th-26th, 1880, at Wicken,
June tst-gth, 1881, at Barnwell Wold, June 27th-29th 1892, at Abbott’s
Wood (Porritt’, June 21st, 1881, at Ranworth (Harmer), July rath,
1882, at Teddington, July 14th, 1898, June roth, 1899, at Lynmouth
(T. Briggs), pretty abundant June, 1885, at St. Ives (Norris), June
28th, 1886, June 12th, 1887, at Brentwood, June roth, 1893, June roth,
1896, at sugar at Rainham, from June r1th-15th, 1901, at Mucking
(Burrows), August 28th, 1886, fullfed larve at Deal, imagines emerged
June 21st, 1887, three nearly fullfed larva on one clump of great willow-
herb at Rickmansworth on August 12th, 1887, imagines emerged June,
1888, larva at Broxbourne on August 18th, 1887, imago emerged June,
1888, fine g July rst, 1895, at Benfieet, August rst and 25th, 1899,
2 larve at Mundesley, 1 ichneumoned, the other produced an imago
iumenzoun, roco (james), June rath, 1887, at Brentwood, June
25th, 1896, at Panton (Raynor), July 6th, 1888, in New Forest
(J. A. Clark), beginning of July, 1888, in garden at Groombridge
(Blaber), July s1ath, 1888 (late year), several emerged although
kept in a summer-house at Bristol (Griffiths), June 18th, 1890,
Hoeaewin (tlart), June roth, 1890, at Llanrwst (Pearson),
June rith-18th, 1890, at Swansea (Robertson), June roth, 1891,
Wome 271h-20th, 1892, at Mansfield, July 212th, 1899, June 2nd,
Ig00, at Paul, June roth, 1900, at Redhouse Downs (Daws),
earliest imago on June 6th, in 1892, at Charlton Kings (Brooke), June
tith, 1892, at Freshwater (Hodges), captured at Polegate on June
25th, 1892, bred at Sandown on May 3zoth, 1895, May 21st, 1896
(Prout), larva August 3rd, 1892, produced an imago May 3oth, 1393,
meGuildirord (Grover), May 20th, 1893, at sugar at Lyndhurst
f'remayne), June goth, 1893, at Armagh (Johnson), June 15th,
1993, at Instow (Hinchliff), June 1st-18th, 1894, June rath, 1899,
and days following, common at Wishanger, in 1900 not a single
specimen was seen during the season (Bingham-Newland), bred from
Wicken on May 31st, 1895, bred at Wisbech, June 13th, 1895
(Glenny), June 16th-26th, 1895, June rith, 1896, at Enniskillen
(Allen), May 24th, 1896, in Wyre Forest (Rea), early June, 1896,
at Church Stretton (Newnham), -imago bred June 3rd, 1896, at
Armagh (Johnson), June 26th, 1896, at Chelmsford (Miller), June
26th, 1896,- worn imago at Bexley, came to sugar while it was
bemg put on (Bower), June 1897, at Trefriw, June, rgoo, at
Ballyshannon (Bland), June 15th-z1st, 1897, July 2nd, 4th, goth,
roth, 30th, 1898, at Cambridge (Thornhill), June 5th, 1895, June
7th-13th, 1897, May 21st-June 6th, 1899, also June oth, 11th, 12th,
15th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 30th, July 2nd, 4th, 7th, 1900, at Sulby (Clarke),
June zoth, t897, at Winster (Cotton), imago ¢ captured at Reading
July 12th, 1897, laid ova which hatched, and first imago emerged on
June 28th and the last on July gth, 1898 (Butler), June roth, 1898, at
Dairycoates, near Hull (Holt), imago June rith, 1898, at Reigate, and
July 3rd, r9co, in S. Devon (Prideaux), June 20th, 1898, at Leicester
(Dixon), June 2oth, 1898, at Enfield (Edelsten), June 26th-3oth,
1898, on sandhills between Waxham and Horsey (Cox), July 9th,
1898, at Bushey Heath (Barraud), larve on August 15th-16th, 1898, at
Fleet, imagines emerged June 6th-r16th, 1899 (Russell), June 7th, 1899,
at Chester, at light (Arkle), June 14th, 1899, at Prickwillow (Eddrup),

86 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

June 18th, 1899, at sugar at Wicken, June za3rd-July 1st, 1900,
at Hailsham (Carr), July 7th, 1899, in the Norfolk Broads, July 27th,
1899, at Whitwell (Freeman), [January gth, 1900, at Brecon, pupa
kept indoors (Vaughan), } Moe 1st, May 1st and 2nd, 1900, bred
three imagines from pupe, the larvee from East Hoathly, 1899 (Sich) ],
imagines June 3rd, etc., 1900, at Southampton (Moberly), June 3oth,
Ig00, at Bude (Kaye), June 25th, 26th, 28th, 30th, 1900, at Lissan
(Greer), July 3rd, 1900, in Cumberland (F. H. Day), emerged July
7th-11th, 1900, from pupz from Sudbury (Hewett), imago freshly
emerged June roth, 1901, at Helmsley (Archer), June 4th-rath,
Igo, June 21st, 1902, and following days, at Selby (Ash), June 2end-
July roth, 1901, also bred June 1st, 1902, from a larva that pupated
September 25th, rgo1, at Dorking (Oldaker), June 206th, 1901, imagines
bred at Scarborough (Head), June 27th, 1901, an imago at Stanstead
Abbot (Image), July 14th, 1901, worn specimen at _ Glaisdale
(Atkinson), July 15th, 1901, at Norwood (Swain), June 15th-24th,
1902, at sugar, in the New Forest (Lawrance), June 18th-July1st, 1902,
in New Forest (Lofthouse), July 16th, 1902, at Sherborne (Douglas).

LOCALITIES.—Generally distributed over eastern, southern, and western
England, and also in Ireland, exceedingly rare in the north of England, and
scarcely known in Scotland (the records below being chiefly of single specimens).
[ ABERDEEN: Aberdeen (Jasdowski).] ANTRIM: Belfast, not scarce ( Bristow). ARMAGH:
Armagh (Johnson). Ayr: Lendaltoot (Dunlop), near Ayr (Wilson). BEDFORD:
Bedford (Steuart). BERKS: Reading (Reece), Burghfield, Sulham, Bulmershe Park
(Holland), Newbury (Hopson). BRECKNOCK: Brecknock, Wye Valley (Vaughan).
Bucks: Buckingham, on banks of Ouse (Slade), Wavendon, near Newport Pagnel,
Halton, common (Stainton), CAMBRIDGE: common throughout, especially
in the Fen district (Balding), Whittlesford (Thurnall), Prickwillow ‘Eddrup),
Wicken (Carrington), Cambridge (Waters), Wisbech (Oldham). CARMARTHEN:
Langharne (Kaye), C Carmarthen (Wilson). CARNARVON: Penmaenmawr, Trefriw
(Bland), near Deganwy (Gardner), Pwllheli (Johnson), Abersoch (G. O Day), Llanrwst
(Pearson), Tan-y-Bwlch (Arkle), Beddgelert (Sich), CAVAN: Farnham (ane).
CHESHIRE: generally distributed throughout (G. O. Day), Malpas (Wolley-Dod),
Cuddington, scarce, Oakmere district, abundant (Newstead), Rostherne (Thorpe),
Tarporley (Stock), Chester (Dobie), Kenyon, Rixton, Knutsford, Lymm, High Leigh,
Withington (Chappell), Wirral (Brockholes), Delamere and east Cheshire (Walker),
Bidston Marsh (Gardner), Bromborough, West Kirby (Pierce), Wallasey (Cooke),
Birkenhead, very common (Stainton). CLARE: East Clare (Stacpole), Dromoland
(O’Brien), Ennis (Brakey). CORK : Ummera Woods, Glandore, Fimoleague, Courtmac-
sherry (Donovan), near Cork, Kinsale, Castlehaven, Glengarriff (Kane). CORNWALL:
Lizard (Riding), St. Austell (Hodge), Bude (Kaye), Paul, near Penzance, Redhouse
Downs (Daws), Truro (Stainton), CUMBERLAND: Carlisle district (Armstrong),
Cockermouth (Robinson), Keswick district, rare (Beadle), Flimby (Mawson), Heads-
nook (Porter), Lake district (Stainton), Peastree W ‘ood, Cummersdale (Thwaytes),
much commoner than force/lus—Orton, Silloth, Siddick (F. H. Day). DENBIGH:
Chirk (Gardner), Colwyn Bay (G. O. Day). DERBY: Burton district, frequent
(Brown), Burton (Lhornewill), Shobnall (Harris), Derby (Smallwood and Hill).
Devon: Oxton (Studd), Honiton (Riding), Lynmouth (T. Briggs), Exeter (Smith),
Stoke (Harvie), Ilfracombe, Barnstaple (Mathew), Dartmoor (Gummer), S. Devon
(Prideaux), Sidmouth (Majendie), Tiverton (Still), Instow (Hinchlift), Plymouth,
Teignmouth (Stainton). DONEGAL: Donegal, Bandoran (Kane), Ballyshannon(Blandq).
DorsET: Sherborne (Douglas), Corfe (Bankes), Blandford (Stainton). DUBLIN : Kings-
town, Killiney, Malahide (Kane), Blackrock (Greer), Howth (Hart). DUMFRIES:
Dumfries (Lennon). EDINBURGH: Edinburgh (Jenner-F ust), Salisbury Crags (Duncan),
Essex: Wanstead Flats (Carrington), Maldon (Sampson), Hackney Marshes (Clark),
Lea Bridge Road (Henderson), Sudbury district, Henny, Borley (Ransom), Iford
(Adams), Chelmsford (Miller), Benfleet (James), Mucking, Brentwood, Rainham (Bur-
rows), Woodham Mortimer, Woodham Walter, Ulung (Raynor), Epping (Image),
Forest Gate (Mera), Leyton (Meldola), Chingford (Latchford), IkRMANAGH :
Enniskillen (Allen). FLINr: Overton (Perkins). GALWAY: Galway (Allen),
Casule Taylor (Nugent), Ballinasloe (IKKane), Clonbrock (Dillon), St. Clerans (Lawless),
Connemara, very abundant (Birchall). GLAMORGAN: Swansea, scarce (Robertson),

EUMORPHA ELPENOR, 87

“GLOUCESTER: Northleach (Todd), Bristol (Griffiths), Stonehouse (Nash), near Chelten-
ham (Smith), Cirencester (Hamm), Charlton Kings (Brooke), Stapleton, scarce (Hudd),
Wotton-under-Edge (Perkins), King’s Mill, Painswick (Watkins), near Gloucester
(Guise), Tewkesbury district, rare (Fox), Clevedon (Mason), Lower Guiting
(Stainton). HaAntTs: Winchester, occasional (Fisher), Gosport (Pearce), Isle of
Wight—Fyreshwater (Mera), Sandown (Prout), New Forest (J. A. Clark), Ring-
wood (Fowler), Fleet (Russell), Romsey (Buckell), Basingstoke (Holdaway),
Southampton (Moberly), Wishanger, Headley (Bingham-Newland), Lyndhurst
(Rawnsley), Shirley (Fountain). HEREFORD; Leominster (Hutchinson), Tar-
rington (Wood). HERTS: Hertford (Stephens), Letchworth (Knapp), Hitchin
(Griffith), Stanstead Abbot (Image), Bushey Heath (Barraud), Rickmansworth,
Broxbourne (James), Cheshunt (Robbins), Waltham Cross (Bowles). HUNTs:
St. Ives (Norris). IsLE oF MAN: Sulby, common (Clarke), Orrysdale (Crellen).
Kent: Chattenden, not common (Chaney), Cuxton (Tutt), Appledore (Heitland),
Ramsgate (Buckmaster), Folkestone (Byrne), Gravesend (Button), Deal (Harding),
Sundridge (Hamond), Chatham (Arkwright), Maidstone (Gandy), Bexley (Bower),
Catford, Enth, Dartford (Fenn), on the banks of Stour, near Ashford, and
at Wye (Theobald), Tenterden (Stainton), Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-Beeching).
Kerry: Caragh (Raynor), Killarney, Sneem (Kane), Garinish Island, very
abundant (Lawless). LANARK: Clyde district (F. 3B. White). LANCs :
generally distributed throughout the southwest of county, less frequent as
one goes north (Ellis) Hightown (Moss), Winster (Cotton), Lancaster
(Taylor), Manchester, Chorley (Buxton), Burnley (Clutten), Carnforth (Murray),
Preston, common (Stainton). LEICESTER: Loughborough (Moss), Leicester
(Rowley), Loseby (Browne), Syston (Bouskell), Gumley (Matthews). LEITRIM:
Mohill (Kane). LIMERICK: near Limerick (Kane). LINCOLN: Lincoln district,
common (Carr), northeast Lincoln (Ash), Great Grimsby (Dawson), Panton
(Raynor), Cleethorpes (Porritt), Wyberton (Lane-Claypon), Newball, Legsby
(Fowler). Mayo: Crossmolina (Kane), MERIONETH: Dinas Mawddwy, abun-
dant (Tetley). MIDDLESEX: Clapton, formerly (Bacot), Chiswick (Sich), Stamford
Hill (Sheldon), Tottenham (Bayne), Ponders End (Lane), Ealing (Fenton),
Highgate Woods (Southey), Hammersmith (Taylor), Lea Marshes (Fenn),
Harrow district, Kingsbury (Bond), ‘‘ Ducker”? (Rhoades-Smith), Teddington
(fT. Briggs), Tettenham Marshes (Henderson). MoNAGHAN: Drumreaske
(Kane). MonmMoutH : Llandogo (Nesbitt) NorroLtk: Horning (Sheldon),
Mundesley (James), Ranworth (Winter), Aylsham, Whitwell, Norfolk Broads
(Freeman), Stalham (Edelsten), near Norwich (Moss), Waxham, Horsey
(Cox). NORTHAMPTON: Barnwell Wold (Porritt), Oundle (Whall), Peter-
borough (Morley). NORrHUMBERLAND: 2 records only (Robson) Newcastle
(Wailes), TIwizell (Selby). NorrTiInGHAmM: Mansfield (Brameld), Sherwood
Forest (Pickard), Chilwell (Pearson). OxForD: Oxford (Matthews), Adder-
bury (T. Briggs), Thame (Fenn), Caversham, near Reading, Goring, Henley
(Holland), Woodstock (Beales), banks of Isis and Cherwell (Poulton). PEMBROKE:
Pembroke (Barrett), PERTH: Earn, Gowrie and Athole districts (F. B. White),
Sidlaws, Alyth, Abernethy (Guthrie).. RADNoR: Wye Valley, below Builth
(Vaughan). RENFREW: Clyde district (F. B. White), Roscommon: Mote
Park (Kane). RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). SHROPSHIRE: Market Drayton,
sparingly (Woodforde), Wyre Forest (Rea), Church Stretton (Newnham), Shrews-
bury (Stainton). SLico: Markree Castle, Lough Gill, Hollybrook (Kane),
Knocknarea (Russ). SOMERSET: Taunton (Farrant), Brislington (Ficklin),
Bath (Ross), Wells (Livett), Cary Hill (Macmillan), Clevedon (Mason), Glastonbury
(Hervey). STAFFORD: general in district, Cheadle (Blagg), Burton-on-Trent dist.
(Brown), Market Drayton dist., not uncommon, Betton (Woodforde), North Staf-
ford, not uncommon, Madeley (Daltry). SUFFOLK : somewhat common (Crewe), banks
of Stour, Cavendish (Wilson), Bentley (Burrows), Sudbury dist. (Ransom), Ipswich
(Morley), Brandon (Bower), Stowmarket (Stainton). SURREY : Guildford (Grover),
Norwood (Swain), Wimbledon Common (Tarbat), Weybridge (Goss), Chertsey (A. H.
Clarke), Reigate (Prideaux), Dorking district (Oldaker), Camberley (Watson), Fren-
sham district (Bingham-Newland). SUssEX: not uncommon—Brighton, Haywards
Heath, Glynde, Eastbourne (Jenner), Abbotts Wood (Porritt), Polegate (Prout),
Lewes (Nicholson), Weald district, Cuckfield, Blunts Wood (Merrifield), Rye
(Henderson), Balcombe (Image), Bognor, rare (Lloyd), Henfield, Chichester
(Fletcher), Hastings district, rare (Bloomfield), East Hoathly (Sich), Groombridge
(Blaber). Tyrone: Tullylagan, Lissan, Dungannon (Greer), Favour Royal, abund-
ant (Kane). WATERFORD: Portlaw (Flemyng), Cappagh (Ussher), Waterford, Dun-
more, Tramore (Kane). WARWICK: Rugby (Wilson), Birmingham (Imms),

88 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Marston Green (Stone), WksTMEATH: Mullingar (Middleton), Cromlyn (Battersby),
Killynon, abundant (Reynell). WrsrMorRLAND: Ambleside (Buckton), Kendal
district, Lakeside, Windermere (Moss), Witherslack (Murray). | WEXFORD:
Rosslare (Kane). WickLow: Tinahely (Bristow), Wicklow, Powerscourt,
Arklow, Ashford, Newcastle (Kane). Witrs: Warminster (Greer), Devizes
(Sladen). WorcrsTER: Worcester (Edmunds), Bockleton (Decie). Yorks :
more distributed than forcellus (Porritt), Selby district, northeast of the
Humber district, Skipwith (Ash), Flamborough Head (Horton), Sandburn,
(Hewitt), Helmsley (Archer), Glaisdale (Atkinson), Scarborough (Head), Askham
Bog (Prest), Beverley (Davison), Bishop’s Wood (Smethurst), Rossington (Warren),
Sheffield (Doncaster), Wakefield (Talbot), York (Wilson), Hull district, Dairycoates
(Holt), Everingham (Sumner), Huddersfield (Stainton). : :

DistRIBUTION.—Over the whole of Europe and the greater part of Asia.

Not yet, however, recorded from Greece, although it occurs in southern Russia,
Bulgaria and Asia Minor. AstA: China—northern, central and western areas,
Pekin, Chang Yang, Kiukiang, Omei-shan, Wa-shan, &c.; Japan—Shimonoseki,
Gensan, Oiwake, Hakodaté, &c. (Leech), Chifu, Endermo (Fietcher), Corea-—Pung-
Tung (Fixsen), Amurland (Staudinger), Altai (Speyer), Kouldja—Kunjer, from
3000ft.—4oooft. (Alphéraky), northern India—Simla, Durjeeling, Silhet, Almora,
Simla, &c (Boisduval and Moore), Punjab, common (Young); Sind, Himalayas,
Shillong, Nagas, Manipur (Hampson), River Witim in northeast Siberia
(Herz); southwest Siberia —between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ust-Buchtarminskaja
on the Upper Ittish; eastern Siberia—near Pokrofka very rare, near Nilolajewsk,
Marinsk, Suifun, Baranowka, Wladiwostok, Sutschan (¢este Bartel); Asia Minor,
northern Persia—Astrabad; Irak (Young). AUSTRO-HUNGARY : Innsbruck, Taufers
Valley (Weiler), Tyrol, lower valleys not common (Hinterwaldner), Bruneckin Puster
Thal, 2600ft. /¢este Bartel), Bukovina, distributed, but not observed in the higher
mountains (Hormuzaki), Pressburg(Rozsay), Bohemia, Carlsbad (Nickerl), Galicia, not
common — Lemberg (Garbowski), Sambor (Nowicki), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz)
Stanislawow (Werchratski), Brinn (Schneider), Epiries, not rare (Husz), Hungary—
Kocsocz (Vangel), Nosag, Transsylvania, Kaschau, Raab, Budapest, Heveser and
eee Comitat, Fiintkirchen /¢este Bartel), Golnitz (Hudak), Upper Carinthia—
Salzburg, &c. (Nickerl), Portschach (Wagner), Friesach /¢este Bartel), Lavantthal
(Hofner), Upper Styria—-St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Linz district, not rare,
Riesenhof, Buchenau (Himsl), Lower Austria—Vienna, Moravia—Mahrisch Tribau,
Ungarisch-Biod ; Draga, near Fiume (¢es¢te Bartel). BELGIUM: generally distributed
throughout, Namur, &c., common (Lambillion), Virton, very common (Derenne).
CORSICA (teste Bartel). DENMARK: common, especially in damp places—Jutland,
&c, (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: south and southeast Finland (Lampa), Lappmark
rare (teste Bartel). FRANCE : common throughout (Berce), Aube (Jourdheuille),
Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-
et-Loir (Guénée), Haute-Garonne, singly, nowhere common — near Toulouse,
Bouconne, Revel, Bagnéres-de-Luchon (Caradja), Puy-de-Dé6me—Clermont, some-
times very common (Guillemot), Var (Cantener), Morbihan . (Griffith), Gironde
(Inimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Aude (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour), .Saone-
et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure (Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres
(Maillard), Sarthe (Desportes), Cannes (Constant), Aix-les-Bains, very common
(Agassiz), depts. Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Paris district (Speyer). GERMANY:
everywhere, not rare (Heinemann), northwest Germany, general (Jordan), Rhine Palati-
nate (Bertram), Wurtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district (Zim-
meimann), Waldeck (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle
(Stange), Munich, very common (Kranz}, Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenberg (Schmidt),
Bremen, common (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schiitze), Dresden, common
(Steinert), Thuringia, not rare (Krieghor), Prussia, not rare (Grentzenberg), Silesia,
general (Assmann), Upper Lusatia, everywhere (Moeschler), Ratisbon (Schmid), Dessau,
rather common (Richter) ; Alsace—Colmar (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode (Fischer),
Pomerania, common (Hering), Brunswick (Heinemann), Hanover, common (Glitz),
Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Lutbeck, not common (Paul),
Chemnitz (abst), Hesse-Nassau—Biedenkopf (Ruhl), Heligoland (Gatke), Berlin
district, not rare (Pflitzner), Rendsburg, Schleswig—F lensburg, Hamburg, Lineburg,
Osnabriick, Crefeld, Elberfeld, Barmen, common, Alhrthal, Cassel, Leipzig, Wurz-
burg, Ratisbon, Augsburg, Nassau, ITrankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Wetterau,
Oberhessén— B runnenth: u, near Grinberg, Trier, Bavarian Palatinate (¢este Bartel),
Jaden, common—Constance, Durlach, Carlsruhe, &c. (Reutti), Hildesheim, not rare
(Grote, IrALY: common (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Sicily—Monreale, near Palermo,
Madonie, Catania, Ficuzza, &c. (Mind- Palumbo), Roman Campagna, very

THERETRA. 89

common (Calberla), Lombardy, Pielmont, Liguria, Tuscany, near Florence,
Sardinia, Corsica (deste Bartel). NETHERLANDS: all provinces, not rare (Snellen),
Breda, very common (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (teste Bartel), IOUMANIA:
Grumazesti, Comanesti, Slanic,; Bucharest, Valeni, very common (Caradja).
Russia: Baltic provinces, throughout and not rare, Livonia—Dorpat, &c.
(Nolcken), Moscow govt. (Albrecht), Crimea (Melioransky), Volga district
(Eversmann), Transcaucasia—Borjom, Lagodekhi, rare (Romanoff), St. Peters-
burg (Erschoff), Gorki, Poland—Kamenez-Podolskii, Poltawa—Lubny, Jekater-
inoslaw, Charkow, southern shores of the Crimea—Alupka, Lower Volga
district, govts. Orenburg, Saratov, Sarepta (¢este Bartel). SCANDINAVIA :
not rare, northern limit Helsingland (Aurivillius), Lapland, rare (Lamnpa), not
uncommon in southeast Norway (Siebke), Spain: Malaga (Rambur), Galicia—
Santiago (Macho-Velado), Barcelona (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y
Pena), Bilbao, rare (Seebold). SWITZERLAND: almost everywhere, sometimes
rare, sometimes common—Canton St. Gallen, to the hill region, common (Ta4schler),
Grisons (Killias), Mettmenstatten (Dietrich), Basle, not rare, Bechburg (Riggen-
bach-Stehlin), Gadmeuthal, to 4300ft (Réatzer), Canton Glarus (Heer), Upper
Engadine, 5000ft.—5sooft. (Pfaffenzeller), Bern, not common (Hiltbold), near
Lenzburg, Canton Lucerne—Seethal, near Wildegg, Fluelen, Weggis, near Vevey,
the Valais (Wullschlegel), near Neuenstadt, general (Couleru), near Schtpfen, not
rare (Rothenbach), near Bern (Meisner), near Zirich, rare (Frey).

Genus : THERETRA, Hiibner.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Zheretra, Hb., “ Verz.,’? p. 135 (cerc. 1822); Stphs.,
Seliticeeiv., app. p..5 (1635); “* List Br. An. Brit. Mus.,” p. 29 (1850); Tutt,
Emr. Wep.,.’ 11., p. 355 (1902). Spkzmx, Linn., ‘Sys. Nat.,”-xth ed., pp. 492-
eee 75S): xuth ed. p. Sor (1767).;.““ Faun. Suec.,” ii., p. 288 (1761) ; Mull.,
** Zool. Dan. noe Pape aimlon i770). tine “oberl. Mage” ie, 9. Eso. (1706) > Kab-,
oys. Ent.,” 544. ( 1775) 3 CES PEC UNS te per TAQ) (lon) = Miamtc.cc. 1s,
p- 97-(1787); «Ent. SVSteeaellle pte p- 3731 b793) 3 lschitin, <Schimett.. Wien, 2
Pp. 43 (1775): Ill’s n. Ausg. yap: 8 (1801) ; Esp., faSchmett. etute.c- 1.0). .977. pla xe,
figs. 1-3 (1779); Bergs., “ Sphing. Larv.,”’ p. 10 (i782) Net Zana Gren: eb spec:
Ins. >” P- 34 (1783) ; Geoft., ‘* Foure. Ent. Pal Ssey alles a 255 Cl 785) 3 Bork., ‘Sys.
Besch.,’ i Pp 64, Ha. 178 (1789) ; Brahm, eims--1Keals. ie Bi (1791) ;
je A.DL, oinhem= Magi; wp. 304 -(1793)5 Hb. ceOES tite Sehmiet,” ii, fig. 60
GO) text, p. 95- (circ. 1805) ; ESI alive Lep., 2 Moe AS/Ole Thies Uveitis 183, lo, es
i a-0 (cz7c. 1800); Don., ‘Brit. Iins25 (o1x:, A oe. pe A (1800); Schrk.,
**Faun. Boica,” i., 1, p 228 (1801); Haw., « Lep. Bite ale psa (1803) ; Latr.,
elise Nat.,’’ Xiv., p. 131 (1805); Ochs., “Die Schmett., ty) 21} (1808) ; Leach,
Soaim-stncycl..’’ ix., p. £30 (1815); Dalm., ‘ Vet. AK. ead” XXXVI, p. 215
(1216); Sam., “Ent, Compsa.p: 243 (1d19)5) Godt, “Eist.Nat.;” 11: p. 50) pl. xix.,
fig. 1 (1822) ; Bay. micenEss (Te Lep. Ind. Meth., vs De Be (1829) ; Meig., {hn SChiment..70
il., Pp. 135 (1830) ; oe fans eappes: pa.OL0 (1840) ; Evers., ‘Faun. Volg.-
Ural., 2 109. (1844) ; H.-Sch., SNS; Bearb.,” li... p- +95, .(1846) ; Spever, “* Geog.
Verb.,’ Dsl (1858) ; ee PpeZ2oO) (ldb2)):- sein: « Schmett. Deutsch.,7; 1,
p- 145 jaca Bang-Haas, seats) Bidss.270 (3). ix., p, 401 (1874). Dezl-
weageealedsp.,|| “jena. Alle. Lit. Zeit.,” iv., 2p. 100 (1809); Ochs.,
SPC ochnett. IV., pp. 42, 43 (1816); Stphs., ‘‘ Illus. Haust.,” 1., p.
wee to20) << Cat. Br, Ins.,” u., p33 (1829); Wood, “Ind. Ent.,” fig. 19 (1839);.
Pipe con. = Chen,” pl. v., fis. 1 (cee. 1835) ; ‘Cat. Méth.,” p. 42
(on) Bdy., =‘Tcon. Chen.,” pl: iv., figs. 3—4 (ctve. 1840); ‘‘Gen, et Ind.
one 40) (1O40))), tHeyd), “ep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,” ed. 3, p.. 19 (1851);
pede: Cat.,” ed. 1, p. 16 (1861); 2nd ed., p- 37 (iS70iee suelle De
Pein p. 94 (1807); Berce, ‘Kaun. Franc.,” t., p. 24 (1868) ; Snell. v. Voll.,
peta. v. nt..”’ xill., p. 146, pl. vi, fige te (1d70) 5) Malle << leons,?<pl. cxvi.,. fig. 7
(1870); ‘‘ Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,” p. 118 (1872) 5 Cur6, “ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” Vil.,
peeli2e((3 75); Frey, © Lep.. Schweiz,’ p. 58 (1880) ; Weism., ‘‘ Stud. Theory
Descent,” transl. p. 184 (1882) ; eee “© Nord. Fjar.,” p- 46 (1889); Meyr.,
Senandpoolk,<, 6c, p. 295 (1895); Bart., ‘‘ Paleark. Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p.
123 (3900). Sphinx (-Spectrum), Latr., ‘‘ Gen. Crust. et Ins.,’’iv., p. 210 (1809).
Lilpenor, Oken, ‘‘ Lehrb. Zool.,” i., p. 761 (1815). Aumorpha, Hb., << Franck’s
Cat.,”’ p. 87 (1825). Choerocampa, Dup., ‘“‘ Hist. Nat.,’’? supp. ii., pp. 159—160
fess) ;elumph. and Westd., “Brit: Moths,” i., p. 23 (1841); Dbldy., “List
Peteeleep. py 3-(1S47) 5: ota, “Man.,” i.,. p. 97 (1857); Humph., “ Gen.
Ee etothis, ep. tt, pl. i., figs. 3—4 (1860); Wallgrn., ‘Skand. Het.,” i.,
pee AG (1663). Newm., ‘Brit: Moths,’? p. 10 (1869); Bdv., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.

90 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

Sphing.,” p. 280 (1875); Kirby, ‘“‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths.,” p. 72, pl. xvi.,
figs. 4 a@—b (1879); Buckl., ‘‘ Larve,” &c., p. 116, pl. xxvi., figs. 1 a—e
(1887); Barr., ““Lep. Bnit.,” a1, p. 55, pl. li.,. figs. 2, 2@ (1895); Aum ee
Moths,” p. 3t (1896). JZetopsilus, Dunc., “‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 163 (1836); Kirby,
“* Cat.,”” p. 660 (1892) ;. “Handbook,” -&e., iv., p: 26 (1807); Stavdiy sieate
3rd ed,, p. 104 (1901). ergesa, Walk.,, “‘Cat. Lep. Het.;” vii, ps Egitege
Maassen, ‘‘Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” xxix., p. 437 (1868).

This genus was diagnosed (Verz., p. 135) by Hubner, about
1822, as follows :—

Both pairs of wings exteriorly with dentate bands; hindwings shaded with
yellow and black— Theretra equestris, Fab., ZT. nechus, Cram., 7. porcellus, Linn.,
T. tersa, Fab.

It will be observed that the original genus TZheretra is
hopelessly heterotypical, but Stephens fixed the type as porcellus.
In his appendix to vol. iv of the ///ustrations, Stephens published
a list of the British lepidoptera contained in the Verzezchniss under
Hubner’s genera and we find Zheretra (porcellus ) mentioned as one ot
the subdivisions into which Boisduval’s Dezlephila is broken, whilst
the same author again used Zzheretra for porcellus in the Last of the
British Animals in the Collection of the Britesh Museum, pt. v, in
1850. This renders nugatory Moore’s later restriction (Le.
Ceylon, il., p. 22) in which he makes wessus the type of Htbner’s
genus Zheretra (see, antea, vol. ii., p. 351, footnote); —aaaun
authors, Kirby, &c., who have considered forcellus as generically
separate from edpenor, have used the name JAZefopsi/us, Dunc., of
which, however, Westwood, in 1840, fixed the type as e/penor (thus
making it Synonymous with Eumorpha), for the former species.
Metopsilus, Dunc., is also not only a heterotypical genus, but com-
prises genera belonging to widely different Eumorphid (Chcerocampid)
tribes. The diagnosis reads :-—

The antennz are but slightly clavate, the anterior wings very acute at the
apex, with a slight sinuosity or emargination on the hinder margin, just below
the tip, which gives them a somewhat falcate shape; the inner margin likewise
deeply emarginate behind the middle. The larvz offer several very distinctive
marks, particularly that of having the anterior segments very much attenuated,
and capable of being drawn within each other; a peculiarity which has caused
them, as was formerly noticed, to be named ‘‘Chenilles cochonnes’’ by French
naturalists, because the head and neck bear some resemblance to a pig’s snout.
These caterpillars are not distinguished by great brilliancy or variety of colours,
being chiefly brown and green, with a white lateral line extending from the
anal “horn to the third or “fourth segment, and they have invariably two or three
large eye-like spots on each side, either of the second, third, fourth or fifth seg-
ments. The caudal horn is short, very slightly bent, sometimes almost obsolete.
The chrysalis is enclosed in a loose cocoon, formed of leaves, and is never
buried beneath the soil. The perfect insects are very beautifully coloured, and
it is observable that the abdomen is always longitudinally or obliquely striped, an
arrangement different from that which obtains in the two preceding genera,
which have that part of the body ornamented with transverse bands, sometimes
of different colours. Viewed in relation to the form of the larve as well as to
the appearance of the perfect insects, the species which we have placed together,
under the above name, form a very natural group -— merit, celerio, elpenor,
porcellus (Duncan, Naturalist’s Library, Xxx., pp.» 154-155).

The genus Zhere¢tra, according to Staudinger, contains three
Palearctic species L., syrtaca, Ld., mongoliana, Butl. This
grouping is utterly impossible. The larval structure of syrzaca
certainly excludes this species from the tribe Lumorphidi (see
anted, pp. 37, footnote). Weismann describes the larva (Studies
in the Theory of Descent, p. 191) as: ‘Green, having the short

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 91

oblique stripes over the legs common to so many Chcerocampid
species, the only markings besides these being a simple white
subdorsal line, without any trace of eye-spots. ‘The larva, therefore,
corresponds with the second ontogenetic stage of Luwmorpha elpenor
and Theretra porcellus.” The larva is referred by Weismann to his
group 1 (anted, p. 57), but is, possibly, even more generalised than
Darapsa. Weismann’s group 1 is undoubtedly quite tribally distinct
from our Lumorphidit. Bacot notes that the imago of Clarina syriaca has
a very Amorphid-like general appearance, both in colour, pattern ot
markings and shape, and, superficially, suggests somewhat some of
the moths of the Sichiid stirps. With Darapsa, it appears to have
distant affinities, but is probably not to be included in the same tribe ;
the larve of the species of the latter genus are figured as having
much more marked retractile head and thoracic segments. These
species have no real affinity with Zheretra porcellus. Bacot further
notes, as to mongoliana, that it is almost certainly tribally distinct from
the Lumorphidi, but that one cannot tell, without larve for examination,
whether the difference is really generic or tribal. Kaye places it
in an entirely different group, which he describes thus:

1. Head short, closely set to thorax; antennze short in @? ; legs slender,
not long: wings, head and abdomen strongly suffused with pink — elpenor,
porcellus.

2. Head medium-sized; antennz shorter in ? than ¢, but not markedly
so; legs fairly long and robust; head, wings and abdomen strongly suftused
with greenish—olzvacea, olivata, gloriosa, aurifera, albicosta, velata, mongoliana.

At any rate, it appears fairly evident that the three species
included by Staudinger in this genus belong not only to different
genera, but to characteristically different Eumorphid tribes.

THERETRA PORCELLUS, Linné.

: SYNONYMyY.—Species: Porcellus, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,”” xth ed., p. 492 (1758),
wemecombylijorme, Linn., °*Sys. Nat.,” xth.ed., p. 493 (1758). [Except for
this last-named reference, referred by Linné himself to porcellus (doc. cit., xiith
ed., p. 801, var. 3), all the references included under the generic synonymy Zheretra
(antea, pp. 89-90) are referable to the specific name porcedlus. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx porcellus, alis integris flavicante
purpureoque variis; inferioribus -basi fuscis. Roes., J/s., 1., phal.
tT, t. 5. Habitat in Epilobio, Impatiente.. Simillimus priore
(elpenor) ut facile idem insectum, sed larva minor, nigra, absque
cornu (inne, Sys. /Va7., xth ed., p. 492). [This is later extended
to: ‘“ Simillimus priori (e/penor) ut facile idem insectum, sed
larva. minor, nigra, absque cornu; declaratus vero thorace antice
posticeque rubro. Alis primoribus absque fasciis, absque puncto
albo, absque margine tenuiore albo ; posticis vero basi fuscis.
Abdomine supra absque linea rubra” (Sys. JVa¢., xiith ed., pp.
801-802). |

Imaco.—48mm.-54mm,. Anterior wings dark yellow-ochreous with
a tinge of brown (or olive-brown) ; costal area between upper edges of
transverse lines blotched with rosy-crimson; outer marginal area
rosy-crimson ; four olive-brown oblique transverse lines from costa
to innermargin, rather darker than ground-colour; cilia rosy-crimson.
Posterior wings with the basal area blackish, a dark yellow-ochreous
median band, outer band rosy-crimson ; cilia white, variegated at ends
of nervures with rosy-crimson. -

92 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The antennz differ as in other Sphinges,
the 2 being without the long pocket-forming hairs. In addition
the ? antenna is shorter (9'5mm.-1o’8mm.) than in the @, it is very
distinctly more slender 34mm. to ‘40omm., and appears to be more
clubbed, the g antenna reaching its greatest thickness from
about the 30th to 4oth joints, thence declining at first very
slightly, the @ antenna does not reach its greatest thickness till
it reaches the 4oth joint, and maintains it till it reaches the 45th,
thence declining more rapidly than does that of the.g¢. In both sexes
the terminal bent point involves 8 to 10 segments. The minute
terminal joint of the palpi seems rather better developed in the ¢g,
and its included cavity more obvious. It is possible to believe
that the scaling of the antenna is in three definite rows, but they
are so irregular that an unbiassed description would rather note
them as without very definite arrangement. The anterior tibial
spurs differ alittle in the two sexes, but very little, theseiename
@ beimg about 1-y0mm. long, ofthe 9 1:33mm,. Whey? eismumene
robust, and, as in Lumorpha elpenor, the tapering to the apical point
of the abdomen is confined in the ? to fewer terminal segments
than in the g (Chapman).

VARIATION.—There is considerable variation in the amount of
yellow and rosy tints, as well as in the intensity of the lines,
observable in this species. The thorax and abdomen sometimes
entirely rosy, sometimes almost entirely olive-ochreous with only a
slender rosy collar and median area to thorax, and rosy sides to
abdomen. As a race the Perthshire examples are very striking,
the ground-colour very distinctly olive-ochreous, the transverse line
well-developed, the costal patches pinky-crimson, the patch between
the second and fourth transverse lines often continued to the inner-
margin. The hindwings somewhat suffused, at the apex the outer-
marginal area also somewhat suffused=var. scofica, n. var. The western
Irish specimens have a markedly yellower ground-colour, the Ist,
2nd and 4th lines developed, but the 3rd nearly obsolete, the normal
red patches on the costa and outermargin often more or less
obsoletely marked with pinky-grey, giving “the w ings an unicolorous
appearance, the discoidal lunule fairly distinct, the hindwings also
more uniform, the basal area not very dark, and the outermargin
only faintly red=var. Aébernica, n. var. ‘The South Wales specimens
rather incline to the Irish type. The British examples from Notting-
ham approach the well-marked Scotch type, but have the red of a
much deeper crimson tone, whilst the Kent and Sussex examples
often have the transverse markings almost obsolete, the crimson-red,
however, being well marked. In our collection the following appear
tombe othe ychiel forms;

(1). Anterior wings, ground-colour clear yellow-ochreous, transverse lines almost
obsolete, red areas of a bright rose. Posterior wings with dark basal area well developed,
marginal area faintly red with dark shading, central fascia same tint as ground-
colour of forewings=forcellus, Linn. [Linné’s typical description appears to refer
to this form. ‘* Purpureum”’ is possibly only a general term for purple-red or red. ]

(2). Anterior wings, ground-colour olive-ochreous, transverse lines ill-
developed, red parts bright crimson ; the three areas of the posterior wings equally
clearly separated=ab. clara, n. ab.

(3). Anterior wings, ground-colour olive-ochreous, transverse lines well-

marked, red parts bright crimson ; the central and red parts of hindwings some-
what dark-shaded==var. (et ab.) scotica, n. var. (et n. ab.).

-THERETRA PORCELLUS. f 93

(4). Anterior wings, ground-colour olive-ochreous, transverse lines well-
marked, red parts ill-developed, rosy-grey in tint; the hindwings with the outer
area suffused and with only slight traces of reddish=ab. imdzstincta, n. ab.

Oldham captured “CPyoc. Sth. Lond. Fut. |Soc., 1888, p. 68)
an aberration with the usual pink blotches along the costal
margin of the forewings narrower, and of a much lighter shade
than in most specimens, whilst the broad outer margins are
somewhat indistinct. Tugwell notes ( Young JVat., x., p. 43, and
wees. Lond. Fyt. Soc.,i 1838, p. 129) an aberration, bred
January 28th, 1889 (from a forced pupa, the larva from Kings-
down), as having ‘the usual deep rose-colour almost absent,
only the rose-coloured body being normal, the forewings with
a fine rose-coloured narrow streak along the costal margin, the
whole of the disc of the wing being of a faint bright olive-green
with a faint show of grey shade on the inner margin. The inferior
wings are greenish with faint grey-brown shades along the inner
margin.” Moncrieffe captured, at Moncrieffe, an aberration in which
the ordinary colour is replaced by grey with lemon markings (£unz.,
Me PwlO3. 100, pl. i., ie. 3). Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i.,
p. 125) an aberration in which the outer margin on the upperside
of the hindwings, which is rose-red in normal specimens, has the
blackish tone of the inner-marginal half, so that the red colour has
entirely disappeared, while the yellowish-green is confined only to
a weak, dusky, central stripe; there is also a considerable difference
on the underside of the hindwing; in the typical form the outer
margin is broadly red, sharply bounded by black towards the base,
but in this aberration the margin is light grey, only weakly tinged with
red, and shades off gradually into the yellow colour of the central area.
Examples in which the hindwings are much suffused with blackish might
be termed ab. suffusa, n. ab. Rothke in his fauna of Crefeld, mentions
a bred example of 7. forcellus which was almost entirely scaleless,
but in which, unfortunately, the hindwings were slightly crippled. The
following appear to be the only named forms of the species:

DEERE ILESCCH oO Kl Emtec (Xx) ps 152 (16d7)) =“ Proc. South Lond;
DiS OC a elOo7. py Ol (1888)e. Porcellus ab., Carr., “< Ent.” xi., p. 160,
pl. u., fig. 3 (1878).—A very pale aberration, in which all the rosy-crimson of
the normal examples of the Species is replaced by yellow, and the coloration
much subdued. Captured at Moncriefle by Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, and is in
beautiful condition (Carrington). The normal pink replaced by yellow. Perthshire
(Cockerell, with reference to Avz., xi., p. 169, pl. ii, fig, 3).

Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 125) that greenish-yellow
aberrations, in which the red has quite disappeared, have occurred
rarely in several localities in northern Germany. He supposes that
these may belong to an analogous form to that to which Heylaerts
alludes in his Macrolep. Fauna of Breda, and which was found
freshly emerged on May 26th, 1869. It is figured on pl. vi., fig. 1,
and is distinguished, so far as can be seen from the figure, by its
entire lack of red colour on the forewings. This is replaced by a
yellowish-brown, in which the somewhat darker markings are by no
means prominent. Hindwings yellow in the middle, light rose-colour
before the outer margin.

(Smvakeszella5. Sten. Elor, Soc. Ent. Ross.,” xiv., p. 298 (1873) ; “Rom.
Meme miei ie pls iv., fig. © (1884); “Cat.,” ed. 3; p. 104 (1901); Kirby,
ees obo, (1892); Bartel, “< Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p: 127
hugea) i Zorcellus var, ILed., “ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,” xill., p. 28 (1869).
—In size, form and formation of antenne, &c., swed/ws entirely agrees with

94 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

porcellus. The difference lies solely in the pale green-yellowish colour,
and the more prominent markings of suellus. The fine red of orcellus
has here quite disappeared, only the one specimen from Hankynda has a very
faint tinge of red. On the forewings, two dark transverse lines are distinctly
expressed, the first, behind the close of the median cell, is somewhat broader and
more indistinct, and an indistinct spot is appended to it in the median cell ;
the second (outer) line is very sharply defined. They likewise appear on the
underside, and here they are distinctly continued into the hindwings. Indications
of these lines are also found in porcellus. Close under the darker apex of the
forewings there is in sweldus a whitish mark, the upper part of the red outer
margin of porcellus, which is indicated in all swel/us. Between this outer-marginal
part and the outer transverse line one finds also the broad greenish band of
porcellus, naturally much narrower. The outer-marginal part of the hindwings
is black on the upperside in three of my sze/us, in one it is dirty yellow, like the
ground-colour. Head, thorax and abdomen are greenish-yellow, the latter more
grey. On the head, instead of the reddish stripes of porcellus, there are two
white ones. The epaulettes are strongly white externally, the prothorax very
narrowly bordered with white. The white lateral spots of the last abdominal
segments of forcellus are here light yellow, and the segments are here laterally
touched with a golden colour. The abdomen in the -speeimens from Amasia
and Borjom is tinged with pale reddish. My greenish-yellow aberrations of
porcellus from Germany differ markedly from szed/ws in their less distinct
markings, the lack of the white border of the epaulettes, and of the gold-varnish
coloured abdominal spots, &c. DISTRIBUTION: Almost more distributed in
Transcaucasia than the type-—Tiflis, Borjom, Lagodekhi, Istissou, Hankynda,
Souanétie. Asia Minor—Amasia, Tokad (Staudinger),

Bartel notes (fal. Gross-Schmeti., i., p. 127): “ Viaise@nmaess
so very different from the type that one is not surprised at the
opinion of Radde, who considered it to be a distinct species, a
point which Staudinger still leaves undecided. It may be dis-
tinguished at once from the greenish-yellow aberrations of JZ.
porcellus from Central Europe by its less distinct markings, by the
lack of broad-white borders to the epaulettes, the glossy golden-
yellow abdominal spots and other characters. This variety is
found in Transcaucasia in the same localities as those frequented
by Z. porcellus, is especially attracted by the blossoms of Lonicera
caprifolium, but has been taken at light in Amasia late in the
evening, when it was quite dark. It is confined to Transcaucasia
and Asia Minor, being, in the south and south-west Caucasus,
perhaps more widely distributed than 7. jporcedlus.

EGGLAyING.—The eggs are firmly attached to the leaves and
stems of Galium verum (Tutt); fastened to leaves near the top
of the shoots of bedstraw and appear to be usually placed on the
underside of the leaves. According to Schtitze, who has often
observed it ovipositing, the female always chooses the poorer
plants on which to lay its eggs. The ova are placed singly on
the stems and leaves of Gadliwm verum, many being found thus
at Eastbourne from June zgth—July 12th, roor ; at the latter
date, however, most of those observed had already hatched
(Ransom). Montgomery notes that at Eastbourne, in tIgo0o, he
searched G. verum on the downs, and found, between June 25th
and July rst, 113 ova, usually not more than one on a stem.
The flowering stems produced none, but the shorter stems, when-
ever in sufficient quantity to search, generally produced ova. Eggs
were also found on plants mixed with Gadéwm, one blade of grass
had three, each half an inch from its neighbour, and each of
several flower-stems of hawkweed had a single egg. He adds

=

that ova of Z. porcedlus, kept in confinement, should be placed

THERETRA PORCELLUS, 95

on a piece of damp rag and kept in a metal glass-topped box,
and observes that a batch of ova, not so treated, although
developing well until the final stage, failed to produce their
larve, whilst of another batch, placed on the damp rag, 98 out
of 110 hatched, and none of the 12 failures contained a larva.
Holland notes that the eggs are usually laid 2 or 3 together.

Ovum.—Small (for a Sphingid egg), oval (some approaching
circular) in outline, the upper surface much indented, a circular
depression occupying the greater part of the top; the surface of
the egg is covered with a faint polygonal reticulation, and the
ege has the appearance of being spotted all over with small,
whitish, deep-seated pits, colour bright pea-green [Described
July roth, 1901, from eggs received from Mr. Head]. As the
egg gets older the colour becomes pale greenish-yellow, and
the embryo is very distinctly seen inside, the black tubercular
sete being seen very clearly through the eggshell (Tutt). Smooth,
rounded, oval in outline, a deep depression on the upper (un-
attached) side; 1'2mm. long, 1’o5mm. wide, and rather less in
thickness ; colour vivid green, surface covered with a faint and
irregular cell reticulation, the walls consisting of a raised net-
work, enclosing depressed areas, the walls broad but exceedingly
low; nothing definite can be made out of the structure of the
mucropyle ||Bacot, June, 1901. Eggs about to hatch; received
mom Wir W. Barnes]. Very broad, oval in form, 1.2mm. long,
Imm. wide; the shell thin and shiny, colour light green (Hellins).
Light green in colour, spheroidal in form, very similar to those of
Eumorpha elpenor (Weismann). Bartel describes the egg as “ oblong-
oval, greenish, covered on upperside with many black dots”;
these black dots are evidently the tubercles of the embryo showing
through the transparent shell.

Hapsits or Larva.—The newly-hatched larva eats a considerable
portion of the eggshell, at least one-third, it never seems to eat the
whole. As soon as it settles down on its food it rests on the
underside of the leaf which is, in the case of Galium verum, just
wide enough to hide it from above (Bacot, June, 1901). The newly-
hatched larve seemed at first to-like the flowers of Galzum verum,
but very soon altered their taste and showed a preference for the
leaves, apparently not caring to touch the flowers when a fresh supply
of food was given to them. Some that hatched July z2oth, 1886,
moulted four times, wzz., July 25th, July 31st, August oth, and August
Peo (etellims). Une larva lives at the same! time as, but rarely
in company with, that of Z. elpenor, the larva affecting rather
meadows and sunny slopes than ditches, and preferring dry localities,
whilst that of Z. e/penor is found chiefly in damp situations (Bartel).
The fullgrown larvae may be sought at the end of July on the
various species of Galium, from 8 p.m. to midnight, with a lantern,
the larvee being often thus found in large numbers. In some years
they are (with the larve of Sesza s/ellatarum) very abundant on
the stunted plants of Galum growing on the Kent coast from
Deal to Dover, but are difficult to find during the day. Some
30—40 larve were taken in the autumn of 1872 with a lamp after
dark at Painswick (Watkins), on the sandhills between Waterloo
and Formby, and between New Brighton and West Kirby, also

96 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

near Yarmouth the larva appears to prefer Galium of considerable
growth intermingled with coarse grass, amongst which it hides low
down, and is not easily discovered, but may be traced by its long
pellets of black frass; near Kendal it affects chiefly the borders
of the large tracts of mossland, where it is always associated with
Galium mollugo, growing in thick patches among the grass, especially
at the side of the dykes. The young green larva is more easily
detected than after it has assumed its dark coat, and owing to
the growth being so thick, it is hardly possible here to trace it
by the frass (Moss); larve difficult to find in daytime, they strip
a spray of bedstraw, leaving the bare stem, and hide by day among
roots of grass and bedstraw as near ground as possible, where their
colour renders detection difficult ; atthe end of July, 1895, four hours’
work in daytime at Malvern Wells provided 4 nearly fullfed larve,
the same place at 10 p.m. with lantern gave to larve in Io minutes;
at this time there was a drizzling rain, which caused the larve
to have the appearance of large snails glistening in the light from
the lantern (Rodgers) ; in the Namur district the larva lives
on rocky ground, eating only in the night and early morning,
remaining during the day at the roots of the foodplant (Lambillion).
Wailes found larve in the early morning of a wet, gloomy day,
but the following day they could only be obtained by disturbing the
sand at the roots of the plants; he also states that Blomer, when
in Egypt, used a garden rake successfully for this purpose ; Robson
says that the larva prefers a sandy habitat, perhaps because it can
burrow in the loose sand during the heat of the day. Holland observes
that, during August, G. verum and G. mollugo should be searched with
a lamp after dusk for larve, which are always well hidden away
in the daytime. Larve found from to p.m. to midnight with a
lantern, on Esher Common (Lovis), [nearly fullfed larvae on August
Ath-18th at Bisterne, feeding at mid-day in the hottest sun (Swzds.,
p. 20),] larvee found abundantly at Cherryhinton, July 31st, 1900,
between dusk and 11 p.m., by lamplight, mostly of the brown
form, but a few green ones, on G. verum (Crisp), larve fairly
common from August 11th-27th, 1900, on yellow bedstraw on the
cliffs at Folkestone, and readily found with a lantern at dusk as
they crawl up the bedstraw to feed on the top shoots, of some
three dozen captured five only were of the green form (Pickett).
July and August are the great months for the larva, but there is
some variation. ‘The following dates for the capture of larve have
accumulated: July and August at Postlingberg (Himsl), July and
August at Namur (Lambillion), July to September in Germany
(Kaltenbach), September 7th, 1882, fullgrown, on the Pic du Midi de
Bigorre at 6oooft. (Jones), August 30th, 1856, larvaat Ramsgate (Powell),
13 larve on G. verum between July 26th and August 26th, 1857, at
Ilfracombe (Mathew), larva August zoth, 1857, at Brighton (Merri-
field), larvae common June 26th, 1858, at Perth (White), larvee August
19th, 1860, at Jersey (Johnson), on Deal sandhills from September
ist-6th, 1860 (Fenn), fullfed larva on July 29th, 1861, August znd,
1866, August 26th, 1869 (Buckler), larve found on _ outskirts of
Chelsea at the beginning of August, 1863 (Clifford), August
5th, 1865, at Rottingdean, August a1st, 1869, at Hollingbury
Coombe (Image), June, 1867, at Perth (Stewart), August 8th,

THERETRA PORCELLUS. OF

- 1867, larve at Deal (A. H. Jones), larve near Whitby, end of
August, 1868 (Bold), August 9th, 1871, at Wanstead (Burrows),
70 larve at Brighton in August, 1871 (Edmunds), larve plentiful
on August 6th, 1874, at Streatley, July 30th, 1881, at Pangbourne,
July 28th, 1889, in plenty at Southstoke, August t1gth, 1890, at
Hardwick, August 7th, 1892, at Sulham (Holland), August 22rd,
1879, at Cleethorpes (Auld), August 3rst, 1883, at Riddlesdown,
August 18th, 1890, at Freshwater (Sheldon), August, 1888, at
Dunham, near Manchester (Chappell), larve nearly fullfed on August
3rd, 1888, August 19th, 1894, August 11th, 1895, August 16th,
1896, all at Reading (Butler), larve very abundant at Deal
September, 1888 (Nash), August 12th, 1889, August 8th, 1892,
August 3rd, 1893, at Barnes, August 8th, 1890, at Eastbourne
(Sich), larva at Swanage on August 5th, 1890 (Freeman), August 28th,
1892, at Panton, August, 1898, at Dover (Raynor), July, 1895, at
Malvern Wells (Rodgers), larvz three-quarters fed on June 21st, 1896,
at Castle Cosey (Thornhill), August 19th, 1896, at Luffness Links
(Evans), June, 1898, nineteen larve taken about three-parts
grown, small larve on August r2th, 1898, all at Chelmsford (Miller),
July 17th, 1899, at Benfleet (Whittle), fully grown larve on downs
at Eastbourne on August t1oth, 1899 (Carr), July 31st, 1900, at
Cherryhinton (Crisp), larve fairly common from August 11th-27th,
Igoo, on the cliffs at Folkestone (Pickett), larve fullfed September
3rd, 1g00, at Irvine (Dalglish), larve July 23rd-August 6th, 1gor1,
in a meadow near Sudbury (Ransom), August 28th, tgo1, at Hartley
Links (Rosie), larvae August 2oth-z9th, 1902, near Burgess Hill
(Dollman), August 25th, 1902, quite small, at Perth (Bush).
Larva. — first instar (newly-hatched): About 3mm. _ long,
stout, sturdy-looking, very short in comparison with length ;
prolegs short (larva rests low on foodplant); the head large and
rounded ; body tapering slightly from head to anus; the head
green in colour, the body duller whitish-green ; the skin-folds
at segmental incisions strongly marked ; the sete dark, very
short, forming little tubes with a drop of clear viscous fluid at
tip ; the spiracles large, slightly raised on abdominal segments
2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, the prothoracic and 8th abdominal spiracles
very large and the 7th one also much enlarged, nearly, if not
quite, as large as that on the 8th, whilst that on the 1st abdominal
is also enlarged, though not to the same extent as those on the
7th and 8th; the caudal horn is only represented by a small
brown circular mound, bearing the two anterior trapezoidals (i)
at its summit; this is situated at about the middle of the 8th
abdominal segment on a slightly raised skin area (and is less
conspicuous * even than the caudal horn of Dimorpha versicolora).
[When two days old the larva examined showed a sharp, clear,
dark, mediodorsal line, and a rather broader, less sharp, white,
subdorsal line, running from the prothoracic scutellum to the base
of the caudal horn (neither of these characters noticeable at

* This must clearly be looked upon as a case of degeneracy in what may
be termed an atavistic manner, since the tubercles and their width apart are
in great contrast with the usual aspect of the Sphingid horn, and in marked
contrast to the atrophy that is more or less in evidence in the adult larve of
Sphinx ligustri and Eumorpha elpenor (Bacot).

98 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

hatching).] The abdominal segments have 6* clearly marked
subdivisions, the first of which is equal to any three of the
others in size (and is structurally divisible into 3) and _ bears
tubercle i, il being situate on subsegment 4; this rst sub-
segment is almost certainly a coalescence of three original
subsegments as it 1s quite unusual to find tubercle i on the 1st
subsegment of larva, when the subdivisions are so numerous, unless
it be much larger than those following. In this case there would be
8 subsegments to a segment, the normal number in Sphingids. The
prothorax bears a large, but not very clearly defined, scutellar plate,
and the roth abdominal a distinct and well-defined anal plate. The
tubercles on the abdominal segments are—i and ii, in usual
trapezoidal position, placed well apart, and 11 considerably farther
from median line than 1; in close down to the spiracle on
the usst subsegment ; iv and v are well below spiracle, iv
almost directly beneath, but slightly posterior; on the 7thT and
8th abdominal segments this tubercle bears a simple pale-coloured
hair instead of a dark glandular bristle; v is below the level of
the spiracle, but placed far forward on the rst subsegment, near
the anterior margin of the segment. On the mesothorax and
metathorax 1 and i are still trapezoidal, but not so widely
separated as on the abdominals, ii is double and bears two sete ;
of the subspiracular tubercles v only is visible, beneath and anterior
to spiracle, almost on margin of segment (iv if present at all must
be very minute and certainly does not carry a glandular hair).
P Second, instar (july 17th, 1398) : Short, stout, (heawaem
appearance ; about °3in. in length, head rounded with a slight
tendency to square (2.¢., flattened at top and sides), rather larger
than thoracic segments; the abdominal segments slightly larger,
the thoracic segments having slightly the appearance of a neck.
Hlead pale green in colour, surface dull ; numerous short scattered
hairs, black or very dark purple in colour; division of head lobes
distinct. ody fairly evenly cylindrical, slightly humped on 8th
abdominal; the caudal horn represented merely by a central tubercle
of conical shape; the terminal abdominal segments slope off rapidly
from horn to anus ; colour pale green with a whitish tinge on dorsal
area; tip of caudal horn (tubercle) dark purple or black; a broad
white subdorsal band starts on either side of head and runs back
to the end of the 7th abdominal almost horizontally, it then slopes up to
base of caudal horn; these bands are bordered above by a clear green
stripe and fade off gradually into the green ground colour beneath ;
a faint green mediodorsal line is also present; the segmental incisions
distinct and sharp, but not deep; scattered dark purple or black
shagreen hairs are fairly numerous but not nearly so thick as in

* The larve at this stage had the first three segments of the abdominals
markedly joined as one (Bacot).

ft It may be observed that, in the larva of Hemaris tityus, tubercle iv,
on the 7th abdominal segment, carries a pale, simple, unforked hair, whilst the
other hairs are dark in colour and highly forked. This possibly shows a tendency
to weakness in this particular hair on this segment, and it may very possibly be
of general occurrence throughout the superfamily, although more noticeable in
these species owing to the special development of their hairs. In larva where the
hairs are all smul and weak or unspecialised the tendency may be easily overlooked
(Bacot).

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 99

Amorphids, they rise from small conical tubercles of usual shagreen type,
whitish or yellowish-white in colour, less marked on the clear green
border to the subdorsal stripe ; subsegments clear and distinct, 6 on each
abdominal segment, the first equal in size to any three of the
Others, and, as_ before noted, structurally equal to three, thus
giving 8, the normal number of subsegments in Sphingid larve ;
apparently 6 also on the mesothorax and metathorax but they
are all equal in size and rather larger than the small abdominal
ones; the shagreen-hairs are rather thick and short, not bifid, but
apparently glandular in character; what looks like minute drops
of a yellowish substance can be made out on some of the hairs.
’ Third instar (August 4th 1898): No change in general character
from last instar. Grows to ‘75in. in this stage. Head paler green
than the body, and, when the larva is fullgrown in this stage (as
also when adult), is very small compared with the size of the
body. The broad white subdorsal body-stripe clear and strong,
turning up to the root of the caudal horn as in the larva of Sesza
stellatarum ; the mediodorsal line clear; the bases of the shagreen
tubercles white, the white spreading somewhat from base; the
subdorsal band much whiter on the 1st and znd abdominal seg-
ments than elsewhere, swelling out into a distinct spot on each of
these segments (much larger on the rst than the znd abdominal); on
the rst abdominal segment a dark spot of reddish or purplish hue
just below the white spot or swelling of the band; this dark spot
bordered below with whitish; on the znd abdominal only the
faintest trace of a dark spot; anal flap narrowly bordered with
white. ? Fourth instar (August 7th, 1898): The subdorsal band much
less prominent, that portion on thoracic segments the strongest ;
eHow ot larva still green ; famt oblique (tail to head
HOE) stiipes discernible ; the caudal horn still - repre—
sented by a central, dorsal, pale-coloured tubercle, its double
character easily made out from the two short shagreen-hairs that
surmount it, the white from the bases of these hairs divided centrally
by a narrow green streak; spiracles large, oval, surrounded by a
narrow, chitinous rim; shagreen-hairs very short, more numerous
than in previous instar, and white specks at their bases more con-
spicuous; green of lateral area rather whiter than on dorsal area;
the swelling of the subdorsal band on 2nd abdominal segment has
now developed into a circular creamy-white spot, bordered above
and below by a dark streak; that on the 1st abdominal is much
larger ; it consists of an oval, creamy-white spot (quite twice the
size of that on 2nd abdominal), bordered above by a narrow black
streak and a rather suffused but broader reddish band; below
the white is a band of dull red, broader in centre and narrower
at ends; this fades into flesh-colour below, this tint forming a
tolerably broad spot, thinning out posteriorly into a narrow streak ;
below this again is an intense velvety-black spot, of irregular
lunular shape, broader in front than at back, the whole forming
a distinct ocellated spot. The ocellated spots show up more
clearly in this stage, partly because they are stronger and the
colour contrast greater, and partly because ihe subdorsal bands
are fainter than before. Dark, smoky-coloured larve are sometimes
met with in this stage. ? /7fth instar (adult): All my larve are

100 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

now dark in colour; the resemblance to the larva of Eumorpha elpenor
is very close; the larva darkest directly after moult, as it grows it
pales to a sepia-grey. Head somewhat square, with alternate dark
and pale vertical stripes; surface dull, covered with a short growth
of fine hairs; the head and thoracic segments small, the latter
tapering rapidly from ist abdominal segment to head, both head
and thoracic segments retractile to a considerable extent. A dark
mediodorsal line and pale subdorsal stripes, bordered with black, are
noticeable on thoracic segments ; traces of subdorsal band observed
on abdominal segments, most marked on 7th and 8th; the interseg-
mental areas pale, and there are pale spots in the position of the trape-
zoidal tubercles; caudal horn very insignificant, rather pale coloured;

anal flap with pale border; subsegments clearly marked, 6 (structurally
8) on each abdominal segment, the first (really 3 structurally)
equal in size to three or four of the following ones; both ocellated
spots large and well-developed ; a black blotch in about same position
on metathorax; traces of the 7 oblique stripes are present. The
dark colour is due to black streaks and mottling on a pale greyish
ground; other whitish spots are present in addition to the trapez-
oidal ones, the latter, however, clearest and most conspicuous ;
shagreen-hairs still present, and easily seen with an 1” objective ;
spiracles white (Bacot). The mnewly-hatched larva is a little over
3mm. long; on segment 12 no horn, but a raised wart set with
two clubbed bristles, as if the horn had been absorbed, leaving
no more than its tip, the places of the usual tubercular dots marked
by tiny short knobbed black bristles; the head and segment 13
set with short black hairs; the colour pale grey-green on the back,
on the front of each segment a band of deeper tint than that on
the hinder part, the side greyer, the spiracular region almost whitish,
the head and belly pale yellower-green; in a day or two a whitish
subdorsal line, with edges rather darker than the ground-colour,
makes its appearance. The jirs¢ moult comes when the larva is
6mm. long. After the moult the skin shows eight subdivisions in
each segment set with transverse rows of whitish round dots, each
bearing a tiny black bristle, the general colour pale green, the
subdorsal stripe white, the head green with tiny black hairs,
spiracles green, indistinct, the little wart with bristles on 12 as
before. The second moult comes at the length of romm., and after
it was passed I noticed the larva had acquired the retractile move-
ment of the head and front segments; the colouring much as
before, the wart on 12 now pink, about o:zmm. high, and set with
a few short hairs. The ‘Ard moult, at the length of zomm., brings
the first beginning of the characteristic markings; most of the
larvee remained green, but there appeared a freckling of two tints;

the subdorsal stripe was glaucous-green ; on this stripe, on segment
5, a spot, round in outline, of three colours, namely, white ‘where
the subdorsal line passes, then lilac, and then dark brown in the
lower portion; on segment 6 a small white spot on the subdorsal
line; the wart on 12 reddish, the subdorsal line runs up to it and
ends there. At this moult one larva turned brown—freckled in two
tints of brown—subdorsal line dingy buff; the spot on 5 had a
reddish centre and a dark brown edge; the small dot on 6 white.
The fourth moult came at the length of 3omm., and then all my

THERETRA PORCELLUS, 101

larve turned brown; I had not one that showed any trace of the
previous. green colouring. The fullfed larva was, when walking.
55mm. long, less than 50mm. when at rest, smooth and plump,
stoutest at segments 5 and 6, thence tapering very rapidly to the
head, which was very small, and with 2 and 3 retractile into 4;
segment 12 tapers a little, 13 rapidly; on 12 a small two-pointed
wart o5mm. high, the skin showing eight not distinct folds in
each segment. The colour ashy-brown, freckled with black, the
front of each segment being paler and bearing larger freckles, so
as to look like a transverse band there; the head ashy; on 2—4
the ground is pale buff, the markings dark brown; a thin dark dorsal
line; a buff subdorsal stripe outlined in black; 5 and 6 bear each
on the subdorsal level a round spot, that on 5 being the larger;
on 5 the spot is lilac with purple-brown centre, on 6 it is paler
lilac with brown centre bearing a yellow dot; both these spots are
surrounded with strong dark borders, making them very conspicu-
ous. The wart on 12 a little paler than ground, but not conspicuous ;
the spiracles pale, indistinct ; the belly unicolorous, of a pale livid hue
with pinkish tinge (Hellins). Buckler figures (Larvae British Moths,
li., pl. xxvi., fig. r 4) the fullgrown larva of the green form, also (Joc.
cit., figs. 1, 1¢) two fullgrown larve of the dark torm, and (doc. cit, fig.
1@) the larva, before the last moult.

VARIATION OF LARVA.—The larve of this species are green
when young, but a very large percentage becomes brown at the 3rd
ecdysis, although a few retain their green coloration. Ochsenheimer,
la 1808, noticed that adult green larve were rare, most being
black or blackish-grey. Weismann notes (Studies in Theory of
Descent, p. 186) that, although he twice reared this species (17
larve in all), in no case had he a larva which remained green
throughout to maturity, and the green form as adult appears to
be rare. Meldola notes (Joc. cit., p. 188, footnote) instances
of the green form occurring in Surrey, Kent, &c., but they ap-
pear to be infrequent. Hellins says that a larva which turned
brown at the third moult had the subdorsal line dingy buff. The
spot on the rst abdominal segment had a reddish centre and a
dark brown edge; the spot on the following segment white. He
also describes the brown form when fullfed (see supra). Buckler
figures (Larvae Brit. Moths, pl. xxvi., figs. 1 and 1¢) two very
different-looking examples of the brown form.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—Jirst instar: The larve
on first hatching measure 3°5mm. in length, are of an uniform light
green colour, with a fine white transverse line on the posterior
edge of each segment, precisely similar to that which appears in
the 2nd stage of £. elpenor. They resemble the latter species
still further in showing a fine white subdorsal line, which can
easily be recognised by the naked eye (fig. 24). Although the
adult larva is distinguished from all other known species of Choero-
campa by the absence of a caudal horn, a distinct but very small
one is nevertheless present at this first stage, and is, indeed, re-
tained throughout the entire course of development, but does not
increase further in size, and thus, gradually, becomes so small in
proportion to the size of the caterpillar that it may be entirely
overlooked. The first moult takes place after 4-5 days. Second

102 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

instar: The blue-green coloration remains unchanged, but a some-
what darker green dorsal line becomes apparent down the middle
of the back (the dorsal vessel?), and the subdorsal line now
becomes very broad and pure white, being much more conspicuous
than in any stage of LZ. elpenor (fig. 25). The tapering of the
three front segments occurs at this stage, and oblique dark green
striations on a lighter ground stand out distinctly on the spiracles.
As with £. elpenor, the first traces of the future eye-spots appear
during the znd stage, not in the present case as a curyature of
the subdorsal line, but as a spot-like widening of the latter, of a
brighter white than the somewhat greenish colour of the remainder
of the line. Zhird instar: After the second moult, the formation
of the dark “ground area” (anted, p. 76) of the eye-spots com-
mences by the appearance of a little brown on the under edge
of the foremost of the white spots, this coloration gradually in-
creasing in extent and in depth. At the same time both spots
become more strongly distinguishable from the subdorsal line, which
becomes constantly greener (fig. 27). The brown colour soon
passes round the white of the front eye-spot, which becomes so
far perfected, whilst the completion of the hind spot is effected
slowly atterwards, ‘The formation of the eye-spots does not, there-
tore, proceed any more rapidly in this species than in £. edgenor.
At the end of the present stage, the larva is about 4cm. in length;
the ground-colour is still. sea-green; the subdorsal line is much
diminished, completely fading away at its lower edge, but remaining
sharply defined above against the green ground-colour (fig. 26).
fourth instar ; After the 3rd moult all the larve (5) became
brown, this change occurring, therefore, one stage earlier than is
generally the case with £. elpenor®, In single instances, the brown
colour appeared in the 3rd stage. The subdorsal line had dis-
appeared from all the segments but the first three and the last.
The eye-spots now rapidly attained complete development ; they
contained a black pupil, and yave the insect a truly repulsive
appearance when, on being threatened by danger, it drew in the
front segments and expanded the 4th (fig. 28). The eye-spots of
the 5th segment are much less developed than in &. elpenor ;
they remain small and are not readily detected. On the
other hand, there now appear on all the segments, with
the exception’of the last, just as, in’ the 6th Stapeuymneees
elpenor, distinct rudiments of eye-spots, which present the ap-
pearance of irregular, roundish, black spots on the front
borders of the segments, at the height of the former subdorsal
line. In this latter region, the black pigment is disposed as a
longitudinal streak, and, to this, a median line is added, the whole
forming a marking which, perhaps, makes the caterpillar appear
still more alarming to its foes. This marking is, however, only
to be distinctly recognised on the first three segments. The

* This wants carefully comparing with our account of the larva of 2. edpenor
(anted, p. 72), in which it is shown that brown forms of the larva of Z. elpenor

appear in the qth stadium, as in that of 7. porceddus. We have already hinted
(antea, p. ~6) that Weismann stands alone in allowing six larval stadia to Z. “elpe nor.
Also compare with our description of larva of 7° porcellus (anted, pp. 100- 101), where

it is noted that many larvee of 7. Jorcellus do not become dark till the last instar.

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 103

- “dorsal spots” mentioned in the case of Z. elpenor then appear
very distinctly on segments 5-11. The larve continue to feed
for 11 days after the 3rd moult, at the end ot which period the
4th moult takes place, and the fA instar is assumed, but without
the occurrence of any change of marking. The larve then buried them-
selves, the complete development having taken 28-29 days (Weismann).

COMPARISON OF LARV OF ‘THERETRA PORCELLUS AND EUMORPHA

ELPENOR.—In TZ. forcellus the larva emerges from the egg with
the subdorsal line, the first stage of &. e/penor being omitted. This
suggests that the former is the younger species, z.¢., has advanced
further in development.. The subsequent course of development
of Z. porcellus is essentially a repetition of the phenomena displayed
by £. elpenor and differing only in one point, vzz., that all new
characters make their appearance one stage earlier than in the
latter species, This is the case with the transformation of the
green into a brown ground-colour, with the repetition of the
» eye-spots on the remaining segments in the form of suffused black
spots ; and with the appearance of the light dorsal spots. Only
the eye-spots themselves appear, and the snout-like tapering of
the front segments occurs in the same stage as in LZ. elpenor, 2.e.,
the second (Weismann). [Compare azfed, pp. 76-77. See also foot-
MOLE) Pp. 102.|

Cocoon.—The cocoon is spun (in confinement) on the surface

of the earth under dead and dried bedstraw, is large and irregular
in shape, formed of loose and scanty, rather coarse, brown silk,
perhaps best described as forming an open network, rather than
a cocoon (Bacot); the larve make a very open network cocoon
on the surface of the earth, working in bits of moss, &c. (Hellins) ;
spins up on the soil under moss or grass a slight cocoon of
silk and moss (Lambillion). Adkin gives (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent.
Soc., 1889, Pp. 153) an interesting note as to a pupal chamber
formed by a larva in one of the folds of the leno in which it spun
up. The space was lined with a substance resembling a film of
gelatine, slightly flexible to the touch and apparently of a damp-
resisting nature; he assumed it to represent the lining of the
earthen cell, made by larve, when pupating under natural
conditions, but of so delicate a structure as to prevent its
being detected when a pupa is removed from the earth. After
the emergence of the imago it was found that the gelatinous lining
had almost disappeared.

Pupa.—This pupa is at first sight indistinguishable from that of
£,. elpenor except by size, being 30mm.-38mm. long instead of 35mm. to
45mm., and, on closer examination, the differences are seen to be such
that it is obvious that a description of the one without seeing the other
might easily apply to both, even if made with some care. It will, there-
fore, be more satisfactory to describe the pupa of Z. porcellus by special
reference to the points in which it differs from that of &. edpenor. As to
the form of the pupa, it is at least as little flattened as that of Z. e/penor.
The head is proportionally a little larger, the labrum is thrown.a little
further back, and the maxille in front of it (ze. ventral to it)
project distinctly beyond it, and form the anterior point of the
pupa, the eye being directed exactly forward. The proboscis keel
is a little sharper and more prominent. The eye-spine terminates,

104 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

not in a rounded tubercle but, in a sharp spine curved backwards
to form a hook. The labral prominence is less marked. The
dimensions are:

DISTANCE

FROM FRONT| TRANSVERSE | _“NTERO-
MEASUREMENTS AT an DIAMETER AT oe oe
PUPA.
Eye-spines 56 2 “4 sie I7omm 4°3mm 4°omm.
Posterior margin of prothorax Bie ee bill 4 OF 55 50 5,5 670";
Middle mesothorax .. ae a ie 9 Wate ORO vagy 70 55 7°O 55
End of Ist leg 45 ols ce ary AO 10°5 ” 7°4 ” 7°38 ”
End of 2nd leg Be ae a 50 > 20m, 7°83 5; 8-0 ;,
Widest part 4th abdominal 53 55 Pale LOPS es 8-0 ,, 8-6 ,,
End of 4th abdominal a - wal S:On.: 220-45 8°2 ,,
Spines 5th abdominal « my ny) By a>: tor Oe Shs $:01,5
Spines 6th abdominal 2 20 bes a Pe2 Babess 7°8 ,, 7°55
Spines 7th abdominal a8 a Seca 2 0 Omer 7 Gras 6:0.
At 8th abdominal ., ae a De, Be Zoster 5°), 4°53 95
At base of spine. a $8 Bie f | S3aeOss, 26 ,, I2 5,
Total length .. #8 fg a 5: nolo. a3

The rows of spines on abdominal segments 5, 6, 7, differ by passing dor-
sally more to the front of the segment, and breaking up there into more
numerous smaller spines. Laterally, the ridge passes straight round
the pupa, at some distance behind the spiracles. In Z. elpenor it
seems as if it would like to go through the spiracle, and bends a
little in order to pass round behind it. The line is, indeed, broken
by the spiracle, in some specimens absolutely, but, in most, a few
fine spines exist behind the spiracle. In Z. porcellus, except a little
bend in the ridge on 7th segment, the spiracle does not enter into
the question. The anal spine seems to be the same in both, unless
in Z. porcellus the dorsum be more rounded, as one surface, instead
of almost divided into an anterior flat and posterior sloping surface
as in £. e/fenor. The wings are much more distinctly and neatly
marked than in £. e/fenor. Poulton’s line is crisply marked by special
wrinkling beyond it. In Z. elfenor the surface beyond is smoother.
The nervures are often (there is a good deal of variation) well marked
by broad pale lines between darker spaces and with rows of dark
dots down them, nervure 8 being almost lost in the costa. There
is no scar of caudal horn, except, in one specimen, a depression,
which may be accidental. The absence of horn scar is notable, as it
exists both in Prerogon proserpina and Thaumus vespertilio, the only pup
I have of Sphinges that I know to have hornless larve. The sculp-
turing is wrinkling throughout; there is no pitting ; on the 8th abdominal
there is well-marked transverse wrinkling (cerebral pattern) and on
gth there is fine longitudinal wrinkling (dorsally). The pitting of
anal spike is much as in £. edfenor. The subsegmentation
seems to be identical. When we examine the pupa-skin micro-
scopically, the differences between 7. jorced/us and £. elpenor take
at first view a different aspect, in that forced/vs seems to the naked eye
to be wrinkled throughout, Z. e/penor to be only or chiefly pitted,
wn 8th, 9th, and 1oth abdominal segments. Microscopically, the dark
circles which we may call pits or hair-points are much more numerous
on these segments in Z. forcedlus than in £. edpenor. In Z£. elpenor

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 105

- they are, however, clear and distinct, and the intermediate surface
is fairly smooth, in Z. porcellus all of them have little grooves passing
across their posterior margins, irregularly, but, in the main, in the
direction of round the segment, and very few of them have anything
at all distinctly like a hair. The spines on abdominal segments 5, 6, and
7 are also somewhat different. In £. e/penor they are fairly smooth, with
fine wrinkles starting in all directions from their bases, in Z. porcedlus
only the tip of the spine 1s smooth, and the ridges run a long way up
the spine. If one can be got at an angle that obscures its curvature,
it looks like a volcano, with a smooth sharp apex, but with its sides
scored with gullies running out into the plain below. The way
in which these graduate into ordinary hair-points, and in which the
hair-points form nuclei or centres for the wrinkling, and, finally (at
other points), leave the wrinkling more or less undisturbed by them,
but with an intermixture of actual hairs, makes a very varied and
complicated graduation of structure most interesting to look at, but
quite impossible to deal with without elaborate figures (Chapman).
6 (three measured). 1°2ins.—1‘25ins. in length, width just over
"3in. Cylindrical, thickest at 4th abdominal segment; tapering
gradually to either end; the pupal envelope stout, surface rather
dull, due to wrinklings and corrugations of skin (although these are
themselves smooth and shiny when seen with a lens, the effect as a
whole is to produce a dull surface). Colour light wainscot or
flesh-brown, mottled and striped with dark brown, almost black
(one pupa much lighter than the two others); the wing-cases dark,
hervures pale; antennze and maxille dark, legs pale; eyes and
headpiece dorsally dark and prominent ; the greater part of dorsal
area dark ; cremastral spike black. The head very prominent ;
maxille large, projecting in a keel-like process at top, but tapering
to a narrow double sheath which is continued to end of wing-cases ;
antenne and legs short; the great development of maxille has
apparently forced the labrum and other usually ventral head-parts
into a dorsal position. The prothorax small; the mesothorax large ;
the metathorax small; the 1st abdominal segment short, the znd
longer ; the 3rd twice the length of the ist, and the 4th at least four
times the length of rst; the 5th nearly as long, the 6th slightly
smaller; the 7th still narrower, and fused to the 8th. The cre-
master is broad, laterally very rough, convex on dorsal surface, concave
on ventral; it narrows rapidly to a sharp polished spine curved in
a ventral direction. The spiracles are distinct, large, forming rather
long and narrow slits with the skin much wrinkled around them.
On the dorsal and lateral areas of the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal
segments, at or near the middle of segment, but passing behind
the spiracle and curving towards the anterior edge near the median
line, is a low ridge of stout sharp conical spines, slightly curved
towards anal end of pupa; in the middle of dorsal area where the
line curves towards the anterior margin of segment, the ridge is
somewhat broken up and the spines, which are scattered over a band,
are also smaller. [This character is well-developed in the pupa of
£. elpenor, but the spines are more numerous and do not torm so
well-marked a ridge, but rather a band, and the spiracle is placed
directly in their line, forcing the spines, which are much smailer
hereabouts, out in a curve behind the spiracle.] A band along the

106 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

posterior edges of the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments is
finely and regularly granulated, giving a comparatively smooth border
to segment (Bacot, October 23rd, 1898). ‘The pupa is rather over
30mm. in length, cylindrical, the headpiece sloping from the
shoulders, and with rather prominent eyes and a projecting keel
for the tongue-case, the wing-cases short, figure stoutest about middle,
tapering either way, the rough anal spike triangular, flattened, and
hollowed somewhat, ending in a sharp point, the skin rather rough.
On the three abdominal segments next below the wings is a line of
small projecting points passing almost round the body; the colour
dusky ochreous, much freckled with black, the wing-cases smoky
(in some examples the nervures are marked out in black), a blackish
dorsal line, and the abdominal segments well marked with black
rings (Hellins, November 5th, 1886). The pupal skin is rough
and wrinkled, except the black incisional areas between the movable
segments which are almost smooth, glossy, and have the appearance
of silk. Colour brownish, with a_ fine black mediodorsal line
and black shading running subdorsally down the thoracic and
Ist abdominal segments; the black is confined to a _ posterior
subsegmental ring on the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments.
The head is prominent, the base of the maxille enlarged, ridged
(upper part of maxille have appearance of being coiled), the tip
extending just beyond the apices of the wings on the posterior edge
of the 4th abdominal segment, two ill-developed structures
(resembling nosehorns) project over glazed eye; the antenne
commence at front edge of prothorax, run ventrally between
glazed eye and the distinct prothoracic spiracle; the latter situated
on intersegmental line between pro- and mesothorax; the antenne,
strongly segmented, extend about half-way along costa of forewing ;
two pairs of legs, pale-coloured, on each side of maxille ; the wings
narrow, the inner margin somewhat hollowed. The _ prothorax
narrow, the mesothorax strongly developed, the metathorax narrow ;
the abdominal segments increasing in size from Ist to 4th (which
is very wide), the 5th and 6th also wide; movable incisions between
4-5, 5-6, 6-7; on the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments, a
prominent reddish ring, the edge thickly studded with short black
points; the ring, least developed on dorsum and venter, runs obliquely
back from front of each segment dorsally to behind the spiracles
laterally; the spiracles black, elongate, ear-shaped, that on rst
abdominal segment partly hidden beneath wing, that on 8th
abdominal obsolete; on the venter of abdominal segments 3-6 are
traces of position of prolegs ; the terminal segments tend, to
obsolescence ; the body terminated by a pointed, corneous, cremastral
horn, turned downwards, and with a wide flattened base (Tutt).
COMPARISON OF PUP OF 'THERETRA PORCELLUS AND EUMORPHA
ELPENOR.—The pupe of Z. porcellus are proportionally longer and
more slender than those of £. e/penor, that of the former averaging
I'25ins. long and just over *32Ins. in width, the latter r5ins. long
and just under *34ins. in width; the keel-like maxilla rather more
prominent in Z. porcellus than £. elpenor. ‘The cremaster of the
former similar to that of the latter but rather larger in proportion (Bacot).
ParasirEs.—Jchneumon fusorius, Wesm. (Harwood), Amblyteles
Juscipennis, Wesm. (Bignell), Zyrogus exaltatorius, Panz., Anomalon

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 107

cylindricum, Bridg., Banchus moniliatus, Gr., B. falcator, Fab. (Adkin
teste Bignell), Zrogus ¢lutorius, Fab. (Billups), Z. alboguttatus Gr.
(Billups).

FooppLants.—£Lpilobium, | Lmpatiens| (Linné), Galzum verum,
G. mollugo, G. palustre (Buckler), G. saxatile (Chappell), G. aparine
(Robson), £fzlobium angustifolium (Standish), £. hirsutum, Lythrum
salicaria, Vitis vinifera (Kaltenbach). ;

Hasits.—The imagines are occasionally to be found at rest on
various plants—frequently found on banks covered with Ononts
arvensis on the Lancashire coast sandhills (Moss), abundant in 1895
along foot of North Downs near Wye, especially on the old racecourse ;
they were mostly seen at rest on bedstraw and grass (Theobald),
five taken at rest on Galzum growing at roots of rushes on Wimbledon
Common (T. Briggs), on the steep grassy side of the slope above
Blair Logie on June 6th, newly emerged (Wingate), at rest in the
long grass at Beachy Head (Blenkarn), at rest on grass, June
8th, rg00, at Orton (Thwaytes), a pair taken zz copuld at
I am., on June roth, 1891, at Dublin, the specimens on the
head of a tall stalk of grass, their brilliant colour attracting attention
(Curzon) ; at rest on a nettle about 10.45 a.m. at Tuddenham on June
18th, 1891 (Christy). They rarely come to light in Britain, but
there are some records—at Taunton in 1886 (Farrant), in August
at Wallasey (Powley), at Winchester (Shepheard-Walwyn), at
Appledore (Heitland), on lamps at Worcester (Rea), on the
continent it is often recorded at light, eg., at Namur the imagines
often come to light (Lambillion), common at electric lght at
Berne from April r2th—August 15th, 1893 (Hiltbold), at electric
light at Aigle on July 3rd-4th, 1898 (Lowe), common at electric
light at Zurich in May and June, 1893-5 (Nageli), abundant at
electric light July and August, 1896, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz).
It comes somewhat freely on some occasions to sugar — at
Winchester, in June, 1891, a specimen rushed lke a hawk at the
brush as it was taken out of the pot to sugar a tree and began
feeding (Hewett), odd ones now and again at sugar at Lincoln
(Musham), hovering at sugar in the New Forest at dusk (Lofthouse),
at sugar at Wheatley Wood (Corbett), at sugar from June 1ath-16th,
_ 1871, at Sherwood Wood (Porritt), at Deal, as soon as the sugar was

put on (Carr), &c. Its natural habit, however, is to visit flowers
from just before dusk and to remain on the wing rather more
than a couple of hours, from about 8 p.m. until 10.30 p.m.,
though few come after Io p.m. At Namur the moths fly regularly
about 9 p.m. at Galdiwm (Lambillion), at 9 p.m. at bugloss, con-
tinuing on the wing only for about an hour (Poulton), at St.
Ives at honeysuckle, rarely later than 8 p.m., best time half an
hour earlier, very abundant in 1879, a dozen being captured on
each of six successive evenings (Norris), flies just before dusk
at Biedenkopf (Ruhl), hovering over honeysuckle just between
daylight and dusk from June rst-9th, 1894, at Windrush Burford
(Todd) ; commences its flight about 8.30 p.m. at Painswick
(Watkins). It chooses a large variety of flowers for its visits—
Silene inflata at Hartlepool (Merryweather), abundant at pinks
mm 1895, at Coxhorne and Charlton Kings (Robertson), and at
Bremhill (Eddrup), red campion in North Wales (Woodforde),

108 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

at Atherstone (Baker), and at Horrabridge (Still), white campion at
Market Drayton (Freer), valerian and white pinks at Sulby
(Clarke), ragged robin at Legsby (Raynor), chium vulgare at
St Margaret’s Bay (Reid); at Safonaria officinalis on the banks
of the Lahn (Jager), common rocket and vetches, unusually
abundant in 1888, at Sligo (Russ), honeysuckle and verbenas at
Haynes Park (Jnt., 1, 198), sweetwilliams at Whittlesford (Thurnall),
Centranthus at Bury St. Edmunds (Norgate), yellow iris at
Wallasey (Cooke), and on the Carnarvon coast (Johnson),
azaleas at Corsemalzie (Gordon), at red valerian at Rugeley
(Freer), at Mucking (Burrows), and at Lynmouth (Briggs), at
honeysuckle at Church Stretton (Newnham), at St. Ives (Norris),
at Howth (Birchall), at Stonehouse, very abundant in 1896
(Nash), at Castle Cusey, abundant in 1896 (Thornhill), at
Ladylaw (Guthrie), at Worcester (Rea), at Chiswick (Sich), and at
Mansfield (Daws), at rhododendrons at Church Stretton (Newnham),
at Hayes (Fuller), at Wishanger (Bingham-Newland), &c. Many
other records at rhododendron, honeysuckle and valerian show these
to be the favourite flowers for attracting the species in this country.

Hapitar.—Appears to be generally distributed on coast sand-
hills, on chalkhills, cliffs, downs, in meadows, and occasionally by
ditchsides, &c., but appears to prefer dry situations, the imagines also
abundant near woods, in gardens, &c. Jager notes it as abounding on the
banks of the Lahn, Moss observes it as being common on the borders
of the large flat tracts of moss land in Westmorland where it is
always associated with Galzum mollugo growing in thick patches
among the grass especially at the sides of dykes, but such localities
are apparently not often chosen. It abounds on the coast sandhills
of Sligo, Montrose, Aberdeen, Durham, Wallasey, &c., on the shingle
quite close to the sea at Deal and Kingsdown, on the seabanks
on both sides of the Tyne, on the chalk downs at Wye, Cuxton,
&c., in pasture meadows at Freshwater, on the chalk cliffs at Dover,
Folkestone, &c., on the steep grassy slopes above Blair Logie, &c.
Such a variety of situations naturally betokens a very wide distribu-
tion, and this the species undoubtedly has in our Islands. Abroad
its habitats are-even more varied. It occurs in the Pyremeesuus
a height of 6o00oft., and in the barren steppe districts of Orenburg
and Sarepta.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—There is no evidence that this species
is even partially double-brooded in this country although it is
frequently so in various parts of southern Europe. In _ central
Europe, however, it is single-brooded as in the British Islands.
It is also very uncertain in appearance, in some years, ¢g., 1868,
1879, 1888, 1895, 1896, it is abundant, in others quite rare. It
also appeared in great numbers in 1875 and 1886 in certain
parts of Germany. Its times of appearance have been noted
as follows: May, in Istria, in the dept Doubs, one as early
as April 22nd, 1842, near St Vit ; middle of May, near Rome, at
Nantes, and at Brussa; May and June at Eutin, Brunswick, Halle-a-
S., Saxon Upper Lusatia, Augsburg, Epiries, Rosenau, in the Inn
Valleys, in the lowlands of Switzerland, in the Ural district, Transcau-
casia, and the Netherlands ; in June at Bremen, Crefeld, Cassel and
Wiesbaden ; in June and July in Roumania ; commencement of

THERETRA PORCELLUS. 109

July in Bucovina; middle of July in Transsylvania; July and
August in Alsace, and at Aix-les-Bains, &c. The following suggest
double broods ; middle of April to commencement of June, and
again in July and August at Budapest /¢esfe Bartel), May and Sep-
tember in Tuscany (¢esfe Bartel), April and May and sometimes
in July in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), May-June and again
in July-August in Baden, May-June and August-September at
Constance, May and July at Funfkirchen (Reutti), June and
August in the Gironde (Trimoulet), mid-May to July at Waldeck,
sometimes again in September (Speyer), only singly in June,
1892, at the electric lights, but much commoner in August, 1892, at
Berne (Benteli), throughout the summer, from April rzth-August
15th, 1593, at Berne (Hiltbold), Fritsch gives dates for Austro-
Hungary from May rath-July 15th, also from Salzburg on July 17th,
29th, August roth and September 12th. In the Channel Islands
weenave: july oth, 1860, July oth, 1387, April to June, 1897, in
Alderney (Walker), July 29th, 1860, in Jersey (Johnson). The
following actual dates of captures have accumulated: May 28th,
1743, several in Osterly Wood, near Brentford (Wilkes), imagines
ieee tein coth, 20th, 21st, 1346, at Brighton. (The Level)
(Merrifield), June 18th, 1856, June 14th, 1859, at Holhngbury
Beoombe, june 23rd, 1898, on Putney Heath (Image), common
Seiyeeerese, at Haynes Park (/z7, 1., p. 198), June 11th-15th,
1858, at Worcester, June 15th-2z5th, 1860, June 7th, 1865, at Worcester,
' @ just emerged, 135 oval green eggs taken from her, all fully mature
(Edmunds), June roth, 1859, and following days, at Oundle (Whall),
June 15th, 1859, July 13th-15th on Wimbledon Common, June, 1890,
at Folkestone, June 26th-July ist, 1899, at Lynmouth (T. Briggs),
June 29th, 1859, and following days, common at Perth (White),
five stse7th, 1659, at lLeckhampton (Trye), June, 1860, at
Galway (Ellis), bred from larve found at Deal, June 18th, 1861,
also June 25th, 1875, at Dartford (Fenn), June tist-9th, 1864, at
Windrush Burford, June 16th, 1866, at Northleach (Todd), June
6th-gth, 1864, at Chertsey (A. H. Clarke), imagines bred from pupz
me, 10th, 1867, July xst-7th, 18386, at Emsworth (Hellins),
May 26th, 1868, at Guestling- (Bloomfield), June 12th-17th,
1868, common at Howth (Birchall), June 13th, 1868, at Ashford
(Jeffrey), 3 imagines last week in July, 1868, near Tynemouth
(Bold), June 5th-26th, 1869, in New Forest (Capper), June 2oth,
1869, at Leyton (Meldola), unusually common at Folkestone,
July, 1869 (Standish), July, 1869, at Wallasey (Melvill), June
13th, 1870, June 12th, 1890, and following days at sugar at
Witherslack, June rz2th-16th, 1871, at Sherwood Wood, near Exeter
(Porritt), June, 1870, worn, at Douglas (Robinson), July 6th, 1871,
two near Ballinasloe (Lawless), June 23rd-July 21st, 1873, in New
Forest (Tugwell), unusually abundant in May, 188z, at Culleenamore
(Russ), June 28th, 1884, at Luffness Links (Evans), June, 1885, pretty
abundant at St. Ives (Norris), June roth, 1885, at Brentwood, June 3oth,
1894, at Rainham and June 7th-2oth, 1901, at Mucking (Burrows),
June 11th, 1885, at Brentwood, June z2oth, 1895, at Legsby, June 17th,
1898, at Galley Wood (Raynor), July rst, 1886, June z27th-July rath,
1887, June 19th-July rath, 1888, June 17th, 1889, June 22nd, 1891,
June 8th-2oth, 1892, June 15th, 1894, June 26th, 1895, June 5th,

110 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

1896, July 3rd, 1897, at Emsworth, June 18th, 1891, at Tuddenham
(Christy), June 4th, 1887, at Loughton, June 11th, 1887, at Theydon
Bois (Oldham), a pair on June z1st, 1887, at Cheddar (Bath) [one bred
January 28th, 1889, from a forced pupa from Kingsdown (Tugwell)],
netted June rst-4th, 1889, June rst-18th, 1890, at Portland (Brown),
June rith-r8th, 1890, at Swansea (Robertson), captured at Norwood
June r5th-July 11th, 1890 (Swain), June 18th, 1890, on moor at
Paul, June 20th, 21st and z2nd, 1890, in garden at Mansfield, June
18th, 1899, at Redhouse Downs (Daws), imago bred July, 1890, from
larva found at Potters Bar (Mera), July 14th, 1890,-captured at
Sandown, June 13th, 1896, at Oxshott (Prout), June, 1891, June,
1899, at Lewes (Nicholson), June, 1891, at Winchester (Hewett),
June roth, 1891, at Dublin (Curzon), May, 1893, at Oxhey
(Brown), May, 1893, at Wheatley Wood (Corbett), June gth, 1894, at
Galway (Allen), June 23rd-July, 1894, at Hythe (Adkin), May 27th-
June 6th, 1895, May 28th-June 13th, 1896, June 17th, 1897, June 6th-
30th, 1898, June 4th-12th, then one on July 14th, rgot, earliest in 1902
seen on June 2oth, at Skipwith (Ash), May 31st-June 7th, 1895, June
4th-14th, 1897, common, May 21st-June 6th, 1899, June 3rd-zoth, 1900,
at Sulby (Shortridge-Clarke), imagines abundant June, 1895, near Wye
(Theobald), throughout May, 1895, also June 17th, 1895, and following
days, abundant at St. Cyrus, near Montrose (Gunning), imago netted
at Oxted, June, 1895 (Sheldon), June 1st-4th, 1895, in north Staffs
(Blage), June. 3rd, 1895, at Hayes (Fuller), June 5thjrgoe
in the Quantock Hills, June 25th, 1895, at Newquay (Watts),
May 28th, 1896, June 26th, 1897, July 4th, 1898, June 16th, 1899,
not uncommon at Rugeley, June z2oth-July roth, 1g00, at Anglesea,
very common (Freer), May 28th, 1896, and on into early June at
Church Stretton (Newnham), June 4th-8th, 1896, at Castle Cosey
(Thornhill), three taken at Corsemalzie on June roth and r1th, 1896
(Gordon), June 13th, 1896, imago at rest at Oxshott (Lovis), June
15th, 1896, July 3rd and arst, 1898, at Worcester (Rea), June 16th,
1896, at Wannock, June roth, 1896, at Peterborough (Pearson),
bred June 19th, 1896 (Glenny), June, 1897, at Okehampton (Bland),
June 6th, 1897, at Loughton (McIntyre), June roth, 20th, 27th,
29th, 30th, July 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 1897, June 23rd) 2otheesans
July rst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 12th, 13th, 1898, all at Boxworth
(Thornhill), @ captured July 2nd, 1897, laid a few ova, these hatched
in 12 days, larve fullfed about August 2oth, began to emerge June roth,
1898, June gth-21st, rgo1, at Reigate (Prideaux), July 4th, 1897, July
6th, 1899, at Reading, July 12th, 1898, several captured at Folkestone
(Butler), [forced from October zoth, 1897, one emerged December
6th, 1897, another January 14th, 1898=3 months at from 115°F.
daytime, to 50°F. at night (Moss),] June 8th, gth, r1th, 17th and July
and, 1898, June 11th, 15th, 24th, 1899, at Chelmsford (Miller), June
26th-30th, 1898, between Waxham and Horsey (Cox), March 2oth,.
1899, a freshly emerged specimen in a garden at Limpsfield (Shepheard-
Walwyn), June rath-r9th, 1899, at Atherstone (Baker), June 24th,
1899, at Ayr (Wilson), several fullfed larvee found in the Isle of Man
on September 13th, 1899, these duly pupated, the imagines
appearing June, tg00 (Clarke), June rst-13th, 1900, in N. Wales
(Woodforde), June 6th, 1900, at Lincoln (Musham), June gth-14th,
1900, at Darenth (Barraud), imagines emerged June 13th-14th, 1900,

THERETRA PORCELLUS. Dit

- from larve found at Benfleet on July 17th, 1899 (Whittle), June 8th,
1900, at Orton, June 8th, 1901, at Carlisle (Thwaytes), June sth,
1900, at Lichfield (Redmayne), June zoth, 1900, at Hartley
Links (Rosie), June 23rd, 1900, from pupa found at Dorking
(Oldaker), June 29th, 1900, at Beachy Head (Blenkarn), one taken
June 28th, 1900, at Bremhill (Eddrup), imagines abundant, July,
Igo0o, at St. Mareanes, bay (eid), July 17th, 1900, at- Hull
(Haworth-Booth), May rath, 1901, at Hampstead (Hopson), June
rsth, igor, at Chathill (Allhusen), June 23rd, rgo1, at Arbrook
Common (Fleet), June 26th, 1901, bred at Scarborough (Head),
June 25th-30th, 1902, at Deal (Carr), June 18th-July Ist, 1902, in
New Forest (Lofthouse).

LOCALITIES.—Widely distributed throughout England, Scotland and
Wales (Tutt), distributed throughout Ireland and fairly numerous in some
localities (Kane). ABERDEEN: coast districts (Esson), Aberdeen (Reid), Inverurie
(Tait). ANGLESEA: Holyhead (Freer), Ayr: Irvine, common, Lendalfoot
(Dalglish), Ayr (Wilson), Cloncaird Castle (Anderson), Girvan (Rose), Monkton
(Duncan), Troon (Evans). BEDFORD: Bedford (Steuart), Haynes Park (/77., i., p.
198). BERKS: Reading (Butler), Burghfield, Pangbourne, Streatley (Holland),
Bucks: Wavendon, Halton (Stainton). CAMBRIDGE: near Cambridge (Farren),
Whittlesea (Bond), Whittlesford, common (Thurnall), Boxworth (Thornhill), Wicken
(Christy). CARMARTHEN: Carmarthen (Tutt coll.), Langharne (Kaye). Car-
NARVON: Abersoch (G. O. Day), Deganwy (Gardner), Tan-y-Bwlch dist. (Arkle).
CHESHIRE : more frequent along the coast (Ellis), Delamere Forest and East Cheshire
(Walker), Wallasey sandhills (Cooke), West Kirby (Pierce), Tarporley (Stock), Bow-
don, Knutsford (G. O. Day), Birkenhead, New Brighton (Almond), sandhills between
New Brighton and West Kirby (Moss). CLARE: Ennis and East Clare (Stacpole),
Bally Vaughan ( Kane). Cork: Harbour View, near Timoleague, Courtmac-
sherry, common (Donovan), coast districts— Queenstown, Glengarriff (Kane). CoRN-
WALL: Redhouse Downs, Paul, Penzance (Daws), Newquay (Watts). CUMBER-
LAND: rare, mostly captured on coast (Day), Maryport, common (Swainson), Castle
Carrock (Bowman), Cockermouth (Robinson), Flimby coast and Flimby Wood
(Mawson), Keswick, rare (Beadle), Lake district (Stainton), Workington (Wilkinson),
Orton (Thwaytes), Carlisle (Armstrong). DENBIGH : Chirk (Gardner), Denbigh
(Walker). Derry: Willington district, Derby, rare (Pullen). DEVvon: Ly nmouth
(T. Briggs), Ilfracombe (Henderson), Westw ard Ho (Gosset), Sherwood Wood, near
Exeter (Porritt), Dartmoor (Gummer), Teignmouth (Rogers), Okehampton (Bland),
Horrabridge (Still), Plymouth (Stainton). “DONEGAL : Donegal (Kane). DORSET:
Portland, not uncommon (Richardson), Rempstone (Bankes), near Gussage
(Stephens), Swanage (Freeman), Blandford (Stainton). DUBLIN: Malahide
(Bristow), Kingstown, Killiney, Larnhay Island (Kane), Blackrock (Greer), Howth
(Birchall), Dublin (Curzon). DURHAM: not rare on coast (Robson), Hartlepoo
(Merryweather), South Shields (Eales), Seaton Carew (Backhouse), Jesmond (Hender-
son). EDINBURGH: Tyne Mouth, Luffness Links (Evans), Edinburgh (Jenner-Fust).
EssEx: on the coast (Harwood), Saffron Walden (Jeffrey), Wanstead, Brentwood,
Rainham (Burrows), Chelmsford (Miller), Galleywood (Raynor), Forest Gate (Mera),
Eastwood (Vaughan), Theydon, Loughton, Lords Bushes (Oldham), Maldon (Fitch),
Leyton (Meldola), Benfleet (Whittle), Sudbury district, rare (Ransom), Chingford
(Latchford), Epping (Stainton). FIFESHIRE: Crail, Pettycur, Kinghorn (Evans).
FLINT: Rhyl (Gardner), FORFAR: St. Cyrus, Montrose (Gunning). GALWAY:
central and eastern parts of county not scarce, Ardrahan, &c (Kane), Galway (Allen),
Clonbrock (Dillon), Claring Bridge, near Galway (Birchall), Ballinasloe (Lawless).
GLAMORGAN: Swansea district, common, Sketty Park (Robertson). GLOUCESTER:
Tewkesbury district, sometimes common (Fox), Forest of Dean (Searancke),
Painswick (Walker), Stonehouse (Nash), Cheltenham (Standish), Windrush Bur-
ford, Northleach (Todd), Uley (Fitzgerald), Leckhampton (Trye), Charlton Kings,
Coxhorne (Robertson), Tuffley (Rea), Cotham, near Bristol (Crawford), Clifton
Downs, Stapleton, scarce, Westbury (Hudd), Redland (Vaughan), Cirencester
(Harman), Bristol (Stainton). HADDINGTON: North Berwick, Gullane, Long-
niddry (Evans). Hants: Winchester, Crabbe Wood. not uncommon (Fisher),
Isle of Wight —- Freshwater (Sheldon), Sandown (Prout), Wishanger,
Headley (Bingham-Newland), New Forest (Cox), Gosport, Portsea Island, fairly
common (Pearce), Burghclere dist. (Alderson), near Emsworth (Christy), Hartley

112 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Row (Holland), Bisterne (Subs., p. 20), Basingstoke (Holdaway), Christchurch
(Adye). HEREFORD: Leominster (Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood). HERTs:
Hitchin (Griffith), Broxbourne (Bacot), Bushey Heath (Barraud). Hunts: St Ives
(Norris). ISLEOF MAN: Sulby, Ramsey, Douglas, Ballaugh Curraughs (Shortridge-
Clarke). . Krenr: Tunbridge Wells (Henderson), Ashford (Brackenbury), Dover
(Walker), Ramsgate (Willson), Folkestone (Fellows), North Downs, near Wye
(Theobald), Deal (Meek), Appledore (Heitlandj), Hayes (Fuller), Hythe (Adkin),
Darenth (Barraud), St. Margaret’s Bay (Reid), Tenterden (Stainton). KINCARDINE :
coast districts (Esson). KIRKCUDBRIGHT: Douglas (Robinson). LANCS: more
frequent along the coastline (Ellis), Southport, Morecambe Bay (Murray), Crosby
sandhills (Harker), Lytham (Hodgkinson), near Manchester (Buxton), Patricroft,
Dunham Park (Chappell), Grange-over-Sands (Booth), Preston (Stainton), sandhills
between Waterloo and Formby (Moss). LEICESTER: Gumley, not common
(Matthews), Buddon Wood (Headly), Blackbrook (Vice). LINCOLN: Hartsholme
(Carr), Ranceby (Stow), Market Rasen district (Lewington), Grantham (Walpole),
Panton, Newball, Legsby (Fowler), Lincoln (Mackonochie), Humber district
(Ash), Great Grimsby (Dawson), Cleethorpes (Auld). LouTH: Castle Belling-
ham (Thornhill). MERIONETH: Dinas Mawddwy (Tetley), Barmouth (Arkle).
MIDDLESEX: Harrow Weald, Oxhey (Rowland-Brown), Mill Hill, Hendon
(South), Hampstead (Hopson), Hounslow (Powley), Potters Bar (Mera),
Waltham Cross, Enfield (Bowles), Chiswick (Sich). MONAGHAN: Drumreaske (Kane).
MonmMoutH : Llandogo (Nesbitt). Norrotk: The Broads—Waxham and Horsey
(Cox), Cromer (Russell), Yarmouth district (Moss). NORTHAMPTON: Peterborough
(Pearson), Northampton (Quail), Sherwood (Daltry), Oundle (Whall). NokTHuMm-
BERLAND: not rare on coast, Twizell (Robson), Hartley Links (Rosie), Bambro’
(Brady), Blyth Links, Whitley (Maling), Chathill (Allhusen), St. Mary’s Island, near
Tynemouth (Bold), NortTincHam: Mansfield (Daws). OXFORD : near Goring,
Hardwick, Southstoke (Holland), Oxford (Steuart). PERYH : common in the
lowlands, rare or absent in the highlands—Forth, Earn, Gowrie and Perth districts
(F. B. White), Almondbank (Tutt coll.), Dumyot, above Blair Logie (Wingate).
ROXBURGH: Caverton district (Elliot), Hawick district—Ladylaw, Wilton
Dean (Guthrie). SHROPSHIRE: Church Stretton (Newnham), Wyre Forest
(Rossiter), Market Drayton (Woodforde). SLIGO: coast districts, Markree
Castle, Ballysodare, Lough Gill (Kane), Culleenamore, Sligo (Russ). SOMERSET:
Quantock Hills (Watts), Brislington (Ficklin), Weston-super-Mare (Crotch),
Cheddar (Bath), Taunton (Farrant), Clevedon (Mason), Wotton - under - Edge
(Perkins). STAFFORD: north Staffs, rare (Daltry), Stoke-upon-Trent (Ear),
Burnt Woods (Blagg), Market Drayton district (Woodforde), Rugeley, Cannock
Chase, fairly common (Freer), Lichfield (Redmayne). STIRLING: Bridge of
Allan (Wingate). SUFFOLK: not uncommon in sandy districts — Brandon,
Tuddenham (Needham), Ipswich (Platten), Bury St. Edmunds (Norgate), Sud-
bury district, rare (Ransom), Aldborough, Bungay (Bloomfield), Stowmarket
(Stainton). SURREY: Riddlesdown. Boxhill (Sheldon), Barnes (Sich), Putney
Heath (Image), Wimbledon (1. Briggs), Limpsfield (Shepheard-Walwyn),
Camberley (Watson), Reigate (Prideaux), Arbrook Common (Fleet), Croy-
don (Tugwell), Wallington (Robinson), Oxshott (Prout), Coombe Wood,
Wandsworth Common (Stephens), Chiswick (Mitchell), Chertsey (Clarke), Haslemere
(Barrett), Esher (Lovis). SUSSEX : not common— Lewes, Guestling, rare (Jenner),
Brighton, common (Edwards), on the South Downs (Fletcher), Eastbourne (Adkin),
Hailsham (Carr), Beachy Head (Blenkarn), Hastings (Butler), Hollingbury Coombe,
Rottingdean (Image), near Emsworth (Christy), Wannock (Pearson). WARWICK:
Sutton, near Birmingham (Tye), Atherstone (Baker), Northfield (Wynn).
WATERFORD: ‘Tramore, Minehead, Waterford, Dunmore (Kane). WEsT-
MEATH: Cromlyn (Battersby), Lakes of Derravaragh and Belvidere, Killyon
(Reynell), Mullingar (Middleton). WESTMORLAND: Witherslack (Porritt),
Kendal district, Underbarrow, Bregsteer, Meathop, Holkar (Moss), Ambleside
(Buckton), Burton (Murray). Wicrown: Corsemalzie (Gordon). WILTS’:
Winterslow, near Salisbury (Stephens), Salisbury (Neale). WORCESTER: gener-
ally common— Worcester (Rea), Wyre Forest (Bradley), Malvern Links (Smith).
YORKS: not uncommon in eastern division of county, apparently rare elsewhere
(Porritt), Skipwith (Ash), Fulford (Hewett), Hullbank (Bolt), Wheatley Wood,
near Doncaster (Corbett), Whitby (Bold), Everingham (Sumner), Hull (Hay-
worth), Scarborough (Head), Huddersfield (Varley), Spurn, abundant (Lawton),
near York (Prest),

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout Europe, extending into Asia Minor, and,
according to Young, reaching into the Punjaub; it is also recorded from the

THERETRA PORCELLUS, 113

~ Kouldja district by Alphéraky, and from the high mountains east of Siwas,
Tokat and Amasia, but Staudinger queries its occurrence here. Its extension
into Asia, therefore, appears to be somewhat limited. In Africa it appears only to
‘have been recorded from Egypt. AFRICA: Egypt (Blomer), Asta: north-
western Asia Minor—Brussa, Olympus, Smyrna, Turbaly, Bos-Dagh (Staudinger),
north-eastern Asia Minor—Cilicia, in the high mountains east of Siwas, Tokat and
Amasia (Lederer), Kouldja district (Alphéraky), Punjaub, common (Young).
Ausrro-HunGARY: Upper Inn valleys—Postlingberg, &c. (Himsl), Innsbruck,
Taufers Valley (Weiler), Tyrol, lowlands, rare (Hinterwaldner), Bruneck, in
Puster-Thal at 2600ft., Bozen, Trient (¢este Bartel), Carinthia — Poértschach
(Wagner), Istria~near Volosca, Carniola—Nanos (éeste Bartel), Bukovina
(Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia (Nickerl), Trier, Augsburg, Schnee-
berg, Wippach, Budapest (Speyer), Galicia, sparingly—Lemberg, Brody, &c.
(Garbowski), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Brinn
(Schneider), Bregenz, Freistadt, Iglau, Kaschau, Neutitschein, Rosenau, Troppau
(Fritsch), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries (Husz), Hungary, not rare—Kocsocz
(Vangel), Gélnitz (Hudak), Glockner (Mann), Salzburg, Moellthal (Nickerl),
Lavantthal (Hofmer), Upper Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Lower Austria
—Vienna, &c., Moravia — Mahrisch-Trubau, Ungarisch-Brod, Hungary, every-
where, not rare—Klepacs, Comitat Neutra, Ungarisch- Altenburg, Raab, Heveser
and Zipser (omitat, Tihuczan, Transsylvania, Finfkirchen, Josefsthal, Croatia
(teste Bartel). BrtcrumM: Namur, Dinant, Liége, Huy (Lambillion), Condroz,
é&c., Ardennes, common, MHesbaye, rare, Louvain, brussels (Donckier).
BULGARIA: Kuru Baglar, one only (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLANDS:
Alderney (Walker), Jersey (Johnson). DENMARK: fairly common — Zea-
Jand Island, &c. (Bang-Haas). FINLAND: southern and eastern districts (Zetter-
stedt). FRANCE: not rare (Berce), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel),
Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guenée), Haute-
Garonne (Caradja), Paris, Meuse, Moselle and Meurthe districts, Bordeaux
(Speyer), Puy-de-Déme (Guillemot), Var (Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde
(Trimoulet), Doubs—St. Vit (Bruand), Aude (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure—Nantes
(Bonjour), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, rather rare (Viret), St.
Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), dept. Indre, common (Martin),
French Pyrenees — Pic du Midi de Bigorre at 6000ft. (Jones), Aix-les-
Bains, common (Agassiz). GERMANY: everywhere (Heinemann), northwest
Germany, generally distributed (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wirtem-
berg—Stuttgart (Seyfller), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe district (Zimmer-
mann), Waldeck — near Wildungen, rather common, Arolsen, Rhoden, rare
(Speyer), Upper Hartz (Hoffmann), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle—near
Nietleben, Wo6rmlitz (Stange), Munich (Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklen-
burg (Schmidt), Bremen, rather rare (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schitze),
Dresden, common—near Loschwitz (Steinert), Prussia, not rare (Grentzenberg),
Upper Lusatia, distributed, commoner in the lowlands (Moeschler), Ratisbon
(Schmid), Dessau, pretty common (Richter), Wernigerode (Fischer), Pomerania,
common — Dramburg, Stettin (Hering), Brunswick (Heinemann), Hanover
(Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Ahrthal (Maassen), Eutin, rare (Dahl),
Berlin district, sometimes common (Pfutzner), Thuringia—Altenburg, Gotha,
Erfurt, Nazza, Milhausen, &c., rare (Knapp), Chemnitz (Pabst), Hildesheim,
very rare (Grote), Heligoland (Gatke), Wiesbaden (Sich), Hesse-Nassau—Bieden-
kopf (Jager), Mecklenburg—Schwerin, rare (Voelschow), Holstein, Rendsburg, Cre-
feld district, Elberfeld, Barmen, rare, Cassel, Leipzig, Drasisdorf, Fichtel-Gebirge,
Kissingen, Augsburg, rare, Osterland, rare, Kempten, Nassau, Frankfort-
on - Main, Trier, Oberhessen, Bavarian Palatinate (teste Bartel), Alsace—
Zabern (Peyerimhoft), Baden—Constance, Carlsruhe, &c. (Reuttij). GREECE:
Acamania (Staudinger). ITaLy: north and central, frequent some years,
rare others, also Sicily (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Roman Campagna, rare—
Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Monte Rotondo, near Rome (Calberla), Lombardy, Pied-
mont, Liguria (teste Bartel), NETHERLANDS: most provinces, not yet noted
from Friesland (Snellen), Breda, not common (Heylaerts). PoRruGAL (teste
Bartel). ROUMANIA: Grumazesti, Comanesti, Slanic, Tulcea in the Dobrudscha,
Bucharest, &c. (Caradja). Russta: Moscow Government (Albrecht), Crimea
(Melioransky), Lower Volga district—Kasan, not rare, the lower Ural district
—Orenburg, the upper Ural district, Sarepta (Eversmann), Transcaucasia— Tiflis,
Borjom (Romanoff), St. Petersburg (Erschoft), South Russia (Moeschler), baltic
provinces—Livonia:. Dorpat, Neu-Kasseritz, near Werro (Nolcken), Poland—
Kamenez-Podolskii, Poltawa district—Lubny, south coast of Crimea—Alupka

H

114 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(teste Bartel), SCANDINAVIA: Scania—Helsingland, and southern Norway (Zetter-
stedt), not rare, northern limit Helsingland (Aurivillius), Gudbrandsdal (Schéyen),
Norway — Christiania, Vestre Aker, Odalen, Hedemarkia (Siebke), Hunneberg
(Lampa). SPAIN: Galicia—Santiago (Macho-Velado). SWITZERLAND: almost
everywhere, but in some places not common, goes up 5000-5sooft. (Frey),
Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons (Killias), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin), Bern
(Hiltbold), Lausanne (Chaumette), near Zurich (Dietrich), Upper Engadine
(Pfaffenzeller), Aigle (Lowe), near Nyon, on Genfer See, common (R4Atzer),
Interlaken, near Thun, near Vevey, Aargau (Wullschlegel), Bremgarten, frequent
(Boll), Schiipfen, not common (Rothenbach), St. Gallen, not common (Taschler),
canton Glarus (Heer), Bergin (Zeller).

Tribe: HIpPorionipI.

There is considerable doubt whether this should be considered
a tribe apart from the Lwmorphidi, or whether its constituent
genera should not be considered as specialised items in the latter
tribe. Pupally and imaginally, the Hippotionids (celerzo, oszris,
&c.) are much more specialised than the Eumorphids (ses. strict.)
(elpenor, porcellus, S&c.).. On the other hand, the latyvayaremwesy
similar and appear to have specialised along the same lines, but
our knowledge of the early larval stages of the Hippotionids is
so entirely lacking, and the accuracy of some of that reiating to
the adult larve (see an/ed, p. 57) so open to doubt, that one feels on
very unsafe and uncertain ground. We may, however, point out
that Weismann, on larval characters, combines ( Studies in the
Theory of Descent, transl. p. 193) our Hippotionids and Eumorphids
(sens. rest.) in his groups 2 and 3, which he diagnoses as:

The subdorsal line more or less retained, eyespots on the Ist and 2nd
abdominal segments (these markings absent or at most only present in traces on
the remaining segments)—elpenor, porcellus, celerio, nessus, lucast, &c.

The subdorsal line retained in very variable degree; the eye-spots repeated
on all the abdominal segments— dzsecta (stlhetensis), oldenlandiae, alecto, acteus, tersa.

Bacot, who has given considerable attention to the larve of
this group, suggests (zz dzt¢.) to us the following grouping:

1. Adult larva with subdorsal lines; a single central mediodorsal ocellated
spot on the Ist abdominal segment ; subspiracular obliques with a tail to head
slope; young larva with the pro- and mesothorax greatly lengthened—Z/dia
dolichus.

2a. Adult larva with ocellated spots on Ist abdominal only, very dorsal in
position, no (or only exceedingly weak, and of different character) repetition of
spots on 2nd abdominal—/anacra vigil, nessus, lucast.

26. Adult larva with a large and greatly developed ocellated spot on the
Ist abdominal; a series of smaller spots of ag hes shape and character on
abdominal segments 2-7 on line of subdorsal band—/ergesa acteus, Hathia clotho.

35 Adult larva with ocellated spots on che. ist and 2nd abdominal seg-
ments in subdorsal line, not repeated on following segments—Zumorpha elpenor,
Theretra porcellus.

4a. Adult larva with ocellated spots on the Ist and 2nd abdominals, more
or less weakly repeated on the following segments—J/soples alecto, Xylophanes
oldenlandiae, Florina japonica,

46. Adult larva with ocellated spots on the Ist and 2nd abdominals, the
character of the ocellated spots much nearer those of /soples (alecto) than Lumorpha
(elpenor, porcellus), the subdorsal line very strongly marked— /ippotion celerio.

Bacot has here advanced very considerably beyond Weismann’s
grouping and one is able to see in this arrangement the ground
for at least two (possibly three) tribes on larval structure alone.
Inverting 1, 2@ and 20 we have undoubtedly three evolutionary
steps in the development of a larva of which £7d7a is the highest
exponent known to us, and which might be termed £/zbitd7.
Again 4a and 4é appear to form two natural sections of our /Z7ppostonidr.
His group 3 still remains the exponent of our Zumorphidi

HIPPOTIONIDI. 115

and the separation of this from the Aipfotionid/ must - still
be made rather on pupal and imaginal than on larval grounds.
Bacot’s general remarks on these groups are very pregnant. He
says: “Groups 2a and 2é are thus marked because it is not at
all clear whether the two do not form merely more generalised and
more specialised branches of the same tribe, /Zwcast appears to be
a primitive member of 2a. In group 4a, Morina japonica gives
considerable trouble. Piepers figures the young larva with ocellated
spots from the metathorax to the 8th abdominal which would,
perhaps, throw it into a different group. In this group also Zsofles
alecto appears to be the nearest to Lumorpha (elpenor), and the
shape and character of its ocellated spots, although falling between
those of Z. elpenor and Hippotion celerio, approach more nearly to those
of the former. In the latter, the ocellated spots are oval with the
long axes vertical (all the figures examined agree in this) ; in /. alecto
and £. e/penor the oval is not regular, flattened below, at least the
central area, and the long axis is horizontal * ; in H. celerzo, again, a
pale ring encloses a regular dark blue or purple oval with white
specks on it; in /, alecfo the dark blue centre has no white specks,
and the dark (almost black) centre is irregular, curved at the top,
flattened at bottom, illustrating how an e/fenorv-spot might enlarge
into a celerzo-like spot, not, of course, that I think that the spots of
celerto are on the line of evolution of those of e/fenor, but either might be
evolved from a form near that of alecto. The larva of @. celerto appears
to be near to those of £&. elfenor and T. porcellus, possibly because it
shows no repetition of the ocellated spot on the other abdominal seg-
ments, but the character of the spot differs far more from these than
does that of / alecto, and, further, the larva differs also from those
of groups 4a and 3 by reason of the strong and well-marked subdorsal
band f. The value of the groups marked is evidently unequal, ¢.¢.,
3, 4a and 44 might probably, on larval characters, be thrown into a
single tribe, although the resemblances may be due rather to con-
vergence than really close relationship.”

The pupal characters have already been dealt with (anzea, pp. 43,
59). The texture is delicate ; colour pale terra-cotta with black patches
and dots ; wings with wrinkled sculpture; labrum dorsal, with keel
round front sometimes produced into a horn arising anteriorly (and not
ventrally as in Sphimx); anal spike various; portion of first femur
exposed ; special prespiracular sculpturing on 5, 6, 7 hardly present.
Little or no flattening, last segment tapering. General sculpturing
consists of transverse wrinkling, which has nearly overcome pitting,
even on the last segment. It will be observed that it is mainly on the
high specialisation of the pupa and imago that the tribe is founded.
On these characters, the Phryxid tribe is nearer to the Hippotionid

* The odd shape of the ocellated spots in Eumorpha elpenor and Theretra
porcellus shows a very long evolution, and one suspects a special one. This irregular
form does not appear to occur in the Hippotionids and it follows that Hippotionids
could not be derived from EZumorpha (Chapman).

t The figures examined ditfer considerably in general appearance, chiefly on
account of the prominence (or want of it) given to the subdorsal bands and to certain
features of the ocellated spots (compare the figures of Buckler, Hofmann, Kirby,
&c.). Some of the figures give the larva a much more edgenor-like facies than
others (Bacot),

116 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

than is the Eumorphid, although in the larval stage the two last-
named have varied much in the same way.
On imaginal characters, Kaye gets the following subdivisions :

1. Head closely set on thorax, pointed, eyes large; forewings with broad
oblique straight pale stripe from apex to inner margin; hindlegs very long—
oldenlandiue, pinastrina, japonica, intersecta, celaeno, schenkit.

2. Head broad, eyes very large; forewings with an oblique pale semi-
metallic bent stripe from apex to inner margin; hindlegs long (but scarcely so
long as in 1); abdomen with lateral pairs of semi-metallic spots—celerio, osiris,
vigu (lignaria).

3. Head and thorax projecting well before costal line of forewing ; forewings
brown with several oblique lines from apex to inner margin ; hindwi ings with a dark
marginal band; abdomen long and _ tapering—alecto * eson, trilineata, thyelia,
licaor.

Kaye further notes that ‘‘ the Hippotionids shade off into the
Eumorphidt through schenkit, charts, oldenlandiae and japonica, the
latter approaching, though yet a long way from, edgenor.

Genus: Hipporion, Hubner.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: H/zppotion, Hb., ‘* Verz.,” p. 135 (czre. 1822); Stphs., “Il.
Haust.,”’ Me app. p.-5'(4835); °< List Br. An. Br. Mus),?"p.28 (185@)eMigores ee
Ceylon wie mp anos I. Ixxxiv. ie 4 (1882); Kirby, ‘* Handbook,” &c., iv.,

(Cision) Tutt; Brit, Lep:,? l-, p. 355 (1902). “Sphinx, Ieinn- oes Nat., a me
edi ps 49 (1758): xiith os ps SOO. (L767) ca Elia “ Berl. Mag.,”7 163 p. 182
(766) Habs Sys. at.5/ a Dems4 sa Glug 5) a ODeC. He il., Pp. T51 (i7elye
coMianticy I... paleo.) cin rosy OO Sta seen dllempbowe len ae a (ar 93); Cram.,

SCIEB iO JOO? NE, Oy IAS, ins 18, (1777); ‘[Schiff.,] a Sohne _Wien., p.
42 (1775); lll’s. ns Ause., p.- 16 (180); “Esp. S Schmett. ieee pt. 13
Pp: 83,) pl. vill, figs..1—3°(4779))3) ‘pl: xxii, fig. 1 (1760)); p17. ole " xxviil., fig. I
(1782) 57 ii, pt. 2, p. 34, pl. xlv., fig. 32 1800); Bergstr., << Sphings anys eee
(1782) ;- Bork.,. ““Sys. Besch.,”? 1,’ pp.. 70, 138, 178) (1780)ic a ee
*«Rheim. Mag.” p. 315 (1793); Hb., “Eur. Schmett.;,” i., fies. So .em Onan
text p: 96 (czrc. 1805); ““Iarv: Lep.,” u., Spb. i., Legit. (B) as eens
(cire. 1800); Don., “ Brit., Ins.,” ‘vi., p. 25, pl. cxe (1707))> sha ee
Brit.,”” 1., p. 61 (1803); Latr., “‘Hist. Nat.,”’ xiv., p. 132 (1605 pe @emeaaaes
Schmett.,”’ 11., p. 205 (1808); Shaw and Nodder, ee Nat.,”” xxe pl. 860 (1809) ;
ame, 2° o MWemes Am sans, Vert onic. pe) 325) [oleae cat (1816); Godt,, ‘* Hist.,
INNER Sri, joe eS alle squall, inka 2 (1821); ae ‘sur. ep. ing Meth., pe 32
(1829); Meig:, “¢Itur. Schmett..7 ais.) p-.134) (1830) ob ocht asus Bearb.,”
li., p. 86 (1846); Speyer, ‘* Geog. Verb.,” 1., p. 2316 (1858); Heine ssc
Deutsch.,”’ i.; p..145-.(1859).. Spectrum, Scop., “Introd. Hist.) Nate eee
(1757). -Peidlephila: [Lasp. »] ‘* Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeit.,” iv., pe OGmiamome
Ochs; Die Sclimetta: Jv, pp. 42, 43 (1816); Stphs., ‘‘ Tl. Haust., poiie
(1828) ; a Cat pire Ins., > ii, p- 33 (1829); Wood, “Ind, Ent.,’..p; 17) Gissoge
Bdvy.5)°* Icon. Chen:,”7 13 (czrvc. 1840); ‘‘ Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 47 (1840);
Dip, 4) Cater viéth.. =p: a2 roqa ye Heyd., “Lep. Eur. Cats Metts eas
Pp. 19 (1351); Staud., “‘Cat.,” ed. 1, p. 16, (1861); ed. 2, p. 37, (167i) oma
“Ann. Soc. Lin. Lyon,” (2,) xi., p. 250 (1864); IRamb., ‘* Cat) sien aman
Pein CLooo) s 7 omelle., Ce Den Vi lings: 2 oe 94 es Berce, ‘* Faun. inane): ssa
Peres ico) Nolck., «ken: Fn, Estl.,”’ 1, p. 88 (1868); Migs Gee
Alp.-Mar.,” p. 118 (187 2). ot Sic.,” vi., p. 4, pl. i., figs. 8-9 (1886); Cuni
y Mart., “Cat. Lep. Barc.,”’ p. 4o (1874); Cure,’ ** Bull. Soc. Eintyeiiaea ee
: II (8s BS) ER Tey, ee Sane? p- 58 (1880); Auriv., Nord. Fyar.,”’
46 (1889); Mina-Pal., ‘‘ Nat. Sic.,”’ vil., p. 134 Rane Meyr., ‘* Handbook,”

ace p- 296 (1896) ; Bartel, ‘¢ Pal.-Gross-Schmett.,”? i1., p. fo (1900). Elpenor,
Oken, ‘‘Lehrb. Zool.,” 1., p. 760 (1815): Runs he, Hb.,; “* Brancks gan:

87 (1825). Choerocampa, Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,’’ supp. ii., p. 159 (1835); Humph.
and Westd., “ Brit. Moths,” lg Ps ed loan). Dbldy.,. “List Brit Lep.,’

3 (1847); Sta., ‘‘ Man.,”’ 1., -p. 96 (1857); Humph., “Gen. Brit. Motisy ope
(1860); Newm.,,** Bnt.* Moths,” p..-9 (1369); ane “Fist. Nat Sphing.,” p-
238 OE Kirby, ‘f Eur. Butts. and Moths, oat I, pl. XVi., fig. 2 (1879) ; Auriv.,

* Alecto h: is broader wings than the other species included in this group,
but otherwise agrees very well with it (Kaye).

HIPPOTION. 117

‘¢ Sy. Vet. Hand.,” xix., Deet400@8s2))-7 Buckl. (\larve,’? (sc. i1., p.. 113, pl.
pees 2 (1687)> White, “ Butts. and Moths of Teneriffe,’’ p. 69, pl. iv.,
ite 2) (1604); Barrt., “‘Lep. Brit..” u., p. 51, pl. 1i(1895). dZetopsilus, Dunc.,
«¢ Brit. Moths,”’ p. 159 (1836). Chaerocampa, Walker, ‘‘ List,’ &c.,”’ vili., p. 128
(ts50); Butl:, “Trans: Zool. Soc. Lond.,” ix., pt. 10, p. 557 (1876); Hampson,
°¢ Ind. Moths,” igpao7 (1692); statid., < Cat..” ed. 3. p. 103 (1901). Theretra,
any, ~Cat.,” p. 652 (1892).

The genus was founded (Verz., p. 135) by Hubner, about
1822, when he gave the following diagnosis:

The forewings externally with oblique white bands and brown stripes, also
white nervured ; hindwings with almost red spots—/zppotion celerio, Linn., A. ocys,
Hb. (celerio, Cram.).

Einy Sives -( Caz, p. 653) ocys, Wb. = celerzo, Linn., which
makes //ippotion monotypical. ‘This diagnosis, like all those of the
Verzeichniss, is very poor. ‘The principal characters appear to be:

ImAGO: .Head broad, eyes very large; furewings with an oblique, pale, semi-
metallic curved stripe from apex to inner margin; hindlegs long; abdomen with
lateral pairs of semi-metallic spots. Pupa: Labrum dorsal; texture delicate ;
black spots round spiracle, and dots down wingcases; anal spines sharp, delicate,
polished, with two comparatively long divergent apical points. LARVA: Subdorsal
line retained from 3rd to 8th abdominal segment ; ocellated spots on sides of Ist and
2nd abdominals.

Moore diagnoses (Lepidoptera Ceylon, i1., p. 16) the genus as
follows :

Forewing long, narrow, slightly arched towards end, apex acute, exterior
margin very oblique, slightly convex in the middle, posterior margin much
recurved; first subcostal emitted at two-fifths and second at one-fifth before end
of the cell, fifth immediately beyond end of cell; discocellular inwardly oblique,
slightly bent beyond the middle, radial from the angle; middle median at one-
sixth, and lower at two-thirds before end of the cell; submedian much recurved
from the base; with a lower branch one-fourth from the base; hindwing narrow,
apex pointed, anal angle prominent; subcostal spur short; two subcostal branches
from end of the cell; discocellular slightly recurved, outwardly oblique, radial
from the middle; cell extending more than half the wing; middle median at
one-sixth, and lower at one-third before end of the cell. Body stout, thorax
broad ; palpi pointed in front; antennz short, pectinate; legs long— Wippotion
celerio.

There are, according to Kaye, only two species belong-
ing to this genus—celerio and osir’s. Panacra vigil he also
considers somewhat close. Kirby notes the genus as resembling
Eumorpha, but with the wings longer, narrower, and more
pointed, and the legs and body longer and more slender ;
the body and wings adorned with silvery stripes; the hind margin
of the forewings more oblique and sinuated, the anal angle projecting
downwards almost in a tooth; the anal angle of the hindwing sub-
lobate. Of the two species included in the genus—ce/erio is dis-
tributed throughout almost the whole of the tropical and subtropical
districts of the Old World, migrating into the warmer temperate
regions, whilst oszv7s occurs in western Africa and southwest Europe.
The allied Panacra vigil is found in India, Ceylon, the Philippines, and
Queensland, occurring in Australia in the. same districts as H. celerio.

Marshall’s remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, pp. 397-398)
and experiments on the value of the terrifying marks in the larva
of Aippotion osiris are most interesting. He observes that the full-

= grown larva is about 7ins. long, remarkably snake-like, the general
colour somewhat recalling that of the common puff adder ( Bzt7s
arietans), Offering one to some baboons, he found that they were exceed-

118 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

ingly afraid of it. He writes: “Their terror of the insect was most
amusing, and was an eloquent testimony to the great value of this
form of colouring to so bulky a larva. I do not think that anyone
could now argue that the theory of terrifying coloration is farfetched,
as I have heard contended. ‘The snake-like appearance seems capable
of deceiving more intelligent animals than baboons,” &c.

HIPPOTION CELERIO, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species :' Celerio, Linn., ‘‘Sys. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 491 (1758);
xiith ed., p. 00 (1767), &c. [NoTE.—All references in the generic synonymy
(antea, pp. 116-117) are referable to the specific name ce/erzo, except the following:
Tisiphone, Linn., “Sys. Nat.,” xth ed., p. 492 (1758) ;- xuth ed) psssocm(agagie
«Mus. Ludov. Ulric.,” p. 359 (764). Ocys, Hb: “* Verz.,7 p. 13 5eeeumerene
Albolineata, Montr., ‘‘ Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon,”’ (2,) xi., p. 250 (1864). ]

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. — Sphinx celerio, alis integris griseis
lineola albo nigra; inferioribus basi rubris maculis sex. Goed.,
Ins:, 3, fy. Frisch, Jns., 13, t..-1, f. 2. lList., Gocd.2 @ 2a
/ns., 4, t. 8. ‘Habitat m Vite (linné; Sys. Vaz... xthi ed) pam:

Imaco.—78mm. Anterior wings brown; a wide curved silvery-
white or ochreous fascia from the apex to the inner margin near
the base, edged internally with blackish, and with two slender
darker lines running almost medially throughout its length; a num-
ber of short. longitudinal darker and paler dashes between the fascia
and costa; a faint silvery wedge at base medially; the pale
raised nervures pass distinctly through the fascia, and are superiorly
edged finely with blackish; a minute black discoidal spot; a fine
subterminal silvery line, edged with darker towards the anal angle;
the inner marginal edge also silvery; cilia brownish. Posterior
wings rosy, paler (pink) towards the outer margin; dusted with
black scales towards apex; a median black band from costa not
reaching inner margin; a fine black submarginal band; nervures
black, joining the median and submarginal bands; cilia white,
suffused towards apex.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The gs appear to be rather larger than
the 2s, and to be longer in the body; a 9? without eggs is, however,
very similar in outline, if a little shorter. The ¢g has the larger
head, measuring about 1‘omm. more across the eye at widest part,
than the 9. The g antenna is about 12‘5mm. long, that of the 9
10‘5mm. Owing to the gf antenne being armed with the Sphingid
hair cups, it looks larger than that of the @ to an extent greater
than it really is. In both sexes the number of joints appears to be
about the same, v7z., about 63. Each has three rows of scales
to a joint, of which the third is very short and hardly seen. The gs
have a well developed fan of (scent?) hairs in a pocket at each
side of the basal abdominal segment. ‘The anterior tibial spurs
are larger in the g than in the @. This corresponds in some
degree to the fact that the tibia itself is shorter in the @ than
inthe 2. The smallest male tibia measured was over 4mm.
long ; no @ quite reached this, whilst in the @ they varied
down to 3'4mm. ‘The spurs of two specimens measured (taken
at random, but possibly a little exaggerating the difference) were
g 2:°2mm., 2 1°82mm. There is a still greater difference in
the size and length of the comb, which occupies two-thirds of
the length of the g spur, and is o'28mm. wide, is barely

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 119

two-fifths of the length of the spur in the @, and is only
o'2mm. in width. This comb is very beautiful in many of these
Sphinges, in 4. ce/erto it reminds one greatly of the row of teeth or
keys in a musical box. The palpi seem to be identical in the two
sexes (Chapman).

VARIATION.—The species is distributed over almost the whole
of the Old World. The Teneriffe examples are somewhat smaller
than those from southern Europe, but identical in coloration (Christ).
Kaye writes (zz /it¢.): The variation appears to be sporadic, not
geographical; the band varies in being more curved in some
examples than in others, and, also, in being sometimes darker and at
others lighter, but these variations do not seem to be restricted to
local forms; occasionally, also, the pink of the hindwing encroaches
on the black patch towards the centre of the wing; in my Soutn
African examples, the short silvery streaks, particularly on the inner
edge of cell and on nervures 6 and 7, are much reduced or almost absent.
Mathew observes (27 /:7¢.) that specimens from the west coast of Africa,
from Britain, Madeira, and the Pacific Islands, show very little differ-
ence. Bartel states that examples from tropical countries are larger
and sometimes reach a wing-expanse of 82mm., and are strikingly
different from the European examples, both in colour’ and
markings. Walker notes the examples reared in Tahiti, as having
the oblique stripe on the forewings much more silvery than in any
examples observed in British collections. This Pacific form, which
appears to be the Linnean type, was redescribed by Montrouzier from
Muelle New Caledonia, in the Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, i.s., Xi.,
Pp. 250 (1864) as:

Deilephila atbolineata. Kanola. Envergure de §cm. 8mm. a 7cm. Les
alles supérieures sont en-dessus d’un brun légérement olivatre, avec la majeure
partie de leurs nervures, et chacune 3 bandes, d’un blanc soyeux brillant, la tre bande
est la plus large et elle est un peu coudée et placée aprés la moitié de la largeur
de Vaile; les autres sont plus étroites, d’un blanc moins pur et moins brillant,
placées 4 la suite l'une de l’autre prés du bord postérieur; la 2me est la plus
mince. Les ailes inférieures sont d’un brun clair et rougedtre, avec une tache
rose a la base, avec le bord postérieur et une bande avant celui-ci d’un rose
pale, cette bande est composée de petites taches oblongues placées 4a la suite
une de l’autre. En-dessous les ailes sont roussdtres, avec leur base brunatre, et
leur bord postérieur grisatre. Corps ayant la téte et le corselet d’un brun légérement
olivatre, et le reste rougeatre. On voit de chaque coté une bande d’un blanc soyeux
partant du bord antérieur de la téte et s’*étendant sur le corselet jusqu’a la naissance
des ailes; en-dedans de cette bande et de chaque cété existe sur le corselet
une petite ligne longitudinale dorée, enfin sur le milieu du corselet une bande
blanche qui se continue jusqu’a l’extrémité de l’abdomen. Chacun des anneaux
de celui-ci est marqué postérieurement, de chaque cété de la bande blanche, de
deux petites taches linéaires de la méme couleur.

Oberthur writes (zz “it7.) that there is some slight variation in the
species; the band which crosses the upper wings is sometimes more
or less silvery, at others brown like the ground-colour of the wings
(é.g., an example from Madagascar); the spots on the abdomen
also are more or less dark, and more or less strongly marked. The
rosy tint of the hindwings varies also in intensity. The chief variation
seen is in the ground-colour being pale terracotta (ab. pallida, n. ab.) or
a deep rich brown (ab. dvuunea, n. ab.). Linné’s type is that which has
the whitest band ; that form in which the band is only somewhat paler
than the ground-colour appears to be Linné’s var. “is7phone, described as :

Sphinx tisiphone.—Sphinx alis primoribus cinerascentibus vitta pallida ;

120 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

postice supra nigris basi rubris. 17. Z. U. Habitat in India. Magnitudo Asili;
alee inferiores lineis 6 obliquis parallelis carneis.

The form in which the oblique band is unicolorous with the rest
of the wing-area, and only marked out by the transverse lines, we
would call ab. wmzcolor, n. ab. The only aberration that seems to
have been described is the following :

a. ab. augustiz, Trim., ‘‘ Actes Soc. Linn. Bord.,” xxii., p. 24 (1859).—
Entirely black, same markings as type. Captured in 1855 by M. Auguste ot
Bordeaux.

Comparison oF H. osiris anD H. CELERIO.—H. osiris comes
very near //. ce/erto, but the markings of the forewings are less
silvery, the marginal band of the hindwings is twice as_ broad,
the black basal markings are less distinct, the nervures on hind-
wings not lined with black; the body similar, but the principal
stripes are pinkish, and there are two interrupted black bands
on the first segments of the abdomen. Universally diffused in
Africa ; once reported from Cadiz (Kirby, 2.40075 1 peeemnee
H, osiris is larger than AZ. celerto, from ‘1251n.—‘2in., in both sexes.
The head and eyes also are more prominent. The wings are more
ample; there is usually a pink suffusion over the whole of forewing ;
the band is considerably straighter, and there is a strong indica-
tion of a second parallel oblique band midway between costa and
first band. In the hindwings the black scaling on the nervures of
Hf. celeyio 18 absent, so that) the pink is more prominent ae
abdomen is stouter, is at once distinguished by having only a
single subdorsal row of elongated silvery spots, the line effect much
more pronounced than in 7. celevzo (Kaye).

EGGLAYING.—The eggs are green in colour at first, laid singly
on the upper or lower side of the leaves of the foodplant, the oval
period, at Tangier, lasting about 9 days (Meade-Waldo). In Queens-
land, oviposition continues through the winter— May to July—
although the shade temperature rarely falls below 70°F. (Dodd).

Ovum. — Pyriform, of a lhght pea-green colour, becoming
clayey-yellow just before the emergence of the larva. Duration
of egg stage 15 days. The eggs were laid at the end of September,
1885 (Milliere). The egg is rather citron-shaped than pear-shaped,
smooth, pale green, becoming yellow before the larva emerges
\ Bartel).

HaBiTS OF LARVA.—Swinton records ‘the young, black, horned
larvee as being found at Jerusalem in the cobwebby corners of the
vineyards where the vine leaves were drilled by the larve of
Ino ampelophaga ; they then developed the peacock eyes, became
pupe and produced imagines in the autumn.” Bell notes that, ‘in
the autumn of 1885, a virginia-creeper on his house in the Bilbao district
of northern Spain swarmed with the larve; they were of all sizes
from half an inch to fullgrown, and six dozen were collected and
fed, the smallest not pupating until well into November, although the
earliest pupa produced an imago without artificial heat in Sep-
tember; the other pupa were exposed to a day temperature of
about 75° F. and a night temperature of about 60° F., with the
result that the imagines all emerged the same year, the last on
Christmas day.” A larva was obtained at Firle,-near Lewes, on
September 23rd, 1885, as large as a fullfed larva of Sphinx ligustri,

HIPPOTION CELERIO. Nall

~ the cat-like appearance of the head, when at rest, being very

formidable ; this larva spun up on October 4th, but did not pupate
until November 4th, and died without producing an imago (Edgell).
A very delicate-looking green larva, found not rarely on the Taro, the
Nono, and especially on the Apé in Tahiti, produced imagines of this
species (Walker). In the British Isles, larvee are usually only found
in the autumnal months, October and November, evidently the
progeny of immigrants of August-September, and this seems
to be the only brood normally found in southern Europe.
Larve were very abundant in France in September, 1846
(imagines had appeared’ in August). Four larve were found on
vine, October, 1865, at Newmarket (Postans), one of these
was sent to, and figured by, Buckler on November 8th, 13865
(Larvae, &c., pl. xxv., fig. 2), fullfed larva October 7th, 1865, at Epping
(Doubleday), larva at Dublin, November, 1877, on vine (Kirby),
larva nearly fullfed on October 4th, 1878, in a garden at Brighton
(Brazenor), on September 23rd, 1885, at Firle (Edgell), and in
October, 1885, at Tenbury (Decie), larve are also recorded from
near Wisbech (Skrimshire /es/e Haworth), Ely (Jenyns Zes¢e Stephens),
Norwich (¢este Stephens),- Southsea (Moncreaff ¢este Pearce). In
subtropical countries the larve are to be obtained in May-June,
August and October-November, and the insect is double-, triple-, or
even continuously-brooded according to climatic conditions. <A single
larva was taken on September oth, 1896, at Sofa (Bachmetjew). Swinton
obtained larve at Jerusalem in May and June, 1896; in Queensland
(winter) (Dodd), the larvz again from September-November (spring)
the larva occurs in May-June (autumn), the moths in July-August
feeding up before the end of the month (Ash). At Beyrout, Lederer
records that the larve are to be found in May and August.
Larva *.—After the second moult the larva has the 11th segment
surmounted by a very long horn. The larva itself is relatively
short, cylindrical, of a pale green, washed with yellow below, the
true legs and prolegs well developed. The caudal horn is lowered
and raised at the approach of danger, forming, to all appearance,
a means of defence for the young larva; it is falcate, thick at base, |
very pointed at the tip, and of. an uniform clear maroon colour
throughout its length (Millitre, (Vaz. Svzc., vi., p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 8-
9). Sepp figures and describes (/Ved. Jns., viii., pl. 1., figs. 2, 3, 4, no.
50), the larva as follows: Received on September 11th a very young
larva found on vine, very similar to that of Z. elpenor (which I had
already reared from the egg) and a close examination led me to doubt
whether I had not made a mistake in the species; it moulted
before I had figured it. Second instar (?): 18mm. long, of a lively
bright green in colour, the first five segments yellowish, the head
of a light purple; on either side of the 4th and 5th segments are
two dark marks; the very long horn on the 11th segment dirty

* Swinton notes the young larva as ‘‘ black and horned, developing later its
peacock eyes.’”’ The following note by Meade-Waldo (Azz, xxxv., p.. 196)
appears to be an off-hand impression rather than the result of special observation :
‘The larva when first hatched is light green in colour, with a long pink horn;
when about a week old it has purple eye-like marks on the enlarged segments
behind the head.” We very muck doubt the development of the eye-spots so
early. See Sepp’s description (supra), from which one gathers that they do
not appear until the 3rd instar.

122 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

green. Third instar (?) (Moulted on 22nd): Of a lively green
colour ; the first eye-spot yellow, with a black border below,
the second one smaller, white with a black border; the head
ereen ; the caudal “horn purple, - green: beneath sat itseeeaser
under a lens the larva is seen to be stippled with fine white points.
fourth instar (?) (Moulted on 30th): Retained the same coloration ;
the head green with two V-shaped stripes of a light brown colour ;
the eye-spot of the 4th segment somewhat oval, with yvreen stippled
centre, surrounded by two rings, the outer one dark bluish-green,
the inner light yellow; the second eye-spot yellow, surrounded by bluish-
green. The lateral (subdorsal) stripes bluish, but dark greenish above,
with the lower half white; the oblique lateral stripes faint whitish ;
the caudal horn shorter, purple in colour, the stigmata white. The
next moult was not observed, but the fullgrown larva was as figured
in vol. vi. The fullgrown larva of this species is figured by Buckler
(Larvae, &¢., M., pl. xxv., fig. z).~ Whe drawing was madeged
November 8th, 1865, from a larva found at Newmarket and fed
on vine leaves. It is of a dark sepia-brown colour, with a pale
greyish-yellow subdorsal line continued from the prothorax to the
base of the caudal horn, broad from the prothorax to znd abdo-
minal, narrower to the base of horn, and then turning down at
the base of the horn to the anal segment as a wide yellowish
patch. The spiracles small and white, ringed with black, with
a small red supraspiracular spot above each on the znd, 3rd, 4th,
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th abdominal segments. The head is of the
same brown hue as the body. ‘The three thoracic segments are
striped longitudinally with two broad, pale, greyish-brown stripes (1)
subdorsal (2) just above the legs. There is a large ocellated spot
with a large black centre and pale ochreous margin placed above
the spiracle on the 1st abdominal segment, and a second smaller
unicolorous pale ochreous spot, with a black margin above the
red supraspiracular dot of the 2nd abdominal segment. These two
ocellated spots are in the subdorsal line. The abdominal segments
are divided into 8 subsegments. ‘The caudal horn is moderately short
but straight, almost erect and pointed. ‘The terminal segments slope
very rapidly from the base of the caudal horn to the anal extremity.
Bartel describes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ., p. 105) the fullgrown larva as
“measuring 80mm.-gomm.; very variable, occurring in both brown
and green forms, usually, however, glossy blackish-brown ; on each
side of segments 4 and 5 stand two circular black ocellated spots,
margined with yellowish-white or dark green, and with white centre.
Instead of the white pupil, which is placed somewhat sideways,
there may occur from three to seven whitish-yellow dots in the middle.
The small eye-spot behind the first spot may be either distinct or
wanting. It is sometimes also replaced by an unicolorous yellow
spot, somewhat lighter margined. Above the legs runs a lighter,
often yellowish, longitudinal, lateral stripe, interrupted at the segmental
incisions, at the upper margin of which stand the yellowish or
yellowish-white spiracles, which are enclosed by black. Somewhat
lower than the two eye-spots appears, extending from segments 6-11,
a light brown or whitish-yellow stripe, which is continued on the
straight and erect horn. The dorsum is covered with fine black
longitudinal streaks. On the venter fine white dots are interspersed

HIPPOTION CELERIO. L283

in the ground-colour. The first three segments are prolonged
anteriorly into a snout; they are retractile within the 4th segment.
The horn on segment 11 is long and thin, red-brown with only
the tip black. ‘The small head, the collar and the legs are likewise
red-brewn, the prolegs lighter brown.” The /wd/grown larva is dirty-
brown, thickly covered with short black lines; the 2nd, 3rd and
Ath segments immaculate; there is a large ocellus on the 5th
segment, and a smaller one on the 6th; from this segment a pale
lateral stripe runs into the caudal horn; the under parts, below the
spiracles, not freckled with black. [The larva, taken at Epping,
was too near its pupation for a good description to be made.|
(Doubleday, £xz., ii., p. 327). Moore notes (Lep. Ceylon, ii.,
plpbexxive ff: 4, p: 10): Larva green or purplish-brown ; on
sth and 6th segments are two* round black ocellated spots dotted
with yellow, and encircled by a yellow ring, that on the 5th segment
the larger ; horn brown, slender and straight.” The larva is brown ;
above the legs runs a yellow stripe in which stand the _black-
margined spiracles. Above this, begins on the 6th segment, a
second, which terminates in the straight blunt anal point. On the 4th
and 5th segments stand on either side two circular black yellow-
margined eye-spots, having a white spot somewhat to the side
(Ochsenheimer, Dze Schmett., 11., p. 205).

VARIATION OF LARVA.—There are brown and green forms of the
larva as in Lumorpha elpenor (Meade-Waldo). Four larve taken at
Newmarket on vine in October, 1865; one was purplish-brown with a
brown caudal horn, the other three green with brown caudalhorn. Each
had two spots on the 5th and 6th segments that near the head much
larger than the other; these spots bright silvery, but, as the larve
approached the pupating stage and became very dark, the spots
became quite black with a yellow rim round them (Postans,
Vien paw io2)): two Ot these’ larve were described on
November oth as differing in colour, one being light brown and
one green, having an eyelet with a silvery pupil on the 4th and
5th segments, and a pale line extending from them to the horn
(Gaze v7, ii, p. 6), One of these four larve is that figured
Dymbuekien (Larvae, Scc., pil. xxv., fig: 2).. Lhe larva are common
in November at Southport, in Queensland, teeding up before the
end of the month; a green form of the larva is found commonly ;
Buckler figures only the brown one, which, however, is accurately

* Hubner’s figure has ocellated spots on the 4th and 5th segments, and a
broad yellow line extending from the horn to the 6th segment, whilst it is
completely absent on the three front segments (Studies ix Theory of Descent,
p. 193). In Buckler’s figure (Larvae, &c., pl. xxv., fig. 2) the ocellated spots are also
on the 4th and Sth (z.e., the 1st and 2nd abdominal) segments, but the subdorsal line is
wider on the thoracic and Ist and 2nd abdominal segments, and narrower on the
abdominals 3 to 8. In C. celerio, from India, as figured by Horsfield and Moore (Cat.
Lep. Ins. East Ind. Comp., pl. xi), the subdorsal line appears to have completely
vanished, whilst eye-spots are present on all the segments from the 4th to the
1oth, their size diminishing from the head to the tail. The European form of
the same species has eye-spots only on segments 4 and 5, and Moore’s later
description, here quoted, of the Cingalese larva of the species, agrees with the
European. One suspects, therefore, that that figured by Horsfield and Moore
may not belong to this species (refer, Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 196-7). Ash
notes that Buckler’s figure accurately portrays one form of the larva as found in
Queensland.

124 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

portrayed (Ash). Snellen notes that he once found the larva at
Rotterdam on vine, at the end of September, and adds that Rosel’s
figure is altogether excellent; the horn is not pointed but thin and
blunt.

Cocoon.— Bartel observes (fal. Gross-Schmett., \., p. 105)
that the larva changes from 3cm.—4cm. below the ground
into a red-brown or brown-grey pupa. Doubleday notes (£7xz4.,
lil.. Pp. 327) that a larva he had spun a few lumps of earth
together in a corner of the breeding-cage. Postans observed
(E.M.M., ii., p. 162) that the larve in his possession pupated under
leaves on the surface of the ground. Edgell records that the larva
exudes a brown fluid from the mouth when making its puparium.
Oberthur notes that for pupation the larva spins together with silk
several leaves on the surface of the ground. Dodd states that the
larve spin a silken web, and that, at Townsville, in Queensland,
in June and July (the Australian winter), the pupal stage lasts only
about three weeks. In Syria, Lederer says that the pupal stage
lasts only 14 days.

Pupa.— The (cee (like that of the pupze of most Choerocampids)
is a pale terra-cotta, and very closely resembles that of Daphuzs nerit
(probably owing to ‘the general tone of colour and marking); the
black spiracular marks are proportionally smaller, but the dis-
seminated black markings are more pronounced, especially ventrally
and on the wing-cases, where they are wanting in the pupa of D.
neri2. ‘The ground-colour is very much paler than in the pupa of
Flyles euphorbiae, but the dark markings bring them a little nearer
in general tone. The general form is much that of AH. euphorbiae
or Celerio gall, each individual segment is, however, of more
uniform cylindrical or conical form, less rounded and bulging. ‘This
somewhat obscures the incisions and gives a rather smoother
tapering outline. In the @ pupa the tapering is hardly marked
at the 6th abdominal segment, in the g¢ pupa it begins with the
4th. As compared with the pupa of . euphorbiae, there is a
stronger point of difference in the labrum being not anterior but
almost dorsal, the very pronounced keel of the proboscis arching
right forwards and over the anterior extremity of the pupa. [In
this respect it agrees with the pupa of /sofples alecto ; in that of D. neri
the labrum is not quite so dorsal.] The front of the pupa thus
comes to consist of the keel of the maxilla-cases, with a median
impressed line or suture, and sides rugose at the carina, but smooth
beyond it. The length is about 44mm., z.e., 5mm. from front to base
of 1st leg, 24mm. to end of maxilla, and 15mm. to end of anal spine ;
width 9gmm.-rrmm. The @g, ratl rer tapering in the abdominal seg-
ments from the 4th, looks much more slender than the @ , which tapers
from the 6th, at least in most typical specimens. The projection of the
maxillary keel ventrally is marked as well as anteriorly. The antennze
and first legs reach to 28mm. from the iront; the second@ieus
3mm. further; maxille to end of the wings; about 12mm. from
the front to the small piece of 1st femur (that is usually present in
Sphingid, but not Amorphid, pupz). A condition that ‘exists in
the pupa of H/. euphorbiae, and is very easily seen in that of D. nerzz,
is, in this species and /. alecto, so marked as to force itself on one’s
attention, 7.2, the greater length of the 4th abdominal segment

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 125

anteriorly than posteriorly, as if the wings and proboscis, in their
demand for greater length, had stretched it downward. ‘The general
straightness of the pupa is preserved by a reverse state of the 5th
abdominal, which is longer edorsally, but with a resulting slight
S bend in the pupal axis. The other features of the pupa come
rather under the head of surface-sculpturing and -marking. The
sculpturing is not deeply impressed, and gives to the casual view
the idea of a smooth pupa; the general character is that of trans-
verse wrinklings, nowhere having any approach to points, spicules,
or flanges of any sort, nor do the spaces between the wrinkles any-
where incline to be pits. The labrum is quite dorsal, rather square,
faintly divided into two portions. The headpiece has faint sutures
running up from angles of labrum, with glazed eye at its posterior
angles. The prothorax has a nearly transverse hindmargin, the
front is hollowed against the headpiece, slopes off to a sharp angle
against the spiracle, which has a thickened margin cn the prothorax
and a still thicker one against the mesothorax; no spiculation.
There is a somewhat smooth centre on each side of the prothorax,
from which wrinkles radiate ; the anterior margin has rather stronger
wrinkles, making it look thick and raised. The antenna-cases have
fine transverse lines corresponding with the segmentation, apparently
two ridges to a segment; towards the end of the antenna the
segments seem marked by a fine line, and the ridges are formed |
of rows of minute tubercles, with longitudinal dividing lines, marking
off shaft and pectinations (which the imago is without); more
basally, a central row of tubercles (one to a segment) consists of
very definite, though small, raised points. The colouring of the
appendages is, like the rest of the pupa, terra-cotta with black spots,
the latter variable, absent on the antenne, and distally on the legs
and proboscis; basally they may be numerous or few, large or
small; they tend to aggregate into patches on the leg-bases and
adjacent portions of proboscis. The mesothorax has _ wrinkles
consisting of very small raised surfaces arranged transversely in
ridges, much broken up into islets, but not destroying the generally
transverse alignment. The quasi-suture, marking the wing-base, is
just discernible as a smoother band extending from middle of
lateral half of front line, to anterior projection of metathorax. Out-
side this are various smooth patches, ill-defined, one of which, with
a central elevation or two, seems to be the wing-spine area, —
discoverable in many Sphingid pupz, but here, at first sight, quite
absent. The wings are extraordinarily well-marked. The nervures
are raised ridges along each of which is a row of black spots, more
marked costally and towards hindmargin than basally; Poulton’s
line at apex may have a dark line. The area of wing between the
nervures has very numerous fine longitudinal wrinkles, looking like
a rough woollen or silken surface well brushed down. Poulton’s
line is very distinctly marked at the costal apex and along the
greater part of the hindmargin, there are no black spots beyond it,
and the “brushed down” wrinkles run across it with a definite
break. The eight nervures that reach the hind margin in the imago
are all extremely distinct, as well as 1c, which is, however, without
black spots, the three more costal nervures cannot be individualised.
The metathorax is narrowed medially ; the surface is very smooth

126 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and shining, the valleys between the wrinkles being wide and
shallow. The hindwings extend to the end of the znd abdominal
segment, slightly encroaching on the spiracle of that segment, yet
with a deep sinuation here as if the spiracle held it back, or as if
it desired to minimise its encroachment; beyond the spiracle the
narrow slip has a median (Poulton’s) line. The abdominal seg-
ments dorsally present sometimes merely the ordinary wrinkles, and
are otherwise very smooth and level; in other specimens certain
deeper impressions on the anterior segments indicate subsegmenta-
tion, but rather indefinitely, nor can the intersegmental subsegment
be made out; on a well marked dark specimen subsegmentation is
apparent on segments 5 and 6, usually these are quite smooth (apart
from the fine wrinkling); in this one also, a dorsal depression (as
in some Amorphids) can be traced, and is most marked at anterior
margins of abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7. The wrinkled waves are
small at the front of segment, and a little irregular (as by cross-waving
breaking them up into short portions) ; posteriorly and laterally they
run in definite transverse waved lines; in front of the spiracles their
crests are rather sharp, but there is no other trace of the special
development shown here in some Sphingid pupe; the cicatrix
of horn is a small, shallow polished hollow. Ventrally the cicatrices
of prolegs on abdominal segments 5 and 6 are slight, shallow
depressions practically evanescent; there is a pitted spot outside
this (the triple ventral tubercle?); sometimes there is a_ slight
smoothness, or silky polish on the cicatrix, at other times it is
practically absent. There is a central ventral furrow along abdominal
segments 5,6 and 7, marked by a black line; the line is more persistent
than the groove, which may be wanting. The anal armature
is a spine rather longer than broad at its base, ending in a
more slender portion, which is smooth and polished and armed with
two sharp points, one diverging to either side at its extremity ; length
of spike 2mm., width at base 1°3mm., thickness at base 1mm. ‘The
colouring of the abdominal segments is very variable; the golden-
brown ground-colour may have little to modify it except the very
conspicuous black spiracles, a blackness that, in a dark specimen,
extends a little beyond the spiracles, but to nothing like the extent
observed in Daphnis nerii. The other dark markings of the abdomen
are dark spots ventrally, and, on one specimen, dark shading on
the flanks, as in some pupz of Ayles euphorbiae, looking very like
a reminiscence of the lateral stripes of Sphinx larve. The anal
groove is much alike in both sexes; its sides are a little tumid,
but the segment is conical with nothing of the special prominence
of the Amorphid pupa; the wrinkling of abdominal segments 8,
g and 1o is rather finer, but otherwise much the same as of the
other segments. The 3g pupa has a circular mark on segment 9,
enclosing two eminences with a longitudinal depression between
them. The @ pupa has a slight groove from the anal groove,
extending to the front of the 8th segment and on the 8th on the
groove two marks, similar to that of the g but less pronounced ;
as the demarcations of the segments are much obliterated here,
doubtless the posterior of these is on the gth abdominal segment.
Another specimen is rather abnormal, it has the appearance of a
3g, but with a second pore just on the incision of 8-9 (which is

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 127

elsewhere quite definite) and obscuring it merely where it is.
Viewed transparently, the anterior borders of the abdominal segments
show numerous pits, which are somewhat oval, with their anterior
margins raised or thicker than the posterior, the margins a little
crenulated (as in Sphinx), amongst them are a few minute hairs,
most numerous near the spiracles. The black spots of the pupa
cover three or four pits, and have no definite relation to them;
towards the posterior margins of the segments the pits are reduced
to small points, a tenth of the diameter of those in front, and
approach somewhat the appearance of hair-points, each in the centre
of a minute patch of darker coloration. The hairs are most numerous
on the prothorax, and are both long and numerous (6 or 7 to 1 sq. min.)
near the first spiracle, some being quite o'rmm. in length. The
first spiracle has the posterior lip closely beset with extremely
fine shagreen-points; the anterior lip has very numerous closely-set
fine hairs, perhaps 10 to o:rmm. each way, for o-2mm. wide and the
length of the spiracle (1°5mm.); the hairs are about o-1mm. long
where longest, they get weaker, smaller, and fade out and are lost
about o°3mm. within the opening. The true spiracle is some 1'2mm.
within the outer opening. [Description made from empty pupa-shells.
The colouring of Eumorphid pupz does not alter much when they
are empty but the form may be misinterpreted, since both the
wing-covers and the shield-plate of the head and legs curl up
a good deal in the dehisced shell. I have interoreted doubtful points
by a reference to the very closely allied pupa of Lsoples alecto, of which
living specimens are available (Chapman).] Red-brown or brown-grey
with blackish-grey head, dorsum and wing-cases and reddish-brown
abdomen (Bartel).

DEHISCENCE OF PUPA. —The proboscis-, leg-, and antenna-cases
separate together as far as the point where the wings and proboscis
meet; this remains solid and retains appendage-covers in place, the
headpiece separates alone (and is liable to be lost, as it is removed
from between the proboscis and antennz), these (proboscis and
antennez) stand out as a central and two lateral projections to the
appendage-cases piece. Dorsally, these may be a slight accidental
fracture of the margin of the prothorax, but there is no suture, and it
is very slight; the mesothorax remains solid. [This seems to be the
normal mode of dehiscence of Eumorphid pupz.| (Chapman).

FooppLants. — Vitis vinifera (Linné), fuchsia (Hellins),
Ampelopsis (Bartel), Virginia creeper (Bell), “ vigne vierge” ( ? Vitis
hederacea) (Seebold). Vines which have been trained as espaliers in
front of buildings appear to be preferred ; much more rarely it feeds
on such plants as, in addition to vine, serve Phryxus livornica for
pabulum (Bartel) ; the Taro, the Nono (Morinda citrifolia), the Apé
(Arum costatum) in Tahiti (Walker), wild vine (sp.?) in Queensland
(Ash), small willow-herb, fuchsia, white bedstraw (Edgell), Rumex
lunaria (Ragusa).

PaRASITES.—Many larve taken in April, 1901, at Townsville,
in Queensland, with small marks or scars upon the dorsum. They
all fed up, some spun a puparium, but none pupated, all producing,
at this stage, larvae of a rather large grey dipteron. Although
hundreds of larve have been examimed, not a single specimen of
any size has been without the telltale marks (Dodd, xz, xxxv.,

128 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

p. 44). Much subject to the attacks of ichneumons in Teneriffe
(White). |

Hapirs.—This species abounds in most tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old World, whence it spreads, in some years
abundantly in others sparingly, into the temperate regions north
and south. Manger has an example that was taken by Capt. Walker
in the Red Sea. In Europe, it occurs sporadically as an immigrant,
more often in the south, especially along the Mediterranean littoral, more
rarely extending into central and northern Europe. It is recorded as
having been unusually abundant in 1834, in southern France, arriving
in numbers after violent south winds (Daube, Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr., vi., p.
363), in August, 1846, throughout central and southern Europe, Sep-
tember and October, 1851, in southern France, 1854, 1859 and 1863 in
France, 1865 and 1268 throughout western Europe, 1876-9 also found
in France, in 1884 in Spain, and in 1885 most abundant on the Med-
iterranean littoral, in Spain and western Europe to the Netherlands.
In August, 1846, the insect was unusually abundant throughout
France and, later in the year, larve and pupz were obtained, the
latter usually dying and scarcely any imagines were bred. Boisduvyal
considered this to be due to their foreign origin and inability to
meet the conditions of their new environment. In 1851 it was
equally abundant in southern France, but Newman observes that the
dissection of the abdomina of many ? examples, in September and
October, showed thein to be empty. Seebold says (Ax. Soc. Hsp. Wat.
fiist:,, XXVil., DP. 119) that, in 1884 and 13885, the Speciesswasmagemm
abundant in Spain, the larvae in August and the imagines in Septem-
ber, but that since then he had not observed it again. In 1885 it was
also very abundant (so too was Daphnis nerit) along the Mediter-
ranean littoral, especially in the Riviera and Sicily. In Queensland,
Dodd records (#z¢., xxxv., p. 44) the emergence of the moms
continuously in the autumn and winter months—Appril, May, June, and
July—of 1901, at Townsville, oviposition going on all the time, the
larvee feeding up, and the imagines emerging after a pupal period of
three weeks, whilst Ash notes the insect as abundant at flowers in the
gardens at Southport in the spring months—September-October, so
that no doubt the species is cont:nuously-brooded here. Dodd observes
that the winter-emerging examples appear to be somewhat sluggish,
although the shade temperature is seldom as low as 7o° F. at
midday. Fully half the moths emerge between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m.,
the others appearing during the evening. Newnham observes that
he has seen the imagines flying at dusk literally in hundreds, over
the flowers of jessamine in Western India; they only appear to come
for about half-an-hour each evening, and occur about mid-June and
again in September, possibly also in April, as most of the Sphingids are
treble-brooded in India, and, contrary to what most books state, he has
never captured this species at light, even when JZanduca atropos and
other species were coming in numbers to the argand lamps (zm Zitz. ).
Walker observes that, at Gibraltar, the moth is not uncommon in
September and October at the flowers of Plumbago capensis, and it
is also occasionally found at rest on walls, &c., whilst at Tangier
Meade-Waldo also observed them commonly in August, 1901, at
the Plumbago bushes, the moths being very regular in their appearance,
coming from 6.15 p.m. to 6.45 p.m., whilst a friend observed them

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 129

hovering round some begonia plants in pots on his verandah. Bartel
notes that, in Germany, the moth does not begin to fly till it is quite
dark *, z.e., a good while after sundown. Its favourite flowers are
Saponaria, Lonicera, Petunia, Plumbago, &c., flying at twilight around
the flowers of Marvel of Peru, Zvopaeolum mazjus, T. minus, and jasmine
at Lausanne (Chaumette), at flowers of A@radilis jalapa on the island
of Ustica (Riggio). In Britain it has been recorded as visiting azaleas,
at Alderley Edge (Keyworth), at verbenas, about 6.15 p.m., or later,
between the lights, in windy weather, ail flying against the wind, at
Brighton (Wonfor), at petunias at Lewes (Nicholson), also at Wannock
(Pearson), at Weymouth at dusk (Pretor), at Hendon, about 7 p.m.
(Druce), and at Cromer (Barclay); at geraniums, near Brough (King-
ston), at Christchurch (Adye), and as early as 7 p.m., at Cleve-
don (Mason); at Russian balsam at Ealing (Adye); at stocks
and fuchsias at Lee, and near Ilfracombe (Blandford); at white
trumpet-lily at Tulloch (Davidson); at gladiolus at Watchet (Fox) ;
at fuchsias at Broseley (Newnham), and at Paul flying early in
the evenings, just before 7 p.m., one was flying possibly faster
than Agrius convolvuli (Daws), and in a greenhouse at Hamilton
(Chapman); one was found at Brantingham in 1846, which had
been captured by a flower of Physanthus albicans, the stamens of
which are so placed that the slightest touch by the proboscis of
an insect entering the nectary causes them and the anthers to
close firmly round it (Norman, Zo/., p. 1863). Simon _ notes
(i705. Soe Lit. f7., 1893, p. cclxxvii) an’ Asclepiad that has
flowers capable of capturing and holding celerio and capensis.
kisrams records (/%. 7. AZ. ‘1867, p. 213) one at.ivy bloom in the
Isle of Wight. Durham observed an example about 7 p.m. on Sep-
tember 11th, 1881, whilst it was raining hard, at fuchsias in Grosvenor
Square; and Frost records that it has been captured in the nurseries
at Handsworth near Sheffield. In spite of Newnham’s experience in
India the species has often been noted at light—at Beccles, and at
Brighton, at 2 a.m (Winter), at South Foreland lighthouse (Fremlin),
at Chichester (Anderson), at Ashford (Viggers), at Ryde (Ingram), at
Nottingham (2. W. Jnt., ix., p 3), at Cromer (Barclay), at Taun-
ton (Bidgood), at Sandown (Frost), at Birmingham (Enock), at
Plymouth (Cregoe), at Southborough (Shepheard-Walwyn), at Tan-
y-Bwlch (Kerr), at Southover, near Lewes (Blaker), in Paris (Heasler),
&c., and Meade-Waldo obtained imagines, on August 14th and 26th,
Igor, at Tangier, that had flown into the hall to light at about 6.30
p-m. It has also been taken at rest on a window at Sherborne
(Benthall), on a shutter at Eckington (Hooke ¢este Payne), on a
windowsill at 3 p.m. at Exeter (Hellins), in an iron foundry at
Oldham (Taylor), on a clothes-line at Edwinstowe (Doncaster),
in the street at Shanklin (Leech), on a door at Woodbridge (Graves),
on a tree in an orchard at Retford (Pegler), in the brewery yard at
Burton (Baker), one was swept up among dead leaves on a lawn
at Eastbourne (Parsons), one fluttering in the long grass and herbage
beneath a clump of firtrees about 6 p.m., having evidently just

* Swinton, however, saw it at Jaffa in April, 1896, buzzing in the sunshine
at flowering creepers on a house wall, and Oberthiir has observed it flying quickly
at midday, hovering at flowers in his garden at Cancale. The day-flying habit
appears, however, to be unusual in this species.

130 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

emerged from pupa (Tearle), on a potting-shed at Hassock’s Gate
(Hanbury), a dead one taken out of a spider’s web near Maxwelltown
(Service). Green reports (£. AZ. M., xxxvii., p. 90) that he found the
imago to make a squeaking noise much like the well-known note
of Manduca, at Dryalalawa in Ceylon.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—In Britain, the species appears irregularly
from late August to November.* Almost continuously-brooded in
tropical countriesf. April, mid-June, September-October in western
India (Newnham) ; May and September in some years common in Tus-
cany (/es/e Bartel), in May at Tangier (Meade-Waldo), in September in
Switzerland (Frey), September and October after a pupal period of 14
days, in the south also (after hybernation as pupat) in May and June,
the winter temperature of the north being too low for the development of
the hybernating pupz (Bartel); in commencement of July and end of
September throughout Europe (Boisduval), extremely rare in May-June
and in September at Budapest (¢es¢e Bartel), June-July and September-
October in the Netherlands (Snellen), in May at Meshed, in September
at Goolhek (Young), in May near Jerusalem, &c. (Swinton), June and
October in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), June and September in the
Dept. du Nord (Paux), in July at Ateca (Zapater), in July in Trans-
caucasia (Romanoff), August-October in the Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour),
November in 1852 (at a temperature of 11°C.) at Wiesbaden
(Bartel), September to December (from August larve) in Bilbao
district, (Bell), in’ Teneritie, eggs in Apnil, 1893) (@itemmaman
till June), larvae continuously from June until August, pupal state
four weeks, imagines from September (White), September and October
in the dept. Gironde (Trimoulet), imagines September to November
in Spain (Cunt y Martorell), September in the Canary Islands
(este Bartel), August-September and October-November at Gibraltar
(Walker), September and October (spring) at Southport in Queensland
(Ash), also from April-July (the winter months) continuously
at ‘Townsville, in Queensland (Dodd), September in Alsace
(Peyerimhoff), September and October singly in Baden (Reutti),
mid-October on the east African coast at Parumbira (deste
Bartel), abundant in 1885 in Brittany at end of summer ;
also very abundant throughout France in September, 1886, three
taken at Rheims, imagines in August, larve in October at Cannes
(Oberthur). The following actual dates of capture have accumulated
—September 27th, 1865, September 21st, 1866, August 27th, 1867,
September 13th, 23rd, 29th (two\, 1868, September 15th, 1869 at
Breda (Heylaerts), December 24th-z9th, 1881, along the estuary

* We have carefully considered the records of appearances earlier in the year,
and should want much more evidence of a reliable character to establish its appear-
ance in Britain as early as May in this country.

t+ Boisduval notes (//7st. Wat., p. 239) that the species cannot be looked upon as
indigenous in Europe, and cannot maintain itself here. It arrives from Africa and
the East in warm summers, but the progeny is exterminated in the early Winter; on
the other hand, in India and Africa it is continuously-brooded. :

{ There is no evidence of the successful hybernation of pup of this species
in Europe (or elsewhere) whatever. The pupal stage appears rarely to last more
than three weeks. The older authors often state that it hybernates as pupa, evidently
owing to their tropical captures having been made in May and June, and modern
authors have copied from them. Examination of the dates at disposal does not
support an appearance of this species in May in Europe, except in the south, or
otherwise a very occasional specimen further north,

HIPPOTION CELERIO. Alsy

of the Ouro on the West African coast (Mathew), November 12th,
1886, a fine male, also on August 7th, 1887, at Gibraltar (Walker),
September, 1898, in a greenhouse at Les Roquettes, Guernsey
(Lowe), fullgrown larve in early October, 1894, pupated, and
several imagines emerged early in December of the same year, at
Bremen (Lohmann), May, 1886, in the Lebanon (Pratt), March to
May, in the Trobriand Is. (Meek), September roth, 1899 at Sierra
Leone (Meek), December 15th, 1899, at Abd-el-Kuri (Grant), April
24th, 1900, at Elmenteila (Betton). The following appear to be
the only British records that we can trace*: Latter end of July,
1779, In Bunhill Fields (Harris, 2xfosztion, p. 94); August, 1826,
and again in 1827, near Birmingham (éesfe Stephens); imago
November 4th, 1844, at Lancaster (Willan), in 1845, at Ledbury
(Bree’, and Huddersfield (Inchbald), commencement of October,
1845, at Seaford (Ingall), [September 1st, 1846, at Birmingham
(Weaver), |September goth, 1846, at Newton Heath (Edleston), Septem-
ber 24th, 1846, at Leicester (Plant), | October 1st, 1846, at Lewes (Weir),
one at Brantingham Thorp (Norman), one in 1847 at Church Plain
(Fitt), two in summer of 1847 at South Walsham (Frere), September
21st, 1848, at Welton (Thompson), one at Wakefield in 1849 (Sang),
[two at Carlisle and one at Cockermouth in 1848 (Hodgkinson), |
{May}, 1849, two examples at Harleston (Muscott),] [October 8th,
1850, at Brampton (Hodgkinson),] November, 1851, at Henley-
on-Thames (Stubbs), August, 1852, at Baptist Mills (Duck),
September 28th, 1885, at Rugeley (Hawkins), December 4th, 1857,
an imago in fine condition on a window-sill near Bolton (Briars),
second week in September, 1859, at Gainsborough (Tearle), Sep-
tember roth, 1859, at Newark (Hadfield), October, 1859, at rest, at
Worcester (Edmunds), September 22nd, 1860, at Nottingham (Zuz. Wa.
Lnt., iX., p. 3), September 2oth, 1860, at Matlock (Tearle), September
27th, 1860, at Wakefield (Talbot), [October 5th, 1860, at Beccles
(Winter),] October 7th 1860, at Darlington (Beadnell), a few examples
MnoE Near Perth im 1862 and 1865 (F. B.-White), [five in 1862,
at Tooting (Zoo0/., 7971),] September 12th 1862, at St. Leonards-on-Sea,
(Zool., 8204), September 24th, 1862, near Weymouth (Pretor), Septem-
ber 28th, 1862, near York ( Weekly Ent., p. 99), October 29th, 1862, at
Brighton ( Zoo/., 8295), June}, 1862, at Haslemere (Barrett),[ Mayf, 1864,
at Canterbury (Parry),] September 21st, 1864, near Alloa [possibly the
same example as that recorded September rgth, 1864, at Culross (Bor-
thwick) | (Mailler), end of July, 1865, on the Isle of Anglesea (Porritt),
[September 8th, 1865, at Brighton (Winter),] September 19th, 1865, at
Taunton (Bidgood), September 2oth, 1865, near Brough (Kingston),
September 26th, 1865, at Hendon (Druce), September 27th, 1865, at
Southsea (Collins), September 28th, 1865, at Barbourne (O’ Farrell), Octo-
ber, 1865, at Malvern (Smith), October, 1865, at Handsworth, near

* Most of these records are obtained from the Zoologist, Entomologist’ s
Weekly Intelligencer, The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, The Entomologist,
and The Entomologist’s Record. Those made by proiessional dealers, and those
about which, from the time of appearance, &c., doubt occurs, are enclosed in
square brackets. It is quite possible that most of the May and June records
refer to Phryxus livornica. There may be a few unrecorded British examples in
collections, but very large numbers in British collections are doubtlessly not
British.

t+ These records especially want confirmation.

132 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Sheffield (Frost), October, 1865, at Waltham Abbey (Pryor), October,
1865, at Newmarket (Postans), October 19th, 1865, near Exeter
(Rowdon), October 24th, 1865, at Hartlepool (Robson), autumn,
1865, at Orford, in Suffolk (Bloomfield), [October, 1865, at Withers-
lack, Kendal and Carlisle (Hodgkinson), June 4th*, 1866, at Kendal
(Hodgkinson), bred December 28th, 1865, from a larva, one Gia
brood found on vine at Worthing (Ingram), [autumn of 1867, at
Carlisle (Hodgkinson),] one in 1867, at Malvern (Towndrow), in
autumn, 1866, Isle of Wight (Ingram), August 28th, 1867, at Ipswich
(Florrex este Garrett), September 17th, 1867, at Taunton (Bidgood),
September 21st, 1867, in Isle of Wight (Frost), [September, 1868,
at Dover (Harding), | September 2oth, 23rd, 26th, 29th and October roth
1868, one on each evening at Brighton (Wonfor teste Swaysland),
September 26th, 1868, at Huddersfield (Porritt), October znd,
1868, at Birmingham (Enock), October znd, 1868, at York
(Prest), October 2nd, 1868, at Camberwell (Standish), October 2nd,
1868, on Heworth Moor, near York (Dosser), in autumn of 1869,
at Woodlands, Selling (Stowell), two at Middlesborough (¢es¢e
Jagger), September 16th, 1869, a fine specimen at Weston-super-Mare
(Mathew), [October 12th, 1870, at Lytham (Gregson), | July 17th, 1871,
at Southport (Bell), autumn of 1872, four examples at Cromer (Har-
wood), mid-September, 1872, Southover, Lewes (Blaker), end of
September, 1872, at Margate (Duncan), October 7th, 1872, at
Brighton (Clare), September 12th, 1872, at Strood (Farrow), September
13th, 1872, at Strood (Stapleton), September 12th, 1873, on outhouse
at Southport (Burton), [a fg, October 7th, 1873, at Bolton (Hodgkin-
son),| one in 1873, at Ayton, in Berwickshire (Shaw), September, 13th,
1876, at Brighton (Hamlin), September zgth, 1876, at Edwinstowe
(Doncaster), August, 1877, at Southsea (Lowrey), October 30th, 1877,
at Eastbourne (Parsons), [May 24th*, 1878, at Alderley Edge, near
Manchester (Heyworth), | first week in September, 1878, at Woodbridge
(Graves), September 3rd, 1879, at Troup (Campbell), September 15th,
1879, at Gosport (Larcom), September 13th, 1880, at Kingsland
(Harper, recorded Z7+., xii., p. 241, as D. “tvornica), September 14th,
1880, at Oldham (Taylor), October rst, 1880, at Chichester (Hope éeste
Anderson), October 6th, 1880, at Burton-on-Trent (Baker), October 8th,
1880, at Shanklin (Leech), October 8th, 1880, at Edenbank, near Max-
welltown (Service), October roth, 1880, at Sheerness(Darley), about Nov-
ember 1st, 1880, at Edgbaston, near Birmingham (Baker), December
1st, 1880, captured at Faversham (Yearsley), September 11th, 1881, in
Grosvenor Square (Durham), September 17th, 1881, at Mullaghmore
(Greene), September 28th, 1883, at Stratford (Pratt), oneg taken at
Lincoln, October 9th, 1883 (Musham), October 13th, 1883, at Gosport
(Leech coll.), October znd, 1884, in greenhouse at West Hanney,
near Wantage (Slade), November, 1884, at Retford (Pegler), Novem-
ber, 1884, at Berkeley (Borer), specimens, September tst-17th, 1885,
at Kenley (Venables), three specimens, September 1st-19th, 1885,
at Cromer (Barclay), September 6th, 1885, at Ilfracombe (Copp),
September 8th, 1885, on the wing at Wannock (Pearson), Sep-
tember roth, 1885, at Christchurch, September r2th, 1885, at
Ealing (Adye), September rith, 1885, at Lewes (Nicholson), Sep-
tember 11th, 1885, at Blackfriars’ Bridge (Goldthwaite), September

* Records especially want confirmation,

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 133

11th, 1885, at Firle (Edgell), September 12th, 1885, at Hartlepool
fxonsen),) September 12th, 1985, at Colton (Buckley), ‘Sep-
tember 12th, 1885, at Pevensey (Benson), September 13th, 1885,
at Dovercourt (Kerry), September 14th, 1885, at Felixstowe (Miller),
September 14th, 1885, at Holmwood, (King), second week
in September, 1885, at Folkestone (Cooper), September 15th, 1885,
at Walton-on-the-Naze (Wellman), September 16th, 1885, at Lee,
near Ilfracombe, several at Buckfastleigh, and one also at
Cambridge (Blandford), September 16th, 1885, at Crosby
(Harker), one taken at Hackney, September 17th, 1885 (¢es/e
Clark), September 18th, 1885, at Tan-y-Bwlch (Kerr), September 18th,
1885, at Plymouth (Cregoe), September roth, 1885, at Honnington
(Hind ¢este Bloomfield), September zoth and 24th, 1885, two captured
and one missed at Clevedon (Mason), two about September roth,
1885, at Ramsgate (Wood), September 26th, 1885, at Hurstpier-
point (Meldola), September 27th, 1885, at Leicester (Rowley), end
of September, 1885, at Bournemouth (Brackenbury), October 2nd,
1885, at Retford (Pegler), two in October, 1885, at Aldeburgh
(Cooper), September 29th and October 8th, 1886, at Firle
(Edgell), end of September, 1886, at Hastings (Gooch), August
rst, 1888, at Reading (Philbrick), October, 1888, at Chepstow (Mason),
October roth, 1888, at Portslade, near Brighton (¢este Clark), October
Ist, 1889, at West Hartlepool (Woods), November 24th, 1889, at
Banbury (¢este Stott), 1892, at Littlehampton (Fry), September
20th, 1892, at Hastings (Johnson), [October, 1892, at Brighton
(Field),] October rst, 1892, at Halifax (Halliday), October, 1892,
at Harrow Weald (Rowland-Brown), October rst, 1892, at Sherborne
(Benthall), October 12th, 1892, at Nottingham (Pike), October 21st, 1892,
at Ashford (Viggers), one in 1892, at Maryport (Wilkinson), August
12th, 1894, at South Foreland lighthouse (Fremlin), September, 1894,
at Burnley (Sutcliffe zeste Clutten), September 30th, 1894, at Porchester
(Stares), November 4th, 1894, at Lancaster (Ralph), November 7th,
1894, at Hassock’s Gate (Hanbury), September 7th, 1895, at Upper
Clapton (Hanbury), September 15th, 1895, at Dover (Webb), Sep-
tember 15th, 1895, at Tulloch (Davidson); September 24th, 1896,
at Cheltenham (Robertson), a 9, September 4th or 6th, 1897,
at Cambridge (Rickard), October 18th, 1897, at Broseley (Newn-
ham), taken at Ewell, August, 1898 (Frohawk), ‘eptember ~
6th, 1898, @ captured, another seen near Paul (Daws), September,
1898, at Les Rocquettes, in Guernsey (Bell), October, 1898, at
Southborough (Shepheard-Walwyn), November 2ist, 1898, at Strat-
ford (Murray), one in Ig00, at Springfield, near Gretna (Wilkinson),
imago about September 25th, 1901, at Wylye (Solly), September
27th, 1902, at Emsworth (Stevenson).

LOCALITIES.— ABERDEEN: [Aberdeen (Esson),] Peterhead, Fyvie (Reid),
ANGLESEA : near Menai Suspension Bridge (Porritt). AYRSHIRE : Hamilton
(Duncan). BANFF: Troup (Campbell). BreRKS: West Hanney, near Wantage
(Slade), Reading (Philbrick). BERwick: Ayton (Shaw). | CAMBRIDGE:
Newmarket (Postans), Cambridge, Ely (Jenyns), Isleham (este Balding), near
Wisbech (Skrimshire zeste Haworth). CHESHIRE: Alderley Edge (Keyworth,
CLACKMANNAN: Alloa (Mailler). CORNWALL: Paul, Penzance (Daws). CUM-
BERLAND. Cockermouth, [Carlisle (Hodgkinson),] Maryport (¢es¢e Wilkinson),
Brampton (Morris), Keswick, several (Beadle), Lake district (Stainton .
DERBY: Burton-on-Trent (Baker), Eckington (Hooke teste Payne), Matlock (Tearle).
DeEvon: Buckfastleigh, Lee, near Ilfracombe (Blandford), Lynmouth (Thornthwaite),

134 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Plymouth (Cregoe), Ilfracombe (Copp), Exeter (Rowdon). DoRsrEr: Oborne, near
Sherborne (Benthall), Glanvilles Wootton (Dale), Encombe (Farrer, Proc. Dorset Suc.,
vi [1885]), Weymouth (Pretor), Dusrin: Dublin (Kirby). DUMFRIEs : Spring-
feld, near Gretna (Wilkinson). DURHAM: [Stockton (Hodgkinson),] West
Hartlepool (Woods), Bishopswearmouth, Hartlepool, Durham (Robson), Dar-
lington (Beadnell). Essex: Dovercourt (Kerry), Walton-on-the-Naze (Well-
man), Stratford (Murray), Coggeshall- (Denny), Epping (Doubleday), [Great
Baddow (Greenwood)]. GLOUCESTER: Bristol, Henbury, Redland (Vaughan),
Berkeley (Borer), Pitville (Robertson), Baptist Mills (Duck), Cheltenham
(Merrin). Hants: Gosport (Larcom), Southsea (Collins), Porchester (Stares), Ems-
worth (Stevenson), Christchurch (Adye), Isle of Wight—Shanklin (Leech), Sandown
(Frost), Long Benton, Ryde (Ingram), Bournemouth (Brackenbury). HEREFORD:
Hereford (Hutchinson), Ledbury (Bree). ISLE oF MAN: Douglas (Knox fest¢e
Clarke). KENT: Strood (Farrow f¢este Tutt) Sheerness (Darby), Ramsgate
(Wilson), Ashford (Viggers), South Foreland (Fremlin), Southborough, near
Tunbridge Wells (Shepherd-Walwyn), Folkestone (Cooper), Selling (Stowell),
[Canterbury (Parry), ] Faversham (Yearsley), [Dover (Harding), ] Margate (Duncan),
Tenterden (Beale), Eltham (Latham feste Donovan). KINCARDINE: Banchory
(Traill). KiRKCUDBRIGHT: Edenbank, near Maxwelltown (Service). LANARK :
Hamilton (Chapman). LANCASHIRE: [Manchester, Preston, Whalley, Grange
(Hodgkinson), ] Oldham (Taylor), Lancaster (Willan), Carnforth (Murray), Crosby
(Harker), Burnley (Sutcliffe zes¢e Clutten), [Lytham (Gregson),] Southport (Bell),
Bolton (Briars), Newton Heath (Edleston), Staleybridge (Chappell). LEICESTER:
Leicester (Rowley). LincoLtn: Lincoln (Musham), Gainsborough (Tearle), Gran-
tham (Walpole). MERIONETH: Tan-y-Bwlch (Kerr ¢este Arkle). MIDDLESEX:
Hackney (deste Clark), Harrow Weald (Rowland-Brown), Harefield (Wall),
Ealing (Adye), Hendon (Druce), Waltham Abbey (Pryor), Kingsland (Harper),
Grosvenor Square (Durham), Upper Clapton (Hanbury). MonmMoutTH: Chepstow
(Mason). NorFoLtk: Church Plain (Fitt), Cromer (Barclay), Norwich (deste
Stephens), South Walsham (Frere), Harleston (Muscott). NORTHAMPTON: Peter-
borough (deste Dale). NORYHUMBERLAND: (Robson), Berwick (Carrington),
Gallowgate, Newcastle (Hancock), North Shields (Wailes). NorrinGHAM :
Nottingham (Tearle), Edwinstone (Doncaster), Retford (Pegler), Newark (Hadfield).
OxForD : Oxlord (Hope ¢este Stephens), Henley-on-Thames (Stubbs), Banbury (¢esée
Stott). PERTH: rare, [a few examples] in or near Perth in 1862 and 1865, one speci-
men with wings in process of expansion (F. B. White), Culross (Borthwick). Ross :
Tulloch, near Dingwall (Davidson). RoxBuRGH ; Caverton district (Elliot), Hawick
district (Elliot feste Guthrie). SHROPSHIRE: Broseley (Newnham). SiiGo: Culleen-
amore (Russ), Mullaghmore (Greene). SOMERSET: Clevedon (Mason ), Weston-super-
Mare (Mathew), Taunton (Buckland). STAFFORD: Colton (Buckley), Rugeley (Haw-
kins). SUFFOLK: occasional— Stowmarket, several, Orford, Honnington (Bloomfield),
Woodbridge (Graves), Aldeburgh (Cooper), Ipswich (Garrett), Felixstowe (Miller),
Beccles( Winter). SURREY: Kenley (Venables), Blackfriars Bridge(Goldthwaite), Ewell
(Frohawk), Camberwell (Standish), Tooting (Rogers), Holmwood (King), Frensham
(Bingham-Newland), Haslemere (Barrett). SUSSEX: very rare— Lewes (Weir), Brighton
(Merrifield), Hastings (Gooch), Littlehampton (Fry), Aldwick (¢es¢e Lucas), Firle, near
Lewes (Edgell), Eastbourne (Parsons), Hurstpierpoint (Meldola), Pevensey (Benson)
Portslade, near Brighton (¢este Clark), Wannock (Pearson), Chichester (Anderson),
Worthing (Ingram), Catsfield (Raynor), Seaford (Ingall), Southover (Blaker),
Haywards Heath (Crallan), St. Leonards (Kent), Hassock’s Gate (Hanbury)
Warwick: Edgbaston (Baker), Birmingham (Enock). WESTMORLAND:
(Kendal, Witherslack (Hodgkinson),] Burton (Moss ¢este Murray). WILTS :
Wylye (Solly). Worcrster: Barbourne (O'Farrell), Tenbury (Decie), Malvern
(Towndrow), Worcester (Smith). YORKs: very rare (Porritt), Brough, near
Brantingham (Kingston), Brantingham Thorp (Norman), Hudderstield (Inchbald),
several in 1868 (Porritt), Middlesborough (Jagger), Wakefield (Sang), Doncaster
(Stainton’s A/anuad), Handsworth, near Sheffield (Frost), Heworth Moor, near York
(Dosser), Darlington (Beadnell), York (Prest), Halifax (Halliday), Welton, near
Brough (Thompson), Burnley district (Clutten).

DISYTRIBUTION.—One of the most widely distributed species, being native
in all the subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands.
extending thence north and south into the temperate regions of Europe, Asia,
and Africa, even reaching the subarctic districts in its wanderings. There ae
probably no parts of Europe where the species is perfectly sedentary. AFRICA:
Algeria—Oran (Oberthir), near Bougie (Lucas), Algiers, Sebdou (Codet),

HIPPOTION CELERIO. 135

Biskra (Bleuse), Tangier (Meade-Waldo), northwest Morocco, common
(Blackmore), Morocco (Donzel), Canaries (White), Teneriffe— Oratava, not
rare (Alphéraky), Madeira, West African coast—Estuary of Ouro (Mathew),
Chinchoxo, Guinea, German Southwest Africa /¢este Bartel), Bénin (Ménager),
Sierra Leone (Austen), Quango-Strom (Mechow), East African coast—
Parumbira /Zeste Bartel), Bourbon (Roussel), Mauritius, Madagascar, very com-
mon (Boisduval), Tananarivo (Camboué), Elmenteila (Betton), Karanga Sangwe
(Grogan), Mozambique (Speyer), Natal, frequent (Spiller), Durban (Leigh), Cape
Colony (Cramer), Zanzibar (Le Roy), Delagoa Bay (coll. Oberthtir), Orange
River Colony—Bloemfontein (¢este Bartel). Asta: Asia Minor—Smyrna, The
Taurus (Staudinger), in the Red Sea (Manger), Lebanon (Pratt), Syria—Beyrout
(Lederer), Haifa (Bartel), Persia—Meshed, Khorassan, Goolhek, near Teheran
(Young), India—Coromandel coast, very common—Tranquebar, Madras (Cramer),
Saugor, plentiful (Chaumette), Himalayas (Speyer), Punjaub, common (Young),
Ceylon—Dryalalawa (Green), East Indies, Sumatra — Deli, Java, Moluccas,
Kei Island — Toeal, Aroe Island, not rare (deste Bartel) AUSTRALIA :
Queensland — Southport (Ash), Townsville (Dodd), New South Wales—
Sydney (Spever). Paciric ISLANDS: New Guinea (Koch), Manilla (Oberthiir),
Tahiti (Walker), New Caledonia (Tugwell), New Hebrides, Fiji, Ellice and
Gilbert Islands, &c. (Mathew), Trobriand Is. (Meek). EUROPE: AUSTRO-
HUNGARY: Innsbruck, two or three times (Weiler), Pressburg, once in
October, 1877 (Rozsay), Bohemia—Prague, two, August, 1846 (Nickerl), Tyrol,
very rare — Botzen, Brixen (Hinterwaldner), near Salzburg, one (Nickerl),
Carniola—Laibach (Speyer), Carinthia, Lower Austria—Vienna, 1846 and 1864,
Moravia, Hungary, rare—Margitszigeten, Budapest, Funfkirchen Dalmatia (‘este
Bartel). BELGIUM: not indigenous, Dinant, Brussels, Louvain one, Tournay,
rather common September, 1839 (Donckier), Namur, Liége (Lambillion), Liittich
(teste Bartel). BULGARIA: Sofia (Bachmetjew), Varna, rare (teste Bartel). CHANNEL
IsLEs: Guernsey, two (Boley), Les Rocquettes (Bell). FRANCE: always more or
less rare, commoner in the southern depts. (Berce), Paris (Heasler), Aube,
occasionally, singly (Jourdheuille), Calvados, one near Caen (Fauvel), Brittany,
certain years, Rennes, Cancale (Oberthtir), Douai, singly (Foucart), Berry and
Auvergne, occasionally (Sand), Eure-et-Loir — Chateaudun, several (Guenée),
Haute-Garonne, not rare in 1854-1859, 1863, 1876-1879, 1885-1886 (Caradja),
Auvergne district, great numbers in 1846 (Guillemot), Nice, frequent (Wagner),
Bordeaux (Auguste), Var (Cantener), Morbihan, very rare (Griffith), Gironde—
Talence, Gradignan, Mérignac (Trimoulet), Haute-Sa6ne, Doubs—Besancon (Bruand),
Aude — Carcassonne (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure, Nantes, La-Haie- Fouassiére,
La - Chapelle-sur-Erdre (Bonjour), Sadne-et-Loire, very rare—Autun, one
(Constant), Seine-Inférieure—Elbeuf, larvze 1867, on vine (Viret), Clermont-Ferrand
(Pierret), St. Quentin, occasionally (Dubus), Niort, one (Maillard), Meuse,
Moselle, Meurthe district, Lyons, Digne, Hyéres (Speyer), Montpellier (Daube),
dept. du Nord (Paux), Rheims (¢este Oberthiir), Alpes-Maritimes, rare (Constant).
GERMANY : very rare, Only as an immigrant (Heinemann), southwest Germany —in
1834, 1844, 1846 and 1852 at Frankfort-on-Main (Koch), Offenbach, Hanau,
Darmstadt, Giessen, larve and imagines (Jordan), Rhine-Palatinate, in certain
years (Bertram), Wirtemberg, in certain years, e.g., 1846—Stuttgart, &c. (Seyffler), .
Giessen, one September, 1846 (Dickore), Lower Elbe district—Borgfelde, one
(Zimmermann), Hesse—one in 1846 at Biedenkopf (Glaser), Mecklenburg—Wismar,
one (Schmidt), Bremen—two at Oberneuland, one at Delmenhorst (Rehberg), Dres-
den, once or twice (Steinert), Thuringia— Mihlhausen, Gotha, a larva in 1860, Eisenach
(Krieghoff), Prussia—Putzig, one, Dantzig, one (Grentzenberg), Nassau—often at
Wiesbaden, ¢.g., August 1834 and 1858 (Rossler), Grinberg, once bred, Hohenheim
(Hoffmann), Brunswick, a few in 1846 (Heinemann), Hanover, a few only (Glitz),
GOrlit z (Moeschler), Litbeck (Paul), Heligoland (Gatke), Liineburg, Frankfort-on-
Oder, Altenburg, Minster, Crefeld, Barmen, Bavaria—Erlangen, Augsburg,
once, Nuremberg (Speyer), Bremen (Lohmann), Chemnitz (Pabst), Silesia—
Schweidnitz (Wocke), Pomerania—Stettin, Abtshagen, Greifswald, Stralsund
(Hering), Ober-Alme, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Bonn, Magdeburg, Leip-
zig, Meissen, Dresden, Osterland, Minden, Elberfeld, Jugenheim, Wetzlar (teste
Bartel), Baden—Ueberlingen, Waldshut, Lorrach, Freiburg, many in 1846, Gengen-
bach, Pforzheim, Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Weinheim (Reutti), Alsace, very rare —
Zabern, Strasburg, Millhausen (Peverimhoff), Berlin, rare (Pfutzner). GREECE:
Nauplia (de la Garde). Iraty: throughout, but rare (Curd), Tuscany—Lucca,
in some years common (¢este Bartel), Sicily, rare (Mina-Palumbo), Palermo
(Bellier), Isle of Ustica (Riggio), Roman Campagna—Florence, very rare (Calberla),

136 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Lombardy, Fiedmont, Liguria, Naples very rare (deste Bartel). . NETHERLANDS:
repeatedly taken, especially common in 1846 (Medenbach de Rooy), Groningen —
Friesland, Zeeland—-Amisterdam, Rotterdam, several, Gelderland—Zwolle (Snellen),
Breda, not rare (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL (Speyer). ROUMANIA: Bucharest (Caradja).
Russia: Transcaucasia—Borjom, one July, 1873 (lkomanoft). SPAIN: Andalusia
—common (Rambur), Teruel— Ateca (Zapater), Santiago (Macho-Velado),
Barcelona — En Gracia, San Gervasio, Calella (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell
y Pena), Bilbao (Seebold), Granada (Graslin), Gibraltar (Walker), Malaga
(coll. Oberthir). _SwirzERLAND: Grisons, very rare — Vicosoprano (Zeller),
Berne (Meisner), Yverdon, at 1345ft. (Brown), Basle, Lausanne (Riggenbach),
Freiburg, Aargau—Aarau (Boll), Oftringen (Willschlegel),; Zurich, Wadensweil,
at 1345ft. (Dietrich), Winterthur (Huguenin), Neftenbach, at 1277ft. (Kubler),
near Schtippen (Rothenbach), Sargans, at 1496ft. St. Gallen, Canton Tessin (teste
Bartel). TURKEY: Eastern Roumelia—Slivna, rare (teste Bartel).

Tribe : PHRYXIDI.

Dhe Phryxid tribe is a most interesting “one; samesmeare
though apparently we have now no sedentary species in Britain
belonging to it, the peculiar conditions under which, at ir-
regular periods, some of thé species occur, almost certainly,
as Immigrants, or the direct progeny of immigrants, make their
natural history of quite unusual interest. The tribe is diagnosed
(LU. Soy Oo LAA) lO? Sie ONeNS AS

Anterior wings not subfalcate, hinder margin rounded towards the apex;
abdomen transversely banded; antennz distinctly clavate. Larva maculated ;
anterior segments not retractile; caudal horn rugose. Pupa superficially buried.

Fernald, apparently basing his description on the two American
species, Phryxus lineata and Celerto intermedia (chamaenerii), gives
(Sphing. of New England, pp. 144) the following diagnosis of the
Phryxid imaginal characters :

Head of moderate size, not sunken into the thorax, smoothly scaled ; proboscis
as long, or nearly as long, as the body; palpi ascending close to the front, the
clothing giving the end a swollen appearance ; antennze ‘eradually and uniformly
enlarging outwardly to near the end, when they are constricted suddenly into
a minute bristly hook; eyes moderate in size and lashed; thorax stout, untufted,
and produced considerably in front of the forewings; abdomen smooth, cylindrical,
tapering rather suddenly at the terminal segments without anal or side tufts, the
hinder edge of the segments armed with spinules ; tibiz not spinose, middle
tibia with one pair of long unequal spurs, hind tibiz with two pairs; fore
tarsi with a row of stout curved spines along the outside. The forewings have
II veins (sometimes 12), with the outer margins rounded and entire. The outer
margin of the hindwings is entire, except at the end of vein 1b, where it is some-
what produced.

So far as the genera belonging to this tribe are concerned we
find, as a rule, in each genus, a central species of wide distribution,
around which, or from which, a few highly-specialised local sedentary
species appear to have sprung. We thus have Ayles or ‘‘the
euphorbiae-group,” Celerto or ‘‘the gadlii-group,’’ &c. So far as the
material in the British Museum and his own collection goes, Kaye
has been able (77 /:¢/./ to formulate the following groupings in the
tribe, based entirely on imaginal characters:

1. Head large, prominent, projecting ; forewings long, pointed, with an
oblique streak running from apex to close to base; nervures clearly marked
by light scales ; abdomen very tapering; front tibiz with very strong spines
and some weaker ones—PHRYXUS (divornica, lineata),

2. Head not prominent, nor markedly projecting ; forewings not so long
as in I, and less pointed ; forewings with oblique band from apex to near
base giving off two or more short teeth or branches; spines. on front tibia nearly

all of uniform medium size — CELERIO (gallii, chamaenerit, euphorbiarum,
zygophylli, ? opheltes).

PHRYXIDI. 137

3. Head closely set on shoulders, neither conspicuously large nor projecting ;
forewings with a more or less well-defined fascia, very broad at inner margin,
with a dark discoidal blotch that nearly always lies within the fascia; spines on
front tibia weak— HytEs (euphorbiae, centralasiae, dahlit, mauretanica,
tithymali, annet, robertsi, nicaea, costata, calverleyt).

4. Head and tibial spines as in 3; forewings with an oblique conspicuous
line dividing the wing into a lighter and darker portion ; fascia spreading over
almost the whole of costal half of wing area; discoidal spot distinct, black,
sometimes an indication of a dark blotch—TURNERIA, n.g. (kippophaes (type of
genus), bzguttata, bienerti).

5 Head very broad, but not very projecting; forewings rather short,
less pointed than in preceding sections, almost devoid of markings ; a dark line
sometimes present, extending from near apex to beyond middle of inner margin and
much curved at nervure 2; spurs on front tibiz in four longitudinal rows and
of almost uniform size—THAUMAS (vespertilio).

6. Antenne very long and very stout in ¢ ; forewings very dark; hind-
wings deep orange, with dark border reaching to margin—HAWAIINA, n.g. (calida
(type of genus), welsonz). }

The general characters of the Phryxids have already been
dealt with in our account of the Humorphinae, and we have also
given (anfed, p. 56) a summary of the differences between the larval
characters of the Eumorphids (ses. strict.) and the Phryxids. One
point of larval structure may, however, be here noted, zz., the
character of tuberc'ec v. We have, in our description of the Sphingid
larva (anted, vol. ii1., p. 367), stated the opinion that the prespira-
cular of the larve of Sphingids is not to be homologised with
the subspiracular v of the larve of other lepidopterous super-
families. Bacot’s recent discovery, however, that, on the Ist
abdominal segment of the larva of Myles euphorbiae in its 1st
instar, tubercle v is not only situated in the same plane as iv,
but is actually conjoined to it, both the sete arising from a
small oval chitinous plate a short distance beneath the spiracle,
leaves little doubt of the correctness of what we had already
begun to suspect from an examination of the larve of Sesza
Stellatarum and Hemaris tityus in their earliest stadium, vzz., that,
with further knowledge, the possibilites of homologising the pre-
spiracular of Sphingid larve with the normal subspiracular v became
much easier. Tubercle v, on the 1st abdominal segment of these
larva, was found to be situated on the lateral flange, and, although
still somewhat above iv, was distinctly below the level of the spiracle.

We may here refer to Weismann’s detailed study of the evolution
of the markings of the Phryxid larve (Studies in the Theory of —
Descent, pp. 223 ef seg.). The species, with the ontogeny of which
he deals, are—/zppophaes, zygophyllt, lineata, livornica, gallit, vespertilio,
mauretanica, dahlit, euphorbiae and nicaea. He places (loc. cit., pp.
223-224) these in five groups, and states that he considers the adult
larve of these five groups represent five stages in the phyletic
development of the tribe, but adds that, if the whole developmental
history be taken into account, two more stages must be added,
viz., (1) that in which the larva possesses no particular marking
(as seen in the 1st stage of development of ewphorbiae and dahli), and
(2) a stage with a subdorsal line, but without any ring-spot for-
mations. Seven stages of phyletic development must, therefore,
be distinguished :

I. Entire absence of marking in adult form—(No species now seems to
occur with this as the final stage of the ontogeny).

2. A subdorsal, accompanied by a spiracular line, extending from the

138 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

caudal horn to the Ist segment—(This also no longer forms the final stage of the onto-
geny of any species, but is retained in the 2nd stage of vespertilio, livornica, lineata).

The subdorsal line bears a ring-spot on the penultimate segment ; the
other markings as in 2—hippophaes. (A small number of specimens show a
transition to the following stage by the transference of ring-spots from the posterior
to the anterior segments.)

4. Open ring-spots appear on the subdorsal line on all the segments from
the 11th to the Ist—zygophylli, lineata.

5. Closed ring-spots situated on the subdorsal line—/cvernica.

6. A single row of ring-spots replaces the subdorsal line—gad/iz, vespertilio,
mauretanica. : .

7. A double row of ring-spots—dahlii, euphorbiae, nicaea. (The two.
first-named reach this stage in the 4th stadium, zzcaea in the 3rd.)

He adds (loc. cit., pp. 199 e¢ seg.), “The important differences
of marking displayed by these 5 sections are not in any way
accidental, but they represent different stages of phyletic develop-
ment, or, in. other words, the five groups are of ‘diltenemiamases:
the first (euphorbiae, &c.) being. the youngest, and the -last
(hippophaes) the oldest of the group. According to their phyletic
age, the sections follow each other in inverse order, the first being
hippophaes, the second that of zygophyli, the third that of /zvornica,
the fourth that of ga/dz, the fifth and youngest that of euphorbiae.”
Weismann, however, does not accept these as the natural sections
into which the Phryxids fall, eg., he assumes “mea/a to be a
generalised form of the more specialised /2:vornica, whilst zygophylli
is a terminal species on the same phyletic plane as /zneatfa, and
again he considers gall and vespertilio as terminal forms, whilst
mauretanica, in the same plane, is considered merely a_ phyletic
stage in the development of dahliz, euphorbiae and micaea (see loc.
cit., diagram, p. 358). His groupings, therefore, work euteaaE
(1) hippophaes, (2) zygophyllt, (3) lineata, livornica, (4) gallit, (5)
vespertilio, (6) mauretanica, dahlit, (7) euphorbtae, nicaea. In
spite of the fragmentary knowledge we possess of the history
of the larve of most of the Phryxid species, Weismann considers
(loc. cit., pp. 225 ef seg.) that the development of the markings
has proceeded in the same manner in all the species. He points out
that (1) the species all appear to be making for the same goal,
(2) the young larval forms of a species never show the markings
of a later phyletic stage than the older larval forms, (3) develop-
ment takes the same course in all species, only making a greater
advance in the same direction in some than in others, ¢.g., mcaea
and euphorbiae have advanced to the 7th phyletic stage, zygophyll7
and hippophaes only to the 3rd, and some specimens of zygophylli
to the 4th, but, at whatever phyletic stage the ontogeny of a
species may terminate, the young larval instars always display the
older phyletic stages. Thus, gad/iz in its last ontogenetic instar
reaches the 6th phyletic stage, in its penultimate instar it reaches
the 5th phyletic stage, and in its 3rd instar the 4th phyletic stage
is represented, so that little imagination is required to anticipate
that, in the 2nd instar, the 3rd or 2nd phyletic stage would be
pictured. The ontogenetic instars may represent a continuous series
of phyletic steps, ¢.g., gad/zz, or certain steps may be omitted, e.g.,
euphorbiae. ‘The suppression of phyletic steps increases with the
advancement in phyletic development, the higher the step to which
the species finally attains, the greater is the tendency of the initial

PHRYXIDI. 139

stages to be compressed or omitted altogether. He concludes, from
a study of the larve of /ippophaes and gall, that the Phryxid
ring-spots first originated on the segment bearing the caudal horn,
and that they were then gradually transferred as secondary spots to
the preceding segments.

Weismann argues (/oc. ci¢., p. 228) that there is a fundamental
difference between the development of the markings in Eumorphid and
Phryxid larve. In the former the formation of the eye-spots proceeds
from a subdorsal line, but they first appear on two of the front segments,
and are then transferred to the posterior segments. In the latter, on
the other hand, a single ring-spot is formed on the penultimate *
segment bearing the caudal horn, and this is repeated on the
anterior segments by secondary transference. With respect to the
origin of the ring-spots also, there is a distinction vetween the Phryxids
and Eumorphids, inasmuch as the first step towards the eye-formation
in the latter consists in the separation of a curved portion of the sub-
‘dorsal line, whilst, in the former, the nuclear spot first seems to originate,
and the separation of the mirror-spot from the subdorsal line appears
fPomeccitn secondarily. »; .' ) ). Im the Eumorphids, also, the
formation of the primary eye-spots appears to differ from that of
the secondary—in the latter the black ‘‘ ground-area” first appears,
and in the former the ‘“mirror-spot.”. The secondary eye-spots
certainly remain rudimentary in this group, so that the evidence in sup-
port of this conclusion is thus much weakened. Asa final result, Weis-
mann advances the opinion that the Phryxids dealt with have reached
five different phyletic stages, and that their very different external ap-
pearance is explained by their different phyletic ages, and he says that
the appearance, from such different larve, of moths so extremely similar,
can otherwise be scarcely understood. He urges that the variations which
occasionally occur in the larvee furnish, to a certain extent, a proof of
the correctness of the theoretical interpretation offered. Thus, forms
reverting to an earlier phyletic stage occasionally occur, ¢.g., traces
of the subdorsal line in the adult larve of euphorbiae, as illustrated
in one of Hubner’s figures, marked as an “aberration,” a similar
specimen also being in the Staudinger coll., whilst in adult larve of
vespertilio this line appears more frequently, and Staudinger ob-
serves that, among several hundred adult larve of dah/i¢ found in
Sardinia, there were some which did not possess a distinct sub- -
dorsal line, but, in place thereof, and, as its last indication, a feeble light
stripe, whilst one showed also a distinct line between the closed
eye-spots. As might be expected, a larva in any ontogenetic stage
most readily reverts to the preceding phyletic stage, so that those
characters present in the preceding stage are those that most com-
monly arise by reversion. Larve of ewfhorbiae in the last stadium
frequently take on the 6th (with a single row of ring-spots) instead
of the 7th (with a double row of ring-spots) phyletic stage, whilst
reversions to the 5th phyletic stage (a single row of ring-spots
with connecting subdorsal line) are very rare. These larve which,
in the adult instar, belong to the 6th phyletic stage, not infrequently
show the characters of the 5th stage more or less developed, z.g.,
vespertilto.

___ * Weismann calls the 8th abdominal the “ penultimate
his descriptions.

”” segment throughout

140 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

We do not know that anyone has attempted to really challenge
the view propounded by Weismann, but Chapman points out
(tn lit.) that the larval evolution as here set forth exhibits some
hiatus and possibly some mistakes. After noticing that Weis-
mann’s idea (that the primitive Eumorphid larva had a pale
subdorsal line, much as have the larve of Hemaris and Sesta, and
which is still essentially present in Darapsa) may be accepted, he
goes on to urge that it was somewhere below Darvapsa that the
Eumorphid stirps divided into two sections : ,

Sect. I. PHILAMPELINA.—This branch seems not to have developed eye-spots
on the abdominal segments in the subdorsal line of larva, but to have retained the
line, and often to have developed oblique stripes in the reverse direction to those
in Sphinginae—Philampelus, Dupo, Pachylia, Dilophonotus, Acosmeryx, &c.

Sect. 2, EUMORPHINA.—This branch did develop larval eye-spots in the
subdorsal line on the abdominal segments of the larva. Of this group Darapsa
(myrom) may be taken as a basal form—Lumorpha, Theretra, Hippotion, &c.

Sect. 1 includes all the non-Eumorphine Eumorphids, and no
doubt contains several tribes of equal value with Lumorphina, yet
this broad subdivision thoroughly agrees with the pupal indications.
Darapsa is not only about as low pupally as AHemaris or Pterogon,
but is almost certainly lower than the best known Eumorphids and
Philampelids. Starting from this point (Darapsa), which is, from the
standpoint of larval morphology, fairly common to the lower mem-
bers of all the Sphingid subfamilies,* the Eumorphids began to
develop eye-spots along the subdorsal pale line. Weismann’s
account of how the simple pale line gradually develops into an eye-
spot leaves nothing to be desired. From this point there are, as
he points out, several attractive hypotheses possible, though he does
not refer to the alternative ones till he has well enlisted our
sympathies in favour of the one he adopts, vzz., that two branches
occurred here, in one of which the eye-spots originated on the anterior
segments, and were here carefully elaborated for terrifying purposes
on the rst and znd abdominal segments (elfenor, porcellus ), whilst,
in the other, the eye-spot originated on the 8th abdominal segment
(for what object he leaves unelucidated), but, in each instance, as a
final stage, passing to the other abdominal segments, yet arising
in totally different ways. A difficulty is here obvious, although
it has to be conceded that the two divisions he makes correspond
with the two natural tribes—umorphidi (with retractile front seg-
ments, and cryptic coloration, terrifying markings and_ attitudes)
and Phryxzdi (with much less retractiie front segments, a conspicuous
warning coloration, and no terrifying attitudes). The difficulty is
in explaining why such remarkably similar markings, in such closely-
allied tribes, should separately originate for. such very different
objects. Such markings, originating in a subdorsal line, are else-
where certainly very rare, if not unknown, and one is almost com-
pelled to believe that, with such different objects in view, the
necessary markings would have resulted in totally different forms,
because they would have originated in totally different ways. The
difficulty can only be got over by supposing that the tendency
to develop eye-spots was well expressed before the two branches

* The still lower stage of ‘‘no markings’’ suggested by Weismann is quite
outside (7.e., below) the Sphingides (Chapman).

PHRYXIDI. 141

separated. This view becomes almost a certainty when we find
that really the only argument of any weight in support of the
separate origin of the Phryxid markings is based on the view that
Turneria hippophaes is the lowest of the Phryxids, and that the
eye-spots are there appearing, whilst there can be little doubt
that it is really one of the last evolved, and is eminently specialised
to suit its surroundings. The Eumorphid larve, which Bacot
asserts are the primitive Sphingids, like those of Hemarids and
Sesiids, are feeders on low-growing plants, and this is especially
true of the Phryxids, of which, however, 7. hzppophaes is an ex-
ception, and may be supposed to have taken to a shrub comparatively
recently ; its imaginal colouring is also quite specialised (possibly
for hiding on sand or among the leaves of its foodplant), so that
its colouring is less lke that of Eumorphids, and of Sphingids
generally, than almost any other species of the group. It is very
safe to assume, then (a suggestion that did not escape Weismann,
but which he rejected), that Azppophaes is derived from a form like
euphorbiae, and not wee versa. This conclusion is supported by
the pupal evidence, which shows /zppophaes to be, if anything, a
shade in advance of euphorbiae instead of very decidedly below it,
as, if Weismann’s theory were correct, it ought to be. This brings
us to what appears to have been the real line of evolution of these
eye-spots, zzz., that they originated in a tendency of the fale line
to break up into eye-spots all along the abdominal segments, and
possibly more pronounced at one place than another, but certainly
not reaching any such development as we find in ZTheretra (forcellus ),
highly evolved on one segment before appearing on another.
Their first development was probably encouraged by a gain
being made towards inconspicuousness by breaking up the large uni-
form areas; then the division into two groups occurred, as
these spots, so soon as they reached any definite development,
presented two new but very different kinds of usefulness. Of these,
the Phryxids are in tolerably uniform series, both larvally and
pupally, and present few difficulties, except such as that of
hippophaes, and, perhaps, a few others, if we had a fuller knowledge
of typical forms. They did not subdivide into several distinct
branches ot any length. | Whey “do, indeed) rather trouble one
to decide precisely which are the higher and which the lower,
rather, however, from their being so close together than on account
of their presenting puzzling and antagonistic characters, and,
zygophylit, hippophaes, vespertilio and nicaea would probably be
terminal species of different divisions, whilst pupally, vor-
mica is certainly the highest and most elaborated. Except
for the position assigned to Azppophaes this is substantially the
same phylogenesis as is given by Weismann (Joc. cit, p. 358),
though this one change makes it look very different, as perhaps
essentially it is.

We return now to the Lumorphidi, which contains of British
species —el/penor and fporcellus (practically identical for broader
phylogenetic questions) and celevzo. This is a tribe really much
more numerous in tropical regions than the Phryxz7di; unfortunately,
for this reason, we know less about it. Weismann recognised
two divisions beyond the basal Daragsa: (1) With eye-spots on

142 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the first two abdominal segments — e/penor, celerto. (2) With
eye-spots repeated on all the segments. Of these, he makes the
first the lower. Besides the objection to this order, already noted,
it may be added that those with the complete series usually have
them of approximately the same value throughout, as though they
had all developed together, pavz passu, with each other, at least the
second spot is usually fairly in line with all the following ones. Had
they arisen from an e/penor-form the first two must have receded, whilst
the others advanced. This seems a very unlikely thing to happen.
Weismann makes no reference to the forms with one eye-spot only
on the rst abdominal. Other difficulties might be raised from
Weismann’s arrangement, ¢.g., the varying intensity of the eye-spots
when occupying all the segments, from merely faint indications to
completely developed eye-spots, nearly identical throughout the
length of the larva, going far to show that they were all developed
together, others in which the forward eye-spots are best developed,
quoted by Weismann (Zzlina bisecfa) as showing the gradual exten-
sion of the eye-spots backwards, illustrates the gradual loss of all but
the forward spots. There is, apparently, no larva with 3, 4, 5
or 6 spots, nothing between 1 or 2 on the one hand, or 7 on the
other. It is, however, perhaps, better to insist pointedly
on an instance that Weismann himself would certainly admit
to prove that a complete row of spots preceded their more localised
specialisation. In Weismann’s Sfudves, &c., transl. p. 194, Meldola
describes the adult larva of /lorina japonica as possessing the two
(and only two) forward eye-spots as in Lumorpha elpenor. In the
Tijdschrift, vol. xl, Piepers figures the young larva of this species
as possessing a complete row of eye-spots. With a greater know-
ledge of exotic forms, doubtless many other such instances would
be forthcoming, but one is as good as a dozen, since there is no
reason that I can discover to believe we have here any exception
to the rule on which Weismann so much insists, and which generally
holds good, of the earlier stages representing ancestral conditions.
Taking it then as proved by this instance, for Weismann adduces
nothing but what is mere plausible matter of inference in support
of his own conclusion, that the initial Eumorphid character was
a continuous row of eye-spots, it becomes extremely probable that
this state of the evolution of the markings was possessed by the
common ancestor of the Phryxids and Eumorphids. It follows
from this that the distinction between Phryxids and Eumorphids
is not’ so deep and fundamental as it would be, if Weismann’s
theory were correct. My own view, founded on pupal characters,
was at first very close to Weismann’s..as regards the position of
L£). elpenor and Theretra porcellus, viz., that they were very low in the
group. In concluding from the larval evidence that they are, on
the contrary, at one of the highest points the pupal indications
have to be reviewed. I may say the imaginal evidence also, for
these species are certainly much less specialised than such species as
Fippotion celerio or Lsoples alecto. It is necessary here to repeat that,
in dealing with such questions as these, one must keep oneself well
in hand and remember that these species are not to be got into a
lineal arrangement; a tendency to do this always besets one, if one
be not continually on the alert, and one sees the results in many

PHRYXIDI, 143

of the theories of the phylogenesis of different groups which are
from time to time afforded us. It is quite natural to find 7.
porcellus to be imaginally the lowest, and larvally the highest, of the
group. Being imaginally the lowest, it cannot be descended from,
say, Hf. celerio or J. alecto, though the larval evidence says it
might be; nor can J/. alecto be descended from 7. porcellus though
the imaginal evidence says it might be. The common ancestor
must be one as low larvally as JZ. alecto,as low imaginally as 7.
porcellus. Since leaving that common ancestor, which may have
been more, but could not have been less, primitive than the one
we have just outlined, 7. porcel/us has used the interval in specia-
lising its larva, and in specialising its pupa for locomotion, but, in
other respects, has not much advanced its pupa and has left the
imago, alterel it may be, but if so, very little, in the directions
which we regard as advance and specialisation in the SfAzngzdes.
Such species again as Fergesa acteus or J, alecto have advanced to a
high point as pupz and imagines, but have retained the early larval
arrangement of a full series of spots. There is sufficient indication
in both Sphingidae and Amorphidae of this row of spots to suggest
that it arose amongst the primitive Sphingids before the first
definite division into the subfamilies we now recognise. The
relationship between these Eumorphid larve would appear to be
something near to the following rough tabulation:

A. A primitive larva as in Darapsa myron, plain subdorsal line, no retractile
front segments beyond what nearly all larve, and especially Sphingid larvz, have
more or less (Primitive Eumorphids).

B. A larva precisely like A, but with primitive eye-spots along a// the seg-
ments, not quite so advanced as Weismann’s ‘‘ open ring-spot,” fig. 50A.

A larva like 5, but with ring-spots rather more advanced than 50A, more
like those of Zhaumas vespertilio (Weismann, fig. 14) (Primitive Eumorphine).

From A would also descend the primitive Zvegantes (Hiibner, anéea,
vol. 111., pp. 350-351) including Phzlampelus, Dupo, Pachylia, Dilophonotus,
and probably WVephele ; from a larval point of view, even the more defin-
itely Sesiine forms would descend from A. There is, indeed, no very
strong line by which to divide Sesiids from Eumorphids. The difficulty
here is very great to define Phz/ampelus from Daphnis, Daphnis from
Argeus and Argeus from a typical Eumorphid (porcellus, &c.). It
seems necessary to assume that somewhere between 4 and C, these
(and allied genera) separated before the stirps became definitely Eumor-
phine. It follows from this that Darapsa myron, being really Eumor-
phid, must have progressed with the Eumorphines as far as C, or
even on the Eumorphid side, and then reverted (as regards its larva)
to the more primitive form so far as eye-spots are concerned, but
not quite reaching the really primitive Sesiine larva, some of which,
however, are also specialised in various Elegantine (Philampelid) direc-
tions. From C we find two branches, the Phryxids and Eumorphids:

I. More or less preserving all the spots, using them as parts of a warning
coloration, and not developing retractile segments.

2. Developing retractile segments, and with them specialising the anterior
spots as eye-spots.

On this special Eumorphid branch the eye-spots became
confined to the first 7 abdominal segments, and probably reached
first a form now best seen in Jsoples alecto, viz., all the spots nearly
equal in size and importance. This larva seems also to be less

144. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

specialised in the front segments, being less retractile than in, say,
Theretra porcellus. A form precedent to this is probably preserved by
Xylophanes oldenlandiae which has a spot on the 8th abdominal segment,
not quite obsolete, although the first two are already well-specialised.
No Eumorphid (as distinct from Phryxid) appears to have an eye
or ring-spot on thoracic segment.* .X. o/denlandiae also hasj (according
to figures) less retractile front segments than other Eumorphids.
X. oldenlandiae thus preserves a primitive Eumorphid character,
though, otherwise, both it and Jsofles alecto are specialised in the
groups they represent, larvally, as well as in the pupal and imaginal
instars. J. alecto, with a complete row of well-developed eye-spots,
is probably as far from .the primitive Eumorphid with a complete
row of ring-spots (as in young Florina japonica) as is Pergesa acteus
with them differentiated, or Azppotion celerio with only two left ;
and it is perhaps misleading to take it as representing this stage
of the evolution. The next stage is the decline and disappearance
of the later spots, leaving only one or two. Weismann does not
say whether those with two spots originated from those with one
or vice versd, neither view fits in well with his general theory. We
have: (1) Larva with the rst spot larger than the others, passing on
to forms with only the rst spot, this becoming more dorsal and
ending dorsally. (2) In others the znd spot persisted as well as the
first, and culminated in such forms as Hippotion celerio and Theretra
porcellus. It does not follow that the species we now have are
related to one another in this larval order ; 7. celerzo and 7. porcellus,
for instance, that have reached a nearly identical point, probably
left the main stem separately, Z. porcellus not very far from /. alecto
(larvally), H. celerto at some distance above. Section C, as defined
above (p. 143), branches as follows:

I. Same as C, but eye-spots persisting somewhat on thorax and on 8th

abdominal, but no retractility — Phryxids.
2. Same as C, but eye-spots restricted to 7 first abdominal segments

(8th in X. oldenlandiae), and retractility of front segments appearing —
Eumorphids.

a. Eye-spots nearly equal on 8 abdominal segments—X. oldenlandiae.
6. Eye-spots nearly equal on 7 abdominal segments—/. alecto.

¢y Eye-spots waning on abdominal segments 2-6—D. ¢ersa, P. acteus,
H. clotho, L. btsecta.
d, Eye-spots lost on abdominal segments 2-6—P. vigil, mydon.

ée. Eye-spots moving dorsally—Jlucas¢.
f. Eye-spots combined on dorsum—ZZzd7a.

C, Eye-spots waning on abdominal segments 3-6, difficult to
distinguish, if really different, from c.

d, Eye-spots lost on abdominal segments 3-6.
a. Earlier form—Z. elpenor.
3. Later form—Z. celerio.

* Piepers figures a larva of Florina japonica, with a thoracic spot, possibly,
however, an error on the part of the artist (Bacot). :

+ The larva of X. oldenlandiae is figured by Moore (Cat £. 7. Mus., pl.
xi.) as having 8 equal spots, and almost identically by Piepers (Tijdschrift, vol.
xl., pl. i). Two blown larve, in the Brit. Mus. coll., referred to this species,
have the first two spots well differentiated, and in one there is no 8th spot, whilst,
in the other, the 8th spot is distinctly a spot, but not as well-developed as the
five in front of it (Chapman).

PHRYXUS. 145

Bacot points out (zz /:t¢.) that the imagines of two closely allied
species, one of which inhabits temperate and the other tropical districts,
or even two forms of the same species, may differ much in’ the greater
size of the head and the more prominent eyes in the tropical form. He
instances the Indian /yles dathyrus, which Staudinger says is hardly
distinguishable from H. zzcaea in pattern, and which has been referred by
himself and other authorities to (Lyles euphorbiae as a variety, as having
much larger and more prominently situated eyes than the latter species,
whilst the length of head and the form of the abdomen are also noticeably
different. This variation amounts to a greater difference than exists
between say such distinct species as Hyles euphorbiae and Celerio gallit
from European districts. He points out that this must be largely associ-
ated with habit, and notes that the Sphingids fly at twilight in temperate
regions, whilst, in the tropics, there is no real twilight, and the tropical
Sphingids, therefore, must fly in the dark. ‘To collect the necessary
light rays, a larger eye surface, more prominent eyes and a longer
head follow as a necessary consequence, whilst the large number of
flowering trees and tall climbing plants, with the flowers situated
on or above the plane of flight in tropical countries, in contradiction
to the low-growing plants whose flowers, below the plane of flight,
are so freely visited in temperate regions, may also have considerable
influence as regards the position of the eyes upon the head, a more
dorsal position being necessary in the more marked tropical forms
and a more yentral aspect in the temperate ones. One would also
suppose that greater powers of flight are required, owing to their
having to escape the attacks of larger and swifter bats and night-
flying birds, and, perhaps, also, to the absolute necessity of hovering
owing to the larger size of the flowers.

Genus: PuHryxus, Hubner.

SMNONV MY — Genus: Liryaus, Hib... ** Verz..’” p. 137 (ire. 1822);
stephens, “Ill, Haust..” iv., app. p- 5 (1835); Putt, ‘Brit. Lep.,” iti., p. 355 (1902).
Nee esp. - ochmett. Kur,’ i, .pp. 87, 196, pl. viil., fig. 4, pl xlvi., figs.
Bei) bere, sphing: Wary. p. 8 (1782); \Fuess., ““Archiv,” vi., p. 15,
Peeenia((765)); Bork.) <° Sys. Besch.,” u., pp. 83, 141, 179 (1780) :* Rossi,
Beatie ie, Ue, pp. 14, 359 (1794); Lanz, “Kaun: Ins. Germ.,” i, p. 21
(1794); Hb., “Eur. Schmett.,” figs. 65, 112 (1796); text p. 96 (circ. 1805) ;
Bomeeoeanteins..-9Vvit-p. 59, pl. eciv., fig. 1 (1797)53 Schrk., ““Faun. Boica,”
Pepe 2s (rool). Law.“ lep.; Brit,” pt. 0, p. 60 (1803); Latr., < Hist.
Nat.,”’ xiv., p. 132 (1805); Shaw & Nodder, ‘ Viv. Nat.,” xvii., pl. 724 (1806);
eke. Dict Schmett.’) ii., p- 214, (1808); Leach, “© Edinb. Encvcl.,” ix., p.
iemcrons)|- Sam... «nt. Comp, p. 243 (1819); Godt., “ Hist. Nat:,’’ iit.,
Eee oe svi, tie, (13822) 5) Bdv., “ Hur. ep. Ind, Meth.,” p. 33 (1820);
Meter, sSchmett., Ii, p. 136 (1830); Evers., “ Faun: Vole:-Ural.,” p.
{11 (1844); H.-Sch., ‘*Sys. Bearb.,” ii, p. 86 (1846); Speyer, ‘‘Geog. Verb.,”’
Pepe G2 PAO (1558); l., Pp» 260 (1eb2)), seein; *“Schmett. Deutsch.,” i, p:
146 (1859). Phinx, Fuess., ‘‘ Archiv,” i., pl. iv., figs. 1-4 (1781). Dedlephila,
Mase. ena. Allg. Mit. Zeit.,” iv., p. 100 (1809); Ochs., “Die Schmett.,”
ieeepe42.943) (1616); Hib. ** Franck Cat:,’* p. 87 (1825); Stphs., “ Illus.,’’ i., p.
Pp eae ities (tS28), “Cat. Br. Ins.,”” i; p. 32 (1829); Bdv., “Icones,”
pl.v., figs. 3-4, pl. 77, figs. 2-3 var. (circ. 1840); ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Sphing.,’’ p. 172 (1875);
Dip ist. Nat... supp. ii., p:-159 (1935); ‘< Cat. Méth.,” p. 42 (1844): Dunc.,
‘* Bit. Moths,” p. 152 (1836); Wood, ‘‘ Ind. Ent.,”’ p. 16 (1839) ; Humph. and Westd.,
edie Moths, 1. (p. 19) (1841) > Dbldy-,-< List. Br. Lep.,” p- 3 (1847); Heydrch.,
pelecpa gM Cat Meth. ed. 3, p. 19 (1851); Walk., “ List,’’ @&c., viil., p.
EOP S56) >) sta. “ Man.,”? 1., p. 94 (1857); Humph., “Gen. Brit. Moths,” p.
Or eni ios (ISO). staud., “Cat.,”? ed. 1,-p. 16 (1861); 2nd ed., p. 37
om pestered. .yp.to3 (1901); Ramb., “Cat. Lép: And.,”. p. 131 (1866) ;
Berce, ‘Faun. Franc.,” il., p. 22 (1868); Newm., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 9 (1869)

?

K

146 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Mill., “‘ Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,” p. 118 (1872); Cuni y Mart., “Cat. eps bares
p: 39 (1874); Curo, “Bull. Soc. Ent, Ital.” vin, p: 11% (4875); But eae
Zool. Soc. Lond.,’’ ix., pt. 10, p. 568 (1876); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p.
71.(1879) 3. ‘* Cat.,”’ p. 664 (1892); Erev, ‘‘ Lep. Schweiz, p: 57 (1680)igNVcisaae.
t¢ Stud: Theory Descent,” transl, p: 201 (1882); Buclk., “Wary? eee
xxv., fig. 1 (1887); Auriv., ‘‘ Nord. Fyar.,”’ p. 46 (1889); Mina-Pal., <‘ Nat. Sicil.,”’
Vil-; p.. 134 (1888) 5; Barr., “Lep. Brit.,’’ u., p. 46, pl; 50 (1895); Meyr. -isiameionenas
p- 296 (1895); Lucas, ‘* Brit. Hawk Moths,” p. 99 (1895); Tutt, ‘* Brit. Moths,”
ps 27 (1896); Leech; “Trans. Ent: Soc. Lond.,” p. 0285 (1898); ants lean
Gross-Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 98 (1900). Phrynus (by error for Phryxus), Stephs.,
“List. Br. An. Brit. Mus.,” p. 28 (1850). Dzlephila, “Tlamps., eMotiamer
India; i, p-- 98) (1892) ; Karby, © Handbook, "&e-;* iv., ps 27) (seme

The genus is diagnosed ( Verzeichniss, &c., p. 137) by Hubner
as follows :

The forewings almost entirely white-nervured; the body on the back and on
the sides chequered with black and white—Phryxus livornica, Pet.* (lineata
Habs) 2. carcus.-) Gram.

In 1835, Stephens placed this species in his ‘ Abstract of the
Indigenous Lepidoptera contained in the Verzeichniss Bekannter
Schmetterlinge” (Illus. Haust., app. p. 5) as the British exponent of
Hubner’s Pizyxus. In’ 1850, he placed 'it in the same genus sey
Specimens of Brit. Animals in Coll. of Brit. Museum, pt. v), but the
name is, by a printer’s error, misspelt PArynus. The genus has
been diagnosed (zz J/i#t.) at length by Kaye as follows:

Forewing triangular, pointed sharply at apex; exterior margin very slightly
convex, not indented. Cell extending half the length of wing, nervures 7, 8 on a long
stalk, 6 from upper angle. Cross-nervure very oblique and slightly curved ; nervure 5
slightly nearer 4 than 6; nervure 2 two-fifths from base; 10 greatly curved up after
leaving base and returning to extreme angle at tornus. Hindwing rather short and
broad, apex very bluntly pointed; exterior margin recurved and bluntly pointed at
anal angle; cell scarcely extending more than one-third length of wing; subcostal
spur emitted at less than half the length of cell; 6 and 7 from upper angle, 6 almost
straight. Discocellular flattened, S-shaped, with both curves about equal; nervure
3 from close to 4, 2 from half the length of cell. Palpi blunt. Antenne with
pectinations very weak, consisting only of a few hairs— Phryxus livornica.

Weismann shows (Studies in Theory of Descent, p. 200) that
fivornica and lineata (referred by Staudinger, Caz, 3rd ed., p. 103,

to the same species) fall in separate groups when considered from

the point of view of larval development. From this standpoint he
differentiates them as having :

Open ring-spots + appearing on the subdorsal line on all the segments from
the 11th to the tst—déneata.

Closed ring-spots situated on the subdorsal line -Z/vornica.
Later, however, he shows (Joc. ci?., p. 358) that he considers the
larva of dimeata to be an ancestral stage on the same line of descent
as that of “vornica, the former being the more generalised, the
latter the more specialised, member of the same genus. The pupa
of LP. divornica differs from the other Phryxid pupe known to us
in being much more like that of Aippotion than they are. It has
a certain amount of antero-posterior flattening, whilst the other Phryxids
are fairly round ; it also shows some S curve owing to ventral lengthen-
ing of abdominal segment 4, the others being fairly straight; the
maxillary keel is long and thin, extending round front of head,

* This was the Accipitrina livernica of Petiver, 1702. The name, however,
has no standing on Petiver’s authority, being antecedent to 1758, the earliest date
accepted for binomial nomenclature.

t Fernald’s description /fosted, p. 150) suggests that certain forms of this larva
may reach or even surpass that of ¢¢7ernica in the development of its ring-spots,

“-PHRVXUS LIVORNICA, 147

making the labrum dorsal; the anal spike is comparatively slender
and short. All these are rather Hippotionid than Phryxid characters.
As a character of its own it has the rough prespiracular area of
5, 6 and 7 much more extended than in any other Phryxid, or
indeed any other Sphingid, pupa I know. The texture is Phryxid,
but its sculpturing is more pitting than in other Phryxids, which one
would hardly expect, since it appears to be in pupal development
the most advanced of them (Chapman).

The following is our own general diagnosis of the genus (as
restricted to Zivornica and lineata):

IMAGO: Head large, prominent, projecting; forewings long, pointed, with
an oblique streak running from apex to close to base; nervures clearly marked by
light scales; abdomen very tapering; front tibia with very strong spines and some
weaker Ones. PupA: Labrum anterior; keel well-developed; sculpture largely
pitting. LARVA: Of typical Phryxid outline, with a single row of open or closed
ring-spots on the subdorsal line.

It is a most restricted genus, with only two species, /vornica
and dneafa, but these have an almost world-wide distribution, the
former occurring almost throughout the whole of the Old World,
including Australia, and the latter, a great part of the New World,
including the Pacific Islands.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA, Esper.

SYNONYMY.—Species: Lzvornica, Esp., ‘“‘ Schmett. Eur.,”’ i1., p. 196, pl. xlvi.,
meee e779) > Hb. “Eur. Schmett.,” pl. xi., fig. 65, pl. xxii., fig. 112 {1796) ;
Eames 90) (Live. 1805)> * Larv. Sphing.,’’ ii., Leoit., B, c.f., 1 a-c (circ. 1800);
SaNGere. -p, 127 (1822) ; ‘Franck Cats Pp. 37 (1825) ; Stphs.. "e Cat. Brains. 721,
p. 32 (1829); ‘< Ill. Haust.,” iv.,app. p. 5 (1835); ‘‘ List Br. An. Br. Mus.,”’ p. 28 (1850) ;
Wood, “Ind. Ent.,”’ p 16 ( (1830) ; Humph. and oe ‘SBut. Moths 215 p19
(1841); Walk., “List,” p. 164 (185 Oli Stary se Man: 21... p94, (1857); Humphs
Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 10, pl. f fie. 5 (1860) ; Stand, Cats a cdanl. an ohO
maen)s cd. 2. p. 37 (1871). Berce, « Faun. Fran¢., ie p- 22 (1868) ; Newm.,
«« Brit. Moths,” p. 9 (1869) ; Mill., iene Lép. Alp. *Mar.,”? pe Lis a(s72)5, Care:
peta soc. tent. ltal..”’ vi., p. 111 (2875) ;* Butl.,. “Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” ix.,
DE 10, p. 568. (187 6): Kirby, Hur. butts: and) Wiloths.; p..71 (1679) > Cat.,”
p- 664 (1892) ; ‘‘ Handbook,” &c., iv., p. 27 (1897) ; Weism., ‘‘ Studies Theory
Descent,’’ transl. p. 201 (1882) ; buckle.) “olbaivas, 7 oce:. il. p..A2, pl. -xxv., fie. 1
(1887): Mina-Pal., ‘‘ Nat.: Sicil.,”’ vii., ~p. 134 (1888) ; Auriv., ‘‘ Nord. Fjar.,” p. 46
(1889) ; Hofin., ‘‘ Raup. Schmett. Eur.,” p. 29, pl. vii, fig. 8 (1893) ; Schmett. Eur,.”
p40, ple xvil., fig. 18 (1894); Barr., ‘ Lep. Brit.,” 1., p. 46, pl. 1(1895) ; Futt, ‘‘ Brit.
Moths,”’ p: 27 (1896); Hamps., ‘‘ Ind. Moths,” i., p. 97 (1892); Leech, ‘* Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond.,” p. 285 (1898); Bartel, ‘‘ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” i1., p. 98 (1900).
Pero var, Esp. “Schmett. Eur.,” p. 87, pl. vili-, fig. 4 (1779). Koechlinz,
Beecoeeeeremny. 7 1... pl. iv., figs. 1-4 (1781); Vi, p. 15, pl. xxxii., figs. 1=5
(es) peor. “Sys. Besch.,” u., pp: 83, 141, 179: (1789); Schrk., ‘Faun.
Boica,”’ ii., 1, p. 225 (1801). oechliniana, Bergstr., ‘¢ Sphing. Larv.,” p. 8 (1782).
Lineata, Rossi (mec Fab.), ‘Faun. Etr.,” ii., pp. 14, no. 359 (1 794) 3 Panz.,
Sei wiseGerml., i, p, 21, no. 14 (1794); Don., ‘Brit. Ins.,”’ vi., p. 59,
pl reewv) (1700); Haw., * Lep. Sit 4.54 Ps. OG (1803) ; Watin, “ Hist. Nats?
XIv., p. 132 (1805); Shaw and Nodder, CoN iy. Nat. 40 xvil.; pl: 724 (1806) ; Ochs.,
ome semmett,”” i., p. 214 (1808); iv., pp. 42, 43 (1816) ; Leach, ‘“ Edin.
eg ” ix., p. 130 (1815); Sam., ‘‘ Ent. Comp.,” p. 243 (1819); Godt., “ Hist.
Nats, “iil. p: 40, pl. xvii, ‘fig. I (1822) ; Stphs. nl Paust:,;7 a5| p. 126, pk
Xa Ae oe (1828); Bdv., “ Eur, Bey tnd, Meth. 7 p-.43) (1829)5 “Gen. et Ind-
Meme. pl ve, tgs, 3-4 (1840); “ Hist. Nat. Sphing.,’’ p. 172 (1875) 5 Meig.,
eure ochmett... 1, p. 136 (1830); -Bdv. Rbr. et Grasl., ‘‘ Sphing.,” pl. v.,
figs. 3-4, p. 111 (1832) ; irom Mie Schmett.,- x2 1, p.1Z9 (1834); ‘Dup., “T11st.
Nat.,” aa ieee SEO (1835)5 “Cat. Méth.,” p. 42 (1844); Dunc., “ Brit.
Moths,” ps 152 (1836); Evers., ‘“‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 111 (1844); H.-Sch.,
EeSNse edb... liz, p. 86 (1846) ; DWhidys SeList Brit. pLep.,? p. 3> (8473
Heydrch., << Lep. Eur, Cat. Meth., > ed. Z P. 19 (1851); Speyer, ‘‘ Geog. Verb.

148 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Schmett.,”’- i., pp.» 320, 461 (1858); 11., p.. 280 (1862); Hem: 9 Secumer=
Deutsch..’’ i,, p: 146 (1859); Ramb., “Cat. Lép. And.,” p> 131 (16Gb); aun
y_Mart., ‘Cat. Lep. Bare,” p. 39 (1874); Praun, “Cire.” pl. 1.) fies tom tage
Frey, “ Lep. Schweiz,’”’ p. 57 (1880); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,” &c., p. 296 (1895).
Lineata var. livornica, Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 103 (1901).

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION *.—Der sieben und dreisigste europaische
Abendschmetterling. SfAznx alis integ. ano simpl. /:vornica. Der
Celerio von Livorno.—Alis superioribus, griseis, vitta pallida venis
albis ; inferioribus rubris nigro fasciatis, segmentis abdominis fusco
alboque tesselatis. Er ist Tab. viii, fig. 4, abgebildet, und pag.
87 und 88 beschrieben (Esper LZuvop. Schmetterlinge, &c., i., Pp.
196). The description here referred to reads as follows: ‘On pl.
vii, fig. 4, Sphinx .livornica, a separate species is addedimren
comparison (with S. ce/erzo). In the Systema, we are referred to a
figure of Petiver’s (Petiver,.Gaz., Lab: xii, fig: 9, oper. Tompiiyamate
‘Accipitrina livornica, perpelle striata. From Lisbon, caught flying about
a candle in October, 1698. Its eyes, whilst alive, are like rubies. It
frequents the jasmin flowers.’ The description, which we quote, is too
defective to judge from. Nothing further is said than that it had
been previously found at Leghorn. The figure which Petiver gives
differs considerably from Rosel’s. It has not the same wing-contour,
it is smaller, the body broader, adorned with series of white spots.
Neither the curved lines nor the black spots are shown in Rosel’s fig.
These were differences enough to excite doubts. Much more nearly in
agreement with this figure, I found the moth which is figured, from
an original example, at fig. 4 of the present plate. On comparison
with this, Petiver’s Papilio will be less of a puzzle. We see in
both the same traits of contour and markings. The original of this
4th figure on our plate is likewise from Italy. This species has
never yet been found in Germany. One of my friends, Herr Pastor
Lips, of Petersaurach, obtained it by exchange from an entomologist of
Verona. It it peculiar to the warmer parts of Italy, and may thus
also, to judge from the similiarity of climate, really occur in Portugal
as Petiver says. In the accompanying plate it is, on certain grounds,
only noted as a variety of celerzo,as which it is possible to regard
it, but the difference is too considerable to give one grounds
for asserting this. I think I shall lighten my readers’ labours if I
present it for comparison with Rosel’s ce/evzo, and at the same
time point out its similarity to Petiver’s figure. It does not admit
of being dealt with as a variety, but deserves a separate name.
I retain the first, the oldest name, which Petiver gave it, Sphinx
livornica. I only regret that I am not able to add anything further
of its natural history. I have already said all that I can about it.
Its difference from Rosel’s ce/erio is considerable. The nervures
running through the wings are here not black, but white. The
whitish-coloured streak which runs through the wings longitudinally
is in this, as in that, species, divided by a central black line. It
is unicolorous, not so strongly curved, but straighter, broader and —
more direct than in that species. The hindwings are only pale

* Figured by Esper in 1779 (Schmett. Eur., pl. viii., fig. 4) as a var. of
fH, celerio. Described in 1780 (doc. cit., p. 87) by which time Esper had come to the
conclusion that it was a distinct species and named it Jdivornica. About 1800
(Zoc. cit., cont., pl. les figs. 3-7) he figured it again, in its early stages, after the
figures in Fuessly’s Archiv,

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 149

red, not divided by black nervures and spots. Along the body
also there are not the connected white lines as in the former species.
Here they consist rather of rings of alternately white and brown
oblong squares. ‘The figure will enable further comparison” (Esper,
Schmett. Eur., i., pp. 87-88).

ImMaco.—7omm.-75mm. ‘Thorax olive-brown, with 4 white
longitudinal lines, the outer passing from the front of head, through
base of antennze to base of hindwings. Abdomen olive-brown, a
white median longitudinal line, black and white banded. Anterior
wings olive-brown, with moderately wide oblique creamy fascia
crossing the forewings from apex to inner margin near base,
becoming white at the inner margin; the outer marginal area
(slightly purple-) greyish; the nervures raised, creamy-white, but
‘not pale-coloured within the subcostal and outer-marginal areas ;
a small triangular white discoidal patch contains a minute black
dot ; innermarginal edge white; fringes creamy, suffused with
blackish at ends of nervures. Posterior wings pink, with black
base and black submarginal band; outermarginal area pinky-grey,
suffused with black scales; a white patch at base of pink median
band ; fringes white.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @ appears to be distinctly larger than
the g, a fact often, however, obscured, as it is much within the
limits of individual variation in size. Besides the ordinary difference
between the g and @ antenne in Sphinges, that of the male is
maimestie longer, 13°5mm. and 12-5mm-. respectively. The. 1st
tibia of the g seems slightly longer than that of the ?. The
Ist tibial spurs are almost exactly equal in length in the two sexes,
and there is little if any difference in the development of the comb.
The g possesses a scent fan at the base of the abdomen, but it
is so small and ill-developed that I have been unable to find it
without macerating and mounting the specimens. It is a minute
wisp of hairs, the longest about 2mm. in length, arising from the
external anterior angle of the first ventral plate of the abdomen,
its usual site when so restricted. The baton-like scales fringing
the segments, so characteristic of all Sphingids, are here, as in other
Phryxids, large and in several rows, or at least of varying sizes.

VARIATION.—Oberthiir notes that the species varies much in
shape and intensity of coloration. Lucas says (Lull. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
1880, p. ]xviil) that the Tunisian specimens resemble those of southern
Europe, except that the colour is richer, and the red of the hindwings
clearer, otherwise they are quite comparable with Algerian examples.
Bartel says (Fal. Gross-Schmett., \i., p. 100) that the light
yellow colour which occupies the middle band varies much in
intensity, the enclosed oblique dark band thus being sometimes
narrower, at other times broader; it is sometimes dirty yellow-
brown. The hindwings also vary much in colour and markings.
Bartel further notes that a g from Serach (on the frontiers of
North Persia and Turkestan) is very small, only 48mm. in expanse,
and altogether of a paler colour than any other specimens examined.
A very dark example (especially on the underside), from Sikkim,
is in the Kricheldorff coll., Berlin; in this example, the costa of
the forewings on the upperside is very broadly dark. In Australia,
P. livornica occurs as a dwarf form (var. australasiae, n. var.), but

150 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

is undoubtedly this species, and not P. “neata, which occurs in the
Hawaiian Islands. -Tne Western Australian examples have also
more rounded wings. Kaye states (zm U¢t.) that the main variation
of this species occurs in the width of the black submarginal band
of the hindwing, and the width of the brownish band between this
and the outer margin. ‘This is considerable, the Australian specimens
having this brownish band quite broad at apex. ‘These latter also
have the markings of the abdomen rather reduced, but, perhaps, not
much so considering their smaller size.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA AND P. LINEAtTA.—Our Palearctic Phryxus
livornica, Esp., has, by many authors, been considered as co-specific
with the Nearctic P. Zéneata, Fab. (commonly known as daucus, Cram.).
Not only are the imagines markedly different, but the larva of P.
lineata is very different from that of P. “vornica, being the phyletically
older (see Weismann, Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 216-217), but, if
one compares the larva and pupa of P. “émeata (Abbot and Smith,
Nat. Hist. Ins. Georgia, pl. xxxix) with those ~of “2 v/ivg7azee
(Hubner, SfAznges ii., Legit., B.c., figs. 1a—c), one is convinced, as
both are apparently well drawn, that they belong to different species,
and one cannot follow Staudinger (Cazalog, 3rd ed., p. 103) in
considering “ivornica, Esp., a variety of d:neafa, Fab. Kirby states
(L£nt., xxvil., p. 165) that Barrett (Zep. Brit, ii., p. 46) curiously
notes P. /ineata as a variety of P. “ivornica, and then, in the next
paragraph, treats the former as a distinct species under the name of
daucus. Vhe original description of /ézeata reads as follows :—

Sphinx alis virescentibus: fascia striisque albis; posticis nigris; fascia rubra.
Habitat in America. Statura pracedentis. Caput virescens, stria laterali alba.
Thorax virescens, striis tribus albis duplicatis. Abdomen cinereum, albo nigroque
maculatum. Alze antivee integerrimee, virescentes, fascia media striisque sex fasciam
secantibus abbreviates, albis. Margo posticus cinerascens. Ale posticze atree, fascia
media lata rufa; subtus omnes cinerascentes, atomis viridibus (Fabricius, Syst.
Lintomologiae, pp. 541-542). LARVA: The mature larva is about 3ins, long and quite
variable. The most common form is of a yellowish-green colour with a row of
prominent spots along each side, each spot consisting of two curved black lines en-
closing a crimson patch above and a pale yellow line below, the whole being
connected by a pale yellow stripe edged with black. In some instances these spots
are disconnected, and the space between the black crescents is of an uniform cream-
colour. ‘Lhe other form of the larva is black with a yellow line along the middle of
the back, and a double series of yellow spots and dots along the side. Caudal
horn yellowish-orange towards the extremity and rough (Fernald). Pupa: Light
brown, the head-case compressed laterally and prominent; tongue-case not apparent
(Clemens). FooDPLANTS: Apple, grape, plum, currant, gooseberry, buckwheat, turnip,
water-melon, chickweed, Rumex obtusifolius, @nothera biennis, Portulaca oleracea
(Fernald). DisTR1BUTION: North and Central America, West Indies, Pacific Islands.

Oberthur and other authors note (zz litt.) that /zneata, Fab.
(daucus, Cram.), from America, is a valid species. It always has six
white stripes on the thorax, whilst the European @vornica, Esp., has
always only four such white stripes.

EGGLAYING.—No note on the egglaying of this species in nature
appears to have been published. Eggs, laidin confinement, by 2 moths
captured near Exeter, were light green, and glued to flowers of red
valerian which had been placed for the sustenance of the moths.
The egg stage lasted about three weeks and twelve young larve
were obtained (Hellins, £.47.17,, vu., p. 102). A 92 captured at
Bromsgrove on May 31st, 1870, laid 15 eggs (Enock).

OvumM.—Apparently undescribed except as above.

PHRVXUS LIVORNICA. 151

Hapits OF LARVA.—The larve of the summer brood usually
emerge from the egg in June and feed up through that month and
July, pupating from about the middle of July until August, but
Bellier-de-la-Chavignerie notes that he found larve feeding on
Rumex acetosella in June and July at Florac, at the same time that
imagines were observed on the wing. The larve are more or
less polyphagous, and Boisduval observes that they are often found
in France by the sides of the roads and in fields, on plants that
are not at all nearly allied, and that they are often recorded as feeding
on the tender succulent shoots of various kinds of fuchsia, e.g.,
Gouley took one on fuchsia at the beginning of July, 1866, at Calvados,
the example pupating and the imago emerging on October 3rd,
whilst Lucas found some on fuchsia in the gardens of the Parisian
suburbs, in 1856, &c. Godart records larve captured, in the latter
year, on Galium verum, at St. Cloud, whilst Allard remarks that
they are not rare on Euphorbiaceae at Biskra, where they are larger
and brighter than those taken in mid-France. Rambur notes
(Cat. Lép. Andal., p. 131) the larve as being almost polyphagous
and sometimes so abundant in the plains of Malaga, along the
fields, that one may collect some hundreds in a short time. . Chaumette
records the larva on vine on June roth, 1846, on Les Mousquines, near
Lausanne. In Sicily the larve are said to feed almost entirely on
vine, and Milliere observes that those of the first brood are fullfed
at the end of June, and, as the pupal stage lasts only about a
fortnight, the imagines emerge about the middle of July. Very few
larve have been recorded as taken in the British Islands. <A
few were taken in 1870, of which one, captured near Exeter on
July 11th, was recorded as a larva of Celerio gallii (E.M.M.,, Vii., p.
61), and which spun up and produced an imago on August 18th
(Hellins). On July 4th, 1870, three larve were taken on viae near
Ryde, and four more on 26th on vine and garden centaury ; the
largest of these last spun on the 27th and changed to pupa on
the 30th, a fine imago appearing on August 26th (Farn); a larva
found near Saltash in a mangold-wurzel field, fed on broad-leaved
plantain, was fullfed on July rath, and an imago emerged August
11th, 1870 (Hobbs); nine larve taken on dock in a nursery at
Plymouth in 1870, all gave imagines the same season (Rickard
teste Purdue), another was found on July 29th, 1870, in a garden at
Plymouth (Bignell); five larve were found at Sketty Park in August, »
1892, feeding on vine, and pupated well, when the box containing
them was lost (Robertson); a fullfed larva was found on July 22nd
at Starcross, which pupated, and produced an imago on September
27th, 1902 (Jager).

Larva*.—The young larvae are at first of a dirty-white colour,
without any spots, but with the head and horn black ; at the end of the
second week they begin to assume markings, and, when about rjins.
long, the head, back, horn, belly and legs are all intensely black, but
the segmental folds show paler so as to give the appearance of
alternate lighter and darker bands, the subdorsal line is red, as well
as the subspiracular ; the sides are dotted with yellow ; the subdorsal

* No useful description of the very early larval stages appears to be available,
We know of none in the literature to which we have access.

ey BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

spots seemed to have made their appearance by this time and were red
in colour (4.47.7, vii., p. 102). Fuessly figures (Azchzv, 1., pl. iv.,
figs. 1-4) a larva, pupa and imago of P. “vornica—the imago from
a moth taken by Keechlin at Mulhouse (in 1773 or 4?) and the
larva from one taken at the same place by Spcerlin, who sent
a figure by Keechlin to Fuessly on July igth, 1780. This larva
fed on Galium ; the figure is one of the ordinary form so often figured
of the larva of P. “ivernica, with a pink dorsal line, and rows of pink
subdorsal and of postspiracular ring-spots. His further record
(Archiv, vi., pl. xxxill), meagre as it is, is noteworthy as almost
the only record of the larva of this species, except in its last instar.
On this plate he figures a larva in its last, its penultimate, and
ante-penultimate skin, and, like another larva that he records, and
which precisely resembled his larva of pl. iv, this one fed on vine. It
is remarkable as being a very marked variation from the type
form, and does not appear to be elsewhere figured. He says that it
produced the same kind of moth as the others, and there is no other
species that it could possibly be of those known to occur in Europe.
This larva has, in its last instar, a broad, black, dorsal band, somewhat
wider than the ordinary pink one, and so shortening the black
offsets (that occur on ordinary larve) towards the subdorsal pink
ocellated spots. These ocellated spots are of the same colour as the
subdorsal line (yellowish), outlined with a narrow black line, without
which they would simply be parts of the subdorsal line, which is un-
usually broad. These ocellated spots are not, as in the normal form,
round, but the black marks above them take out their upper portion,
making them lunate with the cusps upwards. The yellow subspiracular
line is also very broad, and the pink postspiracular ocellus is shown
divided into two portions, and is more brick-red than pink. ‘The
under portion of the larva is very dark, instead of pale flesh colour.
It is, of course, very probable that the younger larva also differs
from that of the type at similar ages. His account of this larva is
that it was found in the middle ot July, 1784, by Mr. Schellenberg
in a vineyard near Winterthur. It fed well on vine leaves, which
it devoured greedily. On the third day it changed its skin and had
another moult 8 days later. The red spots, which had disappeared
at the preceding moult, reappeared. It continued to feed as before
and grew so rapidly that, in 8 days, it was fullgrown and, two days
later, got restless, ran about the box, and finally made a cocoon
amongst leaf-rubbish. It changed to pupa in less than four days.
Scarcely three weeks later S. koechlint emerged. Fuessly could see no
difference between this and the Mulhouse specimens and others from
Italy. ‘The figures show the youngest larva 41mm. long, with a yellow
dorsal line, head and last segments red. The other markings and colora-
tion the same as usually figured in the last instar. The second figure, in
penultimate skin, is 51mm. long, and, except that the base of the horn
is pink, the colours are entirely yellow and black, and the markings, as
already noted above, as in the fullgrown larva. The latter is drawn
as Ioomm. in length, stretched out (Chapman). The /w/lgrown larva
is described by several entomologists: (1) About 34ins. when stretched ;
the head is the smallest segment, the body tapering towards it from
the fifth segment; the anal prolegs broad and square; the horn
slightly curved, blunt at the tip, and rough; the skin rather shining,

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 153

but, on the hinder half of each segment, showing seven folds, well
defined at the sides, but not so distinct on the back, where the skin
seems tighter. The ground colour of the back and sides, as far
as the spiracles, is an intensely dark green; the head black, but
with a streak across the mouth, as well as the base of the papille,
lemon-yellow ; the plate on the second segment black ; an ochreous-
yellow dorsal stripe commences on the third segment and is
continued to the horn, it is suffused with rose-pink, and is bordered
for some little width on each side by the plain ground colour. A sort
of transverse band, also of the ground colour, is placed on the
front of each segment, extending from the dorsal line to below
the subdorsal; the rest of the sides is irrorated with small greenish-
yellow spots which become more whitish near the spiracles. On
the lower ends of the above-mentioned bands on segments 4 to
12, and just in the region of the well-defined, greenish-yellow,
freckled, subdorsal line (in fact, strung on it like beads on a
string), is a row of nine, large, roundish, lemon-yellow spots, tinged,
in the upper part, with pink ; these are made all the more conspicuous
from being delicately bordered with black, and have also two largish
spots of black on their upper border. On segment 3 there is no
spot, but only the subdorsal line. The spiracles are ochreous-
yellow, tinged with pink; just below them is an inflated and
puckered stripe, yellow on the second segment but whitish on
all the rest, and interrupted just behind the middle of each segment
by a large round spot of pink, slightly tinged with olive; the belly
also pinkish; the anterior legs black; the ventral prolegs pinkish-
white, tipped in front with a spot of black; the anal prolegs
black, a pink edge at the side of the anal flap. I have called the
subdorsal spots roundish, but, in reality, the shape is somewhat
that of a dumpy pear with the short stem pointing forwards and
upwards, whilst the last spot in the row, that on segment 12, may
be described as of an elongated pear-shape, with the point directed
backwards and upwards towards the horn (Hellins). (2) The head
and second segment and the anal prolegs all deep pink; the dorsal
line yellow ; the horn red and rough; the ground colour dark green,
freckled with yellow, save in the transverse bands on the front of each
segment; the subdorsal line yellow, but without the row of roundish
spots; the belly yellowish (Marshall, Buckler’s Larvae, u1., p. 44). (3)
The head and the second segment black, an intensely black stripe all
down the back, the transverse bands black, and enclosing at their
extremities semilunar spots of yellowish-white on the subdorsal line,
the pinkish suffusion of the round spots in this case replaced by
black, and so the usual outline of the spots is altered ; the
rest of the back and sides blackish, irrorated with greenish-drab; the
belly also very dark, the horn dark purplish (Gatcombe, Joc. cé¢.).
(4) The larva is about 34ins. in length, smooth and black, but so
covered with yellow dots as to appear nearly yellow; the head
dull pink; the upper part of the 2nd segment has a semicircular,
plate-like appearance of the same Colour; the dorsal line yeliow;
each segment blotched with dull red and bordered with black; the
black on the front part of the segments, from the 4th to the 11th,
expands into a would-be square spot, but for a series of eight
yellow semicircular spots resting on the subdorsal line, the centres

154 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

of which are pale pink; subdorsal line yellow; spiracles yellow,
with a pink blotch behind and below them; the belly, claspers, and
prolegs whitish-yellow, the lower extremities of the prolegs black ;
a large black oval spot on the front part of all the claspers; the
upper part of the anal claspers and flap are of the same colour as
the head; the caudal horn straight and very rough, red, tipped with
black (Bignell, Zvz., v., p. 169). (5) The head and body soot-black ; in
one a dorsal line of reddish-brown, in another no dorsal line at all;
the subdorsal line yellow, uninterrupted; slightly below these and
between each segment a dull reddish blotch ;_ the belly and claspers
ochreous, speckled with black. ‘Three other larve differed from those
described above in that the subdorsal lines were indicated by yellow
ocelli (Farn, doc. czt., p. 180). (6) Length about 3°25ins. ; head black ;
caudal horn red and pink; a black line runs the entire length of the
back, about ;3,1in. in width, with transverse bars on each segment,
extending about ;%,1n., and near the same in breadth, at the end
of which is a cluster of minute white dots in the form of a crescent ;
a narrow black line divides each segment; on the sides are a great
number of minute yellowish dots dispersed in rows; on the
lower side, just above the legs, runs a distinct line of small dots
with a series of small crescents below ; the sides have a yellowish-
green appearance; the belly is rusty black (Hobbs, Zoc. cit., p. 214).
(7) Smooth, elongated anteriorly ; ground-colour apple-green, more or
less speckled with yellowish ; an olive-coloured dorsal line dilated
into a triangle on the 1st segment; the lower half of the body,
and all the abdomen, of an uniform yellow-olive colour; a series
of large oval patches of shining light yellow on either side of the
dorsal line, two on each segment, of which those of the middle
segments are the largest, brightest and roundest ; each of these
patches is encircled with black; a brownish interrupted lateral line
on which are placed the stigmata; abdomen yellowish-olive, with
a darker ventral line; all the prolegs are of the same colour as
the abdomen, the thoracic legs tipped with shining brown; head
greenish-olive, with a triangular brownish patch over the mandibles ;
the mandibles and lower part of the head black; caudal horn of
a yellowish-green colour, granulated and tipped with black; a pale
lateral line between the dorsal and lower line (Chaumette, Zoo/., ix.,
Oh BilQo)}}

nee ee OF LARVA.—We have already quoted the descriptions
of several different forms of the adult larva of this species (supra), as well
as that of Fuessly’s quite unusual variety. That described by Marshall
appears to be the palest, whilst intermediate between it and Hellins’
Exeter larva is that described by Bignell. On the other hand, that
described by Gatcombe was much darker, and must have come
near to Fuessly’s figure referred to above and used by
Stainton in his description in the JZanual. Bartel observes
(Pal. Gross-Schmett., i.. pp. 98-99) that the larva is, when full
grown, 80mm.-gomm. in length, and agrees in size and form with
those of Celerio galliti and Lyles .euphorbiae, and that there are two
different forms: (1) Light green, thickly dusted with yellow; on each
segment a quadrate black spot, and, beside it, a rose-red one
margined below with white ; below these spots runs a yellow lateral line ;
above the legs appears on each segment a round red spot. Belly and

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 155

legs yellow-grey. Head dark rose-red. Of the latter colour is also
the rather strongly-expressed dorsal line. The caudal horn is black
beneath, and only red above. Spiracles whitish or yellowish, black-
margined. (2) An aberration, sometimes occurring locally, has a
broad black dorsal line, which extends laterally on each segment
as far as a round, white or yellow, black-margined spot. This
touches a light double lateral line, whose lower part is rose-red
spotted on each segment. The belly, legs and head are black, the
horn red beneath, black above. Allard observes (Amn. Soc. Ent. Lr.,
1867, p. 315) that the larve found at Biskra (feeding on Euphor-
biaceous plants) differ somewhat from those seen in mid-France,
being larger and brighter, and Oberthtur also notes (zm //¢.) that
the larve at Biskra offer a very pretty melanic form, of which he has
several examples in his collection. | Boisduval speaks of the larva as
“cette belle chenille, qui varie beaucoup,” and suggests that, in all its
variations, the distinctive mark is the subdorsal pale line, generally
bearing on it the row of pale spots. He figures (1) A larva, with deep
red head, prothorax, dorsal line, caudal] horn and anal prolegs, and says
that the ground-colour is ‘‘noiratre ou d’un brun roussatre,” the
transverse bands black, the subdorsal line and row of spots pale
yellow, the sides irrorated with yellow dots, the venter pinkish,
the horn slightly curved. (2) A larva of pale green* hue, with
lilac dorsal stripe, a subdorsal row of whitish spots suffused with
pink, placed ona whitish line, the sides irrorated with white spots,
a pinkish subspiracular line, and a brown straight horn.
DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—The larva of this species
possesses almost the same markings as that of Celerio galliz in its 4th
stage, z.¢.,a subdorsal line with interpolated ring-spots ; all examples
examined agree in having the ring-spots sharply distinct from the
whitish subdorsal line, so that the latter is thereby interrupted.
Figures of the adult larva are given in the works of Hubner,
Boisduval and Duponchel. In most specimens the ground colour
is brown, although Boisduval also figures a light green specimen, from
which it may be inferred, from analogy with C. gall and Thaumas
vespertilio, that the first stages are green. A young larva (in coll.
Staudinger), probably in gt# stage, has the ground colour light
ashy-grey ; the dorsal and subdorsal lines are white, the latter
showing, in the positions where the ring-spots subsequently appear,
small white “‘ mirrors” with red nuclei, exactly corresponding to the:
stage of 7. vespertilio, represented in pl. vi., fig. 49a. The “ mirrors”
are nothing more than dilations of the subdorsal line, which is
not, therefore, interrupted by them. The black “ground area”
does not surround the “ mirrors” completely, but borders them
only above and below, and is much more strongly developed above,
exendineg in this direction.to the dotsal lime. . . . The adult
larva of the American P. /zneata, Fab., differs from that of P. Lvornica
in remaining permanently at the 4th stage of the last-named species.
The ground colour of the larva is green, the subdorsal band yellow,
bordered with black, slightly curved, arched lines, which nowhere
interrupt its continuity, so that the North American species appears

* Hellins believes this to have been figured from a blown larva, and considers
that this would account for the pale colour and the shape of the horn.

156 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

to be an older form than our P. “vornica (Weismann, Studies in
the Theory of Descent, pp. 215-217).

Cocoon.—The cocoon is made on the surface of the earth,
slight, formed of a few bits of earth and withered fuchsia flowers
just tacked together with a few silken threads, many interstices
being left through which the pupa can be seen (Buckler). The
transformation takes place among spun-together leaves, scarcely below
ground (Bartel). The puparium of one that spun up in the leaves
at the bottom of a box on July 27th, 1870, was made of so fragile
a web that the larva rolled out before finally changing to a pupa
on the 30th; another spun up under some moss in the breeding-cage
Farn).
: Pupa.—The pupa belongs much more to the “alecfo group”
than to the “ euphorbiae group.” Viewed dorsally it narrows for-
wards from the middle of the prothorax, and viewed laterally
it is seen that the maxille extend not only round to the front of
the pupa, as in /7yles euphorbiae, but right away dorsally, so that the
labrum is situated dorsally 2°6mm. further back than the extreme
front of the pupa, which is formed by the maxille. The centre of
curvature of the glazed eye is directed halfway between anteriorly
and dorsally, z¢., it is rotated 135° from the ventral aspect it has
in most pupz. In this pupa, the impression that the anterior pro-
jection formed by the maxillz conveys of being a very similar structure
to the beak of a Chinese lantern fly (/u/gora lanter naria) is especially
given, as it is, to a great degree, in many similar Eumorphid (Cheero-
campid) pupe. This pupa is 49mm. long, with the Choerocampid
curve well marked. The dorsal line is prominent at the meso-
thorax and 5th abdominal, the ventral at 3rd to 4th abdominal,
and the tapering at extremities 1s more marked dorsally than
ventrally. The pupa is, except at the head, somewhat flattened,
that is, its transverse diameter is always greater than its antero-
posterior. This, together with the general outline of the pupa, may
be derived from the following measurements :

DISTANCE ANTERO-
PAsoREaMENS 80 erOM ZONE (PMSYERES| score
PUPA AT ae
Labrum, all in front of this is maxillze 3;0mm.| 4*omm, 6:omm.,
Origin afi antenna and posterior angle of gl azed
eye hie ee ee ee 4-o ” 55 ” (ES 9
Front of prothorax ie Be a 3:07 5 67655; 3:0’ 5;
Prominence of end of Ist tibia we oy Io°0o ,, Q°2 ;,
Prominence of mesothorax ,, Ate a I2°0 ,, 10°O ,, gO ,,
End of 1st leg .. He oe ate “5 [3:0 5;
End of antenna Fk 20°0 ,,
Prominence of appendages ventrally. . a 2AO cu, Lens IG 1505
End of 2nd leg.. od ROMO)
Prominence of 4th abdomin Al segment lf 3O'O) an T2"O'%5 IO‘One
End of maxilla and wing... « »{(32°5), 33°O 955
Prominence of 5th : abdominal segment a 35°09 ;; im ioyy +s GOs
7th abdominal segment ae ae se 41°O ,, O02. 7 Os
Base of anal spike ne ite me oe 47°O 5, 2°0 45 I'l ,,
End of pupa ‘ re cs + an He Whe

The prominence of the maxille has rough transverse ridges,

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 157

it is very wide opposite the glazed eye where the usual outer angle
forms a right angle, and here measuring 4:omm. across, it narrows
in the next 6°omm. to 17omm. The other mouth-parts are re-
presented by a transverse ridge across the dorsum, which rises at
each end into definite little knobs, which seem to be rather an
angle of the epicranium than the mandible. The end of the first
tibia rises into a strong prominence, just opposite the appearance
of the 1st femur, between the rst leg and maxillz, this is rather
a widening of the suture here for about 3°omm. than an
actual appearance of the femur. All these appendages are marked
by fine but rough transverse ridges. The posterior margins of
the wings are hollowed out so as to form a curve, and make
the anal angle somewhat acute and the inner veins (14?) curved
to an even greater extent, since it reaches the anal angle, but
recedes just above, 7 further veins are quite prominent, the 7th
reaching the apex. The head and thoracic segments are sculptured
in raised ridges or wrinkles, more or less broken up into islets,
but except these minute nodules on the head, presenting no special
development. The first spiracle is raised, both lips rising above
the general surface, especially the posterior one. The metathorax
falls in laterally more than dorsally, and forms a definite waist. The
sculpturing of the ist and znd abdominal segments, and even
of the 3rd, is of a doubtful intermediate character, but, on the
4th and following, it consists definitely of a number of fine
circular pits. These are, however, in some degree, in transverse
lines, and, in the posterior portion of the segments, spread a little
laterally, so that one sees a continuity between the plateau with
pits of the front of the segments, and the irregular interrupted ridges
with valleys between of the thoracic segments. On the 4th segment,
in front of the spiracle, is a specially rough area, with many
sharp ridges and anastomosing valleys between, which fade out in
each direction into the ordinary pitted structure. The spiracles
are a little darker than the surface around, each is an oval hollow
with a narrow axial slit. The anal spike, 2mm. long, 2mm. broad
and rmm. thick, is dorsally continuous with the general surface,
but ventrally is cut off from the anal region proper by a transverse
groove ; it has a faint longitudinal ventral groove, is basally faintly
rough, terminally rather polished, the extremity is not very sharp.
The anal prominence has a longitudinal groove, and, on either side
of it, is a very distinct small round eminence. ‘The ventral centre
of the gth segment presents two small rounded eminences. The
prolegs are represented by slight depressions, with fine wrinkles,
radiating from a nearly smooth centre. The hindwing extends down
to the spiracle of the 3rd abdominal segment as a narrow strip,
indented by the spiracles of the 2nd abdominal segment, and with no
structure shown, except the ordinary transverse fine ridges (Chap-
man. Description made from a not very good g pupa supplied
by Mr. Head). The pupa measures 47mm. in length and about
37mm. in greatest girth. It is stout across the wingcases, which
are long; hence the widest part of the pupa is slightly beyond the
middle of its length, ze¢., nearer the posterior extremity. It then
tapers off rapidly in both directions. The anal extremity terminates
in two small, rounded, lateral projections and a_ short, narrow,

158 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

sharp dorsal spike. The very peculiarly-shaped narrow headpiece
is terminated by a helmet-like projection, apparently containing the
mouth-organs. The surface is fairly smooth, but not shining; it is,
in fact, very slightly shagreened. In colour the pupa closely resembles
that of Hyles euphorbiae (Lucas). Long, of a light brown colour,
the last two segments darker brown, the anal spike strong and sharply
pointed, but with no other projection to break the outline (Buckler).
Yellow-brown, similar to that of 47. ewphorbiae (Ochsenheimer).

FooppLants.—Almost polyphagous (Boisduval), dock (Cumming),
knot-grass (Bignell), vine, fuchsia, P marigold, P grass (Hellins), V2tzs
vinifera, Galium verum, Beta, Scabtosa (Bartel), garden centaury
(Farn), broadleaved plantain (Hobbs), Sowchus arvensis (teste
Duncan), Zrythraea maritima ae Galium mollugo (Chaumette),
Rumex acetosella, toadflax (Bellier-de-la-Chavignerie), Huphorbiaceae*
(Aland Av Soc: 177. L7, 107,405 35):

Hasirs.— This species occurs more or less abundantly at
irregular intervals in Britain, although two or three consecutive
years rarely pass without some examples being captured. It has
apparently a permanent home on the southern littoral of the Mediter-
ranean, abounding in certain parts of northern Africa, where it is
also continuously-brooded, and whence it gives off numerous emigrants,
which spread into southern, central, and northern Europe. The spring
brood is generally the migrating one, the May-June immigrants
laying eggs which give rise to native-born imagines in August-
September, or even later in the countries they visit, although,
in some years, ¢.g., 1869, the spring arrivals are apparently not
able to lay the foundation of an autumnal brood. As to actual
evidence of its migration, Fletcher records (Zz, xxxiv., p. 223).
that, on May 1st, 1901, when about 1oo miles from Greece, two
specimens Or IZ, livornica were caught on board ship, which had
possibly flown on board the night before, although all hghts were
out, and suggests that it is quite possible that they were migrating.
Manger has a specimen that flew on board ship in the Red Sea,
and Boisduval notes (//s¢. JVa/., p. 173) that Daube did not con-
sider it indigenous to southern France, but that the French examples
came from the north of Africa or southern Spain; he asserted that
he had seen every year, in full daylight, a large number cross the
Mediterranean Sea. A note to the effect that the imagines were especially
abundant at Montpellier after violent south winds, in May, 1834, is
also published (Anz. Soc. Ent. Fr, v., p. 363). An example was taken
in a boat on June 18th, 1863, at Modbury, in Devon (Green), and
Stephens notes a specimen taken in June, 1824, at Billingsgate, off
a Ramsgate steam-vessel, and one, recorded as Hyles euphorbiae (Lint.
Wk. Int., V., p. 11), was picked up on the beach at Chickerell (Payne),
whilst, on May 26th, 1870, one was captured on the shore at Folke-
stone; this specimen was observed flying out at sea, and it dropped
directly it reached the shore (Knaggs). In the British Isles and
in central and southern Europe generally, it usually flies at dusk,
being attracted by numberless flowers, although, in northern Africa, the
Cape of Good Hope, the Levant, Spain, and the warmer parts of what may

* Eversmann records (Bull. Ent. Soc. Mosc., x., 1, p. 30) that P. dévornica flies
commonly at the end of May among Zuphorbia with Ayles euphorbiae on the steppes
on the Achtuba, although he does not say that the larva feeds thereon.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 159

be called its native territory, it flies freely to flowers by day in the most
brilliant sunshine. Thus Blackmore notes its great abundance in Feb-
ruary and March, 1868, at Tangier, where it affected most the flowers
of the various kinds of lupin with which the hills are clothed; it
was equally abundant in the early spring of 1870 in northwest
Morocco, and one suspects that this early abundant February to
April brood provides us with our spring immigrants. Swinton
observes that, on the sandhills at Jaffa, which resemble the well-
known hunting-grounds at Deal as regards fauna and landscape,
this moth was common in April, 1896, darting from the stunted
vinestocks before the advancing footsteps with a swiftness that
literally rendered it invisible. Ménétriés found a specimen at 12o000ft.
elevation in the snow region of Mt. Elburz. Oberthir says that he has
seen it at the summit of the Canigou at an altitude of 2785 métres,
and has observed it in the Pyrenees flying throughout the day
at flowers in August. Guenée also says that he has seen the
species flying at great altitudes in the hot sun, whilst, in the plains,
it appeared to fly in the evening. Oberthtr, however, insists that
it flies by day in the plains as well as in the mountains. Allard
observes that, at Biskra, the moth flies among Euphorbiaceous plants,
and Eversmann, as we have noted, makes. a similar observation, stating
that P. Livornica flies with yles euphorbiae among Luphorbia on the
steppes on the Achtuba. Chapman records that, at Tragacete, about
July 20th, 1902, three specimens of /. “vornica were taken flying in
the forenoon—two were taken one day and one the next day, about
IO a.m., and at precisely the same spot. None were supposed to be
Secm@melsewhere they wele 2 ¢5, £9. Mernfield states: that he
started one up, at about I p.m., in a heathy field near Cuckfield,
and there are other records of its day-flying habits, ¢g., Brown
notes (Mag. Nat. fist., viil., p. 556) that he was surprised at
finding it at noonday on C7rstum ertophorum on the alp of Sollalex,
at the foot of the Diablerets. Caradja says that, in Roumania,
the imagines fly by day even in cloudy weather, and Bartel notes
(Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 99) that, when the sky is clouded, the
moth is sometimes met with by day. He further points out that
it is particularly partial to strongly-scented flowers at dusk, and notes
that it especially favours Saponaria, Silene maritima, Valeriana,
Cirsium eriophorum, Rhododendron, Phlox and Petunia. The follow-
ing records may be interesting. Common in the gardens at Collo
at flowers of petunias in the evening (Seriziat), common some
summers at Tangier and Gibraltar at flowers of Plumbago capensis,
Pelargonium, &c., also found at rest on walls (Walker), a specimen
seen flying at flowers in the hot sun at Weissenburg (Huguenin),
several captured flying at flowers in the bright sunshine on both
sides of the Sea of Marmora—European and Asiatic—from May to
August in 1878 (Mathew), a very fine example flying over flowers
in daytime captured in woods at Polegate (Ward), and one flying
over a chalk bank near Walmer Castle (Leslie), a @ at flowers
of Szlene maritima at Douglas Head (Crennel), at dusk at flowers of
S. maritima and red valerian at Torquay (Jones), at red valerian
dee Croydon) (Gower), six imagines in 1870 at petunias and
verbenas near Plymouth (Purdue), at flowers of pelargonium in
greenhouse at Abingdon (Walker), at rhododendrons in Jersey

160 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

(Johnson), five at flowers of the same plant at Wishanger (Bing-
ham-Newland), also at Knutsford (Sidebotham), at Horrabridge
(Still), at Swansea (Robertson), at Osmeau Park (Watts), at Dork-
ing (Flood), and several at Mount Edgcumbe (Sturt); at verbenas
in middle of day, continued at flowers for four or five minutes until
captured, at Saltburn-on-Sea (I’Anson), at sunset at flowers of yellow
azalea at Tiverton (Pole), at lilac blossom in the evening at Hasle-
mere (Chandler); at verbenas at 8.30 p.m. at Egg Buckland (Briggs),
and about 8 p.m. at Kilkea Castle (Douglas); at pinks at Wolstanton
(Heale), at dusk at scarlet geraniums at Torquay (Grinstead), and at
the same flowers at twilight at Newport (Moberly), and at Glanvilles
Wootton (Dale); at red campion and valerian at Dartmouth (Coles), at
Marvel of Peru flowers and white verbenas at Exeter (Hellins), at
pinks at Wolstanton (Daltry), at geraniums at Darlington (Backhouse),
at the same flowers on damp showery evenings shortly after dusk
at Niton (Clarke), at scarlet geraniums just before daybreak (Bloom-
field) ; three at blossoms of lousewort at Bloxworth (Cambridge), at
Silene pendula-compacta about 9 p.m. (Hyde), at petunias at Killarney
(Birchall), at lilies of the valley at Ennis (Brakey), flowers of white
narcissus at Torquay (Stewart), at jessamine at Portsmouth (Larcom),
flowers of convolvulus at Reading (Poulton), flying in evening over
flowers at Florac (Bellier de la Chavignerie). Other examples have been
taken at rest—one on trunk of apple-tree, and another on trunk of pear-
tree, at Bournemouth (McRae), resting on bramble at Box Hill (Paskell),
one on a truss of straw near Lindfield (Blaber), in a garden at Torquay
(Jones), and at Winchester (Nevinson), and at Lyndhurst (Ward-Jack-
son), a large ? on a bank of irises at Preston, Brighton (Morris), on
a furze-bush at Lymington (Patterson), on a bank at Langharne
(Kaye), a 2 ona vine-leaf at Birmingham (Enock), in a greenhouse
at Kilkenny (Bristow), in a chalk-pit near Lewes (Blaker), on front
of house at Hawick (Guthrie), on a piece of granite at Sandwich
(Harbour), on a grass lawn at Lewisham (Stainton). Few examples
have been taken at light—Oberthur states that a specimen was
captured at the electric lamp on the Riffel Alp at the end of July,
1902; Fletcher notes this species at light, on July 2oth, 1898, on
board ship at Wei-Hai-Wei; Frohawk records an example at the
light-house lantern of St. Agnes, Scilly, just before sunrise, also
one on an electric lamp at Carrow, near Norwich (Laddiman), on a
gas-lamp at Dover (Eedle), at light at Limpsfield (Patterson), flew
into a room to light at Hunton, near Maidstone (Greville), three
round a lamp at Worcester (Edmunds), flew into a room at Coles
Cross (Helps), at light at Ventnor (Keet), at Wolverhampton (Morris),
at Merthyr Mawr (Hampson), flew into a room at Mullaghmore
(Greene). The irregularity in the appearance of this species in Europe
is proverbial. Even in Spain it varies much according to the season,
being sometimes rare, and at others very abundant, ¢.g., at Bilbao
(Seebold) ; it was unusually plentiful near Berne in 1818 (Brown),
and swarmed throughout Switzerland in the miserable summer of
1883 (Frey), in which year also it was in great numbers from July 7th-
August 12th at Rohrerberg ; it was abundant, too, in June of that year
in ‘Thuringia, and in July of the same year in Baden, whilst it occurred
almost continuously the whole of the year 1846 at Freiburg; the
spring specimens are always rare in Bucoyina, but in certain years,

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 161

é.g., 1882, 1892, the autumnal brood occurs in great numbers (Hor-
muzaki,; exceedingly abundant in Roumania from 1889-1892, but
_ not seen in 1893 (Caradja). It was also reported as especially common
at Collo in 1874 (Seriziat). In Britain the years of abundance have
been 1846, 1860, 1868, 1870.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—It is difficult to state exactly the
number of broods that this species has in those countries in which
it is sedentary, but the fact that pupz obtained here in autumn
emerge in a few weeks or die, suggests a continuously-brooded
habit in the parents. Rossler also observes (Die Schuppenjfiiigler,
no. 119) that the species is not indigenous in Germany, that it
occurs occasionally in abundance and produces larve and pupz,
but that the winter always destroys the latter. It abounds in February
and March in some years at Tangier and Morocco (Blackmore), again
from June 15th—July 15th at Collo (Seriziat), and Gouley records breed-
ing an imago on October 3rd, 1866, from a July larva at Calvados. It
is remarkable that, in Britain, in 1858, 1860, 1862, 1867, 1879, 1888,
1892, and 1893, only spring and very early summer specimens occurred,
without giving rise to an autumnal brood, whilst, in 1865, only an
autumnal appearance is recorded; this also was the case in 1868, with
the exception of a single early capture. In 1870, the normal spring
appearance was followed by a normal autumnal one, and several larve
were obtained, and we are thus convinced that, in Britain, the immigrat-
ing May and June imagines may produce another brood in August-
September (or even later). Walker notes it as occurring in August at
Gibraltar, whilst our dates give considerable evidence that late-feeding
larve that pupate and are satisfactorily protected must emerge
after a short pupal period *, and we would call especial attention
fommtnen dacts that Blaker records (#77. Wk: Jnt., 1ix., p. 146)
one caught in a chalk-pit, near Lewes, on January 28th, 1861; Burt
writes (oc. cit., p. 155) of one captured February 2nd, 1861, at Torquay;
whilst Helps notes (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1887, pp. 23, 53) one
that flew into a cottage, possibly attracted by light, at Coles
Cross, near Crewkerne, at the commencement of February, 1887 f.
The species was captured April 24th, 1902, at Aranci Bay in
Sardinia, May 1st, 1901, at Patras, and May 7th, 1901, at Malta
(Fletcher); in Syria, the larve are to be obtained in May, the
imagines appearing in from 5-6 weeks (Lederer), and we surmise -

* We have no doubt that Morris’ record (£77., v., p. 96) that he ‘* bred two ima-
gines on July 18th, 1867, from larve obtained near Wolverhampton on Populus alba
the previous year, the pupze having gone over with those of Amorpha populi,” &c.,
is quite erroneous. The remark of the Editors of the Ext. Mo, Mag., 1870 (vol. vii.,
p. 40), to the effect that all spring specimens caught here have hybernated, is very
peculiar, as there is not a shred of evidence that this species hybernates in the
imaginal state in this or any other country.

+ It is remarkable that, in spite of all the captures recorded in May, i860, there
was no autumnal record, although one suspects that there must have been such, and that
these two early 1861 emergences were the progeny of autumnal parents. At any rate,
it would appear that these must be either the result of the May-June, 1860, examples,
from larve that had taken a long time to feed up, or of an unrecorded autumnal 1860
brood, or an abortive winter immigration which is scarcely probable. It is further
to be noted that these were the only 1861 records. It is still more remarkable that the
Coles Cross example was captured, in 1887, after the species had been unrecorded in
Britain for 2 years, and was, similarly, the only record of the year. On the whole,
the evidence tends to suggest that, except in such a year as 1870, most of the captures,
spring and autumnal, are actual immigrants and not home-bred from immigrating parents,

L

162 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

that these May larve come from April imagines, for Swinton
records them as abundant at Jaffa, &c., in April, 1896; Fletcher
observed the species again on June 3oth, 1902, at Cyprus, and
Mathew almost continuously from May to August, 1878, on both
the European and Asiatic coasts of the Sea of Marmora. Romanoff
notes it as occurring at the end of April and again in August in
Transcaucasia. April is given as the time of appearance in
northern Persia and Tunis, where, however, no record is made of
the later broods ; near Cape Town itis recorded_as flying by day, often
settling on a species of Hchzwm in December, 1863 (Trimen), and it
was taken at Eyk, in North Central Somaliland, on July 3rd, 1897 (Peet).
In most of the European countries, May-June and August-September
are given as the chief times of appearance, the former being, as
with us, the time of appearance of the immigrants, the latter, probably,
the time of appearance of their progeny. In Sicily, there is a May
appearance, another mid-July emergence, and one suspects a
September appearance, whilst May-June is noticed for the Roman
Campagna, with no record of a second appearance, May-July
and September in Baden, May and September in Hungary, May-June
and again in July-August at Budapest (/es‘e Bartel), June 4th, 1900, at
Péstlingberg (Himsl), May-June and August-September in the Haute-
Garonne (Caradja), whilst the end of May alone is given for Sarepta and
north-west Asia Minor, where later broods are almost sure to occur. June
and July are noted as the main months for Lombardy, Tuscany, &c.,
and at Boscolungo it is sometimes very common (Caradja), but one
suspects at least one earlier, and one later, appearance. An
example was captured on June 18th, 1890, in Turkestan, and July
is given for Quetta. Caradja notes the two autumnal broods, in August
and October, in Roumania, where, at least, in the northern parts,
the species is not a permanent resident, but only an accidental
visitor. Hudak notes May zoth, 1880, July 20th, 1884, and Septem-
ber 12th, 1885, as dates of capture at Golnitz, whilst Fritsch gives
June 17th, August 6th, August 27th and September 4th at Salzburg.
In Britain, where the species only occurs irregularly as an immigrant,
many imagines are, in its years, taken in April, May or June. The eggs
laid by these sometimes produce imagines again in August or Septem-
ber. Larvee and pupe from these latter either have to come to maturity
in early winter or are killed off, the conditions of our winter climate
being presumably unsuitable for their successful hybernation. The
species is probably not really indigenous in Europe, except in a
very few favoured spots on the Mediterranean littoral. Throughout
almost all Europe years of comparative abundance are often followed
by years of complete absence, and the species occurs singly in
most parts of Europe only as a vagrant from its subtropical haunts.
The following are the dates of the recorded British captures:
In 1823 at Sunderland (Backhouse); in 1824 at Billingsgate on
a Ramsgate steam vessel, in 1827 at Bethnal Green, in 1829 at
Hull //este Stephens), April 19th, 1829, at Wakering (Dale), May
2oth, 1830, at Castle Martyr (Law); July sth, 1834, three 2s near
Peterborough, one of which laid eggs which hatched in due course,
another about the same time near Worcester (Dale, A/aund'’s (Vai,
I., p. 13); June 25th, 1844, a 2? at Chorlton, a g a few days later
(Edleston), June, 1844, at Winford (Bromfield) ; one in mid-April, 1846,

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA. 163

at Penzance, another at Pendarvis (Noye), one in Bethnal Green
churchyard (Bramley), one each on April 16th and May rst, 1846, at
Hammersmith (Stevens), one on April 18th, at Langport, another, at
Bristol, on April zoth (Dale zesze Stevens), also two in April, 1846, at Cork
(Clear), one in April, 1846, at Ventnor (Bromfield), two in June, 1846, at
Lewes (Weir), in 1847, at Preston and Carlisle (Cooper), in 1448, at
Horley (Gregson), in 1856, at Newtown Hill, Tramore (Burkitt seste
Wallace), three in the autumn of 1857, at Worcester (Edmunds),
April zoth, 1858, at Alphington (D’Orville), May 12th and 1sth,
1858, at Brighton (Thorncroft), May 17th, 1858, at Brighton
(Bond), May a2ist, 1858, at Bembridge (More), June, 1858 (recorded
as fHyles euphortiae), at Chickerell near Weymouth (Payne), July oth,
1858, at Taylor Hill near Huddersfield (Carter), five at Countess
Weir near Exeter, probably in May or June, 1860 (Potter), one in 1860
at Osborne, Isle of Wight (Winchester), May 12th, 1860, at Brighton
(Thorncroft), May 14th near Exeter (Hellins), May 13th, 1860, in
fine condition, at«Torquay (Stewart), May 14th and rsth at Torquay
(King), May 15th near Brighton (Swaysland), May 17th another
eeenionten (stewart), May roth “and 21st, 1860, at St;
Leonards-on-Sea (Kent), May z2oth at Lewisham (Stainton), and
at Freshwater Downs (Bond), May 21st at Bembridge (More),
two between May 17th and 26th near Brighton (Bond),
June 13th, 1860, at Jersey (Johnson), January 28th, 1861, at
Lewes (Blaker), February 2nd, 1861, at Torquay (Burt), April
16th, 1862, at Worthing, April 29th at Herne Hill (Wild), one
seen April 29th, @ captured May 2nd, 9 May 4th, 1862, near
Plymouth (Bolitho ‘este Reading), May 4th, at Westbourne
(Matthews), May 6th at Deal (Harding), May 14th, 1862,
at Colchester (Bree), near Torquay (Weekly Ent., p. 21), June
18th, 1863, at Woodbury (Greer), four near Killarney, 1864 (Birchall),
September roth, 1865, at Biggleswade (Whitaker), September
27th, 1865, in Yorkshire, bred from larva found on Ga/zum (Gibson),
October 17th, 1865, near Harrington (Tiltman), in October, 1865,
at Guisbro’ (Birks), May 3rd, 1866, at Brighton (Champion), one at
Plymouth (Gatcombe), April 17th, 1867, at Stantonbury, near Wol-
verton (Barlow), May 8th, 1867, at Tiverton (Pole), May 11th, 1867, at
Haslemere (Chandler), May 11th, 1867, at Ventnor (Keet), four
May 15th, 1867, at Brighton (Thorncroft), May 14th, 1867, at
Sudbury (King), May 17th, 1867, at Derriquin Castle on Kenmare
river (Pasley), three or four{ in 1867, at Plymouth (Gatcombe),
beginning of May, 1868, one at Plymouth (Gatcombe), July
tgth, 1868, at Torquay (Grinstead), July 23rd, 1868, at Birstall
(Binns), August 1st, at Weybridge (Barton), August 2nd, at Truro
(Nix), August, 1868, at Middleton (Thorpe), August 2nd, 1868,
near Derby (Balguy), August 3rd, 1868, at light at Wolver-
hampton (Morris), August 6th, 1868, at Guestling (Bloomfield),
August oth and September 26th, 1868, at Middleton (Taylor),
August roth, 1868, at Dunbar (Pearson), August roth, 1868, at
Cuckfield (Merrifield), August rith and r5th, 1868, near Newport
(Moberly), August 14th, 1868, at Wolsingham (Backhouse), August

t This record (Zntom., iv., p. 94) is most unsatisfactory. Of a species like
Phryxus livornica, it appears absurd to record ‘‘ three or four,” as if the recorder
did not know whether the preceding year he caught “ three” or “ four,”

164 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

15th and roth, 1868, near Kildare (Douglas), middle of August, 1868,
at Niton (Clarke), August 25th, 1868, at Cheshunt (Boyd), August
29th, at Marlborough (Preston), in September, 1868, at Lewes (‘este
Knaggs), imago bred end of August, 1868, from larva found at
Brighton (Tidy /es/e Lester), September, 1868, at Cheam (Brown),
autumn of 1868, at Great Rissington (Todd), May 17th, 1869,
at Folkestone (Ullyett), two about May 2oth, 1869, at Lewes (Jenner),
April 26th, 1870, at Waltham Abbey (Boyd), May, 1870, three at
Bloxworth (Cambridge), May 27th, 1870, at Aldsworth (Todd),
May 18th, 1870, at Sheldon, near Tynemouth (Jordan), May 22nd, 1870,
two at Langharne (Kaye), May 24th, 1870, a g at Edgbaston, May
31st, a 2 at Bromsgrove (Enock), May 26th, 1870, at Folke-
stone (Knaggs), May 28th, 1870, at Colchester (Harwood), early
June, 1870, at Kilkenny (Bristowe), early June, 1870, several at
Mount Edgcumbe Park (Sturt);~ June 2nd and 21d) srejiosmean
Dartmouth (Coles), June 13th, 1870, at Onchan (Roxburgh),
bred August rith, 1870, from fullfed larva obtained July 12th, near
Saltash (Hobbs), August 13th, 1870, at Weston-super-Mare (Aldridge),
six taken near Plymouth (Purdue), four in mid-August, 1870, at Ply-
mouth (Rowe), August 20th, 1870, at Strood (Farrow ¢es¢e Tutt), August
23rd, 1870, at Hunton, near Maidstone (Greville), August 24th, 1870, at
Reading (Poulton), bred August 26th from larva spun up on July 27th,
1870, at Ryde (Farn), September, 1870, at Worcester (Gustard),
September 17th, 1870, near Exeter, and October, 1870, near Ply-
mouth (Hellins), October 2nd, 1870, at Dover (Eedle), one taken
in 1872 at Ashford (Chittenden), May 27th, 1875, at Llantrissant
(John), June 13th, 1877, near Bury (Kay), early Aupusimen se
at Shanklin (Billings), June rith, 1878, at Knutsford (Sidebotham),
June 15th, 1878, at Strood (Farrow ¢es¢e Tutt), June 15th, 1878, at Burn-
age, near Manchester (Massey), July, 1878, on Town Moor at Hartle-
pool (Robson), August, 1878, at Borrowash (Mann), August 5th, 1878,
at Hartburn, near Morpeth (Finlay), third week in August, 1878,
Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend (Hampson), June 8th, 1879, June rrth,
1879, June 13th, 1879, at Torquay (Jones), June 11th, 1879, at Bourne-
mouth (McRae), September 27th, 1880, at Bournemouth (McRae),
June, 1883; near: Box Hull” (Paskell)\,. june “zoth) 1eéosiemean
Lindfield’ <(Blaber);, July <xoth, 1883;) at Beyingdeaniwameas
Brighton (deste Clark), July 11th, 1883, at Upton Park (Bond),
July xsth,- 18383, at Abmedon (Walker), July, 30th, = waseteec
Walthamstow (Harper), July 18th, 1884, at Gosport (Larcom
and Pearce), July 26th, 1884, in Sandwich (Harbour), September
18th, 1884, at Dover (Webb), commencement of February, 1887,
at Coles Cross, near Crewkerne (Helps), one taken at Plymouth in
1888 (Dawson), June, 1888, in New Forest (Carnegie), June 2nd, 1888,
at Polegate (Ward), June 7th and rrth, 1888, in Ormeau Park (Watts),
and one at Kingsdown (Kane), June 13th and r4th, 1888, at Pons-a-
Verran, near Penrhyn (Mayne), early September, 1891, at Carrow,
near Norwich (Laddiman), May 31st, 1892, at Winchester (Nevinson),
June 4th, 1892, at Lyndhurst (Ward-Jackson), June 5th, 1892, at
Sketty Park (Robertson), June 6th, 1892, at Rochester (Oven-
den), June 8th, 1892, at Dorking (Flood), June roth, 1892,
at Headsnook, near Carlisle (Routledge), May zoth, 1893, at
Christchurch (Ashford), May 25th, 1893, at Christchurch (Adye), five

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA., 165

specimens taken first week in June, 1894, and days following, at Wishanger
(Bingham-Newland), in 1894 at Trim (Cuppage), June 7th, 1894,
at Horrabridge (Still), June 7th, 1894, at Cofton, near Starcross
(Benthall), July 7th, 1894, at Preston, near Brighton (Morris), June znd,
1895, at Egg Buckland (Briggs), July rst, 1895, at Brighton (Morris),
September 14th, 1895, at Dover (Webb), July 15th, 1896, at Hartlepool
(Gardner), August, 1896, at Milford-on-Sea, near Lymington (Patti-
son), June rath, 1898, at Portland (Hyde), May 27th, 1898, at
St. Agnes, Scilly Isles (Frohawk), October 15th, 1898, at Kenley
(Snell), May 12th and 23rd, 1899, at Douglas Head (Crennel),
May 26th, 1899, one seen at Douglas Head (Murray), August
19th, 1899, at Limpsfield (Patterson), May 3rd, 1900, at Gorran,
St. Austell (Newstead), May 9th, 1900, at South Petherton (Taylor),
June 22nd, 1900, at Croydon (Gower), ¢ July 11th, 1900, at
Wolstanton (Heale), July 11th, 1900, at Douglas Head (Clarke),
June 9th, rgo1, near Cambridge (Crisp), bred September 27th, 1902,
from a larva taken at Starcross (Jager).

LOCALITIES.—ANTRIM : Ormeau Park, Belfast (Watts). BEDFORD-
SHIRE : Biggleswade (Whitaker), BERKS: Abingdon (Walker), Reading
(Poulton). Bucks: Stantonbury, near Wolverton (Barlow). CAMBRIDGE :
Cambridge (Jenyns), CARMARTHEN: Langharne (Kaye). CHESH!IRE: Knuts-
ford (Sidebotham). CLARE: ‘Trim (Cuppage). CoRK: Castle Martyr (Law),
Cork (Clear), Youghal (Ball). CORNWALL: Saltash (Hobbs), Gorran, St Austell
(Newstead), Pons-a-Verran, near Penrhyn (Mayne), Looe (Clogg), Scilly Isles, St.
Agnes(Frohawk), Mount Edgecumbe Park (Sturt), Pennace Hill (Sanders), Truro (Nix),
Pendarvis, Penzance (Noye). CUMBERLAND: Headsnook, near Carlisle (Routledge),
Harrington (Tiltman), Lake district (Stainton), Maryport (Swainson), Workington
(Mawson), Carlisle (Cooper). DERBY: near Derby (Balguy), Borrowash (Mann), Bur-
ton-on-Trent (Evans). DEVvoNn: Plymouth (Rickard), Plympton (Purdue), Torquay
(Jones), Horrabridge (Still), Woodbury (Greer), Tiverton (Pole), Cofton, near Star-
cross (Benthall), Starcross (Jager), Egg Buckland (Briggs), Alphington (D’Orville),
Modbury (Green), near Exeter (Hellins), Dartmouth (Coles), Countess Weir, near
Exeter (Potter). DorsET: Glanvilles Wootton (Dale), Chickerell (Payne), Portland
(Hyde), Bloxworth (Cambridge). DuBLIN: Howth (Hart). DURHAM: Hartlepool
(Gardner), Wolsingham, Sunderland (Backhouse), Town Moor (Robson). Essex:
Walthamstow (Harper), Upton Park (Bond), Colchester (Bree), Wakering (Dale).
FIFE: Dunbar (Pearson). GLAMORGAN: Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend (Hampson),
Llantrissant (John), Sketty Park, Swansea (Robertson). GLOUCESTER : Almonsbury
(Hill), Bristol (Dale), Redland (Mayes), Great Rissington, Aldsworth (Todd).
Hants: Isle of Wight—Ryde (Farn), Shanklin (Billings), Osborne (Winchester),
Bembridge (More), Freshwater (Rogers), Ventnor (Keet), Brightstone, near Newport
(Moberly), Winford (Bromfield), Niton (Clarke), Wishanger (Bingham-Newland),
Bournemouth (Sanders ¢este Raynor), Milford-on-Sea, near Lyminyton (Pattison), -
Lyndhurst (Carnegie), Portsmouth, Gosport (Larcom and Pearce), Winchester (Nevin-
son), Lyndhurst (Ward-Jackson), (hristchurch (Ashford). HER?Ts: Cheshunt (Boyd),
Slindon (Cherry). IsLE oF MAN: Douglas Head (Murray), Onchan (Roxburgh).
KENT: Strood (Farrow feste Tutt), Rochester (Ovenden), Folkestone (Ullyett),
Dover (Eedle), Sandwich (Harbour), Ashford (Chittenden), Walmer Castle, Deal
(Leslie), Hunton, near Maidstone (Greville), Lewisham (Stainton). KERRY:
Killarney (Birchall), Derriquin Castle on Kenmare river (Pasley). KILDARE: Kilkea
Castle, near Kildare (Douglas). KILKENNY: Kilkenny (Bristowe). LANARK:
Glasgow (Gray). LANCASHIRE : Chorlton, Withington (Edleston), near
Bury (Kay), Burnage, near Manchester (Massey), Preston (Cooper), Horley,
Hale (Gregson), Middleton (Thorpe). LEICESTER : Leicester. (Stainton).
MIDDLESEX : Harefield (Wall), Waltham Abbey (Boyd), Bethnal Green
(Bramley), Hammersmith (Stevens). NORFOLK: Lynn (Curtis), Carrow, near
Norwich (Laddiman). NoRTHAMPTON: Peterborough (Dale). NORTHUMBERLAND:
Hartburn, near Morpeth (Finlay), Sheldon, near Tynemouth (Jordan). PEMBROKE:
Tenby (Fowler). [PERTH: Bridge of Earn* (White).] RoxburRGH: Hawick
(Guthrie). SOMERSET: Coles Cross, near Crewkerne (Helps), Clevedon (Bracken-

* This record is erroneous, and was afterwards corrected to Celerio gallu,

166 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

ridge, Weston-super-Mare (Aldridge), Langport (Dale), South Petherton (Taylor),
STAFFORD: Wolstanton (Heale), Wolverhampton (Morris). SUFFOLK: Sudbury
(King). SURREY: near Boxhill (Paskell), Haslemere (Chandler), Croydon (Gower),
Dorking (Flood), Cheam (Brown), Kenley (Snell), Herne Hill (Wilde),
Weybridge (Barton), Limpsfield (Patterson). Sussex: Brighton, Cuckfield (Merri-
field), Lindfield (Blaber), Bevingdean, near Brighton (Clark), St. Leonards-on-Sea
(Kent), Preston (Morris), Polegate (Ward), Worthing, Ringmer, Firle, Lewes
(Jenner), Westbourne (Matthews), Guestling, Hastings district (Bloomfield), Slindon
(Fletcher). WARWICK: Birmingham, Bromsgrove, Edgbaston (Enock). WATER-
FORD: Newtown Hill, Tramore (Burkitt ¢este Wallace), Witts: Marlborough
(Preston). WORCESTER: Worcester (Gustard), Malvern Links (Edwards). YORKS:
Barnsley (Stainton’s Manual), Saltburn-on-Sea, Cleveland (I’Anson), Taylor Hill,
near Huddersheld (Carter), Darlington (Backhouse), Birstall (Binns), Hebden Bridge
(Gibson), Middleton (Taylor), Hornsea, near Hull (Inchbald), Guisbro’ (Birks).

DISTRIBUTION.—One of the most widely distributed Sphingids, occurring
throughout the whole of the warmer temperate and subtropical parts of Europe, Asia,
Africa, and Australia, and extending as a migrant into the temperate regions. [In
North America and the Pacific Islands it is replaced by the allied P. Zézeata.| In the
Elburz mountains it has been found at an elevation of 12000ft. The species is only
a true native of the most southern portions of the Palzarctic regions, the specimens
taken in the central and northern areas being immigrants or the direct descendants
of immigrants. AFRICA: Morocco—northwest districts (Blackmore), Tangier
(Walker), Tunis (Oberthtir), Bizerte (¢este Bartel), Algeria, distributed—Sebdou,
Oran (Codet), Biskra (Bleuse), Bon-Saada (Oberthtr), Collo (Seriziat), Valley
of Djebel-Amour (Lucas), Meridja (¢este Bartel), Madeira (Baker), Canary Islands
(teste Bartel), in the Red Sea (Manger), Khartoum (Brit. Mus. coll.), Cape Colony
(Trimen), Bloemfontein at 6000ft. (¢este Bartel), North Central Somaliland—Eyk
(Peel teste Druce), Madagascar (Mabille). Asia: Syria—Beyrout, rare, Haifa, Wuste
near El-Arisch (Lederer), Asia Minor—coast of Sea of Marmora (Mathew), Cilicia—
Amasia, Tokat (Lederer), Palestine, local—Jaffa, &c., common (Swinton), northwest
Asia Minor—Brussa, Olympus Maghnisa, Smyrna, Aidin, Anatolia (Staudinger),
North Persia, very common—Shahrud, Hadschyabad, Elburz Mts. at 12000ft.
(Ménétriés), Astrabad, near Tschehar-deh, Tuieh (Bienert), Turkestan—Serachs, on
the frontiers of north Persia and Turkestan (Erschoff), central Siberia (Alphéraky),
southwest Siberia, Achal-Tekke district—Nuchur, rather common, Kisil-arwat
(Christoph), Krasnowodsk, Mangyschlak peninsula, Pamirs—Kisilkoum (Grum-
Grshmailo), British Beloochistan—Quetta, India—Sikkim (¢este Bartel), northeast
India (Koch), Cashmere, Darjeeling (Boisduval), northwest Himalayas, Aden,
China (Hampson), Wei-hai-Wei (Fletcher), Wa-shan (Leech), Thibet—Ta-
tsien-Lou, Te-Pin, Lou-Chan (Oberthtr coll.). AuSTRALIA*: West Australia
—Dunbrody (Brit. Mus. coll.), South Australia — Adelaide (¢este Bartel).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Taufers Valley, Innsbruck. occasional visitor only (Weiler),
Bucovina, rare, but pretty constant resident (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay),
Bohemia—Carlsbad, Leitmeritz, one (Fieber), Galicia, very sparingly — Gruszéw,
Podgérze, Lemberg (Garbowski), Brody, Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stoposiany,
one, Podhorodec (Nowicki), Moravia—Brunn, Grussbach (Muller), Salzburg (Fritsch),
Epiries, rare (Husz), G6lnitz, three times (Hudak), Franzenshéhe, one (Wocke),
Tyrol—very rare -Bozen, Trient, Innthal, Pusterthal, Etschthal (Hinterwaldner),
near Linz — Péstlingberg, Ritzlhof (Himsl), Jaufen (Heller), St. Lambrecht
(Kodermann) Lavantthal, occasionally common (Hofmer), Vienna, singly (Speyer),
Augsburg, Ottensheim, Buda (Speyer), Carniola—Wippach, Hungary—Puj, Rea,
Hermannstadt, Klausenburg, St. Gotthard, Mészo-Zah, Transsylvania, Nosag,
Kaschau, Tavarnok, Grosswardein, Papa, Finfkirchen, Comitat Szerém, Croatia,
Fiume, Buccari, Karansebes, Orsova, Bosnia Dervent, Dalmatia—Obrovazzo
Budapest (¢este Bartel). BELGIUM: Huy, twice, Brussels, once (Donckier), Namur
(Hedemann), BULGARIA: near Sofia, very rare (Bachmetjew). CHANNEL ISLES:
Jersey (Johnson). CorsicA (Rambur). Cyprus (Fletcher), DENMARK:
Zealand—Nidebo (Bang-Haas). FRANCE: sometimes rather common in southern
France, in Provence and Languedoc (Berce), dept. Lozére—Florac (Bellier de la
Chavignerie), Pyrénées-Orientales—at summit of Canigou (Oberthiir), once near
Caen (Fauvel), Berry and Auvergne, occasionally (Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guenée),
Haute-Garonne, common throughout dept.—Mont Cagire (Caradja), Puy-de-

* P. livornica is also recorded from Polynesia—the Hawaiian Islands, &c., but
the species that occurs here is P. dineaia, the Nearctic and not the Pailzearctic species.

CELERIO. 167

Déme (Guillemot), Var (Cantener), Morbihan—Vannes, fairly common, Ploérmel,
rare (Griffith), Gironde, throughout (Trimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Aude (Mabille)
Loire-Inférieure, occasionally—Savenay, Nantes, La Chapelle-sur-Erdre (Bonjour),
Sa6ne-et-Loire, occasionally (Constant), Indre, near Blanc, not very rare (Martin),
Deux-Sévres (Maillard', Sarthe (Desportes), Digne, Marseilles, Aix, Pyrenees
(Speyer), Cauterets, Montlouis, Hyéres, Rennes (Oberthiir), Montpellier (Chabrier),
Cannes (Milliére), Dax (Lafaury}, Chartres (Guenée), Eastern Pyrenees—Gavarnie, at
460o0ft., Mont Cenis (¢este Bartel), Paris suburbs (Lucas), St. Cloud (Godart).
GERMANY: only singly (Heinemann), Wirtemberg, rare (Seyffler), Stuttgart,
Reutlingen (Hoffmann), Alsace—near Huningue, La Vancelle (Berce), Milhausen
odd ones at Strasburg, &c. (Peyerimhoff), Hesse—Walderhausen, one (Glaser), Meck-
lenburg— Wismar, one (Schmidt), Bremen, one—Lilienthal (Rehberg), Thuringia, oc-
asional—Rudolstadt, several in 1883, Oberhain-bei-Kénigsee, Georgenthal, Gotha
(Krieghoff}, Erfurt (Knapp), Nassau, occasionally (Réssler), Saxon Upper Lusatia
Bautzen, one, Lichtenau, one (Moeschler), Posen—Ostrowo, Miinster, Dresden,
Aix, Weilburg, Offenbach (Speyer), Burghausen (Schrank), Chemnitz, as a
visitor (Pabst), Berlin district, occasional \Pfutzner), Silesia —Hirschberger Thal,
near Tannhausen in Riesen-Gebirge, Mittelwalde an der Glatzer Neisse, Brieg,
Breslau, Oels (Wocke), Magdeburg, Crefeld, Duisburg, Gottingen, Penig, Leipzig,
Augsburg, Burghausen on the Salzach, Partenkirchen, Kempten, Memmingen (‘este
Bartel), Wtirtemberg —Reutlingen, Stuttgart, rare (¢este Bartel), Baden, very rare—
near Constance, Waldshut, Freiburg, Dinglingen, Carlsruhe, Heidelberg (Reutti),
Frankfort-on-Main, Nassau—Wiesbaden (Zeste Bartel), Moselweiss, near Coblenz,
Laubachthal, Rohrerberg, Bavarian Palatinate (este Bartel), GREECE: Attica, rare,
Corfu (Staudinger), Patras (Fletcher), also in Mediterranean 100 miles from coast of
Greece (Fletcher). ITALY: throughout, not common in the north (Curd), Modena
(Fiori), Sicily, somewhat rare—Madonie, Palermo, Monreale, Syracuse, Pantellaria,
Anapo, Mondello, Palla-gutta valley (Mina-Palumbo), Roman Campagna. not common,
near Boscolungo, very common (Calberla), Mont Cenis Pass, flying over by day, Lom-
bardy, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, very common—near Leghorn, Florence, &c.,
Naples (deste Bartel), Sardinia (Dahl), Aranci Bay (Fletcher), Matra (Fletcher).
PORTUGAL: Lisbon (Petiver). ROUMANIA: probably everywhere, in certain
years common—Kloster Neamtz, Grumazesti, Costischa, Comanesti, Bucharest
(Caradja). Russia: Moscow govt., Ivanovsk, one (Assmuss), Crimea—Alupka
(Melioransky), Caucasia (Eichwald), district of Lower Volga—govt. Kasan,
Sarepta, common, in the Achtuba steppes, Caspian coast, not rare (Evers-
mann), Transcaucasia, distributed—Tiflis, Borjom, Derbent (Romanoff), Aps-
cheron (¢este Bartel), Circassian provinces (Kolonati). SCANDINAVIA: Oster-
gothland, one (Aurivillius), Hofby, one (Thedenius), Eneby (Kindberg). SPAIN:
Andalusia — plains of Malaga, abundant (Rambur), Barcelona—San_ Gervasio,
Calella (Cuni y Martorell), Gibraltar (Walker), Bilbao (Seebold), Tragacete
(Chapman). SWITZERLAND: throughout, usually rare, occasionally more
abundant in spring or autumn as an immigrant — Wolleshofen, near
Zirich, common 1883 (Paul), Chur (Caflisch), Weissenburg, one (Hugu-
enin), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin), Grisons—Chur, Flims, Serneus (Killias),
Berne, Sollalex alp at foot of the MDiablerets (Brown), Basel, Neuen-
burger See (Couleru), Schtipfen (Rothenbach), Gadmen—Steinalp to 6200ft.
(Ratzer), the Aargau and Solothurn Juras, Lenzburg (Wullschlegel), Wipkinge,
near Ziirich (Zeller), Winterthur district (Biedermann), Ptafters (Eisenring), St.
Gallen, Canton Glarus (Heer), Mederaner-Thal (Wullschlegel), Uri, Vicosoprano,
in Bergell (Zeller), Celerina, in Upper Engadine (Mengelbir). TuRKry: Both
European and Asiatic sides of Sea of Marmora, Gallipoli (Mathew).

Genus: CELERIO, Oken.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Celerio, Oken, “‘ Lehrb. Zool.,”’ i., p. 761 (1815) ;
ition oiiteelecps,. ti, Pp. 9355, (1902). SpAzzx, [Linn., “Sys: Nat.,” xiuth-ed., p.
Bezmigo7 i inott... << Naturl.,? vil... p- 107 (1775); Fab., ‘*Spec. Ins.,” ii, p.
Wm iol emce Mant. i. ps 95 (170,) .<* Ent. { Syst... ii., pt.I, p. 368(1793) ;
(Sebitieg) co Schamett.. Wien,’ p. 42 (1775); Ulis nu. Ausg., p. 14 (1801); Esp.,
PcuMert eeu 2 IL, Pp. 173, pl. xxi (1779; Bergstr., ““Sphing. Larv.,”p. <8
i782) inetz.,. ¢\Gen. et Spec: Ins.” p.. 34! (1783); Bork., ‘‘ Sys. Besch.,’’ pp.
Sie Ore79NClns9), brahim, <Imsectenkal:”” i., p 314. (1791); Hb., “ Eur.
Poetinetia. mies Oy (1796) 5 “«Warvee Lep.,” ii., Sph: iu., Legit. B.d., fig. 2a—b
(circ. 1800) ; text p. 96 (czrc. 1805) ; Schrk , ‘‘ Faun. Boica,”’ il., pt. 1, p. 226 (1801) ;
Maieyadisty Nats, xiv. p. 131 (1605); Ochs... ° Die Schmett.,”’ i1-, p. 217 (1808);
[Leach, ‘‘ Edin, Encycl.,” ix., p. 131 (1815);] Dalm., ‘‘ Vet. Ak. Handl.,”’ xxxvil.,

’

168 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

p. 214 (1816); [Sam., ‘“‘ Ent. Comp.,” p. 244 (1819);] Swains., ‘“ Zool. Mlust.,’’1.;
p: 37 (1821); Godt., “ep. Pr.,’"-1.," p> 137, plo xvil.. tig-3.(6-7c) (O22) eee
“Kur. ep. Imd. Meth.,’” p: 33 (1829); Meig... *°ur. Schmett..2 ny eee
(1830) ; Evers., “* Faun. Volg.-Ural.,”’ pp. 108, 110 (1844) ; H.-Sch., “Sys. Bearb.,”
i., p. ©7 (1846); Speyer, Geog. Verb,,” 1., p. 319° (1853); 1, -p. 2oonquaaeye
Hein., “Schmett. Dentsch.,” 1.5op- 146 (1850); Bane-=Haas, 9— Nat. (ids er
Ix., PD. 402 (1374)_ Ayles, Hibs, “* Verz.,” p.137 (ce. 1822) Stephs., -— Milealise
iv. app. p. 5 (19835); “List. Br. An. Br.) Mus.” y.,-p. 28 (1850). seep
(asp.,] -* Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeit.,” iv., p. 100 (1809); Ochs., “ Die Schmett.7 7 ay-,9pp-
42, 43 (1886); Wb; “ Franck iCat-,” p. 87 (1825); Stephs:, /llllus#:7sieeaeumore
ploexi, fig. 2°((1828)5 “Cat. Br. Ins:,% i, pi. 32 (1626), SD Ups pismo
supp. i, p. 158 (1835) ; “Cat. Méth.,” p. 42 (1844); Dunc. “ Bnit.
Moths,” p: 147. (1836); Wood, “Ind. Ent,” “fg. 15 -(1830)5) ‘sdv eee
et Ind. Meth.,” p. 47 (1840); ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Sphing.,” p. 169 (1875); Humph. and
Westwd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” 1., p. 18 (1841); Assm., ‘‘Schmett. Schles.,” i, p. 33,
pl -xil., figs: 36¢-d (1845); Dbldy., °“Wist Br. Wep.,” p. 3) (1645)5 selevareas
Eep. Eur: Cat. Meth,” ed. 3. p. 19, (1351)7 Stay, 4 Mant, 4) eran es ae
Humph., <<Gen. But. Moths,’ p. 107(1860)% (Staud:, © Cat...’ edit; pattemm@eomne
ed; 2) p. 360) (1671) 3 ed. 3, ps. 102" (1g0n));) “Wallem.,-. Skand > Hete ssa
(1863); Snell, “De Viind!. pp. 92, 95 (1867); Berce, “ Faun. Prane:/ ipa
(1868); Nolck., “ep. Fn Estl:,”> p. 88°(1868); Newm4 “But. Moths ipso
(1860) 5 °° “Mall., “Cat. ép. Alp.-Miar.” =p. 119)-(1872) ; *Curo, “Bull Swessame
Ital 72 vil., p. 1107 (1875) ;- Buti, <° frans: Zool: Soc, JLond.,”” 1x.) pe t@smemsas
(1876); Kirby, ‘* Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 70, pl. xviii., figs. 2a-6 (1879) ; *‘ Cat.,”
p- 665 (1892); Frey, ‘ Lep. Schweiz,” p. 57 (1880); Weismn., ‘‘ Studies in Theory
of Descent,*” transl. "p. 211 (1832); Bucld., *; Larvae,” &c., 1. p. 36), pla aximtoag):
Auniv., °° Nord, Pyar, p. 46 (1889) 5) Mina-Pal; “Nat. Sicil)? 1-5 ipsa setegene
Barr, “ep; Buit.,”’ i), p. 42, pl: xlix (1895); Meyr., sidlandboolks 7” Geaapesead
(1895); Lucas, ‘* British Hawk-Moths,”’ p. 95 (1895); Tutt, ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 27
(1896); Bart., ‘* Paleeark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ it, p. 71 (1899). Dzlephila, Hampson,
Ind. Moths,” i., p. 98 (1892) ; Kirby, ‘‘ Handbook,’ &c., iv., p. 30 (1897).

The genus Ce/erio was described (Lehrb. Zool., i., p. 761) in 1815,
by Oken, as follows :

Halbbandierte, halbringleibige Schwarmer ; Fleckenraupen. Zarva_ with
small, globular, not retractile head, body smooth, a caudal horn, coloured lateral
spots. /upa on the earth among leaves. /mayo with interrupted rings on the sides
of the abdomen ; tongue longer; forewings elongate, smooth-margined, inner
margin hollowed ; antennz of almost uniform thickness, scaled beneath, apex thread-
like—Celerio gallit, euphorbiae.

The genus is, according to the showing of Weismann (larve)
and Kaye (imagines), heterotypical, and we fixed the type of the
genus (az/ed, vol. ill., p. 355) aS gallit. Kaye makes (7 Jitt.) gallit
the centre of a small group of Phryxids, which he defines as
follows :

Head not prominent, nor markedly projecting; forewings not so long as
in Phryxus, and less pointed; with oblique band from apex to near base

giving off two or more short teeth or branches; spines on front tibia nearly all
of uniform size—Celeriv gallii, euphorbiarum, zygophylli, ? opheltes.

This he has now supplemented (zz /¢/.) by a more detailed
diagnosis, which reads:

Head not large, nor markedly prominent, but fairly pointed. Palpi bluntly
pointed, ‘Thorax broadest at costal base of forewing. Abdomen not long, tapering
rapidly from the 4th segment to tip. Forewing of medium length, the costa
straight to beyond the origin of 7, then very slightly curved, and finally sharply
curved to apex. Outer margin slightly curved from apex to nervure 5, then
straight to termen. In the ? the margin is straighter. Inner margin curved
very slightly inwards soon after leaving termen. Nervures 7, 8 stalked, 9 from
two-thirds length of cell, Cross-nervure of cell evenly curved inwards. Nervure 2
from well before half length of cell. An oblique band from apex to near base
giving off two or more short tooth-like marks. Hindwing with.costa evenly arched,
apex very blunt; outer margin evenly curved to nervure 3, thence to nervure 10
considerably curved inward, forming a fairly sharp point at the extremity of nervure ;

CELERIO GALLII. 169

from 10 to anal angle straight. Cross nervure between 7, 8 evenly curved, given
off from less than half the length of cell; nervure 8 approximated to 7 just
beyond the cell; 6 and 7 from upper angle; 5 almost equidistant from 4 and 6.
Cross-nervure of cell forming a well defined S. Spines on front tibia nearly all of
uniform medium size—Ce/erio (type galliz.

Weismann, on larval characters, does not quite get the same
grouping as that suggested by Kaye. He notes (Studies in Theory
of Descent, p. 224) the larve of the species of this group as being
in what he terms the 6th phyletic stage, in which the larva has—

A single row of ring-spots replacing the subdorsal line.

Although Zhaumas vespertilio and Hyles mauretanica fall into
the same (7¢., the 6th) phyletic stage of larval development, we find
(loc. cit., p. 358) that Weismann does not consider that they belong
to the same genus as Ce/lerio galliz, but he isolates the latter as a
terminal form on its own particular evolutionary line. He also
considers zygophyllz (grouped with gall by Kaye) as a terminal form
on another line of development.

CELERIO GALLII, von Rottemburg.

SYNONYMY.—Species: alli, Rott., ‘‘ Naturf.,” vii., p. 107 (1775); Fab.,
etre syst.,, ii., pl. i, p-- 368 (1793); Latr:, ‘“< Hist. Nat.,” xiv., p. 131 (1805):
Godt -“* Hist. Nat.,” ii., p. 37 (1822); Wood, “Ind. Ent.,” p. 12, fig. 15 (1839);
rand © Cat.” 2nd ed., p. 36 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901); Bart>, ‘* Paloark.
Gross-Schmett.,” i., p. 71 (1899). Luphorbiae, Linn., -‘ Sys. Nat.,” xiith ed.,
p- 802, in part (1767). Gali, [Schiff.,] ‘‘Schmett. Wien.,” p. 42 (1775); Fab.,
apepee ins, il, p. 147, (1701); “ Mant.,” 11, p. 95 (1787), &c. [.Nore.—All
other references mentioned in the generic synonymy (az¢ed, pp. 167 —168) are referable
here to gadzz. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.— Sphinx gallit. Es ist dieses derjenige
dem Sphinx elpenor so ahnliche Vogel, dessen der Hr. Hufnagel
in der Anmerkung erwehnet, und dessen Beschreibung ich schon
oben versprochen. Die Raupe desselben hat Rosel, tom. iii., tab. vi.,
figs. I, 2, 4 abgebildet. Er halt sie aber fur eine blosse Varietat
der Wolfmilchraupe, und sagt, dass der daraus entstehende Vogel
jenem vollkommen gleich, nur etwas dunkler sey. Allein so ahniich
dieser Vogel dem Sphinx euphorbiae ist, so unterscheidet er sich
dennoch bey genauerer Betrachtung deutlich von ihm. Die dunkel-
olivengrune Farbe am obern Rande derer Oberfliigel, macht nicht
wie bey jenem einige abgesetzte Flecke aus, sondern nimmt als ein
breiter gezackter Streif den ganzen obern Rand ein, und gehet von
der Einlenkung bis zur Flugelspitze. Das Rothe derer Unterfligel
ist nicht so lebhaft, wie bey dem Sphinx elpenor. Die Unterseite
aller vier Fligel ist allemal bey dem 5S. e/penor rosenroth, oder doch
rothlich, bey diesem Vogel aber siehet man nichts vom Rothen,
sondern die ganze Unterflache ist hier blass Olivengriin, oder vielmehr
fahl, und die dunklen Flecke der Oberseite scheinen deutlich durch.
Auch die Raupe ist sehr von der gemeinen Wolfmilchraupe ver-
schieden, welches ein jeder aus der roselschen Abbildung wahrnehmen
kann. Selbst an der Puppe zeigt sich eine Verschiedenheit, indem
solche viel dunkelbrauner ist, als die Puppe des Sphingis esulae.
Zu diesem allen kommt noch das verschiedene Futter derer Raupen.
Die gemeine Wolfmilchraupe habe ich niemals, selbst durch Hunger
dahin bringen konnen, dass sie von dem Gadlzio etwas gefressen,
und die Raupe unseres jetzt beschriebenen Vogels, die sich bloss
vom Gadlio nahret, habe ich niemals zum Genuss der Wolfmilch
bringen konnen. Sonst leben die Raupen zu einerley Zeit, auch

170 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

kriechen die Vogel zu einerley Jahreszeit aus. Doch sind mir Ao.
1771, 2 Stuck von dem S. galdi vier Wochen nach ihrer Verwand-
elung ausgeflogen, nemlich im Aug. da die Raupen sich erst im
Julio verwandelt. Es ist dieser letzte Vogel und seine Raupe
ziemlich selten, und ich habe in keinem Jahre mehr als ein, hochstens
zwey Stuck davon gefunden, da’ hingegen die Wolfmilchraupe in
hiesiger Gegend sehr haufig ist. Alle diese Umstande zusammen
genommen, scheinen mir genugsamen Grund zu geben, diesen jetzt
beschriebenen Vogel nicht fiir eine blosse Abanderung vom Sphinx
euphorbiae, sondern fur eine besondre Art zu halten, und ich nenne
ihn daher nach dem Futter der Raupe Sphinx gall (Rottemburg,
Der Naturforscher, Vii., pp. 107-108).

ImMaGo.—62'5mm.—gitmm. ‘Thorax deep olive-brown, with white
lateral lines from front to end of thorax, edged above with blackish ;
abdomen deep olive-brown banded alternately with black and white
towards thorax and ringed with white towards anus, a median
longitudinal dorsal row of white spots. Anterior wings deep olive-brown
with a moderately wide oblique ochreous fascia from apex to inner
margin near base, curved as it approaches inner margin, pointed
towards apex, and extending somewhat wedge-shaped towards base,
two irregular extensions on upper edge, one at end of discoidal cell,
the other midway between this and apex; outer marginal area
purple-greyish ; fine inner marginal line white; basal patch of white
scales ; fringes unicolorous, dark ochreous-brown. Posterior wings
with black base; central band creamy-pink, becoming quite red
where it meets the white basal patch; black submarginal band
(variable in width); outer marginal area pinkish-grey, speckled with
dark scales ; fringes white.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @? tends to be the larger, but there
is very little difference in the general build, the more slender aspect
of the g is obscured in cabinet specimens by the contraction of the
segments. The antenne are longer in the g. The anterior tibial
spurs are 2°2mm. long in the g, only 1°7mm. inthe 2 ,and the comb is
more than proportionally reduced, occupying barely a third of the
length of the spur, whilst the spines of which it is composed are short
and hairlike. In the ¢, the comb occupies fully half the length of
the spur and the individual spines look flat and are very unlike
ordinary hairs, they are more than twice the length of those
in the spur (about o‘'z2mm. and o'rmm.,). The g possesses a scent
fan consisting of a rather small wisp of hairs about 3-omm. in length,
enclosed in a pocket at the side of the first and second abdominal
segments (Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The following is the only gynandromor-
phous example of which we can find any record:

a. Left g,right¢. Incomplete gynandromorph, but more?; right antenna
and wings strikingly longer, but not different in cclour and markings; abdomen
¢. Bred. (Germar, J/eck. Archiv. ; Rudolphi, p. 54; Burm., p. 341; Hagen,
S. £. Z., xxii., p. 271, Schultz, £02. Woch. fur Eni., 1., p. 351).

VARIATION.—The species varies considerably in the depth of the
ground colour, in the paleness of the outer marginal area, in the width
of the oblique band, and in size. In some specimens the band is deep
ochreous, others incline markedly to whitish-ochreous, ab. pad/zda, n. ab.,
whilst the two projecting teeth on the upper edge of the band vary

CELERIO GALLII. 171

greatly in size, the lower, linear, discoidal one being sometimes almost
obsolete, whilst the upper wedge-shaped one is sometimes well extended.
The band frequently narrows at its base, towards the inner margin, the
most remarkable aberration in this direction known to us being one
that stops short just beyond the discoidal tooth, the position of its basal
portion being occupied by the ground colour. ‘This incomplete-
banded form we term ab. zzcompleta, n. ab. In the hindwings also
the more or less marked redness of the median area is very noticeable,
and whilst, in some instances, the black submarginal band is narrowed
to a mere line=ab. s¢ric/a, n. ab., in others it extends outwards to the
cilia=ab. /afa,n. ab. The variation in size is very remarkable, and,
among our British-bred examples, we have specimens extending
from 62°5mm. (the smallest g¢) to 91mm. (the largest 2). ‘Tugwell
gives (7. WZ. M., xxv., p. 284) some interesting details as to the
size of some of the examples captured wild in 1888. He observes
that the measurements of a number of continental C. ga//iz average
$s 3ins.—3tins., Qs 3ins—3dins. Of the British-caught examples
measured, all the gs and 9s (except 2 g's) are 3ins. to 38ins. in
expanse ; on the other hand scarcely any of the many bred gs and
? sreach 3ins., and only 2 2s exceed this measurement, the Liverpool
collectors give 28ins. as the average for the bred 2s and 2tins. average
for gs; the Deal-bred 2s averaged only 2Zins; the Essex-bred gs
averaged 2gins. the 2s 2gins. These figures, Tugwell says, give an
average of at least Zins. larger in the caught, over the bred examples,
whilst the caught accord in every way with those reared from continental
pupz. In answer to the suggestion that bred insects are often
undersized, Tugwell states that many of his larva were absolutely
fullfed when found. He further states that the largest examples bred
from English larve taken in 1888 were as follows: Liverpool—largest
?, 3dins., largest g, 22ins.; Deal—largest 2, 3,,ins., largest g,
2eins.; Essex coast—largest 2 2gins., largest g, 2ins. The
imagines caught in 1888 were much larger, St. Margaret’s—the largest
?, 3eims., the smallest, 3fins., the gs 33ins.; Kingsdown—?,
3zins. ; Aberdeen— ? , 3tins.; Plymouth— 9, 3,%ins.; Dartford—@ ,
3ins.; Dublin— g, 2;5ins. Tugwell says that these caught examples
agree in size with French ones, of which the 9s are 33ins., and gs
3dins. full. Adkin gives further details on this point (Proc. Sth. Lond.
Lint. Soc., 1890, p. 75) which much modify Tugwell’s statements and con- .
clusions, and he states that the only inference that can be fairly drawn
from these figures is that the insects captured in Britain more nearly
approach those of known continental origin than do those bred in
this country. We have since tested this by measurement and find
that pupze, obtained from the German dealers, give measurements
varying from 65mm. (J ) to gomm. ( @ ), z.¢., almost exactly the extreme
measurements of our own British-bred examples. It is true that
the majority of the wild caught immigrants are larger, heavier
insects than the British-bred progeny resulting from them, but one
suspects that this is entirely due to the artificial conditions of their
rearing. As to colour-variation, Tugwell records two examples of an
aberration bred in January, 1889, from pupe resulting from larve ob-
tained at Deal in September, 1888, in which the usual character-
istic dark olive-green markings are replaced by dull grey, and the
pale streak that runs from the inner margin to the tip of the

119/92 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

wing is obscured and dull in colour; the hindwings dull pale
grey, lacking the usual rich rose shade at the anal angle; the
body is also grey instead of olive-green (=ab. gvisea, n. ab.). The
scales in these examples appeared to be wanting in the ordinary
pigment, and the scales themselves suggested immaturity, the larger
longer basal ones adhering to the abdomen. Other semidiaphanous
examples appeared among the later-bred of Tugwell’s specimens, and
these showed still more striking signs of failure in the scale-develop-
ment. It is largely on the observations we made on the remarkable
appearance of many specimens bred by Tugwell and others, in 1888,
that we have founded much of our doubt in accepting strange-
looking bred Phryxids with unusual facies, as hybrids (see anfea,
pp. 44-54). Mina-Palumbo writes: “ Dr. O. Struve reared from larve
obtained at Mondello a form differing from typical ga//z in the lack of
the row of spots on the abdomen.” Herz says that the form from
the Lena district does not differ from that found in Europe and
Amurland, whilst Staudinger makes a similar remark of a 2 found at
Saisan. Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., \i., pp. 73-74) that ex-
amples of C. gall from the Kentei mountains scarcely differ on.
the upper side from European specimens, but, beneath, they are
distinguished by a darker (blackish instead of dark grey) outer margin
of the wings. He also adds that specimens from Labrador, where
C. galli is the sole representative of the Sphingids, are smaller than
those of Central Europe, and considerably darker in colour; and that
they also have an entirely red median band, and narrower, grey-dusted,
margin to the hind-wings ; on the underside a blackish marginal band
is present on all the wings. He further notes that North American
specimens agree almost exactly with the Labrador examples, and
says that they are given in the catalogues under the name of C.
chamaenerit, but he asserts that they differ too little from Palearctic
specimens for one to be able to regard them as a distinct species, and
he thinks that the two can only pass for somewhat different forms of
one species, brought about by climatic influences. This American
form is now known as zatermedia, Kirby, and almost all authors
appear to be agreed that the American cxermedia, Kirby (=
chamaeneri?, Harris), is merely a race of this species. Oberthur writes
(in litt.): ‘I believe that chamaenerii is the same species as gallu.
I have the North American form from Canada and Massachusetts.”
Kirby considers (Caz. p. 665) the latter to be merely a variety and
Staudinger adopts (Cat, p. 102) the same view with the remark ‘‘al.
post. magis rubrotinctis.” ‘The insect has been described as follows:

a. var. (an sp.) cmtermedia *, Kirby, ‘‘ Faun. Bor.-Amer.,”’ iv., p. 302 (1837) ;
Kirby, ‘‘ Cat.,” p. 665 (1892) ; Staud., ‘* Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901). Chamaenerit,
Harts, ‘‘Amer. Journ, Sci.,” xxxvi.,jp. 305 (1839); Agass., “° Lake )oupemornes
p- 387, pl. vili., fig. 2 (1850); ‘‘ Fern., “‘ Sphing. of New Engl.,”’ p. 145 (1886). —
Expanse nearly 3ins. The upperside of the head and thorax is olive-brown, with a

* Deilephila intermedia olivacea; alis primoribus vitta intermedia antice
pallide rosea postice nigra; secondariis nigris fascia rosea intus, et ciliis albis.
Expansion of the wings 23ins. Taken in North Americi. This species is inter-
mediate between D. euphorbiae and D. galt’, which last it most resembles, but the
anterior portion of the mesal stripe of the primary wings is pale rose-colour; the
fringe of their inner margin, and of the posterior of the secondaries, is white; there
is no series of white dots on the back of the abdomen, and the ventral segments are
fringed at the apex with white hairs. This description was taken from an old
specimen, apparently somewhat faded (Kirby).

CELERIO GALLII, 173

white stripe along each side, which is edged with black on the upper side, along the
thorax. The palpi are whitish beneath, and olive-brown above. The abdomen
is olive-brown, with a row of small white spots along the middle; the Ist and
3rd segments are marked with black on the sides; the 2nd, 4th and following
segments with white, some of them more or less suftused with pink. The underside
of the thorax and the legs are of a dull yellowish-brown, and the abdomen is darker-
brown, with white lines along the edge of the segments. The forewings are olive-
brown, with a buff-coloured band extending from the hinder margin, near the base,
to the apex of the wing; the lower edge of this band is slightly sinuous and the
upper is irregularly indented; there is a black patch on the base of the wing and
another at the end of the cell, and the terminal space and fringes are olive-grey.
The hindwings are black, with a rose-red central band, which ends in a white spot
on the hinder margin; the outer margin is narrowly edged with dull brown, which
is sometimes stained with reddish; fringes white. Larva: The mature larva is
from 23ins. to 3ins. long; the head is dull red, with a black stripe across the face ;
the upper side of the body is deep olive-green and polished, with a pale yellowish
line along the middle of the back, terminating at the base of the caudal horn, and
there is a row of pale yellow spots on each side from the 3rd to the 12th segments
inclusive ; these spots are placed on a wide blackish band, which crosses the forward
part of each segment, and the sides of the body, below the spots, are thickly
sprinkled with minute yellowish dots; the caudal horn is long, curved backwards,
red, tipped with black, and with the surface rough; the spiracles are oval, yellow,
and margined with black. The underside is pale pinkish-green, the true legs black,
while the prolegs are pink, with a black spot on the outside of each. Transforma-
tions subterranean. FOODPLANTS: This larva feeds on the leaves of grape,
Gnothera biennis, Epilobtum angustifolium, LE. coloratum. HABITS: Flies
about flowers in the twilight in June and July (Fernald), at wild plum bloom (Caz,
fnt., XXxill., p. 99). DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Manitoba, Labrador, United States—
New England, &c. (Fernald).

We have preferred to give Fernald’s description of this insect,
and Kirby’s original description merely as a footnote, as this author
states that his description was made from an old and faded example.

Eeciayinc.—In confinement, the moth lays its eggs singly,
whilst hovering over bedstraw, willowherb, or fuchsia, holding, how-
ever, the plant with its legs during the process, but with its wings
vibrating all the time; a few seconds suffices for laying an egg,
when it is immediately off to another sprig of its foodplant. The
egglaying period for a single moth often extends to three or four
weeks, the 2 appearing to develop eggs all the time, a total of
Beer 10 Aco being reached for a single 9, if properly ited, but
if the weather be hot, and the feeding not up to their requirements,
they will not lay more than 4o or 50 eggs, and will die within
a week. The eggs are laid from early June until about the middle
of July, and hatch, under satisfactory conditions, in about a week.
The early-laid eggs often result in larve and pupe that develop
autumnal imagines (Head, zz J/tt.). Paget obtained eggs at Great
Yarmouth, in August, 1834, from which larve hatched in due
coumse (277, Mag, i, p. 435). May notes eggs laid in 1870
Pate Mine On Auest Toth (a7, v., p. 201). Jenner had
eees laid on August 24th, 1370, at Lewes (2.47.17, vil., p. 213).
Williams records that a worn @? laid about a dozen eggs at St.
Margaret’s Bay, July, 1888, and that seven hatched before August
8th (L£77t., xxi., p. 230), whilst Austen notes that three eggs laid by
a @ on July 29th, 1838, hatched August 8th, at Folkestone (J. c.,
A220): ; '

Ovum.—Length almost t‘'1mm., width just under rmm. A
flattened disc, inclining to circular in outline, exceedingly small for the
size of the moth; a deep irregular depression on the upper surface;

174 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

pale green* in colour ; surface somewhat shiny ; apparently
roughened ;_ reticulation clearly distinguishable, and around the
micropyle very distinct, the cells rather large where they surround
the small micropylar depression and gradually decreasing in size
outwards, the edges of the cells finely raised, somewhat whitish in
tint; the shell transparent, the embryo clearly visible through the
cell, as also are the bifid sete arising from the tubercles. After
hatching the shell is quite glassy and transparent. [Described July
acth, 1901, from eggs received from Mr. Head.|~ A rounded: oval,
depressed on one side ; colour green, changing to transparent grey
before larva hatches, length 1mm., width ‘omm., height -8mm.;
surface with a clearly-marked cell-sculpture, strongly so compared
with the eggs of Amorphids and Eumorphids (sens. s¢rict.), the cells
rather large, irregular, with slightly raised but broad edges, giving
the egg a tessellated appearance (Bacot, July 17th, 1901). May
notes eggs laid in August, 1870, as grass-green in colour, and rather
small (#77. v., p:. 201). Head sent us eggs, laid im contimementm
and from foreign parentage, on July 13th and roth, igor.

Hapirs OF LARVA.—In the first instar the larve are most difficult
to locate with the naked eye, even when on only a very small fragment
of a spike of flowers of Galzum verum (Bacot). As they get older,
they are not so difficult to find, but even then want closely searching
for, and one sometimes, when turning over a plant, puts one’s
hand on an individual that had not been previously noticed, and
they keep close to the foodplant until they are nearly fullfed. Syme
notes (Z£.M.M/,, i1., p. 6) that the larger larve generally are to be found
in pairs, and that one being discovered a second is generally within
a few yards, and he remarks that it appears strange that a larva,
so large and so brightly coloured when fullted, should he difficult
to see, especially as it feeds quite exposed, yet it is so, more especially
on the sandhills than on the shingle at Deal, and they are more easily
traced by the frass which catches the eye more readily than the larva
itself; the frass should be followed in the direction of its freshness,
as the larva rarely moves more than a yard or two until it wanders
for pupation. At Deal, on the sandhills, Syme observes that, in
1857, the larvae were mostly found only on plants growing on loose
sand without any covering of moss or herbage. In 1888, Tugwell
notes ( Young JVat., ix., p. 237) that the larve were found at Deal,
not only close to the sea, but also miles inland, by roadsides, as
well as upon open ground, even basking on the footways; he states
that the young larve were generally to be obtained on luxurious
patches of the plant, but when nearly fullgrown they seemed to
prefer more open places, where, by exposure, the plants get dwarfed
and they can enjoy fully the direct rays of the sun; when quite full-
grown they are very fond of extending themselves on the bare and
warm sand, in fact, their polished backs get quite hot, a condition
which they evidently enjoy. The larve, when not feeding or basking,
hide away most effectually, sometimes partly burying themselves,

* Some years ago a ¢ caught at sugar at Leipzig deposited 5 black eggs
as it was being taken out of the net, the eggs producing pitch-black larvae, which
remained very dark all their lives (Bartel ¢este Heyne). This record wants con-
firmation ; it is most remarkable if a ¢ did lay black eggs; those that we have
described were very typical green Sphingid eggs.

CELERIO GALLII. 174

some being discovered almost covered with sand, which, in a few
seconds more, would possibly have been quite hidden from view;
200 were taken, a large quantity of Galzum being daily consumed,
for the larvz ate ravenously and fed up exceedingly rapidly. Arkle
observes (7., Xx1., p. 257) that, in 1888, at Wallasey, the larva were
most frequently found where the Galiuwm verum grew thin and short,
especially on mounds and rising ground in the hollows between the
sandhills, and as near as possible to the sea, that the larve were fond
of feeding, exposed in the hottest sunshine, and that the frass was to
be looked for among the thin short bedstraw and followed up until
the larva was seen. Porritt, too, observes that, at Deal, on August
30th-31st, 1888, larve of all sizes from about #in. to full growth
(some of them being big, grand spotted fellows) were mostly found
on the poor, short, sparse patches of white and yellow bedstraw, only
three or four being found on big patches, and these exposed on the
upper stems of the plants at Deal. Buckler notes (Zarvae, &c., ii.,
p. 37) of some larve that he had between September 6th-26th,
1870, that they fed freely on the flowers, unripe seeds and leaves of
Galium verum, and occasionally ate a little fuchsia, but that when
large and fullfed they were restless and wandered about for a day
or two before they settled down to spin their puparia, which they
had all done by October 8th. Bacot says (zz itt.) that the adult larva
does not exhibit any tendency to shorten its thoracic and enlarge
its front abdominal segments in the manner of the larve of Eumorpha
(elpenor) and Theretra (porcelliis), but that, if touched anywhere on the
back or sides, it jerks its head fiercely backwards, striking the
irritating object with its head or clasping it with its mouth and legs.
These movements are made with surprising rapidity and _ vigour,
and with quite sufficient violence to detach, if not to stun, any
parasitic fly that might attempt to oviposit in it. On the other hand,
Buckler’s remarks (Joc. cz.) suggest that there is some resemblance to
the Eumorphine habit, for he says that, in form, they reminded him of
the Cheerocampids, and that, although the thoracic segments are but
slightly retractile, yet they are tapered off rapidly to the head, which
is rounded and smaller than the prothorax, the rest of the body being
tolerably cylindrical, &c. May observes that the larve almost
invariably eat their cast-off skins. The years in which the species
has been abundant in Britain have been 1859, 1870 and 1888. ‘The
following are some of the records of larve captured. Newman
observes that, in 1855, many larve were taken on Galiwm on the coast
sandhills, and in gardens on fuchsias. From August zgth to end of
September, 1856, about a couple of dozen of larve were found on the
Deal sandhills (Syme), whilst Farren records them from August r1th-
24th, 1856, on the Gogmagog Hills, near Cambridge. At the
end of September, 1857, larve again began to appear at Deal, and
specimens continued to be found until the beginning of November,
in 1858 three only could be found, and these in the early part of
October, but, in 1859, by the second week of August, the greater portion
of an extensive brood had evidently disappeared, and only some 4o or
50 larve were obtained during the remainder of August and the early
part of September ; searching in August, 1860, and September, 1861,
tailed to produce a larva, but three were taken at the end of August,
1862, and none again in 1863 and 1864 (Syme, Z£. M, MZ, ii., p. 5).

176 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

The same observer adds that, from his observation, the larve may
appear from the beginning of August to the ena of October, and one
can have no certainty in meeting with them even if one be in the
right locality unless one is able to make a protracted residence in
the spots where the species is expected to occur. In 1859, larve were
taken at Ilfracombe on fuchsia (Mathew), at Shoreham on Galium
verum (Rickman), at Eastbourne (Costick), at Carlisle (Armstrong),
at Kilburn, in a garden, on fuchsia (Wormald), also on August
22nd, on fuchsia, at Bridgewater (Sanders), whilst: Harding records
six from Hackney, in a garden, on fuchsia during the first week of
August, six more fullfed on Galzum verum on August 12th, on the
Deal sandhills, and four others between this date and September
roth in the same locality. Six larve also were obtained in Victoria
Park, “a day or so before August) 4th, 1850) (2. Ve 77
160). Rogers recorded 36 larvz, from near Dover on Galium verum,
between August rst-11th, and at Waliasey, August zoth, 24th, 26th,
are given as dates of capture, whilst at Charlton a fuilfed larva was
found at the beginning of September (Potter), and Newman states
(Zool., p. 6693) that an unusual number of larve had been taken
during the autumn on the southeast coast on Ga/zwm, and others
on fuchsia in London. In 1870, larve were found much more
widely distributed, and Newman says that they were extraordinarily
abundant, hundreds of larve being taken. They were reported
as occurring freely in the neighbourhood of Gravesend (Button),
a larva taken as early as July 29th, 1870, in a garden at Ply-
mouth (Bignell), six larvae were found on August 28th, 1870,
feeding on Galium verum on the Wallasey coast and several others
later (Greasley), whilst Gregson notes that, to his knowledge, two
individual coilectors took too, and 80 larve respectively, and others
fewer numbers on the same stretch of coast. ‘The larve from which
Buckler’s beautiful figures were made (Larvae, &c., pl. xxiv., figs. 1—
1g) were also captured here between September 6th-26th, 1870. A
nearly fullfed larva was taken on Durdham Downs on September
5th (Greene), another on September 7th, at Newcastle-on-Tyne,
which went down on the rith, whilst a small larva was found
on the coast near South Shields about the middle of August
(Hamilton), small larve found on September gth on the shores of
the Solway Firth were still feeding on October 14th (Robinson),
larve taken September 18th, 1870, at Lewes (Jenner), three
larve were taken on G. verum on September roth, at Stanley-by-Perth
(Marshall), and three larvze were found between Glassmount and
Kinghorn Loch in September and a fourth on October 3rd, which
was still feeding on the 8th (Syme), &c. There is a record of 18
larve being taken near Brighton in 1871 (Z£. JZ. M, viii., p. 112) by
Edwards, but no further details are given. Eedle recorded three larve
as being found in 1872, and Lawton records ( Yorks. List Lep., p. 18) a
larva at Spurn in 1877. But 1888 was the great C. gall year. The
earliest larvae appear to have been taken during the last week of August
when Meek captured many examples on the shingle between Kings-
down and St. Margaret’s Bay ; and Porritt obtained a dozen larve on
August 30th and 31st on Galzum growing on the shingle near Deal
and one in St. Margaret’s Bay, whilst, on the same days, Tugwell took
11, making a total of 23; these larve varied much in size, and the

CELERIO GALLII. Lal

largest went down by September 14th; on September 11th, a search
of about two hours on the same ground produced more than a dozen
larve some of which were still quite small (Tutt), and Tugwell
between August 30th and the end of September took some 200
examples in the Deal district. Many also were captured in other parts
of the country—larve common during the last week of August, 1888,
on Galium verum, and the following week about a dozen others were
taken, on the sandhills near Shoeburyness (Cooper), larva on August
31st, 1888, on the cliffs at Cromer (Tawell), at Shoeburyness, full-
fed larve were taken well on into September (Sheldon), Jarve on
September roth, 1888, at Reading, feeding on Clarkza in garden, not
quite half-grown, were fullfed, however, by September 25th (Barnes) ;
some larve were taken at Newmarket in September, 1888, almost in
the town (Verrall), between September 4th-1g9th, 1888, on the sandhills
at Wallasey, 35 larvz were collected, twenty of which were retained
and duly pupated, these pupe kept in a warm kitchen, the first
imago appearing October 29th, 1888, 16 others following between then
and December gth, when three living pupe were left (Capper), in the
latter part of September, seven larve were found at Lytham, and one at
St. Anne’s-on-Sea on September 27th, 1888 (Baxter), 22 larve were cap-
tured on Lpilobium angustifolium at Risley Moss, near Warrington, Sep-
tember 22nd-26th, all the larve being taken in a bed of this plant some
50 yards long (Collins), September 8th-roth, 1888, 21 larve on the
Wallasey and Crosby sandhills (Newstead), larve from September 8th-
15th, 1888, taken by the local collectors in very large numbers on
the Wallasey sandhills (Arkle), two larvze feeding quite exposed
in the bright sunshine on the sandhills at Hartlepool, September
23rd, 1888 (Gardner), over 30 larve were taken in August, 1888,
round the coast of Morecambe Bay and Carnforth Marsh (Murray),
and others in September, 1888, near Glasgow (Eggleton), two larve on
September 13th, 1888, at Ramsgate (Buckmaster). One would possibly
be well within the mark if one assumed that 600-1000 larve were ob-
tained on the Deal, Essex and Cheshire coasts, of which possibly about
one-third produced imagines. Cooper and Tugwell both failed to find
a single larva in 1889 in the localities where the species was so
abundant in 1888. Gregson’s notice of larve ( Young lVat., x., p. 213)
at Wallasey was later corrected, the larve turning out to be those of
Sesta stellatarum, whilst the record of its occurrence at ‘Deal (loc. civ,
X., P. 231) is very vague and not based on personal observation,
so that the evidence available points to the 1888 immigrants
having quite failed to establish themselves. On October 13th,
1892, a single black larva was taken at Chiswick (Sich), five
larvee were found in the autumn of 1894 on the Essex coast, but
although several days were spent in seaching many miles of coast, no
more larve were found (Harwood). In 1897, a single larva was taken at
Starcross and spun up on August 13th (Benthall), whilst a larva was
taken on September 14th at Wallasey, and three others on September
18th, 1897,at Waterloo(Moss). As to the appearance in abundance of the
larve in 1888, the following notes are interesting : From imagines taken
at St. Margaret’s Bay between July 24th and August 6th, 1888, Williams
obtained ova that hatched before August 8th. ‘These larvz are said to
have been comparatively small when Porritt and Tugwell obtained at
Deal, on August 3o0th-31st, almost fullfed larva, suggesting that

M

178 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

the moths were on flight and ovipositing some time before Williams
and Oswald obtained their specimens (all @s except one). This
view is strongly supported by Cooper’s statement (£77, xxi., p.
257) that, at Shoeburyness, during the last week of August, he
found the larvze commonly, and that their traces hinted that they
had been in great numbers, and that many had already pupated.
Meek also records having taken 150 larve at Kingsdown before
the end of August, and Greasley had fullfed larve on August 28th,
and one would suppose that the bulk of the earliest eggs were laid all
over those parts of Britain where the species occurred, by the middle
of July. Such evidence as there is goes to support the suggestion
that there is occasionally a flight of immigrant imagines into this
country in Julyor August, that a comparatively few of these are captured
in the ordinary way by collectors, that these immigrants find plenty
of suitable spots in which to oviposit, that our summer is suitable
to the growth of the early larve, but that our autumn is quite
unsuitable both to larve and pupe, that the late autumnal larve
are killed off, and that the pupz resulting from the earlier ones are
unable to pass through our winter successtully in a state of nature.
Want of sun would appear to be the greatest enemy to their con-
tinued existence in this country, certainly the mere low temperature
of our winter is insufficient to explain their failure to acclimate them-
selves, if one considers fairly the winter temperature of some of
their permanent localities in the Alps of Central Europe. That
pupz go over for many years, and then, as a result of unexplained
and unknown causes, produce imagines in great numbers at irregularly
recurrent long distances of time, is not worthy of consideration by
scientific men, and has no atom of evidence in its support. As
bearing on the meteorological difficulties the larva have to meet
here, Hele observes that some 150 larve _were obtained by
himself and two friends at Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1888, and
that, in the early part of October, when there were some frosty
mornings, the mortality among them became great. Chappell notes
(Young NVat., i1x., p. 238) that he found several dead larve at
Blackpool in the autumn of 1888. Tugwell observes ( Young Vat, x.,
p. 44) that many of the apparently healthy larve that he obtained in
1888 died half-changed, and believes that the early cold of September
paralysed them completely ; he suggests that our early cold and wet
autumns kill off wild larva. Arkle records (£n¢., xxi., p. 257) some-
what similar observations, and states that he came across many dead
and dying larvee when searching at Wallasey. No doubt climatic
conditions are among the chief factors in preventing this species from
obtaining a permanent footing in these islands. As to rearing the
larvee in confinement, Newstead notes that 21 were successfully reared
in a strong box provided with a strong gauze covering and three parts
filled with dry sand. They were supplied twice daily with fresh,
“hard” food ; the box was so placed as to catch all the rays of the
sun, but was always put under shelter at night and also in wet weather;
the larvee seemed to revel in the hot sunshine, but became more or
less torpid in wet cold weather and at the approach of night.
Larva.—/irst instar (July 17th, rg01): Of medium thickness,
evenly cylindrical, with no distinct trace of tapering at either ex-
tremity, the anus blunt; lateral ridge well marked on_ thoracic,

CELERIO GALLII. 179

poorly marked on abdominal, segments. Head of medium size,
almost square in outline, but with rounded corners; colour pale
delicate green, spotted or speckled with darker; a few scattered
dark tapering hairs with dark bases; the antenne short and stout,
the basal joint particularly so. Body delicate whitish-green, showing
white at the junction of segments; subsegments fairly marked;
scutellum large but not conspicuous, owing to its resemblance in
colour to rest of body ; anal plates and plates at base of prolegs
much more distinct owing to difference in colour; the caudal horn
short, stumpy-looking, markedly distinct owing to its dusky colour
contrasting with the tint of the body, conical, with a flattened top bear-
ing two hairs (tubercles 1) at summit with hardly a trace of a notch
between them (marking it off clearly from such a species as Hyloscus
pinastri, with its distinctly forked horn); the horn is roughened, not
thorny, but covered with fine pyramidal granulations, and has the
appearance of being hard and chitinous, the hairs at summit
knobbed ; the setz are very short stumpy black bristles with large
black chitinous bases; on scutellum and anal plates the hairs are
slightly longer than on the rest of the body, and tapering, on the
dorsal and lateral areas of the body they end ina knob; a faintly
translucent-looking dark mediodorsal line is present ;_ spiracles
small, black-rimmed, those on 7th abdominal larger than those on
abdominal segments 1—6, although not so large as those on the
8th; the prothoracic spiracle hardly so large as that on the 7th
abdominal; a small white spot beneath the skin on meso- and meta-
thorax marks the position of the aborted spiracle. On abdominal seg-
ments, tubercle 1i is only very slightly exterior to tubercle i, and there
are two subsegments between them ; on the meso- and metathorax they
are still distinctly trapezoidal in position, but are situated much closer
together on adjoining subsegments; tubercle ili is close above the
spiracle on the abdominal segments, but on the meso- and metathorax
it is of a double character, and, in some cases, bears two hairs placed
very close together ; tubercles iv and v on abdominal segments are both
below the spiracle, iv directly beneath on the middle of the central
flange, and v very far forward on margin of segment on upper edge of
flange ; on the meso- and metathorax only one of these subspiraculars
is present (its position suggests that it is v), but there are two
similar tubercles (? vi) bearing hairs on ventral margin just above
the legs; on the prothorax the prespiracular is a double tubercle ;
the skin-surface is smooth without spicules or secondary hairs; the
1st subsegment of abdominal segments is very large, probably com-
posed of at least three conjoined, the following 5 subsegments are about
equal, but less than half the size of the rst. Second instar (August 2nd,
rgo1): The usual Sphingid change at 1st moult, zzz., multiplication
of hairs (now of shagreen character), occurs; in form the larva tapers
from the 8th abdominal forwards towards head ; the head trapezoidal,
with rounded edges, slightly notched at crown; both the shagreen
and head hairs are black, short, spike-like, with a small black
chitinous base; the skin-surface also thickly dusted with minute,
black, ?chitinous specks, fewer in number or absent on the coloured
stripes ; caudal horn short and stumpy, of a dark purple colour ;
body colours dark dull green dorsally with a paler mediodorsal
stripe, subdorsal and infraspiracular bands of whitish or cream colour,

180 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the subdorsal sloping upwards at head and caudal horn (as in Sesza
stellatarum), brighter yellow patches on the subdorsal band are now
visible, situated on the enlarged 1st subsegment of the meso- and meta-
thorax, as well as on abdominal segments 1-8. This enlarged 1st subseg-
ment is clearly in some (and probably in all) cases, composed of
three subsegments, thus making up the normal number of 8 found in
Sphingid larve. The primitive sete are still distinguishable owing to
their larger size. Third instar (August 6th, 1901—described with
hand-lens only): No.1. The larva somewhat of the shape of that of
S. stellatarum ; neat and compact without being either long or stumpy ;
the caudal horn small, but well-developed, dark purple (almost black)
for the upper four-fifths of its length, covered with numerous thorny-
looking hairs. The head more rounded than in last instar and
covered with many fine dark bristles or short stout hairs. The scutellar _
plate is conspicuous, being coloured similarly to the head and unlike
the body; the subdorsal bands do not reach it, the hairs on it are
numerous, and agree with those on the head in colour and in the
fact that there are no coloured shagreen-spots at their bases. The
spiracles are white, edged with a purple-black chitinous rim, the
larger size of those on the prothorax and 7th and 8th abdominals
is still noticeable but not so marked as in earlier instars. The
subsegments are really 8 (or even g if an obscure fold in the skin
at the junction of the segments be counted) in number*; the first
three are, however, poorly subdivided and form the large 1st sub-
segment, giving really 5 (or 6) small and 1 large subsegment. ‘The
shagreen-spots at bases of hairs are conspicuous, but on the enlarged
1st subsegment they have a tendency to weakness, especially on the
dorsal area; they are also inconspicuous behind the caudal horn;
these basal shagreen-spots are absent on the stripes, doubtless because
the stripes were originally developed from the spreading of the
coloration at the base of the hairs. There is a broad, well-developed,
subdorsal, cream-coloured band which, near the horn, is bordered
above by a darker margin; on the subdorsal band are a series of
bright yellow spots, which occur where the band crosses the rst
(enlarged) subsegment of each segment from the mesothorax to the
8th abdominal, inclusive; these spots are oval rather than round and
slightly broader than the band on which they are situated; they are
bordered above by a narrow dark line.. There is also a broad, well-
marked, infraspiracular band of pale yellow or cream-colour with a
tendency to develop a bright yellow spot just beneath each spiracle, the
spot surrounds tubercle iv, the only primitive seta that is now distin-
guishable (with a handlens) from the shagreen tubercles. ‘The true
legs are pale green. The larva just described in 3rd instar is of a pale
bright green tint, slightly darker on dorsal area, and with a bright
yellow-green dorsal stripe; the head, scutellum and anus being
of a paler and more pellucid green. [This is called No. 1 in the
following notes. Two other forms are now described in the 3rd
instar as Nos. 2 and 3.] No. 2 7m third instar-—The head dark
dusky green, dark olive (almost black) at crown and round the mouth-

* Each segment of the body, except the thoracic and posterior segments,
has a very broad subdivision in front on the back, followed by six narrow ones,
though, whilst the larva is very young, the two hinder folds are united into a broader
one, the last wrinkle being smoothed out; these wrinkles or folds extend as low as
the spiracles (Buchler).

CELERIO GALLII. 181

parts and cheeks. The scutellum also dark olive, almost black.
The ground-colour of the body dark dusky olive-green, slightly
paler on lateral area; a pale green mediodorsal band looks almost
white against the dusky skin; the shagreen-spots show up very
markedly against the dark sround-colour and also appear almost
white by contrast therewith. The true legs, anal plate, and plates
at base of prolegs are dark olive-green, almost black. (This is the
most conspicuously marked of the three forms of the larva under
observation.) No. 3 7 third instar.—| This is a still further pro-
gression from the pale green form (No. 1) than is No. z.] Head,
scutellum, true legs, plates on prolegs and anus entirely black :
the dorsal area without median stripe and shagreen-spots, though
faint traces of latter are observable near the subdorsal bands, and
a very faint mediodorsal band shows up just before moult. The
colour of skin of so dark and dusky an olive tint as to be almost
better described as black; the lateral and ventral areas, probably
on account of the shagreen-spots being welldeveloped, look
paler and greener, although the dark pigment under unspotted
portion of skin is possibly not really less intense; the yellow sub-
dorsal and infraspiracular bands are unaltered (as is also the case in
No. z), but they show up more brilliantly by lovee! Lourth instar:
No. 1. Coloration and pattern now the same as those of Nos.
2 and 3 in same stadium. ‘The ground-colour may be of a rather
lighter shade of green and less dusky, whilst the bands and medio-
dorsal line are a little better marked, but, in all other respects, it is
identical; there is a slight orange tint on the yellow spots, but not
so well marked as in No. 3. Nos. 2 and 3 in fourth stadium (August
8th, r901). The head, scutellum, and anal plate sooty-black, the
body dark sooty-olive, almost black; both show a narrow, rather
disconnected mediodorsal line (although completely absent in the
last instar in No. 3). The subdorsal and infraspiracular stripes more or
less broken into a chain of vivid yellow spots, more marked in
the subdorsal than in the infraspiracular band ; the bright yellow oval
spots that occurred in the subdorsal band (on ist subsegments) are now
much enlarged, roughly oval in shape, and form the conspicuous
feature of the larval coloration, the subdorsal band itself forming
only a weak line connecting them. In No. 2 the subsegmental.
(1st) spots are pure yellow, in No. 3 the central area of each spot
is orange-red. The tendency for the infraspiracular band to enlarge
into a series of spots beneath the spiracle is still noticeable, but it is
not further developed as is the case in the subdorsal series, there
being a tendency for the whole of this band to degenerate. ‘The
coloured spots at the base of the shagreen-hairs form a very marked
feature, existing as somewhat large pale yellow specks, but, although
present on both the lateral and dorsal areas, they are absent on
the dorsal area of the large 1st subsegment, the head, scutellum, 8th
abdominal and anal segments; their presence on parts of the dorsum
of larva No. 3 in this instar is noticeable in contrast with their
entire absence in the preceding instar on these areas. Spiracles
pure white, with a chitinous rim, their size more equal, although
those on the 7th and 8th abdominal segments still remain some-
what enlarged. The caudal horn better developed than before,
thick at base, tapering to a point, thorny, shiny, dark-coloured
for the upper three-fourths of its length, but pale at base. Jifth

182 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

instar (August 17th, i901): |All three larve are now alike,
except that No. 3 has fewer shagreen spots; they are almost
entirely wanting in this example on the enlarged (1st) subseg-
ments, whilst in the others there is a well-marked fringe of
spots bordering the enlarged ist subsegment.| Colour and
markings now brilliant and striking ; rather stout, with medium-sized
head (small when fullfed) ; body tapering considerably from the 7th
abdominal; the anal segment long, but rather small, consisting
chiefly of anal prolegs and flap; the caudal horn rather more
developed than in last instar, bright coral-red in colour, raised ona
low conical mound and curved backwards much as in larva of Sphinx
figustri (in one bent backwards almost horizontally), shiny, chitinous,
thorny, with twin-like hairs arising from tubercular bases at summit.
Head much rounded, but with tendency to trapezoidal shape in
frontal outline, partly retractile, appears fairly smooth to naked eye,
has in reality a fine granular surface; colour deep salmon-pink; the
base of antenna and labrum white, other mouthparts, tips of
antenne, and broad band just above mouth black. The skin of the
body is shiny black (like hlack satin), the scutellum and anal plates
deep brick-red. The legs and prolegs black, the feet red. Neither infra-
spiracular nor subdorsal bands present ; the subdorsal spots variable in
shape on the different segments, on the meso- and metathorax they
are rather small and elongated vertically, on the abdominal segments
the spots become Jarger as they go backwards, getting longer, more
elongated into oval outline, with the longer axis horizontal until that on
the 8th abdominal segment becomes a broad, short, slanting slash at
base of caudal horn, their colour pale shiny yellow ; these spots form the
characteristic feature of the larva in this stadium. The coloured
bases of the shagreen-hairs are large and form distinct yellow spots;
they are, however, almost or entirely absent on the area of what
was formerly the subdorsal band, and are also wanting on the latter
two-thirds of the enlarged ist subsegment (in reality the znd and
3rd subsegments) ; these shagreen-spots become small and fade out
on the ventral area. The spiracles large, white, slightly tinged with
yellow at edges, the whole surrounded by a black rim. The hairs
are minute, black, rather larger on head, front of scutellum and
anal plate than elsewhere. The entire absence of the mediodorsal
band and the red central shading to the dorsal spots (both
marked characters in the preceding stadium) is very noticeable
(Bacot). Smooth, elongate, attenuated anteriorly, of a fine
olive-green colour, more or less speckled with yellowish-green ;
an interrupted dorsal line of dull pink, and, on either side, one of
bright green, meeting the dorsal one at the head ; the lower half of
the body and abdomen pale yellowish-green ; a series of large
pyriform patches of a yellow colour, bordered by black, with a
brown-red spot in the middle of each ; these spots lie in the dorsal
lines which meet on either side of the dorsal horn; those on the
middle segments are the largest and brightest; a Jateral line of
yellow, having on the segments a pinkish-red speck, on which are
the stigmata; a pale yellow ventral line; legs yeliowish, true legs
tipped with dark brown. Head slate-colour, with the mandibles
black, labrum green, palpi yellow, tipped with brown, escutcheon
fine green, with a slate-coloured oval patch on it; anus with a
slate-coloured patch above ; caudal horn brown, tipped and granulated

CELERIO GALLII. 183

with black; stigmata light orange, bordered with black (Chaumette,
Zool., 1X., p. 3160). Newman describes the larva (£x+., v., p. 192),
and Robinson gives some details of the larva in three instars (#.I/_JZ,
Vil., p. 187).

hee OF LARVA.—We have already detailed (anted, pp. 180-
181) Bacot’s description of three different forms of the larva in the 3rd
instar, the individuals not being so unlike each other in the rst
and 2nd, nor again in the 4th and sth, instars. Many authors have
dealt with the variation, and Buckler gives (Larvae, &c., i, pl.
xxiv., figs. 1—1g) some excellent figures of different forms thereof
in his possession. He describes (Joc. cct., pp. 37-40) an example (one
of six *), sent to him in September, 1870, and which he regards as the
type, as follows: ‘This larva, on its arrival, was about three-quarters
of an inch in length (in 37d zustar), of a rather bright, full, opaque
green, the belly and legs a little paler than the back and sides,
with dorsal, subdorsal and subspiracular stripes of pale ochreous-
yellow. Upon the subdorsal stripe, on the front of each segment,
appeared an indication of an oval spot of a little deeper yellow,
with the faintest possible outline above of black; the horn at this
time, but slightly curved, semitransparent, and of a reddish tint,
tipped with crimson ; the hinder wrinkled portions of the segments
dimly showing some whitish-green freckles. On moulting (into 4th
instar) it changed into a deeper, brighter, and purer opaque green
dress, in which the previous design was now deeper than that of the
side, and the belly and legs a little paler still. On the subdorsal stripe,
at the beginning of each segment, the oval spots were enlarged and
tinged with bright orange, edged above and below with black;
the end of the stripe, towards the horn, bore something of an elongate
pear-shaped spot. A freckling of pale yellow specks distinctly
appeared on the hinder portions of each segment, as well as on
the sides ; the spiracles white, outlined with black; the head pale
bluish-green, marked with black near the mouth; a pale bluish-
green plate on the second segment; hinder extremities pale green,
slightly tinged with pink; the horn pinkish-ochreous, tipped with
deep crimson. When a length of an inch and a quarter or there-
abouts is attained the final moult (into 5// zmstar) takes place, and a
great change is at once apparent; the stripes have now totally disap-
peared, and the head, the plate on the second segment, and the anal flap
and prolegs, show purplish-red. In the individual whose changes I
have been tracing, the ground-colour at first was opaque-black,
relieved only by the pale yellow subdorsal spots, a few small
freckles and the spiracles; but investigation with a lens disclosed
an infinity of little puckers and wrinkles, reminding one of the
texture of crape. By degrees these wrinkles were smoothed out

* Buckler must have obtained more specimens afterwards for it is recorded
(Zrans. Ent. Soc. London) that McLachlan exhibited at the meeting of the Ent. Soc.
of London, held on November 7th, 1870, no fewer than 16 different forms of the larva
figured by Buckler, and all found in 1870. Tugwell writes: ‘‘The larve vary
immensely in colour and marking, and not only include the eight forms figured
in Buckler’s Larvae, &c., ii., pl. xxiv., but also several others. In some, the usual
pale yellow or creamy-white subdorsal spots were replaced by a bright rose-pink
colour. Three larve were entirely black, without any markings; and two, halfgrown
larvee, had the subdorsal markings much freckled with violet, making them extremely
handsome.”’

184 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

as the creature grew, and the final dress was assumed.” He
then describes this same larva, when mature, as follows: ‘“ Length,
when stretched out, two inches and seven-eighths. ‘The back and
sides of deep bronzy olive-green, but below the spiracles and on
the ventral surface the colour is a smoky deep purplish-pink ;
although the boundary is clearly defined, yet a gleam of the one
colour tinges almost imperceptibly the other, both above and
below. -There is no subdorsal line, but, im its place, a newer
fourteen somewhat roundish spots; four of those on the thoracic
segments are small, the others large, the hinder one somewhat
pear-shaped, pale golden-yellow in colour, and set in transverse ovals
of deep black, which melt into the ground-colour ; the spiracles yellow,
outlined with black, and surrounded by a cloud of darker olive than the
ground-colour ; a few small yellow specks are sprinkled along the sides.
One can well make out a thin dorsal stripe of deep ochreous-olive,
wide at the beginning of each segment, looking as if it were show-
ing dimly through the surface from a depth below. ‘The head is
purplish-pink, the mouth black, with a streak of pale yellow above
it, and yellow bases to the papillae, and just above them is a narrow
circumferent band cf black. The plate on the second segment, the
anal flap, and the prolegs are dark pinkish-red; the anterior legs
black, the ventral prolegs purplish-pink, with an outward bar of
black near their extremities; the horn is semi-translucent and blood-
red; the whole surface of the skin, excepting on the thoracic seg-
ments, is now brilliantly polished, and resplendent with the play
of light at every movement.” ‘Taking the above as the type, his
larve divided into two other main sections as to ground-colour—
the pale olive and the black, and each of these (as well also as
the dark olive type) furnished a further variation in points of detail.
These worked out as follows:

I. Neither a light nor a dark olive-green, but between them; the large
yellow spots developed into pear shapes, the small end of each projecting forwards as
a spot on the segment in advance.

2. Dark reddish-brown, with just a tinge of olive, and with the addition to the
usual obscure dim dorsal line of a bright pale ochreous mark at the beginning of each
segment, terminating at the end of the broad first subdivision, w hich appears like a
black band ; the bright yellow subdorsal spots as before.

The ground- colour of the back and sides a pale brownish ochreous-olive ;
the subdorsal pale primrose-yellow spots and the spiracles environed with black ; the
belly and prolegs rose-pink.

4. A deep jet black on the anterior segments, bluish-black on the others; the
head, thoracic plate, and anal extremities of very dark purplish-red ; the subdorsal
spots of a dirty and dingy yellowish-drab tint, with their centres more or less filled
up with blackish-brown, in one or two instances wholly obliterated.

Ground-colour entirely bluish-black, the deepest tinge of purplish-red on
the head, the plate behind, and the anal flap, which, with the subdorsal spots, the
spiracles, and an extensive irroration of small dots, are all of the purest pale golden-
yellow, the black ground being left unbroken as a band across the back from one
subdorsal spot to the other.

Buckler then states that, in every instance, the skin, after the last
moult, was black for a day or two, as previously mentioned ; but,
at this time, one may judge of the colour the larva will eventually
assume by the tint of the head, thoracic plate, and anal extremities ;
these parts, if then quite black, indicate that the ground-colour will
be black to the end of its career; but if they are of deep purplish-
red, the larva will turn to a dark olive or brown; or should they

CELERIO GALLII. 185

be of a bluish-green slightly tinged with pink, a pale olive larva
will result. He further notes that, besides the forms described above
from living larve, he cbserved amongst some figures lent him by
Syme, one of a black variety, with the subdorsal spots of a dull
crimson colour. He adds that Syme has had altogether about 200
larve, and says “head always red,” whilst Stainton, in his notes made
from living larve, says ‘‘head pale greenish,” with the memorandum
that Sepp’s figure came nearest to his specimens. Bartel (following
Steinert) writes (Dze Palacark. Gross-Schmett., \., p. 72) as follows:
“The larva varies much. Among the young larvae 3 principal
forms are distinguishable: (1) A dark green form, with light dorsal,
subdorsal, and spiracular lines, otherwise without markings. (2)
Blue- black, with connected sulphur-yellow spots. (3) The
third form is green, with the usual yellowish stripes, of which
the middle one is, on each segment, a little mixed with orange-
colour or red. The /ul/-grown larva is 80mm.—gomm. in length,
and is subject to very manifold variations. ‘The colouring is mostly
piece. (1) Green-yellow. (2) Dark green. (3) Blue-black. On
this ground-colour there are either yellow or rose-coloured spots,
which are commonly granulated with black. The larva is mostly
lighter or darker green, with a yellowish lateral stripe and a
whitish mediodorsal. On each segment stands a dark yellow
light-margined spot. The horn is red, with the tip black. Spiracles
yellowish, broadly bordered with black. Belly reddish-grey, head
and thoracic legs blue-grey. Another common form is_ blackish
olive-green, with yellow dorsal stripe, which, however, may often
be wanting, and large, round, light or dark yellow spots, margined
with black. The body is densely covered with black dots, and,
beside the legs, is coloured dirty red or reddish-yellow. Not rarely
also a glossy black-grey form of the larva is to be met with,
which is densely covered on the sides with black dots. The dark
forms of the larve have been incorrectly pointed out as stung.
Newman, in describing the larva (£z¢., v., pp. 191-192), notes,
among other interesting details, that the caudal horn differs in
length in different specimens ; in some it is very short and stumpy,
while in others it forms a regular and rather elegant curve, and
every intermediate gradation of form occurs, whilst the colour of
the larvz also is variable. He states that three specimens under
examination have the ground-colour dull black, but the ground-
colour is in some so light as to approach pale wainscot-brown.
These three specimens also vary in other respects :

I. Has a red head and horn; a narrow mediodorsal stripe of pale canary-
yellow ; a lateral series of 10 rose-coloured spots on each side, 9 of which are nearly
circular, and the 10th somewhat pear-shaped, the smaller extremity extending to
the base of the caudal horn, and a narrow lateral stripe in the region of the spiracles
almost white. The rose-coloured spots are connected by a series of smaller yellow
spots, five of which intervene between each two of the former, thus forming a
continuous series of spots, which commences on the 3rd segment and terminates
at the base of the coral-red caudal horn. After moulting the dorsal stripe
disappeared,

_ 2. Hasareddish head and horn, no stripe on the back or sides, but a con-
spicuous series of 10 yellow spots on each side.

3. Has a black head and horn; no trace of the dorsal or lateral stripes or of
the circular paler spots.

The three examples agree in having numerous white dots in the

186 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

neighbourhood of the spiracles, which are very light coloured; the
2nd segment (prothorax) has something like a dorsal plate, which
is pitchy-red ; the ventral flap and claspers are of the same colour ;
they all have a yellowish-white labrum, and the base of the antennal
papillz is of the same colour. Collins notes some larve taken by him
near Warrington, as black when captured, but says that they assumed a
greenish hue, the black round the pale spots retaining its colour
and giving the spots the appearance of having a black ring round
them ( Young lVat., ix., p. 204). Syme asserts that, when fullfed, the
male larve are paler than female larvae, and that isolation of a
number of the paler larve resulted in male moths being produced
therefrom.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—Bacot’s account (supra) is
the first detailed description of the larval ontogeny that has been pub-
lished. From this we learn that the appearance of the larva varies at
each instar as follows: /zrst instar: Pale green, with dark mediodorsal
line. Second instar: Dark dull green, a paler mediodorsal stripe,
subdorsal and infraspiracular whitish bands, with brighter yellow
patches on subdorsal, the precursors of the characteristic yellow
spots that appear later. Z/zrd instar: Variable in colour, a pale medio-
dorsal stripe, a strongly marked creamy subdorsal band with bright
yellow oval spots on the enlarged 1st subsegments of each segment,
also an infraspiracular line with a tendency to develop a bright yellow
spot beneath each spiracle. Fourth instar: More uniform again, a
narrow disconnected mediodorsal line, subdorsal line broken into a
chain of yellow spots with orange-red centres; the infraspiracular band
also broken. /2/th instar: Subdorsal, mediodorsal, and infraspiracular
lines absent; the subdorsal line of spots strongly developed but without
orange-red centres. Syme observes (/.4AZ.J/, i1., p. 7) that, when young,
the larva of Celerto gallitis exceedingly like that of Sesza stella/arum,
of the same size, being pale or dark green, with a white lateral
stripe, but the caudal horn is not blue at the apex as in that
species. ~The yellow spots, he says, sometimes do not appear
till the last moult, but generally become apparent at the second
ecdysis. May observes (£/om., v. pp. 201-202) that larve of a dull
pale green colour emerged from eggs August 16th, 1870. S7rs¢ moult
occurred August 23rd, the larve then becoming brighter green ;
dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines slightly indicated, being of
a lighter colour; dorsal area darker green; horn blackish. Second
moult occurred August 29th, the larve now grass-green, the dorsal
area darker; a narrow yellowish-green dorsal line; subdorsal and
spiracular lines pale yellow, edged with black on the upper sides;
ten oval yellow spots, one on each segment, in the subdorsal line,
between which and the legs the surface is profusely sprinkled with
minute light-coloured specks. TZhzrd moult took place on Sep-
tember 3rd; many specimens of a deep sea-green, some lighter
and some darker; the dorsal area always darkest; dorsal line green-
ish-yellow ; subdorsal and spiracular lines yellow ; the ten oval spots
larger and of an orange colour; spiracles white; horn black, with
the base dirty yellow; head grass-green; edge of mouth black;
prolegs black; some specimens entirely black with the before-
mentioned coloured markings; all have the whole surface sprinkled
with more distinct minute pale-coloured specks, most numerous
between the subdorsal line and legs. /ourth moult took place Septem-

CELERIO GALLII. 187

ber 12th (Of the appearance in this, the 5th instar, May gives no
account). The markings of the larva of this species appear to
be developed in a precisely similar manner to those of Zhaumas
vespertilio (vide, Weismann, Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 210-211).
He says that the adult larva, as in that species, shows no trace of a
subdorsal line. A row of large black spots, each having an irregular,
round, yellowish-white nucleus is situated on an _ olive - green,
blackish-brown, brown, or dirty yellow ground. A figure of a larva
by Hubner is z2'5cm. long, of a light green colour, with five longitud-
inal lines—cne dorsal, two subdorsal, and two spiracular lines. The
subdorsal is white, and bears, in the place of the ring-spots, small
red dots, whilst the line itself is bordered with black where the
red spots are situated. Hubner’s figure is possibly of the 37d stage,
so that it is probable that, in the second stage, there is a subdorsal
line either quite free from spots, or only showing such feeble rudi-
ments* as areto be seen in the 2nd larval stage of 7. vespertilio. Of
two larve in the 4/h sfage, found in the Upper Engadine, one (fig.
45) was 33cm. long, already of a dark, blackish-green ground-
colour, with a broad greenish-white subdorsal line sharply defined
throughout its entire length, and containing ring-spots of a sulphur-
yellow, with an orange-red nucleus; the black ‘ ground-area” did
not encroach upon the subdorsal line, but was confined to two
faint crescents situated above and below the “mirror.” Only the
two foremost ‘‘mirrors”’ (on the znd and 3rd segments) were
without nuclei. The remaining peculiarities of coloration are
shown in the figure. The shagreening is present on the sides
and a portion of the under surface. A second example was 2‘8cm.
long, essentially similar to the former, but was pitchy-black, with
a very indistinct subdorsal line and a few ring-spots, the ‘* mirrors”’
of which were also sulphur-yellow, with an orange-red nucleus.
The shagreening was quite as strong as in the first specimen, the
dots being yeilow instead of white. It is specially to be observed,
because of its important theoretical bearing, that, in this larva, the
ring-spots were absent on the front three segments, and on the
fourth only a faint indication of one could be perceived. In the
larva figured, the ring-spots increase also in distinctness from the
tail to the head. 5/A stage: The two specimens just mentioned,
after moulting, acquired the well-known markings of the adult larva,
already briefly described above. The 5th is the last stage. The
larva is known to occur in several varieties, Rosel having figured ©
it in three forms—light green, olive-green and dirty yellow. Having
had an opportunity of observing 25 adult specimens at one time,
I am able to state that it is not in this instance di- or polymorphismf,
but a case presenting a great deal of variability, with which we
have to deal. There are not several sharply-defined types of
coloration, but the extremes are connected by numerous intermediate
forms ; the extreme forms, however, certainly preponderate :

Among the 25 larve, all gradations of colour, from pitchy- black
to light clay-yellow, occurred, and even to an almost whitish-

* This is so. See summary (supra p. 186), where it is stated that the
indications of the spots only are to be found in the 2nd instar.

t+ Weismann appears here to use the term polymorphism in a restricted sense,
and to exclude those cases where many marked types are joined by intermediate
forms.

188 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

yellow; some were brownish-black, others of a beautiful chestnut -
brown, others yellowish- brown, dark clay-yellow or brownish-
red. Of 21 specimens, of which the ground-colours were noted,
9 were black, 9 clay-yellow and 3 brown, whilst each of the three
again showed various minor modifications of colour. The other
colours also varied somewhat. ‘Thus, the ‘‘ mirrors” were sometimes
white, sometimes strong yellow, and, occasionally, they also contained
a reddish nucleus. The variation in the shagreening was especially
interesting, inasmuch as these appeared to have a striking connection
with the general colouring of the larva. Black specimens seldom
show such sparse shagreening as that represented in pl. v., fig.
46, but are generally thickly scattered with large shagreen-dots night
up to the dorsal line (pl. vi., fig. 47), these strikingly resembling the
adult larva of Hyles euphorbiae*. The light ochreous-yellow individuals,
on the other hand, were sometimes entirely without shagreening (pl.
vi., fig. 48), being smooth and much resembling the light ochreous-
yellow ot yellowish-red larva of A. nécaea (pl. vi., fig. 51). I have
never seen a larva of C. galliz which showed traces of the subdorsal
line in the last stage}, nor have I ever met one which possessed a
second row of ‘‘mirror”’ spots, so that retrogression or a sudden
advance in development does not appear to occur. The adult larva
of H. mauretanica, which likewise belongs to the gal/zz group, is very
similar to that of H. ewphorbiae, but differs in the absence of the second
row of ring-spots. For this reason it must be regarded as a retarded
form at an older stage of phyletic development (Weismann, S/udies in
the Theory of Descent, pp. 213-215).

Cocoon.—The larve make for their puparium a rather coarse
network of threads, which binds the sand beneath them with the
Galium above into a slight cocoon; those I had, had all retired by
October 8th (Buckler) ; the larve spun up on the surface of the sand on
which the food was placed (Benthall) ; cocoons slight and spun on
the surface of the earth of the breeding-cage (Barnes) ; three or four
larvee (in confinement) pupated in the sand about an inch below the
surface, the remainder spun slight cocoons on the surface, mixing with
them portions of the food-plant, &c., and therein pupated (Newstead) ;
the larvee spin the leaves of the foodplant together, just under the sur-
face of the ground (Foster). Tugwell notes that several larve that he
had in 1888 spun up just on the surface of the ground, but that the
greater number had simply formed a loose cocoon amongst the stems of
the foodplant, whilst six pupated from one to two inches beneath the
soil, and had formed fairly compact cocoons of sik and grains of sand.

Pupa.—After a somewhat prolonged examination of the pupa in
comparison with that of Hyles euphorbiae, I find them to be extremely
alike, and that they differ only by one or two very trifling details.
{Whether a larger number of specimens than have been examined
would show these differences to be merely varietal and not specific,
or whether some more definite point of distinction would appear I
cannot, of course, say.] The sculpturing of the surface of both
consists of numbers of pits on the abdominal segments, these are alike
in both, in size and depth, and in a tendancy to lose their posterior
lips, and of the anterior lips to run together into a line of arches,

* See also Buckler’s Larvae, &c., pl. xxiv., figs. 1c and 1f. In fact, the whole of
Buckler’s figures on pl. xxiv illustrate this point excellently,
+ Buckler’s pl. xxiv., fig. Ic, gives some traces of this line,

CELERIO GALLII. 189

The peculiar character of the sculpturing in front of the spiracle of
abdominal segment 5 is usually repeated in C. ga//ii in 6 and even
m 7. In C. gall there is often a definite little spine at the
mandibular angle of cheek, and the anal spine is rough almost
to the tip. C. galliz also has usually some antero-posterior flattening.
It may be a smoother, but is often a rougher, pupa than that of
HI. euphorbiae. All these characters vary very much so that a
mixture of pupz is difficult to separate again. The only one, so
far as my observation goes, that can be relied on, is the presence
in C. gall of the same prespiracular sculpturing on abdominal seg-
ment 6,as on 5. The colouring varies similarly, but the pupa of C.
gallit has a ruddy tint, rarely seen in that of H. euphorbiae (Chapman).
Length 1Zin., including the short, curved horn or anal spike, and
moderately stout ; the head rounded and narrower than the thorax,
the anal extremity a little tapered, but otherwise tolerably uniform in
bulk ; the wing-cases were close to the body, and extended as far as
the fourth abdominal segment; the last five segments were rather
deeply cut and flexible, the sides of the incisions smooth, all the
other surface granulous. Ground colour deep red, much suffused or
sprinkled with black, especially on the wing-, antenna- and _ trunk-
cases, also on the back of the thorax; this last had, however, a
dorsal line, and the pieces of the thorax were outlined with the
ground colour; the antenna-cases and the ends of the wing-cases
were relieved by a fine marginal streak of flesh-colour ; the smooth
sides of the abdominal incisions were deep and rather purplish-red ;
the spiracles blackish-brown (Buckler, October 12th, 1870).
FoOoDPLANTS.—Galium verum flowers, unripe seeds and leaves
(Buckler), Galzum mollugo (Schmidt), Galzum saxatile, prefers scrubby
plants (larve refused Galium palustre and G. aparine, and some
Scotch larve refused G. mollugo) (Syme), Fuchsia (Sich), Clarkia
(Barnes), Rubia tinctorum, Epilobium palustre, E. hirsutum (Berce),
Lpilobium angustifolium (Collins), Galzum sylvaticum, Epilobium
palustre, Impatiens noli-me-tangere, Asperula, Tithymalus, Escallonia
(Bartel), Vites vinifera (Chaumette). Bartel says: “Lives on
LE pilobium angustifolium in Labrador ; the larve living on 7Z7thymalus
are mostly olive-green.” Constant, Peyerimhoff and Macker also
note C. gall larve as feeding on Euphorbia (= Tithymalus).
ParRasiTES.—Tvogus exaltatorius, Panz. (Bloomfield), Amblyteles
proteus, Christ(Bloomfield). In the Lena district thelarve were inabund ~
ance but mostly stung (Herz). ‘Tugwell notes that not one of the many
larve he obtained in 1888 was attacked by any parasite. In Zool., p.
6031, is an account of the destruction of ichneumon eggs on a larva,
taken October, 1857, at Deal. The eggs were whitish in colour,
attached to the skin, were destroyed by means of a darning-needle,
when the larva pupated in due course and produced an imago in
mid-January, 1858, after being forced from mid-December (Syme).
Hasits.—The species owes its position in the British list to
immigration. For many years no example will be taken, and
then a sudden influx of imagines in July or August is followed by
a great abundance of larve in August and September. ‘This
periodical appearance is common to the more northern and western
limits of its range. Thus, we find the species reported as very
common at Prague in 1789 (Preyssler), as very abundant in 1856

190 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

at Nantes; Graeser notes the larve as very abundant at Behrenfeld
in 1870; usually rare in Thuringia, but in some years the larve
are abundant; in 1875 the larve were in thousands in the Dresden
district ; usually rare at Leipzig, but found everywhere in great
numbers in 1888, also generally rare in Crefeld, but common in 1888 ;
at Waldeck, uncertain, generally rare, in some years more abundant,
particularly so in 1888, in which year, indeed, the species was
recorded as being in unusual numbers throughout the whole of
Central Europe ; found at Kempten in 1894, although not noticed
for 20 years previously ; in the “forties” it was commonesu
New Pomerania and the Anclam districts, but has been found
only most sparingly ever since. The years of abundance in Britain
have been 1859, 1870, 1888, and, in these years, it was also abundant
in most parts of Europe in the same latitude as the British Isles.
Grentzenberg notes larve as very abundant one year at Dantzig,
Moeschler that in Upper Lusatia in some years it is not rare ;
Schmid that the larve are sometimes abundant at Ratisbon, Weiler
that it is uncertain at Innsbruck, in some years common, Hering in
some years common in Pomerania, Heinemann not rare in certain years
in Brunswick, and Glitz that it is common in Hanover in certain years.
It is difficult to account for this irregularity in the appearance of
the species. Fairly abundant almost every year in certain warmer
parts of the Alpine region of Europe, the species, without having
been noticed to increase to any great extent in its usual haunts,
appears, in the imaginal state and at irregular periods, to make inroads
into territory from which it has been for many years absent, and
strangely, as our “Times of Appearance” show, in different
months of the year. The immigrating imagines lay eggs, larvae
are found in abundance and pupez_ produced, but, owing to
causes, probably climatic, of which we have little knowledge,
the pupz fail to develop their imagines, and the following
year few or no imagines occur. The moth flies usually in the
early evening, and is to be found at dusk at a variety of flowers.
Bartel says that, in Germany, the imagines are attracted by those
flowers which are especially loved by the Sphingids, more particu-
larly Petunia and Convolvulus arvensis, whilst, in Roumania, Petunza
and Convolvulus tricolor are given as the favourites by Caradja.
Newly-arrived immigrants in this country have been taken at
verbenas at Brighton (Griffith), and at the flowers of the same
plant at Worthing (Wyatt), at Breadsall (Stowell), at Plympton
(Purdue), and at Clevedon (Brackenridge); at jessamine at dusk, at
Holloway (Stoneman) ; at honeysuckle, at Great Yarmouth (Paget),
at 8.40 p.m., at Breadsall (Stowell), also at Warrington (Greening),
at Oundle (Whall), at Wisbech (Glenny), at Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter),
at Macclesfield (Goodall), at Darenth (Mercer), and at Halesowen,
near Birmingham (Enock) ; at sweetwilliam flowers at Alford (Garfit),
also at Carlisle (Goodfellow), and at Hayton, at 9.30 p.m.
(Routledge) ; at petunias, at 6.30 p.m., in Gloucester (Hallett-
Todd), also at Hopwood, near Birmingham (Landon), at Brighton
(Taylor), at Beccles (Farr), at Leominster (Hutchinson), at Caerwood,
(Sellon), at Weston-super-Mare (Aldridge), and at Alphington
(D’Orville) ; at rhododendrons at Rugeley (Bonney), at LZchium
vulgare at St. Margaret’s Bay (Williams), at larkspur at Dartford
(Youens), at white campion at St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter); at scarlet

CELERIO GALLII. 191

geranium at St. Weonard’s (Bond), at Buckhurst Hill (Tudor), and
at Branscote (Watkins) ; at phlox at Stonehouse (Nash), at red
valerian about 9.15 p.m., at Leckhampton (Trye), at carnations
at Hackney (Wright), and over Delphinium formosum at 9.15 p.m.
at Harrogate (Thompson). Mitchell notes the capture at Wol-
amen Of a “2 at 7.20 p.m., a gf at 3 p.m., a 2 ‘also at
8 p.m., and another 2 at 10.30 p.m., while flying over a flower-
bed, consisting of phlox, geranium, Dveanthus, asters, Lilium and
petunias. In 1843, at Sudbury, a specimen is recorded as having
been caught by the tongue by a flower of Ginothera spinosa. Bang-
Haas notes that it sometimes flies by day in Denmark in such
years as it occurs there. Leech records it as hovering over flowers
by the side of a mountain in the neighbourhood of Tsuruga, and, in
Belgium, Lambillion says that it flies on sunny days over flowers like
Sesta stellatarum, and Mengelbir notes the imago as revelling in the
bright sunshine at St. Moritz. Doubleday captured one in the early
morning, at Epping, hovering over flowers of Avgemone grandifiora ;
and it was also noticed, at Oxton, flying at geraniums in the daytime
(Studd), flying in the hot sunshine at Deal (Harding), flying in the hot
sunshine about 2 p.m., and hovering round a woodland pool at Riving-
ton, near Bolton (Calderbank), whilst a fine specimen was seen at 1 p.m.
over petunias at Cambridge (Cumming), and another hovering over
rest-harrow at 11 a.m., in bright sunshine, at St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter).
This species is not very frequently recorded at light. ‘Tetley, however,
notes that imagines occurred at Taunton, in 1888, in some numbers,
at electric light, nearly all being much damaged as they had got
inside the large globes of the lamps; Farrant captured four thus
(Ent., xxill., p. 100). Bloomfield heard of one taken at electric light
at Hastings, in 1892; Burrows took one on a lamp at Snaresbrook
station; Sheldon had one fly into his room at Kingsdown in
1888, as did Stainton at Lewisham, whilst Murray records one
as flying into a forge at Lancaster. Examples have also been
recorded as resting on an ash trunk in the Hawick district (Guthrie),
on an apple-tree at Witham (Cansdale), on a poplar at Plymouth
(Rowe), on a creeper at Birmingham (Landon), on the quay, at
Hartlepool (Gardner), and in a- greenhouse at Plumstead (Barns).
The female moths, as we have already noted, live for a long time in
confinement, three to four weeks if well fed, and they continue to
develop eggs all the time, laying from 300— 400 apiece, but if they
are badly fed, or the weather is very hot, they lay from 40—50 eggs
and die in about a week (Head).

ForcING pupé.—In confinement very few British-reared pupz
go over the winter satisfactorily, and produce their imagines the
following summer, as is usual with Continental-reared examples.
The following have been recorded—July 6th, 1856, another a few
days later, and a third August 6th, 1856, from larve obtained August,
1855, at Deal; another bred July, 1860, from larva found August,
1859, at Deal (Harding); May 25th, 1857, from larva found
September, 1856, at Brighton (Griffiths), five bred in 1860 from
larve found in 1859, near Perth (White), four bred in 1860 from
larvee obtained in the autumn of 1859, at Cockermouth (Robinson),
July 8th, 1860, from larva obtained August 16th, 1859, at Rottingdean

192 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Image), July 9th, 1860, from larva found at Lytham in the autumn
of 1859 (Gregson); August rst, 1860, from a pupa obtained from
larve taken August 16th-2z9th, 1859, another pupa being then alive
(Batho); July 18th, 1862, from larva found September ath,
1861, at South Shields (Eales), July 17th, 1871, from larve found
September 18th, 1870, at Lewes (Jenner), two imagines in June, 1889,
from larve taken at Ramsgate in September, 1888 (Buckmaster).
Bloomfield notes (2.47. M7, xxv., p. 455) that Hele of Aldburgh had 20
pupe from 1888 larve, that these were kept in sand covered with moss
in a cool room, and with no forcing whatever, and that of these, 13 ima-
gines emerged in June and July, 1889. Peek, of Swefling, had 14 pupz
kept in an aquarium on their original sand from the seashore covered
with moss, and the only forcing was a tepid bath once a fortnight, or
when they looked dry. These 14 pupe produced ro inoths in the following
June and July, two other pupz being ichneumoned. Generally, however,
the want of success by those who attempt to keep their pupz over
the winter is so marked that most lepidopterists prefer to force them,
subjecting the pupz, after they have rested. normally for 2 or 3
months, to such conditions of moisture and atmosphere that they are
tempted to emerge prematurely during the winter months, although
itis remarkable that some pupa resist this forcing treatment, whilst
others respond most readily. Syme obtained imagines March 2th and
23rd, 1857, from 1856 pup, the latter being kept on damp moss
exposed, from January 26th, to an average day temperature of 75° F.
by placing in fender every day. Costick reared imagines January,
1860, from larve found in the autumn of 1859 at Eastbourne.
Buckler was the first to record the rearing of forced examples
irom the 1870 larve: | He began the forcing: processmronme
pupe a few days after Christmas, the first moth emerged January
18th, the second on the roth, the third on the 22nd and the fourth on
February gth, 1871 ; Capper also reared more thana dozen from
New Brighton larve, the earliest emerging February 8th, 1871, the
others somewhat later. From 1888 larvae, Elisha bred several
imagines in March, 1889, the pupz being forced at a temperature of
60° F.-70° F., the specimens emerging from 14 to 16 days after being
placed in this heat and no pupe lying over ; Corbett forced his pupz,
obtained from larve September, 1888, the imagines emerging in
November and December of the same year; Arkle forced 12 pupe
from larve found on the Cheshire sandhills from January 1st, 1889,
and bred five imagines between February roth and March 26th, the
other pupze dying. Newstead states that larve, found on the
Wallasey sandhills from September 8th-1oth, 1888, pupated from 15th-
22nd, 17 pupz being obtained, the pupz were kept in a room ata
temperature of 45° F. to 50° F., and remained there until January
1st, 1889, when they were removed to a temperature of from 50° F.
to 55° F., and were slightly sprinkled with water for the first time ;
on the 23rd four pup# were placed in a ‘ Pine: stove™ ma
temperature of 60° F. to 75° F. ; on February 26th one imago emerged,
the three other pupz also disclosing imagines before March 2nd.
The remaining pupz were then placed in the “ Pine stove” and
similarly treated ; the first imago emerged on March 26th, the last on
March 31st; one pupa, however, resisted the forcing, lived on for
some weeks, and was then placed in “spirit” to be preserved as

CELERIO GALLII, 193

a specimen. The conditions under which they were reared are
summarised as follows: September 1&th-October 21st.—WLarve. Out-
side all day, fully exposed to sun, but always taken in during rain
and at night. Movember and December.—Pupe. Indoors; day
temperature 50° F., might 45° F. Sanuary srst+22nd.—Day tem-
perature 55° F., night 46° F. Once damped. ‘Fanuary 23rd to
time of emergence.—Day temperature 75° F., night 60° F. Kept
constantly damped. Tugwell was probably the most successful
collector of the species in 1888. He forced all his pupa, and
records ( Young Vat. x., p. 44) rearing 53 specimens between
December gth, 1888, and January 22nd, 1889, later emergences bring-
ing thetotalup to1ir (oc. cit., p. 145). His pupz were exposed to
an average temperature of 70° F., and were mostly out by April,
when some, still remaining in the pupal stage at that date, were placed
in a cool greenhouse, but from every living pupa an imago had emerged
by July. He observes that it is really remarkable that, whilst the
greater number of pupz responded readily to the forcing treatment,
others should resist it and emerge at the normal time of un-
forced specimens. In 1897, Benthall bred an imago on Decem-
ber 8th, 1897, from a larva obtained at Starcross on August 7th,
1897. Moss notes that, of four larve from the Wallasey and
Waterloo coast, September 14th and 18th, 1897, one larva was
preserved, the pupz from the other three were forced from October
2oth; from one of these, an imago, emerged on November 15th, one
died on November 30th, and the last emerged December 1 9th, 1897.
Hapirat.—In Britain, where the species is very uncertain in
its appearance, sometimes not being seen for many years, and then
occurring in hundreds in the larval stage in certain favoured localities,
one finds that it prefers wind-swept sandhills to any other locality,
and that those nearest the sea-coast in Kent, Essex, Cheshire, Devon,
Durham, &c., are the most frequently chosen, although Cambridge
is also a well-known locality. At Deal, one of these favoured spots,
it not only frequents the sandhills, but the larve are to be found
abundantly on every little patch of Galzuwm growing on the shingle
between Deal and Dover, and within reach of the sea spray. These
localities are very similar to those of the more northern continental dis-
tricts favoured by occasional visits from immigrants from more southern
climes, ¢.g., Snellen notes larva as abundant some years on Gadlium
on the dunes of Holland; Paux states that the insect is accidental
in the dept. du Nord, the larve being found (as with us) in
August and September, at intervals of some years, yet always in
the same localities, ¢.g., the low “roads” of Wattignies and the
dunes of Dunkirk, and the same is true in Belgium, although, in New
Pomerania, where it is also sporadic in its appearance, it is said not
to be specially partial to the coast. Syme observes (Z.47.M,, ii., p.
6) that the insect is not only irregular, but very local—capricious,
one would be apt to say. He states that, although search has
been made for the larve all over the sandhills from Deal to Sand-
wich, he has never found it, except from the 1st battery southwards
as far as the large sandhills extend, and from the sea westwards
for 200 or 300 yards; in 1857, and in this year only, the larve
were taken on the shingle from Kingsdown to the vicinity of the
rifle-butts to the south of that village, a little more than three-

N

194 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

quarters of a mile. Tugwell notes that, in 1888, he found larve over
a considerable area in the Deal district, and not at all confined to
the sandhills and coast, but extending from St. Margaret’s Bay on
the southwest to Pegwell Bay on the north, and extending from
the sea-line to places five or six miles inland. In Essex, Cole
found larve on the higher land bordering the shore of Osey Island,
in the Blackwater estuary. Bartel says that, in Germany, the larve
prefer sunny slopes and openings in woods, although, on the
continent, its permanent home seems to be along the lower moun-
tains of the central Alpine chains and the various branches origin-
ating therein, ¢.g., Schutze notes the species as rare in the plains of
Saxon Upper Lusatia, but common in the mountains, Bruand observes
that, in the dept. Doubs, the species is more abundant in the mountains
than in the lower districts, whilst Alphéraky states that it occurs in
the mountains of the Kouldja district from 3000ft.—goooft. In
France, Oberthur says the species is more or less eastern, becoming
commoner in Germany, whilst Peyerimhoff notes it in Alsace as
preferring warm sheltered spots in the high mountains. It appears
to be almost absent from the Mediterranean district, the only record
that we have, besides those from Sicily and southern Italy, being
the capture of a fullgrown larva at Trieste on September, 6th, 1897,
by Mathew.

SUMMARISED HISTORY OF THE SPECIES AS BRITISH.—Harris is said,
by Stephens, Curtis and others, to have first noticed this species as
British in the Awre/zan in 1778, under the name of exuphorbiae, a
larva having been found by him at Barnscray, near Crayford, on
marshy ground, about the middle of August, but his description
of the larva, which died soon after capture, and was not the one
he figured, certainly suggests none of the characteristics of either
euphorbiae or gallit, and one suspects that it was neither. Donovan is
also said by Dale and others to record it as British, under the name of
euphorbiae, in the Wat. Hist. of Brit. Insects, i1., pp. 51-52, published
in 1794, from an imago taken at Bath, and four larve taken in Devon-
shire by Curtis, but as Donovan says that the Bath specimen was
in his own collection, and he figures ewphorbzae excellently, in all
its stages, from French examples, it is unreasonable to suppose
that the Bath insect was anything but what Donovan says it was,
and the larve are certainly as likely to have been euphorbiae as
gallu. Ylaworth says (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1807, p. 9o)mumae
he had a British specimen wnich he had mistaken for ewphordbiae,
until Montague informed him in a letter to his friend, the Rev. W.
Vaughan, that ‘he had taken the larve of both gad/zz and euphorbiae
in Devonshire and bred them.” This specimen he figures (pl. iv)
under the name of gaé/77, but it is an undoubted ezphorbzae, with, how-
ever, certain abdominal spots resembling those of Phryxus lévornica.
Stephens observes (J//ustrations, &c.) that he ‘saw a living speci-
men about 1816, which was taken in the beginning of June on
some palings in the City Road, and a second was detected near the
same spot a year or two back.” Healso refers to the larva Harris took,
and adds that ‘‘the species has several times occurred in the West of
England, and has been taken near Penzance, in Cornwall, and at
Kingsbridge, Devon, by Dr. Leach.” He figures (pl. xii., fig. 2) the
true C. gall very well, and gives a good description thereof, ap-

CELERIO GALLII. 195

parently the first reliable figure published in Britain. Dale notes
( Young Nat. supp. p. 58) that ‘“Tuther obtained a specimen in
_London on June 27th, 1812, which is still in the ‘ Dale’ collection,
Cole took one at Islington in 1825, and Garnons one at Colchester
in 1830; whilst Lockey found one at Charmouth in 1831, and two
were taken on August 6th at Norwich;” Doubleday also captured
an example very early one morning in August, 1831, at Epping
em. Mae... p. 285). Lhe year 1834 1s the first gall year of
which we have any record ; four imagines were taken in August
(2nd, 9th and 2oth), and five or six others seen at Great Yarmouth,
whilst several larve were found later on Gadzum verum on the
North and South denes (Paget, Lut. Mag., ii, pp. 434-435); Bass
also records an example as captured in mid-September, 1834 (Joc.
cit., il.. p. 529), and Dale states ( Young /Vat., supp. p. 58) that “ three
others were recorded from Milton, near Peterborough, and one at
Longhurst, Somerset. In July, 1835, an example was taken at
Coundon (Bree, Ann. Mag. Nat. HAiist., 1x., p. 482), also one in
the same month at Worcester, whilst a third was captured in the
Isle of Wight, by Lees (Edmonds, Z¢. A/ag., ili1., p. 410); two
more were taken in early September, 1835, at Cumwheaton, near
Carlisle, by Heysham (Joc. ci¢., p. 409). No further record appears
until September 15th, 1842, when a fine ¢ was captured at Whitefield,
near Bury (Edleston, Zo0/., 1843). Humphreys and Westwood, in 1843,
note the species as having been recorded from Devonshire, Corn-
wall, Isle of Wight, London, Warwick, Worcester, Twizell, Cum-
wheaton, Cumberland, and Cramond, near Edinburgh. One is
recorded as having been taken in June, 1846, at Lewes (Weir),
another near Faversham (Horsley), and. one on September rst, 1846,
at Rainham in Kent (Longley). None were recorded then until
July 22nd, 1854, when a specimen was taken near St. Margaret’s
Bay (Thorne), and in 1855 a few larve were found in mid-August
by Smith at Deal, whilst one other larva is recorded from Devonport
on September 5th by Hayward. The later records, particularly
those relating to the 1859, 1870 and 1888 immigrations, are dealt
with in the paragraph on “Times of Appearance.”

TIME OF APPEARANCE.— Usually in May and June, (more rarely in
July) after hybernation as pupa; occasionally imagines are disclosed
(without forcing) in August, September and October of the year in
which pupation takes place, after a pupal period of only two to four
weeks. Its appearance, however, is so irregular that one may often
observe larvee and imagines at the same time (Bartel). As bearing
out this statement, Ochsenheimer (Dee Schmett., iv., p. 177) notes
that Treitschke found 3 larve on the Schotenweiderich on July
2nd, 1816; these pupated, and one produced an imago after
I7 days only, whilst the others emerged (gf and @) after
being exactly a year and 17 days in the pupal stage. Thurau
notes (Berl. Ent. Zeits., liv., pp. 19-20) that a few C. gall pupe
produce imagines the same year, that he has observed that
larve pupating before July 15th emerge after some two weeks, the
others not till the next year. In Britain immigrant imagines generally
appear in July or August, usually at a long interval of years. These
lay eggs from which larve are obtained in August and Sep-
tember, the pupe being usually forced in the winter, or allowed

196 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

to remain under shelter till the following spring, and it is very
rarely, if ever, that any pup live throughout the winter, in nature,
in the British Isles, and produce imagines at the normal time in the
succeeding year, although a few do so in confinement (antea,
p. 191). The practical absence of records of specimens taken
wild in 1836, 1860, 1871 and 1889, the years following those
in which the species was abnormally abundant in Britain, is evidence
of this. In its more southern haunts the species is, more or less,
double-brooded, the imagines appearing in May-June, and in fewer
numbers in August, but we suspect that the imagines that reach us
belong rather to a late-eemerging early than to the later brood. Of
British-reared examples, Head states that a few autumnal imagines
usually emerge after a pupal period of from three to four weeks. As
we vet further north the insect becomes apparently permanently single-
brooded, appearing from late May to July, although, wherever immigrants
appear, the more rapid-feeding progeny attempt to produce a partial
second (or later if the immigrants themselves really belong to a second)
brood. In Bukovina there are two broods (Hormuzaki) ; May, and again
in July and August (July 7th-August 17th) in two generations, in
Roumania (Caradja), May and June, and again in August, in Bohemia
(Nickerl), May and June, and again in August and September, at Buda-
pest and Eperies (/es¢e Bartel). The following southern records suggest
a second brood, zz., July and August in Tuscany, September in Lom-
bardy, commencement of September in Hermannstadt. Ofpartial double-
broodedness we have the following—in Saxon Upper Lusatia in May and
June, but every large brood produces also a few imagines in August
(Schutze), some emerge in August at Munich only two weeks after pupa-
tion (Kranz), May and June, and again in August and September, at
Baden (Reutti), in May and August at Mombach (Bartel), in June
and August-September in Alsace (Macker); whilst larve in May,
imagines in August and October at Schwerin, August in Debreczen,
end of July at Noworossiisk on the Black Sea, also suggest double
broods, and we also have to consider such records as May
and June at Sarepta; June in the Altai district, June and July
in the Kouldja district from 300o0ft.—goooft., whilst, in the far east,
June is noticed for Fujisan (Pryer), and Juiy at Tsuruga (Leech). May
to July rare, is given for Eutin, May and June at Bremen, June and July
at Crefeld and in the Netherlands, May to August at Elberfeld, May
and June rare at Brunswick, &c., the whole of the latter German
localities possibly being included in the immigration area of the
species. Fritsch gives dates for Austro-Hungary from May 15th-
July 19th, also possible second-brood emergences on August 27th
and September 4th at Salzburg, and October rst at Vienna. Frey notes
the species as occurring in the early summer throughout Switzerland,
but Nageli took it at light at Zurich, on August 25th, 1895. Anderson
observes that unforced pupz, obtained in 1889, from Switzerland, pro-
duced imagines on July roth, 1890, and following days, whilst Colignon
records one as late as October 8th, 1898, at Namur. The following
list of captures in Britain excludes records of examples bred in confine-
ment, which will be found /avéed, pp. 191-193) under the head of “ Forcing
Pupz,” and also excludes the earliest dates, already mentioned under
the head of ‘“‘Summarised history of the species as British” (anéed,
p. 194) September 15th, 1842, at Whitefield, near Bury (Edleston), Sep-

CELERIO GALLII. 197

tember rst, 1846, at Rainham (Longley), ? July 22nd, 1854, at 9.30
p.m., between Kingsdown and St. Margaret’s Bay (Thorne), August
6th, 1856, at Cowfold (Borrer), August 16th, 1856, at Darenth, June,
1857, during the 1st week, at Rugeley (Bonney), August 27th,
1857, at Lewisham (Stainton), September 2nd, 1857, at Brighton
(Image), another September 2nd, 1857, at Brighton (Griffith),
September 2nd, 1857, at Stricklands, another on September ath,
1857, at Stowmarket (Bree), September roth, 1857, at Kingston-
on-Thames (Sheppard), second week in August, 1858, at Worthing
(Wyatt), Birkdale Park in August (Hudson), September, 1858,
at Southport (Gregson), September 3rd, 1858, ¢ at Brighton
(Winter), October 13th, 1858, at Liverpool (Galliers), July 3rd,
1859, at Macclesfield (Goodall), July 3rd-2oth, 1859, at Deal
(Harding), July 4th, 1859, at Hackney (Wright), July 4th,
1859, at Darlington (Orde), July 4th, 1859, at Leckhampton (Trye),
July 5th, 1859, at Gainsborough (Tearle), July 5th, 1859, at
Bungay (Garneys), about July 14th, 1859, at Tunbridge Wells
(Challis), July 17th, 1859, at Oundle (Whall), July 18th, 1859,
five at rest at Reach, near Cambridge (Farren), July 26th, 1850,
at Cambridge (Cumming), July 26th, 1859, at Clevedon (Bracken-
ridge), August gth, 1859, at Lulworth (¢esée Dale), between August
nomieand 20th, 1859, at Beccles (Farr), August sith, 1859, at
Brighton (Taylor), August 29th, 1859, at Gillingham (Chaney), rst
week in September, 1859, an imago at Cheshunt (Boyd), seven
imagines, October, 1860, at Worthing (Rickman), July 13th, 1865,
at Folkestone (Meek), June 2oth, 1866, at Mansfield (Daws), one
specimen at Deal, in 1868 (Harding), one at Malvern in 1870
(Towndrow ¢s/e Rea), in 1870 at Plymouth (Rowe), at Middles-
borough and Sheffield in 1870 (Rowntree), July 7th, 1870, at
Leominster (Hutchinson), July rith, 1870, at Exeter (Hellins),
August, 1870, at Plumstead (Barns), August, 1870, at Cainscross,
near Stroud (Braund), g August rst, a 2 August gth, August 12th
a 2, August 13th, 1870, a 92, all at Wolsingham (Mitchell), two
on August ist, two more on August 6th, 1870, at Breadsall
(Stowell), August 2nd, 1870, at Stonehouse (Bignell), August znd,
1870, at Birmingham (Landon), August 2nd, 1870, in Birmingham,
August 3rd, 1870, at Halesowen, near. Birmingham (Enock),
Pues 4rd, 1970, 42 9 at St. Weonards (Bond), August 3rd}
1870, imago at Ipswich (Hunt), August 3rd-5th, 1870, at Staly-
bridge (Jolliffe), August 4th, 1870, at Great Glemham (Bloomfield),
August 5th, 1870, at Alphington (D’Orville), August 5th, 1870,.
a specimen at Branscote (Watkins), August 5th, 1870, at Oxton
(Studd), two imagines, one taken on August 5th, 1870, at Caerwood
(Sellon), August 5th, 1870, at Rivington, near Bolton (Calderbank),
August 7th, 1870, at Leominster (Hutchinson), August 7th, 1870,
at Warrington (Greening), August 7th, 1870, at Kinghorn (Syme),
August oth, 1870, at Stamford Hill (Moore), August roth, 1870,
in Gloucester (Hallett-Todd), August rith, 1870, three examples
at Bowhill (Mathison), August 12th, 1870, at ‘Tooting (Hast),
August 13th, 1870, at Weston-super-Mare (Aldridge), August 17th,
1870, at Winslow (Mathison), a fine exampie about the middle of
‘August at Plymouth (Rowe), about August 18th, 1870, three seen,
one caught at Kilmarnock (Robinson), August 24th, 1870,

198 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

at Lewes (Jenner), August 26th, 1870, at Wendron (Daws),
August 26th, 1870,. at Helston (Anstay), © August zoth,
1870, at. Witham (Cansdale), August roth, 1872, at Vaevonia
Park, Hackney (Clark), two examples in August, 1875 (Milne),
August 7th, 1875, at Norwood, near Norwich (Laddiman),
[August 11th, 1876, at Lakenham (Stally deste Parker),| July 6th,
1888, at Harrogate (Thompson), July 16th, 1888, at Howth (Hart),
July 17th, 1888, at Aberdeen (Horne), July 18th, 1888, at Hartlepool
(Robson), July roth, 1888, at Scarborough (Head), July 2oth, 1888, at
Kingsdown (Sheldon), July 20th, 1888, at Hartlepool (Robson), July
20th, 1888, at Stoke Newington (Quail), July 21st, 1888, at Hayton
(Routledge), July 21st, 1888, at Hest Bank, near Morecambe
(Chappell), July 21st, 1888, two, near Derby (Bindley), July 2rst,
1888, at Carlisle (Goodtellow), July 22nd, 1888, at Fleetwood (R. A.
Clarke), July z2nd, 1888, at Bradford (Carter), July 22nd, 1888,
at Edinburgh (Evans), July 22nd, 1888, at Holloway (James),
July z2nd, 1888, at Stockbridge (Cockburn), July 23rd, 1888, at
Silvertown (Graham), July 23rd, 1888, at Eton (Blair), July 23rd,
1888, at Stony Stratford (Thompson), July 23rd, 1888, at Upper
Holloway (Stoneman), July 24th-August 4th, 1888, seventeen imagines
at St. Margaret's Bay (Williams), July 24th, 1888, at Kingsdown
(Sheldon), July 24th, 1888, at Hartlepool (Gardner), July 26th,
1888, at Harrogate (Thompson), July 27th and 28th, 1888, at St.
Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter), July 29th, 1888, at Folkestone (Austen),
July 30th, 1888, on coast of Kintyre (Christy), August 2nd, 1888,
at Buckhurst Hill (Tudor), August znd, 1888, at Alford (Garfit),
August 4th, 1888, at Dartford (Youens), August 4th, 1888, about two
miles from Dundee (Kirk), August 4th, 1858, at Gravesend (Gostling),
one, in Glasgow exhibition, August, 1888 (Henderson), August 1gth-
2oth, 1888, at Hartlepool (Robson), August rath, 1889, a gd at
Sowerby Bridge (Copley), August 12th, 1890, at Clapton (Simes),
July 13th, 1892, at Hartlepool (Gardner), August, 1892, at Paul
(Daws), one towards end of August, 1900, at Stonehouse (Nash).

LOCALITIES.—ABERDEEN : Aberdeen (Horne). ARGYLL: coast of Kintyre
(Christy), Isle of Jura (Campbell). Ayr: Monkton (Duncan), Troon (Smith),
Kilmarnock (Stewart). BERKS: Reading (Poulton). Bucks: [Avlesbury (2. W.
Int., ii., p. 277], Winslow (Mathison), Stony Stratford (Thompson), Eton (Blair).
CAMBRIDGE: rare, Ely, Chatteris (Balding), Fulbourn (Crallan), Reach, near
Cambridge, Gogmagog Hills (Farren), Cambridge (Cumming), Newmarket
(Verrall), Wisbech (Glennv). CARNARVON: Abersoch (Day). CHESHIRE :
only from the coast sandhills (Ellis), Wallasey (Greasley), Stalybridge (Jollifte),
Macclesfield (Goodall), Crosby sandhills (Newstead). CORNWALL : near
Penzance (Leach), Wendron, Paul (Daws). CUMBERLAND: Cockermouth
(Robinson), Carlisle district (Armstong), Workington (Mawson), Hayton (Rout-
ledge), near Brampton, Maryport (F. H. Day), shores of the Solway Firth
(Robinson), Carlisle (Goodfellow), Cumwheaton, near Carlisle (Heysham). DERBY:
Breadsall (Stowell), near Derby (Bindley). Drvon: Oxton, once (Studd), Ply-
mouth (Rowe), Plympton (Purdue), Exeter (Hellins), Alphington, Kingsbridge
(D’Orville), Ilfracombe (Mathew), Devonport (Hayward), Starcross (Benthall).
Dorset: Charmouth (Lockey), Lulworth (feste Dale). DuxBLin : Dublin coast
(Coulter), Howth (Hart). DUMFRIES: shores of the Solway Firth (Robinson).
DURHAM: on the coast (Robson), South Shields (Hamilton), Hartlepool (Gardner),
Wolsingham (Mitchell), Darlington (Orde). EbINBURGH : Edinburgh (Evans),
Cramond, near Edinburgh (Duncan), Stockbridge (Cockburn). Esskx: coast dis-
tricts (Harwood), Buckhurst Hill (Tudor), Epping (Doubleday), Felixstowe (Stainton),
Colchester (Garnons ¢este Dale), Shoeburyness (Sheldon), Witham (Cansdale), South-
end (Nicholls ¢es¢e Vaughan), Osey Island (Fitch), Silvertown (Webb). Fire: between

CELERIO GALLII. 199

Glassmount and Kinghorn Loch (Syme). FoRFAR: Dundee (Kirk). GLOUCESTER:
Bristol district, throughout, but scarce, near Gloucester (Hudd), Redland (Maves
teste Harding), Durdham Downs (Greene), Cainscross, near Stroud (Braund),
Gloucester, Aldsworth (Hallett-Todd), Stonehouse (Bignell). Hants: Isle of Wight
(Duncan), Freshwater (Rogers), Lymington /¢este Kaye). HEREFORD: Leominster
(Hutchinson), St. Weonards, near Ross (Bond). HERTFORD: Cheshunt (Boyd),
Snaresbrook (Burrows). ISLE oF MAN: Douglas (Gregson feste Clarke). KENT:
Kingsdown (Sheldon), Dover (Rogers), Darenth (Mercer), Plumstead (Barns),
Maidstone (Foster), Gravesend (Gostling), Charlton (Potter), Tunbridge Wells
(Challis), Lewisham (Stainton), The Warren, Folkestone /¢este Knaggs), Faver-
sham (Horsley), Rainham (Longley). Folkestone (Meek), Walmer, Deal,
St. Margaret’s Bay (Tutt), Gillingham (Chaney), Sheerness (Fletcher), ? Swanley
(Milton), Ramsgate (Buckmaster), Dartford (Youens). KIRKCUDBRIGHT: Cobend
(White). LANARK: Glasgow, one (Eggleton). LANCASHIRE: Risley Moss
(Collins), Whitefield, near Bury (Edleston), Rivington, near Bolton (Calderbank),
Morecambe Bay, Carnforth Marsh, Lancaster (Murray), Southport (Davis), Bootle
(Gregson), Liverpool (Galliers), Lytham, St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter), Bolton,
Middleton, Blackpool, Hest Bank, near Morecambe (Chappell), Warrington
(Greening), Waterloo (Moss), Fleetwood (Clarke). LEICESTER: Loughborough
(Wieldt), Gumley (Matthews). LINCULN : Gainsborough (Tearle), Alford (Garfit).
MIDDLESEX: Stamford Hill (Moore), Islington (Cole), Edmonton (Jobson), Hack-
ney (Harding), Holloway (James), Kilburn (Wormald), Chiswick, one (Sich), Clapton
(Simes), Stoke Newington (Quail), MoNMOoUTH-: Caerwood, near Chepstow
(Sellon). NorFoLk : [Lakenham, Norwich (Parker),] Yarmouth, (Paget), Gilling-
ham (Barrett), Helston (Anstav), Cromer (Tawell), Norwood, near Norwich
(Laddiman). NORTHAMPTON: Thurning, near Oundle (Whall), Milton, near
Peterborough (teste Dale). NORTHUMBERLAND: on the coast (Robson), New-
castle-or-Tyne (Hamilton), Twizel (Selby), Embleton (Embleton), Notrinc-
HAM: Mansfield, two (Daws), Branscote, near Nottingham (Watkins), Notting-
ham (Smith). OxForD: Henley (Stubbs). PEEBLES: Innerleithen (Haggart),
Bowhill, near Selkirk (Mathison). PER1tH: Earm and Perth districts, Auchter-
muchty (F. B. White), Craigie (Lamb), Stanley-by-Perth (Marshall). Rox-
BURGH : Galashiels (Haggart), Hawick district—Wellogate, one (Guthrie).
SOMERSET: Clevedon (Brackenridge), Weston-super-Mare (Aldridge), Bridgwater
(Baker), Langport (Dale), Longhurst (teste Dale), Taunton (Crotch), Eastover Bridg-
water (Sanders). STAFFORD: Leckhampton (Trye), Rugeley (Bonney). SUFFOLK:
Ipswich (Hunt), Felixstowe (Hensaw), Stricklands, Stowmarket (Bree),
Beccles (Farr), Great Glemham, Tuddenham (Bloomfield), Aldeburgh (Hele),
Higham, Barton Mills, plentiful 1859 (Brown), Bungay (Garneys). SURREY:
Tooting (Hast), Weybridge (Milne), Kingston-on-Thames (Sheppara). SUSSEX:
Lewes, Guestling (Jenner), Brighton (Griffith), Eastbourne (Costick), Worthing
(Wyatt), Shoreham (Rickman), Cowfold (Borrer), Hastings (Bloomfield), Rotting-
dean (Image). WARWICK: Halesowen, near Birmingham, Edgbaston (Enock), Bir-
mingham, Hopwood (Landon), Warwick (Duncan). WILTS: Amesbury (Batho).
WORCESTER : Malvern (Towndrow ¢este Rea), Worcester (Richards). YORKs:
‘Bishops Wood (Grassham), Bradford, Cleckheaton, Wibsey (Carter), Hudders-
field, several (Inchbald), Hull (Young), Scarborough, three (Wilkinson), Shefheld
(Doncaster), Spurn, a larvain 1877 (Lawton), Wakefield (Talbot), York (Stainton’s
Manual), Harrogate (Thompson), Middlesborough, Shefheld (Rowntree), Sowerby
Bridge (Copley).

DISTRIBUTION.—Distributed almost throughout the Palearctic and Nearctic
regions—rare in western Europe, and absent in the extreme north, extending to
the Caucasus, through southern Siberia and the Amur district into Japan, and
thence through North America to the Atlantic. It occurs up to a moderate eleva-
tion, 5000 or 6000ft.. in the central European Alps, in the Kouldja mts. to
goooft., and in Kashmir to 6000ft. AFRICA: Canary Islands (Speyer). AMERICA
Labrador (Kirby), Canada, United States (Fernald). Asia: Japan—Fujisan
(Pryer), Tsuruga (Leech), Altai (Speyer), Cilicla—Amasia, Tokat, rare (Lederer),
Kouldja district, mountains between 3000ft. and goooft. (Alphéraky), Amurland, very
rare—Nikolajewsk, Chabarowka, Pokrofka, Western Siberia. northern Central Asia
(Staudinger), northeast Siberia: Lena district, abundant (Herz), Tobolsk, Uralsk
and Turgai districts, southwest Siberia, Turkestan, Akmolinsk province, Semir-
jetschensk—Lepsa, Semipalatinsk—Saisan, Altai—between Ust-Kamenogorsk and
Ust-Buchtarminskaja, in the Upper Irtish, Tomsk, Jenisseisk, Irkutsk and Jakutsk
districts, Trans-Baikal province—Kentei mts,, Primorsk (Staudinger and Zeste Bartel),

200 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

India—Gurais Valley, Kashmir (Hampson). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Innsbruck, some
years abundant (Weiler), Tyrol, rare, Botzen, Sarn-Thal (Hinterwaldner), near
Vienna—-on the Schotenweiderich (Treitschke), Bukovina, distributed and rot rare
(Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, never common—Carlsbad (Nickerl),
Buda, rare (Speyer), Neu Sandec (i<lemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski),
Galicia—Lemberg, frequent, Sambor, not rare (Nowicki), Bitinn (Schneider),
Agram, Biala, Budweis, Kaschau, Kremsier, Linz, Troppau (Fritsch), Hungary
—Kocsocz (Vangel), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Epiries, not common (Husz),
Gélnitz (Hudak), Upper Carinthia— Salzburg, Moellthal (Nickerl), Lavantthal, rare
— Lattenberg (Héfner), Upper Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Upper Austzia,
rare—Traunreise, Mulkreise (Hims]), Moravia—-Mahrisch-Tribau, rare, Hungary—-
Transsylvania, Gyeke, St. Gotthard, Mesz6-Zah, Nosag, Rahé, Comitat Maramaros,
Igl6, Schemnitz, Tavarnok, Nagy-Lévard, Oedenburg, F.-L6v6, Finfkirchen, Szegedin,
Grosswardein, Erlau, Debreczen, Heveser Comitat, Budapest (teste Bartel),
Trieste (Mathew). BELGIUM: generally rare (Donckier), Namur, Dinant, Liége,
Charleroi (Lambillion). DENMARK: pretty general, especially in dry places
(Bang-Haas). FRANCE: almost confined to north and northeast France (Oberthir),
Aube — one, Riceys (Jourdheuille), Douai, one only (Foucart), Berry and
Auvergne — Issoudun, very rare (Sand), Jura (Berce), Paris, Meuse, Moselle
and Meurthe districts (Speyer), Morbihan very rare (Griffith, probably an
error, Oberthiir), Dept. du Nord — Wattignies, Dunkerque (Paux), Gironde,
Bégles, very rare (Trimoulet), Doubs—Besancon, rare, more frequent in mountains,
e.g., Mont d’Or, Larmont, near Pontarlier (Bruand), Aude, rather rare (Mabille),
Loire-Inférieure— Ancenis, very rare, Nantes (Bonjour), Sadne-et-Loire—Chalon-
sur-Sadne (Constant), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Puy-de-
Dome—Muont Doré (Guillemot). FINLAND: South Finland—Osterbotten (Lampa),.
GERMANY: not rare (Heinemann), northwest Germany — distributed (Jordan),
southwest Germany—Rheingau, Offenbach (Koch), Khine Palatinate (Bertram),
Wurtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen, very rare (Dickore), Lower Elbe district—Boberg,
&c. (Zimmermann), Alsace and Lorraine (Berce), Waldeck, generally rare, common
in September, 1836 (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the- Elster (Wilde), Halle
—Nietleben (Stange), Munich, rare, near Hohenkirchen, Pullach (Kranz), Lower Elbe
district—Bahrenfeld (Graeser), Rudolstadt, not common (Meurer), Mecklenburg
common (Schmidt), Bremen, rather rare—Hemelingen, near Gropeling, &c.
(Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schiitze), Dresden, not rare (Steinert),
Thuringia, distributed, but rare — Gotha, Arnstadt (Krieghoff), Prussia—
everywhere, not rare (Grentzenberg), Silesia, almost everywhere (Assmann),
Upper Lusatia, distributed, some years not rare (Moeschler), Nassau,
Wiesbaden, Frankfort, rather rare (Rossler), Ratisbon (Schmid), Oberharz,
Sarnthal (Speyer), Pomerania (Hering), Dessau, not common (Richter), Werni-
gerode—Eichberg (Fischer), Brunswick (Heinemann), Hanover (Glitz), Frankfort-
on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Chemnitz (Pabst), schwerin, Holstein,
Rendsburg, Delmenhorst, Crefeld, Mundelheimer Damm, Willicher, Bahndamm,
Wildeshausen, Barmen,. Elberfeld, Hilden, Ahrthal, Wetterau, Cassel, Leipzig,
Schleissheim, Kempten, Mombach, Griinberg—Oberhessen, Saynbach, the Bavarian
Palatinate (¢este Bartel), Baden — Constance. Carlsruhe (Reutti), Alsace, not
common, more abundant in the Bas-Rhin, Colmar, Zabern, Mundolsheim,
Milhausen, Doller, Basle to La Klybeck (Macker), Hildesheim, rare (Grote),
Berlin district, not rare. (Pfitzner), Heligoland (Gatke). ITALY: through-
out, except Sardinia and Corsica, but not common (Curd), Sicily (Mina-Palumbo),
Roman Campagna—Pisa, rare, Terra d’Otranto (Calberla), Modena (Fiori),
Lombardy, Piedmont, Calabria (teste Bartel). NETHERLANDS: Holland, Zeeland,
Friesland, Drenthe, Gelderland — Limburg (Snellen), Breda (Heylaerts). PORTUGAL
(teste Bartel). IKOUMANIA : singly—Grumazesti, Kloster Neamtz, Costischa,
Comanesti, Jansy, Dobrudscha (Caradja). Russta: Baltic provinces—Esthonia,
Livonia: Dorpat, Neu-Kasseritz, near Werro, Kurland (Nolcken), Moscow govt.
(Albrecht), Volga district—Kasan, frequent, Simbirsk, Ufa, Ural province, less
frequent, Orenburg, Saratov, Sarepta, Samara, Astrachan, &c. (Eversmann), Trans-
caucasia, rare—Borjom, one (Romanoff), St. Petersburg (Erschoff), Archangel district,
Oblonez on Lake Ladoga, Kiev district, Pskow district, Poland —IKamenez-Poloskii,
Bessarabia, Cherson, Poltawa, Orel, Kaluga, Tambow district, Noworossiisk.
SCANDINAVIA: not rare (Aurivillius), Scania, Blekinge, West Gothland, west
and north Bothnia, Stockholm (Wallengren), Gudbrandsdal (Schéyen), Nérbotten
(Lampa), Arctic regions—Labrador (Petersen “este Moeschler), Norway—south
and central districts—Sydvaranger (Lampa), Christiania, Odalen, &c. (Siebke).
SWITZERLAND: Probably in all the Swiss lowlands, but mostly rare, goes into the

HYLES. 201

mountains and reaches 5500ft. at Davos (Riggenbach), and at St. Moritz
(Mengelbir), Canton Vaud, rare — Lausanne (Chaumette), Zurich (Nageli),
Tarasp, Davos (Killias), near St. Gallen, very rare, commoner, near Rorschach
(Taschler), Gais (Peyerimhof’), ‘Winterthur (Huguenin), Zurich, near Wipkingen,
‘Bremi, in Seefeld, Wolfensberger, very rare (Frey), Bremgarten, rare (Boll), Basle
district Laufelfingen, Aargau, ‘Solthurn Juras, near Lucerne (Wullschlegel),
Buredorf (Meisner), Berne, Gadmenthal (R4atzer), Neuenstadt (Couleru), Vevey
(Wuilschlegel), Valais—Leuk, at foot of the Gemmi (Meisner), Grisons—Chur,
Bergell (Killias).

Genus: HvLEs, Ss

SYNONYMY.— Genus : ee IB, > WiGizan 50m 7 (cire. 1822); Stphs., ‘ List
Preece or) Mis.7’ p. 26 (1850); Lutt, te Brit. ILO." Wiese Oe BRS (1902).
Sphinx, Linn., « Sys, Ne 7 OxtN Gelb, Oo MO# (C7 5e))s satin Colk, oy wer (92a)
pebauma ouec.,” «2nd ed., p. 287 (1761); ‘*Mus. Ludov. Ulric. , % Jf 356 (1764);
Eoda,) << Ins, Mus. Gree., oP o le CO) pe Scop. mt Carn,’7 po. 160. (0703);
Mom Haun. Kyid.,”’ P. 37 (1764); ‘‘ Zool. Dan. Prod., ” Da eLOmCia7 Oe
Drmny <li. Exot. Ent.,? Pl ala xxix) tine Bo ely 7.3 i: Hfn., SoBene Mag 572
i 3p: 180 ae Rott., SONG EVE LOGMNClyi7is); COT abs. 5 Se Sivst
ite, ps 541 (1775) 3 “Spec. Ins., ” Tien TAO CifSi)s) ° Mianta27 i) pp. Os
Ggs7) ; ane S\Slisg 7 Wes [OS eo. 367, @jo2)i Syst. Gloss72 in its Mais.
Winwepa2o7, (1807) ; [Schiff., ] « Schmett, Wisin,” D. AA (S775) 2 is AWE. jo, 17
Gon); tsp. “ischimett. Kur.,’?' 1:, p. 100, pl. xi., figs. I- _ (U7Ro) ab eKess.
eophing..Larv.,” p. 7 ee Ceo “Houre: sent. Wans-, (0 ils, p. 254 (1785):
Bork.,. * Sys. Beeches » PP. 77, 139, 178 (1789); Brahm, ogee
petzo (i791); Won., Bat. Weis of Te, JB Silo jolla eG xcii (17 LOS) sa alellow, « oe
Semim@ert., U-, fig. 66:'(1796); * Larv. ILZ0s5” Tlng SOG, sib, beanie. B. d. fig’.
la (circ. 1800); text p. 97 (cérc. 1805); Cuv., ‘Tabl. Elem., » p- 592 (21797);
Sena aun, Boca,’ M., pt. 1, p. 220 (1801) ; se law, co Ibep. lies: 1.
Peet OO8) 70° Prans..) nits. Soc.’ ond. pt. 1, p. 99, pl. iv (1812) ;
leatr., : PG ENAL gee XIV. a) 1 (1805) ; ce Chena CLUSien aa IV De 2 1,
Gcag pee eonsids Gen, p. 440 (1810); Ochs... “Die Schmett.,% i., ‘p. 223
(ses) sohaw 62 Nodder, i Viv. Nat:,” “xxi, pl. 922)(1810); Leach, “ Edinb.
eye ik, Pea ESl Clots); Dalmay, =< Vet.v Ak, ‘Eandl:,”. xxxvit., p. 214
Gisio)- eam... list. Nat. An,” iva J, 1 (Cony) 3 evils ‘Ent, Compend.,”’
paca ro19); Godt., “ Hist. Nat.,” i 33 (1822) ; Dy jure leepa bad:
Meth.”’ -p: 33 Gee Mier <i ur ee, Ue ills a 138 (1830); Evers.,
‘Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” p. 111 (1844) ; ae a Be IBXSANO RA Mes 10, exe (CS)) 3
Speyer, <“ Geog. Vebe 5 Ds Sis (1858); . 280 Ds Hiei, ‘«Schmett.
Weutsch.,77 1, p. 146 coy Bang- Haas, ‘Nat. didsiue (Ga 1S.) Pp. ACK Gns74)):
Spectrum, Scop., ‘* Introd. Hist. Nats) sp: 403 (1777). Deileprila, [ Lasp., |
“Jena. Allg. it Zeit.,”” IVs, Pp. LO9 (1809) ; Ochs., ‘‘ Die Schmett.,” iv., pp. 42-
43 (1816); “ Franck Cat., Oo. Oy (1825) ; Curt., Sprite amt) alee til
(1823) ; Laas eT delanistega sala ps aed (1828) ; “ Cat. Br. Imsey 1s, p32
(1829) 5 1dGh¥e, | “9 Jeon Chen.,” Dlg ie aiestet-2 (creer Todo) Co Gene sete land:
Misti. 2.1). 47 (1840); ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Sphing.,” p. 162 (1875); Newm. & Raddon,
‘‘Ent. Mag.,” iil., pp. 369 e¢ seg., 535 et Seq., pl. vili-ix (1834) ; Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,”
SEpp. lL; “p. 158 (1835) ; “Toon, @hent; ” olen iva ee ote (Ceze. E825) 1 Soa
Mietie ps 4a (7S44)7 Dune., © Brat. Moths,” pe 149 (1836); eae “Slime:
ie sp. 14 (13839); Bless 6 Wiestds copia) Moths;21-,) ps von (2 13641);

Assm., ‘‘Schm. Schles.,” ii., p. 34, figs. 37 a= @ (1845); Dbid:, “List Brit. Lep., 70)
3 (1847) 5 Heydrch., * Te Eur. we Meth.,” ed. 3, p. 18 ( (1851); Walk., “List, x
viil., p. 165 (1356) Sta.,, Nlan:, p- 92 (1857); iumph..) "Gen. Brit. Moths ”p.

9, pl. il., figs. 3- -4 (1860) ; ea Cea Yee ts de LO (1861); edi psy (hog)
ed. 3, p. 102 (1901); Wallgrn., “ Skand. iElets % ieee Da On loos)\is) ivamiben (Cat.
ep: And:,” p. 130 (18606); Snell.. << De Viind.,” Ps GOn(867)); Berce, 2 Haunt
Frang.,” i1., p. 21 (1868) ; Nolck., Lep. nest 2 p.oo) (L608); Newmy,
Sarin Moths. )p. 7 (log): Mill, “Cat. ep. Alp.-Mar.,” p. 119 (1872) ;
Cumoy Marts; “ Cat. ep. Barc:,” p. BON (le74)) 5. Ouro... Bulls Soc. Ent. ial,

Witky 05 a GLa (1875) ; Butl., « Trans, Zool. Soc. Lond., sxe pe TOD. 5/0 CES 7 6);
Kirby, ‘Eur. Butts. and Moths,’ ee 70; pla XVill-, Lies. ‘1a—b (S79) Cate ep: 666
(@892)\;°Hrey, “‘Lep. Schweiz,’ a, (1880) ; Auriv., Oost Wee Hand.,” Ibe Os
138 (1882) ; “Nord. Rats ps ae (1889) 5 ae ‘¢Stud. Theory of Descent,’’
transl; p: 201 (1882) ; Buckl., cee anviess @ OcCepnaie. De GO.) Pl. xe CSS). UMiniae
alec Nate SIC.) vil. p. 134 (1888); Barr., Suibritse Weep, ¢ tie. GOs mmie
xlviii (1895); Meyr., ‘* Handbook,” &c., p. 297 "(1895) ; Lucas, “« Brit. Hawk.

202 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Moths,” p. 88 (1895); Tutt, “ Brit. Moths,” p. 27 (1896) ; Bartel) ““Paleank
Gross-Schmett.,” u.;"p= 79 (0899): Celerio, Olen, “* Wehrb. Zool’) i> epee
(1815). Délephila, Hmpsn., “Ind. Moths,” i, p. 98 (1892); Kirby, ‘‘ Hand-
book oe, iN, ps 632" 1807):

This genus, as here restricted, is very closely allied io Cederzo,
Oken, and was founded by Hubner as a heterotypical genus for
the species included in these and the allied genera. Hutbnet’s original
diagnosis reads ( Verz., p. 137) as follows:

The forewings on the costa with cloudy spots; the body at the sides adorned
with black and white cube-shaped spots—Ayles galiz, Schitt., H. opheltes, Cram.,
H. zygophylli, Ochs., H. hippophues, Esp., Hl. nicaea, Prun., AH. euphordiae,
Schiff.
Stephens, in his application of the Hutbnerian names to the
British species (Lest of the Specimens of British Animats in the Collec-
tion of the Brit. Museum, v., p. 28) notes euphorbiae and gallii as
belonging to this genus, but it was not until the publication of
vol. 11 of this work (azz/ed, i1., p. 355) that ewphorbiae was formally
constituted the type. Kaye’s diagnosis (zx /it¢.) of the limited genus
reads as follows: :

Head closely set on shoulders, eyes not large (except in tropical races). Fore-
tibize with spines weak and almost uniform size. Forewing with costa very slightly
curved at base, straight to origin of nervure 7, then sharply curved to apex ; hind
margin evenly curved to termen (in exotic races, slightly excised immediately below
apex) inner margin slightly curved upwards for half length of wing. Nervure 5 from
considerably nearer 4 than 6; 9 given off from about three-fourths length of cell.
Hindwing short, apex bluntly pointed in ¢, almost rounded in ¢. Costa evenly
and boldly curved to apex. Inner margin evenly curved to nervure 3, strongly excurved
to nervure 10 and straight to anal angle. Nervure 8 curved almost evenly from
base; 5 nearer 6 than 4; 6, 7 from upper angle; 3 from very close to 4. Disco-
cellular variable from flat to strongly S-curved. Forewing with a more or less well-
defined fascia; very broad at inner margin, with a dark discoidal blotch which nearly
always lies within the tascia—//jles (type euphorbiae).

We have, of course, only one species, ewphorbiae, in this genus,
with a shadow of a claim to be considered British; this species
appears to be no longer sedentary in the British Islands.

HyYLES EUPHORBIA, Linné.

SynonyMy.—Species: uphorbiae, Linn., ‘‘ Syst. Nat.,’’ xth ed., p. 492
(4758); xtith ed., p.' $02 (1767); ““Paum. Suec.,%-2ndied\) p. 207) (aj7Onj meee
Esulae, Win, ‘Berl,’ Mag.,”” u., p. 180 (1766); JRott.) ‘Natur, vie
(1775) ‘Galiz, Maw., ‘“*Yrans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1607; -pt. 1) p.]G0;enlasae
(1807). [Nore.—This species has not been known, except in the works of
Hufnagel and von Rottemburg, already quoted, by any other specific name from
the time of Linné. The older British authors (e.g., Haworth), confused it and C.
gallit. All other references made under the generic synonymy Ayes (anted, p.
201) are referable to exphorbiae. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION *.—SPAinx euphorbiae, alis integris fuscis ;
vitta superioribus flava; inferioribus purpurascente. #7. Swec., 1356.
Reaum.,. /7s., 1,, t. 13,.f. 4-7: sRoes.,. /zs., 1., phalsi.) tsp

* Linné’s description of this species is most unsatisfactory. His references are
as follows : (1) Reaum., ‘‘ Mem.,’’ i., pl. xiii, figs. 4-7—These figures and Reaumur’s
excellent description refer solely to HZ. ewphorbiae. (2) Roesel, ‘ Ins.,’’ i., phal.
i., t. 3—These figures refer to A. euphorbiae. (3) Frisch, ‘‘Ins.,” 2, t. 11, f. 7—
This plate certainly refers to 1. euphorbiae, and hig. 3, which is sometimes queried,
is also the larva of //. ewphorbiae ; it has a double row of spots. De Geer, “ Ins.,”’
i, t. 8, f. 6-11—These figures refer to C. gallit. Uddm., ‘Diss.,” 28, 57—
Possibly euphorbiae. In the face of so unsatisfactory a description as that of
Linné, and such a mixture of references, one can only suggest that ewphorbiae should
stand for the well-known ‘‘ Wolfsmilch or Auphorbia”’ species.

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 203

emote 1i De Geer, 77s. 11.,\t) 8,¢f.. 6-17. - Uddm., Diss., 57.
Habitat in Euphorbia, Galio (Linné, Sys. /Vat., xth. ed., p. 492). [In
fiessdith: ed. p. do02, ““ilava” is changed to “pallida” and “ pur-
purascente” to “rubra,” whilst Linné further adds: ‘ Ale superiores,
basi angustate; puncto nigro, in medio disci, minimo; vitta longi-
tudinalis ex tribus coadunata. Inferiores supra disco rubro, lineis
nigris divisa.” |

Imaco.—7omm.—82zmm. ‘Thorax olive, with white lateral line
from front to end of thorax, passing through base of antennz and along
edge of wings; abdomen olive, banded superiorly with black and
white towards thorax, but with slender intersegmental white bands
only towards anus; a broad unbroken longitudinal median band of
ground-colour. Anterior wings olive, with the median area and outer
margin pale ochreous-grey, leaving the ground-colour to form a
wedge-shaped fascia from apex to inner margin, a basal patch, a ~
discoidal patch and a small costal patch nearer apex, the three
last-mentioned united by a narrow costal streak of ground-colour ;
basal patch of white scales, an inner marginal basal black patch
just below; inner margin edged with a fringe of white scales;
fringes of outer margin unicolorous with outer area of wing. Posterior
wings red, with a black basal patch and somewhat narrow black
submarginal band; anal area white; fringes white.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @ is decidedly larger than the ¢.
This appears to be so at any rate in any set of specimens supposed
to be of the same origin, but the individual variations are so great
that one cannot with confidence say more than that it appears to
be so. The antenne appear to vary from r1mm. to 13mm. in the
g, and from romm.—i12mm. in the ?s, but the average difference
for specimens of equai size of each sex is nearer 1°5mm. than 1'omm.
The 2 antenna looks very decidedly more slender basally than
that of the ¢, and, therefore, more clubbed. ‘This seems to be
partly actually the case, more a result of the hair-pockets of the ¢
antenna giving it a more uniform appearance than it really possesses.
The ? is more robust and carries the greater width for four or
five abdominal segments, whilst that of the g tapers almost from the
base. The first tibial spur is longer in the ¢, 2°omm. to 16mm. inthe
2? ; the comb is better developed, but not more than in proportion to
the larger spur. The abdominal fan is very small, arising from the
usual position, vzz., an offset of the ventral abdominal plate immediately
below the first (second?) abdominal spiracle, it arises from a minute
area, about -3mm. long and ‘o7mm. wide, and is so small that one says
at first view it contains perhaps two dozen hairs, actually it
contains about 100, the hairs are yellow-brown and about zmm.
long, the pocket-like fold containing it extends down through the
following segment and is well-developed (Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The only gynandromorph of which we
can find any record is the following:

a, Left side ¢, right side 9. Left wings smaller; the body perceptibly
divided by a median line, the left side green, the right reddish; palpi and legs
white ; the abdomen female (Germar, Ahr. Fn. Eur., fasc. 1, tab. xxvi; Rudolphi,
P54) Surm.,p. 340; Hagen, S.2.Z., xxil., p. 271).

VARIATION.—The variation of this species is highly interesting
and suggestive. Not only is there an abundance of minor aberrational

204 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

development everywhere, but the facility with which it appears to
respond to its widely differing environments has led to the formation
of a great number of striking local races which differ greatly from
each other, and represent probably incipient species. The so-called
minor aberrational variations both in tint and markings are such
that a sort of polymorphism is m existence in many localities, few
examples being precisely similar. The ordinary red tinted aberration
occurring almost everywhere with the type is known as ab. rudbescens,
but in almost every locality forms occur which may be described as
follows :

With the lighter areas of the forewings of a pale ochreous-grey=euphorbiae
Linn.

With the lighter areas of the forewings of a pale ochreous-grey, but much
suffused with black scales=ab. suffasa, n. ab.

With the lighter areas of the forewings tinged with reddish=ab. rubescens,

Garb.
With the lighter areas of the forewings bright red=ab. (et var.) grentzenbergi,

Staud.
With the lighter areas of the forewings bright red, but much suffused with

black scales=ab. ra fomelana, n. ab.

Stichel ( Lusekten Borse, 1903, P. 13) gives the following
summary of aberrations he has noticed (no. 1 coming from Austrian-
Silesia, nos. 2—7 from Bohemia) :

1. Forewings and hindwings with uniform smoky ochre-yellow ground-
colour, hindwings showing only a quite faint reddish tone.

2. The olive-coloured oblique band of forewings very narrow anteriorly, &c.

3. The distal costal-spot of forewings only quite faintly expressed.

4. This spot somewhat comma-shaped.

5. Ground-colour very dark, especially the distal part of forewings, numerous
black scales observable between basal spot and oblique band on the inner margin.

Hindwings dusted with blackish.
6. Forewings covered all over with blackish spots and strokes, especially

strongly on costa and in distal area.
7. Black submarginal band of hindwings reduced to a narrow zigzag line,

A large red-tinted Italian race is known as var. paralias, whilst
a smaller and intensely red, race from Capri is known as var.
grentzenbergt. A very dark aberrational form is known as ab. esw/ae,
whilst one, in which the red parts of normal ewphorbiae become yellow,
is known as ab. /afiéo/it. Bartel considers (Pal. Gross-Schmett., \1., p. 82)
that this insect is one of the most variable of the Phryxid species,
and reiterates the opinion that it may be still in the process of
evolution, and that the various forms may not for centuries become
changed into species with fixed and constant characters. ‘Treitschke
observes (Die Schmett., X., p. 131) that examples smaller than
Theretra porcellus and others far surpassing Phryxus livornica in
size are not at all rare. Oberthiir notes that the Brittany examples
are of small size and pale in colour, and that he has a specimen from
Brest in which the normal rose-colour of the hindwings is, on one
side, replaced by white. Bartel further adds that specimens from
Sicily are larger and much darker than those from central Europe;
the forewings dusted with blackish, the red of the hindwings much
darker and the black band before the outermargin of the latter very
broad. Examples from Greece are also, he says, characterised
by their larger size, and sometimes reach a wing expanse of
87mm., thus surpassing those from all other parts of Europe.
Galvagni notes a very dark example from the Statzer-Thal. By

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 205

Treitschke (/oc. cz¢.) an aberration is described with exceedingly
Jong antennz, which probably only relates to a crippled specimen.
Bartel further notes that Heyne has also shown him a specimen in
which the antenne are nearly double as long as normal. Ochsenheimer
mentions (oc. cif., 1v., p. 181) a very interesting aberration whose
ground colour on the forewings is much mixed with blackish atoms and
has a stripe of like colour running obliquely from costa to the inner-
margin, whilst the red central band of the hindwings is coloured dark
brown in the outer half. This specimen, which was in Ochsenheimer’s
collection, might form, Bartel considers, a transition tothe much disputed
ab. esu/ae. A further aberration from the collection of Bornemann, of
Magdeburg, is described (and figured) by Ribbe ( /77s, i1., p. 186, t. 4, f.
4) as follows: ‘‘ The specimen differs from typical D. euphorbiae princi-
pally in the very dark coloured outer margin of the forewings. Their
light ground colour appears only in a narrow waved band, running
from the apex to the middle of the inner margin and internally
somewhat shading off into the dark costal colour, otherwise the
forewings are dark ; the black band of the hindwings extends as far as
the outermargin ; the underside is correspondingly coloured and marked
to the upper, and darker than in normal D. euphorbiae ; epaulettes
internally white margined. ‘The example was bred at Magdeburg.”
He further notes that there is also in the Museum ftr Naturkunde,
Berlin, in the Maassen collection, a large specimen of DV. euphorbiae
with the forewings much darkened, which may likewise be regarded
as a transition to ab. esulae. Rey observes (Lerl. Ent. Zetts., liv.,
pp. 19-20) that examples bred in the autumn from pupz of the year
are smaller and duller than usual, Himsl that an imago reared from a
19-day old pupa was paler than usual. Newman’s figures (£7/. Mag.,iii.,
pl. vi and ix), and those of Curtis (Brit. Ent., v., fo. 3), made from
Devonshire examples, and supplied by Raddon, suggest that ab. rwbescens
was a common form among those formerly reared in Britain. Curtis
notes (loc. cit.) that ‘‘the male has less black in the underwing than
the female, and an aberration of the former sex has occurred with
the fascia of the inferior wings of a dark rose colour instead of black.”
Stephens says (J///us., i1., p. 125) that “the colour of the wings varies
much ; in some specimens the rosy tint is remarkably vivid and powerful,
in others, it is somewhat obscure ; the marginal fascia on the posterior
wings also varies; it is sometimes entire, at others deeply indented
on each side, and occasionally very narrow or very broad.” Scheffler
of Carlsruhe has fed larvee of HV. euphorbiae on oak, and Ernst Heyne,
who saw the imagines resulting from this experiment, says that
three of the specimens were very pale in colour, whilst one example
was distinguished by its very dark colour. Borkhausen notes (P/ezn.
Mag., i., p. 317) that specimens taken after the hard winter of 1789
were very pale, as were also those of Amorpha popult, and, as he bred
only white-grey ylotcus pinastri that year from wild pupe, he thinks
the cause was climatic.

a. ab. helioscopiae, Selys-Longchamps, ‘‘ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,’’ 1., p. 40
(1857); Bartel, ‘‘ Palsark. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 88 (1899). Auphorbiae ab.,
Staud., ‘‘Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901).—M. de Selys donne cet nom a une variété
élevée de chenille 4 Halloy par un de ses fils et qui se distingue du type par

Pabsence de bande noire antimarginale aux secondes ailes (Selys). Belgium :
Halloy ; France; Germany: Dusseldorf; Tuscany (Bartel).

This aberration differs from the type in the failure of the outer

206 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

marginal black transverse band of the hindwings. Boisduval notes
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 3rd ser., iv., p. cx) this form as being of occasional
- occurrence. Calberla records (/7zs, iv., p, 141) one in the collection
of Stefanelli at Florence. Bartel says that it is everywhere very
rare with the type.

. ab. Jafitolz, Thierry-Mieg, “Le' Nat.” xi.,.p) 181 (1889)ee weaned
“ Palecark. Gross-Schmett.,’’ i\., p. 87. (1899); Staud.; “(Cat.)-”) ard sed =aaasmmieas
(1901). Lafitchii, Kirby, ‘‘ Cat.,” p. 666 (1892).—Tout ce qui est rouge chez
euphorbiae est jaune dans cette remarquable aberration. I] m’en est éclos quelques
individus, conjointement avec des exemplaires typiques, de chenilles recueillies au
pied des Albéres (Thierry-Mieg).

Bartel notes that this form occurs in both sexes, that all
that is red in typical “7. euphorbrae is yellow in this aberration.
The original type was bred from a larva collected at the foot of
Les Albéres (French East-Pyrenees).

y. ab. rubescens, Garb., ‘*Sitzungsber. der Math.-Natur. Classe der kais.
Akad. der Wissenschaften,”’ ci., p. 917 (1892) ; Bartel, ‘‘ Palaeark. Gross-Schmett.,”’
ii., p. 86 (1899). Rubrescens, Seebold, “ Ann, Soc. Esp.,’’ xxvil., p. 119 (1898).
Paralias, Staud., ‘‘ Cat..” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901). -This form scarcely requires
a diagnosis as it is sufficiently described by its name, _ It is the red form of
the species which is found everywhere, more or less rarely, with the type. It is
normal except that the specimens are suffused with reddish, the pale portions
of the forewings being cherry-red, the colour especially well-developed on the
marginal band ; the outer margin of the central diagonal almost always without red,
whilst the red of the hindwings and underside is usually more intense. The larva
typical, except that the orange-red markings pass into a dark carmine red, This
form is very abundant in a dry meadow on the banks of the Sukiel river between
Bolechow and Bubnisczze, and is here almost the only one developed—some 90 per
cent.—so that, in this restricted locality (and certainly in many others), it has become
a variety, whilst in most localities this dark form of the larva only occurs singly. The
larvee feed only on Euphorbia cyparissias and refuse other Euphorbia species, larvee
from Lemberg dying on &. feplus. This renders Pallas’ remarks interesting :
‘« Aliquoties Majo in campestribus ad Volgam (et Namaram ?) circa Euph. pilosam et
floribus volatu suspensa interdiu (in Galicia never by day) larva ad Jaicum passim
in eadem et alia minore euphorbia Inderskiensium montium. Frequens etiam in
Dauriae euphorbiis. In epilobio Sibiriae copiose 1770. pilobium angustifolium
et palustre, idemque Galiwm verum depascitur Larva 1770. In Sibiriae Euphorbiis
frequens larvaque saepe intra mensem edit sphingem (with us only one generation) ;
quum alibi nunquam nisi post hiemem vel intra duos (never with me). . . .

S. euphorbiae larva Evonymo nutrita, dedit Sphingem obsoletissimi coloris sine
ullo rubore, griseam.’”? Such a specimen is in the Vienna Museum, and forms
a transition to D. gal’i. Pallas did not know reddish forms, although he
observed the species so often. Our ab. 7zwbescens has often been referred to the
beautiful var. pavalias, Nick., and distributed as such. Even Frey calls the reddish
specimens from the Jura paradzas instead of rudbescens, but these two forms are,
however, not identical, and exhibit important differences at first glance, much
more easily observed than described, e.g., var. favalias, is much larger; the dark
portions of the forewings are more weakly developed; the large olive-brown spot
under the middle of costa considerably larger and horizontally hexagonal; the
pale portions suffused with red, whilst, for the particular characters of the hind-
wings and underside, reference should be made to the author’s description. The charac-
ter of the red is most important, being quite uniformly spread and including also
the outer margin of the diagonal, the tint, too, is of a beautiful uniform rose-red [in
rubescens it is cherry-red, of about the tint of ‘‘coccineus’’ (No. 58@ in Miller’s
‘¢Table of Colours,” 1860), whilst that of avalzas corresponds with that of ‘* ruber ”
(No. 57a, l.c.),]and it appears as if the moth was artificially coloured with red dusting,
and the marginal area is never darkened. In both forms the white lateral stripes on
shoulder-covers and head are commonly suffused with reddish. The larva of var.
paralias were collected on the shore of Lido, and are distinguished from those of the
type and ab. xubescens by their dark colour. . . . . Specimens received from
Staudinger as parvalias were really only normal south European examples of large

HYLES EUPHORBIZ. 207

size, with no red in them*. It follows from Nickerl’s description that these were
incorrectly named. . . . . The third red form of this species is grentzenbergi,
described from the double-brooded Capri examples. We have one of Staudinger’s
original specimens, which is rather small, very dark, the red colour and dark markings
most highly developed, and not to be confounded with other aberrations, and most
resembles the ab. figured in Berge’s Schmetterlingsbuch and tithymali, Bdy , from
the Canaries, a form that is continuously-brooded, flies on the southern limits of the
Palzarctic region, and has, doubtless, already become distinct. The ab. rubescens
is widely distributed in Galicia—Lemberg, &c. It must not be supposed that all
dark larvae produce ab. rubescens ; some very dark larvee from Okopy produced quite
normal examples without exception (Garbowski). DIsTRIBUTION.—AUSTRO-
HuNGARY: Galicia—Iemberg, Hungarv—Epiries, Bukovina, everywhere (Hormu-
zaki). FRANCE: Haute-Garonne, commoner than the typical form ((‘aradja).
GERMANY: Berlin, Carlsruhe, Alsace (Reutti), Stuttgart (Seyffler), Thuringia
(Knapp). ROUMANIA: transitional forms, rare. SWITZERLAND: with the type (Tutt).

pl var. .pazolas, -Nick., “ BohmensPagfalter,? p. 22, pl. i., fig. 2 (1837);
Sine (Gain 7 2nd eds, -p. 37 (1o7); 3rd ed-, p. 102 (1901); ‘* Hor. Soc. Ent,
Ross.,”’ xiv., p. 297 (1879); Garb., ‘‘ Sitz. Akad. Wiss.,”’ ci., p. 917 (1892); Kirby,
“ Cat.,” p. 666 (1892); Bartel, ‘‘ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” ti., p. 85 (1899).— Visiting
the coast of Austrian-Italy in the summer of 1835, several larvae were found on
Euphorbia paralias on the Island of Lydo, near Venice. These were characterised
by their large size and darker marking, when compared with the allied larvee
of euphorbiae. They were kept without food three days, and then only fed on
half-dried plants, and so pupated rather earlier than might have possibly happened;
the pupz were sent to Prague, where imagines emerged the following April. Had
they been better fed they would possibly have been still larger, but yet were about
one-fifth larger than normal euphorbiae. They are similar to the latter in form and
colour, but the large rhomboid spot in middle of costa of forewings in exphorbiae,
is, in these, from 2 to 4 times larger and forms a horizontal hexagon in outline. In
the pale colour red preponderates and the olive-coloured markings are brighter.
On the hindwings, where a pale red tint also prevails, the black transverse band runs
parallel to outer margin, shading on the inner side into olive-colour, and is much
more strongly waved and forms at the anal angle a sharp triangle of olive colour,
edged with black, with the point directed backwards, which is also larger and
more acutely angulated than in ewphorbiae. On the underside of the wings, red
preponderates; the black spot of the forewings is considerably larger and the
oblique simply-curved transverse band, passing from the costal margin of the hindwing
backwards, which is often double in exphorbzae, is, in this variety, much more distinct,
longer, S-shaped, curved from the front outwards, inwards and backwards. The
olive-coloured spot at the anal angle is larger. ‘This variety may be provisionally
regarded as a new species under the name of D. paralias until someone has
compared the larva with that of the typical form of the species (Nickerl). Drs-
TRIBUTION.— ASIA : northwest Asia Minor—Amasia, Tokat (Staudinger), Cilician
Taurus, Syria (Staudinger). AUSTRO-HUNGARY : Budapest, Great Tapolczany.
GERMANY: Elberfeld. Leipzig (Jordan), Erfurt, Baden— Freiburg, Lahr, Carlsruhe,
Weinheim (Reutti). GREECE: Corfu, Parnassus, Attacus, Syra, Naxos (Staudinger).
Iraty: Isle Lydo, near Venice (Nickerl), Porto d’Anzio, near Rome (Calberla),
Sicily—Mondello (Curd). PorTuGAL (Bartel). FRANCE: Haute-Garonne (Caradja).
Russi1A : Transcaucasia—Borjom (Romanoft). [One suspects that many of these
records belong to ab. rabescens, which occurs almost everywhere with the type, and
not to the large Venetian race. }

Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 85) this variety as much
larger than typical 7. ewphorbzae, as large as HZ. nicaea, but similar to the
former in markings and colour, and points out particularly that the black
spot in the middle of the forewings is much larger than in ZH. euphorbiae,
and that the transverse stripe of the hindwings which, in 7. ewphorbiae,
is simple or double, and arched, is, in var. paralias, far more
sharply defined, longer, and bent in S-form, whilst the olive-coloured
spot at the inner angle of the underside of the hindwings is larger

* It is interesting to note that Staudinger, ‘‘ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 102, sinks
Garbowski’s rubescens as a transition form to paralias, Nick., but maintains his own
grentzénbergi. One wonders whether Garbowski’s criticism influenced Staudinger.

208 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

in this form. Bartel adds that it is only to be regarded as a large,
light-coloured, sharply-marked form of /. euphorbiae, with a marked
pale red tinge: He further points out that Staudinger’s brief
diagnosis “becoming red” has given rise to constant confusion
between this and var. gventzenbergiz. Galvagni notes (Verh. Z. Z.
zool.-bot. Ges., lil., p. 378) that an example was bred at Vienna, July oth,
from a larva taken at Pelagosa on June 7th. He also bred the same
form from one found on Luphorbia cyparissias at Deutsch-Matrei
(Tyrol), but the Pelagosa example differs from this one in having a
darker wine-red marginal area of the forewings and deeper-coloured
hindwings. The foodplant at Pelagosa may be £&. dendroides, or
£. pinea, which also occurs there. At Lussin, Garbowski found it
on E. wulfenit (cfr. Verhandlungen, 1898, S.-B., p. 96). Calberla
reports larve of var. paralzas in great numbers on Luphorbia paralias,
near Rome.

& var. prenizenberg?, Staud., ““Ent.Nach.,”7 x1:, p. 10>(1885)) >) Nusa ie
Nat.,” vili., p. 259 (1886); Kurby, “‘Cat.,” p. 666 (1392); Bart. ** Pale Grosse
Schmett.,” ii., p. 86 (1899); Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901).—Grentzenberg
found, in May and June, 1884, in Capri Island, a quantity of larvae of D. ewphorbiae
which differed little from normal German larve. Most of the larve had been
stung by Tachinids, but he obtained some 30 sound pupee. These pupze (excepting 9,
which are hybernating), in July, but mostly in September, produced moths so different
from the ordinary German and other European specimens as to well deserve a
varietal name, and I name them in honour of their discoverer. In all of them
the light (grey or white) parts (especially of the forewings and the thorax) are
more or less bright red in colour. This is especially striking in the broad medial
and terminal bands of the forewings, which are always red, even though in one
specimen the usual grey colour is here only covered over strongly with red. To
be sure, specimens of euphorbiae with a red tint occur also with us, but all
my red German specimens are, nevertheless, distinguishable at once from var.
grentzenbergi ; in particular, the central area always remains in them more or
less grey (white grey) posteriorly, while in var. grentzenbergi it is red; the white
lateral stripes on the prothorax and head also are often quite red in the Capri
form; the light hairs at the end of the metathorax are always so. The white
spots of the abdomen and the white margins of the segments become reddish
in a few specimens only. On the other hand, the entire under surface, both of
wings and body, is far redder than in even the reddest aberrations of euphorbiae
from other localities. Whether the specimens from Capri are so red every year,
or whether this is less the case in other years, still remains to be discovered
(Staudinger). DISTRIBUTION: FRANCE: Haute-Garonne—Toulouse (Caradja).
IraALy : Capri (Grentzenberg), Sicily—Taormino (Curd). PorTuGAL: Lisbon (¢este
Bartel).

In the Haute-Garonne, Caradja records having bred, from
normal or dark larve, specimens as red as examples of var. grentzen-
bergi from Capri, whilst, from very bright yellow larvz, he bred, in
part, very large moths, which are almost normal in colour, but
approach somewhat ab. faralzas. One suspects the Haute-Garonne
examples to belong rather to ab. rudescens than var. grentzenbergi.
Staudinger notes the latter (Cat, 3rd ed., p. 102) as “intensius
rubescens.”

g. var. (an ab.) eszlae, Bdv., “‘Icones,” ii., p. 26, pl. 1., fig. 1 (1834)5 5°" Euishe
Nat.,’’i., p. 163 (1875); Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,” supp. i1., p. 18, pl. ii., fig. 1 (1835); Frr.,
‘* Neu. Beit.,” iv., p. 5, pl. 291, fig. 1 (1839); H.-Sch., ‘* Sys. Bearb.,”’ ii., p. 88 (1846),
fig. 3 (1843) ; Staud., “ Cat.,”” 2nd ed., p. 37 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901); Rom.,
‘¢Mém.,”’ 1., p. 70 (1884); Curo, ‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. It.,”” xxi., p. 80 (1890); Kirby,
‘“‘Cat.,’’ p. 666 (1892); Bartel, *¢ Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” ii, p. 87 (1899).—Alis
integris, anticis cinereo-ardusiaceis vitta pallida maculaque disci virescente; posticis
nigris fascia media rubra margineque exteriori ardusiacea. Forewings whitish
slaty-grey, with basal spot, discoidal spot, and a sinuous transverse band of obscure

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 209

olive-green; the ground-colour of that part bordering the transverse band internally
more or less whitish; the discoidal spot preceded, as in mzcaea and euphorbiae,
between the summit and the costa, by a small olive spot. The hindwings black,
with a transverse band approaching the red tint of Azppophaes. This band shows,
near the abdominal edge, a white rounded spot, &c. ‘This insect has the shape ot
euphorbiae, but approaches hippophaes in tint; the markings are the same as in the
former species, of which it is probably only a local variety; but as we have seen 8
exactly similar examples, it may be that the larva differs as much from that of
euphorbiae as the latter differs from that of zzcaea, although the imagines are only
to be distinguished by size. We believe it to be a distinct species, but must
await the discovery of the larva to confirm or refute this view. It is found in
the south of Italy, the examples described came from M. Buquet. [Oss. I
have a large number of euphorbiae reared in Sicily and Calabria that do not
differ from those from the environs of Paris.] (Boisduval). GERMANY: Frankfort-
on-Main (Herrich-Schaffer). ITALy : southern Italy (Boisduval), Sicily—Lampedusa
(Failla-Tedaldi).

PRichsonm( S724, 1, p.5) and, Kelerstein (2bcd., p. 116)
threw doubt on this aberration, believing the examples to which
the name was applied to have been more or less artificially
Sveltcd me otaudinger motes it im his, Caz, 2nd ed. p. 37, as
amepicta an but ain the 3nd ed. p. 102, diagnoses if as: A.
ant. multo obscurioribus, al. post. limbo exteriore griseo,” whilst
Herrich-Schaffer describes and figures (Sys. Beard., 1., p. 88, figs. 7-8)
‘‘a @ example from Koch of Frankfort-on-Main. He says that it was
bred amongst a large number of normal examples from larve found
at Frankfort on Luphorbia peplus; Koch believed he had here a
natural (not fraudulently darkened) example of esw/ae, but a
comparison of my figure of esw/ae, which is quite true to nature,
and of the examples I have for sale, will readily show the differ-
ences ; esw/ae only differs from euphorbiae in its artificially blackened
colour, while the present fine aberration has the same colour as
an ordinary not very rose-red ewphorbtae, but with the olive-green
occupying the entire costa, and extending between the nervures
in patches almost to the oblique hinder band; even more striking
than the upperside is the strongly olive-green-mixed underside.”
lemmien-schaner then adds: “* Zsv/ae, Bdy., Err, ‘“n-. Btr.,” 1., 201,
H.-S., fig. 1, is, in the numerous examples which I have seen, a
fraudulently dark coloured ewphorbiae ; and, according to Boisduval,
who still holds it to be a local variety, it comes from the south
of Italy; in Sicily and Calabria, however, the true euphorbiae also
Gecurs. Boisduval, remarking’ on this, reiterates (A777, Vaz, 1.,
p. 163) that he saw 8 in M. Buquet’s possession, that he gave
40 francs for a pair, and adds that Duponchel was inclined to consider
it a hybrid between euphorbiae and hippophaes, an impossible hypo-
thesis, as /ippophaes is not found in Italy. Bartel, commenting on
this evidence, says (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 87) that, although
this aberration has been artificially imitated, yet there is no doubt
Oise bene a natural aberration. | Freyer-(S.2.Z, 1i., pp. 125-126)
conclusively satisfied himself that the original of his figure (from
Herr Metzner, of Frankfort-on-Oder) was undoubtedly natural,
and looked nearer Azppophaes than euphorbiae. Lederer announced
(Verh. z.-b. Ver., ii., p. 91) that he had two aberrations of this
form, without, howe indicating their locality, and later,
Romanoff (Mémoires, DAO) mmecondeds a) male example oi al:
esulae from ‘Tiflis, which was not, however, so dark as the
examples figured by Freyer and Herrich-Schaffer. Wiskott ob-

oO

210 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

serves that he has in his collection 3 gs and 49s of genuine natural
esulae as well as two examples that have been artificially coloured.
Wiskott’s seven examples came from Frankfort-on-Oder, Breslau
(12), Dresden (20's, 12° from ~Kuhlmann), Leipzie S@Miaiicg:
Austrian-Silesia (Troppau). According to Boisduval, it occurs in
Tuscany, Calabria, Sicily, and, as just stated, Romanoff records it
from Tiflis. Failla-Tedaldi records (Vat. Szc., vi., pp. 103, 161), that
he took two true ab. esuae on the Island of Lampedusa.

n. var. peplidis, Chris., ‘‘ Ent. Nach.,” xx., pp. 333-334 (1894); Bartel, ‘‘ Pal.
Gross-Schmett.,”’ p. 88 (1899). Robertst, Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,” 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901).—
Caput et thorax olivaceo-fusci, scapulis albo-marginatis. Alze anticze albo-grisez,
costa, maculis, macula lata prope basin, macula costali pone medium sita vittaque
postica olivaceo-fuscis. ¢, %?. Near D. tethymali, Bdv. This interesting new
species comes nearest to D. tithymati, and stands much further in all matters of
superficial resemblance from all other species of the euphorbiae-group. . . .
The larva is black and differs little from the dark form of the larva of ewphorbdiae.
It has a red dorsal line which becomes yellowish on the segmental incisions.
The yellow lateral line is broadened into a spot on the centre of each segment.
The two yellow spots on each side of each segment are margined with deep
black. On each side of the back are 4 rows of yellow dots. The caudal hom
and the head are yellow-red in colour, the former posteriorly blackish. Venter
black-grey. Legs exteriorly yellowish and black, interiorly red-brown (Christoph),

Two larve were found May 18th, 1873, on an unknown species
of Euphorbia, on the chalk formation, near Schahrud in Persia,
one of which produced a male, the pupal stage lasting about two weeks.
In the summer of 1893, Herz captured some larve on the same plant,
two of which produced a gf and 2, the former agreeing with the
one bred by Christoph. Bartel adds that it is only quite recently
that peplidis has been determined as a local race of the highly
variable HY. euphorbiae. Staudinger refers it (Caz, 3rd ed., p. 102)
to robertsz, Butl.

@. var. (an spec.) dathyrus, Walk., ‘‘Cat.,” viii., p. 172 (1856) ; Butl., ‘‘ Til. Het.,”
v., pl. 80, fig. 1 (1876) ; Staud., ‘Cat.,” 3rded., p. 103 (1901). Paralias, Staud., ‘* Hor.
Soc. Ent..Ross.,” xiv., p. 297 (1879). Huphorbiae, Hamps., ‘Ind. Moths,’’i., p.
98 (1892).—Deilephila lathyrus. Viridi-fusca, subtus pallide, testacea; caput
subtus, palpique apice alba; capitis thoracisque latera alba ; abdominis dimidium
basale lateribus albidis nigro quadrimaculatis, segmenta posteriora lineis transversis
interruptis albidis ; alse antice testacez plaga basali, maculis duabus_anticis
lineaque obliqua postice dilatata viridi-fuscis ; posticae nigra vitta subrosea,
margine exteriore subtestaceo. Dezlephila lathyrus, Boisd. MSS. North India.
Coll. Stevens. (Walker).

Hampson writes (/rd. Moths,1., p. 98): ‘‘The Himalayan form
lathyrus averages rather larger than the European 7. euphorbiae, the
latter averaging 60mm.— 8o0mm., the former 76mm. — 92mm.”
Staudinger notes it as: ‘“ Multo major, pallidior, imago nonnunquam
a nicaea haud distinguenda.” Kaye says that North Indian /athyrus
is possibly distinct although very near /. euphorbiae. The head
is larger, and the front portion of the thorax projects farther beyond
the costa; the wings are slightly longer and narrower; the
fascia of the forewings is much speckled, and there is very little pink
in the hindwings; the black marginal band on the hindwings
is much more extended, especially at the apex.

@. var. (an spec.) centralasiae, Staud., ‘ Stett. ent. Zeit.,”’ xlviii., p. 64
(1887); ** Cat.,"? 3rd ed., p. 103 {1g0r); Kirby, ‘* Cat.,?’ p. 666 (1892) ipeeane
“Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” i., p. 89 (1899).—Scapulis ubique albo-marginatis, al. ant.
pallidioribus, unicoloribus (Staud., Caz.. 3rd ed., p. 103), Five examples of D.
euphorbiae before me from Central Asia, 3¢s and 1:¢ from Samarkand and 1

HYLES EUPHORBIZ. 211

@ from Namangan, differ so strikingly from the European specimens of this
species that they certainly deserve a name asa local form. They are, throughout,
more blue in tint, and the black of the marginal band of the hindwings is not
sharply, but indistinctly black, dull, and, in a measure, grey-black. The ground-
colour of the forewings is a dirty (grey) sand-yellow, in the ¢ somewhat tinged
with violet (not red); the olive-green basal and middle (costal) spots, as also
the broad outer band, are also somewhat weakly tinted with yellow, the latter,
indeed, only stands out little from the somewhat lighter violet-grey outer margin.
The underside is dull grey-yellow, in the ¢, scarcely, but in the ¢ tolerably
strongly, tinged with red, and one ¢ has an entirely red outer margin like so
many European euwphorbiae. The head, thorax, and abdomen also of a weaker
olive-green than in our euphorbiae. The epaulettes are internally white-haired,
though, in two examples, only very slightly, and not nearly so strongly as in
D. mauretanica. Probably this pale unicolorous var. ceztralasiae occurs only
in the low-lying sand-steppes, whilst the Central Asian ewphordiae from higher
ground may come nearer the European form. The colour of var. centralasiae
stands in a similar relation to euphorbiae as does D. bienerti, Staud., to D.
hippophaes, Esp., and I now hold the former to be a local (steppe) form of
hippophaes, for, although the Central Asian bzenerti never shows the small black
dot at the end of the forewings which zppophaes always has, yet it shows
transitions in colour from one into the other, and, particularly, the larvae of dzenertz,
are almost entirely like those of hippophaes. DISTRIBUTION. —AsIA : Samarkand,
Namangan (Staudinger), Pamir—Oche (Grum-Grshmailo).

Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 89) that this striking
local form is much paler than the type, and is recorded from
Turkestan: Samarkand, Namangan, Osch, and Fergana. It appears
in May, and is said in its limited steppe localities to be somewhat
common. Kaye observes that the only example in the British
Museum collection, is smaller, and with the fore- and hindwings much
more rounded than in typical A. euphorbiae. Both fore- and
hindwings, too, are much greener. The discoidal blotch is much
more rounded and distinct, and there is no mark beyond the blotch
near the costa. The black marginal band of hindwings is quite
even on the outer edge and well-curved, following the shape of
wing, altnough this is, in all the forms of 4. euphorbiae, a much more
variable character. It is difficult on a single example to enter
into the question of the specific value of this insect. Pungeler (Ber/.
iver, XiVvil., ~). 237), on account of the great difference in the
preserved larvze which he possesses (from Askabad), is decidedly
of opinion that it is a good species, especially as HZ. ewphorbrae also
occurs in the same neighbourhood.

Staudinger treats the following as a local race of H. euphorbiae.
It appears to us to be, however, a distinct species, and we give the
diagnosis simply for reference—

HYLES ROBERTSI, Butl., ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.,”’ 1880, p. 412, pl. xxxix., figs.
9-10 (1880) ; Staud., ‘‘ Cat.,”’ 3rd ed., p. 102 (1901). Dahliz, Hamps., ‘‘ Ind. Moths,”
1, p- 99 (1892).—Dezlephila robertst. ¢. Primaries above much elongated (more
than in D. tithymali) ; chalky-white, with a snow-white basal spot, the markings
consisting of a large oblong subbasal patch, the costal border, a very large
subcostal patch beyond the cell (with a rectangular excision out of the infero-
exterior portion), and a broad discal belt, tapering towards the apex, bright olive ;
the second and third median veins white externally ; external border very slightly
tinted with lilacine, but scarcely perceptibly ; a black spot close to base of internal
border. Secondaries black, with brown costal border, a dull rose-red discal belt
commencing on the abdominal border in a large snow-white patch, as in D.
hippophaes ; external border pale flesh-tint, fringe white. Body olive, sides of head
and thorax, margins and fringe of tegulz, antennz, and anterior margins of ab-
dominal segments snow-white; the three basal segments suow-white at the sides,
the two basal ones with the white area interrupted by large velvety-black spots.
Under surface pale sandy-greyish, with a paler discal belt on the wings; primaries

212 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

with a few blackish scales towards the anal angle. Expanse of wings 3ins. I line.
On the upper surface of the primaries this species most nearly resembles D. dahizz,
of the secondaries D. hippophaes, of the body D. esulae, and on the undersurface
D. lathyrus. The olive tint of the thorax and the markings on the primaries are
greener than in any species with which I am acquainted. FOODPLANT: The larva
of this was found on almost every plant of a species of Huphorbia, which is very
common on the rocky hills here. The larvz are very beautiful and conspicuous,
and are very different in colouring according to their different stages of growth.
It is quite distinct from a common one obtained in Kashmir, which was found
on a different species of Euphorbia, and was abundant at Goolmurg. LENGTH OF
PUPAL STAGE: About half the cocoons produced: moths in about: three weeks
after changing ; the remainder are still (December 31st, 1879) alive in the pupal
state; curiously enough the first larva that changed is among the latter. LARVA:
About 3” long when at rest. Anterior segments attenuated, not retractile; skin
smooth and soft. General colour black, with white dots and spots; a subdorsal
row of large white roundish spots, one on each segment, either yellow, orange or
red ; a dorsal stripe varying in colour, but generally the same as the spiracular
blotches ; it is, however, sometimes only partially represented, and sometimes
absent ; when present, it is broadest at the interstices, where it sometimes differs
in colour from the portions between ; feet, bead, back of head, and base of horn
either yellow, orange or red, generally the same as the spiracular blotches and
dorsal stripe; horn slightly rough, curved, rather longer than the segments, black,
with the rear-base either orange, red or yellow (being the continuation of the
dorsal stripe, broken by the horn, and is consequently absent in those which
have no dorsal stripe); spiracles white and rather narrow ovals ; head globular;
belly pale yellowish-green, extending up the interstices to above the spiracles.
Kandahar, beginning of May, abundant, all sizes. WARIATION OF LARVA: At the
end of May most of the larve found presented a different appearance; the black
disappears more or less, and with it many of the small white spots. In some
cases the black only remains as a ring round the larger white spots; the ground-
colour, therefore, becomes yellowish-green or yellow, varying very considerably ;
the horn becomes black at’ the apical half, with the basal half the same colour as
the dorsal stripe. The larve are, therefore, exceedingly variable in colouring
(the large white spots always remaining the same, however); some specimens
are, consequently, so unlike one another as, at first, to appear different species ;
every intermediate form, however, being found does away with the idea. HABITAT:
The foodplant grows in the nullahs and on the slopes of the rocky hills, and is very
common, but scattered ; and almost every plant that now (end of May) has any
leaves left on it, has several larvze feeding on it. HABIT OF LARVA: This larva,
like others of the same genus, emits a large amount of a green fluid from its
mouth on being irritated in the least for the first time, not often doing it a second
time. PupATION: This species does not change colour when seeking for a suitable
place for its cocoon, which is at or near the surface of the ground, amongst
rubbish (Butler quoting Roberts zz ltt).

Staudinger makes ( Caz, 3rd ed., p. 102) peplidis, Chr., a synonym
of roberisi, Butl., and diagnoses the latter as: ‘‘ Scapulis ubique
ee: marginatis, al. ant. grisescentibus.” Hampson writes (/nd. Moths,

Pp. 99) “that roberts: “differs from gall@ in the thorax, having two
hte stripes, the tegule being fringed with white on the inner side
also; the abdomen as in ewphorbiae, forewings as in gad/iz, the hind-
wings with the band pinker. Some specimens have the segments of
the abdomen fringed with blue scales, and the veins on the outer
area of the forewings streaked with white. Kandahar, Simla. Exp.
82mm.”

EGGLAYING.—The eggs may be laid singly or in small batches
on the tops of the young shoots of the Lwphorbia, one batch found
consisted of about a dozen eggs (Harrison). The parents do not
seem to exercise much judgment in depositing their ova ; sometimes
three or four young larve are to be seen upon a small plant not
more than 3ins. high, and no other plant within rooyds. of them ;
in many instances again, several small larve were noticed upon

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 213

a diminutive plant, while large robust plants close at hand had
none on them (Mathew). The eggs are laid at the top of the plants
among the soft budding leaves (Melhuish), light green in colour
and usually eight or nine near together (Johnson). ‘The eggs when
laid, are covered with an adhesive gummy substance, by means
of which the 2 fastens them to the small leaves of the spurge
(Raddon). In confinement the eggs are laid at the base of the
leaves of Euphorbia cyparissias, in small clusters, composed some-
times of as many as seven, the single eggs being placed near together,
but never touching, and seldom at the point, of the leaf, but generally
near the end of a twis, where young shoots are in close proximity
(Weismann).

OvumM.—Bright pea-green in colour, semi-transparent in appear-
ance; nearly spherical in outline; length t'1mm., width 1mm.;
one end very slightly broader than the opposite; surface smooth,
covered, however, by a small and faintly marked cellular pitting
or faceting. [Eggs received from Dr. Chapman.] (Bacot). Green, very
small in proportion to the size of the moth, smaller than those of AZzmas
tiliae (Bartel). The eggs much resemble those of Lumorpha elpenor,
being spheroidal in form, but rather smaller, and of a somewhat darker
green. During the embryonic development the eggs become coloured,
first yellow, then partly blackish, and, finally, completely black
(Weismann).

Hapits OF LARVA.—The newly-hatched larva does not eat the
eggshell (Sich). When quite young, the larve are always found
among the soft budding leaves at the top of the plant, working
their way down, eating leaves, stalk, flowers, and seeds, all except
the central stem, till they reach the ground when they run off in
search of fresh food, leaving behind them a broad trail in the sand in
which each foot’s tread may be distinctly traced. Stripped plants
are a sign that the larve are gone but they will be found not far off ;
if leaves be withered they will be underground, but, wherever there
is a green-looking bed of Huphorbia, you are sure of a score or two.
They prefer the seedvessels and young stalks as these contain most
of that milky juice which is their great delight, and, if a twig be
broken, they will fasten on the broken end and lick up the milk as
it oozes out. The seedvessels they take between their front legs,
and, raising themselves into the SfAzmx posture, gnaw away at one
till it is demolished, just like a monkey with an apple, their feet
close before their mouths; if interrupted when feeding they turn
round with the greatest fury and spit out a quantity of green liquid
of an acid and disagreeable smell, similar to that of the spurge-milk
only worse. When a larva after rambling about finds a fresh plant
to its taste it sets to work at once upon the bottom leaves, merely
raising up its head from the ground, and devours all within its
reach, before proceeding to climb the stem ; these bottom leaves
are, of course, very inferior, but were the large larve, who are old
enough to travel, to mount up to the top at once and eat all the
tender shoots, all the little larve just out of their eggs would be
starved. A larva never turns—it goes up or down according to
circumstances, but only one way; they must swallow large quantities
of sand, for, however sandy a leaf may be, if it be fresh they never
reject it on that account. ‘Trails and frass are proof positive of the

214, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

recent visit of larvee even when the latter are not visible as they are soon
covered with sand. They run over the sand with great ease in search
of a fresh plant and are very active between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. They
are most abundant at St. Pol de Léon during the first week of September
400 being collected in three days. Curtis states (on the authority
of Raddon) that the young larve are not easily discoverable, but that,
when large, they are so conspicuous that their numbers are reduced
by marine birds which feed upon them; they can also, at this stage,
be traced by their frass and’ are sometimes to-be scen- nestinpeee
the extremity of a culm of a small rush, and, at Braunton Burrows,
used to be fullgrown about the middle of September. In the Channel
Isles near St. Helier, the larvee were formerly collected in August (Batho),
whilst at St. Poldu, Harrison reports that larvee were abundant at end of
July (28th-z9th), 1897, and that pupation commenced by August 4th,
whilst John found larvee in the Forest of Fontainebleau, August rst-4th,
1872, which, being sent to Buckler, pupated between August gth-18th.
Chaumette observes (Zool., 1x., p. 3158) that the larve, known to
Swiss children as ‘ Chenilles de Tithymali,” are usually more or less
gregarious, that as many as 150-200 may be found in one spot,
often fewer, but rarely solitary ; he further notes that, in feeding, they
gnaw the lower leaves of the spurge from apex to base, and eat very
rapidly. We have repeatedly found the larve in Switzerland,
Dauphiny and Piedmont, and have also noticed this gregarious
tendency, and, large and conspicuous as these larvyze are when looked
for, it 1s easier to walk over them than see them at a casual glance.
Their lazy habits are beyond belief, and their powers of eating
extraordinary. The larva will stand on a stem of the foodplant,
eat the leaves one by one, commencing at the top, as well as the
stem itself, only stepping backward as the stem becomes shorter,
and at once reach forward to the nearest leaf. Some in confine-
ment did not move during the night, but were found in the same
position as they had taken up the previous night. Between Evolena
and Villar they were exceedingly abundant in early August,
1899, the smaller ones clinging to, the larger stretched across,
the foodplant in the morning. sun, and again them je@ener
similarity to their surroundings was noticeable, due, it would
appear, entirely to the effect of light and shade on the hues of the
larva, producing a general resemblance to the colour of the leaves
and blossoms of the spurge on which they rested; there was no
special part of the plant to which the larve bore a special resem-
blance, and a larva, practically invisible in one position, often
became quite conspicuous from another standpoint. Merrifield
observes that, in the Vals-Platz, they are conspicuous enough,
lying across their foodplant or sometimes on a grass bent arising
out of it, and are very sluggish, except, occasionally, when crawling
from one patch of their foodplant, nearly eaten down, to another.
After commenting on the conspicuous spots of these larvee, the
same observer details (yz. Rec., xii., p. 320) an experiment tending
to prove their inedibility as far, at least, as fowls are concerned.
Weismann, on the other hand (Studies in the Theory of Descent),
states that a lizard that would not eat a larva of Celerio gallit, at
once attacked and swallowed a large larva of Hyles euphorbiae.
Mathew states that, in Malta, the larve are much attacked by cen-

HVYLES EUPHORBIA. 915

tipedes and that carnivorous beetles prey on them at night. Buckler
observes (Larvae, &c., 11., p. 31) how the appetites of some larve
that he had from Fontainebleau seemed insatiable, each larva
embraced the seaspurge with all its legs, ate voraciously, and, at
length, when compelled to stop, it would go to sleep without
change of position and with a partly-devoured leaf in its jaws,
and then, after a few minutes’ repose, it would wake up, finish the
leaf, and attack whatever came next—leaves or seedvessels—most
vigorously, there was no walking about, the only movement was
a step or two backward as the stem shortened beneath its jaws ;
during eight days he was busy picturing them, and none sulked or
shrank when the sun shone on them, or when, for closer inspection,
they were taken in the hand, only, as each matured and ceased
feeding, it grew active and lively, exhibiting its capacity of walking
at a great pace for a day or two before settling down to its change.
When handled, or irritated, the larve exude from the mouth a
large quantity of dark green fluid that smells strongly of its food-
plant, and often throw it for some distance by means of a sudden
jerk of the thoracic segments. Harrison observes (L£ut. Rec., 1x.,
P2023) that, on, July z8th-2o0th, 1897, he took some 120 larve
feeding on Euphorbia paralias on the coast of Brittany at Le Poldu;
the larve were in all the various stadia and very abundant. ‘The young
iImaceumtil im the ard imstar, rested on and ate the tops of the
young shoots, eating through the stalks below the seeds, so that
the sand all round the eaten plants was covered with the seed-heads,
but, at the 3rd or 4th moult, the larve feed on the leaves at the base of
the red stalks. The larve seemed always to occur in pairs, although
the only batch of eggs found consisted of about a dozen. He
further observes that the fluid exuded by the larva causes a very
violent irritation if it gets into scratches or into the eyes. The
larvee are sometimes found in great abundance and vary exceedingly
in size at the same time in the same locality. Eaton observes that
between April 27th and May 4th, 1894, near Biskra, he saw what
he estimated to be between 1000 and 2000 larve of different ages, some
in the blackish juvenile stage, others 3ins. long, and states that, standing
still anywhere, where the foodplant grew, he could see 4—6 larve
without stirring, but, in exceptionally favourable places, they were much
more numerous, and, within the space of a quarter of an acre, some 500
were actually counted; a few bushes of Euphorbia guyontana, oc
cupying each about a square yard of ground, had on them over
20 or 30 larve apiece. White observed them of all sizes and in
great numbers at Capri in May, 1866. In Transcaucasia, according
to Romanoff (Mém., 1., p. 70), the larve of A. euphorbiae appear
in certain years in such great numbers that they cannot find enough
food, and must perish through hunger. Thus, in 1879, on the
tailway from Tiflis to Kodigori they appeared in such abundance
as to astonish travellers in the district. Chapman notes (47+. Rec.,
ieep- zor) that, on the “lLandes,” he observed the stems of
Euphorbia eaten in such a manner that he thought he had found
a larva of H. euphorbiae where there was none, the bases of the
leaves appearing as round coloured spots, an appearance that he con-
siders the larve obviously mimic. He adds that, in Capri, the larve
feed openly and abundantly on a shrubby Zuphorbia, where its aspect

216 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

seems to make it intentionally conspicuous as a warning to enemies.
Mathew writes (zz Zt.) that the abundance of the larve from April
to December, at Malta, suggests continuous-broodedness in that
locality, imagines as early as April 14th, larve about a quarter
grown on April 27th, and larve continuously on until December
Ath, when some were quite small (possibly the larve of the April
imagines), helps to bear out this view, but they are most abundant
from July to October, and are sometimes so numerous that they
devour nearly all their foodplant, and may be observed -wandering
about looking for more; many of these, he thinks, must die of
starvation. The larve collected produced imagines very quickly
as a rule, but some examples of one lot, taken in the autumn of
1897, remained in the pupal state for more than 12 months. They
began to emerge in June, 1898, two appearing on the 17th, and
others during July, August, and September, whilst the ship was
in various parts of the Mediterranean; the last, however, did not
come out until after his return home, and emerged at Dovercourt
on November 12th. The following table gives some interesting
details :

DATE, LOCALITY. REMARKS.

Nov. 2, ’62} Gibraltar Took 7 fullgrown larve on Z. paralias on sandhills
on the ‘‘neutral” ground. There had evidently

been a large number, but the others had spun up.

INOW 1, OY 5 Took 9 mcrelarve. Dugin the sand at the roots of
the spurge, but could not find any pupze.

7 7. Larvze same locality, common,
July 6,778) Bulair Lines, | Found 6 fullgrown larvee.
Sea of Marmora

July 26, ’78 | Gallipoli Bred one of above.

one 5 “OR || Crete Frequently attracted by our electric lights.

July 10, ’97 | Malta Larvee of all sizes abundant.

SED, 20, 208 ” Small larvee still about.

Och 145 oF) a | Larvee of all sizes still to be seen— many of the small

Oc SOF 55 | larvee are destroyed by large spiders and centipedes,

Oct eZ 5. 8cOy bp Larvee abundant.

IND Aly “OH 5 Small larvee still plentiful.

IDE, dln "OR 59 Saw several small larvae, but they did not look very

lively—weather has been cold lately.

Aprilynar.98 30 One caught on board.

April 27, ’98 a Saw and took several larve about quarter grown.

May 11, ’98 A Larve taken on April 27th spinning up.

May 19, ’98 ae Bred one of above.

June 17, ’98| At sea Bred 2 from larvee taken at Malta last autumn.

June 28,98] ,, . ?

uly. 51,7798 3 3 5 és

July 29, ’98 | Alghero, One bred from larve taken at Malta last autumn.
Sardinia

Aug. 19, ’98 | Leghorn One “i _ -

Aug. 30, ’98 | Naples WO) acaee ae .

Sep. 4, ’98| Palermo One is as -

Sep. 5» 98 ”) One 9 ” ”

Sep. 7, 98| At sea One - x -

Sep. 9, '98| Malta Two ss sy me

Sep. 10, ’98 = One i - E

Sep. 16,98 re One : = “

Nov. 12, '98 | Dovercourt One S i -

HYLES EUPHORBIA. D7

As showing the long period over which larve are to be found in France,
we may note that Réaumur obtained fullgrown larve near Paris on July
15th, which pupated directly afterwards; he further observes that larvee
also were extremely common between Bevis and Langés on the banks
of the Loire in early September, very few pupated before Septem-
ber zoth, and imagines did not emerge until the commencement of
the following July. The larve are usually found in July and
August on the west coast of France, and they used to be most
abundant in July and August in Jersey before they were exterminated
there. Chaumette, too, observes that, at Lausanne, larve occur
from the middle of June to the end of October, whilst Bell reports
that, in the neighbourhood of the Bilbao river, larve are very
abundant in June and again in September. Jones observed larve
from July 24th-27th, 1894, at Gerolstein in Rhenish Prussia, and
Walker in June and October in the cork woods of the Gibraltar
district, whilst Bachmetjew notes that they are common everywhere
in the Sofia district in August and September. Eaton says that
larve were exceedingly abundant from April 27th-May 4th, 1894,
near Biskra, but from here no summer or autumnal records
are available. We may add, as bearing on the continuous-brooded-
ness of the species in the Mediterranean, that Fletcher found the
larvee common on October 5th, tg01, at Lemnos, and a few fullfed
ones at Volo as late as November 3rd, and that Mathew has found
them commonly on both sides of the Sea of Marmora in October
and November.

Larva.—Sirst instar *: Largest 8°75mm. Head, legs, scutellum,
anal plates, tubercles and hairs black ; the skin-surface dusky green.
The larva tapers slightly from the 7th and 8th abdominal segments
towards the head ; the subsegments appear to be 6 on the meso- and
metathorax, and 8 on the abdominal segments, but the first three
subsegments are obscure and appear as a large ist subsegment,
followed by 5 smaller ones. The skin-surface granular, with no
trace of spicules to be seen. Head dull black, the surface finely
granulated with usual hairs. Scutellum and anal plates black
and chitinous. True legs shiny black; small black chitinous
plates at base of prolegs; caudal horn short, blunt, only tapering
slightly, black, chitinous, thickly covered with small, rather broad-
based thorns that are apparently analogous with the _ prickly-
looking hairs that usually cover the horn in other species, the
hairs at summit (1of 8th abdominal) black, and short in comparison
with those of such species as Sphinx ligustrt and Amorpha populz,
but much longer than the other body-hairs, blunt-ended, but not
enlarged nor notched at tip, their bases quite a considerable
distance apart owing to the blunt character of the horn. The
tubercles are arranged as follows: i and ii are arranged trapezoidally
on separate subsegments on the meso- and metathorax, and only
a little more than half the distance apart of i and 11 on the abdominal
segments, where they are set at corners of an oblong rather than

* As to the number of moults, Sich notes (Zzt. Rec., xv., p. 68) of the dates of
the moults of a larva he reared, and that hatched August 1oth, 1901, as follows :
First moult, August 17th; second moult, August 26th (when it appeared to miss the
third and reach the fourth phyletic stage); third (and last) moult, September 2nd.
It ceased feeding on September 14th.

218 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

a trapezoid, and separated from one another by two subsegments
(being placed on subsegments 2 and 5); on the meso- and metathorax
ill iS a twin-haired oval tubercle, and there is a single-haired subspira-
cular (? v) on the anterior margin of segment. The 1st abdominal differs
from all other segments in that iv and v sometimes form a twin-haired,
oval tubercle *, directly beneath the spiracle, whilst the spiracle and iii
(directly above spiracle) appear to be further forward than on the >
other segments, and are apparently situated on the 3rd subsegment. On
the other abdominals 11 is directly above the spiracle apparently on sub-
segment 4; Iv is directly beneath the spiracle, and larger than v which
is quite close to the anterior margin, apparently on the rst subsegment,
and slightly above the level of. iv, but they are both clearly situated
on the lateral flange which is, however, only shghtly marked. Hairs
very short and stumpy, but apparently blunt-ended and _ neither
knobbed nor forked. The 8th abdominal spiracle is much the
largest, the 7th abdominal comes next and that on the prothorax next,
whilst those on abdominal segments 1—6 are not more than half the
size of that on prothorax so that the disparity in size between those
on the 7th and 8th and the other abdominal segments is very great.
There is a pale narrow mediodorsal line. [Bacot. Described from
larva received from Chapman, preserved in formalin.|] Second cnstar
(still wanted). Zhzrd instar: Plump, full-bodied, but not squat;
tapering gradually from 3rd abdominal segment to last thoracic, and
thence more rapidly to head. ‘The head is small for a well-grown
larva of this size, rounded and but slightly taller than wide. The
horn is short, upright and pointed, carries two bristles at sum-
mit, and has a thorny appearance, due to numerous smaller
bristles, and their conical bases scattered upon it, the skin of horn
is shiny and chitinous-looking, black for upper ‘two-thirds, yellow or
orange at base. Thetrue legs are black. There are 8 subsegments to
each segment, the first three of which form one large division which ap-
pears to present both a structural and a colour character. The larval
colours are very brilliant and sharply contrasted, consisting of vivid
green-yellow with intense velvety black and white spots. The head
is black and orange, the crown and face black, with a varying area
of orange, which may be only a narrow streak or a broad band
or belt, running horizontally round the sides of the head and across the
face, just above the mouth. The body colours also vary in the
proportion of green-yellow and black, in some larve the black
area being much _ increased. There is a broad bright yellow
mediodorsal band from head to base of horn, it commences again
behing the horn and is continued to the anus; the ground-colour of the

* Reference to larve of Zheretra porcellus and Sphinx ligustri in Ist stadium
shows that in these iv and v are well separated on the Ist abdominal, both are on the
lateral flange at or near the same level. Larve of Celerio galltt and its allies in this
stadium are unfortunately not at hand for reference so that I cannot say whether this
marked aberrational character of united iv and v in Ayes euphorbiae is ever found in
them (Bacot). Chapman notes that the larva of 7. euphor biae examined by Bacot must
have been aberrant, that he has examined two larva, in both of which the arrangement
of iv and v onthe Ist abdominal is such that, although brought nearer together, iv and
v still remain quite distinct and at some distance from each other. A subsequent ex-
amination of 8 examples in Bacot and Chapman’s possession results in showing that
tubercles iv and v on Ist abdominalare: (1) Left conjoined, right normal. (2 ) iter
conjoined, right approximated. (3) Left normal, right conjoined. (4) Left conjoined,
right conjoined. (5-8) Normal on both sides (vide, Lint, Rec., xv., April no.).

HYLES EUPHORBIZ. 219

larva is then black to the lateral line, broken, however, by a series of
yellow or green triangles of smaller or larger size, with one side
vertical against the base of the segment, another side at right angles,
running horizontally to the forward apex, which is just behind the
enlarged subdivision consisting of the first 3 subsegments, the third
side slopes obliquely backwards at an angle of about 45°. On
the thoracic and on the 1st and znd abdominal segments the front apex
is cut off, giving this yellow or green area an irregular shape.
Situated on the enlarged 1st subdivision of the segments is a subdorsal
series of brilliantly white rounded or oval spots; in some larve
there is a second row of much smaller spots beneath and rather
anterior to the spiracles, in other larve this is quite absent. The
secondary body-hairs (analogous to the shagreen-hairs of other
species) are minute, very short, black bristles with their bases
not raised as mammillz, but, where they occur on a_ black
skin area, other than on the 1st enlarged subsegment or in near
proximity to the subdorsal white spots, they are surrounded by
larger or smaller white specks. It is also curious to observe that,
where the black encroaches on the yellow or green (paler) areas,
it always does so at first as streaks and dots, at mid-distance
between the hair-bases, as though there was some antagonism
between the black pigment and the hair-base; it is this feature that
produces the tessellated appearance so characteristic of the Eumorphid
(Theretra porcellus and HLumorpha elpenor) \arve, and no doubt it is
an anaiogous trend that, in Smerinthus and Sphinx, has produced
mammillz and pale or brighter coloured areas at the base of the
secondary hairs. Whether the primitive Sphingid larva had tessellations
or pigmented mammille is doubtful, more probably the pigmented
specks of the Phryxid and Sesiid larve represent the primary form. In
any case, we may consider that the secondary (shagreen, mam-
millary or pigmented) hairs are a phylogenetically old and important
character of the Sphingid larva. The spiracles are white, and beneath
them is a broad subspiracular stripe, yellow where it is raised and
flange-like near the spiracle, but green at the anterior and posterior
portions of the segments, whilst beneath is a band of black, speckled
with white. The venter and prolegs are green, but the side plates
of the prolegs are black. In some larve, and in the 4th skin of most,
the black area is much increased, the black encroaching up the
segmental incisions, cutting up the ventral area into yellowish or
greenish spots surrounded with black, thus giving the pattern so often
found in twig-resting larve of various families or superfamilies. ourth
mstar : ‘The only change in larve that have assumed the 4th skin, is
for the black and white to be increased at the expense of the yellow, the
green having merged into yellow. The horn is thicker and rougher.
The yellow on the head has deepened into vivid orange, and the medio-
dorsal stripe is also orange where it crosses the scutellum. [Bacot.
Larve received from Dr. Chapman, early July, 1902.] fifth (Adult)
wstar: Very brilliantly and crudely coloured (strongly suggesting
warning coloration). In the black ground-colour, and the large yellow
shagreen-spots (and the more or less absence of these on the enlarged
Ist subsegment), the larva bears a marked resemblance to that of
Celerto gallit. Head, anal plates and prolegs red ; a subdorsal series ot
large pale yellow spots from prothorax to the 8th abdominal, situated

220 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

on each of the enlarged subsegments; the series duplicated by a
row of rather smaller spots immediately beneath it, and above
the spiracles. The head rounded, inclining to be tall and with
a slight suggestion of being trapezoidal, brilliantly red, with a
smooth but not highly polished surface; a band of black just above
the mouth, the upper portion of labrum and bases of antenne pale
yellow, the tips of antennz, lower edge of labrum, and other mouth-
parts black; the true legs also black. The body black (duller and
less satiny than in C. gall) ; scutellum black; anal plates
bright red ; caudal horn red, looking like a piece of red coral, rather
upright and blunt tipped (? nibbled by other larve); a dark red
mediodorsal band, rather broader where it crosses the scutellum
than elsewhere; a broad, bright, rather deep yellow, lateral band,
with a series of bright red spots on it just beneath the spiracles,
these spots very faintly marked on ‘meso- and metathorax, but quite
absent on prothorax. The ventral area with a broad mediodorsal
band of pale dirty-looking yellow, broadening on the abdominal seg-
ments and including the bases of the prolegs within its area, and ending
at the anal claspers. The spiracles white with a black chitinous
rim; the prothoracic and 7th and 8th abdominals slightly larger
than the others. Scutellum bordered subdorsally by a short stripe of
cream colour, a modification of the subdorsal spots present on the
anterior subsegment of other segments from mesothorax to the 8th ab-
dominal ; the upper spot on the 8th abdominal elongated upwards
towards base of caudal horn. ‘The pigment-spots surrounding bases
of shagreen-hairs are largely absent from the middle area of the
enlarged subsegment that bears the subdorsal series of spots, being
almost entirely restricted to a band on the anterior and posterior
portions of the segment save for a few on the centre of the dorsum.
The mediodorsal band is bordered with pale yellow behind the
caudal horn. Hairs black and very small (Bacot. October 3oth,
rg01. Larve sent by Fletcher from Malta). ? Third instar:* About
-751n. in length; body yellow or yellowish-green in colour; the head
small, almost of the same tint as body, with two dark spots on
crown, analogous with the dark markings on either side of each
body segment, and in which are the white spots that characterise
this larva; a yellow-green mediodorsal line, bordered on either
side with a fine black and white latticed reticulation, which forms,
as it were, two lines edging the mediodorsal, and uniting the tops
of the black marks in which the white spots are placed; the
spiracular line has more of this reticulation, whilst directly below
is a marked yellow subspiracular flange, broken by the segmental
incisions ; below this again the black and white reticulation takes
the form of two or three white spots, ringed with black at the
base of each proleg; the prolegs themselves are green with a dark
spot on the outside of each, whilst between each pair is a smoky
quadrangular ventral spot, the spots being less distinct, though
present, on those abdominal segments without prolegs; the true
legs are black. The 8th abdominal segment, bearing the black
caudal horn, is the darkest segment, but, whilst the 9th abdominal

* These are more or less duplications for comparison with Bacot’s much more
complete descriptions immediately preceding,

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 221

segment carries a white spot on either side, the 1oth consists merely
of the anal flap and prolegs. ? Fourth instar: | Larva moulted between
5 a.m. and 6 a.m. on August 12th, 1899.| ‘The head, thorax, anal
plate, prolegs and caudal horn were entirely yellow directly after the
iimoult- By 11 a.m., the tip of the caudal horn, the head, and the
thoracic segments were considerably darkened, but the fuller dark
colour was not obtained till about 6 p.m., 7¢., until some 12 hours
had elapsed. The larva exactly ‘75in. long in its old skin, was ‘gin.
directly after moulting, the head and caudal horn comparatively
large; the skin wrinkled. Head bright yellow, with a black spot
on either side of crown; the front edge of prothorax folded so
that the white skin, laterally, is homologous with the white pair
of spots on the succeeding segments (these two spots united on
mesothorax), the prothorax otherwise entirely black; there is a
bright -yellow mediodorsal line including the base of the caudal
horn; the first subsegment of each segment is black and contains
the two characteristic white spots; the remainder of the body-surface
now covered with pale yellow and black reticulations (in the form
of black rings that include the pale ground-colour), whilst the
lateral area is yellower than the dorsal and subspiracular areas ;
the subspiracular flange (still broken) is bright yellow, the reticulated
area continued below the flange ventrally to the line of the prolegs,
which are still yellow, and bear a dark plate externally ; the 9th and
roth abdominal segments appear to have separate spots, whilst
the strong anal prolegs are yellow with external black plates ; ventrally,
the larva is greenish, with black spots between prolegs (also present
on abdominal segments 7 and 8) very marked, whilst the characteristic
reticulation of dorsum and sides is continued on the venter of the
1st and 2nd abdominals ; the white spots of the reticulation, directly
below the flange on the thoracic segments, form a sort of secondary
inferior flange above the black legs; the caudal horn still black,
the tip blunter. The larva grows to 1’5ins. or 1°75ins. in this stadium.
? Fifth instar (newly-moulted) : [When the larve first enter this instar
some three forms are observable; as they become fullfed, the propor-
tion of the various colours changes and there are finally scarcely two
specimens alike. At the commencement of this instar they are
about r4ins. long but they feed up rapidly and quickly, and reach
a length of from 3ins. to gins.| (1) Ground-colour green, the .
spots on the crown of the head reduced ; the prothorax green, large
in proportion to size of head, the black reduced to a lateral mark
containing the white spots (united), as on the succeeding segments ;
the true legs yellow with black hooks ; the segmental incisions green ;
the reticulation fails in part, so that, laterally, a square spot of the
ground-colour is left on each segment between the white spots and
incision behind ; the dark colouring of the plates on the outside of the
prolegs (anal included) is wanting; the caudal horn with a blunt
tip. (2) Much more intensely coloured ; the head orange-yellow with
a black edge separating it from the mouth; the black much increased
on the front of each segment; the mediodorsal line deep orange-
yellow as also is the caudal horn, except the tip; the whole of the
segments closely reticulated ; the yellow lateral spots (described in the
preceding larva) deep orange, but more or less included in the ground-
colour; the lateral flange is deep yellow, but the true legs, prolegs,

999 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

anus and anal prolegs are orange-yellow; the plates on the outside
of prolegs colourless ; the reticulation continued ventrally on the 1st
abdominal segment. (3) Head red; the skin of the prothorax, medio-
dorsal line, caudal horn, lateral flange, true legs, prolegs, anus, and anal
prolegs deep red in colour ; the lateral spots on either side of each seg-
ment (instead of being white or yellowish-white) deep yellow ;
ground colour of dorsal area very yellow; the black reticulation and
black anterior subsegments strongly developed ; the ground-colour
of spiracular and subspiracular areas white ; the’ ventral- surface
red, with a yellow spot in front of each of the dark ventral
abdominal spots. /7/¢h instar (full-grown): 3ins.-4ins. in length. Much
variation exists. The wrinkles in the skin (noticeable in newly-moulted
larva in this instar) have disappeared, the larva is sleek, smooth,
and shiny ; the head (which is large in proportion to size of body
directly after moult) comparatively small, and there is a distinct
snout-lke appearance about the head and thorax as in the so-called
Chcerocampid Eumorphids. Under a lens the whole of the pale
(white, yellow, or orange) spots appear to be set in the black
ground-colour. ‘The head and segments are covered with very fine
dark hairs (shagreen-hairs), the bases of which are very conspicuous
in the pale spots just alluded to. The ocelli are placed very low
down on the cheeks on the dark area that forms the upper boundary
of the labrum. ‘The spiracles make a very fine wide double lip,
have a very conspicuous lumen, and are placed transversely on
the ist subsegment of the abdominals, above the lateral flange,
at the posterior and inferior border of the lower (paler) of the
two lateral spots on this subsegment. The anal segment, anal prolegs,
and ventral prolegs are covered with short bristly hairs, and there are
some short hairs of the same colour as the skin on the true legs. The
black hooks of the legs and prolegs are sufficiently strong to tear the
epidermis from one’s fingers (Tutt. Described from Evolena larvee
August roth, 1899). Avother larva quite fullfed in fifth instar*:
The head red rather than red-brown, shining, almost smooth, al-
though sparingly sprinkled with minute pale yellowish hairs ; mouth-
parts black, edged above the labrum with yellow, and fringed with
longer pale hairs; two small black patches at bottom of cheeks
look as if part of mouth; on edge of each patch are 5 red-brown ocelli
in form of a concave curve (the 5th very low down at base of
antenna), a 6th ocellus in normal central position; the antenne
short, 2-jointed, pale, on a pale conical base, the upper part of
which is movable with the antenna, the terminal hair probably
homologous with another joint. The prothorax small, but forming a
hood over head, broadly red centrally (commencement of the
mediodorsal line), but with the ground-colour black, shiny, and
having a yellow transverse patch at the front, on each side of
the mediodorsal line; prothoracic spiracle formed of two closed
creamy-white, closely appressed, lunular halves, with fine, slightiy
raised, black external rim; an oblique, red, tumid, muscular flange
on each of the thoracic segments, each connected with that on
the succeeding segment; ventrally, the thorax is pale reddish,
i; * This description was made quite independently of, and earlier than, the
preceding. In such an interesting and variable species we have no hesitation in
giving our readers as much material for comparison as is available.

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 223

the true legs red, with a single strong black claw, a ring of black hairs
at joints. The thoracic segments gradually increase in size, and this
enlargement continues to the 3rd abdominal segment; then the seg-
ments are pretty uniform to the 8th abdominal, which carries the
caudal horn, the goth is contracted, the anal flap reddish, the
anal prolegs arising from the central portion. A red mediodorsal
line extends from head to anal flap, the caudal horn red with black
tip, and moderately large in proportion to the size of the larva. The
ground colour of the body is black, thickly covered with yellow spots
arranged so as to run transversely in circles around each subsegment
except the 1st; this 1st subsegment bears two very characteristic
marks: (1) A pink oval patch increasing in size from the prothorax to
the 8th abdominal and placed subdorsally, z.¢., on either side of the
mediodorsal line and forming two longitudinal rows, 11 in number
(although that on the prothorax is modified into a linear mark
on the front edge of the segment). (2) A series of yellow spots
irregularly oval in form (although some incline to quadrangular)
extending from abdominal segment 1 to abdominal segment 4g,
becoming on the latter segment a large longitudinal patch, and
placed above and a little in front of the spiracle on each segment.
The skin is sprinkled with minute short black shagreen-hairs, at least
one in each small yellow spot, the spots being in reality hair-bases,
whilst the united yellow spots are united hair-bases; _ there
are, however, aS many hairs on the dark ground colour, with-
out pale bases, as there are on the other parts of the body ; this
structure suggests strongly that the rows of pink and yellow blotches
on the 1st subsegments of the segments are formed by a coalesence
of a number of these spots into a definite pattern. ‘There is a very
definite supraspiracular black-brown seta (iii) on the black area,
and another very similar one (iv) below the spiracle on the yellow
lateral flange, and one finds, dorsally, strong hairs that may represent
i and u, but they are difficult to trace and do not appear to be
present on all the segments, nor to have quite the same position ;
there appears to be no tubercle v, unless a_ prespiracular
Seraeat the iront.of cach segment can possibly be it. ‘The
subsegments on the prothorax are ill-defined ; those of the
meso- and prothorax appear to consist of a wide rst subsegment
and at least 4 narrower ones, but the rows of yellow spots suggest
that there may be as many as on the abdominal segments; the
abdominal segments, 1st to 8th, appear to have nine subsegments, of
which the rst subsegment is small, 2nd large (half the segment),
3rd-9th* small; those of the 8th abdominal are modified by the
presence of the caudal horn. The spiracles are creamy-white in
colour, placed on the crease dividing the anterior subsegments ;
each is oval in outline formed of two lunular-shaped pieces of
membrane with the straight edges closely appressed, slightly de-
pressed centrally, with a fine, slightly-raised black rim. The
prothoracic spiracle is distinctly wider than the abdominal spiracles.
A subspiracular, slightly tumid, flange runs from the prothorax to the
8th abdominal segment ; this is made conspicuous by the modification

* The last subsegment is very doubtfully distinct from the 8th, it appears to be
so more distinctly on some segments than others,

224. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

of the front part of the flange on each segment into an oblique red stripe
extending across the 1st, 2nd and 3rd subsegments of each abdominal,
and by being almost continuous on the thoracic segments; each of
these stripes bears, on the abdominal segments, a yellow patch directly
below the spiracle, and this carries a stumpy hair, the specialised
appearance of which leads one to homologise it with a subspiracular
tubercle (iv). The area between the flange and venter is of the
same black colour as the dorsum, and with similar yellow spots ; and
this characteristic mode of marking is carried almosi entirely-round the
venter of abdominal segments 1 and 2. The remainder of the venter
is reddish with a dark blackish-grey patch medially on each abdominal
segment (either between, orin the position of being between, the prolegs).
The prolegs are short and thick, reddish in colour, rather hollow cen-
trally, with the outer edge forming a strong flange not very plentifully
supplied with red-brown hooks; these are in pairs, alternately long
and short, and 33 in number; the anal prolegs are fixed angularly
against each other, and are, like the other prolegs, sparingly sprinkled
with short blackish hairs. The true legs are also of a reddish
colour, each with one strong black curved hook, the joints fringed
with short blackish hairs (Tutt. Described from larve from La
Grave, August 16th, 1896). We may here note that in Ayles euphorbiae
the ovaries in the 9 larva are yellow, the testes of the g larva
reddish (Bessels), whilst in the larva ot Sphinx lgustrt both
ovaries and testes are white *.

VARIATION OF LARVA.—We have already described certain
forms of this exceedingly variable larva. At the commencement
of the fifth instar, a large number of larve, obtained at Evolena
in August, fell into three forms (anfed, p. 221). As they neared
maturity much more individual variation was noticeable, and one
could safely say that when quite fullfed scarcely any two larve were
alike. The commonest form appeared to be that in which the
head, mediodorsal line, caudal horn, lateral flange, anal segment,
anal prolegs, prolegs and true legs were yellow; the anterior wide
(rst + 2nd) subsegment black, carrying the two yellow lateral spots
on either side; the six narrow subsegments spotted, but with a
yellowish lateral blotch on each side, extending the width of the
last five subsegments. A somewhat rare form has this lateral
series of yellow or orange-yellow blotches obliterated (or almost
so) by the spotting being continued all over the segments. Others
again have the black of the rst + 2nd subsegment continued back on
the succeeding subsegments with only a few pale dots on the last three
subsegments of each segment. One or two have, on the other hand,
the black of the rst + 2nd subsegment spotted so much laterally as
to almost lose the usual annular, or black-banded, appearance. There
is, in all these, great difference in the intensity of the tint of the
yellow parts, some of the larvae having quite a deep orange medio-
dorsal line, lateral flange, prolegs, etc. The red form, already
described (anted, p. 222), appears to me one of the most handsome. A
few of these Evolena larve that Chapman brought to England were

to note that Rengger, in his Phystologische Untersuchungen uber die thierische
Haushaltung der Insecten (1817), has made considerable use of Hyles euphordiae for
his anatomical investigations.

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 225

markedly aberrant, and more or less darkened to a degree that
none exhibited when captured ; it was especially to be noticed that
the great yellow blotch across the small subsegments was very small
or wanting, in some the small yellow spots were few, in others they
crossed the space the blotch usually occupies ; the white or yellow
spots on the wide anterior subsegment were creamy or even red, the
dorsal and lateral bands reddish, and, when the yellow spots of the
small subsegments were wanting, the central hair of these seemed also
to be absent or less regularly placed. In one specimen there was no
lateral band, no blotch, the dorsal line very narrow and red, the
white spots on the rst subsegment small and the dots of the other
subsegments very few; in all the examples the black marks on the
head were very definite, although these are often wanting in typical larvee
in last stadium. Whether this variation was due to their being late
specimens, or to starvation in captivity, or, what is more probable, from
their not being exposed to the broiling sun which the larve seem to enjoy,
is not very easily decided, but all became more or less dark as very
few were at the time of capture. Merrifield observes (Zn¢. fec., xii,
p. 320) that the larve from the Grisons vary greatly in colour and
to a less degree in markings, and tend to gather into three groups:
(1) The predominant colour reddish, very much the colour of red
vulcanised india-rubber, the most common form. (2) With yellowish-
green the prevalent colour. (3) The ground-colour mainly
blackish. The conspicuous feature, in which all three agree, is the
subdorsal row of large light-coloured spots, varying from white
to yellow, usually cream-coloured; all the other markings, except,
perhaps, the reddish colour of the dorsal line and head, &c., in most
of them, go for nothing at a casual glance. Chaumette gives (Zoo/., 1x.,
Pp. 3159) the following description of the various forms of the larva found
at Lausanne: (1) No triangular patches of yellow or brown along the
sides ; the abdomen black, or black with an interrupted ventral line
of carrot-colour. (2) The two lateral series of oval shining yellow
patches joined, forming a series of large oblong patches ; this is
spotted with much larger spots than the common form, whilst in the
place of the lateral series of buff triangular patches there is a broad
and continuous ferruginous longitudinal line, which is sometimes
marked at the incisions by a small patch of red. (3) No triangular —
patches of yellow or brown, &c.; not so thickly spotted with
yellow along the sides as the others; dorsal line very slender, and,
in some individuals, entirely missing, its position being left in black;
the oval lateral yellow patches often tinged with pink, especially
the lower ones, which are sometimes quite pink ; the head generally
retaining the two black patches which the others only have when young ;
the abdomen and prolegs generally quite black, and the thoracic
legs generally tipped with black, and often entirely of that colour.
Buckler thus writes (Larvae, &c., ii., pp. 33-35) of four larvee, which he
also figured (Joc. cit., pl. xxiii), all in the last instar, although varying
in size: ‘The ground-colour of the smallest was black; the next
in size was blackish-green, with a multitude of small bright yellow
dots, contrasted with larger spots of yellow tinged with a rosy hue in
the centre,” whilst, for the rest, Buckler describes one fullgrown larva,
and then mentions the variations of detail in the others, as each preserved
its individual points of difference to the last, ‘The fullgrown larva

P

226 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

measured from 3ins. to 32ins. in length, and was, in proportion, a trifle
more slender than the larva of D. gall, though otherwise similar
in form, being plump and cylindrical, tapering considerably from
the 4th segment to the head, which is the smallest segment, and
is rounded in outline, tapering a little also at the two hinder seg-
ments, the 12th having a rough, blunt-tipped horn, curving a
little backwards ; each segment from the 5th to the rz2th is sub-
divided into seven rings by well-defined wrinkles, the front ring
being equal in width to three or four of the others. ‘The skin was
generally smooth and shining; the anal prolegs larger than the ventral
prolegs and of a squarish form; the segments appeared more plump
and swelling on the ventral than on the dorsal surface. As to
colour, no two individuals were of the same type, the ground-
colour of the skin only varying in intensity from a bronze-green to a
deeper blackish-bronze. ‘The head was blood-red, the mouth and
base of papillae pale yellow, the former margined above and below,
and the latter surrounded, with black ; the dorsal stripe was blood-
red in colour, widening on the second segment in a curve down
either side, suggestive of a plate, but thence continuing of nearly
uniform width to the anal flap, which was likewise red. The horn
was of the same colour, but glistening, and with the tip black.
In these larve the subdorsal region bore a row of very blunt
wedge-shaped red marks, widest at the hinder part, and pointing
forwards, and a row of large roundish or dumpy pear-shaped bright
ochreous-yellow spots slightly tinged above with pink (on the 12th
segment of a longer pear-shape, with the stem pointing to the horn) ;
below these was another similar row, only paler and irregular in
shape from a fold in the skin, these spots, on each broad front ring,
being much surrounded with black; below these were a few small
white dots, and then the whitish oval spiracle ; the narrower hinder
rings of each segment—whether in the red wedges or on the
ground-colour—bore transverse rows of thickly-set yellow dots ;
the puffed region below the spiracles showed red interruptedly, but
without any dots; beneath this was a patch of the dark ground
colour sprinkled with white dots; the tips of the ventral and anal
prolegs were blood-red ; the anterior legs were orange-ochreous tipped
with black. Two striking aberrations occur: (1) The form which
may be termed the red variety, from the great quantity of
this colour which it possessed, and which had the first or
broad ring of each segment of a black ground-colour, and
the narrow rings of a bronzy-green ; the wedge shapes of red
in the subdorsal region extended along each segment from their
greatest breadth at the last ring to the blunt apex close to
the broad front ring; the dots ot yellow above and _ whitish
below, and the double series of large spots were as described
above; all the rings were abruptly interrupted by the inflated and
rather tortuous broad subspiracular region coloured red; below this,
on each segment, came a pear- shaped patch of bronzy- green dotted
with white ; all the rest of the belly and legs were red, but inclin-
ing at the segmental divisions to deep ochreous or greenish-ochreous,
as the above-mentioned red wedge marks also did at the same
place. There were a few yellow dots at the segmental divisions
in the subspiracular region; the black plate on the second segment

HYLES EUPHORBI. 997

was margined with red; the red head and the dorsal stripe, &c.,
were as in the other varieties. (2) The black variety had no sub-
dorsal wedge marks; the first ring in each segment had a black
ground, the others a greenish-black ground, dotted and _ spotted
with bright sulphur-yellow above and white below; very little of
the spiracular region was inflated, it was coloured crimson-red and
Geareous, the red; in the middie gently blendmg with the
ochreous at each segmental division; the anterior edge of the
second segment was yellow; a large round black spot on the top
of each lobe of the crimson head. The anterior half of the anal
prolegs was black, the rest crimson; the crimson ‘dorsal stripe
quite narrow; the anal flap was black, margined with crimson.
Buckler also describes a variety of this larva, brought home in
spirits from Cairo, by Jenner-Fust, which he received in May,
1871, and figured. This had the broad ring of each segment
be tie eround colour of the other rimgs .of the deepest
blackish-olive ; the head, the plate on the second segment,
fie aersal stripe, the legs; anal flap, and caudal horn were
blood-red. The double series of large spots was creamy-whitish ;
the upper rows of small dots pale yellow, the lower rows white;
the subdorsal truncated-wedge shapes were of deep ochreous and
largely developed ; the inflated subspiracular region, belly and ventral
prolegs, of deep ochreous or buff colour, the latter tipped with
red ; a pear-shaped blotch of dark olive dotted with white
was situated below the subspiracular region on each segment ;
ciemamvenion legs ted. Elarrsom notes (m7. FRec., 1%., p. 203) :
“The changes in colour that many larve undergo in the final stadium
are as follows—The red dorsal stripe turns yellow, then black ;
the subdorsal and supraspiracular spots undergoing the same
changes in turn. Then the caudal horn, head and legs, become
blackened (without, however, turning yellow). In the very black
forms, the supraspiracular spots almost cease to exist, and the
subdorsal are only visible because of their brighter surface. About
seventy larve underwent the above changes, and these must have
been quite normal, and not due to disease, for the larve continued
to eat most ravenously, and out of about eighty larva, which did
not go down at once, only five were lost.” Réaumur notes (AZémoires,
1, pp. 289-291) that, when the larva is young or has just changed
its skin, its colours are more delicate than at other periods, and
immediately after a moult there is less black, whilst a delicate
green tint, with some little yellow, prevails. Later, when the colours
aterixed, it 1s blacker; it also has yellow where it will be red,
and white where it will be yellow when the larva is more mature,
the yellow becoming first tinged with red, and then red, and the
white takes a yellow tint and then becomes yellow. There are
larve that have only the little dots yellow, all the larger ones being
red—either rose-coloured or of some deeper tint. When about to
pupate the larve change colour, becoming dirty brown and having only
some whitish spots. Weismann says (Studies in the Theory of Descent,
pp. 206-207): “In the last stage the dorsal line is sometimes black
and sometimes red, or, again, this colour interrupted with black,
so that only small red spots mark its course. The head may be
entirely red, or this colour mixed with black. On the underside

228 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

of the larva, red generally predominates, but, in some specimens,
this is replaced by black. The ground-colour is also variable,
being generally a shining brownish-black, but sometimes dull coal-
black. The shagreen dots are sometimes white and sometimes
yellow, and the ‘‘mirrors” of the ringspots are also often yellowish.
In many specimens from Kaiserstuhl, the red was unusually vivid,
and was not limited to the ordinary places, but occupied also the
triangles on the posterior edges of the segments (fig. 44), which
are green in the 3rd and 4th stages (fig. 42). ‘This form has also
been figured by Hubner. In one individual (fig. 43) the under
ringspots were wanting, whilst the upper ones possessed a beautiful |
red nucleus, fading away anteriorly and showing the first step in
the formation of a complete eyespot.” Caradja’s observation that,
in Roumania, the summer larve are of light colour, but those
which appear in autumn always extraordinarily dark, is interesting.
In opposition to the usually accepted view, the same author makes
the noteworthy observation that the lightest larva mostly produced
darker, often red-tinted, moths, the darkest always light specimens
only. Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., 11., p. 80) that, “in Sicily,
the larve of this species are of a brighter green colour than in Central
Europe. The black colour which, in general, characterises the full-
grown larve of the latter locality, disappears almost entirely. The
large yellow spots on the sides are filled in with white, and the
yellow line over the legs is unicolorous and entirely without admixture
of red. In Spain and other localities of southern Europe (also in
western Asia and in Algeria) almost entirely bright yellow coloured
larvee occur ; the head of these is red, but they produce only the
ordinary form of the moth. Larve from the eastern Pyrenees form
in their markings a transition from the ordinary D. ewphorbiae larve
to those of DY. mzcaea.” Lederer records larve from Amasia and Tokat
as being exceptionally pale. Eaton observes that the adolescent larve,
exceedingly abundant at Biskra, do not present any variation in
colour, only that some have the dorsal line red, others yellow.
Sich says that the larva) become somewhat duller when fullfed
and at the time that they are wandering about for a place for
pupation.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—/irs¢ instar: The young
larvee (Studies in Theory of Descent, pl. v., fig. 37), immediately
after hatching, measure 4mm.; they are at first rather light, but,
in the course of half-an-hour, they are seen by the naked eye to
become of a deep velvety-black ; later, on increasing in size, they
again become paler, appearing of a greenish-black, and subsequently
blackish-green. On further increasing in size (fig. 38) they are
blackish-green, with the horn, head, legs, and a crescent-shaped
chitinous plate on the back of the prothorax black. There are
also, on the last segment, a double and two single black chitinous
plates. Of the later marking of the caterpillar there is scarcely
anything present. ‘The spiracles appear as white spots, and, on
each segment, there are a number (usually 10) of small warts,
each of which emits a single bristle. When the young larve have
attained a length of 7mm. they are olive-green, and do not contrast
so brilliantly with the green of the LZuphorbia leaves as_ before,
neither do they as yet possess any markings. Second instar; The

HYLES EUPHORBIZ. 229

first ecdysis occurs after five days, and with this there appears
quite suddenly a very complicated pattern. The ground-colour is
now a light yellowish-green (fig. 39), and, on each of the 12 seg-
ments, near the front border, there is a pure white round spot in
the middle of a large black transverse spot. These are designated
as the white “mirrors” on black “ ground-areas,’ both together
constituting ‘“‘ring-spots,” as distinguished from ‘“‘eye-spots” proper,
in which a “nucleus,” the pupil of the eye, is also added. In many,
but not in all, specimens, very distinct traces of a subdorsal line
can be seen as a light whitish stripe connecting the white spots.
The horn, the thoracic legs, prolegs, and some spots on the head
are black. The larve remain unaltered till after 4 days, when,
having a lenyth of 17mm., the second moult takes place, bringing
with it changes quite as great as those which occurred with the
first. Zhird instar: The larva now assumes the shagreened ap-
pearance which it possesses in the adult stage. Small white warts
are arranged in rows from the dorsal to the spiracular line, and
again, underneath this line, on the abdominal legs. ‘These dots
are not only of value as a character for differentiating Deilephilid
from Choerocampid larvee, but they also play a part in the peculiar
spot-marking, which will be shown later on. ‘The ground-colour
of the larva is now light-green (fig. 40), replaced by black oa certain
parts. From the black “ ground-area” of the ring-spots, two black
triangies extend towards the posterior borders of the segments, but
usually without reaching them. The ring-spots are not essentially
changed, although it may be observed that, in most specimens,
the shagreen dots under each ring-spot are somewhat larger and
stand closer together than in other places. In the following stage
they become fused into a second white “mirror,” so that two ring-
spots stand one above the other, their black ground-areas meeting.
The formation of the second ring-spot sometimes takes place in
iiempresent stage (fig. 42). The subdorsal line has now com-
pletely vanished, whilst the infraspiracular line appears as a broad
stripe above the legs. The horn is yellow with a black point,
and the black spots on the head have increased in size. /ourth
instar: The third moult, which again occurs after 4 days, is not
accompanied by such important changes.. The green ground-colour
has now completely disappeared, and is replaced by a dull black.
The larve are now, as also in the previous stage, extremely variable.
Thus, for example, a triangular patch of the green ground-colour may
be retained on the posterior edge of the segments (fig. 41), those
specimens which possess this character generally having their mark-
ings retarded in development, as shown by the absence of the second
“mirror” of the ring-spots. In fig. 41, the shagreen-dots, from which
this second mirror is subsequently formed, are distinctly larger than
the others, and, on the 11th segment, two of them have already
coalesced. ith instar: After another period of four days, the
fourth moult takes place. The marking remains the same, but the
colours become more vivid, the brick-red of the head, horn, dorsal
line and legs changing into a fiery-red. The infraspiracular line,
formerly green alternating with yellow, generally becomes resolved
into a row of reddish-yellow spots. Ten days later the larva (8°5cm.
in length) ceases to feed and prepares for pupation. In this last stage

930 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

also there is great variability of colour, but, although each particular
character is Subject to fluctuation, the individuals of the same brood
show but little variation among themselves.* . . . I cannot assert
that a fifth moult occurs in the last 1o days, although I am very
doubtful whether this is the case. It is certain, however, that some
time before pupation, and whilst the larva is still feeding, the striking
colours fade out, and become replaced chiefly by black. The onto-
geny of this species is obviously but a very incomplete representation
of its phyletic development. This is at once apparent from the large
gap between the rst and and stages. It is not possible that a row of
ring-spots can have arisen suddenly ; in all probability they have been
developed from a subdorsai line which, in ewphorbzae, is now only in-
dicated in the second stage by a faint line. ‘This conjecture is raised
to a certainty when we call in the aid of the larve of the remaining
Deilephilid species (Weismann, Studies in Theory of Descent, pp. 202—
207).
Cocoon.—The cocoons are of a very firm texture, spun with
strong and coarse silk threads attached to some leaves of spurge
above, and with some sand interwoven, and, in each instance, firmly
fastened to the side of the pot in which the larve have been placed,
and sunk about 3in. below the surface of the sand, so as to be
immovable, though the sand was loose. The interior of the
cocoons beautifully smooth, with fine silken lining (Buckler). The
larve make a hole about tin. deep, “roofing” and “ walling” it
with silk, mixed with sand, bits of leaves, etc., but without making
a distinct floor. They remain in the cocoons about a week before
turning to pupe. In spite of the normal habit of the larva to make
its cocoon partially underground, many individuals made up their
cocoons on the surface among leaves (when earth was not available),
the silk used being dark yellow in tint (Harrison). | When tullfed
the larva enters the ground in which it makes a cocoon in which to
pupate (Réaumur). Cocoons are sometimes found in nature in Malta,
among rubbish on the ground, the larve spinning the materials tightly
together (Mathew) ; larve pupate on the surface of the ground either
free or in a loose cocoon (Bartel). The larvee pupate under moss, &c.,
placed in the breeding-cage, and choose the darkest places that
can be found (Sich). Thirteen larvee formed loose cocoons in
sand (Fry). .The larve pupate in the sand, forming a loose case
of earth around them (Curtis). ‘The cocoons are found just below
the surface of the ground (Johnson).

Pupa.—The pupe of yles euphorbiae and Celerio gallit are
extremely similar. As compared with our other British species,
they agree with Zheretra porcellus and Eumorpha elpenor, in general
outline and in the anterior position of the labrum, more than
with any others. They are, however, less specialised than those of
T.. porcellus, £. elpenor, &c., in so far that the latter has an appreciable
keel to the maxilla, whilst in “7. euphorbiae the head extremity of
the pupa is fairly rounded on all aspects, and, in fact, except that the

*Upon this fact obviously depends the statement of that extremely accurate
observer Roesel, that the larva of ewphorbiae is but very slightly variable (Znsekter-
belustigungen, iii., p. 36). I formerly held the same opinion, till I convinced myself
that this species is very constant in some localities but very variable in others. It
appears that local influences make the larva variable (Weismann).

HYLES EUPHORBI&. 931

labrum is definitely anterior, the maxilla has undergone no further
development. Nor are there any rough ridges on the abdominal seg-
ments as in the pupa of £. e/fenor. In its general outline, the pupa is
an ordinary obtect pupa, slightly flattened from back to front, and
carrying its full thickness right up to the prothorax, and, with slight
diminution, to the 7th abdominal segment, the 6th and ath do, indeed,
diminish appreciably, but the three following segments diminish
in a rapid cone. There is hardly any curvature in the pupa, it
might be called straight. The anterior extremity is nearer the
venter than the dorsum, the rounding being chiefly dorsal and
the anal spike is on the dorsal edge of the otherwise somewhat
truncate extremity. The measurements of an individual selected
at random are:

ANTERO-
POSTERIOR
DIAMETER AT

Fe ASUREMENES AE FROM HEAD TRANSVERSE
rae (LABRUM) AT |DIAMETER AT

Mid prothorax .. a a ae a 30mm. 8-omm. | 8omm,
Front mesothorax ie li ae oh 55 gO ;, 100 ,,
Hind margin mesothorax... ae ae Ilo ,, 10°0 ,, 100 ,,
End of Ist leg aie ae ore oie 8 13°0 ”

End of antenna A is oe I4O ,,

Widest part 4th abdominal .. 56 she 20°0 ;, IIO ,, ONO 5g
End of maxillz.. a ae BF 210 ,,

Widest part 5th agonal tee ate 4 24°0 ,, 10°0 ,, 9°5 >.
End of 7th abdominal.. Se Be He 32°0 ,, SOD yp 75 55
End of 9th abdominal. . Se oe age 34°5 155 2°0 4, 20 ,,
Base of spike .. 56 6 5: ss 35°0 ,, 2°0 ., IO ;,
Wotallength .. ss ie a ae 30°5*,,,

The glazed eye points (by its convexity) directly forwards. The first
spiracular opening is a narrow slit directed forwards. The posterior
lip being comparatively wide and lying flat, passes forward over
the anterior one; it is dark in colour. ‘The other spiracles are dark,
an oval depression with the transverse opening axially surrounded
by a fine raised lip. The prolegs are depressions, centrally smoother,
with radial impressed lines. The cicatrix of horn on dorsum of 8th
abdominal is slightly raised with the sculpturing radiating from it
in fine ridges, just behind it is a depression, which looks like, and
doubtless is, the result of the pressure of the base of the larval horn,
when depressed backwards on the pupal skin, just before the
pupal moult, not recovered from before the hardening of the pupal
cuticle. A suture is visible down the prothorax, and a false one
down the mesothorax, ze, there is a dorsal line or ridge so placed
as to give a white line. The sides of the anal groove are full, but
do not amount to bosses or tubercles, the anal spike is roughly
wrinkled dorsally, ventrally it is longitudinally wrinkled for the
basal, smooth for the terminal, half. At the wing-bases some speci-
mens have small brown points raised above the general surface,
generally in one or more groups of two each; sometimes similar
points occur, symmetrically on the wings. Others are quite without
them. There are no other special marks, tubercles, &c., even the

* A large specimen may reach 50mm, when stretched out (Chapman).

939 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

labrum and angles of the epicranium are quite flat, just marked out
and no more. The surface sculpturing is of labyrinthine wrinkling
over the head, thorax and appendages, becoming, on the abdominal
dorsum, an arrangement of pits. Over the head and pro- and
mesothorax, the aspect is much that of cerebral convolutions,
the summits being pale, the sulci dark: over the appendages the
sulci are more nearly transverse, and fairly regular over the antenne.
Poulton’s line is well-marked, but the neuration, which looks obvious
at a rough glance, is marked only by a longitudinal arrangement of
some of the sulci of the wrinkling. On the abdominal segments
the pits tend to run together into sulci, and this is marked in certain
transverse lines, apparently indicating sub-segmentation, but varying
in clearness to a great degree in different specimens. ‘Two lines
are usually seen in each segment, the first 2and the znd # from the
anterior margin of the segment, sometimes presenting two distinct
black lines; on the znd and 3rd abdominals the posterior element,
instead of being only 4+ of the segment, or, being really 4 of the
segment, has behind it a very definite similar element that might be
intersegmental membrane fixed. The 7th abdominal segment has a
broad rounded posterior margin, as if the 8th segment, being consider-
ably smaller, had been well telescoped into it. The one structural point
by which it is clearly separabie from the pupa of C. gad/a is the
sculpturing of the prespiracular areas of the 5th and 6th abdominal seg-
ments; on segment 5 this area is not punctured, but the ridges rise into
a series of sharp edges, transverse to the segment, and, here, the
ordinary rule of colouring is reversed, the sharp edges being dark
and the rest of the area paler (everywhere else the ridges are rounded).
On abdominal segment 6, the ordinary sculpture prevails; there is, per-
haps, one little ridge close to the spiracle. Another point of difference
with C. gal/iz is in colouring, but this is so much a matter of degree
that one may doubt its holding good in all cases. The colour is
a pale terra-cotta, varied with more or less black, which is sometimes
confined to the sulci and pits, but sometimes invades the general surface,
and a more or less ruddy tone, or a brown is sometimes evident on the
abdominal surface. | Usually, the wings are palest, occasionally
they are darkest, and similar variations prevent any general
description as to the distribution of colour. ‘The character of the
general wrinkling is much smoother in /. ewphorbiae, as if rubbed
down and polished, the sulci being very narrow in comparison (see
anted, pp. 188-189, ‘ Pupa of C. gall”). ‘To distinguish the two
pupee (if together for comparison) it suffices to pass the finger over
the mesothorax, when C. galdit gives a sensation of roughness
in comparison with the polish of 4. euphorbiae (Chapman).
Long and slender, very like that of a Sphingid (sezs. s¢ric¢.) in general
outline, except for the maxillary protuberance. Head, wings and
appendages of a dull ochreous-grey but with a slight greenish tinge ;
the skin rugose; the abdominal segments transversely subdivided,
brown, the 7th and following segments being darker as also is the
smooth skin of the incisions between 4-5, 5-6 and 6-7 ; a dark medio-
dorsal shade runs down the centre of abdominal segments ; on ventral
surface of the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominals a narrow median longi-
tudinal fissure, and traces of the position of the larval prolegs ; the

>

cremastral horn moderately long, black-tipped, and bluntly bifid. The

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 233

frontal headpiece large, the antenne thickened towards the base ex-
tending about halfway along the costa of wings; the maxille wide at
base terminating at apices of wings; two pairs of legs end opposite
tips of antennee. The glazed eye, extending from base of ist leg to
base of antenna not very conspicuous. ‘The pro- and mesothorax
well-developed, the metathorax very restricted. ‘The prothoracic
spiracle is a conspicuous depression on the line separating the pro-
and mesothorax ; the 1st abdominal spiracle just traceable, those
on the 2nd-7th abdominal segments forming narrow transverse slits
with conspicuous black rings, that on the 8th abdominal segment
inconspicuous and closed. The genital organs conspicuous on the
8th abdominal segment (Tutt. Described September 2rst, 1899).
Poulton figures and describes (£x¢. Morph. Lep. Pupa, p. 205, pl.
xx., figs. 22-23) the terminal abdominal segments of the pupa of this
species. Fig. 22 represents the last three segments of a male pupa,
seen from the right side, natural size. The rudimentary spiracle
and the scar of the caudal horn are seen on the 8th abdominal
segment. The horizontal furrow which divides the roth abdominal
into a dorsal (rostral) and ventral (anal) part is unusually distinct.
The division is rendered especially apparent because the dorsal
part extends further anteriorly than the ventral, so that the oth
abdominal is narrow in front of the former and becomes suddenly
broader in front of the latter. Fig. 23 (x 26) shows the median
ventral area of the 9th and adjacent parts of the 8th and roth
abdominal segments, showing the g organ and the sculpture of the
surface very distinctly. Thedg organ is somewhat asymmetrical. The
two tubercles in front of it are probably an individual peculiarity.
Buckler writes: “‘ The pupa is rgins. in length, Jin. in diameter, taper-
ing a little from the thorax to the frontal extremity, where it is rather
smooth ; the wing-cases pressed close to the body; the abdo-
Minaleenines sin tolerable) nelief); the outline tapered a little
near the anal tip, which ends in a broad, flattish, downwards-
curved spike, pointed at its extremity. The colour of a dingy,
deep brick-red above, fading a little beneath to more of a
flesh colour, and thickly covered with minute blackish punctures ;
the wing-covers dark brownish, much freckled and finely streaked
with blackish, as also are the head, antenna-, eye- and leg-cases, as well
as the trunk-case; the segmental divisions of the abdomen dull ~
purplish-red, and quite smooth, while the parts between them are
roughened by black pits or punctures on a rather shining ground;
a dorsal line of the ground colour visible on the back of the thorax.
The spiracles black.”

COMPARISON OF PUP OF CELERIO GALLI] AND HYLES EUPHORBIE.—
Taking the examples of C. gal/zz before me, which may or may not be
typical, it is very difficult to find any definite distinction between the
pupee of C. gallii and HY. euphorbiae. ‘The one definite point is that the
peculiar sculpturing in front of the spiracles which, in the pupa of Z.
euphorbiae, is practically confined to abdominal segment 5, in that of C.
valli affects also abdominal segment 6 and quite appreciably segment 7.
It is on a more definitely marked off separate area, and is slightly
different in character, the ridges being rather closer and in more con-
tinuous lines, and with a more abundant supply of paler colouring, z.e.,
more ruddy, less black. The general colouring of the pupa is darker

234 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and redder (on the average). The front of A. euphorbtae is com-
paratively smooth and rounded, with no tendency to spines or tubercles.
The pupa of C. ga//iz may be about as smooth, but there are often
distinct frontal spines (epiclypeal) beside the labrum, and _ fainter
ones on the summit of the head. The summits of the wrinklings
(cerebral convolutions) vary in height, or appear to do so, and the pupa
feels rougher, apparently this is due to the wrinkles in the pupa of ZH.
euphorbtae having flat tops and very narrow perpendicular-sided valleys
between, whilst in that of C. gad/iz the valleys are wider and more open
and the ridges consequently narrower. On the abdominal segments,
pitting does not so soon or so completely replace wrinkling, so that,
on the 4th abdominal segment, it 1s doubtful whether it would be
easier to describe the sculpturing in terms of wrinkling or pitting.
In the described specimen of A. euphorbiae the antenna reached
further than the first leg. This is not always the case but sometimes
the antenna reaches even further than in that specimen. Apparently
the antenna tends to pass the leg more frequently and fully in
C. gall than in A. euphorbiae. The anal spine varies as in Z&.
euphorbiae, 1. some being very fine and sharp, in others short and
blunt, some present distinct evidence of a bifid tip, but A. euphorbiae
does so also. In size, the pupa of C. gadllii averages somewhat
smaller. It is also possible that C. gaddz is a little more flattened
dorsally and tapers a little more gradually behind, but, if so, the
difference is very slight in either case, and individuals vary more
than the average difference covers (Chapman).

DuRATION OF PUPAL STAGE.—It seems almost impossible to
accept Mazzola’s statement, referred to by Treitschke (Dze Schmett.,
X., Pp. 131) that he had an example that emerged after bempug
years in the pupal stage, but our own records show that the pupal
stage may be anything from 15 days to 15 months. Curtis states
(on Raddon’s authority) that the pupal stage sometimes extends
to a second year, and hints that the shifting of the sand on coast
sandhills covers up pupe for a great length of time, that they
lie hidden and alive, and that the moths do not emerge until
brought to light and life by the influence of the elements!! Mathew’s
tabulation (andéed, p. 216), also, is most interesting from this standpoint.
Of four larve taken in Capri, in May, 1866, and that pupated at
about the same time, one was only in the pupal stage about 3 weeks, the
imago emerging in June, the others at long-distant intervals, the last not
appearing until October (White) ; at Munich some emerge in late
autumn of the year of pupation, others not till after a second winter
or even later (Kranz) ; of six larve taken at Ingolstadt on August 2nd,
1892, four pupated August 6th-8th, and one imago emerged August
zoth, having been only 12 days in the pupal stage (Strohmayer,
Soc. £nt., vit.. p. 142). The pupal stage in Sicily, in the summer,
usually lasts only three weeks (Bartel) ; in Upper Austria the pupal
period varies, in 1897 an imago was bred from a pupa 19 days
old, but sometimes the pupal stage goes over two winters (Hims}).
In the Bilbao district, larve that pupate in August frequently produce
imagines in October (Rossler).

STRIDULATION OF PUPA.—Pupz moistened, and when _ placed
in water heard to hiss, sound repeated several times, and resembled
that of a snake (Weir, £7/., xiil., p. 218)

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 2a

Forcinc pup#&.—This pupa lends itself readily to the forcing
process and imagines can thus be produced throughout the winter ;
20 pup placed in incubator with evaporating’ water, on January
roth, 1884, and subjected to a temperature fluctuating between 27° C
and 30°C all emerged between January 28th and February arst,
1884 (Weismann); three pupz placed in forcing-box October 21st,
1872, placed box at first on iron plate of a kitchen stove over
boiler where the situation was warm through the greater part of
the night and quite het by day, when the bottom of the box was
elevated two inches above the hot plate by the aid of two strips
of wood on which the box rested ; here they were damped with
lukewarm water twice a day. On the 23rd of November a fine
and perfect moth came from the earliest pupa, but after that my
efforts were baffled ; the two remaining pupz continued lively but
the moths would not appear. I moved the box to a place before
my sitting-room fire, but without effect, and, at iast, I came to the
conclusion that I ought not to have begun the forcing till the weather
had become dry and frosty, and that then the heat would have had
due effect, but as it was, the great humidity of the atmosphere had
prevented this, and sufficient heat had not reached the pupz to
develop the imago in them at once. After continuing my forcing
till the end of December, I put the pupe aside to wait for summer,
but before that time came they had died (Buckler). We have
more than once placed pupz of this species on moss in flower-pots
on a kitchen mantel-piece in January and moistened the moss
slightly every day ; few of the pupz resist this treatment more than
5-6 weeks before giving up their imagines.

Fooppiants.—Luphorbia, | Galium|* (Linné), Luphorbia cyparissias
(John), Z. amygdaloides (A. H. Jones), Euphorbia peplus, E. portlandica
(Buckler), £. paralias (Harrison), £. esula (Glitz), Zithymalus
helioscopius, TZ. gerardiana, Fuchsia (Bartel), £. prscatoria (Long-
staff), £. guyoniana (Eaton), £. dendroides, E. pinea (Galvagni),
E. wulfenit (Garbowski), Euphorbia exigua, preferring slightly
withered leaves (Sich), particularly fond of the milky juice of the
Euphorbia (White), vine leaves (Berthelin, Bull. Soc. Fut. Fr. 1881,
p. clvil), [oak (Scheffler) |. There is some suggestion of “ gastric educa-
tion” in the species, ¢.g., Garbowski notes larve as eating Euphorbia
cyparisstas but refusing £. peplus and other Euphorbiaceae. Robson —
records ( Young JNat., il., p. 310) &. peplus being preferred to Z£.
amygdalndes and E. esula. He adds (éeste Millar) that the larve
will eat dandelion, on which, however, they do not thrive. Unterberger
fed the larve on lettuce (///. Zeits. fiir Ent., ii1., p. 232). Laubenheimer
has (Ler. Oberhess. Ges., vi., p. 82 [1857] ) a short note on the foodplant
of this species which, he says, is rare at Giessen on account of the
absence of its natural foodplant, although occasional larve have been
met with on the species of Zuphorbia growing in the Botanical Gardens.
He asserts that no other foodplants but species of Luphorbia are known,
and Esper has expressly mentioned that he repeatedly tried to induce
them to take substitutes, but failed; Laubenheimer thinks it,

* Linné’s references (see avtea, p. 202) show that he had mixed up euphorbiae
and gadilizt under the former name. Undoubtedly this foodplant ‘* Galzwm”’ resulted
from referring De Geer’s species ( galliz) to euphorbiae.

236 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

therefore, worth recording that, on August 31st, 1856, he found
eight nearly fullgrown larve on Polygonum aviculare near the
Badenburg, and fed them up successfully upon this plant, which
they seemed to prefer to the Luphorbia peplus that he also offered
them.

PaRASITES.—Wicrogaster nigriventris, Nees (Rodani). Bartel
notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i\., p. 81) that the larve are frequently
attacked by hymenopterous and dipterous parasites. The larve are
also sometimes affected by 7ilarzae. :

HYLES EUPHORBIZ AS A BRITISH INSECT.—Moses Harris, in the
Aurelian, i 1778, introduced this species as British, on the strength
of a larva taken on marshy ground at Barnscray, near Crayford
in Kent. He figured the pupa and imago (/oc. cit, pl. 44) from
Belisle, in France, with the larva of C. gall, presumably also
from a foreign example, as the larva he obtained at Barnscray
refused to eat and died a day or two after capture. His descrip-
tion of the larva that he captured is certainly not thatmauss
euphorbiae. Donovan gives (vit. Jns., ill., p. 51, pl. gi-g2) ex-
cellent figures of the imago and larva of the species, and notes that
these are not from British examples. He further observes that Drury
had given a figure of the species among his rare insects, but as a
native of a foreign country. Donovan himself bases the British
authenticity of HY. euphorbtae on a damaged imago stated to have
been taken at Bath, and four larve taken in Devonshire, in 1793, by
Curtis: Haworth simply writes’ (Zep. 6777. p. 61): “Wales
Devonia. Larva on Luphorbia,’ but in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1807, pl. iv, he figures a specimen of HY. euwphorbiae under the name
of Sphinx gala. Curtis (rit. Lut., v., fo. 3), in 1823, and Stephens
(Lllus., 1.,P. 125), in 1828, give details of Raddon’s captures in Devon,
Raddon himself, in 1834, publishing (Lut. Mag., i1., pp. 535-536)
the particulars of obtaining this species. He observes that, in the
autumn of 1806, he visited north Devon, and, whilst at the village
of Instow (opposite Appledore), the first larva was brought him by
a fisherman. ‘This was forwarded to Fuesli, who considered it to
be the larva of Sphinx koechlint (=livornica). Between 1806 and 1819
the larvee were very plentiful, and this was especially the case in 1814,
when, after a day’s search in which only fullfed larve were taken,
Raddon gathered an armful of spurge for food, placed it in water
on his arrival home, and, in the morning, found the plants covered
with not less than a hundred minute larve only a day or two old.
Fuesli, Leach and others, to whom pupe were given, appear not
to have been very successful in getting imagines from them. A
collector named Cocks is noted by Raddon as getting a fullfed
larva on October 3rd, 1834*, which changed at once to a pupa that
was sent on to Raddon, ‘The species from this date apparently
ceased to have any British habitat. Isolated records of possible
immigrant or escaped imagines occur occasionally until 1872, when
two imagines were exhibited at the meeting of the Entomological
Society of London on September 17th, 1873, one a remarkable
aberration, said to have been bred from near Harwich from

“ This. was one of ‘the. C. gallit years (see anted,, Dp: . 195), and this particular
larva may possibly have been referable to this species.

HYLES EUPHORBIA, Oo

larve taken with several others in June, 1872, by a man named
Durand (2772, vil. p, 46, 1X., p. 263), but, besides the great im-
probability of June larve being found in this country, other circum-
stances led to disbelief in the British origin of these examples. In 1889
and 1890 St. John published (£77, xxiil., pp. 18, 319) a somewhat
vague account of the capture of larve in Cornwall, supplemented,
and certain inaccuracies corrected, later by Fry*, the captor, who
observes (Joc. cit., XXV1., pp. 315-316) that he took, in August, 1889,
18 or 19 larve about two miles trom Newquay in Cornwall, and that
of these 5 or 6 died, 13 formed cocoons, of which one was given
to a schoolfellow, and 12 to St. John to rear, three of these were
reported dead, nine were said to have emerged, of which one went to
Hanbury’s collection, three to St. John’s collection, and five were at
the time in Fry’s collection. With the exception of this record, there
has been no real evidence of the species being sedentary in these
islands for more than half a century, and with the exception of the
larva found by Cocks in 1834, for above threequarters of a century.

Hapirs.—The imagines appear to be strictly crepuscular in
their flight, feeding on the wing from about 6.30 p.m. to 9.15 p.m.,
settling down before 10 p.m., clinging firmly to their resting-place,
and usually remaining in the same position all night. The males
poise themselves on the wing, sometimes inaking use of one or
two legs to steady themselves whilst hovering at the flowers,
although, usually, the legs hang straight down. When the tongue
is inserted in a flower it is often bent at almost a right angle, being
nearly straight for the first half of its length and then taking a
sudden bend downwards to the flower, the thorax of the moth
being nearly always above and over the top of the flower and
nearly perpendicular to it. A moth will sometimes remain at
the same flower for 2 or 3 minutes. Whilst hovering, the humming
of the wings is distinctly audible, and if, at this time, a moth be
observed in profile with the base of the nearer pair of wings on
the same level as the eye of the spectator, the underside of the
wings alone can be observed as though the wings, while vibrating,
only passed through an arc_of 45° on either side of the per-
pendicular. The females appear to fly but little compared with
the males. ‘The imagines are noted as living in confinement from
ro—14 days. ‘There seems to be no fixed time at which they
emerge—wings of one expanded and dry by 8.15 p.m., another 10.30
DMs soo others) before) S) am, one before 6 am, (Sich). Their
general habit, in nature, is to fly at dusk at flowers—at verbenas
(Barrett), at Saponaria officinalis (Jager), prefer well-scented flowers
especially Echzwm and Phlox (Bartel)—although Ruhl notes that they
fly whilst it is still ight and continue to do so for some half-hour, until
dusk, at Biedenkopf, from about July 7th-26th. That occasional
wanderers should be taken in Britain is not at all surprising, for
Mathew says (zz /it¢t.) that one was brought to him by a blue-jacket,

* St. John’s statement ve these does not agree with that of Fry. The former
reports: Thirteen nearly fullfed larvee taken, three died in pupation, ten healthy
pupze resulted, and imagines emerged— g¢ May 5th, ¢ May gth, ¢ May 13th,
@ May 31st, ¢ June 6th, ¢ June 16th, ¢ June 22nd, 2 July 24th: 1890. One
pupa died, one was still alive September, 1890 /47z., xxiii., pp. 18, 3163 Ant. Rec.,
lV., Pp. 249, 297).

238 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

found on board ship when off the coast of Malta as early as April
14th, and he further states that they were seen flying around the
electric lights of the ship off Cyprus, Corfu and Crete in June, 1898,
whenever the lights were burning. He states that the imagines are evi-
dently on the move for a considerable time during the night for he has
seen them flying to the electric light from soon after sunset until
past midnight, whilst by day, in Malta, they may be seen occasionally
resting on walls and posts, but most of them probably hide under stones
in the stone-walls; very abundant at light at Aix-les-Bains, in July,
1896 (Agassiz), common at electric light at Davos-Platz, &c. (Sellon),
at electric light at Berne, June 21st, 1893 (Huiltbold), also in
August from 1893-1895 at Zurich (Nagel), at electric light, July 3rd-
4th, 1898, at Aigle, from 9.15 p.m.-I0.20 p.m. (larve occurring
in all stages at same time in the district) (Lowe), also at Zermatt,
from August 15th-19th, 1898 (Jones), Steinert says that 7. ewphorbiae
(like y/lowcus pinastrit, Eumorpha elpenor and Theretra porcellus)
sometimes comes to sugar (/7is, v., Pp. 397).

Hasitar.—Much doubt still exists as to whether this species has
ever been really indigenous in Britain. Raddon, as we have already
noted, records (Zz. Mag., 1., pp. 535-536) that, from 1806-1819, he
took many larve on the sandhills at Braunton and Appledore, which
pupated in due course, and imagines from which are to be found
in British cabinets, whilst Fry has stated: that, in August, 1889,
he took 18 or 19 larve in.a little sandy bay at the foot of the
cliff, about 2 miles away from Newquay, in Cornwall (£u¢., xxvi.,
pp. 315-316). More evidence is required as to the iarve reported
as taken on the coast near Harwich in June, 1872 (£7, vil., p. 46;
ix., p. 263). . The species has no other standing in the British
fauna, except for odd examples taken here and there in different
parts of the country, evident wanderers from the continent or escapes
from confinement * (hundreds of imagines have been for three-quarters
of a century annually reared trom pupz in Britain), and which have no
real bearing on the scientific aspects of ‘‘habitat” or “ distribution.”
Abroad, where the species sometimes swarms, its habitats are ex-
ceedingly varied. From the sea-level on either side of the Medi-
terranean coast, and the shores of the Atlantic as far north as
Brittany, Holland and Denmark, the species spreads inland, being
particularly abundant in warm valleys of the Pyrenees and the Alps of
central Europe to a considerable elevation. It extends to the east
well into Asia, occurring on the arid sandy steppes of the Ural
district, Persia, and ‘Turkestan, whilst, in the Kouldja district, it is
said to be abundant in gardens throughout the whole of the summer.
Harrison says that, on the coast sandhills of Brittany (e.g., at Le
Poldu’, it is exceedingly common, whilst Oberthtir notes that in La
Manche, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Codtes-du-Nord the species is abundant
in, but never found outside of, the maritime zone, abounding in some
places on the sandhills quite close to the sea, but it also goes up
the rivers, e.g., the banks of the Loire between Blois and Langés

* See Lunt. Rec., xv., p. 67. We ourselves have frequently set free imagines
of rare species, reared from foreign pupz for which we had no further use. Two
living examples of 7/7. euphorbiae have come into our own hands; we have no
doubt that these were ‘ escapes.”

HYLES EUPHORBIA. 239

(Réaumur). In the Netherlands and Belgium it also extends inland
along the rivers (Snellen). In the most southern parts of its range,
é.¢., on the dunes to the west and south of Biskra, it is sometimes
exceedingly abundant (Eaton), it also abounds on ‘the almost bare
slopes of the rocky island of Capri (White), also along the shores
of the Bilbao river in Spain (Bell). On the dry sloping banks
of the alpine valleys branching out of the Rhine valley, the
valleys of Dauphiny, Savoy, the Tyrol, the Caucasus, and the eastern
Himalayas it is sometimes very common. Mathew found the larve
abundantly on the seashore below the celebrated Bulair Lines, also
in woods near the coast of the Sea of Marmora.. Walker notes
that the species is quite common on the ‘‘neutral ground” at
Gibraltar, and in all the cork woods of the district, whilst Mathew
says it occurs also on the coast sandhills between Gibraltar and
Algeciras.

TIME OF APPEAKANCE.—The emergence of the imagines appears
to be very irregular. Normally the moths emerge from pupz of the
previous year in June and July in the more northern part of its
range, and only occasionally in the autumn from pupz of the year,
so that sometimes from the same batch (the larve reared under
identical conditions) one or two examples will emerge about three
weeks after attaining the pupal stage, the remainder coming out
the following year at irregular periods from June to August. In the
southern part of its range the species appears to be continuously-brooded,
imagines appearing in March-April, June, August and October-Novem-
ber, although irregularities in the various broods make it probable that
one might obtain imagines (and larve) at any time between March
and November in a state of nature, but, even in the warmest parts
of its area, the two or three winter months—December to February—
appear to be passed in the pupal state. Thus we have imagines
in March, April and May at Malta, again in July, yet again in
August, September and October, in April at Biskra, in April in the
Sierra-de-Chiclana, in July at Albarracin, and possibly there is another
emergence in many parts of Spain in September. The main emergences
appear to be in June and September in the Bilbao river district (Bell),
and in May and September at Gibraltar (Walker). The imagines
also appear by the end of April in Turkestan, and in Asia Minor
the species is everywhere common in May, ‘and again from the
end of July to the middle of August. Along the Mediterranean
littoral it is reported as occurring from April to November, but,
in the more northern lowlands, there appears to be a main emergence
in May-June, and a partial second-brood in July-August, with a long
pupal period through the winter. The species is recorded as appearing
from May to the middle of November, everywhere very commonly, in Rou-
mania (Caradja), and imagines are bred in August from July larve at
Gallipoli (Mathew), from May until the end September at Eperies (Husz),
whilst at Budapest the appearances are given as mid-April, mid-May,
and again mid-June to August (¢es/e Bartel) ; in Alsace from May to Sep-
tember (Peyerimhoff), and in the Haute-Garonne almost everywhere in
May-June and August-September (Caradja). The following records also
suggest double- or partial double-broods—June and September (rare)
at Eutin, June and September in the Crefeld district, May and July at
Halle (often in very great abundance), May-June and August-

240 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

September at Leipzig, in Thuringia, and in Silesia, where it is
common, May-June and rarely in autumn at Baden, June and Septem-
ber at Wiesbaden, May-June and rarely in autumn in Switzerland,
May and July at Fiinfkirchen, July and September, in Tuscany (one
suspects also a spring brood), July to September near Florence, June
and August in the Loire-Inférieure. It is remarkable that few of the
Italian dates are given earlier than June and July—at the end of
May, and again in July and August about Rome—but our knowledge
of the Italian lepidoptera is most unsatisfactory, and the species may
be generally double- or even continuously-brooded in the warmer
parts. In the mountains at a moderate elevation the imagines
do not emerge until July-August—July 1st-r5th in the Oéetzthal
(von Gumppenberg), August 15th-r9th at Zermatt (Jones), July
28th, 1899, almost at summit of the Simplon Pass (Edwards)—here,
too, the species is single-brooded as it is also in its more northern
and western localities, the west coast of France, Belgium, Nether-
lands, the north coast of Germany and the Baltic districts.
Other dates given are—middle of May at Teheran, May at Brussa,
and the Kouldja district, May and June in the Ural district,
end of May at Sarepta, end of July at Noworossiisk on the Black
Sea, July and August at Aix-les-Bains, mid-September in Trans-
sylvania, in July at Bergun, Simplon, Macugnaga, valleys of the
Upper Inn, Bucovina, and most mountain districts. We also have June,
common, at Brunswick, May-June at Augsburg and Frankfort-on-Main,
July-August at Ulm, August at Bremen. Fritsch gives dates from
May troth-July 25th for Austro-Hungary, and only a few isolated
autumnal ones. Réaumur notes it at the commencement of July
on the banks of the Loire, whilst Harrison records it in June-July
on the Brittany coast at Le Poldu, although three imagines emerged
September, 1897, from August pupe of the year. Occasionally
mountain races gives an odd autumnal example in confinement, ¢.g.,
imagines occur in the Val d’Herens in June-July, but Chapman reared
one, from an Evolena larva, on September 23rd, 1899, after being only
18 days in the pupal stage. There are numberless records of these
occasional autumnal emergences in confinement; thus Sich bred ima-
gines from continental pupe from July 8th-21st, 1901, and from an egg
laid by one of these he obtained another imago on October 7th of
the same year. Records like May 16th, 1901, at Malta (Fletcher),
early August (from summer pup) at Malta (de la Garde), only help
to prove the continuous-broodedness of the species here. Of actual
dates of emergence or capture, besides those already noted, we have
few. These are July gth, 1860, at Alderney (Walker), May 5th-July
24th, 1890, from Newquay pup (St. John), June 21st, 1893, at light
at Berne (Hiltbold), July 3rd-4th, 1898, at light, at Aigle, larve of
all sizes occurring in the district at the same time (Lowe), August
r5th-19th, 189%, at Zermatt (Jones), a large 2 July 28th, 1899, almost
at summit of the Simplon Pass on the Italian side (Edwards), July
24th, 1900, in the Statzer-Thal (Galvagni).

LOCALITIES.—The following list exhibits how a species, well-known as
having no permanent residence in Britain, may appear to have a wide distribution
in this country. AYR: Monkton ** (Dunlop), CHESHIRE: Bidston, near Birken-

** Probable immigrants or escapes,

HYLES EUPHORBIA, 241

head **, one (Morgan ¢este Gregson), Formby ***, between Little Brighton and
Hightown, two larvae *** (Gregson Zeste Ellis), Bolton **, one 1865 (Chappell).
CORNWALL: near Newquay (Fry), Pendower Sands, Tresco + (Daws zz Jitt.), Scilly
Isles—nr. Tresco Abbeyt (este Bartel). DEvoNn: Braunton Burrows (extinct since 1832)
(Raddon). DuBLIN: Killiney} (Hely ¢este Greene). GLOUCESTER: Cirencester ¢
(teste Jefferys). HAnrs: Southampton ** (Weston), Isle of Wight ***, a single larva
(Mitford). Iste or MAn7fft (Dewhirst ¢este Hodgkinson). Kent: Deal**(Coverdale),
Dover **, Dartford** (Tutt). Lancs : Formby tt (Gregson). NorRFoLK: King’s
Lynn ** (Barrett). SOMERSET: Taunton tf (Rawlinson), Bath ** (teste Donovan).
SUFFOLK: near Ipswich *** (Bisshopp), Landguard Fort tt (Garrett), near Har-
wich 7] (Durand). SURREY: Box Hilltt (Gardner). Sussex: Ecclesbourne ff,
Hastings tt (Cosmo-Melvill ¢este Jenner), WARWICK: Coventry tft (Mercer
teste Stephens). WORCESTER: Worcestertt (Smith, Swds., p. 184). Yorks:
Scarborough tf (Stainton’s AZanual) *.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is exceedingly abundant from the Canaries
throughout the whole Mediterranean littoral, from which it extends north to the
shores of the Baltic, but to no great distance south, z.e., into northern Africa. It
extends throughout the Caspian and Aral district to the Himalayas and Kouldja,
where it is abundant, whilst in the Achalzik district it is replaced by the pale
form (or species) centralastae. In the Alps of central Europe it is frequently
abundant up to an elevation of 6000ft., above which altitude the larve are rarely
found. AFRICA: Madeira, very common (Cockerell), Canary Isles—Teneriffe,
abundant (Longstaff), Algeria—Kouba (Lucas), Bona, common (Speyer), Biskra
(Eaton). Asta: Asia Minor, common—Cilician Taurus, &c. (Staudinger), both
sides of the Sea of Marmora, common (Mathew), Amasia, Tokat, Syria—Lebanon,
Damascus (Lederer), steppes about Teheran (Bienert), northwest Asia Minor—
Brussa, Olympus, Berglehnen, Maghnisa, Smyrna, Aidin (Staudinger), northern Persia
—near Schahkuh, Achal-Tekke district—Aschabad, Mangyschlak peninsula, Ural
and Turgai provinces (¢este Bartel), Pamirs, Kouldja district—Musart, Valley of Ili,
(Alphéraky), Turkestan (Erschoff), Siberia (Speyer). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Taufers
valley, Innsbruck (Weiler), Tyrol, not rare —Oetzthal (von Gumppenberg), Upper Inn
valleys, Trient, between Sarca and Riva (Hinterwaldner), Bucovina, everywhere
common—Solka, &c. (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia, common, Carls-
bad (Nickerl), Galicia, very common, almost everywhere—Lemberg, Brody, Tarnéw
(Garbowski), only in certain seasons (Nowicki), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz),
Stanislawow (Werchratski), Brinn (Schneider), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Eperies,

** Probable immigrants or escapes.

*** No doubt larve of Celerio gallit.

t Daws states that the insect has been recorded from here. We cannot trace
the record. Nor can we trace Bartel’s authority for Tresco Abbey.

§ Birchall doubts this record, see Ent. Mo. Mag., x., p. 153.

t{ A hearsay record. Almost certainly an error of determination.

tt Wants confirmation badly.

‘| Probable introductions for purposes of trade.

* The following records, to be considered in their detail, are chosen as examples
that will give some idea of part of the evidence on which this species rests as British :
(1) Three caterpillars taken near Coventry in 1827 (Mercer este Stephens). (2)
A fullfed larva at Formby on grass, August, 1850 (Gregson, Zvol., 2298). (3)
At Taunton, a day or two before October 15th, 1857 (Rawlinson, &. W. Jnt.,
1857, p. 29) [The date is most unusual even for an immigrant imago in Britain].
(4) A single larva in the Isle of Wight in 1859 (Mitford) [The great C. gallit
year}. (5) Two larve at Ipswich, September 17th, 1870, feeding on Galium
verum (Bisshopp, zt, v., p. 181) [Certainly those of C. galliz]. (6) Two
imagines, one a remarkable aberration, exhibited by Higgins, September 17th, 1873, at
the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, said to have been bred from near Harwich,
where several larvz were stated to have been taken in June, 1872, by Durand (Zxt.,
Vill., pp. 46, 263) [The possibility of larvze occurring at Harwich in “‘ June” is exceed-
ingly remote. Nothing seems to have been known of Durand as an entomologist].
(7) Imago taken at Bowdon, 1886; wings crippled on right side (Chappell,
Eint., xix., p. 250) [Chappell found that he had been the victim of a fraud and
destroyed the specimen, wide, Ent., xx., p. 108]. (8) Three larvz near Cirencester,
August, 1900, by a lad (Jefferys, Hvt., xxxiv., p. 25) [A most unsatisfactory record.
Evidently an error of determination]. Many of the other records are just as
unsatisfactory.

242 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

common (Husz), Hungary — Kocsocz (Vangel), Gélnitz (Hudak), Cracow
(Zebrawski), Trafoi (Wocke), Glockner (Mann), Upper Carinthia — Salzburg,
&c. (Nickerl), Heiligenblut at 4oooft. (Staudinger), Lavantthal (Héfner), Upper
Styria—St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Lower Austria—Vienna, Moravia—on the
Dubowitza, common, Mahrisch-Tribau, Ungarisch-Brod, Hungary, everywhere
common—Transsylvania, Kaschau, Leutschau, Rosenau, Neusohl, Raab, Budapest,
Heveser Comitat, Debreczen, Grosswardein, Ftnfkirchen, Josefsthal, Croatia,
Fiume, Mehadia, nr. Orsova /¢este Bartel), Upper Austria—Inn valleys, Péstlingberg,
Linz, &c. (Himsl), Statzer- Thal—Brenner district (Galvagni). BELGIUM: on banks
of Meuse—Louvain, rare (Donckier), Nieuport (¢este Bartel), near Namur, common,
Virton, Lives, Ile de la Plante (Derenne), Arton, Ardann (Lambillion). But-

GARIA: Varna (teste Bartel), Sofia district, common everywhere (Bachmetjew). —
CHANNEL ISLES: Guernsey—L’Ancresse Bay, formerly (Luft), Jersey—St. Ouen’s
Bay (Piquet}, St. Helier (Batho), Alderney (Walker). Cyprus (Mathew).
DENMARK: Copenhagen, Kjong (Bang-Haas), Sjaélland (Boie). FRANCE: common
everywhere (Berce), banks of Loire, between Blois and Langés (Réaumur), Fontaine-
bleau (John), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and
Auvergne—Nohant, Sologne, St. Florent, Guéret (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, common
_ (Guenée), Haute-Garonne, common to 5234ft. on Monte Cagire, Toulouse (Caradja),
Puy-de-Dome (Guillemot’, Var (Cantener), Morbihan, common (Griffith), Gironde
(Trimoulet), Aude, common near the sea (Mabille), Loire-Inférieure—Pornichet
(Bonjour), Saone-et-Loire, common in all the chalk districts (Constant), Seine-In-
férieure (Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Sarthe (Desportes),
Dauphiné Alps—La Grave, Bourg d’Oisans, locally common (Tutt), Maritimes- Alpes
(Constant), Grenoble district, Pyrénées- Orientales, common— Vernet-les- Bains, dept.
Doubs — Besancon, Paris dhiseaict (Oberthtr), Paris district—Bois de Boulogne, Vin-
cennes, Vaisinet, le Calvaire ; banks of the Marne—near Pont de Saint Maur (Godart),
Touraine, La Vendée (Graslin), Meuse, Moselle and Meurthe districts (Speyer),
La Manche, common—Cancale, Ille-et- Wilkie Ge Jacut, Cétes-du-Nord —Brest,
Finisterre, never outside the maritime zone of these departments (Oberthur),
Brittany—Le Poldu, abundant (Harrison), St. Pol de Léon, most abundant
(Melhuish), St. Briac, near Dinard, abundant (Mathew), the Cevennes district,
Montpellier, dept. Haute-Sadne (este Bartel), Aix-les - Bains, very common
(Agassiz), valleys of the western Pyrenees, common — Biarritz, &c. (Jones).
GERMANY: wherever foodplant grows (Heinemann), southwest Germany—Frankfort,
Taunus, &c., common, becomes rare as far north as Giessen (Koch), northwest
Germany, almost everywhere (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Wurtemberg,
very abundant (Seyffler), Giessen, once (Dickore), Lower Elbe district —Elbufer,
Eimsbittel (Zimmermann), Briesgau—Kaiserstuhl (Weismann), Waldeck district,
southern parts only, restricted by. growth of foodplant—Arolsen, &c. (Speyer),
Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the- Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange), Munich, common
some years (Kranz), Rudolstadt, common (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt),
Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, distributed but rather rare — near
Kamenz (Schiitze), Dresden district, everywhere common (Steinert), Thuringia,
common—Gotha, &c. (Krieghoff), Prussia—Ko6nigsberg, Dantzig, rare, Frauenbure,
Stargardt, rare (Grentzenberg), Rastenburg (Klups), Upper Lusatia, locally not
rare—Lauban, Riesen-Gebirge, rare (Moeschler), Nassau, wherever foodplant grows
(Rossler), Silesia, everywhere common (Assmann), Ratisbon (Schmid), Pomerania
—Stettin, very rare, the Schwalbenbergen at Garz, common (Hering), Dessau, common
(Richter), Alsace, common (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode (Fischer), Brunswick, common
(Heinemann), Hanover, sparingly (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder, common (Kretschmer),
Eutin (Dahl), Irrttau (Hoge), Hartz Mts. (Speyer), Nassau—Biedenkopf, abundant
(Jager), Schwerin, Kkendsburg, Hamburg, rare, Oldenburg, Crefeld district— Miindel-
heimer Damm, Diisseldorf, Duisburg, Barmen, Elberfeld. common, Ahrthal, Wetterau,
Cassel, Magdeburg, Leipzig—Taucha, the Harth, near Désen, Bienitz, in the Hoh-
burger Schweiz, Kissingen, Wiirzburg, Passau, Ingolstadt, Augsburg, Ulm, Kempten,
Darmstadt, common, Frankfort-on-Main, Mayence, Nass: 1u— W. iesbaden, Oberhessen
—Bidingen, Bavarian Palatinate (teste Bartel), Alsace—Strasburg (Peyerimhoft),
Baden— Constance, Carlsruhe, Durlach, very common (Reutti), Chemnitz (Pabst),
Heligoland (Gatke), Rhenish Prussia—Gerolstein (Jones), Berlin district, common
(Pfitzner), Hildesheim, very rare (Grote). GREECE; Parnassus, Attica (Staudinger),

Crete, common—Canea, Suda Bay (Fletcher), Lemnos, Volo, Cyprus, Corfu, common
Tinos, Syra (Mathew). ITALY: throughout (except in Gardin and Corsica); rather
common (Curd), Sicily, very common throughout— Nicolosi, Etna district, Mondello
(Mina-Palumbo), Roman Campagna (Calberla), rare at Courmayeur, 5oooft. elevation
(Tutt), Modena (Fiori), Capri, abundant (White), Lombardy, Liguria, Tuscany—near

DAPHNIDINA., 243

Florence rare, Fondi, Otranto (teste Bartel). MALTA: abundant (Fletcher). NETHER-
LANDS : most provinces, especially along the rivers—Friesland, Zeeland,
&c. (Snellen), Breda, not rare (Heylaerts), banks of the Scheldt (Mead),
PORTUGAL (¢este Bartel), ROUMANIA: very common throughout—Jeschélnicza-
az-Al-Duna, &c. (Caradja). Russia: Baltic provinces (Sintenis), Moscow govt.
(Albrecht), Crimea, south coast (Melioransky), Transcaucasia, common every-
where—near Borjom, Tiflis, Kodjori, Talisch (Romanoff), Ienkoran, common
(Speyer), south Russia (Moeschler), Caucasus (Speyer), govts. Pskow, Mogilew,
Kiev, Poland—Kamenez-Podolskii, Wolhnia, Bessarabia, govt. Cherson, Aluchta,
govt. Jekaterinoslaw, Poltawa—Lubny, Charkow, Orel, Kaluga, Tambov, Noworos-
siisk on Black Sea, govt. Tawritschesk, Stavropol, north Caucasus, shores of Caspian
Sea (feste Bartel), Lower Volga district, iCasan district, Simbirsk, Ufa, Ural dist.,
Orenburg, govt. Samara, Saratov, Astrachan—Sarepta, the Achtuba (Eversmann),.
SCANDINAVIA : Lund, one only (Wallengren), Sweden—Scania (Linné).
SPAIN: Andalusia— Malaga, abundant, particularly near the sea (Rambur),
Ronda (Speyer), Teruel — Martin del Rio, Segorbe (Zapater), Barcelona,
common (Cunt y Marterell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Bilbao river
district, common (Bell), Sierra-de-Chiclana (Bartel), Albarracin district (Chap-
man), Gibraltar (Walker), coast between Gibraltar and Algeciras (Mathew).
SWITZERLAND: throughout the plains, sometimes common, at other times rare,
extends into the mountain regions to 6000ft. (Frey), in the warmer parts very
common (Brown), Val d’Herens, abundant—Villa, Evolena, between Haudéres
and Arolla, &c., Simplon (Tutt), between Grindelwald and Zweiliitschinen to,
2500ft., abundant (Speyer), Lausanne, abundant (Chaumette), Grisons—Vals Platz
extremely abundant (Merrifield), Macugnaga (Edwards), Engadine—Davos-Platz
(Sellon), Aigle (Lowe), on the mountains of the Upper Engadine to 6000ft.,
between Sils-Maria and the Maloja, Wirthshauern (Frey), near Basle (Riggenbach),
Bremgarten (Boll), Lenzburg, the Juras of the Cantons Aargau, Solothurn, and
Basle (Wullschlegel), Aarberg, formerly common, Schupfen, rare (Rothenbach),
Neuenstadt (Couleru), Gadmenthal to 5300ft. (Ratzer), Berne, near Bex, and
the warmer parts of Valais, common (Meisner), Vevey (Wullschlegel), Geneva,
(Mus. coll.), near Zurich (Frey), Zurich (Na4ageli), Mettmenstatten, Ntrensdorf
(Dietrich), Winterthur district, in most years common (Biedermann), in the lowlands
of the Canton Glarus (Heer), Canton St. Gallen to the mountain region, not
rare (Taschler’, Tarasp (Killias), Belp- Berg, near Signal, common, Zug, Erhebungen
from 500ft.-6000ft., near Bergtn (¢este Bartel), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin).
TURKEY: Eastern Roumelia—Slivna (¢este Bartel), shores of Sea of Marmora,
Gallipoli, common (Mathew).

Subfam.: DAPHNIDINZ.

We have already suggested (anted, p. 140) that the Eumorphids
in their wider relationships appear to fall into two sections, Phzlampel-
mma and Eumorphina. It is quite evident that, unless we retain these
names, these divisions are really of subfamily value, and, if
we may extend the groupings suggested (anfed, vol. iii., pp. 365-
367), it is clear that the Huwmorphidae, in the widest sense, may
include the Sesznae, Philampelinae, Eumorphinae, and possibly other
groups, of which we, at present, are much too ignorant to formulate
even a guess. At any rate, for the purposes of this work, we
have now to consider the FPAzlampelina section, which would include
the Darapsids, Nephelids, Philampelids, Pachyliids, Acosmerygids,
Daphnids, &c.

The Nephelids are apparently Eumorphid, but exhibit many
very Sesiid characters, whilst the Darapsids are possibly more
generalised than the Sesiids and Nephelids, and were given off
from the main Eumorphid stem below either of these groups. The
Darapsid genera, Darapsa and Gurelca, have unspecialised pupa,
and yet are distinctly Eumorphine, so that the suggestion at once
arises that the primitive Eumorphid had not only primitive larve
(anted, vol. i1., p. 365), but may, without violence, be assumed to
have had primitive pupe, so that the Eumorphids may be

244 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

looked upon as the main Sphingid stem, with Hemarids,
Sesiids, and even the Sphingids and Amorphids as branches,
that is, giving the Sphingids a monophyletic instead of diphy-
letic grouping, although our further work shows that Bacot’s
suggested grouping (anfed, vol. i1., pp. 365-366) has much in its
support, and, unless one is prepared to grant a diphyletic origin
to the oblique-striped larve—<aAmorphids, Sphingids—a mode of
grouping based largely on that suggested by Bacot must. be granted,
and, as certain genera—Ceratomia, Daremma—possibly to be referred
to the Sphingidae (sens. strict.), have unspecialised pupz, and of a
character not far difterent from that of the more _ generalised
Eumorphids— Darapsa, Gurelca, &c.—possibly such an arrangement
is not so difficult as at first appears.

Although it may be considered as outside the scope of our work,
it may be well to consider the position of the Daphnids with regard
to the rest of the Eumorphids (sezs. Za¢.). For this purpose Chapman
and Kaye give the following grouping, starting with a _ basal
Eumorphid not very definitely separable from the Sesiids:

1. Darapsinae *—Larva with subdorsal lines without tendency to break up
into ocellated spots. Pupa with labrum ventral. Puparium superficial.
Imago with nervure 8 of hindwing sharply curved upwards at starting,
approximating at end of cell and receding well beyond cell.

2. Philampelinae—Larva with subdorsal line simple, but with tendency to
reversed oblique stripes and to breaking up of spiracular line. Pupa with
labrum anterior. Puparium subterranean. Imago with nervure 8 of
hindwing only slightly upcurved at starting, approaching 7 before the
end of the cell and continuing almost parallel for a long way beyond;
antenna with a long produced tip.

3. Daphnidinae—Larva with eye-spot on thorax. Pupa with labrum dorsal.
Puparium superficial. Imago with nervure 8 of hindwing only slightly
upcurved at starting, approaching 7 before the end of the cell and con-
tinuing almost parallel for a long way beyond; antenna with a very
short strongly recurved tip.

4. Lumorphinae—Larva with abdominal eye- or ring-spots. Pupa with
labrum anterior or dorsal. Puparium superficial. Imago with markings
dominated by streaks from apex; nervure 8 of hindwing approximating
to 7 well beyond cell, and receding again after a very short distance.

a. Phryxidi—Larva with thoracic and abdominal ring-spots. Pupa
with labrum anterior. Imago with large head, &c.

6. Lumorphiai—Larva with abdominal eye-spots and _ retractile
thorax. Pupa with various specialisations. Imago more
primitive, small head, &c.

Groups such as the Acosmerygids, Pachyliids, &c., are not
considered here, since they are outside the proposed range of our
work,

* We are fully aware that the terminology of these is not in accordance with
our previous work in this group, in which we have treated the whole of the
Eumorphids as a subfamily of the SAhkznzgzidae. As our work has progressed, however,
our ideas have become much modified, and we are inclined to look upon the
Eumorphidae as a subfamily of quite equal importance with the Sphzngidae. Besides,
to have maintained these as tribes, it would have been necessary, owing to our
limited terminology, to make Darapsidi, Philampelidi, Daphnididi equal, phylogeneti-
cally, to Humorphidi, Phryxidi, &c,, a view that would have been entirely wrong,
for a branch systematically is of importance, not in proportion to its number of
species, nor to the number of subbranches into which it divides, but to the amount
of its differences from the remaining branches. Therefore, if we retain Phryxidi,
Lippotionidi, Eumorphidi and Llibiidi as tribes of Humorphinae, we must make the
other great Eumorphid branches subfamilies equal in value to Aumorphinae (sens.
rest.)—t.e,, Darapsinae, Philampelinae, &c,,—to show their phylogenetic value,

DAPHNIDIDI. | 945

The Daphnids proper, as we show later (zzfrd), incline more
to the Philampelid than to the Eumorphid (sens. strict.) branch.
They are quite outside the latter on adult larval characters, and,
with the Acosmerygids and possibly other tribes, form a short
branch arising close to where the main Philampelid and Eumorphid
branches (azfed, p. 140) separated.

Tribe : DAPHNIDIDI.

The Daphnid tribe belongs rather to the Philampelid Eumorphids
than to the Eumorphids (sezs. s¢vzct.), and is, possibly, somewhat closely
allied to the Acosmerygids. Its larva is so far Philampelid that
it has (1) the subdorsal line well-developed, and (2) no abdominal
ring- or eye-spots. The imago has also the Philampelid and
not the Eumorphid type of marking, which is dominated by the
streak from the apex. On the other hand, the Daphnid larva has
developed a highly-specialised eye-spot on the metathorax, whilst
the Daphnids further disagree with the Philampelids in that the
pupa is of that form which we have educated ourselves to look
upon as a surface one (in this respect agreeing with the
Acosmerygids), whilst that of the latter is subterranean. The
pupal characters appear to be close to those of the Hippotionids.
On the whole, however, the Daphnids are nearer the Philampelids
than the Eumorphids (sens. strict.). Kirby notes (Handbook, iv.,
pp. 38-39) that, in the Philampelids, “the imagines are mostly
green or brown, with the costal half of the hindwings lighter green.

All the species of Philampelus and its allies are American,
except LZuchloron, Bdv., which includes one or two species with
bright green forewings and black and yellow hindwings, which
inhabit Africa and Madagascar.” He further considers that the
genus Daphnis represents Philampelus in the Old World, but notes
that “the antennz are less hooked, the wings narrower and more
pointed, and the hind tibiz armed with five very long spurs.” It
is, however, in the larval stage that great differences appear,
although even the broader larval and pupal characters suggest in
some measure, a distinct alliance. The peculiarity of the larve
of the Nearctic Philampelids is that they have a long caudal horn
in the 1st instar, but this is lost before they become adult, ¢.., the
larva of Philampelus vitis is green and has a long, slender, recurved,
reddish horn when it hatches, becoming, however, reddish-brown
without a caudal horn when adult, whilst the young larva of P.
dandorus has a very long, straight, pink caudal horn, which curls
up and shortens, and is altogether lost at the third moult, whilst
the newly-hatched larva of FPAolus achemon, with a slender recurved
reddish caudal horn half as long as its body, loses it altogether
before reaching maturity, its place being represented only by a
polished tubercle with a central black dot. Most of these larve
have a dark mediodorsal line, a pale subdorsal line, whilst the
abdominal segments 2—8 havea series of pale blotches containing
the spiracles, the blotches being really modified oblique lines, with
a front to back slope from the anterior edge of the segment, just
below the subdorsal line.

With regard to the Daphnid imago, Kaye gives (zz “itt.) the
following characters :

246 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Wings fairly broad (broader than is usual in Eumorphids). Body heavy,
bluntly pointed; legs stout and strong (much more so than in Eumorphids),
On the underside of hindwings a clear, white, discoidal spot in all the green
species, the brown species—dhaga, protrudens and torenia—showing a_ gradual
reduction of this mark from bhkaga, through protrudens to torenia, in which last
no trace of it can be detected. A very decided colour-character is shown in the
ésof all species, vzz., a dark dorsal blotch on the anal segment, and a pair of dark
subdorsal blotches con the antepenultimate segment ; in the ¢? a pair of dark
subdorsal blotches on the anal segment only. The anal segment is much larger in
the ¢ than in the g. The head and eyes very large and prominent, no stripes
on abdomen, but only different shades of colour, with the segmental fringes generally
well-defined and pale-coloured. Spurs on hind tibize exceedingly strong.

It may be observed that the absence of markings on the
abdomen gives the Daphnids a very distinct facies. One species
(bhaga) has a large fan-shaped tuft to the anal segment in the ¢.
Two species (protrudens and torenia) have neither the characteristic
white discoidal spot, nor anal tuft, and are brown in colour, but
the markings are in all extremely alike. ‘The tribe is most developed
in the Indian Region, particularly in southern India and Ceylon.

Chapman gives the following diagnostic summary of the tribe:

ImMAGO.— Wing markings consist almost entirely of what, in most other
groups, are shadings to the obliteration of all the ordinary lines. PupA.—Pale-
coloured for surface pupation, wings smooth, last segments truncate rather than
tapered, anal spine very small. LARVA.—Twin eye-spots on mesothorax, sub-
dorsal line complete on abdominal segments.

Kaye has made a somewhat exhaustive examination of the
Daphnids available, and suggests the following generic divisions :

(1) Head not projecting; abdomen long, not tufted; nervures 6, 7 from
upper angle of cell, rarely stalked; legs very “Tong ; spurs to hind tibia ‘sue.
tionally long and strong, spines on front tibia weak — Daphnis nerit (type),
hypothous, andamanus, minimus, ernestinus, layardi, horsfeldii, protrudens.

(2) Head not projecting; abdomen long, not tufted; nervures 6, 7 stalked ;
legs of medium length; spurs to hind tibia oO moderate length, not particularly
strong : spines on front tibia strong—egva, n.g., torenia (type of genus).

(3) Head very projecting; abdomen stumpy with a large fan-shaped tuft at
apex ; nervures 6, 7 of hindwing from upper angle of cell ; “legs short, spurs to
hind tibia short—/diana, n.g., bhaga (type of genus).

The structure of J/nudiana bhaga comes very close to certain
Pachyliids, ¢.g., Pachylia inornata (syces), and these in turn show a
close relationship with the Philampelids (Kaye).

Genus: Dapunis, Hubner.

SynonyMy.—Genus: Daphnis, Hb., ‘“ Verz.,” p. 134 (circ. 1822); Stphs.,
«‘Tillus. Haust.,”’ iv., app. p..5 (1835)5 ‘* List Br An. Br. Mus.,’ peeanemaan
Curt., “Brit. Put.,” xiv., fol. 626 (1637) ; Wood, “*Ind. Ent.,? pi 2e0hslee
fig. 37 (1839); Westd., “Gen. Syn.,” p. 89 (1840); Walk., ae &c.,"> Vilia pe
188 (1856); Butl., ‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’’ ix., pt. 10, p. 72 (187 6) ; Moore,
“Lep. Ceyl.,” ii, p. 14, pl. Ixxxil., figs. I—Ia (1882) ; ; Saal. ““Lep. Madag.,”’

py te (1884); hie “iCat.,, \p. 072 (Too2); “Handbook,” ~» 1V.y Ps BON TOG san
Coreoweki ‘SB Akad. Wien,’ ’ cl, p. 921 (1892); ‘* Hampsn., Tad. Moths,” ERE 0
94, fig. 54 (1892); Staud., * Cat. > garded: pip. Een Sphinx, Linn., “Sys. Ngee 4
xth ed., p. 490 (1758); xiith ed., p. 798 (1767); Hfn., *S Berl. Mag.,” ii., p. 176 (1766)5
Fab., ‘‘ Sys. Ent.,” p. 538 (1775) ; ‘‘Spec. Ins.,” ii., p. 142 (1781) ; ‘‘ Mant.,” ii., p.
(1787); “Til. Mayg.,” vi., p. 287 (1607); Schiff., “Schmett. Wienn aaa
(1775) 5 Iil’s. n, Ausg., p. 16,(1S0r); ‘Cram., “ Pap.- Exot.” iit, polecemaee
1779); Esp., *{Schmett. Eur.,”’ 1, p. 43, pl. iv., figs. 1-33 p. 190, pl. xxvingemon
I-2 (1779); Bergs., ‘‘Sphing. Larv.,” p. 9 (1782); Bork., ‘* Sys. Beschy aa
pp- 74, 138, 173 (1789) ;. Brahm, ‘Ins.-Kal.,”’ i1., p. 524 (1791); “Hb. eee
Schmett.,”’ fig. 63 (1796); ° text, p. 95 (ci7c. 1606); *'duary. deen. sae eee
lii., Legit. B a, figs 1a—d (circ. 1800); Shaw and Nodder, ‘ Viv. Nat.,” x., pl.

DAPHNIS. 247

oe eecrog) och, | shaun. . Boica’> i, 1p. 229 (1801); Ochs.; “* Die
Seumett:,” 1!, p: 201 (1808); Godt., “Hist: Nat.,” m1., p. 12;. pl. xii (1822) ;
Raye Bure ep. Ind. Meth.” p:.32 (1829); Meig., *< Hur. Schmett.,” ii., p.
132 (1830); H.-Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb.,” ii. p. 85 (1846); Speyer, ‘‘Geog. Verb.,”
i, p- 317 (1858); li., p. 280 (1862); Hein., ‘‘Schmett. Deutsch.,” i., p. 144
(1859). Dezlephila[Lasp., | ‘‘ Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeit.,” iv., p. 100 (1809) ; Ochs., ‘* Die
Schmett.,” iv.. pp. 42-43 (1816); Stphs., ‘‘Ent. Mag.,” 1., p. 525 (1833); Bdv.,
‘¢Tcon. Chen.,” pl. 3. fig. 1 (ezrc. 1840) ; ‘‘ Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 47 (1840) ; Dup.,
leone @hen.,” pl. i, fg. 1 fezrc. 1835); “‘ Cat. Méth.,”’ p. 42 (1844); Assm.,
‘«Schmett. Schles.,” ii., p. 31. pl. x., figs. 33a—d (1845); Heydr., ‘“* Lep. Eur. Cat.
Wiemimeccd: 35 °p- 19(1o51).; Siaud., “* Cat.,’’ ed: 1, p: 16 (1861); ed. 2, p.°37 (1371);
Snel De Viind. p- 93 (1867); Berce, “‘ Faun: Franc.,”? i, p. 25.( 1868);
Wolek tm. Lep.« Esl. 1. p. 89-(1868); Mili., ‘Cat. Lép. Alp.-Mar.,”
prea (172); <o Nat. Sic.,”; vi., p- 3, pl. i., fig. 7.(188¢) 5; Cuni y Mart, ‘ Cat.
Lep. Barc.,” p. 40 (1874); Curo, ‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.,” vii., p. 112 (1875) ;
nieve ep.) ochw.” p. 56 (1680); Auriv., “ Nord--Fjar..” p. 46 (1889);
Mina-Pal., ‘‘ Nat. Sic.,” vii., p. 184 (1892); Meyr., “ Handbk.,” p. 296 (1895);
iigosces will Woch, fir Pnt-57 1., p. 453 (1896); Unterberger, ‘* Hl. Zeits.
MEeenie ce ie, Pp. 136) (1698); Bartel, <° Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 52 (1901).
Elpenor, Oken, ‘‘ Lehrb. Zool.,” i., p. 760 (1815). Aumorpha, Hb., “* Franck
Cat.,”’ p. 87 (1825). Choerocampa, Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,” supp. i1., pp. 159-160
625) 5 lumph: & Westd.,- “* Brit. Moths,” 1., p. 21, @is4m) i eDbldy:g “cist
Battkepy,” p.5 (1047) ; sta., “ Man.,’"1., p.95 (1857) ; Humph., “Gen. Brit. Moths,”
peel mi fies: 1-2-(1860); -Wallgm., “ Skand.. Het..” 1., p. 48 (1863) ;
Newaue bmiies MoOlls,- p. 10 (1609) > Bdv;, “Spec. Gen: Lép. Feét.,’71., p. 224
(i375); Kirby, “‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 72, pl. xvii., figs. 3a—c (1879) ;
(elie obit. Moths,” p. 33 (1895); Barr, “dep. Brit..” i., p. 62, pl. hin
isos) lucas, ** But. Hawk-Moths,”’ p. 117 (1895); South, “ Ent.,” xxx1., p.
156 (1898). Metepsilus, Dunc., ‘* Brit. Moths,” p. 156 (1836). Chaerocampa,
inennine eat. Wep. “And..”? p.. 132 (1866).

The genus Daphnis is characterised ( Verzeichniss, p. 134) by

Hubner as follows :
Forewings a particularly beautiful green, with softly variegated markings —
Daphnis megeacus, Ab. feacus, Cram.), D. hippothous, Cram., D. neriz, Linn.

In 1835, Stephens, in the appendix to vol. iv of his //ustrations,
Paes places 72727 im Daphnis ; im' 1837, Curtis figured merz (Bri.
wa xiv tol. 626), and declared it to be the type of Hubner’s
genus, and diagnosed it as tollows :

Antennae inserted towards the base of the head and close to the eyes slightly
attenuated at the base and apex, which latter is hooked, being terminated by a
slender setaceous joint somewhat pectinated with scales, rather stout in the male,
and transversely striated and fringed with hairs (fig. 1, ¢, portions of the under-
side and apex); slender and simply clothed with scales externally in the ¢.
Maxiliae not more than half the length of the animal, but very spiral (fig. 3).
Labial palpi curved upwards, pressed close te the head and a little keeled (fig. 4),
densely clothed with scales, rather long, slender, and triarticulate, basal joint
curved and clavate, 2nd as long, more elliptical, 3rd very small and nearly globose
(fig. 4a). Head trigonate ; eyes very large, hemispherical, and prominent ; ocelli,
none. Zhorax not broader than the abdomen, which is conical. Wings deflexed
in repose ; superior lanceolate, the posterior angle obtuse ; inferior small, ovate,
the apex a little pointed, the anal angle slightly lobed. Zegs very strong, thighs
short, tibiz densely clothed with scales, anterior with a large internal spine,
intermediate with two strong unequal spurs, horny and acute at the apex, in the
hinder there is a pair also a little above the apex, one spur in each being very
long (fig. 8) ; tarsi 5-jointed, spinal beneath, hinder pair longer than the antennz,
basal joint exceedingly long, claws and pulvilli small. Zarvae with 6 pectoral,
8 abdominal, and 2 anal feet, the tail short and incurved—Daphnis nerii (type of the
genus).

Curtis further notes (loc. cit.) that “ Daphnis nerii is closely allied
to the true Sphinges, and whether it be right to make a genus of it
may be questionable; there are, however, several exotic species

“that will group well with it; the caterpillar has a different character

248 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

from Sphinx (pl. 195) the spiral maxillee are very much shorter, and
the inferior wings are somewhat lobed, as in Dezlephila.” In
1840, Westwood followed Curtis in selecting (Generic Synopsis, p.
89) nerti as the type of Dafhnis and diagnosed it as:

Wings entire, acute, posterior slightly lobed ; spiral tongue long ; antennze
and labial palpi slender : caterpillar with the neck retractile—weriz, L.

All our better informed authorities, Hubner, Stephens, Curtis,
Westwood, Moore, &c., appear to have been agreed on the very
isolated position of Daphnis nerit among the Palearctic Eumorphids,
and even Staudinger in the 3rd ed. of his Catalog, p. 100, isolates
it. trom) tiem. It is certainly far removed. from the Hip-
potionids and Eumorphids (sews. strict.) with the species of
which it has been united, even in the same genus, by such
authors as Stainton, Meyrick, Barrett, Q&c. So clearly marked
is this distinction, that one feels no-hesitation in removing it from
the Chcerocampid, and placing it on the Philampelid, side of the
Eumorphid phylum, but two great difficulties occur in dealing
with the genus (as also with the tribe in which we place it): (1) Our
entire ignorance of the larval ontogeny of typical species of Daphunis.
(2) Our ignorance of the life-histories of the species supposed, on
superficial imaginal characters, to be related to Daphnis nerit. Ot
the detailed structure of the egg we know nothing. ‘The pictures of the
adult larva show a very characteristic difference from the larvee of any
of the groups described by Weismann (azfed, pp. 141-142), for the
single pair of well-developed twin ocellated spots is placed on the
side of the metathorax although developed from the subdorsal line,
as is the case in the Eumorphids already considered, the rest
of the subdorsal (on the abdominal segments) running as an unbroken
line to the caudal horn. Thus, it exhibits three peculiarities: (1 and
2) Peculiarities in the position and character of the ocellated spot,
and (3) A peculiarity in the maintenance of the subdorsal line,
neither point being touched on by Weismann. ‘The pupa is
characteristically Eumorphid, of the specialised type seen also in
Hippotion celerio and Panacra vigil, whilst the imago, in its markings,
is quite swz generis, and very unlike those best known to us and
exemplified by the species of the genera Lumorpha, Theretra,
Hippotion, Phryxus, Hyles and Celerto. In this respect it approaches
much more closely to the Acosmerygids and Philampelids with
which we trace a close alliance. Whether the larval and pupal
characteristics of Daphnis nerd are common to other species that must
be referred to the Daphnid line of development we do not know,
except that the larva of D. Hypothous is figured as being very
similar to that of JD. neriz, nor have we been able to obtain from
the voluminous writings on the Sphingids any details that help
us in our work. Whether, therefore, the characters noted are
generic or tribal we cannot even hazard a guess, although we surmise
that they will prove to be the latter, z.¢, we shall expectwie
adult Daphnid larve to have metathoracic twin ocellated spots, and
the pupe to be highly specialised with frontal or dorsal labrum. Chap-
man writes (77 @/¢t.): The question as to whether Dafhnis belongs
to the Lumorphina- or the Philampelina-branch of the Eumorphids
(anted, p. 140) 1S apparently rather one of words and sentiments
(the personal equation) than of facts. The larva is characterised

DAPHNIS NERII. 249

by having the subdorsal line well developed, without trace of ever
having been interfered with by modification into eye-spots, but eye-
spots are well-developed on the metathoracic segment. This then
would be a Philampelid larva with these eye-spots added. Since there
is the tendency to break up the subdorsal line into eye-spots in
all Sphingids we probably have one result of the tendency here,
probably acting also in association with the origin of the Eumorphids.
Daphnis would, in fact, seem to be a branch from the Eumorphid
stem almost before it was definitely separated from the Philampelid,
and whilst it was still possible to retain the greater part of the
subdorsal line unchanged. This does not seem to have been possible
in any Eumorphid in any stage in which the eye-spots were fully
developed, whether on all or only on two segments, at any rate
not in-any whole group, though one or two species have a somewhat
contrary aspect. Imaginally, Daphnzs is of a totally different wing-
pattern from any Eumorphid, but the pupa has a very great
resemblance to that of //7ppotion celerio. At first glance they are
almost identical, and they resemble one another in a good many
points of detail. They do, however, differ in several items, so that it
is necessary to conclude that the resemblances are due to convergence.
Daphnis pupa, however, with its light colour and weak texture resem-
bles those of Eumorphids in being obviously adapted to surface pupa-
tion, whilst the pupa of the true Philampelid has a dark colour, and
solid texture for subterranean pupation.

DaAPHNIS NERII, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species: Weriz, Linn., “Sys. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 490 (1758) ;
aiungeds 1p. 1795 (1707); dfn., “< Berl; Mag:7 \ir.,°p. 176 (1766), &c. [| NorE.—
This species has always been known by the Linnean name zev7zz. All references
made under the generic synonymy of Daphnis (anted, pp. 246-247) are referable here. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. —Sphinx neri alis subangulatis viridibus :
fasciis variis pallidioribus saturatioribus flavescentibusque. Roes.,
ieee po tt, to, Erisch, /7s5., 7.¢. 3. klabitat im Nero (inne;
ys. lVar., xth.ed., p. 490).

IMaGo.—gomm.—1iomm. Head and thorax deep olive-green,
marked with pinkish-grey (or dull yellow tinged with pink); the
abdomen green, marked with faint pinkish-grey oblique lines on
either side of each segment dorso-laterally, segmental incisions in ~
upper part of abdomen whitish, a dark patch on either side of anus.
Anterior wings dark green, marked with white (or yellowish), suffused
with pink; the pale areas consist of a basal circle, treble oblique or
angulated line towards base, an oblique median line curving at costa
and continued towards anal angle, but stopping short about half-way
across wing, a curved line parallel to last almost enclosing apical
area and an oblique apical streak; the anal area fawn-grey, edged
with pinkish-white, nervures whitish on outer half; fringes green.
Posterior wings fawn-colour (or pinkish-grey) at base, a white waved
line just outside middle, edged with darker, outer area dark green,
anal area whitish; fringes white.

- SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The @ is larger than the g, though the
variations in size are so great as in many cases to mask this. The g
has a more conical tapering abdomen, though in cabinet specimens
the 2, when devoid of eggs, presents a very similar outline. There

250 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

seems to be no difference in colour, marking, or form of wing. The
g antenna is the longer, as about 17mm. to 14mm., and is also
thicker, as o°8mm to o'5mm. ‘The joints are about equal in number
(76), and the scaling is similar to that of other Eumorphids, 77z.,
one row of very short and two of longer (one a little longer than
the other) scales to each segment. The first tibia is longer in the
3S, as 6':omm to about 5‘5mm. ; the ¢ spur is about 3mm. in length,
with the comb extending for about two-thirds of this lengtn, the spur
is proportionally very broad (1°3mm.); the spur on the @ first tibia
is a little shorter (2°5mm.), and the comb extends along about half
its length. ‘The fan which the ¢g carries on the 1st abdominal
segment (really the znd) arises just behind the spiracle, about the
middle of the margin of the dorsal plate, and there passes to it a
narrow process from the anterior margin of the ventral plate; this
has, no doubt, something to do with the process of erecting and
expanding it. It is really a small (for the size of the moth) wisp of
hairs about 3°5mm. long. ‘The following spiracles are not in the
dorsal plate, but really in the lateral membrane. The marginal
batons are obviously modified scales, being distinctly striated, though
having the fusiform pointed form they have in other species (Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—The following are the only gynandro-
morphs that we have been able to trace :—

a. Imperfect gynandromorph. Wings on both sides equally long; the
forewings 47mm. long, left 26mm., right 25mm. broad; a decided difference in
the hindwings. Markings and coloration of the wings somewhat different. Left
g antenna not quite fully formed, right ¢ normal. Left frenulum perfectly @,
the right one, half g¢ and half ¢ ; the little hook on the forewing for fastening the
bristle is wanting. Abdomen less pointed than in normal specimens ; segmentation
$, being 7-ringed, the last two segments divided by a complete incision, and
coloured and marked as in the g¢. On the left side a developed ¢ anal clasp is
present, but moved so out of place that it lies obliquely over on the right; the

corresponding clasp on the right side is rudimentary (cf Speyer, Stet, ent.
Zig., 1868, p. 238).

B. Left é, right ¢. As regards sex a perfectly halved hermaphrodite.
Right forewing 483mm. long, at the hind margin 263mm. broad, left 46mm.
and 24mm. respectively. Coloration of the ¢ wings somewhat deeper. Right

antenna ¢?, left g; frenulum and form of the segments likewise. Of the
outer sexual organs only the large, somewhat projecting, left anal clasp is
distinct ; on the ¢ side the clasp is wanting. Bred by Grentzenberg of Dantzig
(cf. Speyer, Stett. ent. Zig., 1869, p. 237).

Vesey) nandromorphous ee in Dr. Staudinger’s collection [Staudinger,
in. litt. (Schultz, Lil. Woch. f. Ent., ii., p. 393).

VARIA TION.— The species ani a certain amount of size
variation [British examples are often of good size, ¢e.g., 4ins. 4lin.
at eae (Kent), 49ins. at Chickerell (Richardson) |, and sometimes
marked colour aberrations occur. Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett.,
ll., p. 135) that examples from the neighbourhood of Constantinople
are distinguished by their large size and fineness, as also are suchas have
fed chiefly on flowers of oleander ; he says that Mitzell, of Berlin, bred
really wonderfully magnificent specimens by supplying the larvee with
this kind of food and raising the temperature as much as possible. In
rare aberrations the green ‘of the upperside becomes yellowish-brown.
Unterberger, of Konigsberg, records (///. Zeits. fiir Ent, iil., p. 232)
a colour aberration of a g which had the beautiful olive-green of
normal examples replaced by olive-brown, becoming ochre-yellow
on the underside of the hindwings. The specimens from the Hawaiian

Islands are stated by Butler (Z.AZ,1Z, xiv., p. 47) to differ in no

DAPHNIS NERII. 251

respect from the typical form. Lederer, however, notes that the
Beyrout examples are smaller and duller coloured than those from
Dalmatia; Oberthur observes that the Madagascar examples some-
times vary in colour, the ground-colour of the wings becoming olive-
brown instead of green. Kirby observes (Handbook, &c., iv., p.
40) that “the insect varies chiefly in the lighter or darker shade
of the ground colour, and in the amount of reddish or yellowish
colour in the band on the forewings.” The only described race

appears to be the following :

a. vat. ifernelutea,. Saalm., ‘“‘Lep. Madag.,” i., p. 123 (1884); Kirby,
“«Cat.,”’ p. 672 (1892).—The specimens of var. imfernelutea, m., before me,
from Nossi-Be’, are smaller than European specimens bred from __larve.
Mabille also notes the difference- in size as a characteristic of Madagascar
specimens ; but no author has recorded any other difference. The coloration
of the upperside is paler (blasser), the green tends more towards grass-
green, and the paler hindwings have a dingy, ochre-yellow colour above the
anal angle before the border, where the green tint is brightest in European
specimens, and this colour extends suffusedly towards the apex of the wing.
On the underside, the form and position of the markings differ little from
those of the upperside, but they exhibit considerable difference in colour,
as there is not a trace of green. All the shades which this hue forms in
European specimens are here graded from golden orange-yellow to grey-brown.
The former colour is brightest before the apex and hinder angle and between
nervures 5 and 7, before the marginal area, on the forewings, and on the hindwings
in the discoidal cell and before the anal angle; the white in the markings is
slightly varied with rosy. The palpi and abdomen are grey-yellow, and the
thorax and antennze grey-brown. Among the very large number of European
specimens which have been compared there was not one which showed even a
trace of any tendency to pass into the orange-yellow of the undersurface.

Ovum.—Light green, small (compared with the size of the
imago), and agrees somewhat in size, form, and colour with the egg
of Sphinx ligustri (Bartel).

Ecc.Lavinc.—The egg is attached to a leaf of /Verium, on the
underside, adhering to the midrib (Milliere). In central and northern
Europe the immigrant females deposit their eggs on the leaves of
the oleander-bushes grown in tubs, &c., usually several eggs are
laid on one plant (Bartel). Winter notes a 2 captured at Aldeby,
Beccles, October 26th, 1857, which laid a number of eggs (Lut. Wk.
Wits 1O57, p- 42).

Hapits OF LARVA.—In the Riviera the larve of the first brood of
imagines (immigrants) live throughout July, and are fullfed from July
15th-30th, whilst the pupal stage lasts only some 16-18 days. The larve
of the second brood are fullfed about the end of September, and
the imagines emerge some three weeks later (Milliere). In more
northern countries both broods are usually somewhat later, dependent
on the season. Godart notes, in 1822, that the insect occurs
occasionally in Paris, but is common at Genoa, Turin and Nice,
whilst, in 1819, the larve were abundant in the dept. Marne-
et-Loire. Dormoy writes (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1836, pp. 363
et seg.) that, in 1835, the larve occurred in abundance in parts
of France where they had never been noticed before, that M. Blanc
reported taking 6 larve at Pont St. Esprit in June, 1835, on common
oleander, that M. Paris took some 60 larve in August, 1835, at
Epernay, on cultivated double oleander, the larve of various sizes,
but that all, except a dozen, became feeble and died just before
pupation, no doubt owing to a spell of dull wet weather, that M.
Paris further reported finding, in ? 1833, the eggs of D. mera on a

Das BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

branch of oleander, and some 52 larve at Montpellier, in 1835, where
he had also taken 5 or 6 larve in August, 1834, which produced ima-
gines at the end of September. Dormoy expresses the opinion that
the 1835 larve resulted from immigrants of 1834, a very improbable
suggestion. Nowicki, of Thorn, in West Prussia, records (Preuss. Pro-
ving.-Blatt., XiV., pp. 309-311 ; XV., pp. 511-514) the capture of a larva,
already past its 4th moult, on August 7th, 1835, as well as two smaller
ones, several others having been killed, as well as moths, rather
earlier in the year. He observes that the larve only: liked the
younger oleander leaves, but took readily to Vinca minor. Siebold
(loc. cit., XV.. pp. 103-105) also records larve and the successful
breeding of imagines therefrom at Dantzig, and adds that, in 1828,
he bred it at Berlin, that, in 1837, they were reported at Chartres
(Lesage), and yet appeared to be absent in the south of France. In
1839, Decellier records (Lull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, p. 1x) 17 larve taken
at Paris, in mid-September, 1887, in the Faubourg St. Antoine, on
cultivated oleanders, all had pupated by October 1st, except one which
died. The green colour of the larve disappeared by degrees some days
before the change to pupe and the larve became of a very deep brown
tint. The larvae and pupe were kept in the shade under a melon-frame,
and the 16 imagines appeared between October 7th and 2zoth. Lamek
reports (Zool., p. 1514) the capture of twenty larve at the end of
August, 1846, at Flottbeck, near Hamburg.- Moeschler notes that, in
1846, larve.were found in numbers on the oleanders in the “ Russian
gardens ” at Jankendorf, near Niesky ; Kranz observes that, at
Munich, the larve pupate about the middle of August, whilst, in other
districts, the larve are still to be found in September. Stein notes
(Iris, 1837, p. 104) the larve as being bred commonly every year
from the oleanders in the gardens of Berlin, a statement that must
be received with great caution. Chaumette records (Zool., 1x., p. 3159)
a larva taken on October 27th, 1844, from the Campagne Villamont
at Lausanne. In 1849, the larvee were again reported (Lull. Soc.
Ent. Fr. 1849, p. lxxv) as being very abundant in the gardens
of the Luxembourg (Pierret), and considerable numbers were also
found at Abbeville (Fairmaire). In 1852, Paris again notes (/oc.
cit., 1852, p. li) that the larve were in. great numbers and the
oleanders much injured in the neighbourhood of Fourquex, whilst
the same year (loc. cit., p. Ixxi) the larve reappeared at Epernay
and -pupated successfully. . Im 1858 (/oc. ci, 1858) spe ccvies
number of larve were found at Besancon from which a dozen pupe
were obtained (Bruand). Kiunckel reported (loc. cit., 1867, p. 1x11)
finding a larva at the end of August in the dept. of Aisne. In
1585, several were found in various parts of France, and, in 1886 (doc.
cit., p. lv), several larvae were found at Amiens in September.
Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii, pp. 133-134): ‘‘ The larve
attain fullgrowth in from 3-4 weeks, and soon betray their presence
on the plants by the quantity they have eaten. .*. . 4) | Uiey
are to be found from April to June, and again from August to
October, mostly on Verium oleander, preferring the flowers; they
grow with extraordinary rapidity, and are usually to be found in
some numbers on any plant on which eggs have been laid. Shortly
before pupating the larva runs about restlessly, and changes con-
siderably in colour. In central Europe the larve frequently perish

DAPHNIS NERII. 253

of a sickness the origin of which is probably due to the damp cold
weather of the summer and autumn nights. The larve were taken
in some numbers by Standfuss, at Breslau, in August, 1893, on
Vinca major and V. minor, by Borcherding at Bremen, and by

Romanoff in Transcaucasia.” Hering states that in hot summers
the larve have been abundant enough in Stettm to do damage
to the oleanders in gardens. Caradja notes that his gardener

found Jarve in numbers on JVerium oleander at Rome, and he
surmises that, as the larva will eat Vinca major and V. minor, the
species may become common in central (and perhaps northern)
Europe, even to the extent of occurring annually, as does Manduca
atropos at the present time. Klooss gives (li. Woch. fiir Eut., 1.,
p. 483) the following interesting details of the larval habits: Four
eggs and eight larve (hatched during the journey) from Malfi (Dal-
matia), received July 27th, another egg hatched on the 28th, the other
three eggs died. The larve were reared the first 10 days ina glass with
a double covering of muslin kept constantly somewhat damp. ‘The
food at first consisted of the tender terminal shoots of oleander and
leaves of Vinca minor, carefully cleaned from dust; both plants
being greedily eaten, the larva growing with extraordinary rapidity.
From the roth day onwards they were placed under a wire-gauze
covering at an average temperature of 22° C. and in moist air.
Freshly-cut succulent food was given twice a day. They developed
a tremendous appetite and fed up rapidly. On August 11th, one
larva went under the moss, lying on a layer of sand for pupation,
and, on the 16th, the last larva similarly disappeared ; the larve
pupated in from 3-4 days. Swinton notes that the larve taken
at Jerusalem—both green and brown forms—concealed themselves
beneath the leaves of the double garden oleanders in a marvellous
way, and so that they could only be discovered by their droppings.
Those kept in confinement pupated at the commencement of July
and the imagines emerged at the close of the day, between July
21st and 26th. Chaumette records the larve as very common
at Saugor, in India, on March 3rd, 1865, on (Verium oleander and
Tabernaemontana coronaria. Constant says that the larve are some-
times common, and at other times apparently absent, in the
Riviera, that, in 1900, they were fairly common from August to
December, and that from the pup of these some imagines emerged
in autumn, whilst others attempted to pass the winter and perished. He
says that the larva is easily seen on (Verium oleander, that it sits right
up on the branches, and, ‘eating Jike a rabbit,” denudes them conspicu-
ously (2 lztt.), a remarkable observation apparently directly opposed to
that of Swinton (supra). Costick records (Ent. Wk. Int, vii., p. 140)
the capture of two larve of D. neriz near Eastbourne, one on October
ooeaerouner on October moth, 1859. ° He states that they fed
very well until November, when they became sluggish and ultimately
died. He writes: ‘“‘ At first I was inclined to think the larve
were those of 4. atropos, the larva of which is sometimes, though
rarely, found of a brownish-olive, but, on closer inspection, I observed
a difference in the anal horn, that the larve were of a lighter green,
and that each had two large ocellated spots. They were found in a
field of potatoes in which periwinkle grows, and upon which they
fed very eagerly just before they died, and also upon the oleander

254 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

at times, but when found they were feeding upon potato.” The
larva figured by Curtis (Ariz, Ent., fo. 626) was taken in 1832
at Teignmouth (Zn. Mag., i., p. 116).

Larva.—The young larva is yellow with a very long black caudal
horn (Boisduval). At the time of its frst moult, the larva is bluish-
green, agreeing exactly with the tint of the leaves of the Werzum, on
which it rests motionless during the day, and is thus difficult to detect.
The subdorsal line is broad and yellowish, and extends from the
4th to the r2th segment inclusive. The head is small, concolorous,
with three ocellated spots on either side. The legs are washed
with carmine at their extremity. The caudal horn is haired through-
out its length, and presents three colours—yellowish laterally, black
above, with the extremity of the point of a clear white. The
stigmata, which are whitish-yellow, are invisible to the naked eye.
Below the subdorsal line, from segments 4 to 9, there is a series of
whitish dots encircled by azure-blue. The two ocellated spots of
the 4th segment, of a bright azure-blue, are already very conspicuous,
and, when the larva is disturbed, they increase in brightness, and
then acquire a sort of ‘‘fulguration” that disappears with the danger.
[This peculiarity has not been observed in the adult larva.] The
most striking feature of the young larva is the enormous development
of the caudal horn on the rith segment; one might say that this
is, in its length, in direct opposition to its smallness in the later
larval stadia (Millitre). The larva in its early stages is yellowish
with a strikingly long, finely, but roughly, granulated, black horn.
On the sides are ocellated spots which it retains until pupation.
Later, the larva becomes green or light rose-red, with a slight bluish
tinge dorsally. The thoracic segments, the last, and sometimes
also the 4th, are either yellowish, citron-yellow, or lght green.
More rarely the whole body is, according to the age of the larva,
orange, ochre-yellow, brown-yellow or bronzy-green. When /fudlgrown
the larva measures from rz0omm. to 150mm. in length; a large,
reniform, blue, ocellated spot with a blue-black margin is situated on the
upper part of either side of the 3rd segment; it has a double white
pupil, sometimes faintly surrounded by yellow, and occasionally
has, instead of the double white pupil, only a bluish-white shade
medially. From segments 4 to 11 is a white, light yellow, or full
yellow, stripe, running along the sides of the dorsum, and in which
appear white dots, surrounded with bluish, whilst above and below
this stripe similar dots are scattered over the ground-colour. This
stripe is bluish-margined beneath, and, in it, stand the black, yellow-
margined spiracles. The true legs are brown-red, in the nearly full-
grown larva bluish. Head of the ground-colour. The short and ill-
developed caudal horn is thicker below, chiefly citron- or wax-yellow,
exteriorly white, and black at the tip, at its base aculeate (Bartel).
Elongated and attenuated anteriorly ; the three anterior segments retrac-
tile (as in larvee of Eumorpha elpenor and Lippotion celerio). Head small
and globular; caudal horn small, short and thick, and bent back-
wards, of a pale carrot colour; two large round ocellated spots, .
bright blue in tint, paler towards the centre, bordered by black,
and then surrounded by green on the 3rd segment; the ground-
colour is of a pale glaucous-green, inclining to dull yellow on the
anterior and posterior segments ; a broad lateral white line,

DAPHNIS NERII, a0

rather ill-defined and marked with round white spots, bordered
by dull green, extends on either side from the 5th segment to the
caudal horn; the anterior edge of these segments is also marked
with several similar spots; the head and the thoracic legs pale
green ; the membranous prolegs pale greyish-green tipped with
brown ; stigmata narrow, black, bordered by white; abdomen dull
greenish-yellow or greyish-green (Chaumette, Zoo/., ix., p. 3158).
Green, with a prominent, whitish, bluish-bordered, longitudinal lateral
band from the sixth segment to base of horn; the band traversed
by white oval spots ;. above and below is a clustered series of
white spots, and others bordering the segments over the back; a
large purple-centred black-ringed blind ocellus on side of 4th seg-
ment; spiracles small, black; horn yellow. Before changing, the
larvee become pale brownish-red, with the black, lateral ocellus, a
spot on second segment, and the head dull black, the white lateral
clustered spots showing out prominently (Moore). A larva fast gth
moult, was about 4ins. long, light green in colour (almost sea-green)
dorsally, darker laterally, with a white lateral line beginning on the
5th segment, and terminating at the yellow horn. The small,
somewhat cleft head, green; on each segment white spots above
the white line; the thoracic segments yellowish-green, with a round
spot, light blue centrally, darker blue at its margin. ‘The spiracles
black, surrounded with a white ring (Nowicki).

FIGURES OF LARVA OF DAPHNISNERII.—I. Roesel gives (/nsecten-
Belustigung, vol. ii1., tab. xv) three figures of the larva: (1) The first
(green) form is green in colour, shading on the rst abdominal segment
into yellow, yellow predominating on the thoracic segments and on
the 9th abdominal and horn; the head green. The yellowish-white
subdorsal line starts [as all subdorsai (of Weismann) lines of
Eumorphids do] from horn and passes forwards, broad and strongly
marked to middle of 1st abdominal, 7., to end of green colouring,
being slightly narrower on this segment. The abdominal segments show
g or 10 subsegments, although fewer are indicated [8 or 9] on figures
2 and 3, but the figures are from different angles, and the subsegmenta-
tion of larve varies at different parts of segment, and the subsegments
seen vary according to how many are obscured at incisions, by
attitude of larva. On metathorax are five subsegments and on the
first two of these, in line with the subdorsal line, is a large blue eye-spot,
partially divided, as if each subsegment had a separate one and
these had begun to coalesce. (2) The second figure is of an orange- or
brownish-yellow. The subdorsal line white, except that it is yellowish on
part of the 7th and 8th abdominals, it proceeds forwards, nearly of the
ground-colour from middle of 1st abdominal (yellowish not white),
right to the head; head yellow. On the abdominal segments the
dorsum is shaded with paler, a darker shade crosses the dorsum of first
subsegment, and, from the margin of the light dorsal shade, occupies
the next subsegment down to the subdorsal line—of each following
subsegment it occupies less, till, on the last (or last but one also), it is
absent. Its upper border thus forms an oblique line in reverse
direction to that of Séhznx, but agreeing with that usual in Nephelids
(and some Eumorphids), a similar dark shade occurs below the sub-
dorsal line, extending to below the spiracular level, but interrupted
by a yellow area round the spiracle (which is a dark spot). The

256 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

eye-spot as in larva 1, except that the rst member ot the eye-
spot is the larger, in 1 it is, if anything, rather smaller, the
subdorsal line is interrupted by it, the upper margin being about
the middle of the spot. The line does not widen or alter,
but looks as if it might go straight through unaffected, and had
the spot superposed, hiding a portion of it. (3) The third figure
is also brown or orange-yellow, but the dark shade of fig. 2 is here
very much darker, nearly black, and occupies the whole area dorsal
to the subdorsal line (and a little below it as in 2), it also somewhat
invades the subdorsal line on the 8th abdominal. Eye-spots the
same, two portions equal. The subdorsal line stops at the front
of the 1st abdominal. There is a black dorsal plate on the rst
thoracic segment. On all three larve are white (shagreen ?) dots
along the subsegments, confined to the area that is dark in fig. 2,
and invading the subdorsal line on abdominal segments 1, 2 and
3. In fig. 2, the dark shade with dots is shown as breaking
through the subdorsal line in the middle of the 3rd abdominal.
The eye-spots are blue with black border and central white pupil.
II. Sepp gives (Wed. Jnsecten, vol. vi., pl. xxi) two figures (of the
same larva?): (4—5) The first is a lateral, the other a more dorsal
view, both are green, with a yellowish shade on the thorax, the
1st and 8th to roth abdominal segments distinctly darker green,
just above the subdorsal line. The white dots are fewer than in
Roesel’s figures; the eye-spots are round, divided by a central
subsegmental line; they consist of a black circle, shading through
blue into central white, with a yellow line outside. There are
7 subsegments shown in abdominal segments. The subdorsal line
stops at anterior margin of the 2nd abdominal. A good deal of
the drawing has been done by the colorist (of the hand-coloured
plate) and one does not trust it all too much. (6) Sepp figures
another (doc. ciz., pl. xxu*):; Abdominal segsments 2) sees emaems
and 8, above the subdorsal line, blackish-green, thorax and _ tst
abdominal greenish-yellow, 8 (below line) 9 and to yellow. A few
shagreen-dots shown, and the subdorsal line, (not on 1 but) on the
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th abdominal segments, shows as consist-
ing of shagreen-dots, closely placed on the subsegmental lines, on
8 it is a white stripe. Eye-spot with yellow outer line and central
division, outer margin undivided. III. Dubois figures (Zép. Belg., 1., fig.
103?) the only larva he ever took. (7) This is green, with darker
shading dorsally, widening to posterior border of segments. The
subdorsal line extends to the front margin of 1st abdominal, which
is coloured as the other abdominal segments, and shows an abrupt
transition to the yellow thoracic segments, a bluish shading below
line with a little yellow round spiracles; head green; horn yellow;
yellow line on anal plate and 8th, gth and roth abdominal; segment
otherwise green ; 9-10 subsegments; 3rd thoracic shown with 9 subseg-
ments and eye-spot occupies 6 of these (2-7), it is figured as by Roesel
but even more double; no white dots are represented ; head green.
This strikes one as a very honest good figure, if not of good

* Hoffmann (Rawpen Gross-Schmett., pl. viii., fig. 3a), seems to be obviously
a copy (not bad) of Sepp’s pl. xxii. Barrett’s (Zep. Grit., i, pl. 53, fig. 1) is
a copy of this copy.

DAPHNIS NERII, DAS

artistic finish. IV. Boisduval (Lc. Chenzlles, pl. iii., fig. 1): (8) A very
diagrammatic figure, tolerably uniform smooth green, spiracles with
a yellow line round each. Eye-spots very large, single; shagreen-
spots shown; subdorsal line white, shown as seven oval (subseg-
mental) marks on each segment. V. Horsfield and Moore (Ca¢.
eis. cpl. x. ie. 3).- (9) Rather diagrammatic, head
and prothorax green, meso- and metathorax yellow, venter and
hinder part of body yellow, rest blue!!, with white subdorsal line
bordered with yellow above, shagreen-dots diagrammatically indicated,
eye-spot in line of subdorsal line. This division of the 1st thoracic
into two is shown in several figures, no other shows so great
a division of the 3rd into two portions as this. VI. Hubner (Zavrv.
ep e Spiiiezes, ~\. Wi.,-fig., 1): (10) Head preen, thorax and ist
abdominal yellow; body green, 8 subsegments shown, horn
yellow ; white subdorsal line, uniform width, but with incisions of
subsegmentation lined through it from horn to anterior border of
znd abdominal when it stops abruptly; some lilac tinting on green
ground-colour below the line; some yellow on prolegs and round
spiracles, which are black; shagreen-dots shown, some also, in the
line of the subdorsal line, on the rst abdominal. Eye-spots very
dorsal, lower margin level with the lower margin of the subdorsal
line ; also very double, each portion of about equal size.

VARIATION OF LARVA.—We have already given notes (szpra) of the
various forms of the larve figured. Swinton records that, at Jerusalem,
two forms of the larva were to be obtained—green and brown ;
Jones also obtained a larva of the brown form at Riva on July
Bieenoce. | lreitschke and- Kollar note (Dze Schmetz., x., p. 123)
that each of them had had a larva that was of a bronze colour, the
front segments rose-red, a dark longitudinal stripe running to the
anus; the anus and legs dull rose-colour.

Cocoon.—The larva forms a long silken covering on the ground
in which to pupate (Moore). Similarly to most of the larve of this
group, this species does not enter the ground to pupate, but makes
a sort of cocoon with the débris of leaves, which it unites with some
strands of silk (Boisduval). The. larva pupates on the earth in a
loose cocoon, mingled with particles of earth and dry leaves (Bartel).
Larvee spun loose” cocoons under moss lying on a layer of sand in
their breeding-cage (Klooss).

Pupa.— A ‘large pupa, fully Jonger fra Manduca atropos
but NOt quite so stout, 2:5 inches to 3 inches im length, this latter
measurement would represent a large specimen moderately extended,
°6251n. broad. Form much that of a Phryxid or Eumorphid pupa,
the 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments narrowing gradually, the
8th, 9th and roth rather abruptly. The colour is a very pale brown
(khaki, terra-cotta or nankeen) with some black markings and a
sprinkling of fine black dots. The most conspicuous black marks
are round the spiracles (thoracic and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th abdominal), forming a row of conspicuous black
marks, fairly constant in size, the largest, on the 4th abdominal,
being about 25mm. in diameter. The colour and markings
aiewaveby similar to those of the pupa ot Azppotion celerw. A
fine black line runs narrowly down the maxilla, affecting in front
little more’ than the median suture, posteriorly the whole width of

R

258 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

the maxillze where they are narrower. There is also a black dorsal
line running down the thorax, and, in some specimens, existing more
or less on the abdominal segments. The only other black marks
that do not appear to belong to the scattered black points are a series
of spots, placed subdorsally on the anterior margins of the 3rd thoracic
and abdominal segments, varying in intensity in different specimens.
The 8th abdominal spiracle is closed, but, otherwise, is as well marked,
as to size, structure, and black marking, as the others. The general
surface is finely pitted and the pits connected .by fine. depressed
lines, the thorax is smoother and the appendage-cases fairly smooth,
the wing-cases well marked by neuration and Poulton’s line. Laterally,
abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7, where covered and exposed in
pupal movements, present areas of a different structure, extending
backwards to the spiracles, but narrowing to nothing anteriorly
and posteriorly ; these surfaces are covered with short transverse
ridges, with sharp edges and dark margins, and, where they fade into
the general surface, they show by transition that these ridges are
special developments of the pupal surfaces between the depressed
lines connecting the pits, which arrange themselves transversely
as they approach this special area. The anal armature is a short
black conical point, 1°5mm. long, ending in a minute double spine.
The anal depression is well-marked, the sexual lines less so, but
quite distinct. Four pupz in the possession of M. Constant, one
of which was alive (March, 1901) were all affected by two curious
defects or malformations. One of these was that the proboscis
did not reach the end of the wings: by -z51ni)) eave mea
unoccupied gap; the other was that the anterior apex of the
2nd tibia, where it meets the rst tibia and the antenna, had its
point similarly absent, leaving a bare gap or depression (Chapman).
The pupa is 58mm. in length, its greatest girth, near the extremity
of the wing-cases, being 44mm. It tapers towards both extremities,
the head being rather small, but not possessing, as in the case of
Theretra porcellus and Eumorpha elpenor, so pronounced a keel
containing the maxilla. The anal spike is short, and not curved
under towards the ventral surface; moreover, the ring of sharp
points, found on three of the abdominal segments of the pupe ot
the two moths just named, is absent from that of D. mera. The
colour is a rich pale sienna-brown, lighter inside the junctions of
the segments, slightly darker on the back. The segments have a
few scattered small black spots on the back, and on the under-
surface also. There is a black streak, in some places quite 1mm.
wide, on the thorax along the middle line, but disconnected on
the head, and a black spot appears on each side of the head. On the
undersurface a black line, ‘5mm. wide, extends along the centre, from
the base of the wing-cases to the anterior extremity. The antenne and
leg-cases are olive-brown. The spiracles are set ina black spot (Lucas).
The slender pupa is brownish-yellow dorsally, with the exception
of the wing-cases, and finely dotted with black at the segmental
incisions ; the spiracles stand in large black spots ; the cremaster
is short with two fine terminal points slightly curved outwards
(Bartel). The pupz are light brown at first but at the end of 5
or 6 days have become wholly black (Decellier).

ForcinG pup&.—Klooss, who reared this species successfully,

DAPHNIS NERII. 259

states (ll. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 483) that the cocoons were spun
among moss lying on a layer ot sand, that the moss was damped
moderately every three days, and that the eight pupe, which had
accomplished their change between August r11th-16th, gave up their
imagines on September 14th and the eight following days. Five
Qs and 3 gs emerged, all well-developed, the wing expanse vary-
ing between 1ocm. and t1o'7cm., although one specimen measures
only gcm.

FooppLants. — Lerium (Linné), Nertum odoratum, Cinchona
(Moore), Vinca major, V. minor (Standfuss), [Rumex (Staudinger) is
stated to be an error by Bartel], Verium oleander, preferring the
flowers (Bartel), potato (Costick), Zabernaemontana coronaria (Chau-
mette). In Paris almost always on the double-flowered (Veriwm
odoratum (Boisduval), Apocynum venetum, Asclepias syriaca (Bouché).

Hasits.—Very rarely obtained in Britain, and, even in the south
of Europe, only occurs as an irregular immigrant in June-July in
occasional seasons, the immigrants laying eggs in suitable places
and producing a second brood in late September and October, the
examples of which, in their turn, also appear to move considerable
distances, and to supply us with most of our occasional British
captures. Treitschke notes (ze Schmett., x., p. 128) that this
migrant was entirely absent from Vienna for several years in succes-
sion, but that, from 18209, it occurred every year, and, in the cold and
rainy summer of 1833, the larvae were met with fairly frequently,
but not till the end of September and on to the middle of October.
Most of these resulted in failure, but Treitschke was pretty
fortunate, rearing 11 moths from 15 larve, some of which were found
when quite small. In favourable years he states that he succeeded in
rearing nearly all. The years 1834-5, 1846 and 1885 were exceptionally
favourable for the species along the Mediterranean littoral, and,
during these periods, the insect was exceptionally abundant at
Montpellier, Palermo, Cannes, Nice, Monte Carlo, &c., but it also
spread much further north, being found in some numbers at Paris, and
in Germany, in Upper Lusatia, the Rhine provinces, &c.* Dormoy,
on the authority of Daube, whose observations were made at Mont-
pellier, considers (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1836, p. 363) that the abundance of
D. nerii in France, in 1835, was due to the continuance of strong winds
from the south in 1834, that he saw imagines some 20 times come
to the shore and alight on the first flowers that they encountered,
in the latter year, but only when the south wind was driving them, and
he suggests that the migrants came from Africa. In the other years,
the August imagines were followed by larve in September, and such
imagines as emerged from the pup obtained were produced in Novem-
ber and December of the same year. In 1900 and 1902, again, the
species was common on the Mediterranean littoral, but few of the many
larve obtained produced imagines. Its natural habit, according to
Bartel, is to fly to flowers, petunias being noted as the favourite.
It is recorded by Winter as hovering over passion-flowers at
Brighton (Zool., p. 3624), flying round honeysuckle at Stoke Flem-
ing, just after dusk (Owen), but otherwise the examples in Britain

* Hering and Cornelius give (Stett. Evt. Zeit., vili., pp. 131-140) some detailed
notes on its occurrence in Germany (especially about Elberteld) in 1846.

260 | BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

have been more frequently taken at light or at rest. Thus we have
it recorded as: Flying into an open window to light at Brighton
(Thorncroft and Tidy), also into a room at Glasgow (Wilson),
a @ flew into a window at about 6.30 p.m. to light at Yalding (Reid),
and at one of the electric lights at Eastbourne (Alford) ; also it is re-
corded as resting on an oleander plant at St. Leonards (Smith), on a
heliotrope plant in a garden at Aldeby (Winter), at rest on a scariet-
runner plant at Tottenham (Pool), on the stalk of a lly bud at
Brighton (Langley), in a garden at St. Leonards (Wood), also at
Lewes (Hillman), in a garden at Hemel Hempstead (Piffard), in a
garden near Birmingham (Enock), on a sheaf of corn at Barrhead
(Grant), on the gatepost of a timber-yard at Hartlepool (Gardner),
resting on a pine trunk at Niesky (Moeschler).

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—Imagines are usually taken in temperate
Europe (southern and central) in Jul y and September-October, the latter
brood being the progeny of the former. In its permanent subtropical
habitats in Africa and Asia the species appears to be continuously-
brooded, and it is undoubtedly only an immigrant therefrom in
the temperate zones of the Old World. The imagines of January-
February produce fullfed larve in early March (March ard, 1305,
at Saugor) in India, and these yield imagines again in April. These
give another brood of imagines in June-July (July 2rst-26th at
Jerusalem) which probably represents the earlier immigrants that
reach Europe in June and July, earlier on later according to ‘the
district whence they have come. Imagines were reared at the
end of September, 1834, from larve found in mid-August in
Montpellier (Paris), also 16 imagines emerged between October
7th and 2eth, £839, from September larvee, all of whiehpiad
puUpatede betore, October iste at wimanise( Decelirer): In wes.
Nowicki bred imagines in November from August larve at
Thorn in West Prussia, and Siebold, bred one on November 6th
from a September larva, taken at Dantzig the same year. In 1885,
larvee were already ful lIfed in the Riviera from July r5th-3oth, from
which imagines appeared in August (Milhere); in 1893, the larve
were not fullfed at Breslau until early August (Standfuss), whilst
in 1896, eggs, from Malfi in Dalmatia, were already hatching on
July 27th-28th, and the imagines emerged from September 14th-
22nd. ‘These July imagines, then, give another brood of imagines
in September, which, in due course, give the October and November
larve and the January-February specimens, a brood that never
reaches maturity in Europe unless forced *, and then generally
emerges somewhat earlier, e¢.g., December znd, 1846, at Paris
(Pierret) ; January 7th, 1887, at Cannes (Warburg), &c. According
to Marchal, the larve in Mauritius are fullfed in February, April,
June, September: and December, the imagines appearing in each
case about 20 days later (Boisduval). Lederer says that the
species always occurs in two generations: at Beyrout, the larvae

* There is considerable evidence that late larve rarely reach the pupal stage in
Europe, and that when they do they usually die unless forced, e.g¢., Morres found a
fair number of larvae and pupz on the Riviera, the pupz were dug up in February
and were dead, Constant obtained four late pupe (from a considerable number of
larvae, which were common) in 1900, three were already dead in March. In 1902,
Powell :eared many imagines in September and October at Hyéres, a few pupz
went on into the winter but all had died by March, 1903.

DAPHNIS NERII. 961

in spring and autumn somewhat commonly. In the British Museum
coll. are two examples from South Africa, one taken in June,
1896, another in December at Umtali, at 3700ft., by Marshall.
The following dates may be of some service: Imagines emerged
from September znd to end of October, in Prussia (Schmidt),
emerged July 21st-26th, 1898, at Jerusalem (Swinton), August,
1885, in the Riviera (Milliere), September 14th-22nd, 1896, trom
Malfi (Krooss), larva pupated mid-August, imago appeared end
of September at Sofia (Bachmetjew). Seebold notes (An. Soc. Esp.
fist. Nat., Xxvii., p. 119) that, in August, 1885, he took 5 larve in his
garden at Bilbao, and that these pupated and produced very large
imagines at end of October of the same year. The British records
to date appear to be as follows: one at Dover about September
pete ss, Dy Miss Hermey (Stephens, v7. A7ag., i., p.525),° a
? latter end of September, 1834, near Dover pier (Leplastrier ¢es¢e
Curtis, Grit. Lunt, fo. 626), probably in August or September,
1832, near Netley (Ingram ¢es¢e Curtis, loc. cit.), at Sandown in
1833 (Bromfield, Zo0/., p. 804), near Barnstaple, date unrecorded
(Raddon, ¢este Humphreys & Westwood, British Moths), | Prestwich,
Berge erozict coll. My; xxiv., p.195),| september 11th, 1852, at
Brighton (Zoo/., p. 3624), August 16th, 1857, at Brighton (Thorncroft,
meee 7, ii, Pp. 172 ; “Vidy, Zool, p. 5901), 9 October
Zamir o5o, at Aldeby, Beccles (Winter, 2x2. Wk.-Lut., v., p. 42),
fine 2 at Hastings, August 2nd, 1862 Coe Zool., p. 8172), September
14th, 1867, at Sheffield (Hy des, Entom., GAY: October rath, 1868,
at St. Leonards (Smith, EMM, Nengn Os a. another (Wood, vz, iv.,

162), [two October, 1868, in Hastings district (Coverdale ‘¢esze Tutt
coll.),] g autumn 1869, at Birmingham ( Ginock, “AZ AZ,, vil, pr 41

Ent. v., p. 144), | August, 1872, at Upper (Colville)], June, 1873, on
“cigs npceetiess (Studd, /ze/d, June 28th, 1873; Lut, XXV., P. 123),’
[July, 1873, at Strathearn, Crieff (Raynor, £77,, cre p= 162) 5<as
wm errore for D. hypothous, Cram.|, September ard, ronal at Lewes
(Hillman, £77., vii., p. 290), October 13th, 1876, 9 caught at Hemel
Hempstead (Piffard, 2.47 AZ, xili., p. 138), September 12th, 1884,
at Tottenham (Pool, £77. xvii., p. 233), September 24th, 1884, at
Baspourme, (Alford, nz. xvii. p. 233), November, 1884, at
Eeaucdtora- (jetireys, /ni., xvil.. p. 273), July 23rd, 1885, at
Eimelepool (Gardner, “.17_17., xxii., p. 809; L£n?., Xvill., p. 218),
larva obtained August, 1885, at Porchester, reared and an imago
obtained by Russeli (Pearce, Luz, xxiv., p. 92), [Rrestwich, 1886
(Melvill, Zzz., xxiv., p: 195),] September 7th, 1886, in Kensington
Gardens, Brighton (Langley, Zz, xix., p. 250), September roth, 1886,
in Glasgow (Wilson, Young JVat., vil, pp. 212, 230), September
2zoth, 1888, at Poplar (Briggs, Avz., xxi., pp. ie 265), [| October,

1888, on London Bridge (Hollis, Zwz, xxii., p. 120),] [one exhibited
by Mason, taken at Burton-on-Trent, at a meeting of Ent. Soc. Lond.,

Oct. 3rd, 1888 (2.40.17, xxv., p. 143),] September 26th, 1890,
peotoke Kleming* (Owen, “.A7_17., xxvi., p. 328; Ent. Fec., 1,
wezeo), cna Of july 1896, at Stowting (Upton, £77., xx1x.,. p.
316), September 19th, 1896, near Aberdeen (Horne, Ezz. fec., ix.,

* Morres has again recorded (Avz., xxvill., p. 332; Ant. Rec., viii., p. 273),
this specimen as coming from Stoke Henning instead of Stoke Fleming (see Barrett,

Wig INCC;, 1X., Ps-41).

262 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

p. 63), @ September 18th, 1900, at Yalding (Reid, Exz. Rec., ix.,
DP. 303; HA7., XXxxill., p:1-305), September 24th, 1900) Quieikemmere
Chickerell; by Mis. New (Richardson, 277 Reo, sai oer
E.M.M., Xxxvi., p. 260), 1mago at Teignmouth *, October 23rd,
1900 (Evans, £77., xxxill., p. 352), end of September, 1900, at
Barrhead (Grant, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 52), September,
1900, in Bishopsgate Street (Sandford, Lu¢. Rec., xii., p. 347).

LOCALITIES.—The following are the localities where examples have been
taken in Britain: ABERDEEN: Aberdeen (Horne). Brrks: Ascot (Studd).
DERBY: Burton-on-Trent (Mason). DEVON: Stoke Fleming, near Dartmouth
(Owen), Teignmouth (Evans), near Barnstaple (Raddon ¢este Humphreys
& Westwood). Dorser: Chickerell, near Weymouth (Richardson), Parkstone
(teste Bankes), Blandford (Jeffreys). DURHAM: Hartlepool, once (Gardner). ESSEX:
Poplar (Briggs). Hanrs: near Netley (Ingram ¢este Curtis), Porchester (Russell
teste Pearce), Sandown (Bromfield). Htrrs : Hemel Hempstead (Piffard).
KENT: Dover (Stephens), Yalding (Reid), Stowting (Upton). LANARK :
Glasgow (Wilson). LANCASHIRE: Prestwich (Melvill). MiIppLESEXx : Totten-
ham (Pool). NoRFOLK : Yarmouth (Colville). RENFREWSHIRE: Barrhead
(Grant). SurFoLk: Aldeby, near Beccles (Winter). SUssEx: Hastings (Jenner),
Brighton (Thorncroft), Eastbourne (Costick), St. Leonards (Wood), Lewes (Hill-
man). WARWICK: Birmingham (Enock). YORKs: Sheffield (Hydes).

DisTRIBUTION.—This is a tropical and subtropical species, distributed
throughout Africa and the southern parts of Asia, extending into Europe and
temperate Asia at irregular periods, imagines being picked up here and there
throughout Europe, whilst occasionally a ¢ lays her eggs and the larve produce
a late brood of imagines; the species appears, however, to be quite unable to
winter in any stage, except in the hotter parts of its range. AFRICA: the whole
of Africa (Boisduval), Western Africa, Grand Bassam (Harker), Sierra-Leone—
Freetown (coll. Oberthtr), Azores (Godman), the Canaries, Southern Nigeria,
Nyassaland (coll. Brit Mus.), Umtali (Marshall), Delagoa Bay (coll. Oberthiir),
Natal, rarely (Spiller), Durban (Leigh), Zululand (Slater), rather common at
Mozambique, Bourbon, Mauritius and Madagascar (Boisduval), Comoro Islands
(Humblot). Asia: Asia Minor—between Turbaldy and Smyrna (Staudinger),
Beyrout, fairly common (Lederer), Aden (coll. Brit. Mus.), India—Silhet (coll.
Boisduval), Saugor, very common (Chaumette), Coromandel Coast (Cramer),
Trichinopoly (Castets), Bengal (Boisduval), Madras, Old Calabar, Ceylon
(coll. Brit. Mus.), East Indies (Horsfield), Java (Cramer). EUROPE: AUSTRO-
HunGARY: Tyrol, very rare—often not rare at Botzen, e.g, 16 taken in
1863 (Hinterwaldner), Innsbruck, Taufers Valley, only in hot summers, e.g,
1857, 1869 (Weiler), Bukovina, only in the lowlands (Hormuzaki), Pressburg,
in 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877 (Rozsay), Bohemia—Steinitz, one, Budweis and Elbogen
district, several larve in 1846 (Nickerl), Augsburg, Prague, Asch, Vienna,
Linz, Aschach, Sirning, Salzburg, once, Carniola, Buda (Speyer), Inns-
bruck, 8 larve, September 13th-15th, 1872 (Weiler), Hermannstadt,
larve, 1866, Kronstadt, larvae, 1890, not indigenous (Ozekelius), Eperies,
not since 1875 (Husz), Salzburg, some years ago (Nickerl), Dalmatia,
Zara (coll. Oberthtr), BrLGIuM : Brussels, Louvain, Namur (Donckier).
BULGARIA : Sofia (Bachmetjew). FINLAND: Ryska Karelen (Ginther). FRANCE:
common throughout the Mediterranean littoral, accidentally only in other parts
of France (Berce), near Caer, one (l*auvel), Douai, two only (Foucart), Berry
and Auvergne, accidentally (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, accidentally in certain years
(Guenée), Haute-Garonne— occasionally between 1859-1865, larvae on oleander
in gardens (Caradja), Digne, Marseilles (Dardoin), Toulon (Speyer), Var (Cantener),
Gironde—Talence, Bordeaux (Trimoulet), Loire-Inférieure, one or two (Bonjour),
Sarthe (Desportes), Cannes, Nice, Monte Carlo (Milliére), Hyéres (Meissonier),
Epernay, Montpellier (Paris), Pont Saint Esprit (Blanc), dept. Aisne (Kiinckel),
Chartres (Lesage), Abbeville (Fairmaire), Fourquex (Paris), Besangon (Bruand),
Amiens (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. 55], Nantes, Le Pau, Ligniéres, Gourieux,

* Lake notes (Evt., xxxiil., p. 352) an example taken about 50 years ago (2.e.,
- ay “ e } Je rf ® = = .
50 years before 1900) at Teignmouth. This was not so; a larva was taken there in
1832, but died (see Enz. Mag., ii., p. 116; Curt., Brit. Hnt., fo. 626).

SPHINGINA. 263

Champrosay, Turbé, Raincy (Fallon, Ze Mat., 1885, nos. 21-24), dept. du Nord,
Occasional visitor (Paux). GERMANY: Only as an immigrant (Heinemann),
southwest Germany in years 1834, 1842, 1846, 1847 and 1852, at Frankfort, Hanau,
Darmstadt, Wiesbaden (Koch), West Prussia — Thorn (Nowicki), Dantzig
(Sieboid), Rhine Palatinate, in certain years (Bertram), Wirtemberg, occasionally,
not since 1834 (Seyffler), Giessen, several larvee one summer (Dickore), Lower
Elbe district—banks of the Elbe (Zimmermann), Erfurt, in 1834 and 1859 (Kefer-
stein), Munich, in gardens. very rare (Kranz), Hesse-Darmstadt, two in 1846, common
in 1852 (Glaser), Lower Elbe district—Altona, larvae September, 1859, produced
imagines October-November, 1859 (Semper), Mecklenburg, commoner in the ’70’s
than earlier-—Ludwigslust, Schwerin, Bitzow, Hagenow (Schmidt), Bremen, 4
in 1854, larvee numerous in 1870, Oldenburg, once (Rehberg), Saxon Upper
Lusatia—Bautzen, several larve in September, 1877 (Schiitze), Dresden, only
as a visitor (Steinert), Thuringia, singly in hot years—Jena, Arnstadt, Sonders-
hausen, Gotha, Erfurt, Coburg (Krieghoff), Prussia, not altogether rare, larve
frequently (in 1852 abundant) at Kahlberg, K6nigsberg in 1861, Braunsberg, singly
(Grentzenberg), Upper Lusatia—Niesky, twice (Moeschler), Jankendorf, Anclam
(Homeyer), Silesia, a migrant—Domanze, Breslau (Assmann), Nassau, several,
Wiesbaden, one August 7th, 1852, Mayence, Rheingau (Réssler), Ratisbon,
accidental visitor, occurred in 1884 after long absence (Schmid), Posen,
Frankfort-on-Oder, Magdeburg, Eschwege, Barmen, Aix, Mayence, Strassburg,
Aschaffenburg, Nuremburg, Passau, Metz (Speyer), Pomerania—Stettin, Greifen-
hagen, Swinemiinde (Hering), Dessau, larvee often found in 1826, 1835, 1836 and 1847
(Richter), Alsace, abundant certain years, e.g., 1857, 1874 (Peyerimhoff), Brunswick,
abundant 1846 (Heinemann), Hanover, imagines very rare, larve sometimes abund-
ant in hot summers (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder, a few (Kretschmer), Liibeck (Paul),
Berlin district occasionally (Pfiitzner), Chemnitz, a visitor (Pabst). GREECE:
Attica, Corfu, Tinos (Staudinger), Crete (Lucas), IraLy: not common (Cur6),
Modena (Fiori), Sicily, one (Vat. Svc., iv., p. 32), Roman Campagna, rare—
Florence, Pisa, Leghorn, Lucca, also larve inside walls of Rome (Calberla), near
Palermo (Curd), Riva (Jones), Genoa, Turin common (Duncan). NETHERLANDS:
Groningen, three, Soestdijk in Utrecht, near Haarlem, and Amsterdam in N.
Holland, Rotterdam in S. Holland, as larva and imago, Lemburg, Zwolle, one,
September, 1874 (Sneilen). RKoUMANIA: Husch, one, in June, Bucarest, &c.
(Caradja). Russia: Baltic provinces—Dorpat (Sintenis), numbers bred in Riga
1877, 1882 (Teich), Esthonia—Poenal, one (Frese ‘¢este Petersen), Crimea
(Melioransky), Transcaucasia—Borjom, in July, rare (Romanoff). SCANDI-
NAVIA : has occurred at Gothland, Russian Karelia (Aurivillius), once at
Christiania (Siebke). SPAIN: Andalusia, Cadiz (Staudinger), Galicia, rare—
Santiago (Macho-Velado), Barcelona (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y
Pena), Bilbao, 5 larve, August, 1885, bred October (Seebold).. SwitzERLAND:
Grisons—Reichenau (Killias), Campagne Villamont at Lausanne (Chaumette),
Geneva (Fallou). TURKEY: Constantinople (Treitschke), Crete (Lucas).

Subfamily : SPHINGINA.

It has been generally accepted that this subfamily is the most
highly specialised of the Sphingids. In certain ways this is true,
as the larve, pupz and imagines are, at least in some genera,
é.g.. Agrius, S&c., exceedingly highly specialised. But further
study of the group shows that this is not so in all cases, and some
species that must, on our present knowledge, be placed in the
Sphinginae are very fairly generalised forms. Nor is the general
opinion, that the subfamily (as distinguished from the Eumorphids
and Amorphids) is well-defined, at all true, for the lower members
of the group—Ceratomia, Daremma, &c.—are not too decidedly
free from Amorphid features. The actual relationships of the
Sphingids and Amorphids, also, are not at all too clear, and, the
more one investigates the subject, the more one is inclined to
unite the Sesiids, Eumorphids, Philampelids, &c., into one group,
and the Sphingids and Amorphids into another. It is true that
the Sphinginae are specialised much in the direction of the higher
Eumorphids (sevs. da¢.), but they have also many characters placing

264 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

them in alliance with Amorphids, of which, possibly, one of the
most cogent is the remarkable similarity of the larval markings.
It is, indeed, difficult to place some of the more primitive groups,
which might with equal propriety be placed in either of these
divisions, and yet are not clearly of sufficient value to be given
separate rank—e.¢., Darapsa, Ceratomia, Deidamia, Gurelca, Daremma,
&c., of which Ceratomia and Daremma incline to the Sphingid
and the others to the Eumorphid side. Chapman states (zm Jit.)
that the pupe of the lower Sphingids are not always easy to
differentiate from those of the lower Eumorphids or Amorphids,
a statement that we have already noted as being probably, in some
degree, true of them in other stages. This difficulty, he says, ‘is increased
when one has only dead pupz to deal with, but, if we accept
Ceratomia amyntor as a Sphingid (sens. restr.), and, in this, we see no
difficulty, then we may have the labrum ventral and no _ tongue-
horn present. If Daremma undulosa be a Sphingid (sens. restr.)
which is perhaps more doubtful, then we may have a Sphingid (sews.
restr.) pupa hardly to be differentiated from that of an Amorphid.
The primitive Sphingid (sens. restr.) must, however, have had a pupa
almost identical with that of Amorpha. If D.catalpae be a Sphingid (sezs.
- restr.) and our pupee are correctly named, then a Sphingid (sezs. zestr.)
pupa may be, in all respects, like that of an Amorphid, with the wings
meeting in front. As our specimens are not dehisced, we cannot say
whether it has attained the true Sphinx character, of not slitting the
mesothorax on dehiscence, but there is no sign of a suture. The
more developed Sphingid (sens. restr.) pupa appears to present two
forms, one of which may be typified by those of ylowus pinastrt and
Sphinx ligustrt, and is the less specialised. This pupa is fairly straight
and fairly cylindrical, and the prespiracular flange of the 5th, 6th
and 7th abdominal segments is fairly developed. The proboscis-horn
or -case is generally short and simple and pressed close to the front of
the pupa. The pupa of Agrius convolvuli tenas rather to belong to the
following section, but is somewhat intermediate. This second form, the
more developed Sphingid (sezs. restr.) pupa, may be represented by
Phlegethontius, Macrosila or Amphonyx. In these, there is a good deal of
antero-posterior flattening and a certain amount of the S-curving
characteristic of the similarly flattened pupz of Sesza ( MWacroglossa)
and some Eumorphids. The flanges of abdominal segments 5, 6,
7 are well developed and the horn of the proboscis is largely
developed and may be variously curved or coiled. The prothoracic
callosity is well-developed and similar roughnesses may be present
on the abdominal segments. In the most developed of these,
the labrum is quite anterior, but never makes any approach to the
fully dorsal situation it occupies in fully evolved Eumorphid pupe.
The pupa suggests that dZanduca is an Amphonyx in which the
proboscis-case has receded again. In form and outline, callosities
and spiracular flanges, it fully agrees with the higher Sphingids.
Looked at from this point of view, one may doubt the right of
Manduca to rank as a separate subfamily. Amorphines, Hemarines,
Pterogonines, Sphingines, Eumorphines, Philampelines, Sesiines,
and probably others, all left the original stirps very early and
nearly together, Eumorphines, Philampelines and Sesiines (with some
other of the old Macroglossid and Chcerocampid families) probably

SPHINGINA. 265

keeping together appreciably later, but, from a Manducine standpoint,
they were all ancient and well-established families before MZanduca was
heard of. A/anducais derived from some well-advanced Sphingine, and
is not very distantly related to some such form as Amphonyx or
Macrosila, the chief difference being that the plasticity in the
maxillary development was here very great, and permitted evolution
to take place in two such opposite directions as J/anduca and
Macrosila, both, however, having a common ancestor at about the
developmental level of Agrius convolvult. Manduca preserves, in
the pupa, a file-like rough area representing the proboscis-horn of the
higher Sphingids, the rest of the maxilla being, as in them, smooth.
The character which may best be relied upon for the division of the
Sphingids (sens. restr.) from the Amorphids is the possession by
the Amorphids of a dorsal metathoracic suture in the pupa that
is functional on dehiscence. This does not occur in the Sphinges
(or Eumorphids). The more typical Sphinges, have, in the pupa,
a horn for the accommodation of the proboscis. This always
develops before the face-parts are pushed much upwards and _ back-
wards, so that the labrum, ceasing to be ventral, barely reaches
an anterior position before relief is afforded by the development of
the horn, and the labrum never becomes dorsal, as it does in the
Eumorphids, long before a horn appears. Larvally, the Amorphids
and the Sphingids must be associated: (1) In possessing a much
less primitive first stage than the Eumorphids. (2) In presenting
the same pattern of oblique stripes. In Eumorphids, oblique stripes
are not rarely developed in a reverse direction to that in which
they occur in Sphinges. Occasionally, however, they appear in
definite Sphingine manner, of which a notable example is figured
Byam eoulton (77ans. Lt. Soc. Lond., 1887, pl. x., fig. 3). Our present
knowledge gives us apparently no ground for any theory of such
stripes in Eumorphids, than that they are developed quite inde-
pendently of any common origin with those in the Sphingine line.
The subdorsal line, originating at the horn of the lower forms of
Sphingid larvz, presents, on the 8th abdominal segment, a basis
for the development of an oblique stripe, that may, quite possibly,
therefore, arise in two different divisions of the Sphingzdes*. There
are two different groups of Sphinges, usually placed in Sphingidae,
whose right to be there may be seriously questioned. One of these
is that containing Kevztrochrysalis as a central form. The larva of
this is said much to resemble that of Phyllosphingia dissimilis, an
undoubted Amorphid, and the pupa is clearly Amorphid, presenting
no feature in common with Ay/oicus, which the imago certainly very
considerably resembles. Along with Xentrochrysalis would probably
go Sphingulus, and, perhaps, one or more species placed in Doddbina,
but our information about the early stages of these is too defective
either to support or contradict such a surmise. It may be noted

* The Hemarid larva has rudiments of both the subdorsal and spiracular
series of stripes; they are rather colour-shadings than stripes, as we use the term
in relation to the larvaee of Amorphids and Sphingids (ses. restr.), but requiring little
development to make them so; the series slope in opposite directions, the subdorsal
as in Sphingids and the spiracular as in the Eumorphids. In the Eumorphids the
stripes are only spiracular, whilst in the Amorphids and Sphingids they cover both
areas, but one suspects them to be of subdorsal origin (Bacot).

266 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

here, that the longitudinally-striped larva of AHyloicus pinastrt has no
relationship with the similarly striped larve of the lower Eumorphids,
but is a specialisation, and that it doubtless had ancestors striped
in true SfAzmx manner. The other genus, very probably erroneously re-
ferred to Sphinginae, is Dilophonota. ‘Vhe larva of this genus has no
Sphingine characters, but is decidedly not very far from the Eumorphid
type as shown in Acosmeryx, Philampelus and Pachylia. ‘The pupa is
also quite Eumorphid. ‘The imago hasa facies quite different from any-
thing else, but presents a few characters (of neuration, &c.) that suggest
that its Eumorphid affinities are in some way via Thyreus.” For our views
of this see pos/ed, p. 273. Weismann, discussing the larvee of the Sphingids
(sens. restr.) and Manducids, writes (Studies in Theory of Descent,
transl. p.261): ‘“‘ Of the genera mentioned, I am acquainted altogether
with fourteen species of larve—JA/acrosila hasdrubal ( Pseudosphinx
tetrio), M. (Protoparce) cingulata, M. (P.) rustica, Sphinx (Agrius)
convolvuli, S. ligustrt, S. carolina, S. quinguemaculata, S. drupiferarum,
S. kalmiae, S. gordius, Dolba hylaeus, Acherontia (Manduca) atropos,
A. styx and A. satanas. With one exception all these caterpillars
possess oblique stripes of the nature of those of Smerinthid larve,
and most of them are without any trace of a subdorsal line; one
species, the North American JZ. cingulata, has a completely de-
veloped subdorsal, and the typical European species, S. convolvulz,
has a rudimentary subdorsal line. The ground-colour, in most of
these species, is of the same green as that of the leaves of their
foodplants ; some are brown, 2z.2., earth-coloured, and, in these, the
markings do not appear so prominently ; others, again, possess very
striking colours (A. a¢rofpos), the oblique stripes, in these cases, being
very vivid. Only JZ. hasdrubal (¢etrio) separates itself completely from
this system of classification, since this species is deep black with
narrow yellow rings, the horn and last segment being red. The
large and most striking larva of WZ. hasdrubal (tetrio) is the same of
which Wallace has made use for his theory of the brilliant colours
of caterpillars. The explanation of the origin of this widely diver-
gent mode of markings could only be furnished by the ontogeny,
in which one or another of the older phyletic stages will certainly
have been preserved.” Meldola observes (Joc. cz¢., p. 262, footnote)
that larve of many other species have been figured by Butler,
most of which fall under Weismann’s remarks, but Pseudosphinx
cyrtolophia has very divergent marking, a broad white dorsal line
bordered with pink, and two large pink ovals on the back of
the four anterior segments, the hinder and larger of these being
bisected by the dorsal line. With reterence to the larva ot JZ. atropos,
Mansel-Weale states (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. v) that, in South
Africa, the ordinary form feeds generally on Solanaceae, whilst the
darker and rarer variety is found only on species of Lantana. Of those
species figured by Burmeister, Meldola notes that the larva of Proéo-
parce albiplagais pale green with large yellow black-bordered patches sur-
rounding the spiracles, whilst those of Pseudosphinx tetrio and Anceryx
scyron are black, with broad transverse belts, yellow and white re-
spectively, encircling the middle of each segment. ‘These light bands
serve very effectually to break up the uniform surface of the large
bodies of these insects. Weismann concludes that the Sphinginae
are a younger group than the Smerinthinae, since, in the former,

SPHINGINA. 267

the oblique stripes have reached a higher development, veing always
of two, and sometimes of three, colours (¢.g., drupiferarum—white,
red, and black), whilst in the species of Smerinthus they only
occasionally possess uniformly-coloured borders.
~ We have already dealt with the larval structure of the Sphingids
(sens. restr.) (taking Sphinx ligustri and Agrius convolvuli as types)
(anted, vol. il., pp. 367-368). The only point to repeat is that, in the
Ist instar, the primary tubercles agree in their arrangement with those
of the Sesiids and Amorphids, 7.e., tubercles i and 11 on the abdominal
segments form the typical trapezoidals, but on the meso- and meta-
thorax they arise from a single plate or raised area, whilst ii forms
the typical supraspiracular, iv is subspiracular, and there is a pre-
spiracular (which is said by the authorities to be v, moved forwards
and upwards) quite at the front of the segment, vi being
nearly at the base of the proleg*. One of the most interesting
features of the newly-hatched larva is the absence of shagreen-
tubercles and secondary hairs, which appear suddenly at the 1st
moult, and are retained throughout larval life, although they gradually
atrophy, but yet can still be traced in the last stadium in the species
examined. ‘The structure of the caudal horn is interesting from
the fact that it is thickly clothed with short bifurcate hairs, whilst
the tip carries two sete corresponding with those arising from
tubercles i on the other segments, these sete being somewhat
enlarged, funnel-like apically, and with traces of spiculation. The
caudal horn has no doubt originated as a raised area, bearing
the two tubercles i, which has gradually developed and risen until
it has assumed the character of a horn, always carrying on its
summit the two tubercles, distinct but varying in position, probably
at first with something of the double character now seen in the
horns of the larva of Lophopteryx camelina, coalescing, however, and
forming a common base long before being so well-developed (sepa-
rately) as that of the latter species. In the larva of Agrius convolvuld,
Poulton notes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 519) that the bifidity
of the horn varies immensely in the rst larval instar, 1s somewhat
shorter than, but is covered with hairs somewhat similar to those
on, that of Sphinx ligustrt. There appears to be no doubt that the
bifurcation of the horn, which is common throughout a great many
very ditrerent sections of the Sphingids (sews. /at.), is quite a
primitive and ancestral feature. Poulton connects (doc. cit., 1885,
p. 303) the use of the horn with the longitudinal markings ex-
hibited, and states that the horn in Sphinx ligustrd and Smerinthus
ocellata exhibits movements synchronous with the contractions of
the dorsal vessel. The development of the typical longitudinal
lines and oblique stripes during the growth of the larva in the
Ist instar and before the rst moult may also be mentioned.
Among the lower Sphznginae the larval structure offers consider-

* The hopelessness of using some of Poulton’s early work is amply demon-
strated by comparing the above description with his figure of the newly-hatched
larva of Sphinx ligustri (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, pl. vii., figs. 1-2); on the other
hand, his drawing of the larva of Agrius convolvult (loc. cit., 1888, pl. xv., fig. 2) is
very fairly accurate, except possibly in the dorsal thoracic setz, that do not show
the arrangement of rising from a common base common to the higher Sphiznginae,
whilst vi is missed altogether.

268 : - BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

able variation. Thus the newly-hatched larva of Ceratomia amyntor
is described by Fernald (Sphingidae of New England, p. 115) as
having a pair of minute thoracic horns on the top of the 3rd segment
and another pair on the top of the 4th, whilst there is a row of
minute fleshy teeth along the middle of the back, which are scarcely
visible. Like many of the higher Sphinginae, it develops its
characteristic markings before the rst moult, and assumes its
covering of secondary shagreen-hairs at the first ecdysis, this
latter it retains until adult, and, when fullgrown, ‘has’ a dorsal
row of fleshy teeth, one on each wrinkle, tipped with whitish or
pink, extending from the 4th segment to the caudal hommyyimwers
is also a pair of short straight tuberculated horns on the top of
the 3rd segment and a similar pair on the 4th.

As to the larval markings, Weismann has attempted to discuss
them (Studies in the Theory of Descent, pp. 259 e¢ seg.) but he
is wanting entirely in first-hand knowledge, except in the case of
Hyloicus pinastrt, a species that, in the larval stage, is very different
from the characteristic type of the subfamily, but, on the strength
of the figures of certain species (already detailed, azfed, p. 266), he
concludes that the subdorsal line was the primary marking, this
line being subsequently entirely replaced by the oblique stripes.
He further suggests that the SAimginae are a younger group than
the Amorphinae, a conclusion which he considers, as we have also
already noted, to be borne out by the fact that, in the former,
the oblique stripes have reached a higher- development, being always
of two, and sometimes even of three colours (Sphinx drupiferarum—
white, red, black), whilst, in the Amorphids, they only occasionally
possess uniformly coloured borders. Weismann’s work with regard
to the markings of the Amorphid larva (loc. cit., pp. 232 ef seg.) is
more satisfactory, but much detail is missed, and only the broadest
general features are discussed, whilst his conclusions, with regard
to the adaptive nature of the markings (doc. cit, pp. 320 e¢ seg.),
are probably as correct as anything since formulated. Poulton,
who followed up this line of enquiry, made a number of detailed
observations (some of which are, unfortunately, not quite accurate)
which were published between 1884 and 1888 *. In his” Giese
paper, he utilised Weismann’s remarks on the part played by the
modification of the shagreen-spots in the formation of the prominent
pale markings in certain Phryxid larve, so far as to apply them
to the formation of the characteristic Sphingid and Amorphid markings,
and to show that the oblique lines of the Amorphid larve originated as
enlargements of the shagreen-dots, and that the effect has been
increased by the ground-colour becoming gradually lighter along
the same lines (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 32). He further
notes (doc. cit., p. 36) that the shagreening in the larva of Sphinx
ligustri is exactly like that of the Amorphid larve, and states that,
in the last stadium, the white stripes of the tormer retain indications
of the shagreen-spots on their anterior inferior extremities, which

* (1) Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1884, pp. 27 et seg. (2) loc. cit., 1885,
pp. 281 et seg. (3) Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., xl., pp. 135-173. (4) Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1886, pp. 137-179. (5) oc. cet, 1887, pp. 281-321. (6) duc. czt., 1888,
pp. 515 ef seq.

SPHINGINA, 269

are made up of scattered white points, and he recounts certain
observations which tend to show that the purple borders of the
stripes in this species have been modified from a dark green border
at the sides, but not above, where the latter faintly persists ; in
the same manner, the pure white stripes have arisen from lines,
like those of the Amorphids, which still remain above. He con-
cludes that the beautiful colours of SpAznx ligustri have been acquired
very late in the phylogeny. In a later paper (loc. cit., 1885, pp. 281
e¢ seg.), Poulton details the ontogeny of S. /zgwstvz, and makes an
erroneous guess* (p. 283) that the larva of this species, which has
a clothing of short secondary hairs in its znd instar, also has them
iteisetsy,and he later (Joc. cf., 1836, p. 141) refers to this as an
observed fact. ‘This and other errors of observation tend to discount
the value of much otherwise good work. We have already (azted)
referred-to the subdorsal line as a characteristic feature of the
more generalised Sphingid larve and as occurring in the early
larval stages of many Eumorphid (sens. Jat.) larve that lose it
more or less in their later and more highly specialised stages.
Weismann points out (Studies tn the Theory of Descent, transl. pp. 242,
317, 372) the relationship of this line with the more recent and special-

* In spite of the detail into which Poulton enters in the papers already
referred to, they are defective and even inaccurate from many points of view (due
largely to the fact that he had not the advantage of knowing the importance of the
position of the primary tubercles which Dyar has since shown), and they must be con-
sidered as useful only for the purpose of tracing the development of the larval
markings, and not to be relied upon in the references to detailed structure. His
description of the primary tubercles in Sphinx ligustri (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1885, p. 282) accounts for i, il, iii on abdominal segments 1-7, but leaves out
entirely iv, v, vi; even then he erroneously states that ii is composed of two
sete, and he further notes that, on abdominal segments 8-10, the setze are more
abundant and without definite arrangement. He also states (p. 283) that he did
not examine for ‘‘small’’ hairs in stage 1, but siuce he found them in stage 2 he
assumed that “there must be a comparatively thick coating of them” in the
Ist stage, and then deals with them as if they were present, remarking that
‘there can be no doubt of their presence,’ &c., whilst we read yet again of
the presence of these hair-bearing shagreen-dots in the Ist instar of S. ligustr¢
(loc. cit., 1885, p. 299), in fact, the larva of this species, and that of S. ocellata
in the same stage, are described as ‘hairy larve with tubercles at the bases of
the hairs.”” Asa matter of fact, these small hairs do vt appear in the Ist instar of
S. ligustri. Similarly we find him uncertain (/oc. c7t., 1888, p. 520; whether
shagreen-dots appear at the end of the Ist instar of Aeris convolvuli, or whether they
are merely those of the 2nd instar showing through the transparent skin just before
the Ist moult. Further, he did not, until 1884, demonstrate the presence of the well-
known bifid hairs in the Amorphids, although he had been publishing his observa-
tions on the larvaeofthis group in 1883, and even then (in 1884) did not detect them until
the 3rd larval instar, thus showing that the work was done with an altogether too low
power to deal with the detail attempted. As late as 1886 (loc. cit., 1886, p. 141),
a comparison between the first stages of Simerinthus (ocellata and populi) and
Sphinx ligustri is made, and the error that the newly-hatched larva of S. ligustri
is covered with hairs or bristles springing from ordinary shagreen-dots is yet again re-
peated, whilst he further states that the dorsal and lateral rows of hairs (= those arising
from i, ii, iil) spring from larger shagreen-dots, a most remarkable statement as to the
origin of primary larval setze. In his notes on the larva of Agrius convolviuli (loc.
cit., 1888, p. 520) he also treats the primary tubercles, i to vi, as shagreen-tubercles,
and states that, in the Ist instar, ‘‘ there are at first no other shagreen-tubercles upon
the larva.” Altogether, whilst recommending the perusal of these papers for
their general account of the development of the Sphingid larval markings, we
would suggest that the student should compare carefully all statements relating to
details of larval structure with the details under the several species published in this
work (anted, ili., pp. 386 e¢ seg.) before accepting the same.

270 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

ised oblique stripes, in the Amorphids, and asserts that the tendency
is for the larve to lose this subdorsal line as the development of
the oblique stripes proceeds, and he suggests and fairly proves
that the replacement of the subdorsal by the oblique lines is a
comparatively recent feature in the evolution of the Amorphid (and
Sphingid) markings. Poulton sees (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884,
p 32), in the remains of the subdorsal line, a more efficient means
of protection when a larva is at rest in the Sphinx attitude, for
then, the subdorsal line, following the curved -anterior .segments,
becomes approximately parallel to the oblique stripes (oc. c7t., pl. i., fig.
4). So many Sphingid (ses. restr.) larve still have traces of the sub-
dorsal line that he considers that its entire absence in others must be
looked upon as a very recent line of development, ¢.g., Agrzus
convolvult, Manduca atropos, &c., retain this line throughout their
ontogeny, and Sphinx ligustri has it well-developed in its early stages.
The shagreen-spots, as we have already pointed out, are, in reality,
tiny patches of pale colour developed at the bases of the secondary
hairs, and are characteristic of many Sphingid larve—Sesiids,
Phryxids, &c.—and not at all restricted to those of the Sphingznae.
Usually, these appear in the earlier stadia in their simplest forms
and become modified into special markings in the later stadia,
but, in the Sphznginae, as exemplified in Sphinx ligustri and Agrius
convolvull, the shagreening does not appear until the second instar,
although the pale specks on the new skin may be _ seen through
the old skin just before the rst moult. It is quite possible that the
smooth rst instar of the Sphzmeznae is evidence that the larve of
this subfamily are less specialised than those of the Amorphids, where
the shagreening has been pushed back into stage 1, and really
develops on the larva before it leaves the egg. The spiculation
of the caudal horn on the Sphznginae in the 1st instar may, of course, be
the remains of a previous general spiculation in that stage (in which
case the above view ot the Amorphids being more specialised would
be erroneous), or it may be a highly specialised part of the larva
which has received spiculation from the following stage, but which
the rest of the surface has resisted, but which has been submitted
to in the more specialised Amorphids. The tiny little mammille
bearing the sete that arise from these pale specks are generally known
as shagreen-tubercles and must not. be confused (as Poulton has evi-
dently done, anéed p. 269, footnote) with the primary tubercles, i, ii, iii,
iv, v, vi, &c., which are chitinous-based in their most simple forms. The
importance of these shagreen-spots in the development of the larval
markings has already been referred to, and is readily followed by a study
of the ontogeny of the Phryxid, Sesiid, Amorphid and Sphingid larve.
According to Poulton (4oc. cz¢., 1885, p. 302) the coloured borders to
the oblique and other lines in Sphingid larva seem always to be
formed of modified ground-colour. He states that ‘dots are either
absent from the borders, or, when present, are very small,” and
surmises that ‘the first trace of a border arose in the diminishing
size of the dots, which alone would make a relatively dark
stripe . . . . the effect afterwards being increased by a darkening
of the ground-colour, and, in some instances (e.¢., Sphinx ligustri),
by a change of colour altogether.” It may be well to notice here
the great similarity between the markings and general appearance

SPHINGINA, OF1

of Sphinx ligustri and the green (yellow) form of the larva of Manduca
atropos, and Weismann’s observation (Stwdies in Theory of Descent,
transl. p. 145) that the violet bands of the latter correspond with
the coloured borders of the stripes of the former, and not
with the stripes themselves, these, in JZ. atropos, having become
inconspicuous. As a summary of the development of the oblique
stripes of Sphingid larve, and their borders, Poulton gives (Zoc. cit,
1886, p. 148) the following:

1. A hairy* larva with greenish or yellowish ground colour, the hairs springing
from light (white or yellow) tubercles.

2. The hairs become inconspicuous, and the tubercles more distinct.

3. The tubercles become especially enlarged and approximated along the
lines of the oblique stripes, thus forming the first indication of this system of marking.

4. The light colour spreads from the base of each tubercle, and the adjacent
areas coalesce, forming a continuous stripe.

5. The tubercles disappear from the ground-colour along the anterior edge
of each stripe, thus producing a relatively dark border,

6. The border is rendered more distinct by a deepening in the tint of the
ground colour.

7. The border becomes a conspicuous feature in the oblique line system, gaining
a distinct and generally bright tint, a modification or replacement of the ground-colour.

8. The original oblique stripes fade away until they are hardly recognisable,
while the bright borders become highly developed, and almest entirely represent
the whole system.

Poulton remarks (loc. ci¢., p. 149) that ‘‘ this history may be traced
up to the end of the 7th stage in the ontogeny of Sphinx ligustri, up to the
end of the 6th in Smerinthus ocellata, whilst the larva of Wanduca atropos
supplies the 8th stage,” and he adds that, although these stages occur
successively, it must not be overlooked, as Weismann had long before
pointed out, that certain stages of the ontogeny may be dropped, e.g.,
the 7th may follow the 4th in some species, and so on.

Chapman observes that among the imaginal characters of the
Sphingides 1s one that occurs elsewhere, but nowhere else, so far
as he has ascertained, affects the whole superfamily, or even
a whole subfamily. This is the curious development along the
posterior margins of the abdominal segments of a row (or rows)
of scales, modified into fusiform batons, with sharp points, usually
of a black colour, at any rate very rarely not darker than the
general abdominal scaling. In -some cases, these are very solid
strong black structures with little evidence as to their being modified
scales, in others they present definite traces of striation, not dis-
similar from ordinary scales. When removed they leave, on the chitinous
plate, a row of pits, almost identical with those from which the scales
beside them have been removed, but of very much larger size. In
a few Sphinges, these batons are developed into a row of strong
spines, solidly and stiffly attached to the margin of the segment,
sharp and long enough to prick the fingers if properly applied
(Pseudosphinx tetrio, &c.). In others they are very numerous in three
or four rows but rather shorter and weaker than the scales around
them (yloicus pinastri). They are well developed in Sesza and inthe

* «« Hairy’? must be understood as referring to the hairs in the Ist larval
instar of Amorphids, so that Poulton’s Ist stage is the Ist in Amorphids, but 2nd
in Sphingids (ses. restr.). The shagreening proper does not even occur in the Ist
instar of Amorphids, for, although the hairs are present, they cannot be properly
termed shagreened as neither mammillee nor pigment-spots are present, so that there
would appear to be a stage with secondary hairs preceding Poulton’s stage I, 7.e.,
with secondary hairs not springing from light-coloured mammillz (Bacot).

D7 9e BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Phryxids. In the Amorphid imago, they are especially weak, and, at first
sight, appear to be wanting, but, in reality, they are scattered over
the whole dorsum of the segment and are but little more numerous
along the hind margin, and they have scale-cups for attachment, about
twice the size of those of the ordinary scales (Amorpha populz). In AZimas
tiliae they also exist over the whole segment but are here very little
differentiated trom scales, differing chiefly in being narrow and over-
loaded with pigment and often with bifid extremities, and it would almost
be more correct to say that they are wanting, but that the scales are
somewhat modified. ‘They are frequent also in Noctuids. In the Geo-
metrid, Vyssia hispidaria, they are developed in two forms, one of which
occurs all over the dorsum. ‘Treating this as a structure characteristic
of the Sphingides, as being found in the whole superfamily, and highly
developed in many genera and families, it would seem to add another
to the many characters otherwise noted, that show the Amorphid
imago (and pupa) to be the most primitive in the group, although
the larval specialisation has made more advancement than in the
other families, perhaps actually, but certainly in having the earliest
stages more modified by the effects of later features passed back
to the first instar than in Eumorphids or even Sphingids (sews. res¢r.).
We know of no real attempt since Hutbner’s time (anéed, vol.
lil., pp. 351-352) to classify the species included in the Sphznginae, and
most authors seem to have surmounted the difficulty by placing
as many heterogeneous species as possible in the same genus,
whilst our British authors, e.g., Stainton, Meyrick, &c., have dealt
with the matter in the simplest possible manner, 7z7zz., by placing
them all in the same genus and neglecting altogether any detailed

consideration of the structure of the species. The most recent
German work (Bartel, Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii, p. 37) deals with
the group .m the same manner, and Bartel whites scjya sm

Europe, Sphinx is only represented by 3 species, of which 5S.
convolvuli is very widely distributed, S. /zgwstre occurs also in
Siberia and Japan, and only S. pznastit is confined to Europe
proper.” “He then adds: “The genus is" very numerous/iaiae
tropics. Herrich-Schafter united the genera Sphinx and Dedlephila,
but Derlephila is distinguished, not only by its different larvae,
and more especially by its pupae, but also by the neuration,
nervure 8 of the forewings running into the apex, while this nervure
in Sphinx runs into the outer margin just below the apex (!). Later
systematists have rightly separated the genera* again.” He then
gives the-following ‘table of the Paleearctic species” that he includes
in Sphinx :
I. Abdomen with red spots on the sides. Hindwings with black transverse bands.
t. Fringes chequered ; hindwings blue-grey— convolvili, L.
2. Fringes unicolorous ; hindwings light rose-colour—/gusérz, L.
II. Abdomen with black spots on the sides. Hindwings without dark bands.
1. Hindwings unicolorous—finastrz, L.
2. Hindwings before the inner angle with a white longitudinal ray, followed
by a short, uninterrupted light transverse stripe—zncreta, Walk.
We would now refer our readers to Hutbner’s grouping of the
true Sphingids (anéed, i1., pp. 351-352), which he included in his

* Bartel treats the whole of our Sphinginue as one genus and the Zumorphinae
as another.

SPHINGINE. DIS

stirps MANDUC&, and it appears to us remarkable that he was able, at so
early a date and with so little material, to arrive at detailed conclusions
regarding their relationship much more accurate than any author who
has since written on the subject. This is particularly the case in his treat-
ment of the Erinnyids [z.e., the Pseudosphingids ( Psewdosphinx tetrio)
and Dilophonotids (£7¢nnyzs ello)|, the former of which has always
been placed with the true Sphingids, near “Zyloscus, by authors who
have followed him, but this view is open to great doubt, considering
the larva of Pseudosphinx tetrio and the general imaginal structure.
It is remarkable that the peculiar double thoracic tuft of Ayrznnyzs
(ello) and the crenate hindmargin of the wings are repeated in
Pseudosphinx (tetrio), and one concludes that the Pseudosphingids in-
clude the Dilophonotids or ace verséd. The Erinnyids (Pseudosphinx,
lsognathus, Cautethia, Dilophonota, Anceryx, Grammodia (catcus ),
&c.) also have the ocellar tufts of the metathorax developed differently
from those of the Sphingids (sews. vestr.). It is to be observed, as we
have just said, that the Pseudosphingids have, since Hubner’s time,
always been placed among the true Sphinges, but, whilst it is true
that the general appearance of the imago, particularly the abdomen
thereof, is very Sphingid, it has also to be remembered that the larva
is peculiarly Eumorphid in most characters, and that the pupa is
without a tongue-horn and has a general Philampelid or almost
Eumorphid structure. It is probable, therefore, that these Sphingids
should be grouped outside the true Sfhzngznae, as, indeed, was
substantially done by Hubner so long ago. It is impossible, with
the space at our disposal, to enter into a consideration of the relation-
ships of the various tribes in the subfamily, but the following summary
represents the conclusions at which we have arrived, and gives the
names of what we consider to be the chief Sphingine (sezs. restr. ) tribes,
of which the first two are the most generalised, the 1st leaning to the
Amorphids, the 2nd to the Sphingids (sezs. restr.). These tribes are—

I. KENTROCHRYSALIDI *— Kentrochrysalis streckert.

CERATOMIIDI t--Ceratomia amyntor, Daremma undulosa, D. catalpae.
DoLgipi—Dolba hylaeus.

Hy toicipi—fyloicus pinastri, 2? Meganoton casuarinae.

SPHINGIDI— Sphinx ligustri, S. drupiferarum, S. kalmiae, &c.
AGRiIDI {—Agrius convolvult, A cingulata.

7. PHLEGETHONTIIDI — Phlegethontius rustica, carolina, celeus, Coelonia
fulvinotata.

8. COCYTIIDI (AMPHONYGIDI) §—Cocytius (Amphonyx) antaeus (medor),

duponchelt, cluentius.

9. EtRyYGLortTipI—Luryglottis aper.

10. MANDUCIDI—JZanduca atropos.

It will be observed that the four British species referable to
the Sphinginae fall into four of the different tribes into which the
species of the subfamily may thus be grouped, vzz.—(1) HyLoicipi—
flyloicus (pinastri). (2) SPHINGIDI—Sphinx (ligustr¢). (3) AGRIIDI—
Agrius (convolvuli). (4) Manpoucibpi—Manduca (atropos ).

Tribe: Hytoicipt.
The Hyloicids are, so far as the pupal and imaginal characters

TAUB Up

* Rather Amorphid, pupal dehiscence also Amorphid.

¢+ Generalised form, pupa with eyes facing ventral, and labrum ventral.

+ Highly specialised labial palpi, which differ markedly from those of
Phlegethontiids.

§ Imagines with tendency to clear hindwings.

274 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

are concerned, possibly rather more generalised than the Sphingids
(sens. restr.), as represented by Sphinx ligustri, but the larva of
flyloicus is exceedingly specialised to its foodplant and appears,
in the more typical species (fzvastri), to have entirely lost all traces
of the characteristic oblique stripes, and to have developed an
entirely new ornamentation to respond to the peculiar environment
engendered by the pine-trees on which the larvae of many of the
species live. The pupa of the genus /Zy/oicus, as represented by
pinastrt, has a tongue-horn, developed to about the extent of that in
Sphinx (ligustv?); this becomes a marked feature in Agrzus (con-
volvult), and assumes a projecting curved form in the higher Phlegeth-
ontids and Cocytiids (Amphonygids). Although, in this particular,
flyloicus would appear to be a low form, one cannot say that it
is higher or lower than Sphznx, yet one is inclined to place
the latter lower than Agzzws, chiefly, perhaps, on the ground that,
where one has nothing better to go on, the development of the
maxille appears to be some measure of the advance made. S#hinx is
nearer Ceratomza, a low form, inasmuch as the pupa of the latter has a
ventral labrum and no tongue-horn; /7yloicus is not far from the
same level as Sphinx, but its larval specialisation makes it different
but not necessarily higher or lower, although its line of specialisation
runs away from what we have learned to consider the normal
form of Sphingid (sens. restr.) larva. The Hyloicid larve that feed
on pine have, as we have already said, become so specialised in
their markings and coloration to agree with their environment
that they have lost the characteristic oblique stripes that the
Sphingid (sezs. restr.), in common with the Amorphid, larve possess,
and look very unlike, in the larval stage, the species to which the
pupal and imaginal structures show them to be most closely allied.
Of the Hyloicid larve, Weismann notes that comzferarum, a North
American species living on Pinus palustris and figured by Abbot and
Smith, has the colour and markings very similar to those of A. pznasi77,
whilst, on the other hand, the larva of Dzlophonota (LErinnyis) ello,
which, by-the-bye, is not a Hyloicid but a Pseudosphingid, he says,
is described by Clemens as dark brown with a white dorsal line
and irregular white spots on the sides, and lives on a_ species
of Pstdium or Guava. Kirby says (Handbook, &c., iv., p. 49) that
there are several American genera allied to Aylozcus, including
species measuring two or three inches across the wings, in which
the hindwings are red or yellow, with black or brown borders,
and instances Dzlophonota (ello, oenotrus, melancholica), Phryxus*
(carcus), Anceryx (alope, fasciata, edwardsiz) (see Kirby, Caz, pp.
696-699), all of which are Erinnyids and have no real Hyloicid
relationship.

Genus: Hyxoicus, Hubner. :

SYNONYMY.—Genus : Hyloicus, Hb., ‘‘ Verz.,” p. 139 (circ. 1822); Stephs.,

“* Illus. Haust.,” iv., app. p. 5 (1835); “List Br. An. Br. Mus.,” py. 27e(temuee
Grote, ‘* Proc. Ent. Soc. ‘Phil.,’’.v., p. 190 (1865); Butl., “Trans. Zool. Soc eondige
1X7 ops LO} ps LOL a ( lo 7.0) NGI Vent (Gallen: p. 693 (1892); ‘‘ Handbook,” &c.,
lv., Pp. 49 (1897); Leech, ‘* Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond.,” p. 287 (1898); ote
“Cat.,’’ ed. 3, p. IOl) (1901). “Sphinx, Linn., “Sys. Nat, <th) eda omeee
(1758) ; xuth ed., p. 802 (1767); ‘Faun. Suec.,” ond ed. p. 2s0 s@ae

* Erroneously applied here by Kirby ; d’vornica is the type of PAryxus, see antea, p.
146. For this genus (with caccus as the type) Jordan has proposed the name Grammodia,

HYLOICUS. 275

eda, Ins. Mns: Gree.,” -p. 80 (1761); Scop.;.° Ent. Carn.,” p. 187 (1763) ;
fii ben. Marl” i.) Jp. 182 (4766); Drury, ‘Il. Exot. 'Ent,,” pl. xxvii,
eee 75) Habs, “Syst Ent.” p- 540 (4775); “Spec. Ins,” ii., p.-146
eo Malt," i p--95 (1787); “Ent... Syst.” it., pt. 1, p. 367 (1793) s
fem, |) ““Sehmett. Wien,,” p- 4) (1775) ;- Ill.’s n. Ausg, p. 10 (1801); Esp.,
Seoemrmactt. Bir”? i... p. 106, pl. xi. figs. ¥—3 (1779); p- 233, pl. xxxvi.,
moni 750); -Bergstr., ““Sphime. Larv.,” p. 6 (1732); Retz., ** Gen. et Spec.
Meee: 33 (1793);. -Bork., “Sys: Besch.,” il., pp. 101, 147, 180 (1789);
Paid ce ins.-Ieal,?i., Pp. §27 (1791); . Hb., “* Eur. Schmett.,” 1, fic. 67
Siaeyerext, i. P. 96 (civc. F805); “ Larve Lep:,” u., Sph. ii., Legit. C, a,
figs. 1 a—d (circ. 1800); Schrank, ‘‘ Faun. Boica,” ii., 1, p. 224 (1801); Don.,
Some nS. 1x. p: 19, pl. 296 (1800-1); Haw., “* Lep. Brit.,” pt. 1, p. 59
iter)e Ochs, “Die Schmett.,” i, p. 243 (1808); iv., pp. 43-44 (1816);
Cee dinb. ncycl.,7%1x:, p. 130 (1815); Dalm., ** Vet. Ak. Handl.,”

ices) Zett... “Ins. Lapp.,” .p. 916 (1340); Dup., “Icon. Chen.,” pl. i1.,
en 25 (ere. Voss) 3 “* Cat. Méth.” p. gt (1844); Ratz., ‘* Forst-Insecten,”’
ie pp. 74-70 (1840) ; Humph. & Westd:., “ Br. Moths,” 1., p. 14 (? £841);
Prec Haun, Vole.-Ural:,” p- 112 (1844) ; Hi.-Sch., ‘Sys. Bearb.,” it.,
ese (Cts40)- Dbidy., “ List “Brit. Lep.,”’? -p. 3 (1847); Heydrch., ‘ Lep.
immedi Meth, ed: 3, p- Id. (1851) ; Sta., “<Man.,”-1, p. 90. (1857);
mpeyer. “Geog. Verb. Schmett.,’~ i, p. 321 (1858); i., p. 280 (1862); Hein.,
Frsenmett. Deutsch.” 1, p. 148 (1859); Humph., ‘Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 9
Gece) staud., *Cat.,” ‘ed. 1, p. 16-(1861);- ed. 2, p. 36 (1871) ;° Wallern.,
Peoatde rect. 1. p. 34. (1863); Snell, “De Viind.,” p. 938 (1867); Berce,
Seasuaeeetane., li-, p. 13) (1863); Nolck.,: “<Lep. Fn. Estl.,”. 1., p. 87 (1868);
Wines Cat. Wep. Alp.-Mar.,”” p. 117 (1872); Bang-Haas, “‘ Nat. Tids.,”’ (3), ix., p.
Beets 71), Cunt y Mart., “Cat. Lep. Barc.,”? p. 39 (1874); Curo, “ Bull. Soc.
Pmt. bale? vil., p. 110 (1375); Kirby, “ Eur. Buttsand’ Moths,” p. 68, pl. xvii.,
ieee 0 (1079); rey, “llep. sebweiz,”’ p. 56 (1880); Buckl., ‘ Larva,”
Memienenp. 27, 102, pl. xxi; fie: 3 (1887); -Auniv., ‘Nord. Fyjar.,”’ p. 45
(1889); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,” &c, p. 298 (1895); Lucas, ‘‘ Brit. Hawk-Moths,”’
paecowisos) bar. “ilep: Brit,” im, p: 27, pl. xlvi (1895); Thell., “+ Ent.
is-ere ile D 12E (1595) 5 Futt, loc: cit.) p2'132 (395) ; ‘‘ Brit.. Moths,” p. 27
(2896); Camb: “* int. Rec.,” vil., p. 218 (1896); Bartel, ‘‘ Palseark. Gross-
Seemcte, W.. p- 46 (1899). erse, Oken, ‘* Lehrb. Zool.,” i., p. 762 (1815).
wimereye Walk *“ Vist,” &c., Vill., p. 223 (1856); Kirby, “Ent. Mo. Mag.,” 1.,
p- 254 (1865); Weismann, “Studies,” &c., transl. p. 265 (1882);” Leech, ‘* Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1888, p. 588 (1883). Adreus, Grote, “ Hawk-Moths N.
America,” p. 41 (1886). :

The genus Hyloizcus was diagnosed (Verz., p. 139) by Hubner as
follows:

All the species whitish-grey, black marked, the forewings with straight and
waved stripes; the hindwings shaded with blackish—Hylorcus pinastri, Linn., H.
coniferarum, Abb., H. menephron, Cram., H. pamphilius, Cram., H. hylaeus,
Cram., . hasdrubal, Cram.

Hiibner’s genus is, of course, heterotypical, and, in its broad
lines, is clearly intended to include the Pseudosphingids, to
which A. finastri is here referred ; however, in 1835, Stephens placed
(Lilus., iV., app. p. 5) pimastri as the British exponent of Hibner’s genus
flyloicus, and again, in 1850, in his Lust of the Specimens of British
Animals in the Collection of the British Museum, pt. v, he follows this
synonymy, and Grote, Butler, and other authors have since adopted
this view. Weismann fully supports the separation of AZy/ozcus from the
other Sphingine groups (Studies in the Theory of Descent, transl. p.
264), stating that the separation of this genus from Spx appears to
be justified, not because of the striking differences presented by the

276 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

moths, but because the caterpillars, judging from the little we know
of them, likewise show a similar degree of difference. The eeu
is diagnosed by Kaye (zz itt.) as follows :

Forewing long and narrow, the costa almost straight in ¢ to above the origin
of nervure 7 and then flatly curved to apex ; in ¢ the costa is straight only for a
very short distance from base, and is curved for the greater part of its length;
the outer margin very flatly curved, the inner margin almost straight, the angle at
tornus about 175°. Hindwing with costa well arched, apex moderately pointed,
outer margin flatly curved to nervure 12, where it is slightly excised ; nervure 8
receding from cell near base and then approaching closely to 7 to near -apex, when
it sharply recedes to costa; cross nervure between 7 and 8 weak, and given off at
less than half length of cell, nervures 6, 7 shortly stalled. Head moderately large.
Legs moderately long, rather slender, spurs on hind tibia very long, the lower
pair longer and stouter than the upper. Exclusive of the femur, the three pairs
of legs are more uniform in length than is usual, caused by the Ist pair being
unusually long. Abdomen long and very pointed in the g, rather blunt in ¢ —
Hyloicus pinastri (type of genus).

Kirby notes (Handbook, &c., iv., p. 49) that ‘ Aylozcus includes
a number of moderate-sized and rather dull-coloured species found
in various parts of the world. The wings are shorter and less
pointed than in Sfhznx, and the forewings are broader towards the
base. The larva is provided with a horn, but much more slender
than SfAzzx, and is marked with continuous longitudinal lines, instead
of oblique lateral stripes.” Kirby’s genus Hyloicus (Cat., p. 693) 1s,
of course, hopelessly heterotypical.

HyLoicus PINASTRI, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species: /Pinastri, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,’’ xth ed., p. 492 (1758);
xiith ed., p. 802 (1767); ““Faun. Suec.,” a1., p. 287 (1761); Ge: )|—Nete aie
species has not been known by any other specific name* from the time of Linné.
All the references made under the generic synonymy of (ylozcus, Hb., antead, pp. 274-

275, are referable here. ]

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.— Sphinx pinastri, alis integris canis
margine postico albo maculato, abdomine fusco annuiis albis.
Gadd., Dauss., 28. Phalaena fusco-cinerea subulicornis, thorace
hirsuto griseo, lineis duabus nigris longitudinalibus. Reaum., ie
Peete syuln o.. De Geer 7s. ic. ta) LO, oe aero nee NO ce a as
phali sito) Labitatia Pinos alc ysuperores am medio lineolis
3 nigris inzequalibus notate (Linné, Sys. /Vaz., xth ed., p. 492).

IMAGO.—7omm.-roomm. Anterior wings slaty-grey, sprinkled
with paler scales; two irregular transverse grey-brown bands, one
just before the other just beyond the middle, sometimes uniting
beneath the tiny white discoidal spot; the outer band contains three
longitudinal blackish-brown lineolz just below the discoidal ; there is
an oblique blackish-brown apical streak ; fringes chequered white and
dark brown-grey. Posterior wings blackish-grey, paler at base;
fringes chequered white and dark brown-grey.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—I am not prepared to give any measure
of the differences in size, colour, build, &c., in the ae though they
appear to be in favour of the @ being decidedly larger, &c., as in
elnios PDEES. The antenne are longer in the 3, as 13° 5mm.

os Some authors refer eeiatioun Btl., ‘and saniptri, Strecker, as synonyms to
this species, and, unless they be treated as aberrations, this must be done, as it is
quite clear from the descriptions and types that these authors failed entirely to
recognise forms of the species agreeing almost exactly with many central European
examples.

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. 277

to 11mm., with some variation, as 14mm. to 11°5mm. The joints
are about 63 in number in both sexes; the f antenna is very slightly
thicker, that of the is more slender towards the base, giving (very
slightly) a clubbed appearance. ‘The hair-pockets of the g antennz
are very completely and regularly developed, each like the next, the
same on distal and proximal sides, close up to the ventral carina, &c.
Though the rows of scales are exceedingly irregular, the scaling is
readily recognised as disposed in three rows to a segment, that on the
g being a little the more irregular. The front tibiz are of about equal
size in the two sexes, but the g spur is about 2°2mm. long, that of
the 2 only 1°8mm.; the comb on the g spur occupies about 1.2mm. of its
length, it is proportionally slightly shorter in the female, vzz., o‘gmm.
The scent-fan of the gf arises from a narrow area about o‘gmm. long,
on a narrow chitinous slip, apparently in the centre of the membrane
between the dorsal and ventral plates of the 2nd (apparently rst) ab-
dominal segment; really, however, this slip is part of the ventral plate,
being connected in front with the anterior corner of the plate. The
hairs are about 3°8mm. long and lie in a pocket (when at rest) in
this and the following segment. On the following segment, similarly
situated, is a long narrow hair-bearing area (1°3mm. long), that has
all the appearance of being a fan like the primary one, the hairs
are, however, comparatively short and differ little from those on
the general surface. The marginal batons in this species are in
several closely packed rows (Chapman).

VARIATION.—There is a very wide range of variation in this
species, and the British Museum coll. (thanks to the addition of
the ‘Leech coll.” specimens) contains a magnificent series of aberra-
tions. The pale greyish-white or hoary form with three blackish
longitudinal lineolee is the type, but a magnificent pale specimen, with
greyish-white forewings and deep brown characteristic lineole, and,
in addition, a dark median band, divided only in its upper half, and
labelled ‘‘ Leech coll., Berlin,” * is exceedingly fine, whilst a second
European example of almost exactly the same form, shows the brown
shading of the centre of the forewings even more markedly developed
into single banded form (=ab. ¢yprca-virgata,n. ab.) ; the aberration in
which the dark transverse markings take the form of two dentate
transverse lines, and with the three characteristic lineole absent, forms
the ab. fasczata of Lampa. The more common central European form is
of slaty-grey hue, and assumes seven principal aberrations: (1) Uni-
formly grey, except for the three typical dark lineole, and with merely the
barest trace of the usual darker shading at the base of the inner margin
and on the costa (=ab. aszatecus, Btl.). (2) Uniformly grey, without the
dark lineole or transverse shades (=ab. gvvsea, n. ab.). (3) Uniformly
grey, without the lineole, but with the transverse shades (= ab. gv7sea-
transversa,n.ab.). (4) Uniformly grey, without darker shadings, but with
a white median spot (=ab. grisea-mediopuncta, n. ab.). (5) Uniformly
grey, without lineole and with the transverse shades united practi-
cally throughout into a single median brown fascia (=ab. verga/a, n.ab.).

* It may be advisable to note that Leech bought the ‘* Miutzell collection”’ of
lepidoptera, and that the specimens which were found therein are now labelled
‘‘ Berlin”? Although Mizell lived at Berlin, it is quite possible that many of his
insects were not captured in the Berlin district.

278 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(6) Grey with well-developed lineole and transverse markings
(=ab. grisea-distincta, n. ab.). (7) With the darker brown shading
spread uniformly over all the wings, producing a dark brown
unicolorous melanochroic form (=ab. wzicolor, n. ab.). The single
American example in the Brit. Mus. collection, labelled ‘ United
States, 1S a ‘very typical example of the grey formemewus
three distinct lineole and indistinct shades, being very close
indeed to Strecker’s type figure of sanziptri (Lep. Rhop. and Het.,
pl. xi., fig. 18), although one of the usual lineole is véry poorly
developed in the latter. Butlers var. caligineus, on the other
hand, is an exceedingly distinct and _ well-specialised race of
rather small size, of deep grey coloration, often with a slight
coppery tinge, tending to uniformity of appearance, and with
the transverse shades developed rather as two faint elbowed
lines, one before and one just beyond the middle of the
wing; the central white discoidal spot, apparently rare in European
examples, is almost always more or less developed. With regard to
albinistic tendencies, Schultz writes (27. Woch. fiir Ent., ii., p. 706)
that he has a ? with the apex of both forewings albinistic, also a
gf with the hindwings partially affected in a similar manner. There
is remarkable variation in the coloration of the thorax and abdomen,
largely following, however, the tint of the forewings ; in some,
especially the eastern examples (var. caligineus), these are practically
unicolorous, in others, the thorax is strongly marked longitudinally
with dark, and the abdomen takes on a banded form of brown-grey and
white almost as marked as bands, as are those of Sphinx ligustri. ‘The
only forms that have been described appear to be as follows:

a, ab, jasciata,; Lampa, ‘“‘Ent. Wids.,” vi,-p. 26 (1885); (arbyse eee
p- 693 (1892).—Med tvanne morka, tandade tvarstreck i stallet for de tre svarta
flackarne pa framvingarne. Se Thedenius, Zt. Zids., 1880, p. 197.—Sverige,
Ostergétland [Kindberg] (Lampa); Farlof, near Kristianstad (Anderson).

Lampa gives the name /asczafa to that form in which there are
two, dark, dentate, transverse lines in place of the three black spots
on the forewings.

GB. ab. aszaticus, Butl., “Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond.,” 1875, ‘p. 260n(negaae
Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,” p. 693 (1892).—Nearly allied to A. ginastri, larger, darker,
outer margin of primaries straighter, the spot in cell perpendicular, the median
streaks longer, the central nebulous fascia less defined ; body dark grey ; pterygodes
almost entirely chocolate-brown; abdomen with lateral black spots smaller, less
defined ; wings below paler; the transverse discal brown streak scarcely visible
in primaries, and further from outer margin ; ventral blackish spots larger.
Expanse 3in. 7lin. ‘‘ Probably from Scinde”! [Warwick] (Butler).

This specimen, now in the Brit. Mus. coll., has the facies of the
European and American examples and is very dissimilar from the
Japanese form, the only Asiatic one known to us. In fact, it is of
exactly the same type as the United States example in the Brit. Mus.
coll., z.¢., grey, with the three lineolz well-marked and the transverse
shades practically obsolete. Hampson states (nd. Moths, i., p. 123)
that, in his opinion, the specimen was not taken in India, and that the
“Scinde” label on Butler’s type is almost certainly an error.

y: ab. sanipiri, Strecker, ‘‘Lep.:Rhop. Het.,” p. 118, pl: xi peee
(1876); Kirby, ‘ Cat.,” p. 693 (1892).—¢. Expands 3ins. Uppersurface in
colour and ornamentation the same as in the European S. p:nastr’, L., with this

exception, that the latter has two broad transverse brown bands on_ primaries,
the outermost of which is entirely wanting in the present insect, and the inner-

HVYLOICUS PINASTRI. 279

most is quite narrow and darker in colour than in S. pimastri*. Undersurface
uniform brownish-grey, faint traces of a mesial band on secondaries. In S. pinasiri
the marginal part of primaries is a little paler and more ashen than the rest of
the wing; in this species there is no perceptible change in the coloration. 9¢.
Expands 33?ins. Head and body same as g. Uppersurface of primaries same
colour as ¢, destitute of all markings save a faint apical line and the obscure
streaks in cells between the median nervules near the median nervure. Under-
surface uniform dull greyish-brown. Described from one ¢ and one ¢. The
former was captured in Canada and was received by me from Mr. Reakirt; the
g I took sitting on a fence, near some pine woods a mile from Reading, Pa.
I have never seen any others. Both examples are in good condition, though the
@ is a little worn, they seem to me to be an intermediate form between sequotae
and ginastri, though very close to the latter (Strecker).

Strecker adds that he knows not if this species be a form
of 1. pinastri, as he has “never seen an example of the latter destitute
of the broad brown transverse shades of the primaries ; but should
this be the case, it is an easy matter to re-anagramize the name
back to its original spelling, und alles ist wieder gut.” He further
adds some rough descriptive notes of two larve that he considers
belonged to this species. These read: ‘Not quite three inches
long, rather slender, head yellow, striped with red; body reddish,
surrounded with many transverse fine black lines; a brown stripe
on back from head to anal horn, this stripe lined with white on
both sides ; on the sides alternate bands or lines of green and
yellow, green predominating from head to last segment (save one) ;
caudal horn dark reddish-brown; the first few spiracles white, the
others ringed with red and black; from base of anal horn to end
of anal segment, a reddish brown dorsal line. Found in October,
crawling on the ground, among the dead pine leaves in the same
piece of wood as the above 2 wascaptured.” In our opinion, Strecker’s
figure and the United States example in the British Museum collection
are, without doubt, referable to the grey form of A. pinmastri with
well-developed lineole and ill-developed transverse shades. What
is more remarkable is that it is exactly the same form as Butler’s
astaticus, with the exception that only two of the three normal
longitudinal lineole of the forewings are developed in samzptrz.

é. var. (an spec. dist.) calzgineus, Butl., ‘‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’’ (4), xx., p.
Begnioy7) > tl ep. Het.,”11., p. 2, pl.-xxi., fig. 6 (1878); Staud., “ Cat.,”’ ard ed.,
p- 101 (1901). Pinastri, Leech, ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,”’ p. 588 (1888) ; ‘** Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond.,”” 1898, p. 287 (1898). Caliginosus, Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,” p. 613
(1892).—Allied to A. pinastrvz, but differimg in its dark smoky-grey colouring,
the white markings on the body and the lateral black spots on the abdomen
wanting, the transverse bands on the primaries and the secondaries smoky-brown,
the two longitudinal black dashes on the primaries shorter and more linear.
Expanse of g 2in. 8lin., ? 3in. 2lin. Yokohama [Jonas] (Butler).

Staudinger diagnoses this form (Caz., 3rd ed., p. 101) as “‘abdomine
fere non maculato.” Leech unites [ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 588 (1888)]
Butler’s caligineus with pinastr7, observing: ‘In his identification
of the dark Japanese form of this species, Butler refers to the
absence of ‘white markings on the body,’ and ‘lateral black spots
on the abdomen’; in my series of H. pinastri from Japan I find
that almost every specimen has the body paler where the white
markings should be, and dark patches along the sides are distinctly

* In a specimen in the British Museum collection labelled ‘‘ United States ”’
both these transverse shades are indicated, so that the absence of these bands cannot
be considered as characteristic of American examples.

980 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

visible. The dark form is most frequent in Japan, but in Pryer’s
collection there is one example of HH. pinzastit which has a pale
grey ground colour, clouded with darker, and with strong and
sharply defined markings. This is one of three examples labelled
no. 16, and noted as occurring, newly emerged, on stems of yew-
trees... . Distribution, Yokohama (Jonas and Pryenje Nae
hama, Tsuruga, Fushiki, Ningpo (Leech).” Fletcher writes (zz
litt.) 3 “1 have only once met with this “species, Aueusiacna
1898, when I got a fine specimen at rest on a fir-tree on the Bluff
at Yokohama. It was seven or eight feet from the ground on the
north side of the tree.’ We cannot altogether understand Leech’s
remarks above.» At the present time Pryer’s and Leech’s examples are
all in the British Museum collection. Not only is the ground
colour of the eastern (Japanese and Chinese) race characteristically
different from all other forms represented, but the coppery tint in
the dark ground colour of the wings, the dark, almost unicolorous,
thorax and abdomen, the ill-developed markings and smaller
size give this race a most marked facies. The palest of Pryer’s ex-
amples in no way approaches the European form. We may point out
that the ca/zgineus form exhibits, zz¢éer se, much aberrational variation ;
thus we have: (1) Unicolorous grey, with two faint coppery-tinged
transverse lines. (2) As in 1, but with white median discal spots.
(3) Unicolorous grey, with slight coppery tinge, with the three
typical lineole. (4) As in 3, but also with indistinct transverse
shades. 1 (5) Unicolorous ‘grey, with the three typical limeolas
and with distinct transverse shades. ‘The examples now in the
British Museum collection came from Tokei, Fushiki, Nagahama,
Kiushiu, Ningpo and Tsuruga.

EccLayinc.—The eggs are laid singly on the needles of the
pine in June and July (Roesel), but, although this may be so generally,
sometimes little groups of from two to a dozen are laid together,
the @ resting for oviposition and not performing the operation on
the wing, the eggs being laid almost as soon as copulation is
completed (Head, and Werneburg also notes that the eggs are laid
irregularly in small groups of from to0-15 on the sides of the pine-
needles, mostly at the top of the stems. Hartig records that the egg
stage generally lasts from 10-14 days. Head forwarded us some eggs
that had been deposited in confinement on July 6th, and these
hatched July 18th-19th, tg0o1 ; Oldaker records ova that hatched
July 13th, 1o0r, whilst Buckler received some’ from Heyne or
Leipzig on July 26th, 1882, that hatched between July 29th and
August 2nd.

Ovum.—Rather over 2mm. in length and 1°75mm. in width.
In outline an almost perfect oval, the micropylar end being slightly
broader and rounder than the opposite end. ‘The surface is almost
smooth, with a faint reticulation developing into a more marked,
but still superficial, irregular polygonal network towards the
micropylar end, the cells or areas becoming very distinctly defined
the nearer one approaches the micropyle; they are also fairly well-
developed at its nadir. On the upper-surface, towards the micropylar
end, a sinall somewhat shallow depression of oval or circular outline.
Colour bright green, distinctly brown towards the micropylar end (ap-
parently the head of developing larva), this brown area being yellowish,

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. 981

then buff before becoming brown ; tint yellowish-green towards its
nadir. The contents also vive rise to longitudinal yellow bands, again
evidently the embryo. The micropylar area itself is slightly de-
pressed. There is considerable variation in size, some of the eggs
having apparently not more than # the cubical contents of others.
The eggs are evidently attached, those described having been separated
from the surface on which they were laid (Tutt. Described
July roth, rg01, from ova received from Mr. Head, and laid July
6th). The eggs are as large as those of Smerinthus populz, but
not so round, the shape being roundish ovate; the surface smooth
and glossy, and their colour, when received, of a light greenish-
ochreous-yellow, or pale olive-yellow ; some were clouded within
with brown, in some instances with quite dark brown at the end;
the shell had a pearly lustre. Before hatching, the dark lobes
of the-embryonic head were distinctly visible at one end (Buckler).
Yellowish, shining, oval, of the size of millet seed (Roesel). The
eggs are figured by Ratzeburg (Forst-Jnsecten, i1., pl. 11., fig. 32).
HaBiTts OF LARVA.—The newly-hatched larva is quite unlike
that of any young Sphingid larva that I have previously seen both in
general appearance and behaviour. It is short, stout, active and
restless in crawling, curves its body and has a writhing or wriggling
manner that is quite foreign to the usual method of crawling adopted
by young Sphingid larve; it appears also to be less stiff and more
flaccid than other Sphingid larve (Bacot). The young larve, when
first hatched, eat along the side of the needle-like leaves of /unus,
but, after the second moult, they attack it from the end and bite
it quite through, thus continuing to eat as they gradually step
backwards and as the needle becomes shortened, until the leaf is
consumed close up to the sheath at the twig or stem. Just before
entering the earth, the larve cover their skins all over with some
fluid discharged from their mouths (Poulton makes a similar ob-
servation about the larva of Sesza stellatarum) [Buckler]; Thellusson
observes (Zut. Rec., vil., p. 132): The first and last moults appear to
be the most dangerous periods for the larve, otherwise they seem to
be fairly easy to rear; feeding them on too green and succulent food,
also, produces diarrhoea and the larve turn almost to water. - They
feed exclusively on the pine, beginning on the top of the firs and eating
downwards to the stalk, and, in confinement, they appear to eat by —
night and day. The young larve are stated by Ratzeburg to spin silk
for a holding surface, and he adds that the habit is continued even
after the second moult; he also observes that, when quite young, they
merely nibble the needles, but later eat them right off. Nickerl says that,
in 1827, the larve appeared at Brandreis, in such numbers that, in
certain firwoods, the trees were completely stripped, and that the pupz
were so abundant in the autumn that they were used for feeding
swine. Alderson notes (zz /#tt.) that the larve imitate excellently
the needles and twigs of fir; he observes that, as the larvae commence
eating from the top of a needle and continue downwards, the green
colour of the young larve matches well the tint of the needles, whilst,
as they become larger they match the twig, ze, the -bark whence
the needles spring, so that, by the time they clear off the needles
from a branch, they are difficult to see because they match the
bark so closely. Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., li. p. 49)

982 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

that the larva lives from June to October on conifers, to which
it is often very injurious, it is usually found on the pine ( Pinus
sylvestris, the black pine (P. dariczs), P. pinaster, P. strobus, and more
rarely on Adzes alba, Picea excelsa and Larix decidua. Larve are
sometimes found right on into November, and, at Wiesbaden, have
even been found in December ; such late larvee must certainly spring,
one suspects, from moths which did not emerge until late in the year,
although possibly not belonging to a second generation. Ratzeburg
says that, although Bechstein reckons the species among those more
than usually injurious to forests, yet no recent observations have
confirmed the statement, although it is probable that it sometimes
deserves the epithet, for, in some years, and always in common
with the larve of Dendrolimus pint, it is very abundant locally,
e.g, in the Annaburg preserve in the years 1837 and 1838, when
both species were in exceptional numbers. Chaumette says that,
in Switzerland, the larva is found in August and September on Adzes
excelsa and Pinus sylvestris. Larve are to be found in the Linz
district from July to September some were taken at Pfeningberg on
September 14th, 1896 (Himsl), chiefly in August and September
in the Netherlands (Snellen), captured from August 8th-September
i7th, in the Auvergne district (Sand).

Larva.—/irst instar: Short, stout and active, body cylindrical
with a well-marked lateral flange for so young a larva. Head
and thoracic segments large; caudal horn very stout and fleshy-
looking, with a very marked fork at the top, this fork is strongly-
developed and the prongs much thicker and heavier than in any
other Sphingid larva that I have examined; the horn and its
bifurcations have a curious worm-like appearance owing to their
smooth surface and slight irregularities of thickness and direction ;
the surface of the horn shiny, chitinous-looking, somewhat irregularly
granulated, but devoid of spicules or hairs except the sete arising from
tubercles i at apex of fork. The colour of the body dirty-yellowish ;
scutellar plate not very noticeable; true legs black ; prolegs with black
chitinous plate on outer sides ; subsegments poorly marked, the
abdominal segments subdivided into 8 subsegments; sete fine, but
long compared with those of Celerio gall and Theretra porcellus,
fairly stiff and tapering to a point, and rising from conical, somewhat
inconspicuous chitinous brown tubercular bases; on the abdominal seg-
ments, the sete i and ii are arranged trapezoidally, nearly as if
at the four corners of a square and apparently with only one
subsegment between; on the meso- and metathorax i and ii are
on the same subsegment, and the same chitinous plate appears
to carry both setz, although their bases are slightly apart, 1 appears
to be placed outside, ii just within; 11 is a slightly larger seta,
placed vertically above the spiracle; on the meso- and metathorax
this is a two-haired tubercle, each seta with its own separate base
on a common plate, the sete placed one above the other, and
both rather higher than is ili on the abdominal segments; _ iv
and v are situated on a lateral flange, iv almost directly beneath
the spiracle, and v far forward on the anterior margin of the
segment, and almost on a level with the spiracle; on the meso-
and metathorax only one seta is present on the lateral flange, this
is situated just in front of the centre of the segment and would appear

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. 983

from its position to be iv, but, judging by analogy with other species,
is probably v; on the prothorax the prespiracular seta (v) appears to
be duplicated and both sete are situated on the same chitinous
plate; the dorsal tubercles are, as usual, arranged in two transverse
rows, one on the anterior, the other on the posterior, margin of
the scutellar plate; vi is present beneath the lateral flange. The
surface of the head rather granular; the pale areas thereon mottled
or tesselated with dark colour [Bacot. July zoth, 1go1]. Before
the first moult, the larva is yellowish-brown with a broad brownish
dorsal stripe, light-margined on either side, and with a short black
horn ; a yellowish stripe runs across the brown legs, whilst, at
the sides of the dorsum, is a line of the same colour ; head margined
with blackish-brown (Bartel, Pal. Gross-Schmett., 1., p. 48). First
instar: The young larva (emerged from egg July 2o9th, 1882) was
of a light greenish-ochreous, with the two lobes of the head broadly
marked with dull black-brown; the anterior legs were black, the
ventral prolegs were barred outside with dark brown just above
the feet, the caudal horn, which was a iittle flattened and slightly
bifurcate at the tip, was dull brownish-black ; a faint brownish
dorsal line was just visible. After feeding for two or three days
on Pinus, the body became greener and showed faintly paler green sub-
dorsal lines and a faint yellowish spiracular line. On August 5th, some
of the larve were laid up to moult, their skins shining green, with
the front edge of the second segment pale cream colour, in striking
contrast to their copper-coloured heads, marked with blackish on
each lobe. Second instar: On August 6th one had accomplished
its first moult; its head, which was very similar in shape to that
of the larva of a Smerinthid, was now of a pale green, marked
with a black streak down each lobe from the apex of the crown,
the black streaks shortly afterwards were margined externally
with yellow streaks, the upper lip outlined with black and the
mouth black; the body was green, the back being of a deeper green
than the sides, with subdorsal lines of whitish-green, and with
a fine whitish-green lateral line followed by a stripe of the same
deep green colour as the back, which blends a little below into a
yellowish whitish-green spiracular stripe, that is abruptly contrasted
beneath by the deep-green belly ; the black caudal horn on the
twelfth segment was of the same shape as before; all the legs |
as before. By August goth several of the larve had grown to be
14mm. long. TZhird instar: On August 12th several had moulted
the second time; the green colour was full and bright, the pale
yellow lines were of about equal stoutness, the spiracular line
being just the least degree the stouter, the yellow stripes on each
side of the head were bright, edging the black stripes; the caudal
horn was reddish-brown and glossy, with the tip black, slightly
bifurcate and flattened; the larve at this time no longer ate
along the side of a needle-leaf, but attacked it from the end, biting
it quite through, and thus continued to munch, gradually stepping
backwards as they shortened the needle, till the needle was consumed
close up to the sheath at the twig or stem. Fourth instar: Between
August 16th and 18th several of the larve had moulted the third
time. The spiracular line was now a little interrupted at the
end of each segment; the head, the anterior legs and ventral

984 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

prolegs were now glossy, smooth and red, and the hinder half
of the anal prolegs, anal flap and rough caudal horn were glossy,
but with minute black points ; the caudal horn was now curved,
and, viewed in profile, tapered to a rather fine point, but, viewed
from above, was seen to be slightly forked at the blackish extremity ;
the spiracles were red, finely outlined with black. fth instar:
Between August 26th-z9th most of the larvze moulted for the fourth
time, and, on the Jast day of August and September rst, I figured the
most advanced, (pl. xxii, he. 21), which was’ then 21al%5 nessa
length, its proportions were slender, the head somewhat bluntly
conical, the segmental divisions were rather deep, as were also
the subdividing wrinkles, eight in number on each segment beyond
the thoracic segments, excepting the 12th, which bore the rough
curved caudal horn; these deep wrinkles were blackish-brown and
made the segments appear like a series of rings. The colouring
and design of the larva were now -very beautiful, the skin soft
and smooth, the head, plate of second segment, the anterior legs,
ventral prolegs, the hinder parts of the anal prolegs, the anal
flap and the caudal horn were all as glossy as if highly varnished,
and were sprinkled with raised black dots; the broadish dorsal
stripe became gradually thicker towards the middle of each _ seg-
ment and then narrowed as gradually towards the end, the white
or yellowish stripe by which it was bounded was consequently
thicker at the beginning and at the end of each segment than in
the middle; this was beautifully relieved by a stripe of the full
and bright green ground-colour, followed by another or subdorsal
white stripe, which also gradually widened to the middle of each
segment, in which was set the orange-red spiracle, edged with
black ; close beneath this was the slightly inflated pale yellowish
Spiracular stripe, imterrupted at the end of each segmentseithe
belly was wholly of the green ground-colour; the head was orange-
reddish, more or less tinged with greenish, the deep yellow stripes
at the side were bordered in front with rather dark red and behind
with deep red, the latter bordering being broader below and shading
above gradually into the ochreous-green colour of the back of
the head. By September 3rd, this larva had grown to be 3in. alin.
when stretched out, and the white stripes were becoming interrupted
in the middle ; the front edge of the second segment (next the head)
was of a dark-blue green, and a streak of shining reddish-black
was situated in front above the base of each of the anterior
legs. This larva went down for pupation on September 5th (Buckler),
The fullgrown larva is smooth and elongated ;_ the anal horn slightly
curved ; the head round; the ground-colour fine sage-green, wrinkled
transversely with dark brown; a very broad pinkish-grey dorsal
line, somewhat dilated towards the posterior part of each segment,
bordered by an interrupted whitish line, on either side of which is
another whitish, and rather interrupted, longitudinal line; also an
interrupted, pale yellow, lateral line just below the stigmata,
between which and the longitudinal whitish line above-mentioned,
is another irregular and macular ill-defined line. Abdomen green,
wrinkled with black, and a patch of dull pinkish-yellow in the middle
of each segment; the stigmata orange-red, bordered by black. Head
pale yellowish-brown, with two short and thick black dashes above,

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. ; 285

and streaked on the sides with brown, more or less dark ; mandibles
shining brown; caudal horn black and slightly granulated. Thoracic
legs very pale straw-colour, and slightly tipped with brown. —Prolegs
dull pinkish-yellow, with two grey patches on each. Escutcheon
dark shining brown, traversed by the fine dorsal and longitudinal
lines, which appear of a pale buff colour (Chaumette). Larva levis,
glauca, linea laterali flava. Caput luteum. Collum luteo nigroque
varium. Segmenta lineis transversis 8 nigricantibus penultimo
cornuto ; ultimo punctis nigris, scabro. Cornu nigrum, scabrum,
apice bifidum (Linné, Sys. Vat. xiith ed., pp. 802-803). There is
a very detailed description of the larva from hatching to pupation (in 6 *
instars) by Hartig in Liebich’s Alle. Forst-und Fag.-Fourn., vi., p. 177;
the larva is also mentioned by Ratzeburg, /ors+/nsecten, i1., pp. 74 ef seg.

VARIATION OF LARVA.—The adult stage of the larva of JZ.
pinastri-is very variable, as shown by the figures in various works.
The variations arise on the one hand from the struggle between the
green ground-colour and the reddish-brown extending from above,
and, on the other hand, from a more or less complete disappearance
of the associated longitudinal lines. The latter are sometimes
completely retained, this being the casein a caterpillar figured by
Hubner (Larvae, Sphinges, i11., Legitimz C, 4), where both the subdor-
sal and supraspiracular lines are continuous from segment 11 to seg-
ment I, an instance which may, perhaps, be regarded as a reversion
to the primary form. It has long been known that, in the larva
of this species, the mixture of brown and fir-green, interspersed
with conspicuous light yellowish and white spots, causes the adult
larva to present a very perfect adaptation to its environment.
Roesel says: ‘“ After eating, the larva remains motionless, and is then
difficult to see because it is of the same colour as its food, since
its brown dorsal line has almost the colour of the pine-twigs, and
who is not familiar with the fact that, beneath the green needles,
there is also much yellow to be found.” This adaptation to the
needles and twigs obviously explains why this larva, in the adult
condition, is so far removed from those of Sfhznx, with which the
moths are so nearly related (Weismann). Thellusson states that
the larve found at Woodbridge were most variable in colour,
some bright green, others, in their last two stadia, varying from
green to brown, whilst others again were quite purplish in hue.
Ratzeburg notes that, before pupation, the larva shrinks much and
often changes its colour most strikingly.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—/?rst mstar: The larve
are 6mm. in length on emergence, of a light yellow colour; the
head shining black with a yellow clypeus; the caudal horn, forked
at tip, is at first yellowish, but soon becomes black, no particular mark-
ing present, but a reddish stripe extends along the region of the dorsal
vessel, and the course of the spiracles is marked by an orange-red line
(Studies in Theory of Descent, pl. vi. fig. 53 A-B); aS soon as
the young larva is filled with food it acquires a greenish streak.
The first moult occurs after 4 days. Second instar: Immediately
after the first moult there is still an absence of distinct markings, with
the exception of a greenish-white spiracular line; in the course of

* Buckler and Weismann both agree (see pp. 283-284 and 285-286) in giving
the larva of this species only 5 instars,

286 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

some hours the original light green ground-colour becomes darker,
and, at the same time, a sharp, greenish-white subdorsal line appears,
together with a parallel supraspiracular line; the dorsal line is
absent; the head is light green, with two narrow blackish-brown
lines surrounding the clypeus; the horn and thoracic legs black;
claspers reddish-green; length r2mm.-13mm. (fig. 54). The second
moult takes place after another 4 days. Third instar: Neither
colour nor marking is affected by the second moult; only the horn,
now no longer forked *, becomes brownish with a black tip.
The caterpillars are now, as before, admirably adapted to the
pine-needles, on which they feed by day, and from which they
can only be distinguished with difficulty. Fourth instar: The
third inoult also brings no essential change, the ground-colour
and marking remain the same, only the spiracles, which were
formerly dull yellowish, are now of a vivid brick-red. The horn
becomes yellowish-red at the base. /ifth instar: The marking
is only completely changed in the fifth and last stage. A broad
reddish-brown dorsal line replaces the subdorsal, more or less
completely. The supraspiracular line also becomes broken up
into numerous short Jengths, whilst the green ground-colour in
some specimens becomes more or less replaced by a_ brownish
shade extending from the back to the sides. Horn black, the
upper part of the 1st segment with a corneous plate, similar to
that of the Dezlephila larve. The entire change of the marking
from the 4th to the 5th stage depends upon the fact that the
young larvae resemble the needles of the pine, whilst the adults
are adapted to the branches. The ontogeny of this species makes
us acquainted with three different forms of marking: (1) Simple
coloration without marking. (2) A marking composed of three
pairs of parallel longitudinal lines. (3) A complicated marking,
arising from the breaking up of the last and the addition of a darker
dorsal line (Weismann).

Cocoon.—The larve go some little distance below the surface
of the earth and form an earthen cocoon in which to pupate.
They prefer to go into the ground near the trunk of a tree to
form their puparia (Bartel). The pupz are readily found at the
roots of pines under the moss (Ratzeburg). The cocoons are made at
the foot of trees of Pinus sylvestris, at a depth of about 3ins., in
the Namur district (Lambillion).

Pupa.—This pupa is not easily distinguishable, except by its
size, from that of Sphinx ligustri, and, as a matter of fact, I had
a pupa of S. Zgustr?, correctly named, which happened to be a

and unreliable. Bacot notes having two adult larve, both showing the forked
character of the horn, which was much more distinct, however, in the 4th instar.

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. 287

myself that my first impression, that some mistake had occurred,
was erroneous. The most definite difference is in the sculpturing of
the abdominal segments—in /7Z. puvast7t wrinkling almost throughout,
whilst, in S. “gustri, pitting is always present, and even predominates.
This gives the pupa a less polished, rather dull, look, whilst on
closer examination, the sculpturing is found to differ in a good
many details. The lateral spines of the anal spike also are less
well-developed and nearer the extremity. The first femur, which is
hardly represented, and is occasionally absent, in S. /zgustri, is quite
invisible in 4. penastri. The following measurements of the pupa
appear to be the most important :

DISTANCE
WEASURENBNTS At i, (S| ure
EXTREMITY TO

Base of proboscis and anterior

margin of prothorax .. o-6mm. 3°0mm. 4-omm.
Posterior margin of prothorax and

base of Ist leg ae a eo maas Sos ee Fis ep csael am aminal ts

60 ,, without trunk
Middle of mesothorax (or summit) OS eas SO) os 9°5 ,, with trunk
80 ,, without trunk

Posterior margin of metathorax .. | 90 ,, O27) sy Op Me
End of antenna be va ea eS Swe. LORE 55 107015.
End of ist leg (posterior margin

2nd abdominal) ISOM
End of 2nd leg aa ioe abdominal

segment) LOO, 3, 1O:Ae NOHO
End of wings F 20:0" 5, Oconee NO ars.
Middle 5th ‘abdominal segment eee 2SKO- iss O285 4; Or5a iss
Middle 6th abdominal segment .. | 260 ,, O50) 5; GOs.
Middle 7th abdominal segment .. |; 30°0 ,, Peseta Deh sy
Middle 8th abdominal segment .. | 33:0 ,, G-on OO) 5p
Base of anal spike .. bs eal Go Si. 58 Ome Isis ioe
Total length ie: ne Beas

These measurements show that the pupa is slightly flattened
mrnernoneater pars Of its length. The measurements do
not demonstrate, however, the fact that the flattening is greatest
dorsally, especially over the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments,
and that there is ventral prominence at the same region, giving an
appreciable trace of the S-curve, occurring in Sphingid (sews. restr.)
pup. This flattening curvature, with the wrinkled sculpturing, shows
that this pupa is more specially Sphingid than is that of Ee ligustrt.
The extreme anterior of the pupa is the head, about + back from the
base of maxillz to the prothorax. The eyes have the convexity
about 30° from directly forwards. The middle (transverse) plane
of the pupa would be very httle in front of the anterior border of
the prothorax, which slopes forwards; if the maxilla-case (or -horn)
were absent, the most forward point of the pupa would be little
dorsal to the ventral surface. The sutures marking out the labrum
can be made out, but the rest of the head is well wrinkled, but
with no very definite features, except a trace of dorsal suture
(the headpiece being ventral, this is rather incorrect, but it is in
line with suture on prothorax) and the glazed eye, which has the

288 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

usual glazed line, with smoother piece (broader inside) on each
side of it, with radiating wrinkles. The maxilla-case is nearly
5mm. long, with 4mm. free, but is very closely appressed to the
pupa so that it is straight and no light is seen between it and the
pupa. It has a deep median suture, the halves strongly wrinkled
transversely and the wrinkles minutely subwrinkled. The rest
of the maxille and the legs are very minutely wrinkled or rather
with very flat tubercles, arranged as if they were the remains of
nearly obsolete fine wrinklings. The antennz are divided into
segments, each segment subdivided by one transverse and one
or two obliquely longitudinal impressed lines. The prothorax has
a longitudinal dorsal suture, and the well-marked wrinklings, though
irregular, have some tendency to be arranged concentrically to
the middle of each lateral half. The mesothorax has an indication
of an obsolete mediodorsal suture. There is the suture-like smoothness
at about the line of the inner edge of the patagia. ‘The sculpture
inside these is transverse wrinkling, anastomosing and_ tending
to have a central focus in the median line, not far from the posterior
border of segment. The wing-bases are prominent with sculpture
that is rather irregularly tubercular than wrinkled but with no
definite tubercles or points. The wings are finely wrinkled, coarser,
and with a transverse arrangement basally, finer, and with longi-
tudinal lines more numerous, towards hind margin ; the nervures
can be made out, but not with facility; Poulton’s line is obvious
as a fine line, free from sculpture and with the margin beyond
(about o-3mm. wide) with regular longitudinal lines; it is also
visible on the slip of hindwing which, yielding to the rst abdominal
spiracle (of znd segment), disappears opposite the znd. The
maxille and wing-apices terminate very accurately at the margin
of the 4th segment. The metathorax is narrow, has two small
transverse ridges on each side of the middle line, and is elsewhere
wrinkled in a fairly regular pattern. The abdominal segments are
finely but boldly wrinkled. The 5th abdominal segment presents
dorsally, along its anterior margin, in the hollows of the wrinkles,
points that have some resemblance to pits. These become more definite
on the 6th and 7th, and are pits, pure and simple, on the 8th, though
wrinkling rather than pits still holds the posterior portion of that
segment; 9 is entirely pitted. This transition from wrinkling to pitting,
passing backwards along the segments, is more advanced ventrally,
though even here wrinkling holds place towards the posterior
margin even of the 7th segment. Subsegmentation is not well
marked ; dorsally, a narrow anterior subsegment may be seen on
the 2nd abdominal and following segments, but the intersegmental
subsegment is in doubtful evidence even in the most favoured position
for detecting it, 7zz, behind the 3rd and 4th spiracles. In one or
two specimens, on the znd and 3rd abdominal segments, the dorsum
is divided into four tolerably equal subsegments, and, on the 3rd
segment, further subdivisions may sometimes be made out, as if into
5, the first and last being widest and the 4th perhaps even further
subdivided. In some specimens no subsegmentation can be seen.
The scars of prolegs vary a good deal, usually each is a slight
depression with a small smooth area as its posterior margin towards
which sculpturing radiates and dies out, In one specimen the whole

HYLOICUS PINASTRI. 289

area was raised, with a definite sulcus round its anterior border.
Few specimens are quite without, and one or two have, very markedly,
a deep little pit at the outer margin of the propedal scar, this has
nothing to do with the scar, as, in the specimens which show it
best, it also occurs on segment 7. It probably represents the triple-
haired tubercles that occur here in the larva. The scar of the
larval horn may be merely a small smooth area, more usually it
is a definite little rounded raised protuberance smoother than its
surroundings and with a slight hollow behind it. The anal spike is
2‘omm. to 2°6mm. long, and about 1°5mm. in diameter at the base,
not narrowing so rapidly towards the base as apically, but varying
much in this as in other particulars. An odd specimen is found
with the spike almost identical with that of S. /égustr¢ (which varies
less), but most have the lateral points nearer the end and smaller,
others have them nearly obsolete, one or two have them larger,
or with several irregularly placed; the end is bifid, basally it is
wrinkled coarsely, as coarseness goes in this pupa. Anterior to
the spiracles and thence dorsally for a length of about 4:omm., there
is, on the anterior margin of segments 5, 6 and 7, a quite smooth
surface margined by rather sharp raised ridges, the posterior being
the Sphingid prespiracular flange, and a third slight ridge can be barely
seen, deep in the incision, when the segment is well bent to the
other side. ‘The anal scar is a longitudinal impression about 1°4mm.
in length, often narrow in front, wide behind, and, usually, with raised
margins. The male tubercles are two raised smooth eminences
with a depression between them and enclosed by a circular (or
nearly so, it is usually a little wider transversely) groove. They
occupy nearly the whole width, but rather encroach on the
posterior, avoiding the anterior, margin of the gth segment. The
incision in front, however, is smoothed out to about the same
degree as that behind. In the female, these incisions are still
more smoothed out, but nave little of the usual appearance of
the posterior segments having been drawn forwards into the anterior.
There is a round pore in the middle of the 8th segment, but with
the appearance of really belonging to the 9th, and another half-way
between this and the anterior margin of the segment, the latter being
continued as a narrow slit to the anterior margin of the segment.
In another specimen (one only) both these pores are united in a
deep, wide impression, extending from the middle of the segment
to its anterior border. In another, both are very distinct and
separated ; the anterior one is in the middle of the segment, the other
behind it, the slit extending to the anterior margin of the segment
is a mere faint line and does not extend to the pore. In another,
the two pores are conjoined, but distinct from the faint line extending
to the anterior margin of the segment. ‘The first and third of these
varieties are the more numerous. The microscopic aspect of the
pupa shows the pits to be pale with shading radiating from the
centre to the irregular margins. In showing the transition from
pits to wrinkling, the 8th abdominal segment is most instructive.
From the pits radiate, generally laterally, one, two, or more of the
fine dendritic lines that mark the bottoms of the sulci between
the wrinklings, and, when they are numerous, present a_ similar
pattern to nerve cells with their dendritic branchings. MHairs are

A

290 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

very difficult to find; several, very short and baton-shaped, exist
in the narrow area between the two most forward ridges of the
prespiracular flanges. As regards these flanges, the spiracles con-
cerned appear to be pushed back by the flange, having the wrinkling
behind it thickened as if pushed together and puckered up. The
spiracles have special marginal’ fringes, the margin of the first
(external false) appears to be smooth and without spicules. The
labrum is well marked out, and has a lower margin with three
convexities, and beside it are two separate chitinous patches that
are very probably the mandibles (Chapman). Long and _ slender
compared with the pupze of Amorphids, red-brown in colour, the
dorsum rather darker, the skin somewhat rugose, the dorsal area
wrinkled transversely. The head prominent, the maxille partly
enclosed in a separate case almost ‘25in. long, closely appressed to
venter; two maxillary filaments, however, are placed medio-
ventraliy, and terminate at the apices of the wines aueume
glazed-eye forms a small, somewhat rugose, lunular structure;
the two pairs of legs are distinctly marked; the antenne
reach two-thirds towards apex of wing, segmented, each segment with
a tiny knob, the wings with raised nervures. The prothorax
prominent, the mesothorax large, and swelling out at the wing-
bases; the prothoracic spiracle at the junction of the pro- and
mesothorax, and in contact with the antenna at its lower point,
blackish in colour; the metathorax narrow. ‘The abdominal seg-
ments increasing in size to 4, and then decreasing to anus ;
movable incisions between 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, the incisions much _ better
developed laterally than dorsally; the centre of the dorsum of 4,
5, 6 and 7 slightly depressed; abdominal spiracles narrow linear
slips with moderately-prominent margins, and placed well forward
on each segment; ventrally, abdominal segments 5 and 6 show
scars of larval prolegs; sexual organs distinct ; the cremastral horn
slender with bifid tip (Tutt. March 28th, 1897). 4omm. in length,
cylindrical, with the tongue-case just like that of the pupa of Sphinx
ligustri, but only 5mm. long. The abdomen tapers to the anal seg-
ment. The rough anal spike longer and more slender than in S,
ligustri, with two pairs of short spines in its sides, and a pair at
the tip. The pupa-skin is granulated, and dark red-brown in
colour (Hellins).

PUPAL PERIOD.—Richenau, who has made observations on this
species in the Mombach pine forests, states that there is there a
complete second and a partial third brood, with correspondingly
short pupal periods (Rossler), but one suspects that such appearances
are rare, and that the ordinary pupal period extends from August-
September to the following May-June. Schmid notes that the pupal
stage sometimes extends over two winters, and Hellins mentions
(Buckler’s Larvae, &c., ii., p. 113) a pupa which remained two
winters * in this state.

* Buckler notes (Larvae, &c., il., p. 27) that he reared these larvze in 1882,
and that they pupated in September, 1882; Hellins states (uc. cit., p. 113) that
he bred moths from these pupze from June 24th-30th, 1884, and one, which
remained two winters in the pupal state on June 29th, 1885. This would make
two and three years respectively ; possibly an error by Hellins as to the year in which
the specimens emerged,

HYLOICUS PINASTRI, 291

FoopPLaNts.—Pinus sylvestris (Lambillion), P. Jaricis, Abzes alba,
Picea excelsa, Larix decidua (Bartel), Pinus strobus (Ochsenheimer),
Abies picea, A. pectinata (Snellen), Pinus maritima (Trimoulet), P.
pinaster (Godart), Pinus abies (Heinemann), Cedrus libani, Cedrus
deodara (Waller). ,

PaRASITES.—Amblyteles proteus, Christ (Holmgren), J/chneumon
pisorius, Linn. (Hartig).

Hapirs.—The imagines have much the same habits as Sphinx
ligustri, pairing readily in the evening and remaining 7” cof. all
the next day, separating at dusk, when the @ almost directly
commences oviposition (Head). The imagines are attracted to
flowers in the evening, at dusk, preferring honeysuckle over arbours
in villages near pine forests (Ratzeburg), at flowers, preferring
Saponaria officinalis, flying from before dusk until completely dark, for
about an hour, at Biedenkopf (Ruhl), at flowers of honeysuckle at
Aldeburgh (Hele), at flowers of Sapfonaria at Modena (Fiori). It
comes occasionally to light, ¢g., not common in June, 1892,
but somewhat abundant from May 3rd, 1893, at electric light
at Berne (Hiltbold), also at Aigle, at electric light, July 3rd-
Ath, 1898, from 9.15-10.20 p.m. (Lowe), very abundant at electric
light in July, 1896, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz). The species comes
to sugar in Saxon Upper Lusatia (Schutze), and at Dresden (Steinert).
In the daytime it is very sluggish, sits on the trunks of firtrees near
Woodbridge, and will not fly even when moved off the trunk, but
drops into a box held underneath (Thellusson), about 40 were taken
in 1882, at Aldeburgh, being captured at rest on the trunks of Scotch
firs, from about 4ft.-14ft. from the ground in every aspect, apparently
without regard to wind or weather (Hele); occurs commonly on
the pine trunks about Namur at a height of about 3ft. from the ground
(Lambillion) ; is to be found at rest during the second week of June,
Ig00, on the Sacro Monte, sitting on the pine-trunks at a short
distance from the ground, but the specimens are very difficult to
see, as, in colour, they assimilate marvellously with the rough lichen
stained bark (Lowe). Treitschke mentions (Die Schmett., x., i, pp.
137-138) the pairing of a g of Smerinthus ocellata witha ? of this
species, whilst Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., \i., p. 50) the pairing
ofa g A. pinastriwith a 2 Mimas tiliae.

Hapitat.—Inhabits the pinewoods throughout Europe, Asia,
and probably North America, occurring abundantly in many localities,
and spreading for some distance up the mountains. In the Hartz
mountains it reaches the moor districts, probably spreading there
from the lower forest region (Hoffmann); but, although so widely
distributed, it usually only occurs somewhat sparingly in most of
the old pine forests of Europe, it is, however, not confined to these,
being also found in young plantations, as well as in pine thickets
that have long been isolated (Ratzeburg); at Arcachon it occurs
in the pine-forest that has been planted on the Landes, the species
of pine on which it occurs being Przus maritima, whilst, in Spain,
it occurs throughout the old pine-forests of the Albarracin district
to an elevation of at least 5oooft. (Chapman); it is common on
the Sacro Monte, a park consisting chiefly of giant pines (Lowe).

SUMMARISED HISTORY OF HYLOICUS PINASTRI AS A BRITISH
INsEcT.—Donovan, as far back as 1800, refers to a “traditionary

292 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

report” of AH. pimastri being British, the locality whence the speci-
mens came being vaguely given as “Scotland.” He further notes
that, “as it is generally admitted on this authority to a place in
the cabinets of English insects,’ he cannot refrain from giving it
a place in his Watural History of British Insects. Waworth, in 1803,
mentions that it occurs “in thé-month of June,” “ands taateetees
to be found on the trunks of pines, “and is taken near London
very rarely.” Stephens, in 1828, is more exact, and mentions “one
specimen taken in June, near Colney Hatch wood, about 30 years
ago, and a second in the neighbourhood of Esher.” This takes
us back to the time of Haworth, and affords a clue as to the
amount of his (Haworth’s) information about the species. Stephens,
however, adds that, “at Rivelston Wood, near Edinburgh, one
specimen was taken by Dr. Leach, and several by Mr. Wilson, of
the College.” In 1842, Marshall states (£774, 1., p. 231) that he saw a
living specimen in Cumberland in 1827 or 1828. At the February, 1860,
meeting of the Entomological Society of London (Zo0l., p. 6940),
Sealey exhibited a specimen which was stated to have been taken in a
firwood near Romsey, in June, 1859, by a Mr. Morris, but the latter’s
brother, who had added Swiss specimens to the collection, said that he
remembered taking the example himself in his own garden (see Zz¢. Wh.
Int., vil., p. 193). We next find records of single specimens said to have
been taken 6 years previously, one by Miss Bicknell at Hinton St. George,
and now in the Museum at Crewkerne* (Spiller, £77, vi., p. 103), and
the other in(? ) Devonshire*, captured 11 years previously, by Miss
Jones (Purdue, Zoc. czt., p. 127), the latter example reported to have
been taken in September, 1861, a remarkable date for the species.
Higgins exhibited, at the meeting of the Entomological Society of
London, November 17th, 1873 (774. vil., p. 46), an example said to
have been captured at Harwich in June, 1872, but, as it was shown at
the same time as two A7/yles euphorbiae, also stated to have been bred
from the same place, the record need not be considered, and then
we learn that Waller took one at Waldringfield in August,1876 (Z.JZJ1Z,,
XIV.,/p. 130), that Frere had one emerge on August (jthmmoge:
from a pupa, found near Wickham Market (£7/., x., 210), that
Long captured another at @uddenham, on June) 25ungeeage
(Stainton, £.17.M/,, xiv., p. 67, 136), and Waller a third in August, 1877,
also at Waldringfield (/oc. cit., xiv., p. 136), whilst Mrs. Carpenter
obtained a larva at Leiston in 1880, and Bloomfield (Zep. Suffolk,
p. 8) records two .for 1378, at Waldringfield (see 2.A7 75 xvi
p. 93), whilst yet another was taken by Waller, on July 14th, 1879,
at the same place (#.47.47, xvi., p. 93), and Bloomfield (Zep
Suffolk, p. 8) notes another at Saxmundham in 1879. On July 2end,
1881, and July 23rd, 1882, Ager recorded two examples at Ipswich
(Ent, xiv., p. 210; xXvi., p. 187), and Battiscombe gives a record
for Herefordshire in September, 1881 (doc. ci?., xiv., p. 255), almost
certainly a blunder. Previously to these records, Carrington had
noted (Lntom., x., p. 6) that he had received letters stating that one had
been “bred in the eastern counties” and that another had “ graced

* Both these examples are reputed to have been taken by ladies in
gardens. One suspects a want of care in keeping really British captures separate
from Continental insects, since neither was recorded as British until several
years after their reputed capture.

HVLOICUS PINASTRI. 2938

a baker’s pump at Deal.” In 1882, Carrington further publishes
(ew, XV. p. 210/;two letters received from cofrespondents
whom he obviously suspected of introducing the species for sale
purposes into the Suffolk district, but Cooper wrote a _ note
(f£nt., xix., pp. 14-15) supporting the authenticity of the Suffolk
Specimens, stating that Hele had taken imagines and larve at
Aldeburgh in 1885, whilst Hele himself (Bloomfield’s Lepzdoptera of
Suffolk,’ p. 8) says that he took one in July, 1881, and, in the
following year, about 40, in July and August. In this year,
Coverdale found larve in the same district and bred imagines,
which are in our possession. Cooper’s note brought a letter
from Edwards (Zy7¢, xix., p. 64), stating that a larva taken
in the Island of Mull in September, 1860, near Achnaeroish, produced
an imago on July 24th, 1861, a second larva being taken in the
Same wood in September, 1861, but this died. Rendlesham obtained
imagines, from which ova were obtained, in 1892 (Ext. Rec., iii., p.
226), and Walsingham exhibited larve, received from Rendlesham, at
the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, held on October 5th, 1892
(ie, Pp» 245). - whellusson states (/oc. ciz., Vil., p. 131) that he
first found the species in August, 1891, taking 14 specimens and
leaving many worn ones on the trees at Woodbridge, but the
context shows that this statement refers to the 1892 captures just men-
tioned. He says that none were seen in 1892, an obvious error, but
specimens were again captured in 1893, 1894, 1895, when many
imagines, larve, and dug pupz were found. Thus three larve
were found August and September, 1893 at Waldringfield, on
August 25th, 27th, and September 6th, two imagines appearing
in June, 1894 (Zuz., xxvii., p. 246), whilst, on June 23rd, 1895, two
imagines were taken, and 15 others are reported as having been
captured at later dates, whilst on August znd, 1895, some 100
larvee were feeding (/yvz., xxvill., pp. 232, 257), and the species
seemed to have become firmly rooted in the county. But disil-
lusionment came, and Cambridge (£7. fec., vil, p. 218) did a
real service to science, as well as to all students of the distribution of
Our native fauna; when he explained how a direct and apparently
successful attempt had been made to acclimatise the species in Suffolk,
and those of us who possess Suffolk caught and_ Suffolk
bred examples no doubt owe our specimens indirectly to these
introductions. Why those who introduced the species into Suffolk
did not notify the same to the entomological magazines it is
difficult to say, but we do not here propose to discuss the subject
further. The only other records that we have observed are:
In 1884, Watkins (a dealer) states that he took a specimen on
May 26th, off the palings of West Wickham Wood (£.4/.J/, xx1.,
p. 34), whilst Godwin records a larva in the early part of September,
1887, near Wimbledon, which produced an imago on July 16th, 1888
(ei 23N., Pp. 159); 1 ro05, Gummer records an example
taken at Salisbury by his sister (Z¢., xxviil., p. 312), and Abbott is
recorded (£/., xxix., p. 70), as exhibiting, in 1896, Sussex examples,
and remarking that in that county the species had been taken in numbers
recently—an obvious error! Tarbat in June, 1897, found an imago in
a breeding-cage, without knowing certainly whence he obtained the
pupa (Z7+¢., xxx., p. 222), whilst Douglas (£77., xxxill., p. 250) notified

994, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the capture of agon July 29th, 1900, on an oak trunk at Southwold
(the last record of the species having been taken at large in Suffolk) ;
an example was recorded in 1902, by Johns (£77. Rec., xiv., p. 248) as
captured at Winchesteron June 30th. One suspects that these records are
largely due to errors, incidental to and inseparable from the attempted
study of a scientific subject by a large number of poorly equipped
students. . A few may. be due to “escapes,” but theremismmmmens
indirect evidence furnished, not only pointing to grave doubts as
to whether the species ever was sedentary in our Islands, but also
suggesting, from the gradual decadence of the progeny resulting
from the Suffolk introductions, that there is no real natural tendency
for the species to become acclimatised and take up a permanent
residence here.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.— Very little, if any, evidence that the
species is double-brooded, beyond the statement of Reichenau
that the species has two complete. and a third incomplete brood
in the pine forests at Mombach (¢este Rossler), is to be found;
Fritsch certainly gives May 4th-July 6th for Austro-Hungary, with
a few dates in late July and in August, chiefly at Salzburg,
that might, he thinks, possibly belong to a second brood, whilst
May-June and again in August-September are given for Lom-
bardy and May and September are given for Tuscany. But there
is no doubt that, even where the species is undoubtedly single-
brooded, emergences, are often spread over a long “timenmia
Germany the species is recorded from May to August—in July
at Schwerin, May-August at Eutin, June-July at Cassel and Kempten,
in May-June at Brunswick, Alsace and Frankfort-on-Main, beginning
of July in the Oberharz, May-August at Leipzig, Thuringia and
Baden, and until September at Wiesbaden; May-July in Switzerland, ~
May-June in Hungary, but continuing into July at Funfkirchen,
end of June and commencement of July in Roumania. Bartel
notes June at Boulogne (certainly near enough to the British Islands),
Caradja gives August in the Loire-Inférieure, &c., May 25th-August
28th at Biedenkopf (Ruhl), April 16th to the end of May, 1862, in
Nassau (Rossler), emerges rarely in April, generally from May
to July in Germany (Bartel), in July, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), in June
in the Kasan district (Eversmann), July 19th, 1880, at Gstein (Hor-
muzaki), bred June 25th-June 30th, 1884, and June 2gth, 1885, from
pupz, the ova which produced these having been obtained from Leipzig
(Hellins), imagines June-August—June 12th, July 15th, 28th, August
5th at Nohant, August 15th at Planet (Sand), from mid-May to the
middle of July in the Inn valleys, often common, captures were made
on May aist-24th, 1896, near Riesenhof, June znd-3rd at Postlingberg,
June 28th at Buchenau (Himsl), in the Netherlands, imagines are to be
found continuously from June to August (Snellen), but in Belgium the
imagines are usually taken in June and July (Lambillion), May
12th-June 16th, 1goo, common at Orta Novarese (Lowe), bred June
2nd, 1902, and following days at Dorking, from foreign ova
(Oldaker), the earliest date at Woodbridge in those years in which the
species was obtained in Suffolk, was on June 8th, the species continuing
to emerge until the end of July or early August (Thellusson), July z9th,
1g00, at rest at Southwold (Douglas). The rest of the recorded dates
for Britain may be gathered from the preceding paragraph.

HYLOICUS PINASTRi. 295

LOCALITIES.—This species appears to have no real locus standi in the
British fauna. The following places are those from which examples have been recorded,
but usually the records are hopelessly unsatisfactory in matters of detail. The Suffolk
records are the result of an attempt to acclimatise the species. ARGYLE: Mull
—Achpaeroish (Edwards). CUMBERLAND (Marshall). DEVONSHIRE: ? Plympton
(Furdue). EDINBURGH: Rivelston Wood (Leach ¢este Stephens). [Essex: Harwich
(teste Higgins).] [HEREFORD (Battiscombe).] HaANrs: [Romsey (Morris),] Win-
chester (Johns). MIDDLESEX: Colney Hatch wood (¢este Stephens). SOMERSET:
Hinton St. John (Spiller), SURREY: Esher (Hatchett ‘este Stephens), West
Wickham (Watkins), Wimbledon (Goodwin). SUFFOLK: Waldringfield (Waller),
Tuddenham (Long), Leiston (Carpenter), Wickham Market (Frere), Saxmundham
(Bloomfield), Ipswich (Ager), Aldeburgh (Hele), Woodbridge (Thellusson), South-
wold (Douglas), WILTs: Salisbury (Gummer).

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughont the pine forests of the Palzearctic and probably
the Nearctic regions. AMERICA*: United States—Pennsylvania (Strecker), Canada
(Reakirt). Asia: Japan, Kiushiu, eastern China (as var. caligineus) (Leech, see antea,
pp. 279-280). AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Tvrol—Sess, near Bozen (Bartel), Taufers, Inns-
bruck (Weiler), Tyrol (Hinterwaldner), Bucovina, only in the mountains—Gstein
(Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia—Prague, not common (Nickerl), Carls-
bad (Bartel), Carniola (Speyer), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow
(Werchratski), Galicia—Szklo, near Lemberg, Brody (Nowicki), Moravia—Brinn
(Schneider), Biala, Bregenz, Budweis, Freistadt, Gresten, Iglau, Kaschau,
Kremsier, Linz, Senftenberg (Fritsch), Eperies, not rare (Husz), Chemnitz (Pabst),
Hungary—Als6-Kubin, Zsolna (Vangel), Kocsocz, Gdlnitz (Hudak), Upper
Carinthia—Salzburg (Nickerl), Lavantthal (Hofner), Upper Styria—S. Lambrecht
(Kodermann), Upper Austria—Innkreise and Traunreise districts, Riesenhof, Postling-
berg, Buchenau (Himsi), Vienna, Ungarisch-Brod, Budapest, Finfkirchen, Grosswar-
dein (teste Bartel). BELGIUM: occurs throughout (Lambillion), Brussels, not common
(Stainton), Ortho (Slégers). DENMARK: Copenhagen, &c. (Bang-Haas), Sjaelland
(Lampa). FINLAND: southern part—Oesterbotten (Lampa). FRANCE: Aube (Jourd-
heuille), Calvados, rare (Fauvel), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Fontainebleau, Valen-
ciennes very common, woods round Paris (Godart), Eure-et-Loir—Nogent, Chateaudun
(Guenée), Haute-Garonne—Fougaron, Plateau de Montreich, Luchon (Caradja), Puy-
de-D6me (Guillemot), Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, Lozére—Barre, common (Speyer), Var
(Cantener), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde—Pessac, Mérignac, Bruges, &c.
(Trimoulet), Doubs—pine forests in the mountains (Bruand), Aude (Mabille), Loire-
Inférieure—La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, Escoublac-la-Béle (Bonjour), Saone-et-Loire
recently introduced (Constant), Seine-Inférieure—Les Essarts, Roumore, common
(Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), Indre—Nohant, common,
Sologne, Planet, Cher—Forest d’Allogny, Auvergne (Sand), Marseille district
—Toulon, Hyéres, &c. (Powell), Arcachon (Chapman). GERMANY: everywhere
(Heinemann). northwest Germany, general (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate, very common
(Bertram), Wiirtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen (Dickore), Lower Elbe aistrict (Zimmer-
mann), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle—Dessau, Délau
(Stange), Munich, not rare (Kranz), Rudolstadt, not rare (Meurer), Mecklenburg,
common (Schneider), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, common (Schiitze),
Dresden (Steinert), Thuringia, common (Knapp), Thuringia Wald, near Gotha,
&c. (Krieghoff), Prussia, tolerably common (Grentzenberg), Upper Luusatia,
everywhere common (Moeschler), Nassau—-Wiesbaden, Mombach district,
Mayence, &c. (Rossler), Silesia, nowhere rare (Assmann), Ratisbon (Schmid),
Pomerania, some years common (Hering), Dessau, common (Richter), Alsace—
Colmar (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode (Fischer), Brunswick (Heinemann), Hanover,
often common (Glitz), Eutin (Dahl), Liibeck, common (Paul), Brandreis (Nickerl),
Hesse-Nassau—Biedenkopf, common (Jager), Hildesheim, common (Grote), Berlin
district, common (Piiitzner), Upper Hartz (Hoffmann), Schwerin, Schleswig,
Bergedorf, Elberfeld, Barmen, common, Hilden, Wald, Cassel, Leipzig, not
rare, Fichtel- Gebirge, Kempten, Frankfort-on- Main, the Palatinate (teste
Bartel), Baden, everywhere — Constance, Carlsruhe (Reutti), Bad Boll, Bonn-
dorf (Leech), Halberstadt, Annaburg (Ratzeburg), Spires (von Griebel), Heligo-
land (Gatke). GREECE (‘¢este Brit. Mus. coll.) IraAty: pretty general
in north and central Italy (Curd), Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria ( ‘feste
Bartel), Tuscany—Berge, near Lucca, Tuscan Apennines (Calberla), Modena—

* Bartel states (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 50) that this species ‘‘is replaced
in North America by an allied species.” The American examples in the British
Museum collection are undoubtedly of this species (see avted, p. 279).

296 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Fiumalbo (Fiori), Orta Novarese, Sacro Monte, Varallo, common (Lowe).
NETHERLANDS: all provinces (Snellen), Breda, rather common (Heylaerts).
ROUMANIA: rare, confined to mountain regions—Kloster Neamtz, Comanesti
(Caradja). Russia: Baltic provinces (Sintenis), Moscow govt. (Albrecht), Volga
district—Kasan, not rare (Eversmann),. Transcaucasia—Borjom, Tiflis, Manglis
(Romanoff), St. Petersburg, common (Erschoft), Baltic provinces, throughout
(Nolcken), Livonia—Dorpat, Neu-Kasseritz, near Werro /¢este Bartel), Gorki,
Poland, Jekaterinoslav and Charkov district, Ural district, Caucasus (¢este Bartel).
SCANDINAVIA : distributed, not rare (Aurivillius), woods of Lapland, mid-Sweden,
Gothland, frequent, northern Scania (Zetterstedt), southern Norway, pretty common
(Siebke), Hotby (Thedenius), Sweden—south and central, rare in north, Norway—
south and east, ?Finmark (Lampa). Spain: Barcelona— Moncada (Cuni y
Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Albarracin district—Tragacete (Chapman).
SWITZERLAND: in the pine forests, up to 5oooft. in the Gadmenthal (Ratzer),
Grisons—Chur, Flims, Bergell (Killias), Basle, Bechburg, common (Riggenbach-
Stehlin), Berne (Hiltbold), Aigle (Lowe), St. Gallen, somewhat common (Taschler),
Zurich, rare (Zeller), Winterthur, not rare (Biedermann), Bremgaiten, not rare
(Boll), Aargau, everywhere - Born, Belchen, Hiauenstein, southern side of Pilatus
(Wullschlegel), Neuenstadt (Couleru), Schtipfen, rare (Rothenbach).

Tribe : SPHINGIDI.

Genus: SPHINX, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Sfhinx, Linn., ‘‘ Syst. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 490 (1758);
xuith ed., p. 799 (17607); ““Hni Suec.,” ed: 2, p. 267 (1761); Scop.) - Sinise ees
de MOR (LFS) 5 MUU SWS INCL TOs By (Chy OH) Hifn., ‘* Berl. Maps ie ipsa
(AOD) A itlbys CO Systs late os Balls (G'S) 3 “Spec. Ins.,” il.; Pp. B50 om
«¢ Mant. Ins.,” Hey [Do OF (Ges 6 Wink. Syst. 7 iil., pt. 1, p. saya gene
OY TUN, INE on”” log Jo BES (CiGO7)) 5 [Soutien I] ~ : Schmett. Wien,” ist "eds apps
(17755, 2nd ed. p29) (1s0n);> Bsp.3 i schmett.> Eur”? ie ie oeaselemas eae
INE, i=) (WTO) 2 On AAO, jal, Woy, Colts IX ya 7 (1787); Bergstr., ““Sphime:
Tinie, Waive Do © (1782) ; JBKina, CCS E> IBSSClMlc, » , ps 94 (17 89); [F. J. A. D.,]
30 Trova, Iie, Wiles, Dp, 27 (7OR) es — lel, “Ti. Sonnet. a ye xiv., fig. 69,
148 (cevc. 100); text pp. 98—99 (cure. oe ““Larvee Lep.,’7 ie) ear Cee
(Give, 1800), Schrk <ohaun. /Boica, 4 iis, pt. 15 p. 224 Cone Haw., ‘« Lep.
TEs Stiag? Do KO) (Histo) Ibm, 9 lehisic. Nat., "” X1V.5, P- 130°(1805 )'; ** Gen Cruse amas
p- 210 (1809) ; Ochs., 86 Die Schmett., ” ii., p..240 (1808); iv., Pp. 44eeeene
each, «odin mene, aatxe, np: me (1815) ; Dalm., “K. Vet. Ak. Hand, fpmeme
(16) Samy Ene Compe 24 (1819) ; Godt., ‘¢ Hist. Nat.,” mutes
pl. xv (1820); Stphs., ‘Ill: tHlaust.,” 1., p. 121 (1828); “Cat. Br. ims) Sipe
(Do 2 ais ee ‘Mur, Schmett.,” it., p. 142 (1830); Bdv.,)-Siamieee
Ind. Meth,” p. 33 (1829); ‘“Gen. et Ind. Meth.” p. 48 (1640). iS pecemiaca
let eate, 4.90 ieee Dup., ‘‘ Hist Nat.,” supp. 1, p. 157 (1835); ‘‘ Icon. Chen.,”
TO! te fig. i) (Cae, 1840) ; “«« Cat. Méth.,”’ p. 41° (1844); Wood, ‘* Ind siintis:
nies 1) (Citer249))) Westd., ‘‘Gen. Synop.,” p. 88 (1840); Humph. & Westd.,
‘* Brit. Moths,” p. 13 (1841); Evers., ‘‘ Faun. Volg.-Ural.,” pp. 108, 112 (1844);
Assmn., ‘‘Schmett. Schles.,”’ ii., p. 38, pl. xv., figs. 40 a—e (1845); Herr.-Sch.,
‘« Syst. Bearb.,” ii., p. 90 (1846); Heydenr., **Cat. Lep. Eur,” p. 18 (1651);
Walk., ‘‘ List,’ viii., p. 214 (1856); Sta., ‘‘ Man.,”’ 1., p. 90 (1857) ; Speyer, ‘* Geog.
Verb.,” i., p. 322 (1858) ; ii., p. 28 (1862) ; Hein., ‘‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,”” p. 147 (1859);
Humph., ‘Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 9 (1860); Staud., “ Cat.,” ed. I, p./ 16) (1eGne
Edy eile 30 (0S 70))) eGe dil. sp- OOs( TOON) ss VV, allgrn., “Skand. Hiet.2 pase
(180g); br, “Cat. ep. And.,* ip. 1341866); Snell., ‘“De Vlind.,”” p. 99
(1867); Berce, “‘Faun. Franc.,”’ ti.,.p. 14 (1868); Nolck., ‘tLep. Pn. Estl.,” ies
p. 87 (1868) ; Newm., ‘“ Brit. Moths,” p. 7 (1869) ; Bang-Haas, «6 Nat. idSice
(Qi ix p. 402 aCloy, 4); Malle <* Cat. ep: Alp.-Mar.,” p. 117 (1875)5, Cura;
‘Bill. Soc, Hnt, [tals vin, p.. P10 (1575)5 Kirby, rope DoT Butts, and Moths,”

p- 69 (1879); “Cat.,” p. 692 (1892); ‘* Handbook,” &e., iv., p. 48 (1897); Frey,
en Schweiz,” p. 56 (1880); Buckl., ‘‘ Larvee,” &c., ii., p. 110, pl. xii., fig.
2 (1887); Auriv., ** Nord. Fyar.,” p. 45 (1889) ; Meyr., eHenChe fi | P- 208 ( 1895);
Barre, “ep. Brit.,” Poigt (is95) ;)alencas,. brit, Hawk- Moths,’ *. SDe yee eeey
Tutt, ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 25 (1896); Bartel, ‘ Paleark. Gross- Schmett., Ale aoe
43 (1899). Spenx, Rudolph, “ Handbuch,” p. 81 (1766). Spectrum, Scop.,
‘‘Introd. Hist. Nat.,”? p. 413 (1777). derse, Oken, “* Lehrb. Zool.,” 1.5 Pruepoe
(1815). Lethia, Hb., ‘‘ Verz.,’’ p. 141 (ct7vc. 1822); Stephs., « THlus. Haust.,”
iv., app. p. § (1835); ‘‘ List Brit. An. Brit. Mus.,” v., p, 27 (1850). A/anduca,

SPHINX. 297

Hib << Pranek Cat.,”’ p 87 (1825).:° Hyloicws, Roths. and Jordan, ‘‘Rev. Lep.
Fam. Sphing.,’’ p 140 (1903). *

The genus Shinx must be looked upon as the typical section
of the whole superfamily. In 1736, Réaumur gave (J/émoires, i1.,
pe53, pl. xx, fig. 1) the name of “Sphinx” to the larva of Sphinx
ligustrit, and, in the rst edition of the Fawna Suecica, p. 248, Linné
repeated Réaumur’s reference to the species, and, in all his later
works, adopted Réaumur’s appellation ‘‘ Sphinx” as the name for his
group of the Sphingid moths, quoting again in the Sys¢. (Vat, xth
ed., pp. 489, &c., Réaumur’s name with the references to Sphinx
ligustrt, and, throughout all our later entomological literature, the name
has been indissolubly bound up with this species. The genus
(sens. strict.) has no other Paleearctic representative, and it is in
North America that it attains its greatest number of species—halmiae
(Atlantic States), fvanckiz (Missouri), drupiferarum (United States),
perelegans (California), gordius (Atlantic States). /uscztrosa (Atlantic
States), vancouverensis (Western States and Rocky Mountains),
chersis (United States), and zusolifa (Texas), are found in this area.
Linné diagnoses (Sys. Waz., xth ed., p. 489) the genus Sphinx as

follows :

Antennz medio crassiores s. utraque extremitate attenuate, subprismatice.

Alee deflexze (volatu graviore vespertino s. matutino).
He then gives four main subdivisions of the genus, which we have
already noted (anz/ed, i1., p. 343). The genus, as here defined, is not
only heterotypical, but includes the whole of the Sphingzdes,
Aigeritdes, Anthrocerides, and the Anthrocerid-like Syntomids.
Hubner ( Verz., p. 141) first reduced the genus to its present limits,
under the name of ZLethza, describing it as:

The forewings only exteriorly with dentate stripes; the hindwings banded—
Lethia ligustri, Linn., print, Abb., drupiferarum, Abb., kalmiae, Abb., gordius,
Cram.

It was, however, much more fully diagnosed by Fernald
(Sphingidae of New England, pp. 127—128) as:

Head prominent ; proboscis as long as the body or longer (sometimes a little
shorter); palpi moderate in size, closely scaled and pressed against the front of
the head; eyes of medium size and lashed; antennz fusiform, ending in a short,
curved, ciliated seta; thorax well-developed, somewhat advanced in front of the
base of the forewings, with short, erect, metathoracic tufts; abdomen cylindrical
and tapering without anal or side tufts, the posterior edge of the segments .
armed with round spinules; fore and middle tibize spinose, the middle tibiz with
one pair of long spurs, the hind tibiz with two pairs. The forewings have 12
veins (sometimes only 11) and are of medium width, with very oblique and entire
outer margins. The outer margins of the hindwings are nearly entire, being
but slightly produced on vein 1s—Sphinx drupiferarum, S. kalmiae, S. luscitiosa,
S. chersts, S. canadensis, S, gordius, S. eremttus.

Kirby observes (Handbook, &c., iv., p. 47): ‘Sphinx includes
upwards of 20 species, chiefly North American, with shorter bodies
and narrower and more pointed wings than Phlegethontius (= our
Cocytiids and Agriids). The hind margins are almost entire, and

* Whilst this and the previous sheet of 16 pages have been going through press,
Rothschild and Jordan have published their splendid work Revision Lep. Fam.
Sphingidae. We are sorry not to be able to agree with the generic names used
by them for this and some other species.

t+ Réaumur writes: ‘‘ La position dans laquelle elle reste plus volontiers,
lorsqu’elle ne mange point, lui doit faire donner le nom de Sphinx,” etc.

298 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the forewings are generally of a lighter colour varied with grey, and
without the zigzag black markings so conspicuous in Phlegethontius.
The hindwings are grey or pink with undulating black bands, and
the abdomen is marked with alternate pink (or grey) and black
bands, instead of lateral spots. The proboscis is shorter than in
Phlegethontius.” :

SPHINX LIGUSTRI, Linné.

SYNONYMY.-—Species: Ligwstrt, Linn., ‘* Sys. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 490 (1758) ;
mith ed., p: 799 (4767); “‘ Faun. Suec.,” ed. i1., p. 287 (476%), &c. iNOme—iiiis
species has never been known by any other specific name since the time of Linné,
All the references made under the generic synonymy of Sphinx, Linn. (antea, p.
296), are referable here. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx ligustri, alis integris: posticis
incarnatis fasclis nigris, abdomine rubro cingulis nigris. 7”. Suec.,
809. Phalaena prismicornis spirilinguis fusca, alis inferioribus
abdomineque fasciis transversis rubris. Mouff., Zzs., gto, f. 12, f.
182,-f. 1. Jonst., Zzs., .t. 19,42 1-2. Jacob, 17s, 17) S eee
t. a, f 24. Alb:, 7us.. t. 7, 1. ro) Swamm:, 6720/5 to 20.
jung, Verm., 108. List., Goed., 71, £225. Roés. Jas: app ae
t: 5: De Geer, Jns.,1., t.1, f 6: Rai, /#s., 144, n. 2. Goce
i. Pp. 93, t. 24. Reaum., /zs., 2, t. 20, f. 1-427 Wilk] eae
1, B. 3. Habitat in Ligustro, Syringo, Fraxino, Lonicera, Sambuco.

ImaGo.—80mm.—12omm. Head and _ thorax fawn-grey ;
thorax with a large dorsal grey-brown patch surrounded by a broad
black-brown area, black posteriorly. Abdomen red- and black-banded
with a dorsal median broken black longitudinal line edged on either
side with fawn-grey. Anterior wings fawn-grey, shaded with fuscous ;
an oblique dark, brownish-black band, widening from apex to inner
margin, the inner edge bounded in its lower half by a double line
running from discoidal cell to inner margin near base, and fading
into ground-colour in its upper half, the outer edge bounded by the
black subterminal line running from apex to inner margin near anal
angle; subterminal line edged on either side with greyish-white ;
the outer marginal area traversed by a brownish line; a grey-white
apical patch; the discoidal lunule black; three or four black
longitudinal interneural dashes running through the oblique band ;
basal area pinkish; fringes dark brown. Posterior wings pink with
three black transverse bands, the basal one ill-developed and shading
medially into the middle one; fringes brown.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—In a short series the largest 2 is 116mm.,
the largest § 106mm., the smallest 2 gomm., and the smallest ¢
but one 84mm. There isa smaller ¢, 76mm., but this is rather an
aberration than a specimen to be measured for secondary sexual
characters. The other specimens range between, so as to make
& S4mm. to 106mm., and 2 gimm.—116mm., a fair measure of the
expanse of the two sexes. Except, perhaps, a tendency for the anterior
wings of the ¢ to be a little the narrower and sharper, there seems
to be no difference in form, colour or marking. Before she has
laid her eggs, the body of the @ tapers less regularly, and is even
stout and blunt. The antenne differ little in length, but those of the g
may reach 17mm. in length, the 2 16mm.; in most they are about 15mm.,
and they may be only 14mm.; the @ antenna is more slender (*6mm.)
than that of the # (‘8mm.), and especially tapers at the extremity for a
rather greater number of joints, or rather both taper for about the

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 299

last 20 joints, the 9? fairly regularly, the g slightly till about the 8th or
gth joint from the end, then more rapidly ; the hair-pockets on those of
the ¢ are well-developed ; in both sexes there are two obvious and one
half concealed rows of scales to a joint. The rst tibial spur is 2°9mm.
long in the g, 255mm. in the 2? , and they differ proportionally in other
dimensions, but not apparently structurally. The hair scent-organ
in the $ occupies the usual position below the znd abdominal spiracle,
and is a not very large bundle of hairs about 3°3mm. long (Chapman).
TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLES.—(1) A specimen, bred at Walthamstow
in June, 1877, had perfect forewings but was without hindwings or any
trace thereof (Cooper, £vz., xi., p. 70). (2) The forewings bluntly
rounded, instead of lanceolate, the outer margin less oblique, &c. Both
forewings alike, &c. (Freyer, eu. Beit., iv., p. 39, pl. 313, fig. 1).
VaARIATION.—There is considerable variation in the colour of
this species and albinistic and melanochroic specimens are occasion-
ally obtained. We have an example from the ‘“‘ Coverdale collection,”
in which all the usual pink parts of the wings and the body are
almost white (=ab. aldescens, n. ab.). Schultz notes (l//. Woch.
fir £nt., i., p. 706) a g with partially albinistic hindwings.
Pfutzner describes (/7vzs, x., 1, p. 160) an interesting albinistic
aberration caught in June, 1895, at Sprottau, in which the
whitish markings at the apex of the forewings are more vivid
than usual and the red of the hindwings has disappeared as far as the
hairs at the base which show a faint tinge of this colour ; the ground-
colour is a dull bone-white, almost as in S. drupiferarum from North
America ; in contrast to the lack of red in the hindwings the abdomen
has the transverse spots of a very intense red. Holland notes
two examples reared at Reading (and now in the Reading Museum
collection) in which the pink colour of the hindwings and the
abdomen is replaced by yellowish, these parts being of a pale
lemon-colour when the moths first emerged (=ab. J/ufescens, n. ab.).
In the Briggs’ collection, sold in 1896, was an exceedingly dark
aberration in which the forewings, as well as the hindwings and
abdomen, were all much suffused with black, the forewings with
the inner margin black, the black coloration passing upwards from
the anal angle to the costa just outside the subterminal line, the
hindwings with three very marked black bands (£7. Fec., il., p. 141) ;
this example was bred in the London district (Proc. Sth. ©
Lond. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 125) (=ab. obscura, n. ab.). Grifiiths
records the capture of a dark aberration at Stapleton in which
the usual dark dorsal line was quite obliterated, whilst Manley
records two specimens with the central band of the body quite
black, the wings also suffused with black. Bartel observes
(Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 47) that, in southwest Siberia, specimens
that form a transition to var. amurensis, and in which the red is
much paler and the black richer and much deeper than in any Central
European examples, are to be found, whilst he adds that, in Japan,
where the species is common, it is almost like the European form.
A study of the examples in the British Museum coll. shows that there
is a considerable amount of colour-variation in the species. In some,
the ground-colour of the forewings is whitish, with the dark areas
black, the shading of the paler areas inclining to clear grey, the paler
coloration of the pink parts of the hindwing being also sometimes

300 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

noteworthy ; such an example is labelled “ Rugen Island.” Another
extremely pallid specimen in the same collection is a small g of
fawn-grey tint, the darker areas reduced to a minimum, the basal,
costal and outer marginal areas being of the pale ground-colour and
without darker shading; the hindwings with the pale areas of a
pink, inclining to white. In others the pale parts of the forewings
are tinged with reddish, which gives them a grey-brown appearance,
whilst a Westphalian example has an exceedingly rich red coloration
to the hindwings. A still more remarkable aberration ‘is one in
which the pale areas of the forewings are brown with the ordinary
black markings, whilst the hindwings are sufficiently tinged with
brown to mask the normal red colour (=ab. d7umnea, n. ab.). A
specimen from the Frey coll. that shows sign of crippling in the
shorter forewings has the median and basal bands of the hindwings
united, a character that distinguishes the only Japanese example
in the collection. Roughly, one may group what may be termed
the normal range of variation of the species thus:

1. Ground colour whitish-grey — the basal, costal, and outer marginal areas
clear; the median (banded) area not strongly shaded with darker; the hindwings
pinkish-white in tint with normal black bands=ab. fadlzda, n. ab.

2. As in I, but the median (banded) area dark, the costal, basal and outer
marginal areas slightly shaded with darker; the hindwings pinkish with normal
bands=ab. subpallida, n. ab.

3. As in I, but the median (banded) area dark, the costal, basal and outer
marginal areas strongly shaded with blackish-grey; the hindwings normal=ab.
incerta, 0X. ab.

Ground colour fawn-grey or greyish-pink, median (banded) area brown-
black, submarginal area and apex tinged with whitish-grey ; hindwings normal = ab.
typica, 1. ab.

As in 4, but median (banded) area quite blackish, submaryinal area and apex
hardly tinged with grey = ab. zztermedia, n, ab.

6. As in 4, but the tint of the black median area extended into the costal
areas; the hindwings with black bands somewhat extended=ab. obscura, n. ab.

One aberration alone appears to have been named, v7z., spzraeae,
Esper. ‘The original description of this aberration reads as follows :

a. ab.'spiracac, Esp., ““Schmett. Eur.,” u., Supp: p. 20, pl. xl.) Tie years
Staud., “Cat.,” 2nd ed., p, 36 (1871); 3rd ed., p, 101 (1901) ; Bartel, ‘* Paleeark.
Gross-Schmett.,”7 ii:, p. 47 (1899). Zieusir7, —Hb:, ‘S Sphing.,72 figs aah
1800). Sfrreae, Kirby, ‘‘ Cat.,” p. 692 (1892).—Alis integris: (macula baseos
alba); posticis incarnatis fasciis duabus nigris, abdomine rubro, cingulis _nigris.
(Simillimus Sphingt ligustrd.) Although the specific right of this moth, of which
we have at present only a single bred example, is not yet contirmed by more
examples, yet, according to the ordinary rules of Nature, it is likely that she has,
with apparently slight deviation, formed an essentially different species, and I here
give an accurate figure of this rarity sent me by Von Koy and Von Bohm.
According to the gardener at Buda, he found the larva on Sfzraca chamaedrifolia.
It was strikingly diflerent from the larva of Sphinx ligustr?, both in size and
markings, which, however, are not described. .He was not able to find this larva
again last year. The much reduced size already afforded a striking difference from
Sphinx ligustrt, which so seldom varies in size. The moth was a ? and laid several
eggs which resembled those of Sphinx diliae ; its g¢ would, therefore, be smaller
still. In form it shows also other diflerences—The forewings are in proportion to
its small size somewhat broader and the hindwings more rounded; on the upper
side of the forewings runs an oblong-round white spot, which, in d¢gzst7?, is never of
equal breadth and colour, also, is not divided by traversing stripes and nervures. The
usual black-brown ‘ veil’’ is here very pale and almost lost in the brownish. Ligust77
has, on the upper side of the hindwings, near the base, a black spot or curved band,
that is wanting in our moth, and the two bands which follow are also much narrower.
The second in /éguwstr? stands nearer to the margin, here more in the middle. The
black band on the underside of the hindwings has likewise this position, and is, more-

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 301

over, narrowed at both ends, whereas, in //gwst77, it is of uniform width and fades off
into the ground-colour, but here it is sharply defined (Esper).

Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., \1., p. 47) that this aberration
was described from a Hungarian specimen, and might occur anywhere
as a rare aberration with the type, whilst the larva, which is said
to be very strikingly different from the typical form, both in size
and markings, lives in summer only on Spzraea chamaedrifolia. He
further adds that it will not accept the plants that serve S. Ugustri
as food. We have not noticed that Esper made this statement.

In the far East, S. /igustré is characteristically marked, and
shows distinct racial peculiarities, the Amurland examples having
been described as amurensts by Oberthur, and the Japanese examples
as constricta by Butler. ‘The original descriptions of these read as
follows :

p-- var. amurensis, Oberth., ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. France,” 6th ser., vi., p. lvi
Giese). staid. “Rom. Mem vi., p. 220 (1892); Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,” p. 692 (1892) ;
Bart., “* Pal..Gross-\chmett.,” u:, p. 48 (1901). Spzrvacae, Graes., ‘‘ Berl. Ent.
Zeits.,’’ xxxli., p. 104 (1888).—Variété spéciale a la région de Amour et au
nord de la Chine, plus pale quant au rose, plus obscure quant au brun (Oberthiir).
DIsTRisuTion. — Amur district—near Nicolajefsk, commencement of July, very
rare; Pokrofka (Graeser), Ussuri, Suifun (Dorries), near Baranowka, Sidemi
(Jankowski), on the Bureja Mountains, Kidsi (Schrenk), Mandchuria—Chingan
Mountains (Bartel); North China (David), Isle Askold (Jankowski).

Mecemenotes, (Uzans, nr) Sec. London, 13898, p. 287) that var-
amurensis, Obth., would appear to be identical with the Japanese
form described as constricfa by Butler. Staudinger (Caz, 3rd ed.,
p. Io1) adopts this view, and simply diagnoses the combination as
“minor obscurior,’ a description that does not altogether tally with
Oberthir’s original diagnosis (supra), but is characteristic of Butler’s
constricta. We are not at all satisfied from the descriptions here given
that the two forms areidentical. Graeser says (Gerl. Ent. Zeits., xxxii.,
p. 104): “2¢s at Nicolajefsk (Amurland) beginning of July. The larve
in autumn were very rare on species of Spzraea ; I also found a few of
them at Pokrofka ; the oblique violet stripes of the larvae of ordinary
SS. ligustri are dark red-brown in the Siberian larva. The imagines are
strikingly small and very dark. Expanse of g =8omm. ; of 2? 66mm.”
Staudinger says (Rom. MZém., vi., p. 220): “The var. amurensis was
found by Schrenck in the Bureja Mountains and at Kidsi, by Maack
on the Amur, by Dorries on the Ussuri and Suifun, by Jankowsky at _
Sidemi, by Graeser at the beginning of July (2g s) at Nikolajefsk, the
larvee there and at Pokrofka in autumn on species of Sfzraea. The
three Amurland specimens before me are so strikingly darker, and also
smaller, than typical “ewstv7, that they probably deserve the name var.
amurensis, which Oberthur has already given them in the Bu//. Soc. Lnt.
Fr., 1886, p. 56. Inany case the form has more right to a special name
than sfiracae, Esp., which was given to a small pale specimen,
quoted in the Catalog as an unimportant aberration. Graeser
probably only gives his Amurland /rgustv7 as var. spiraeae, because the
larvee were there found on Szrvaea, otherwise his dark specimens,
excepting in their small size, are just the opposite to ab. sfzraeae, Esp.
Esper also gave the name sfzraeae to his aberration, because the larva
of the specimen named by him was found on Sfcraea, but it is well-
known that the larva of S. /7gus/r7 is a pretty general feeder. Leech hasa
specimen of 5S. igustrz from Japan almost like the European examples.”

302 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Bartel observes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 48) that this form is the
opposite of ab. spzraeae, which is a casual, small, pale aberration of
S. ligustyt; the ab. amurensis is strikingly darker brown and smaller
than typical specimens of S. Zzgwstrvz ; in addition, the rose-colour is
paler; it is also distinguished by its very sharp markings. In size,
however, the conditions are here reversed, since the @s are smaller
than the gs; the wing expanse of the latter is 80mm., while the
@s only measure 66mm. ‘The larva of this interesting form lives,
like that of S. diguwstr¢ and its ab. sfiraeae, in autumn, on some
Siberian species of Sfzraea. The oblique lateral stripes, which are
mostly violet in the larva of typical S. /zgustr7, are dark red-brown
in those of the Amurland variety.

vy. Var. constvicta, Butl., 4° Cist. Ent.,’? i., p- 013 (1665)5 hoy eee
p. 692! (1892); Staud., “’@at.,? 3rd_ed.,p; 1o1 (1901). Lzevsi72, Weceneasenars
Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1888, p. 589 (1888); ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,”’ p. 287 (1898).
—Allied to S. digustrt of Europe, decidedly smaller, wings much narrower and more
elongated, so as to more nearly resemble S. kalmzae of the United States; much
darker than S. digustrc, the paler areas being of a deep copper-brown colour
(excepting the white submarginal lines), the darker area greyish-black, traversed by
velvet-black lines; secondaries agreeing with those of S. kalmiae, in having no
subbasal band, and the outer border somewhat dark but differing from it and 5S.
ligustrt in the much greater width of the central band towards the abdominal
margin, and from S. dzgust7¢ in the much wider submarginal black band; body
and undersurface almost the same as in the latter species. Expanse of wings
76mm. Kashiwagi, June 22nd, 1881 (G. Lewis) (Butler).

Leech sinks this variety (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 589)
and writes: “One example, taken at Hakodaté by my native
collector in June, does not differ sufficiently from European examples
to deserve specific rank.” The only Japanese example in the
series of S. Ziguws/7z in the British Museum collection (possibly that
referred to by Leech) has the forewings very suffused, the basal
and costal areas dark grey-brown, the oblique banded area from
apex to inner margin extended and dark; the outer band of the
hindwings extending to the fringes, and the short basal one blending
with the median band. Butler’s type specimen of comstricta (not

in good condition) is much darker. Rothschild and Jordan
write (Rev. Lep. Lam. Sphing., p. 140) of constricta: * Structurally
the same as fzgustri, . . . The black colour is prominent, the

pink colour reduced in intensity. There is as yet very little
material in collections. This form is of interest in so far as at
stands intermediate to a certain degree between drupiferarum
and European /gustv7z. The antemedian and median _ bands
of the hindwing are separate in typical /iewstri; they are
confluent in a few specimens which occur apparently everywhere
among typical degwst7z; the red colour is, besides, occasionally
reduced in intensity. In constricta the bands are always more or
less confluent and the red colour bleached, while in drupiferarum
both characters are exaggerated, there being no red tint and the two
bands being completely fused into one median band, which shows,
occasionally, traces of grey scaling centrally, indicating the original
three-banded state. ”

EccLayINGc.—The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves
of privet, those on small shoots near the foot of a hedge being
preferred (Bacot); deposited singly on the underside of the leaves
at Sudbury, and hatched July 29th, 1900, others hatched July 2oth,

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 203

rI901 (Ransom); of twenty eggs laid in confinement, 17 were
attached to the underside of privet leaves and three to the upper-
side. The colour of the eggs harmonises better with the underside
than the upperside of the leaves and it is very likely that, in a
state of nature, all the ova are laid on the underside, besides which
they are there more protected from rain and sun as well as sheltered
from observation. Eggs laid on July 8th, 1884, produced larve
on July 16th—18th, 1884, their development being thus very rapid
(Poulton); Hellins, too, notes that eggs hatch in from 8-10 days
after being laid, but eggs laid June 28th, 1885, at Painswick,
hatched on July 14th (Watkins), and others laid June 28th, 1808,
at Marathon, hatched July 13th (Clarke). Freeman states that he
observed ova laid on tarred palings 6ft. from a lilac bush. Bartel
observes that the eggs are often laid on quite different foodplants
by one and the same @, and that there seems to take place in
longer periods of time a change of foodplant. Crewe records having
found eggs laid indiscriminately on ash, privet, lilac and laurustinus.
Kleemann records that he obtained 400 fertile eggs from a single ?.
Levett notes the number of eggs laid by a 2 in 1873, as 260.
Ovum.—In size and general appearance this egg is indistinguishable
from that of Amorpha populz. Its three diameters are 2-08mm., 1°68mm.
and 1'50mm., with some little variation, especially as the egg is
rather sensitive to evaporation and the diameters vary a little
accordingly even before the depression on the upper surface appears.
It seems to have a little less gummy material on it than the eggs of the
Amorphids. The surface netting does not present the same curious
effects that it presents in these eggs and that seems to be due to the
gummy coating. The individual cells of the netting are about o'or5mm.
in diameter and are irregularly hexagonal, with a slightly roughened
surface (gum?). The micropyle is very much the same as in the
egg of Amorpha populi, a small rosette of radiating cells, rather
shorter than those of the general surface and, of course, much narrower,
followed by cells still a little smaller than those further out and
all narrowed a little so that their length points towards the micropyle
(Chapman). The egg is of a bright apple-green colour, plump
in appearance, cylindrical in shape with rounded ends, the length,
breadth, and height, being respectively 2mm., 1°7mm., and 175mm. A
small shallow oval depression on the upper surface of the egg. To the
naked eye, the shell appears smooth and shining, but under a two-
thirds lens is seen to be covered with a minute and exceedingly fine poly-
gonal reticulation. Iam totally unable to detect the micropyle under a
two-thirds lens unless it be a minute star, at one end of, and on a level
with, the general surface of the egg. As the egg matures the colour
becomes more creamy with certain areas only retaining the original
bright green colour. The empty eggshell is transparent, shiny and
iridescent, and the young larva makes a circular hole at one end
of the egg for its escape. It does not eat the remainder of the
eggshell. The egg is laid on its long side, and attached firmly
to the object on which it is laid [Tutt. Eggs received from Mr.
Christy, July 4th, 1898, described under a two-thirds lens July 8th].
Oval, without much difference between those of the axes, about
r'75mm. long and 15mm. wide; slightly flattened from above
downwards; colour bright yellowish-green; after a few days a
depression appears on the upper surface, and the colour becomes

304 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

less delicate and transparent ; soon afterwards the ovum is opaque,
yellowish, and mottled with bright green (Poulton). Broadish oval
in outline, plump, about 1°75mm. long, and varying in width, some
I°45mm. wide, others 1:'25mm. ‘The shell is rather glossy, smooth, in
colour a palish tint of full green. Before hatching the dark horn of
the larva shows through the shell (Hellins).

REPUTED PARTHENOGENESIS IN 5S. LIGUSTRI.—Clogg records
(Ent, v., p. 357) that he obtained eggs from an unimpregnated
female at East Looe in 1871, that 63 larve hatched between July 2nd
and 6th, that he kept 10, gave away 15, and set free 38. All the 25
larvee kept in confinement pupated, and 12 moths emerged, all barren
females. Nix notes (£77, iv., p. 323) that, in 1869, he had some eggs
from a bred @? that had no intercourse with a g, but that the eggs
all hatched. See also anfed, vol. i11., p. 381.

Hapits OF LARVA.—The young larve eat their egg-shells in part;
the amount eaten varies, but appears never to be more than three-
quarters of the whole, and often there is an aperture barely large
enough for emergence. ‘The young larve spin webs for foothold, and
readily suspend themselves by threads. This fact has already been
observed by Kleemann, and it is very interesting as the habit is so
entirely abandoned later, although it appears again before pupation.
The disappearance of this habit probably follows from the great size
and weight of the larva, which renders this method of attachment and
suspension comparatively useless. It is of especial use when the
larva clings to the flat underside of the leaf at any point except (that
usually selected) the projecting midrib. Later the larva gains
security by the extreme power of its claspers. . . . The protective
resemblance of the young larva is to the underside of the leaf, and the
larve are especially hard to distinguish when seated on the midrib, and,
in this position, they seem nearly always to rest. In the second
stadium the larva still rests as a rule on the midrib of the under-
side of a leaf. After ecdysis the skin appears always to be
eaten, except the head and horn, which seem to be invariably
rejected. In the third stadium the larva habitually rests in the
Sphinx attitude upon the midrib, this position being assumed,
although exceptionally, in the second stadium and is even seen
in the first. The fourth stadium is, however, the stage of the
Sphinx attitude, and the head is held higher and further back
than at any other time, the position being possibly even less
striking in the final stadium (Poulton). Réaumur notes
(Mémoires, i1.. p. 253) that the usual resting position of a larva
is to hold a branch tightly with the crochets of its prolegs, the
part of the body carrying the prolegs being pressed to the
branch, whilst the anterior part is thrown back, and is held almost
perpendicular to the branch—resting for hours immovably in this
attitude. We have already detailed at length (anéed, vol. i., p.
51) the meaning of the Sphinx attitude as developed so strongly
in the larvee of this superfamily, and those of some closely aliied
groups. Itappears to be due to the strain caused by gravity upon the
anterior unsupported part of the body, together with the compensating
muscular reaction. It is most marked in the vertical position of the
larva with the head upwards, and also in the horizontal position wih
the head downwards, and least of all in the position of the Sphinx—

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 305

horizontal with the back upwards. Réaumur further remarks that the
larve are great eaters, and grow somewhat rapidly, whilst Rosel
observes that the ecdyses follow at first at intervals of about
six days, but that the period extends to about ten days after the
4th moult. Montgomery records the larval stage in captivity
as extending over 56 days, but Clarke had eggs that hatched on July
13th, 1898, the larve going down for pupation on September 26th,
the active larval stage thus occupying 75 days. As to the increase
in size during the last stadium, Newport notes that a larva of S.
ligusirt which, at its last moult, weighed only about 19 to 20 grains,
at the expiration of eight days, when it was fully grown, weighed
nearly 120 grains. Clarke also states that, in confinement, the larvee, in
spite of being continuously supplied with fresh food, were frequently
observed nibbling the tips off the caudal horns of other larve. Daws
says that, although usually quite still during the daytime, the larve are
readily found at dusk feeding on the top shoots of privet, and Butler
has found quite small, half-grown, and fulifed larvae on the same day,
and all within 20 yards of one another, on a hedge at Reading. Réaumur
notes ( Wémoires, i1., p. 256) that, when the larve are about to pupate,
the colours become much changed, the green becomes brown and
the larve appear to be dirty ; they are also restless, walk continually,
seeking a suitable place in which to pupate; one was observed to
enter and leave the earth several times during 24 hours, possibly because
it was too dry, for, as soon as it was moistened, it entered the ground
immediately and came out no more. Russell gives (nz. Rec., xill., pp.
137-138) details of the travels of a larva in search of a pupating-
place, this particular example crawling 5o9ft. in 50 minutes. Wilson
is reported (7/fom., xi., p. 144) to state that the larva of this species
moults but once, most of our authorities, however, allow it four moults, but
Newport says that it moults six times. Usually the larve are fullfed
in late August and early September (Réaumur gives September 1st-15th
as a good average time at and near Paris), but sometimes they are to be
found in October and early November, ¢.g., to October 3rd, 1863, in the
western suburbs of London (Clifford), up to October 27th, 1885, at
Firle, near Lewes (Edgell), plentiful on laurustinus in late October,
1888, at Great Malvern, one of which did not pupate till the first
week of November (Mitchell), larvee of various sizes on September
24th, 1897, at Northampton, the earliest of which pupated on Sep-
tember z2gth, and the latest on October 17th (Imms). The following
dates of the capture of larve have accumulated : July-September in
Upper Austria (Himsl), fullfed in September in the Netherlands
(Snellen), larvee from August 7th-September zoth (Hellins), August
and September most years at Bremhill (Eddrup), larve in August
at Romsey (Buckell), larvee in August at Southampton and Winchester
(Moberly), larvz from July 6th-August 19th from 1886-1898 in Norfolk
(Freeman), larve from August 22nd-September 5th, 1845, August gth-
25th, 1847, all at Brighton, fullfed larve on August rst-17th, 1857, anda
fullgrown one at Cuckfield on August 5th,1858, fullgrown larve, August
16th, 1857, at Ovingdean (Merrifield), fullfed larve common on August
13th-zoth, 1857, at Wandsworth (Blackmore), September 4th-1 2th, 1857,
at Chelsea (A. H. Clarke), -August 2nd-October 6th,1858, at Barn-
staple (Mathew), larve fullfed on August 28th, 1858, at Chatham
(Tyrer), several larve nr. Hull (Young, Zt. Wk. [nz., vil., p. 5), several

U

306 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

larve in 1859 in the Carlisle dist. (Armstrong), August 12th-2ist,
1860, in Sherwood Forest (Talbot), larvee on September 11th, 1865,
at Fursdon nr. Egg Buckland (Briggs), September t1oth, 1870, at
Odiham (Holland), August 14th, 1871, at Lee, September znd, 1872,
at Mottingham, September zgth, 1872, at Danbury, August 4th, 1873,
at Darenth, August 28th, 1889, at Mottingham (Bower), September
16th, 1876, at Hardwick, September 5th, 1880, at Reading (Holland),
larve taken August 14th, 1881, at Yarmouth (J. A. Clark), October
t1th, 1881, at Teddington, September 3rd, 1884, at Folkestone,
September 2nd, 1887, at Leatherhead (T. H. Briggs), August rath,
1882, larve at Folkestone, August, 1887, at Darenth, August 13th-ztst,
1887, August 1889, at Lowestoft (James), September zoth, 13884,
at Henley, September roth, 1885, at Reading, September 7th, 1837,
at Tilehurst, September 12th, 1889, at Mapledurham, September
rgth, 1890, at Pangbourne (Holland), larvae, September 21st-2gth,
1888, September 5th, 1380, September 6th, -1890)) (Septemises
13th, 189z, and September 20th, 1894, at Bristol @@eandea
October 11th, 1888, at Brentwood (Burrows), larvee on September 15th
and 16th, 1890, at Lyndhurst (Hewett), larve nearly fullfed, August
3oth, 1891, at Reading (Butler), August 20th, 1892, at Braunton
(Bartlett), larve on August 29th, 1892, at Shorncliffe, September roth,
1894, at Enniskillen (Brown), larve fullfed August 31st, 1892, at
Marlow, August 21st, 1895,-at Harrogate (A. H. Clarke), a larva
at Kingsdown, September 13th, 1892 (Sheldon), larve on August r5th,
1894, at Llanstephan, pupated September 14th (Bingham-Newland),
August 25th-September zgth, 1894, August 27th, 1895, August 31st,
1896, August 27th-z9th, 1898, August 15th-September 2nd, 1899,
August 15th-September 3rd, 1900, at Sudbury (Ransom), fullfed
larva, September 24th, 1894, at Worcester Park (Kaye), August, 1895,
at Herne Bay (Peachell), August 13th, 1895, at Rainham (Burrows),
larvee at Bournemouth, September 3rd, 1896, about three-quarters
grown (Miller), larvae on August 11th, 1897, at Reading (Butler), fullfed
from August 15th-23rd, 1897, August 31st, 1898, at Oxton (Studd),
5 larve taken on September 24th, 1897, at Birmingham, of different
sizes, pupated between September z9th and October 18th (Imms),
August, 1898, at Castlemartin (Hodge), August 15th, 1898, at
Llanstephan (Bingham-Newland), fullgrown larve during the last
week in August, 1898, at Taunton (Tetley), larve on August
zend, 1898, at Stalham (Edelsten), September 6th, 1898,- at
Freshwater (Sheldon), larve from September 1oth-13th, 1898, at
Cheltenham, September 13th-14th, 1898, at Barnstaple (Cotton),
August 14th, 1899, August 7th, 1900, at Henny (Ransom), August
roth, 1899, at Malvern Wells (Sich), larvz fullfed on September 4th,
1899, near Stroud (Redmayne), September 6th, 1899, at High
Wycombe (Peachell), three larve found at Gravesend on July 22nd,
1900, went down July 28th-zgth and August 6th (Huggins), larve
small at Fulbourne on September 12th, rgoo, larve fullfed on September
22nd, 1900, at Great Baddow (Raynor), larva on September 17th, 1900,
at Sydenham (Swain), at the end of September, 1goo, at Ingleby
Greenhow (Elgee), July 31st-September 3rd, 1902, at Burgess Hill
(Dollman),.

Larva.—/irst instar: Length 6mm., of horn 3mm. (exactly
half the length of larva), When hatched the larva is pale green,

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 307

but, shortly afterwards, the horn becomes very nearly black. Except
for the ordinary setz of the primary tubercles, the larva is quite
smooth*, z.e., there are no secondary hairs, nor any very evident
division into subsegments. As an exception to the smoothness of
the larva, the horn (and apparently the segment about its base)
is thickly clothed with short hairs, these hairs are expanded at
their points, and many of them, especially towards the extremity
of the horn, have a bifurcate character, being fish-tailed like those
of Mimas tiliae. The two terminal hairs are similar to those on
the tubercles, but hardly so long, and are, doubtless, the sete of
tubercles 1 of this segment. The setz of the tubercles are rather
long, dark, and terminate in an enlargement as of a small funnel-
shaped structure, and with some traces of spiculation. In a mounted
specimen the subsegments become visible, and the tubercles are
placed thus—i on the 3rd subsegment, iii on the 4th subsegment,
and ii on the 6th. There is a prespiracular tubercle which cannot
possibly be a subspiracular (v) moved upwards, because it is very
definitely placed on subsegment 2, and these subsegments are all
dorsal divisions, altering, mixing, and rearranging themselves at
the flanges belonging to the spiracular and subspiracular region.
A subspiracular tubercle (iv) is on the lower aspect of a flange-swelling
passing from behind the spiracle in some degree from subsegment
5, and running downwards and forwards. Below this is one more
tubercle nearly at base of proleg. The dorsal (?1 + 11) and sub-
dorsa] (? i) tubercles on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments carry
two setze, one in front and one behind (in one case, the dorsal on the
2nd thoracic, has three). There are no small or secondary hairs on the
general surface, those of the horn are arranged in circles round
the horn, not easy to count at its base, but more evident further
on, and about 130 in number. Each circle has some 12 or 14
hairs. Those in adjacent circles alternate, or the hairs in alternate
rows are on the same line, or even more frequently the hairs of rows 1
and 4 are in line rather than those of 1 and 3. ‘The alignment in
this way is, indeed, a little irregular, but is sufficiently regular to
give a fir-cone spiral appearance to portions of the horn in many
aspects. The crochets to the prolegs appear to be about 9 in number.
As the larva gets a little older the subsegments become more
distinct, 8 in number, the narrow longitudinal yellow line is fairly
distinct and the oblique yellow lines, though pale, are quite
evident |; they are very slender, they start from 1 of one segment
and pass to 1 of the preceding segment and then on to the pre-
spiracular, these tubercles being in its actual line, and, as in the
Amorphids, suggesting that their yellow coloration originated the

* Poulton erroneously says (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 141): ‘In the
newly-hatched larva of S. /égustri the body was covered with hairs or bristles,
which sprang from ordinary shagreen-dots, whilst there were also two lateral and two
dorsal rows of longer bristles springing from larger shagreen-dots which bore a
special relation to the larval markings which appeared later,’’ &c.

t Hellins states (Buckler’s Larvae, &c., ii., p. 111) : ‘* When the first moult is
passed . . . . the slanting stripes on the side now become visible, Z.e., on
each subdivision there is one pale point in the line of the streak, the streaks thus
being lines of pale greenish-yellow dots.”’ The fact is these oblique stripes, as noted
above, are visible in the Ist instar, t,e., before the Ist moult.

308 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

idea of an oblique line, formed in them by the yellow secondary
tubercles and hairs which do not exist here; a darker dorsal line
is also now present. As the larva grows, the horn looks less pro-
portionally long. It is now also evident that the fine hairs exist
only on the horn, and that what at first could be easily mistaken
for the surface of the segment at its base, is really a portion of the
horn. Elsewhere the segments are perfectly smooth, but, in well-
grown specimens, are some dark points in the oblique lines that
look as if there were rough points or some representation of them
beneath the cuticle; they may really be so, representing points to
occur in next stadium (Chapman). The tubercles on the meso-
and metathorax differ altogether in position from those of the
Eumorphids (¢.g., Zheretra porcellus), 1 and ii being close together
not only on the same subsegment, but occupying the same chitinised skin
area, 1 only bearing a seta, 11 being largely atrophied,* while on the
abdominal segments there are two subsegments between 1 and 11;
on the abdominal segments 1 is directly above the spiracle on
the subsegment posterior to that bearing 1; iv is beneath and slightly
posterior to spiracle, whilst the prespiracular (?v) is in the same
line as the spiracle, but on the front part of the subsegment anterior
to that bearing 1; 111, on the thoracic segments, consists of two setze on
a raised skin area; there appears to be only one subspiracular tubercle.
The primary setz are slightly knobbed at the top and there is no
trace of secondary hairs; on the 8th abdominal the anterior
trapezoidals (1) are placed on the top of the caudal horn. When
nearly fullfed in this skin, the oblique stripes are clear and distinct, cut
by the subdorsal line, which also is very clearly marked. There
appear to be only 7 subsegments to the thoracic, but 8 subsegments
to the abdominal, segments (Bacot). The larva just after emergence
is 5°25mm. long when extended in walking, the horn 3mm. long
(in some, however, the horn is nearly as long as the body). The
colour of the body is a pale, transparent (very slightly greenish-) yellow,
the head much greener than the body (see Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1885, pl. vil., fig. 1); the horn black, but the upper half transparent
and greenish, the green internal fluid shining through the dark
exterior, it tapers very slightly, is straight except that the upper part
is bent downwards in a gentle curve, the blunt tip is bifid, and
each process ends in a fine and fairly long bristle, so that the
structure is prong-like when viewed from above. ‘The body is
thinly clothed with long fine black hairs, arranged in 4 rows, two
dorsal t (one on each side of the middle line) and two lateral f (a little
above the spiracles) ; each of these four rows is made up of two hairs §
on each segment from the ist to the 7th abdominal (both inclusive).
Posterior to the latter the hairs are more abundant, but still thin,

* Possibly only in the example examined ; one suspects that the seta of 11 is
usually present (Bacot). Chapman adds that the sete of iand ii are equally developed
as well as the two sete of iii, and that Bacot’s example must have been abnormal.

+ Evidently refer to the rows in which i and ii are placed longitudinally.

{ Appear to refer to ili on either side,

§ An obvious error. The setz ofi and ii may be considered as being in the
same line on each segment, but iii is single-haired on the abdominal segments, and
has no other hair in line with it, so that here Poulton adds an extra tubercle and seta,
A. later note of Poulton’s suggests that he may be here including the prespiracular
(? v) as being in the same line as ili (see last footnote on p. 309),

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 309

and without definite arrangement.* Upon the thoracic segments
the hairs are arranged so as to continue the four lines described
above, but they are less numerous, at any rate in the case of the two
upper rows, where there is only one hair to each row on each segment. ¢
Mihewncad. is thinly covered with similar hairs. . . |... The
mandibles are green, with the cutting edges black. ‘The ocelli are
black and distinct. The spiracles are hard to make out, and the
dorsal vessel is visible but not distinct. The head is rounded and
of a generalised larval shape and not Sphinx-like. The horn is
flexible and movable; it soon becomes straight, and may be held at
an angle or parallel with the back... . The dorsal vessel becomes very
distinct after the larva has fed for a short time, and the tracheal
system is visible. The larva becomes greener, and the first trace
of marking appears with the formation of a white circular patch
round the base of each long hair in the four rows; the patches are
especially distinct on the dorsal rows, and the larva, therefore, shows
four spots on the back of each abdominal segment in front of the
8th, and two spots on the back of each thoracic segment. (Weismann
describes and figures similar spots onthethoracic segments of Smmerinthus
populi in first stage.) These white patches are the first readily seen
shagreen-dotst ; then minute white spots appear all over the body, which
are the white areas round the bases of the smaller hairs$; then by
a linear arrangement of the white spots (in which both large and
small take part) the essential markings are established (see Joc. cit,
pl. vu., fig. 2). The subdorsal becomes distinct before the oblique
stripes, and the latter are rather faint during the whole of this stage.
The white subdorsal is perfectly normal, extending the whole length
of the body and bending gently upwards anteriorly in the rst thoracic
segment, and posteriorly into the base of the horn (being continuous
with the 7th oblique stripe). The subdorsal may be seen to be
formed of white dots, which are also present over the whole surface ||
but are not conspicuous ; so also with regard to the oblique stripes,
but here there is an interesting relation to the larger spots. The
anterior dorsal pair on each segment always forms part of the stripes,
but the latter, converging posteriorly, fall within the hinder pair; so
also the anterior spots 4 only of the lateral rows on each segment
fall into the oblique lines. There is a very minute and faint 8th
stripe in front of the 1st oblique stripe on the 1st abdominal segment ;
it does not extend downwards far enough to meet the subdorsal.
The effect of the series of large dorsal dots on the thoracic segments

* This is not so; the sete that are present are easily homologised.

+ This might suggest that what Bacot considers (supra p. 308) a possible
abnormality in the specimen he described is really a normal condition, 7.e., the seta
of ii on the meso- and metathorax is largely atrophied, but Chapman (who has
peer ally examined mounted specimens) states that this is not so (see Ist footnote on
P- 308).
t These pale patches are at the bases of the primary setze and so can in no
sense be described as shagreen-dots, which are connected with secondary hairs.

§ There are no smaller hairs in this instar.

|| These white dots, if, indeed, anv are present in this instar, are at most
only showing through skin from beneath.

{| Does Poulton here mean the prespiracular by ‘‘the anterior spots of the
lateral rows ? ” As a matter of fact the lines go through ili as well as v (see avtea p.
307, line 41), so that either might from this standpoint be his ‘‘ anterior’ spots.

310 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(two on each) is to produce the appearance of a very indistinct line
above and parallel with the anterior part of the subdorsal; this
line is also contributed to by the smaller dots.* As the small
anterior oblique stripe does not reach the subdorsal, but stops at
about the level of the hinder end of this indistinct line, there is an
appearance of continuity between the anterior stripe and the line; this,
however, does not really take place, as the former stripe is prolonged
for a very slight distance below the posterior end of the horizontal line.
These markings are very persistent in after stages, and are, therefore,
described in detail.t The 1st stadium lasts about 6 or 7 days;
at its close (before moulting) the larve are about 12mm. long when
extended in walking ‘pl. vu., fig. 2); the larva is about ro°5mm. long
when rather retracted at-rest, the horn 4mm. long (Poulton). Second
instar: The larva is now covered with mammillated tubercles,
precisely as in the Amorphid larva, each tubercle carrying a minute
hair, some apparently only thickened a little at the end (seen
edgewise ?) others definitely bifid. ‘The head in Ist stage carrying
simple hairs on a smooth surface is now mammillated also, but has
a rounded vertex (not produced into a horn as in Smerinthus). The
true legs are slightly affected by the mammillation. The horn is
relatively shorter than in stage 1, and the mammille fewer than
the hairs in stage 1 (Chapman). The primary sete still show
conspicuously because of their larger size, but, in this skin, the
secondary hairs, borne on mammilla, are a well-marked and
conspicuous feature; these secondary hairs appear to be short and
stiff and slightly bifid at tip, whilst the bases are tall and conical
(Bacot). The markings of this stage almost exactly resemble those
of the last t (See, Zoc. czz., pl. vii, fig. 3), and the orpinvenmsiemmes
and stripes from linear series of shagreen-dots is equally $ obvious.
The large spots and long hairs have now disappeared 4, except

* Not till the second instar unless by showing through the skin.

¢ This statement probably explains Poulton’s faulty description of the larva
in its Ist instar. He describes these markings in detail in stage 1, because ‘‘ they
are very persistent in the after stages.’’ How could he have known when the larvee
were in stage 1 that the markings were going to be ‘‘ very persistent in the later stages ? *’
The fact is that almost the whole of the structure and markings, as here described, are
those of stage 2, which Poulton has apparently carried back asa guess to stage I. This is
clearly evidenced by his statement (Z77ans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 283) prefacing the
description here given, in which he says, after referring to the primary sete, which he calls
the *‘long’’ hairs, ‘‘ In addition to these long hairs, there must be a comparatively
thick coating of much smaller ones. I was able to prove their existence at a later
date by the use of the compound microscope, or even by a powerful hand lens, but
I was away from bome and without a sufficiency of appliances when the larve were in
the Ist stage. There can be no doubt of their presence, and they cover the horn as
well as the body.” Not having seen them in stage 1, but being convinced they were
there, and having become convinced later of their importance, he has evidently carried
back his observations on these particular structures made in the later stages to stage
I, and dealt with them as if he had actually observed them in this stage, which is
altogether misleading and unscientific, and the facts as applied to stage I unfortunately
happen to be entirely erroneous, ce

t This must be read in connection with our last footnote, explaining that
Poulton’s markings of stage 2 were evidently written back into stage I,

§ The formation of these is obvious in this (2nd) instar, there are no shagreen-
dots in the 1st instar, so the origin of the lines from them then is not to be made out.

4} We have no knowledge of Poulton’s ‘ large spots ’’ which he has described as
being at the base of the ‘long hairs,” 7.¢., primary seta, unless they refer to the
chitinised skin surrounding the bases of the primary sete ; but he is wrong in saying
that the latter have disappeared in this instar, for they still show conspicuously, although
less easily detected, now that they are surrounded by secondary shagreen-hairs,

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. at

those that enter into the 8th stripe and indistinct line above the
subdorsal on the thoracic segments. This line is whiter than the
other markings, which are yellowish-white (see, Joc. c7t., pl. vil,
fig. 8). Minute hairs still* terminate the shagreen-dots, whether
arranged in lines or covering the surface of the body. (This fact is
true of the dots whenever they appear in any stage.) The margins
of the claspers, tips of true legs, and spiracles have a pinkish tinge.
The horn is pink immediately after the change of skin, but it soon
darkens and possesses a_ brownish-red ground-colour, covered with
dark tubercles (shagreen-dots) pointing upwards and terminated by
minute hairs; the apical pair is arranged so as to cause a bifid ter-
mination, but this is not nearly so distinct as in the last stage;
on each side of the base the ground-colour of the horn is free from
tubercles and hence appears as a brownish-red continuation of the
7th oblique stripe; the horn is movable, and is sometimes depressed,
so as to become parallel with the line of the back, while at other
times it is elevated to the usual position of an angle of 45°. (The
same thing occurs in the first stage.) The head is shagreened
and shows indications of its ultimate appearance in the occurrence
of a white marginal line round the face. In this stage the oblique
stripes are very distinct, and the subdorsal indistinct except anteriorly.
The length of a fuligrown larva, comfortably stretched at rest, in
this instar is about 18mm. This stage lasted about g days. Third
instar: After the second ecdysis, the larve very much resemble those of
the previous stage. The chief difference is in the subdorsal, which has
disappeared, except anteriorly, and is indistinct even where it is
retained. The horizontal stripe above the subdorsal is distinct,
and so are the prominent white spots on the thoracic segments
(one pair on each). ‘This line has the same relation to the 8th
stripe, but the continuity is only apparent, for careful observation
shows that the latter extends below the posterior extremity of the
former. (This is also true of the previous stages.) At this time,
and in the second instar, the larva bears the closest resemblance
to a Smerinthid larva in every respect, except the dark colour of
the horn and the shape of the head. There is still a trace of
the bifid termination to the horn (see, /oc. cz¢., pl. vil, fig. 10).
Shortly after ecdysis the colours darken in certain parts; the pink
horn becomes dark brown with black tubercles, as before, the effect
being nearly black, except at the sides of the base. A black cloud
appears on the side of the head and extends downwards behind
the yellow line at the margin of the face; there is, however, much
variability in this respect, some larve having no trace of black on
the head. The spiracles are ochreous as in the adult, but more
faintly. The true legs become red, and a dark purplish margin
appears round the claspers. The anal flap has a white margin.
The ground-colour is yellowish-green above, darker green below,
and this latter extends upwards in front of the oblique stripes as
a dark shading for one-third of their length, but the depth of colour
is very variable. The shagreen-dots are yellowish-white, those
forming the stripes being much larger and whiter than the others;
at first, the component dots of the stripes are distinctly separate,

* Both the minute hairs and shagreen-dots (except on the caudal horn) first
become structural features in this instar.

312 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

put, later, they enlarge and fuse, producing the appearance ofa white
band, upon which is a single row of tubercles, each emitting a
minute hair. These tubercles are the original shagreen-dots, and
each is placed in the centre of a white area, which has spread from
the base of the former into the ground-colour. The areas form the
white stripe, and they can be readily distinguished, as each is
situated upon one of the secondary rings into which each segment
is divided. The secondary annulation began in the first stage and
is present throughout larval life. There are eight of thése annuli
on each of the segments that bear the oblique stripes, except the
8th abdominal. Where this latter segment is crossed by the upper
part of the 7th stripe, entering the base of the horn, the annulation
is not present and the adjacent areas are not separated by furrows
(between the annuli on other segments), and, therefore, fuse at an
early date. ‘The 7th stripe is also much whiter and more conspicuous
than the others. As the larva advances in this stage, the subdorsal
and the stripe above it become indistinct, but the 8th stripe becomes
more prominent and is especially well seen as a V when the larva
is looked at from above. The head is shagreened as in previous
stages*. The most interesting fact about this stage, however, is the
appearance of the purple borders to the white stripes. These were
never present at ecdysis, and, in some instances, they did not appear
at all in this stage (in the case of very light varieties). So, also,
the time at which they made their appearance varied greatly, and
the extent to which they were developed. The stripes are linear and
very narrow ; they first appear as a brownish rather than purple edge
to the central part of the rst and 7th stripes. Then they appear in
front of the others nearly at the same time and without any definite
order. It seemed that the first stripe gained a border rather before
the 7th. The purple edge is not a modification of the white stripe,
but is distinctly due to a darkening of the ground-colour. So far
from the shagreen-dots having any relation to the border, they are
either absent from it or very small (which is also true of the ground-
colour anterior to the whole length of the stripe). There is nothing
spot-like in the first appearance of the border, it is always very
narrow and linear. Its first appearance confirms the view that I
expressed last year (Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pt. 1, 1884), 2.é., that
the border is a modification of the ground-colour in front of the white
stripe, and is not due to the drawing out of patches of colour that
appear in this position, in fact that the border is linear primarily
and not secondarily. Kleemann states that the larvae acquire the
purple borders in the 4th stage, and Weismann says that he has
observed the same thing. Nearly all my larve acquired the borders
in the 3rd stage as above. At the conclusion of this stage the larva
is about 25mm. long, when comfortably at rest. This stage only
lasted about 6 days. A larva at the end of this stage, comfortably
extended at rest, is shown at fig. 4 x 2. Fourth instar: The larva
at the beginning of this stage is exactly similar to one in the last
except for the greater size of the purple borders. The subdorsal
and line above it are present at first, but subsequently disappear,
while the 8th stripe remains. The pair of distinct dots are at first
visible on each thoracic segment but they afterwards cease to be

* Should be ‘‘ stage.’’? The head is smooth in the Ist instar, shagreened in the 2nd.

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 313

recognisable, together with the line of which they form part. The
7th stripe is continuous, and so also are the central parts of the others
where the purple border is present. The latter varies in amount
and J have seen it almost absent except on the rst and 7th stripes.
Immediately after ecdysis the dots of the stripes are separate (fig.
9 x 4). The stripes are pure white where they are bordered with
purple, but yellowish above this part, while the purple gives place to
dark green. The purple and pure white change to the other colours
before reaching the posterior limits of the segment they are crossing,
while in the 5th stage the change takes place in the next segment,
posteriorly. The white stripes are continued inferiorly and anteriorly
into a very distinct row of white tubercles on the next segment,
anteriorly (as in the adult). The ground-colour of the part of the
surface on which the oblique stripes run (except the inferior con-
tinuations just mentioned) is a much brighter and yellower green
than the rest of the body. The upper yellowish part of the oblique
stripes is formed of distinct and separate yellow tubercles. ‘This is the
stage of the ‘‘Sphinx” attitude and the head is held higher and
further back than at any other time. As the larva approaches the
end of the stage it becomes very adult-looking, this effect being
especially produced by the shagreen-dots becoming less conspicuous.
There is great variation in the darkness of the larve, the dark forms
having black sides to the head, while the purple borders deepen
anteriorly and inferiorly into very nearly black. The lightest larvee
have hardly any black on the head, and the purple only deepens
to brownish. There is every shade of difference between these
extremes. A fullgrown larva in this stage is about 33mm. long
ieee sphinx? attitude, but much longer when extended (see
fig. 5, rather over natural size). This stage lasts about 6 days.
fifth instar: At the beginning of this stage the larva is about 33mm.
long when at rest in rather a contracted state after the effort of
ecdysis. This is the last stage, and the larva is, of course, wellknown,
nevertheless, there are some extremely interesting facts about it
especially that concerning the change from a shagreened to a very smooth
larva. Immediately after ecdysis the body is shagreened all over with
minute dots which still terminate in hairs (see plate vii., fig. 6, natural
size), and I formerly suggested (in paper already referred to) that the
row of white dots continued anteriorly and inferiorly from the white
stripes were the remnants of the shagreen-dots. This is now certain,
for they have been traced through the ontogeny *, and, further, even
in this stage, each one of them terminates in a minute hair, which
is retained to the end. ‘The shagreening very quickly disappears,
but it can be detected with a powerful lens, and always remains visible
(though very minute) upon the undersurface of the body. Although
the horn is so smooth and shining in this stage, traces of the
tubercles can still be made out. The 8th stripe is always present
after ecdysis, but it quickly disappears. The deep black of the
horn and sides of the head are replaced by dark green after ecdysis,
but the latter darkens in a few hours. The shagreening seems to
disappear by a change of colour into that of the surrounding ground-
colour, and a gradual disappearance of the raised eminence which
forms each dot. There is the same variability in darkness as shown

* It must not be forgotten that they are not present in the Ist instar.

314 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

by the different degrees of depth attained by the lower part of the
purple border. When this becomes very dark some patches appear
on the other (inferior) side of the white stripe. [I described this
variety last year from a single instance found in the field, but it
was quite common among the larve reared during the past summer. |
The larve turned brown in many cases on August 21st, this stage
having lasted about nine days. Thus, the whole larval life lasts
about five weeks. There were many exceptions to the periods given
for each stage (which were, as far as possible, averagé instances)
(Poulton). Adult larva: Length from 3ins.—3’5ins. (according to
position), the greatest width at 5th abdominal segment, just over ‘sins.
Body cylindrical, tapering gradually forwards from the 3rd abdominal
segment. The segmental incisions very clear and distinct, and there
are 8 poorly-marked abdominal subsegments. Head forming a
tall, curved-sided trapezoid, somewhat rounded at the crown and
slighted notched, ‘25ins. in height, and ‘rgins. in breadth; the
suture of lobes distinct, the clypeal triangle small; the surface
somewhat rugose (but as though it had been smoothed over after
being roughly granular), bright green in centre of face, but suffused
with white towards margins, a broad black band up the sides
of the face and over the crown; the -antenne stand out well,
but are not large im ‘proportion to the size “of =taewsague
Thoracic segments, short and small, the skin much wrinkled, of a
clearer and more pellucid green than the rest of the body (probably
a tribal character); the scutellum on prothorax shows out distinctly
owing to its being yellower in colour than the rest of the body,
although it is far from distinct structurally. True legs small, black
at base, then a broad white band and lastly black again for the
terminal third. The abdomen smooth, bright, slightly yellowish,
green above, a paler duller green on sides, shading off to glaucous-green
ventrally ; the secondary hairs and primary sete can only be faintly
discerned under a powerful lens; the spiracles large but not pro-
portionally so to size of larva, of a dull golden colour, without a
perceptible rim; the caudal horn, hard, stiff, curved and spiny,
somewhat roughened, black in colour, except for a yellowish stripe
up either side for about half its length; the oblique stripes slope
upwards and backwards, they form broad, dull, crimson slashes,
bordered by. bright white ones of about equal size, tailing off below
into 4 white spots ; the last are well-marked shagreen-hairs with coloured
hases; the double pigmentary character of these stripes is strongly ac-
centuated, the junction of the two colours being very sharp, and so vivid
are the colours that they give the impression of being painted on the
skin-surface instead of being beneath it; the bright colours do not
extend beyond the segment on which each stripe originates, 72z.,
Ist to 7th abdominals, but they are continued forwards on to the
lower part of the next anterior segment by the white spots, and back-
wards above on the next following segment, by a clear shade of green,
deeper in tint than the ground-colour, bordered by brighter yellow
nearly as far as the centre of the dorsal area (Bacot. July roth,
1901). Newport’s account of the musculature of the larva of Sphinx
ligustri, in his article “Insecta” (Todd’s Cyclopedia of Anatomy
ana Physiology, 1839, pp. 853—994), iS among the best that
have yet been published. His diagram of the muscles and nerves

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. $15

of the ventral surface of the segments in the larva of this species
is reproduced by Packard (Textbook of Entomology, p. 212) and a
brief summary of the musculature is given (Joc. cit., p. 213). Réaumur
gave an excellent description and figure of the larva in 1736
(Mémoires, i\., pp. 253-256). Newman describes the larva (£77, 111.,
p34).

; ee MOULT.—The whole body is wrinkled and contracted
in length, and there are occasional powerful contractions and twitch-
ings of its entire body; the skin becomes dry and shrivelled, and
is gradually separated from the new and very delicate one of the
next instar beneath. After several powerful efforts of the larva, the
old skin cracks along the middle of the dorsal surface of the
mesothoracic segment, and, by repeated efforts, the fissure is extended
into the 1st and 3rd thoracic segments whilst the covering of the
head divides along the vertex and on each side of the clypeus.
The larva then gradually presses itself through the opening, with-
drawing first its head and thoracic legs, and subsequently the
remainder of its body, slipping off the skin from behind like the
finger of a glove. This process, after the skin has once been
ruptured, seldom lasts more than a few minutes. When first
changed the larva is exceedingly delicate, and its head, which does
not increase in size until it again changes its skin, is very large
in proportion to the rest of the body (Newport). Hellins observes
that the larva always eats its cast skin.

RELATION OF THE COLOUR OF THE LARVA OF SPHINX LIGUSTRI TO THOSE
OF ITS FOODPLANTS.—Poulton notes (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886,
p. 153) that he found two full-grown larve upon wild guelder-rose,
that the ground-colour of the larve was bright green, like that of larvee
on privet, but the coloured borders to the stripes were of a very bluish-
lilac and rather duller than those in larve found upon the latter plant.
On August 1st, 1885, a larva found upon privet possessed the bright
colours usually associated with this foodplant. Fed upon lilac
during the last stadium (August rst-12th), there was a gradually in-
creasing change towards the duller colours which are always caused
by lilac, which, however, were not ultimately produced to such an
extent as is seen after feeding the larvze upon this foodplant for their
whole life. Sich notes (Zt. Record, xii., p. 53) that he saw, August _
16th, 1899, what he thought was acurious thickening of the petiole of
an ash-leaf, investigation proving that the swellings were the prolegs
of a fine larva of Sphinx ligustri, which was otherwise hidden by
the leaflets. It was excellently protected by its tint, which was ofa
greyer shade of green than the specimens one usually finds on privet.

VARIATION.—Besides the variation in ground-colour that ap-
pears to be due merely to a response to the tint of the particular
foodplant on which the larva is feeding and already described, there
is a marked aberration, which Buckler has excellently figured (Larvae,
Meta pl xa. fe. 2) of a bright reddish colour, the thoracic
segments, ventral areas below spiracles, and anal area behind the
last oblique stripe of a deeper, duller red tint, with white oblique
stripes, preceded anteriorly by strong black fusiform margins, not
at all similar to the usual purple margins. The white stripes become
pale violet in their continuation over the dorsum, whilst the head,
prothoracic plate, area at base of caudal horn posteriorly, and

316 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

spiracles are green. ‘The segmental incisions are also green. From
the letterpress (oc. cé¢., p. 110) one learns that the larva was found
in the grounds of Colchester workhouse on privet by Laver, on
September 6th, 1882. It was with great pleasure that we received on
October 22nd, 1902, two larve closely resembling this form from Mr.
Head, of Scarborough, who wrote: ‘‘ Most of my larve of S. /égustr7 were
more or less of this colour this autumn, and I believe tne cold
weather is the cause of it. Ihave often had a few dark specimens
when the larve have been late in feeding up.” One of the larve
received was already moribund, the other of a tint rather deeper dorsally
than that of Buckler’s figure, the upper part of the oblique lines
pink instead of pale violet, the spiracles yellow instead of green,
and the sides, in front of the lower portion of the oblique lines and
the area below the subspiracular flange, black, the caudal horn very
shiny black, the anal flap also black, the prothoracic plate and head
blackish without the green markings shown :n Buckler’s figure; there
is no green mark behind the caudal horn, and the prolegs and venter
are of a deep purple-black, except that the pale mark on the outside
of the prolegs is hardly distinguishable (Zu¢. Rec., xiv., p. 343).
Hitch motes (777, xxxiv., p. 254) that, on August 10th) =r@ommmed
fullfed larva, exactly like that figured in Buckler’s Larvae, i1., pl.
Xxil., fig. 2, was found on a potato-patch at Goldhanger, near Maldon.
He also mentions another larva that was more purple than green,
but not so dark and distinct as the one here noted. Hellins says that
the only minor variation that he has seen in the larve of this species
has been in the size and the depth of colour of the slanting lateral
stripes. Before pupating, the larva loses its normal green colour, and
becomes a deep purplish-brown [(‘‘sad brown” (Hellins)]. This
change of colour, which takes place at the time that the larva leaves
the green foliage of its foodplant, to crawl over the ground to find
a place for pupation, is most probably of protective significance.
Schultz notes (//lus. Zeits. fiir Ent., i1., p. 359) that he found, on August
igth, 1897, in the neighbourhood of Halensee, near Berlin, a larva
of S. “gustrd without a caudal horn, a dark chitinous plate raised
only slightly above the surface of the body occupying the usual
position of the horn. The larva pupated well and produced a @
imago the following May or June. Bacot writes (zw /¢¢.) that Shaw
exhibited, at a recent meeting of the City of London Entomological
Society, a larva with two caudal horns, the second being a small duplica-
tion of the first and arising behind it (? on the gth abdominal segment).

Cocoon.—The larva goes down into the ground to a depth of
about two inches and there makes a dome of beaten earth, about one
inch high by two and a half inches long. Like the larva of Zyles
euphorbiae, it makes no special floor in constructing its cocoon (Harri-
son); the larva goes down some distance into the soil and makes an
earthen cocoon in which to pupate (Hellins). The larve appear to have
more need than most of fresh earth in which to pupate, and the cocoons
appear to be rarely lined much with silk. Sometimes the silk is
altogether insufficient to hold together the grains of dry earth, so
that it is necessary for the earth to be sufficiently damp for the
walls of the cavity they form to support themselves; the larva
appears only to take care to beat and press well the walls of the
cavity where the pupa will remain (Réaumur). The larve go into

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 317

the earth to a depth of about 3 inches, and there make a cell of
fine mould, about 1°25 inches high by 2°75 inches in length, and
pupate therein (Clarke). The cocoon is very fragile, and is always
placed beneath the surface of the ground (Ransom).

_ THE puPpAL EcDysis.—The larva lies 8 or ro days in its earthen
cell, and gets very shabby and dirty-looking, from the shrivelling
and darkening of the effete larval skin. Immediately on moulting,
the pupa measured 1°87in. in length, made up of (1) °63in., from
anterior extremity to end of wings ; (2) 1’241ns., to posterior extremity.
The segments are all very marked and rounded, with deep incisions,
the terminal is full and blunt, not tapering as in the mature pupa, the 5th
and 6th abdominal segments being especially large and globular. The
head stands out and somewhat apart, as it does permanently in many
Tineid pupz. The proboscis-case forms a square projection ‘rin.
in length and width, but bent down somewhat already, markedly
bifid, and the two lateral halves easily separated. This case assumed
its permanent shape and length of about ‘28in. in about an hour.
Before moulting, the relative size of the segments had much changed,
the prothorax being large (from head pushed back into it ?) the first
abdominal very small, etc. The margin of the mesothorax against the
Ist spiracle was already brownish, as well as the flanges on the 5th, 6th
and 7th abdominal segments. After two hours the relative lengths
of measurement given above—(1)="63, (2)—=1'24, had become—(r)
—1't, (2)=o0'78. The abdominal spiracles were widely open, and
the winking movement of a membranous fold from the posterior
wall of the trachea a short distance within, was easily seen. There
are, in this species, no dark chitinous parts in connection with these
valves. These movements continued as long as observation could
be made. The period of closure became longer and longer. The
movements of the valves were synchronous with the vermicular
movements, but not with the pulsations of the dorsal vessel.
During actual moulting the valves were quite closed. As well as
the chitinous dark margin to first spiracle, the abdominal flanges
and the anal spine, there was also a slight chitinous tinting of the
dorsum of the mesothorax. The lateral stripes of the larva were
again very bright, and there are reddish spots (non-chitinous) at
the sites of the prolegs. The 8th abdominal spiracle yields as
strong a tracheal lining as the others, yet seems to be quite closed
and obsolete, as soon as this is withdrawn. The spiracles of the
6th and 7th abdominal segments are closed in about 15 minutes,
those anterior rather later, that on the znd abdominal segment in
about 20 minutes (Chapman’. The newly-turned pupa is of a rich
green colour (Hellins). The changes that take place both externally
and internally in the larva of Sphinx ligustrd during pupation were
worked out at length by Newport in his article ‘‘ Insecta” (in Todd’s
Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, 1839, pp. 853-994). The
figures are reproduced by Packard (Zexthook of Entomology, p. 646)
and exhibit the arrangement of organs in the fullgrown larva, the
pupa, and the imago, in such a manner that comparison is easy.

Pupa.—Of ordinary dark brown chitinous colour; length of a g
pupa 41mm., of a 2? pupa 46mm., but may vary much from these
dimensions. It is a fairly straight pupa, ze., no evidence of any
curve dorsally or ventrally at any part. The anterior extremity of the

318 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

pupa is some 2'5mm. to the ventral side of the apparent axis of
the pupa, the mesothoracic dorsum and the two wing-bases are rather
prominent, and there is a hollow where the 1st abdominal segment dips
under the hindwings, otherwise the form is fairly circular at all points,
but with just so much flattening under and beyond the trunk-horn,
that it looks as if a true cylinder would just enclose the horn instead
of exposing it. The measurements taken of a fair-sized 2 pupa are:

7,
LENGTH ERM ANTERO-POSTERIOR TRANSVERSE

MEASUREMENTS: BE re ee DIAMETER. ‘| DIAMETER.
(including | (without
Posterior border prothorax, Ist proboscis) | proboscis)

Spiracie=. -\. 3°3mm. | Il‘omm. 933mm. | $8-omm.
Wing-base, summit of ‘mesothorax . 8:0 12:6. 5; IT-0° 55,/| sbeaeee
Posterior bordermetathorax 2.2) 2a 12"*5) os PicSmm. Li-3, =
Front of 2nd abdominal segment, .

end of antenna and Ist legs... ..} 160 ,, 12-6245 12-2
Front of 4th abdominal segment, end

Onznd less es. 21Ooe Gs 13°Omn 12°64
End of wings, posterior ‘border of .

4th pdoainal Sige ined ele) Siva lee? OO. Io Sie is5 See at
Kront of 6th'abdominal” 2” 3.) <2) 3160. 5, A eae 12-50 ae
Front of 7th abdemimal ~~... _.. Bus os T2040 1-535
Hrontvof Sthyabdominal) 257 sa) 22|37s56 5 10:05 970:
Front of gth abdominal ... 5 Bi eGo) 4 eshte gOake
Front of 1oth abdominal segment ale12-On a A8O> Ae LOT
Base of anal spine... AZO. ae 150 sc , Z2°Oo 55

Extreme length= AGO); r

The horn from labrum to extremity is 8mm.—7‘omm. in a small
pupa; it is about 2mm. in diameter, a little less basally, where a
space exists between it and pupa, a little more at end where it touches
pupa. ‘The pupa is thoroughly “ Sphingid” in having the labrum
well in front, it is almost, but not quite, the most anterior portion
of the pupa. The convexity of the eye-lines is directed about 30°
less than directly forwards, z.e., 60° forwards of ventral. The labrum
is not always clearly marked out, when it is, it is of pentagonal form,
with a flat side to the maxilla and an angle dorsal, and it carries
a pair of tubercular elevations. The rest of the head is finely
wrinkled rather than tuberculated. The glazed eye is a well-marked
depressed curved line, with a narrow band outside it and a
broader within, smoother than the rest of the head but with
radial wrinkles, the outer passing into the general surface, but the
inner well marked off by a definite curved groove from a central
area of ordinary surface. The antenne show the segments very
plainly, about 65 can be easily counted; each segment has a
central elevation and a lower one on either side, basally, where they
are largest, these are further elaborated and subdivided and along the
dorsal margin is a further row of chainlike wrinkling. The first leg
is broad and touches both eye and antenna, and is marked with
fine sharp transverse ridges, but markedly flattened down along the
tarsal portion. Between this and the maxille is a very narrow smooth
area about 3°5mm. to 4‘omm. long (the rst femur?). The second
legs are comparatively very narrow, with similar (transverse
anastomosing) ridges to those on fmrst. The maxillz extend to

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 319

end of wings and are similarly ridged, the dimensions of horn have
already been given. It arises from a triangular area, similar to
that seen in many pupz where the bases of the maxille extend up
between the cheeks, below it the maxillze extend laterally beneath the
cheeks almost to the glazed eyes. Apart trom the maxillary horn, which
is no larger at its base than elsewhere, the maxilla have quite an
ordinary level aspect, no trace of keeling as in Eumorphids. The
prothorax is finely but roughly wrinkled in a labyrinthine manner.
The mesothorax has the wrinkles larger and smoother, running
transversely but with breaks and anastomoses. In some individuals
there is a very definite suture down the dorsal line of the pro- and meta-
thorax, looking as if it must be functional; in a majority of pupz this
suture is easily seen, but looks more or less obsolete, in a few it is
almost absent. In one specimen, for instance, there is no trace of it on
prothorax, but it is fairly indicated on anterior half of mesothorax.
It is not uncommon for a similar suture-like depressed line to
occur on the dorsum of the 4th and 5th abdominal segments, with
traces of it on others. There is a sort of central point in the
wrinkling about two-thirds from the anterior margin of the mesothorax.
The wing-base is marked off by a smooth suture-like line, beginning
in a few (three or four) longitudinal wrinkles a little nearer dorsum
than antenna; over the wing-base the wrinkles are marked out
into small definite regions, which may indicate patagia or parts
of the details of the wing articulation. Where the wing nervures start
is very prominent and marked by a few small tubercles, or separated
points of the wrinkling. The wings have transverse wrinklings
well marked basally, but, smoothing out, ill-defined and irregular
towards the hind margin. Eight nervures are obvious as raised above
the general surface, any others are lost in the costal thickening.
Poulton’s line is a fine impressed line beyond which there is fine
uniform wrinkling, the breadth being about o'6mm. The costal
thickening is really the raising of the wing-surface by the 3rd pair
of legs underneath, at least very largely, in some specimens they
reach almost to hind margin, in others a drop in the wing-surface
shows they fall short, sometimes by a couple of millimeters. The
prothoracic spiracle is a narrow sht with rather dark margins. The
metathorax is a much reduced piece, tomin. across, about 1°2 mm.
long dorsally, and 2°-omm. near its margin, with the hindwing, marked
off by a suture, extending down from it as a very narrow slip, 0°3 mm.
wide, opposite spiracle of 2nd abdominal and o-7mm. opposite next
incision and terminating opposite the 3rd abdominal spiracle. Poulton’s
line is fairly indicated along this inner margin of hindwing.
The surface of the metathorax shows a dorsal raised ridge
and two, transverse, raised ridges extending out from _ this
for about 2°omm. (the callosities of Manduca, many Sphinges
etc.) Laterally the intersegmental subsegment is well seen,
the rest of the segment has the usual wrinkles (transverse).
The sculpturing of the abdominal segments is as usual difficult to
describe. It is not easy to say whether it should be called
wrinkling or pitting. On the 8th, and probably the 7th, it may be
called pitting without much error. This becomes gradually modified
into wrinkling as one progresses to the anterior segments. Of each
segment, however, the basal portion is that whose sculpture is

320 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

rather pitting than wrinkling. As to subsegmentation, the inter-
segmental subsegment is broadest and plainest laterally, it is very
narrow dorsally, laterally it is much smoother than the rest of the
segment. Other subsegmentation is only clearly visible, dorsally, and
varies in distinctness in different pupe. There is an anterior subsegment,
rather the broadest, and then two of about equal width, and behind
this there is sometimes an indication of another besides the
intersegmental one. On the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments,
immediately in front of the spiracle and extending from it dorsally
(about 5mm.), is a sharp ridge, with a smooth surface in front of
it, which is terminated by another straight line close to the edge
of the segment. The scar of prolegs (on 5th and 6th) is always
present, but varies much in its character—it may be a smoother
area with radiating wrinkles, it may present stronger concentric
wrinkles, usually it is somewhat depressed. It may be slightly
raised with a central foveola and strong wrinkles around. The
scar of horn on the 8th abdominal segment is usually a small, definite,
smooth tubercle, or it may be a larger but less definite elevation. There
is always a hollow behind it (Gmpress of bent larval horn when awaiting
pupation). The anal spike is strongly wrinkled and does not
taper much for first rds of its length; here are two latero-dorsal
spines, more or less distinct ; beyond this it is smoother, tapers
rapidly and ends in a double spine. In the g pupa, the tubercles
are very marked, symmetrical, and are on the posterior border of the
segment, usually projecting behind it and leaving 2ths of the segment
in front of them unoccupied, this space, however, is smooth, and
there is a tendency to smooth out the incision in front up to the 8th
segment. ‘These tubercles vary a little, each, usually, has a smooth
reniform area lateral to and behind it, and they may be a little
irregular as to symmetry. The female tubercles are almost exactly
like those of the g in size and prominence in some instances, in most they
are flattened down and almost obsolete, the central pore is always
indicated as a longitudinal impressed line, the gth segment is
prolonged up to this point, indeed, the roth appears to be, the
incisions bending forwards and becoming obsolete. No _ posterior
pore is indicated. In both sexes the anal scar is a longitudinal
groove, with lateral ridges or wrinkles filling up an oval area, 2mm.
long, 176mm. across. ‘The general form of the posterior extremity
of the pupa is indicated by the measurements given. It tapers
with some regularity till a diameter of about 4mm. is reached, and
then the pupa ends abruptly, except that on the dorsal margin the
anal spike arises. In a few specimens, the anal area, usually
terminal, is more ventral, and then the tapering is more gradual.
The spiracles are slits nearly 1mm. long in darker depressed oval
areas, with fine raised margins, and with one or more _inter-
mediate lines between the spiracle and the margin. Viewed
microscopically, the first spiracle has no fringed or spiculated
margin. The prothorax has a good many minute hairs, the meso-
thorax only one or two, whilst the metathorax has four very definitely
placed, as though they were the ordinary tubercles. On the ab-
dominal segments these hairs are most abundant near the spiracles,
elsewhere very scarce. The prespiracular flange has a rst dark
ridge above spiracle, then a second nearly as strong, the area between

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. RA

them is sinooth and free from any sculpture—pits, hairs, &c. The
area between the second and the anterior margin of the segment has
no sculpture, but a good many minute hairs. The pits have a
peculiar “ fish-scale” aspect, margin crenate with radiating shading to
the crenations from a central point. Neither the pits, the hairs, nor
the wrinkling present any very definite connection with each other
nor any intergrading appearances. The callosity of metathorax consists
of a few labyrinthine walls standing up darker, of which two are
especially strong and dark (Chapman). Poulton figures and describes
(fixt. Morph. Lep. FPupa, p. 205, pl. xx., figs. 20-21) the terminal
abdominal segments of a g pupa of this species. Fig. zo (x 4)
represents the gth and 1oth abdominal segments seen from the
ventral aspect, showing the sculpture of the surface and the ¢ re-
productive organ. ‘The latter is typical; its relation to the boundary
between the gth and :oth abdominal segments is better shown in
the next figure (21), where it 1s seen to be nearly the same as in
Manduca atropos (fig. 17). Fig: 21 (x 26) exhibits the median
ventral area of the gth and adjacent parts of the 8th and roth ab-
dominal segments, showing the g organ and the surface sculpture
very distinctly ; the lateral tubercles are more closely applied than
in Afanduca atropos. ‘Vhe pit in front of the reproductive organ
is merely an individual peculiarity. Jackson gives other figures
(Studies Morph. Lep., p\. xv., figs. 11-14) showing details of the pupa
of this species. Fig. 11 is a ventral view of the abdominal seg-
ments 8-10 of a g pupa. The punctuations of the chitinous cuticle
are indicated in the 8th and oth segments; g —indicates the aperture
of the ductus ejaculatorius and its two triangular lips ; ~. p.—are the
prominences representing the anal prolegs. Fig. 12 is a similar view
Manet bit the pupa isa 9. Lhe mark 9° im the fig. indicates
the confluent ? apertures. Fig. 13 represents the enlarged. view of
the two @ apertures in an abnormal specimen; 8, 9g indicate the
segments. It will be observed that the two apertures belong, as in
the pupa of Preris brassicae (fig. 2), to consecutive segments. Fig. 14
is a lateral view of the four terminal segments of the abdomen.
The 7th (perfect) and the 8th (abortive) abdominal spiracles are
shown. Corbin notes /Zoo/., p. 3438) a pupa, found at Ringwood,
with the sheath of the tongue distinctly bifurcate (cf., av¢ea p. 318).
DuRATION OF THE PUPAL S1tAGE.—The pupal period generally
lasts some nine months from September-October to June-July
(Montgomery gives it as 286 days in some that he had under
observation), and we have only one certain record of an imago emerging
in the autumn from a pupa of the year, although Bartel says that the
imago is disclosed rarely in July and August of the same year;
the record that we have is by Grote, who notes (//us. Zetts. fiir Ent.,
lll., p. 360) that he had a larva pupate in July, 1898, at Hildesheim,
and that an imago emerged from the pupa at the commencement
of September of the same year; a record by Daws ofa ¢ captured
October 3rd, 1900, at Mansfield, may also have been a representative
of a partial second brood; we have, however, several instances
of the pupal stage being extended beyond the normal period,
é.g.. imago emerged on August 22nd, 1899, from pupa of Sep-
tember, 1898, all the remainder (kept under same _ conditions)
having emerged in June, 1899 (Phillips); larva pupated September,

D.¢

322 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

1881, produced an imago April, 1883, at Bournemouth, the pupa
kept in ferncase and subjected the whole time to an unusually high
temperature (McRae); 14 larve pupated in 1887, from which, in
1888, 8 imagines came out at the usual time, whilst the other
six emerged in June, 1889, at St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter) ; another larva,
from Bournemouth, pupated August, 1893, produced an imago
June 5th, 1895, at Kingston-on-Thames (Gloyns); larve from
Chagford, August, 1897, pupated and gave imagines on May
15th, roth and 24th, 1899 (Studd), larve pupated’ September,
1880, produced two imagines, July, 1883, at Wanstead, the bulk
appeared in 1881, the pupz kept throughout in an outhouse (Argent,
Ent., XVi., p. 234); Freeman writes that he had a living pupa that
had passed through two winters, had been forced twice without
result and was going through a third winter. Verloren states.
(Ale. Konst-en Letterbode, 1847, pt. 2, pp. .147-148) that, of 29
pupe which went through the severe winter of 1844-5, only 20
imagines emerged in 1845, whilst 7 came out in 1846, together
with 30 from larve which had pupated in August—September, 1845.
Haworth notes that this species has been known to remain two,
or even three, seasons in the pupal state and then emerge well.
Briggs quotes the strange statement that pupz on the surface come
out the first year, those deeper the second year, those deepest of
all the third year. We have never seen the slightest evidence to
bear this out.

Fooppiants.—Ligustrum, Syringa, Fraxinus, Lonicera, Sambucus,
Salix (Linné), lilac, holly (Albin), prefers variegated forms of
holly, ash (Dell), Laurustinus, Phillyrea (Hellins), oréensia,
Ligustrum vulgare, Syringa persica (Speyer), Sorbus aucuparia,
Viburnum opulus, Spiraea saticifolia (Moeschler), Symphoricarpus race-
mosus (Rossler), especially Spzraea (Fischer), prefers lilac (Hering),
Syringa vulgaris, Viburnum laurustinus, V. lantana, V. opulus, Nerium
oleander, Llex aquifolium, Celtis australis, Symphoricarpus parviflora,
Daphne taureola (Guenée), Spiraea filipendula, Ornus europaea, Spiraea
ulmaria (filipendula ulmaria), Sambucus nigra, Lonicera caprifolium, L.
xylosteum, Dipsacus fullonum, Carpinus betulus (Bartel), Viburnum tinus
(Dewick), Cytisus purpureus (Frey), sycamore (Harding), aspen (Brown),
guelder rose, evergreen oak (Mathew), larva on wild teasel but left it
for privet in confinement (Clogg), commonly on apple and pear in
1863 (Clifford, Zoo/., 8906), hop (¢es¢e Dewick, Lint. Wk. Lnt., 1X., p. 20),
larvee found on Viburnum tinus, Lonicera tatarica, Phillyrea angustt-
folium and Llex aquifolium, but none on Liegustrum although the
latter was abundant in the district searched (Gower), larve on
privet in 1897, but in 1898 appeared to be confined to ash at Sal-
ford Priors (Fountain), snowball tree (Perkins), Spanish lilac
(Homeyer), Luwonymus europaeus (Bond), laurel (Luff), Portugal
laurel (Wilson), Cornus sanguinea, Laurustinus (Crewe), willow pre-
ferred to privet (Braine, £ywz., iv., pp. 322-323), larva on rose and
on the common blue passion flower (Daws), fuchsia (/es/e Lucas),
freely on plum and oak (Finch).

PaRASITES.—Jchneumon pisorius, Linn. (Ratzeburg); J/chneumon
enstdtosus, Gr, (Rudow) ; Pimplaexaminator, Gr. (Rudow) ; Zregus albo-
guttatus, G. (Adkin. ‘This species is figured in Proceedings Sth. Lond.
Ent, Soc., 1886, pl. i., fig. 7); Zrogus exaltatorius, Panzer | Bignell, bred
July 4th, 1882. This species pupates within the pupa of S. dégustri

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 323

and after the parasite emerges the pupa appears to be _ half
filled with thick creamy-looking matter, but there is no indication of a
parasitic pupa-case (see Enz. xi., p. 274)|; Anomalon circumflexum,
Linn. (Rondani) ; Zxvorista vulgaris, Fallén (Bridgman).
-Hasits.—Merrifield states that the imagines emerge from pupa
at almost any time throughout the day, but Russell observes that
they emerge in the evening before 8 o'clock. The imago flies at
dusk and continues on the wing far into the night. By crouching by
the side of a tall privet-bush in early July, we have seen the females
against the sky as they have come to lay their eggs, the noise made by
the vibration of the wings being quite audible. Waters records (Zt,
X1X., pp. 44-45) that, in 1885, he disturbed a ? whilst ovipositing,
that it wheeled round repeatedly above his head, remaining poised
each time over the spot whence she was disturbed for several
seconds, the rapid vibration of her wings producing a loud humming
noise distinctly audible, that became shriller after a time as if it
were aware of his presence. Trimen has seen the imagines at
flowers of rhododendron at Box Hill, about half-an-hour after
sunset, looking like a yellow shade among the topmost flowers,
hovering about the congregated blossom, etc. Lambillion, too, notes
that they fly about g o’clock in the evening round bushes of Ligustrum
in Belgium, and Montgomery has observed them flying at sunset over
a mixed hedge at the foot of the downs at Eastbourne. Prideaux
has noticed them at dusk hovering over privet blossom in the
Isle of Wight, and over honeysuckle at Bristol, whilst other flowers
noted are honeysuckle at Leytonstone (Meldola), at Boxworth
(Thornhill), at St. Ives (Norris), at Chiswick (Sich), at honeysuckle
and rhododendron at Newbury (Beales), at rhododendron in the
New Forest (Richardson), in Upper Lusatia (Moeschler), at Saponaria
in Modena (Fiori), at jessamine at Holloway (James), at /Vicotzana
afjinis at Mansfield (Daws), at red valerian at Farningham (Barraud),
at pinks at Groombridge (Blaber), whilst Caradja observes that the
insect, usually rare in Roumania, swarmed at petunias in the hot
summer of 1892. D’Urban notes an imago with a pollen-mass attached
to right eye ; and one is recorded (Zo0/.) as being caught by the tongue
by a flower of @nothera speciosa, at Sudbury, in 1848. It is often
attracted to light and has been recorded thus—from Chester (Arkle),
Winchester (Shepheard-Walwyn), Emsworth (Christy), Horrabridge
(Still), Wicken (James), as well as at Bristol (Bartlett), at Oxton
(Studd), at Boscombe (Robertson), and at electric light at Kingston-
on-Thames (Cooper), at Taunton (Farrant), at Eastbourne (Dewey),
at Ipswich (Morley), at High Wycombe (Peachell), at Berne
(Benteli), at Zurich (Nageli), at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), etc. It
rests by day with its wings drawn over the body and is usually
found at rest on posts, fences, palings, etc., the colour of which
its forewings match admirably, but it is also taken occasionally
on the trunks of ash, lilac and other trees. Martineau records
etme EX, Pp. 231; H.MM7., xxix., p. 170) that, at Solihull, a
specimen of S. /igustr7 entered a beehive, and was killed by the
bees who covered the body with wax. The species hardly seems
to be so sedentary as one would think, for Cordeaux notes (2.1/1,
XXV., p. 111) that three specimens visited the Leman and Ower Light
vessel, moored in the North Sea about 48 miles E,N.E. of Cromer,

324 i BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

on July 30th, 1888, at 9 a.m. (? p.m.), one was captured, whilst the
others left the ship and went away with the wind. One feels, however,
that. one would like to have seen the captured specimen to make
sure that it was not Agrius convolvuli. As to the power of the ?
to attract the gs, Robinson notes that, at St. Leonards, in June,
1877, a 2 was resting on the inside of a window when it was
accidentally killed, yet between 11 p.m. and 3 a.m. 10 gS were
captured in the room, and 2 on the glass outside this window.
Weniger notes that, one spring, several specimens emerged be-
tween February 17th and roth, among them a 2. They refused
to pair, but lived a long time, and, on March 22nd, a g Antheraea.
cecropia paired with the 9°. S. /ieusiz7. “Vhe 2 laid@parmiomemes
eggs the day after the pairing and then died, but the eggs all
proved to be infertile. The pairing lasted 113 hours. :

Hapitat.—This species is abundant in most suitable localities
in the southern and midland counties of Great Britain, becoming
rare in the north and west and being almost entirely absent from
Scotland and Ireland. In the south of England its most frequent
habitats are privet hedges in gardens and lanes, and bushes growing
on the outskirts of shaws, thickets and woods, but holly hedges and
holly bushes in similar. situations are frequently chosen.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—The imago appears from mid-May to
the end of July. On the continent there appears to be imesome
districts a partial second-brood, ¢.g., Roumania, end of June and
September, imagines taken September roth, 1892, in a garden in
Roumania (Caradja), June and September at Deux-Sévres (Maillard),
Tuscany, rare in July and August, fullgrown larve found at the end
of June (Mann). Daws caught a g at flowers of MMcotvana affinis
on October 3rd, 1900, at Mansfield, very possibly a second-brood
example, as the captures in the ‘same place are) moted@gas
May, 15th,. 1397 “and ) june) reth-july, oth) asoet Generally,
however, the time of appearance on the continent agrees
with that in the British Islands—end of April to July at
Funtkirchen; May at Wernigerode; May and June at Eutin,
Brunswick, Halle, Dresden, Thuringia, Carlsruhe, Frankfort-on-Main,
Alsace, Switzerland, Upper Austria, Eperies, Haute-Garonne, Loire-
Inférieure and Sarepta; May to mid-July at Budapest; end of
May to commencement of August at Leipzig; June at Lyngor,
Bremen, Crefeld, Wiesbaden, Miilhausen, Zurich, Hermannstadt,
Paris dist., Nantes ; June-July in the Netherlands, Berne, and Hildesheim ;
July at Gorki; July and August at Aix-les-Bains, &c. Fritsch gives
dates for Austro-Hungary from May 16th-July 3rd, also at Salzburg
on July 17th and August 5th, common from July 9th, 1893, at Berne
(Hiltbold), July 3rd-4th, 1898, at light at Aigle (Lowe).
Hellins notes imagines from May 3oth to July 14th, and one.
captured July 2oth nr. Exeter. The following dates will give some
idea of its time of appearance in various parts of the British Isles:
May 27th-July roth, abundant at Rochester and Chatham (Chaney),
imagines in June at Southampton and Winchester (Moberly), ¢ caught
May 2oth, 1844, f bred June 14th, 2 gs and 5@s on June 16th, 2 June
18th, 2 June 19th, 1845, f and ¢ May 2oth,2 gs and 2 2son May
31st, S June rst, 2 fs June 2nd, 1246, June rst, 1847, imagines emerged
May 27th-June 21st, 1848, June rath, 1850, at Brighton (Merrifield), June

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 325

27th, 1856 at East Looe (Horton), May 26th, 1857, and following days,
at Faversham (Stowell), June 18th, 1857, at Wandsworth (Blackmore),
June 2oth, 1857, at Box Hill, July 15th, 1857, bred from Shanklin
larve (Trimen), July 3rd, 1857, at Chelsea (A. H. Clarke), June 5th,
1858, at Barnstaple (Mathew), common in 1859, at Hull (Young),
common June 13th, 1859, at Deal (Harding), April gth-15th, 1860,
bred at Worcester (Edmunds), July 18th, 1860, in a London square,
July roth, 1864, at Thurning, June 13th, 1866, at Tilgate Forest,
bred July 2nd-15th, 1898, from larve found at Lynmouth, on September
22nd, 1897, others bred on July 5th, 1899, and June 16th, 1900 (T. H.
Buses). june’ 7th, 1866, at Northleach; (Todd), June —5th-
26th, 1869, in the New Forest (Capper); bred June roth-23rd,
1870, June roth, 1894, June 26th, 1898, caught June 2oth, 1894, June
22nd, 1898, June 23rd, 1900, at Oxton, bred May 15th-24th, 1899, three,
from larve taken at Chagford in August, 1897, others on June 2zoth,
1874, June 22nd, July 15th, 1898, at Oxton (Studd), June 18th, 1871,
at Wanstead, July 7th, 1886, May 23rd, 1893, at Rainham (Burrows),
June 23rd, 1871, at Eltham (Jones), imago July 17th, 1872, at
Darenth (Bower), May 16th, 1873, at Bentley (Harwood),
May 27th, 1875, at Llantrissant (John), June 1st, 1877, at Maple-
durham, nr. Reading, June 7th, 1880, June 3rd, 1887, at Reading
(Holland), June 14th, 1879, at Rugby (Wilson), June 14th-26th,
1880, at Wicken (Porritt), July roth, 1880, at Earl Shilton (Storer),
June z2oth, 1881, at Hackney, June 5th, 1882, at Yarmouth, June
24th, 1894, at Sidcup and Eltham (J. A. Clark), June 24th, 1885,
at Painswick (Watkins), June 7th-r2th, 1886 at Brentwood, July
12th, 1897, at Woodham Mortimer (Raynor), 14 larve pupated in
1887, from these 8 came out in June, 1888, and six in June, 1889,
all being kept under the same conditions (Baxter), June 14th, July
31st, 1888, at Bristol (Bartlett), commencement of July, 1888,
at Groombridge (Blaber), July 22nd, 1888, at Holloway (James),
? emerged May 2oth, 1890, from pupa found at Sandown (Montgomery),
June 8th, 1891, at Lincoln (Musham), June 26th, 1891, June 18th,
1892, at Bristol, June 24th, 1895, in the Isle of Wight (Prideaux),
June rst, 1892, at Cheltenham (Sanders), June 1st-1oth, 1892, at
Shorncliffe, June t1st-14th, 1895, at Enniskillen (Brown), imagines
June zoth, 1892, at Wicken Fen, June 29th, 1897, at Whitwell,
June 30th, 1897, at Aylsham (Freeman), larve on September 12th, 1892,
from whichr g and 2 2? s emerged May r1th-27th, 1893, from larve found
August 6th-15th, 1896, imagines emerged May 2gth-June 22nd, 1897,
imago captured at Eastbourne on June 21st, 1897 (Montgomery), May
Ist, 1893, at Emsworth (Christy), May 7th, 1893, and following
days at Newbury (Beales), May 2oth-z22nd, 1893, in New Forest
feicnardson), June 15th, 1893, at Penrith (Hope), June 3oth,
1893, at Brandon Wood (Peachell), July 11th, 1894, at Southend
(Whittle), June 6th, 1895, June 22nd-23rd, 1895, June ith,
1896, at Winchester (Broome), June z2oth, 1895, from larva
obtained September 12th, 1894, at Guildford (Grover), June
3rd-16th, 1896, June 8th, 1897, June 5th, 1899, June 2oth, 1900,
at Worcester (Rea), bred imagines on June 6th-12th, 1896, at Wisbech
(Glenny), June 8th, 1896, from larve that pupated August 2oth,
1895, from Southbourne (Bingham-Newland), captured at Ashton
Wold on June 22nd, 1896, bred on July 2nd, 1898, from larva found at

326 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Croydon, bred on July 3rd-zoth, 1898, from larva found at Folkestone,
also on June 22nd and 25th, 1899, from larve at Sandown, captured at
Torquay on July 24th, 1899 (Prout), imagines captured July 3rd, 1896,
June 23rd-24th, July 21st, 1897, June 17th, 30th, July 2nd, 1808, at
Chelmsford (Miller), July 25th, 1896, May 23rd, 1897, at Bristol
(Bartlett), bred March a2rst-Aprl ist, 1807, captunediaaymiy
roth, 1897, at Boxworth (Thornhill), May 15th, 1807>;>June
12th-July 6th, 1898, October 3rd, 1900, at Mansfield (Daws), June
roth, 1897, bred from larva found at Hitchin, June.5th, 1901, at Bushey
Heath (Barraud), June 13th, July 17th, August 8th, 1897, June
24th-27th, July 4th, 1898, June rrth, rath and 16th, 1899, at Dawlish
(Rogers), imagines emerged June 16th- 22nd, 1897, from larve taken
at Fleet, from August 31st-September 3rd, 1896, also imagines June 17th-
23rd, 1898, from larve taken September 1st-4th, 1897, and on June 24th,
1898, from Southend larve found on September 19th, 1897, June roth,
1897, from larva taken at Fleet, on August 8th, 1898, June 13th-21st, 1899,
from larve taken at Otford, on September 11th, 1898 (Russell), July
tith, 1897, July 6th, 18098, July 7th, 1900, at Readme) (Butler),
June 7th, 1898, from an Enfield pupa (Edelsten), June 15th, 1898, at
Hayling Island (May), imago emerged at Taunton, June 1r8th,.1898
(Fetley), June 21st, 1898, at Chenton (Hill), June 25thijulyeecum
1898, at light, on Wicken Fen (James), June 28th, 1898, at Marathon,
near Douglas (Clarke), July oth, 1898, at Leicester (Dixon), ? at
light, July 15th, 1898, at ‘Chester (Dobie), larveswitoumaeua:
Tavistock pupated September, 1898, all but one produced imagines
June, 1899, this exception emerged August 22nd, 1899 (Phillips),
imagines bred June, 1899, from larve obtained from Northallerton
(teste Elgee), July 11th, 1899, at Chingford (McIntyre), captured
July 14th, 1899, at diye others bred from forced pupz from March
11th, 1900 (Peachell), bred June 4th-July 3rd, rgoo, July 17th, rgot,
also imagines emerged June 7th, 1902, and following days, at Dorking
(Oldaker), bred June 7th, 1g00, from larve taken at Malvern (Sich), June
gth-14th, 1900, at Farningham (Barraud), imago May 2oth, rgo1,
at Esher (Fleet), June 6th, 1901, at Mucking (Burrows), imago
June 28th, rgo01, at Stanstead Abbot (Image), end of June, rgor,
at Devizes (Sladen).

LocALITIES.—Common in the south of England, rare in the north, very rare
in Scotland and scarcely recorded for ‘Ireland. ANTRIM: Ballymena (‘este
Bristow). AYRSHIRE: near Kilmarnock (Dunlop). BEDFORD: Bedford (Steuart).*
BERKS: West Woodhay, Newbury (Beales), Reading (Butler), Mapledurham,
Pangbourne, Tilehurst (Holland). Bucks: Buckingham, not uncommon (Slade),
High Wycombe (Peachell), Foscott (Bland), Marlow (A. H. Clarke), Halton,
common, Wavendon, near Newport Pagnel (Stainton). CAMBRIDGE: Fen district,
abundant everywhere (Balding), Cambridge (Moss), Fulbourne (Raynor), Wicken
(Porritt), Boxworth (Thornhill), Ely Wainwright), Wisbech (Glenny). CAR-
MARTHEN : Llanstephan (Bingham-New and), Langharne, common (Kaye), Llan-
trissant (John). CHESHIRE: Bowdon (Thorpe), Chester (Dobie), ? Upton (Arkle).
CORNWALL: Truro, common (Stainton), East Looe, Liskeard (Horton), Newlyn,
Penzance (Burrows). CUMBERLAND: Carlisle district, singly (Armstrong) [ Hodgkinson
says this is an error, see Ent. We. Int., vol. vil., pp. 102, 159} Keswick, rare (Beadle),
Penrith (Hope). DERBY: not uncommon in the southw est of county, Burton district,
not aaeace (Payne), minder (Smallwood), Stapenhill (Thornewill), Derby, rare
(Pullen). Drvon: Dawlish (Turner), Newton Abbot (Holdaway), Stoke (Harvie),
Chagford, Oxton, near Exeter (Studd), Braunton (Bartlett), Honiton (Riding),
Sidmouth (Majendie), Starcross (Hewett), Torquay (Prout), Dartmoor (Gueebaee
Barnstaple ((‘otton), Lynmouth (T. H. Briggs), Tavistock (Phillips), Ilfracombe

SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 327

(Gardner), Tiverton, Horrabridge (Still), Plymouth very common, Teignmouth
(Stainton), Devonport (Dell), Fursdon, near Egg Buckland (Briggs). DONEGAL:
Ballyshannon (Bland). Dorsrr: Blandford, common, Dorchester, very common
(Stainton), Chickerell (Payne), Weymouth (Peachell), Portland, one larva
(Partridge), Swanage (Hall). DurHAM: Hartlepool, one (Gardner). EssEx:
Epping, very common, Mucking, Southend, Brentwood, Rainham, Wanstead
‘(Burrows), Chelmsford (Miller), Woodham Mortimer, Great Baddow,
Hazeleigh, Danbury (Raynor), Sudbury dist.—Henny (Ransom), Leigh
district (Vaughan), East Mersea (Cole), Chingford (McIntyre), Colchester
(Harwood), Woodford (Oldham), Southend (Whittle), Hadleigh (Bacot), Goldhanger
(Fitch), Rayleigh (Mathew). FERMANAGH: Enniskillen (Brown). FLINT: Rhyl
(Perkins). GLAMORGAN : Swansea district, scarce (Robertson). GLOUCESTER :
Bristol district, common, Stapleton (Griffiths), near Stroud (Redmayne), Painswick
(Watkins), Cheltenham (Comyn), Northleach (Todd). Lower Guiting (Stainton),
Tewkesbury district (Fox). Hants: Isle of Wight—Sandown (Sich), Freshwater
(Sheldon), Shanklin (Trimen), near Winchester (Broome), New Forest (Capper), Rom-
sey (Buckell), Ringwood (Fowler), Southborne, Wishanger (Bingham-Newland), Hart-
ley Row, Odiham (Holland), Bournemouth (Miller), Horndean (Hawker), Ringwood
(*owler),-Fleet (Russell), Winchester, Lyndhurst (Hewett), Basingstoke (Holdaway),
Boscombe (Robertson), Southampton (Moberly), Hayling Island (May), Emsworth
(Christy), Woolmer Forest (McLachlan), Gosport dist. common throughout—Cosham,
etc. (Pearce), Hartley Wintney, plentiful (Claxtun). HEREFORD : Leominster (Hutchin-
son), larrington (Wood). HERTS: Waltham Cross (Bowles), Bushey Heath, Hitchin
(Barraud), Stanstead Abbot (Image), Hertford (Stephens). Hunts: St. Ives
(Norris). ISLE oF MAN: local and rare—Orrysdale (Crellin), Kirk Michael, Marathon,
Douglas (Clarke). KENT: generally distributed (Tutt), Eltham (Jones), Kingsdown
(Sheldon), Folkestone (T. H. Briggs), Deal, Dover (Harding), Lee, Mottingham
(Bower), Hythe (Heitland), Sidcup (J. <A. Clark), Chatham (Tyrer),
Ramsgate (Willson), Farningham, Darenth (Barraud), Darenth dist., Greenhithe,
Dartford (James), Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-Beeching), Gravesend (Huggins), Shorn-
clifie :Biown), Wye (Theobald), Rotherhithe (Moore), Brockley (Manger), Lewisham
(Fenn), Rochester and Chatham districts, common (Chaney), Rosherville (Andrews),
Otford, Southend near Catford (Russell), Strood (Latchmore), Herne Bay (Peachell),
Dulwich dist. (Helps), Cheriton (Hill), West Wickham (Barrett), Sydenham (Swain),
Tenterden (Stainton), Faversham (Skelton). LANARK: Banks of Kelvin (Brand),
near Glasgow (Gray), Possil Marsh (Cross), Glasgow formerly (Stainton).
LANCASHIRE: Grange (Murray), Whittle, near Chorley, one example only
(Hodgkinson). LEICESTER: Earl Shilton, Fosse Road (Storer), Loughborough
(Rowley), Gumley (Matthews), Kibworth (Macaulay), Leicester (Dixon).
LIMERICK: Limerick (/este Bristow). LINCOLN: Lincoln dist., rare (Carr), Lincoln
(Musham), Brant Broughton (Stowe), Grantham (Walpole), Wyberton (Lane-
Claypon). MIDDLESEX: generally common (Godwin), Harrow dist.—Mount
Park (Rhoades-Smith), Pinner Drive (Melvill), Kingsbury (Bond), Hackney
(J. A. Clark), Enfield (Bowles), Holloway (James), Stoke Newington (Hender-
son), Chiswick (Mitchell), Bedford Park (Fenn), Chelsea (A. H.~ Clarke),
Tottenham (Cooper), Teddington (T. H. Briggs), Mill Hill, Ealing (South),
Isleworth (Meyers), Shepherd’s Bush (Mitchell), Enfield (Edelsten), Kingston
(Gower), Kilburn, St. John’s Wood (Wormald), Hammersmith and Fulham,
formerly, Marble Arch (Mera), Bethnal Green (Milton), Twickenham (Boscher).
NorFo“k : Norwich (Moss), Yarmouth (J. A. Clark), Aylsham, Whitwell
(Freeman), near Cromer (Cordeaux), Stalham (Edelsten), NORTHAMPTON :
Northampton (Hensman), Kettering (Sturgess), Daventry (Green), Peter-
borough (Morley), Thurning (T. H. Briggs), Ashton Wold (Prout). NOorrine-
HAM: not common—Mansfield, &c. (Daws), Newark (Gascoyne), Sherwood
Forest (Talbot), near Nottingham, abundant (Smith). OxrForD: Caversham
(Henderson), Watlington (Lucas), Hardwick, Henley (Holland), Chinnor (Spiller),
Oxfo:d (Poulton). PAISLEY: very rare (¢este Dalglish). PEMBROKE: Castlemartin,
common (Hodge), Pembroke (Barrett), Tenby, abundant (Reynell), Talgarth
(Vaughan). RENFREW: very rare (Dalglish). ROXBURGH: Hawick dist., Howgate,
one (Guthrie). RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). SHROPSHIRE : Wyre Forest (Rea).
SOMERSET: Bristol coalfield dist., common throughout (Hudd), Weston-super- Mare
(Head), Taunton (Tetley), Bath (Greer), Wotton-under-Edge (Perkins), Clevedon
(Jefferys), Castle Cary, common (Macmillan), Wells (Livett). Srarrs : Stoke (Jahn).
SUFFOLK: common (Bloomfield), Brantham (Buckell), Ipswich (Mera), Lowestoft
(Montgomery), Waldringfield (James), Sudbury, common (Ransom), Brandon
(Raynor), Stowmarket, common (Stainton), Bentley (Harwood), SURREY Wands-

328 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

worth (Blackmore), Esher (Fleet), Kingston-on-Thames (Cooper), Guildford
(Griffiths), _Merstham (James\, Crovdon (Prout), Dorking | (Oldaker),
Worcester Park (Kaye), Streatham (Henderson). Leatherhead (T. H. Briggs),
Box Hill (Trimen). SUSSEX: common (Jenner), Groombridge (Blaber),
Worthing, common, Brighton, very common, Lewes (Stainton), Eastbourne (Sich),
Tilgate Forest (T. H. Briggs), Bognor, common (Lloyd), St. Leonards (Barraud),
Rye (Henderson), Wannock (Pearson), Chichester (Anderson), Hurst Green (Eddrup),
Arundel, Bersted (Fletcher), Hastings dist. (Bloomfield), Burgess Hill (Dollman),
Cuckfield, Ovingdean (Merrifield), Firle (Edgell). Warwick: Rugby (Wilson),
Birmingham (Imms), Salford Priors (Fountain), Solihull (Martineau), Brandon
Wood (Peachell). Witts: Bremhill, Calne (Eddrup), Devizes (Sladen). Wor-
CESTER: Great Malvern (Mitchell), Malvern Wells (Sich), Worcester, common,
Bransford (Rea), Trench Woods (Harrison). YORKS: rare in Yorkshire
(Porritt), Doncaster, Scarborough (Staintcn), York dist. (Anderson), Hull
(Young), Ingleby Greenhow, Northallerton (Elgee), Harrogate (A. H. Clarke),
Hutton Gate, Cleveland (Lofthouse), Barnsley, rare (Brady), Southcoats Lane
in 1884 (Russell), Bridlington (Lawson), near Castleford (Smethurst), Selby
(Hebson), Sheffield (Doncaster), Wakefield (Talbot), York (Ripley).
DISTtRIBUTION.—Throughout the Palearctic area, excluding the Polar
regions, AFRICA: northwest Africa /feste Bartel), Canary Islands (Speyer), Azores
(Goodman). Asia: Asia Minor—Brussa, Bithynia, Armenia (Staudinger), Altai
(Pallas), southwest Siberia—between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ust-Buchtarminskaja
(teste Bartel), northern Amurland (Staudinger as var. amurensis), North China, Japan
(Leech as var. constricta), Isle of Askold (Oberthir). Austro-HuNGARY: Tyrol
(Hinterwaldner)—Trient, Bozen /feste Bartel), Innsbruck, Taufers valley (Weiler),
Fiume * (Mann), Lavantthal (Héfner), Bucovina, common in valleys, singly in
mountain districts—Czernowitz, &c. (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia
—Carlsbad (Nickerl), Buda, common (Speyer), Galicia—Lemberg, Sambor
(Nowicki), Brinn (Schneider), Agram, Friestadt, -Kaschau, Kremsier, Neusohl,
Neutitschein (Fritsch), Salzburg (Nickerl), Hermannstadt (Czekelius), Eperies,
not rare (Husz), Hungary—Kocsocz (Vangel), Gdlnitz (Hudak), Upper Styria—St.
Lambrecht (Kodermann), Admont (Kiefer), Carinthia—Portschach (Wagner),
Upper Austria—Linz district, mowhere rare (Himsl), Vienna, Moravia
— Brinn, Ungarisch-Brod, Hungary, common - Neusohl, Raab, Heveser
district, Fiinfkirchen, Transsylvania, Josefsthal, Croatia (teste Bartel). BELGIUM:
common throughout (Lambillion), Bomel, Namur, common (Derenne). BUL-
GARIA: near Varna //este Bartel). CHANNEL ISLES: not common, Guernsey, Sark
(Luff). DENMARK: generally distributed (Bang- Haas), Jutland, Zealand /¢este Bartel).
FRANCE: pretty common (Berce), Aube (Jourdheuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai
(Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir, always singly (Guenée), Haute-
Garonne, quite rare—Toulouse, St. Béat (Caradja}, Puy-de-Dome— Claremont, rare
(Guillemot), Maas, Moselle, Meurthe districts (Speyer), Var (Cantener), Marseille
(Siepi), Nice (Casey), Hyéres (Powell), Morbihan—Vannes, &c. (Griffith), Gironde
(Trimoulet), Doubs— Belfort, La Chapelle, Rougemont (Bruand), Aude, common
(Mabille), Loire-Inférieure (Bonjour), Saone-et-Loire (Constant), Seine-Inférieure
(Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Paris district—Pare Maison
Lafitte, Port Marly (Walker), Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), dept. Sarthe, Brittany, common,
Rennes, Cancale (Oberthiir), Chateaudun (Guenée), Chateau-du-Loir (de Graslin),
Evreux (Bellier-de-la-Chavignerie), throughout the French Pyrenees (Oberthtr),
FINLAND: Abo, Nyland (Lampa). GERMANY: everywhere (Heinemann),
northwest Germany, almost everywhere (Jordan), southwestern Germany
—Frankfort, Darmstadt, Mayence, Hanau, &c., absent from beyond Ober-
Hessen (Koch), Liibeck (Paul), Rhine Palatinate, very common (Bertram),
Wiirtemberg (Seyffler), Giessen, rare (Dickoré), Lower Elbe district
(Zimmermann), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange),
Munich, very common (Kranz), Rudolstadt, not rare (Meurer), Mecklen-
burg, very distributed and common (Schmidt), Bremen (Rehberg), Saxon Upper
Lusatia, not rare (Schiitze), Dresden (Steinert), Thuringia, only in lowlands, dis-
tributed and not rare (Krieghoff)—Gotha, Erfurt, Arnstadt, &c. (Knapp), Prussia,
everywhere common (Grentzenberg), Silesia, many places, nowhere common
(Assmann), Sprottau (Pfiitzner), Upper Lusatia, common _ (Moeschler),
Nassau (Rossier), Ratisbon (Schmid), Waldeck, Oberharz (Speyer), Dessau
(Richter), | Wernigerode, common (Fischer), Pomerania, not rare —

* Mann makes the remarkable statement that a hybernated example was found
in a cleft in a rock at Fiume at the end of April.

AGRIUS. 329

Dramburg, Stettin (Hering), Grimmer district, Anclam, Stralsund, Wiesbaden
(Homeyer), Brunswick, not rare (Heinemann), Hanover, often common
(Glitz), Frankfort-on- -Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Braunfels oe Chemnitz
(Pabst), Elberfeld (Weymer), Hildesheim (Grote), Heligoland (Gatke), Berlin
district, common (Pfutzner), Potsdam, Magdeburg, Schwerin, Holstein, Isle Sylt,
Crefeld, Barmen, Cassel, Leipzig, Geva, “Kempten, Frankfort-on-Main,
Riidesheim, Wetterau, Bad Neuheim, Trier, Bavarian Palatinate
(teste Bartel), Alsace—Colmar, Mulhausen (Peyerimhoff), Baden — Constance,
Ueberlingen, Carlsruhe, Mannheim, Mayence (Reutti). IYrALy: pretty fre-
quent throughout (Curd), Modena — Fiumalbo (Fiori), Roman Campagna
(Calberla), Sicily—Monreale, Palermo (Mann), Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria,
Sardinia, Tuscany—Lucca, Pisa, Florence (Mann feste Bartel). NETHER-
LANDS: pretty common throughout (Snellen), Zevenhuizen (Lechner), Breda
(Heylaerts), PORTUGAL (teste Bartel). ROUMANIA: very rare—Costischa,
Comanesti, Jasi, Lulcea-in-Dobrudscha (Caradja). Russia: Baltic provinces,
throughout (Nolcken), Livonia—Dorpat (¢este Bartel), Moscow govt. (Albrecht),
Transcaucasia, rather rare —Borjom, Tiflis, Derbendt (Romanoff), Crimea
(Melioransky), Volga district (Eversmann), St. Petersburg (Erschoft), Gorki,
Poltawa district—Lubny, Aluschta (¢este Bartel), Kasan district, Saratov, Ural
district, Orenbury district, Sarepta (Eversmann). SCANDINAVIA: common up to
COON: lat., found as far north as Helsingland, where it is very rare (Aurivillius),
Upland, west coast at least as far as Gotheberg, é&c. (Wallengren), Norway—
frequent, Christiania, Drommen, Skien, &c. (Siebke), Sweden—Scania, Norway—
southern parts (Lampa), Lyngor (Strand). SPAIN: central Spain (Staudinger).
SWITZERLAND: only in the valleys—St. Gallen, very common (Taschler), Berne,
not rare (Meisner), near Bremgarten (Boll), Wiggerthal, the Engelberg in Jura,
in the Aarthal from Morgenthal to Coblenz, Lenzburg, Born, the upper
Hauenstein, Vevey (Wullschlegel), the Valais (Riggenbach), Neuenstadt, not
common (Couleru), near Schupfen, rare (Rothenbach),near Zurich (Frey), Winterthur
(Biedermann), Schafthausen (Trapp), Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons (Killias),
Basle, Bechburg—near Oensingen (Riggenbach- Stehlin), Berne (Hiltbold), Thun
(Jordan), Zurich (Nageli), Glarus (Speyer). TuRKEy: Eastern Roumelia—near
Slivna (deste Bartel).
Tribe : AGRIIDI.

Genus: AGrius, Hubner.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Agrius, Hb., ‘‘ Verz.,”’ p. 140 (circ. 1822); Stephs.,
Seuitis meas, | ive, App. Ps 5 (L635); “list: Br. Am. Brit. Mius.,” v., p: 27
CeSsco)reetuct,. Bit, Weps,7? ai, p. 355, (1902). Sphinx, Linn., “Sys. Nat.”
Aed. P; 490 (1758)> xith ed., Pp. OS) Cue) 5 <vius, ludov. Ulric:. 7p. 345
(1764); Poda, ‘‘Ins. Mus. Graec., {Bp 18O) (i 7Ol) se ocop. )-) Ent. Cam 5e7 5 ps Lo4!
(1703). ELuim., “* Berl. Nap:,” hy. pee B70) (1700))s eee CaS Wise DMs? OR Bld
(1775) ; Sf Spec. ins Dal SOn (iol) ro.vlante: Ens..c7 a » p- 97 C1797) Get ne.
See pe. ls p- 374 (1793); [Sehuut. ,] ‘ Schmett. aise. Rede i Pat (l77 5)
ede 2; p. 9 (1801) ; Esp., « Schmett. Tite Ts bo BA (A Aaa mle I= 3
(1779); " Bergstr., “ Sphing. urge Waive, p. 5 (1782) Bkh., SSS. besche,

ep e97e hoo) Brahm, ** insectenkal..” i., pt. 1, p.! 522° (17 91); ehce i ek iD.
pewhem. Mas.” p. 316 (1793); Hb., « Eur. Sonne ALS JO ELKC. TOO); text
peegoe £005); < Warve Lep.,” uw, Legit. ; Cx b. fig. 1a-b, aiden GC. fig. Ia,
(Cije- 8800); Wam., “Syst. An. sans Vert.,” pp: 281, "282 (1801); Schrk.,
Seat Olea,. i.,) pt. 0, .p. 223) (180!) 5) Latr., ‘ Hist. Nat.,’7 m.,-p. 401
Soe) Ee xive. peet30) (1S05)>) “Gen. Crust... Iv., p- 210. (1809); Hlaw., ‘ Lep.
Pattee aie. 3 5o (1502), Ochs, ** Die Schmett.,”’ ii, p- 236 (1808); IV., p- 44 (1816) ;
each. *oKney. Edinb.,” 1x., p. 131 (1815); Dalm.,‘ K. Vet. oi Handl.,”’ p. 213 (1816) ;

Sam., ‘‘ Ent. Comp.,”’ p. 244 (1819); Godt., “ Hist. Nat., Da 20; pl. Hii (1820-1);
pupliss, << dilus.,”’ 1, p. 119 (1828) ; “ Cat. Br. IMmseeamies 2; Pp: 31 (1829) ; Bay, ayes Boss
seep. ind. Nieth.,’’ p. 33 (1829); ‘Gen. et Ind. ’Meth.,” p- 48 (1840) ; <eSps Gen:
Lép. Heét.,” 1., p. 94 (1875); Meig., “Eur. Schmett.,’’ 11., p. 144 (1830); Wood,
“ind. Ent. ,”” 'P- IZ to wield 20). Op... Last, Nat., 2 supp. is, Pe Lh7 (1835is
plcon- Chen,’ pl. 1., fig. 2 (circ. 1840) : “Catay Methy ip An (hoa4 is \Viestde ee
Humph., « Brit, Moths,” joo (1842) : Evers., « Faun. Volg.-Ural.,’? pp. 10o8—
Mie (S14) 9 Assm.. <““Schmett. Schles.,” i., p. 37, pl. xiv., fig. 39a —e (1845);
Fie Seu “Sys. bearbs, - 1l., p. 90 (1846); Heydenr., ‘‘Cat.,”-p. 18 (1351);
Brem. & Grey, ‘‘Schmett.-Faun, des Nord. Chin.,” p. 11 (1853) ; Walks List
ep. ins. Brit. Mus.,’” viil.,p. 212 (1850); Sta., ‘ Man.,” 1., p. 89 (1857); ‘Speyer,
SAGcOsenV Clb... 12, Pp) 322 (1858) 5 i. p. 280 (1862) ; Hein., ‘ Schmett. Deutsch.,”’

330 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

P- 148) (350); tiumph?, “oGen- Brit. Moths;7 9p. 9) (1860): ead cat. ede
Ip LOnsOn); weds 25130) (Tey) NVialllembe so Skand- a Hiecte-amesmon 29 (1863) ;
In lore, 08 Cates ISO, BURG” To, TAs (ISOO! 3 Smell, SIDS Wahine. a ac oe ae (1867) ;
Iserce, lean, Iayies.”° Wey Dr 14 ee Malle. anIcep: Fn. E stl.) ai peeea
Cee) Newm., ‘‘ Brit. “Moths,” p. 6 (1869) ; Bang-Haas, ‘“ Nat. Tids. 93 (3),

5) Do AO (1874) 5 Cunt y Mazt., ““Cat/ ep. Bare,” p38 (1824) alles "ee Cat.
Le, lip: = VIE a eee (1875); Ciro; Bull: Soc. Ent. Ital.” vii. jee le)
(1875); Kirby, “ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 68 (1879); Frey, ‘Lep. Schweiz,”
1s SO (1880) ; Buckly, * Vary,” -i-, (pp: 22, 108) pl. xxi): fies 2eeoleee ieee
(US87)\5 eech, iG Brae. JAX, SOC Land...” p. 's88 (1888) : Poulton, ce rans:
int —So0c.) Wond as apps 505-000 1 (1SSS)) 4m Aue coNona Fyar.,’ Pp. 44
(1889); Meyr., ‘‘ Handbook,” &c., p. 298 (1895) 5 Barr., ‘Lep. ne. 2 SL aD
2. le 23k (ESOS) 3) Woe, CO lexaits WWOUNS. jo, 6 (1896) ; Sturt, ‘Ent. Recs 2? a
Ds 2a (Uso) es ena, “lem, Giross- Se, “iL, p-. 38 (1890). Aezses ‘Oken,
SILESIA, Alo,” tlh, jo, FOR (Uosis))3 Diswearnte, “« Tnsecta Drapsv.,, p..73 (1903) ;
INothsécajjords) ““INeveSphimig.,c 7p. 1 (1903). Protoparce, Butl., ‘* Trans. Zool.
SOEs Loa’? i%,5 Ws OOO, jl, -xel, figs. 16-17 (1877); Moore, “ Lep. Cey., ail
p- 5 (1882); Hmpsn., “Ind. Moths,” i., p. 103, fig. 60 (1892); Leech, rie
ZOO Soc, onde 4280) (1398); Staud., oy Cate ed, cr orme cep! (1901). Macrosila,
Texnidles, SCIP AIO ij, jos 7 (“ieie)), Phlegethontius, Kirby, ‘* Catz,’ palos7eqegzie
“ Handbook,” SKGop oy (De AES (koe).

The genus Agrzms was founded (Verz., p. 140) about 1822,
by Hubner, who diagnosed it as follows :

The hindwings and the abdomen red- and black-banded—A grins anchemolus,
Cram., A. convolvuli, Linn., A. cingulatus, Hb. (cingulata, Fab.=convolvuli,
Cram.).

Stephens, in 1835, cited convolvuli as the British exponent of
Hibner’s genus, and maintained the name in his Zzs¢ in 1850.
Kirby in his Ca/alog, p. 687, sinks the genus as being identical with
Phiegethontius, a view with which we are entirely unable to agree
(see anted, p. 273). Kirby’s genus Phlegethontius, indeed, includes
the whole of the Phlegethontiids and Agriids. As compared with the
Sphingidi, the Agrid: have a much smaller egg, the adult larva is
not so markedly specialised by the swollen thoracic segments which
characterise the larva of Sphinx ligustri; the pupa has a very large
tongue-horn, agreeing with the much more highly developed maxille
of the imago. The tribe SfAzngidz, too, comprises what we may term
sedentary species of comparatively limited distribution—J/eustri
being the most widely distributed, whilst the Agrzdz are species of
wide distribution—one of the two typical species of Agrzus,
cingulata, being, however, confined to America, the Galapagos and
Sandwich Islands, the other, convolvulz, ranging over almost the whole
of the world, except America. Kaye gives us (zz /¢¢.) the following
diagnosis of the genus :

Head large, tongue very long. Forelegs strong, the tibia with a few very
stout spines and a number of weak ones; middle and hindlegs long, the tibia
and tarsus together, in the latter, fully half as long again as in the forelegs. The
tibia of hindleg with two pairs of stout spurs, each pair consisting of a long anda
short spur, the long one being fully twice the length of the short one. Antennz in
the g heavily bipectinated, in the ¢ the shaft smooth and very considerably thickened
towards apex; the hook small and terminated by a single bristle. Forewings long
and narrow; the costa quite straight in both sexes to immediately above origin of
nervure 7, thence evenly curved to costa, apex rather acute ingless so in 2; outer
margin evenly curved to tornus, inner margin well excised to well beyond middle.
Abdomen stout, greatly tapered, the thorax very broad - Ayriws (type convolvult).

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species: Convolvuli, Linn., ‘‘ Sys. Nat.,” ed. x., p. 490 (1758),
ed. xil., p. 798 (1767), &. [Note.—This species ‘has never been aa by any
other specific name from the time of Linné, although some varieties of it have been
described as distinct species. All the references made under the generic synonymy
of Agrius, Hb., anted, p. 329, are referable here. ]

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 331

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx conuoluul?, alis integris : posticis
albo fasciatis margine postico albo punctatis, abdomine rubro
ameamus ates. Menan, 77s.,°39, t. 75, f., 2, t. 25.. Goed., /ms., 3,.t.
Pees... A776. 1. pal. ts t..'7. Wilk., fap., 10, t.,1, B. 2:.- Habitat
in Convolvulo. Thorax antice arcubus 2 nigris. Alze postice cinerez
fasciis 3 fuscis (Linné, Sys. Vaz., xth ed., p. 490). [In the xiith ed.,
p. 798, “ posticis albo fasciatis”” becomes ‘‘ posticis nigri fasciatis.” |

ImMAGO.—63mm.—125mm. Head and thorax same _ colour
as forewings. Abdomen with broad median grey longitudinal
band, enclosing a slender black mediodorsal line; the sides pink-
and black-banded, the black edged with white posteriorly.
Anterior wings grey; a double black curved wavy transverse line
cutting off the basal third of the wing which is usually somewhat
paler than the median area; beyond the middle is another fine
pale sharply-zigzag transverse line edged on either side with
black, and sloping very obliquely towards base in its lower half;
the median area between these transverse lines darker, especiaily
the upper half; the darker area including two conspicuous long-
itudinal linear black streaks which are surrounded by a median
fuscous shade directly beneath the paler discoidal spot; the outer
marginal area marbled with whiter grey; a marginal row
of interneural arcuate markings pointing outwards, from the middle
of which two dark shades run to the fuscous median area; a
conspicuous black apica] mark running obliquely to outer transverse
line; fringes latticed with grey, white and black. Posterior wings
grey, with basal, double median, and outer, transverse black
bands ; the areas between the basal and median and the median and
outer bands whitish-grey; the outer margin slightly slaty-grey ;
fringes latticed with dark grey and white. [The frenulum is figured by
Van der Hoeven, Syd. Nat. Wet., ii., pl. ii., fig. 1.]

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The@? seems to be rather larger than
the g, my largest specimen being a ? 117mm. in expanse, the
largest g being 111mm., whilst the smallest is a g, 76mm., the
smallest 2 being 78mm., the general impression being that there is some
such difference of a few millimetres in favour of the @. Individual,
and still more geographical, variation obscures any difference of
form, colour, markings, &c., but the impression is that there are
no such differences. The abdomen of the g tapers more regularly,
that of the ? maintains its dimensions for 4 or 5 segments before
tapering. The antenne differ markedly between the sexes, whilst
the actual dimensions differ nearly as much as the specimens in
size. A large g¢ has antenne zomm. in length, and one with
exceptionally long antennze has them 22mm., but, in a good-sized
g, they are usually about 18mm.to I9mm., a very small g has
them 15mm. The ? antennz are much shorter, the average is, perhaps,
about 13mm., though a good many reach 14mm., one specimen
only just passing 15mm., a very short antenna in small specimens
is about 1z2mm., and one exceptional one 11°5mm. The antenna
is also much more robust, tapering basally for 6 or 7 visible
joints and from 8 or ro distally before the recurved tip, the rest of
the antenna (about two-thirds of it) being of uniform thickness ; the 9
antenna varies in robustness, but is much more slender than that of
the g, is very slender basally, and thickens gradually but very slightly

332 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

for half its length, then more rapidly, reaching its greatest thickness
2mm. from the extremity, terminating very abruptly just before the
recurved tip, and so is very clubbed. The thickness of the ? antenna
is about o'4mm. near the base, o'7mm. at the club, that of the ¢ is
about o‘'gmm. throughout. There are just over 60 joints in the shaft,
and about i2 in the curved tip, this seems to be substantially the
same in both sexes. The scaling differs in the two sexes, in the
? it preserves, almost typically, the ordinary Sphingid scaling of
three rows of scales of which one is very narrow; the broadest or
terminal row on each joint is usually white and all may be,
the others are, however, usually of dark, pale and white scales
irregularly mixed. The g antenna has the terminal row of long
scales paler than .the others and sometimes white ous
the general rule is for the g to have in this row and the others a
larger proportion of dark scales. The other rows of scales on the
g antenne are very much mixed up on the nearer part of the shaft,
so that definite rows hardly exist, but appear to result from three
or even more rows becoming irregular; beyond the middle, however,
they are arranged in three quite definite if not very smoothly arranged
rows. There is thus one extra row of scales on the g antenna,
with a tendency for them to lose their definite arrangement.
The first tibiae and their spurs appear to be almost exactly alike
in the two sexes, a very slight advantage in size and development
of the g may exist, but the evidence of it is not greater than the
frequent variation in size of the insects themselves might account
for. The wisp of hairs forming the scent fan of the g arises from
the margin of the ventral plate just below the 2nd spiracle. The
hairs are about 5mm. long but the fan is not copious. ‘The area
of origin is about rmm. ae by 3mm. wide (Chapman). Bartel
notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ., p. 40): ‘The @? is distinguished from
the g by the forewings beite of a lighter colour and with weaker
markings ; the whitish spot at the end of the discoidal cell is also
much duller, smaller, scarcely surrounded with black, so that it fades
off into the ground colour.”

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—UThe following are the described eyoa
dromorphs of this species that we have so far met with:

a. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Antenna and wings on the right side o
on the left side 9. The right eye larger. The body on the right side visibly
shrunken (Ernst, Pap. d’Lurope, ili., p. 123, pl. cxxi., tig. 114 2).

B. Right side ¢, left side ¢. Perfectly halved as to antenne, thorax,
wings and abdomen. Captured near Minster (Altum, Sée¢t. Ent. Zeitg., 1860, p. 91).

y. Left side ¢, mght ¢. Right antenna ?, leit o: Right eye smaller.
The grey median stripe ‘of the abdomen bends out in a curve on the right and
curtails the rose-coloured transverse stripes, one of which on the right side is ‘absent ;
abdomen somewhat crooked. As to the rest the ¢ sex is predominant. The
? wings are somewhat smaller, the costa of the forewing more arched, their colour
somewhat darker than usual, approaching that of the ¢. Thorax of ¢ coloration,
the right patagia shorter, though similarly coloured. Captured near Munster
(Altum, Stett. Hint, Zeitg., 1860, p. 91).

6. Right side ¢, left ¢. Wings and antenna on the right side ¢, on the
left ¢ (Pierret, Bull, Soc. Ent. france, 1842, p. liv).

e. Left side g, right side @. Halved gynandromorph. Abdomen
asymmetrical. In coll. Forstakademie, at Eberswald. [Perhaps the same as y.]}
(Eckstein, Ber. d. Oberhess. Ges. f. Natur- und Heilkunde, xxvi., p. 3, pl. i,
fig. 3). :

g. Lett side ¢, right side ¢*. Perfect gynandromorph. Left ¢ forewing
shorter than the right ? wing. Left ¢ antenna-strongly ciliated, larger than the

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 333

right ¢. antenna. Left eye apparently larger. Thorax unequally coloured, left
side more sharply and brightly than the right. Right forewing more purely grey
than the left. The black wavy bands on the left hindwing much more strongly
expressed. Abdomen sharply divided in the centre, somewhat curved, shrunken
on the right side at the anal point; six abdominal segments clearly shown on
both sides, on the left side a 7th also indicated. In coll. Naturh. Museum at
Wiesbaden (Pagenstecher, Yahkrb. des Nass. Ver. f. Naturk., xxxv., p. 88).

VaRIATION.—The species is exceedingly variable in tint, size,
and brightness of the markings, but for its great range of distribution
may be said to be little subject to marked variation, this fact being due
possibly to its migrating habits and the consequent tendency to
interbreeding over very wide areas, and the natural absence of
segregation. In our opinion the small, dark, Australian and New
Zealand form, voseafasciata, Koch, is the most marked, and most
worthy of being considered a distinct race. The Javanese examples,
placed in the series of var. orzzn¢alzs, in the B.M. coll., also appear to bea
dark and very specialised race, approaching closely to var. voseafasciata,
the gs brightly and strongly marked, the ground colour suffused with
brownish ; the red of the abdomen, of a distinctly dull hue=var.
Javanensis. Mi. yar. ‘(the form im which the red. bands of the
abdomen are obsolete may apparently be referred to ab. abadonna,t
Fab. In the fot pourri, collected together from all parts of
Asia, in the British Museum coll., under the name of var. orzenfalis,
is an exceedingly fine local race from Ichang, the 3s of a stone-grey
ground colour, prettily marbled with darker, the transverse lines
distinct, and with a very marked rosy flush over the disc of the
wings; the @ unicolorous stone-grey=var. ichangensis, n. var. The
Tahitian race, too, is distinctly specialised; it is small in size, the fore-
wings of a very uniform brown-grey tint, with moderately sharp black
and white transverse lines; the hindwings somewhat suffused; the
abdomen with very faint pink bands=var. fahitiensis, n. var. (distans,
Druce, pro parte). The Eimeo examples are of the same form, but are
sometimes strongly variegated, whilst the Pitcairn Island specimen in the

* This is the same as a, unless some mysterious metamorphosis has taken place,
at any rate, both are the example from the ‘‘ Gerning coll.,’? which Borkhausen notes
(Rhein. Mag.,i., p. 318). The description given (supra p. 332) of Ernst’s fig. 114 Z is
quite accurate so far as the evidence of the figure goes, but the text only says that
one side is g and the other ?, and I can only suppose that the artist has used some
method of transference which has resulted in the right side being depicted left and
vice versa. All that Pagenstecher says of the specimen tallies with Ernst’s fig.,
mutandis mutatis (Prout).

t One suspects that the Fabrician abadonna may be a specimen of the East
Indian form in which the usual pink abdominal bands have failed. The original
description reads as follows: ‘‘ Sphinx abadonna, Fab., ‘Ent. Syst.,” suppl.
P- 435 (1798).—Sphinx alis integris cinereis anticis nigro striatis, posticis fasciatis,
abdomine maculis Jateralibus atris. Habitat in India orientali. Dom. Doldorff.
Statura omnino S. convolvuli at duplo minor. Antennze albze squamis fuscis.
Caput album. Thorax albo nigroque variis. Abdomen cinereum maculis later-
alibus atris. Alze cinereze maculis striisque variis fuscis. | Posticze cinereze fasciis
nigris. Subtus anticze obscura, posticze cinereze strigis undatis, fuscis.’”’ If the
determination of Aurivillius (Aut, Zids., xviii., p. 153), vez., that ** Sphinx abadonna,
Fab.=Protoparce convolvuli, L. var. orientalis, Butl.,’’ be correct, and the opinion
formed has been based on the examination of the actual type in the Danish Museum,
then the description can scarcely agree with the moth, unless the latter be an aberra-
tion in which the coloured abdominal bands are more or less obsolete. On the other
hand, Kirby considers (Z77vans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 238) that ‘ abadonna, Fab.
=godarti, MacLeay,”’ a well-known species, described, under the latter name, in
Kine’s Survey of the coasts of Australia, ii., ji. 464, and is still of the opinion (zz
“itt.) that the Fabrician description fits this insect, whilst it certainly does not fit
normal convolvuli var. orientalis.

334 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

B. M. coll. is an even more markedly dark variegated individual.
Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 40) that, ‘‘ according to
Alphéraky, the @s of this species reach, in southern Russia, a
wing-expanse of 115mm.-116mm., which are, however, surpassed
by Austrian and Hungarian examples, some from Vienna measuring
122mm.; on the other hand, Treitschke records (Dze Schmete., xi,
pt. 1, ~. 139) that he bred one in autumn from a backward larva,
which was not larger than /yles euphorbiae, and was, moreover,
whitish-grey in colour—Bartel also adds that a 2, not larger than
a medium-sized specimen of A/yloicus pinastri, was bred from a
larva found on Zygophyllum fabago in the Mugan-Steppe (west of the
Caspian Sea), and which was similar in appearance to a larva of
Deilephila zygophylli, otherwise the specimen was quite typical.
Steinert mentions (/7zs, v., p. 396) an aberration, in which, on the
upper side of the thorax, there was a large bell-shaped spot. The
specimen was captured in the Kotzschenbroda district near Dresden.
A light-grey, very sharply marked, form of the species, of only
moderate size is reported as occurring at Gravosa (Dalmatia) and
in the Riviera (at Nervi). Alphéraky further gives an aberration of the
g from the Lob-nor district (Central Asia) which is noteworthy on
account of its very pale colour and very weak markings, and also
differing especially from all examples from the most varied localities
in having a yellowish tinge. A further very interesting aberration is
described in detail by Bonjour (Su//. Soc. Ouest France, Vi.,
p. 29, 1896). It was caught at Nantes, on August 8th, 1895,
and may be regarded as a transition to an albinistic form. The
more or less bright red spots on the sides of the abdomen are here
pale yellow in colour; the uppermost of them, on the first segment,
is dark yellow and very small, the black colour bounding it is, on
the other hand, as in the typical form; a yellowish tinge also extends
over the middle of the forewings. A @ aberration which was in
the possession of Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett., iv., p. 182) was
tinged with rose-red, instead of white-grey, both on the whole body
and also the fore- and hindwings. Caradja, in his Fauna of Roumania,
mentions a quite dark example, looking as if sprinkled over with soot,
which he caught at Grumazesti. A similar specimen has also been re-
corded as caught in Berlin. Examples from tropical Asia and Africa are
usually smaller and have paler red spots on the sides of the abdomen.”
Gauckler records (//us. Zeits. fur Lné., w., p. 74) that, on» October
27th, 1898, he reared a specimen with the inner margin of the fore-
wings almost without scales, the red hairs of the abdomen also being
absent ; examination showed that these scales had fully developed in
the ordinary course but had stuck to the inside of the pupa-case, and
he thinks that a similar peculiarity may be the explanation of like
examples in other species. Distant notes (/vs. Transv., p. 73) that the
South African specimens are much smaller than the European, having on
an average, only about two-thirds of the wing expanse. As extremes
in size we would call those of more than 120mm.==ab. mayor, n. ab., and
those less than 75mm.=ab. mznor, n. ab. Roughly our European,
Asiatic and African specimens appear to fall into the following groups :

(1) Forewings uniform ashy-grey with the transverse markings only most faintly
indicated ; a distinct wavy black apical line ; two linear black discal streaks. Hind-
wings moderately marked, sometimes slightly sufflused=ab, zzzcolor, n. ab.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 300

(1a) Forewings uniform suffused dark grey, with scarcely perceptible transverse
markings. Hindwings also suffused=ab. grisea, n. ab.

(2) Asin I, but with the transverse markings darker, although without any
very definite tendency for the median area to be banded=ab. intermedia, n. ab.

(3) Asin 2, but with marked brown scaling in the median area of forewings=
ab. fuscosignata, n. ab.

(4) Asin 2, but with the median area very much darker than the rest of the
forewing. Hindwings usually clearly marked=ab, virgata, n. ab.

(5) Forewings with the outer and basal areas with much pale (or whitish)
scaling, the dark median and the outer marginal area of wing affording a marked
contrast. Hindwings usually clearly marked=ab. variegata, un. ab.

(6) The dark tint much extended over the forewings, the pale grey marks
restricted to the neighbourhood of the basal and outer wavy lines. Hindwings
usually much suffused=ab. szj/us1, n. ab.

(7) The dark tint covering the whole of the forewings, obscuring the usual
markings, and producing a distinct melanochroic result. Hindwings also much
suffused—=ab. obscura, n. ab.

The following are the named forms of this species :

a. ab. alicea, Neuburger, ‘“ Illus. Zeits. fiir Ent.,” iv., p. 297 (1899).—The mark-
ings of the upper surface as in the type, but very dark. Thorax and epaulettes as in very
dark specimens of the type, abdomen not grey but golden-brown sprinkled with
red-gold scales. The black line which intersects the abdomen is, in consequence of
this, almost invisible. On the sides, the ordinarily rose-red spots are red-gold and are
not white-margined as in the type. The sides of the abdomen are a mixture of
yellow-brown, grey and brown, its underside is brown-grey, on the anus green-grey,
the anus is sprinkled with red dots. Breast and legs grey-yellow. The underside
of abdomen shows the two black spots of the type, with which the specimen also
agrees in the rest of its characters. Size somewhat smaller than the type. Described
from ag caught at Furstenwalde-on-the-Spree, but other similar dark specimens have
aiso been seen (Neuburger).

wat. Gatatae, Christ, * Mitt. Schwer. Ent: Ges.,’” vi., p. 346 (1882);
Pipieeeetom, Mem., v2; p.-223 (18389); Bartel, << Pal. Gross-Schmett.,”” 1.,
p- 43 (1899).—Differs from the type in its smaller size, more slender build, and
more unicolorous tint. The markings, especially those on the hindwings, are
weaker than inthe type. The insect might be, so far as its slender build is concerned,
a large Deilephila, the wing expanse of the ? being 98mm. of the ¢93mm., whilst
a g convolvuli from Lugano measures 115mm. <A _ preserved larva (which I saw in
spirits of wine) did not differ from the typical grey form of the larva of convolvult,
The larva lives on the cultivated Convolvulus batatas. Locality: Teneriffe (Christ).

Alphéraky notes that the specimens from the Canary Isles are
smaller, as Christ has observed, but that he could not confirm his view
that the forewings of the gs are less sharply marked than the
ordinary continental examples; he considers that there appears to be
more brown colouring on the forewings than in European individuals,
but that, on the whole, the Canary form seems hardly to require a
special name. [See also Poulton, Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 554.|

. var. ortentalis, Butl., ‘‘ Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” ix., p. 609 (1877);
Mowe oleps ey... p. 5, pl. lxxy @i382)5 Kirby, Cat... p, 690 (1892); Bart.,
“Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” 1., p. 43 (1899). Convolvulz, Leech, ‘Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond.,” p. 286 (1898). —This species is wonderfully like some African examples
of P. convolvulz, being altogether paler than the European form, it differs from the
African variety in always having the centre of the middle band of secondaries quite
pale, and paler rosy bands on the abdomen; the larva differs considerably, being
more slenderly formed, and without the double dorsal series of black spots. It
feeds on the sweet potato. North India (James Hearsay), Scinde? (Harwick),
North Bengal (Saunders), Moulmein (Clerck), Ceylon (Templeton), Hong Kong
(Bowring), Java (Horsfield), Hakodate (Whitely), Aden (Yerbury) [ Butler}.

Butler gave the name ovienfalis to the Asiatic specimens of
convolvulz, which are often, indeed, not to be distinguished from African
or European examples. Moore gives a detailed description of the
imago, which he says measures from 34ins.—3#ins., also some notes
on the larva in its various stages; he gives Calonyction speciosum,

336 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

Pharbitis nil, Argyreia cymosa, Ipomaea polyanthes, Phaseolus, &c., as
foodplants of the larva. Leech unites orentalis with convolzuli (Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 588), and remarks: ‘ Having regard to the great
variability and extensive geographical range of the species, I am at a
loss to understand how anyone can attempt to claim specific rank for
representatives of convolvuli coming from any part of the Old World.”
Later, in the Z7ans. Ent. Soc. London, 1898, p. 286, he states that
he has specimens from Yokohama, Fushiki and Hakodate in Japan,
Chang-Yang and Ichang in Central China and Chung-King in
Western China. Eletcher writes (77 277); “1 found (tseusmama
during the 1st week of June, 1897, on the sandy beach at Kamakura
(near Yokohama) where Cozvolvulus is abundant. My next acquain-
tance with the insect was on May 13th, 1898, when I found a very
worn specimen at rest on a wall at Chifu. In September, 1900,
we did a little cruise up the Gulf of Pechili, to Shan-hai-Kwan,
via Chifu, &c., and the insect was-everywhere common, and came
to light almost every night.” Oberthtr notes (Z%wdes, v., p. 28) a ?
of large size, taken on September 2oth, 1877, in the Isle of Askold.

6. var. roseafasciata, Koch, ‘‘ Indo-Aust. Lep. Fauna,” p. 54 (1865).
Distans, But\., “Cat. Lep. N. Zeal.,”.p. 30, pl. ix., fig. 11 (1874)5 Dice ano:
Zool. Soc. Lond.” -p. 220. (1883). Convolvuic, Meyr., ““ Transaa Neer
NinsteeeX Xd ps 2S (1890); Hudson, ‘‘New Zealand Moths and Butts.,”
p- 99 (1898). Roseofasciata, Kirby, ‘Cat.,’”? p. 690 (1892).—Besides Europe,
convolvuli flies on the north and west coasts. of Africa, northern Bengal,
all India, China, Ceylon, Java, and other places, and I have received it in
abundance from New South Wales and Queensland. Mr. Scott considers this
unimportant Australian variety to be a good species, and has called it svseafasciata,
but the Australian insect is nothing more than a dwarf form of cozvolvuldzZ, and
there are some ?s nearly as large as European gs. MacLeay shares my view.
Considering the small number of Australian Sphingids, it is remarkable that so
many of them are to be found in the East Indies and the Sunda Isles (Koch).

This is the most marked race of the species, although the
specimens vary much zvéer se ; it is of rather small size, dark in
ground colour, the median fuscous-brown — suffusion particularly
strong, and the dark markings usually very prominent. The British
Museum collection series contains specimens from New Caledonia,
Samoa, Port Darwin, Sidney, Rarotonga, &c. ‘There is, however,
one example from the Sherlock River, West Australia, which is small,
uniformly pale ashy-grey in colour, and with = slightly suffused
hindwings, but otherwise with a quite European facies. Druce records
it also from Fiji, New Guinea, New Hebrides, as well as New
Caledonia and_Western Australia (see anv/ed p. 333). The Javan ex-
amples, placed in the series of orzentalis in the Brit. Mus. coll., are
distinctly nearer to this form, whilst the Tahitian race is near but
hardly to be included here (cf. anfed p. 333). Butler first described
the New Zealand form, stating that, ‘‘ifit be constant, it will certainly
rank as a distinct species from convolvulz, being altogether smaller,
darker, less tinted with rosy on the body, and with the markings
on the primaries more confused.” Of the New Zealand examples
Hudson says that they are smaller than the average of European
examples, occurring frequently in the northern portions of North
Island, but becoming very rare southward of Napier and New Ply-
mouth ; in South Island, only at Nelson and Invercargill. The larve
feed on Convolvulus, pupate in February and emerge in November
and December. ‘The insect appeared in great abundance in the

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. Sy

summer of 1879, near Ohinemutu, in the Auckland district,
frequenting, at dusk, the flowers of Cnothera biennis; they were
to be seen on the wing soon after sundown, and, on warm still
evenings, literally swarmed, although they were extremely local,
only being observed in the meadows on a few of the grassy slopes
around the shores of Lake Rotorua. In 1882, several were caught
near Auckland on the flowers of Srugmansia, the larve being
abundant the same summer at Waiwera on a species of Convolvulus
growing on the sandhills there (Buller).

e. var. tahitiensis, n. ab.—Forewings of a brownish-grey ground-colour, with
rather sharp black and white transverse lines. Hindwings suffused.. Abdomen with
the tint of the usual pink bands much weakened.

Walker notes (2.47.47, xx., p. 95) that he found larve feeding on
the Island of Eimeo in the Tahitian group, on a species of Convolvulus
with very. large leaves, on April 6th, 1883. ‘These produced in May
a moth which Walker could not distinguish from S. convolvulz,
except in size, the insect being only about 3ins. across. He also
records the capture of imagines on the same island on May oth,
and during the following eight days at Tahiti, larve of the latter
occurring at the same time on several species of Convolvulus (loc.
cit., Pp. 222); on June 1st-2nd, several living pupz were found in the
patches of sweet potatoes that were being dug up for the ship,
at Pitcairn Island.

g. var. pseudoconvolvuli, Schauf., ‘‘ Nunquam otiosus,” i, p. 15 (1870);
Kirby, ‘‘Cat.,”’ p. 690 (1892).— 75mm. Somewhat similar to a small pallid
convolvuli, the underside unicolorous grey, only slightly darker on the margin.
Port Natal, 1 example (Schaufuss).

Distant says that the Transvaal examples of this species are
much smaller than the European, being, on an average, only about
two-thirds of the wing-expanse, but not specially pallid, nor abnormal.
Some, however, expand 103mm., and leave nothing to be desired
in hue; Schaufuss probably received a very small specimen that had
emerged after an unusually dry season (zz liz. ).

Wabonecons, Cammaviello, s¢ Bulls (Soc, Emty. dtal-,”? ~xxxil., p. 295
(1900).—I consider this a local variety of convolvudi, differing from the type in
that it has the posterior wings very uniformly brown-grey in tint, the three
black fascize of these wings more marked and wider. The rose-coloured rings of the
abdomen are much reduced, whilst the black ones are larger, and the line which
divides the fasciz, grey, and of such width as to cover it almost entirely. Two
examples taken at Godofelassi, and Makallé, in Abyssinia (Cannaviello).

EGGLayInc.—The eggs are laid on the foodplant, but next
to nothing is known of the details asto how and when. In 1897, at
Vido, Mathew collected bindweed for some larve that he was rearing,
and each time that he did so eggs and young larve were brought in
with the food. Hellins notes (2.47.17, v., pp. 160-161) that, on
August 15th, 1868, D’Orville captured a battered 2, the abdomen
flat, but which, on dissection, was found to contain 220 well-formed
eggs. On August 21st, another ? was dissected but the ova were quite
undeveloped, merely small green gelatinous spots. Another shut up in
a large box on September 8th and fed with diluted honey and sugar, laid
eight eggs before the 12th and then died, her abdomen being at that
time empty. Another ?, shut up on September 1oth, died without
depositing any eggs, although, on dissection, the body was found
to contain a quantity of eggs with shells, but not fully developed.
Another on September 16th was shut up, lived five days and then
appeared to be dying when she was pinned to a piece of cork on
which she laid three eggs, whilst her body was found on dissection

338 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

to contain 160 well-developed eggs; these were carefully extracted.
On September 26th two larvze appeared from the eggs laid between
September 8th-12th, an oval period of something Jess than three weeks.*
None of the other eggs obtained produced larve. From these
facts D’Orville came to the conclusion that the imago does not
emerge from the pupa with ova fully developed{, but in a very
unformed state, and that they become gradually matured in the body
of the female—perhaps after impregnation has taken place. Hellins
adds that, as the egg of A. convolvuli is not more than two-fifths of
the size of the egg of S. leustr7z, a 2? with her imeem,
ber (somewhat between 200 and 250) ready for extrusion,
would by no means show so stout a figure as a @ S.
ligustri in similar circumstances. Pode obtained eggs from a 9
captured at Slade, near Ivybridge, on August 26th, 1887. The 2
was enclosed in a large box and two eggs were laid on the evening
of August 27th (these were preserved) and 18 on the 2oth, all upon the
paper bottom of the box, near together, but not in contact, being scat-
tered over an area 18mm. long by romm. wide. The eggs were sent to
Poulton who records that the first larva emerged on the evening of Sep-
tember 5th, the second on the morning of September 7th; on the 8th,
examination showed that the larve were fully formed in the remaining
ova, which appeared somewhat wrinkled. Being afraid that the larve
would die before hatching, he placed the ova in a room with a fire in
order that the moderate warmth might hasten emergence. By the
next morning (gth) eleven larve had emerged and the remaining
four appeared a few hours later, in the afternoon, thus making
seventeen larve altogether. One of the eggs did not undergo
development, but subsequently changed colour and dried up. The
length of time occupied in development within the ovum was as
follows: 1 larva—z7 days; 1 larva—84 days; 11 larve rather over
to days; 4 larve rather under 11 days. Hence the development
is at about the same rate as that of S. /igustri, which occupied
8—1o days. Hellins, as we have noted above, on D/’Orville’s
authority, puts the time of development for A. convolvuli at rather
less than 3 weeks.* ‘This Poulton considers is probably a mistake
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 516-517). As bearing out
the idea of a shorter oval period, one notes that a ?, captured on
September 14th, 1897, in Piccadilly, laid 30 eggs, of which 13
hatched on September 21st, after an oval stage of 7 days, although
kept in a cold room (Bell-Marley, #77., xxxi., p. 68); whilst another 9,
taken on July r8th, 1898, at Brighton, had, by the zoth, deposited 25
eggs in confinement on Convolvulus arvensis, and laid 8 more on the
21st ; the moth died on the 22nd and dissection of the body disclosed
some hundreds of eggs, of a bright emerald-green colour and much
smaller than those of Sphinx ligustri; the eggs hatched on July
27th and 28th, so that the egg stage lasted only 7 days (Brazenor,

* In 1859, D’Orville states that a ¢ in his possession laid a single egg,
and that this produced a larva on the 12th day, at Alphington (Zoo/., p. 6818).

+ There is no doubt that this is the explanation of Newman’s statement that
most of the ¢s Of this species that appear in the autumn are barren (£77., viii, p.
275). A high temperature and food appear to be absolutely necessary for the
development of the ova. Syme dissected a ¢ bred September 15th, 1860 (2.14/.44,,
v., p. 139), and found the eggs in a very undeveloped state, and had no doubt that
the ¢s wanted feeding before the ova would be developed.

_AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 339

F/nt., Xxxii., p. 16), A 2? taken in September, 1860, at Yarmouth, is stated
to have laid a few eggs (Harrison, 2.W.Z, viii., p. 202); whilst an-
other, caught at Northfleet, 1870, laid 5 eggs (Button, vz, v., p. 221).
A @,caught at Christchurch, August 14th, 1885, laid four eggs (Druitt,
Exnt., Xvill., p. 259); another 2, captured October, 1887, at Starcross,
laid a number of fertile eggs that hatched in due course (Powley, Evz.,
XX., p. 304), whilst a 9 was found October 7th, 1886, laying her eggs
on a paling at Weymouth in broad daylight, none of its foodplant being
near (Cambridge, Zzz., xix., p. 280), another 2? was found at Epsom, in
September, 1895, which also deposited a number of eggs (Morley,
Pi XVII. Pp. 201).

Ovum.—Oval in shape, of a deep bluish-green colour * and
thus very unlike the yellower shade of most ova of the Sphingidae.
[Hellins describes the egg as pale green, and Poulton suggests that
Hellins- possibly only noted the colour when it had changed as
a result of the development of the larva.] The shape is also
different from that of the closely related species (.S. Zigustr/), being
relatively broader. But the most peculiar point about the ovum is
its extremely small size when considered in relation to that of the
adult larva and the perfect insect. The two main axes of the
Ovum measure respectively 1°3mm. and 1'15mm., while those of
the closely-allied, but much smaller, S. /7guws/7z measure 1°75mm., and
175mm. (Poulton). I have not measurements of the egg, but I
noted that it is not more than two-fifths of the size of the egg of
S. ligustri, being decidedly small for so large a moth, and pale
fieemaim colour (iellins). Bartel also notes the ege as ‘green,
small in proportion to the size of the moth, scarcely as large
as the egg of Smerinthus ocellata.”

HapiTs OF LaRva.—The newly-hatched larve eat some of the
eggshell, but the quantity so eaten varies greatly. Of 14 ova
examined by Poulton (77ans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 515 et seg.)
—five exhibited apertures of a size to admit of the emergence of the
larva but not larger, one had been nearly half-devoured, three had been
about three-fourths eaten, and five had been entirely devoured except
for the small part of the undersurface by which they were fixed to
the paper. Poulton states that, as soon as the newly-hatched
larve are placed on the foodplant, they almost invariably rest on
the underside of a leaf, stretched along the midrib (as in other
Sphingids), the ‘‘Sphinx” attitude not being observed in this stage,
and, further, that but little variation in the position taken up is to be
noticed ; a small number were observed stretched along the stem of the
foodplant or along a Jeafstalk, and very occasionally upon the upper-
side of a leaf (and probably then only because of repeated disturbance);
one larva was observed suspended by a silk thread, but the use of
silk is much less frequent than in larve of S. Zigusivz. The following
tabulation shows that the first stadium is considerably longer in the
larve which hatched first, thus tending to an equalisation of the
periods of development from the time at which the eggs were laid:

August 29th, evening, 18 ova laid. September 5th, evening, first larva hatched
—375mm. long. September 7th, morning, second larva hatched; first larva

* There is a remarkable note (Z7z., vi., p. 545) by Mond, who states that a ?,
taken on September 12th, 1873, laid a good many eggs, which were, on October 3rd,
very dark brown. As the usual egg-period lasts normally about seven days and the
colour of the egg is green, one can only suppose that a mistake was made, or that
the eggs were infertile.

3840 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

5'25mm. long. September 9th, morning, 11 larve hatched; afternoon, 4 larve
hatched. September 12th, first larva showing traces of approaching ecdysis. Indica-
tions of shagreen-dots noticed in first and second larvee. September 13th, first larva
showing more distinct traces, and second larva showing traces of ecdysis (indications
of subdorsal line and green colour of blood noticed in first and second larvze).
September 14th, first larva 8-25mm. long when extended. Length of the 15 youngest
larve from 7°75mm.-8:25mm. being almost at the close of the stage ; subdorsal can be
made out. September 17th, the first larva changed skin in morning, stage I=113 days;
the second in afternoon, stage I=103 days. The youngest larve have now been
preparing for ecdysis for some time; very uniformly of a length of 8-25mm. when
extended. September 18th, 9.30 a.m., 8 had changed skin, stage 1=9 days. 10.30
a.m., 1 had changed skin, stage I==9 days. 1.30 p.m., 2 had changed, stage i=94 days.
3-0 p.m., I had changed, stage I=9 days. 10 p.m., 1 had changed, stage I=9
days. September 19th, 9.25 a.m., 2 had changed, stage I=about 94 days.

In the second stadium, the larve show distinct traces of dimorphism,
and Poulton, for the purpose of description, grouped the 17 larve that
he reared into—(1) “pale” (ten), and (2) “dark” (seven), larvee. As inthe
first stadium the Sphinx-like attitude was not observed, the larve still
stretching themselves along the midrib on the undersides of the leaves,
but especially along the leafstalks and stems of the foodplant. When dis-
turbed, they were observed to wriggle from side to side and often to fall
from the foodplant ; they manifest very little disposition to wander, no
larva having been found off the foodplant in spite of continual disturb-
ance; the larve are fond of eating the leafstalks and stems as well as
the leaves of the foodplant. ‘Towards the end of the second stad-
ium, as the skin becomes stretched, the larve begin to assume a
somewhat glistening appearance. During the resting-period before
ecdysis the ground colour becomes lighter and of a more trans-
parent and yellowish green, the change being almost certainly
due to the comparative absence of food from the digestive tract
at this time. The average length of the znd stadium appears to
be about eight days, and the variations not more than one day on
each side of this. The larve all entered the resting-stage preceding
the second moult on September 23rd-24th, and moulted between
September 24th (evening) and the 27th, a difference of nearly three
days between the earliest and latest in completing this ecdysis.
The larve feed up rapidly in the 3rd stadium and after some six
days prepare for the third moult, those reared by Poulton entering
the resting-period between September 30th and October 4th, and
moulting between October znd and October 7th. During the
resting-period, individual larvae measured between 22mm. and 25mm.
in length. By this time, one larva had fallen behind the remainder
and Poulton states that there were indications that the slow growth of
this laggard was due to ill-health, for it was observed to have difficulty
in getting rid of its excreta during defecation, &c. (It did not
undergo its second moult till October trzth.) Poulton further
observes: ‘It is interesting to note that the larve darken to a
considerable extent just before changing the skin, and certain
observations made at the beginning of the last stage render it pro-
bable that the air gains access to the new cuticle shortly before
ecdysis. ‘The old cuticle is probably at this time dry, and not
sufficiently continuous or dense to exclude the presence of air.
Just previous to the 3rd moult, too, greater variation was observable
in the colour of the larva, and Poulton reclassified the larve as
(1) “lightest” (the six palest and bluest), (2) ‘“‘ intermediate” (four),
(3) “darkest” (the six darkest and yellowest), but after ecdysis many of
the palest larva were quite dark. In the 4th stage, the larve are

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 341

described under the groupings just indicated, and Poulton notes
that, by 11 p.m. on October roth, the most forward larve entered
the resting-period, and, at this time, were 4omm., 40°25mm. and
42°5mm. in length respectively, the two shorter ones in the
morning having become 41.25mm. and 45mm. in length, whilst
others varied between 36°5mm. and 43°3mm. ‘The entry on the
resting-period varied from October roth-15th, and the ecdysis from
October 13th-18th, the last two (excepting the laggard) moulting on the
latter date. Of the 14 larve that fed on in the last stadium, seven
were preserved. Of the others one had become adult and ceased
feeding on October 27th, and was then 73mm. long. when extended
in walking, although already it had become somewhat contracted ;
another ceased feeding on the same date, a third on October 28th ;
on October 30th, another was walking about as if preparing for
burying and was 75mm. long when comfortably extended, the
remainder ceased feeding on October 31st, the longest being 85mm.
long when extended. ‘The lengths of the mature larvze were cer-
tainly less than wild ones. Buckler describes a larva as 4 inches
long, Whitaker one of 34 inches, none of Poulton’s were much over 3
inches. Of the habits of the larve in the last stage, Poulton notes that
it has been stated that the larve conceal themselves in the earth or
among brown leaves during the day, and writes: “I think that this
is most improbable, for I did not see the least tendency towards such
habits, although I surrounded the larve with appropriate materials
during the last stage.” This idea originated with Harris, in 1775,
and was perpetuated by D’Orville, who (Zoologist, p. 6818) records
that, on October 14th, 1859, he obtained a nearly fullgrown larva of 4.
convolvuli, that was found in a potato field and was so covered with
wet dirt, that he inferred that it concealed itself under ground by day
and fed by night. The notion that the larva hid by day beneath the
soil (Z.47.I/,, v., p. 161) was proved by Syme and Buckler to be with-
out foundation, the former observing thatthe larvee fed away continuously
without attempting to bury themselves (/oc. czt., vil., p. 139), the
latter (Larvae, &c., i., p. 23) finding that the larva is quite unwilling
to stay on the earth and that, when so placed, it crawled up through
the Convolvulus which had been placed over it and took up its
position as usual on the stem of the plant. It showed no disposition
to wander away from its foodplant ( Convolvulus arvensis), nor any
aversion to daylight, and, although placed openly on a table for
several hours a day, the larva merely moved further up the stem
by slow degrees to get at the leaves in their order upon the stem.
Buckler gives three or four inches as representing adequately the extent
of a day’s progress. As another proof of the lethargic habits of the
larva, the same observer mentions that he invariably found it on the
same part of the foodplant as when placed in its cage the previous
evening, and he concluded also that it was not a nocturnal feeder.
Throughout the day the larva feeds frequently, taking rest in the
intervals, and Buckler says it does not consume much at the time.
Sturt, who received 17 larve from Cornwall, in October, 1895,
says (Ent. Rec., vii., p. 226) that they were sluggish, but good
feeders, seldom moving unless in search of food. When disturbed,
they twisted the head sharply to one side, and it was particularly
noticed, when changing their food, that they would quickly let
go their foothold; in fact, they showed a decided tendency to drop

342 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

off. In a state of nature, feeding as they do on a plant so near the
ground, no doubt even a heavy caterpillar might not, by dropping,
suffer injury. That they avoid sunshine and hide during the day, Sturt
was convinced is not the case, for they seemed to prefer feeding
in the sunshine «af placed there, and would feed @eircelyaain
gaslight. Poulton adds (Zvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, pp. 548-
549) that the larve are extremely irritable when touched, ejecting
from the mouth, on the slightest provocation, large quantities of a green
fluid, containing fragments of leaves. This habit, he says, is quite
unknown in Smerinthus, Manduca, or Sphinx ligustri, except when
the larve are excessively irritated; it is, however, well-known to
occur in Ayles euphorbiae; the habit did not take place in
the earlier larval stadia of 4. convolvulz. When irritated, the mature
larve curled up and remained in this position for a very long time.
They were fond of drinking the drops of water which were some-
times introduced on the foodplant. They also freely ate the brown
and withered leaves which were occasionally introduced when the
plant became frost-bitten in late autumn. ‘The antennez were in a
state of continual and rapid vibration. The ‘‘ Sphinx-like” attitude was
never observed in large larve ; this fact is, doubtless, due to the usual
horizontal position of the larva upon its foodplant, which chiefly creeps
along the ground. Bartel notes (Fa/. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 39) that,
by day, the larva is extraordinarily skilful in concealing itself, and
is found almost exclusively by country people who gather the bind-
weed for fodder; it would appear that, in Egypt, its mode of life is
different, for Schneider has met with it repeatedly, usually by day,
sitting exposed on the foodplant. Powell writes (zz /7¢7.) - “ At Hyeres
the larve are usually abundant in September and October; generally
they are of the brown variety and are found feeding on a low-growing
Convolvulus, but I have found the greenish form of larva on cultivated
Convolvulus in gardens. One may frequently see a dozen or more
larvee in a morning when out collecting; I took several on October
12th, 1892, rushing wildly along the road.” Mathew notes (2.AZ_AZ,
XVill., p. 96) that, on September 12th, 1878, he found a single
larva in a vineyard, on a plant of Ferstcaria, at Gallipoli, which
turned to a pupa in a few days and, on October 16th, produced
an imago; he further records (£7/., xxxi., p. 115) thatjeomsen
tember 17th, 1897, at Pirano on the Gulf of. Trieste, while
passing a fence by the side of a small patch of Indian corn, he
noticed a brown-looking object near the ground upon one of the
palings, partially hidden among some sprays of common bindweed
which was climbing up the fence, and found it to be a large full-grown
larva of A. convolvuli, almost the exact colour of the piece of rail upon
which it was resting. Search at the time failed to produce more,
but, the next day, on gathering some of the plant for food at the
same place, a small larva about a week old was found. On
September 20th, three more small larve were found at Corfu on
bindweed brought in for food. On two other occasions food was
obtained at Vido, and each time eggs and small larve were
obtained. The larvee fed up very rapidly—one found that had just hatch-
ed on September 27th had buried by October 18th, but an accident upset
the earliest formed pupe, although four were quite healthy on February
15th when the ship was at Alexandria. The same observer states (doc.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 343

cit., XXXiV., p. 282) that, in 1901, when he found several larve in the
neighbourhood of Dovercourt, in potato fields, choked in places with
masses of Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium,
the larvez often climbed the potato stems to rest, and he adds that the
larve have, owing to this habit elsewhere, occasionally been mistaken for,
and recorded as, larve of Wanduca atropos. The nearness of the larve can
usually be discovered by their frass, which is rather elongated and small-
er at one end than the other, and thus differs from that of JZ. atropos
which is square or brick-shaped ; moreover, the frass of the latter lies
in a mass under the plant upon which the larva has been feeding,
whilst that of the former is found at intervals upon the ground; by
following this the larva canbe traced. Brazenor notes (£n+¢., xxxii., p.
16) that the larve of 4. convolvuld bear no resemblance in form, colour
or behaviour to those of Sphinx ligustrt. Contrary to the action of the
latter, the larva of A. convolvuli would, on being touched, or even
the food shaken, turn the head sharply round until it met the last
segment and then drop from the plant. Mathew also further notes
(£nt., xxxiv., p. 283) that the larva, which is hard-feeling to the
touch, when annoyed, curls itself into a ring or violently jerks itself
from side to side. Bell-Marley observes (Zz, xxxi., p. 67) that the
young larvee spin long webs over their food, and that, after the 1st moult,
the larve resemble those of \S. “gustvZ in miniature, only the stripes
are very much paler. Hatching on September 14th, 1897, the moults
of the larve in his possession occurred on October 14th, October 27th,
November 8th, two larve finally going underground on December 12th
and pupating on December 16th, without having undergone a 4th
moult and having taking 86 days from the time of hatching to pupa-
tion. Only one pupa appears to have resulted. Comparatively few
larvee (or pupze) have been taken at large in the British Islands. The
following are the records that we have so far observed* : October 14th,
1859, nearly fullfed at Alphington (D’ Orville) ; October 5th, 1859, near
Freshwater (Zoo/., p. 6788); October 8th, 1859, at Penzance (Hayward) ;
5 pupz were found at Chatteris in early September, 1859 (Fryer) ;
several larve in 1859 in the Carlisle district (Armstrong); in 1859,
several pup dug up in potato fields inthe South of England (Newman) ;
3 larve from Deal, on September 7th, 1859, imago emerged September
15th, r860F (Syme, Zool., pp. 6788, 7269) ; 7 larve, taken on small bind-

* Apparently the earliest record of rearing the imago from the larva in Britain ~
is that by Davies [ Zool. fourn., v., p. 142 (1830)], who states that he obtained larvze
which in due course became pupz, from which he reared 2 ¢s for the collection of the
Portsmouth Philosophical Society, several ¢s assembling to the ¢s on their
emergence, and entering the room in order to reach them.

ft The only instance that we know of a larva pupating in autumn in Britain and,
going over the winter as pupa, producing an imago normally the next year, is the
following: ‘‘ Mr. Syme exhibited a ¢ specimen at the meeting of the Ent. Soc. ot
London, on October Ist, 1860, which had emerged from pupa on the 15th ult.,
and had been produced from a larva found in a potato field at Deal, in the autumn
of last year, and had remained nearly a year in the pupal state’’ (Zool., p. 7269).
This record must be read in connection with a note by Hellins /Z.JZJZ,
vil., 139), which states that “ Syme had three larvee brought hin on September 7th,
1859, that they went down on the 12th and 13th of the month, two producing
perfect pupze, one of which produced an imago, as far as Syme can recollect, about
the end of May, 1860, the pupa having been kept in a room without a fire in
it during the winter.’’ We do not understand the difference in these two accounts
of the rearing of what is evidently the same moth. Mathew notes (zz dct.) that a
pupa, which assumed this stage in the autumn of 1901, was turned out of its cocoon
alive in April, 1903, but that it died directly afterwards,

344 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

weed at St. Leonard's, on September, 17th, 1863 (Ze0/, (eo) ene
half-grown larva on August 23rd, 1865, at Devonport (Hayward); one
on September 24th, 1872, at Mersea, left off feeding September 28th,
went down on the 2gth (Laver “este Buckler); two pupe found in a
potato field in Isle of Sheppey, in September, 1872 (Walker); a full-
grown larva found on October 14th, 1875, in Alderney, on Convolvulus
sepium (Luff); a pupa dug on October 17th, 1876, at Birchington
(Golding-Bird); a larva in August, 1877, at Hereford, pupated
almost as soon as obtained (Pilley); pupa on October 31st, 1884,
at Woodford (Hunt); [two larve August 1886, one of which
pupated, the pupa was perfectly healthy August, 1887, and appeared
likely to pass another winter in the pupal stage (/este Higgs, Eut.,
KX, p. 55).°| Pour larve,at Dover, om August 14th-roth ees
one pupated on August 20th, from which an imago emerged
October 7th, another pupated on August 17th, and an imago
emerged October 5th, another pupated August 19th, the imago
emerged October roth (the 4th larva was preserved). In 1895, two
larvee were found at Dover on August 12th, one pupated on August
13th, the imago appearing September 30th, the other larva preserved,
another larva was taken on August r4th, pupated August 16th, the
imago appeared on October oth. In 1897, a larva taken on August 16th,
pupated August 24th, but the pupa died (Pickett, Hvzt. ec., xil., p.
138). Four larve on October 19th, 1895, and 13 more on October z4th,
were sent from Port Wrinkle on Whitsand Bay, of these 5 died, 2 were
given away, Io went down for pupation from which 7 healthy pupz were
obtained. ‘The larve went down between October 19th and Novem-
ber 17th; the pupze were forced—one from December 3rd, an imago
from which emerged December 2oth, three from the 14th, of which one
emerged on the 29th, another on the 30th, and the third on January
Ist; one more was forced from January 12th, the imago emerging on
January zoth. Two pupe died (Sturt, Zz. fec., vil., p. 226). Two full-
fed larvee were found in October, 1895, at Wye (Theobald) ; two larve at
Weymouth, one of which went down on October 3rd, 1895, the other,
found on October 5th, was fullfed by October 16th (Richardson) ; 1 larva
in August, 1898, at Weymouth, on garden convolvulus (Peachell); 1 full-
grown larva on September 1st, 1899, at Penarth (Howe) ; 1 fullgrown
larva on September 28th, 1g00, at Portland (Hyde); a larva on August
2nd, and a pupa on September 22nd, 1901, at Portland (Hyde);
fullgrown larva on August 7th, 1901, on Holy Island, a pupa
also was dug up on September 30th in the island (Embleton) ;
two larve August 14th, 1901, on Convolvulus arvensis, at Maldon
(Fitch); 4 larve on August 16th, 1 on August 17th, 8 between
August 19th and September roth, rgo1, at Dovercourt, on C. arvensis ;
also 59 pupez between August 16th and November 23rd, brought by
labourers digging potatoes ; from these and the larve only two moths
were bred (Mathew) ; 2 larvae on August 16th, rgo1, at Elstow, these
pupated on August 28th and September 2nd, 2 other larve taken on
September 7th, pupated on the 12th, and one on September 14th which
pupated on the 16th, whilst a pupa was found on October 4th ; all
the pupz died (Nash); 26 larve, by August rgth, 1901, on the sand-
hills of the Lancashire coast, feeding on wild convolvulus (Grimshaw) ;

~* We have no doubt from this record that this was an error and that the
recorder did not know the larva or pupa of this species.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 345

1 on August roth, rg01, at Cornhill, near Dover, a second a few days
later (Mathew); 2 larve on August roth and 21st, 1901, at Boxworth,
on bindweed (Thornhill); 13 larve between August zoth and
September 3rd, t1g01, at Sudbury ; also a pupa on August
22nd (Ransom); 3 larve on August 21st, 1901, at Kirklebride,
and 2 on September roth-r1th, 1901, at Dunbar (Evans); a fullfed
larva on August 23rd, 1901, at Angmering, which pupated in due
course (Dollman); 1 fullgrown larva on August 23rd, another on
August 26th, also a pupa a few days later at King’s Lynn (Atmore) ;
a larva on August 24th, 1901, at Guestling (Bloomfield) ; 1 fullfed on
August 26th, rgo1, at Chilwell, this buried on August 29th (Pearson) ;
1 nearly fullgrown larva on August 28th, 1901, at Dawlish (Main) ;
a larva on August 28th, rg01, at Mucking (Burrows); larva
on August 28th, 1901, at Ilford, pupated September 5th (Adams) ;
5 fullgrown larve at Monkton, nr. Roystone, between August 30th
and September 2nd, 1901, on Convolvulus arvensis (Whitaker); 50
larve in August and September, 1901, at Seaton Sluice, on Convul-
vulus sepium, of which, all but one went down for pupation, (Proudlock
teste Robson); 4 larve and 1 pupa between August 2oth-2gth, rgor, at
Hadleigh (Whittle) ; 1 nearly fullfed at end of August, 1901, in
Hayling Island (May); 5 larve and several pupe August and September,
rgo1, at Bournemouth (Crallan); a pupa taken in a garden at
Folkestone in August, 1901, produced an imago on September 2zoth,
in a warm room (Hills, Av. Rec., xiil., p. 335); a pupa on September
Ath, 1901, on the Sussex coast, among C. arvensis aud C. sepium
(Frohawk); a pupa dug at Haddenham on September 19th (Barton) ;
2 larve and 3 pupe from September 6th-2zoth, 1901, at Ringwood,
from two of which imagines emerged October 3rd and 14th (Fowler).
DURATION OF LARVAL LIFE AND RATE OF GROWTH.—In his
excellent account of this species, Poulton details (7rans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1888, pp. 550 e¢ seg.) the average duration of the egg stage and
each of the larval stadia, and gives a comparison of the growth of the
larva at the end of each stadium. His tabulation works out as follows :

DURATION OF TIME FOR LENGTH OF LARVA
Development in the egg .. 10 days | Newly hatched ‘ as) Sr 5MaN.
Ist larval stadium. .. 9% days | At end of Ist larval stadium 8:25mm.
2nd larval stadium... .. 8 days | At end of 2nd larval stadium 140mm.
3rd larval stadium. .. 8 days | At end of 3rd larval stadium 24:omm.,
4th larval stadium... .. 12 days | At end of 4th larval stadium 41-omm.
5th larval stadium .. 13 days | At end of 5th larval stadium 80-omm.

Poulton says: ‘‘ Kach of these figures was estimated from the data
given at the end of each stage (doc. cit.). The whole period of larval
life may be taken as extending from about September 8th to about
October z9th—a period of 51 days. It appears probable that an
unusually short development in the egg only causes a corresponding
protraction of the first stage; and it is also probable that larve
emerge from the egg with very varying amounts of unassimilated
nutriment, and that those with the smaller amounts have carried
on the process of assimilation to a greater extent in the egg itself,
and, therefore, emerge at a comparatively late period, while, con-

346 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

versely, those with the larger amounts hatch comparatively early,
but are compelled to continue the process outside the egg. Hence
the length of the first stage would be correspondingly greater in
the latter case, but no effect would be produced upon the later
stages. It is probable that the length of larval life (exhibited by
these particular individuals) was unusually great, and that the
larva becomes mature at an earlier period in the localities in which
it breeds regularly. ‘The closely allied S. djgustri has a larval
period of about five weeks, and the same is true of Smerinthus
ocellatus. In this country, the leaves of the foodplant are extensively
killed by frost during a period which corresponds with the last part
of the larval life—a time when growth is especially rapid. I could
only get food by obtaining it here and there in many places, and
my larve would certainly have perished of starvation in the wild
state. In addition to this, the larval lite would have been somewhat
longer in the latter state, for the larve were kept indoors at a com-
paratively high temperature. They were fed so carefully throughout,
and the food was kept so fresh, that there was no protraction of
life owing to the causes which frequently operate upon larye in
captivity. Temperature has a very great influence upon the length
of larval life, as I have especially observed in the case of Smerinthus
ocellatus during the past cold summer (1888). It, therefore, seems
probable that this larva pupates comparatively rarely in this country,
and that, in warmer countries, the larval life is shorter, approaching
that of Sphinx ligustri.”

Larva.— * First stadium (newly-hatched): The body very pale
yellow, with a slight greenish tinge on the anterior part of some
larve ; the head of a very pale, brownish-yellow colour and of
rounded shape. (Hellins describes the larva as at first white.)
The caudal horn, which from the first is held very nearly upright,
is quite pale and transparent immediately after leaving the egg,
but it very soon darkens and becomes black. [It is very surprising
that the deep colouring-matter of the ova should produce so little
effect upon these pale and colourless larve.] The newly-hatched
larva when extended is 3°75mm. in length, and there is very little
individual variation. [The newly-hatched larve of S. dgustri were
found to be 5°25mm. in. length.|, Shortly after the (firstyieqs
the larve became green, and, by September 12th, they had acquired
a glistening appearance quite unlike anything I had hitherto seen in
the larvee of Sphingide. On September 13th, microscopic examination
of the two oldest larve showed that the colour had extended to the
blood, which was of a pale yellowish-green colour in the claspers
and other parts remote from the digestive tract. The lateral long-
itudinal tracheal vessel can be distinctly seen with a lens, upon
each side of the transparent larva, and the dorsal vessel , and
Malpighian tubules are also plainly visible. The dorsal vessel
forms a very distinct feature throughout the stage. The fact that
the green colour of the larve is, at this stage, chiefly dependent upon

ae If we had to criticise (avted, pp. 307-310) adv ersely Poulton's faulty descrip-
tion of the 1st stadium of the larva of Sphinx ligustri, it is only fair to say that,
although no structural details are given, his account of the development of the
m arkings of the larve of Agrius convolvuli has no equal for completeness in the
description of any other Sphing gid species known to us, Without his work, this section
of our life-history of 4. convolvudi would have been practically blank.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 347

the contents of the digestive tract, was well seen on September r4th,
when a single one, out of the 15 younger larve, was found at the
end of a shoot, where it had been eating the young yellowish
leaves. ‘This larva was of a much paler green than all the others
which had been eating the older darker leaves. The caudal horn
is not so long as in the larva of S. digustvz; it tapers very slightly
from base to apex, and it is held so as to nearly make a right
angle with the line of the back. During this stage, it is characterised
by a very slight curve, with the concavity directed anteriorly,
conferring upon it a very unusual appearance, for the curve in the
horn of other Sf/ingzdae, and in the two last stages of this species, is in
the opposite direction. [For the general appearance of the horn see
Biexve ie. 2 (>< 5S).| The bitidity of the horn varies immensely,
and this is probably true of the younger stages of all other Sphingid
larve, although they have not been examined with equal care.
These extreme individual differences are to be expected because
of the vestigial nature of the part in question. [The larva that
hatched on September 7th, possessed the most strongly marked
muenic is shown irom the front in pl. xv., fig. 3 (< 50).| The
terminal bristles are seen to be stout, and each ends in a very
slight knob, while the rest of the horn (of which only the upper
part is shown in detail in fig. 3) is clothed with thickly crowded
minute short hairs, each springing from a tubercular base. The
structure is thus very different from that of the next two stages in
which the horn presents a thorny appearance, due to the presence of
a much smaller number of far larger hairs and tubercles. (Compare
pl. xv., figs. 3 and 4, with 9 and 16.) [I am now able to state that the
caudal horn of Sphinx ligustri, in the first stage, is similar to that just
described, and bears the same relation to the stages which
immediately follow.]| One of the younger larve also possessed a
deeply-notched horn, but not so pronounced as that represented in
fig. 3. The ends of all the horns of other larve were much like
that shown in fig.4 (Xx 50), some having a rather deeper notch. The
dark colour of the horn slightly suffuses the larval surface around
the base of this structure. The well-known tubercles and bristles
are distinct from the very first, having the arrangement shown in
fig. 2 (xX 5°8). Each abdominal segment, from the rst-7th, bears
five of these prominent structures upon each side, and there are a
large number of them upon the indistinctly separated segments
posterior to the 7th abdominal. The arrangement upon this part
can be seen in figs. 2 and 6, and upon the thoracic segments in figs.
2and5. There are at first no other shagreen-tubercles * upon the
larva, but at the end of the stage, just before the resting-period,
there is an indistinct appearance of these structures. A fairly high
power only shows that the green larval surface is mottled with white,
and does not support the view that tubercles are present. It is
probable that the effect is due to the partially-formed shagreen-dots
of the next stage, showing through the transparent skin. The head
is thinly covered with short hairs (figs. 2 and 5). The subdorsal
line is certainly absent at first, but there is no doubt about its

* Poulton still calls the primary tubercles and their sete shagreen-tubercles
(see our criticism ated p. 309, footnote). True shagreen-tubercles are secondary
structures.

348 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

appearance at the end of the stage. It is very difficult to see clearly
because of the glistening larval surface, and its borders are very ill-
defined. It is possible that this feature also belongs to the next
stage and is only seen through the skin. Knowing that these larve
subsequently become brown, I was very interested to find that five
of them (the first hatched, and four of the fifteen younger larve)
possessed a well-marked brown area, bounded by tubercles bearing
bristles, upon the dorsal surface of the prothorax (see fig. 5), another
brown triangular area, similarly bounded, on the anal: flap, and a
brown quadrangular area on each side of the anus (fig. 6). The anal
claspers were also brown. ‘These marks were present through the
whole stage ; the posterior patches were of a much darker brown colour
than that upon the prothorax. The tubercles and bristles were, of course,
similarly arranged in the larve without the brown areas. [The
prothoracic area is, I feel sure, the homologue of the hard plate
which occupies this position in wood-boring and burrowing larve,
in Tortricids, &c. ‘This plate is evidently a very ancient feature of
the lepidopterous larva. ‘Traces of it can, I believe, be found almost
universally at one or other of the larval stages. It will be again
referred to in this ontogeny.| These five larve were isolated in order
to determine whether the differences would be increased in succeeding
stages. Lirst stadium (mature): About 825mm. in length when
extended although the larve can stretch to 8:6mm. ; their length was very
uniform. In the resting-period before ecydsis the larva is cylindrical in
shape, long and narrow, with a very uniform diameter, but tapering
very slightly and evenly from the 8th abdominal segment to the
anterior extremity ; this appearance is especially well seen when
the larva is somewhat contracted. Second stadium: Immediately
after ecdysis the horn is colourless, but it deepens into black (except
for the median zone) in the course of an hour or two, this is also
true of the dark patches and shades * present on most of the larve.
The head retains the rounded form, but loses it in subsequent stages.
The caudal horn is held as in the last stage, but it is now very nearly
straight. It is still bifid, but the fork is much smaller and less
conspicuous. Its surface is now thorny, from the presence of
relatively few large tubercles which terminate in bristles; a section
of its length nearer the tip than the base is now white and partially
transparent. The general appearance of the structure from the
anterior side, is seen in pl. xv., fig.9(x 24°5). The larva is still green
and is covered with white shagreen-dots, each terminating in a
bristle, exactly as in Smerinthus and Sphinx ligustri in this stage. The
subdorsal is present, but is not so conspicuous as it becomes later in
the stage. All other characters present at the beginning of the stage
varied greatly. ‘The main tracheal trunk is quite visible through the
whole of this stage, and the dorsal vessel still forms a very prominent
dark green median line. On September 2oth, when the average length
of the seventeen larvee was 10'°5mm., they were all carefully compared
together, with the following results :

* Poulton notes: ‘This stage opened with a great surprise; I had fully
expected that the five larvae which exhibited dark marks in the last stage, would still
continue to be the darkest varieties in this and that the differences would even
increase. To my great astonishment these five larvae were much lighter than the
others as a whole, so that the relations were completely reversed. Similar reversals
occurred in the later stages.”

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 3849

(1). Zleven of the larvae without dark markings in stage 1.—Dark pigment
(black in the extreme varieties, smoky in others) is now present in some of the
larve, on the head, prothorax, thoracic legs, claspers, near the anus, and round the
spiracles. The four lightest larvee had the dark pigment only slightly developed
on the claspers, thoracic legs (in one of them the claspers were free from dark
pigment, and the thoracic legs comparatively pale), round the spiracles and along
the lower edge of the furrow running below each lateral margin of the anal flap;
from this furrow the dark colour tended to spread downwards. There was also
a very slight dusky shade over the region of the ocelli in two of these larvze. The
remaining seven larve were much darker; in only one of them was the pigment
on the head confined to the ocellar area. The darkening below the anal flap was
strongly marked, and, in a few of the darkest larve, it extended on to the flap
itself, although chiefly developed upon the edges of the latter. The previously
described dark marking on the dorsal surface of the prothorax was distinct in one of
the darkest larvee and just indicated in one or two others, One of these larve
is represented in pl. xv., fig. 7 (X 5°8).

(2). Stix of the larvae, of which five possessed the dark markings in stage 1.—
These larve were much lighter than those described above. Only one possessed
the dark shade (and this not strongly marked) on the side of the head, other than
on the ocellar area; only one (mot the same larva) showed some slight indications
of the prothoracic darkness which was marked in five of these Jarvz in the last
stage. There was a slight cloud over the ocellar area of four larve. The lightest
of all the seventeen larvz was included in this division; in it, the dark colour was
absent from the region of the anus and the claspers, and was very slight on the
thoracic legs and round the spiracles. All the larve except this, and one from the
former division, had the dark shade more or less marked on the claspers, The
transparent zone on the caudal horn was especially distinct in this division and in
the lightest larvz of the other division.

The larve were now (September 20th) rearranged in two new
divisions, according to the presence of dark pigment in this stage.
There was an obvious contrast between the seven darkest larve of
the first division and all the others; the new division of ten light
larve was, of course, constituted by adding the four palest of the
old first division to the old second division. On September 2st, I
observed the presence of a row of brown spots on each side of the
larva in the light division, which possessed traces of the prothoracic
darkening. There was a spot on each of the abdominal segments
1-7 (inclusive), situated just above the spiracle and below the lower
margin of the subdorsal line. This marking could not have be-
longed to the next stage, as I thought at first, for the larva was
still feeding, and continued to feed for two days. On September
22nd, the subdorsal line became much more distinct on all
the largest larve. It had also become very broad by ex-
tending upwards, being thus gradually transitional into the
broad green dorsal band. Its lower margin remaining sharply
defined, it follows that the ground-colour of the body is somewhat
sharply divided into a dorsal and ventral shade. The brown-spotted
larva was carefully examined; it had a dusky tinge in the region
of the ocelli, from which a faint cloud extended up the side of
the head, there was a fair amount of dark pigment on the thoracic
legs, which became red toward their extremities, on the claspers,
and below, and (by this time) upon the anal flap. The 7th
white stripe which terminates upwards at the base of the caudal
horn, could now be just made out in its upper part, in this and
most of the other larve. [This stripe was always the first to
become conspicuous in Sphinx ligustr¢ and in Smerinthus.| An ex-
cesssively faint brown border to this stripe was continued downwards
and forwards from the 7th brown’ spot. Similar indistinct

350 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

borders extended from the 4th, 5th and 6th spots, but the stripes
themselves could not be seen. The homology between these spots
and those described upon many Smerinthid larve is obvious, and,
hence, the fact that the brown borders are certainly connected
with the spots, becomes of great importance. There will be far
more evidence of this in the next stage. The faintest trace of
brown spots could now be seen upon another larva of the same
division, but they were so slight that their presence would not
have been noticed except for the clue afforded by the former larva.
The 7th spot was only represented by a darkening of the green
ground colour. The seven dark larve were also carefully examined,
and traces of one or two brown spots were, perhaps, present upon
two of them, but I could not feel sure of this, the upper part
of the 7th stripe, probably upon all of them. On September
23rd, the seven dark larvae were again minutely examined, and
it was noticed that the upward-extending part of the subdorsal
line—in mature larvee which had not yet entered the resting-stage
before ecdysis—was distinctly divided into oblique white stripes,
of which each pair tended to meet and form a V, with the
backward directed apex interrupted by the dorsal line, due to the
underlying dorsal vessel. In some larve, five distinct, oblique,
white stripes could also be made out below the subdorsal, and
two more very faint ones in the most strongly marked individuals.
The continuity between the upper and lower sections of an oblique
line, above and below the subdorsal, was obvious in two or three
of the segments. Very slight traces of brown spots—often a mere
darkening of the ground colour, with sometimes the faintest brownish
tinge—could now be made out on most of these larve. Each spot
was always placed just below the lower edge of the subdorsal, in
such a position as to form the upper part of a dark border to
the oblique white stripe, whether the stripe itself was present or
not. The ten light larve were also examined at the same time.
The brown-spotted larva was now in the resting-period. The dark
pigment upon it had not undergone any further change since the
last description of the larva on September 22nd. There were now
distinct traces of brown borders extending from the three posterior spots,
and very slight traces extending from the four others. No stripes could
be seen except the upper part of the last, which was distinct. This
larva, in which the spots and associated borders were developed to
a far greater extent than in any of the others, was now removed to a
separate cylinder, in order to test its relation to the other larve in the
next stage. This larva is represented in outline on pl., xv., fig. 8 (x
5°8). The shagreen-tubercles are omitted, except in profile; all
the dark marks represent pigment. The dark mark between the
2nd and 3rd thoracic segments probably belongs to the next stage,
and is seen through the transparent cuticle. The oblique white
lines above the subdorsal were less distinct in these light larve,
but they could be made out by comparison with the more decided
appearances in the other set. They were best seen by looking at
the larve with the naked eye and from a little distance. The
mature larve (in this stadium) were about 14mm. in length when
moderately expanded, but the largest could stretch to 15mm. or
even 16mm. During the _ resting-period the length was very

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 351

uniformly 14mm. Zhird stadium :* (1) The ten pale larvae of stadium 2.
—Three of these larve were bluish-green (like the well-known tint
of Smerinthus ocellatus, although not so bluish as the extreme varieties
of the latter). One was bluish-green inclining towards intermediate.
In describing these larve those with the smallest amount of the
dark markings are, with one exception (the roth larva) taken first.

1. The least-marked larva possessed a somewhat lighter horp than that

shown in pl. xv., fig. 10(x 3); in other respects it was similar, with the yellowish
transparent zone near the tip, and the light pinkish area at the side of the base,
Red spots, like those of Srerinthus larve were present; upon the 7th
abdominal segment, the spot was only represented by darkened ground-colour;
upon the 6th abdominal it also possessed a very faint reddish tinge, which was
rather more distinct upon the spots on the other abdominal segments, although
the red area was always extremely small. There was a faint dark cloud on the
anal flap and a dark mark below its lateral margin. Each of the four anterior
claspers possessed a dark semilunar mark. The thoracic legs were red, becoming
black at the base, and the ridge to which each pair of these legs is attached, was
also dark. The first and the last two spiracles were brown, the others very dark
brown, producing the effect of black, There were two slight smoky patches, the
one anterior, and the other posterior, to each of the spiracles; especially faint in
the case of the prothoracic, and especially pronounced in the case of the Ist
abdominal spiracle. Upon the head, the ocellar area was dark, and an almost
imperceptible tinge spread upwards from this area over the side of the head.
The subdorsal line was faint except in its anterior part ; the oblique white stripes and
their borders were also faint, but distinctly visible. No traces of an 8th stripe could
be made out, as in the early stages of Smerinthus and Sphinx ligustri. A faint
dark tinge was present between the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments at the spiracular
level, and this, spreading outwards, formed a somewhat distinct patch on each
side of the larva. This patch was separated from the prothoracic spiracle in front,
and the 1st abdominal spiracle behind, by a distance which corresponded with that
between the abdominal spiracles, and thus the existence of an additional spiracular
patch, making a complete series with equal intervals, was suggested, as in the
case of certain varieties of Smerinthus popult (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885,
p- 305). The ground colour was yellowish-green beneath, light bluish-green above,
the demarcation being sharp, and taking place at the subdorsal level, as in many
larve of Smerinthus ocellatus. A mediodorsal line, somewhat darker than the
adjacent ground-colour, was present.

2. The second larva was rather bluer beneath; the white stripes and their
borders of dark ground-colour were very distinct, as was the whole length of the
subdorsal line. The red spots were very distinct but very small, especially on
the 7th abdominal segment. The anal flap was without the dark cloud, and the
dark marks below it and on each of the four anterior claspers, were very faint. The
thoracic legs were paler than in the last individual. Upon the head there was
only a faint cloud on the ocellar area. The lateral mark between the 2nd and
3rd thoracic segments was present ; the patches on each side of the spiracles were
fainter and very slight, and they were entirely absent in the case of the Ist
spiracle. On the other hand the 6th abdominal spiracle was dark brown, almost
black,

3. The appearance of the third larva is represented in pl. xv., fig. Io (x 3).
There was a slight dark cloud upon the border to each oblique white stripe, it appears
upon the border just as it enters the posterior of the two segments in which its course
lies, and just above the level of the subdorsal line. The stripes and borders were
less distinct than in the larva last described, but they are represented more distinctly
in the figure, so that, in this respect, the appearance of the second larva is given,
rather than that of the third. The red spots were much larger than in the two
larvee described above. The iast spot was much fainter than the others. The head
was bright yellowish-green, as in the other bluish larve, and as in the young
bluish or whitish larve of Srerinthus ocellatus. The dim lateral shade was

* All the individuals were healthy at the beginning of this stage, except
the darkest of those described in the last stage as the division of Io pale larve.
This larva diedon September 27th. On the 29th, all the larve were carefully compared
and described. The larve remained shagreened as in Smerinthus and Sphinx
figustri although the character is not represented in the figures,

oo BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

developed to the extent shown in the figure. The spiracles were like those of the
second larva, but the patches were more distinct. The distinction between patch
and spiracle could not be indicated on a drawing of the size of the figure. The
smoky patch was very faint in the case of the prothoracic spiracle, but it tended to
pass backwards, so as nearly to fuse with the patch between the second and third
thoracic segments. The median dorsal line was present, as in all these larve. The
ground colour was not quite such a whitish blue-green as in the last individual.
The extremely Smerinthine appearance of these three larvez is well shown in fig. Io.

4. The fourth larva was less decidedly bluish-green, and tended somewhat
towards an intermediate variety. The horn was very black and the transparent
zone was only slightly marked. The red spots were rather larger than in the
larva last described, but they were otherwise similar. There was only a slight
dark shade upon the anal flap, but below it. there was much of the dark colour
(more than in any of the three larve hitherto described), and a dark shade
appeared, for the first time, at a still lower level, upon the last clasper. The
patches around the spiracles were larger and darker, and the three lightest spiracles
(Ist and the last two) were also darker. The claspers were blacker, anda dark
shade spread upwards from the semilunar mark. The dark spiracular line, |
extending backwards from the Ist spiracle, was more marked than in fig. Io.
The thoracic legs were blacker and less red. The lateral marks on the head
were very black, and there were rather faint lines in front of, and parallel
with, the former. These marks were more distinctly shown in the other darker
larvee (see figs. II, 12, 13, and 15). The subdorsal line, oblique stripes, and their
borders were very much as in the 3rd larva, except that there was a distinct,
although faint, dark cloud upon the borders, below the red spots; this character
is plainly shown in another larva represented in fig. II.

5. The fifth larva was, like the fourth, a long way on the bluish side of an
intermediate variety. The horn was very black, the light zone being small, but bright
yellow in colour. The spiracles were black, except the first and last, which were dark
brown; the patches surrounding them all were large, but not very dark. The red
spots were large, becoming somewhat larger anteriorly. The borders to the stripes,
above and behind the spots, were very faintly reddish, especially in the posterior of
the two segments crossed by each border, and also in the anterior part of the anterior
segment. [This arrangement is shown in a far more pronounced form in fig. II.]
This character was less distinct in the last two stripes. The other parts of the
borders were distinct and of a dark green colour. The spiracular line upon the
thoracic segments, and the mark between the 2nd and 3rd of these, were distinct,
although not very black. The broad lateral line on the head was dark and distinct,
and traces of the anterior line were also present. The subdorsal line was very
indistinct except anteriorly; the stripes were fairly distinct, especially the last.
The shade on the anal flap was faint and of small extent, but large and dark
below it. The thoracic legs were very dark above and red below, like those of the
larva last described. There was a faint subspiracular cloud, corresponding with
that which was more distinct in other larvee (figs. 11, 12, 13). There was a tendency
in this and all the other larvee towards the fusion of the posterior parts of the dark
borders with the dark dorsal line.

6. The sixth larva was very similar to the last, only rather darker through-
out. The traces of red borders to the stripes were somewhat more distinct. The
transparent zone was very small, although bright yellow.

7. The seventh larva was a distinct vellowish- green variety. The spots were
still reddish, although darker in colour than in previous larve; the dark parts of the
borders were also of a dark reddish colour. The fusion between the dorsal line and
posterior parts of the borders, had now caused the appearance of a broad dark green
dorsal band. ‘The stripes were distinct and of a yellowish-white colour. The zone
on the horn was slight and dim. ‘The spiracles were all black except the last, which
was nearly so. The last red spot was small and indistinct, and the last but one was
also smaller than the others. The anterior line on the head was distinct, as well as
the lateral band. There was no trace of an anterior extension of the upper part of
the dark borders along the upper margin of the subdorsal line, as in other larvee to
be described below (see figs. 1, 12, 13). In all the points not specially alluded to
this larva was about as dark as the one last described.

8. The eighth larva was also distinctly yellowish-green, and its appearance
is indicated in fig. 1 2(x 3). It was much darker than the last, and the spots were
black and not red. The amount and distribution of the dark markings is
sufficiently indicated in the figure. Although so different from the larve hitherto
described, some of the varieties of the next division of larvae, of which one is

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 3538

represented in fig. 11, form a very perfect transition from this to the lighter larvze.
The very different and darker ground colour of the area above the subdorsal is very
striking.

_, 9» The ninth larva was the darkest obtained except one (the 7th of the next
division); it was the larva which died September 27th.

10. The tenth larva was the one which was separated in the 2nd stage,

because of the especial development of brown spots (see fig. 8). Under these circum-
stances it might have been expected that the larva would be among the dark
varieties of the succeeding stage, but, as in other cases, the reverse took place.
This larva was examined and compared September 29th; it was a distinct bluish-
green variety, ranking with the Ist, 2nd and 3rd larve already described. The
red spots were distinct, becoming larger and more distinct anteriorly, the last was
far the smallest, and the last but one intermediate between this and the others.
The stripes and borders were very distinct and Smerinthus-like, as in the 2nd
larva. The subdorsal line was very distinct anteriorly. The larva was, therefore,
a very light variety, and it would rank between the 2nd and 3rd of those described.
On October 2nd it was again examined. There was no dark shade on the head, very
little on the claspers; the thoracic legs and the horn were as in the other light
varieties. There was a very slight shade on the anal claspers, and hardly any on
the anal flap. The whole appearance was extremely Smerinthine. The stripes
were of a bright yellowish-green colour (somewhat deep in tint as compared with
other larvz).
(II) Zhe seven dark larvae of stadium 2.—Upon the whole these
larvee were somewhat darker than the ten larve just described, and
hence the effects witnessed in the last stage have, in this case,
passed on into the succeeding stage; but it will be seen that the
differences are very small. As before, the bluish lighter larve will
be described first. The larvee were compared October 2nd.

1. A bluish-green larva, about equal to the lighter of those described.
The shade upon the head was almost confined to the ocellar area, an almost
imperceptible cloud extending upwards from the latter. The increase in the size
of the red spots anteriorly was well séen, the last spot being very minute. The
first and last two spiracles were light brown, and the surrounding patches were
in all cases very small. The amount of dark colouring elsewhere was very slight,
although distinctly traceable in the usual positions. There was hardly any dark
pigment between the Ist and 2nd spiracles.

2 and 3. These two larva, although bluish-green, would rank with the
5th and 6th of the previous divisions, tor there were distinct red marks upon the
borders to the stripes, below the red spots, in both larva, and also above the
spots in the 3rd larva. The 2nd larva had a slight transparent zone in the horn,
and a very dark head; while the 3rd had the zone even less marked, but the head
lighter. Both larvee were fairly dark around the anus, but the flap of the 3rd was
much the darker. The stripes and dark green borders were quite distinct in the
2nd, fairly so in the 3rd, larva.

4. Then followed a larva with a ground colour of an intermediate tint.
(This larva is represented in fig. 11 x 3). The condition of the borders made this
larva decidedly darker, for the dark red shade was not only present upon the
borders above and below the red spots but, in the former locality, a dark smoky
shade extended from the central red mark, stretching along the upper edge of
the subdorsal line, and forming a very conspicuous feature. In addition to this,
there was a highly conspicuous oblique dark patch above the subdorsal, upon each
_ of the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments, and upon the Ist abdominal (see figure).
The degree of development of the dark markings in other parts of this larva is
shown infig. 11. This larva would be quite as dark as the 7th of the previous division,
but it was not of the same distinct yellowish-green colour. The elongation of
the red spots along the borders (see fig. 11) is a very interesting feature, indicating
the relation of these characters to the coloured borders of Sphingidae. It should
also be noted that the transparent zone in the horn was well-marked.

5. This larva was very similar and an intermediate variety, although with
a slightly yellower tint of ground colour.

6. This larva was also an intermediate variety. In darkness it would
be intermediate between the 7th and 8th of the other division. These last three
larvze were very similar, although their relative darkness is expressed by their order.

7. This was the darkest of all the larvae in the 3rd stage. It was a yellowish-

Z

354 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

green larva, and is represented in fig. 13 (x 3), and also in fig. 14 (x 5:25). The
latter figure being larger, it has been possible to introduce the shagreen-dots, which
were omitted from all the other figures of this stage. The distribution and
amount of the dark markings are sufficiently indicated in the figures. The easy
transition from the degree of darkness indicated in fig. 12 (the 8th larva of the
last division), to that shown in fig. 13, is very clear. The larger scale of fig. 14
has permitted the representation of two of the chief tubercles, which are quite
distinct upon most of the segments. These have the appearance of black points,
one above and one below each spiracle except the last, in which one is above
and one behind. The hairs which spring from them are long. The shagreen-
tubercles are generally darker on the dark parts of the larva, e.9., the horn. The
head is very black, and its green ground colour has become dark, while the
black markings have extended greatly. Its appearance from the front is seen
in fig. 15 (x 9). The area above the subdorsal is now almost completely black,
the green ground colour being chiefly traceable along the median line. Although
the markings have the effect of black at a little distance, and are thus represented
in the figures, a careful examination in a strong light on September 29th,
showed that all the dark markings upon the borders and above the subdorsal
are of a purplish-brown colour, but of so dark a shade that they appeared to
be black. On October 2nd, when the. larva was in the resting-period before
ecdysis, this purplish tint had become more distinct, and it could now be
recognised everywhere except on the darkest places, wz.—the horn, upon
and below the anal flap, and upon the head. At this time there was also a
prothoracic dorsal-plate distinctly demarcated from the surrounding surface,
like that described in the Ist stadium, and shown in fig. 5. This structure also
became especially distinct in the resting-period of the next stage. In the 3rd
stage the plate was traversed by the subdorsal line, and hence became mottled
with white upon each side, while the plate regained its black colour below the
line. This appearance only became distinct during the resting-period, and is
not shown in figs. 13 and 14, which were drawn at an earlier period.

The apparent black marks of the other larve could also be
resolved into purplish-brown tints in a strong light, especially
towards the end of this stage. The caudal horn is still thorny and
distinctly bifid, although not so deeply or so widely notched as in
the last stage. The notch was uniformly present in the larve. The
appearance of the horn of the 3rd stage, as seen from the front, is
shown in fig. 16 (xX 14°5). The horn figured was one in which the
transparent zone was well marked ; it is quite straight, and held at
the angle shown in figs. 10-13. The results of this comparison of
the darkness and the shades of ground colour in this stage may be
expressed in the following tabular form; the intervals between the
larvee indicate breaks in the transitional series:

PALEST AND BLUEST. RE YELLOWEST AND DARKEST,
The 10 pale larvee I
2>3* — 4°-— 5 6 |— — 7 — 8 — 9 —
of the last stage {10 (dead)
The 7 dark larvz
ee — * is
of the last stage : 3S 4* 5+ Ota ip?
I 1s III

The larve with asterisks affixed were those represented in figs.
IO, 11, 12, 13 (and 14). The divisions I, II, III indicate the new
arrangement, which was adopted on October and, after the com-
parison of colours. If the larve were arranged with reference to
the shade of ground colour alone, the following series would be

Q

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 39

obtained (omitting the 9th in the division of 10 pale larve):

YELLOWISH -
BLUISH-GREEN, INTERMEDIATE. PLOW

GREEN.
i
: aTV LANs Ne 5 Nich Fp ae 7
‘hemo pale larvee. ... .. - 4 Ve it
IO
@he = dark larve .. .. . et ee 3x 4 12} 7

Fourth stadium*: (1) The six lightest and bluest larvae of the
3rd stage.—Of these larve three were large (about 38mm. long) and
three small, about 30mm. They are arranged in the order of
relative- darkness, the lightest larva being described first:

I. The lightest and greenest larva was one of the small ones mentioned
above; it was painted October 1oth, and is represented in pl. xvi., fig. 1 (x 2). The
arrangement of the dark markings and relation to the green ground-colour is
sufficiently indicated in the figure. This was the lightest of all the larvee in the
4th stage, and it is seen to be transitional from the darker larve of the last stage,
while it is also connected with the darker larve of this stage by a very complete
series of gradations, the chief of which are indicated in figs. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, of
plate xvi. The larve were still covered with shagreen-tubercles as in Smerinthus
and Sphinx ligustrt ; these are not shown in the figures,

2. All the five remaining larvze were dark varieties; the least dark of
these was 2, one of the small larve, which possessed distinct stripes and
borders, together with faint traces of the green ground-colour, while the sub-
dorsal became distinct in its anterior part. This larva is represented in plate
Xvi., fig. 3 (Xx 2), and it is seen to aflord a beautiful transition towards the darker larvee.

One of the larger larvae possessed a very distinct subdorsal line, and
a fairly distinct subspiracular, both these lines remaining light and contrasting
strongly with the dark larval surface. The red spots could be made out plainly,
but they were very dark, almost black.

Another of the large larvz was similar, only the two longitudinal lines
(subdorsal and subspiracular) were not so bright and distinct.

The third of the larger larvze, in which the stripes and red spots were so
dark that they could hardly be distinguished from the general surface of the
larva. The two longitudinal lines were distinct, and of a bright yellow colour,
as in plate xvi., fig. 4, which represents one of the larvee of division III.

6. The third of the smaller larvee. was much like the last only still darker,
although the stripes were much more distinct.

The difference between the 6th and the other larve decreased,
and that between the 2nd and the others increased, subsequently,
for the dark colour becomes rather less deep during growth. The
real line of demarcation was, however, between the first larva and
all the rest; this great difference dwarfed all the minor differences
between the latter. The horn in this stage is slightly curved, and
possesses the shape shown in pl. xvi., figs. 1-5. It will be noticed
that the curve is now the reverse of that seen in the rst stage.
The surface is shining, although still rough, with comparatively small
tubercles, which represent the far larger thorns present in the two previous
stages. The colour is black, with a dark reddish-brown patch on
each side of the base, especially bright in the green variety (1), and
hardly present at all in the case of 4 and 5. ‘There was a very faint

* On October 8th all the larvee were carefully compared except the single one
in division IIT, which was still in the 3rd stadium,

356 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

trace of the light transparent zone on the horns of 1, 3 and 4. The
tip was slightly but distinctly bifid in all except 4. and 5. The spir-
acles were bright orange and extremely conspicuous in all the larve.
(Il) The four intermediate larvae of the 3rd stage—These larve were
of very uniform size on October 8th, being about 30mm. long. There
were faint traces of a bifid termination to all the horns except
that of 1 which was somewhat distorted.

1. This larva was a green variety, but not so bright or with so much
of the green colour as I of the previous division. There was rather less green
on the head and much less along the median dorsal line. The green was duller
and less yellowish in tint; the dark borders were much wider and were of con-
siderable breadth at the point where they became continuous with the black
dorsal band, whereas these two dark markings were almost discontinuous in
1 of the previous division, thus nearly allowing the subdorsal line to pass between
them. The transparent zone on the horn was slightly marked; there was hardly
any of the reddish-brown colour at the base. This larva was carefully re-examined
on October 11th, when nearly mature in this stage, and was again compared
with the lightest of the previous lot (shewn in pl. xvi., fig. 1); the larva formed
a beautiful but gradual transition from the latter in the direction of the darker
larve. All the points in the comparison made above continued to hold at this
later date. It was also noted that the dark spiracular band on the thoracic
segments was wider, and that the horn was blacker. The oblique stripes were white.

2. A dark variety about equal to 4 of the previous lot. An exact cem-
parison was very difficult, especially because of the change of colour during growth,
and also because the darkness varied in different parts of the larva, so that extreme
darkness in one part might be compensated by unusual lightness in another. Thus
this larva retained the traces of the green ground-colour as in 2 of division I
(fig. 3). Nevertheless the differences between the dark larve were insignificant
compared with the differences between them and the green larva. There was no
trace of the transparent zone on the horn.

3. A dark variety about equal to § of the previous division. The
ground-colour was dark, but the two longitudinal stripes were very distinct, and
the transparent yellow zone on the horn very conspicuous, but there was hardly
any reddish-brown colour at the side of the base.

4. This larva was darker than any of the previous division. The transparent
zone on the horn was slightly marked. The larva is represented in pl. xvi., fig. 5.

(III) Zhe sex darkest larvae of the 3rd stage.-—Five of these larve were
compared on October 8th, the 6th being still in the previous stage.
The lengths of the larve are given below :

1. The lightest larva was an extremely interesting green variety, transitional
from the Ist of the last division towards the dark varieties. It is represented in
pl. xvi., fig. 2 (x 2). Although much darker than either of the other two green
varieties, there was, nevertheless, a larger amount of green colour spreading from
the stripes. The reddish-brown patch at the base of the horn was very distinct
in this and the other four larve of this division. This larva was about 27mm.
in length.

2. This larva was about equal to the 5th of division I. Length 36mm.

3 and 4. These larvae were very dark, but the two longitudinal stripes
were very distinct and of a bright yellow colour, The larve would be classified
with No. 6 in division I, and their appearance is represented in pl. xvi., fig. 4. One
of these larva exhibited no trace of a bifid extremity to the horn, which was
present in all the others of this division, Length of both larve 36mm.

5. This larva was equally dark and with longitudinal stripes less strongly
pronounced. It would be classified with the darkest larva—(4)—of division II,
and may be represented by the figure of the latter larva (fig. 5). The yellow
transparent zone on the horn was very distinct in this larva and 1, very slight
in one of the last two larvae, and absent from the rest. Length 3omm.

The comparison between figs. 1—5 (pl. xvi) shows the chief
steps of the transition from the greenest to the darkest larve, but
many intermediate steps are necessarily omitted. These are,
however, indicated in the tabular form given below, which sum-

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 257

marises the results of the comparison made above. The real
break is between the three green larve and all the rest, and the
differences between the former far outweigh those between the
latter. Hence’ the following classification expresses the relation
between the varieties :

GREEN VARIETIES. DARK VARIETIES.
l
Weerces of Colour .. ..i| 1 2 3 4 AG AG AC 4@ | ge
Division I of the last stage |} (1)*| — | — || (2)*} (3) | (4) | (5) (6)
Division IT of the last stage |} — | (1) | — — | — | (2) | (3) — | 4*
Division III of the laststage || — | — | (1)*|| — | — | — | (2) |(3)* (4))}())

The asterisks indicate the larve which are figured on pl. xvi. It
is very curious that each of the three divisions should have produced
a single green variety. In this stage, for the first time, the shade
of the larve followed, upon the whole, the arrangement of the
last stage, although the parallelism was far from being complete,
as we see in the appearance of a green variety in the darkest
division (III). The bright orange spiracles form a very prominent
feature in this stage, together with the bright yellow longitudinal
smpes in some Of the dark varieties (see fig. 4). At the close
of this stage, during the resting-period, the prothoracic dorsal
plate became very conspicuous, the cuticle around it being thrown
into wrinkles from the strain to which it was exposed, while the
denser and thicker plate was able to resist the strain. Its appearance
is shown in pl. xvi., fig. 11 (xX 7). The plate, being darker in colour
and without wrinkles, is very prominent against the surrounding
cuticle. The 6th larva of division III was mature in the 3rd stadium,
on October 8th; on October roth it had entered the resting-period ;
on October 12th (4.30 p.m.) it had just changed its skin. The
larva was that known as 8 in the division of “10 pale larve of
the 2nd stage” (see comparison at end of 3rd stage). It is represented,
in the 3rd stage, on pl. xv., fig. 12. This larva died on October 16th; it
was apparently a very dark variety, but was not sufficiently advanced
in the 4th stage for a safe comparison with the other dark larve.
fifth stadium: All the larve became dark varieties in this stage.
Immediately after the change of skin the colour had not darkened
into its permanent shade. Thus the head was yellow and green.
The dorsal prothoracic plate, and the anal flap and horn were the
lightest parts of the larva immediately after ecdysis. It is probable
that this is due to the protection afforded by the thickness or density
of the cuticle over these parts, including the head. The darkening
of the larva being due to the action of the air, it is probable that
these parts alone would be completely protected from it until after
ecdysis had taken place. The shagreen-tubercles of the previous
stage are very distinct before the colours have darkened, appearing
as white circular areas, surrounded by a rather deeper shade of
ground colour, each containing a dark point in the centre. (This

358 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

appearance is shown pl. xvi., fig. 12 (xX 7), representing the 6th
abdominal segment immediately after ecdysis. The areas are the
scars of the old tubercles, the dark central points are the rudimentary
tubercles of the 5th instar which still continue to bear minute hairs.
It is probable that many of these fall off later in the stage. The
explanation of the circular scar is as follows: The comparatively
light purplish or yellowish ground colour, alone present after ecdysis,
is subcuticular in position, being contained in the hypodermis cells.
This colour is not formed in the hypodermis cells which are
beneath the comparatively large shagreen-tubercles of the previous
stage. The dark colour, which subsequently appears, is cuti-
cular in position, and extends over the colourless hypodermis,
and thus conceals the great majority of the circular areas. Above
the subdorsal line the ground colour is at first purplish, the borders
to the stripes are also purplish, deepening into blue in the centre
of the darkest part, corresponding with the position of the red spot
in earlier stages [pl. xvi., fig. 12 (x 7) illustrating the arrangement
and tints of the ground colour, and the scars of the shagreen-dots,
as seen immediately after ecdysis, in the 6th abdominal segment].
Below the subdorsa! the ground colour is yellow or yellowish-green.
The thoracic legs are red, black at the tip. ‘The horn is reddish-
orange at its base, yellow at the upper part and tip. The head is
yellow, but the parts which will become dark, are green. The
prothoracic plate is at first much swollen and green. Three of
the chief tubercles are black and distinct on each side of each
abdominal segment (see fig. 12, in which two of these structures
are shown); the tubercles bear long and prominent hairs. This
examination of the larva immediately after ecdysis is evidently of
great importance, the stripes and borders bearing much resemblance
to those of the larva of Manduca ( Acherontia) atropos in the last stage,
and, as hinted above, it gives the opportunity of describing the
colours due to pigment in the hypodermis cells, before everything
is concealed beneath the superficial pigment which is formed in
the cuticle. The larve were compared on October 2oth, when
they had apparently taken their permanent colour. There were,
nevertheless, some few modifications due to slight changes which
happened subsequently. The larve examined were:

I. Division I of the earlier stages (omitting the green variety of the
last stage).— Of the five larvae, three were dark like those last described, one of
them being even darker, and possessing no indication of the oblique stripes,
while the subdorsal was very slightly represented by a single spot on each segment.
(This larva is represented on pl. xvi., fig. 10.) The two other dark larve pos-
sessed traces of the oblique stripes like the two larve of division II. The two remaining
larvee were lighter varieties, one of them with the subdorsal distinct for its whole
length and expanded into a distinct spot at the anterior margin of each segment.
Above it was a dorsal line upon each side, similarly expanded into spots; traces of
stripes were present. (This larva is represented on pl. xvi., fig. 7.) The
other larva only exhibited traces of the dorsal line and the subdorsal was less
distinct ; the stripes were similar.

2. Division LI of the early stages (omitting the green variety of the last
stage)—All three larvee were very dark, the ground colour being black; the
subdorsal line was represented by a single spot on the anterior margin of each
segment, except anteriorly, where it was continuous; the subspiracular line was
light and prominent. All three were very similar, except for slight differences
in the size and distinctness of the light subdorsal spots, and in the distance over
which the subdorsal formed a continuous stripe. There were very faint traces

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 359

of oblique stripes on two of the larve. The length varied from 50mm. to 65mm.

3. Division ITT of the earlier stages (omitting two larvae, one having
died in the 4th stage, while the green variety was put in spirits shortly after
ecdysis; it is quite clear that the latter larva would have been dark).—All four
larvee were dark varieties; three being very dark indeed, with small spots
representing the subdorsal line and hardly any trace of the oblique stripes. In
one case these spots were almost absent, and there was no trace of the stripes.
The fourth larva was remarkable, in that the subdorsal line and stripes were
distinct, the former for its whole length, although the larva was a dark variety.
(This latter larva is represented in pl. xvi., fig. 8.)

4. Division IV (including the two greenest varieties of the last stage).—
These two larvze were separated from their divisions shortly after ecdysis, on
October 17th. The darker variety was the larva removed from division Il. The
latter larva was dark; the subdorsal being only represented posteriorly by a single
large distinct spot upon each side of each segment, but it was continuous upon
the thoracic segments. Traces of the stripes were present. (This larva is represented
on pl. xvi., fig. 9.) The other larva was light, and (at this time) intermediate
between the two lightest larvz of division I. (It is represented in pl. xvi., fig. 6.)
Both these larvee were preserved by Lord Walsingham and are now in the
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where they are available for reference.

The fourteen larve were arranged in the order of relative darkness
as follows :—

| ae ina salam becca Sens 5 al Acad
3 Soe’ | eee 2) sn |e By i ecb
Hq |eS?ee¢/ see 2/ S20 | S_ oe | Cease
o> DEOL ea] POE eED a) mos © 0S &
Degrees of Colour. ok mas hE SRE ag Zod 1 eS ga Se
om Gees eae tall tay a 3S) SS ON sie ests
aS) Se2ov 28 os Os ae) o 68 onmv
H CFR 8 Sao & b f= h b mi GO
co) s alta) w Oo « Oo OS)? Bizz!
Division II ae I I
1°
Division I syd 1* I I Ee
Tic
Division IV ae 1 1*
Division III fe I I 1*
Jo

The larve marked ° possessed a light-coloured and extremely
prominent subspiracular line; in the others, this line varied from
a light brown colour, almost like the marked larve, up to a
distinct brown tint; but this feature was always extremely distinct,
and formed by far the most prominent marking of the larve.
The horn is nowcurved and shining like that of Sphinx ligustri in
the last stage. The prothoracic dorsal plate is very distinct and
polished (see figures). The larve were re-compared on October
25th, when the four largest were 80mm.—gomm. in _ length,
varying with the degree to which they were stretched. The
relative darkness was the same as on October 2oth, except in the case
of the two lightest larvae of which the position was now the reverse
of that previously noted. The hghtest larva was, therefore, the
lighter of the two in division IV (pl. xvi., fig. 6), while the next
lightest larva was the lightest of division I (pl. xvi., fig. 7). This
relative position is indicated in the order of the figures on pl. xvi.,
but the arrangement of the previously-given tabular form requires

* These represent the larvee figured pl. xvi., figs. 6-10.

360 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

to be modified in this respect, if it is to represent the order of the
mature larve (Poulton). Adult larva [Larva sent September 14th,
tgo1, by Dr. Sharp, from Holy Island, Northumberland, said to
have been 4 days without food, appeared to be anxious to go
down for pupation and is somewhat dull in its colouring. Of its
true legs five had had the last (tarsal) joint amputated, in one the
amputated portion still adhered by a shred of tissue. These wounds,
which had bled seriously, no doubt made any hope of raising the
insect rather faint]: It is a nice example otherwise of the green
form of the larva, the colours are dirty green, with black stripes, no
other colour, except the basal half of the horn and spiracles, which
are orange. Length, 34ins. The head has two black vertical stripes
on each side, a broad marginal one, and a narrow anterior one,
the latter central between the marginal one and the middle suture.
The spiracles are really a dirty orange or dull brown, but are in
a patch of black, which leads one to say at first, spiracles black.
There is a trace of black mark at the incisions on the spiracular
line, more pronounced on the first two abdominal segments, and
on the thoracic it continues the black spiracular mark and enlarges
that round the black spiracle. On the mesothorax and on each segment
to abdominal segment 7, there is subdorsally a black mark at the anterior
margin of the segment on each side, largest on the mesothorax, where
it encroaches on the znd subsegment, elsewhere it is confined to the first
subsegment. On abdominal segments 1 and 2 1s a black patch directly
above spiracle and half way between it and subdorsal patch as to level,
it is on the 4th subsegment, each segment after 1st abdominal having
apparently 9 subsegments. These lower marks are, in fact, the anterior
ends, the subdorsal marks being the posterior, of the diagonal black
stripes, which, in this specimen, are complete as to the posterior
five on the right side and as to six on the left; beneath them, at
their anterior ends, the green is paler and looks as if a yellow
mark occurred beneath the black stripe, possibly in this specimen
before its colour faded, probably in brighter coloured examples.
On the 8th abdominal segment the stripes proceed backward to the
base of the horn, which somewhat confuses the subsegmentation which
is so distinct in the anterior abdominal segments. The horn is
short, thick, curved, ;%1n. long, rather more than half of it basally
is orange, with regularly disposed rough (hair-bearing) points
darker, the further portion is black. The subsegments are very
finely wrinkled and have some very small rough points, but no
spicules or hairs, the legs are black. The subspiracular flange
is very marked, rising nearly to level of spiracle at front of segments
much below it posteriorly, beneath it are two other less fully
developed ridges. Anal plate green (yellow margin ?) thinly covered
with rough points that are hardly spicules. Prothoracic plate green,
with a black shading at anterior margin, centrally (Chapman),
Buckler describes the fullgrown larva (Larvae Brit. Butts. and Moths, ii.,
pp. 22-26); Newman describes a larva obtained at Alderney (£Zn/éom.,
Vili. pp. 272-4); Doubleaay gives a translation of Boisduval’s descrip-
tion (Z77., vi., pp. 561-2) ; Embleton also describes the same larva as
that described above by Chapman (2.47.JZ, xxxvii., p. 297), and
Brazenor described one (Z77/., Xxail., pp. 15-16).

VARIATION OF LARVA,—Boisduval says that the larve of this

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 3861

species vary greatly, not only in the markings but also in the
ground colour, which is sometimes of a bright green, sometimes of
a dark green, very often of a light brown, and sometimes of a
dark brown. Among the green individuals the following varieties
have been observed :

(1). Of a bright green with two rows of black spots along the back, and
seven oblique white lateral stripes, the horn fawn-coloured on the upper
side and black beneath. (2). Of a dark green, with two black lines along the
back and seven oblique stripes of the same colour on the sides. (3). Green, with
six longitudinal rows of black or brown spots, and the head and horn ferruginous.
The brown individuals, he notes, are equally variable. The
principal forms are:

(1). Olive-brown, with two black lines along the back, and seven oblique

stripes of the same colour on the sides; the head and the Ist segment of the
body of a ferruginous-red, a large white spot upon the sides of each segment.
(2). The three anterior segments with whitish longitudinal lines. (3). Entirely
brown with the back darker than the sides.
Besides these six forms, intermediate ones are not rare and
sometimes almost the whole of the body is intersected by a
multitude of very fine black lines. The same author states that
the caudal horn is either fawn above and black beneath, or
ferruginous, or of a rusty-red. The larve that Sturt obtained
from Port Wrinkle varied in size and colour very much. He describes
Gen hecr., Vil., p. 226):

(1). The brown form (in those just changed into the last skin), varying

from almost black, with continuous white stripes along the side, to two (full-fed),
which were of a pale putty-colour with very faint markings. (2). The green form
varying from a rather deeper tint than that of Sphinx ligustri, with oblique black
stripes bordered with white, to a very washy shade, with the black stripes broken
up into three dots of pale brown.
Bartel writes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ., p.38): “A very dark form of
the larva corresponding with the black aberration of Acherontia atropos,
has been observed in numbers locally, ¢g., 23 examples from
Hungary are lying before me. It occurs both black-grey with a
faint brownish line, and also quite black, and has an obscure
dorsal tinge, but even this is wanting in half the examples before
me. On each side of the dorsum a yellow stripe runs from the
head to the horn, where the two run together or terminate in a
large yellow or reddish spot. ‘These stripes are much inclined to
disappear and sometimes approach nearly to vanishing.” Mathew
notes (Entom., Xxxiv., p. 283) the following forms as occurring among
the examples obtained in 1901, at Dovercourt:

(1). Bright apple-green, with narrow black lines between the skin-folds ;
oblique stripes bright yellowish-green; head green, with black stripes each side
of the cheeks; horn orange-red, tipped with black. (2). As in 1, but with
a subdorsal row of square-shaped black spots, and a large black blotch above each
spiracle, (3). Apple-green, with the oblique stripes broadly bordered above by
purplish-black, the stripes nearly meeting over the back, and those on the last
two segments running up to the base of the caudal horn, (4). The brown variety,
as figured by Buckler, but difficult to describe.

But the interesting facts of the variation of the larve of this
species have already been detailed at length in our quotation of
Poulton’s description of the various forms (amzed pp. 346-360). In
the third stadium of the larva, he finds a distinct resemblance to the
Amorphid larve—(1) In the variability of the ground colour, (2) in

362 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

the variable development of the red spots, and (3) in the relations of the
latter to the borders of the stripes. The association of a bluish-
green ground colour with the absence of pigment and a general
Smerinthine appearance, is very striking, when compared with the
dark markings and greater peculiarity of the yellowish larve.
Nevertheless, there is a very gradual transition from the one type
to the other, and this can be clearly seen in the series of four larve
represented in figs. 10-13, although there were other larve inter-
mediate between some of these. The stages Of this transition,
he considers, probably represent the steps by which the dark variety *
has arisen from the green one. These stages are :

(1). A green Smerinthus-like larva with a red spot on the border to each stripe.

(2). The increase in the dark part of the borders both in size and in depth
of tint. The red spots elongate along the border, and at the same time distinct
dark reddish patches appear above and below the elongating spots. Dark patches
and bands appear and increase elsewhere. .

(3). The borders become still darker, and their upper part tends to spread
anteriorly along the upper edge of the subdorsal, thus shutting off a band of dorsal

ground colour.
(4). The ground colour thus shut off first becomes much darker than the

rest by a deepening in the tint of the ground-colour itself, finally nearly black, from
the gradual intrusion of the black borders of the band.

The further continuation of this process of darkening will be
seen in the following stage. It must be remembered that the purplish-
brown colour of the markings connected with the borders, together
with the elongation of the red spots and the red coiour of the
additional dark marks on the borders, seems to clearly support
Weismann’s conclusions that the red spots are connected with the
coloured borders to the stripes. These facts also serve to connect
together Sphinx and Smerinthus in a most interesting manner
(Poulton, Zvans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 535-536). Poulton further
details the variation in the 4th and 5th stadia and submits a most
interesting series of figures (loc. czt., pl. xv-xvi) which give one a
very clear idea of the evolution of the dark forms; the five figures
(pl. xvi., figs. 1-5) of larvae at the end of the 4th stadium are
particularly interesting, whilst those in the 5th stadium (figs. 6-10)
show a certain amount of uniformity in adult coloration, that explains
why green adults are comparatively rarely, in some districts, seen in
nature. The chief variations are in the shade of ground colour which
passes from brown to black, in the prominence of the subdorsal, sub-
spiracular and oblique stripes and their borders, the subdorsal being
often represented by a single spot on each segment posterior to the first
abdominal. In the lightest varieties there is a dorsal stripe above
the subdorsal, also tending to form spots (above the subdorsal
spots indicated in figs. 6-7). The alternation of light and dark
varieties of the larve of A. convolvuli in the successive stages was
very remarkable and very marked in many larve in all the stages
except the last in which all the larva became dark varieties.
Poulton also gives (loc. cit, p. 552) a diagram showing
in a graphic manner the way in which the larve oscillated
backwards and forwards, between the dark and light varieties during
the successive stages. He says: “It must be understood that the dark

* Mathew notes that none of the larvae that he found in the Mediterranean
district, in 1897, assumed their brown coats until after the last change of skin (Z72,,
XXXL, p, 115).

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 363

varieties of stage 1 do not contrast with the light varieties of
the same stage in the same marked manner as the two varieties of
stage 4 contrast together ; nevertheless, the two varieties of the former
were very different in this respect, and we should have expected that
the darker larve exhibited traces of the darkness which became more
manifest in Jater stages. So also we might well have supposed that
the single larva which exhibited marked indications of the dark borders
in stage 2, would have been among the number of those in which
the character was principally developed in the next stage instead
of among those in which it was least developed. It is well known
that the green form of these larve often persists into the last stage.
Thus I was assured that this variety is commoner than the other
in the Canary Islands and in Madeira. In the larve above-described
it has been seen that three individuals retained the green ground-
beloutein, the, 4th ‘stage, while all the others lost it. Under
these circumstances, it might well have been supposed that
the larve would exhibit the power of variable protective
resemblance which so many species are now known to _ possess.
Thus Ruma crataegata can be rendered brown or greenish; while
greater or less variation in the depth of the brown ground colour
can be caused in Cvocallis elinguaria, LEnnomos angularia,
Selenia lunaria, Loarmia rhomboidaria, B. roboraria, Catocala sponsa ;
and variations in the green coiour of Smmerinthus ocellatus and
Sphinx ligustrt. Other instances occur, and this power is doubtless
very widely spread among larve. It is, however, certain that
S. convolvuli does not possess this power in any marked degree,
and it is probably entirely wanting. My larvze were fed in glass
cylinders placed upon white plates, and the food was always kept
green and fresh. Only in the last stage were brown surroundings
(earth and dead leaves) introduced, in order to test the opinion
that the larve conceal themselves. The complete absence of brown
surroundings in the earlier stages would have produced light brown
or green individuals of nearly all the species above-mentioned,
and yet the convolvult larve became exceptionally dark. It is,
therefore, probable that the predominance of dark varieties in one
locality, and green in another, is due to the ordinary operation
of natural selection upon the two forms of a dimorphic species,
tending to exterminate a relatively larger number of the variety
which harmonises less with the surroundings in each locality”
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 551-553). Burrows notes (£Zu¢.
Rec., xill., p. 306) a larva, from Mucking, of a bright, pale green
colour, vertical lines white, horn orange, and spiracles orange ringed
with black. Anal flap and anal prolegs yellow. Every segment
transversely lined narrowly in black, corresponding with the sub-
segmental divisions. Five larve—3 brown and 2 green—taken wild
in rgo1, at Monkton, are described in the Z.AZJZ, xxxvii., pp.
257-258. A larva with an entire absence of oblique lateral
stripes is described by Newman (£yvéom., viil., pp. 272-274).
Pearson notes the capture of a larva at Chilwell, which had
no black markings except a large black spot round the spiracles
and stripes down the face; the general colour being dull apple-
green, the horn reddish with a black tip.

PUPARIUM.—Sturt, who reared this species successfully in 1895,

364 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

says (Ent. Rec., vil., p. 226) that the larve buried to a depth ot
about 8 inches, though the pot was a large one and they could
have gone down at least another gins. They formed particularly
large earthen cavities, in which were the pupe—remarkably active,
very soft and delicate-looking and of a pale shining reddish-
brown colour. Proudlock states that the puparium consists of
a large smooth cavity made in the earth from a depth of 7ins.
to re2ins. Mathew says. (7 dz.) : “The fullfed larnvagibmmes
itself 3 or 4 inches below the surface of the ground, .and there
constructs a large chamber or cocoon similar to that of Sphinx
ligustrt or Manduca atropos. The sides are coated with a silky or
glutinous secretion which, when dry, becomes hard and brittle. One
moth was found to have emerged from the pupa and had died in
the puparium, having been unable to force its way through, possibly
from the earth in the breeding-cage having become too dry.” Bell-
Marley notes (Zy¢., xxxi., p. 68) two puparia, made on December 12th,
1897, one so thin that it fell to pieces when touched, the other
very thick * like that of AZanduca atropos.

Pupa.—|My pupe of A. convolvuli are all dead and only
one is a fairly good one and that has the segments rather
contracted, so that I cannot go into many details of the pupa with
much confidence as to accuracy.] The pupa is about 60mm. in
length, flattened in front in the thoracic region, but without any
S curve. The labrum is quite to the front, though the frons just
dorsal to it by something less than a millimetre projects as a rounded
eminence, but with a shallow dip between the two. The frons,
labrum, and first part of the maxillze are in a line, which is not
transverse by a dip ventrally of 17°; this line is about 5mm. long
of which 3°5mm. are maxilla; the maxille then curve ventrally and
proceed directly backwards until 15mm. from their origin when they
make a curl towards the pupa and then forwards for 7°5mm. touching
the pupa and usually being soldered to it for 4mm. of this, ending
somewhat bulbously. The trunk or horn thus formed is rather more
than 2mm. wide, rather less in thickness, the round smooth bulbous end
being about 2°5mm. in diameter; basally it is also slightly thick.
The anterior margin being set back to the labrum, there is about
3mm. free as it were anteriorly, whilst the posterior surface is still
masked in the origin of the maxilla between the cheeks, which run
down beside it parallel to each other for about 4°5mm. ; the margins
then turn directly outwards, curving under the eyes for 5mm.
to reach the antenne, the margin of the maxille following the cheeks
for nearly 4mm., the rest being occupied by ist leg. There is a
very narrow spindle of ist femur against maxilla at from gmm.
to 14mm. from front of pupa. The other measurements given in
table below as well as these, are from the only fair specimen I have,
which may or may not be an average one. It is, I fancy, rather
below average in size, and has the free segments contracted.
These measurements show the pupa to have little or no flattening ;
it is not, however, cylindrical. An axial line would come to the
surface in front near the base of the antenne, and 2‘5mm. dorsal
to the most prominent front of the pupa, the dorsal line from

* We suspect from this description that these remarks are based on insufficient
data; the puparium of JZ. a¢rogos is most thin and brittle (see posted).

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 865

DISTANCE
MEASUREMENTS AT Cor Meats Eo eee PN TE ROCEOSTERION
PUPA AT
a To line of To pro-
front of jection of
pupa. | horn

Prominence in front ofeye .._.. 2°0omm. 8-smm. 7-omm. Io‘omm.
PeremenUSICO 75 eel es |) «GPO. 4, NOLO™ 4, ROTO os, TAC Ga
Esespiracie. 7... St Me FO) Iha's L2GO is, TIO" 45 Torus
Prominence of wing-base Bete Ale OP Od 12501, aS as eoK(Ol py
Prominence at end ‘of Ist tibia
Posterior margin metathorax, end é

of antenne .. 170 ore Wighiaisiaa 14-005
End of Ist leg=eentre Ist ab-

dominal af peepee tar ZOO! Ai, IZcO, 45, T5SOn ays:
Centre 2nd abdominal .. DROS de Ce ae WSO. a33
End of 2nd leg=top 3rd abdominal IO meas L5-O 15 ERO)
Dorsal prominence 4th abdominal | 310 ,, ISG hc 150) sas
End of 4th=dorsal margin .._. B20) a
End of ventral margin of wing and

maxillze Be UNO! ISCO) ep TES,
Dorsal prominence of sth abdominal EO! he REGO) TAGORaiey
Dorsal prominence of6thabdominal| 41-0 _ ,, ARTO swiss BHO. hs
Dorsal prominence of 7thabdominal) 47'0_,, IcOn ose TKO) sp
Dorsal prominence of 8th abdominal AO" a. OF 55 S:Oney
Bascrotamal spike 2.0 5. ie. =. 52°O-,, BER Frias ET er
BEGIEOISPAIPA 655-6. es es | 550 55

the top of the mesothorax curving down to this point; the ventral
line (of maxilla from horn to end) would be nearest this axis
opposite mesothorax, receding from it both forwards and backwards,
or, in other words, a straight line from base of maxilla-horn to the
most prominent point over middle of 4th abdominal, would have
the pupal surface 1mm. distant from it opposite metathorax and
o’5mm. at end of wings.

Of other irregularities, the dorsal line sinks a little at
metathorax, and, laterally from this, a hollow deepens, till it
becomes nearly 2mm. below the level of a continuous surface,
just where the hindwings cross the 1st abdominal segment, and con-
tinues as a slight hollow into the forewings. The prothorax has also a
triangular hollow in front of the 1st spiracle so that the rest of it, seen
dorsally, looks’ like a square piece marked off 35mm. long xX
7mm. wide. The glazed eye is a rather broad crescent of smooth
polished surface, without very definite alteration of the areas about it, its
convexity points about 20° ventralof anteriorly. Really the great rounded
cheeks, forming a large boss on either side in front of the glazed eye,
look more like the eyes, and are no doubt provided to afford space for
the development of the imaginal eyes. Theends ofthe 1st tibize afford very
decided elevations, and the 2nd leg is separated from the head by about
3mm. Sculpturing : The labrum is not very clearly marked off from the
front, and has a small tubercle or two towards its margin. The head
is finely wrinkled especially on the prominences, but its general
effect is of being polished. The maxilla-horn has a fine double
ridge at suture, and is transversely ribbed, the ridges are closer
basally, where most prominent, they are about two toa millimétre
and each of these double, as if corresponding to actual maxillary

366 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

structure; the bulbous extremity is smooth and polished, as is
the remainder of the maxilla. The legs are transversely wrinkled,
but the wrinkles are so smooth and flattened that they are quite
polished. The antenne have transverse lines marking the segments,
about 63 in number. Apically the segments are polished, thence
basally they have first a point at the centre of the distal margin,
whilst to this is gradually added a rough point or two and some fine
longitudinal ridges along the distal margin. The prothorax has
a central suiure that almost looks functional ; the wrinklings radiate
from the centre of each half, and are flat and polished. The
mesothorax presents no trace of suture, but there are the usual smooth
depressed lines (marking off patagia ?) ; the wrinklings are transverse,
absolutely so across the middle line, except for two apparent centres
towards the hind margin—anastomosing and broken into islets laterally,
all very low, smooth and flat, but sufficient to prevent the surface
being described simply as polished. The wing-bases are equally
polished, the wrinklings larger, flatter, and more irregular, with one
distinct little round tubercle, about opposite the middle of the antenna
and 2mm. from it. The wings are smooth, polished, the wrinkling being
obscured and as if rubbed out; the nervures stand up as rounded
ridges, the demarcation of Poulton’s line is also very obscure, but quite
determinable. The metathorax has a central ridge and a callosity* on
either side nearly 4mm. long. It is formed of very fine closely packed
ridges, that may be margins of circular pits crushed together. It is of
a much finer texture than that of AZanduca atropos. Outside this
the segment is polished, like paper or cloth badly smoothed out
rather than wrinkled. The hindwings just show Poulton’s line,
and do not quite reach to the spiracle on the 3rd abdominal segment.
The abdominal segments show more or less of an impressed dorsal line
or groove, the anterior ones some subsegmentation, a broad anterior
ridge, three narrower ones and the intersegmental one posteriorly. The
nrst of these exists on nearly all the segments and is very special in

* In connection with the callosities on the pupe of the higher true Sphinges
(including J/anduca), it may be noted that the imagines of these possess, on
the thorax, a remarkable and special crest or tuft of scales, that does not appear
to be present in other branches of Sphingides in which the pupal callosity is
absent. This tuft is well seen in both A. convolvuliand MZ. atropos. In A. convolvul?,
where the thoracic scales adjoin the abdominal, are two eye-like spots, which
might at first be supposed to belong to the abdomen, since the forward pink
abdominal stripe is lateral to them, rather than behind them. The scales of these
eye-spots stand up above those of the abdomen as a definite raised margin or
crest. They often present a complete black ring, with centrally grey scales like
those of the thoracic disc. It is, however, more usual for the centre to be con-
tinuous with the thoracic disc, the posterior black border (often containing a
few white and pink scales) is, however, always well-marked and always stands
up well above the adjacent abdominal scales, It is this black border that arises
from the metathorax, just from the area corresponding with the pupal callosity, as
may be easily seen by removing the central grey portion which arises from the
mesothorax. At first sight, looking at the pupa and the imago together, one
would take the white eye-spot with its central grey pupil and outer and anterior
black margin to correspond with the pupal callosity, this is not so, however, only
the posterior black margin is metathoracic, and this, no doubt, has the same form
as the pupal callosity, dwindling centrally, wide laterally, where it terminates
abruptly. Being still in the dark as to the use of the eye-spot in the imago or
of the pupal callosity, it is only possible to note the curious coincidence, without
asserting that they have any causal association.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 367

its sculpturing ; a combination of pits with longitudinal wrinkling,
not regular enough to say the pits are in rows down the furrows of the
wrinklings, but with some such tendency, especially on the 3rd segment.
This would appear to be a very similar development to the callosities of
the metathorax. The rest of the segment is much less strongly marked
and has both pits and wrinkles, but not so definitely related
to each other. In places, as subdorsally on abdominal segment 3, the
wrinklings have a flowing combed look and vary much in direction ;
ventrally 4, 5 and 6 are very smooth and polished, showing, however,
the same wrinklings and pits as if nearly polished away; 7 and the
following segments are well pitted ventrally. The slit of the rst
spiracle has the usual posterior lip, dark, smooth and _ projecting
well forwards; just within the anterior lip is a row of very fine
shining points or spicules; the slit is about 3mm. long; the ab-
dominal spiracles are rather wide slits with sharp raised margins in
an oval area, which is at the bottom of a hollow, more marked on
the latter segments. The scars of prolegs are slightly depressed,
smooth, with the wrinklings puckered to them as usual, so far as
the nearly effete sculpturing here can be made out. There is a
little pit (5 or 6 times as wide as the pits of the surface sculpture),
inside and posterior to the scar in some specimens, as well as another
outside it and a little more forward (larval tubercles?). The pre-
spiracular flanges of 5, 6 and 7 are somewhat complex. They are
4mm. in length, their ventral end level with that of the spiracle and
fully rmm. in front of it. The surface passing forward from the
spiracle, instead of curving inward to the suture, maintains the
full width of the segment, or rather more to the first ridge of the
flange. This ridge is sharp, and the surface in front of it passes
directly inwards (in a transverse plane) for about 1mm.; thence the
segment continues its normal curvature, but is occupied first by two
(smaller) sharp transverse ridges, returning into each other at the
ends and with a hollow between them due to the height of the
ridges. In front of these again are two more ridges, that are little,
if at all, raised, but are (rather perhaps than ridges) the margins of
a rather deep hollow that lies between them. These are practically
identical on all three segments, but larger and more marked on 5,
least so on 7. The caudal horn scar is, as usual, variable; a small
smooth area with pits round it, smaller the nearer they are to it, and so
giving a radiating effect, seems normal. In one specimen, the smooth
area is larger, and there is an actual radiation of raised ridges.
The anal spike varies much in size and boldness in my few
specimens. Seen dorsally, the regular conical tapering of 8, 9g and
Io is continued to end of horn; seen laterally, the end of 10 is
truncate for its ventral half and the spike, rising from the dorsal
half, proceeds directly backwards, so that its apex is in line with
nearly the centre of its base; both ventrally and dorsally there is
a curve (concavity ventral). In two specimens its length is—in
one 4mm., in the other 2mm. _ It finishes (not in a bifid point
but) with two quite distinct minute points; the dorsal wrinkling is
coarse, basally longitudinal, for the rest very labyrinthine, ventrally
less coarse, labyrinthine tending to be longitudinal. The anal
scar is wide posteriorly, narrowing forward, a slight eminence on
either side, longitudinally folded ; the male tubercles are well raised,

368 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

occupy a nearly circular area of a diameter about the same as the
width of the 9th segment, but about a + of their width encroaches
on 1o and by so much leaves the anterior border of 9. The posterior
border of 8 is, however, sinuate to correspond with them. The female
area obliterates the segmental divisions of 8, 9 and 1o in middle
line. The posterior half of 8 and the anterior half of 9, over this area,
are very smooth; at the anterior angle of this area is a minute
pore, with lines leading to it, suggesting that it really belongs to
8. A hardly discernible pore exists near posterior border. of 9, with
appearance of belonging to 10. From the smooth area proceed
fine raised striz, merging into the surrounding sculpturing, 772.
—pits, except towards anal scar. The sculpturing of the prothorax,
when viewing the pupal skin as a transparent object, consists of paler
lines of sulci breaking the surface up into separate plates, here
and there with complicated dendritic branches ; there are no pits,
and the hair-points, with minute hairs, perhaps about ‘o4mm.
long, are rather numerous, 16 being counted on one side only,
but are without any definite arrangement. The prothoracic lip of
the 1st spiracle is clothed with short spicules, looking like a short
comb when a row of them is got in profile. They are about ‘o4mm.
to ‘o5mm. long, ‘ormm. broad and are about 4o to a millimetre when
they can be got into view as a continuous row parallel with the
spiracular opening ; there are perhaps ro to 12 rows of them, or
might be so described, except that they are placed a little too
irregularly to be described as in rows. On the mesothorax, the nature
of the sculpturing is identical with that on prothorax but no hair-points
are detected, the broad lip or plate over the rst spiracle has a
very minutely rough surface of rounded shagreen-points. The
metathorax is also apparently without hair-points. The callosities
present a somewhat labyrinthine set of narrow raised walls looking
dark, owing to the thickness of their chitin, the marginal wall
being fairly continuous as a boundary. On the 2nd, 3rd and 4th
abdominal segments dorsally, the subsegments seem distinct to the
number of 5, of which the 4th and sth are perhaps again sub-
divided ; the divisions are pale sulci that are more than those of
the sculptural wrinklings, but can hardly be called sutures. ‘The
first subsegment contains many large pits, of the type that is
characteristic of Sphinges (and A/Zanduca ), viz., a raised dark margin,
with the margins finely crenulated, the centre much paler (very
thin) and with shading radiating to the centre from the crenulations.
Each side of the znd subsegment has a dark point beside the
dorsal line, with a median sulcus that traverses the first subsegment
passing back to the 3rd and separating them. The pits in the znd
and following subsegments are only about one-fifth the diameter of
those on the rst. The head presents several hair-points on the labrum
and basal to it, but none over the vertex or in the antenna-basal
region are detected. On the remaining abdominal segments, hairs
are rare except just anterior to the spiracles and in the deep
trough in front of the spiracular flange. The pits are very large
along the front of the margins and mainly of the special Sphingid
type (Chapman). The pupa measured 21ttins. in length, and in.
in diameter; its stout proboscis projected qin. from the body, bent
downwards at a slight angle for littke more than Jin., and then

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 369

curved upwards for half the distance towards the underside of
the thorax, with which it was in contact near its blunt, rounded
extremity. The various parts of the imago within were all remark-
ably well shown, yet gently rounded off at the prominences, the
wing-covers long in proportion, the anal spike short, blunt, and
roughish, the proboscis delicately corrugated or ringed. Each
segment of the abdomen had on the back a narrow transverse band
of roughness at its beginning, the rest of the surface smooth and
shining; the colour was a light rich mahogany-brown, darker on
the head, thorax and. proboscis, and on the last two segments,
the leg-, antenna- and wing-cases being the palest portions (Zarvae
Brit. Butts. and Moths, ii., p. 26). A pupa is described by Newman
(Enz. vili., p. 274); another by Embleton (Z£.AZ_AZ, xxxvii., p. 297).
FOODPLANTS.—Convolvulus arvensis, C. septum, very rarely, C.
tricolor, Ipomoea coccinea (Boisduval), 7. scandens (Powell), endive,
Convolvulus soldanella, but refused C. affinis (Bell-Marley), Convolvulus
purpureus, m India (Chaumette), Perszcaria, lettuce (Mathew), /pomoca
batatas, Zygophyllum fabago, Phaseolus maximus, in Java (Bartel),
Mirabilis jalapa, cultivated species of /fomoea (Donckier), Batata
edulis (Grabham), Jmpatiens nolt-me-tangere (teste Newman), Cola
(Swinhoe), scarlet-runners (Nash, 4z., xxxv., p. 172).
Hapitat.—The moth may be found anywhere from sea-level
to great elevations on the mountains, from the plains and mountains
of South Africa and Australia, and the tropical jungles of India
and the East Indies, and the islands of the Pacific to the confines
of the Polar regions. In the Palearctic area it is continuously
immigrant from its subtropical haunts, becoming more or less _ per-
manently sedentary in the southern parts of this area, and finding
temporary breeding-places in hot summers throughout Central
Europe and Asia from the British Islands to the northern parts of Japan.
These temporary habitats are very varied, e.g., Treitschke notes (Dze
Schmett., X., p. 139) that he found the larve feeding gregariously
on C. arvensis in a vineyard. Boisduval says that, in France, the
larva is rather common, feeding especially on Convolvulus arvensis
in fields of potatoes and kidney-beans, sometimes also on C,
sepium, and in gardens on C. ¢ricolor and Lpomoea coccinea. At
Autun, Constant says the larve frequent fields of potatoes in which
Convolvulus arvensis grows freely, and that, upon lifting the plants,
the larve are to be found resting beneath them. Powell writes that, at
Hyeres, the species is found mostly on waste ground, and in gardens
where Convolivulus arvensis grows, but also frequents (both as larva and
imago), a species of Convolvulus with a large white flower, that is
cultivated in gardens, and whose flowers open only in the evening.
He adds that ‘the moths themselves are very common _ indeed,
resting on railings and fences in the early morning; so abundant
indeed, that I collect them to use as food for my lizards.” Mathew
says that, in Madeira, the species is common in gardens, the larve
feeding onailsorts of Convolvulus, lettuce and other garden plants, whilst,
at Gallipoli, he found larve on fersicarza in vineyards, whilst, in the Pacific
Islands, at various dates between 1882-4, the larve were frequently
found feeding upon a species of Convolvulus which grew in masses on
the beach, just above high-water mark. Potato-fields, where Convolvulus
arvensis grows, appear to be the most favoured haunts in Britain of this

IA

370 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

larva. Walker mentions(Z.1/_J/, ix., p. 162) two pupz found ina potato-
field in the Isle of Sheppey ; Mathew says (Zntom., xxxiv., p. 282)
that, in 1901, at Dovercourt, between August 16th and September
‘roth, the Jarve were found in potato-fields where the land was foul and
the potatoes choked in places with masses of Convolvulus arvensis,
Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium. We also adds (zn litt.) that
between August 16th and November 23rd, 59 pupz were brought to
him by labourers digging potatoes, and that, whilst many of the larva
were found upon the potato-haulms, others were found upon the
ground between the rows of potatoes. Richardson (#.A7.M/,, xxxi., p.
280) had larve brought from the potato-patches in allotment gardens,
where Convolvulus arvensis was a common weed, near Weymouth.
Fitch records larve on August 14th, 1901, in a potato-field where
Convolvulus arvensis was abundant (£7+¢., xxxiv., p. 254). Frohawk
notes (loc. cit., p. 295) pupz on September 4th on the Sussex coast,
also in a potato-field overgrown with Convolvulus arvensis and
Convolvulus sepium, and Barton (loc. ci¢#., p. 313) found one near
Haddenham on September 1oth, in a potato-field where Convolvulus
arvensis was growing freely ; Hyde notes larve and pupe at Portland (doc.
cit.. p. 314) also in a potato-field; and Crallan several pupez at
Bournemouth, in gardens, chiefly among potatoes (Joc. ciz., p. 314), but
May records one (/oc. ci¢., p. 314) amongst the stubble of an oat-field,
with bindweed common in the surrounding hedges, on Hayling Island.
Robson notes (oc. czt., p. 358) over 50 taken ina hedge overgrown with
Convolvulus sepium in Northumberland by onecollector. Newman records
(£nt., viil., p. 274) a pupa dug up ina potato-field at Deptford ; Golding-
Bird writes (#7/., x., p. 19) that a pupa was dug October 17th,
1876, at Birchington in a potato-field in which Convolvulus grew. Other
records are: One brought with some larve of JZ. atropos at Essex, another
from a garden-hedge overgrown with Convolvulus sepium, on which the
larva had probably been feeding (Doubleday); larvz found in 1901, at
Boxworth on bindweed, growing in a field of tares, oats, &c., grown for
making silage (Thornhill) ; larve found at King’s Lynn, on August 23rd-
26th, 1901, and a pupa a few days later in a potato-field (Atmore) ;
two fullfed larvae in October, 1895, at Wye, in the potato-patches and
allotment gardens where Convolvulus was growing (Theobald); several
larve found at Monkton, in rgor, at the bottom of a rail by the side
of a field which, for 200 yards, was thickly overgrown with Convolvulus
arvensis (Whitaker).

Hapits.—It is most difficult to state shortly the habits of this
species, which extends throughout the whole of the Old World and the
Pacific Islands. It has a marvellous flight, and is, undoubtedly, a
migrant, flies by day and at dusk, the latter, however, being
undoubtedly its most active period. In the daytime it is especially
fond of resting, with its wings closed back over its body, on posts and
palings, at a short distance from the ground, the colours being highly
protective, its tints sometimes harmonizing with the weathered posts
and palings in a most perfect manner. We ourselves saw a 9 resting
on an old post, at a height of almost 6oooft. just below the La Meije
glacier, in such a manner that was highly protective. When paired,
Gadeau de Kerville notes (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1901, pp. 77-78) that
the two moths (g and @) arrange themselves in line, their heads in
Opposite directions, that they usually select a place, the colour of which

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. BYAl

is very similar to that of their wings, and since they are quite immovable
at this time they are exceedingly well hidden from their enemies. A
figure of two moths paired is given (doc. ciz., p. 78, fig. 1). The males give
out a very perceptible odour of musk which may have some attraction
for the opposite sex (#.JZ.MZ,, v., p. 206). In the Vaudois mountains,
in Piedmont, in rgo1, the species was exceedingly abundant, large
numbers being observed, the species being frequently seen on the wing
in the daytime when they were more wary, active, and difficult of
approach than at dusk when they sucked the nectar from the flowers of
a large Salvia, particularly abundant round Bobbie. On August 13th,
between Bobbie and Au Pra, a specimen was observed in full activity
feeding at 4.30 p.m., and another on the mountains directly south of
Bobbie, at 12.30 noon, on August 15th, the weather being dull, whilst
on the 17th, on the mountain-path leading from Au Pra to the Col de
la Croix, at an elevation of considerably over 6oooft., a fine g flew
straight at me and was brought down with a swift stroke that had to
be executed almost before there was time to think. Its flight in the
daytime was particularly bird-like, and, on the rough ground a short
distance above Bobbie, up the Pellice Valley, we observed no fewer
than five examples hovering at one time, well within the area ofa
couple of square yards, with the wings repeatedly drawn up at a some-
what sharp angle over the body, and then suddenly dropped and
spread forward. Others have noticed its day-flying habits, ¢.g.,
Mengelbir took an imago in bright sunshine at St. Moritz; Briggs
notes (77 litt.) 2 Ser Sieas taken at Lynmouth in 1go1, between 11
a.m. and 1 p.m.; Goss that a g was taken flying in the morning sun-
shine near Surbiton, on August 24th, 1901 ; Hadfield records two flying
at noon at Newark ; Sutton notes a specimen flying on September 6th,
1887, during the daytime in Battersea Park Road, and records one as
coming to some flowers held in the hand in broad daylight in 1887, at
Salcombe. Of its remarkable flight at dusk many authors have enthus-
lastically written. Barrett notes (Z.JZ.AZ, xxiv., p. 102): ‘The move-
ments of this species resemble, in ease and grace, those of a swallow.
There is something wonderfully lovely in their manner of glancing from
flower to flower, or skimming round the beds. By moving gently, with
little perceptible movement towards them, it is easy to watch them for
10 minutes at a time, sometimes within a few inches, examining flower
after flower, then circling round or gliding to another part of the bed,
hovering about 2 inches trom each flower, and probing its nectary
with a proboscis from 3 to 4 inches long. The petunias and verbenas
get a share of attention, as also occasionally the neighbouring geraniums,
and even the long tubular flowers of a large species of Datura
are not entirely overlooked, but not one of these plants approaches
in attractiveness to the MVcotiana, to which the moths always return
and about which they spend most of their time. The slightest
sudden movemept alarms them and causes an instantaneous retreat,
but, as long we move gradually and smoothly, they seem to
disregard us, and a lighted lantern is actually an object of curiosity.
It is most curious to see one of these moths, on the approach of
the light, leave the flowers and hover in front of it, then rise
higher, pause in front of one’s face with uplifted wings

then pass with a loud hum close to one’s ear, and return as though
satisfied to the flowers, This species does not hold itself bound

one BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

by the crepuscular* habits of its family .-. .i and theyamay
be taken from 7.30 p.m. until midnight, and the state of the
weather, if not too cold, affects them but little. One night, when
six were taken, was beautifully fine with bright moonhght ; another
—when seven or eight were seen and five taken—was exceedingly
wet and stormy. Certainly rough weather is no great obstacle to
them, they only seem to be rendered more careless of danger
by the rough blowing about of the flowers, and there can be little
doubt that they are attracted a long distance by the rich: perfume
carried away by gusts of wind.” For its twilight flight, it appears
most regularly at about the same time on each evening, and
Robertson says that ‘‘they begin to appear from 6.30 p.m.-7 p.m.,
but are then more difficult to cateh ; and’ are more casilyeycamem
between 9 p.m. and to p.m., when they will fly within a yard or
two of the lamp without fear; the latest capture was made at
about 11.30 p.m., but the gardener saw one in broad daylight at
3 p.m., hovering at the flowers of J/Vicotiana. ‘The insect appears
to be long-lived for I kept a @ alive for more than six weeks in
the hopes of getting ova, but she only laid 4 eggs before she died.”
Hewett also notes that they are more easily captured later
in the evening when they are really feeding. Our own experi-
ence has been that the moths when they first visit the flowers
towards dusk, about 6.30 p.m. (in Piedmont), are readily startled
and difficult of approach, and Riding states (Aut. fec., vill., p.
243) that the insect is sometimes very shy, that it will start off in
a moment at the sound of a voice, and one that was being watched
as it hovered over flowers darted away on the church bells ringing,
not to appear again. Biggs also writes (Z/om., vill., p. 275) that he
considered the insect shy, easily startled, and not seeming to have much
partiality for light, and that the imagines invariably receded from it
when it was turned on them, that they flew in the most brilliant moon-
shine; and that most of the specimens captured in 1875 were @s,
but that several examined contained no eggs. Edgell notes
(Eutom., xix., p. 301) that, besides. the twilight fight Vonetiese
moths, they came, between September 12th and October 8th, 1886,
again to the flowers just before the moon rose, the latest noticed
on the wing being at 11 p.m., the whir of the wings being very
audible; they come, he says, every night, neither cold nor wind
seem to affect them, and one was literally blown into a bed of phlox
by the hot wind of October 1st. No male was noticed till September
2oth, all the earlier captures being @s. Allen writes (v/fom.,
x1x., p. 18): “The sound made by the rapid vibration of the wings
is very perceptible, and the flight excels even that of S. ste/latarum.
With its prodigious size is combined ease of movement, the graceful
manner in which it coils and uncoils its long proboscis, the
lightness with which it floats from flower to flower, ever and anon
poising itself to extract the nectar and then darting off in a rapid
but somewhat irregular flight, sometimes to a considerable height,
perhaps to return to the same flower-bed, is simply delightful. This
species commences its flight before daylight has departed, and
appears to be fearless of moonlight.” Douglas obtained 29 examples
in September, 1go1, at Sherborne, at Micotiana affinis, the moths
appearing exactly at the same time after sunset each night, the

AGRIUS CONVOLVULIi. 373

males much scarcer than the females—6 out of 19. Hodge says
that several were taken at Ilfracombe at the latter end of September,
1898, hovering over flowers of Vicotvana ; they came down each
night with the regularity of clockwork at 6.30 p.m., and variation
in the light did not seem to affect them at all; on one evening
as many as thirty were seen flying round the tobacco plants at one
time. Cotton adds that many were seen and taken at Minehead
in September, 1901, all appearing at /V. affinis between 6.15 p.m.
BiG@e ge pime boswell notes (#77. 1x., p. 257) that, in 1875, in
the Orkneys, the species flew from 8 p.m.-9 p.m., but, on going out
one morning, at 1 a.m., the whir of the moth was heard, and, on
lighting a lantern, four were caught in a few minutes. Farr records
them as being on the wing as late as midnight at Beccles. Daws also
notes one coming to light after midnight at Paul, and James says that he
has-taken them from 9.30 p.m.-11.0 p.m., and that moonlight apparently
makes no difference to their flight. Edmunds records two on flight in the
early morning of August 22nd, 1887, at Windsor. It is a thorough
nectar-loving insect haunting many different species of flowers, of
which JVicotiana affinis is probably the most attractive; Longstaff
notes two moths actually fighting for access to a flower of this
plant when held in the hand at Morthoe, in 1901 (2.40.4, xxxvii.,
p. 298), and had also previously recorded (doc. cé¢., xxxiv., p. 278)
one sucking nectar from a flower of the same plant, whilst held in
his hand in 1898. We ourselves found it most abundant in the Vaudois
mountains, in Piedmont, in 1gor1, at the flowers of a giant Sa/vza. Powell
says that, at Hyeres, they abound some years in August and early
September at the flowers of honeysuckle, convolvulus and petunias,
and he adds that, in 1902, a Jady returning from the seaside to the
town with a bunch of flowers of Pancratium maritimum in her hand,
was followed by quite a cloud of imagines of this species, that fed from
the blossoms that she held in her hand. Moeschler gives Zonzcera and
Ginothera biennis as being most attractive in Upper Lusatia ; Seriziat says
that, at Collo, the species is most frequently attracted by flowers of Pan-
cratium maritimum, and Reid asserts that they were so abundant on
August 18th, 1887, and following days, about 8 p.m., ata bed of petunias
at Eretat that the flowers seemed almost alive with them, but flowers
of Gnothera missogenensis are chosen at Clevedon (Mason), of Ginothera
btennis, at Sevenoaks, the proboscis being well dusted with the yellow
pollen (Meldola), of petunias and pink geraniums, as well as
LVicotiana, at Chingford (Cooper), of petunias at Portland (Walker), and
at Cobham, between 6.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. (Ridley), also at Ipswich
(Fison), at Buckland, near Dover (Stonestreet), at Wannock (Pearson),
and at Stapleton (Harding), of honeysuckle at Aylesbury (Greene), at
Bremhill (Eddrup), at Fyvie (Reid), at Carlisle (Day), at Newbury
(Beales), at phlox at Corsemalzie (Gordon), at the Bridge of Allan
(Wingate), at Chale (Irving), at Darlington (Law), at Lower Clapton, at
9 p.m. (Gaviller), at honeysuckle and single pheasant’s-eye pinks at
Swanbister (Boswell), at Lzdium auratum at Hammersmith (Cowan),
at Footscray (Williams), and at Douglas (Mackonochie), at
Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis jalapa), at Lee (Bower), at Hackney
(Wright), at West Ham (Biggs), at Walthamstow (Jobson), at

374 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Delphinium (Cubitt), carnations at Dublin (Birchall), at verbenas *
(Goodall), at scarlet and pink geraniums as well as petunias in
the Isle of Wight (Fereday), at geraniums and petunias at Fresh-
water (Hodges), especially partial to the rose-coloured varieties
of bedding geraniums, also attracted by flowers of the different
varieties of Althea frutex, rhododendrons and weigeleas (Mason),
especially fond of white petunias at Buckland (Stonestreet), of
jessamine at Taunton (Rowlinson), of gladiolus at Wolsingham
(Backhouse), in 1887, at Morthoe, the imagines: would . not look
at verbenas and petunias, but showed a great partiality for the
more gorgeous flowers of Gladiolus (Longstaff), at sweet peas and
phlox at Panton (Raynor), over /enéstemon bloom at Starcross on
a moonlight night (Powley). Bartel notes Dvanthus, Saponarta,
Epilobium, Lonicera, Convolvulus, Nicotiana, Petunia, Phlox,
Betonica, Verbena and Mirabilis jalapa as the flowers most
frequented by the species on the Continent. McRae states
(Ent, -xvill., p.- 2096) that, 1in “1875, when the ~ specitesmenmas
in great abundance in the Bournemouth district, he found
sugared bouquets of flowers, consisting chiefly of honeysuckle,
pale-coloured geraniums, and petunias to be the most attractive bait.
White and pale-coloured flowers are the most attractive, possibly
on account of their greater conspicuousness at night; one is
astonished, however, that McRae describes the flight as_per-
fectly noiseless, and he further adds that he ‘‘ suspects the moths do
not pair until after hybernation.”. We have no notion of a_ scrap
of evidence tending to make us suppose that the imagines do
hybernate. Donovan, on the other hand, captured the species
commonly at Glandore in 1889, and notes them as making
a loud buzzing sound in their quick flight over the flowers of JV.
affinis (see also anted, p. 372). The moth does not appear to have
the power to utter any sound like that made by Manduca atropos,
although Blaber notes (7, xix., p. 179) that he was informed
by a lady, who killed a specimen of 4. convolvuli with chloro-
form, that it uttered loud squeaks and other distinct sounds, apparently
of discomfiture. We suspect this is not correct. The insect is some-
times attracted in large numbers to light; in mid-August, rgo1, the
imagines were to be seen every morning in large numbers lying
dead beneath the electric Jamps in the streets of Turin; in the
middle of August, 1897, several flew into the lighted rooms of the hotel
at Susa, and at the end of July, 1900, a fine specimen flew into a
lighted room at Larche, where we were staying. It is also recorded
at electric light at Portschach (Wagner), at Berne (Benteli), at
Zurich (Nageli), at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), at Davos-Platz (Sellon),
and in Britain, at Taunton (Farrant), near Cheltenham (Trye), at
Hammersmith (Bird), at Farnham (Lewcock), at Norwich (Tillyard),
at Maldon (Bentall), at Stratford and Ilford (Murray), at Paul
(Daws), at Brentwood (Raynor), at Burgess Hill (Dollman), at
Eastbourne (Adkin), at Forest Gate (Harrison), at Gravesend

* Newman repeats (/7z7., iv., p. 148), apparently in good faith, a statement,
by Goodall, from Zhe Field, that he frequently saw, in 1868, at one time more
than a score skimming over a bed of common garden valerian; and that ‘ while
the moths were busy on the wing the caterpillars of the same species, full 33ins.

long, and 23ins. in girth, were feeding on the leaves below.’’ This is an excellent
illustration of how records of observations, not made, get into print.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 375

(Jennings), at Brighton (Meaden), and at Norwich (Thouless). Nor
does rain seem to prevent their flight, for Rollason notes that two
appeared at dusk, at Truro, on September 22nd, rgor1, in torrents
of rain at the flowers, and Schultz states (///us. Zeits. fiir Ent., iv.,
_p. 208) that, whereas Eumorpha elpenor, Theretra porcellus and
Sphinx ligustri only comes to flowers and sugar on mild nights, A.
convolvult also comes, even if in small numbers, on cool windy
ments.-and even if there: be rain. The migration of this
species is accepted by all well-informed lepidopterists. Its
sudden appearance in different years over vast areas, the speci-
mens in good, bad and indifferent conditions, in districts where
not a specimen has been seen for some time hitherto, is probably the
most important factor on which this opinion has been based.
Williams records (ut. We. Jnt., vi., p. 163) a specimen that flew on
board a vessel in the middle of the Bristol Channel, and was caught
by one of the sailors, on August 12th, 1859. Bold notes(Z.AZ_J/, v.,
p. 172) that a fine specimen was taken on board the steamer ‘‘Lord Rag-
lan” on September 29th, 1868, when she was 5 miles from Tynemouth,
a second also fluttering around the light of a sailing vessel which was
making for the Tyne, and at a considerable distance from the land; Eales
found one floating on the Tyne, near South Shields, on September 13th,
nope Ve, vill, p. or1), and ‘kobson’ says that they are
often taken on fishing-boats at sea at night off the Durham coast
dimhese ewinilst awson states (Porntts. Last of Vorks, Lep., -p. 17)
that, at Bridlington, the species is frequently taken off the sails
of shipping out at sea. Perkins records one (Zt. Wk. Lnt., x., p. 202)
taken on a boat moored a little way up the Tyne; and Webb
another (2.17. M/,, xxxi., p. 268) that flew on board a smack in the
North Sea, 40 miles from Jand, towards the end of August, 1895. West
writes (£v7t., x., p. 300) that, on October 6th, 1876, an example
of A. convolvuli alighted on one of the Dublin Steam Packet Company’s
steamers when some miles off the Irish coast. Frere records one cap-
tured, in 1887, on the seashore at Cromarty (£77. xx., p. 303), Freeman
the same year picked one out of the river, near Ipswich (/oc. cat. ).
Cordeaux says (/Va/., August, 1884) that, some years since, many were
washed up by the waves on the coast between Spurn and Kuilnsea,
having doubtless perished in the crossing; Burgess-Sopp notes one
captured on a fishing-boat at Hoylake, on September 3oth, r1go1
Dutton records one captured on the sail of a barge in the river Foss, at
York, and Donovan notes (Z.4Z.JZ,, xxil., p. 134) that, on September
22nd, 1885,a living exainple was found floating on the sea in Glandore
Harbour, a second seen a week later similarly floating on the water in
the harbour. Coupin is noted (L’ Amateur de Papillons), as stating
that A. convolvuli migrates to Europe from Algeria. The years
in which the species has been recorded as exceptionally abundant
in Britain are 1846, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1868, 1876, 1885, 1837, 1895,
tg01. It has often been asserted that the autumnal ? specimens
of this species and of JZ. atrofos are barren, or that they have
the eggs in an undeveloped state, but this is a normal condition for
these (and probably all usually migrating Sphingids), the eggs being
developed after pairing has taken place and when the ?s have
done considerable feeding, nor will they lay without this feeding, as
witness Corbin’s record (£yz., vi., p. 520) that he obtained a pairing on
October 4th, 1869, but that the ? deposited no eggs although kept for

376 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

some time. There is abundant evidence that the late moths are
killed off by cold without having deposited their eggs, and that
they are exterminated every winter following their appearance in
our country; but there is no evidence whatever in support of
Robson’s statement ( Young /Vat., iil., p. 267) that ‘the species hybern-
ates as an imago and reappears in June.” As tending to prove its
migrating habits, Boswell states that the species is sometimes
abundant (¢.g., 1875) in the Orkneys, but that no Convolvulus grows
there, for, though Neill gives C. arvensis as an.Orkney plant, no
one has found it there since. As bearing on the question of the
immigration of our British examples we have two very definite sets of
facts, illustrated excellently by the specimens captured in 1885 and
IgOI respectively,both years in which they appeared in this country in
great abundance. In 1885, the species appeared suddenly in August
and continued on into September, and were in no way preceded by the
finding of larve or pupe in this country, nor by any early (June or July)
imagines; these August and September imagines were, therefore,
possibly direct immigrants from more southern climes and not
bred in this country. This view is supported by the facts that,
on. August 14th, 1885, Druitt caught a’ ? at. Chrstchunea tas
laid him 4 eggs, a most unusual proceeding for late, and
undoubted British-bred, examples (£77¢., xviii, p. 259). In
rgor, on the other hand, imagines were taken on June 2nd at
Portland (£x¢., xxxiv., p. 314), 9s on June 3oth, July 2nd, roth,
and a g on.July 11th at Elstow (#7, xxxiv., p. 230), one also
on July 16th at Wandsworth (Zu, xxxiv., p. 230), and, by early
August, larve were found, ¢.g., at Portland on August 2nd (£nz4,
XXXiv., p. 314), at Maldon on August 14th, on the sandhills of the
Lancashire coast on August 19th (loc. cit, p. 254), at Dovercourt
from August 16th to September roth, and at Dover, on August
19th (loc. cit., p. 281), at Dawlish, on August 28th (doc. cit., p. 313),
at the end of August at Hayling Island and at Bournemouth (Joc.
cit., p. 314), also in Northumberland (/oc. cé¢., p. 358), whilst pupz
were found on the Sussex coast (doc. cét., p. 295), near Haddenham,
on September roth (doc. ciz., p. 313), at Portland, on September 22nd,
and at Bournemouth (/oc. ci, p. 314); larvae and pup were
obtained between September 6th-2zoth at Ringwood, from which
two imagines were bred on October 3rd and rath (loc. cit., p. 321).
But imagines, principally Qs and not in good condition, were taken
throughout early and mid-August, followed by fine recently-emerged
ones during September and October, but not in any very great
numbers. It is well-known that this insect is long-lived, and that its
eggs are slowly matured during the whole imaginal life, and
that, as we have already stated, without food the imagines
soon die, and that their eggs remain undeveloped*. There
appears to be no doubt, therefore, that the early August,
1901, examples were the remnants of the probable immigrants of

* When Poulton exhibited larva of this species, reared from eggs laid August
29th by a ¢, taken in South Devon (see anted, pp. 339 et seg.), at the meeting
of the Ent. Soc. of London, October 5th, 1887, McLachlan is reported to have
remarked that “ ¢s of this species, taken on former occasions when the insect
had been unusually abundant, had been found upon dissection to have the
ovaries aborted.” We have found no evidence of this abortion although there
Is plenty to show that the eggs are ill-developed, and that the food + temperature

obtainable in these islands in September and October are not altogether sufficient
to enable the ?s to develop them satisfactorily. (See also anted, p. 338, footnote 2.)

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 377

June-July. Hyde observes (¢oc. ci¢., p. 314) that the imagines were
plentiful in early August at Portland, but only in fair condition,
whilst fewer specimens,, but in much better condition, were
captured in September; the fact that he obtained a larva on
August 2nd, and a pupa on September 22nd made _ him
believe the late September-October imagines were freshly emerged ;
Fowler also ‘notes (loc. cit, p. 321) that imagines were
common from August 16th to the end of the month, chiefly @s,
and that they occurred up to September 13th; then there was a
break, and no more were seen till the first week of October, when
four perfectly fresh gs were netted. Several records note that
imagines were found, towards the end of the season, on the ground
more or less moribund. Careful comparison of the detailed “times of
appearance” (fosted, pp. 379 e¢ seg.) for the various years in which the
species has occurred in the British Islands will give students further
material in this direction. Mason notes (Young Wat, x., p. 233)
that bats attack the moths when on flight at flowers; he says
that, at Clevedon, he saw them swoop down on the moths, but did
not observe that they caught any although they spoiled his sport.

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—In the subtropical home of this species
the insect is possibly almost continuously-brooded, passing, how-
ever, its hybernating period (so far as it has any) in the pupal
state. Harker notes that, in Grand Bassam, the pupal period is
exceedingly short, rather less than a fortnight (£77., xxix., p. 66),
and that the insect goes through its metamorphoses in a very short
time, and this appears to be true also in India, North Australia,
and the Pacific Islands. In Madeira, northern Africa and localities
with a somewhat similar limited winter, the species appears to be
more or less sedentary and double- or triple-brooded, appearing in
April-May, July-August and October, whilst parallel habits possibly
prevail in countries with a similar climate south of the equator. It
is possible that the species never passes the winter successfully in
the greater part of the Palearctic region, and certainly almost all
the specimens taken in Europe and northern Asia are either immi-
grants or the direct descendants of immigrants from subtropical
climes. Even at Hyeres, although the imagines are abundant in
August and early September at flowers of honeysuckle, convolvulus
and petunias, the imagines have not, Powell asserts (zz /t¢.), been
seen at large in June, although an imago emerged in confinement
on May 27th, 1903, from a pupa which had been exposed all
winter, to all weathers and temperatures, on an outdoor balcony.
He adds that if this represents a first brood, it must be a very
small one. Similarly in Britain, even in confinement, there are
no records of an imago emerging from a pupa that has spent the
winter as a pupa, except that already noted (anéed, p. 343, footnote).
The summer and autumnal larve and pupe that have been obtained
in Britain (anzed, pp. 343-345) have either gone through their changes
(naturally or by forcing) rapidly to the imaginal state, or died, and
a similar condition occurs throughout all temperate regions, the
warmer the district and the less marked its winter, the greater being
the percentage of successful emergences, due largely to the greater
ease with which the larve can obtain food. In some seasons, e.g.,
1857, 1858, 1859, 1868, and 1837, immigrant imagines appear in June

378 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and early July, and larve are obtained in August, and imagines again
in September and October. In other years, ¢.g., 1895, 1901, &c.,
immigrant imagines appear in August, larve and pupe from Septem-
ber to November, and imagines from October until killed off by the
winter, only forced pupz, in confinement, maturing their imagines.
In other years, ¢.g.,. 1860, 1861, -1871, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1608, moog
1885, 1886, immigrant imagines do not appear until late August
and September, and, in such years, probably due to insufficient food
or temperature, or both, eggs are rarely deposited or larve found.
The mode of occurrence of the species from Britain across Europe
and Asia to northern Japan is very similar, and the occasional
capture of isolated early summer examples leads to the statement in
most local European lists of lepidoptera that the species occurs in
‘* May-June” and ‘ August to October,” with a saving clause
frequently added, “ sometimes in July.” Thus, Bartel, who summarises
the German records, notes (Pal. Gvoss-Schmeit., i.; “p-139) ae ee
imagines emerge either after a pupal period of four weeks, between
August and October of the same year, or more rarely from hybernated
pupe in May and June, exceptionally also in July. The moths
emerging in August and September are not adapted to yield progeny,
and those larve which, with us, are observed still in October and No-
vember, mostly fall victims to the early advent of cold, and cannot,
therefore, be the offspring of the autumn brood as is often erroneously
stated, but must come from winter pupz that were specially late in de-
veloping.”* Most of the records for the continent of Europe and northern
Asia suggest that the appearances are identical with ours in Britain,
and consist of the general statement of an early and late brood,
the remarks concerning the former pointing either to its great
rarity or to a theoretical acceptance of an early one in order to explain
the later one. Thus, we have June and July, and again in September
and October in the Netherlands (Snellen), in June and September
in Belgium (Derenne), May-June and again August-October in
Germany (Heinemann), May-June and often very abundantly in
August-September at Baden (Reutti), June rare, and August-Sep-
tember at Crefeld (¢es¢e Bartel), June and September-October at
Halle (Stange), May-June and August-September in Thuringia
(Krieghoff), end of May and again in September at Wiesbaden
(¢esfe Bartel), June and September in Alsace (Peyerimhoff), June
and again in August-September at Budapest, mid-June to the
end of September in Tuscany (/esée Bartel), June and again in
September-October at Collo, in Algeria (Seriziat), all point to
an occurrence very similar to that in England though details
are wanting to show how rare the examples of the so-called
early brood are in the northern, and how far more abundant in the
more southern, European countries. But none of these eliminate
the facts exhibited in our details and dates otf appearance, 772.,
that besides occasional May-June examples (which are almost certainly
immigrants) there may be distinct July-August and September-October

* This paragraph is altogether erroneous and misleading (see aztead, pp. 343-
345 and 376) where are several definite cases of larvae, pupz and imagines obtained
from August-September parents. The eggs on which Poulton’s life-history of

this species was based (anted, pp. 337 e¢ seg.) were laid on August 26th, 1887.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 379

appearances, and that whilst the first-named are almost of necessity
immigrants, but may be the progeny of May-June immigrants, the last-
named also may consist either of immigrant or native-born individuals
in different years. As a matter of fact one can only assume that
under the most favourable circumstances two native-bred broods can
appear in the greater part of the Palearctic region, and that these would
be in August-September and October-November, and then only in years
when immigrant @s reached us in May-June (a most unusual occur-
rence). Thesetwo latter (Augustand October) broods occurin Roumania
(Caradja), and Fritsch gives dates extending over many years,
for Austro-Hungary, from May 16th to November 5th. Two broods
appear to have been pretty regularly noted in Malta, and North
Africa, vzz., May-June and September-October, with an intermediate
July-August one frequently developed, but detailed observations
and actual dates are much needed. Fletcher gives May 26th, 1902,
for Malta, Lucas has recorded imagines in May at Algiers, Seriziat
has noted examples in June at Collo, and adds the remark that
the September emergence is much more abundant and continued
into October. Occasionally, as we have stated, a July flight is
observed in Britain, and we note that Zapater records the species
as occurring in July at Ateca, and we have also in addition, July, 1896,
at light, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), from July 14th to September roth,
1893, at light at Berne (Hiltbold), very common in June-July in
Transcaucasia (Romanoff), in mid-July and August at Gorki (Ball),
most abundant in July at Sicily (Mina-Palumbo), &c., whilst the
general statement of Fritsch that imagines occur pretty continuously in
Austro-Hungary from May 16th to November 5th, could be easily
matched by taking the earliest and latest recorded dates in Britain
over a long series of years; the fact is, much detailed observation
is needed as to the dates of appearance of this species in all
countries, with a careful weighing of the probabilities as to whether
the recorded specimens are really immigrants or native-born. The
conditions governing the appearance of the species in the same
year in various parts of the Palearctic area may be very different ;
in 1898 they must have been exceedingly alike, and the simultaneous
abundance of the species in August and September of that year
in all countries across the Euro-Asiatic continent from Britain to
Japan is perhaps noteworthy. Of its time of appearance, south
of the Equator, we know little; specimens in the British Museum
collection were taken by Marshall at Umtali in December, 1900,
and at Salisbury, in Mashonaland, in March, 1896, whilst in New
Zealand, Hudson notes the imagines as being most abundant in
November and December (az/ed, p. 336), and so on. So important
do we consider the unravelling of the details of the natural history
of this species that we have no hesitation in giving the following
long list of records of the capture of this species in Britain, trusting
that additions in future years will give sufficient materials for safer
generalisations than those in which we can at present indulge. These
are: August 28th, 1841, several August, 1859, at Hull (Young), August
1zth, 1846, at Malling Deanery, near Lewes (Merrifield), September
3rd, 1847, in Arran (Thomson), September 27th, 1853, at Bridg-
water (Clark), September znd, 1856, an imago at Peckham (Siggs),
September 8th, 1856, at Mortlake (Edon), September gth, 1856,

380 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

two imagines at Stapleton (Harding), June 21st, 1857, at Maid-
stone (Hastings), September 5th, 1857, at Newhaven (Reeve),
September 1oth-r9th, 1857, at Sidmouth (Johnson), September
roth-October 9th, 1857, at Alphington (D’Orville), a @ October 7th,
1857, at Surbiton (Sheppard), several at Stoke Newington, on
and just before October gth,- 1857 (Newman), newly emerged
October 17th, 1857, at Tenterden (Beale), one bred im) @etekbes
1857, from pupa found exposed on grass at Ashford (Russell),
June arith, 1858, at Lower Clapton (Gaviller), June, 1858, at
Penrith and Kendal (Gregson), 3 in August, 1858, at Newnham
(Bingham), August 24th, 1858, at Lewisham Gane. August 28th,
1858, an imago at Kingsland (Edon), about September ist, 1858, at
Lewes (Bl aker), September 4th, 1858, at Deal, September zoth-27th,
1858, at Stapleton (Harding), September roth-27th, 1858, at Brighton
(Madden), September zoth, 1858, in Victoria Park Road (Wright), Sep-
tember 21st, 1858, at Sharnbrook (Graham), 5 from September 22nd-z2o9th,
1858, at Southgate (Walker), about September 22nd, 1858, at Putney
(Stevens), September 22nd, 1858, at Bermondsey (Harrison),
September 23rd, 13858, in Mile End (Machin), September 23rd,
1858, at Bristol (Bolt), six up to September 24th, 1858, at Exeter
(Znt., v., p. 11), September 24th, 1858, at Farnham (Lewcock),
September 25th, 1858, at Hackney (Healy), September 25th, 1858,
at Neateshead (Cubitt), September 26th, 1858, at Thurning (Whall),
September 26th, 1858, at Wick (Horton), September 26th, 1858,
at Wateringbury (Fremlin), September 27th, 1858, at Hove (Image),
September 28th, 1858, at Thorne (Roberts), two Sapiens: 28th, 1858,
at Henley-on- Thames (Stubbs), September 28th, 1858, at Ryde (Moon),
June 8th, 1859, at Kirkstall (Oates), August and September, 1859, many
at Abbey Wood (Harris), ten at Deal in August, 1859 (Harding),
August roth-30th, 1859, at Beccles (Farr), two on August rzth, 1859,
at Hove (Taylor), August rath, 1859,at Frome (Sheppard), August
12th, 1859, captured on board a vessel in the middle of the Bristol
Channel (Williams), 2 August 15th, 1859, at Twickenham (Boscher),
August roth, 25th, 1859, at Brighton (Image), an imago August
22nd, 1859, at Herne Bay (Butler), August 22nd, 1859, at Vinahely
(Bristow), August 23rd, 1859, an imago at Fordingbridge (Neave),
several seen in Dublin on August 24th, 1859 (Birchall), August
26th, 1859, at Gosport (Lacy), August 26th-September 5th, 1859,
at Teignmouth (Galton), an imago on August 27th, 1859, at
Eastover (Sanders), August 27th-September 3rd, 1859, at Ipswich
(Fison), August 29th-3oth, 1859, at Aldeburgh (Garrett), an imago
on August 29th, 1859, at Bridge of Allan (Wingate), ten at
Cheshunt, September tst-14th, 1859 (Boyd), September rst-21st,
1859, at Gillingham (Chaney), September 4th-October 5th, 1859,
at Cambridge (Cumming), 26 specimens between September 4th-
rsth, 1859, in the Isle of Wight (Fereday), September aay
1859, at Newsome (North), September 5th, 1859, at Breadsall
(Crewe), September 7th, 1859, at Camberwell (Keen), September
7th, 1859, at Northampton (Smith), several from September 8th-17th,
1859, at Chatham (Tyrer), September 8th-r5th, 1859, at Southport
(Davis), September 8th, 1859, at Hartlepool (Robson), September
8th, 1859, at Hammersmith (Bird), September roth, 1859, at
Hackney (Wright), September 1oth, 1859, at York (Wade), September

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 381

roth, 1859, at Lee (Turner), September 11th, 1859, at Barnstaple
(Mathew), ten from September 12th-r9th, 1859, at Thorp Perrow
(Culverwell), September 12th, 1859, at Dalkeith (Anderson), Sep-
tember, 17th, 1859, at Swansea (Higginson), September 18th,
1859, at Manchester (Kenderdine), September :gth, 1859, at Newark
(Hadfield), August 24th and September 13th, 1860, at Brantingham,
Brough (Kingston), August 31st, 1860, at Sutton-on-Derwent (Read),
September roth, 1860, at Winchester (Dart), September 15th, 1860,
at Fordingbridge (Neave), bred September 15th, 1860, from a larva
obtained at Deal in autumn of 1859 (Syme), September 22nd,
Zo00, at Yarm (Harrison), September 11th, 1861,. near Halifax
ap. 7700), September i2th,- 1661, at Brighton (Image),
September 17th, 1861, near Hull (Norman), September roth, 1861,
near Newcastle-on-Tyne (Perkins), September 22nd, 1861, near
Wakefield (Gibson), October roth, 1861, at Leominster (Hutchinson),
September roth, 1864, at Alloa (Borthwick), September 6th, 1865,
at Ramsgate (Curzon), September 16th, 1866, at Bury St. Edmunds
(Skepper), May, 1868, at Leominster (Hutchinson), August 6th-
September 23rd, 1868, at Guestling (Bloomfield), August 8th, 1868, at
Birmingham (Kenrick), August 14th, 1868, at Wolsingham (Back-
house), 27 gs and 2992s between August 15th-September 28th, 1868,
at Alphington (D’Orville), at Kilkea Castle, on August 17th, 1868
(Douglas), August 17th, 1868, at Doncaster (Clark), August 18th,
1868, at Painswick (Watkins), August r1gth, 1868, at Newport, Isle
of Wight (Moberly), August 21st, 1868, at New Romney, August
27th-September 27th, 1871, at Folkestone (T. Briggs), August 22nd,
1868, at Haslemere (Barrett), August 25th and 31st, 1868, at Marl-
borough (Preston), August 25th, 1868, at Windsor (A. H. Jones),
September roth or rath, 1868, near Reigate (Blackburn), October
1st, 1868, at Stirling, on October 5th, 1868, at Alloa (Borthwick),
September 13th, 1869, in Greenwich Park (West), August 15th, 1870,
near Chepstow (Sellon), August 16th, 1871, at Droylsden (White),
September roth, 1871, at Exeter (D’Orville), floating on the Tyne,
near South Shields, September 13th, 1871 (Eales), September 14th-
17th, 1871, at Wanstead (Burrows), October 3rd, 1871, at Copley,
near Stalybridge (Kershaw), October 7th, 1871, at Highgate (Davis),
October 30th, 1872, at Warwick (Baly), August 30th, 1873, at
Longroyde Bridge (Varley), September 6th, 1873, at Oxton (Studd),
September 12th, 1873, at Lewes (Mond), September 18th, 1873, at
Walthamstow (Cooper), October 3rd, 1873, at Christchurch (McRae),
September gth, 1874, at Maidenhead (Harker), last week in July,
1875, at South Shields, August 24th, at Cullercoats (Wasserman),
August rath-17th, 1875, at Swanbister (Boswell), 19 between August
12th and September 7th, 1875, at Darlington, 14 others after last-
named date (Law), August 26th-September 24th, 1875, at Guernsey
abundant (Luff), August 30th, at Tottenham, August 31st, 1875, at
Bexley (Cooper), September, 1875, 12 near Dover (Webb), September
ist, 1875, at Birkenhead (Povall), 60 from September 16th, 1875, at
Hackney, none after October rst, although weather favourable, also
September 20th, at Kennington (Biggs), September 6th, 1875, at
Barrow-on-Trent (Smallwood), September 7th, 1875, at Row (Pearson),
September gth-16th, 1875, at Witham (Cansdale), September oth,
1875, at Glenarm Castle, near Larne (Brunton), September roth,

382 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

1875, at Eastbourne (Parsons), September 13th, 1875, at Stoke
Newington (Harris), September 14th, 1875, at Clifton (Mann), Septem-
ber 14th-15th, 1875, at Christchurch (McRae), September 15th, 1875,
at Hazeleigh (Raynor), four between middle of September and beginning
of October, 1875, at Honiton and Exeter (D’Urban), September 17th,
1875, at Gravesend (Jennings), September 17th, 1875, at Dublin (Pease),
September r7th-21st, 1875, at Detling (Cave-Browne), September 18th,
1875, at Winchmore Hill (Browne), September 19th-25th, 1875, at
Newton Abbot (Vicary), September zoth, 1875, at-Lincoln .(Trafford),
September 2oth, 1875, at Hawley (Jones), September 2oth, 1875, at
Norwich (Laddiman), September z2oth, 1875, at Huddersfield
(Madden), September 2oth, 1875, at Hammersmith (Cowan),
September 22nd-26th, 1875, at Newport (Morey), September 23rd,
1875, at Bowdon (Sturmer), September 24th, 1875, at Solihull
(Martineau), September 24th, 26th, 1875, at. Lee (Bower),
September 24th, 1875, at Croydon (Frohawk), September
24th, 1875, at Worthing, September 25th, at Leeds (Smethurst),
September 25th, 26th, 1875, at Sheffield (Clark), September 26th,
1875, at Hendon (South), September 3oth, 1875, at Petersheld
(Waldegrave), September goth, 1875, at Malvern (Edwards),
October 3rd, 1875, at Peckham (Barrett), August 22nd, 1876, at St.
Ives (White), August 23rd, 1876, at Deal (Andrews), September,
1876, .at Exeter’ (Hellins), first week in. Séptemberssaojiaguean
Winchester (Johns), September 7th, 1876, at Wotton-under-Edge
(Perkins), September 7th, 1876, at Salisbury (Neale), October 2nd,
1876, at Christchurch (McRae), October 13th, 1876, at Clifton
(Mann), September 3rd, 1877, at Rothwell (Smethurst), September
3rd, 7th, 1877, at Harwich (Kerry), September 5th, 1877, at Putney
(Rose), September 16th, 1877, near Ryde (Benson), September réth,
1877, at Ipswich (Jackson), September 17th, 1877, near Walthamstow
(Downing), September z2oth, 1877, at Kingswood (Melson), October
2nd, 1877, at Wotton-under-Edge (Perkins), October, 1878, on the
sands at Seaton Carew (Robson), September 26th, 1880, at
Caversham (Holland), July zoth, 1881, in London (Cooper); August
24th, 1881, at Jedburgh (Elliot), August 25th, September roth, 1881,
at Burton-on-Trent (Thornewill), August 27th, 1881, at Hackney
Downs (J. A. Clark), end of August and beginning of September,
1881, near Malvern (Law), September, 1881, at Southwell (Baker),
September 2nd, 1881, at Gateshead (Bramwell), September 7th, 1881,
at Leeds, September 27th, 1881, at Burnley (Smethurst), September
8th, 1881, at Tresco (Bliss), September gth, 1881, at York (Langley),
September roth, 1881, at Ashbourne (Hall), September roth, 1881, at
Reading (Butler), September 11th, 1881, at Bockleton (Decie),
September 16th, 1881, at Tottington (Slipper), September 16th,
1881, at Handsworth (Deakin), September 22nd, 24th; )3cim
1881, at Norwich (Thouless), September 23rd, 1881, in Kurk-
cudbright (Haltwhistle), August 28th, 1883, at Aberdeen (Mundie),
August 29th, 1883, at Stoneygate (Bouskell), September znd, 1883,
at Gunnersbury (Mitchell), September 5th, 1883, at Nottingham
(Wright), September rith, 1883, at Southend-on-Sea (J. A. Clark),
September 12th, 1883, at Bournemouth (McRae), September 14th,
1883, at Chichester (Anderson), September 15th, 1883, at Hitchin
(Durrant), September 19th, 1883, at Walthamstow (Jobson), September,

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 383

1883, at Carmarthen (Hearder), August, 1884, at Torquay (James),
September 10th, 1884, at Mansfeld (Daws), September 26th, 1884,
at Parkeston, near Harwich (Kerry), August 11th, 1885, at Clavering
(Nash), August r1th-31st, at Harwich (Kerry), August r4th, 188s,
and following days, at Christchurch (Druitt), August 14th, 188s,
and following days, at Lewes (Nicholson), August 17th-September
12th, 1885, at Lindfield (Blaber), August 20th, 1885, at Bembridge
(St. John), August 21st, 1885, near Hartlepool (Robson), August 24th,
1885, at Walthamstow (Goldthwait), August 28th-September 6th, 1885,
at Castle Cary (Macmillan), August 28th, 1885, at Rotherhithe (Cook),
August 30th, September 6th, 1885, at Lee, near Ilfracombe (Bland-
ford), August 31st, September 5th, 1885, at Leicester (Tristram),
August, 1885, abundant in the Scilly Isles (Jenkinson), September
Ist, 1885, at Broxbourne (Coste), September rst-17th, 1885, at
Kenley- (Venables), September 2nd, 1885, near Emsworth (Christy),
September 3rd, 1885, at Wells (Livett), September 4th, 1885, at
Detling (Cave-Browne), September 5th, 1885, and following days,
at Northampton (Bostock), September 5th, 1885, at Holloway
(Mutch), September 5th, 1885, in Regent’s Park (Beddard), September
6th, 1885, and onwards, many specimens at Ilfracombe (Copp),
September 6th, 8th, oth, roth, 1rith and 14th, 1885, at Footscray
(Williams), September 6th, 1885, at Sevenoaks (Meldola), eight
from September 7th-tath, 1885, at Portland (Walker), several first
week in September, 1885, at Chichester (Anderson), September 8th,
1885, at Wannock (Pearson), September 8th, 1885, at Beckenham
(Bailey), September 11th, 1885, at Firle (Edgell), September rath,
1885, at Llanfairfechan (Jenkinson), September 13th, 1885, at Bury
(Kay), August 7th, 1886, at Holloway (Field) @ and ¢$ on
different days in the first week in September, at Newbury (Hopson),
September 6th, 1886, near Pitcaple (Reid), September roth, i886,
at Reading (Holland), September 18th, 1886, at Downham (Burrows),
September 18th, 1886, at Brandon (Raynor), September 28th, 1886, at
Blackheath (Shute), rare October 4th, 1886, at Christchurch (Druitt),
October 4th, 1886, at Loughborough (Tristram), October 7th, 1886, at
light at Corfe Castle (Bankes), October 15th, 1886, at Bramley
(Grover); = July 7th, 1837, at Liberton Brae, near Edinburgh
(Evans), August 8th, 1887, at Ilford (Tonge), August gth, 1887,
at Lowestoft (James), August :Sth, 1887, at Maldon (Bentall),
August 18th, 1887, at Lee (Fenn), August roth, 1887, at Cambridge
(Waters), August 2oth, 1887, at Guildford (Grover), about 55 from
the second week in August-September 21st, 1887, at Firle (Edgell),
August 2oth, 1887, at Chalfont Park (St. John), August 22nd-Sep-
tember gth, 1887, abundant at King’s Lynn (Barrett), August 22nd,
1887, at Windsor (Edmunds), August 2z2nd-29th, 1887, at Alford
(Garfit), August 23rd, 1887, at Tuxford (Gain), August 26th,
1887, at Thurmaston (Barrow), August 27th, 29th, September 4th,
5th, 7th, 1887, at York (Dutton), 14 between August 27th and
September gth, 1887, at Worcester (Edmunds), August 27th, Sep-
tember rath, 1887, at Christchurch (Adye), August 28th-September
oun sthenoa break till September 3zoth, 1887, at Barnsley (Rose),
August 28th, 1887, at Groombridge, September rath, 1887, at Lind-
field (Blaber), August 28th, September 7th, 1887, at West Ham (Biggs),
August 3oth, 1887, at Aylestone, September 2nd, 1887, at Leicester

384 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Bouskell), August 30th, 1887, at Alum Bay, Isle of Wight (Grant),
August 31st, 1887, at Haslemere (Newman), August 31st, 1887,
at Putney (Lea), August 31st, 1887, near Bolton, September 4th,
1887, at Horwich (Stott), August, 1887, at Lewes (Nicholson),
three first week in September, 1887, at Keymer (Bayley), September
Ist, 1887, at Birmingham (Bath), September 2nd, 1887, at Bury
(Hall), September znd, 1887, at Lowestoft (Stoneman), September
3rd, 6th, 7th, 1887, at Petersfield (Waldegrave), September 3rd-7th,
1887, at Coolinge (Cheesman), September 3rd, 1887, and following
days at Cambridge (Farren), September 4th, roth and 11th, 1887, at
Portland (Flemyng), September 5th, 1887, at Coventry (Burrows),
September 6th, 1887, at Hayton (Routledge), September 6th, 1887,
in Battersea Park (Sutton), September 7th, 1887, at Hounslow
(Powley), September 8th, 1887, at Sidcup (Williams), September —
I2th, 1887, at Sutton (Lee), September roth, 1887, at @avestou
(Elliot), September 21st, 1887, at Armagh (Johnson), September
28th, 1887, at Helston (Vivian), September 31st, 1887, at Carlisle
(Eales), August 15th, 1888, at Epping (Bell), August 28th-30th, 1888,
at York (Walker), September 1st, 1888, at Stone (Wright), September
2nd, 1888, at Polegate (Abercromby), September 12th, 1888, at
Lymington (Heseltine), August 13th, 1889, at Leicester (Headly),
August 2oth, 1889, and following days at Clevedon (Mason), August
22nd, 31st, 1889, at Ramsgate (Willson), August 22nd, 1880, at
Brentwood (Raynor), August 23rd, 1889, one captured at Douglas
Head (Clarke), August 23rd and September 13th, 1888, at Brentwood
(Burrows), August 24th, 25th, 26th, 1889, at Didsbury (Mason),
August 24th, 29th, September 8th-13th, 1889, at Grange-over-Sands
(Podmore), August 26th, 1889, at Oxford (Bliss), August 31st, 1880,
near Reading (Tarbat), and at Reading (Holland), September, 1889, in
Regent’s Park (Tuck), September, 1889, at Brighton (Meaden),
common in September, 1889, at Glandore (Donovan), 2 at West
Lulworth 1st week in September, 1889 (Barrett), September roth,
1889, at Lincoln (Musham), September roth, 1889, at Christchurch
(Adye), September rith-12th, 1889, at Freshwater (Hodges), Sep-
tember 11th, 1889, at Penrith (Birkenhead), August 23rd, 1890, at
Hartlepool (Robson), August 17th, 1891, at Keston, September 27th,
1891, near Farnborough (Alderson), 13 between August 2oth-Septem-
ber zoth, 1891, at Sketty Park (Robertson), August 22nd, 1891 at
Grange-over-Sands (Booth), August 25th, 1891, at Douglas (Clarke),
August 26th, October 8th, 1891, at Chichester (Anderson), August
26th, 1891, on Douglas Pier, October 26th, 1891, at Onchan (Clarke),
15 between August 28th and September 3oth, 1891, at Clevedon
(Mason), August 29th, 1891, at Freshwater (Hodges), September
and, 1891, at Lincroft (Hewett), September 7th, 1891, at Dumfries
(Service), September 7th, 1891, at Ramsgate (Willson), Septem-
ber 8th, 1891, at Winchester (Hewett), September 12th, 1891,
at Pitcaple (Reid), September 25th, 1891, at Ripon (Chapman),
September 30th, 1891, at Burton-on-Trent (Thornewill), October
7th, 1891, at Peebles (Evans), October 13th, 1891, at Reage
ing (Holland), October roth, 1891, at Hartlepool (Robson), June
6th, and September 14th, 1892, at Newbury (Beales), 18 from
August 2oth, 22nd, 31st to September 18th, 1892, at Sketty Park
(Robertson), August 2oth, worn, September 27th-3oth, 1892, quite

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 385

fresh at Winchester (Hewett), August 20th, 1892, at Panton (Raynor);
August 26th, 1892, at Seabrook (Chittenden), September, 1892,
at Emsworth (Christy), September 6th, 1892, at Brockenhurst (Adye),
September 6th, 1892, at Harrow (Rhoades-Smith), September 7th-
gth, roth, zoth, 22nd, 1892, at Freshwater (Hodges), September 17th,
24th, 1892, at Brockenhurst (Meek), September zoth, 1892, at
Reading (Holland), September 21st, 1892, at Exmouth (Cripps),
September 21st, 1892, at Bexley Heath (Andrews), September,
1894, at Ayr (Fergusson), September 29th, 1894, in south Devon
(Chope), 16 between August r1th-October znd, 1895, at Christchurch
(Druitt), August r2th-October 7th, 1895, 51 specimens at Portland
(Hyde), August 2oth-September 25th, 1895, at Honiton (Riding),
August 24th, 1895, at Ilminster (Hayward), August 25th, 1895, at
Rainham (Burrows), August 27th, 1895, at Rusthall Common, near
Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-Beeching), August 28th and 2gth, 1895,
and then no more till from September zoth-30th, at Clevedon
(Mason), August 31st, September gth, 1895, at Strichen (Salter),
two dozen captured during the last week in August and first week of
September, 1895, on the MHolderness coast (Hewitson), 7 first
week in September, 1895, 11 more during the next week (éeste
Frohawk), September tst-8th, 1895, at Waldrinefield (James), Sep-
tember 2nd, October 7th, 1895, at Portscatho (Step), September
3rd, 1895, at Dovercourt (Mathew), September 3rd, 1895, at Castle
Cary (Macmillan), September 5th, 7th, 1895, two at Sidmouth (Neel),
September 7th, 1895, at Braunton Burrows (Bartlett), September
7th, 8th, 1895, at Oxton (Studd), September 7th, 1895, at Carlisle
(F. H. Day), 23 up to September roth, 1895, at Winton (Hooker),
September 12th, 1895, at Epsom (Morley), September 18th, 1895, at
Market Rasen (Lewington), September 21st, 1895, at Douglas
(Mackonochie), September 26th, 1895, at Watford (Spencer), two
last week in September, at Chichester (Anderson), October 18th,
1895, at Lochiar (Kearney), July 3rd, 1896, at Colchester (Harwood),
July 29th, 1896, at Gloucester (Rea), August 31st, 1896, at Honiton
(Riding), 16 between September r2th-15th, 1896, at Oxton (Studd),
September 16th, 1896, at Reading (Butler), September 17th, 1896,
at Sandown (Prout), September z1st to end of October, 1896, in Isle of
Man (Clarke), 11 between August 14th and September 16th, 1897, at
Portland (Hyde), August 16th-September 3rd, 1897, in the Scilly
Isles (Adkin), August roth, 1897, at Market Rasen (Lewington),
August roth, 1897, at Sudbury (Ransom), August 27th, 1897, at
Sanisie, (f° Hl. Day), August 31st, 1807, one at Maryport
(Wilkinson), August 31st, 1897, at Salisbury (Gummer), last week
in August, 1897, at Market Drayton (Woodforde), September 3ra,
1897, at Chichester (Anderson), September 3rd, 1897, at Suther-
land (Christy), September 3rd, 1897, at Worksop (Alderson),
September 3rd, 7th, 1897, at Malvern (Edwards), September 3rd,
14th, 1897, at Waldringfield (James), September 4th, 1897, at
Bentley (Burrows), September 6th, 1897, at Barnsley (Harrison),
September 6th, 1897, at Windermere (Crewdson), September gth,
Eooy, at) Lee (Bower), September 14th, 1897, in Piccadilly
(Bell- Marley), September 15th, 1897, at Wishaw (Harkness),
September, 1897, at Kilbarchan (Dalglish), 52 between August
Ath-October 3rd, 1898, at Portland (Hyde), August 13th, September

Ti2k

386 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

roth, 1898, at Dawlish (Rogers), August 24th-September 8th, 1898,
in the Scilly Islands, September 13th, 1898, at Bromley (Adkin),
last week in August, 1898, at Market Drayton (Woodforde),
August 28th, September 17th, 18th, 1oth, 21st, 1696) ealleean
Waldringfield (James), August z9th to end of September, 1898,
at Honiton (Riding), September 3rd, 4th, 1898, at Sidmouth
(Wells), September 4th-14th, 1898, at Douglas (Clarke), September
1oth-20th, 1898, at East Grinstead (Burr), September 14th and
17th, 1898, at Weybridge (Tarbat), September 14th, 1898, abundant
at Guernsey (Hodges), September 16th-2oth, 1898, at Paul (Daws),
September 16th-24th, 1898, common at Oxton (Studd), September
16th, 1898, thirteen at Weymouth (Peachell), September 17th, 2oth,
1898, at Reading (Butler), from September 17th-24th, 1898, at
Willesborough (Chittenden), September 17th-22nd, 1898, in Guernsey
(Lowe), September 17th, 1898, at Chislehurst (Thornthwaite),
September 18th, 1898, at Dorking, September 20th, at Great Tower
Street, London (King), September 1oth-22nd, 1898, at Boxworth
(Thornhill), September roth-24th, 1898, at Canterbury (Small),
September 2oth-24th, 1898, at Stonehouse (Nash), September 2oth,
1898, at Seaford (Hill), September 2oth, 1898, at Mansfield (Daws),
September 2oth-25th, 1898, at Bridgwater (Cottam), September
20th-30th, 1898, at Ryde (Bevis), about September zoth, 1898, at
Mallow (Bingham-Newland), September 21st, 1898, at Ewell (Ficklin),
September 21st, 1898, at Nunhead (Russell), September 22nd, 1898,
at Brockenhurst (J. A. Clark), about September 22nd, 1898, at
Stratford (Mera), September 24th, 1898, at Lynmouth (Cotton),
September 29th, 1898, at Addlestone (Taylor), October 3rd, 1898,
at Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-Beeching), October 4th, 1898, at Moseley
(Imms), about November 4th, 1898, at Dover (Stockwell), 20 between
August 25th and September 2oth, 1899, at Portland (Hyde), August
26th, 1899, at Oxton (Studd), August 27th, 1899, and following
days in Guernsey (Lowe), first week of September and until the 23rd,
1899, at Honiton (Riding), September ist, 1899, at Penarth (Howe),
September 1st, 1899, at Boscombe (Robertson), September 3rd-6th,
1899, at Dawlish (Rogers), September 6th, 1899, near Bowness
(Moss), September rith, 1899, at Bridgwater (Cottam), September
r6th-26th, 1899, fairly abundant at Penzance (Daws), September
2oth, 1899, at Ramsey, September 26th, 1899, at Maughold (Clarke),
September, 1899, at Sudbury (Ransom), last week in September,
1899, at Manningham (Carter), one in October, 1899, at Esher
(Fleet), October rst, 1899, at Deal (Stockwell), October 8th,
1899, at Burnley (Clutten), August 13th, 1900, at Wandsworth
(Miller), August 20th, 1900, at Portpatrick (Service), August 28th-
September 4th, rg00, at Mansfield (Daws), one on September 2nd,
1g00, at Maldon (Raynor), September 7th-October 9th, 1900, at
Portland (Hyde), September 27th, rg00, at Alderley Edge (Oldham),
September, 1900, at Dorking (Oldaker), September 3oth, 1900,
near Douglas (Clarke), § imago, June 2nd, 1901, imagines common
throughout August, fewer but in better condition in September, 1got,
at Portland (Hyde), worn imagines on June 30th ?, July 2nd @, July
roth ?, and July rith, r901, %, at Elstow (Pestell), July 5th, rgor, at
Bremhill (Eddrup), July 16th, 1901, at Doncaster (Eden), July 16th,
Ig01, at Wandsworth (Miller), July 24th, 1901, at Boston

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 387

(Disbrowe), two imagines rst week in August, r901, at Tavistock,
another September 7th at Grenofen (Phillips), one worn on August 12th,
rgor, then none till September 8th, on which and following days many
were caught at Chichester (Anderson), August 12th, 1901, at
Maynard’s Green (Delves), August 13th-15th, rg01, at Hythe, near
Southampton (Kemp), August 13th, 1901, at Elgin (Brown), August
15th, and then during the first week in October, 1901, at Woodbridge
(Waller), imagines August 16th, 1901, at Eartham (Giles), swarmed
in North Suffolk trom August 17th, 1901, on into September
(Green), abundant from August 17th, 1901, later in September,
and up to October goth in better condition, in Guernsey (Lowe),
August 17th, 1901, at Leeds (Roebuck), imagines August 18th-roth,
1go1, at Maldon (Fitch), August 18th, 1901, at Bexhill (Evans
teste Sich), August 18th-23rd, 1901, specimens worn, on September
8th and gth, rgor, several quite fresh, at Kelvedon (Reid), 15 from
August 18th-October roth, 1901, at Clevedon (Lawson), imagines
between August roth-September roth, 1901, at Dovercourt (Mathew),
imago August zoth, 1901, at Fakenham (Woolhouse), two imagines
August zoth, to01, two on the 25th, one on the 26th, one on
the 28th, and several seen later, at Yelverton, at 8o0oft. elevation
(Nash), August 23rd, 1901, at York (Walker), August 24th, 1gor1,
between Chessington and Bones Gate, September 21st, at Kingston-
on-Thames (Goss), imagines August 25th, 1901, at Caterham Valley
(Seth-Smith), imagines August 29th and September rath, 1go1, at
Bakewell (Boulsover), imago August 30th, 1901, at Bromley (Hill), 203
in August and September, 1901, at Bournemouth (Hooker), 1 specimen
captured near Harlech in late August 1901 (/este Graves), September
Ist, 1901, at Highgate (Spencer), September 2nd, 1901, at East Dulwich
(Colthrup), September 3rd, 1901, at Bridport, September 4th, 1901,
at Chilwell (Pearson), September 4th-oth, 1901, at Margate (Barrett),
September 5th, 1901, at Chathill [Recorded as S. /igustri (Nat., 1901,
p. 291)|(Allhusen), September 6th, 26th, 1901, at Hampstead (Hopson),
September 7th, 1901, at Grenofen (Chichester), 5 on September gth, 30
September roth, 1901, at Hayling Island (May), September roth,
1901, near Totland Bay, about 180 imagines at Bournemouth
from September troth-October, 1901 (Crallan), September 11th,
Ig01, at Hammersmith (Dollman), imagines September 11th-27th,
Monat sudbury (Ransom), September 14th, 18th, roer, at.-
Blackrock 9 (Greer), September xr4th; toer, at Lydd (Brown),
abundant September 14th and 15th, 1901, at Burgess Hill (Dollman),
Sepeciiper 20th, Teor, at ot. johns College Park (Kitchener),
September 21st, 1901, at Ilford (Adams), September 21st, 22nd,
23rd, 27th, October 2nd, 1901, at Truro (Rollason), September
22end, 25th, October 5th, roo1, at Esher (Fleet), September 22nd,
1901, at Willesborough, others September 24th and 25th at Lewisham
(Chittenden), September 22nd, 1901, one at Lee (Carr), September
23rd-October 1st, 1901, at Boxworth (Thornhill), September 23rd,
rgo1, at Aldeburgh (Walker), September 23rd, 1901, at Pewsey
(Sladen), September 23rd, 1901, at Wotton-under-Edge (Toulmin),
Io imagines between September 24th-25th, 1901, at Forest Gate
(Harrison), 14 taken and others seen on September 24th, 25th,
26th, 27th, 1901, at Minehead (Cotton), September 25th, r1go1,
at Bushey Heath (Barraud), September 25th, 1901, at Isleworth

388 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Walch), September 25th, 1901, in London Fields (Alderman),
several on September 26th-27th, 1901, at Eltham (Jones), September
27th, 1901, at Wellington College (Thornewill), September 27th,
28th, 30th, October 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, sth, 7th, 1901, after October
7th it became wet and cold and they ceased, the females were more
abundant than the males, at Tewkesbury (Fox), 33 imagines between
September 27th- October oth, 1901, at King’s Lynn (Atmore),
September 28th, rgo1, at Hampton-in-Arden (Wynn), September
29th, 1901, 2 found at Holme Head (Thwaytes), September 3oth,
1901, at Hoylake (Burgess-Sopp), last week of September, rgor, at
Aberdovey (G. O. Day), October rst, 1901, at Botley (Jenkyns),
October 1st, 1901, at Folkestone (Hills), October 2nd, 1901, at
Hadley (Grosvenor), October 3rd, 1901, at Woking (Saunders),
October 3rd, 4th, 1901, at Chelmsford (Miller), many up to October
5th, 1901, at Easington (Loten), October 11th, 1901, at York (Hewett),
one bred October 13th, 1901, from larva found at Chilwell, August
26th, 1901, and that buried August 29th, r901 (Pearson), August
15th, 1902, at Easington [This specimen after being liberated was
caught by a sparrow (JVa¢., 1902, p. 368)] (Loten), August 26th,
1902, a specimen captured at Esher (Fleet), 2 specimen caught
September 3rd, 1902, near Wick (Rosie).

LOCALITIES.—ABERDEEN : uncertain, sometimes not rare, Pitcaple, &c.
(Reid), Strichen (Salter), Aberdeen (Mundie), Rubislaw (Buchan), Fyvie (Macintosh).
ANTRIM: Glenarm Castle, near Larne (Brunton). ARMAGH: Armagh (Johnson).
AYRSHIRE: Kilmarnock (Dalglish), Ayr (Fergusson). BEDFORD: Sharnbrook
(Graham), Elstow (Pestell). BERKs : Newbury (Hopson), Reading (Butler), Maiden-
head (Harper), Wellington College (Thornewill), Windsor (Edmunds), Beaumont
(Gardner). Bucks: Chalfont Park, Chalfont St. Peter (St. John), Aylesbury
(Greene), Bure: Arran—Lamlash (Thomson). CAITHNESS: Pulteney Town
(Horne), near Wick (Rosie). CAMBRIDGE : Cambridge (Cumming), Chatteris (Fryer),
Ely (Fisher), Haddenham (Barton), Newmarket (Verrall), Boxworth (Thornhill),
Whittlesea (Stevens). CARMARTHEN: Carmarthen (Hearder), Langharne (Jefferys).
CARNARVON: Llanfairfechan (Jenkinson), CHESHIRE: occasionally (Ellis), between
Birkenhead and Hoylake (Povall), Eastham Wood (Johnson), Eaton Park, Denhall
(Walker), Liscard (Cooke), New Brighton, Oxton (Gregson), Wallasey (Ellis), Maccles-
field (Goodall), Bowdon (Stiirmer), Congleton (Tagg), Netherleigh, Chester (Thomp-
son), Ince (Newstead), Little Budworth (Stock), Vicar’s Cross (Pitcairm-Campbell),
Tarvin Sands (Frewin), Alderley Edge (Oldham). CLACKMANNAN: Alloa (Borth-
wick). Cork: Mallow, Longueville (Bingham-Newland), Lochiar (Kearney),
Glandore, Timoleague (Donovan). CORNWALL: Paul, near Penzance (Daws), Land’s
End (Noye), Penzance (Hayward), Scilly Isles—Tresco (Adkin), Liskeard (Moon Zes¢e
Gniffiths), Truro (Rollason), Portscatho (Step), Port Wrinkle, near Whitsand Bay
(Sturt), Helston (Vivian), St. Austell (Hodge). CRoMARTY : Cromarty (Stainton), Ding-
wall (Davidson). CUMBERLAND: Keswick (Beadle), Carlisle (Armstrong), Hayton
(Routledge), Holme Head (Thwaytes), Penrith (Gregson), Maryport (F. H. Day).
DENBIGHSHIRE: near Chirk (Alderson). DERBY : sometimes common in the south of
the county (Payne), Burton district, occasionally (Brown), Repton (Garneys),
Barrow (Smallwood), Dore (Clark), Burton-on-Trent (Mason), Breadsall (Crewe),
Ashbourne (Hall), Bakewell (Boulsover), Derby district (Pullen), Mickleover
(Bindley). DEvon: Newton Abbot (Holdaway), Dawlish (Rogers), Tavistock
(Phillips), Plymouth ({Basden-Smith), Teignmouth (Galton), Honiton (Riding),
Sidmouth (Johnson), Torquay (James), Fxeter (Hellins), Alphington (D’Orville),
Oxton (Studd), Bideford, Barnstaple (Mathew), Morthoe (Longstaff), Devonport
(Hayward), Wonford (Rowland-Brown), Lynmouth (Cotton), Topsham
(Kane), Braunton Burrows (Bartlett), Exmouth (Cripps), Horrabridge (Still),
Ilfracombe, Buckfastleigh (Blandford), Starcross (Powley), Salcombe (Sutton),
Yelverton (Nash), Bagtor, on the borders of Dartmoor (Vicary).
DorsET: Weymouth (Peachell), Portland, common in 1883 (Walker), The Grove,
Portland, 1895 (Hyde), Studland, Corfe Castle, West Lulworth (Bankes), Bridport
(J. P. Barrett), Bloxworth (Cambridge), Sherborne (Douglas), DUBLIN: Dublin

-AGRIUS CONVOLVULI, 389

(Birchall), Blackrock (Greer), Howth (Hart), Kingstown (Kane). DUMBARTON:
Row, near Helensburgh (Pearson). DUMFRIES : Dumfries (Service). DURHAM : occurs
spasmodically— Hartlepool (Robson), South Shields (Wasserman), Darlington (Law),
Wolsingham (Backhouse), Stockton (Sibson), Gateshead, Swalwell (Bramwell), Sun-
derland (Brady), Axwell (Nowell). EprnspuRGH: Dalkeith (Anderson), Liberton Brae
(Evans). ELGIN: Elgin (Brown). Essex : Wanstead, Brentwood, Mucking, Rainham
(Burrows), Hazeleigh (Raynor), Walthamstow (Goldthwait), Stamford Rivers (Taylor),
Southend, Shoeburyness, Hadleigh (Whittle), Stratford, Ilford, (Murray), Chelmsford
(Miller), Forest Gate (Harrison), Chingford (Cooper), Maldon (Bentall), Colchester
(Harwood), Witham (Cansdale),Clavering (Nash), Epping (Bell), Dovercourt (Mathew),
Parkestone, Harwich (Kerry), Kelvedon (Reid). FLINT: Bagillt (Walker), Rhyl
(Perkins). FoRFAR: Montrose (Gunning). GALWAY: Connemara (Birchall). GLA-
MORGAN: Swansea (Higginson), Porthkerry (Allen), Sketty Park (Robertson),
Penarth (Howe), Raymond Burr (Lovell-Keays). GLOUCESTER: Bristol district —
generally distributed (Hudd),Stapleton (Harding), Bristol (Bolt), Redland, Fishponds
(Griffiths), Cheltenham (Trye), Painswick, Stroud (Watkins), Newnham (Carefield),
Wotton-under-Edge (Perkins), Gloucester (Rea), Clifton (Mann), Uley, Dursley
(Fitzgerald), Stonehouse (Nash), Tewkesbury district (Fox). HADDINGTON: Biel,
Tynninghame, Dunbar (Evans). HANTS: Winchfield (Burrows), East Liss (Marindin),
Brockenhurst (Adye), Winchester (Fisher), Portswood (Meldola), Petersfield (Walde.
grave), Fordingbridge (Neave), Gosport (Lacy), Bournemouth (Hooker), Boscombe
(Robertson), Southampton (Moberly), Hayling Island (May), Christchurch (Mc
Rae), Isle of Wight-——Freshwater (Rogers), Ryde (Moon), Ventnor (Fereday),
Chale (Irving), Sandown (Prout), Alum Bay (Grant), Bembridge (Fox), Newport
(Moberly), Totland Bay (Crallan), Milford-on-Sea (Bridger), Winton (Hooker),
Ringwood (Fowler), Emsworth (Christy), Hambledon (Aston), Hythe, near South-
ampton (Kemp), Botley (Jenkyns), Lymington (Heseltine), Portsmouth (Pearce),
New Forest (Mitchell), Hawley, near Farnborough (Jones). HEREFORD: Hereford
(Pilley), Leominster (Hutchinson), Tarrington (Wood). HERTS: Cheshunt (Boyd),
Bushey Heath (Barraud), Hitchin, Baldock (Durrant), Watford (Cottam),
Broxbourne (Coste). HUNTINGDON: St. Ives (White). IsLE OF MAN:
Douglas, Ramsey, Onchan, Maughold, Maughan, Seafield, Santon (Clarke).
KENT : uncertain in Rochester and Chatham district, Gillingham (Chaney), Sevenoaks
(Meldola), Birchington (Golding-Bird), Faversham (Stephens), Sheerness (Walker),
Folkestone (Ullyett), Beckenham (Bailey), Cooling (Cheeesman), Sidcup, Footscray
(Williams), Chislehurst (Thornthwaite), Dover (Stockwell), Dulwich, Sydenham
(Sellon}, Farnborough, Keston (Alderson), Greenwich Park (West), Cranbrook
(Burrows), New Romney, Canterbury (T. Briggs), Chatham (Tyrer), Cobham, Graves-
end (Ridley), Wye (Theobald), Sidcup (Hickling), Tenterden (Beale), Maidstone
(Hastings), Herne Bay (Butler), Bromley (Adkin), Wateringbury (Fremlin), Deal
(Harding), Blackheath (Shute), Abbey Wood (Harris), Lee (Turner), Ashford (Russell),
Detling (Cave-Brown), Bexley (Cooper), Rusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells
(Dallas-Beeching), Bexley Heath (Andrews), Seabrook, Willesborough, Lewisham
(Chittenden), Hythe (Greenwood), Ramsgate (Willson), Margate (Barrett), Rother-
hithe (Cook), Eltham (A. H. Jones), Darenth Wood (Harding), Deptford (Newman),
Lydd (Brown), Sunbury (Williams). KILDARE: Kilkea Castle, Kildare (Douglas).
KIRKCUDBRIGHT : Kirkcudbright (Haltwhistle), Dalbeattie (Armistead), Kirklebride
(Service). LANARK: Douglas (Mackonochie), Glasgow (King), Wishaw (Harkness).
LANCASHIRE: occasionally (Ellis), Broad Green, Huyton Park, Liverpool (Capper),
Bury (Kay), Copley, near Stalybridge (Kershaw), Droylsden (White), Fleet-
wood (Moseley), Hale (Gregson), Preston (Hodgkinson), Manchester (Kenderdine),
Middleton (Thorpe), Stalybridge, Stretford, Barton Moss (Chappell), Southport
(Tyrer), Burnley (Clutten), Lancaster (Taylor), Carnforth (Murray), Grange-over-
Sands (Booth), near Bolton, Horwich (Stott), Liverpool (Pierce), Bowness (Moss),
Didsbury (Mason). LEICESTER: near Leicester (Plant), Leicester (Headley), Lough-
borough (Tristram), Stoneygate, Sparkenhoe Street, &c. (Bouskell), Thurmaston
(Barrow), Aylestone, New Walk, &c. (Rowley), Gumley (Matthews). LINCOLN:
Brandon, Panton (Raynor), Great Grimsby (Dawson), Lincoln (Musham), Alford
(Garfit), Market Rasen (Lewington), Grantham (Treadgold). LINLITHGOW :
Boghead by Bathgate (Weir). Mayo: Enniscoe, Crossmolina (Kane). MERIO-
NETH: Barmouth (Kerr), Aberdovey (G. O. Day), near Harlech (teste Graves). -
MIDDLESEX: Twickenham (Burrows), Tottenham (Cooper), Highgate (Davis),
Upper Clapton (Brooke), Lower Clapton (Wakefield), London Fields (Alderman),
Hampstead (Hopson), Hackney (Avis), Edmonton (Downing), — Stoke
Newington (Newman), Mile End (Machin), Southgate (Walker), Sunbury
(Williams), Kilburn (Wormald), Holloway (Mutch), Hammersmith (Bird),

390 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Lower Clapton (Gaviller), Winchmore Hill (Browne), Kingsland (Edon),
Gunnersbury (Mitchell), Hendon, Mill Hill (South), Harrow district — Harrow
(Hanbury-Barclay), near Woodlands (Melvill), Grove Hill (Rhoades-Smith),
Kingsbury (Bond), Crouch End (James), Hadley (Grosvenor), Isleworth
(Walch), St. John’s Wood (Godwin), Bedford Park (Nash), Mark Lane Station
(King), Shoreditch (Harding), Regent’s Park (Beddard), Acton (Woodhams),
Hounslow (Powley). MONMOUTH: Chepstow (Sellon). _NorFoLk: Neates-
head (Cubitt), Norwich (Moss), Harleston (Muskett), Whitwell (Freeman),
Cromer (Barclay), Aylsham (Frere), near Yarmouth, Caistor Marrams, a flight
(Fitt), King’s Lynn (Atmore), Tottington (Slipper), Fakenham (Woolhouse),
Cromer (Johnson). NORTHAMPTON: ‘Thurning, near Oundle (Whall), North-
ampton (Smith), Barnwell (Waters). NORTHUMBERLAND: abundant along
the. coast in 1875 (Maling), occurs spasmodically, near Seaton Sluice,
Seaton Carew (Robson), Chathill (Allhusen), Cullercoats (Wasserman), New-
castle (Backhouse), Mitford Hall (Finlay), Alnwick (teste Frohawk). NOTTINGHAM :
Tuxford (Gain), Mansfield (Daws), Nottingham (Smith), Edwinstowe (Clark),
Newark (Hadfield), Chilwell (Pearson), Worksop (Alderson), Wellingborough
(Bates), Southwell (Baker). ORKNEY AND SHETLAND: Swanbister (Boswell),
Stromness (Cheesman), Unst (McArthur). OxFroRpD: Chipping Norton (Goatley),
Caversham (Holland), Henley-on-Thames (Stubbs). | PEEBLES : Peebles (Evans).
PEMBROKE : Pembroke (Barrett), Tenby (Meynell). PERTH: not common, Forth,
Earn, Gowrie, Perth and Rannoch districts, Craigie, Elcho, Moncrieffe, Scone (F. B.
White), RENFREW : Kilbarchan (Stewart), near Paisley (Smith), ROSSHIRE (White).
RoxBuRGH: Hawick district, frequent (Guthrie), Galashiels (Haggart), Caverton
district (Elliot), RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell). SHROPSHIRE: Hadley (Grover).
Siico: Lirsadell (Gore-Booth), Knocknarea, Culleenamore (Russ). SOMERSET:
generally distributed (Griffiths), Bristol coalfield district, generally distributed (Hudd),
Ilminster (Hayward), Yeovil (Parmiter), Clevedon (Bartlett), Castle Cary (Macmillan),
Brislington (Sircom), Eastover, Bridgwater (Sanders), Taunton (Rawlinson), Frome
(Sheppard), Wellington, Milton, near Brean (Vaughan), Wells (Livett), Bramble-
croft, near Bridgwater (Cottam), Minehead (Cotton). STAFFORD: north Stafford-
shire now and again, Madeley, Newcastle (Daltry), Market Drayton (Woodforde),
Bewdley (Tyrer), Stone (Masefield), SvIRLING: Bridge of Allan (Wingate),
Stirling (Borthwick). SUFFOLK: periodical, sometimes common (Bloomfield),
north Suffolk (Green), Downham, Bentley (Burrows), Brandon (Raynor),
Sproughton, Sudbury, very rare (Ransom), Ipswich (Jackson), Beccles (Farr),
Lowestoft, Waldringteld (James), Aldeburgh (Garrett), Belstead, Henley, near
Ipswich, Westerfield, Stretton (Pyett), Bury St. Edmunds (Kidner), Woodbridge
(Waller). SURREY: Kingston-on-Thames, Chessington and Bones Gate (Goss),
Sutton (Lee), Mortlake (Edon), Croydon (Harrison), Surbiton (Sheppard), Farnham
(Lewcock), Putney (Stevens), Esher (Fleet), Twickenham (Boscher), Camberwell
(Keen), Carshalton, Streatham (Henderson), Dorking (Oldaker), Haslemere (Barrett),
Reigate (Blackburn), Kenley (Venables), Godalming (Meldola), Windsor (Jones), Ep-
som (Morley), Weybridge (Tarbat), Peckham (Siggs), Bermondsey (Harrison), Nun-
head (Russell), Kingston-on-Thames (Shepherd), Addlestone (Taylor), Caterham
Valley (Seth-Smith), Woking (Saunders), Battersea Park (Sutton), Bramley, Guildford
(Grover), Wandsworth (Miller), Putney(Lea), East Dulwich (Colthrup), Ewell (Fick-
lin). SUSSEX : not uncommon, recorded generally from East Sussex (Jenner), Bognor
(Lloyd), Arundel (Stevens), Pashley, Ticehurst (Stainton), Worthing, Bersted,
sometimes common (Fletcher), Hove, Preston, Brighton (Image), near Emsworth
(Christy), Hastings district, pretty common, Guestling (Bloomfield), Hurst-
pierpoint (Meldola), Lindfield (Blaber), Firle, Lewes (Edgell), East Grinstead
(Burr), Ore Valley, near Hastings (Sotheby), Bexhill (Evans feste Sich),
Newhaven (Reeve), Wannock (Pearson), Eastbourne (Adkin), Rye (Henderson),
Westhampnel, East Lavant (Woodbridge), Malling Deanery (Merrifield),
Chichester (Anderson), Littlehampton (Fry), Maynard’s Green (Delves), Newick
(Mackinnon), on Sussex coast (Frohawk), Eartham (Giles), Battle (Ellman),
Polegate (Abercromby), Groombridge (Blaker), Burgess Hull, Angmering
(Dollman), Seaford (Hill), Keymer (Bayley). SUTHERLAND (Christy ).
TIPPERARY : Clonmel (Davis). TYRONE: Tyrone, Caledon (Kane). WARWICK:
Solihull (Martineau), Coventry (Burrows), Kingswood (Melson), Edgbaston (Kenrick),
Warwick (Baly), Birmingham (Raine), Moseley, Starborne (Imms), Hampton-in-
Arden( Wynn), Handsworth (Deakin), Rugby (Edmonds). WATERFORD: Dunmore
Taylor), Waterford (Kane), Portlaw (Flemyng). WESTMORLAND: occasionally
near Bowness (Moss), Windermere (Crewdson), Witherslack (Murray), Kendal
(Gregson). WICKLOW: Tinahely, Wicklow (Bristow). Wi1GrowNn: Corsemalzie

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. 391

(Gordon), Portpatrick (Service). WuILTS: Bremhill (Eddrup), Salisbury (Neale
Marlborough (Preston), Little Darnford (Ratcliffe), Pewsey (Sladen). WORCESTER
Wick (Horton), Tibberton (Weaver), Worcester, Malvern (Edwards), Malvern Wells
district (Mason), Great Malvern (Law), Holt, Ombersley (Rea), Bockleton (Decie).
YorKS: about equally distributed,but apparently a rather commoner species than
Sphinx ligustri (Porritt)—Barnsley (Harrison), Thorp Perrow, Bedale (Culverwell),
Heaton, near Bradford (Carter), Brantingham, near Brough in 1860 (Kingston), Brid-
lington (Lawson), Doncaster (Heppenstall), Driffield (Morris), Halifax (Ogden),
Harrogate (Denny), Hessle-upon-Humber (Burton), Huddersfield, several (Porritt),
Hull district, occasionally (Boult), Leeds (Birchall), Leyburn (Sang), Masham,
Manningham (Carter), Pontefract (Hartley), Redcar (Rudd), Richmond (Harris),
Wortley, Leeds, Rothwell, Burley (Smethurst), Scarborough (Wilkinson), Selby,
sometimes abundant (Hebson), Sheffield (Doncaster), Spurn, sometimes very plentiful
(Lawton), Wakefield (Talbot), Yarm (Harrison), York (Prest), Middlesborough,
Saltburn (Lofthouse), Longroyde Bridge (Varley), Beverley (Dobrée), Thorne
(Roberts), Sutton-on-Derwent (Read), Newsome, near Huddersfield (North),
Kirkstall (Oates), Holderness coast (Hewetson), Beverley, Lincroft (Hewett), Ripon
(Chapman), river Foss, near York (Dutton), Monkton, near Rostoney (Whitaker).

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and Poly-
nesia, but only as a straggler in northern latitudes. [Replaced in America, the
Galapagos and Sandwich Islands by the nearly allied Agreus cingulata.| AFRICA:
Canary Isles (Brit. Mus. Coll.), Madeira (Mathew), Azores (Godman), Algeria
(Lucas), Collo (Seriziat), North Morocco (este Bartel), Egypt (Armstrong),
Abyssinia (Oberthtir), West Africa — Grand Bassam (Harker), Guinea coast
(zeste Bartel), Cameroons (Aurivillius), Southern Nigeria, Sapele (Sampson),
Mashonaland—Salisbury, Umtali, 3700ft. (Marshall), Zululand, r5ooft. (Mercer),
Transvaal (Ross), Cape Colony (Trimen), Natal—Durban (Leigh), Johannesburg
(teste Bartel), Eastern Caffraria (Wallengren), Caffraria (Moschler), Moira
(Speyer), Nubia (¢este Bartel), Bourbon, Mauritius, Madagascar (Boisduval). ASIA:
Asia Minor—Brussa (Mann), Amasia (Staudinger), Pamir — Osche, Kaschgar
(Alphéraky), Aden (Brit. Mus. Coll.), Amurland, very rare—Sutschan ( Staudinger),
Persia—Turbeth-i-Scheich, Dscham, Astrabad (Bienert), Askhabad (Christoph),
Mugan Steppe, Upta (teste Bartel), Pamirs (Grumm-Grschimailo), Japan, Fushiki,
exceedingly abundant (Lewis), Kamakura, near Yokohama, Chifu, Wei-hai- Wei,
Gulf of Pechili, abundant (Fletcher), Hakodate (Leech), Askold (Oberthiir),
Eastern Thibet — Lob-Nor (Alphéraky), China (Fletcher), Pekin (Speyer),
Loun-an-Fou (Alphéraky), Ichang (Leech), Shanghai, Hongkong (Walker),
Formosa (Butler), India— North India (Butler), Bengal (Moore), Nilgiris,
Calcutta, Manipur, Campbellpore, Masuri, Ceylon (Brit. Mus. Coll.), Karachi,
Mhow, Poona, Bombay (Swinhoe), Port Blair (Moore), Sikkim, Bhutan (Dudg.),
Haining (Walker), Saugor (Chaumette), Punjab, common (Young), Cutch
(Nurse), Further India — Burmah (Butler), Mandalay, Rangoon, Moulmein
(Swinhoe), East Indies—Labuan, Java (Brit. Mus. Coll.), Sumatra—Deli (teste
Bartel), S. Celebes (Snellen), Moluccas—Amboina, Arru (Pagenstecher),
AUSTRALIA: Western Australia (Druce), Victoria and New South Wales—Brisbane
to Cardwell (Miskin), Sydney (Speyer). NEW ZEALAND: Auckland (Quail).
POLYNESIA: Society Islands—Tahiti, Eimeo, Pitcairn Island, &c. (Walker), Fiji
Island, New Guinea, New Hebrides, New Caledonia (Druce), Marshall Islands —Jaluit
(Rothschild), Philippines, Luzon, Bohol, Mindanao, Cebu(Semper.) AUSTRO-HUN-
GARY: Taufers Valley, Innsbruck (Weiler), Tyrol (Hinterwaldner), Brenner dist.
(Galvagni), Bucovina, not common (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia,
common in some years (Nickerl), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow
(Werchratski), Galicia—Lemberg, Sambor (Nowicki), Briinn (Schneider), Hermann-
stadt (Czekelius), Eperies, not rare (Husz), Gélnitz (Hudak), Upper Carinthia—
Salzburg (Nickerl), Portschach (Wagner), Fiume (Mann), Lavantthal, probably the
commonest Sphingid (H6fner), St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Styria—Admont (Kiefer),
Pirano (Mathew), Innkreise, not rare—Linz district, &c. (Himsl), Dalmatian Islands
—Sesina, Rava (Galvagni), Riva, Gries, near Bozen, Vienna, Carlsbad, Ungarisch-
Brod, Moravia, Hungary, everywhere — Neusohl, Rosenau, Kaschau, Raab,
Budapest, Heveser and Zipser districts, Debreczen, Transsylvania, Funfkirchen,
Mehadia, Dalmatia (‘este Bartel). BELGIUM: sometimes common, at other times
rare, Louvain, common in 1846, Longchamps, common in 1856 (Donckier),
Jambes, Warnant, Brussels, Frameries, Bomel, Virton (Derenne), Namur, very
common (Lambillion), Marchovelette, Bastogne (Colignon). BULGARIA: Sofia
(Bachmetjew), near Varna (Lederer). CHANNEL ISLANDS: Alderney, Guernsey—
Les Rocquettes, &c., Sark (Luff), DENMARK: distributed, not rare (Bang-Haas).

392 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

FRANCE: Hyéres district, very common (Powell), Var (Cantener), Aube (Jourd-
heuille), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai (Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-
et-Loir, common (Guénée), Haute-Garonne, everywhere common, even in the
high mountains (Caradja), Puy de Déme, everywhere common (Guillemot),
Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde (Trimoulet), Doubs (Bruand), Aude, common
(Mabille), Loire-Inférieure—Nantes, common everywhere (Bonjour), Saone-et-
Loire, rather common (Constant), Seine-Inférieure, common — Martin, &c.
(Viret), St. Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard), Sarthe (Desportes),
Dauphiné—La Grave, at 5500ft., Basses-Alpes—Larche, up to 6500ft. (Tutt),
Maas, Moselle, Meurthe districts (Speyer), | Normandy—Etretat (Reid),
Cevennes — Chateau-de-la-Caze, Le Rozier (A. H. Jones), Autun (Constant),
Brittany — Brest, Paris district, Poitou, Amboise (Réaumur), Belfort — La
Chapelle, Rougemont, Rheims (Demaison), Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), Hérault
(Heultz), FINLAND (Lampa). GERMANY: everywhere (Heinemann), through-
out Prussia but only occasionally (Grentzenberg), northwest Germany,
almost everywhere (Jordan), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Giessen (Dickore),
Lower Elbe district (Zimmermann), Waldeck, generally rare, common in
1846 and 1859 (Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde),
Halle (Stange), Munich, very common (Kranz), MRudolstadt, common
some years (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt), Bremen, usually rare but
occasionally common (Rehberg), Saxon Upper Lusatia, not rare (Schiitze),
Dresden, not rare (Steinert), Thuringia, common some _ years (Krieghoff),
Erfurt, Gotha, Arnstadt (Knapp), Silesia (Assmann), Upper Lusatia, common
(Moeschler), Nassau (Réssler), Wurtemberg, frequently abundant in hot years
(Hofmann), Ratisbon (Schmid), Pomerania, rare, Stettin, some years common (Hering),
Rugen, Ober-Mutzkow (Homeyer), Anclam (Tancré), Dessau, common some
years (Richter), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode, mostly rare, occasionally
common (Fischer), Brunswick, rather rare (Heinemann), Hanover, often
common (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Chemnitz
(Pabst), Hildesheim (Grote), Berlin district, somewhat rare (Pftitzner), Heli-
goland (Gatke), Baden, everywhere very common.— Constance, Carlsruhe,
é&c. (Reutti), Ltibeck, uncertain (Paul), west Prussita—Kromenhoff, Dantzig,
Mecklenburg—Schwerin, Miuinster-i.-W., Crefeld, Elberfeld, Barmen, Aachen,
Cassel, Oberharz, Leipzig, Wiirzburg, Ratisbon, Munich, Oberstdorf—on the
Algau alp at 25o0oft., Kempten, Frankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Friedeberg,
Wetterau (teste Bartel), Dramburg, sometimes abundant (Schultz), Fursten-
wald-on-the-Spree (Neuburger), Hamburg (Beske). GREECE: Arcarnania,
Attica (Staudinger), Corfu, common, Vido, &c. (Mathew). ITALy: through-
out mostly common (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Sicily—Madonie, Palermo,
Catania, Ustica, &c. (Mina-Palumbo), Roman Campagna (Calberla), Susa,
Turin, Torre Pellice, Bobbie, Au Pra, at 7oooft. (Tutt), Lombardy, Piedmont,
Liguria, the Riviera—near Nervi, Sardinia, Tuscany, Naples (éeste Bartel).
MALTA (Fletcher), NETHERLANDS: all provinces, usually rare, sometimes
common in hot years (Snellen), Breda (Heylaerts), Limburg (Maur), Apel-
doorn (Voss). ROUMANIA: very common throughout — Slanic, Grumazesti,
&c. (Caradja). Russia: Baltic provinces—very rare, near Riga, Kokenhusen,
Wolmar, Windau, Kemmern, Goldingen, Durben, Neu-Autz, Groesen (Nolcken),
Livonia, usually rare (Leech), Moscow government (Albrecht), Crimea
(Melioransky), Lower Volga district, rare—Sarepta, Aluschta, Ural district—
Kasan, &c. (Eversmann), Transcaucasia—Borjom, common, Tiflis, Derbent
(Romanoft), St. Petersburg (Erschoff), south Russia (Moeschler), Gorki
(Ball), Poland — Kamenez-Podolskii, Jekaterinoslaw, Charkow, Black Sea
district—Noworossiisk, Caucasia (teste Bartel). SCANDINAVIA: rare, immi-
grants only—Helsingland (Aurivillius), Scania (Wallengren), Christiania, &c.,
not infrequent some years (Siebke), Hofby (Thedenius), Kristineberg (E.
Ohlsson), Kaknas near Stockholm (N. C. Ohlsson), Farlof near Kristianstad
(Andersson), Ostergothland (Kindberg), Vestergothland—Venersborg (Hau),
southern Norway — Kristianssand (Sandberg). Spain: Andalusia— Malaga
(Rambur), Teruel—Ateca (Zapater), Barcelona district—Calella, Pineda, Mal-
grat (Cuni y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pefia), Bilbao (RGssler), Gibraltar
(Walker). SwitZERLAND: everywhere on the south side of the Stelvio up to
7oooft. (Speyer), on the Trift-Clubhut in Gadmenthal at 8oooft. (Ratzer),
Weissenburg (Huguenin), Trafoi (Wocke), Grisons (Killias), St. Moritz
(Pfaffenzeller), Berne (Benteli), Aigle (Lowe), Zirich (B. Mus. Coll.), Davos-
Platz (Sellon), Bergiin (Zeller), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin). TURKEY ;
Crete (Staudinger), eastern Roumelia—Slivno (Lederer).

MANDUCIDI. 3893

Tribe: MANDUCIDI.

It has been generally acknowledged among lepidopterists that
the Manducids were closely allied to the Sphingids (sens. s¢rict.), but
this has not prevented (see av/ed, iil., pp. 355-357) various authors
from placing them in a separate subfamily, and such, at first, was our
intention (doc. cit., p. 367), but further study (avzed, iv., pp. 264-5) has
led us to a different conclusion, and, in spite of the great modification
observed in the pupa and imago, we are now inclined to consider
the group only of tribal value in the subfamily Sphinginae (anted,
p. 263). We have already stated (oc. cit., pp. 264, 273) that the
Agnids (Agrius convolvulz) and the Sphingids (Sphinx ligustri) were
not, after all, so very closely allied, and we have placed (pp. 273,
296, 329) their British representatives in two different tribes—Agriid?
and Sp/hingidi—in spite of the fact that Meyrick and many other
authors place such widely different species in the same genus, Sphinx,
but we were not altogether prepared for Rothschild and Jordan’s
marvellous innovation (Revision of the Sphingidae, pp. 4 e¢ seg.), by
means of which they unite our Agridi (under the name of Herse),
Manducidi (under the name of Acherontia), Megacorma (obliqua) and
Coelonia (fulvinotata) under the name Acherontiicae, and separate
them from the rest of our tribes in Sphinginae (anted, p. 273),
which they retain under the name Sfhingicae, so that, by this
arrangement, the Cocyttids and Phlegethontiids (with the exception
of Coelonta) are brought into close association with the Sphingidi and
fTyloicidi, and are widely separated from the Agriids and Manducids.
With this separation, up to a point, we agree, although we are
not sufficiently informed to support Rothschild and Jordan’s sweeping
statement (Revision, p. 6) that the species of Agrius (Herse) are “all
closely allied with one another in structure and pattern. They show
close affinities with Cvelonia and Acherontia, and have nothing to do
with Protoparce (rustica) nor with Phlegethontius ( Cocytius).” Whilst
recognising the necessity for a wider separation of the Sphingids,
Agriids, Phlegethontiids, Cocytids, &c. (anted, p. 273), than
has previously been allowed, we still think the Manducids should
be dissociated tribally from. the Agriids, the Manducids being
specialised ovaily and larvally in the direction of the Sphingidi rather
than in that of the Agrizd:, and in the pupa and imago are
quite separate in their specialisations, the structure of the
antenne, maxille, legs and abdomen, being quite unique, whilst the
wing-shape and scaling are supposed by some authors to be
specialised rather in the direction of the Amorphids. It may be
well here to note Rothschild and Jordan’s argument for uniting the
Agriids and Manducids. They write (Revision of the Sphingidae, p. Ble
“This small tribe is a derivation from the following one (Sphingicae },
with which it is closely connected through Coelonia (fulvinotata) and
Xanthopan (morgani). The relationship between Acherontia and the
genera with which it is here united in one group has never been
noted before. Acherontia occupies, in the classification of all authors,
quite an isolated position. Herse (convolvult) and Coelonta (fulvinotata)
have been considered generically identical either with Protoparce or
with Hylorcus, and the Sphingid, here called Megacorma (obligua), as
a near ally of the common oriental menephron, standing in Kirby’s
Catalogue under Meganoton. When studying the structure of the species

394 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

in question we were struck by the great similarity between Acherontia
and the Ethiopian Sphingid, Coelonia fulvinotata. In fact, Acherontia
is nothing else but a derivation from Coelonia, it is a Coelonia with
a short and stout tongue.* This conclusion, derived from the
comparison of the structure and the wing-pattern, is borne out by the ~
caterpillar, which has, in both Achérontia and Coelonia, the well-known
tubercular — -shaped horn. Cvelonza shows close affinities in the
pattern and structure of the imago with Xanthopan . . . a genus
of Sphingicae, in which even the peculiar structure of the inner
surface of the second palpal segment is indicated rudimentarily, and
the relationship of Xanthopan with other genera of Sphingicae,
é.g., with FLanogena and Cocytius is unmistakable. We _ have,
therefore, a gradation from the Sphingicae through Xanthopan and
Coelonia to Acherontia, the latter being the most highly
specialised of this series. Herse (convolvult, cingulata, &c.)
is an offshoot from this branch, and so is MMegacorma (obliqua),
both of which agree with the other two genera of Acherontiicae
closely in the specialisation of the second palpal segment. In
Flerse and Acherontia a further specialisation obtains, which is
largely observed again among the Sphingicae, viz., the reduction
of the pulvillus of the tarsal claw-segment. The paronychia, too,
lose their ventral and long lateral flaps in Acherontia. ‘The humped
thorax of the larva of Coelonia is very significant. We shall see
that among the lower SfAingicae, from which the Acheronticae are
derived, a similar structure of the larva occurs.” We do not ask
for a better justification than this of our table (amzed, p. 273). We
have there isolated the <Agritdi (Herse) from the Sphingidi
Phlegethontitdi and Cocytitdi, and Jordan distinctly (supra) places
Coelonia fulvinotata (a species that we have hitherto considered a
Phlegethontiid) as.an ally of the more specialised Manductdi on
the one side and the Cocytizzi on the other. The only real differences
between us and these authors appear to be largely the terminology
employed, and the degree of relationship to be admitted.

We have already discussed (anted, pp. 264 e¢ seg.) our views
of the Manducid relationships. The larva is structurally more
distinctly Sphingid than Agriid, witness the similarly swollen
thoracic segments, the Sphinx attitude, &c. The pupa is distinctly
allied to that of the Cocytiids, agreeing in form, outline, callosities
and spiracuiar flanges, but specialised away from them in that
the long proboscis-case has receded} again, and is now soldered
throughout its length, preserving a file-like rough area, representing
the proboscis-horn of the higher Sphingids, the rest of the maxillz
being, as in them, smooth, whilst the peculiar imaginal specialisations
of the antenne, maxille, legs, abdomen, and wing-scaling have
been repeatedly noticed. For Chapman’s definition of the group
reference must be made to vol. i., p. 367.

* Chapman observes (anted, p. 264) that, pupally, J/anduca is an Amphonyx
(i.e., Cocytius) in which the proboscis-case has receded again.

+ Réaumur expresses (A/émozres, ii., p. 296) his astonishment at the length
of the pupal maxilla compared with the length of the imaginal tongue, and says :
‘‘La trompe paroissoit aussi longue et aussi effilée que les trompes plates, qui se
roulent en un grand nombre de tours, . . . mais apparemment que, lorsque
la trompe se tire de ses enveloppes, elle se raccourcit, et qu’elle grossit de ce

MANDUCIDI. 395

The tribal name, Manducidi, is derived from Hubner’s Manducae
( Tentamen, p. 1), the oldest group name of the tribe, and of which he
notes Manduca atropos as the typical genus and species. Some 16 years
later he used ( Verz., p. 139) the term to include the whole of the
Sphingidae (sens. strict.) (see, anted, ill., pp. 351-2), placing atropos,
Linn., chionanthi, Abb., and morta, Hb. (atropos, Cram.) in Laspeyres’
genus, Acherontia (which all subsequent authors, however, referred
to Ochsenheimer). The name Acherontitnae, used by Rothschild
and Jordan as equal to our Sfhingidae, appears to us to have
no standing whatever as against the old subfamily name Sphznginae,
derived from the Linnean name Sffizmx and in which the whole
superfamily was first included, and we find the remarkable
anomaly (evision of the Sphingidae, pp. cxxxv) of a family
Sphingidae, subfamily <Acherontiinae, tribe Sphingicae, and no
typical subfamily SpAzmgznae among the whole of the Sphingids.

We restrict the tribe to one genus, Wanduca, Grote considers
C2727 kee, Vi., Pp. 233) that the tribe appears, from: all the
characters, to have reached a stage of evolution, precluding the
idea of further advance or development in its own particular
direction. He says that the short antenne, the great development of
the muscles of the thorax, the comparatively broad and short wings,
the adaptation of the tongue to feeding upon honey gathered by
other insects, and other features seem to have attained a certain
completeness of expression which, while pointing to an extended
antecedent history, appears to warrant the view that the Manducids
are the last of a long line.

Genus: Manpuca, Hiibner.

SYNONYMY.—Genus: Manduca, Hb., ‘Tent.,’? p. 1 (1806); ‘“‘ Franck
Cat ep o7 (1625), Kirby, “'Cat.,” p. 700 (1892); “Handbook,” &c., iv-, p.-
5E (1897); Tutt, “Brit. Lep.,” i., p. 355 (1902). Spinx, Linn., ‘Syst. Nat.,”
10th ed., p. 490 (1758); t2th ed., p. 799 (1767); ‘‘ Mus. Ludov. Ulr.,” p. 348
G04); boda, “Olms. Mus.’ Gizec.,”” p.-S1 (1761); Scop:, “Ent. Cam,” ps 134
(jee). Ein., “ober Mag,” i... p., 170° (1766) ;_ Cram:, ‘* Pap. Exot:,”” .1.,
pigeon. A (1775) 3 Bab. << syst. Knt.,”’- p. 539 (F775); ‘Spec. Ins,” 11,
Peaeiea(t 761) 5 Mant, Ens.” it., p. 95 (1787); “Ent. Sys.,’’ il., pt. 1, p. 364

dont elle devient plus courte.’’ Chapman notes (Zzt. Record, xiv., p. 128)
an imago of JZ. atropos that has a proboscis, one-half of which is
much longer than is normal, the other much shorter. He points out
that the normal length of the proboscis is about I6mm., and in the
one under examination 2Imm., and goes on to discuss its phylogenetic meaning.
He notes that the pupal proboscis is 4omm. long, the imaginal only 16mm., and
adds: ‘* The pupal proboscis is the imaginal proboscis at a certain stage of its
development, all that is purely pupal is the chitinous sheath that is left behind
when the imago emerges. In the early pupal stage, then, the proboscis of J
atropos is 4omm. long, but, beyond a layer of almost embryonal hypodermic cells
and some nervous and tracheal cords, it is almost without structure; when the
structure characteristic of the imago begins to develop, it does so throughout the
whole 4omm. of pupal structure. The extremity of the proboscis develops at
the end of the 4omm., and, as development progresses, at least towards the end
of the process, the proboscis leaves the pupal sheath and shortens by contraction
affecting its whole length, to the imaginal dimensions, the vacant space being
temporarily filled with fluid. The basal 16mm. of the pupal proboscis does not
develop into the imaginal proboscis and the remaining 24mm. do nothing. The
aberrant specimen examined shows the process of contraction from the early
pupal to the imaginal dimensions arrested at a particular point, probably as a
result of some injury to the pupa, acting, perhaps, in some degree mechanically,
and in some measure as a cause of diminished vitality.”

396 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(1793)5 “Ill. Mag.,”” vi.; p. 288 (1807); [Sehili..]) “ Schmett.” Wiens? ed sarap
41 /(1775)5 ed. 2, p. 18-(1808) 5° Hams, “Mngl\iLep.,> “p. 930) (i775) eee
so Schmett. Eur.,” 1, p: 27, i, (p. 69, pl..- vil (1779); Bergstr., ““splimeeaiae
atv.’ -p. 6 (1782); Bkh., “Sys. Besch.,”’ u., p. 63 (1789)3) <“inhemea@igae
Pp: 318 "(1793) ; Cuv., “ Wabi. -Elem:,.> p. 592 (1798) ; “Donov., ye bites
IX., Pp. 3, pl. 289: (1800); Hib., “Eur. Schmett.,?’ 1.5 pl. xi, fig.68) (7c tooo),
text, p-. 98 (1805); ‘‘Larve Lep.,” u., Legit. C @ (ci7c. 1300); Schr.) Baum:
Boica;” ii, pt. 1, p. 224 (1801); Haw., << Lep. Bnit.,” 1., p: 50) (iso) ewes
‘Hist. Nats,” ill.,-p: 401 (1802); xiv., p. 130 (1805); ““ Gen) Crust) 77 ieee
(1809) ; Ochs.,, ‘(Die Schmett.,” i1., p. 231 (1308); Ieach, “ ney. Hidunlbss aimee
Pe 131 (1815); -Dalm,., “1K. Vet. Ak. Handl..7? p.-213) (810), Sam peeeee
Comp.,’” 244 (1819); Godt., “¢ Hast. INat.,?2 11., (p-. 16) pl. xiv (1620) eae
“Faun. Volg.-Ural.,’’ pp. 108, 113 (1844). Atvopos, Oken, “ Lehtb.Zoale
it, p. 702 (1815).. Sphynx, Vogel, “Sch. Cab.,” 1., p. 22, pl: iv., figs. 4@-O toot ye
Heulz, ‘Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.,” 1887, p. 7 (1887). Spectrum, Billbg., ‘Enum.
Ims.,4p. 83 (1820)., Acheronia,* Wasp. \“< Jena. -Allg, Lit: Zeitse7 eaves
(1869)|; Ochs:, “Die. Schmett.,” iv., p. 44 (@316); Ebi, “ Verz:,72 pamgonyere
(1822); Stphs:, ‘‘lllus.,”’ i, p.. 114 (1828) ;"1v:, app) p-, 5) (133)5))5 @< Catesiauataees
ils, Pp. 31 ~(1820)s<“ List) Br. “An. ‘Brat. Mus’)? v., p. 27. (1350)); Meta ee eee
Schmett.,”’ ii., p. 146 (1830); Wood, ‘‘Ind. Ent.,”’ p. 12, fig. 10 (1839); West-
wood, ‘Gen. Syn.,”’ p. 88 (1840); Bdv., ‘“‘Gen. et Ind. Meth.,” p. 49 (1840) ;
‘CSpec. Gén. Lép. Het..7’ 1. p. §\(1875)); Dup.,* Cat. Meth)? ip mieaonen
Humph. & Westd., ‘‘ Brit. Moths,” p. 9, pl. ii., figs. 1-3 (1842); Rbr., ‘ Faun.
And.;’? p. 331 (1842) ; -Assm., “°Schm, Schles.,7--1i., p. (40, pl.” xvi-—_xwie ee
41 a-9 (1845); H:-Sch., ‘‘ Sys. Bearb.;”’ 11., p. 90 (1846) ; Heydenr., “ Lep. Eur,
Cat. Meth.,” p. 13: (1852) ;) Sta., <6 Man.” 1., ps 88 (1857); Speyer, “Geossiienons:
1c, P-) 323 (1853) 5 Hoeven, <* Liyds-) Ent... p. 11 (1659)); (lem “selma
Deutsch.,” p. 149 (1859); Humph., ‘‘Gen. Brit. Moths,” p. 8 (1860); Staud.,
cCat., ed: 1, p. 10 (1361); ed. 2, p.' 36 (1871)3 ed. 3, ps 96) (tqOn) salman
‘¢ Skand.. Het.,” p. 20 (1863); Snell, («De Viind-,? pp: 99-100) (1667); ence:
‘oHaun. France...) ai., p. 11 (1368); Nolck., *iep. Kn5 JEstll,? 1, ps com code
Newm., ‘“ Brit. Moths,” p. 5 (1869); Bang-Haas, ‘‘ Nat. Tids.,’ (3), ix., p. 402
(1874));. Cunt y Mart., ‘Cat.’ wep. Barc.,” ps 37 (1874)\5 Mull, “Cate ineueeeaee
Miar,,’? p. 1161(1875); Curd; © Bull. Soc. Ent, ital,” vii.p. FOO) (1375) sa stlele meee
Zool. Soc. Lond.,’’ ix., p. 598 (1877); Kirby, ‘‘ Eur. Butts. and Moths,” p. 67 (1879) ;
Brey, ‘ep, Schweiz, “p. 56 (1880)); Moore,“ ep: Ceylon,” 11— p- 5)(leo2) pean
““Mém. Lep.,”’ 1.,, p. 69 (1884); Lampa, ““Ent. Tids.,” vi., p. 26 (1685); boultens
‘« Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1886, pp. 143 e¢ seg. (1886) ; Buckl., ‘* Larvae,” &c., ii., p.
107, pl. xxi., fig. 1 (1887); Auriv., ‘Nord. Fyar.,”’ p. 44 (1889) ; Mina-Pal., ‘‘ Nat.
Sic),”” Vil., p41 (1889); Mieyr., ““Hlandbook,” &c., p. 299 (1895); Bamye: seems
Brit.’ i, p. 16 (1895) ; Tutt, “* Bat. Moths,” p. 17° (1896); lores, ““Netesmem
Ach, atropos,” pp. 1-25 (1897); Riedel, ‘Illus. Zeits. fur. Ent.,’’ iii., p. 55 (1898) ;
Aigner-Abafi, loc. cit., p. 337 (1898) ; iv., pp. 3-355 (1899) ; v., p. 36 (1900) ; Bartel,
‘Pal. Gross-Schmett.,”’ 11., pp. 16-17 (1899); Siepi, ‘‘ Feuilles des J. Nat.,” xxxiil.,
pp- 104-5 (1903); Roths. & Jordan, *‘ Revis. Spbing.,’’ p. 18 (1903). Brachyglossa,
Bdv., ‘‘ Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.,” p. 33 (1829) ; *‘ Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. vili., figs. 1-3 (circ.
1840) ; Dup., ‘‘ Hist. Nat.,”’ supp. il., p. 182 (1835) ; ‘‘ Icon. Chen.,”’ pl. vi (czvc. 1840).

The genus JZanduca was erected by Hibner in 1806 (Zentamen,
p. 1) when the type was cited as afropos, the species having been
previously ngured and described by him as imago and larva (Zur.
Schmett., fig. 68, text p. 98; Larvae Lep., ii., Legit. C.a) so that

* The generic name, Acherontia, has been referred to Ochsenheimer for
nearly a century. We, therefore, give the following: ‘‘Laspeyres (Fena. Allg.
Lit. Zeit., vi., 4, Pp. 100), in reviewing vol. iii of Ochsenheimer’s Schmetterlinge von
Europa, says: ‘The fourth family {of Ochsenheimer’s Sphinx] needs dividing into
two separate genera; to the former, for which the reviewer retains the generic name
Sphinx (since it contains those species whose larva, by the peculiar posture which
they assume, occasioned the naming of the whole assemblage of more or less
similar species), are to be referred convolvuli, ligustrit and pinastri; to the other,
which might bear the name Acherontia—atropos. Build of antennz, tongue and
a number of other essential characters, not only mark out atropos (besides some
exotic species) as a separate genus, but separate it even sharply from the other
species with which Herr Ochsenheimer has united it.’”’ (Prout).

MANDUCA, 397

there can be no doubt as to the species for which Manduca
was intended, and it may be well to note that Ochsenheimer,
in 1816, recognised (Die Schmett., iv., p. 44) that <Acherontia
was a synonym of Manduca, both generic names having been created
for atropos. Rothschild and Jordan reject the name because it is
undescribed, although they do not state that they fail to recognise the
species for which the generic term was created. These authors
describe (eviston of the Sphingidae, pp. 16-17) the genus (under
the name of <Acherontia) as follows -—

é ?. Tongue short, very thick, hairy, opening before end large, dorsal.
Palpi not touching each other, second segment a little shorter than the first ;
carina of clypeus and base of tongue visible. Antenna thick, much shorter
than the forewing is broad at its widest point. Body very stout. Legs
short and stout; anterior tibia short, a little longer than the cell of the
hindwing is broad; spur reaching end of tibia; lateral spines of anterior
tarsus heavy; middle and hinder tarsi strongly compressed, spines heavy;
two ventral rows, besides an interno-lateral row of shorter ones, and a
number of dorsal and subdorsal spines representing the fourth row; these
latter spines, fewer in number and gradually more ventro-lateral on the distal
segments ; no comb of prolonged spines; posterior tarsus as long as the cell
of the hindwing. Pulvillus absent, paronychium reduced to a short broad lobe.
Scaling of body and legs (inclusive of spurs of mid and hind tibia) woolly ;
scales of the upper layer of the forewing multidentate, the teeth long and
thin, especially on the undersurface, the scales of the hindwing longer,
narrower, partly hair-like, the broader ones deeply slit and long-toothed. ¢ Tenth
abdominal tergite long, slender, pointed, the same in the three species of the genus ;
harpe with two processes or teeth; clasper sole-shaped, with a patch of large
multidentate friction scales. Penis-sheath, long and thin, without armature.
¢ Aperture of vagina with an elliptical rim; eighth tergite shallowly sinuate.
Larva: With tuberculated horn, which is horizontal with the end recurved;
horn ——) -shaped. /upa.: Without free tongue-case—Type atropos.

The three species*, included in the genus, are diagnosed by
Rothschild and Jordan (Revision of the Sphingidae, p. 17) as
follows :

a. Hindwing above with a large black patch in basal half—A. lachesis.
Hindwing above with the basal half yellow b

b, Abdomen beneath with black segmental bands A, atropos.
Abdomen beneath without black segmental bands, only
with small black mesial spots A. styx,

For comparison we add Bartel’s table (Fal. Gross-Schmete.,
li., p. 17), which reads as follows:

I. The black transverse stripes of the abdomen join on the ventral side,
a. Basal area of hindwings unicolorous yellow, always

without dark transverse stripes A. atropos, L.

6, In the basal area of the hindwings stands a thick
dark spot A. lachesis, F. (satanas, B.).

II. The black transverse stripes of the abdomen do not
join on the ventral side. A. styx, Westd. (medusa, Butl.).

Few as are the species in the genus they are distributed
throughout Africa (atropos), Europe (atropos), western Asia (atrofos ),
south-eastern Asia (styx), and the East Indies (Jachesis).
Greve motes: (277. fecord, vi. p: 233) that the genus has
erroneously been reported from Mexico, but that it is peculiar to
the Old World.

* Huwe maintains (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xliv., Sitz. p. 54) the distinctness
of styx, Westd., and medusa, Btl. On the other hand, Staudinger sinks

(Cat., 3rd. ed., p. 98) both styx, Westd., and medusa, Btl., as specifically identical
with atropos, Linn.

398 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

MANDUCA ATROPOS, Linné.

SYNONYMY.—Species : Atropos, Linn., ‘‘ Syst. Nat.,”’ xth ed., p. 490 (1758) ;
xlith ed., p. 799 (1767); ‘‘ Mus. Ludov. Ulricer,” p. 348 (1764), &c. Solanz, Oken,
“Tehr, Zool.,” i., p. 762 (1815). [NoTE.— With the exception of this reference
to Oken, all others noted in the generic synonymy (antea pp. 395-396) are
referable to the specific name atrofos. |

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Sphinx atropos, alis integris: posticis
luteis fasciis fuscis, abdomine luteo maculato: cingulis nigris.
Amoen., Acad., 3, p. 321.- Caput mortuum. Alb:, /7s., i oeiwcame
tns., 2, t. 24, 1. 14, f. 2. Osbeck, 77., 89. Wilk, ap: Jou eee
Hasselqu., 77, 417, mM. 104, 105. Roes., 7s. 3, t- 1-2. amie
Jasmino. Europe, A‘gypti duplo major et Indie (Linné, Sys. /Vaz.,
xth ed., p. 490). [He further adds: ‘“ Ale superiores nigricantes
puncto albido” (Sys. /Vaz., xiith ed., p. 800).]

ImMacoO.—90 mm.—120 mm. Thorax black, with characteristic
skull and cross-bones ochraceous ; abdomen orange-yellow with black
segmental rings and a wide mediodorsal longitudinal blue-black (grey
shaded) line. Anterior wings velvety-black, marbled with rich brown
and sprinkled with grey scales; an incomplete pale ochreous wavy
transverse basal line, a double black transverse line just within; a
double black wavy angulated line beyond the middle, outside which
is a pale subterminal edged internally with black; a small round pale
discoidal spot edged with black, outside which is a median black
transverse shade, a grey oblique apical patch ; a series of marginal
ochraceous-brown interneural streaks with a small rounded patch at
anal angle. Posterior wings orange-yellow with two black transverse
bands united by black neural lines which also extend from outer band
to outer margin.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Within the limits of the series examined,
although considerable variation is shown in size, and some little
in build and colour tone, no sexual difference in any of these respects
makes itself evident, but the female seems to be the larger and
to carry the full width of the abdomen further to the last segment,
but, so far as size is concerned, the individual variation is so great
as to make this doubtful. The yellow markings of the abdomen
seem more pronounced in the female, perhaps because the abdomen
is rather wider, at least in the later segments. The male antenne
measure about 15'5mm. in length (without straightening the
final hook), the female about 13.5mm. The slipper arrange-
ment of hairs on the male antennz is a little modified from the
usual disposition in so far that the distal row of hairs is less
complete than the proximal, so that each little pocket has its
opening facing more towards the apex of the antenna and less
towards its venter than usual. On the female antenna are a set
of fine reddish hairs, disposed almost exactly as in the male antenna,
7.e.. the ordinary short hairs of the female antenna are distinctly
longer and more pronounced along the basal margins of the segments
(where the male hairs are more developed) and against the scaled
portions, so that, though not comparable with the male hairs in length,
they much exceed the other sense-hairs of the antenna and contrast with
the usual short sense-hairs of the female antenna. The scaling
is very irregular, the terminal row of scales to a joint is distinguish-
able, and, on the terminal joints of the female antenna, a certain

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 399

amount of regular alignment affects the other scales, but even then
it is not easy to say that they fall into two other rows. The male
antenna is of about equal thickness, 17omm., from the roth to the
35th joint, the female is only about o'7mm. in thickness and does
not reach this till about the 13th or 15th joint, the terminal bend
and tassel consist of about 15 joints. The fore tibia and its spur
are approximately identical in the two sexes; the chitinous surfaces
of these first tibial spurs are covered with fine spicules, varying
from the spines of the comb to hair-like and scale-like structures,
which are very beautiful. The male scent fan* is very well developed,
it arises from the margin of the ventral plate of the rst (2nd)f
abdominal segment over a length of rather over a millimétre, it is
very dense, composed of reddish-orange hairs, 5mm.-6°5mm. in length.
These are concealed in an unusually large pocket, in its own
and the following segment, consisting of a deep groove, formed by
a depression of the margin of the ventral plate, which is covered by
a reflexion inwards of the margin of the dorsal plate. The palpi of
M. atropos have a structure which is almost exactly the same
as is found in A. convolvuli, and which I find also in A. cingulata
and another closely related Agriid. It appears to be present in
the species of Manduca, but I cannot find it in any other Sphingid
species that I have been able to examine. The inner face of
the znd joint in JZ. atropos has a central basal portion, convex
and unclothed, this occupies about # of the length; beyond this is a
rather deep circular hollow, from the basal margin of which arises
a row of rather flat scales which arch over the hollow, forming a
dome-like roof over the hollow, and which meet together at its further
margin. It is this fan-like dome that is seen on looking at the inner
surface of the palpus. In A. convolvuld this dome of scales is even
more beautifully elaborate. It arises nearer the base of the joint,
the portion basal to it is scaled and slopes down to it. The origin
of the fan-like dome of scales is of very regular circular outline, as
is the whole dome, although the scales converge to a point at the
concave (upper) margin of this joint, the hollow beneath the dome
extends beyond it to the end of the joint and is thus not circular
(though the dome is). The dome of scales thus occupies about the
centre of the inner face of the joint, but rather nearer base. The
hollow is unclothed (Chapman).

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—Only one gynandromorph of this species
is known to us. This is described as follows:

a. The left side in comparison with the right betokens the ¢ sex in that it

has a somewhat smaller antenna, and a shortened abdominal point; otherwise
the specimen is ¢ (Taschenberg, Zezts. f. d. ges. Naturwissenschaften, xxii.,

Pp. 520-521).
VARIATION.—The variation of this species has sometimes quite
a teratological basis. Such variation as that of the shape of the

* Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 22): ‘‘In the ¢, on each side of
the Ist abdominal segment, is seen a deep pocket, from which, in flight, a whole
fan of long, strongly-scented, yellow hairs can be thrown. When the ¢s have
been killed, this scent-apparatus is only very rarely visible. One can, however,
see the verticillate tuft of hairs if one so holds a living g by the abdomen, that the
underside of the abdomen is turned upwards and the wings can be moved.”’

t We have previously noted that the 1st abdominal segment is nearly obsolete
and that the apparent Ist is really the 2nd segment.

400 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

wings is distinctly of this character. A long series, bred by Burrows
in 1896 and 1900, exhibits considerable variation. In some examples,
the costa of the forewing is much more hollowed, in others more
convex than in normal examples; the apices of the forewings,
too, are rounded in the least pigmented specimens ; sometimes, too, the
outer margin is distinctly angulated; in others, again, the wings
are distinctly narrower, whilst some examples have the outer margin
of the hindwings quite hollow. There is also considerable variation
in the tint of the skull-mark on the thorax; in some specimens the
colour of this is whitish-grey, in others dark grey, in others: ochreous ;
in the more extreme cases it becomes deep brown, whilst in a few
examples the mark is only faintly traceable, having blended, as
it were, with the ground colour. We would designate those examples
in which it is practically absent as ab. obsoleta,n. ab. The anterior
edge of this mark, too, is exceedingly variable, in some specimens
~ forming a simple convex curve, in others a series of three small curves,
in others, again, being angulated or pointed. The abdomen varies
in tint from pale yellowish to darker orange, which, in some, inclines
to brownish. The black longitudinal streak down the centre of
the dorsum of the abdomen is also much broader in some specimens
than others. On the forewings the basal marking is in some
individuals distinctly double, and traceable to the inner margin, in
others only the inner line is shown, and this does not reach the inner
margin of the wing, whilst in some the marking is concolorous with the
rest-of the wing. The angulated line, which extends occasionally from
the costa to the inner margin, is pale; usually it is not to be traced
in the inner half of its course. The subterminal is less distinct,
but very variable in intensity. The brown colouring, extending
from the costa along the upper half of the wing to the centre, is
very much developed in some specimens, almost absent in others.
In three or four examples the wings are badly scaled at the tips,
the rest of the wings being unicolorous, blackish. ‘The central spot
is very much larger in some specimens than in others. In the
hindwings the neural darkening between the two bands is very variable
in intensity, sometimes rather closely uniting the two bands. The
basal half of the inner band may be strong or weak, or obsolete.
The outer band is sometimes weak apically ; the black inclining to
greyish, in one specimen, forced in 1893, the left hindwing has a
pale, almost obsolete, inner band (Zrans. City Lond. Ent. Soc., vii,
pp. 3-4). At the meeting of the Berlin Ent. Soc., held November
23rd, 1899, Huwe exhibited examples without the inner band of
the hindwings, and also some melanic ones, whilst one had the
rings of the abdomen almost obsolete and silver-whitish stripes
thereon. The most common forms of variation in the character
of the bands of the hindwings are (1) The inner band wanting=ab.
imperfecta,n.ab. (2) The two bands closely united = ab. conjuncia, n.
ab. (3) The outer band continued to the margin = ab, exfensa,
n. ab. Nickerl mentions that he has aberrations with the inner
band of the hindwing wanting, and Assmann figures (.Schm. Schles.,
ii, pl. xvii, fig. e) the aberration mentioned by Ochsenheimer
(Die Schmett., ii., p. 284) without the inner band of the hindwings ;
Gauckler records (/dlus. Zeits. fiir Ent., v., p. 282) breeding a similar
one at Carlsruhe, in 1900, and another not more than half the size of

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 401

normal examples. Rothschild and Jordan write (Revston of the
Sphingidae, p. 21) of the variation of this species: ‘‘ The forewing is
occasionally nearly all black, with the lines obscure and the white or
ochraceous scaling in the subapical region obliterate ; on the other hand,
there occur individuals with an unusually large ochraceous subapical
patch. The discal band of the hindwing is sometimes absent or vesti-
gial; the outer band is also occasionally obsolescent. Seldom are both
bands nearly fused into one, more often is the external one so enlarged
distad that the yellow marginal spots are reduced to dots. The
amount of black on the underside of the wings is not rarely absent
or vestigial, the stigma of the hindwing is sometimes wanting.
The skull-mark of the thorax is very seldom absent. The black
segmental bands of the abdomen below are complete, and never
reduced to mesial spots. Some individuals have the underside of
the abdomen nearly all black; in others, especially often in bred
ones, the undersurface of the body is fuscous, in which case neither the
yellow nor the black bands are clearly defined. On such individuals
as the latter, Leech’s assertion (see zzfra) that these black bands
are sometimes quite absent from the abdomen of a/¢rvopos may have
been based. We do not find any difference in structure or colour
between the Ethiopian and Palearctic atopos, but the tropical
specimens are, on an average, especially in the gf sex, smaller than
the northern individuals ; we say expressly on an average, as many
Ethiopian examples surpass the medium-sized Palearctic ones.” It
may be well here to note that Leech (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888,
p. 587) unites the eastern medusa, Btl., with AZ. atropos, whilst Jordan
and Rothschild as strongly affirm it a variety of styx, Westwood,
which they treat as specifically distinct from JZ. atropos. Leech
RibesmE(/OZ.mmcr, pa 5o7) 2 Neither “Chinese not ~ Japanese
representatives are to be separated with certainty from A. atropos ,;
however, the more slender abdominal belts and transverse stripe,
together with the darker ‘skull-mark’ on the thorax, of most of the
specimens from China and Japan, afford fairly good varietal
characters, and, as these seem to be pretty constant, it will, perhaps,
be well that this form be known as var. medusa ; I should note that
among my European specimens of A. a¢ropos are individuals with
the ‘skull-mark’ quite as dark as in any Japanese or Chinese
example.” Writing the next year of Chinese examples, he sinks both
styx and medusa as synonyms of at¢ropfos, and says (Zrans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1889, p. 118): ‘ Five specimens from Kiukiang agree with the
Japanese examples. Absence of the black bands on the undersurface
of the abdomen, by which it is claimed medusa and styx may be
separated from atropos, is not a trustworthy character, as, in some
European specimens, these bands are not present on the ventral
surface, whilst some Chinese and Japanese examples exhibit traces
of such bands.” In 1898, he maintains (of. cit., 1898, p. 275) this
position, and adds that ‘‘the characters given by Hampson as dis-
tinguishing s/yx from atropos appear to be of little specific value.

Medusa, Btl., from Japan, has no constant character to separate it
from the Indian form.” As we have already noted, Staudinger
and Rebel (Cat, 3rd ed., p. 98) do not distinguish specifically
between the three forms, treating s¢yx as a variety of MZ. atropos,
and medusa aS a synonym of styx. Needless to say none of

Ci

402 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

those who unite the three insects have examined them in the
same Critical manner as have Rothschild and Jordan. We append the
original descriptions of styx and medusa, which read as follows :

(1) Styx, Westd:, “Cab: Orient. Ent.,”’ p. 83, pl. xii iigaguerey ea
Sphinx (Acherontia) styx. Sphinx alis anticis fuscis, plumbeo irroratis nigroque
variegatis et undatis, apiceque luteo et ferrugineo magis variis, stigmato parvo
luteo, undulis albidis pone medium ad costam magis*conspicuis; alis posticis
fulvis, fasciis duabus nigricantibus; prima, angusta mediana; secunda, utrinque
dentata submarginali; corpore fusco, thorace supra lateribus plumbeis utrinque
strigis duabus nigris; figura dorsali faciei coloris fusci fere uniformis, oculis parvis
nigris, postice lunula nigra (striam curvatam plumbeam includente) cincta;
abdomine fulvo; segmento singulo macula parva quadrata plumbea dorsali in-
cisurisque fuscis; [abdomen subtus fulvo, punctis duobus mediis parvis rotundis
nigris (nec nigris fasciatis ut in S, atropos) ;|* pedibus angustis luteo annulatis.
Exp. forewings 4Ains. East Indies. From Col. Hearsey. This species is most
nearly allied to Sphinx atropos, but differs from it in its smaller size, in the
uniform colour of the face-like marking on the back of the thorax, and in the
slenderness of the limbs (Westwood). The larva is very pale green, or bright
golden-yellow, irrorated with black dots, with lilac-bordered oblique white streaks.
tt has also a dark brown form. It feeds on Paulownia tmperialis. North India
(James), Turkey in Asia (Loftus) [Westwood].

(2) Mrpusa, Butler, °“Wrans:, Zoolk™ Soc., Wond)77 six. apa eGoy aaa
(1877).—Altogether darker than the preceding (styx), and running to
a larger size; primaries above without or with very indistinct longitudinal
reddish streaks; subapical paler area less _ oblique, the intersecting
transverse lines less strongly dentated; secondaries with black bands, as
a rule, closer together, better defined, the inner one generally extending ta
third subcostal branch; body above darker, the skull-marking on thorax much
darker, and consequently rather less conspicuous; head blacker; abdomen with
the dorsal blue bar darker, the transverse bands blacker; primaries below the
outer border much more dusky; secondaries with the outer band more dusky.
Expanse of wings, 3in. 5lines to gin. rolines (A. Styx measures 3in. 2lines to
din. 5 lines). Java (Horsfield), Hong Kong (Bowring); Shanghai, China, East
India, Philippines (Bowring). I have received examples of this species from Mr. Lewis.
The smaller form of it was bred by him in Japan, and as he has had the trans-
formations carefully drawn by a native artist, I am now enabied to figure them
proving the entire distinctness of this species from A. atrupos. He believes that
the larger examples may be referable to a distinct species, the small Japanese
examples being constant in size and in the absence of the ventral black spots
upon the abdomen. The larva feeds on Sesamum orientale (Butler).

Bartel says (fal, Gross-Schmet/., i1., p. 23) © thataeesunikeme
aberrations are rare. He observes that he has seen examples of
our ab. zmperfecta in both sexes, and further notes that transitions
between this form and typical examples occur, some specimens
even having the inner band present on one side, but absent on
the other. He further remarks that Wiskott has an example, bred
in Berlin, of our ab. odsolefa, in which the characteristic thoracic
marking is completely wanting, only a small black spot being
present in the middle of the thorax. In the Kricheldorf collection
is an example in which the inner band of the hindwing is almost
entirely connected with the outer band by black scaling (evidently
a specimen of our ab. conjuncta) the black colour being even
more extended, and having a more striking appearance on the
underside of both wings, the outer half being entirely black-scaled.
Bartel adds: ‘‘Kuropean examples are, on an average, larger than
exotic. Rossler sees in this a confirmation of the well-known

*The piece enclosed in square brackets [ ] is added in MS. in Westwood’s
handwriting in his own copy of the work, now in the Natural History Museum
at South Kensington,

Seve

PuatE II.

TONS OF MANDUCA ATROPOS.

ABERRA

MANDUCA ATROPOS., 403

rule that, in colder climates, slower development leaves more room
for growth. The contrary is asserted by other authors. I can
only mention in this connection that the examples, forming a series
from Natal, which I saw a short time since, were considerably smaller
and also more weakly marked than Central European specimens.”
There is much variation in the amount of pale marbling of the
forewings, some examples having a distinctly variegated appearance,
others being uniformly blackish-brown, with the ordinary paler mark-
ings obsolete. These forms may be grouped as:

I. Forewings uniform blackish-brown, transverse markings indistinct, pale
markings obsolete=atrogos, Linn.

2. Forewings marked with distinct transverse markings; pale markings well-
developed=ab. intermedia, n. ab.

3. Forewings with the basal, median and outer areas very dark; the basal
and angulated lines pale, giving the general idea of the wing being divided into three
dark transverse bands—basal, median and outer—the apical area more normal,
pale blotch on outer margin just below apex; discoidal spot conspicuous in median
area—ab. virgata, n. ab.

4. Forewings with all the light markings double the usual size; the normally
dark parts considerably lighter, the whole insect dusted plentifully with white scales
=ab. variegata, n. ab.

As to the variation of the hindwings, Miss Miller records
ike. | XIV... P: 183) a Specimen, bred in° the autumn
of 1901, which has the “outer band of the left hindwing
very wide, and almost touching the inner band. The outer edge
of the wing itself has two curves instead of one. Otherwise the
moth is quite perfect and in no way crippled.” Thorpe states
(£nt., v., p. 143) that he reared ‘‘a very large ? having only one black
band instead of two on the hindwings, the inner band being entirely
absent ” (=ab. zwperfecta). There is also some variation in the hue of
the hindwings. Their normal tint is of a deep orange colour, some-
times, however, much suffused with black scales; rarely the colour is
quite pale yellow (ab. /éavescens, n. ab.), and intermediate tints
occur, apparently with no trace of fading. There appear to be
no really well-differentiated races of this species (if medusa and
styx be considered distinct species), and Rothschild and Jordan
state that, having examined the type of Kirby’s sculda, they
find it to be an individual of JZ atropos, and that the habitat
‘“‘Borneo” is erroneous. Kirby says (72 Zit.) that the locality
labels of many of the Sphingids (received from the same source as
this type) in the Dublin Museum, are very unreliable, and he assents ~
to the probability of Rothschild and Jordan’s conclusion being accurate.
He states, however, that the specimen is quite aberrational, so we
append the original description. This reads as follows :

SCUEDA, Korby, <7 lrans, Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1877, p. 242 (1877) ;. “ Cat.,”’
p- 700 (1892); Waterh., ‘* Aid Ident. Ins.,” ii., pl. 141, fig. 2 (1884).—Exp. al.
43in. Forewings as in medusa, Butl., but less strongly dusted with grey; a reddish
space along the middle of the inner margin. Hindwings straw-colour, hind-margin
black, with yellow spots between the nervures on the outside but much smaller than
in any other species ; a narrow black line within, curving towards the anal angle.
Head and thorax as in medusa, a large black spot on each cheek of the skull.
Abdomen with a very broad central bluish-black stripe, covering nearly the whole
abdomen towards the extremity; a broad black band on each segment, broadest
below, where it occupies as much space as the yellow, except just towards the tip.
Underside of forewings yellow, with a black border and two obsolete transverse
black lines, wider apart than in medusa; hindwings nearly as in atropos. Borneo.

One specimen. Intermediate between atropos and medusa but apparently distinct
from both (Kirby).

404, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLES.—Undoubtedly there are numerous
specimens in various collections. Two remarkable teratological ex-
amples in the ‘Webb coll.” are interesting owing to the peculiar
modification of the markings of the crippled wing so that they become
more or less longitudinal. We noted these as:

1. The right pair of wings slightly contracted. The centre of the costa of the
right forewing slightly excised: the coloration pale; the markings from the basal
line tending to form longitudinal streaks following the nervures towards the outer
margin. The right hindwing with a very straight outer margin running in line with
the outer margin of the forewing; a distinct angular extension towards the anal
angle, the inner black band very sharply angulated through the discoidal spot, the
outer area of the wing suffused, with the black markings linear, and radiating towards
margin. The left pair of wings normal.

2. The right pair of wings normal. The left forewing with a large lunular
excision on the costa towards the apex. The markings from the discoidal and lower
part of the basal line forming longitudinal streaks, following the direction of the
nervures to the outer margin. The left hindwing with the costa cut short, at about
one-fourth from the apex; the apex thus suppressed ; the shortened wing, however,
with perfect fringes; the normal black bands modified into radiating lines running
_ in the direction of the nervures.

3. A moth minus the right antenna, and with an ill-developed eye on the
same side. In the pupa from which it was bred the right antenna was deformed
(Woodforde, Zzt., xxviii., p. 310).

4. A-specimen with one half of the proboscis much longer than normal, the
other half much shorter (see Chapman, azztea, p. 395, for detailed description).

Ovum.—Small in proportion to the size of the moth; lght
greenish or greyish-blue in colour; after the larva has hatched the
empty eggshell is bluish-white (Gauckler). | Proportionately small,
similar to the egg of Amorpha populi, dull greenish or blue-grey in
colour ; empty eggshell transparent bluish-white (Bartel).

EGcLayinc.—The eggs are usually deposited singly, more rarely,
however, in small batches (Gauckler). The distribution of the larve
(scarcely more than a few in a large field) suggests that the eggs are
laid at widely distant intervals, one here, one there, but not many as a
rule near the same spot (Morres). Newman says (£77, 11,, p. 280)
that the eggs are very large* and mostly laid on the upper surface ot
the leaves of potato, &c.....the egg-stage lasting about twelve days.
Reid records (nt. Rec., i.,p.337) a that was captured when fluttering
over a potato-plant in July. Gauckler says (Zim Beitrag zur Eiablage
der Schmetterlinge, p. 5) that a ? he found laid 27 eggs from which
he reared 16 perfect imagines.

PARTHENOGENESIS.—Parthenogenesis is reported to have occurred
in this species (Massa, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xx., p. 64).

HaBits OF LARVA.—The larva of this species grows very rapidly,
the first four ecdyses following one another very quickly, usually
within four or five days. The fifth (and last) stage is completed in
about 8 to 14 days, so that the entire larval period may occupy no
more than 30 days (Gauckler zz //¢.). Newman states that, at first, the
young larve eat little and grow very slowly, but afterwards devour the
leaves most voraciously, and increase in size with almost incredible
rapidity (Z77., ii., p. 281). The habits of the larva in its earlier stadia
are practically unknown, but those of the larva in its last stadium
have been described by many authors. Meinecke says (Vaturforscher,
Xlll., p. 176) that the larva feeds only at night and hides itself by day,
but Schroter (of. c7t., xx., pp. 173 ¢¢ seg.) denies this, and states that

* Newman gives no authority for this. His statement must be compared
with that of Gauckler (sepa),

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 405

those he reared not only fed at all times of the day, but more by day,
than by night. He adds that the larve are very sluggish, sitting with
the venter firmly pressed against the stem of the foodplant, simply
extending the head and neck to feed, which they will do in all possible
positions. ‘They select the finest leaves, and readily eat the tenderest
stalks. A mere touch or breath will make them withdraw their heads
and remain motionless, and, though they dislike wind, they enjoy the sun.
He says he once observed a duel which lasted two minutes, each larva
trying to get hold of the neck of the other, that being the weakest part,
whilst Goeze had already asserted that, if the larve came
across each other, they plainly hiss and mutually bite one another.
Haworth remarked, in 1803 (Zep. Srit.), upon the skill with which
the larve concealed themselves by day on those parts of the
stems which are best covered with overshadowing leaves, and
it is really remarkable how well the large full-fed larve hide
themselves, clinging as they almost invariably do, to the underside
of the stalk back downward, so that the eye might pass over
scores of them without observing them, notwithstanding their
size and colouring. Morres observes (lVofes on Acherontia atropos,
p. 5) that one caterpillar was found by noticing a leaf slightly in
motion while all around was still, closer examination showing the disc
of the caterpillar’s face as it was greedily munching its mid-day meal,
although the rest of the larva was quite hidden ; another was discovered
by noticing the haulm of a potato-plant much eaten, and then
instituting a close search; a third was observed clinging to a
naked stalk of the haulm in the Sphinx-like attitude, quite motion-
less.e +6ZC. He further observes that the yellow, green and
brown of these enormous. caterpillars match strikingly with
the three growths of the potato-leaves themselves—the bright
green of the earlier foliage, the yellower tint of the later leaf,
and the diseased or decaying foliage (which the brown larva
matches so exactly that the untrained eye would never detect it)—
whilst the stripes of the larva amalgamate most wondrously with
the lateral ribs of the potato-leaf. ‘This is remarkable as the potato
(an introduced plant) cannot have been the original foodplant of
the species which is unknown in America whence comes the potato-
plant. Leech also notes (£#z., xxix., p. 316) that the coloration
of the larva closely resembles that of its foodplant, which renders
it far from a conspicuous object when at rest on a potato-stem; —
he notes one example which, when about to pupate, assumed a yellow
coloration exactly like that of a withered leaf. Mathew writes (of.
Zee TOOLe Pp. 201) that “the larve are not difficult to find, for,
by walking slowly between the rows of potatoes, one could see
‘ where the larve had been feeding, as the haulms, in many instances,
were nearly stripped, and the larve were usually to be found upon
the underside of one of the lower leaves ; where the plants were not
of luxuriant growth the larva was easy to see some distance off, and
one was detected nearly a hundred yards away as it rested on a bare
stem, where it looked very conspicuous in the rays of the setting sun.
Thorpe says (£zz., v., p. 143) that the larve are best found between
4 a.m. and g a.m., as they are, at this time, more exposed than later,
é.g., at mid-day. Bartel writes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., 11., p. 19) that
“the larve are best found by searching potato-fields, where the traces

406 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

of feeding and the large frass betray their presence; one larva eats so
much that the plants are often stripped quite bare for a distance of some
yards, and only the thickest stalks are left standing.” Bartel adds
that the larve can also be found by night with a lantern. Stephens
notes, too, that the usual time for the larve to feed is in the
evening. Aigner-Abafi says (/llus. Zeits. fiir Ent., iv., p.177) that,
in Hungary, yellow, green, and dark brown larve are found at
the same time on Lyczum, that they sit motionless by day, either
well into the plants or at the foot, as well as on the pendent twigs,
and that they feed chiefly, but not exclusively, by night. ‘The Sphinx
attitude is, he says; ‘mostly adopted im the dayime; nema ine
observes that they crawl very slowly when moving for fresh food or for
shelter. The larve are, in some years, exceedingly abundant,
in others entirely absent; the years in which they have been most
abundant, in Britain, are 1826, 1842, 1846, 1853, 1858, 1865, 1868, 1878,
1885, 1896 and 1900. Stephens records (//lus. Haust.,1., p. 117) how, in
1826, near Ham, in Essex, one gentleman obtained nearly a bushel
of pupz in the course of a few weeks from the labourers in the
potato fields. Forington records 200 pup, in 1858, at East
Stockwith, and Hobson some 150 at Selby, in the same year,
whilst Whittle observes that more than roo were taken to one
lepidopterist, near Southend, in the autumn of 1899. Morres states that
he obtained, in 1878, at Salisbury, no fewer than 122 larve froma
potato field of 3 acres, while, in 1896, Brooks notes (uz, xxix.,
ps 330) that above "200 larvee were “sent to him ijon—tenms
Sutton, in Lincolnshire, and that, in 1900, he had over 500
pupe, from which he bred more than 150 imagines from the same
place (77 77). \Norgate ‘observes, (uz. Rec) 1x5 sp; 23) mune
once saw, in Norfolk, a potato field, in light sandy soil, surrounded
by Scotch fir-woods, in which every potato-plant was eaten and nothing
but short stumps of stalks left, whilst the ground was completely
covered by the footmarks and frass of the larve of JZ. atropos (as
if a flock of pigmy sheep had been folded there till not a leaf was
left). In confinement, the larve require plenty of air, heat and
light, or they cannot be reared. (Morres suggests a large tea-chest,
providing plenty of room to hold a sufficiency of potato-haulm
without touching the sides of the box, as a suitable breeding-cage
for a fair number of larve.) The larva has been repeatedly noticed
as being capable of making a sound with its mouth. Scopoli, in
1763, writes (Zn/. Carn., p. 185): “Larva irritata stridens.” This
sound was also noticed by J. G. Httbner (Fuessly’s 4rchiz, 1., 1, p. 4)
in 1781, when he wrote, “ This larva draws itself together on the
slightest touch, and makes a rather strong crackling sound, which I
cannot describe better than by comparing it with the crackling of an
electric spark.” Fuessly, in an editorial note at the end of the article
(loc. cit., p. 6), Says: -“ The hissing of this larva, or, as Herr Hubner
better expresses it, the crackling, has also been noticed by Scopoli
and Goeze; according to these entomologists, and according
to my own experience, not only the black, but also the yellow
and green, larve do this.” This was later verified by Verloren (Alg.
Konst- en Letlerbode, 1847, 2, p. 147) and numerous English
observers, and is described by Newman (Zw, i1., p. 282) as
“resembling the sound resulting from a rapidly continued series

wu

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 407

of electric sparks,” whilst Sanders writes (Zn¢. Wk. Jnt., iv., p. 196):
“The larva makes a crackling noise similar to that made by boys
with their thumb-nails, and equally as loud . . . . sometimes
it makes a very rapid: succession of the same noises not unlike
that produced from the winding up of a watch,” and Burrows says
(Ent. Rec., Xill., pp. 155-156): “The larva makes, when irritated, a
sight ‘clicking’ noise, such as one can make with one’s finger-
nails,’ whilst Parry observes (Ext. Wk. Int., v., p. 29) that the larva
Oikehie tepedts the noise several times im quick succession.
atte says (fal. Gross-Schmel., i. p. 19): “The fullgrown
larva gives out, when irritated, a tolerably loud and clear chirping
sound, which is produced by a rubbing together of the mouth-
parts.” Many other authors have noticed the fact and Paris observes
(Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iv., p. cxii) the cry of the larva as being
made when the latter is excited. He describes it as softer and
shriller than that made by the imago and asserts that, at each cry, a
whitish mucous escapes from between the mandibles, and he concludes
therefrom that the imaginal tongue is already in process of develop-
ment, in the form of a gland that opens between the mandibles,
although this could not be proved. lLandois describes ( Zou- und
Stimmap. der Insecten, p. 59) the crackling sound made by the larva
as the result of ‘‘a testy lateral yerk of the head, due probably to
muscular contraction,” but Clifford, in spite of the above evidence (£72.,
XVlil., p. 302), questioned whether the larva could produce a sound, as
one he had was obstinately silent, whilst he further stated that
Fuessly first asserted the fact, and that Newman had confirmed it.
Anderson then wrote to maintain (oc. c7t., p. 324) that the larva
could make a noise which, he reiterated, exactly resembles the
sound made by an electric spark, although he could not tell how
it was caused. Poulton observes (Zy/é., xix., p. 17) that, of several
larvee kept under observation in 1885, only one made any sound.
The noise he said was evidently of a defensive character, was
made when the larva was irritated, especially if handled, or tapped
on the head. ‘The sound, he considers, proceeds from tbe mandibles
which are very large, and have a considerable range of movement, so
that they can bite over each other. On the outer surface of each
mandible there is, he says, a transverse tuberculated ridge, and when
one mandible is outside the other, and is gliding over the outer
surface of the latter towards its base, it is momentarily arrested —
by the ridge, but passes over it with a jerk, that causes sharp
collision with the outer surface on the basal side of the ridge.
This sudden jerk and resisting clash of the hard chitinous surface
is, he believes, the cause of the sound. He further notes that the
sound may be protective. Aigner-Abafi confirms (///us. Zezts. fur
Ent., iv., p. 356) this view, and gives a sketch of the mandibles,
stating that the sound is produced by the mandibles, which are
provided with notched teeth, being brought sharply together. Thesame
explanation had many years previously been given by Capronnier.
The views of Kleemann, who also stated that the sound was caused
by the movement of the jaws, and others are also quoted. Pearce
observes (£7¢., xix., p. 44) that he heard the snapping noise made by
the larva of this species on two or three occasions, in 1885, and
believes it to have been made by gnashing the mandibles, Morres

408 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

asserts (/Votes on Acherontia atropos, p. 19) that the sound made by the
larva is not so loud a squeak, but precisely the same sound as is
made by the moth; he only once heard it, and could scarcely believe
his ears on hearing it: He appears to be almost the only observer
who considers the sound similar to that made by the imago, except
Kleemann (Rosel’s Jusecten-Belustigung, \\1., p. 12), who also asserts
that the noise made is exactly like that produced by the imago, but
fainter. Anderson, on the other hand, confirms Hubner’s observation,
and asserts (uz. Rec., Vil., p. 40) that the sound emitted resembles the
“click” of an electric spark, and is quite distinct from the “ squeak ” of
the moth. Swinton notes (Z.4Z_JL, xili., p. 220) that the crepitation,
peculiar to A/anduca, has been well attested, ¢.g., Scopoli, Lt. Carz.,
p. 185; Meigen, Syst. Beschr., i1., p. 147 ; Weatherhead, Zoologist, 1858,
Pp: 6212, 6282, &e; Proc. Eni. Soc. Lond,, w., p. 157, cc. Tnespirewes
the observations of Capronnier, Poulton and Aigner-Abafi (supra),
Lambillion asserts (int, Rec., Xil., p.295) that the larval cry comes
from the buccal organs of the insect and that the Jarva seems to open
its mouth each time the cry is heard, that it is only produced by the
rubbing of one organ against another, he adds, is a view that is scarcely
admissible. ‘There seems, however, no reason to doubt the conclusion
of Capronnier, Poulton and Aigner-Abafi, z.¢., that the sound proceeds
from the mandibles. When fullfed, the larve begin to change colour,
and grow very restless, becoming semi-transparent, golden-yellow, and
looking as though they had been soaked in oil (Burrows), and crawling
continuously until they find a suitable place for pupation. Bowles
also notes (Zn¢. Rec., 1x., p. 42) that, of a dozen larve of JZ. atropos,
brought him in 1896, all were of the green form, turning to golden-
yellow when quite fullfed. The larve will rarely go down into the
earth in the breeding-cage in which they have been kept in con-
finement, for pupation, and should be placed separately in a large
flower-pot filled with fresh damp earth with about 1 inch of room to
spare between the surface of the soil and the top of the pot, into
which, if the pot be covered, they will, as a rule, bury directly (Morres).
Aigner-Abafi says (/us. Zeis. - fur. Ent., iv., p. ©7S)eudaueee
larve only occur in one generation in Germany, and may be found
from July to September, that, in southern France, there are two
appearances, in July and September, whilst in the Italian Riviera, near
San Remo, one finds them almost continually from July to the middle
of December, and rarely even examples are found at the commencement
of January. In Hungary, also, there are two generations, one in June
and July, principally on potato, the other from the end of August to
the end of October, 7.2., to the commencement of the frosts, chiefly
on Lycium ; the first brood, he says, is much the rarer, but, in some years,
in September and October, the larvee are very common, é.g., 1865, 1878,
1886 and 1892, rather less so in 1897, when the first fullfed examples
were taken on September 12th, but were abundant on October 3rd,
and October 4th, when some larvz were stiJl very small, others quite
ready for pupation, &c. As evidence to show how bad weather
tends to kill off autumnal Jarvee of this species in central Europe, Aigner-
Abafi recounts how, in October, 1897, a period of cold rainy weather set
in after October 4th; he states that it lasted 8 days, and caused larve,
kept exposed on a window-sill with a plentiful supply of food, to become
quite torpid, and he adds that he had to remove them indoors before they

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 409

commenced again to feed, whilst, in the fields, at the end of this
period, he found many numbed, and of those he took home most
perished, evidently injured by the cold. It is averred that, in some
years, the larve are sufficiently abundant in Hungary to damage the
potatoes (Rovartint Lupok, iii., p. 224). The following dates on
which larve and pupe have been found will probably prove interesting :
Larvee July-September in Upper Austria (Himsl), and half-grown larve
in July in Roumania on potato (Caradja), a large number of larve
in June, 1846, at Gray, in France (Paris), a larva in August, 1887, at
Gibraltar (Walker), larve very common in October and November at
Gallipoli, in 1878 (Mathew) ; Powell says (7 /tt.): ‘‘ The larve are
found at Hyéres in October and November, but the late examples
do not mature; I have never taken larve earlier than September,
and those found in October are quite young, nor have I ever heard
of anyone finding summer-feeding larve”; as bearing, however,
on this point, Siépi says that, as a result of somewhat haphazard
collecting over many years in the Marseilles district, he has obtained
—in July, 2 larve; in August, 4 larve; in September, 9 larve;
in October, 23 larvae. Larve occurred throughout the winter and
spring of both 1869 and 1870 in northwest Morocco (Blackmore),
and in January at Tangier (Meade-Waldo), whiist at Durban, in
Natal, the iarve are fullfed in January and again in May, the species
being apparently definitely double-brooded. Over a long series of
years, 1887-1901, Burrows notes the earliest date of the capture of
the larve, in Essex, as July 15th, 1893, and the latest, October 12th,
I9g01; whilst other records are as follows: 6 larve at Sudbury
in the autumn of 1844, one still feeding on October 18th, 1844
(Gaze), 4 larve in August, 1846, at St. Just (Noye), 11 larve and 15
pupe between August 1st and October 6th, 1846, at Chelmsford
(Greenwood), larve end of July, 1846, at Beeston, one imago emerged
September, 1846 (Wolley), and several larve in July, 1846, at Hull,
imagines emerged in August (Norman), large numbers of larve and
pup are recorded for 1846 (Zool., 1846, pp. 1345-1654); many others
in 1847 (see Zool., v., pp. 1787-2076), October znd, 1847, at Berwick
Hill (Bold), &c., also in 1850 (Zool., ix., p. 3008), and in 1853
(Zo0l., xi., p. 4072), larve August 19th-30th, 1856, at Wateringbury
(Fremlin), larvee August zoth-26th, 1856, at Hither Green (Morris),
larve August 25th, 1856, near Reigate (Wollaston), 18 larve, full-
grown, week ending August 31st, 1856, at Fordwich (Cox), 50 full-
grown larve in 1857 before September 1gth, at Plymouth (Ryder), larva
July roth, 1858, at Harrow (Walker), 6 larve July zoth-August 2nd,
1858, at Twickenham (Boscher), 5 fullgrown larve on July 24th, 1858,
and days just preceding, at Brighthampton (Stone), July 23rd, 1858,
larva at Uckfield (Hay), July zgth, 1858, at Middleton (Woods), 60-70
larve and pupe throughout August and September, 1858, at Newark
(Gascoyne), 92 larvee and pupe in the autumn of 1858, at Worcester,
50 perfect imagines and 13 cripples bred therefrom, above 200 larve
and pupz altogether collected by the Worcester lepidopterists
(Edmunds), several larve in August, 1858, at Cheltenham
(Alington), larve August znd, 1858, at Newnham (Bingham), August
3rd, 4th, 5th, 1858, at Exeter (Hellins), 20 larvee up to August 5th, 1858,
at Leckhampton (Trye), August 6th, 1858, at Darlington (Eales),
others up to August 26th (Orde), August 8th, 1858, fullfed, went
down same day, at Rotherham (Rodgers), August gth, 1858,

410 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

at Emsworth (Buckler), fullfed August 9th, 1858, at Deal (Harding),
larve middle of August, 1858, at Southampton (Oakley), 3 full-
grown larve buried August 16th, 1858, at Haydon Bridge (Morison),
7 larve up to August 21st, 1858, at Guisborough (Jeffrey), 6 larve
at Camberwell up to August 22nd, 18538 (Keen), several larve
before August 24th, 1858, at Bow, Brickhill (Burney), larvae common
in July, 1859, at Leckhampton, some 50 or 60 pupez also taken
in August (Trye), many larve almost fullfed before July 18th,
1859, at Brighthampton (Stone), larve abundant in August, 1859,
at Fordingbridge (Neave), fullfed larve near Exeter first week in
August, 1859 (Potter), some 40 larve and pupe at Newnham in
August, 1859 (Bingham), many larve and pupe during September
and October, 1859, near Leigh (Daniels), first week in August, 1861,
at Wateringbury (Fremlin), larve July zoth, 22nd, 25th, 28th, 1865,
at Minehead, 16 pupe resulted, from which Io imagines, 6 gs and 4
?s, emerged during October and November, 5 pupe died, and I was
alive in January, 1866 (Bonnor), larve not scarce at Eltham in July,
1865 (A. H. Jones), many larve in the Hull district in July and first
week of August, 1865 (Wright), fullfed larve at the end of July,
1865, others right through August, at Lytham (Gregson), 33 larve
and pup between July and September, 1865, the larve pupated in
August and September at Winchester, only about one-sixth of the
pupe had produced imagines during October (Johns), z fullfed larvee
on July z9th, 1865, at Wetherby (Forby), August 19th, 1865, at
Devonport (Last), pupe on August 22nd, 1865, near Devonport
(Hayward), 10 larve in the week ended August 22nd, 1865,
at Alloa (Borthwick), a pupa, September roth, 1865, at Leominster,
produced an imago on October 22nd (Hutchinson), several pupz
September 16th, 1865, at Portsdown and near Landport (Moncreaff ),
August roth-z1st, 1867, 30 larve at Lewes (Jenner), a dozen larve
in the week ended August 20th, 1867, at Wolverton (Barlow),
120 larvee at Blackpool in August,1868, and 24 in August, 1869 (Thorpe),
larve, August, 1869, at Durham (Raine), September 3rd, 1869, at
Guestling (Bloomfield), August 17th, 1870, near Painswick (Watkins),
larva about August 5th, 1871, buried August 21st, pupa forced
and imago emerged on October 23rd, at Lyndhurst (Lockyer),
many larve and pupe in August, 1877, at Norwich, from one an
imago emerged September 30th, 1877 (Laddiman), a dozen larve in
August and September, 1877, at Chichester, pupated, one imago
emerged November, 1877, others on June 18th, 23rd, 24th@?, 25th
3 ,28thd, z9th g, andthe last, f, July 5th, 1878 (Anderson), August
6th, 1877, a larva at Birmingham (Enock), many pupe in
August, 1877, at Harwich (Kerry), July 29th, 1878, larve fullfed
at Sawtry St. Judith (Bower), a dozen larve on July 30th, 1878, and
following days at Burton-on-Trent (Baker), August 16th, 1878, at
Bedford (Greenwell-Lax), September 4th, 1878, at Reading (Butler),
September rith, 1878, at Morpeth (Finlay), 26 pupz and one larva in
October, 1878, round Liverpool (West), September 1oth, 1880, at
Reading (Holland), fullgrown larva September, 1884, at Frome
(St. John), large numbers of larve in August, 1885, at St. Ives
(Norris), several larve August, 1885, at Harwich (Kerry), three
larvee in August, 1885, at Reading (Butler), larvae at Castle Cary,
August roth, 16th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 1885 (Macmillan), October,
1885, at Surbiton (Goss), August 1st, 1886, larva at Woodbridge

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 41

(Freeman), September 17th, 1886, at Henley (Holland), larve fullfed
end of July, 1887, at Sudbury (Ransom), larva August 9th, 1887, at
Brentwood (Burrows), end of August, 1887, in the Scilly Isles
(Crewe), several larve in early August, 1889, at Alford (Mason),
August 6th, 1889, two fullfed larva at Pevensey Sluice (Howe), August
26th, 1889, one fullfed at Caversham, also others on August 31st,
September 15th, 16th, 21st, 1889, at Reading (Holland), fullfed larva
September 7th, 1889, from Manley, near Delamere (Newstead),
fullfed larva on August 5th, 1892, at Chichester (Anderson), 2
larve August 15th, 1892, at Folkestone (Byrne), larve July oth,
1893, at Corfe Castle, 2 pupated and produced imagines on October
roth and rith (Bankes), larve July 12th, 1893, at Slough, one died,
imagines emerged September 2oth and 28th (Williamson),* larva
juilyeu2th, ré93, at “Nenby (Jefferys); larve July i2th, 1893, at
Chichester, pupated at once (Anderson), larve July 15th, 1893, at
Rainham (Burrows), larve pupated August 2nd and roth, 1893, at
Chilwell (Pearson), August 7th, 1893, at Stanton Drew (Greer),
August gth-17th, 1894, at Rainham (Burrows), pupa October
18th, 1894, at Royston (Wilson), 2 larve August 13th, 1895,
at Wellington (Milton), several larvae August-October, 1895, at
Market Drayton (Woodforde), 6 larve between September trst-23rd,
1895, at Rainham (Burrows), a fullfed larva about September
Ist, 1895, at Clevedon (Mason), 15 larve in September, 1895, at
Market Rasen (Lewington), fullgrown larve from July 18th
Onwards til) “August “27th, 13806, at Kings Lynn (Atmore);
July 2oth-25th, 1896, at Rainham (Burrows), many larve
July z22nd-September rst, 1896, at Chichester (Anderson), many
larve in August, 1896, at Starcross, one went down on August 2oth,
and an imago emerged therefrom on October 30th (Jager), larve at
Clevedon in August, 1896, one imago emerged end of September
(Jefferys), two larve at Sandown in August, 1896 (Prout), August rst,
1896, several, at Ringwood (Fowler), 2 larve August 3rd, 1896, at
Rivenhall, pupated, one imago emerged October 23rd, the other on
October 29th (Cattle), a larva on August 4th, 1896, at Elsenham
(Cornell), August 7th, 1896, larva at Seaford (Hill), August 8th, 1896,
at Panton (Raynor), August roth, 1896, larve at Lewes (Leech),
August 13th, 1896, fullgrown larvae at Whitchurch (Thornewill),
pupe August 15th, 1896, at East Mersea (Cole), larva August
17th, 1896, at Hawkhurst (Adams), fullfed larva August 18th, 1896,
near Copmanthorpe (Hewett), larva August, 1896, at Cairnryan
(Bruce), larve August, 1896, at Kingston (Mitchell), September, 1896,
at Chelmsford (Miller), larva September, 1896, at Oxton (Studd),
many larve and pupe in early September, 1896, at Fleetwood
(Oldham), September 3rd, 1896, at Crosby (Jones), larvee September
Ath, 1896, at Cluden, near Dumfries (Service), fullgrown larva,
September 7th, 1896, near Chester (Denson), September 18th, 1896,
at Waldringfield (James), unusually abundant, above 150 between
September roth-3oth, 1896, and 50 more by October roth, in the
Long Sutton district (Brooks), a larva in July, 1897, at Sudbury
(Ransom), larva September 3rd, 1897, at Crosby (Freeman), larve
at Dover in the autumn of 1898 (Stockwell), pupa August 24th, 1898,
at Chichester (Anderson), larva on November 8th, 1898, in Guernsey,
went down November roth, fullfed larva July 15th, 1899, at Alderney

412 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Luff), August and September, 1899, 5 larve at Castle Bellingham
(Thornhill), fullfed larva early in August, 1899, at Ewell (Hills),
larva early August, 1899, at Bridgwater ( Waller), larva near Worcester,
August 7th-roth, 1899 (Rea), August z2nd, 1899, fullfed larva at
Chilton (Ransom), fullfed larva August 24th, 1899, at Broadstairs
(Russell), larva end of August, 1899, at Whitchurch (Thornewill), 2
larve August 30th, September 2nd, 1899, at Wakefield (Parkin), mid-
September, 1899, several pupze dug near Emsworth (Christy ), September
7th-October 25th, 1899, pupz at Oxton (Studd), September, 1899,
several larvee at Carlisle (Routledge), 4 larvee in a garden, September
rith-r2th, 1899, at Thornton Heath (Lindemann), larva September
22nd, 1899, at Norwich, ri other larve July 24th, 1900, at Norwich,
all had gone to earth by August 3rd(Laddiman), 26 larve in July
and early August, 1g0o, at Stowmarket, pupated in flower-pots, in which
the pupz were successfully forced (Baker), fullfed larva went down July
27th, 1900, at South Leverton (Thornley), one larva fullfed July 27th,
1900, at Twyford, one at Reading, July 31st (Butler), larve July
28th, 1900, and following days at Chichester (Anderson), 8 fullfed
larve last week in July, 1900, near Haddenham (Barton), several at
end of July and in early August, 1900, at Sudbury (Ransom), larve
and pupa at Lendalfoot, August, 1900 (Wilson), August 2znd-8th,
1900, at Emsworth(Christy), larve from August znd-October r1zth, 1900,
pupe from October 13th-October 20th, 1900, at Mucking (Burrows),
one larva August 4th, 1900, at Writtle, others on August 4th, 6th,
1g00, at Woodham Mortimer (Raynor), larvee August 4th, 1900, and
following days at Middleton (King), several larve from August 5th-
15th, 1900, near Salisbury (Cowl), larvee August 6th, 1900, and follow-
ing days at Farnborough (Alderson), August 8th-roth, 1900, larve
at Hampstead (Hopson), August 13th, 1900, at Ramsey (Clarke),
August 14th-October 12th, 1900, at Portland (Hyde), a fullfed larva on
August 16th, 1900, at Great Cotes (Quirk), a larva at Boston Spa,
August 19th, 1900 (Prince), about 30 larve and pupe between August
25th, 1900, and November 3rd, 1900, in the neighbourhood of Natland
and Foulshaw (Moss), larva on August 26th, 1900, at Netherton
(Fawcett), larvae August 29th, 1900, at Fakenham (Woolhouse), larve
August 29th, 1900, at Ulverston (Petty), larva August 31st, 1900, from
Lower Tooting (Sparke), above 500 larve and pupe from the Long
Sutton district, August and September, 1900 (Brooks), larvae Septem-
ber 1st and 8th, 1900, at Smafield, September 5th at Lilburn Tower,
September 18th, one near Ancroft, and one from Holy Island,
September 20th at Wooler, September 22nd from Plea Piece,
and in October one at Brock Mill, near Beal (Bolam), larva
September roth, rgoo, others first week in October at Alderley
Edge (Oldham), September 14th, 1900, in south Devon (Mera),
September 18th-19th, 1900, pupee at Oxton (Studd), pupa September
2oth, 1900, near Dumfries (Service), 20 larva and nearly 200
pupe at Market Drayton in the autumn of 1900 (Woodforde),
1g larve and 2 pupe at Carnforth just previous to September
22nd, 1900 (Murray), October 19th, 1900, at Bexley, went
down October 30th (Newman), larve abundant in July, rgot, at
Doncaster (Corbett), larvee July 28th-September gth, 1901, at Faken-
ham (Woolhouse), larva on August 5th, 1901, at Shepperton-on-
Thames (Russell), larva August oth, 1901, at Warmfield (Townsend),

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 413

earliest larva of the year at Chichester on August 7th, 1901
(Anderson), August 7th (fullgrown) to September 28th, 1901, at
Sudbury (Ransom), larve abundant at Ringwood, August 8th-October
5th, r901 (Fowler), larvae August 14th, August 15th, several nearly
fullgrown, August 16th six, August 17th five, and z0 from August 19th-
September roth, 1901, at Dovercourt (Mathew), larve August 16th,
22nd, 28th, 1rgor (this last pupated on September 2nd), September
14th (this pupated on the 16th), October 4th, a pupa at Elstow, all
these died (Pestell), August 17th, rgor, larva at Hull (Walsh), August
2oth-September 11th, 1go1, several larva and pupe in the Norwich
district (Moss), August 20th, 1901, two larve at Hayling Island
(May), larve August 24th, 1901, at Sherburn, September 3rd, 1901,
at Brompton, September 5th, 1901, at Ayton (Lownsboro), larva
August 28th, rgo1, at Ilford (Adams), September 14th, at Chathill
(Allhusen), 2 larvee on September 21st, 1901, and one pupa on Novem-
ber 3rd, at Kildale (Sachse). It is remarkable that there is not a
single record for Britain earlier than July, although, occasionally, full-
fed examples are recorded as having been captured in early July. We
place no credence in Packman’s offhand assertion (South, #72, xix.,
p. 147) that almost fullfed examples occur in Kent in June. We have
lived in Kent for nearly half a century, and never heard of or saw
larvee earlier than July.

Larva.—Jfinal instar.—A small larva at full stretch measured only
3ins. in length; at rest the head is slightly retracted. Head: A
tall, slightly-rounded trapezoid, somewhat bulged at the sides ;
the surface, although shiny, is very rugose, and the hairs are
very fine and small (I fail to trace any on the face); in colour
the head is of a vivid apple-green with a broad black band up
the sides from the ocelli to near the crown; the clypeal and median
sutures are not deep, the crown only very slightly notched ; the mouth-
parts and antennz black with white at joints. True legs: Black with
comparatively large white areas surrounding the bases of hairs.
Body : The body is stout and plump, tapering but little for a Sphingid
larva. Thoracic segments stout and compressed, having a swollen
and hooded appearance; they are of a clearer and more pellucid
green than the rest of the body; the prothoracic scutellum present
but not markedly prominent ; the meso- and metathorax appear to be
subdivided into five subsegments. The 1st abdominal segment is
considerably shorter than the following segments, and I can only
count six subsegments on it, but the abdominal segments 2 to 7
have eight subdivisions. The spiracles are black, bordered with white;
the hairs and mammillz (shagreen-tubercles) are all but atrophied,
but the coloured areas surrounding the hair-bases are still strongly in
evidence on the dorsal area. The caudal horn is stiff, its roughness
due to the large and thorn-like mammille at bases of hairs; these
mammillz are white, the horn itself yellow, the tip black. The
oblique stripes are strongly pigmented, yellow beneath and purple-blue
above. The shagreen-spots (pigmented areas surrounding hair-bases)
are dark purple, shading off into blue and green at the edges (Bacot.
August 21st, 1900.) Two other examples (preserved by inflation and
well done) have dimensions as follows: (1) Length 83mm., girth
Izmm., size of head 85mm. in height and nearly 8mm. in width,
length of head and thorax 225mm. (2) Length riomm., girth

414, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

13‘5mm., size of head 6mm. in height, 5°5mm. in width, length ot
head and thorax 25mm. The length of the caudal horn differs
scarcely at all in the two larve, and is 7mm. It will be seen that the
smaller (and presumably younger) larva has the larger head ; the larvee
also differ in that the head of the larger one is markedly notched at
the crown, whilst that of the other is not notched at all. The head is
a rounded trapezoid in outline, and appears much taller and narrower
than it really is, owing to the broad black stripe down either side.
Its colour is bright yellow, the surface corrugated or convoluted rather
coarsely, although the surface of these convolutions is quite smooth
and polished-looking ; in addition to the broad black bands down the
sides of the head, a narrower black streak runs across from the bases
of antennz to the mouth-parts, which are, for the most part, black,
although the skin at the articulation shows white ; the bases of the
antennee are pale, the two upper joints black. The ocelli are clear and
glassy-looking, with a white area beneath (but this is probably not
the colour when the larva is alive). The body is of fairly even
thickness, tapering quite suddenly to the head. ‘The prothoracic
scutellar plate is structurally apparent, but not differentiated as regards
colour; the thoracic segments are very distinctly different from the
abdominal, both in colour and structure; the subsegmental divisions
being larger on the former, and not so apparent owing to the complete
absence of the coloured areas surrounding the bases of the shagreen-
hairs, which are so strongly marked a feature on the dorsal area of the
abdominal segments. The spiracles are very distinct, black- or dark-
crimson-centred surrounded by white. ‘The true legs are black, as are
also the strong fringes of hooks on the prolegs. ‘The subsegments, as
shown by the purple dots at the base of the shagreen-hairs on the
dorsal area, are six on the 1st abdominal, and eight on the following
segments, 2 to 6, the 7th abdominal only shows five rows, although there
are quite eight subdivisions. Thereis doubtfully a seventh structural
subdivision in front of the marked ones on the rst abdominal,
but this is not very clear in the larger larva, and does not show up at
all on the smaller one; the rst abdominal segment is shorter than the
others (Bacot. June 27th, 1903). -Chaumette describes ( Zo0/ogist, 1x.,
p. 3242) the green and the dark forms very fairly; Newman also
describes the full-grown green form of larva (Zz/fom., 11., p. 281), and
gives (loc. cit., p. 282) a short diagnosis of the dark form, which, he says,
was also described by Fuessly, three times figured by Hubner and three
times described in the Zoologist (pp. 1658, 6282, 6788).

COMPARISON OF THE LARV# OF MANDUCA ATROPOS AND SPHINX
LIGUSTRI.—L7inal instar: The larva bears the closest resemblance
to that of Sphinx ligusirt. The shape of the head is exactly similar,
with the same arrangement of the black marginal line relatively to
the face, except that the black borders very nearly meet at the apex
of the head in |S. ZZeus/7z while they do not come so near to complete
fusion in JZ. af/ropos. In the larve of both species the black bands
attenuate considerably towards the apex of the head. The most striking
resemblance, however, is afforded by the appearance and position,
during the resting attitude, of the thoracic segments, which, in both
species, are swollen and transparent-looking, and without a trace of
marking. All the larval markings end abruptly at the anterior edge of
the first abdominal segment, except the border of the anterior stripe,

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 415

which just crosses the intersegmental furrow in both species. [The
resting attitude of both is also exactly similar, the head being
retracted and the dorsal surface of the swollen thoracic segments
curved into a quarter of a circle, as seen in profile. This is seen in
the Sphinx attitude of rest, and in other positions also.] The difference
between the ground colour of the thoracic segments and that of the
other segments is very obvious in both cases. The difference is, perhaps,
best described by saying that the former are yellower and paler, and
especially, that the colour possesses a peculiar transparency which is
absent from the rest of the body. The thoracic segments are,
however, less bright and yellow than the ground colourin the region
of the oblique stripes. [In a figure of the brown variety of JZ. atropos,
painted by Mrs. Owen Wilson and sent to me by Professor R. Meldola,
the ground colour of the thoracic segments is pink while that of the
other segments is brown, and the contrast 1s therefore much greater
than in the common variety. Mr. Stainton, in his AZanwad/, describes the
anterior segments of this variety as whitish, and the rest of the body as
brownish-olive. I expect that this 1s more correct than the impression
conveyed by the figure, although the specimen which Mrs. Wilson has
painted may have been an unusual variety.*] The black thoracic
spiracle of AZ. atropos resembles the ochreous anterior spiracle of
S. figustri and differs from that of Smerinthus ocellatus, &c., in being
unconcealed when the larva is at rest in the Sphinx attitude. The
relations of the oblique stripes and borders with those of Sphinx ligustrt
are extremely interesting. [In Stainton’s Manual, the larva of
M. atropos is described ‘‘ with 7 oblique lateral violet stripes ’’ and that
of S. Zégustri “ with 7 oblique lateral white streaks bordered above with
lilac.” Certainly this correlation of the markings of the two larve
seems sufficiently obvious, and is the one which is also given in other
descriptive works. Recent investigations, however, have shown the
actual relations existing between the oblique stripes and their coloured
borders (by a comparison of the ontogenies of Smerinthus and Sphinx
larvee).| A careful examination of the position of the violet bands of the
larva of JZ. atropos has resulted in the proof that these markings do not
correspond with the stripes of S. /igustrz, but with the coloured borders
only—the latter markings, in fact, have persisted, while the oblique
stripes have become inconspicuous. ‘This correspondence is at once
seen on comparing the relative positions of the caudal horn and the
spiracles with the oblique markings of JZ. afropos and S. ligustri respec-
tively. [The fact is recognised by Weismann, on p. 322 of the English
translation of his work, where he speaks of the blue edges of the stripes
of M. atropos, and compares them with those of .S. Zigustri.; The stripes
are also present in JZ. a/ropos, but, being only of a lighter yellow than
the rest of the ground colour, they are easily passed over. They are
narrow in the lower half of their length, becoming broad above, so
that they occupy very nearly the whole interval between the coloured
borders in the dorsal region. ‘This broadening takes place as each
stripe crosses the furrow which separates the two segments in which
its course lies. In .S. “gustrt the ground colour is much brighter in

* Chaumette describes (Zoologist, ix., p. 3242) the dark form as having ‘the
thoracic segments of a pinkish-white colour . . . and the abdominal segments
yellowish-brown.’? McLaren also notes (of. czt., p. 6788) the dark variety as having
“the thoracic segments white inclining to pink, the abdominal segments olive-
brown.” The pinkish tint is, we believe, not at all unusual.

416 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the region of the oblique stripes and borders than elsewhere. In
MM. atropos this is probably also the case, but the brightened ground
colour cannot, of course, be distinguished from the true oblique stripes
(which are also brightened ground colour). Hence what is described
above as a broadening of the oblique stripes may in reality be due to
their fusion with another of the eléments of larval colour. The bright-
ness of the ground colour in the region of the oblique markings, due
in part to stripes and in part to the ground colour itself, produces an
effect which is very lke that of S. /igustrz. Below this.region the
ground colour becomes much darker and greener in both larve and,
in both, the darkened colour spreads upwards in front of the borders
for the lower half of their length. In JZ. atropos, a fine white line runs
along the posterior margin of the inferior anterior half of each coloured
border, but it seems unlikely that this represents the true stripe. The
borders of JZ. atropos are violet for the chief part of their course, shading
into blue anteriorly and inferiorly, and also changing abruptly into the
same colour above, at the furrow which divides the two segments over
which each border extends. The upward blue continuation of the
border meets its fellow of the opposite side in a distinct V, of which
the apex lies close to the hinder limit of the posterior of the two
segments, traversed by the border. This backward prolongation of
the coloured border (as such) does not take place in S. légustri, but
the lilac tint ceases abruptly at the furrow corresponding with that
which only divides the border of JZ. atropos into two rather differently
coloured halves. Nevertheless, careful examination will show that
the borders of S. 4égustri are carried back and form a series of Vs,
but only as darkened ground colour, and with the loss of all distinct-
ness. Hence each segment, from the rst to the 7th abdominal
(both inclusive), is crossed by parts of two oblique borders, of which
both the upper and lower parts are very conspicuous in J. atropos
while the upper in S. fégustr¢ can only be detected after careful
examination. ‘This is also true of the stripes themselves in S. /zgus?77,
while the stripe is altogether inconspicuous in JZ. afrofos. The 8th
abdominal segment is only crossed by the upper part of one stripe
(the last) and its border, and here, also, the same contrast holds good
in the two larve. In JZ. atropos, however, the border does not become
blue, but remains of the same purple as its anterior inferior continua-
tion. This border also becomes much narrower upon the 8th
abdominal segment after crossing the furrow which separates it from
the 7th segment. The larva of J. atrofos is peculiar as compared
with that of S. “gustri in the persistence of the ‘‘ eighth stripe” in
the last stage; but this latter larva possesses this feature in earlier
stages, and it can even be detected immediately after the last ecdysis.
In W. atropos, the ‘eighth stripe”’ is conspicuously represented by
the bright blue border which is present upon the rst abdominal
segment, and ends abruptly at its anterior margin, thus occupying an
entirely normal position. On the other hand, this is the only instance,
as far as I am aware, of the “eighth stripe” gaining a coloured
border, the exception being doubtless explained by the fact that this
stripe consists of an upper part only (upon the rst abdominal
segment, and never extending downwards upon the 3rd thoracic
segment), and such upper parts possess coloured borders in the case of
M. atropos alone. The shagreen-dots form a very remarkable addition
to the markings of the adult over the dorsal surface of the abdominal

MANDUCA ATROPOS, 417

segments (1st to 8th, both inclusive). Over an area rigidly limited
by the inferior edge of the lower part of an oblique border in each
segment, the shagreen-dots form the centres of relatively large
circular patches of purple. These patches are larger upon the borders
than elsewhere, and are especially large upon the superior posterior
part of each border. The patches are especially small and scarce
posterior to the upper part of the sixth border on the 7th abdominal
segment, while upon the 8th abdominal segment there are only a very
few faint patches, all of which are placed on the upper part of the
seventh border, which traverses this segment. The purple patches
have evidently spread from the bases of the dots, which are still
visible in the centre of each as a small light spot (which, however, is
not raised above the general surface of the larva). These dots have
entirely lost the hairs in this last stage, but their former presence is
probably indicated by a minute central scar-like point. The patches
are also seen to be connected with dots because of their arrangement
upon the eight annuli, into which each abdominal segment is divided
(except the first, which is only divided into six or seven annuli). The
occurrence ot the dots upon the coloured borders is quite exceptional,
but then, in this larva, the former become the centres of patches of the
same colour as the latter, although it is noteworthy that the patches
are always purple, while the upper parts of the stripes become blue.
It may be that the patches point to the origin of the borders upon
which they persist, but, if so, such a development of this marking is
most unusual, for, in other forms, the borders arise—first by the absence
of dots, secondly by the darkening of the ground colour, and finally
by its replacement by a different tint. On the other parts of the larva, the
shagreen-dots are more normal when they are present. Thus, upon the
underside, there are extremely minute hairs borne by exceedingly
small traces of dots, exactly as in the larva of SS. “gustri in the last
stage. Again, the caudal horn is well known to be rough, and this
condition is caused by the persistence of true shagreen-dots upon it,
many of which bear simple hairs. Comparing the larva with that of
S. ligustvt in the same stage, JZ. atropos exhibits phyletically older
features in the persistence of normal shagreen-dots upon the horn,
and of (much modified) dots upon the dorsal surface, and in the
persistence of the “eighth stripe” (border). On the other hand, it is
phyletically younger in the extreme development of the coloured bor-
ders, and, probably, in the fading away of the oblique stripes (Poulton,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886, pp. 143-148).

DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL MARKINGS.—/i7st instar: Light
yellow-green, with a long straight black horn, half as long as the larva
itself. Second tnstar* : The striped pattern of the later stages becomes
visible, the oblique stripes whitish. Zhzrd instar: Yellow or yellow-
green with blue markings; the long horn now yellow at base. Fourth
mstar: Darker yellow, with darker oblique stripes; the head yellow-
green bordered with black; the horn yellow, roughly granulated,
somewhat curved downwards ; the spiracles black. /i/¢h cnstar: This

* Mathew notes (Zzfom., xxxi., p. 116) that, on November roth, 1897,
at Marmarice, on the coast of Syria, a sharp frost having occurred the previous nigit,
he found a fullgrown larva of JZ. atropos and also a small one, only a few days old,
the latter bright green with pale greenish-yellow stripes and a long slender and almost
straiyht horn,

418 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

is the last instar, in it the larva assumes its well-known colour and
markings (Gauckler, 2 /7tt. ).

VARIATION OF LARVA.—A century ago Goeze described and
figured (Vaturf., xvill., pp. 195 e¢ seq., pl. iv., fig. 25) a variety of the
larva of this species of a dirty light grey colour tinged with yellow
dorsally, darker red-brown ventrally and on the head, whilst Schroter
describes (loc. cit., xxi., pp. 173 e¢ seg.) several distinct varieties of it.
Capieux attempted (JVaturf., xxiv., p. 97) to establish a connection
between the varieties of this species and the different foodplants, based
on the fact that he found 3 black-brown larve on ZLyczwm which he
states refused to eat potato. Borkhausen dissents (/’hezn. Mag., p. 324)
from this, points out that Schroter’s black-brown larvz were found on
the ordinary food, and adds that Goeze’s striking variety of the larva
(supra) also shows how variable the species is in this stage. Stainton
notes two forms of the larva of JZ. atropos: (1) Lemon-yellow,
towards the head and lower part of the sides green, with 7
oblique, lateral violet stripes; horn yellowish. (2) Brownish-olive,
with the lateral stripes darker; the anterior segments whitish.
Authors frequently speak of the larva as dimorphic, and Bartel (Fad.
Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 18), after describing the yellowish-green form,
writes: ‘‘ More rarely there isa darker form of the larva which
corresponds with the dark larval forms of Dezlephila elpenor and D.
porcellus. Itis brown-grey or olive-brown and covered with innumerable
white granulated dots arranged inrows. . . . . ‘This dark form
does not occur in young larve, but only in the later stages. After the
last moult it becomes light green, to return some hours later to the original
olive-brown colour.” Newman also refers (#7/7., v., p. 102) to two
forms, and describes the dark form (£74, i1., pp. 281-282), although
Edmunds (and others) had already described it very well (Zu/. Ie.
Lnt., V.,p. 17). Bellier de la Chavignerie notes (Ann. Soc. Ent. France,
(2), 1V., pp. Cx-cxi) that the larve are usually yellow or green, ornamented
with blue or violet chevrons, which are clearly marked on the ground
colour, but Marchand had found at Chartres, an aberration, which
was of a very dark grey-brown colour, spotted with white, the chevrons
of the same colour, the thoracic segments white marbled with black.
Boisduval, he says, described a somewhat similar form, and Engramelle
figured one, whilst others were found in September, 1846, in a potato-
field near Paris by Lorquin, and others again were taken by Abicot at
Gien. Guenée also observed that this form had been often described and
that Hubner had figured it. Powell notes (27 JZz¢¢.) that it occurs at
Hyeres in the proportion of about 33 per cent., and that the largest
specimen yet captured measured 150mm. _ Buckler gives (Larvae,
&c., il., pl. xxi., figs. 1-1@) two excellent figures of this larva:

I. Of a lovely apple-green, the thorax unicolorous, the abdomen with the 8
characteristic oblique yellow stripes, edged above with purple and violet, and with
the dorsum of the abdominal segments 1-8 with 8 rows of tiny black shagreen-spots
in no case extending ventrad of the coloured borders of the oblique stripes. The
caudal horn of the ground colour; the anal flap with a yellow border,

2. The ground colour brownish-drab; the thorax whitish-drab, with a
double blackish median line and broken black subdorsal; the oblique stripes black
and united with the subdorsal lines into a rough reticulated pattern over the dorsum
of the abdomen; the dorsal area above the oblique stripes of abdominal segments
1-8 red-brown; the abdominal segments I-9 each with 8 rows of white shagreen-
spots extending down to (and on) the prolegs ; the caudal horn of the ground colour ;
the brown anal flap edged with drab.

MANDUCA ATROPOS., 419

Strangely enough, Leigh notes (£7+¢., xxxiv., p. 48) that, at Durban,
in Natal, the larve are almost all of the brilliant yellow form, but the
larva is, at least in Europe, really more or less polymorphic, and the
ground colour extends in various individuals from bright yellow to
black [larvee of this latter hue having been found (/este Rambur) several
times near Cadiz], and the greatest variation exists in the markings
of the different forms. Of intermediate forms, too, there are many
examples, but Morres, who has had great numbers of larve, thinks
that those obtained in Britain fall roughly into three distinct types,
which he describes (lVotes on Acherontia atropos, p. 2) as:

I. Of a rich golden-yellow,* inclining to green on the underparts, with seven
diagonal stripes of a purplish-blue towards the base, but ending in a clear pale blue
at the apex on the top of the back; the body, above the stripes, spotted more or
less thickly with well-detined black spots ; the thoracic segments of a somewhat
clearer yellow with no spots or stripes, the facial disc of the larva bordered by two
well-defined black lines.

2. Of an apple-green* colour (more like the colour of a larva of Sphinx
ligustri) ; in many instances the facial disc has no black stripes at all; but the
lateral stripes and spots somewhat similar to the first.

Of a dark umber-brown with cream-coloured stripes edged with a still
darker brown ; the thoracic segments of the same creamy colour as the stripes; the
facial disc also being the same though striated on the surface with delicate dark
interlacing brown lines.

Aigner-Abafi also writes (/élus. Zeits. fiir Ent.,iv., p. 177) that there
are three forms of the larva—(1) Citron-yellow, with blue oblique
stripes. (2) Green with similar stripes. (3) Dark brown-grey with
white “ Halszeichnung.” | The last-named form, he adds, is always rare
in Germany, and usually found on Lyciwm, whilst those found on
potato are, as a rule, green or yellow. In Hungary, he says the
three forms may be often found at the same time on Lyczum , in Italy,
at San Remo, the brown-grey larve are found on Vitex agnus-castus,
whilst those on Micotiana glauca are green (Lunt. Zeits. Guben,
1897, p. 48). Aigner-Abafi also quotes Wilde (Beschrezbung der
Raupen, 1861, p. 86) as stating that, occasionally, larve are found
almost entirely blue, and greenish-grey. As before noted, Morres
says: “The colours of the different forms of this larva match
strikingly with the various growths of the leaves ot the potato—
the bright green of the earlier foliage, the yellower tint of the later
leaf, while the brown larva matches so exactly with the diseased
or decaying foliage, that the untrained eye would never detect it,
though possibly directly resting upon it; the stripes of the larva also
amalgamate most wondrously with the lateral ribs in the potato-leaf,
carrying out the delusion.” Rambur connects the black Spanish
form of the larva, mentioned above, with Solanum sodomaeum. Of other
forms, we note that Bankes describes the capture of several larvz, in
1893, one of which was brown and similar to Buckler’s fig. 1a, but
differing from it in that the front segments showed a delicate pink
in place of the white, whilst the body was entirely brown, of various

* Burrows considers the green and yellow forms to be merely younger and
older forms of the same type of larva in its last instar, the green being the
younger.

fAigner-Abafi writes (4/1. Zeits. fur Ent., iv., p. 177): ‘The last form is
somewhat rare; when young almost entirely black, then usually till the third moult
green, but, immediately after the last moult, light green, becoming dark brown
again a few hours afterwards,”

420 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

shades, with no trace of red in it, and the horn ivory-coloured in-
stead of brown. ‘This must have been similar to that referred to
by Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. 144) which had the
ground colour of the thoracic segments pink, whilst that of the ab-
dominal segments was brown. Inchbald says that, of 12 larve taken at
Hornsea, in 1889, 7 were of a brownish-olive colour, with the anterior
segments white, the white being well-defined and conspicuous.
Balding records a form of larva with the thoracic segments pure white,
with a broad dorsal marking of deep black ~coming-down on
either side like a double saddle ; the remaining segments without the
oblique markings on the sides, but with a broad chain of diamond-
shaped lines and purple tracery down the back. Anderson notes that
several larvee, that he had in 1895, were of the dusky variety, which, in-
stead of being of a beautiful apple-green tint with violet and yellow
streaks, is of a dingy brown hue with a latticed pattern of dull blackish-
purple on the sides and back, and a sprinkling of dirty white spots,
the anterior segments being white with two stripes broken up into
spots a little darker than the general colour of the body; both type
and variety, he says, have a similar whitish warty caudal appendage.
Sharp notes that, in 1896, when the larve were abundant at
Cambridge, three well-marked varieties (not including the usual dark
form) came under his observation :

1. The usual greenish-yellow form with moderately distinct violet-purple
oblique stripes.

2. A pure green variety, with the stripes very faint, reminding one at first
sight of the larva of Sphinx ligustri.

3. Yellow, with the oblique stripes very extensive, definite and deep-
coloured.*
It appears not to have been generally recognised tbat the
dark forms of the larva of MZ. atrogos, not only differ entirely
from the yellow and green forms in colour, but that the markings
are also quite different. The ground colour of the thoracic
segments is usually paler than that of the abdominal segments
in the darker forms, and thus far they agree with the green
and yellow varieties. Poulton, however, deals with this matter at
length (Zrans. Ent. Soc. London, 1886, pp. 149-151), basing his
remarks on two dark examples, of which he says: ‘The oround
colour of the thoracic segments is light brownish or of a dirty” white,
and resembles the other (normal yellow) variety in being much lighter
than that of the rest of the larva, but it is entirely different in
the possession of distinct and very dark markings. There is a
broad median dorsal band of a very dark brown colour, which

* Sharp notes (#77., xxix., p. 284): “This individual exhibited a remarkable
peculiarity, inasmuch as, on the 2nd abdominal proleg of the left side, there was no
trace whatever of any of the clasping hooks ; the leg seemed, in other respects, quite
normal, and all the other legs had their full complement of hooks, these structures
being in this species numerous and large. This specimen had received some injury
near the anus, and was attacked with diarrhoea and died, so that I had no oppor-
tunity of ascertaining whether there might be a repair of the deficiency at the last
moult, which possibly (but not certainly) had not taken place in this individual.
Whilst examining this larva after death (or after apparent death), when flaccid,
discoloured, and shrunk to about half its normal size, and lying onits side on blotting-
paper, an apparent corpse, and without reaction to pressure by the fingers, a house-
fly alighted on it and walked over it, whereon the skin was thrown into violent
contraction, a striking instance of the independence of the life of parts of the insect
organisation,”

MANDUCA ATROPOS. | 42)

is present upon the second and third thoracic segments, and
broadens considerably towards the intersegmental furrows, and
especially towards that which separates these two segments from
each other. Except on the anterior and posterior boundaries of
fae prothorax the band is replaced on.this segment by a
rather lighter and much broader patch of a brownish colour
with dark spots upon it. The whole dorsal band upon the
three thoracic segments is traversed by a narrow median _light-
coloured line lying over the dorsal vessel. ‘The sides of the thoracic
segments are also dark-coloured, the tint spreading further up-
wards at the intervening furrows, while, on the. prothorax, the
dark lateral tint extends until it is continuous with that of the
dorsal patch, so that there is very little of the light ground
colour on this segment. This small amount of the light ground colour
is chiefly on the dorsal aspect of the segment, anterior and
posterior to the brown patch, and even over these limited areas it
is interrupted by the traces of the continuation of the dark band
of the two segments behind. There is also a small lightish patch
on the sides of the prothorax in one of the specimens, but even
this is clouded with darker markings. Hence nothing could be
more unlike than the arrangement of markings on the thoracic
segments of these two varieties. The face is also striped with
two additional dark lines, of which those on the same side are
continuous inferiorly and superiorly, but do not meet those of
the opposite side in a A. ‘These are parallel with the margins
of the dark borders of the head also present in the yellow variety.
In one specimen, the nearest line has fused with the dark margin,
except for a short section of its length superiorly. The clypeus
is also bordered by a fine dark line. Again, the dark borders to
the oblique stripes pass backwards, and meet in a-V at a point
considerably in front of the posterior boundary of each abdo-
minal segment, from the first to the seventh inclusive, while,
in the other variety, the borders meet at the boundaries
themselves. Posterior to. the apex, im the brown | variety,
the darker borders again diverge in a smaller V, with its
apex directed forwards, and thus making an X with the
Gmicemve | oPach side of- the smaller V is prolonged back-
wards to the intersegmental furrow, where it meets with the
oblique border behind that with which it is continuous anteriorly.
The series of seven X-like marks which are thus seen upon the
first seven abdominal segments is exceedingly characteristic, and
quite unlike the Vs of the yellow variety. The “eighth border”
is quite distinct, and forms the first X, although it is smaller
than the others, while the seventh of these markings is the
least distinct. Although there seems to be some _ difference
between the two sections of the oblique borders (being dark
brown above and a lighter reddish-brown below), there is not
so sharp a demarcation as in the other variety. There is
apparently no trace of the oblique stripes, although there is
a linear light-coloured posterior edge to the inferior anterior
section of each border (as in the yellow variety). In one of
the specimens I was very interested to find a distinct trace of
the subdorsal line, which is present (as in the adult whitish

A499, BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

varieties of Smerinthus ocellatus \arve) as the demarcation
between a lighter dorsal and a darker lateral tint, the junction
being itself slightly lighter than either. Traces of the line were
also visible on the thoracic segments, and the whole marking
was especially well seen on looking at the larva from a little
distance so as to obtain a general impression. Again, the traces
of the shagreen-dots on the dorsal surface are far less modified
than in the other variety, and are accompanied by less altered
dots, which are similar to those upon the lateral and ventral
surfaces. Those which are modified are larger than the others
and have small circular reddish patches round their centres,
which are marked by the scar of the bristle which formerly
existed in this position. Below the oblique borders traces of shagreen-
dots are very abundant and distinct, being especially crowded
upon the dark ventral surface. Each is a_ light-coloured
circular patch, which is not raised above the larval surface.
Within each patch is the dark scar, with a minute central white
point, which appears to be sometimes developed into the rudiment
of a bristle. The prominence of these lower patches affords a
strong contrast to their condition in the yellow _ larve.
Hence this strong contrast between the markings of the two
varieties in a dimorphic species (quite apart from their difference
in colour) seems to suggest that they may have originally
belonged to different stages in the ontogeny. Whatever be the
interpretation, it is quite clear that the differences are of a much
more strongly marked kind than those usually expressed by the term
‘dimorphism’ as applied to larve.” Powell writes (zz /et¢.): “ My ex-
perience of the larve, at Hyeres, is that the brown variety of the larva
of WZ. atropos only develops its peculiarities at its penultimate moult.
Before that it is similar to the ordinary yellow-green and purple form after
this moult. To begin with, it is a hybrid-looking thing, intermediate -
between the type and the variety. The last moult gives it its very dis-
tinctive dark appearance with the white marks on the first few segments.”
Weismann asserts (Studies in Theory of Descent, transl. pp. 323-324)
that the larve in the fourth stadium are greener than the more purely
yellow ones of the fifth stadium (which, however, are also frequently
green), whilst some adults are of a dark brownish-grey without any
striking colours. He considers that, in this dimorphism, he sees the
commencement of a new process of adaptation, vzz., that the larva is
becoming adapted to the soil in* and on which it conceals itself by
day. Heexplains the blue-coloured stripes as being imitations of
the oblique shadows of the leaf-ribs, and he says that it is “quite in
accordance with this explanation that we see caterpillars with the
brightest-coloured stripes concealing themselves in the earth by day,
and betaking themselves to their foodplants only in the dusk of the
evening or dawn of morning and even during the night, ze., in a light
so faint that feeble colours would produce scarcely any effect. The bright
blue of the larva of JZ. atropos, for example, would give the impression
of oblique shadows without any distinctive colour.” Weismann further
adds: ‘The geographical distribution of the dark form indicates that,

* There is no evidence whatever that the larva of this species conceals itself
either in or on the soil during the day.

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 423

in the case of this species also, the form referred to is replacing the
yellow (green) variety, for, whilst in the middle of Europe (Germany,
France, Hungary) the dark form is extremely rare, in the south of
Spain this variety (/este Noll) is almost as common as the yellow
one, and in South Africa, at Port Natal (¢esfe Staudinger) the dark
form is somewhat the commoner, although the golden-yellow, and,
more rarely, the green, varieties occur there. I have seen a caterpillar
and several moths from Port Natal, and these all agree exactly with ours.
The displacement of the green (yellow) form by the dark soil-adapted
variety appears, therefore, to proceed more rapidly in a warmer than ina
temperate climate.” Noll writes further that the larva of JZ. atropos does
not, in the south of Spain, conceal itselt by day in the earth (see footnote,
anted p. 422), aS with us, but on the stems or underneath the leaves. He
says: ‘‘ At Cadiz, on the hot sandy shore, Solanum violaceum grows to a
height -of three feet, and, on a single plant, I often found more than a
dozen MW. atropos larve resting with the head retracted. It can easily
be understood why the lateral stripes are blue when one has seen
the south European Solaneae, on which this larva is at home.
Solanum vtolaceum is scarcely green, for violet tints alternate with
brown, green, and yellow over the whole plant, and between these
appear the yellow-anthered flowers and golden-yellow berries of
the size of a greengage. Thus it happens that the numerous thorns,
an inch long, between which the caterpillar rests on the stem, pass
from violet into shades of blue, red, green and yellow.” Meldola
states (loc. cit., app. p. 531) that Trimen noticed for many years
that, at the Cape, the larva of this species varies greatly in the
depth and shade of the green ground-colour, the variability being
in strict accordance with the colour of the leaves of the particular
plant on which the individual was feeding ; the phenomenon was parti-
cularly noticeable in larve feeding on Auxia grandifiora, a shrub
in common cultivation in gardens, and of which the foliage is of
a very dull pale greyish-green, whilst another striking instance was
noticed in some very fine caterpillars teeding on a large shrubby
Solanum ; when found on plants with bright green or deep green leaves,
the colour of the larve is almost in exact agreement. Trimen adds:
“These remarks apply principally to the underside and prolegs
and lower lateral regions, the dorsal colours of violet and yellow
varying but little. The protection afforded is very considerable, as
the larve almost always cling to the lower side of the twigs of their
foodplants, so that their uniformly-coloured undersurface is upwards
and turned towards the light and their variegated upper surface
turned downwards.” That the number of larve of the dark form varies
much, in Britain, from time to time is noted by Anderson (Ext. Rec.,
Vil., p. 40) who observes that, although he has in various years
had a great number of larve of this species, he had only had the
green form until 1896, when he had several which, instead of
being of a beautiful apple-green tint with violet and yellow streaks, were
of a dingy brown colour with a latticed pattern of dull blackish-purple
on the sides and back, and a sprinkling of dirty white spots, the
anterior segments being white, with two stripes broken up into spots a
little darker than the general colour of the body ; whilst he adds that
both the green form and the variety have a similar whitish warty caudal
appendage. Burrows gives (Ent. Rec., v., p. 220) a detailed descrip-

424 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

tion of the very rare dark olive-red form of the larva mentioned by
Stainton (JZaz.,1., p. 89), the specimen described being taken at Rain-
ham, on potato, on August 11th, 1894. ‘Vhorpe notes (£vz., v., p. 143)
taking 120 larve at Blackpool, in 1868, 11 of which were of the olive-
brown form, with darker lateral stripes (from these 45 imagines
were bred), whilst in August, 1869, 24 larve were taken in the same
district, three being of the olive-brown form (20 of these had pupated
by September 28th, and between April 28th and May 28th, 1870,
149s and 36s emerged). Anderson notes (At, xvi epieeea)
a larva taken in August, 1885, which ‘was entirely minus the
caudal horn, the position where it should have been being decorated
with two bright yellow spots and a perpendicular black streak.”

Cocoon.—For pupation the larva goes down 8 or to inches
into the earth and there makes an oval chamber very much larger
than the enclosed pupa (Hellins). The puparia are made in earth
from earth; there is no silk (or very little) in its structure, the inside
has the appearance and polish of damp earth that has been well
beaten (Réaumur). The puparium consists of a compact cell, the
earth composing which is mixed with gum discharged from the
mouth * of the larva and kneaded into a kind of paste or mortar
(Newman). The larva buries some inches below the surface,
and forms a large hollow cavity by opening or cementing the earth
over and around it, and so evidently obtains a more equable tem-
perature and amount of moisture (Jefferys). The vaulted puparium,
made several inches below the ground, is larger than a hen’s egg,
the inside being made smooth and firm by means of a fluid passed
from the anus.* ‘The larva does not change to a pupa for some 14-
16 days after it has made its puparium. ‘The puparium is exceedingly
brittle, but, for emergence, the moth softens the pupal shell with an
acrid juice (Bartel). In nature, the puparium appears to be made
at a depth of about 6ins., the pupe being readily turned up by
the potato-plough and appears about midway in the furrow. In
captivity, the larvee sometimes pupate without hesitation upon the
surtace of. the earth. here is not the slightest cohesionamaame
sides of the cell in which the larva of A/anduca atropos pupates, and,
in only a few cases, was it possible to secure small pieces of the side
to examine; there appears to be no trace of silk and very
Nithlem OMe ySUMPe MSeG ant sits sprepeand tle The chief thing
discoverable .-has been the impression of the face upon the
inner surface, which was fairly smooth save for these impressions,
and looks as if the inside of the puparium is smoothed by the
larva pushing its head against it. It is totally impossible to extract
a puparium whole. ‘The cavity is formed horizontally and appears
to provide plenty of room for the pupa to bend and turn, though
there is little to spare in the length (Burrows). Sharp notes (£7,
XX1X., p. 327) that the Jarve do not make puparia of a solid
character, but each one, about an inch or two below the surface,
reduces the soil to a very nice uniform condition of fineness, for
an area of a quarter of an inch or more around itself; this prepared

any rate, must be erroneous, The fluid used is not likely to come both from the
“mouth” and the ‘ anus,”

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 425

disturbance ruptures it. He states that he wished to examine one of
these pupating larvz to see the conditions of the resting-stage, so broke
the earthen cocoon of one, and then put it together, as he thought,
very nicely; a deformed pupa was, however, produced. Inchbald
says that the larvae bury several inches into the soil where they make
an earthen cocoon of minute granules of earth and sand with a
few tiny stones intermixed, and adds that there is no silken material
used. Morres notes that the puparia are so fragile, that, in 1897,
he had some 7 or 8 larve go down in their several pots, that these
were placed on a table from which they had to be frequently moved
backwards and forwards, and that, on turning out the pupz, he
found them crushed and flattened out of shape, the walls of the
slender cells having evidently been shaken down on the newly-formed
pupz. In spite of the brittleness of the puparia, it has frequently
been found that, by allowing the earth in which they have been
formed to become very dry, the imagines have matured, and
ieneneen Unable to emerge (See Anderson, “77, xi., p. 138).
Occasionally, as stated by Burrows above, the larve pupate
without forming puparia. Instances of this kind are noted by
Réaumur (JZémozres, i1., p. 295), Anderson (uz., x1., p. 188), Cotton
ence. xii, Pp: 27/5), cc. Hopson records (at. Kec.,. Xil., p.
346) a larva going underground, coming up to the surface again,
remaining in a shrunken condition for 14 days, and then pupating,
the newly-formed pupa taking 3 days to assume its normal tint.
Pabst also asserts that pupation does not actually take place till 14-
16 days after the larva has constructed its cocoon. Sander says
(Kleine Scnriften, \., p. 342) that some larve pupate almost directly
after ceasing to feed, whilst others le a long while, often 6-8 days. As
offering a connection between the puparium and pupal habits, Anderson
writes (Z7/.,xi.,p. 188): “Twolarve, inSeptember, 1877, pupated on sur-
face and ten buried; of the two pupz on surface both matured imagines
in November, 1877, of which one imago emerged and one died ; of the
others, one emerged before April and had died in the puparium owing
to the fineearth having got dry andhard; two other pupe were then dead ;
the rest were taken from their puparia and laid on moss in greenhouse,
and all produced imagines between June 18th and July 5th, 1878.
Pupa.—The newly-formed pupa* is of a bright yellow
colour, the posterior abdominal segments becoming pinkish-
red shortly afterwards, the whole skin gradually hardening and —
deepening in colour till it reaches a logwood-brown, &c. (Graham).
This large pupa is of the rich deep brown colour common
to subterranean pupe. It has the S-curve that is associated with
antero-posterior flattening in the higher Sphingids (Amphonyx, &c.) and
- in the Sesiines. The curving here is chiefly caused by a hollow,
towards the end of the rst legs in front, and to the projection of the
maxillary bases, all that is left of a once probably existent proboscis-
horn, the apex of the head being in front of the axial line, the
dorsal line sloping forwards at the prothorax. There is very
little forward curve in the abdominal segments. ‘The hollow in front
of the legs is very reminiscent of the similar recession in Awmphonyx,
* Schroter says (Waturforscher, xxi., 66) that the pupa is at first wholly white,
that the abdomen first acquires its brown-red colour, the upper part becoming first yellow
and then finally brown, the full colouring only being acquired after about 24 hours.

4,26 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

&c., obviously provided for the easier accommodation of the great
curved horn. The measurements (? pupa) are :—

LENGTH ANTERO- DORSAL VENTRAL

es a TRANSVERSE
mesures oh) 4] ana | ree | On a
Prominence in front of

RWSL ENS 55 45 60] Bourne g'omm. 2-omm. 77Omm. | lo‘omm.
Outer angle of maxilla..| 6:0 ,, ZO) be 570: 55 OG: OMe Lt Ons
Ist spiracle 36 ORG) 5p APO) 95 OPS 45 TS es 140. 5,
End of Ist tibia (promin-

GENES) 66 55 || U2°O. 55 EO) 5 FO). 5, IO) 5, LEG.
Middle of wing-base st IUEXC) (i SON IO) ng ALOP 2 TOskiers
End of antenna (top

of mesothorax) .. 1O;@) ey HLISHO) 5 OO 5 Oe) 5: TOrOlas
End vot) st) lee, (thor,-

abl. incision) .. BOIS sp 15S mss S25 FLO) jRe}(O)
End of 2nd leg (2-3 ;

abl. INCISION) ay ee QUO). 35 755 wry OO) 55 Sr Gites 1S°O! §;
End of wing and maxilla AOLO ss PCBs Soc G:Oes tS-Ove
Spiracle 5th abl. segment | 45°0 ,, UGG ess FOr ta. Mey eas U7 25s

2) 6th ” 9 510 ,, 150 ,, 74 55 79 4, 160 ,,

7th SOP 95 WARE 56 6:37) 6:2) 55 13°05;
Onder spiracle of 8th

abl. segment .. 5 |) S8O “55 OZO mes Ah 5eOman 105s
OMOMNGHON 55° G5 oo || O2O 55 Groles 2e2ae BrOinas Oia
ISHISS Ol MMe FowS,5 45 | CAO op Za 2:0) a. Osea AsOilss

iixtreme length) ==563;0) 5

This length would vary according to the extension of the free
incisions. A comparison of the columns 3 and 6 gives a measure
of the amount of the flattening and its distribution. The measure-
ments would, no doubt, be more luminous if they could be referred
to an axial line. An attempt to do this is made in columns 4 and
5, where the measurements in column 3 are divided into those
dorsal and those ventral to an axial line or rather plane drawn from
the ventral margin of the antennal attachments, and continued down
through the centres of the spiracles of the 4th abdominal segment,
the movable segments being placed with their spiracles medially on
the plane, the pupa looking in this way in a normal attitude. Of
course, a different position of the ventral segments would alter the
measurements referring to them. The measurements were made by
fixing the pupa on its side with a line beneath it, and another (by
a stretched thread) above, fixing a plane, the supposed axis being
where the medial piane crosses this. These figures show bending
ventrally in first three measurements (head and prothorax), an average
position just behind this, a dorsal prominence thence to end of 2nd
leg, the venter slightly predominating again at the end of wings.
The abdominal segments predominate ventrally, though the axis
is chosen so as to make; the anal ‘spine almost) jentmey
dorsal. ‘These measures are fairly accurate and are not difficult
to make on so large a pupa without any special apparatus,
The anterior extremity of the pupa is about the middle of the
epicranium, from this point it slopes forwards about 3mm. receding
about 1mm. to the labral margin, dorsally it recedes 3mm. or 4mm.
in the same distance. ‘The labrum is square against the maxille
and has two faint tubercles. A suture extends upwards from its

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 427

angles probably marking off (so far) the clypeus; the anterior
convexity of the head terminates laterally in a prominence in front
of the glazed eye, bending round here and keeping the head of
hardly increasing diameter across the glazed eye to the rst leg,
the glazed eye points almost directly anteriorly, the epicranial
angles near mandible show several small tubercles. The sculp-
turing of head is labyrinthine (or like cerebral convolutions), but
so pressed down and flat as to give a smooth surface and only
shows the sculpture by a network of fine lines. The proboscis has
a considerable prominence near its origin standing upas a rounded
keel till about 6mm. from its origin, where it is the most prominent
part of the front of the pupa; at first narrow between the cheeks,
it then widens out and forms an angle where the rst leg meets
the eye; either side measures 7mm. from middle line to angle,
but sloping backwards, it is only some romm.-11mm. from angle to
angle; it proceeds, gradually narrowing, to wing apex, some 4omm.
The greater part of the maxille is very smooth, though fine lines
representing sculpture may be seen witha lens. The basal 7mm. or
8mm., however, are marked by very strong transverse ridges so as
to be almost like a file. These probably represent the similar
ruge which usually clothe the proboscis-case of Sphingidz,
which no doubt existed here in the Manducine ancestor. This
rough area is always present but varies a good deal in its extent,
an item no doubt supporting the view that it represents the lost
ancestral horn. The antennz show every joint very distinctly,
although they are very smooth and polished. Each joint has a
basal smooth, and a distal finely striated, portion; just against the
Ist spiracle the margin is a little widened and is occupied by
irregularly marked areas. Basal to the antenne there is marked
off a triangular area on the dorsum of the head, with two tubercles
and a definite sculpturing. The glazed eye is an uniform smooth
area, with its anterior convex margin ‘“‘ glazed” and, beyond this,
a narrow band with radiating sculpture. The prothorax has a
central suture (functional on dehiscence) and sculpturing so fine
that, without a lens, it has little other effect than to make the surface
dull} aimstead of polished, the fine lines are, in some degree,
concentric to a point about the middle of each side and another
dorsal near the hind margin. The tst spiracle is nearly 4mm. long |
(z.e., the surface opening), the posterior margin projects over it as
a narrow smooth margin, looking like a lid just raised from the
aperture. The first legs have an equal margin against eye and
antenne, are wide (4°5mm.) and large, and have an elbowed
projection (at end of tibia ?). Between them and the maxilla is a fusi-
form strip, 8mm. long and 1mm. wide at middle, the rst femur. The
2nd leg is narrower than the first (3mm.); the sculpturing of the
legs is in very fine lines only to be seen with a lens. The mesothorax
and wings are very smooth, but there is some appreciable sculp-
turing dorsally—in transverse labyrinthine wrinkling, and there is a
dorsal suture, not functional, and usually much obscured. There is the
smooth subdorsal suture, marking off the wing-bases (inner line ot
patagia), the sculpturing of wing-bases is abundant and complex, but
exceedingly smoothed down and not easily appreciated without a lens.
The wings, smooth asthey are, are very beautifully and regularly, though

428 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

extremely minutely, sculptured by fine lines, and the nervures are easily
seen. Poulton’s line cuts off a narrow (1mm.) margin. The meta-
thorax presents two great characteristic callosities. ‘These are oval
(except that they almost meet in a point dorsally), about 5mm.
each across and 1°8mm. from front to back ; except a median ridge, the
rest of the segment is very smooth though it may have a few
irregularities. The callosities are as though a layer of pitch had
been put on, and circular pits of some depth impressed in it so
closely as to deform each other and leave between them narrow
sharp ridges, the pits about o'25mm. wide. ‘The floors of the
pits are level, so that the ridges between them might be described
as walls of fairly uniform thickness. The narrow strip of the hind-
wings recedes from the znd abdominal spiracle and disappears opposite
that of the 3rd segment. The abdominal segments are less smooth than
the thoracic. ‘Their anterior margins are pitted most strongly dorsally,
the rest of each segment is wrinkled in fine transverse lines, with
fine pits slightly intruding. On the 7th abdominal segment the pits reach
the hind margin. Subsegmentation is not well marked, the interseg-
mental subsegment is easily distinguished on the 3rd abdominal, and
on the 1st and 2nd an anterior subsegment is fairly distinct, the inter-
segmental one less so, whether the intermediate area is or is not
subdivided is largely a matter of personal equation, but in some
degree of the specimen examined. The most notable features of
the abdominal segments, and in some degree of the pupa itself, are
the prespiracular flanges on segments 5, 6 and 7, largest on 5 and
smallest on 7, they are otherwise almost identical on the three
segments. ‘The flange consists of a sharp edge about 5mm. long;
in front of this edge the surface is flat, smooth, and facing directly
forwards, with a width of about 1mm., behind, the surface is rounded,
but may better be described by saying that the surface of the
segment, instead of being curved down to the incision, continues
directly forwards, with very little final outward curve to the sharp
margin of the flange. When the segments are flexed, the anterior
flat surface of the flange comes against the posterior margin of the
segment in front, which is full and rounded in such a way that
the flange fits against it, and the side of the pupa is smooth and
level. On the opposite side, where the segments are extended, each
incision is rather a deep gap, with the flat surface of its posterior
lip directed forwards, and the margin is a very sharp edge. One
cannot help noticing that the side of flexure will slip smoothly on
anything, but that the extended side presents a series of notches
with very sharp, almost hooked, margins, and flat surfaces on their
posterior edges, so as to present a determined impediment to the
pupa slipping forwards. ‘This is at once appreciated on drawing
the finger along the side, first flexed then extended. There can
be no doubt that these flanges, developed in some Eumorphids
to enable the pupa to leave the puparium, have here precisely the
opposite function, zzz. that of a cremaster, to prevent the pupa-
case accompanying the moth on emergence. The spiracle lies in
a little hollow behind the anterior portion of the flange. In front
of the flange is a little series of curved transverse ruge. The
ordinary form of the cicatrices of prolegs on 5 and 6 is as _ slightly
depressed smooth areas with faint strie or wrinklings radiating from

MANDUCA ATROPOS, 429

them to the ordinary sculpture. On these segments are several
depressed spots. One of these is a little outside and anterior to
the proleg cicatrix; fully developed, it is a raised ring with a central
pit. A similar smaller one may exist between it and the scar, and
two other very minute ones are associated with it closely in
a line extending outwards and backwards. Another is directly
m front of this at the anterior border of the segment, and
looks as if a group of the ordinary pits had been closely aggre-
gated into a depressed spot. Various other arrangements of
the sculpture seem to be peculiar to particular spots, but description
would be interminable and not by any means luminous. ‘The scar
of the larval horn is like that of the prolegs, a smooth spot with
radiating lines. There is no hollow behind it, but, instead, are
usually two small tubercles, one on either side, and, occasionally, a third
behind them in the middle line. The anal spike, 3°5mm. long, 3mm.
wide and 2mm. deep, is very coarsely mammillated with rounded con-
volutions, and. ends in a small bifid spine. Its undersurface has a
longitudinal groove. The anal scar is marked by a longitudinal
groove about 2°5mm. long, with several fine parallel ridges. The
male tubercles are large and flat, quite symmetrical and well separate
from front margin of 9th segment, but encroach by about as much on
1oth. On the 8th segment are obscure markings as of an obsolete paired
arrangement; this is sometimes fairly distinct, in other specimens
hardly visible. The female area presents the ventral aspect of
8, 9 and ro smoothed out, without trace of the segmental incisions,
but with two or three swellings marking the line of hind margin
of 8. ‘The anterior two-thirds of 8 is marked by a central impressed
line, with deeper pore-like spots at each of its ends and usually
another smaller centrally. There is a good deal of variation, and either
of these three may be obsolete. In one specimen the posterior one is
advanced to the middle of the segment, and has two small mammille
just like the male tubercles, but smaller ; in another the slit is confined
to the front margin of the segment and cannot be differentiated.
In one specimen the anterior margin of 9g is very distinct as a
fine line and comes forward and encloses the posterior pore. In
a small starveling specimen, 51mm. long (normal length 65mm.-7omm.),
the claspers are represented by large rounded bases on either side
of the front end of the anal scar, and there is the depression behind
the scar of the larval horn, so common in Sphingid pupz, but quite
absent in all normal pupz of JZ. atropos. The exaggerated larval scars are
due to weak development of the pupa, partly by larval characteristics
not being vigorously thrown off, but chiefly from want of promptness
and quickness in moulting the larval skin, which allows the soft
pupal skin to begin to harden within the larval skin as a mould,
instead of the larval skin being got rid of before any hardening
commences. Carried a little further, the same weakness results in
the larval skin being only partially cast, or even not cast at all.
Microscopic hairs occur around each spiracle to the number of 8 or ro,
but elsewhere are very scarce, not so numerous as if they represented
the ordinary tubercles only. The pits, as transparent objects, look
very like those fish scales that radiate from a centre, or crystallisations
that form a radiating arrangement; the margins are sinuate, and to
the sinuations darker and lighter shades radiate from a central point

430 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Chapman). Poulton describes and figures (Zz. Morph. Lep. Pupa, pp.
204-205, pl. xx., figs. 15-19) the terminal abdominal segments of the
pupa of this species. Fig. 15 (Xx 9) shows ‘the median ventral part of
the last three segments of a 2 pupa. Both generative openings
are distinctly visible in this individual ; the opening of the oviducts
is large and surrounded by a thickened V-shaped lip. It is placed
in front of the apex of the median prolongation of the roth abdominal,
and appears to be clearly situated in an anterior median extension
of the 9th abdominal segment. ‘The opening into the bursa copu-
latrix is immediately in front of the other aperture, but separated
from it by the boundary between the 8th and oth abdominal
segments. The opening extends forward as a narrow median slit
as far as the anterior boundary of the 8th abdominal. The anus
(A) is distinct on the roth abdominal. The sculpture on the surface
of the pupa, and the various wrinkles, &c., are carefully copied in
the figure. These details required for their elucidation the most
careful examination of an especially favourable individual in a very
strong light. The general resemblance of the generative apertures
to those of a well-marked individual of Cossus cossus (ligniperda) is
very striking (figs. 27, 29). Fig. 16 exhibits the last three segments
ofa @ pupa seen from the ventral aspect, and of natural size. The
generative apertures could not be made out without magni-
fication but the median prolongation was very distinct, far more so
than in the last figure. In front of the anus (A), at the base of the
median prolongation, there is the deceptive appearance of an opening
with lips, due to wrinkles in the pupal case. The true generative open-
ings never assume so posterior a position. In fig. 15 the true nature
of the marking is apparent. Fig. 17 (X 9) represents the median
ventral area of the gth and the anterior part of the roth abdominal
segment of a g pupa. The figure hardly needs description as the g
organs are quite typical. The lateral tubercles are roundish and some-
what flattened. The sculpture of the surface is represented. The exact
relation of the g¢ organ to the boundary between the oth and toth
abdominal segments varies greatly in different species (compare
figs. 11, 20, 21, 23). Fig. 18 represents, ofmatural size, the dastemmes
segments of a g pupa seen from the ventral aspect, and shows the
appearance of the g organ when looked at without magnification.
Fig. 19 (X 2) exhibits the median ventral area of the oth and the
anterior part of the roth abdominal segments of the pupa represented
in the last figure (18), showing the form of the g organs with greater
distinctness. The three minute pits in front of the reproductive organ
are probably merely an accidental conformation of the cuticle, for
they are not found in other individuals (compare fig. 17).” Two
pups measured respectively 60mm. and 7omm. in length. The
figure of the pupa is somewhat elongated, fairly cylindrical,
the head and eyes rather projecting, the outline of the
back sloping up gently to the thorax, and then going nearly
on a level except the segmental folds, to the 3rd segment from
the tail, whence there is a rapid slope; on the _ underside
the thorax is somewhat hollowed out and the wingcases_ swell
out a little. The segments of the abdomen are well-marked ;
the tail ends in a large, thick, flattish, rough spike, with two
very short, stout spines. The skin is glossy but somewhat sha-

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 431

greened on the back at the segmental divisions, and there are
two very rough pear-shaped spots between the thorax and
abdomen. ‘The colour is rich mahogany-brown, clouded in places
with a darker brown (Hellins). The age and sex of the pupe
have much to do with their weight, and the sex also influences
size in many cases (see Meldola, Annals and Magazine of Nat.
flistory, ser. 4, vol. xii., 1873). Fryer gives the weight of some
pupe of MW. atropos collected in 1g00 as follows :—

14 collected in September—Greatest weight, 11°945 .. Least weight, 7706 grammes
Mean weight, 9:004

oP)

7 a ,, October—Greatest weight, 12°515 .. Least weight, 8°387 a
Mean weight, 10°340 __,,
Me ELON 2 PINES, a. hence less cles os sie o'- eine a cle ba otaa eens G47 2, i,

Russell notes (Zz¢. ec., xil., p. 345) that, of five pupz that he
measured, two were 2+in. and three 22in. in length. Mitchell records
(Ent., xxiv., p. 76) an instance of a pupa in which, after the larval
skin had been successfully shed, the fluid contents of the pupa were
discharged through the wings which assumed a most abnormal
globularform. Glenny states (Zu+. Rec., xill., p. 157) that ‘it is quite
easy to distinguish during the day the pupe from which imagines will
emerge at night, since the wings dry away from the wing-cases, and
the yellow and blue-biack markings of the body are quite easily
discernible.”

PupaL HABITS.—The pupal stage varies from a few weeks to
many months, those pupe that are formed in July and August
may emerge in from 6-8 weeks, or they may go over until May-July
of the following year. Sharp observes (Zv7., xxix., p. 327) that the
pupa of this species 1s excessively active with its abdominal segments.
The abdominal segments 6-8 of the pupa are very deeply impressed
and ridged on each side, and this condition is correlated with the
capacity of movement,* for, though this sculpture looks quite shapeless,
yet, when the pupa is fully bent laterally, the largest ridge, close to
the stigma, exactly fits to the side of the preceding segment. (See also
Chapman, anzfed p. 428.) Morres also says that a healthy pupa of JZ.
atropos is exceedingly lively, so that, unless one is careful in handling
them, they will sometimes nearly wriggle out of the hand. It is, he
says, remarkable how different is the movement of the pupa if
it has lain long in the ground. After some time, say a couple
of months, they are often quite quiescent, and scarcely move at
all, sometimes being so stiff as to lead one to suppose that
they are dead. As to the time in which the pupal stage is reached in
Britain, z.¢., the period at which pupz may be found, reference
must be made anfed pp. 408-413. Burrows writes (Zuz. Rec., xiii.,
p. 156): ‘‘The earliest date—spread over a series of years—on
which pupz have been brought to me, is September 2nd, 1894, at
Rainham, and the latest on October 20th, 1900, at Mucking,
a period really coincident with the potato-digging. The pupa,
when in health, are remarkably active; on receiving their morning

*A remarkable statement occurs (Hut. Rec., vi., p. 58) that the pupa has
no free segments and so cannot work its way through the earth. The pupa, of
course, has the normal number of free segments for Sphingid pupz, but, in common
sien most other obtect pupz, does not leave the puparium on the emergence of the
moth,

432 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

bath they wriggle, and appear to make a bubbling sound as
though they were drinking. Some 24 hours before emergence, the
shell having become detached from the imago, the latter squeaks loudly.
Burrows further states that, in forcing the pupe, he exposes them to a
damp heat of 80°F. to 90° F., which he finds sufficient to make them
emerge in 8 days. Mathew says that, before emergence, the pupz
change colour and finally become nearly black, and, at this period,
feel very soft to the touch, and, if handled a few hours before
eniergence, the moth may be heard squeaking within, Levett
says that the pupa becomes dark and soft and turns on its
back shortly previous to the emergence of the imago. Verloren
notes (Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, 1847, pt. 2, p. 147) that the pupa
may be imduced to. utter a moise, though fainter “thameitmae
made by the imago. Bartel says (Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 19)
that ‘‘a more crackling but somewhat weaker sound than that
made by the larva is also made. by the pupa just before the
disclosure of the imago.” All other observers state that the
sound made by the pupa is like that made by the imago, in fact,
that it 1s made by the contained imago. Anderson notes (£nz+,
XVlil., pp. 324) that. the moises made! by -the> pupa) amdesmiems
are nearly «identical, though, mm the) case of (the sj oumasmuemene
somewhat fainter, and is a shrill grating squeak, not unlike
that of the dolls which, on beimg - squeezed, give forts
a cry. Pearce observes (#77., xix., p. 44) that the sound when
made by the pupa was heard on December 17th, 1885, and
was produced by pressing the thorax of one of which he was doubt-
ful as to whether it was alive. Thinking the moth could not
release itself, he removed the pupal covering from the eyes and
tongue; the sound was then repeated, and it was noticed that
the extended tongue was raised in the middle in the form of a
bow and divided at the same time from the mouth nearly to the
tip, and then quickly depressed and closed, the sound being
apparently produced by the junction of the two tubes. Whether
this be so or not, the experiment proves distinctly that the sound
made by a pupa comes really from the contained imago. Newman
also notes that the pupa possesses the power of uttering a dis-
tinct sound, but this is rather like a sharp short squeak repeated
at intervals, then the crackling sound of electric sparks. Morres
states that when handling the pupze he has heard them emit the
same sound as the moth. Moss records that a 2 pupa, unearthed on
November 16th, 1900, squeaked several times when handled on
November zoth, a @ imago appearing on November 24th.

FoopPLants.—Almost polyphagous (Merrin), Solanum dulcamara
(Buckler), Hasminum (Albin), Araxinus excelsior, Fasminum officinalis,
Lycium barbarum, Solanum dulcamara, Datura stramontum, D. tatuta
D. metel, Physalis alkekengt, Nicotiana rustica, N. glauca, NV. tabacum,
Ligustrum japonicum, L. vulgare, Syringa vulgare, Patelovnia imperialts,
Yochroma tuberosa, Euonymus japonica, Spiraea trilobata, Solanum
esculentum, Lycopersicum esculentum, Solanum tuberosum (Siépi)*,
~ * Dr, Siépi has taken the larve frequently in the Marseilles district, where
they are very rarely found upon potato, although frequent on many other plants, which
he has arranged above in order of preference, by which it will be seen that ‘ash’ is
the most favoured and ‘‘potato’’ the least favoured foodplant in that district.

MANDUCA ATROPOS, 433

Rubia tinctoria, cabbage (Pabst), Solanum sodomaeum (Walker), Sesamum
orientale (Lewis), Convallaria majalis, Daucus carota (Macho-Velado),
Philadelphus (Ruhl), Cannabis sativa (Kranz), Euonymus europaeus
(Ochsenheimer), apple (Moss), dock and plantain (J. A. Clark), privet
(Routledge), Solanum persicum (Christoph), nettle (Kleemann), Auta
graveolens, nettle (Stone, Aut. Wk. Lnt., iv., p. 347), chrysanthemum,
olive (Powell), dogwood (Jones), Olea europaea (Calberla), Lonicera capri-
folium (Hufnagel), prefers hemp to potato (Kuhn), Pyrus communis
(Scopoli), Solanum nigrum (Cardano), Solanum melongena, Lycium
europacum, Lygophyllum fabago, Fragaria vesca, Sambucus nigra
Erigeron canadensis, Syringa vulgaris, Fasminum grandifiorum, Catalpa
syringaefolia, Bignonta catalpa (teste Bartel), Haba vulgaris (Boisduval),
snowberry (Lighton), Buxia grandiflora (Trimen), Vitex agnus-castus
(Rosel), Atropa belladonna, Lontcera periclymenum, mulberry, pear,
strawberry (Zeste Newman). [Bartel notes that “the larve that
have so far been found on Vicotzana affinis and LV. glauca have
been of the green form; on Vitex agnus-castus only the dark form
of the larva has been found”; he adds that Calberla observed a
larva in central Italy in November that had eaten an olive twig
bare, and notes that it is remarkable that larve are so rarely
found on tomato, which is so nearly allied to potato; Horvath
notes the larve as sometimes injuring the potato crop in Hungary,
although, even here, the food-plant appears generally to be Lyczum
barbarum,; he adds that “the natural foodplants appear to be
Solanaceous plants, others only seem to be requisitioned by the 9 when
Solanaceae are not available.”| Mansel-Weale states (Proc. Ent. Soc.
London, 1878, p. 5) that, in South Africa, the ordinary form of
larva generally feeds on Solanaceae, whilst the darker and rarer
variety is found only on species of Lantana. Leigh gives sweet
potato, tomato, a large-leaved thistle, a small-leaved climbing-plant,
and a species of bramble as the foodplants, at Durban. Clark asserts
(Zool., 1853, p. 4107) that some larve in his possession preferred slices
of the tuber of potato to the leaves, and that they ate the former voraci-
ously when they refused the latter. Aigner-Abafi gives (//us. Zeits. fiir
Ent., iv., pp. 177-178) the following list of recorded foodplants
under their natural orders. SOLANACEH: Datura stramonium, Sola-
num tuberosum, S. nigrum, S. dulcamara, S. lycopersicum, S. melongena
(in Java *, Madras,* Sicily), S. ¢rilobum Ceylon *), S. persicum (Trans-
caucasia), S. candens, S. esculentum (North Africa), LVicotiana tabacum
(Java,* Borneo,* Philippines *), WV. glauca (Italy), Atropa belladonna,
Lyctum europacum, L. barbarum (Viflis, Africa), ZL. afrum (North
Africa), Physalis alkengi, 2. somntfera. BiIGNONIACEZ: Catalpa
bignonioides (North Africa). VERBENACEA: Vilex agnus-castus (Italy),
Stachytarphela indica (Ceylon*). OLEacra&: Syringa vulgaris, S.
persica (Java,* Madras*), -raxinus excelsior, Ligustrum vulgare, Olea
europaea (Italy), Myclanthes sambac (Ceylon*). JASMINACEEZ: Fas-
minum officinale. RUBIACEH: Rubia tinciorum. CAPRIFOLIACEE:
Sambucus nigra, Lonicera caprifolium, Symphoriarpus racemosus.
Composit& - Erigeron canadense. URTICACE®: Urtica sp. MORACEH:
Morus sp. CANNABACEZ: Cannabis sativa. CHENOPODIACEZ: Beta

* These localities suggest that Aigner-Abafi does not separate J/. styx from
M, atropos.

434 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

vulgaris. CRUCIFERE: JSsatis tinctoria. ZYGOPHYLLACER: Zygopyllum
fabago (Transcaucasia, Syria). RuTACEH: Auta graveolens. CELAS-
TRACEZ: LHuonymus europaeus. CORNACE: Cornus sanguinea, C.

mascula. UMBELLIFERH: Daucus carota, <Anethum graveolens.
PHILADELPHACE# : Philadelphus coronarius. AMYGDALEZ: Prunus
domestica. PoMACE®: Pyrus communis, P. malus. ROSACEE:

Fragaria vesca. CUCURBITACEZ: Coccinia indica (Ceylon*). LrEcu-
MINOSEZ: Vicia faba-vulgaris.

PaRASItES.—Argyrophylax atropivora, Rondani (Brauer), AZasczera
pratensis, Mg., emergea from pupa in April (Wachtl), Choetolyga
(Nemoraca) xanthogastra, Rondani, about a dozen trom one pupa
(Riedal), Blephoripoda scutellata, R.D. (Theinert), /chneumon grossorius,
Grav., always singly (Rudow), Amblyteles palliatorius, Grav. (Marshall),
Amblyteles cerinthius, Grav. (Scott), Amblyteles laminatorius, Wsm.
(proteus, Christ), commonly (Rudow), always bred singly (Bignell) ;
Trogus lutorius, Fab. (Curtis). The larvae are, at Hyéres, very liable to
be infested with the grubs of a large fly, something like a housefly and
about twice the size ; one does not become aware of their presence until
long after the pupa has been formed; then the pupa turns black,
becomes soft and flabby, and breaks open to let out a mass of the
grubs of this fly, which immediately pupate; I have sometimes lost as
many as 8 out of ro pup in this way (Powell). Two parasitical
larve made their exit through a small hole in the wing-cases of two
pupze of AZanduca atropos. The pupz were not killed, but four
hours after the emergence of the larve, two perfect ¢ moths came
out; in the edge of the upperwing on each side were two small
holes about the size of a quill, otherwise the insects were perfect 7
(Von Glehn, £x/om., ii., pp. 28-29). Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-
Schmett., ii., p. 18) that ‘‘the larve are only attacked by Tachinids
and other parasites in the south, their enemies being apparently unable
to follow the species in its wanderings north; in Germany parasitised
larvee are scarcely ever found, although Huwe records one from
southern Germany ; stung larve are more commonly observed in
Dalmatia (¢.g., in 1889) and in Hungary.” One suspects from our
records that Bartel’s generalisation is based on too slender data.
Marshall notes (2£.47.1/., xxxil., p. 265) an imago of JZ. atropos
that was eviscerated by Morres, and was found to contain a
large parasitic maggot above romm. in length, possibly a larva of
one of the true Ichneumons. Morres noticed that the JZ. atropfos larva,
which was about two-thirds grown when it came into his possession,
exhibited a black speck on its body, from which it was inferred
that it was ichneumoned ; Marshall observes that, in the ordinary
course of things, the parasitic larva would have lived through the
winter in the pupa of JZ. atropos, but that the forcing of the pupa, so
that the moth emerged after a very short pupal period, left the
parasite no time to cause its death, nor was the exhaustion of

* See footnote on preceding page.

t We own to more than a suspicion of doubt as to the observation on which
this statement is based. We are struck: (1) With the fact that a hole in each
upperwing would vepresent that the larva had bored right through these upper-
wings without injuring the lower ones directly beneath and in contact with them.
(2) That two moths, injured in so peculiar a manner, should not only be similarly
injured, but emerge in exactly the same time from the pupa, after the exit of the
parasitical larvee.

MANDUCA ATROPOS, 435

the vital juices sufficient to prevent the final metamorphosis.
Hence the phenomenon of a half-grown parasitic grub being found
in the body of a perfect moth.

Hasirs.—Scarcely anything is known of many of the imaginal
habits of Manduca atropos, e.g. its mode of flight, the duration of its
flight, its mode of copulation, habits when egglaying, &c.
TIME OF FLIGHT: The evidence we have, points to the species
being entirely an evening and night flier, and such records as
that made by Birchall (Zt. Mo. Mag., xv., p. 107) of the insect
flying in the afternoon, at 3 p.m., must be looked upon as quite
exceptional, as must Studd’s observation (zz //t.) of one flying over
a croquet-ground in the daytime at Oxton. Boscher says that he
saw one flying at sunset at Twickenham in October, 1859 (Zé. Wa.
Lnt., Vil., p. 27). Schroter says (Vaturforscher, xxi., pp. 76-77) that he
found the imagines active only at the dusk of evening or morning, and
neither in the dark nor in strong light. Walker records (Zut. Rec.,
Vili., p. 244) that, on September 13th, 1896, he noticed one flying round
a chimney-stack at dusk, and that it shortly afterwards flew near the
ground and then into an outhouse, where it was readily secured.
RestinG-PLaces : Its resting-places are varied, and apparently a
matter of chance, ¢.g., on a stone, near Hayton (Armstrong), on
a wall, at High Wycombe (Peachell), and at Welbeck Abbey
(Rolfe), on the stone steps of a church, at Reading (Holland),
on a door-frame, at Lincoln (Musham), in a cellar, at Ramsey
(Clarke), on linen hanging on a clothes-line, at Bramfield (Pyett),
&c., whilst a @ found resting on a potato-stem, at Ringwood
(Fowler), one beaten out of ivy in the afternoon at Portland
(Sykes), and another crawling over dead leaves, at the foot of a
tree, quivering its wings and squeaking, at Ardpeaton, suggest much
more natural hiding-places. PaikinG: Head notes (zz /:tt.) that
it is a most difficult species to pair in confinement, and of five
dozen reserved for breeding purposes, in 1go1, only one pairing
was obtained, vzz., in July, and this after the moths had been out three
weeks; the 9 was kept five weeks, but she did not develop her eggs,
and the 9s opened showed no signs of egg-development *, whilst

* Verloren publishes (dlg. HKonst- en Letterbode, 1847, pp. 146-147) a
somewhat similar experience ; he bred about 20 imagines in September and October,
1846, from pupz, got some to pair, but the 2s died without laying an egg, and
he found none in the abdomen on dissection; from this he concludes that only the
imagines that emerge from overwintering pupz are able to propagate the species.
Most autumnal-emerging ¢?s are asserted (/77., il., p. 283) by Newman to be barren,
whilst early summer-emerging ¢?s from hybernated pupz are said to be full of eggs.
He quotes Doubleday in support of these views, the latter stating that the first
pupa he possessed disclosed a ¢ in July, and that she was full of eggs, whilst
in the autumn of 1846, he had many pupe, 8 or 10 of which produced moths
in September-October, all the ¢s being barren and their abdomina empty.
Newman describes the abdomina of these autumnal-emerging imagines as ‘‘ an
empty cylinder containing neither eggs nor ovary,’’ and asserts that ‘‘all the ¢s
bred or captured in June are abundantly prolific’’ in spite of the fact that he
notes Doubleday as ‘‘ breeding a barren ¢ that had been more than 12 months
in the pupal stage.’’ He further asserts (of. cét.. p. 297) that all ‘the autumnal-
emerging moths are barren ¢s, 7.2, neither gs nor egg-laying ¢s,”’ but this is
incorrect, many gs appearing among the autnmnal imagines (Z7z7., li., pp. 305,
3253 lil., p. 42, etc.), whilst Andrews gives (£72, iii., p. 2) a detailed description
of an autumnal-emerging ¢, that had quite ‘‘normal genital organs, the bulb-
like testes being full of active spermatozoa.” Other faulty observers have stated

436 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

he asserts that it is quite certain that they need some food
other than honey to allow them to develop their eggs satisfactorily.
The mode of pairing, he says, is most peculiar; instead of
the @ hanging herself up to call, she flies wildly about, squeaking
frequently,* and the ¢g, taking hold of the @ whilst still jon
the wing, has paired almost before she has time to alight, nor
does the gf turn round and stand head downwards when they have
paired, as do the other Sphingids, but clings to the 2 quite differently
from any other Sphingid known to him. It is generally supposed
that the abdominal scent-fans, found in the ¢, form a sexual attraction,
and Swinton observes (uz. Jo. Mag., xiil., p. 219.) that the yellow
fan or fascicle of hairs, rising perpendicularly from a fold on either side
of the anterior part of the abdomen of the 9, emits a pungent smell of
jessamine, whilst Hall states that the odour is like musk (Z7z4., xvi.,
p. 14). Bertkau states (Verh. d. nat. Ver. Rhetin., xli., p. 344) that
the bristles, forming the brush-like tuft, are connected with glands,
which, when the hairs are in an erected position, pour out their
contents into the tuft, and thus diffuse the _ scent. WING-
EXPANSION: Moss gives details of the wing-expansiont of the
imago as follows: A 92 emerged between 12.0 (midnight) and
12.15, the wings began to expand at 12:30, =the unease
remaining fixed in_ position, though actively twitching the
body, contracting and extending the last 4 segments of the
abdomen, the ventral surface of segments 9 and 11 especially
appearing to contain a volume of fluid in constant agitation. The
thorax and other parts of the body at the time are decidedly moist,
the hair appearing matted, the antenne erect, the palpi widely open,
the proboscis from time to time extended ; the wings were thrown back
at 12.55, and were fully expanded at 1.10 a.m., whilst they were
finally let down into their normal position (roofwise) at 2.15 a.m.
Morres warns those who breed the moth to give them something
on which to climb when newly-emerged, and to see that they
have sufficient room for the wings to expand, since the wings of
necessity hang in a_ perpendicular position whilst expansion
takes place, the tips being curled until growth is quite completed ;
he says that, after the wings are dry, they gradually separate
until, when they are about 13 inches apart, the whole insect
quivers and they suddenly fall back roofwise, entirely covering

that the autumnal-emerging ¢s are not only barren but have no, or an imperfectly-
formed, ovipositor, and Aigner-Abafi repeats (/d/us. Zetts. fiir Ent., iv., p. 211)
this statement, on the authority of Biedermann (Soc. Z7z7t., iv., ): | TOR) It has
also been asserted that the autumnal ¢s become more sterile the further north
they are bred (teste Ochsenheimer, Die Schmett., ii., p. 239), although (deste
Pabst) sterile ¢s are frequently found in Spain. It must not be overlooked that
the ?s referred to by Head (supra) emerged in July.

* As bearing out this view, Anderson writes (Z7z., xix., p- 249) that, on
August 3rd, 1886, two moths were in the cage together, and that no sooner had he
caught hold of one than it commenced squeaking out its protestations, when its com-
panion crawled on his fingers, and could only with difficulty be disengaged. He
adds that he thinks that the cry is used as a means of communication between
the insects.

t Stephens asserts (///ws., 1, p. 117) that, upon emergence, the wings
and limbs of the imago are enveloped in a fine thin membrane, which, rapidly
drying and opening, liberates the imago, whose wings become speedily enlarged,
&c. It is difficult to guess how this strange statement originated.

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 437

the body; the imago, he adds, rests in this position until the next
evening, when it partially opens and vibrates its wings with a rapid
tremulous motion for some seconds, and then suddenly launches itself
into the air with a strong and rapid flight. Mrs. Cowl says (Zt. Rec.,
Xlll., p. 155) that various specimens that she had under observation, took
from 40 minutes to 2 hours from the time that the wings began to expand
until they were put down to rest, ¢.g., one specimen began to expand its
wings at 10.35 p.m., they seemed fully grown at 11.5 p.m., but were
not put down till 11.35 p.m., etc. Each imago watched, she says,
rested with the two lower legs crossed, after the first few minutes,
till it closed its wings, when it used the six. TIME OF EMERGENCE:
Mathew and others have observed that the imagines generally emerge
towards night. Verloren says (77. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3), 1., p. 63):
“Schroter states that 16 specimens left the pupz between 4 p.m.
and 7 p.m. in the evening, which has been proved by experiments
Ole my own.’ Grovesadds. (loc. ciz., p. 69) a table of results
from 14 bred in 1858, kept in a warm place under a bell-glass,
Oomyeamp moss, 12: emerging, the last two crippled, zzz, 3,
September ist between 1o p.m. and 8 a.m.; g, September 16th,
Pearce 16 p.m. and S am.; 6, September 16th, at 11 p:m.;
Bee oepiember 17th, ato pim.; 9, September zist, time doubtful;
SP cPiemben 23rd, at Li am. ; 2, September 24th, ~ between
Gepanesand fo p.m-; 9, September 24th, between 10 p.m. and
eatin ae september 25th, at 7 a.m.; 2, October 2nd; 2 and
g , October goth, ?, October roth, all between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m.
Anderson says (ut. Rec., vil., p. 86) that the favourite time
for, emergence is between 7: p.m. and 9 p.m. and after they
have been treated to a shower-bath. Livett observes that several
emeneared mall vemerzed between 9 p.m. and re p.m. Mrs:
Cowl gives details (Ht. Rec., xill., p. 155) of emergences as
follows: 10.30 p.m., in the night, another in the night, 10.30 p.m.,
5-55 p.m.,9.30p.m., 11.25 p.m., and one at 7 a.m. Burrows, however,
notes (doc. cit., p. 156): Of 30 specimens bred in I1goo-1, 15 appeared
after midnight, z.¢., between that and 6 a.m., 1 between 6 a.m. and
Paid io aim, 1 at noon, I at 3 p.m.; 1 at 4.30 p.m., -2 at
Laon vl 4edt.0.30:p.1l., 2 at 10:40 p.m, 2 not. noted= 30. Ehey
take, he says, at least 2 hours on an average to expand their wings
and he leaves them at least 12 hours longer to get thoroughly dry. |
Glenny records (/oc. ct¢., p. 157) that, of 77 imagines reared in 1900, in no
case did a single imago emerge before evening, the usual time being
between 10 p.m.andi12p.m. Russell notes (Hf. Rec., xii., p. 345)
rearing 5, all of which emerged in the evening or at night, whilst
Edmunds also asserts (Lt. Wk. Jnt., v., p. 117) that the moths
emerge almost without exception during the night; he states that
he has allowed them to fly around the room but avers that they were
soon satisfied, and would, while still uttering their squeaking notes,
hastily retire and settle in some dark part of the room. Burrows
confirms (cz J/i/¢.) this, and avers that a high temperature is
necessary for natural flight, that, after flight, a dark corner is
chosen in which to rest, and that the difference in the behaviour
of the moths at high and ordinary temperatures is_ sufficiently
convincing that the moth is not a native. Uhl records (///.
Zeits, fur Ent. iv., pp. 212-213) an imago emerging in June,

438 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

1897, at 8 a.m., the wings of which attained their full size in about
half-an-hour, but remained hanging down over the insect’s back
until 10.30 a.m., when they were let down to their normal
position. Glenny notes (Zt. Rec., xill., p. 158) that, “ immediately
on emergence, the imago emits some excrement from its bocy,
and, in several cases, it was noticeable that, where a specimen
could not free itself from the pupa-case quickly, and at once discharge
the excrement, the specimen was _ invariably crippled through
the apparent lack of power to expand the wings.” ‘The imagines,
he says, appear never to attempt flight on the same night as
they emerge, but remain at rest, when dry, until dusk the next day,
when they get on the wing and quickly spoil themselves, if confined
in a breeding-cage, by their bird-like flight. Visirs YO FLOWERS:
It is generally supposed that the imago does not visit flowers,
but Aigner-Abah asserts .(///. Zezts. far Ent., iv., Pp. 243)meusen
like other Sphingids, the moths suck nectar from flowers, ¢.g.,
jasmine, honeysuckle, &c , when flying (este Hufnagel, Berl. Mag.,
li., p. 176); he also says that St Bordan took the speciesmuar
honeysuckle flowers, at Radna and Lippa, and asserts that the
supposition, that it does not visit flowers and only flies late at
night, is quite erroneous. Still the amount of evidence that it does
visit flowers for nectar is very small. Bartel observes (Pal. Gross-
Schmeit., i., p. 20) that it flies in the evening and late at night, but
more rarely visits flowers (¢.¢., Philadelphus and Lonicera) than other
Sphingids, comes more freely to the exuding sap of trees, and may be
captured at sugar if honey has been added thereto. Caradja also
says (/ris, vill., p. 62) that it comes to sugar, ATTRACTED BY LIGHT:
Réaumur notices (A/émoires, i1., p. 296) that, in France, the
moths fly into the rooms to light, with great bustle and
noise, and Caradja (/7is, viil., p. 62) makes a similar observation
for Roumania, whilst they have been frequently noted as flying into
rooms, &c., by other observers. Hiltbold has taken it at electric light,
at Berne, Agassiz at Aix-les-Bains, whilst Bartel also records the
moths as being attracted to light. Kerry captured one at
electric light at Parkeston, near Harwich, on September 26th, 1883
( Voug Wat, v., p) 48); Baxter records: (v7. fcer., wile
one attracted to the light of a signal-box, October 8th, 1891,
at St. Anne’s-on-Sea ; Doncaster (#7/;, xxxil., p. 304) .sOmmme
street lamp in the Strand, October 3rd, 1900; Chope (£7¢., xxviil.,
p. 309) at Colyford, about 8.30 p.m., during rain; Wollstein
(loc. cit., p. 310) at electric light, at Kingston-on-Thames ; at electric
light, at York, October 22nd, 1901 (Hawkins); recorded as being
taken at light, at Reigate, September 6th, 1868, by Blackburn
(Ent. Mo. Mag., \., p. 130); on a lamp at Bradford, Septem-
ber 17th, 1896 (Carter); at Hackney (Hall), at Mansfield (Daws),
at Taunton (Farrant), at Ayton (Whitaker), at Ryde (Moon),
at Edinburgh (Burn), whilst one was captured at the entrance-
gate leading to the St. Agnes’ lighthouse, Scilly, September 14th,
1895, evidently attracted by the light (Frohawk). Fiicur: Chudleigh
says (£nt., xxix., p. 363) that he was surprised at the strength
of the flight of the insect, which has a bat-like flittering, and he
quite believes that many a specimen on the wing is set down
as a bat. We see no reason for Chudleigh’s surprise that

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 439

M. atropos is a strong flier, for its supposed migrating habits
show that it must have a tremendously powerful flight. Bond-
Smith notes (Zx¢. ec. viil., p. 244) that, on the evening of
October 8th, 1896, after a dull cold day, he heard an extraordinary
noise in one of his breeding-cages, and found a g and @ flying
madly about, and believes that they would readily have paired had
he given them. the chance. Pabst thinks (see Zz¢.. Hec., vi., p. 55)
that IZ. atropos exceeds Hippotion celerio, Daphnis nerit and Phryxus
fivornica in strength and power of endurance, and says that its short
tongue enables the insect to feed on exudations from wounded
trees, to say nothing of its predatory habits in connection with
beehives, so that this species can supply itself with sustenance
in this way more readily than its long-tongued allies. M1iGRATION
HABITS: ‘That the species is a migrant is assumed on much
indirect evidence relating to the life-history of the insect in the
more northern parts of its range,* and many points favour this
view, but we do not know that there is any sound basis for Grote’s
statement (Zt. Rec., vil., p. 149) that only the @sf of this species
migrate. Nor is positive evidence wanting. In Loudon’s Magazine
Vat. History, iv., p. 436, is the record of a specimen of JZ. atropos
flying on board H.M.S. “ Ingate,” when on a passage up the Mediter-
ranean, in May, 1831, and some 20 miles off the Spanish coast,
Cape Palos being the nearest point. There was little wind, and the
observer thinks the species was migrating from choice. Rossler
notes two specimens coming on board a steamer off Bilbao,
twelve English miles from land, and another taken on a_ yacht
between Gibraltar and Malta. Mlctchem writes (C2775) xxxiv.
Pp. 245) that, on June oth, 1901, he caught a specimen on
board ship, when at sea between Sardinia and Majorca, and he
thinks that it flew on board the night before when not less
than 70 miles from land, whilst again (2% /:¢¢.), on August 24th and
25th, 1901, one was captured each evening, when on passage
from Malta to Gibraltar, the specimens having probably come from the
Algerian coast which the ship had approached within 8 or 10 miles.
Mathew also notes (Zz, xvill., p. 295) that, on August 26th,-

* Aigner-Abafi considers (//lus. Zeits. fiir Lnt., iv., p. 212) that the life-
history of the species in Hungary is rather against the immigration theory, Pech of
Budapest, asserting, that there, the imagines never emerge in the autumn, only
in the spring, whilst from late October larve he had never obtained imagines, _
although Aigner-Abafi, himself, has several times bred imagines in October and
November, and surmises that all larva, not full-grown at the arrival of the first
frosts, must perish. All of which, in our opinion, supports the theory of
immigration rather than otherwise. Keferstein insists (/oc. cit.) that a species
that can hybernate in any stage in a country must be considered indigenous to it.
He accepts Pech’s statement (supra), as also that of Scopoli (Zt. Carn., p.
185), wzz., larva September 21st, imago June roth; of Kuhn (Naturforscher,
ix., pp. 93-4) larva autumn, imago first week in May, as well as the statements of
Esper, Ochsenheimer and Godart, that the larve occur in autumn, the imagines
emerging therefrom in autumn or spring, as proving his contention that J/. atrofos
is indigenous.

¢ This idea evidently originated with Pabst (see Et. Kec., vi., p. 55) who
states that ‘pairing, probably, always takes place at the locality where the
moth emerges from the pupa; the more northern captures seem to be
always of ¢s urged to their lengthy journeys by the necessity for depositing
their eggs. The gs seem to be exhausted by the act itself and consequently
to perish at their hoines.”” In our opinion much more evidence is wanted to
fully, or even satisfactorily, support such a broad generalisation,

440 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

1885, two specimens came on board ship when entering the
English Channel, whilst, on August 11th of the same year, a
specimen came on board when the ship was at anchor off Algiers and
some few nights later, between Algiers and Gibraltar, one flew on
board and ran squeaking up his leg. To the same _ observer
we are indebted for a most important record (£v7/., xxxvi., p. 192)
of the capture of a specimen of this insect on the coastguard cruiser
‘* Rose,” when in the North Sea, off Southwold, on April 28th,
1903, at 5 p.m., so that it had probably flown on board the previous
night; he notes that the weather during the night had been fine
and warm with a light breeze from the south-west, and the ship
was cruising from 5 to 10 miles off the land. Two other specimens
were recorded as captured in Britain, in May, 1903.* Considering
the small number of individuals that must come under the
ken of lepidopterists, even if a very extensive immigration has
taken place, owing to the large area of distribution and
the fact that potato-fields and such like localities will be chiefly
chosen for settlement fT, one is constrained to ask whether these
three specimens were examples of an immigrating band. The
cold and wet May and June of 1903 must have been against the eggs
and larve if any resulted. An example, taken by Captain Walker
on the ss. “Kara” off Shanghai, was exhibited at the meeting
of the Sth. London Ent. Society, June 14th, 1894, by Manger (£zz,
XXVi., p. 248), whilst Fothergill writes (Zu¢. AZo. Mag., xiv., p. 185)
that, in 1877, one flew on board the steamer ‘‘ Cameroon” on the
voyage home from Africa, while off the Cape de Verde Islands.
Bates records ( Young JVat., v., p. 26) that a specimen was taken on
board the s.s. “ Horace” when about 25 miles off the coast of Algiers
on the evening of August 26th, 1884. Curtis states (G7. Enz, iv., fo.
147) that there were, in Hatchett’s collection, several specimens that
came on board a vessel that was lying at anchor off the coast of Devon,
about a dozen of them having been knocked down by the sailors.
Bennington notes (Zoo/., p. 1443) the capture of a specimen on May
30th, 1846, at sea off the Casket Rocks, Service records one taken midway
between the Isle of Man and Mullof Galloway, and Westsays ( £7z., x., p.
300) that, on October 8th, 1877, an engineer on one of the vessels of the
Dublin Steam Packet Co., brought a living JZ. a¢ropos that had alighted
on deck, when 25 miles from the Irish coast. (On October 6th, 1876, an
example of Agrivs convolvuli alighted on the same steamer.) Clarke
also notes (77 /it¢.) that specimens have frequently been taken on the
Manx steamersf, the insects having flown on board, when some distance

* It may be observed that one of these specimens was captured at Ipswich on
May 21st, 1903 (Hocking zz @tt.), the other on May 15th, 1903, in a street,
at Saltaire (Z#7z7., xxxvi., p. 193). These possibly belonged to the same flight.

f Tuck notes (Zz. Rec., ix.. p: 265) that, in 1896, when the larvze were
so abundant, many were found, in ‘the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds, in
several cases, in potato-patches that were far aw ay from fields w here any potato crop
had previously been. ‘The fact that the eggs must be laid on potato-plants,
in the spring or early summer of every year in which the larva are abundant
in autumn, points strongly to immigrant imagines arriving here in May, June,
or July—the time of one of the great imaginal emergences in Africa.

{ This general statement refers to West’s record (supra), added to the fact
that C ‘larke saw in a museum at Distington no fewer than 5 specimens of J/. atropos
that had been taken at different times on Manx steamers when sailing between
Douglas and the mainland ( ditt),

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 441

from the coast. Clogg notes (£vz., i1., p. 341) that, in 1865, one was
taken on board a schooner in the Bristol Channel, ro miles from
land, and another came on board a fishing-vessel, in the English
Channel, when 4 miles from land. Lighton observes (vz, i1., p. 133,
the capture of one on a boat in October, 1864, in the port at
Dartmouth. Kerry records (Zz, xil., p. 271) that, in September,
1879, a specimen was caught off the Harwich coast, on the
“ Cork” lightship, which was moored at the time 7 miles from land ;
he further notes ( Young JVat., iv., p. 23) a specimen captured
September 21st, 1882, on board a ship in Harwich harbour.
Dillwyn records that, in 1864, the captain of a_ vessel
brought him a specimen of JZ. atropfos, which he _ saw fly,
and then settle on the sails of his vessel, when it was
several miles from shore, near the mouth of the Bristol Channel.
@itkersuctes (Var, 1892, —p. 339) that, in October,. 1892,. a
specimen flew into a boat a little distance out at sea off Scarborough.
Daws records (Znt. Fec., xi., p. 318) having a specimen brought
to him, on September 17th, t899, that had been taken on a fishing-boat
whilst voyaging between Scarborough and Penzance. Kent mentions
(Ent. Wk. Lnt., vili., p. 67) one picked up alive at sea off St. Leonards,
on May 231d, 1860, and Potter (op. cz¢., vil., p. 27) that a 9
was captured on board H.M.S. “Minx,” when lying in the
river off Woolwich, on October 11th, 1859; Backhouse notes
one taken off the coast of Northumberland, four miles out at sea,
and Hedworth says that two were taken on board a wherry at
Dunston, whilst Robson states that, at Hartlepool, when herring-nets
are spread out to dry, the insect is occasionally found entangled
by its hooked claws . . . It has also been brought to him
by herring-fishers flying to the lights of the boat when at sea.
He further observes ( Young Vat., vi., p. 239) that one was
picked up on the beach at Hartlepool, among _ seaweed, in
September, 1885, and also notes ( Young (Vat, vil., p. 128) a @ taken
on board one of the fishing-boats off Hartlepool, in 1886, and a
second found on the rocks two days later. Esson records one
(Entom., Xxill., p. 168) taken. by a fisherman at Aberdeen. Fro-
hawk notes (£7zz., xxviil., p. 280) a g specimen being washed ashore
in a breaker in September, 1895, at Porthcawl, and another (as noted
above) taken at the lighthouse of St. Agnes (doc. cit., p. 310), in —
the Scilly Isles. Beare records (ut. Rec., xiv., p.. 276) a specimen

captured on the s.s. ‘‘ Neiman” on a voyage from Leith to Ham-
burg, it flew on board when the vessel was about 20 miles
east of the May Island, whilst Hill mentions (Zu. Rec., iv., p.
272) a specimen captured on the beach at Seaford on September 28th,
1893. Powell writes (zz /z¢/.): ‘* The perfect insect is scarce at Hyéres,
and is rarely met with. 1 met, however, with a single one, one evening
some 8 years ago, out at sea, between the Island of Porquerolles
and the mainland, when the insect struck against the sail and
fell into the boat; it was in the summer-time but I have no
record of the date.” ROBBING BREHIVES: The fact that the
imagines of this species rob bee-hives* of the honey stored

* Levoiturie states (Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1., p. 354) that JZ. atropos also visits the
nests of Vespa crabro, but Huber avers that the moths do not frighten wasps
when they enter their nests, as they do bees, but that, on the contrary, the
wasps soon turn them out in a dying state.

442 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

therein has long been asserted, and Aigner-Abafi gives (//us. Zeits.
fiir Ent., v., pp. 36 e¢ seg.) a detailed historical account of the facts
relating thereto.. Kuhn records (JVatu7f., xvi., p. 73), mm Ty7gpeam
example entering a bee-hive, at Eisenach, an unusual commotion
among the bees, leading to the discovery of the dead bodies of
several specimens of JV. atropos in the hive, and he adds that, several
times, dead moths had been found in hives in the same town. He
suspects that they had entered in quest of honey, the short tongue
and slow heavy flight rendering it difficult for. them to extract
their food from flowers. |Huber,* in 1804 (LVouvelles Observ., i,
pp. xi and 299), and other authors have given details of the
habit, and more modern confirmation of the facts is not lacking.
Aigner-Abafi states (Z//. Zezts. fiir Ent., v., pp. 37 e¢ seq.) that the
imagines, in early September, about 8 p.m., will fly round a hive
in concentric circles, that they then force their way into the
hive, stay only from two to five minutes, emerge, with the
legs and wings frequently covered with bees which are
quickly shaken off, the body, however, being often so full of honey
that the moth cannot fly (Bzenenzettung, 1861, p. 589); sometimes,
however, the moth is unable to find its way out, dies in the hive,
and is then encased in wax by the bees (of. c7., 1658, .peueuae
1859, p. 33), whilst, occasionally, the bees make the entrance smaller
so as to prevent the entrance of the moths. Aigner-Abafi himself,
in 1885, near Budapest, caught several moths at an apiary; he
says that they flew up rapidly at dusk, circled round the hives,
flew off if disturbed, but returned again, that each one entered
the hives suddenly, beating off the bees, who, however, frequently kill
a weak specimen, that, having filled itself, the moth emerged,
remaining a moment at the entrance as if half-dazed, and that,
at this time, he made most of his captures. He says that
the moth does not utter a squeak on flight, either on entering
or leaving the hive, but, whilst it is im the hive; amdijgees
one has captured it, it squeaks incessantly. Stephens notes (///us.
ffaust., 1., p. 118), on the authority of Backhouse, that one was
observed at Sunderland buzzing about a bee-hive, and Robson
says (Vat. fist. Irans. North. and Durham, xii., pp. 38)iien
‘“‘Howse has an interesting example of JZ. atropos, found at
Creswell Hall, enclosed in a waxen covering by the bees, to whose
stores it had penetrated.” At the meeting of the Lx. Soc. of London,
on May 4th, 1857, Westwood exhibited a skeleton of JZ. atropos,
lately found in one of his bee-hives. His attention had recently
been drawn to one of his hives, the stock of which did _ not
commence working and gradually got weaker and weaker till at
last scarcely 100 bees remained. On turning up the hive he
discovered the remains of the JZ. aéropos exhibited attached to
the comb. . Adye notes’ (Z7/., xx.,~p. 302) the capture (orm
large @ specimen at Christchurch when crawling over a bee-hive.
Dalglish records one (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1900, p. 250) taken
off a bee-hive, at Kilmarnock, on July rrth, 1900. Cruttwell observed

* In a discussion in the Yorkshire Post, 1900, Boyes denied that JZ. atropos
visited bee-hives, stated that Huber was blind and obtained his information
secondhand, and suspects that all he wrote was the result of the fertile

imagination of his servant Francois Burnens. It is to be noted that Burnens has
always borne the reputation of being an excellent observer,

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 443

(Ent. Mo. Mag., Xxix., p. 213) a specimen on June tst, 1893, coming
from a bee-hive at Kibworth, covered with bees which were pushing it
out of the entrance ; he adds that it squeaked loudly but appeared to
be unable to fly. Storer also records one found in a bee-hive at
Mountsorrel, near Leicester, whilst Gordon states (cz Jtt.) that he
found one trying to enter a bee-hive at Quhillart, Corsemalzie, on
July 14th, 1898. Bartel notes (Pal. Gross-Schmett., i1., p. 20) that,
in Italy, where apiculture flourishes, and JZ. atropos is locally
very common, it does great damage by breaking into the hives.
We do not know Bartel’s authority for this statement (unless
i be the Azenenzerttung, 1860, p. 108), but, in a German
magazine (Prometheus, xill., p. 187), Hermes details at length
that, whilst at Rovigno, in September and October, 1901,
he saw a hive of bees that had built their cells between a
closed blind and window-pane in a house, the structure they
had built measuring 4ocm. by 40cm. by 15cm.; the work of the
bees could be watched, many cells of the hive were full of
honey and sealed with wax, and specimens of Manduca atropos got
into the hive, through openings in the blind, during twilight and
through the night, pilfered the honey, failed to find the opening
by which they had entered and were imprisoned. On October
1st, large numbers of imprisoned moths were noticed and Dr.
Schaudinus, of the Zoological Station near, removed above too
specimens, of which 35 were in good enough condition to be set.
Daily, after that, 4 or 5 were captured, and in the daytime they appeared
to be much disturbed by the bees ; after the 13th, none appeared for a
time but two were taken as late as November Ist, 154 specimens
altogether being captured. Nearly as interesting is Miss Barrett’s
record (Z£7t. Mo. Mag., xxxvi., p. 141) that a specimen of JZ.
atropos was attacked by bees when attempting to get into the
comb high among the rafters in her house at Buntingville,
Transkei, in South Africa, and she further remarks that, whilst the
bees were attempting to sting it, it uttered its well-known cry;
a second was caught at a bees’ nest in the other wing of the
house, but this had settled quietly where the honey sometimes
runs down the wall; more examples were found later, always at or
near the bees’ nests, those found by day settled quietly in the
window-frame with the bees buzzing round in a rage, whilst one
was found at might, by searching with a light, settled under
the bees’ nest. This lady had previously stated (doc. cit., xxxiv.,
p. 240) that the species was in ill-repute with bee-keepers in South
Africa, but Campbell appears to have been the first to call attention
to the visits of the moths to beehives in South Africa (‘Travels
in South Africa,” Quarterly Review, 1815, p. 315). Rickard thinks
(Ent., Xxx., p. 24) that the reason why imagines are so
rarely found in bee-hives in England is to be found in
pies comstnmiction) of the) hives. Atmore says (27/7... Hec.; ix.,
. 23) that a large battered imago was given him on July
18th, 1896, by a friend, whose bees it had alarmed by entering
one of the hives; the swarm appears to have been a weak one
and the moth put the bees to flight. Corbett notes (JVa¢, igor,
p. 255) an imago, tound in a bee-hive on June 7th, 1901, at
Blaxton. Britten records (Zt. Rec., xiv., p. 163) the capture of

444 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

a fine imago at Little Salkeld, on June 1st, 1899, at a bee-hive.
In Pabst’s account of this species, there is a note by the editor
(Krancher) in which he states that he has long given attention
to this species on account of its propensity for entering hives, and
because, especially in places where it is common—Hungary,
Italy, &c.—it is in a position to ruin whole apiaries. He then
refers to a long article that he wrote on the Subjectumm
the “* Deutscher “Bienenfreund,” 1889, nos. 17, 19; ange
Perkins notes (2zt. Mo. Mag., xix., p. 236) that a 2 specimen was
caught in May, 1861, by Lloyd, at Badminton, flying in the open day-
light in front of his hives, and apparently trying to enter one of them.
Hellins records (£7. Mo. Mag., xxiii., p. 162) that, on July 28th, 1886,
at Dartington, a peculiar noise was heard at the beehives as if some-
thing was disturbing the bees; the intruder was discovered to be
a specimen of JZ. atropos covered with bees, squealing, and that it could
not, or did not, fly ; the moth was captured and kept for a fortnight before
it died. UWawker- records (uz. We. Int., vii. p. 43) amet
hovering at dusk, about beehives, and being attracted into a
room at Horndean by a plate of honey ; Hopson notes a 2 found
at Abbotsbury, wedged in the entrance to an old-fashioned skep
beehive, considerably damaged, apparently by the bees; Bell-Marley
mentions (77., xxx., p. 122) that imagines were reported to have
paid some beehives, at Tenbury, several visits in July and August,
1896. CRY OF THE IMAGO: Of the cry of the imago, which was
compared by Esper with the chirp of Polichylla fullo, Scop., by Hutnagel
with the noise made by the Cerambycids which rub the hard dorsal
plate against the elytra, by Kthn with the squeak of the ‘‘ Spitzmaus,”
by Rossler with that of the ordinary mouse, and by Nicholson (£vz.
Rec., Vil., p. 120) with that ot the cry of the corncrake, but repeated
incessantly instead of twice at short intervals, as in the case of the
bird, much has been written*. Réaumur writes (A/émoires, i, pp.
291 ¢f seg.): “ De tous les insectes, il est celui qui seroit emis
propre a faire prendre son cri pour une véritable voix; car le cri
paroit partir du méme endroit d’ot. partent ces sortes de sons. La
trompe est, a proprement parler, la bouche du papillon; la trompe
de celui-ci est €paisse, et assés courte, elle forme au plus deux tours
de spirale ; elle est logée entre deux barbes, entre deux tiges barbues.
Cest de V’endroit oti est placée la trompe, que sort le cri; )@e@staan
quoi il m’a été aisé de m’assurer; il me I’a été en méme temps de
reconnoitre qu’il é€toit produit par les frottemens des tiges barbues
(pl. xxiv., fig. 72-0) contre. la trompe. Chacune d’elles Sestaamm
cordon plus large qu’épais, une espéce de lame qui se termine par
un pédicule dont linsertion et l’attache sont dans le dessous de la

* Any theory hazarded as to the cause of the sound must take into account the
fact that it can be made by the moth in the pupa (see ated, p. 432). Quite recently
St. Bordan observed (Rovartani Lapok, iv., p. 179) that the sound from an enclosed
moth was audible 5 or 6 days before the moth emerged. Aigner-Abafi observes
(Milus. Zeits. fur Ent., iv., p. 356) that the fact that the moth when in the pupa-
case can make a noise exactly like the imago, where there can be no in-and-out
movement of the air is convincing that the sound is not caused thereby but by the
friction of the two halves of the tongue. Edwards asserts (Zt. Wk. Jnt., v.,
p. 117) that he heard the same kind of sound as that made by the imago, though
fainter, from a pupa that had not acquired much of the dark hue, which is
rather astonishing.

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 44,5

téte. Ces lames sont posées de chan; la courbure d’un de leurs
cotés est telle que ce cété s’applique exactement contre la téte le
long de laquelle la lame s’éleve; ainsi, ce cdté qui est, a propre-
ment parler, lintérieur est concave, pendant que le cété extérieur
est convexe. Ces lames font deux cloisons, entre lesquelles la trompe
est logée; elles sont exactement appliquées contre la téte, mais ce
nest qu’a leur origine qu’elles lui sont adhérentes. Un des bouts
du rouleau formé par la trompe, est touché par une de ces cloisons,
Eamvauire lest par Yautre. Pendant que je tenois le papillon
assujetti, pendant qu'il crioit le plus fort quil lui étoit possible,
jai passé une épingle dans le centre du rouleau, j’ai étendu la trompe
(pl. xxiv., fig. 64). Quand la trompe a été bien étendue, quand elle
na plus été entre les cloisons barbues, le papillon a été entiérement
mie, wil na pas fait entendre le moindre cn. J’ai ensuite
abandonné la trompe a elle-méme; elle s'est roulée sur-le-champ,
le rouleau s’est logé entre les barbes, et sur-le-champ la voix et la forte
voix est revenue au papillon. Pour m/’assurer plus positivement
que ce n’étoit pas de la trompe que ce bruit partoit (car roulé, elle
en auroit pi faire un quelle ne faisoit pas étant étendue); j’ai
passé l’épingle sous les deux bouts supérieurs des cloisons barbues,
cest-a-dire, entre ces cloisons et la téte (pl. xxiv., fig. 70-6); en
éloignant ensuite l’épingle de la téte, je tirois les deux barbes en-devant,
je les éloignois de la trompe, je mettois a découvert les deux bouts
de son rouleau. Quand donc les bouts de la trompe n’étoient plus
ni cachés, ni touchés par les cloisons barbues, le papillon ne faisoit
plus entendre de cri. Enfin j'ai écarté de la téte une seule cloison,
et jai laissé l’autre en place, je n’ai découvert qu’un bout de la
trompe; le cri alors a continué, mais il a été plus foible, moins
fourni. Il est donc certain que c’est et de la trompe et des deux
barbes entre lesquelles elle est, que dépend le cri de ce papillon,
et, des qu’on scait que cela doit étre, on voit en partie comment
cela est; on est attentif a observer les barbes, et on remarque que,
pendant que le papillon crie, elles ont chacune des mouvemens
assés prompts qui les éloignent un peu, et qui les rapprochent
alternativement du rouleau. Elles se meuvent parallélement 4 elles-
mémes en avancant vers le milieu de la téte, et ensuite en s’en
écartant un peu. Voila les mouvemens nécessaires pour produire
les frottemens d’ot nait le cri. Le vrai est néanmoins, que j’ai
inutilement tenté de frotter une épingle contre un des bouts du
rouleau de la trompe, je ne suis point parvenu a produire de cri;
mais apparemment que le papillon ménage mieux les frottemens que
je mai scu les ménager. J’aurois été disposé a croire que lair,
pour produire ce bruit, demandoit a étre renfermé entre les cloisons
et la trompe, si le bruit ne se ffit pas fait entendre lorsque je
tenois une des lames éloignée de la trompe. Au-dessous de la
trompe a son origine, il y a une membrane tendue qui peut bien
avolr part au bruit. Je ne me lasserai point de répéter que nous
devons nous attendre que, dans les plus petits sujets, il restera
toujours quelque chose que nous ignorercns. La membrane dont
nous venons de parler, paroit percée, au-dessous de la trompe, de
deux trous dont usage m’est absolument inconnu. La trompe de
notre papillon a téte de mort, n’est pas faite comme les trompes
longues et plates par lesquelles passe le suc nourricier, et par lesquelles

446 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

le papillon respire lair. Ces grosses trompes ne serviroient
elles que de conduit au suc des plantes, les deux trous donneroient-
ils entrée. ou sortie a ‘lair dans le corps: du papilloma
Réaumur’s view appears to have been accepted without question
by Linné, De Geer, Schroter, and others of our earlier writers,
but afterwards much discussion took place and very different
theories as to the cause of the sound were formulated. As
bearing on Réaumur’s view we may here note that Duponchel,
af one time; considered (4. Soc. Ent. F7., 1830, ps .50)eeeaee
the sound was due to the rubbing together of the prothorax and
scutellum, Guérin (of. c7¢., 1838, p. lv) and Landois (Zezts. f. wiss. Zool.,
1848, p. 55) were of opinion that the rubbing of the maxille
and palpi produced the sound, Van der Hoeven held (77ds.
Ent. Ned., i\., pp. 117 e¢ seg.) the same view with the modification that
the roughnesses at the base of the tongue rubbed against one another,
Rosel considered that it arose from the rubbing of the thorax and
abdomen, and Vallot (Z’Zys/itut, 1., p. 7) that the sound arose from
the movement of the wings. Nerland, however, pointed out (/nsecfa,
lil., p. 87) that the moth could stridulate when quite still and
without any external movement being observable, whilst Kirby and
Spence further note (/utrod. to Entom., 7th ed., p. 493) that, when
the wings as well as the thorax and abdomen are held down, the cry
becomes still louder. Layard opines (Tennent’s Vatural History of
Ceylon, p. 427) that the sound made by JV. sazanas is caused by air
being passed through the stigmata of the rst abdominal segment,
which, streaming out, he supposed set in motion the strong tufts of
bristles which cover the opening. Lorey earlier advocated (Godart’s
fist. Nat. de France, iil., p. 18) this view, but various observers have
pointed out that these abdominal tufts are merely g secondary
sexual characters and not connected with the stigmata. Goureau
states (dun. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1837, pp. 66 ef seg.) that theysoume
appears to proceed from a fold towards the base of the abdomen,
and later (4c. ci, 1840, pp. 125-128) it does not Seems
says, to be produced by any special vocal organ, but appears
to be analogous with the humming sound made by diptera and
hymenoptera, which is produced by the vibrations of the thorax,
set in motion by the powerful muscles which it contains. ‘Tremeau
de Rochebrune in his article (Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeamxaie
17, 120, 122; 1832) on the cry of:\A7. atvopos, beciieueees
mentioning that Réaumur attributed it to the friction of the proboscis
against the palpi, Lorey to the air escaping through the trachez
which exist on either side of the abdomen, while Passerini regarded
it as arising from the interior of the head, that is to say from
a cavity which communicates with the ‘‘faux-conduit” of the
tongue, where are placed some muscles which are alternately
lowered and raised in such wise that the former movement
makes the air enter this cavity whilst the latter expels it.
Rochebrune’s own experiments led him to a different conclusion
from any of these. His experiments may be summarised as follows :

1. He extended the tongue so that it could not touch the palpi, and

the cry continued.
2. He carefully closed the tracheze with soft wax, yet the cry continued

unabated,

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 447

He ran a pin into the head and underneath the tongue of another
specimen, when the cry ceased suddenly.

4. After having removed the sinciput of another living specimen, he saw
the play of the muscles which rose and fell at each cry. He _ paralysed
these with a sharp instrument; the cry ceased immediately. The interior of
the head presents, he says, on each side, two small corneous bodies, transparent,
elongated in form, having at the middle of their length a strong ridge on the
convex part.

. A pupa of JZ. atropos, which he took from the earth some moments
before the emergence of the imago, having uttered a rather faint little cry
when he pressed it between his fingers, he considered that this cry could
neither be produced by the friction of the tongue against the palpi (on account of
their position in the pupa) nor by the escape of air through the tracheze, nor in
the way suggested by Passerini, but by the action of the muscles on these
two corneous bodies of which he has spoken.

The cry, he says, does not appear to him to be produced by air
driven from the interior of the head, because the tongue, rolled up
against it, leaves, in this position, very little or no passage for the
air. He suggests that the corneous bodies, which are found in
the interior and at the two sides of the head of this species,
may be a character of the male, like the stridulating organs in
the males of orthoptera, and proposes to investigate this point further.
{He adds that the larva of AZ. atropfos, when irritated, utters a slight
ery which he thinks comes from the head and not from the friction
of the mandibles one against the other, as might have been thought,
for the cry did not cease when he had removed the mandibles. |
Aigner-Abafi asserts that Goeze observed that there must be an
internal vocal organ, a view which, half-a-century later, Passerini
(already referred to supra) supported (Ann. Sci. Wat., 1828, p. 332),
asserting that there is a hollow in the head connected with the false
canal of the palpi, whilst a long and excellent note (based on personal
experiments) by Ghiliani (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1844, pp. |xxii-]xxiv)
seems completely to support Passerini. Reference should also be
made to the details given by Goureau (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1883,
poameAcirencs seg), and Duponchel (op: cc7., 18309, pp. 59-65),
some of whose earlier views ran in this direction. Rossi,
too, who at first adopted Réaumur’s explanation, later came
(Opusc. Sceltt, v., p. 173) to the conclusion that the sound was
produced by air being forced through the trunk. Nordmann (w//.
Aida Iiips Sé0. St. Ferersh:, ii. pp. 64-168), as the result of
his own investigation of the anatomy of JZ. atropos, says that
he entirely failed to find the cavity connected with the tongue
which Passerini mentioned. The true cavity of the tongue, he
says, leads into the cesophagus and then into the venter. He
contends that if Passerini’s observation had any foundation, then
the respiratory organs in this moth must be double. His own
view is that “the organ, by the aid of which the death’s-head
moth produces its oft-mentioned loud piping sound, has _ its
seat, neither in the head nor in the tongue, but on the underneath
part of the abdomen.” He says that ‘“‘on the first abdominal seg-
ment, below the first spiracle, lies a fold, perhaps 4 lines in length,
broader above, gradually narrowing below, which is formed from
the less projecting margin of the first segment and the more pro-
jecting of the second; this cleft or recess, when artificially extended,
measures, at its greatest width, nearly half a line, and is covered
by a long, narrow, oval, white membrane, a tympanum, which

448 . BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

seems to have a notch or incision opposite the first segmental
incision ; the inner side of the membrane—that which is turned
towards the cleft—is quite naked, the outer side or surface, with
the exception only of a part of the margin, being clothed with the
fur which covers the entire body of the moth; the inner hollow
of the cleft is clothed, as part of the general surface of the body,
with an extremely fine, white, naked, and elastic skin, and functions,
on the passage of the air out of the spiracle, as a resonating body
when the vibrations of the tympanum are communicated thereto.
When the moth is not disturbed, and respiration is going on
normally, there is a large tuft of long yellow hairs lying close
beside one another in the cleft covered by the tympanum, but,
when it is excited, the more violent passage of the air from the
spiracle, and the muscles of the abdominal segments extending the
cleft, cause the hairs to become erected, and they now form—bristling
and trembling on account of the stream of air which is passing
out—two funnel-shaped tufts projecting far beyond the upper
surface of the segment. At the same time, the tympanum, which
is also extended, begins to vibrate and the shrill cry is produced.”
He concludes that the vocal apparatus of JZ. afropos is, therefore,
near that of Ze¢é/gonza, and nothing so unique as had hitherto been
supposed. We have quoted this in full as characteristic of the
details given by those observers who have mistaken the ¢
abdominal tufts for the sound-producing apparatus. Johnson
asserts (ni. ii, p. 325) that the imago of JZ. atrofos makes its
noise ‘‘by respiration through an-aperture under the superior wing,
&c.,” z.¢., through the cavity in which the ¢ tufts lie. This state-
ment was contradicted by Taylor (/oc. cé¢., i11., p. 3) who pointed
out that the @ squeaks as loudly as the ¢g, although she has
no such apertures. He himself thinks that ‘the sound is caused
by the forcible passage of air through the spiracles.” Burmeister
hesitates to accept (Handbuch der Entom., i., p. 514) Passerini’s
conclusions, unless there is a vibrating membrane at the entrance
where the air was supposed to leave the head, but adds that
Duponchel has stated that a fine membrane exists between the eyes
and base of the tongue which might be set in vibration by the
ingoing and outgoing air; at the same time, Burmeister believed
that the sound originated in. the head. Russell states (v7.
Rec.,; xii., p.~ 345) that -the noise appeared to himagjuauaees
produced by a movement of the joints or some of the joints of
the legs. Preston believes (Zv¢., iil, p. 4) that the sound is
caused by the movement of a very strong muscle and states
that he was able to produce the sound artificially by moving
the same. Newman also states (/oc. cz/.) that this is his opinion
of its origin. Sandlin observes (£77, xxiv., -p. 207) that@ie
heard the sound when he moved the thorax of a specimen that
he was setting. Anderson reverts to Réaumur’s idea, and has no
doubt (Z77¢., xix., p. 249) that the sound is caused by the pro-
boscis rubbing against the palpi, though he believes that the
friction of some parts of the thorax may have somewhat to do
with it, although, as soon as the proboscis is held down, the squeaking
ceases. Paris, who states that the cry of the imago is like that
made by the larva, but lighter and sharper, describes (Bud/. Soc. Ent

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 449

fr., (2), 1846, p. cxii) at length, experiments to show the origin of
the sound made by the imago and concludes that it is produced
“dans la spiritrompe par une mucosité que l’insecte aspire et foule
alternativement a laide de ses palpes et des muscles de la téte.” it
now becomes necessary to refer to those observers who have, as it were,
followed up the idea of Rossi and Passerini, the latter of whom, as early
as 1828, inan excellent monograph ( Osservaztont sopra la Sphinx atropos,
etc., Pisa, 1828), clearly and correctly explained the whole matter, zzz.,
that the cavity in the head, alternately opened and closed by strong
muscles, and opening externally by means of a narrow transverse
aperture, is the source of the sound. Westmaas fully adopts (7Z7ds.
tiiiewNed, 1859, Pp: 131; 1860,-p. 120) this view, and criticises
especially the statement of Wagner, who asserted that the air
cavity was in the abdomen and described (Miiller’s Avch. f. Phys

1836, pp. 60-62) a relatively large sucking-bladder filled wit
air, Opening directly before the so-called stomach into the food
canal, and filling the entire upper part of the body; he con-
sidered the sound to be due to the inspiration and expiration of
air to and from this sucking-bladder through the tongue, considering
it possible that that portion of the air, which passed through the narrow
aperture arising from the imperfect closure of the two parts of the
tongue, may give rise to the sound. This is practically the later view of
Landois, who writes in his ‘‘ Tierstimmen”: ‘The moth possesses in
the front part of the abdomen, close before the true belly, a ‘ saugblase ’
[sucking-bladder], which is tensely filled with air, and opens out into
the end of the food-channel, through which it stands in connection wita
the mouth; as the two halves of the proboscis, which are inbent
towards one another, do not entirely close together at the front sur-
face, a fine groove or cleft is formed in the middle of the upper
side of the proboscis, which (cleft) leads into the mouth immediately
below the upper lip; this groove or cleft is very securely and
“airtightly ’ surrounded by the horny upper part of the proboscis,
and, in consequence of this arrangement, there originates a small
sound-orifice formed by the groove of the proboscis and the upper
lip.” He states that, ‘even if only a small amount of air be driven by the
disturbed moth out of the pressed-together ‘saugblase’ through this
opening, there arises the well-known half-piping and half-chirping sound.
He states that the proof of the correctness of this view is as follows:
If one presses on the front part of the abdomen, the moth remains
unable, so long as the pressure lasts, to produce the sound, and the
like is the case if one in any way stops up the sound-orifice, or forms
further a horizontal side-orifice. The sound leaves off as soon as
one injures or destroys any organ important to its production, e.g.,
the extremely small upper lip.” lLandois further states that it is
possible to force air into the freshly-dead moth by way of the tongue,
when the body will swell out and the sound * be continued so

* As tending to discredit this view, Aigner-Abafi states (l/l. Zeits. fur Ent.,
Iv., p- 338) that half-a-spoonful of honey has been forced from the body of a moth
that had been killed by having its head cut off, the head, after separation from the
body, squeaking vivaciously. We do not know where this statement was originally
made. It may have originated with Taschenberg (posted p. 450, foctnoote), although
there is nothing said as to the cutting off of the head. At any rate, the actual food-
crop is not the air-cavity implicated in the production of the sound, for, as we under-
stand the matter, this air-cavity of the head is separate from the alimentary canal,

Bae

450 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

long as one presses out the air, the sound, however, ceasing
as soon as one cuts off the tongue or Separates) iisusemm
parts: It may be stated -that H. Redlich, in his imterestme
investigation of this phenomenon (£7¢. Zeit. Guben, ill., pp. 130-131
1890), has, by experiment, established that the part of the proboscis
outside the mouth has no share in the production of the noise.
Maillard says (Zids. v. Ent... 1862, p. 20) that an incision made
between the eyes of a living moth discloses a cavity (formed by the
expansion of the food-canal), which occupies the greater part of the
head-space, and that widens and contracts, whilst the insertion
of the tongue forms the crop into an upturned flap which is set in
vibration by the in-passing and out-passing air. Moseley confirms*
(Nature, vi., pp. 151-153), in an excellent paper, the theory of Passerini,
and gives a diagram and description of the head-cavity and its muscles.
Chapman, quite independently of Moseley’s experiments, came to
the same conclusion as to the source of the sound (see £77.
Rec., vol. xiii, p. 127). He writes: “ Material being available I
thought it well to investigate the subject for myself. The specimens,
having come by post, did not cry so freely as might be desired,
and gave an undue importance to anatomy over experiment.
It was plain that the noise appeared to come from, or from near,
the head; the friction of proboscis and palpi had nothing to do
with it, as they could be held apart without affecting it. The
only movement associated with the noise was one of the under-
surface of the base of the abdomen; a similar movement, as an
ordinary respiratory one, occurred without any noise being
produced. I made search, however, amongst the air-sacs and
dilated tracheze of the thorax and abdomen without finding any-
thing to produce a sound. I then examined the spiracles which
have a very beautiful double valve of lacelike structure as an
outward protection, but could find nothing to suggest the
prothoracic spiracle as a squeaking organ, nor could I find
anywhere a _ stridulating surface. The corrugations of the
proboscis’ and palpi are rounded, and do not touch each other,
confirming the experimental proof that there is no_ stridulation
here. A strained extension of the proboscis did not Stopes
sound, but distinctly altered the note, rendering it certain
that the source of the sound was affected by the altered position.
The opposed edges of the two halves of the proboscis are
firmly held together, and no friction here causes the sound. In
the interior of the head, facing the lumen of the proboscis, is
an opening, capable of varying its form from nearly circular to
a narrow slit; this opens behind into a cavity of a diameter
of about zmm., lying immediately behind the clypeal region.
This cavity has walls of fairly fixed position, being conditioned,
below and laterally, by the surrounding chitinous structures of the
head, but above it is not in contact with the walls of the
into which it simply opens near the base of the trunk. We may further note here
Passerini’s experiment in which the abdomen was separated from the thorax, the
moth continuing to squeak, in spite of the mutilation.

* This author gives by far the best account of the real cause of the sound that

has been published. We were unfortunate in not being able to refer to it until our
own summary had been completed,

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 451

frons and vertex. The space here between the frons and_ this
special sac cavity is occupied by a sete mirabile of tracheal
tubes and over this area the roof of the sac is soft and flaccid,
and capable of considerable movement, so much as to amount
probably to complete collapse of the cavity when it is depressed.
This cavity appeared to be a dilated upper end of the csophagus,
its structure appearing to be continuous with the cesophagus,
but I did not succeed in passing a bristle from the cavity into
the cesophagus. The primary function of this cavity seemed
probably to be to produce a sucking vacuum at the base of the
proboscis to draw up honey or other fluids*, its method of action
being the alternate turgescence and exhaustion of the _ tracheal
spaces above and also around it, produced probably by the
abdominal movements, and utilised by the valvular action of its
openings. It seemed to me that air, either drawn into or expelled
from this sac through the valvular opening at the base of the
proboscis, was the cause of the cry. I entirely failed, however,
to obtain a view of this opening or chink during vocalisation
and so am unable to feel absolutely sure that this is really
a vocal organ. That my conclusion, however, is the same as
Mr. Moseley’s and was reached without the prompting of previous
information gives his view strong support.” Poulton is_ said
(Ent. Rec., xii., p. 350) to have asserted that, with a stethoscope
(for both ears) ending in a fine tube, he was able to locate the
sound, and that, when the tube is placed against the part whence the
cry comes, one is deafened by sound, whilst everywhere else over
the body it is very faint. His detailed conclusions agree with those of
Moseley. Ullyett notes ( L77¢. AZo. Mag., v., p. 171) that a specimen of JZ.
atropos, found in Folkestone Warren in September, 1868, was kept for a
few days and until it died a natural death. It frequently emitted the
sound peculiar to its species, always raising the thorax and bending
down the head and abdomen as it did so. When breathing its last,
it gave out a long succession of sounds, growing fainter and fainter,
just like a succession of breathings, giving one the impression that
the noise was produced not by friction, but by inspiration and respiration
of air. Ullyett says that it made the noise when he first had the moth
every time he merely touched it with his finger, but when it got accus-
tomed to such treatment it never made it without rather rougher
handling. Swinton also asserts (Zu¢. Mo. Mag., xiil., p. 219) that, when
the insect squeaks, the two large air-vesicles at the anterior part of the
abdomen are generally inflated by an unusual spasmodic compression
of the posterior segments beneath, and that the yellow fan or fascicle of
hairs, rising perpendicularly from a‘fold at either side, emits a pungent
scent of jessamine and expands to a stellate form. This action led
to the theories of Lorey and Nordmann, already noted, whilst its
appearance seems also to have led Wagner to conceive that air was
then forced into the cleft haustellum. This particular has a new value
now that we have Head’s note /anéed pp. 435-436) as to the mode of
copulation, and there would appear to beno doubt that the cry is utilised
by the sexes to attract each other, that, in nature, it is used when the

* Taschenberg is reported to have stated that he found a specimen of .i/.
atropos in a beehive, which squeaked quite loudly and distinctly, although its
‘* sucking-bladder ”’ was full of honey instead of air,

452 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

moth is excited or when the sexual instinct has been aroused, and that
the intimate connection that Swinton states to exist between the squeaking
and the diffusion of scent by theg (an undoubted sexual attraction),
points to the cry being used in nature in order to indicate the whereabouts
of the caller, a very necessary detail, probably, in the case of large
insects which are possibly in the imaginal state never exceedingly
abundant, and may be more or less isolated over a large area of
country. The other imaginal movements said by Swinton to
accompany the making of the sound, such as elevating the-abdomen,
depressing the wings, and throwing back the antenna, are ali more or
less generally common in certain lepidoptera when under the influence of
sexual excitement. In spite of these more recent (and in our opinion
conclusive) experiments, Aigner-Abafi (///us. Zeits. fiir Ent., iv., p. 355)
quotes Duges view (Physiologie comparée, 11., p 226) that the origin
of the sound is due to the rubbing together of the opposite halves
of the maxillz, and this Aigner-Abafi asserts is the true explanation.
He insists that the sound comes from the mouth, not in consequence
of air passing in and out, but by the rubbing together of the two halves
of the tongue which are so constructed that each has a concave and
a convex fold which, united, completely close the tongue, and thereby
made it suitable for sucking up its food; the chitin of the groove is,
he avers, quite smooth and the rubbing together of the two surfaces
generates the sound, and this occurs only when the moth is disturbed
or excited. We now add Swinton’s summary (evidently compiled
from Moseley’s (WVature) article) of the literature relating to the
subject (Zt. Mo. Mag., xil., p. 217). This reads asmiollower
Réaumur says (J/ém., 11., pp. 289 e¢ seg.) the sound is produced by
friction of the haustellum against the palpi; Roesel considers (/7s.-
Belustigung, \\1.,p. 16) that it is due to the friction between the abdomen
and thorax; Rossi (Opuscoli Scelti, v.. pp. 173 ef seg.) to expiration
of air from the haustellum ; Schréter (Der - Naturf., *xxigpe
66 ef seg.) to the friction of the haustellum and head ; Engramelle
says: (fap. ad Europe, it., pp. 84 e¢ seg.) that it proceeds from
the ‘‘‘spallette”; and lLorey (Godart’s ist. War (dese
lll,, Pp. 18-19) from expiration.at the base of the abdomens
Passerini (Osservaziont sopra la S. atropos, etc., Pisa, 1828) from
the haustellum, caused by expiration from a_ suction-cavity ;
Rochebrune’s. views (4c?¢. Soc. Linn. Gord., v., pp. 120-122) shave
nee been detailed at length ; Burmeister (Handb. der Entomologie,
p. 514) asserts that the seat of the voice is in the head ; Wagner
(Millers Archy, Gur “Piss > pp.) OC-o2)) uainiss that it as
due to expiration from the large vesicles at the anterior part of
the abdomen through the cesophagus and haustellum; Vallot and
Johet (L’lustetut, 11., p. 7) believe that it is produced by wing
percussion ; Duges (Z7azéé de Physiol. comparée, \\., p. 226) that it
proceeds from the friction of the opposite edges of the two halves of
the haustellum, whilst Nordmann reverts to the idea (Sud.
Acad, St. eters. i., pp. 164 ef seg.), that the Somme
Ghoys) Ko) expiration of air at the base of the abdomem
Duponchel and Guérin (dan. Soc. Ent. France, vii, 9am
59 e¢ seg.) then refute Passerini, and state that the sound
arises from the friction of the prothorax on the scutellum,
while Goureau (doc. cit, vi.. p. 66) asserts that it arises from

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 453

a crumpling of the plates forming the integument of the
abdomen, but in vol. vil., pp. 401 e¢ seg. he retracts and says
that the sound comes from the head, whilst in vol. ix., p. 125,
he thinks it may be a humming like that made by bees and
Mies: Abicot (/4v//. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 2, i., p. 50) refutes
Goureau, and Ghiliani (doc. c7¢., ser. 2, 11., pp. 1xxii-lxxiv) confirms
Passerini. Paris (4oc. cét., ser. 2,.1V., p. cxil) ascribes it to a fluid
forced up and down inside the haustellum with the assistance of the
palpi, whilst Landois (Ze7ts. fiir wissen. Zool., xvii., p. 162) originally
reverted to Réaumur’s view, saying that it is due to the friction of the
palpi against the haustellum. Vander Hoeven (77ds. Ent. Ned. Ver.,
ll., pp. 117-122) says that it proceeds from friction at the posterior end
of the haustellum; Westmaas (doc. ci¢., ill., pp. 120-124) completely
confirms Passerini and confutes Wagner ; Capronnier says (Az. Soc.
Ent. Belg,, x., C.R., pp. 16-17) that an imago with a deformed
head was mute. Newman, Johnson and Taylor (£77. i, 1865,
pp. 284, 325, &c ) repeat the theories of Rosel and Lorey, whilst
Moseley (/Vature, vi., pp. 151-153) confirms the theory of Passerini,
and gives a diagram and description of the cavity and its muscles.
Swinton himself points out (Z.JZ.M/, xiii., p. 218) that authorities are
divided as to whether the noise is really due to friction or expiration
He details at length Landois’ experiment with the palpi, and states
that, in good squeakers, he has invariably found a portion of the hair
at the outer edge of the basal joint ot the palpi worn, and also
that the sound of the file may, in some slight measure, be reproduced
after the death of the insect by a gentle friction. yYBERNAL
HABITS: As an expression of ignorance* we are inclined to
agree with Burrows (£u+. fec., xill., p. 156) that the species cannot
survive even the mildest English winter out-of-doors Tt. Burrows states
(oc. cit.) that, in forcing pupe in October, November and December,
a temperature of 60° F. produces the imago in four weeks, one of 70°-80°
F. the imago in two weeks, and go°-100° F. the imago in one week.
The higher the temperature the more moisture is required. Carelessness
in damping results in the loss of the whole stock. ‘Thus forced, the
earliest emergence has been obtained on September 15th, 1893,

* Corbett notes (Zt. Rec., xili., p. 278) that, for three consecutive years,
1899-1901, JZ. atropos was common in the Doncaster district, and, in the early
summer of I90I, an imago captured wild was brought to him, all of which he ~
thinks points to the species having existed naturally in the district for three years.

tT Burrows records (Zzt. Rec., vi., p. 291) that a pupa of JZ. atropos was
dug up in early March, 1895, it was dead, probably killed by the severe winter,
and all the tail segments were movable owing to the rottenness of the pupa. Glenny
notes (Ent. Rec., xill., p. 157) that a friend of his, with 82 pupz in the autumn of
1900, decided to keep them in a cool situation, trying to keep them as nearly as possible
so as to imitate their natural surroundings, the result being that every pupa had died
by February 20th, 1901. On the other hand, Cambridge obtained 3 pupe in August,
1900 (#nz., xxxiv., p. 227), kept them exposed in a room supplied with a fire, with
the result that one pupa died, a cripple emerged in October, the third emerged
perfect, July 11th, 1901. Bowles notes (Ent. Rec., ix., p. 61) that he bred 6 fine
imagines of J/. atropos in November, 1896, but adds that, as soon as the nights got
cold, he began to lose the pupz though the moths were almost matured and ready for
emergence; the pupze appeared to get numbed and feeble; he then put them in
a fairly uniform temperature of 80° F., and emergence commenced again.
Norgate says (loc. cit., p. 266) that he had an imago emerge on July 26th, 1897,
from an 1896 pupa, which had been kept indoors, whilst during the same winter
some 9 or 10 pupz which were left in their puparia, spun in earth in separate
flower-pots sunk in the ground and left out-of-doors, all died.

454 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the latest on January 6th, r90z. In 1go00, the forcing (60 to 70
pupe) was conducted at not more than 70° F., the first imago was
bred on October rath, and it was followed by others regularly
until November 12th, when about 12 remained, and, as these
began to die off, the heat was raised to about 80° F., and four
more appeared, the last as stated above, on January 6th, rgor;
but so much depends on individual constitution, time at which
forcing is begun, the fluctuation of temperature during the process,
that little value can be placed on any but the most detailed results.
Glenny records (/oc. czt., pp. 156 e¢ seg.) that, by the end of October,
1900, he had 184 pups, that many were injured, but that 62
perfect imagines and 15 cripples resulted, the pupz being placed
on slightly damped moss and kept in boxes on a kitchen mantelpiece,
and he thinks that they would force in a temperature of from
60° F. to 70° F., with this slight amount of moisture if it were
begun early enough, say in September or October. Bond-Smith,
however, points out (Zz. ec., vill., p. 244) that he had two
imagines emerge on the evening of October 8th, 1896, after an
exceedingly cold, rough and miserable day, from two pupz that
had only been down 7 weeks, were in quite dry sand, without
any moisture, and were in a very cool outhouse, |) iihemse
observes (/nzt., v., p. 143) that the larve that pupate by the
end of August have, with him, generally produced imagines during
October, and that a great proportion have been g‘s, whilst those that
have remained as pupz during the winter and emerged in May have
generally been 9s. He bases this generalisation largely on breeding
14. 9s and 3 gs im May, 1870. Anderson's experience) ( Zama
p. 188) in which he bred 1 9 in the autumn of 1877 and 6 g sand 1Q
in June, 1878, does not support this assertion, although, in a later
communication, Anderson notes ( £77., xix., p. 249) that, in the autumn
of 1885, he had several pupz, from which no imago emerged in the
autumn, but that 8 appeared between July 20th and August 3rd, 1886,
all@s. Glenny observes (zt. Fec., xill., pp. 157-158) that, of the 62
perfect examples he reared in the autumn and winter of 1900-1,
ro only were g's and52 2S. SO-CALLED BARREN @ Ss: Verloren claims
(L£nt., ui., p. 28) to have discovered that the abdomen was empty in
the @s that emerged in autumn, whilst those that come out in the
spring had swollen ovaries. [See, however, Réaumur, JZémoires, ii,
p. 296.] Newman asserts (£v/om., 11., p. 283) that the imagines
that emerge in October and November are, with rare exceptions,
barren 2s; the abdomen, he says, is an- empty “Cylinder
containing neither eggs nor ovary, but Doubleday notes (Zod,
p. 1862) that this is not always so and instances a @ that emerged
in the autumn and laid eggs, and also another @ bred after being
more than 12 months in the pupal stage that was barren. Newman
adds that all the @s bred or captured in June are abundantly
prolific, but we do not know that this is based on actual
dissection, and he does not give any evidence in favour of this view
nor of the statement that examples that emerge in the winter may live
till the following midsummer. In explanation of what he means
by “barren “9s,” Newman states: (/oc. cit, p.- 2097) “thatuaae
considers the autumnal imagines “are, with rare exceptions,
barren @s., 2¢., neither gs nor fertile 9s,” a most marvellous

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 455

and inaccurate statement as far as the #s are concerned. Double-
day states (Zoc. ci¢., p. 303) that he bred, on September 16th, 3 specimens,
Eg and 2 9s, both the @s being. barren, the abdomina
containing nothing but fatty matter just like those of gs. Merrin
also notes (/oc. ctt., p. 325) breeding eggless 9s in September, 1865.
Bartel says (fal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 4) that the imagines of
M. atropos (as also all other Sphingid imagines which exceptionally
emerge in autumn) have imperfectly-formed sexual organs, and are
consequently unfitied for reproduction, and asserts that the continuance
of the species is entirely dependent on hybernated pupz. He states that,
according to Kreye and Oudemans, who examined moths bred in
spring from hybernated pupz, the ovipositors of the 9s also proved to
be undeveloped, and quite unable to produce progeny. The con-
tinuance of the species in our latitudes, therefore, he concludes, depends
entirely upon immigrants fromthe south. There is little other proof, we
believe, that either the spring- or autumnal-emerging imagines have
imperfectly-formed sexual organs. On the other hand, we believe that
they are usually absolutely normal. The examples examined by
Kreye and Oudemans were possibly quite aberrational. Pabst (from
whom Bartel appears to have copied may of his facts), however, makes
the same statement ; he says that he forced 4 pupex, that 1g and 2?s
emerged in December and another ? on April rrth following ; he asserts
that ‘‘even the one which was so long in pupa, proved sexually sterile,
lacking the normal ovipositor.” He says that, both in the north and
south, the autumnal broods are infertile, the 2nd brood in the
north, the 3rd brood in the south. As bearing on these state-
ments of Newman and Bartel, so far as the reputed absence
of g autumnal emergences is concerned, Andrews notes (£v7zt,,
lll., p. 2) that he reared an imago in the autumn of 1865, that
it was examined by Houghton microscopically to see if it were a
g, and, if so, whether the genital organs were in any way imper-

feet, “and that he reported:. ‘‘‘The specimen is a ¢, and I ‘see
nothing abnormal in the structure of the genital organs; the bulb-
iiewtestes =. |. » were full of active Spermatozoa.” Chudleigh

notes (£7¢., xxix., p. 363) that he reared a moth on October sth,
1896, that he “‘fed it on honeycomb and a doll’s.saucer of water.
As days went by the colours improved wonderfully, the skull and
bones became singularly distinct,” &c. We do not know how the.
moth could feed on a “‘doll’s saucer,” nor do we suspect that, after the
first few hours after emergence, the skull and cross-bones became
more distinct than before. In the late autumn of 1900, Bacot kept
several moths alive (1) in a warm room (3 days), (2) in a cool room
(without fire), he gave them honey in abundance but they refused to
feed and only lived a few days (zm U#z.).

TIME OF APPEARANCE.—This is a tropical and_ subtropical *

* Many continental lepidopterists have agreed that the species has followed
the extended cultivated area of the potato in Europe, quite overlooking the fact that
the potato itself is an introduced plant, and that the larvee feed naturally on a host of
other indigenous plants (see ‘‘ Foodplants’”’). The species is a strong flier, often
passing out of its proper range, laying its ova on such foodplants as occur where it
happens to be, frequently on potato, because of its general distribution and common-
ness. The potato, by the nature of its cultivation, provides an abundance of food,
and, in suitable seasons, the larve thrive, the species only failing to make a permanent
home because the late larve and pupz fail to withstand the severity of our late
autumn and long winter climate.

456 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

species, apparently more or less continuously-brooded in its native
haunts T, but, in common with several other Sphingid species, it is
a well-known migrant, reaching, in the course of its wanderings
north, over the greater part of the Palzarctic area, whilst
extends to the southernmost point of Africa. The allied Asiatic
MM. styx, previously considered a variety of this species, is treated by
Jordan and Rothschild (fevzszon of Sphingidae, pp. 21 ef seg.) as
a distinct species. In the Palxarctic area, WZ. atropos appears to be
more or less partially triple-brooded in the most suitable seasons, z2.,
including the early May-June imagines which are occasionally
immigrant here, and which, in hot summers, produce imagines in
August and these again in October-November, or, as a continuous
brood, from August to November. In other years, the earliest imagines
do not appear till July-August, when the only race of home-bred
imagines is to be found in October-November, most of the larve
and. pupe coming to grief unless protected. Under artificial
conditions, and when protected, the autumnal pup give up their
imagines partly the same autumn and partly the next spring and
early summer, so that, however short may be the pupal stage in
its tropical haunts, such hybernating period as it has belongs to
the pupal stage. There seems to be a general opinion on the
continent that the July larve normally produce imagines in the
autumn of the same year, whilst the September-October larvz go
over the winter, ¢.g., Si€épi says (Feuzlles de Feunes Naturalistes, 1903)
that, ‘in the Bouches-du-Rhone district, the larve that pupate in
July emerge in September, those that pupate in September and
October, or later, go over until the following June,” but there is very
little, if any, evidence that pupe that go over the winter in a state
of nature do successfully emerge even in the south of Europe,
although records are not wanting that, in confinement, hybernating
pup successfully produce imagines without artificial heat, and with
only the protection of being kept in a room without a fire, ze.,
protected against actual frost. Thus we have Rashleigh recording
(Zool., ii. Pp. 473) an imago bred June 23rd, 1844, from a pupa of
the preceding year, at Horton Kirby. Goatley tells ~(Zool., v.,
p. 1863) of one imago emerging on October 11th, 1846, and another
on July 7th, 1847, from pupz obtained from larve that went down at the
end of July, 1846; Corbin also records (£xz., vi., p. 520) many larve
pupating well, all producing imagines in the autumn, except one pupa
which lived throughout the winter, and produced an imago in June,
whilst Colthrup, from larve of September, 1899, taken at Dover,
obtained imagines October 7th-18th, 1899, and Howe from
pupz of August, 1899, obtained imagines on September 16th and 18th,
1899, without any forcing. Anderson notes (£774. xi., p. 188) that, at

t Mathew wnites (27 Z7¢¢. ) : ‘* I think that, in the warm parts of the Mediterranean,
the species may be continuously-brooded for I have found the larvze very small in
November and December when I have been shooting in Asia Minor. In Britain,
all the pupz that I have ever had, have produced their imagines in autumn, or, if they
have attempted to pass the winter in the pupal state, have died before the early
summer, and, in 1901, when I kept a number of pupz out-of-doors in as natural a
state as possible, at Dovercourt, all perished. It seems probable, therefore, that ova
deposited in spring here are from parents that have crossed the English Channel or
North Sea ; the build of the moth suggests that it must be a very rapid flier, so that
a passage across the sea woulc occupy only a very short time.”

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 457

Chichester, he had 10 pupe in August and September, 1877,
and that, without forcing, one emerged in November, another matured
at the same time, but died without disclosing the imago, that, by the
following April (1878), two pupe had died and one moth was
found dead in the cocoon, the others being then taken into a greenhouse
when imagines emerged as follows: June 18th g, June 23rd
Fee zit G. june 25th 3, June’ 28th ¢,- June 2oth ¢,
pee imly sta go. Livetts note ( /77., xix.,. p. 126) on forcing
pupe, suggests that his would naturally have gone over the
winter, for, although forced from October, the moths emerged
December 19th, January 7th, February ist, and March - arst,
whilst one other pupa died on March 14th just as the imago
was ready for emergence, further, in 1896, the same observer
notes that he similarly forced pupze from September and obtained
imagines on November 4th, December znd-7th, 1896, and January
Ist and toth, 1896. Cambridge also states (Hv¢., xxxiv., p. 227)
that, of two pupz obtained from larve in August, 1900, and
treated similarly (kept in room heated by ordinary fireplace), one
emerged in October, 1900, and the other on July «r1th, 1901, at
Bloxworth; whilst, in 1896, Newnham obtained from 6 pup, 5 imagines
in October and one on April 17th, 1897, the pupe being kept in
the house and the moss covering them slightly damped. Again,
comparing the records from the Marseilles districts with our own records,
we find that Siépi notes that, at Marseilles, his earliest capture of the
imago wild, has been on June 7th, his latest on September 24th,
his earliest bred example appearing on June 6th (from a larva that
pupated on October 20th the preceding year), whilst he also bred an
imago on August 23rd that pupated at the end of July. Oftforced pup
(kept at a dry heat of 20° C.) he has had them emerge as early as
November 14th and as late as April 14th. Powell states (zz Uitt.)
that the larve are found at Hyeres in October and November,
but that the late examples do not mature; from two larve taken
nearly fullfed on October 31st and November Ist, 1902, two healthy
pupe, however, resulted, which were kept out-of-doors all winter,
exposed to-all weathers and all temperatures, and from these two ima-
gines emerged, one on May 3oth, 1903, the other on June 3rd, yet, he
says, one rarely sees the imago here at large nor has he ever seen
the larve before September and has taken them quite young
in October, so that they can hardly be the progeny of May-
June emergences, although he has never himself taken, nor heard
of anyone else taking, summer-feeding larve, but at Entrevaux,
from July 13th, 1903, onwards, he obtained 7 fullgrown larve (4 of
which were ichneumoned) the 3 others pupating and producing imagines
(13,225) in August of the same year. Yet, across the Mediterranean,
Blackmore found larve maturing all through the winter and
spring of 1869-70, in Morocco, and spring imagines emerging in
due course in March-April. But 170 years ago, the species
appears to have occurred in the Paris district much as it occurs
with us now, for Réaumur records (Wémoires, 11., p. 295) fullfed larvae,
from Nainvilliers on July 16th, 1734, that pupated between July 17th
and z4th, the pupz producing imagines that did not lay eggs, in
Paris, between September 5th and October 29th, and adds that, in
nature, the imagines are disclosed about the end of September

458 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

and commencement of October, but Viret notes that, although the
insect occurs generally in September in the Seine-Inférieure, yet it is
occasionally captured in April. South of the equator at Durban,
14 larve, fullfed in January, tgo01, only produced 2 perfect
imagines one of which emerged on February 18th, the other on
February 25th, the pupal stage having lasted 21 days; in May, 1gor,
7 larve of the next brood pupated (the last on May 26th) and all
emerged in September, two on the 7th, one each on the goth, 13th, 16th,
1gth, and z2oth, after a pupal period of 4 months, so that here
also the hybernation appears to be a pupal one (Leigh, £ut,
XXXiv., p. 348). Our dates show pretty conclusively that the
earliest European arrivals (or emergences) vary from year
to year (in some years the species is entirely absent in the
greater part of Europe), but usually appear to be in May and June,
e.g, Mathew records a specimen taken on board a cruiser off
Southwold, on April 28th, 1903 (Z7., xxxvi.,; p. 102); )éce) autem
other records see aufed pp. 439 ef seg.) If the weather be fine on
their arrival they lay eggs at once, and larve are found in July,
imagines in August, larve again in August, September, and
October, imagines (very few in proportion to the number of
larve sometimes captured) in September, October, and November.
It is from this late brood that most of the forced examples
raised in Britain and central Europe are obtained. But many
lepidopterists of central and eastern Europe believe that the species
is sedentary with them. Fuchs discusses (Zm#. Zezt. Guben, 1890,
no. 10) this point and concludes that it is indigenous in Lower Austria,
whilst on the whole, too, Aigner-Abafi thinks (Z//us. Zeit. fir Lnt.,
iv., p. 212) that the species is sedentary in Hungary, surmising
that the species is sufficiently abundant every year in some
variable central area where imagines are not uncommon, that the
few spring imagines, which are, he asserts, very fruitful, come from these
centres, although the great mass of the hybernating pupz must perish.
The fact’ that imagines have been ‘capturea in | June; 2eonueen
Aschaffenburg (S.2.Z., 1887, p. 257), Coblenz (Zu/. Zeit. Gudben, vi.,
p. 32), Meissen (/7ts, v., p. 396), appears to us only to support our
own view, and not to prove, as Fuchs holds, that the pupe from which
these came wintered where the imagines were found. Pabst appears
to hold the view that we ourselves have suggested as that
best met by the evidence. He suspects the spring immigrants
into Europe to be largely gravid @s; he further considers that,
in its most southern localities, the species is_ triple-brooded,
imagines appearing (1) at the end of May, (2) at the end of
July, and (3) at the end of August and beginning of September,
this latter being only a partial brood. He says that, at Vienna (¢éesée
Fuchs) and at Dresden (ées/e Steinert), the moths do not appear
from hybernating pupe until the end of June, and that their progeny
produce imagines that appear partly in autumn and partly not
until after the winter, whilst Unzicker, who reared the species
from eggs laid by a ? found in May, states (Zut. Zeit. Guben,
1892, p. 82) that, of the imagines reared from these eggs, part
emerged between October 17th and November 7th, the rest not
until the following spring, and Gauckler, who obtained larve
in August, 1883, at Hirschfeld, bred the imagines between September

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 459

16th and November 17th, 1883, and caught imagines, at light, at the end
of September and commencement of October in 1889, at Carlsruhe and
September 27th, 1896, and the following days, at the same place.
Bartel says (Fal. Gross-Schmett., ii, p. 19) that, in southern
countries, the larve are to be found continuously from July to
December and early January, he also states that the imagines
Emerge i central Europe from the end of July to October
(but in southern countries in November and December), whilst
hybernating pupze disclose their imagines from April to mid-July.
That the occurrence of the species in central Europe is much the
same as in Britain is shown by the following records: June and
again in October at Schwerin, May-June and September-October at
Halle, in the spring very rare, in September-October, abundant at
Leipzig, in May-June and September-October in Thuringia, in May
and then very abundantly in September-October in Alsace, in May-June
and September-October at Eperies and Budapest, in May-June and again
in August in the Haute-Garonne. The Tuscany record — May,
rare and again from August-October commonly—is not unlike our
own, but there are records for ‘‘end ot May,” ‘“ September-October,”
and ‘‘ December,” for Sicily, where evidently southern conditions
begin to prevail. The southern localities give “commencement of
Maye ator Algera, “ Apnl? for Fiume, .“* May” for Chiclana, &c.,
and May specimens are also recorded for Frankfort-on-Main, but they
probably only mean immigrants corresponding with our own earliest
recorded examples. In Roumania, August and September are noted,
at Aix-les-Bains, July and August, in Transcaucasia, July to September,
whilst the Eutin records are July to November. Fritsch gives
dates varying from August 9th-November r2th, mainly, however, in
September and October, for Austro-Hungary; he also has a record
from Oberhaag for March 1: 6th, and one from Weissbriach from which
he draws the remarkable conclusion that the moth appears to hybernate,
an idea hinted at by Réaumur (JZémoires, ii., p. 296) but without
evidence ; Aigner-Abafi quotes a few spring dates for Hungary, wz.,
May 30th-July 14th at Budapest, June at Gidenburg, end of April for
Fiume; he adds, however, that it is most abundant from the com-
mencement of September to the middle of October, ¢.g., August 1oth-
October r4th at Budapest, August 1st-8th at Funfkirchen, &c. He puts
(Lllus. Zeits. fiir Lnt., iv., p. 211) the pupal period of the earliest-
formed pupe at 3 weeks, the late pupe, he says, hybernate, the pupal
stage lasting 286-290 days, but these pupe he says rarely produce
imagines unless forced. We may add that Ochsenheimer (Dee
Schmett., \\., p. 236) records a case in which the pupal stage lasted
113 months. Hudak gives dates from September 3rd to October 18th,
for Golnitz, and Himsl notes September and again in mid-November for
Upper Austria; Bachmetjew says that the insect is rare in Sofia in
June, but sometimes common in October. The mass of the German,
Austrian and French records, however, are for July - August,
or August-September, or August - October, and one suspects
that a study of our own detailed records will give as good ground
for generalisation as those of Germany, Austria, or France, but
neither the appearance of the species in our own, nor those in other
countries, have been kept with sufficient accuracy to be of real scientific
service. One point, however, bearing strongly on the view that the

460 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

species is not sedentary, and does not pass the winter naturally
in central and northern Europe, is the fact that almost all places
recorded as producing the species in the spring, are marked as
“rare,” or “very rare,’ whilst, in the autumn, they are marked
as ‘‘common” or ‘very common,” with, however, some quali-
fication relating to the uncertainty of appearance, ¢.g., the standard
records for the Netherlands (Snellen), Switzerland (Frey), Brunswick
(Heinemann), &c. Derenne’s record for 1901, of larve in June
in several localities in Belgium, the imagines occurring the following
September suggest an egglaying period in May, and does not
disagree much from that of Newman’s record (£77, i1., p. 283)
where he says: ‘Imagines in June, larve pupating July-August,
most of the imagines emerging from October tst-26th, the rest later at
irregular periods.” This variation in the length of the pupal period is
a very real one, for forced pupz respond very differently under the same
forcing stimulus, ¢.g., Pabst notes that, of 4 pupa from larve that had
gone to earth almost at the same time and were forced, 19 emerged
December 1st, another 9 December 7th, a g December 2oth, and a 9
April r1th. The following dates of appearance from foreign sources
may prove interesting : a 2 imago on October 25th, 1900, at Guernsey
(Lowe), on August 11th, 1885, a specimen came on board ship when at
anchor off Algiers (Mathew), imagines September 16th, 3oth,
October rst, 20th, 1900, at Pont-de-l’Arche (Dupont), June gth, 1go1,
a specimen was taken on board ship off the north coast of Sicily
(Fletcher), September 11th, 1892, at Chiasso (Knecht), October
13th, 1892, at Berne (Benteli), October 24th, 18930 ausaeume
(Hiltbold), July-August, 1896, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), two imagines
captured about September 29th, 1897, at Josnes, Loir-et-Cher
(Harrison), imago flying in a room at St. Jean-de-Luz, Basses-Pyrénées,
on August 29th, 1899 (Dupont). In Britain—September 22nd, 1842,
at Heaton Park, another at Stalybridge about same time (Edleston),
bred June 23rd, 1844, from pupa of preceding year at Horton
Kirby (Rashleigh), September 15th, 1845, at Long Benton (Bold),
April 18th, 1846, at Land’s End (Noye), May 6th, 1846, at Barton-
on-Heath (Goatley), May 30th, 1846, at sea, off the Casket Rocks
(Bennington), August 7th, September 8th, 25th, 1846, at Land’s
End (Noye), 11 larva, 15 pupa, and 3 imagines between August
tst-October 6th, 1846, at Chelmsford (Greenwood), 2gs August,
1846, at Hythe (Harding), October 12th, 1846, at Bristol (Vaughan),
bred end of August-September 7th, 1846, at Ely (Fisher), bred
October 11th, 1846, another July 7th, 1847, from larve that went
down end of July, 1846, at Chipping Norton (Goatley), bred
October 15th and 26th, 1848, from larve that pupated in July
at Worcester (Curtler), June 12th, 1856, a fine specimenuyan
the rocks near Scarborough (Langcake), June 28th, 1856, near
Merthyr Tydvil (Parry), imago on July goth, 1856, in the Isle of
Wight (Jnz, 1. p. 139), bred August 6th, 1856, at Shanklin
(Trimen), imago September 3rd, 1856, near Hayton (Armstrong),
August, 1857, several at Topsham (Stanton), larva pupated at
Leeds, end of August, 1857, and imago emerged October rith, 1857
(Taylor), larve in August, 1857, at Ilfracombe, fullfed rst week
in September, emerged from October 5th, 1857, onwards (Mathew),
May 30th, 1858, a fine specimen apparently just emerged at

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 461

Osborne (Winchester), July 22nd, 1858, at Canbury Fields, Kingston
(Gower), bred September 7th-October roth, 1858, from larvze found
at Brighton, July 3oth-August 13th, and which pupated August
2oth-21st (Image), 50 perfect imagines and 13 cripples bred between
September roth-November 27th, 1858, at Worcester (Edmunds),
measeand 5 9s forced between September roth-2sth, 1858, at
temperature of 72°-80°F. at Greenwich, the pupz laid between layers
of wet moss (Groves), imago, September 13th, 1858, 9, 6” from tip
to tip, at Windsor (Tyrer), September 15th, 1858, bred from pupa
obtained at Woodford in August, 1858 (Thomas), from pupz of the
year imagines commenced emerging September 17th, 1858, at Ashford
(Russell), on September 18th, 1858, imagines, pups and larve were
alive together, three imagines emerging on that date at Newark
(Gascoyne), imago September 2oth, 1858, from larva that buried July
17th, at Woolwich, another imago September 2oth, 1858, on rail of
ship in Woolwich Dockyard (Potter), September z2oth, 1858, at
Ryde (Moon), imago September 2oth, 1858, at Sharnbrook (Graham),
bred two imagines September 21st, 1858, at Spring Hill (Hensman),
September 22nd, 1858, imago emerged after pupal stage of 51 days
at Sheffield (Laycock), September, 1858, at Witney (Stone), first
appearances of imagines September 3oth and October 1st, 1858,
at Selby (Hobson), October ist, 1858, one recently dead on the
beach at Hythe (Briggs), emerged October 3rd, 1858, from larva
that pupated on surface of ground on August 21st, at Epsom (Rogers),
two imagines bred October 3rd, 1858, at Barnstaple (Mathew),
October oth, 1858, at Fenchurch Street (Reynolds), October 12th,
1858, at Hackney, at light (Hall), October 23rd-25th, 1858, bred
at Newark (Gascoyne), [bred March 7th-15th, 1859, at Sandbach
from pupeze said to have been found in January at Leicester
(Heap),] imago emerged April 11th, 1859, from pupe kept in
a hothouse all autumn and winter, other pupze kept in the
hothouse emerged the previous autumn (Smith), imago emerged
July 14th, 1859, from a larva found August, 1858, at Petersfield
(Floud), September, 1859, at Bayswater (Allchin), September 17th,
1859, a g taken wild, another bred on the previous day at Newark
(Hadfield), October 5th-30th, 1859, seven imagines bred at Worcester
(Edmunds), October 9th, 1859, at Twickenham (Boscher), October
roth, 1859, @ taken at Woolwich (Potter), October 18th, 1859,
at Horndean (Hawker), May 23rd, 1860, picked up alive on the-
sea, and but little damaged by water off St. Leonards (Kent),
Semecmimer 301. 160, at — Folkestone \.( Briggs’), June 3rd,
1865, at Glenarm (Brunton), June, 1865, at Brighthampton
(Stone), September, 1865, at Ipswich (Last), September 15th,
1865, at Wandsworth, October 4th, 1865, at Clapton (J. A. Clark),
Ig imagines emerged by September 26th, 1865, from Jarve found at
Worcester (Edmunds), August 13th, 1865, animago found at Lytham,
and another on September 8th (Gregson), imagines September roth,
1865, from larve found at Epping, in July (Doubleday), 7 larve in July,
1865, at Gloucester, pupated and 5 emerged during September, 2's
and 3 2 s, another ? caught at Gloucester on October 3rd, 1865 (Merrin),
reared larve, from which about a dozen imagines had emerged,
at Woodbridge, by October 11th, 1865 (Browne), 6 imagines during
the week ending October 7th, 1865, at Henley-on-Thames (Stubbs),

462 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

one about October 7th, 1865, at Pevensey, and others at Eastbourne
on October rzth, at Seaford on October 1oth, and yet another at East-
bourne on October 14th (Dutton), September 3rd, 1866, at Cambridge
(J. A. Clark), July 6th, 1867, at Lewes (Jenner), imago July 7th,
1867, at Cockermouth (Mawson), September 12th, 1867, at Burley
(Liversidge), September 12th, 1867, g at Leeds (Wilson), October
5th, 1867, at. Halifax (Baxendale), September 27th; (e8@e see
Dumfries (Lennon), June 24th, 1869, from larve found at Folkestone
September 1st-8th, 1868 (Briggs), July 6th, 1869, an imago at
Lewes (Jenner), one on November 6th, 1870, at Mansfield
(Daws), September’ ist, 1871, at Oxton (Studd)=egauemes
emerged October 23rd, 13871, trom Lyndhurst Janwaqey(eeee
v., p. 428), one November, 1874, at Reading (Holland), September
7th, 1875, in Parliament Street (Duprey), emerged October 3oth,
1875, from larva found at Mapledurham on August 26th (Holland),
September 27th, 1876, at Exeter (Hellins), just before October 21st,
1876, at Folkestone (Giles), May zoth, 1877, at Welbeck Abbey
(Rolfe), August roth, 1877; at . Ipswich (Miller)) Seam
September, 1877, an imago in the Scilly Islands (Crewe),
May 6th, 1878, on South Devon coast (Walker), May
gth, 1878, imago near seashore at Glenarm Castle (Brunton),
imago May 18th, 1878, at Harwich (Kerry), June 8th, 1878, at
Schull (Flemyng), August zoth, 1878, at Douglas (Birchall),
September 17th, 1878, on a voyage at sea between Scarborough
and Penzance (Daws), June 4th, 1879, at Coolinge (Cheesman),
September, 1879, off coast of Harwich (Frohawk), about September
18th, 1879, at Ascham (Pritchard), June, 1880, at Jedburgh (Elliot),
June roth, 1881, at Manchester (Axon), June rgth, 1881, at Higher
Broughton (Credland), August roth, 1881, at Melton, October roth-
November rst, 1881, at Aylestone (Bouskell), October roth-November
Ist, 1881, at Portland (Sykes), May znd, 1882, near Royal Exchange,
London (Sayer), imagines very common at Deal, in the autumn, of
1882, (Hall), September, 1882, near Gifford (Brotherston), September
24th, 1882, at Culleenamore (Russ), October 2nd, 1882, at Grantham
(Treadgold), September 14th, 1883, at Edinburgh (Carter), September
17th, 1883, at Chichester (Anderson), September 2oth, 1883, at
Parkeston (Kerry), end of September, 1883, at Canterbury
(Kingsford), October, 1883, at Woolston (Butt), imago June
14th, 1884, -at Chichester (Anderson), imago June Sai
1884, at Culleenamore (Russ), bred July a2rst, 1884, from
larva found September, 1883, at Chichester (Anderson), September
6th, 1884, at Derby (Nixon), 3 imagines taken on vessel far from
land in North Sea (Cordeaux, /Va¢., August, 1884), September 8th,
1884, at Girlington (Carter), September zoth, 1884, at Deal (Harbour),
October 22nd, 1884, at Liverpool (Cooke), imagines June 27th, 1885,
at Leicester (Rowley), August rath, 1885, at Abbotsbury (Hopson),
larva September znd, 1885, at Christchurch, pupa forced and imago
emerged, November zgth (Druitt), September roth, 1885, at Caledon
(Johnson), September 28th, 1885, at Branstone (Nowers), 8 pupa in
1885, 5 of which were forced from the last week in October, imagines
emerged on December rgth, January 7th, February 1st and March
21st, the other died, at Wells (Livett), November roth, 1885, at
Christchurch (Adye), bred January z2nd-5th, 1886, from pupz kept

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 463

at temperature of 60°-70° F. (Dobson), bred February 8th, 1886, at
Lewes (Nicholson), May 18th, 1886, in Greenwich (Levett), June
r4th, 1886, at Sligo (Russ), August rst, 1886, from pupa obtained
September 22nd, 1885, at Leatherhead (Briggs), July zoth, 26th,
Boia, Aueust ard, 1836, all 9s, from larve found at Chichester,
in the autumn of 1885 (Anderson), larva autumn of 1885, at
Reading, pupated, imago appeared July 24th, 1886 (Butler), August
rith, 1886, at Folkestone (J. A. Clark), June znd-5th, 1886, from
pupz, kept in temperature of 60°-70°F. (Newnham), about October 1st,
1886, at Howth (Fetherstonhaugh), September 25th, 1886, at
Oxwellmains (Evans), 4 larve 1886, at Leominster, three pupated
and produced imagines about the middle of September, the 4th
emerged November 6th (Hutchinson), larve from August goth, 1887, 7
imagines bred October, 1887, at Brentwood (Burrows), September 2nd,
1887, at Portlana (Sykes), a 2 on September 12th, 1887, at Christchurch
(Adye), 2 imagines September, 1887, at Galashiels (Pringle),
September 15th, 1888, at Maldon (Furbank), September 17th and
roth, 1888, at Bexhill-on-Sea (Howe), an imago in the spring of
1889, at Taunton (Farrant), several larve at Hornsea, end of
August, 1889, Ist imago emerged November rst, all had emerged
but one by November zoth (Inchbald), September, 1889, distributed
in the Isle of Wight (Hodges), imago October 18th, 1889, from
larva found at Blandford in August (Smith), October a2ist, ?,
October 22nd, @ , November 17th, 1889, at Gosport (Pearce), emerged
at Maldon, July z2nd, 1890, from pupa obtained from iarva found
feeding on Lycium in 1889 (Fitch), a g taken at Selsey, September
24th, 1890 (Anderson), June 15th, 1891, near Chichester (Anderson),
June zgth, 1891, at Musselburgh (Evans), August 29th, 1891, at
Barnsley (Brady), September 25th, 1891, at Ripon (Chapman), imago
October 8th, 1891, at St. Anne’s-on-Sea (Baxter), about October rath,
1891, at Gosport (Mackett), imago taken at Laxey Glen, October
pend rag (Clarke), a’ g on October 22nd, 1891, at: Maidstone
(Sandlin), imago July 27th, 1892, at Morpeth (Finlay), June rst,
1893, at Kibworth (Cruttwell), two larve, August 15th, 1892, at
Folkestone, one died, the other emerged October 14th, 1892 (Burne),
g imago emerged about October 14th, 1892, from pupa found at
Clevedon (Mason), imago September 2nd, 1893, at Seaford (Hill),
larve July r5th-19th, 1893, imagines bred September 15th-October gth,
1893, one caught September 23rd, at Rainham (Burrows), October roth —
and rith, 1893, at Corfe Castle (Bankes), imago July 2nd, 1894, at
Bramfield (Pyett), imago August 14th, 1894, at Fremington (Bunn),
larve August gth-17th, pupz September 2nd-12th, imagines bred
October toth-December 15th, 13894; also larve July 2oth-25th,
imagines bred October 17th, &c., 1895, at Rainham (Burrows),
image sepiemmecr 2nd, lidg5, at, Tramore (Power), September
ii edn swat ote enes )Chrohawk) September 17th, «S05,
at Kingston-on-fhames (Wollstein), September zoth, 1895, at
Bessbrook (Johnson), September azst, October 4th-28th, 1895,
dim iescOnn (htecmam), september 22nd; and October 2 rst,
1595, Cumberland (fF. Ho Day), September 24th, 18095, at Hast
Croydon (Hall), imagines September 29th, 30th, October 15th (2),
Oconene roumy, jrd95, at Market. Drayton ~ (Woodforde),
mare, October 3rd, 1695, at Colyford - (Chope), . one

464 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

imago last week in September, 1895, at Chichester (Anderson),
imago at rest about October 11th, 1805, Jat ~ @levedem
(Mason), October roth, 1895, at Walthamstow Ch. Ae Clark),
October, 1895, at MHuddersfield (Porritt), October 28th, 1895, in
Devonshire (T. Briggs), fullgrown larva August 23rd, 1895, pupated
and an imago emerged November 17th, at Little Smeaton (Brady),
July 3rd, 1896, at Elgin (Brown), beginning of July, 1896, at Harelaw,
near Aberlady (Evans), a fine imago emerged July 17th, 1896,
from an 1895 pupa from Chichester (Anderson), July 18th, 1896,
at King’s Lynn (Atmore), August Ist, 1896, at Ringwood’ (Fowler),
imago just before August 6th, 1896, near Ballindud (Bonaparte-
Wyse), August roth-11th, 1896, at Lewes (Leech), September,
1896, at Giffnock (Dalglish), September, 1896, one at Tonge Colliery
and one at Astley Bridge, near Bolton (Whitaker), imago early
September, 1896, at Littlehampton (Helps), September gth, 1896,
at Swanage (Hall), September 9th, 1896, at Egg Buckland (Briggs),
September roth, 1896, at Bishopton (Angus), September, 1896,
at Springhill (Evans), September 11th, 1896, at Culross (McGregor),
a wild imago caught September 13th, 1896, at Elrington (Walker),
imago taken wild September 14th, 1896, at Sandown (Prout), imago
caught at Framweligate Moor, September 16th, 1896 (Maddison),
imago September 17th, 1896, at Bradford (Carter), September 18th,
1896, at Edinburgh (Burn), one captured at Douglas on September
26th, 1896, others taken at Sulby on October 3rd, and on October
14th, at Ramsay (Clarke), larve July zoth-27th, imagines bred October,
1896, at Rainham (Burrows), of some 30 pupe at Beverley in 1896,
forced, six imagines emerged five in October and one April 17th, 1897
(Newnham), October, 1896, at Hayling Island (May), imago emerged
on October 3rd, 1896, from a larva taken at Whitchurch, which pupated
July 21st (Griffiths), two emerged October 8th, 1896, in a cool outhouse
at Potton (Bond-Smith), imago emerged October 15th, 1896, forced from
larva which pupated September 15th, temperature of water kept at
about 105°F. (Heath), 13 larve obtained in Lincolnshire in the autumn
of 1896, 9 successfully pupated and 6 fine moths emerged by October
8th (Brady), imago October 15th, 1896, from West Purley, Wimborne
(Chudleigh), bred October roth, 24th, 27th, 1896, at Reading
(Butler), bred three, one emerged October 31st, 1896 (Prout), bred
from larva found at Hythe, emerged (forced) November, 1896 (Adkin),
November 25th, 1896, from a larva found at Walthamstow (J. A.
Clark), 4 pupze in September, 1896, placed in greenhouse, with day
temperature of 60°-70° F. and night temperature of 50°-60° F., all
four emerged in November, 1896 (Christy), April-June, 1897, in
Alderney (Wells), June t2th, 1897, at Paisley (Ross), July 2oth, 1897,
from an 1896 pupa, at Bury St. Edmunds (Norgate), three imagines
emerged July 26th, 1897, from 1896 pup, at Chichester (Anderson),
imago September 2nd, 1897, at Patricroft, near Manchester (Buckley),
September 3rd, 1897, at Stromness (Cheesman), September, 1897, at
Galashiels (Haggart), July 14th, 1898, at Corsemalzie, another on July
rgth, at Quhillart (Gordon), larva in August, 1898, at Staithe, went
down in September, kept in a cool place and emerged July 14th,
1899 (Lofthouse), September, 1898, an imago at Dorking (Oldaker),
September, 1898, at Lochwinnoch (Dalglish), September rath, 1898,
in the Scilly Isles (Adkin), September 30th, 1898, at Paul (Daws),

i

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 465

imago October 3rd, 1898, at Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-Beeching), October
toth, 1898, at Castle Carrock (Routledge), October rath, 1898, at
Middlesborough (Sachse), October 14th, 1898, at Quhillart (Gordon),
October 21st, 1898, at Warwick, near Carlisle (F. H. Day), imago
middle of May, 1899, at Chester (Arkle), June rst, 1899, at Little
Salkeld (Britten), larvz from July 24th, 1899, through August, one imago
emerged under natural conditions on September zoth, 1899, the others
apparently going over the winter (Atmore), imagines August 21st,
1899, in Sutherland (Christy), larva August 23rd, 1899, at Thornaby,
went down August 27th, imago emerged indoors on November 1ogth,
1899 (Lofthouse), August 1899, at Marlow (Cardinall), imago emerged
September. 1st, 1899, from a larva taken at Easton-in-Gordano,
which pupated July 2gth (Griffiths), 7 pupze from Angmering,
gave 5 imagines during September and October, 1899 (Dollman),
a dozen pup, September 3rd-5th, 1899, from Long Sutton district,
imagines emerged September 25th, 26th, 28th and on (Brooks),
September 7th, 1899, very vociferous, at Guernsey (Luff), two pupz
on September 12th, 1899, at Penarth, one emerged on September
16th, the other on the 18th (Howe), imago emerged, forced, on
September 17th, 1899, at Dover (Stockwell), September 18th, 1899, at
Hereford (Pilley), 2 at Chichester, September rgth, 1899 (Anderson),
September zoth, 1899, at Timoleague (Donovan), three emerged,
forced, between September 2rst and October 1st, 1899, from
Emsworth (Christy), September 25th, 1899, at High Wycombe
(Peachell), September 27th, 1899, at Painswick (Watkins), ¢ on
September 30th, 1899, at Penzance (Daws), imago on October 6th,
1899, at Dover (Shaw), imagines emerged, without forcing, from
Dover pupz on October 7th-18th, 1899 (Colthrup), three pupz the
first week of October, 1899, at Waltham Cross, one emerged at once,
another directly afterwards, the third died (Bowles), imago
at Padworth, October oth, 1899 (Garrett), three imagines
emensed about the middle of October, 1899, from pupz
found at Sudbury in September (Ransom), imagines emerged
October 14th and December 3rd, 1899, from larve found
September rst-25th, at Mundesley (James), imago emerged Novem-
ber 12th, 1899, from a larva found at Broadstairs on August 3oth
(Russell); Kay notes one imago in the spring of 1900, at Hayton,
and Whitaker one on the night of June 18th, 1900; June 23rd,
Ig00, at South Leverton (Thornley), July roth, 1900, at Kilmarnock |
(Rose), August 4th, 1900, at Scarborough (Lownsboro), August
Igth, 1900, at Boston Spa (Prince), 26 larve at Stowmarket in July
and early August, 1900, pupated, forced, first imago emerged September
28th, 1900, others continued till end of October, when 23 imagines had
emerged, 2 pupz were dead and one appeared to be going over
the winter (Baker), larve August znd to October 12th, pupe
October 6th-2oth, imagines bred October 12th, 1900-January 6th, 19o1,
at Mucking (Burrows), August 26th, 1900, at Hampstead (Hopson),
August 30th, 1goo, at Horsforth (White), August 30th, 1900, at
Keighley (Longton), imago September 18th, 1900, at Hereford
(Pilley), September 2oth, 1900, at Glasgow (Dalglish), Sep-
tember 2oth, 1900, bred at Sandwich (/es/e Colthrup), September
26th, 1g00, at Emsworth (Christy), imago September oth,
1900, at Timoleague (Donovan), larva August 27th, 1900, at

GI

466 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

Natland, pupated and produced imago on October 3oth, larve August
25th, at Low Foulshaw, August 3o0th-31st, at Helme Lodge, near
Kendal, September rst-8th in Kendal; also several pupe in Kendal
district from October 5th-November 3rd, 1900, 4 of those obtained
in August as larve buried in moist cocoanut fibre from September
Ath-6th, during October and November the box was placed every day
before sitting-room fire (sometimes up to go°F.), imagines appeared
— g on November 11th about 9 p.m., g¢ November 12th about 9 p.m.,
g November 16th about 12 p.m., @ November 24th about 9 p.m.
(Moss), imago in the Strand, London, October 3rd, 1900 \ Doncaster),
bred on October 18th, roth, 24th, 25th, 1900, from larve taken at
Margate (Russell), several fullfed larva between August 1oth-2oth,
these pupated, and, from October 15th-22nd, 1900, three emerged,
forced, at Feering Bury (P. C. Reid), October 22nd, 1900, in York
(Hawkins), imago emerged October 21st, 1900, from larva found
at Mundesley on September 2nd, another imago emerged October
23rd, 1900, from larva from Waldringfield (James), imagines bred
from November gth, 1900, pupe kept at fairly constant temperature
of go°F., at Kendal’ (littlewood), 120 pupe im ihe autem
of 1900 at Market Drayton, from these 30 imagines emerged
after forcing, the earliest in the beginning of November, 1900, and
the last im early May, 1oo1, when three livine pulpzesuiliigme:
mained (Woodforde), many larve in September, rg00, on October
15th fourteen pupz were placed in forcing apparatus, and
SSMS Oocoumecl ING vemos ws, ©. November ard, aie
November 7th, two, November 11th, one, November 12th a g@,
November 13th a 9, November 14th a 9, November 15th another,
and on November 16th the last, the rest of the pupz died (Cowl),
June 2nd, 1901, at Murchison (Evans), June 7th, 1901, at Blaxton
(Corbett), June 8th, 1901, at Castlesides (Almond), June 18th, r9o1,
at Worsborough Bridge (Whitaker), a specimen taken at Middles-
borough, June roth, 1901, another at Saltburn in the latter part of
September (Lofthouse), imago September 7th, tg901, at Ardpeaton
(Evans), bred September 9th, 1901, at Bonhill (Malloch), many larve
on August 8th, imago September r4th, zgo1, at Hartlepool (Robson),
? imago taken at large on September 17th, 1901, at Ringwood, larvze
and pupee were taken in numbers up to October 11th, rg01, at Ringwood,
one imago emerged on September 17th, and from then during October
imagines came out almost every day (Fowler), imago September 3oth,
tg01, at Cleckheaton (Crosland), imago beginning of October,
Ig01, at Knutsford (Day), imago, October 4th, 1901, at Worthing
(Lawrance), October 11th, I901, a newly-emerged @ at Guernsey
(Lowe), imago, early October, 1901, at Bow (Mil ton), October 14th,
1901, at Haydon Bridge (Mandell), a dozen larve in August, 1901,
of which one pupated August 2oth, imago appeared October 6th,
another pupated on September 21st, imago emerged November roth,
another pupa forced from November 23rd, emerged January
roth, 1902, at Kendal (Littlewood), imago, October 16th,
1901, at Truro (Rollason), a fullgrown larva, on October 6th,
rgo1, at Great Salkeld, another October 14th, t901, and one pupa
and one larva just turning, October 16th, rgo1, the first imago
from these emerged on November 18th, roor (Britten), October
LSb) ol 0O2 at Lindal Bank (Petty), imago on cruiser, April 28th,

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 467

1903, off Southwold (Mathew), imago, May 15th, 1903, at Saltaire
(Ent, XxXxvi., 193), Imago, May ar1st, 1903, at Ipswich (Hocking),
September 8th, 1903, at Stanford-le-Hope (Burrows), October
270, 1903, resting on a plane tree in Lincoln’s Inn Fields
(Doncaster), October 29th, 1903, at Tunbridge Wells (Dallas-
Beeching).

LOCALITIFS.—Distributed all over the British Islands in some seasons, in
others quite absent. In Ireland, immigrants disperse themselves over every part of the
island sometimes in considerable numbers in suitable years (Kane). ABERDEEN:
Aberdeen (Esson), Inverurie, Pitcaple (Reid), Banchory (Dunbar), forest of
Glentanner (Jones). ANTRIM: Glenarm Castle (Brunton), Ballycastle (Milne),
Lisburn, Stears (Watts). ARGYLL: Campbelltown (Dalglish), Kirn (M’Corkle),
Kilmartin district (Allison), Ardnamurchan (Murdoch). ARMAGH: Bessbrook
(Johnson). AyR: Lendalfoot (Wilson), Kilmarnock (Rose), Monkton (Duncan).
BANFF: Banff (Edward). BrDFORDSHIRE: Felmersham, Sharnbrook (Graham),
Potton -(Bond-Smith), Stagsden, Bedford (Greenwell-Lax), Luton (Jennings). BERKS:
Windsor (Tyrer), Newbury (fordham), Reading (Holland), Twyford (Butler),
Padworth (Garrett), BRECKNOCK: Hoy (Imms). Bucks: Bow Brickhill
(Burney), Haddenham (Barton), Wolverton (Barlow), High Wycombe (Peachell),
Slough (Williamson), Buckingham (Slade), Marlow (Cardinall). CAITHNEss:
St. Andrews, Wick (Sandison), Billister, Bower, Keiss (Dunbar). CAMBRIDGE:
Cambridge (J. A. Clark), Fen district (Balding), Fulbourne (Henderson), Wisbech
(Glenny), Ely (Fisher), Royston (Wilson). CARMARTHEN: Bank near Merthyr
Tydvil (Parry), Langharne (Kaye), Carmarthen (Wilson). CARNARVON: Abersoch
(Arkle), Deganwy (Gardner). CHESHIRE: Chester and the county generally
(Arkle), Bowdon (Thorpe), Alderley Edge (Oldham), Christleton, Tatten-
hall (Manning), Saughall near (hester (Shrubsole), Upton near Birkenhead
(Archer), Tranmere (Prince), Vicar’s Cross (Pitcairn-Campbell), near Kuutsford
(Day), Tabley (Warren), Eccleston, Kinnerton (Dobie), Hoylake (Gardner),
near Malpas (Thornewill), Farndon (Newstead), Carrington (Stubbs), Bidston
(Gregson), Liscard (Cooke), Delamere (Walker), Heaton Park, Stalybridge
(Edleston). CLACKMANNAN: Alloa (Borthwick). CORK: Schull (Flemyng),
Butterstown, Timoleague (Donovan), Bandon (Longfield), Ballinasloe (Dillon).
CORNWALL: Scilly Isles, Tresco (Crewe), St. Agnes’ lighthouse (Frohawk),
Land’s End (Noye), Penzance, Paul (Daws), Truro (Rollason), East Looe (Clogg),
Lostwitheil (Bracken), Launceston (Hayward). CUMBERLAND: near Hayton (Arm-
strong), Keswick (Beadle), Carlisle, Penrith, Salkeld, Warwick near Carlisle, Cum-
mersdale (F. H. Day), Brampton, Castle Carrock (Routledge), Cockermouth (Mawson),
Silloth near Carlisle (Wilkinson), Netherton (Fawcett), Great Salkeld, Little Salkeld
(Britten). DENBIGH: Colwyn Bay (Newstead). DERBY: occasionally throughout the
southern half of county (Payne), Burton-on-Trent (Baker), Little Eaton, near Derby
(Nixon), Branstone (Nowers), Willington (Smallwood). DrEVON: Dartmouth
(Lighton), Braunton, Bishopsteignton (Bracken), Oxton (Studd), near Exeter
(Potter), Ilfracombe, Barnstaple (Mathew), Plymouth (Ryder), near Honiton
(Riding}, Egg Buckland (Briggs), Starcross (Jager), Topsham (Stainton),
Westward Ho (Gosset), Dartington (Hellins), Sidmouth (Majendie), kremington
(Bunn), Colyford (Chope), Devonport (Hayward). DONEGAL: Greencastle
(Hart). DorsEt : Abbotsbury (Hopson), Portland — Pennsylvania (Sykes),
Sherborne (Garland), Swanage (Hall), Corfe (Bankes), Bloxworth (Cambridge),
Weymouth (Richardson). DUBLIN: Howth (Fetherstonhaugh). DUMBARTON:
Bonhill, Vale of Leven (Malloch), Ardpeaton (Evans). DUMFRIES: Cluden,
near Dumfries, Lockerbie (Service), Dumfries (Lennon). DURHAM: common
at times in the county (Robson), South Shields, Darlington (Eales), near
Durham (Maddison), Castlesides (Almond), Shull (Backhouse), Sunderland
(Brady), Hartlepool (Robson), Framwellgate Moor (Maddison). EDINBURGH:
Edinburgh (Burn), Murchiston, Oxwellmains, Musselburgh (Evans), Joppa
(Carter). Essex: Maldon (Fitch), Woodbridge (Browne), East Mersea
(Cole), Leigh (Vaughan), Harwich (Kerry), Walthamstow (J. A. Clark),
Ilford, Stratford (Eedle), Colchester (Harwood), Chelmsford and dist. (Miller),
Woodford (Thomas), Wanstead. Brentwood, Rainham, Mucking (Burrows),
Earl’s Colne (Tawell), Saffron Walden (Jager), Southend (Whittle), Feering
Bury (Reid), Epping (Doubleday), Dovercourt (Mathew), Rivenhall (Cattle), FIFE:
Newport( Berry), Culross (McGregor). FLIN1: Bagillt (Walker), Overton (Willoughby-

468 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Gardner), near Overton (Perkins), Farndon (Newstead), GALWAY: Galway, Clonbrock
(Dillon), Connemara (Birchall). GLAMORGAN: Penarth (Howe), Porthcawl (Frohawk).
GLOUCESTER: larvze sometimes abundant in district, Durdham Down, Westbury-
on-Trym, New Passage (Griffiths), Thornbury, Leckhampton, Cheltenham (Trye),
Newnham, Gloucester (Bingham), Painswick (Watkins), Wotton - under - Edge
(Perkins), Pitville, Prestbury (Robertson), Burford (Hallett-Todd), Bristol
dist. general (Hudd), Stonehouse (Nash), Dursley (Bartlett), Cirencester (Jefterys).
HADDINGTON: near Gifford (Brotherston), Dunbar, Harelaw, near Longniddry
Prestonkirk (Guthrie), near Aberlady, Tranent (Evans). Hants: Isle of
Wight (Znt., i., p. 139), Shanklin (Trimen), Sandown (Prout), Ryde (Moon),
Osborne (Winchester), Ventnor (Broomfield), Long Benton (Ingram), Horndean
(Hawker), Winchester (Johns), Southampton (Oakley), Fordingbridge (Neave),
Lyndhurst (Lockyer), Basingstoke (Holdaway), Brockenhurst (Henderson),
Hayling Island (May), Petersfield (Floud), Christchurch (Adye), Buckland,
Portsmouth (Pearce), Gosport (Mackett), Boscombe (Robertson), Ringwood
(Fowler), New Forest (Gosset), Woolston, near Southampton (Bull), Emsworth
(Chnisty), Portsdown, Landport, near Portsea (Moncreaff), Romsey (Buckell).
HEREFORD: Leominster (Hutchinson), Hereford (Pilley), Tarrington (Wood),
Buckfield (Newman). HERTS: Hitchin (Griffith), Watford (James), Lilley
(Jennings), Elsenham (Cornell), St. Albans (Gibbs). Hunts: St. Ives (Norris),
Ramsey (Raynor). ISLE oF MAN: Sulby, Ramsey (Lezayre), near Castletown
Laxey, Douglas (Clarke). KERRY: Killarney (Kane). KENT: Rochester and
Chatham districts, some seasons common (Chaney), Hither Green (Morris),
Fordwich (Cox), Wateiingbury (Fremlin), Greenwich (Groves), Chatham (Lewcock),
Ramsgate (Willson), Hythe (Adkin), Ashford (Russell), Woolwich (Potter),
Folkestone (Giles), Coolinge (Cheesman), Lee, New Eltham (Bower), Strood
(Latchmore), Deal (Harding), Sandwich (¢este Colthrup), Broadstairs, Margate
(Russell), Canterbury (Kingsford), Chislehurst (Cockerell), Maidstone (Sandlin),
Dover (Pickett), Bexley (Newman), Farnborough (Alderson), Tunbridge Wells -
(Shepheard-Walwyn), Horton Kirby (Rashleigh), Sheerness (Walker), Ewell
(Hills), Sheppey district (Walker), Hampstead (Hopson), between Sandwich and
St. Margaret’s Bay (Shepherd), Hawkhurst (Adams). KIRKCUDBRIGHT: Borgue
(Service). LANARK: Glasgow (King). LANCASHIRE: of frequent occurrence
(Ellis), north Lancashire, generally distributed (Hodgkinson), Bootle (Gregson),
Hale (Capper), Liverpool (Cooke), Seaforth (Weightman), Leigh (Zzt, Wk. Znt.,
1859, p. 27), Astley Bridge, near Bolton (teste Whittaker), Fleetwood (Taylor),
near Manchester (Buckley), Crosby (Jones), St. Helens (Cotton), Lytham (Gregson),
Formby (Service), Carnforth (Murray), St. Anmne’s-on-Sea (Baxter), Lancaster
(Taylor), Liverpool district (West), Blackpool (Thorpe), Heaton Park, Stalybridge
(Edleston), Higher Broughton (Credland), near Leigh (Daniels), Preston
(Hodgkinson), Prescot (Freeman), Ulverston, Lindal Bank (Petty). L&rICESTER:
periodical, sometimes common (Bloomfield), Leicester (Heap), Mountsorrel,
Knighton (Storer), Loughborough (Wieldt), Gumley (Matthews), Aylestone
(Brown), Melton (Bouskell), Kibworth (Cruttwell). LINCOLNSHIRE: East Stock-
with, Gainsborough (Forington), Lincoln (Musham), Alford (Mason), Ranceby
near Sleaford (Stow), Great Grimsby (Dawson), Brant Broughton (Stow),
Market Rasen (Lewington), Boston (Lane-Claydon), Grantham (Walpole),
Louth (Renton), Great Cotes (Quirk), Long Sutton, Panton (Raynor),
Brigg (Norman), Ballinghay (Walker). LONDONDERRY: — Londonderry
(Campbell). MERIONETH: Barmouth (Roberts). MrppLESEX : Edmonton
(Downing), Parliament Street (Duprey), Clapton (J. A. Clark), Bayswater (Allchin),
Enfield, Waltham Cross (Bowles), Twickenham (Boscher), Hackney (Hall),
Harrow (Walker), Shepperton-on-Thames (Russell), Roxeth (Prior), Kingsbury
(Bond), Greenhill (Rhoades-Smith), Mill Hill (South), Chiswick (Sich), Isleworth
(Myers). MONAGHAN: near Drumreaske (Kane). MoONMouTH: Wye Valley, near
Builth (Vaughan), Beachley, near Chepstow, near Monmouth, Newport (Parry).
MONTGOMERY : Newtown (Tetley). Moray: Elgin, Rosefield (Brown). NoRFOLK:
Scole (Barton), Ranworth (Winter), Mundesley (James), Fakenham (Woolhouse),
Norwich (Laddiman), Wisbech (Balding), King’s Lynn (Atmore), Ingoldesthorpe
(Newstead), Great Yarmouth (Waters). NORTHAMPTON: Spring Hill (Hensman),
Peterborough (Cottam), Northampton (Imms), Kettering (McDowall). NorrTH-
UMBERLAND: common at times in the county (Robson), Hexham, Monkseaton,
Creswell Hall (Howse), Hayton Bridge (Morison), Chathill (Allhusen), Felton Hall
(Wallis), River Green Mill, near Morpeth (Finlay), Winlaton Mill (Balmer),
Dunston (Hedwoith), Newcastle-on-Tyne (Maling), near Jesmond (Henderson),
Long Benton, Berwick Hill (Bold), Lilburn Tower, Wooler, Plea Piece, near

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 469

Ancroft, Smefield, Holy Island, Brock Mill, near Beal (Bolam). NorrrinGHAM:
Newark (Hadfield), Chilwell, Beeston (Pearson), Manstield (Brameld), Tuxford
(Gain), South Leverton (Thornley), Langar (Leivers), Blidworth (Carr), Welbeck
Abbey (Rolfe), ORKNEY AND SHETLAND: Dingwall (Davidson), St. Andrews
(Sandison), Stromness (Cheesman), Lerwick, Stony Hill (Gardner), Ox¥ForpD:
Oxford (Meldola), Caversham, Henley, Mapledurham (Holland), Brighthampton,
Witney (Stone), Kingston (Mitchell), Eynsham, Headington (Thompson).
PEEBLES: Upper Kidston (Graham), Springhill (Evans). PEMBROKE:
Castlemartin (Hodge), Tenby (Jefferys). PERTH: sometimes rather common in
the larval state—the Forth, Earn, Gowrie, Perth and Rannoch districts (White),
Dall (Blackburn), Moncrieff, Muirhall (White), Culross (McGregor). RENFREW:
Giffnock, Lochwinnoch, Paisley (Dalglish), Port Glasgow (Taylor), Bishopton,
near Paisley (Angus), Milliken Park (Watson), Renfrew (Scott), Greenock (Gray).
RoxBurRGH: Jedburgh, Ormiston, Caverton dist. (Flliot), Galashiels (Pringle), Hawick
dist., occasionally (Guthrie). RUTLAND: Uppingham (Bell}. SHROPSHIRE: Market
Drayton dist. (Woodforde), Newport (Andrews), Ascham (Pritchard), Whitchurch
(Thornewill), Lillesnall (Andrews). SLIGO: Culleenamore (Russ), Sligo (Kane).
SOMERSET: Bnistol coalfield district, generally distributed (Hudd), Porlock (Tunaley),
Taunton (Rawlinson), Minehead (Bonnor), Bridgwater (Sanders), Whitchurch, Easton-
in-Gordano (Griffiths), Stanton Drew (Greer), Castle Cary (Macmillan), Clevedon
(Mason), Wellington (Milton), Wells (Livett), SrarFoRD: North Staffordshire,
Onneley, Madeley, Uttoxeter, (Daltry), Leckhampton (Trye), Rugeley (Freer), Stone,
Cheadle (Masefield), Oulton (Blagg), Market Drayton dist. (Woodforde), Stafford
(Douglas), Cannock Chase (Wynn), Wellington (Smallwood). STIRLING: Campsie
(Cross). SUFFOLK : Ipswich (Miller), Woodbridge (Freeman), Carlton Colville (Donis-
thorpe), Sudbury very rare, Long Melford, Chilton (Ransom), Bentley (Burrows),
Hadleigh (Grimwade), Waldringheld (James), Wolverstone near Ipswich (Bree),
Brantham (Buckell), Middleton andWestleton near Saxmundham (Woods), Aldeburgh
(Cooper), Stowmarket (Baker), Saffron Walden (Jeffrey), Cavendish (Wilson), Bury
St. Edmunds (Norgate), Bramfield, Halesworth (Pyett), SURREY: near Reigate
(Wollaston), Dorking (Watney), Epsom (Rogers), Putney (Stevens), Wandsworth
(J. A. Clark), Tooting (Wood), Haslemere (Barrett), Ashstead, Headley,
Banstead (Jones), Surbiton, Kingston (Goss), Redhill (Beadnell),
Guildford (Grover), Lower Tooting, Merton (Sparke), East Croydon (Hall),
Leatherhead (Briggs), Thornton Heath (Lindemann). Sussex: East Sussex district
(Jenner), West Sussex— Worthing district, etc. (Fletcher), Brighton district, common
1857 (Kane), Lewes (Nicholson), Bognor (Edgell), St. Leonard’s-on-Sea (Kent),
Chichester, Selsey (Anderson), Uckheld (Hay), Hastings, Guestling (Bloomfield),
Littlehampton (Helps), Battle (Ellman), Hove (Turner), Worthing district (Fletcher),
near Emsworth, Pulborough (Christy), Handcross (Briggs), Seaford (Hill), Steyning
(White), Bexhill-on-Sea (Howe), Portslade (Cardwall), Angmering (Dollman),
Slindon (Giles) SUTHERLAND: (Christy). TIPPERARY: Clonmel (Davis).
TyRONE: Caledon (Johnson), Kilskeery (Brakey). WARWICK: Coventry
(Harcourt-Bath), Barton-on-Heath (Goatley), Birmingham (Imms), Knowle (Ellis),
Atherstone (Baker), Chalcot (Harrison). WATERFORD: Tramore (Power), Cappagh
(Ussher), near Ballindud (Bonaparte-Wyse). WESTMORLAND: Kendal» Lyth,
Lindale near Grange, Helsington, Witherslack, Stainton (Moss), Arnside, Burton
(Murray), Natland and Foulshaw districts (Holmes). WICKLOW: Kilcool, Wooden |
Bridge (Fitzgibbon), near Bray (Kane). WIGTOWN: Cairnryan (Bruce), Stranraer,
Whithorn, Portwilliam, Garlestown, Corsemalzie, Quhillart (Gordon). WHILTs:
Bremhill, Calne (Eddrup), Marlborough (Preston), Salisbury district—Britford,
Harnham, Broadchalke, Wylye, Winterbourne, Kingston (Morres). WORCESTER:
near Worcester, Bricklehampton (Rea), Malvern Wells district (Mason), Evenlode
(Mitchell), Witley Park (Edmunds), Malvern Link (Day), Malvern (Edwards).
YORKS: occurs now and then inall parts of the county, and in the potato-growing
districts of the east and southeast is sometimes very plentiful in the larval state
(Porritt), Middlesborough, Saltburn, Redcar, Staithe (Lofthouse), Selby (Hobson),
Sheffield (Laycock), Wetherby (Firby), Hull (Young), York district (Anderson),
Leeds (Taylor), Rotherham (Rodgers), Guisborough (Jeffrey), Elrington (Walker),
Scarborough (Langcake), Hartlepool (Cambridge), Girlington, near Bradford,
Heaton (Carter), Cudworth, Little Smeaton, Barnsley (Brady), Pateley (Storey),
Newton Kyme (Chaloner), Irton (Clarke), Kirkburton (Porritt), Copmanthorpe,
Drifheld, Beverley (Hewett), Wakefield (Parkin), Goole (Bunker), Ripon
(Chapman), Horsforth, Netherton (White), Blaxton, Doncaster (Corbett),
Easington (Loten), Cleckheaton (Crosland), Warmfield (Townsend), Kildale,
(Sachse}, Hovingham Hall (Worsley), Boston Spa (Prince), Keighley (Longton),
Beningbrough (Hewett), Bridlington (Hobson), Normanton (Townsend), Skipwith

470 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

(Ash), Haxby (Thurgood), Pocklington, Kilnsea (Boult), Stanley (Charles), Newton-
on-Ouse (Hawkins), Pickering (Metcalf), Withernsea (Couldwell), Worsborough
Bridge (Whitaker), Sherburn. Broughton, Ayton (Lownsboro), Whitby (Halliday),
Seaton Ross (Blackburn), Oldfield, Marton-le- Moor (Fawcett), Niddersdale (Storey),
Hessle-on-Humber (Burton), Huddersfield (Inchbald), Brockholes (Varley), Cawood
(Smethurst), Malton (Morris), Thirsk, Easingwold (Tyers), Hacktall (Grassham),
Hebden Bridge (Gibson), Holderness (Dobrée), Ilkley (Taylor), Pateley Bridge
(Storey), Pontefract (Hartley), Rastrick (Kayej, Richmond (Harris), Tadcaster
(Raine), Yeadon (Roebuck), Bedale (Wheldon), Burley (Liversidge), Hull district —
Whixley and the Hammertons (Wright), Warmfield (Townsend), Grangetown
(Elgee), Southbank (Vatch),.

DISTRIBUTION.*—Throughout Africa, Europe and western Asia. (AL. styx,
which inhabits southern and eastern Asia, is treated by Rothschild and Jordan
as a distinct species.] AFRICA: Azores (Godman), Madeira (Baker), Canaries
(Speyer), Teneriffe (White), Cape Verde Island (¢este Bartel), Mauritius, Réunion,
Madagascar (Tring coll.), Natal (Boisduval), Eastern Caffraria (Wallengren), Durbant
(Leigh), Pretoria (Distant), Transkei—buntingville (Barrett), Somaliland (Holland),
South Africa (Smith), Mozambique, Guinea (Speyer), Sierra Leone (Morgan), German
southwest Africa (¢este Bartel), Chinchoxo (¢este Bartel). Gambia (Druce), Gaboon
(Holland), northwest Morocco (Blackmore), Algeria—Oran (Oberthtr), Bougie (Lucas),
Tangier (Meade- Waldo), Collo, rare (Seriziat), Egypt (Granger teste Réaumur), Alex-
andria (Speyer). ASIA: Asia Minor, almost throughout—Smyrna, &c. (Staudinger),
Syria—Marmarice on coast (Mathew), Haifa (Staudinger), North Persia—QGyjas,
Astrabad (Bienert), AUSTRO-HUNGARY: Trient, Bozen, Meran (deste Bartel), Taufers,
Innsbruck (Weiler), Tyrol—Imst; very common (Hinterwaldner), Upper Austria—
Linz district, rare (Himsl), Bucovina (Hormuzaki), Pressburg (Rozsay), Bohemia
(Nickerl), Neu Sandec (Klemensiewicz), Stanislawow (Werchratski), Galicia
(Nowicki), Cracow (Zebrawski), Brinn (Schneider), Hermannstadt (Czekelius),
Eperies, not rare (Husz), Hungary-—Zubercoz, Kocsdcz (Vangel), Puj (St. Bordan),
Golnitz (Hudak), Hraszt, near Fiume (Mann), Lavantthal (Hofner), Upper Styria—
St. Lambrecht (Kodermann), Salzburg, Kirchdorf, Vienna, Carlsbad, Prague,
Lausatian mts., Moravia—M@hrisch-Tribau, rare, Brody, Trembowla, Stanislau,
Hungary, generally common—Kaschau, Rosenau, Raab, Heveser and Zipzer
Comitat, Temesvar, Mehadia, Debreczen, Transsylvania, Croatia—Zupanje, Bosnia
—Dervent (¢este Bartel), Finfkirchen, Budapest (Aigner-Abafi), Istria, common—
Rovigno, &c. (Hermes). BELGIUM: not common (Donckier), Namur district, some-
times common (Lambillion), Antwerp (Johnson), Virton, Cuesmes, Frameries, Cog-sur-
Mer, Heure-les-Marche, Bioul, Anhée, Jambes (Derenne). BULGARIA: nr. Sophia
(Bachmetjew), Rustschuk (i<owatschew), Schipka (Mische), Slivno (Haberhauer).
CHANNEL ISLANDS: Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, common some years (Luff). CORSICA:
not rare (Marshall). DENMARK: everywhere, but rare — Helsingor, Zealand Island, &c.
(Bang-Haas). FINLAND: singly (Lampa). FRANCE: pretty common throughout
(Berce), Aube (Jourdheuille), By, abundant (Oberthur), Calvados (Fauvel), Douai
(Foucart), Berry and Auvergne (Sand), Eure-et-Loir (Guénée), Haute-Garonne
(Caradja), Meuse, Moselle and Meurthe dist., (Speyer), Gien (Abicot), Puy-de-Dome,
sometimes common, at others very rare (Guillemot), Morbihan (Griffith), Gironde,
throughout (Trimoulet), Doubs—Chamars, common (Bruand), Aude—Carcassono
(Mabille), Sadne-et-Loire cae: Loire-Inférieure—Nantes, &c. (Bonjour),
Paris district— Port Marly ee ae illiers, Poitou (Réaumur). Seine-Inférieure
(Viret), Indre, common (Martin), Quentin (Dubus), Deux-Sévres (Maillard),
Sarthe (Desportes), eae eae Cea &c. (Siépi), Haute-Sadne— Gray
(Paris), Var—Hyeéres, Entrevaux, &c. (Powell), Cannes (Constant), Guyenne, Angers,

* Keferstein says (Siett. Ent. Zett., i, p. 117) that he has ‘examples from
Mexico, Java, and Cape of Good Hope, which show no appreciable difference
from the European.” Huwe, at the meeting of the Berlin Ent. Society, held
November 23rd, 1899, exhibited a specimen that, he said, ‘‘ came from Honduras,
the forewings strongly marked with red- brown, the hindwings without bands.’
Can this species really fly from Africa to central America? Are the specimens
rightly named ? Have mistakes occurred as to their locality ?

¢ It is remarkable that, living in or near Durban, from June, 1872, to Apnil,
1875, and being keenly interested in the lepidoptera of the district, I never saw JZ.
atropos in any stage. Natal is quite a home for the Sodanaceae, whilst Daturas and

Physalis ave common wayside weeds, and Nicotianas are everywhere. Perhaps
the thought that it is a recent addition to the fauna is not so improbable as may
at first sight appear (Burrows),

MANDUCA ATROPOS. 471

St. Gilles (teste Bartel), Boulogne (Timins), Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), Maine-et-Loire
(Doré), Normandy—Les Damps, Pont-de-l’Arche, Basses-Pyrénées—St. Jean-de-
Luz (Dupont), Josnes (Harrison), Agen (Laboulbéne), Chartres (Marchand),
Avignon (Caumont ¢este Réaumur), GERMANY: everywhere, but mostly rare (Heine-
mann), northwest Germany, almost everywhere (Jordan), Bremen, distributed, but
rare, commoner some years (Rehberg), Prussia, everywhere but usually rare—
Konigsberg, Intersburg, Dantzig (Grentzenberg), East Prussia—Liebstadt, West
Prussia — Hirschfeld, Elbing (Gauckler), Rhine Palatinate (Bertram), Giessen
(Dickore), Lower Elbe district—Wandsbeck, Eimsbiittel (Zimmermann), Waldeck
(Speyer), Erfurt (Keferstein), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange),
Munich, not rare (Kranz), Rudolstadt (Meurer), Mecklenburg (Schmidt),
Saxon Upper Lusatia, always rare, larvae commoner in 1888 — Bautzen, &c.
(Schiitze), Dresden (Steinert), Thuringia—Miulhausen, Nazza, Urleben, Erfurt,
Gotha, Arstadt (Krieghoff), Libeck (Paul), Silesia—Grinberg, Schweidnitz,
Brieg, Breslau, &c. (Assmann), Upper Lusatia (Moeschler), Wurtemberg—
Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, very common 1846 and 1859, both very hot summers
(Hoffmann), Ratisbon (Schmid), Pomerania, rare but sometimes commoner—Stettin,
Pommerensdorf, &c. (Hering), Dessau, some years not rare, é¢.g., 1847 (Richter),
Alsace—Colmar, Hardt, near Mulhausen (Peyerimhoff), Wernigerode, rare and
uncertain (Fischer), Brunswick, rare except in special years (Heinemann), Hanover,
some years not rare (Glitz), Frankfort-on-Oder (Kretschmer), Eutin (Dahl), Lubeck
(Paul), Charlottenburg (Bartel), Berlin district, somewhat rare (Pfutzner),
Hildesheim, rare (Grote), Ost-Sea coast— Wustrow (Bartel), Schwerin (Voelschow),
Eutin, Barmen, Wald, Elberfeld rare, Wetterau, Cassel, Leipzig, Wurzburg, Landshut,
Kempten, Worms, Bingen, Nassau, Frankfort-on-Main, Wiesbaden, Wehen, rare,
Bidingen, Grunberg — Oberhessen, Biedenkopf, Bavarian Palatinate (teste
Bartel), Eisenach (Kithn), Offenbach (Goze), Weimar (Schroter), Chemnitz
(Pabst), Baden — Constance, Freiburg, Lahr, Carlsruhe, not rare (Reutti),
Coblentz (Unzicker), Mangfall district (von Gumppenberg). GREECE: Naxos,
Attica (Staudinger). IraLy: throughout (Curd), Modena (Fiori), Monte Rotondo,
Naples, Otranto, Sicily, frequent throughout (Mina-Palumbo), Monreale, near
Palermo (Mann), Roman Campagna, Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria (Calberla),
Bologna (Cardano), Bordighera, Sardinia, Tuscany (¢este Bartel). NETHERLANDS:
all provinces, usually rare, some years common (Snellen), Breda, usually rather
rare (Heylaerts), Zevenhuizen (Lechner), Limburg (Mauriss), Groningen (Gavere),
Apeldoorn (Voss). PoRTUGAL (¢este Bartel). ROUMANIA: generally dis-
tributed, Grumazesti, Costischa, Bacau, Husch, Jassy (Caradja), Dulcesti
(Hormuzaki), Comanesti (Mann), Tulcea (Leon). RussIA : Baltic provinces, uncertain
-—~Wolmar (Klengenberg), Edwahlen, Riga (Kawall), Altona (Teich), Koik, Reval
(Huene), Arensburg (Wardenburg), Moscow govt. (Albrecht), southwest Caspian
district—Lenkoran (Radde), Crimea (Melioransky), Lower Volga district—Saratov,
Sarepta, &c. (Eversmann), Transcaucasia—Tiflis, Borjom, Lagodekhi, Lenkoran,
Daghestan, Achty, Derbendt, Helenendorf (Romanoff), St. Petersburg (Erschoff),
Gorki (Ballion), Livonia—Riga, &c., Kurland, Poland—Kamenez-Podolskii, Lubny,
Poltawa, Jekatineroslaw, Charkow, Crimea—Aluschta, Noworossiisk (¢este Bartel).
SCANDINAVIA: rare, but occurring as far as Sydvaranger (Aurivillius), Lofoden
Islands, a migrant (Petersen), Lappmark, &c. (Wallengren), Norway, as a
visitor at many places (Siebke). Spain: Andalusia—Granada, Cadiz (Rambur),
Galicia (Macho-Velado), Malaga (Speyer), Barcelona, Martardé, Calella (Cunt
y Martorell), Catalonia (Martorell y Pena), Chiclana (teste Bartel), Biibao
(Rossler), Gibraltar, occasional (Walker). SWITZERLAND: distributed throughout
from Basle and Schaffhausen to Genf and the Upper Engadine—-reaching in the
Upper Engadine a height of 5oooft., and in Gadmenthal to 43o0ft (Frey),
Weissenburg (Huguenin), Grisons (Killias), Bechburg (Riggenbach-Stehlin),
Chiasso (Knecht), Zirich, rare (Nageli), Zitirichberg (Dietrich), Cour-sous-
Lausanne (Chaumette), Berne (Benteli). TURKEY: Gallipoli (Mathew).

472 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

APPENDIX

Mimas TILIA, Linné (Vol. iii., p. 399).

[Page 411.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKINGS OF THE LARVA OF
Mimas TiLtia.— first instar: The young larve emerge after an
oval period of 14 days; they are of a light green colour, are
conspicuous for the great length of the caudal horn (which is nearly
half as long as the body); this horn is likewise of a light green tint
at first, but becomes dark violet in the course of an hour; no trace
of markings can be detected at this stage. The larve rest on the largest
vein on the underside of the lime. leaves, and, in this situation,
have the same form and colour as the leaf vein. They moult in
from 4-5 days. Second instar: On each side of the segments 4-11,
there now appear 7 oblique whitish stripes on a somewhat darker
green ground; these slope in the direction of the caudal horn;
owing to the transparency of the skin, a dark green dorsal line
appears in the position of the underlying dorsal vessel, the green
contents of the alimentary canal being distinctly visible through
the absence of adipose matter in the tissues; the larve possess also
a fine whitish subdorsal line, which extends from the horn to the
head; the horn at this stage becomes black with a yellowish-red
base. In 6 or 7 days the second moult takes place. Third instar:
The oblique stripes now appear darker and the subdorsal line
disappears. The third moult takes place after another period
of 40r 5 days. Fourth instar: Vhere now commences a dimorphism
(better perhaps designated as variability since the two extremes
are connected by transitional forms) in the larve. (1) ‘The
majority of the larve have, as in the preceding stage, pure white,
oblique stripes. (2) Many, however, possess a blood-red spot
on the anterior side of the stripes, this spot showing all gradations
in size and depth of colour between maximum development and
a mere trace. J7/th instar: In this, the last stage, the red spots
become more strongly pronounced. Among 80 caterpillars from
one brood there were about zo without any red, whilst the remainder
were ornamented with more or less vivid blood-red spots, often
large and irregular in form ; in some specimens the spots had become
drawn out into lines (this variety is figured by Rosel) forming a
coloured edge to the oblique white stripes, similar to that possessed
by the larva of Sphinx ligustri. The caterpillar is thus represented
in many figures, but generally the coloured stripe is made too
regular, as, in reality, it is always irregularly defined above, and
never so sharp and even as in Sphinx ligustri. The character is
here obviously not yet perfected, but is still in a state of development
(Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent, transl., pp. 233-236).

SMERINTHUS OCELLATA, Linné (Vol. iil., p. 424).

[Page 436.] DivELOPMENT OF THE MARKINGS OF THE LARVA OF
SMERINTHUS OCELLATA.—Jirst instar: The newly-hatched larve are

APPENDIX. 473

entirely without markings, but, as in the larve of Amorpha popull, the
markings are formed during the first stage, and are distinctly visible
before the first moult. The long caudal horn is of a red colour.
The first moult takes place in two or three days. Second instar: The
length is now icm.; the seven beautiful oblique white stripes and the
fine white subdorsal line are more strongly pronounced, the latter
becoming broader in front; they differ from those of A. populd in
having the oblique stripes united in the dorsal line. The second
moult occurs after another three days. Third instar: There is no
important change, only the fine subdorsal line becomes somewhat
fainter. ‘The third moult takes place four days later. Fourth instar:
The oblique stripes remain as before, but their upper portions now
stand on a somewhat darker green ground colour, whilst the
subdorsal line vanishes, leaving distinct traces only on the three or
four front segments. ‘The fourth moult follows after a period ot seven
days. fifth instar: Scarcely any difference in marking occurs,
only small differences in coloration become perceptible on the head
and horn, these changing to bluish. Specimens occur, although but
rarely, which show, in this last stage, red spots in the vicinity of the
oblique stripes, just in the same manner as with larve of A. populz, in
which species, however, they occur more commonly. I only once found
an adult larva of S. ocel/ata possessing reddish-brown spots above and
below the oblique stripes, exactly as in one of the specimens figured
by Rosel (Jusecten-Belustigungen, suppl. pl. xxxvili., fig. 40)
(Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent, transl., pp. 240-241).

AMORPHA POPULI, Linné (Vol. ill., p. 460).

[Page 469. | Amorpha populi ab. subfiava, Gillmer, “Illus. Zeits. fir Ent.,”
Vil., p. 375, figs. 1-2 (1902).—Die ganze Oberseite bedeckt ein gleichfarbiges Thongelb
(von der lichten Farbe einer frisch gebrochenen Ofenkachel) ohne alle Zeichnung nur
der Basalfleck der Hinterfltigel ist schwach rostfarben und in seiner sonst tblichen
Ausdehnung etwas beschrankt. Die Rippen zeigen eine ganz _ gleichfarbige
Beschuppung, ein Mittelfleck ist nicht sichtbar und eine helle Teilung der
Fligelspitze nicht vorhanden, Die Saumlinie der Flugel tritt mit einem etwas
tiefer braunlichgelben Tone hervor. Die Unterseite aller Flugel ist gelbgrau,
ohne alle Zeichnung; die Rippen heben sich mit ganz schwach braunlichem
Tone daraus ab. Fihler gelblichweiss. Thorax gelbgrau. MHinterleib hell
braunlichgelb, ‘mit helleren Ringteilungen. Das Stuck gehort der zweiten
Generation an und schlipfte in Schlesien, Es ist durch Fig. I dargestellt
(Gillmer).

This aberration, described above as having “the upper
side unicolorous clay-yellow without markings, only the basal
patch of the hindwings pale rust-red and somewhat more
restricted than usual, the nervures concolorous, the central spot
obsolete, the light apical line absent, the marginal line somewhat
deeper-tinted, brownish,” is evidently an extreme yellowish form of
our ab. fallida, which is described (anfed, i11., p. 469) as ‘ whitish-
grey, often with a faint yellowish tinge, usually with ill-defined
markings.” ‘This was given as a group name to include all those
pale (whitish-grey and yellowish-grey) examples with no markings
or ill-defined ones. The f¢remulae of Borkhausen is the extreme
development in one direction (whitish-grey with no markings), sudflava
the extreme in the opposite direction (unicolorous clay-yellow almost
without markings) whilst Glaser’s tremulae (Oberhess. Gesell. Nat., iii.,
p- 53), which is described as smaller and lighter than 4. populs,

474 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

“ white-grey mixed with weak rust-yellow and with weaker markings,”
represents another colour tint of this obsoletely-marked form. That
Glaser, in 1863, redescribed ¢vemulae as ‘‘the small light aberration of
greenish-white ground colour and with weaker markings” (see
anted, ill., p. 471), points somewhat to the fact that, apart from
the mere tint of the ground colour, he probably intended to include
in his ab. ¢vemulae all the pale obsoletely-marked aberrations of this
species kno-yvn to him, although he does not say so. It appears to us
that the ab. ¢remulae, Bkh., ab. tremulae, Glas., and ab. sudbflava,
Gillm., are separable elements of our more comprehensive ab. pallida.
[Page 469.] Amorpha populi ab. decorata, Schultz, “Berl. Ent. Zeits.,”
xlvii., p. 288 (1902).—Maculis alarum anticarum ferrugineis aeque ac in basi posticarum.
Auffalend dadurch, dass rostrote Flecken (von der Farbung des Hinterfligel-
Wurzelfeldes) auf den Vorderflugeln sich deutlich von der lichtgrauen Grundfarbung
abheben. | Upperside: Forewings of a light ashy-grey (not red-grey) ground
colour, with a broad dark grey median area, which is sharply marked off from the
paler basal area . . . . In the median area of both forewings along the
inner margin, and reaching to nervure 3 is a patch of rust-red colour, like that of
the basal patch of the hindwings, which, towards the base and outer margin,
stands out in stronger relief than in the intermediate portion of the wings. Hind-
wings grey, with a broad rust-red blotch at the base, with a distinct dark wavy
line interrupted by the pale nervures. Thorax, abdomen and antennz grey.
From Hungary. The example mentioned by Treitschke (Die Schmett., x.,
p- 141) as being found by Kollar, and which had a rust-red marking on one
forewing, appears to be an asymmetrical transition to the new aberration (Schultz).
[Page 482.] DEVELOPMENT OF THK MARKINGS OF THE LARVA
OF AMORPHA POPULI.—/first instar: ‘The newly-emerged larve are
6.5mm. in length, without markings, of a light greenish-white hue,
the large head and long caudal horn being of the same colour,
the posterior boundary of the segments appearing as a light shining
ring (pl. vi., fig. 55). The characteristic markings of the genus
appear on the following day without the occurrence of any moult;
7 oblique white stripes arise from near the dorsal line, and extend
along the sides in a direction parallel to that of the horn. On the
front three segments they are represented only by three small white
spots (fig. 56); the larva likewise possesses a marking, of which
the adult species of the genus retain only a trace, wzz., a well-
developed, pure white, subdorsal line, which is crossed by the six
anterior oblique stripes, and, uniting with the upper part of the
7th, extends to the caudal horn. The larva moults after five days.
Second instar: The larve are now 1°4cm. in length. Only unim-
portant changes of marking are connected therewith. The subdorsal
lines lose much in thickness and definition, and the first and last
of the oblique stripes become considerably broader than the inter-
mediate ones (fig. 57). The green ground colour, and also the
stripes, acquire a yellowish hue. On the other hand there occur
changes in form. The head, which was at first rounded, becomes
of the characteristic triangular shape, with the apex upwards, common
to all the species of the genus, and, at the same time, acquires two
white lines which unite above at the apex of the angle; the
shagreening of the skin now also takes place, and the red spot at the
base of the horn is formed. ‘There appears to be at this stage a
general tendency for the suffusion of red, the thoracic legs also
becoming of this colour. The second moult occurs after 6 or 8 days.
Third instar: The marking only changes to the extent of the sub-

APPENDIX. Al 5

dorsal line becoming still more indistinct ; this line can now only be
recognised on the front three segments in a few individuals, whilst,
in the majority, it is completely absent ; sometimes the ferruginous
red spots on the oblique stripes now appear, but this character is
not completely developed till the 5th stage. Out of about 90
examples, in which I followed the entire development, only one
possessed such spots, and these were situated on both sides of the
6th segment. The third moult takes place after another period of
six days. fourth instar: There is no change of marking from the
previous instar. 7th znsfar*: The adult larva does not differ in
marking to any considerable extent from that of the preceding stages.
The first and last stripes do not appear larger than the intermediate
ones, as the latter now increase in size. Many specimens were
entirely without red spots, in others they were present, but were
small and inconspicuous, whilst in others again there were two spots,
one above the other, of a vivid ferruginous-red, these coalescing in
some cases, and thus forming one spot of a considerable size. I
have never seen these spots formed into a regular linear coloured
border to the white oblique stripes, as occasionally happens in the
larva of MZ. tiliae (Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent, transl.,
Pp. 236-239).
HeMaris Tityus, Linné (Vol. iii., p. 528).

[Page 5205 Hlemaris tityus var. alaiana, Roths. and Jord., ‘‘ Revis. of
Sphing.,”’ p. 451 (1903)- Fuciformts, Gram-Grsch., ‘‘ Rom. Mém, Lép.,”’ iv., p. 514
(1890).— ¢ ?. Black belt of abdomen much shaded with luteous hairs, tail with scarcely
any luteous hairs; thorax and posterior abdominal segments less bright yellow than in
Hi. tityus. Border of forewing broader than in the other form, as broad between
R3 and M, as this cellule is wide at end; crossveins with an obvious bar which is
nearly as prominent as in &. affinis; base of hindwing above and below less
yellow than in ZH. ¢ztyws. A more generalised form than the ordinary 4. tetyus.
Hab: Alai Mts. In the Tring Mus.1 ¢ (type), I ¢, ex coll. Grum-Grschmailo
(Rothschild and Jordan).

[Page 531.] ONrToGENY OF LARVA OF Hemaris tiTyus.—/irst
instar (larvee hatched July roth, 1902, described July 12th): The
larvee are somewhat grown in the first stadium 4°75mm.—5‘5mm.
in length, rather stout and of uniformly cylindrical shape (similar
to a young Eumorphid larva). Colour white with a slight greenish
tinge, the body semitransparent-looking, a dark mass (probably food
in alimentary canal) within the body showing through the skin. The
most distinctive feature of the larva is the large and very widely
forked black hairs. Head rounded, bearing a few long black
tapering hairs with simple (not bifid) tips. The prothoracic scutellum
bears apparently simple tapering hairs which are, however, really
slightly notched, as also are the terminal sete on the caudal horn
(i of the 8th abdominal); all other dorsal and lateral hairs, with
the exception of the anal, and those on tubercle iv of the 7th
abdominal (which is pale in colour and simple unforked) are black
and widely forked, ze, Y-shaped ; the sete spring from pale brown
chitinous tubercular bases. The dorsal tubercles i and ii of the
meso- and metathorax have their bases conjoined so as to form
an oval, twin, cone-shaped tubercle set obliquely to the median

* Compare antea, vol, iiil., pp. 478 and 479. Bacot’s examples moulted 3,
Hellins’ examples moulted 4, times.

476 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

line of the larva, the outermost hair being to the front ; iil is a twin-
haired tubercle on the meso- and metathorax. On the abdominals,
1 and il are set trapezoidally, i111 is supraspiracular, iv is subspiracular
and v prespiracular (except on the rst and 8th abdominal segments
where it is definitely below the level of the spiracle and set on the
lateral flange in front of iv). On the abdominal segments 2—7,
tubercle v, although well up to the level of the spiracle and towards
the anterior margin of the segment, is set on the lateral flange,
but the flange itself is curved up at the front of the segment. [This
fact has a considerable bearing on the vexed question of the homology
of the prespiracular tubercle in other Sphingid larve and would
appear to be really tubercle v forced up out of its normal place.] The
hairs themselves are very slightly thorned (or of uneven thickness) at
long intervals and the forks are longer than the undivided stem. The
skin-surface is smooth, without secondary hairs. ‘The caudal horn
has a slightly brownish tinge especially at the base, and the junction
between it and the body is sharply marked and gives it a shrunken
appearance ; it is short, less than the thickness of the larval body in
length, and the minute hairs or bristles with which it is covered
are too small to be clearly distinguished unmounted, but apparently
they are slightly forked at the tip. ‘The spiracles occupy a somewhat
anterior position; on abdominal segments 1-6 they are very small,
much smaller than the tubercular plates, but on abdominal segments 7
aud 8 they are very much larger, nearly as large as the tubercles and
show up clearly because they are white surrounded by a narrow black
oval rim. The subsegments are not very clearly marked, there
appear to be 5 each to the meso- and metathorax and 8 to the
abdominal segments. Second cnsfar (July 18th, preparing for the second
moult): Length 9°4 mm. The usual Sphingid change takes place
at the first moult; the primitive tubercles with their large black forked
hairs have disappeared, and are replaced by a dense growth of fine
secondary hairs or bristles, colourless or of a pale green tint; these
are forked at the tip but are very slightly so in comparison with the seta
arising from the primary tubercles in the first instar. The bases of
these secondary hairs are slightly raised and are usually pale yellow
or white and surrounded by a whitish speck; the position of the
primary tubercles is shown, at any rate in some instances, by a
slightly longer hair rising above the general coat. ‘The hairs on the
head, now much more numerous, are fine bristles, some of which are
slightly notched at the tip and of dark colour; on the scutellum also
the same change in the hairs is observable, some of them appearing
to be very slightly forked or notched at the tip. The scutellum itself is
prominent and its surface rough. The larva still has the even
cylindrical appearance of a young Eumorphid larva, thus contrasting
markedly when compared with a young Amorphid larva. There
are eight subsegments on the abdominal segments, but there is a
marked tendency for the first three subdivisions to form a single
large subdivision in the Eumorphid manner, The caudal horn is
short and conical, tapering considerably, the apex bearing two long
hairs (which, in the specimen examined, cross each other near the tip).
The horn is also covered with a coat of fine bristles that are but
little, if at all, notched at the tip; there isnot the same sharp line
of separation between the body and horn in this stage. The colour

APPENDIX. 477

is still green with a yellowish ring at the junction of the segments
where the skin overlaps; a dark (? structural) mediodorsal line, and a
broad white subdorsal band (of the Sesza s¢ellatarum pattern) running
up to the base of the horn. The caudal horn itselt has a pink stripe
up the front and back and is entirely crimson at the tip, but is whitish on
the sides from the base upwards for more than half its length. The
spiracles are whitish or pale pink bordered by a black rim. There are,
as yet, no lateral or spiracular bands, nor oblique stripes, but the larva
is speckled with the white bases to the hairs. The general appear-
ance of the larva is Eumorphid, but the coat of fine bristles
with their forked tips gives the portion viewed with a strong
lens an Amorphid appearance. [The most noticeable larval habit
at this time is that of dropping without using a thread; the
larve appear to hold on very loosely and to drop at the
slightest touch or disturbance; no silk is used even when the
larve are about to moult.| The ventral area is dusky and, after
the next moult, becomes very dark olive-green, so dark that, a
a casual glance, the colour gives the impression of black. Third instar:
The larger of two larvz in this instar is quite 12°5mm. in length, or,
including the horn, which projects somewhat, 15mm. It is less evenly
cylindrical, and has, consequently, lost much of its Eumorphid
appearance; the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments
being larger, especially the 3rd, 4th and 5th, the larve taper slightly
to the head, and more noticeably to the base of the caudal horn.
The horn is longer, larger at its base, tapers to a point, is stiff,
and has a backward curve. The colours are much as before,
but brighter and with more prominent white specks, whilst the
spiracles are situated in dark red oblique slashes, the slope of the
latter being from head to anus; these slashes occur on abdominal
segments 1-7, and are strongest on the segments that bear the
prolegs. The secondary hairs are now shorter and smaller but
still distinctly forked at the tip, the smaller dark-coloured and
without marked bases, the longer and paler hairs with marked
mmammillary bases of an opalescent white colour, the latter are
fewer in number, about 1 in 3; the larger mammillary-based hairs
are situated on the top of the subsegmental ridges and exhibit the
normal 8 rows to each abdominal segment. There is no marked
tendency now for the first three subsegments to coalesce so that
the Eumorphid characters would appear to be waning and the -
Amorphid to be increasing. The shorter hairs on the head and
on the scutellum are still notched at the tip, the longer ones being
simple, but this difference is not maintained on the body-segments,
where the longer ones are, if anything, the more noticeably forked,
the smaller dark hairs apparently representing a dwindling phase
of this character. [This is suggestive of the change which takes
place in Amorphid larve after the rst moult, whilst the same
accentuation of a portion of the bristles of the rst instar occurs,
but the hairs of the larva of HW. fifyuws are now as numerous as
those of Amorphid larve in the Ist instar, and larger proportionally,
the forking being much more noticeable, although, of course, bearing
no comparison with the forked character of the primary hairs which
the larva of #7. /tyus has in its rst instar when the forks are longer
than the stalk of the hairs. As regards the development of secondary

478 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

hairs, the 2nd instar of the larva of A. “tyus represents possibly
a more primitive condition than the ist of an Amorphid larva,
whilst the 3rd instar of A. frtyws is but little in advance of the
ist of Smerinthus (ocellata), and certainly not so advanced as the
2nd of Amorpha (populi) where the hairs are already waning in
favour of the mammillary bases.] Traces of the oblique stripes
(anus to head slope) above the subdorsal line are already observable
on the middle abdominal segments. Sourth instar (July 27th):
The larva is now 1°t25in.-1'25in. in length, including the caudal
horn, which slants slightly upwards, but has a downward curve
at its point, making it appear somewhat horizontal. The shape
is much as in last instar, but the larva is a little plumper, not tapering
so much towards the head, nor showing so marked a tendency to
narrow at the rst and 2nd abdominal segments, although it still
tapers somewhat to the caudal horn. ‘The subsegmental divisions are
fairly clear; and there is still a slight tendency for the first 3
subsegments to unite into a single subdivision to be observed if
carefully looked for. The colours and markings as before but the
crimson slashes, both above and below the subdorsal line, are
stronger ; below the subdorsal, across the spiracles on abdominal
segments 2 to 7, they are definite stripes (with head to anus
slope) faintly bordered by pale yellow or yellow-green, whilst, on
the rst and 8th abdominals, they are still mere spots; above the
subdorsal they form very short streaks (with a tendency to slope in the
reverse direction) on the znd to 7th abdominals, and small spots on the
1st and 8th; the greater part or whole of these upper streaks is on the
first three subsegments.* The caudal horn is dark purple. The venter is
purplish-black, this tint shading off into the green lateral area and
showing pinkish at the junction, the prolegs being shaded with this
colour. The head, pro- and mesothorax are more of an apple-
green tint in contrast with the yellower green of the remainder
of the body. The legs are pinkish. The spiracles brown centrally,
white at either end, surrounded by a black chitinous rim. The
mammillary hair-bases are still opalescent white, and the hairs very
much longer than is usual in Sphingid larve at this stage; they are
still slightly forked at tip and this gives the larva a very soft furry
appearance, resembling that of an Amorphid larva in its first instar,
when seen under a lens. The hairs on the head and scutellum are
black, and not. noticeably, if at all, forked ; those on the body are, for
the most part, pale and clearly forked and more numerous than in
any other Sphingid larva known to me, at this stage, there being
more than one row on a subsegment; the mammillary bases are
of course not so large as those of the Amorphid larve but are still
quite prominent when viewed with a lens. ith instar (August 5th,
adult): r°5ins. long at rest, 1°751ins. when crawling, ;in. in girth,
and in, in height, the body slightly raised when at rest. In shape
the larva is short, stout, and plump, cylindrical and_ tapering
gradually towards head and anus, more gradually towards anus and
slightly more rapidly towards head, which is rather larger than is

* One of the special points about the larva of H. fétyus is the fact that it
combines both the forward sloping and backward sloping series of oblique stripes in
its scheme of coloration, and although the upper series is less distinct and more
confused than the lower, the tendency is clear enough (Bacot),.

APPENDIX. 479

usual in Eumorphid and Sesiid larve. The horn is raised at a
greater angle than in the last instar, now nearly 45°, is but little
curved, about ‘25ins. long, tapering gradually to a point and
appearing very thorny. The head is rounded, only slightly inclined
to be tall, of a darker and duller green than the body which is
apple-green in hue. The crimson or dark pink markings are very
much increased in this stage (in the larva examined). The horn is
dark crimson or purple; the ventral area purplish or livid pink.
The spiracles are still composite in colour, orange in the central area,
white at the ends, surrounded as usual by a black rim. [The scheme
of coloration matches well with the coloration of its foodplant, as
scabious leaves frequently show shading and blotching of dark
crimson or purple.}| There are faint traces of a dark mediodorsal
line, the crimson slashes surrounding the spiracles are considerably
strengthened, whilst those above the subdorsal line are increased
to a continuous band with serrated upper edge, the serrations rising
sharply upwards at the front of the segment, the apex of each stripe
being on the second subsegment and it gradually tapers to the
posterior margin of the segment. ‘The subdorsal line (no longer a
band), immediately below the upper crimson markings, is now faint
and dull forming a mere border to the serrated crimson band. The
hairs are still long for those of a Sphingid larva*; the raised bases
are as before, but the hairs now appear to taper to a point, and I
observe none forked or notched at the tip. The horn still ends in
two fine hairs of the normal secondary type. The incision between
the 3rd and 4th subsegments is slightly more marked than between
the other subsegments (Bacot).

SESIA STELLATARUM, Linné (Vol. iv., p. 4).

[Page 13.] ONTOGENY AND VARIATION OF LARVA OF SESIA
STELLATARUM.—/i7st_ instart: When the larve emerge they
are only 2mm. in length, and are at first yellowish, but soon
become green, set with small single bristles, and they possess a
short greenish caudal horn, which afterwards becomes black. The
head is greenish-yellow. The young larve are entirely destitute of
marcas (pli ii, fig. 1). “Second zsiar-> Whe first moult takes
place after four days, the larva now acquiring the marking which it
essentially retains to pupation. Fine white subdorsal and spiracular
lines appear, and, at the same time, a dark green dorsal line, which, ~
however, does not arise from the deposition of pigment, as is
generally the case, but from a division in the folds of the fatty
tissue along this position (pl. ui., fig. 2). The colour is now dirty
green in all specimens, the skin being finely shagreened. Third
instar: The second moult, occurring after another period of four
days, does not bring any change of marking, the colour only being

* Normally the hairs on adult Sphingid larve are so reduced as to make the
larvee appear quite naked, although examination with a strong lens reveals the fact
that hairs are present although exceedingly reduced in size.

ft The eggs from which these larve were reared were obtained by placing a
captured ? of S. stellatarum in a capacious breeding-cage, in the open air. The
moth hovered about over the flowers and laid its small, grass-green spherical eggs
(partly when on the wing) singly, on the leaves, buds and stalks of Galium
mollugo, 130 being obtained in three days. The deposition of eggs was accom-
plished by the insect laying hold of the point of a twig with its legs during flight,

480 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

somewhat darker. Length 12mm. Jourth instar: The third
moult (after another four days) likewise brings only a change ot
colouring, which is of such a nature that the caterpillar becomes
dimorphic. At the same time that peculiar roughening of the skin
takes place, which has been designated as shagreening. The colour
is now (t) light grass-green in some specimens, (2) dark green in
others. In these last, the subdorsal line is edged above with dark
brown, and the spiracles are also of this colour. Length 17mm.
fifth instar: Four days later the fourth moult takes place, and
the dimorphism then becomes a polymorphism, in which five chiet
types can be distinguished : 3

1. Light green (pl. ii., fig. 7); dorsal line blackish-green, strongly marked ;
subdorsal line broad, pure white, edged above with dark green; spiracular line
chrome-yellow ; horn black, with yellow tip and blue sides; spiracles blackish-
brown with narrow yellow border; legs and extremities of prolegs vermilion-red.

2. Blackish-brown (pl. ii, fig. 6); head and prothorax yellowish-brown ;
markings the same as I.

3. Blackish-green or greenish-black (pl. iii., figs. Io-11); subdorsal line with
blackish-green border above, gradually passing into a light green ground colour ;
spiracular line chrome-yellow ; head and prothorax greenish-yellow.

4. Light green (pl. i., figs. q and 12); dorsal line quite feeble; subdorsal
broad, only faintly edged with dark green; subspiracular line faint yellowish; head
and prothorax green.

5. Brownish-violet (pi. iii., fig. 8); the black dorsal line on a reddish ground
either narrow or broad.

From these five varieties we see that the different types do not
stand immediately next one another; they are, in fact, connected
by numerous transitional forms, the ‘ground colour varying greatly,
being dark or light, yellowish or bluish (compare figs. 4, 5, 7 and
12). The markings remain the same in all, but may be of very
different intensities. The dorsal line is often only very feebly
indicated, and the subdorsal line is frequently but faintly edged ;
the latter is also sometimes deep black above and bordered rather
darkly beneath, the sides then being of a dark green, often with
blackish dots on the yellow spiracular line (fig. 5), this likewise being
frequently edged with black. Only the horn and legs are alike in
all forms. The green ground colour passes into blackish-green,
greenish, or brownish-black, and again from reddish-brown to lilac
(fig. 3), this last being the rarest colour. We have here no sharply
distinct forms, but five very variable ground colours connected by
numerous intermediate modes of coloration. I am in possession of
an observation which tends to show that the different colours have,
to a certain extent, become fixed. I found a brown caterpillar, the
front five segments of which were light green on the left
side, and the fifth segment brown and green mixed (pl. iii.,
fig. 9). Such parti-coloration can evidently only appear where we
have contending characters which cannot become combined.

From this observation, I conclude that some of the chief varieties
of the larva of stellatar um have already become so far removed from
one another that they must be regarded as intermediate fixed forms,
the colours of which no longer become fused together when they
occur in one individual, but are cleveloped in adjacent regions.
Other facts agree with this conclusion. ‘Thus, among the r4o adult
larve which I bred from the batch of eggs above mentioned, the
transition forms were much in the minority; there were 49 green

APPENDIX, 481

and 63 brown larve, whilst only 28 were more or less transitional
moe. . Immediately: before pupation all the. larve, both
“green and brown, acquire a lilac coloration. The fifth stage
lasts seven days, and the whole larval development 23 days,

Men period: from the deposition of the egg -to the

memedeamce Ol the moth: .beine only 31 days. .. . . This
polymorphism is not in any way connected with a more advanced
development of the markings, since the larva of SS. stellalarum
shows, in this respect, a very low state of development. This
species displays only two stages: (1) Complete absence of all
markings. (2) A simple subdorsal with dorsal and spiracular lines.
We must, therefore, admit that the phyletic development of the
markings has for a long time remained at a standstill, or, what
expresses the same thing, that the marking which the adult larva
now possesses is extremely old (Weismann, S/udies in Theory
of Descent, transl., pp. 246-252).

[Page 14.] VARIATION OF PUPA OF SESIA STELLATARUM.—The
pupa varies but very slightly; the ochreous-yellow ground colour
sometimes passes into reddish, and sometimes into greenish; the
rather complicated blackish-brown marking of streaky lines is very
constant, especially on the wing-portions, being at most only more
or less strongly pronounced. The minute colour variations of the
pupa, therefore, have no connection with the colour of the caterpillar,
both green and brown larve furnishing sometimes reddish-yellow
and sometimes greenish-yellow pupe (Joc. cit, pp. 252-253).

EUMORPHINZ& (Vol. iv., p. 36).

[Page 49.| TURNERIA hybr. AMELIA, Feisth., ‘‘ Bull. des Sci. Nat..”’ xi.,
pp- 162-163(1827); Roths. & Jerd., ‘ Revis. of Sphing.,” p. 729 (1903).—At first
sight, Sphinx amelia resembles a faded example of AzppopAaes, but one finds on closer
study that the general appearance is rather that of vesfertiliv, in fact, it seems
to be a hybrid between these two species, but an examination of the larva leaves
no doubt that it is a distinct species. ‘The size is that of an ordinary hippophaes,
and the shape of the wings is the same; above, the forewings are of a pale grey
with the posterior border darker and ornamented with a band the whole length
of the wing; the band widens trom the apex almost to the middle and the
extremity of the lower edge. The margin is edged with yellowish-white but
becomes tinged with slaty-blue as it approaches the body. There is no black
spot in the middle of the wing as in-hzppophaes, but an indistinct mark. The
hindwings are rosy between two black bands, nearly equal in width. The rosy
band is much wider than in Azppophaes; the black posterior band is furnished
with a narrow vellowish-white edge; there is, as in A7ppophaes, an orbicular space
near the body, between the two black bands, but instead of being white it is rosy.
On the underside the forewings are of an ashy-rose, slightly tinged with bluish
at the extremity ; one notes on the underside, as on the upperside, the same
absence of the little black line which is found in hzppophaes. The body is of a
bluish-yrey, with the sides of the anterior half of the abdomen white, and cut
transversely by two small black bands. The legs are of a yellowish-white,
the inner part nearest the body is furnished with bluish scales. The trunk
is similar to that of Aippophaes, t.e., a shiny yellowish-brown. The antennz are
whitish above and greyish below. Larva: When the larva attains its full growth
it measures 23ins. in length ; it is of a dark green-brown and furnished with sienna-
coloured points, ranged aiong the body segments. The head is golden-yellow,
having a wide cross of the same colour on the Ist segment. The stigmata are
rosy and decrease in size from the anus to the head so that the 5th is scarcely
visible. |The venter is of a pale lilac, bordered with a rosy-white line which
separates in all its length the general colour of the upperside of the body from that
of the venter. The prolegs and true legs are of a beautiful rose colour, the latter
are a little the darker. The anal horn of this larva is shorter, lightly marked,
of a brown-green above and rose on the sides, It is to be observed that this

HF

482 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

larva bears no resemblance in colour and arrangement of spots with that of
wuppophaes. It lives solitarily on the leaves of Apzlobium augustifolium ; it was
found for the first time on July 11th, 1825, on the banks of the Drac, a torrent near
Grenoble, by Madame Amélie Vattier. The husband of this lady found many the
next year at the same time, and gave them to Mr. Feisthamel, who described the
larva as well as an imago that emerged towards the end of August. Mr. Prévost
Daval also found many larvee at the same place and at the same time, but he, too,
reared only one specimen. These two are the only ones known (Feisthamel).

This hybrid is evidently the same as vesfertilioides, Bdv.
(antea p. 49). Both Feisthamel and Boisduval appear to have
described the insect in the same year from specimens reared
independently from larve found in the same locality. Boisduval
seems to have published his description in March, 1827, whilst
the date of Feisthamel’s publication appears to be June, 1827, but
neither is at all certain, nor does either author say a word to show
that he knew anything about the other’s records and experiences.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA, Esper (Vol. iv., p. 147).

|Page 149.| Phryxus var. livornicoides, Lucas, ‘* Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens-
land,” iii., pp. 73-74 (1891); Roths. & Jordan, ‘* Revis. of Sphing.,”’ p. 734 (1903).
? Australasiae, Tutt, ‘‘ Brit. Lep.,”’ iv., aztea p.149 (1903).— ¢ 55mm., ? 75mm.
Male: Head creamy-drab, with a patch of olive-fuscous on crown and narrowing along
face. Palpi creamy-drab, bordered with fuscous. Antennz olivaceous-creamy-
drab on undersurface. Thorax olive-fuscous, with a creamy-drab line anteriorly
over dorsum, and laterally nearly as far as forewings. Abdomen olive-drab ; base
of segments with a band of creamy-drab, broader on fore segments, narrowing
to a line in posterior segments; each line banded with a short black stripe on
either side of dorsum ; the two anterior lines are covered laterally with a broad band
of black. Forewings triangular, costa straight, rounded at apex, hindmargin
rounded, creamy-drab, with two long bands of dark olive-fuscous, crossed by
bands of ground colour along the veins; costal line light olive-fuscous ; space
between costal line and Ist band lighter fuscous; 1st band from entire base of
wing parallel to costa, narrowing at 2 to a point just before apex; the 2nd band
from a base } to $ inner margin, gradually narrows parallel to hindmargin to a point
at apex ; an olive-fuscous hindmarginal line; cilia light drab. Hindwings fuscous-
black at base, rosy-pink in middle third, and with a broad fuscous-black band
near, but not touching, hindmargin; hindmaryinal line creamy-grey; cilia as
forewings. One specimen; Toowoomba. female: |'ead and thorax olive-fuscous
with a white drab hne from face on either side along base of antenna, and along
side of dorsum giving off a bunch of white-drab hairs at base of forewing ; a white-
drab line midway between bases of antennez, early dividing into two, and narrowly
diverging on either side of centre of dorsum; a line to outer side of this on either
side, thus being 6 lines on thorax similar to DV. lizearzs (sic), Fab., of America.
The abdomen is rich chocolate-fuscous, with lines of segments yellow-fuscous,
each line crossed by a narrow bar of black immediately on either side of dorsum,
and laterally by a broad bar of black. Wings as ¢. One specimen, Rockhampton.
This species differs from 2. divornica, Esp., in lacking the white stripes on
thorax in ¢, in lacking the row of white dots and stripes on abdomen, and in
the different ground colour of wings. The markings on thorax and abdomen are
quite different and vary in the sexes (Lucas).

This appears to be possibly the variety which we have named
australasiae, n. var. (anted, p. 149). The lattername, therefore, if this
were so, would fall as a synonym of ¢zvornicoides. Our variety, however,
has the normal thoracic markings of P. /evornica, and has nothing to

do with /neata.
HyYLES EUPHORBI&, Linné (Vol. iv., p. 202).

Rothschild and Jordan (Revision of the Sphingidae, pp. 715 e¢
seg.) have an omnibus species ewphorbiae, which they subdivide into
ro subspecies, 3 local forms, and 4 aberrations. Most of the subspecies
are by other authors considered as species, and are—dahdii, Hb.-Gey.,
tithymalt, Bdv., maurefanica, Staud., euphorbiae, Linn., couspicua

APPENDIX. 483

Roths. and Jord., svehez, Pungeler, ceztralaszae, Bienert, robertsz, Butl.,
nervosa, Roths. and Jord., costata, Nordm. ‘The three recognised
local forms are faralias, Nick., rubescens, Garb., grentzenbergt, Staud.
The aberrations noted are helioscopiae, Selys-Longch., /afitolii, Thierry-
Mieg, esulae, Bdv. (nigrescens, Roths. and Jord.) and vestv7cta, Roths.
and Jordan. We have in our account of 4. euphorbiae (antead, pp.
202 ef sey.) entirely excluded dahlit, tithymalt. mauretanica, robertst
and costata as being separate species; comspicua, Roths. and Jord.,
comprises part of our var. /athyrus, Walk. (see p. 210); szehez, Pung.,
has been described since this part of our work was printed ;
centralasiae, we have treated as a variety of euphorbiae ; nervosa was
unknown to us. We are inclined to think that consprcua, stehed and
centralasiae are eastern forms (7.2., varieties or local races) of AZ.
euphorbiae, but we still believe that, in the ordinary sense, dahzz,
tithymalt, mauretanica, robertsi, nervosa and costata are entitled to
specific rank. ‘The following notes, therefore, are explanatory of, or
supplementary to, those already published in our account of the
species (azted pp. 202 ef seg.)-

[Page 206, to follow ab. J/afifoliz, Thierry-Mieg.] ‘les ab.
Fesiriria, Wroths. and Jordan, ‘‘ Revision of the Sphing.,” p. 720, pl. viii.,
fig. 11, ¢.—A ¢ in the Tring Museum has the forewing entirely tawny-
olive above, except a small spot at end of cell, and a series of small elongate
hastate or linear spots on the disc upon the veins; fringe of hinder margin
buffish-white, that of distal margin clay colour; marginal band deeper brown.
Disc of hindwing above vellowish-red, far less bright than in ordinary ewphordiae.
Underside of body and wings much shaded and speckled with brown, especially the
wings ; forewing with very little red, hindwing yellow-red on disc. Caught on the drill
ground at Bamberg. Received from A. Heyne (Rothschild and Jordan).

[Page 207.] Ayles var. paralias, Nick.—Transfer reference to
SiGe Melon soc, wnt. Joss, xiIv., p. 297 from faralzas, Nick:, to
conspicua, Rothschild and Jordan, ‘‘ Revision of Sphingide,” p. 720.

[Page 208.] Zyles var. (an ab.) esulae, Bdv.—The name of this
form is changed to nigrescens, by Rothschild and Jordan (Rezzsion of
the Sphingidae, p. 720).

4. [Page 210.] /yles var. (an spec.) dathyrus, Walk.—Roths-
child and Jordan (Revision of Sphingidae, pp. 720 and 727) separate the
synonymy that we quote, into two sections, zzz. (1) that relating to
the Syrian, and (2) that relating to the Indian, form. The /athyrus
of Staudinger’s Cafalog, 3rd ed., p. 103, so far as it relates to the
Sy man omin(—para/7as, < rlor, Soc. Mint. ROss.,” Xiv., Pp: 207), 1S Te=
named conspicua by these authors, and is treated as aform of euphorbiae,
whilst the Indian form [the /a¢Ayrus of Walker, Butler, and ourselves
(anted, p. 210) and the euphorbiae of Hampson] is treated as a variety
of Hyles nicaea. Rothschild and Jordan’s imaginal material, on which
this separation is based, appears to be somewhat slight (3 gs of
conspicua and 2 gs of /athyrus), but these authors are very decided in
the opinion as to the accuracy of their conclusion. Even if the separation
be accurate we should treat conspicua as a species separate from
cuphorbiae, as, indeed, we consider almost all Rothschild and Jordan’s
so-called subspecies of euphorbiae, Linn., to be. Their description of

conspicua is as follows:

Conspicua, Roths. and Jord., ‘Revision of Sphingide,’’ p. 720 (1903).
Euphorbiae, Mann, ‘‘ Wien. Ent. Mon.,” vi., p. 66 (1862); Bartel, ‘* Pal. Gross-
Schmett.,” il.. p. 79 (in part) (1899). Auphorbiae ab. paralias, Staud. (non Nicker)),
ClO SOcamenlts ENOsS..;; iV... p) 297° (1878) ) Hotm., **Gross-Schmett..” p. 30
(1894); Holtz, «Illus, Zeits. fir Ent.,” u1., p. 63 (1897). Huphorbrae var. lathyrus,

484 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Staud. and Reb. (oz Walker), ‘‘ Cat.,” ed. 3, p. 103, no. 749f (in part) (1901 ).—
g @. A large and pale form resembling small specimens of 7zzcaea. Mesothoracic
tegula with vestige of white upper border, costal margin of forewing with little
brown scaling, patch beyond end of cell isolated, very sharply marked, distal marginal
area as pale as disc. Underside of body as pale as in centralasiae. Spines of first
protarsal segment stout. Larva varying from yellow to black; two rows of large
lateral spots; very few or no dots, differing in this respect very conspicuously from
typical ewphorbiae. Hab. Syria and Asia Minor. 3¢ and 7 larve in Tring Mus.,
from Beirut (type), and Haifa (Rothschild and Jordan).

5. [Page 211.] Besides Hyles roberts, Butl., Rothschild and
Jordan treat Piingeler’s szehe7 and Nordmann’s cos¢ata as subspecies of
H. euphorbiae. ‘They also describe another Indian insect as subsp.
nervosa. ‘Their descriptions of these are as follows :

HyYLES EUPHORBIZ subsp. SIEHEI, Pingeler, ‘‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,’’ xlvii.,
p- 235, pl. ili (¢ and ¢ ) (1903); Roths. and Jord., *‘ Revision of the Sphingidz,”
p- 720 (1903).— ¢ @- Mesothoracic tegula with pale upper border. Costal median
patch of forewing much reduced on upperside, not distinct below. External spines
of first protarsal segment few in number and large, agreeing best with those of the
following form (centralasiae, Bienert). Habitat: Bulghar Dagh, Cilicia. June.
I ¢,1 ?, Tring Museum (Rothschild and Jordan).

HYLES EUPHORBIZ subsp. NERVOSA, Roths. and Jordan, ‘ Revision of
- Sphingide,”’ p. 721 (1903).—¢. Mesothoracic tegula with white upper edge.
Abdomen: two black lateral spots; fringe of tergites not white in middle.
Forewings: upperside with costal area clay-colour from base to near apex, broadly
shaded with black behind from base to M, then sinuate; in this series an indistinct
black patch; the patch beyond apex of cell merged together with costal area, less
rounded than in “¢thymalz, more so than in costata, edged with black behind;
veins traversing discal band pale like median area as in cos¢a¢a ; marginal band pale.
Underside of wings speckled with brown; cell of forewing brown, the area ending
in a blackish patch; disc of forewing slightly pink, that of hindwing pale pink.
Hab.: Sabathu, N.-W. India. Two ¢gsin British Museum. Resembling cosfata ;
third abdominal segment without indication of a black patch; underside of wings
more pink (Rothschild and Jordan).

HYLES EUPHORBIZ® subsp. cosTaTa, Nordm., ‘Bull. Mosc.,” xxiv., 2,
p-— 444, pl. xi; Megs. 3-4 (1851); Staud., “Cat. 2nd ed) S payea some
3rd ed.; p. 103 (1901); Butl., “< Drans. Zool.-Soc. lond.,” ix. ps Sogm(negan
Graes., ‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,”” xxxv., p. 211 (1892); Karby, ** Cat epueiemes
i., p. 665 (1892); Bart., ‘* Pal. Gross-Schmett.,” ii., p. 95 (1899); Roths.
&. Jord. ‘ Revis. of: Sphing.,” p. 722, pl: ix., fig. 10) 9) (1902 ane
do not believe this insect is specifically distinct. | We have seen only a few.
Nordmann’s figure is not very exact. Mesothoracic tegula with white upper
border. Body above and forewing deep cinnamon-brown; abdomen with a small
brownish-black side-patch on 4th segment as in dahliz. Costal area of forewing
broadly brown sharply marked, patch beyond apex of cell merged together
with it, narrower than in most forms of ezphurbiae; veins traversing brown
discal band pale as in wervosa and certain mauretanicu ; inner edge of brown
band more straight behind than in the other forms of ewphordéae. Hindwing
below with the black submarginal band (so sharply marked in Nordmann’s
figure) vestigial; body and wings with little red on the undersurface. Early
stages not known. Hab: Transbaikalia, Kiachta, Raddefka In the Paris Museum,
1¢ from Kiachta (Popoff) (Rothschild & Jordan, ‘* Revision of the Sphingidz,”
pl. ix., fig. 10.; p. 722).

DaAPHNIS NER, Linné (Vol. iv., p. 249).

|Page 250.] Vartiation.—There is very little tendency in D
nerit towards variation. The colour of the divided pink band
may vary from the normal pale to very dark pink. The dark
pink is rare. I have two large females of this form. One of
them has the second interrupted band, which is usually white,
strongly tinged with pink. Another aberration, of which I possess
only one specimen, has the pink band almost entirely suffused
with green. The depth and extent of the green vary slightly.

APPENDIX, 485

The neck collar is usually light grey sometimes tinged witn
pink. More rarely it is dark grey. I have noticed this phase
of development most in very late specimens (Powell).

[Page 251.] EccLayinc.— Always laid singly, on upperside
of leaf, low down on plants. In spite of the comparative abundance
of young larve in September, 1903, at Hyéres, close search for ova
only resulted in the finding of one empty eggshell which was on the
upperside of a small leaf on the growing point of a branch low down
on the plant; the very young larve are nearly always found in a
similar situation (Powell).

[Page 251.] Ovum.—Rather pale green, smooth and shiny ;
almost round in outline, but with a flattened base. The empty
shell is practically colourless, thin, and nearly transparent (Powell).

[Page 251.] Hapirs or Larva.—The very young larve are
nearly always to be found on the small leaves of the lower branches
of a plant, whilst, in their last stage, the larve are generally found at
the top of a shrub feeding without a pause at the extremities of the
juicy shoots, and frequently even eating the flowers. I am sorry
I have no exact data as to the duration of each larval stage, but
growth is rapid, the larval state lasting about three weeks or a
month in the warm weather of late summer and early autumn
fempebatife ON an ayerage=max. 25° C., min. .12°C.), -but the
individuals found late in October are retarded by colder weather
and do not attain a large size. As just noted, the young larve
are to be found mainly on the undersides of the leaves, always near
the top of a tender shoot, and low down on the shrub or tree. They
move from one branch to another occasionally, without having
finished all the tender leaves on the last. As soon as the sth instar
is reached the larve make for the top branches of the shrub and eat
the freshest leaves obtainable. The larva feeds continually in this
stage, night and day, only ceasing in order to reach another branch
when all the tender leaves (and some of the tougher ones) on the
branch it has just left, have been entirely or partly eaten. It is easy
to detect the presence of a fullfed larva on a tree by the appearance
of the tops of the main branches. If a larva happens to meet with
a flower or flower-bud it will not eat leaves again if flowers are
available, and, as the trees are in blossom at the time the larve are
feeding, this often occurs. This makes them rather more difficult to find,
for it isnot easy to discover their traces amongst the masses of flowers, ©
however, by searching on the ground beneath the oleander bushes,
large droppings are seen at once should a larva be present. The
oleanders cultivated here, at Hyéres, have white, pink, dark pink or
salmon-coloured flowers, and larve are to be found on all of them, but
_ rather more commonly on the white-flowered trees. The leaves of the
white oleander are generally more tender than those ot the other
kinds, which may account for the preference. Wild oleanders, with
pink flowers, grow in some of the dry watercourses to the east of
Hyeres, and the leaves of these wild shrubs are tougher than those of
the cultivated specimens. One autumn, when larve of D. nerii
were plentiful in the gardens and oleander hedges near Hyeres, !
examined numbers of these wild trees, but found no trace of larve
of this species on them. When at rest, the larva raises its head and
forelegs, contracting its thoracic segments, so that the great blue and

486 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

white eye-spots are folded in and almost invisible. When touched or
startled it arches the forepart of the body, brings its head down
underneath as far as the first pair of claspers, thus tightly stretching
the thoracic segments. The eye-spots are then fully displayed,
giving the larva a remarkable appearance, and there can be no doubt
that these spots are a means of protection to the larva. It cannot
defend itself, but one can imagine a bird or reptile being startled by a
sudden movement of the larva displaying two such brilliant false eyes.
It is unlikely, however, in this country, that any birds or reptiles prey
on it. The earliest dates on which I have found larve were in July,
1900, a year in which they were later on extremely abundant; between
the 12th and rsth of July of that year I found six fullfed and exception-
ally fine specimens, which pupated about the 2oth, and the moths
emerged between August 3rd and oth. A friend of mine also found
some at this time. Since then I have often examined the oleanders
in July but have never found larve. the usual time for their
occurrence here being in September and October. They are to be found
in August but do not become plentiful as a rule until towards the
middle of September. In 1899 and 1900, I found some during the
3rd week of August and great numbers in September; igor and
1902, were very bad years, the larve being scarce (2 tullfed September
16th, rg02, none seen in August). ‘This year (1903) they have been
fairly plentiful but late There were hardly any to be found in early
September, as I hear trom a friend who was collecting in Hyeres,
and even when I arrived on September 22nd there were not many.
However, by the end of the month they had become plentiful, especially
in the younger stages, and were abundant during the first fortnight
in October. I did not look tor any after October 25th, but, on that
date, individuals at the beginning of the last stage were still to be
found. Last year (1902) I found three nearly fullfed larve on
November gth, and have even, occasionally, found larve in the 3rd stage
in November. It is usual for the larve of D. nerviz to occur singly ;
occasionally, however, two larve of the same age and probably from
ova laid by the same female, are found on one tree. When the
species is abundant, as many as 4 or 6 larve may be seen on the
same tree, but then they are never all exactly of the same age; this
usually happens in the case of an isolated and attractive tree. I
have never found larve upon Vzxca, another reputed foodplant
(Powell). In confinement a larva in its last stadium was placed upon
a young potted oleander plant, when it at once made for the topmost
leaves ; it held tenaciously to its foodplant, possessed a voracious
appetite, and evidently preferred the young to the fullgrown leaves ; it
fed freely and systematically, finishing each leaf in a workmanlike
manner, with the exception of the larger leaves, which it either did
not like so well or could not complete without leaving hold of the
stem, which the larva evidently did not care to do. When eating the
smaller leaves it would extend itself to the full, drag back the leaf
until it was bent nearly double to be held by the legs, when it
commenced feeding on one side at the tip, eating right across the
leaf, including the midrib. The leaf was bent backwards with the
upper- or underside uppermost, as was convenient. The larger
leaves were attacked at about the centre of one side, and the
larva fed backwards from thence evenly to the midrib, which it

APPENDIX. 487

did not, however, attempt to eat. When the leaf was eaten away
to the stem on one side, the other side was treated in the same way,
leaving the apical part of the leaf untouched, ze., all that part beyond
the point at which it had commenced feeding. When it had devoured
the young leaves at the top of the plant (which it ate to the last
morsel, and in some cases the shoot also), it tried the larger and
more mature leaves, and, after serving some of them in the manner
described, it descended the main stem and ascended the lateral
shoots, which it stripped of the young leaves as it had done at the
top of the plant. When moving from point to point on the plant
in search of fresh food, it had a peculiar motion, swaying gently
the head and tront segments (from the znd abdominal), accom-
panying this action with a movement of slow recoil and extension ;
had this movement been a quick instead of a very measured one,
it might have been described as a darting action. Whether the
larva, when thus occupied, was searching by sight or scent for its
next point of attack upon the foodplant, can only be conjectured.
It did not leave the plant until it was fullfed and ready for pupa-
tion. Whilst feeding it would sometimes assume a striking posture
in which, sustaining itself by the last three pairs of prolegs
only, it would stretch out and bend over its thoracic segments
until the head rested on the rst pair of abdominal prolegs; this
attitude brought into strong relief the two ocellated blue spots
which, stretched to ther full extent on the dilated segment, resembled
two staring eyes, while the pendent segments and head below looked
like a long proboscis. More generally the attitude of repose was
that of quiet extension, with the thoracic segments contracted; on
these occasions all that was visible of the ocellated spots was a
slight suggestion of the posterior edging of their black circumscrip-
tion, as the rest of their form was covered by the heavy enwrapping
skinfold of the mesothoracic segment (Dollman). After ceasing to
feed the larva rests for an hour or so, and then commences to pass
its mouth over the body, secreting a rather sticky-looking fluid as it
does so. It applies the fluid to all parts of its body, working
slowly and carefully. The thoracic segments do not escape this
treatment, and, to reach them with its mouth, the larva has naturally
to go through some difficult contortions. ‘The fluid dries rapidly on
the skin, and, as far as I can see, the only object of this proceeding is
to toughen the skin; certainly the skin is much tougher in the
morning, and by this time the change of colour is complete. It
takes the larva many hours to thoroughly cover every part of its
body with the secretion. An hour or so after sunrise, when the
heat is beginning to make itself felt, the fullfed, and now
darkened, larva becomes restless. If it be now taken from
the tree and placed on some loose mould mixed with rubbish
or dead leaves it will at once burrow into the heap, and
commence to spin a cocoon, but if ieft to itself on the tree it
becomes more and more restless as the power of the sun increases,
It makes its way down, or falls to the ground, and, being
thoroughly warmed, it starts off at a rapid pace, covering a con-
siderable distance before it decides to spin up. I have often found
them on the road at this period. The late larve, influenced by cold,
do not go through the darkening process in the normal time; the

488 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

time taken may be increased by half-a-day to two days, according to
temperature, and the change is never so thorough as in warm
weather. In cold weather (say night temperature of 5 °C. to 8°C.
with cold dull days, or with a mistral) the orange colour becomes
greenish and pale, and the dark dorsum smoky greyish-black, not
intensely black (Powell).

[Page 254.] ONnrocENY oF LARVa.—Virst tustar: The larva
is Slender, pale green or yellowish-green in colour; the caudal
horn black, very long and thm. [The larva m thistandeeiage
next two stages, when not feeding, lies along the midrib at the
back of a leaf, the caudal .horn in the 1st and 2nd™ stages
being laid flat along the midrib behind the larva when the
latter is at rest, but held in an almost upright position when
the larva is moving.] There is a faint indication of the blue
ocellated spot on each side of the metathorax even in the first
stage. Second instar ; The white-centred, blue metathoracic ocellated
spots are rather more distinct, and the yellowish-white subdorsal line
which runs down the abdominal segments to the base of the
caudal horn, well above the spiracles on each side of the body,
is visible. The horn is also shorter in proportion to the length
of the Jarva. TZhird instar: Just after the second moult the
length is 3zmm. not including the horn. Caudal horn 775mm.
Head green, smooth. Thoracic segments telescopic and tapering
towards the head. Body green, rather miulky-green on dorsal
surface. The metathorax has on each side a small blue, white-
pupilled spot, behind which commences, very faintly, the creamy
subdorsal line which runs down to the base of the horn where
it nearly joins the corresponding line from the other side of the
body; it 1s very weak on the metathorax, weak on the ist and
2nd abdominal segments, strongest on the central segments and con-
tinues well-marked on the 6th, 7th and 8th abdominals. It contains
three small slightly raised white spots (and two others are just
below it) on the tst abdominal segment; several others on the
2nd abdominal segment on its upper edge and below. On the
Ist subdivision of this segment a line of these spots runs up
towards the dorsal centre, sometimes nearly meeting those from
the other side of the larva, and further back there are a few
more white spots on the dorsal surface above the creamy line.
A somewhat similar arrangement exists on all the remaining
abdominal segments, but after the 3rd the number of white spots
diminishes, and on the 8th they are reduced to two or three or are
absent altogether. The creamy line has a dark green shading
below it especially towards the end of the body. The spiracles
are vertical black slits bordered narrowly with whitish. The true
legs pink outside and at the extremities, greenish inside. The
prolegs are pale brown but the fleshy parts of them are green.
The caudal horn pale yellowish, waxy looking; fairly straight,
inclined backwards, contracting abruptly about the centre, and
ending in a thin bayonet; the surface granular, the bayonet so also
but more finely. The larva is slightly transparent, the contractions
and expansions of the dorsal vessel being clearly visible beneath
the dorsal surface on the 6th, 7th and 8th abdominal segments.
fourth instar; Much like the last, the markings being of course

DapPHNIS NERII—LARVA AND PupPa.

APPENDIX, - 489

larger and rather clearer. The bayonet on tail reduced. Last
instar; ‘The appearance of the larva in this stage is fairly well-
known. The ocellated spots forming circular blue patches with
white centres on metathorax are now very large. The subdorsal
lines are white and striking. The white raised spots, arranged
as.in third instar, are enamel-like in their brilliance; they vary
considerably in number and minor arrangement in different
individuals; many of them are partly absorbed by the white
line, and in some larve the line is chiefly composed of these
spots which have “run” or joined together. The caudal horn
no longer has a bayonet. It is a _ short orange-coloured
appendage curved over backwards, with a rough surface. When
fullfed the larva is an unwieldy-looking object, with a_ very
small head compared with the size of the body. There is often
a pale lilac tinge just below the white line (Powell).

[Pace 254.| Larva.—J/inal instar: The larva described (pl. 1) is
not of the usual green and yellow form, but of a scarce variety, mainly
fawn and soft liver-coloured in appearance. Extended, it is rather
more than 4 ins. in length, lithe, slender of form, and of great
grace and daintiness in construction. ‘The head is small and oval,
partly retractile within the prothoracic segment which is just large
enough to receive it. The segments gradually increase in size to
that of the rst abdominal, and, though partaking of the Eumorphid
character of an increase in girth at this point, the segment is not
so dilated as in the British Eumorphid larve; from this segment
to the 8th abdominal, the larva is full and fleshy in form, and the
elevation bearing the caudal horn is steep and emphatic. The
transverse subsegmental skinfolds are firmly fashioned but do
not destroy the breadth and simplicity of form of the segments
they traverse. The caudal horn is small, and directed back-
wards and downwards. The claspers are powerful nipple-shaped
limbs that carry the weighty larva with ease. The colour of the
larva is simple and delicate, though of extreme beauty, being a
combination of quaker-like fawn and grey liver-colour. The head,
which has a porcelain-like surface, is of a soft dove-coloured grey,
whilst the main colours of the body are buff and fulvous with
the rather darker portions coloured by the soft liver-grey. A thin,
well-defined mediodorsal line of liver-colour can be traced from
the crown of the head to the posterior edge of the metathoracic
segment, where it terminates. At the Jateral line is the boundary
of the grey liver-colour which covers the lateral and ventral surfaces ;
the outline of this boundary is carried obliquely upwards and forwards
to the anterior edge of each segment after the rst abdominal, almost
to the dorsal centre, thus leaving a series of broad dorsal triangles,
or rather pointed dome-shaped spaces, of the fawn-colour. Along
the centre of these the intestinal canal suggests a faintly darker
mediodorsal line, particularly so at the segmental junctions. The
liver-colour of the lateral surface encroaches most freely upon the
dorsal fawn-colour at abdominal segments 4 and 5, consequently
making the dome-like triangles smaller there than at either end;
on the spiracular region is a series of blurred blotches of the fawn-
colour, fulvous at the base, in some cases resembling in shape an
inverted letter Z. There is one of these blotches on each segment,

490 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

but, on the thoracic segments, they are fused, leaving a blurred
top edging of liver-colour, which here suggests a short lateral line,
as the dorsal surface of the thoracic segments is fawn-coloured ;
these Z-shaped blotches of fawn-colour bear the spiracles which are
tall, narrow, upright ovals, jet-black in colour, with a very fine
light lavender ring around them, and, outside this a warm buff-
coloured edging which is suffused into the ground-colour, the
spiracles themselves being slightly recessed from the body-surface.
Commencing at the posterior half of the metathoracic segment, and
from a large ocellated spot thereon, is a bright fawn-coloured line
very suffused at the edges; at the znd abdominal segment this
lateral line becomes wider, is of a suffused white tint, in which
condition it is continued to the centre of the 7th abdominal, where
it abruptly ceases, to be, however, almost at once continued of a
bright fawn-colour, upwards and backwards to the base of the
caudal horn, where it terminates in a fine point. The whitish part
of this lateral line is very suffused on its lower edge, and is strongly
emphasised by a series of small pure white spots, set in vertical
rows, in a broken manner, upon the segmental skinfolds; these
spots are often encircled with a fine buff ring, and stand in colour
relief against the ground tint as vividly as small white porcelain
beads might do; they are arranged on each segment, in vertical
lines, on the liver-coloured portions which enclose the dorsal triangles
of the fawn-tint; thus, the first line of dots on the znd abdominal
segment consists of five dots, one above the other, and nearly
meeting the dots from the reverse side at the dorsal centre; the
next line of dots on the same segment is shorter and also the
following ones, but irregularly, until they merge into the whitish
lateral line. It will be understood from this that the ends of these
lines of dots on each segment follow the shape of the dome-like
marking on the dorsal area; this they do, but do not cross the
boundary of the liver-colour. These dots are found vertically placed
on the lateral line, on each segment, from the znd to the 7th
abdominal segments, but gradually diminish in the altitude they
reach on each succeeding segment posteriorly, ¢.g., the first row
on the znd abdominal segment consists of five dots, on the next
segment there are but four in the first row, in the next but three,
the next two, and the remaining two segments that possess dots
have but one each in their first row, and only suggestions of
others on the subsegments following. |The legs and the powerful
claspers are of the liver-colour of the lower portions of the larva,
the claspers having fulvous edges on the pedal formations; the
legs are not shiny but have a dull gloss on their surface. ‘The ventral
surface is shiny and of the soft liver-colour of the lateral coloration ;
there is also a slight indication of a very fine suffused lighter-
coloured medioventral line. The caudal horn is small, and hangs
much like that of the larva of Manduca atropos; it is of a bright
orange-sienna colour, and very shiny; its surface is roughened by
projecting excrescences, and irregularly marked with a few dark
dots around its base, its apex is not pointed but finishes bluntly.
At the commencement of the lateral line, on each side of the
metathoracic segment, is a most gorgeous single ocellated spot of
electric bluish sheen that contrast could offer the simple quaker-like

APPENDIX. 49]

tints of the rest of the Jarva, and suggesting in colour the phos-
phorescent gleam of the glowworm’s light (October roth, 1903).
Quiescent period preceding pupation: ‘The larva (when it has finished
feeding) changes greatly in appearance. The whole of the fawn-
colour turns to deep fulvous ; the dorsal area, from the znd abdominal
segment extending to the caudal horn, and reaching down laterally just
below the subdorsal line, becomes of a dark umber-brown colour; the
dome-like triangles disappear entirely; the lines of the head assume the
same dark umber tint, as also the fine mediodorsal line on the pro-
thoracic dorsal surface; a half-circular plate-like marking of the same
colour appears on the dorsal surface of the prothoracic segment, the
straight side thereof on the anterior edge, where there is
a narrow fulvous edging between it and the head. As
noted, the light fawn portions turn to a deep fulvous, but
the anal end and claspers are the strongest of these parts
in colour being of a quite deep sienna tint. The metathoracic
ocellated marks have now lost their beauty, being suffused with
black from the jet black of the bordering rings, and the only
indication of the gleaming blue centres is a small core of dull
purplish colour. Those portions of the larva which had been
of grey liver-colour are now of a dull coffee tint. The suffused
white lateral line has almost vanished, but the transverse rows
of small white spots show in strong relief on the dark ground.
fine caudal horn is of the same colour as. before but looks
more brilliant by contrast with the dark dorsal development.
Taken as a whole the larva now appears more like the typical
form in these changed colours than it did in those which pre-
ceded them (October 13th, 1903) [Dollman].

[Page 257.] VARIATION OF LARVA,—From the middle of Sep-
tember to October 25th, 1903, the larva were common at Hyéres,
some 140 having been taken. ‘The beautiful light brown form
(described by Mr. Dollman suwfré) was rather more abundant
than usual, tor it formed about 8°33 per cent. of the whole, the usual
percentage not being above 5. The individuals of the brown form
vary somewhat in the intensity of colour and extent of darker brown
markings, and some examples develop these characteristics very
early, the darker hue having been observed in the second instar ;
the colour is then of a pale ‘‘tea-and-milk” tint with no deeper
brown markings apparent; at other times, however, the special
colour does not appear until the 3rd or 4th instar, when lighter and
less strongly marked individuals than the form described above
qe toune 5 iin tiese,.the “strong -tea, and milk ’’ “coloration
is paler and yellower, the brownish markings weaker and _ less
clearly traced. When, however, the colour is developed early there
results a very strongly-marked final stage, like that described
by Mr. Dollman (Powell).

[Page 257.] Cocoon.—The puparium is quickly made. It is com-
posed of almost any kind of débrzs, earth or dried leaves, spun up
with coarse brown threads. It is neither compact nor very rigid,
but the threads are fairly strong. There is plenty of room for
the pupa inside. All stones and lumps are, however, removed from the
earth on which the pupa lies, leaving a smooth bed. The pupa
is formed from 5 to 7 days or more after the completion of

492 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

the cocoon, the time depending very much upon temperature.
The shortest time is taken in hot summer weather (Powell).
[Page 257.] Pupa.—Vewlyformed (October 20th, 1903): Very
delicate and fresh in appearance; the front part (head and thorax)
of a bright light greenish-grey, the posterior portion of a bright
butter-coloured yellow tint; the whole of the surface translucent and
shiny. [The pupa extremely lively and active, taking alarm at the
least occasion.| The whole of the dark markings to be described quite
as pronounced as afterwards, but warmer and more red in colour.
In outline, the pupa is slenderly formed, graceful in outline, exactly
2zins. in length. The form of the head, antenne, legs and wings
traceable under their respective sheathings. The wing-cases long,
the point of the segment at which they terminate sharply incised,
the segments from the head to the point being full and firm in
character ; the body posterior to the termination of the wing-cases
less in circumference, and tapering but gradually to the anal segment
where it rounds off suddenly to the anal point (October 20th). Five
days later : By October 25th the pupa had deepened in colour to a rich
light sienna tint freely freckled, though minutely, with a deeper shade
of this colour. The head and thorax large and bold in form, and,
after a slight depression in the outline at the rst and znd abdominal
segments, the pupa swells gradually to the posterior edge of the
4th abdominal, where it is emphatically scored ail round by the
segmental division and marked with a deep sienna band; the two
following segmental incisions are also similarly accentuated. ‘These
three segments are much more heavily depressed as well as covered
at their posterior divisions than the remainder, though all are
distinctly and sharply defined. ‘The anal end is the richest in colour
of any part of the pupa, gradually becoming deeper in the sienna
tint as it reaches the anal point, which is about ;4in. long, projecting
backwards and slightly upwards, finishing in two minute points
diverging laterally, and is also of a deep brown colour, and —
neither ~smooth nor shiny in surface. On the head, in the
extreme front between the eyes, is a short, broad, intensely dark
line, suffused at the edges, which commences immediately on the
forehead between the eyes, and travels upwards to stop when
vertically over their centre, and is set in an edging of unfreckled
sienna-colour ; this dark line commences again behind the head on
the junction of the thorax with the head; it here dilates into
two rather diamond-shaped swellings, then traverses the thorax
as a mediodorsal line to stop again abruptly, on the posterior
end of the thorax, where it again expands into a diamond-
shaped blotch. [These markings, in dark brown line, are most
vividly and decidedly drawn upon the pupa and are thick and
firm in character. | From this point the mediodorsal line
extends, in a_ broken interrupted manner, to the anal segment,
but is only faintly indicated upon the centre of the segments ;
on the anal segment is a small but very distinct dorsal spot.
There is a subdorsal series of small darkish ticks (or marks) on the
anterior edge of each segment beginning at the rst abdominal;
these are gradually more removed from the dorsal centre as
the segments widen, and, as they decrease in size, again approach
it more nearly. ‘There are also two pairs of small dark sub-

APPENDIX, 493

dorsal dots on the thorax—one pair composed of a dot on
each side of the mediodorsal line, the other pair of a dot on
each side at about the junction of the meso- and metathoracic
segments; below the last pair is a small elongated mark. The
bases of the antenne are also diffused with a thin dark trans-
verse line. The prothoracic spiracular mark is seen in a dorsal
view, as is also a suggestion of that upon the 2nd abdominal;
these are placed in large, intensely dark-brown conspicuous
blotches. The lateral view of the pupa is distinguished by
two main characteristics, the long wingcases and the series
of large and very dark blotches which mark the position
Gaeitemspirdclies:; the frst “of these is on the prothoracic
segment, just above and behind the eye, which possesses a
fine semicircular aark mark resting on the sheath of the antenna;
on the rst abdominal segment the dark blotch is not visible, or only
very faintly suggested, so faintly that it can hardly be recorded with
certainty, for here the wing-cases enwrap it rather deeply ; on the
2nd abdominal the spiracular blotch is uninterruptedly in view; on
the 3rd the lower half of the blotch is concealed by the angle of the
wing; that on the 4th abdominal is the largest of the series, is
roundish in outline, though jagged and suffused at the edges ;
the remainder all rather smaller or more elongated in form,
inclining to a posterior, tail-like point in the marking. On the
8th abdominal, just below the spiracular blotch, is a small, dark
marking, consisting of two finely drawn vertical ticks (or marks), side
by side, and, on the anal segment, is a small round dark dot on the
spiracular line. The wingcases are extremely thin and transparent,
and, while showing the neuration distinctly, also exhibit the seg-
mental divisions with their local colour through their transparent
texture. The ventral view is remarkable for a most distinctive feature,
viz., a broad, strongly drawn, intensely dark, medioventral line extend-
ing trom the base of the proboscis on the head (but separated from the
short dark mark on the forehead) to the apices of the wings on the 4th
abdominal segment; the line is as firmly and sharply drawn as if it
had been made with a J pen along a ruler. In the centre of this dark
line is an extremely fine light thread-like longitudinal line. The
packing of the proboscis, legs, antenne and wings is wonderfully neat,
and the form of these organs can be fairly well discerned by their
coverings. On the abdominal segments which bore the prolegs (in
the larva), there is a large brownish-red blotch where each proleg had
existed, except upon the anal segment where no such marks are visible.
There are three small dots on the anterior edge of the 7th abdominal
segment, a central one, and one aligned with it on either side. The
subspiracular marks of the two ventral ticks (or marks) on abdominal
segment 8 are also visible in the ventral view of the pupa. A faint
suggestion of a medioventral line runs from the termination of the
thick dark line on the posterior edge of the 4th abdominal segment,
to the anal point, broken only, just short of that, by the anal aperture
and genital organs. A careful examination was made of the venter
to determine, if possible, the exact position of the embryonic legs,
antenne and wings, and their general form could readily be made
out by slowly moving the pupa so that the light was refiected upon
the various prominences, but it was not easy to come to a decision

494 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

concerning various details as the pupacase did not define with
much exactness the limits of the limbs. The serrated sheath of the
antenna starts squarely from above the eye-covering and descends
downwards and backwards to be inserted just past the junction of abdo-
minal segments 1 and 2, between the znd leg and the costal line of the
wing-case. ‘The 1st leg shows its upper visible segment (the femur)
close behind and below the glazed eye and between here and the
maxilla, on the upper edge of the prothoracic segment; from this
point the next segment (the tibia) descends obliquely backwards,
its lowest point being situated near the thick dark medioventral line
before alluded to, at the junction of the meso- and metathoracic
segments, whilst the last segment of the leg (the tarsus) terminates
upon the 2nd abdominal segment, lying close against the broad
dark medioventral line The femur of leg 2 commences at about
the centre of the mesothoracic segment, against the tibia of leg 1.
The junction of this segment of leg 2, with the tibia, is not definitely
visible through the pupa-case, but the tibia terminates on the anterior
edge of abdominal segment 1. From thence the tarsus extends,
packed closely against the broad medioventral line to the centre of
abdominal segment 3, where it terminates. The detail of the 3rd leg
could not be made out as it 1s packed beneath and behind the
costa of the wing, but, as the imago advances towards emergence,
the lower joint can be faintly discerned through the wings
on the posterior, ) portion of abdomimal| sepmentaue from
whence its last segment doubtless lay beneath the wing costa,
but its termination’ could only “bey suessed’— at: The wing
extends to the extreme posterior edge of abdominal segment
4, where it 1s carried slightly round the full edge of the segment
almost to the deep depressed division from the next segment ;
hence it ascends upwards and forwards in a graceful curve to
an angle on the lateral centre of abdominal segment 3, the
point of the angle impinging on and crossing the ‘lower portion
OQ? wae somearcuilere Iolo waers 3 ub oS then carried forward
in a hollow curve to the shoulder in the thoracic region. ‘The
nervures are well-defined, firmly, though delicately, traced upon
the surface, the marginal edging to the wings sharply and neatly
incised. ‘he lines upon the head and thorax marking the structural
divisions thereof are defined in thin brown line, slightly, but
sharply, depressed at their edges. [The pupa becomes much
quieter after its first week of existence and seldom moves or shows
signs of life when undergoing inspection.] It very gradually deepens
in colour to a distinct sienna tint, especially on the dorsal surface,
and, by October 30th, seemed to have reached its final stage in this
direction. The ventral surface and wings remain fairly lhght and
clear, the latter preserving very little of the freckled appearance
which was noticeable on the other portions of its surface, and
which had now turned dark, almost to blackness, on the anterior
part of the dorsal area of the segments. JZature pupa (November
5th, 1903): The pupa has now lost its transparent and shiny look ;
the whole of the surface opaque and although warmer and more ochre-
coloured than putty-coloured, it suggests the dull dead surface of putty.
The ventral portion of the thorax, containing the legs, is lighter and
rather greyer in tint than the rest of the pupal skin, but shows no
tendency towards the colour-markings of the imago. The darkening of

APPENDIX. 495

the pupa from this time onwards is very gradual, the first portions to
change colour being the head and eyes, which slowly deepen
to a blackish-brown, and by the 15th of the month the antennz and legs
had asserted themselves darkly through the skin. ‘The entire pupa has
now become strongly marked with minute dark freckling; on the
dorsal region these freckles have taken the form of transverse lines,
doubtless on the basis of the larval skinfolds; the ventral area and
wings also develop a quantity of dark freckling, but it was not
until November 2oth that the pattern of the wings began to be
visible through the pupal skin; these quickly intensified, and, on
the 23rd, were fully pronounced, and the wings were almost covered
with the markings in a dark olive-black. The dorsal region had
also darkened to a like degree of the same colour, and the transverse
series of freckled lines was almost lost in the general deepening
of the olive-black tint. On the 25th of the month the pattern of
the wings through the pupal skin was most distinctly defined and
the ocellated spot on the metathoracic segment sharply visible,
7.e., the marking formed on the shoulder of the imaginal forewing.
The whole pupa was now very dark, the pupal skin semitransparent
with the appearance of tracing-paper. The pupa was still very quiet.
The imago emerged on November 26th, the pupal condition having
lasted 37 days, the pupa being kept at an average temperature
(day and night) of 70° F. (Doliman). Powell says that the zezw/y-
formed pupa is at first almost white, although the black spiracular
patches, the ventral black line, and dark dorsal markings
are already present, that it darkens steadily for a few days, and
is finally pale yellowish-brown on wing-cases, leg- and antenna-
cases, rather darker on ventral area of abdominal segments and darker
still on the back. The wing-, leg- and antenna-cases have a smooth
surface. A shiny black line with an incision down the centre runs
from between the eyes, separating the wing-cases and ending just
beyond the tips of the wings. A rather thick black line runs down
the back of the thorax, and there is a short one on the head,
continuing the shiny ventral line after a slight break. The spiracles
enclosed in rather large irregularly rounded black patches. The
following are a few measurements taken of various-sized pupze—

ga and 3.9":

rs ri Total length
eiplaerof nee poniion solead
wing-case. segment. cremastral spike
Ist pupa ¢ 17°5mm. 17°5mm. 66°6mm.
(0 i ees Sed 16°57; iors. 69'0 ,,
Bie iS) at ee 103: ;; LEOr 53 ET se
A ei ESA, 16:2... 68:0 ,,
Gutsy, 8 VO » Tae 72°0 5,
6th ”? z 16°5 ? 17°8 9 750 9

[Page 258 | PUPAL DEVELOPMENT.—-The length of the pupal state
varies very much, and naturally depends upon the temperature. My
pupze of July, tg00, produced moths in a little over 15 days.
Those formed in the beginning or middle of September usually
hatch in three weeks, whilst this year (1903) early October pupz

496 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

hatched a month later. Still later pupz (October 15th-2o0th) did
not produce moths until the znd and 3rd weeks in December,
and I think it very unlikely that they would have produced imagines
at all if left out-of-doors. We had some cold weather in late
November and early December, dur'ng which time I kept my pupz
indoors. The markings of the wings had been showing for three
weeks at least before the moths emerged. Two of these late moths
were deformed, and the others, though well developed, had the
colours pale, the green being yellowish-olive, even rusty-olive, in
some specimens. I have still (December z2nd) 22 living pupa,
many with the moths almost completely developed, cthers showing
no sign yet beyond an increased opacity of the wing-cases, and a
darkening of leg- and eye-cases. Pupz formed late in November
partly develop the moths in the course of the winter, but they do not
hatch. I had six such last year, which I kept outside. They all
died towards the end of January, and, on opening them, I found
the moths nearly complete, but. their wings were uniform brown. I
am convinced that no pups pass the winter alive in the open in
the south of France, and feel pretty sure that, in average years, no
moths emerge later than the middle of November in the wild state.
Very late pup have light brown streaks on the wing-cases along
and between the nervures. Moisture is certainly harmful to the
pupe. If kept too damp they generally rot and tummeilacnuee
always keep mine perfectly dry and with very good results. The
autumn rains must destroy a great many out-of-doors. The pupa
to begin with is very sensitive, and, at the least touch, it will swing
the free abdominal segments round violently ; it is, in fact, one of the
most muscular pupe I know. When the wing-cases become decidedly
opaque indicating that the moth has commenced to mature, the pupa
loses a great deal of its sensitiveness. This returns again, however,
when the moth is nearly matured inside the pupa-case. ‘The eyes can
be seen shining the night before emergence, and, if examined only
a few hours before, they are seen to be brilliant. The markings
of the wings are also very evident (Powell).

[Page 259.] Parasires.—I think I may safely say that the larva of
Daphnis neriis entirely free from parasites in southern France. I have
bred in all about 500 moths and have never lost a single larva or pupa
from this cause (Powell).

[Page 259.] HaBiTs OF IMAGO.—In summertime, and early
autumn, the moths emerge from the pupze between sunset and midnight,
8 p.m. being anaverage time. Cold weather upsets all this, and often
delays emergence many days after the moth is ready, if it does not
prevent it altogether. ‘The moths climb up and rest on the sides of
the cages holding the thorax well back during the development of the
wings. This process is soon complete, but the wings still hang back and
down for about two hours. Then the distance between them widens,
and they are brought down rather abruptly into the position of rest
usual in hawk moths. The moth then settles itself closer to the cage
side, and tucks its antenne under the wings, close to the body. Next
morning at daybreak the moths fly, but their flight is of short duration,
for all are at rest again before sunrise. [lo prevent this they should be
placed overnight in a cupboard or dark room. where no light will
reach them in the morning. ‘They can then be killed at any time

APPENDIX. 497

during the day, and will be in perfect condition.|] If left to them-
selves they will again fly for a short time after sunset. Out-of-
doors the moths are very rarely seen, though they must be abundant
enough some years in early autumn. I have only once taken D.
nerit at flowers, though I have ona few occasions found them in
the daytime resting on palings or bushes. Dr. Siépi has taken them
in September, flying round petunias at Marseilles, but never com-
monly. I may say that most of the tacts I have been able to obtain
concerning YD. werzz lend strength to the theory that it is not a true
native of southern France, but a species renewed here entirely each
year by immigration. All late pupa make an attempt to mature the
moth during winter, but without success out-of-doors after about
November 15th. I have never known one to pass the winter and
hatch *n the spring, and, therefore, it is pretty certain that D. neriz
does not hybernate as a pupa. I have found no larve nor ova in
winter or spring, my earliest date for the larva being July r2th (it is
true that those captured were nearly fullfed at this date, but they are
rapid growers and had probably left the ova not earlier than the
middle ot June). As to the possibility that the perfect insect
may hybernate, I have not proved that it does not do so,
but I have never come across one either in winter or spring,
nor do I know of any record of. D. meri in spring in southern
France. A few specimens, bred in November, which I kept out-
of-doors in a large cage containing some foodplant, died in about a
fortnight, and, apparently, no pairing took place. No eggs were laid,
and two temales which I dissected had no trace of eggs in their
bodies. I feel compelled, therefore, to consider those specimens,
which have been reported as occurring here in June, immigrants. Many
more must in some years arrive later in the summer. It is reasonable
to suppose, however, that many of the September and October larve
are the offspring of moths that have emerged here in the summer,
and not first descendants of the immigrants. I often wonder where
these travellers come from—possibly from southern Italy, Algeria or
Greece. It appears that D. merit is abundant in Asia Minor,
and is, no doubt, firmly established there, but it is hard to
believe that our stock is kept up from such a distance. The
moth is a powerful flier, but its flight is of short duration,
restricted to half-an-hour or less at dawn and after sunset. One
is tempted to ask whether, when migrating, it keeps on the wing
all night or comes on by short stages at dawn and dusk. If it
crosses the sea it must be on the wing fora fairly long time. The
larvee occasionally found in central Europe, which certainly must come
from immigrants, and the moths sometimes met with in England
and northern Europe, prove pretty conclusively the migratory
habits of this species. It would be interesting to find out
whether more specimens have been recorded in the north in those
years in which D. neriz has been specially abundant here in the south,
¢.2., 1899, 1900 and 1903 were years of abundance at Hyeres, sg901
and 1902 years of scarcity (Powell).

[Page 259.| TIME OF APPEARANCE.—My earliest moths emerged
between August 3rd and gth, 1900, from pupe formed about July zoth.
Here are a few other dates :—1899: earliest September 13:h, 18th,
20th, 2znd, latest mid-November. 1900: September 2zoth to

498 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

mid-November. Ig02: earliest October roth. 1903: earliest
November ist, some still hatching (December 23rd), but not
under natural conditions, as I only put them out-of-doors in the
daytime when the sun is shining. I have noticed in breeding
D. nerit that the females are somewhat more numerous than the
males. Never have I known the excess so marked as this
year, when, from a total of 73 pupz, I obtained 23 males and
50 females (Powell).

Manpuca ATRopOS, Linné (Vol. iv., p. 393).

[Page 399.] VaRiaTion.—Burrows has sent for publication in the
Ent. Record, detailed notes on various forms of this species. He mentions:
(1) The type—A 9 specimen bred at Rainham, 1896, almost without
markings except for the discoidal spot (which is quite tiny), and some
short whitish streaks from the inner margin (four on the left forewing
and two on the right). The specimen is not quite fully scaled
towards the tips ot the forewings and a small aneurism occurred
towards the extremity of the right forewing. (2) A @, exhibiting
pheism, the whole of the insect being entirely suffused; the fore-
wings (with rather more extensive pale markings than usual) being
suffused, the hindwings and abdomen also suffused but without
hiding altogether the yellow, the pale markings of the thorax also
darkened. Bred by Clark from a Cambridgeshire pupa, October
15th,° 1892=ab. suffusa, n- ab. (3) A ¢, bred by @Bseoksuuume
upperwings much more suffused with yellow and white than usual,
the dark coloration being reduced until it forms two narrow transverse
bands which continue the bands on the hindwings; the white scales
are extraordinarily increased, covering the whole of the forewings,
thorax and abdomen, so that, looked at sideways, it appears to be
perfectly white. In this particular specimen also the blackened
nervures of the hindwings are continued tothe base. This is evidently
a more detailed description of our type of ab. variegata (anted p.
403) made from a specimen exhibited at the South London Ento-
mological Society, November 8th, 1900, and shortly described (Proc.
Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1900, p. 104), and illustrated by the middle
figure of our pl. 11. It was bred from a pupa that was found at
Long Sutton, Lincolnshire. (4) A fine large 2 quite pale and faded-
looking, yet perfectly scaled and in good condition. Clark coll. (5) A
@ of the ab. zmperfecfa is in the Burrows coll. Brooks, Clark-and
Burrows have also each a specimen with the line all but obliterated
on the left hindwing only, the right in each case being normal. (6)
A @, the inner band on the left hindwing ending towards abdomen
in a large black blotch, extending and enlarging towards the base
of wing, and also extending but narrowing across the yellow space
through the outer band, and into the fringe. Clark coll. (7) An
example, the left forewing being divided from near the centre of
costa to within one-third of the base on the inner margin, the basal
portion being quite normal, but the outer and larger area yellow.
Brooks coll.

[Page 404.] TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLES.—The following descrip-
tions have recently been submitted to me by Mr. Burrows (7 Zit.) :

5. The left hindwing with two jagged holes (as though it had been eaten on

APPENDIX, 499

the setting-board), the right hindwing uninjured except for two spots of hardened (?)
blood. The forewings normal and uninjured. Burrows coll.

This example was forced during the winter of 1894, from a pupa
obtained at Rainham. An active light-coloured larva was observed
within the left wingcase of the pupa just before the emergence of
the imago. The moth emerged satisfactorily, and was perfect except
as noted above. The larva was unexpectedly (? rightly) determined
as that of Ccophora pseudospretella, which is supposed to have
entered the pupa (from an affected breedin7-cage) after the formation
of the imago, and just before it was observed, and to have done the
damage described (Burrows).

6. The left forewing deeply scooped along the costa from about the centre of
the apex, also on the hindmargin from the apex downwards. Clark coll. (Burrows).

PHRVXUS LIVORNICA, Hsper (Vol.iv., p. 147).

[Page 155.] ParTIAL ONTOGENY OF LARVa.—Third instar: At
the end of the 3rd instar the length is rather over 23mm. Of two
larve examined, one was of a lighter form than the other. Its
head was_yellowish-orange, ground-colour of body black, but the
yellow lines were broader than in the other specimen, which had a
black head. Both had yellow dorsal, subdorsal and lateral lines ;
the two last-named widened just before the middle of each segment, the
enlargements containing an orange patch; the black ground-colour
enclosed between the subdorsal and lateral lines was thickly powdered
with yellow dots, and these dots, crossing the subdorsal lines between
the centre and the posterior end ot each segment, invaded the
dorsal surtace, forming a small patch on each side of the central
line, but not reaching it. ‘The ventral surface black. The legs and
prolegs shiny black. ‘The 3rd moult was passed on the morning
of June 17th. Sourth instar: Length directly after moult, 23mm.
The markings stronger than in preceding stage; the head now
black in both larva. The ground-colour black as before; a fold
of black skin on the prothoracic segment just at the back of the
head. The darker specimen has now almost entirely lost its yellow
dorsal line, whilst the lighter one has it much interrupted. The
caudal horn slightly reddish towards the base, the remainder black.
At the end of this instar I made another and more complete
examination of the larva. The length was then 38mm.-39mm.
The subdorsal yellow lines start from the black fold of skin on
the prothoracic segment, but the lateral lines pass below it nearly
to the head. The central yellow line is obliterated towards the head,
and, further down, is broken up into small patches, one or two at
the beginning of each segment. In the lighter specimen the sub-
dorsal line encloses a well-developed pale orange spot on each
segment, a little before the centre. In the other, these spots are
much smaller and do not bulge out the line to any great extent.
The orange patches in the lateral line are much deeper in colour
and larger than those of the subdorsal line; they are situated
below the spiracles in the centre of each segment. ‘Three elongated
yellow spots further back than the caudal horn continue the sub-
dorsal line on the last segment, and are inclined downwards towards
the lateral line which fades out just above the anal pair of claspers.
On each side of the dorsum, at the beginuing of each segment,

500 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

with its base resting on the yellow subdorsal line, is a velvety-
black patch darker and clearer than the ground colour, reaching
almost up to the central line. Behind these patches occur the
overflows of yellow dots from the lateral area. /ifth instar:
The dark larva moulted for the 4th time on the morning of June
23rd, the light one exactly 48 hours later. Directly after the moult,
the head is pale reddish, but it very soon becomes shiny black;
however, a triangular section in the centre retains a reddish tinge.
Between the base of the triangle and the mouth is a transverse
yellow line with a yellow inverted cone at each end of it, but not
touching. The cones terminate each in a teeler at@themesiae
of the mouth. The darker of the two larve has entirely lost
all trace of a dorsal line, and both subdorsal and lateral lines
are narrowed. Its yellow markings have a decided tinge of orange
Subdorsal line even throughout and now quite free from orange
spots. The lateral line is broken beneath each spiracle and the
gap partly filled by a small reddish suffused patch. The spiracles are
situated in the yellow-dotted lateral area, just above the line. ‘They
are upright elongated ovals, orange-coloured, and with a narrow
black slit. The yellow dots on the dorsum are confined as before
to the 5 or 6 narrow posterior subdivisions of the segment, and
do not reach the dorsal centre. The velvety-black patches are
somewhat reduced. The true legs shiny black, the first pair with a
small yellow spot at the base of the fleshy part; the prolegs shiny
black, bases dull black. The caudal horn 8mm. in length, pale
yellowish-brown for half its length, darkening to blackish-brown
at the tip, and sprinkled with short black spines. ‘There is a slight
backward bend in it at about one-third the distance up between
base and tip. It springs from a small mound of black ground
colour on the 8th abdominal segment. The hood-like fold of skin
behind the head, on the prothoracic segment, is prominent in these
recently moulted larve. Ground colour deep black, in great contrast
with the yellow; rather lighter on ventral surface between the claspers.
The lighter larva differs from the one described above only in
the following particulars :—Yellow markings lighter, forming a
rich lemon colour; the yellow dots in the enclosed lateral area
more numerous. The spiracles pale orange. The subdorsal and
lateral lines broader, the former swollen on each segment rather
before the centre, every swelling enclosing a small orange patch
(except on the thoracic seginents) whilst the latter is interrupted
by dull red spots, each with a black dot near its lower edge.
The dorsal line is not quite obliterated. Its course is marked
by an elongated suffused yellow spot towards the end of each
abdominal segment except the last; it is faintly indicated on
the thoracic segments. Ventral surface smoky-black, whitish down
the centre; abdominal segments thickly sprinkled with minute
yellow dots. [Both these larve died a few days after entering
the 5th instar, owing, no doubt, to the fact that the succulent
white-flowered Galiwm, on the flowers of which they were found
feeding on June 14th, 1903, and on which I continued to feed them,
became too relaxing after being kept a few days in water.] The
previous year, on June 14th, I found a larva at the beginning
of its 5th instar feeding upon vine. It exactly resembled the

APPENDIX, 501

lighter larva described above (Powell).

| Page 156.] Cocoon.—Formed on the surface of the ground, and
composed of dried leaves and earth (Powell).

[Page 156.] Pupa.—Measured 49mm. from head to point ot
spike (below average size); slim, gracetul, of polished appear-
ance, light yellowish-brown in colour, Head and thorax finely
roughened by small wrinkled pits. Proboscis-case lightly wrinkled
transversely. Body minutely pitted. The wing-cases are situated
transversely with thin light brown irregular lines, reminding one
of the surface-marking of the pupa of JZelanargia syllius, but,
in this case, the markings are not so pronounced. The first
free abdominal segment has a wrinkled brown patch on each
side extending as far as the spiracle and partly covered by the
previous segment. Spiracles of medium size, oval and brown.
Cremastral spike dark brown, straight and pointed. [The pupa
described entered this stage at the end of June, 1902, the larva
having been found on June 14th at Hyéres.] (Powell).

[Page 158.] Hasirs OF 1maGo.—Occurs regularly twice a
year at Hyéres, in April and May and again in July and
August. The May examples are not uncommon and are to be
seen frequently flying round the flowers of red valerian, on which
it loves to feed, and may sometimes be seen in considerable num-
bers, ¢.g., in a gorge above La Farlede on May rst, 1902, but
they are very active and difficult to capture. They appear to feed
quite as readily in full sunlight as at dusk, in the spring, yet I
have no notes nor recollection of having seen summer specimens
in the daytime, although they occur frequently at honeysuckle and
other flowers in the evening, and I have known the species to come
to the electric light (Powell).

502 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

CATALOGUE OF THE PALAARCTIC SPHINGIDES.

SPHINGIDES.
EUMORPHIDA.
HEMARINZ.
HEMARIDI.
Cechrania, Tutt
croatica, Esp.
Hemaris, Dalm.
ducalis, Staud.
dentata, Staud.
rubra, Hmpsn.t
saundersi, Walker ft
staudingeri, Leech
var. ottonis, Roths, and
ord.
beresowskii, Alph.
affinis, Brem.
var. ganssuensis, Gr.-
Grsch.
var. confinis, Staud.
var. alternata, Bil.
fuciformis, Linn.
ab. heynei, Bart.
ad. milesiformis, Tr.
var. robusta, Staud.
var. simillima, Moore
radians, Walk.
var. mandarina, Butl.
tityus, Linn.
var. alaiana, Roths. and
Jord.
CEPHONODIDI.
Cephonodes, Hb.
hylas, Linn.
SESIIN.
SPHECODINIDI.
Sphecodina, Blanch.
caudata, Brem, and Grey Tf
SESIIDI.
Sesia, Fab.
stellatarum, Linn.
bombylans, Walk.
passalus, Drury
Rhopalopsyche, Butl.
nycteris, Koll. t
PROSERPININA.
PROSERPINIDI.
Sphingonzepeopsis, Wallgrn.
gorgon, Esp.
kuldjaensis, Graes.
Proserpinus, Hb.
proserpina, Pallas
var, japetus, Grum-Grsch.
DARAPSINA.
CLARINIDI.
Gurelca, Kirby
masuriensis, Butl,
var. sangaica, Butl.
Clarina, Tutt (Berutana,
Roths, and Jord.)

kotschyi, Koll.
var. mardina, Staud.

syriaca, Led.

ACOSMERYGIDT.
Ampelophaga, Brem. and Giey

.rubiginosa, Brem. and Grey
var. fasciosa, Moore t
var. ienobu, Holld.

Acosmeryx, Bdv.
castanea, Roths. and Jord.
naga, Moore

Rethera, Roths. and Jord.
komarovi, Christ.

DAPHNIDINA.
DAPHNIDIDI.
Daphnis, Hb.
nerii, Linn.
var. infernelutea, Saalm.
EUMORPHINA.
EUMORPHIDI.

Eumorpha, Hb.

elpenor, Linn.

ab. pallida, Tutt

ab. virgata, Tutt

ab. unicolor, Tutt

ab. clara, Tutt

ab. obsoleta, Tutt

var. lewisil, Butl.

var. macromera, Butl.f¢
rivularis, Bdv. (an var.) t

Theretra, Hb.
standfussi hybr., Bartel
porcellus, Linn.

ao. clara, Tutt

ab. (et var.) scotica, Tutt

ab. indistincta, Tutt

ab. hibernica, Tutt

ab, suffusa, Tutt

ab. lutescens, Ckll.
suellus, Staud. (an var.)

Cinogon, Butl.
askoldensis, Obth.

HIPPOTIONIDI.

Cechenena, Roths. and Jord.
minor, Kutl.

Rhagastis, Roths. and Jord.
confusa, Roths. and Jord. fF
jordani, Obth. f
mongoliana, Butl.

Isoples, Hb.
nessus, Drury

var, rubicundus, Schaur.
boisduvali, Bugn.
alecto, Linn.

var. cretica, Bdv.

Xylophanes, Hb.
oldenlandiz, Fab. t

Florina, Tutt
japonica, Orza

t+ On borders of Palearctic region, doubtfully within.

CATALOGUE OF THE PAL/EARCTIC SPHINGIDES., 59038

var, suifuna, Staud. bienerti, Staud.
Hippotion, Hb. SPHINGIDA.
osiris, Dalm. SPHINGINA:.
celerio, Linn. HYLOICID1.
PHRYXIDI. Hyloicus, Hb.

Phryxus, Hb.
livornica, Esp.
Weismannia, Tutt
zygophylli, Ochs.

Celerio, Oken
gallii, Rott.
ab. grisea, Tutt

crassistriga, Roths. & Jord.
pinastri, Linn.
ab. typica-virgata, Tutt
ab. fasciata, Lampa
ao. asiaticus, Bt).
ab. grisea, Tutt
ab. grisea - transversa,

ab. pallida, Tutt Tutt
ab. incompleta, Tutt ab. grisea - mediopuncta,
ab. stricta, Tutt Tutt

ab. lata, Tutt

phileuphorbia? hybr., Miitz.

Hyles, Hb
- tithymali, Bdv.
mauretanica, Staud.
var. deserticola, Bart.
ab. flaveola, Obth.*
dahlii, Hb.-Gey.
ab. lutescens, Obth.*
euphorbiz, Linn.
ab. suffusa, Tutt
ab. rubescens, Garb.
ab. rufomelana, Tutt

ab. helioscopiz, Selys-

Longch.

ao. lafitolii, Thierry-Mieg
ab.esule, Bdv.(nigrescens,

Roths. and Jord.)

ab, restricta, Roths, and

Jord.

var. (et ab.) grentzen-

bergi, Staud.
var. paralias, Nick.

var. peplidis, Christ.

(?==robertsi, Butl.)

conspicua, Roths. and

Jord. (an var.)

ab. grisea-distincta, Tutt
ab, virgata, Tutt
ao. unicolor, Tutt
var.morio, Roths. &
Jord.
caligineus, Butl. ( an var.)
var, sinicus, Roths. &
Jord.
oberthueri, Roths. & Jord.

SPHINGIDI.
Sphinx, Linn.

ligustri, Linn.
2b. albescens, Tutt
ab. pallida, Tutt
ab. subpallida, Tutt
ab. lutescens, Tutt
ab. incerta, Tutt
ab, intermedia, Tutt
ab. obscura, Tutt
ab. brunnea, Tutt
ab. spiraeae, Esp.
var. amurensis, Obth.
var. constricta, Butl.

CocyTIIDI.
Psilogramma, Roths, & Jord.

menephron, Cram. t
var. increta, Walk.

siehei, Pingeler (an var.) Meganoton, Bdv.
centralasiz, Staud. (an var.) analis, Feld. f
robertsi, Butl. (an var.) AGRIIDI.
nervosa, Roths. and Jord.t Agrius, Hb.

(an var.) convolvuli, Linn.

costata, Nordm. (an vay.)
nicza, Prun.
var. lathyrus, Walk.
var. castissima, Aust.
ab. carnea, Aust.

epilobii Zybr., Bdv. (an ad.)
eugeni /ybr., Mory (an ad.)

ab. grisea, Tutt

ao. intermedia, Tutt
ab, fuscosignata, Tutt
ab, virgata, Tutt

ab, variegata, Tutt
ao. suffusa, Tutt

ab. obscura, Tutt

lippei Zybr., Mory (an ad.) ab. alicea, Neub.
pauli ydr., Mory (an ad.) ab. major, Tutt
Thaumas, Hb. ab. minor, Tutt
vespertilio, Esp. var. batatee, Christ
ad. salmonea, Obth.* var. orientalis, Tutt
abd, burckhardti, Mory MANDUCIDI.
Turneria, Tutt Manduca, Hb.
vespertilioides Zybr., Bdv. atropos, Linn.
hippophaes, Esp. ab. suffusa, Tutt

_ * To be described in Oberthir’s Lépidopterologie comparée now in press.
+ On borders of Palearctic region, doubtfully within,

504 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

ab, obsoleta, Tutt

ab, imperfecta, Tutt

ab. conjuncta, Tutt

ab. extensa, Tutt

ab. intermedia, Tutt

ab. virgata, Tutt

ab, variegata, Tutt

ad, flavescens, Tutt

ab, sculda, Kirby
styx, Westd.

var. medusa, Moore

(crathis, Roths.

& Jord.)
AMORPHID#.
SPHINGULIN&.
SPHINGULIDI (KENTROCHRY-
SALIDI).

Sphingulus, Staud.
mus, Staud.
Kentrochrysalis, Staud.
sieversi, Alph.
davidis, Butl. (consimilis,
Roths. & Jord.)
streckeri, Staud.
var. davidis, Obth.
Dolbina, Staud.
tancrei, Staud.
exacta, Staud.
AMBULICINZE.
AMBULICIDI.
Akbesia, Roths. and Jord.
davidi, Obth.
Oxyambulyx, Roths. and Jord,
schauffelbergeri, Brem. and
Grey
ochracea, Butl.
AMORPHIN#.
CLANIDI.
Clanis, Hb.
bilineata, Walk.
undulosa, Moore t
LEUCOPHLEBIIDI.
Leucophlebia, Westd.
lineata, Westd.
MIMANTIDI.
Parum, Roths. and Jord.
colligata, Walk. (bieti,
Obth.)
Mimas, Hb.
tiliae, Linn.
ab. pallida - transversa,
Tutt
ab, bipunctata, Clark
ab, pallida - costipuncta,

Tutt
a0.pallida-marginepuncta,
Tutt
a. pallida - centripuncta,
Tutt

ab. pallida-obsoleta, Tutt
ab. maculata, Wallgrn.
ab, costipuncta, Clark

ab, marginepuncta, Tutt
ab, centripuncta, Clark

ab. obsoleta, Clark

ab, brunnea - transversa,
Tutt

ab, brunnea, Bart.

ab. brunnea - costipuncta,
Tutt

ab. brunnea - margine-
puncta, Tutt

ab. brunnea-centripuncta,
Tutt

ad, brunnea-obsoleta, Tutt

‘ab. virescens - transversa,

Tutt

ab. virescens - maculata,
Tutt

ab, virescens-costipuncta,
Tutt

ab, virescens - margine-
puncta, Tutt
ab. virescens-centripuncta,
Tutt
ab, virescens - obsoleta,
Tutt
ao. lutescers, Tutt
ab. suffusa, Clark
ad, ulmi, Bdv.
ab, pechmanni, Hartmn.
christophi, Staud.
ao. alni, Bart.
leonize Zybr., Stdfss.
SICHIIDI.
Burrowsia, Tutt
gaschkewitschi, Brem. &
Grey
var. carstanjeni, Staud.
var. complacens, Walk.
var. echephron, Bdv.
(roseipennis, Butl.)
Marumba, Moore
dyras, Walk.f
Kayeia, Tutt
maacki, Brem.
jankowskii, Obth.
sperchius, Mén.
Sichia, Tutt
quercts, Den. & Schiff.
LANGIDI.
Langia, Moore
zenzeroides, Moore
var. nawai, Roths. &
Jord.
SMERINTHIDI.
Callambulyx, Roths. & Jord.
tatarinovi, Brem. & Grey
var. eversmanni, Evers.
Daddia, Tutt
kindermanni, Led.
var, orbata, Grum-Grsch.
var. obsoleta, Staud.
Bellia, Tutt
cecus, Mén.
Smerinthus, Latr.
ocellata, Linn.

t On borders of Palzarctic region, doubtfully within.

CATALOGUE OF THE PALAARCTIC SPHINGIDES. 505

ab, albescens, Tutt
ad. pallida,:Tutt
ab. rosea, Bart.
var. cinerascens, Staud.
var. atlanticus, Aust.
var. atlanticus-zestivalis,
Aust.
hybridus Aybér., Stphs.
fringsi hybr.. Stdfss.
oberthueri Aydr., Tutt
planus, Walk. (an raz.)
AMORPHIDI.
Amorpha, Hb.
populi, Linn.
ab. roseotincta, Reuter
ab. suffusa, Tutt
ad. rufescens, Selys
ab. fuchsi, Bart.
ab. pallida, Tutt
ab. tremulz, Bkh.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Larva of Daphnis nerit (described pp 489 et. seq.).
Pupa of Daphnis nerit, dorsal, lateral

Séq.).

var, austauti, Staud.
ab, austauti-incarnata,
Aust.
ab. austauti-mirabilis,
Aust.
ab. austauti-staudingeri,
Aust.
ab, austauti-flava, Bartel
var. populeti, Bienert
var. populetorum, Staud.

amurensis, Staud.

ab, rosacea, Staud.
var. sinica, Roths. &

Jord. f

metis Aybr., Aust.
inversa hybr., Tutt
PHYLLOSPHINGIIDI
(CLARKIIDI).
Phyllosphingia, Swinh.
aissimilis, Brem.

, and ventral views (described pp. 492 ez.

(Figures from drawings made by Mr. J. C. Dollman.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE It.
Aberrations of Manduca atropos.

Manduca atropos ab. virgata, Tutt (top figure).

Manduca atropos ab. variegata, Tutt (middle figure).

Manduca atropos ab. extensa, Tutt (bottom figure).
(From specimens in the Brooks’ collection.)

I

t On borders of Palzearctic region, doubtfully within.

UNIONS:

PAGE.
abadonna (? convolvulivav.), Agrius 333
abadonna (?==godarti), Agrius .. 333
achemon, Pholus_.. 245
‘Acherontia (=Manduca) 266, 358,

361, 393, 394, 396, 397, 402

Acherontia (=Manducidi) .. 393
Acherontiicze 393; 394
Acherontiinz (=Sphingide) | 205
Acosmerygidi 502
Acosmeryx 140, 266, 502
acteus, Pergesa Seka.
ae 144
Ageriides .. 5 me 297
affinis, Hemaris : 47 5, 502
Agriidi 273, 329- 330, 393, 396, 503
Agrius 26252005274; 399. 330,
: 393» 523
Akbesia es : ay: 5a Sov

alaiana (tityus var. 7” Hemaris 475. 502
albescens (ligustri a.), Sphinx 299, 503
albescens (ocellata ad.), Smerinthus 505

albicosta (zgrota), Cechenena gI
albiplaga, Protoparce ay == 266
alboguttatus, Trogus El Onsng 22

albolineata(=celerio), Hippotion 118, 119
alecto, Isoples (Deilephila) 39, 43,
KOH Gi/e SOy Wud Wags mMOy Wa,

127, 142, 143, 144, 156, 502

alicea (convolvuli ad.), Agrius 335, 503

alni (christophi @é.), Mimas 7 com
alope, Anceryx = 24
alternata (affinis var.), Hemaris .. 502
Ambulicide -. oe a .. 504
Ambulicidi .. 2s 33 on 50M:
Ambulicine .. SOF!
amelia (= vespertilioides | “hybr.),
Turneria 481-482
Amorpha 264, 473, 478, 505
Amorphide .. : oo Muley. Koy
Amorphidi .. 56 0 505
Amorphine .. He 5 268, 504.
Ampelophaga = 56 e502
ampelophaga, Ino _.. 5 ae) W2O
Amphonygidi (=Cocytiidi) 273
Amphonyx : 204,°205, 027 3 425
Amphonyx (=Cocytius) .. 394
amurensis, Amorpha . GOS

amurensis (ligustri va”.), “Sphinx
299, 30.-302, 328, 503
amyntor, Ceratomia 2h 268, 273

analis, Meganoton .. 503
Anceryx aw 273 274
Anceryx (=Hyloicus) ex: 275

S PAGE
anchemolus, Agrius (Pholus) sis BGS
andamanus, Daphnis es cR245
angularia, Ennomos te «= 363
annei, Hyles .. 2 2 viene LS
anteus (medor), Cocytius va

phonyx) 50 oe se 258
Anthrocerides ie 2: .. 297
aper, Euryglottis Bee a; <-

apiformis, A‘ geria (Sesia) Lah SS
Argeus 143
asiaticus (pinastri ab. 5 Hyloicus

276, 277, 278, 503
askoldensis, Cinogon (Deilephila) 39, 502
atlanticus-estivalis (ocellata ver.),

Smerinthus oe F «e505
atlanticus (ocellata vav.),Smerinthus 505
Atreus (=Hyloicus) “- ow aS
atropivora, Argyrophylax .. -» 434
Atropos (=Manduca) ve . 390

atropos, Manduca (Acherontia) 55,
128, 253, 2575 206; 27 yeemte
273, 321; 343, 358, 301, 364,
306, 370 374, 375, 395, 398,
397, 398-471, 490, 498-499,

e _ (58Ssa585
augustil (celerio ad.), Hippotion ..120
aurifera, Rhagastis . vs -» QI
austauti-flava (populiva.), Amorpha 505

austauti-incarnata (populi var.),
Amorpha ik Se va §QS

austauti - mirabilis (populi var.),
Amorpha on 9 505

austauti (populi vav.), Amorpha .. 505
austauti-staudingeri (populi var.),
Amorpha an as cals
australasize (= ? livornicoides=livor-
nica var.), Phryxus 149. 482
batatze (convolvulivar. ) Agrius 335, 503

Bellia : - 504
beresowsku, Hemaris ~- 502
Berutana (= Clarina) wie .. 502
bhaga, Indiana : 246
bienerti, urneria (Hy les, Deile-

phila) 38, 137; 211, 503
biguttata, Turneria .. : os ESF
bilineata, Clanis ih ». 504

bipunctata (tilize, @d.), } Mimas »» 504
bisecta (=silhetensis), Lilina 57, 114,

142, 144

boisduvali, Isoples (Deilephila) 39,
56, 502
Bombus sine v8 ee ee |

bombylans, Sesia ., a .. 502

INDEX,

PAGE.
Be py liformis (=porcellus),
Theretra 91

Bombylia (=Sesia) .. 3
Brachyglossa (=Manduea).. : - 396
brassicze, Pieris F ae 32)
breviventris, Alysia .. a Pa
brunnea (celerio ad.), Hippotion 119
brunnea - centripunctata (tiliz a@d.),
Mimas _.. 504
brunnea - costipunctata (tilize ab.),
Miumas «.. 5 SOR
brunnea (ligustri @d. ): “Sphinx 300, 503
brunnea-marginepunctata (tilize @d.),
Mimas .. rae SOA:
brunnea-obsoleta (tilize ab.), Mimas 504
brunnea (tiliae ad.), Mimas 504

5
brunnea-transversa (tilize ad.), Mimas 504

burckhardti (vespertilio _—a@.),

Thaumas en 503
Burrowsia sis oe .» 504
caecus, Bellia sR a5 io SOM

caicus, Grammodia (Phryxus) 146,
273, 274
calida, Hawaiina AG Selsey

caligineus (? pinastri var.), Hyloicus
278, 279-280, 295, 503
caliginosus (= caligineus), Hyloicus 279
Callambulyx .. : 504
calverleyi, Hyles ey
camelina, Lophopteryx 267
canadensis, Sphinx .. Ba ACY
capensis, Daphnis 55, 129
carnea (niczea ad.), Hyles Be 503
carolina, Phlegethontius 200,273

carstanjeni (gaschkewitschi), Bur-
rowsia : ee 504!
castanea, Acosmeryx 40 502
castissima (niczea vav.), Hyles 503
casuarine, Meganoton 2G
catalpz, Daremma 2 O4n 2713
caudata, Sphecodina (Sesia) 4, 502
Cautethia _... oe 5 Seu 2n
Cechenena ., ee Te me 1502
cecropia, Antherza .. 324
celzeno, Celerio 116

Celerio Allg 42,136, ‘167-169, 248, 503
celerio, Hippotion (Deilephila,
Metopsilus) B78 29,40, 4%, 43,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 90, 114, IIS,
116, 117, 118-136, 129, 141,
142, 143, 144, 148, 248, 249,
: 254, 257, 439, 503
Celerio (=Hyles) ..

50 22 202
celerio var. (=livornica), Phryxus.., 147
celeus, Phlegethontius ne 5
centralasiae (? euphorbiae var. i

Hyles 137, 210, 211, 241, 483,

isa _ 484, 503
centripuncta (tilize @d.), Mimas 504
Cephonodes . . 502
Cephonodidi .. ; 502
Ceratomia “244, 263, 264 274
Ceratomiidi 7 age
cerinthius, Amblyteles * > 434

507

PAGE.
Chzerocampa (—=Daphnis) .,. . 247
Cherocampa (—Eumorpha) <3, 60
Cheerocampa (—Hippotion) Pa 1 re
chameeneril (=va7v. intermedia,
Celerio 136,172
charis, Basiothia ae fails)
chersis, Sphinx 297
chionanthi, Acherontia 395
cheerilus, Darapsa rie SS)
Choerocampa AS oa IOI
Cheerocampa (=Daphnis) .. sen eda
Choerocampa (—Eumorpha) OG

Choerocampa (—Eumorphidi) Bo Bas
Choerocampa (=Eumorphine) ., 37
Choerocampa (—Hippotion) ;

Choerocampa (=Theretra) ROO

christophi, Mimas Or!
cinerascens (ocellata var.), Smer-
inthus . 505
cingulata, Agrius (Protoparce) 266,
: : 2735 339, 391
cingulatus (cingulata), Agrius 5 SG0
Cinogon oe sie 502
circumflexum, ‘Anomalon 323
Clanidi ep - ae OL:
Clanis : 56 a0 .. 5Og
clara (elpenor ab. ),Eumorpha 64, 502
clara (porcellus ad.), Theretra 92, 502
Clarina 57, 502
Clarinidi ae 502
Clarkiidi (Phyllosphingidi) | 55 EOS
clotho, Hathia ‘ II4, 144
cluentius, Cocytius ap Pa
Cochrania : 56 16, 502
Cocytiidi (Amphonyeic 273, 394, 503
Cocytius : 393, 394
Coelonia 393, 394
colligata, Parum 504
complacens (gaschkewitschi var.),
Burrowsia 504
confinis (affinis var.), Hemaris 502
confusa, Rhagastis aie 502
coniferarum, Hyloicus Palsy Pals
conjuncta (atropos ab.), Manduca
400, 402, 504
consimilis (=davidis). Kentro-
chrysalis a0 : 65 ONS
conspicua, Hyles 482, 483-484, 503
constricta (ligustri vav.), Sphinx 301,
O
convolvuli, Agrius (Sphinx) 55, 129, a
204, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270,
272, 273, 274, 324, 330, 392,
393) 394, 396, 399, 440, 503
convolvuli (=cingulata), Agrius .. 330

convolvuli (=var. orientalis), Agrius 335

convolvuli (var. roseafasciata),
Agrius ae 336
cossus Cigniperda), Cossus .. » 430

costata, Hyles (Deilephila) 38, 137 ;

, 483, 484, 503
costipuncta (tiliz @d.), Mimas » 504
crabro, Vespa nA ae ao 44
crassistriga, Hyloicus os 503

508

PAGE.
crateegata, Rumia 363, 502
crathis (= var. medusa), Manduca 504.
cretica (alecto vaz.), Isoples 502
croatica, Cochrania .. TO, 26
culiciformis, AX geria (Sesia) Saale &)
cylindricum, Anomalon .. Selo
cyrtolophia, Pseudosphinx .., .. 260
Daddia ae a a 504
dahlii, Hyles (Deilephila) 38, 41,
IMS, WAGs Ue yeis. WAG). PALA. | ilo
483, 484, 503
dahlii (=robertsi), Hyles 211
Daphnididi ..40, 244, 245- 246, 502
Daphnidinze . 243- 24.5, 502
Daphnis 4I, 42, 143, 245, 246-
249, 502
Darapsa 59, 61, 91, 140, 141, 243
Be 204
Darapsidi 244
Darapsinz 24.4
Daremma 244, 263, 264
daucus (=lineata), Phryxus.. Sa UO)
davidi, Akbesia aie ose 504
davidis (streckerl var.), Ken-
trochrysalis (Deilephila) 504
davidis, Kentrochrysalis .. 53) GOR
decorata (populi ad.), Amorpha 4:74,
Deidamia 264
Deilephila 90, 248, 272, 286, 335
Deilephila (—Celerio) 168
Deilephila (—Daphnis) he . 247
Deilephila (=Eumorpha) .. 60, 418
Deilephila (=Eumorphidi) 90, 248, 335
Deilephila (=Eumorphinz) 36, 37,
272, 286
Deilephila (=Hippotion) 116

( a
Deilephila (—Hyles) AXON. Wilke
Deilephila (=Phryxid1) ere Bey 5

Deilephila (=Phryxus) 145
Deilephila (=Theretra) . 44, 89, 418
dentata, Hemaris.. ; 502
deserticola (mauretanica var. i
Hyles .. 503
Dilephila (—=Celerio) 168
Dilephila (=Hyles) .. 202
Dilephila (—Phryxus) oe ve £0
Dilophonota .. : 266, 273, 274
Dilophonotus Be yaichoe air
dissimilis, Phyllosphingia Soe eetoS5 S05

distans (=var, roseafasciata), Agrius 336

distans (var. tahitiensis), Agrius 333
Dolbidi ea}
Dolbina 265, 504
dolichus, Elibia = 114
drupiferarum, Sphinx 266, 267, 268,
es 297, 299, 302
ducalis, Hemaris 502
Dupo .. 140, 143
duponchel (duponcheli by error)
Cocytius . : : S273
dyras, Marumba ; sh 504
eacus (—megeacus), Daphnis 247
echephron (gaschkewitschi var.),
Burrowsia

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.
edwardsii, Anceryx .. oe eget
Elegantes “2 0S
Elibia 114, 144
Elibiidi 114, 244
elinguaria, Crocallis . EE
ello, Erinnyis (Dilophonota) 273. 274
Elpenor (=Daphnis) noe 24g
Elpenor (—=Eumorpha) 60

elpenor, Eumorpha (Deilephila) 10,

37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46,
55, 50,57, 58, 59, 60, 61-89,

90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 1GO, tom
102, 102, Oss LOGE 106, 114,
115, 116, 121, 1235 14O.ore
142, 144, 169, 175, 213, 219,
230, 231, 238, 254, 250maniae
418, 502
Elpenor (=Hippotion) 2 Te
Elpenor (=Theretra) 4-88
_elpenorellus —=standfussi) hyor.,
Theretra ; .. 44
Enyo- 7. chs “ ee
epilobii Zy67., “Hyles 44, 46-49,

F 51, 52, 503
equestris, Theretra og <- OO
eremitus, Sphinx ie 2m
Erinnyis 2 273, 274
ernestinus, Daphnis _ be 2 240
eson, Hippotion ‘ 116
esulze (==euphorbiee), Hyles 202
esulz (euphorbiz ad.), Hyles 169,

204, 205, 208-210, 212,
483, 503
Euchloron : ae ri eh 15
eugeni Aybr., Hyles (44, 51-52, 503
Eumorpha 10, 41, 42, 59-61, 90,

114, EES, 107, 140 aaeee i 502
Eumorpha (=Daphnis) 247
Eumorpha (=Hippotion) 116
Eumorpha Ce 89
Eumorphe .. : a ae oc)
Eumorphide .. .. 243-244, 502
Eumorphidi 40, 56-59, 90, 91, 114,

116, 140, 141, 244, 502
Eumorphina .. 4 140, 243, 248
Eumorphine 36-56, 137, 243,
244, 272, 481, 482, 502
euphorbize ad. paralias (=conspicua),
Hyles a .. 483
euphorbiz (—conspicua), Hyles .. 483
euphorbiz (=gallii), Celerio 169, 170
euphorbiz, Hyles(Celerio, Deilephila)
I, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43. 44, 46,
47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55. 56, 58, 59,
66, 124, 126, 136, 137, 138, 139,
141, 145, 154, 156, 158, 159,
163; 168, 169;°T70, T72peaoor
189, 194, 202- 243, 292, 316,
334, 342, 482-484, 503
euphorbize (=helioscopiz), Hvyles 205
euphorbize (=lathyrus), Hyles a8 8)
euphorbiz var. lathyrus (=con-
spicua), Hyles .. . 483

PAGE.
euphorbiarum, Celerio vw £2657 168
Euryglottidi .. es we 2 273
eversmanni (tatarinovi baz
Callambulyx - 504
exacta, Dolbina 504
exaltatorius, Trogus .. 106, 189, B2oy
examinator, Pimpla .. 322
extensa ({atropos ad.), Manduca
: 400, 504, 505

falcator, Banchus ! mn 23

fasciata (pinastri a@d.), Hyloicus
(Anceryx) 274, 277, 278,

fasciosa (=rubiginosa var.),
Ampelophaga

flaveola (mauretanica ad.), Hyles ie

flavescens (atropos aé.), Manduca

408,
flavida (=stellatarum), Sesia
Florina ; - 57, 58,
franckii, Sphinx ‘
fraterna (=rivularis var.), Eumor pha

62, Po:
fringsi hybr., Smerinthus A
fuchsi ( populi ab.), Amorpha
fuciformis, Hemaris (Sesia) 3, 16, 58,
59»
fuciformis (var. alaiana), Hemaris
fullo, Polichylla Be :
fulvinotata, Ccelonia.. 273393;
fuscipennis, Amblyteles xe
fuscosignata (convolvuli ad.), Agrius

335,
fusorius, Amblyteles ,.
fusorius, Ichneumon ,
galii (—euphorbie), Hyles ois :
gali (—gallii), Celerio (Hyles) 169,

Kz 2O2.
gallii, Celerio (Deilephila) 8, 37, 38,
40, 41,43, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 124,
136, 137, 138, 139, 145, 151,
154, 155, 165, 168, 169-201,
2OZ. 2k 24: 204, 218, 219, 220,
226, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235,
236, 241, 282,
gallii (=phileuphorbiz), Celerio
gaschkewitschi, Burrowsia ..
glomeratus, Apanteles
gloriosa, Rhagastis .. = ne
gordius, Sphinx a is 4266;
gorgon, Sphingonzpiopsis 3
Grammodia .. 273,
grentzenbergi (euphorbize ab. ), Hyles
204, 207, 208, 483,
grisea (convolvuli ad. ), Agrius 335,
grisea (gallii ad.), Celerio .. 172,
grisea (pinastri ad.), Hyloicus 277,
griseadistincta (pinastri ab.),
Hyloicus.. rf 278,
griseamediopuncta (Pinas ab.),
Hyloicus 277,
griseatransversa (pinastri ab.),
Hyloicus. , : ae hth
grossorius, Ichneumon ‘
Gurelca : 243, 244 264,
hzemorrhoidalis, Sesia fie

INDEX. 509

502
475

- 444

394
106

503
82

ie 106

202

236

593
593
mn

Bee
3

PAGE
hasdrubal (=tetrio), Macrosila
(Pseudosphinx, Hyloicus) 266, 275
Hawaiina 137

helioscopize (euphorbize ab. 5 Hyles
205- 209; 483, 503

Hemaridi Me » 502
Hemarine .. oe . 502
Hemaris ae ee LOE 140, 475, 502
Hemaris (=Sesia) .. 3
Eterse\(==A.ortidi): 2; An 393, 394
Herse (=A crits)... 330, 393, 394
Herse (=Hyloicus) . ae ». 275
FHerse,(==Sphinx) 2. “e i< 206
heynei (fuciformis ad.), Hemaris ., 502
hibernica (porcellus ad.), Theretra

92, 502

hippophaés, Turneria (Deilephila,
Hyles) 38, 44, 49, 50, 51, 53,
Igy gO, IOs EAT, 2025 1200,
222 Se 482, 503

hippothous, Daphnis 247
Hippotion 40,41, 116-118, 140, 146,
248,

5
Hippotionidi 40, 114-116, aa 503

hispidaria, Nyssia_ .. oe 56 9
horsfeldii, one fs ee ae 240
hyas, Gurelca . : aa JOE
hybridus yér., Smerinthus.. 505
hyleus, Dolba ‘(Hyloicus) 266, 773 Piss
hylas, Cephonodes (Sesia) .. » 502
Hyles 41, 42, 136, 137, 201- 208)

; 248, 503
Eiyless(=—Celerio) | ae. 168

Hyloicidi a 273-274, 393; 503
Hyloicus a 265, 274-276, 503

Hyloicus (=Sphingidi) ee - 393
Hyloicus (=Sphinx) BA 07
hypothous, .Daphnis. . 246, 248, 261

ichangensis (convolvuli var.), Agrius 333
lenobu (rubiginosa var.), Am-
pelophaga i 02
imperfecta (atropos ad.), Manduca
4:00, 402-403, 498, 504
incerta (ligustri ad.), Sphinx 300, 503
incompleta (gallii 2é.), Celerio Ae 503
increta (menephron var.). Psilo-
2» = 272, 503

gramma ., :
Indiana * 246
indistincta (porcellus var. ys Theretra
02
infernelutea (—nerii var.), Daphnis a
251, 502
inornata, Pachylia sé . 246
insidiosus, Ichneumon é en ge2
insolita, Sphinx cp ie eee
intermedia (atropos ab.), Manduca
4:03, 504

intermedia (=—chamenerii), Celerio 136
intermedia (convolvuli aé.), Agrius
335,
intermedia (gallii var.), Celerio 172- 17. 3
intermedia (ligustri ad.), Sphinx
300, 503

510

PAGE.
intersecta, Lilina Ses a TO
inversa hybr., Sa ee 505
Isognathus .. ; af ee
Isoples ; 53 ue oe ng
jankowskil, Kay ela 504

japetus (proserpina var), Proserpinus 502
japonica, Florina (Deilephila) 39, 57, —

(58, 114, 115, 116, 142, 144, 502
javanensis (convolvuli var.), Agrius 333

jordani, Rhagastis .. 502
kalmize, Sphinx 266, 273, 297, 302
Kayeia ee 504
Kentrochrysalidi (=Sphingulidi)

: 265, 273. 504
Kentrochrysalis 265, 504
kindermanni, Daddia os an ON
kingii, Cochrania.. 3 st EO
koechlini (=livornica), Phryxus

(Sphinx)
koechliniana (=livornica), Phryxus 147
komarovi, Rethera (Deilephila) 39, 502

kotschyi, Clarina... oe 502
kuldjzensis, Sphingonzepiopsis ng O2
lachesis, Manduca .. eS Or,
lafitchii (=lafitolii), Hyles .. .. 206

ee (lafilolei dy error) (euphorbize

b.), Hyles 204, 206, 483; 503
Tinors, ek fs 434
Langiidi ie 5 36 oe 504
lanternaria, Fulgora 56 ee 5O
lata (gallii ab.), Celerio 171, 503
lathyrus (=conspicua), Hyles .. 483
lathyrus (? euphorbiz vav.), Hyles

210, 212, 483
lathyrus (=nicza var.), Hyles 145,
PES 503
layardi, Daphnis_ _.. Sc . 246
leonize Zybr., Mimas ae se SOM
Lethia (=Sphinx) Ge 2905) 207,
Leucophlebia. . 40 50 . 504
Leucophlebiidi ae 504
lewisii (elpenor var.), Eumorpha 62,

- 5, 502
licaor (licaon), Pholus ee BLO
lignaria (=vigil), Panacra .. elo
ligniperda (=cossus), Cossus 430

ligustri, Sphinx (Lethia) 13, 71, 74,
O7s 120; 227. 208, 224.( 251,
264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
27M P2278, i452 ho 200)
287, 2809, 2005) 20m, 2075 298-
329, 330, 338, 339, 342, 343;
346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 355;
359, 363, 364, 375, 393, 399,
414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420,
472, 503
ligustri (ad. spiraez), Sphinx ..300
ligustri (var. constricta), Sphinx 302
Lilina , ae .
linearis (=lineata), Phryxus _ .. 482
lineata, Leucophlebia an .- 504
lineata, Phryxus 56, 136, 137, 138,
146, 147, 150, 155, 166
livornica), Phryxus 37,

lineata (= Wc:
147, 14

147, 152, 236 |

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.

lippei Aybr., Hyles 44, 52-53, 503
livornica, Phryxus (Accipitrina,
Deilephila) 38, 40, 41,555.50
127, 131, 132, 126; aia7 eee
141, 146, 147-167, 189, 204

236, 274, 439, 482, 499- 501, 503

livornica (=lineata), Phryxus .' T46
livornicoides (=livornica var.),
Phryxus .. ie .. 482
Lophuridi_.. ee aie Rrbsky 3”
lucasi, Isoples “~ ahd, ATG
lunaria, Selenia ae as «> B62
luscitiosa, Sphinx .. Br 2

lutescens (dahlii aé.), Hyles | 503
lutescens (ligustri a.), Sphinx 299, 503
lutescens (porcellus ad.), Theretra

93, 502
lutescens (tiliz ad.), Mimas oa SOF
lutorius, Trogus 107, 434
maacki, Kayeia sis Soc Sed
Macroglossa (=Sesia) 3, 5, 61, 264
Macroglossum (=Sesia) .. 3
macromera (=rivularis var. ry

Eumorpha 62, 65-66, 502
Macrosila : : ee 265
Macrosila (=Agrius) , 330

maculata (tiliz @d.), Mimas.. 504
major (convolvuli @é.), Agrius 334, 503
mandarina (radians var.), Hemaris 502
Manduca 43, 130, 264, 265, 319, 342,

366, 368, 395- itis 408, 503

Manduca Pe : e a
Manducz teas
Manducidi 273, 393-395, 503
mardina (kotschyi vav.), Clarina .. 502
marginepunctata (ale ab.), Mimas 504
Marumba .. 36 . 504
masuriensis, Gurelca.. aG2
mauretanica, Hyles (Deilephila,

Thaumas) 38, 56, 137, 138,
169, 188, 211, 482, 483, 484, 503

medor (antzeus), Amphonyx (Cocy-
tius) : 3s Sa —eeys

medusa (=stys), Manduca 397;

ee 402, 403, 504

Megacorma 393,394
Meganoton .. oh os) -SOs e508
megeacus, Daphnis .. te oa) 247
melancholica, Oe ie oe 274
Melanippe

menephron, Psilogr amma (Hy loicus)

275» 393» 503

metis Aydv., Amorpha ois: OS
Metopsilus' .. ie +» 90
Metopsilus (=Daphnis) <a wie ey
Metopsilus (—Eumorpha) .. ; arm
Metopsilus (=Hippotion) . eg rg
Metopsilus (=Theretra) .. eee:
migrator, Cryptus .. 17
milesiformis (fuciformis @2.), “Hemaris 502
Mimantidi_ .. oe af . 504
Mimas,. — ona -- 504
minimus, Daphnis ma he .. 246
minor, Cechenena .. Es «- 502

INDEX. oi
PAGE. PAGE.
minor (convolvuli ad.), Agrius 334, 503 | pallida (celerio ad.), Hippotion .,119

mongoliana, Rhagastis (Theretra,
Deilephila) 39; go, oe 502
moniliatus, Banchus.. 107
morgani, Xanthopan of L303
mono (pinastri var.), Hyloicus .. 503
morta, Manduca (Acherontia) 705
mus, Sphingulus a oS .. 504
mydon, Panacra ae 144
‘myron, Darapsa 57, 59, 143
naga, Acosmeryx .. m502
nawai (zenzeroides var.), Langia wn SOF
nechus, Theretra .. 18 so OS
Nemorza (=—Cheetalyga) .. -» 434
Nephele : Ie tag

nerii, Daphnis. (Deilephila, Metop-
silus) 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 55, 56,
58, 59, 90, 124, 126, 128, 246,
247, 248, 249-263, 439, 484.
498, 502, 505
nervosa, Hyles 483, 484, 503
nessus, Isoples (Theretra) gO, 114, 502
niczea, Hyles (Deilephila) 38, 137,
138, Par tat. 1O8,, 202... 207,
210, 228, 483, 484, 503
nigra (—stellatarum), Sesia Ave
nigrescens (=aé. esulz), Hyles 483, 503
nigricans (convolvuli var.), Agrius 337

nigriventris, Microgaster ee 280
nycteris, Rhopalopsyche aa 5O2
oberthueri Zydr., Smerinthus He 505
oberthueri, Hyloicus 5t -» 503

obliqua, Megacorma “3085, 394
obscura (convolvuli aé.), Agrius 335, 503
obscura (ligustri ad.), Sphinx 29)3)
300, 503
Manduca
4.00, 402, 504
Eumorpha
64, 502
obsoleta (kindermannivav.), Daddia 504
obsoleta (tilize ad.), Mimas ae 504)
ocellata, Smerinthus 267, 269, 271,

obsoleta (atropos ab.),

obsoleta (elpenor a@é.),

291, 339, 472-4783, 478, 504.

ocellatus (=ocellata), Smerinthus
346, 351, ee
ochracea, Oxvambulyx . 504
ocys (=celerio), Hippotion .. 117, 118
oenotrus, Erinnyis (Dilophonota) ee 7a

oldenlandiz, Xylophanes (Deile-
phila) 39, 57, 58, eis 116, 144, 502
olivacea, Rhagastis .. nae OF
olivata (by evror) .. : er Ot
opheltes, Hyles (Celerio) 1 36, 168, 202
orbata (kindermanni var.), Daddia 504
Oreus (—Eumorpha) bt 5) Velo.

orientalis (convolvuli var.), Agrius
333, 335-336 503

osiris, Hippotion 39, 114, 116, 117,
120, 503
ottonis (standingeri var.), Hemaris 502
Oxyambulyx .. a ae an SOF
Pachylia ; 140, 143, 266
palliatorius, Amblyteles oe ose 434

pallida (elpenor ad.), Eumorpha 64, 502
pallida (gallii ad.), Celerio ... 170, 503
pallida (ligustri @.), Sphinx ..300
pallida (ocellata a@b.), Smerinthus 505
pallida (populi @.), Amorpha 478,

Je 474, 505
pallida-centripuncta (tilie a@d.),

Vimas.. 5% 504.
pallida-costipuncta (tilize ab. y2 Mimas 504
pallida-marginepunctata (tiliz a@d.),

Mimas .. oe ae Se 504
pallida-obsoleta (tiliz a@d.), Mimas 504
pallida-transversa (tiliz @d.), Mimas 504

pamphilius, Hyloicus 515 ~» 275
pandorus, -Philampelus as .. 245
Panogena -» 394
paralias (=conspicua), Hyles mA Se

paralias (euphorbize var.), Hyles
204, 206, 207-208, 483; 503

paralias (= lathyrus), Hyles 2 2EO
paralias (=rubescens ad.), Hyles ., 206
passalus, Sesia an oe -- 502
paulizydr., Hyles .. 44, 58, 503
pechmanni (tilize @d.), Mimas 52 504:
peplidis ( ? euphorbize var.), Hyles
210, 503
peplidis, Hyles a Sc .. 212
perelegans, Sphinx ., ae E297
Pergesa ts 50 5c 5h Pe
Pergesa (= Theretra) 40 56, Of
Philampelidi as ee ae 24
Philampelina 140, 243, 248
Philampelinze a 243, 244.
Philampelus 140, 143, 245, 266
phileuphorbia “Zydr., Celerio 44,
53-54, 503
Phinx (== Phryxus)) 2: : 145
Phlegethontiidi RP tak? a -3, 394
Phlegethontius 1204), 297, 298, 393
Phlegethontius (= Agrius).., 1.330
Phrynus G Phryxus) 146
Phryxidi Ae, 136- 145, 24.4, 503
Phryxus 42, 59, 136, 14.5-
aT 168, 248, 2745 503
Phryxus (= Grammodia) de: Ee Te
Phryxus (=Phryxidi) me Be Ee
Phyllosphingia 26 oe ve 505
Phyllosphingiidi ae 505
pinastri, Hyloicus 179; 205, 238,
ZOA ZOO 200M 27am 2a 2k

27 276 - 296, 334; 390, 503

pinastri (var. caligineus ), Hyloicus 279

pinastrina (=bisecta), Lilina tees
pini, Dendrolimus ., iy ee 2O2
pisorius, Ichneumon wise 290," 322
planus, Smerinthus .. ESOS

populeti (populi vur.), Amorpha esas

populetorum (populi vav.), Amorpha 505
populi, Amorpha (Smerinthus)
LON) 205, 2h, mw2O0 272s n ons
303, 309, 351, 404, 473-475,

478, 505

porcellus (=aé. lutescens), Theretra 93

KI

512

PAGE.
porcellus, Theretra (Deilephila) 7,
10, 12, 17, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43;
44, 455 46 55,56, 57, 58, 59, OF,
63, 70, 76, 77, 86, 90, 91-114,
IX§, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
WE, Bon Busy BIO, 2ROn Ao,
258, 282, 308, 375, 418, 502
porcellus (=var. suellus), Theretra 93
porcus (=elpenor), Eumorpha .. 61

pratensis, Masciera ie gd
prini, Lethia os sf eeZOy
privenis, _Ichneumon.. ae Se OZ,
proserpina, Proserpinus (Pterogon)

: 58, 59, 104
Proserpinidi .. Se iss es O2
Proserpinine. . ae oe 502
proteus, Amblyteles. . 82, 189, 291
proteus(—laminatorius), Amblyteles 434

otoparce (=Agrius) 1 ZOO 20
Protoparce (=Phlegethontius) , 203
protrudens, Daphnis 5 246
pseudoconvolvuli (convolvuli var.),

Agrius ee 337
seudosphinx ; 7s
pseudospretella, CEcophora »» 499
Psilogramma . 5 : sen 508
Psithyros (= Sesia) 31 eu
Pterogon oie ae 55 MAO
quercifolia, Eutricha aa Fo) OO
querctis, Sichia a A 5 O4!
quinquemaculata, Sphinx .. 1. 206
radians, Hemaris .. ae Me 502
Regia 246
restricta (euphorbize_ ab. yi Hyles
48S, 503
Rhagastis .. 5 502
Rhamphoschisma (—Sesia) Sekine}
rhomboidaria, Boarmia seg 08
Rhopalopsyche 30 oe »» 502

rivularis (elpenor vav.), Eumorpha
62, 65-66, 502

robertsi, Hyles 137, 210, 211-212,
ae 483, 484, 503
robertsi (= peplidis), Hyles 210, 503
roboraria, Boarmia .. Sh 3 308
robusta (fuciformis vav.), Hemaris 502
rosacea (amurensis ad.), Amorpha 505
rosea (ocellata ad.), Smerinthus 505

roseafasciata(convolvulivay.),Agrius
333, 336-337
roseipennis (=echephron),Burrowsia 504

roseofasciata (var. roseafasciata),
Agrius .. rego
roseotincta (populi ‘ab.), Amorpha 505

rubescens (euphorbiz ad.), Hyles
204, 205, 206-207, 208, 483, 503

rubicundus (nessus var.), Isoples .. 502

rubidata, Anticlea .. 5: ah 6

rubiginosa, Amprigente? (Deile-
phila), 3. ue 39, 502

rubra, Hemaris : 1. 502

rubrescens (=rubescens ab.), Hyles 206
rufescens (populi ad.), Amorpha ., 505
rufomelana (euphorbie @d.), Hyles

204, 503

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

TAGE.
rustica, Phlegethontius (Protoparce)
266, 273, 393
Saga, Sesia 2. =: SS
salmonea (v espertilio ‘ab.), Thaumas 503
sambucaria, Ourapteryx
sangaica (masuriensis var), Gurelca 502
saniptri (pinastri @.), Hyloicus 270;
2

78-279
satanas (=lachesis), Manduca 266,

3971 446
saundersi, Hemaris .. 502
schauffelbergeri, Oxyambulyx eo!
schenki, Basiothia .. 5 ene

scotica (porcellus var.), Theretra 92, 502
sculda (atropos ad.), Manduca 4038, 504

scutellata, Blephoripoda_.. - 434
scyron, Anceryx : .. 266
Sesia ae fie 2-4, 61, 140, 271, 502
Sesia (=Macroglossa) He 61, 264
- Sesiidi or “a8 ae 2, 502
Sesiinze ; 3 1-22. 242>5a2
Setia (—Sesia) ee 5 ees
Sichia me se fe . «. 504.
Sichiidi a os e ». 504
siehei, Hyles .. 483, 484, 503

sieversi, Kentrochrysalis .. .. 504
silhetensis (=bisecta), Lilina 57> 114
simillima (fuciformis va7), Hemaris 502
sinica (amurensis var.), Amorpha.. 505
sinicus (caligineus vav.), Hyloicus .. 503
Smerinthidi .. a “8 2 504
Smerinthine .. : 266
Smerinthus 37, 219, 267, 310, 342,

348, 349, 351, 353, 355, 362,
415, 478, 504

Smerinthus (=Amorpha) 309, 351
solani (=atropos), Manduca .. 398
Spectrum (=Hippotion) .. om, ial
Spectrum (= Shien ae ae |
Spectrum (=Manduca) a e2390
5 —Sphinx) a ~« 296
sperchius, Kayeia_ .. ee -» 504
Sphecodina ., ae ue BASS
Sphecodinidi. , a a . 502
Sphingice ., Hi 303. 394

Sphingidz 1, 143, 244, 265, 297,
cave ciieg 339; 3405 34%) 3589 S95 soe
Sphingides I, 265, 271, 272, 297, 393, 502
Sphingidi 273, 296-298, 330, 393,

394, 503°
Sphingine 140, 263-278, 393» 395» 593
Sphingonepiopsis .. - 502
Sphingulidi ., =e “ 504
Sphingulus ‘ 265, 504

Sphinx 3, 40, 43, 115, 119, 126, £27,
148, 213, 219, 248, 2G0)meyes
274, 275, 276, 285, 29iae 298,

ae _ 304, 362, 393, 415, 503

Sphinx (=Agrius) 266, 329, 331, 333

Sphinx (=Celerio) 167, 169, 171

Sphinx (=Daphnis).. 246, 249

Sphinx (=Eumorpha)

Sphinx (=Hippotion) os , Gp

Sphinx (==Hyles) ..169, 170, 201, 202

INDEX. 5138

; PAGE. PAGE:
Sphinx (=Hyloicus) . ene 2745) 27/0. eetipwLOrmis, Sesia "2. 3
Sphinx (Manduca) 395; 398, 402 | tisiphone (=celerio), Hippotion I 18, 119

Sphinx (=Mimas) .. P . 300
Sphinx (=Phryxus) .. af 145, 148
Sphinx (=NSesia) Ce

Sphinx (=Sphingidi) 115, 126, 127,
248, 255, 266, 272
Sphinx (=Theretra) Lyod
Sphinx (—Turneria).. ar Boe
Sphinx-Macroglossum = Nesia) . 3
Sphinx-Spectrum (=Theretra) .. 89
Sphynx (= Manduca) Bs .. 396
Spinx (= Eumorpha) fe 60
Spinx (= Sphinx) .. ae 296

spiraez (—amurensis var.),

Sphinx 30!

spiraee (ligustri a@d.), Sphinx
300-301, 503
spiree ~(= abd. spiraez), Sphinx 300
sponsa, Catocala 363
standfussi hybr., Theretra 44 46, 502
staudingeri, Hemaris 502
stellarum (=stellatarum), Sesia ., 4
stellatarum, oe 5 17

stellatarum, Sesiae ela 3, A.- 36,

59, 95. 137, 177, 180, 186, I9gI,
281, 370, 372, 477, 479-481, 502

streckeri, Kentrochrysalis .. 273, 504
stricta (galliiad.), Celerio 171, 503

styx, Manduca 216, 266, 397, 401,

4.02, 403, 433, 450, 470
subflava(populi ad.), Amorpha 473.474

subpallida (ligustri @d.), Sphinx
300, 503

suellus (?porcellus var.), Theretra
93-94, 502

suffusa (atropos ab.), Manduca
498, 503

suffusa (convolvuli ad.), Agrius335, 503
suffusa (euphorbiae ad.), Hyles 204, 503
suffusa (populi ad.), Amorpha i 505
suffusa (porcellus ad.), Theretra 98, 502

suffusa (tiliz ad.), Mimas .. . 504
suifuna (japonica vay.), Florina .. 503
syces (=inornata), Pachylia 246
syllius, Melanargia .. 5oI

syriaca, Clarina (Deilephila, There-

eae tra) 37, 40, 57, 90, 91, 502
tahitiensis (convolvuli var.), Agrius

ap 337
tancrei, Dolbina ae ne 504
tantalus, Sesia = ae 4 3
tatarinovi, Callambulyx : 504.
tersa, Dilonche (Theretra) 57, 90, it, 144
tetrio, Pseudosphinx 200; 271, 273
Tettigonia . ..; 3 at 448
Thaumas , 137, 503

Theretra 10, Ar, 42, 6r, 89- $f 140,
175,248, 502
Theretra (=Eumorpha) .. se OO

Theretra (=Hippotion) ae Ee aig
thyelia (raffles), peeRaoe aC
Thyreidi ae hat eke
thysbe, Sesia . : 3

tilize, Mimas 13, 44, ‘80, 213, 27 2,
291, 300, 307, 472, 475

tithymali, Hyles (Deilephila) 38, 53,

Ma 20 200, 21M. Ol, Aas,
484, 503
tityus, Hemaris 14, 16, 98, 137,
475-479, 502
torenia, Regia ne mY: a 240
tremulz (populi ad.), Amorpha 473,
474, 505
trilmeata, Checrocampa ., *:. 116
Turneria ; ae - 137,593
typica (ligustri ‘ab), Sphinx ..300
typica - virgata (pinastri @.),
Hyloicus ie ~ PATEL
ulmi (tilize @d.), Mimas MV: ». 504
undulosa, Clanis (Daremma) 264, 273

unicolor (celerio ad ), Hippotion ..120
unicolor (convolvuli ad.), Agrius ..3834
unicolor (elpenor ad.), Eumorpha 64, 502
unicolor (pinastri ab.), Hyloicus 278, 503
vancouverensis, Sphinx Be wa 207)

variegata (atropos @b.), Manduca
403, 498, 504, 505

variegata (convolvuli aé.), Aerius
335, 503
velata, Rhagastis ae gI
versicolora, Dimorpha 3100, 81, Or

vespertilio, Thaumas (Deilephila)

37; 38, 43) 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,

51, 52, 59, 104, 137, 138, 139;
Mik WAS. Gse LOG, Loz. 450, 502

vespertilioides hyby., Turneria 44,
Ae 48, 49-51, 482, 503

vigil, Panacra 43, 59, I14, 116, 117,
_ 144, 248

virescens-centripuncta (tiliz a0.),
NMiinaaS ss a6 ae 04:

virescens - costipuncta (tiliz @d.),
Mimas .. .. 504
virescens-maculata (tilice ab.), Mimas 504

virescens-marginepunctata (tilizad.),
Nimas -- ap = Fe SOA!
virescens-obsoleta (tilize @d.), Mimas 504

virescens - transversa (tiliz 0.),
Mimas .. age a5 ~. 504
virgata (atropos ad.), Manduca 4.08,

gas C5
virgata (convolvuli cd.), Agrius835, 503
virgata (elpenor ad.), Eumorpha 64, 502
virgata (pinastri @d.), ee 2H 503

vitis, Philampelus.. . 245
vulgaris, Exorista ., 40 eee aes
Weismannia .. s6 5 ie HOR
wilsoni, Hawaiina .., ry egy
xanthog astra, ees (Nemo-
rea) ae af ae 4.
Xanthopan 393, 394
Xylophanes .. : 3e iim GOk
zenzeroides, Langia | aos bre SOF:

zy gophylh, Weismannia (Celerio,

Hyles, Deilephila) 38, 41, 136,

1377-125, (4, 168, £69, 202,
334, 503

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS: 1 1@nwe

VOR wa:

Ch. ie ORIGIN OF LEPIDOPTERA.
Relation between Trichoptera and Micropteryx (Eriocrania), Eriocephala
(Micropteryx), and Hepialus, 1. Relation of lepidopterous pupa to other
orders, 2. Neuropteroid characters in lepidopterous imagines.— Neuration
compared with Trichoptera, &c., 3. Chapman’s theories of origin as shown
by pupa, 5. Kellogg on affinities of Trichoptera and Lepidoptera, 6.
Meyrick on ditto, 7.

Ch. ii, THE OVUM OR Ece.
Forms of lepidopterous ova.—Description of egg, 6. ‘* Upright” evolved
from ‘‘flat” egg.—‘‘ Base’”’ of egg.— Comparison of various eggs, 7-
Colour-changes in egg, 10. Varied ornamentation, 11. Number of eggs.—
Position in which various eggs are laid, 12. Destruction of eggs. — Duration of
egg state, 14. Condition during hybernation. Influence of temperature,
155) SO Mol Oe U7

Ch. iii, EMBRYOLOGY OF A LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECT.
Importance of embryology in studying phylogeny, 17. Lenses required for
observation. — Methods “of killing ova.—Gradua] development of embryo,
18. Movements of larva in ovum, 20. Sudden appearance of trachese,—
Pulsations of dorsal vessel, 21. Origin of vcenocytes and _ fat-hody.—
Additional prolegs in certain embryos.— Origin of organs of reproduction, 22.

Ch, iv. PARTHENOGENESIS OR AGAMOGENESIS IN LEPIDOPTERA.
First changes in ovum probably independent of fertilization. — Partheno-
genesis an occasional extension of this, 2 Parthenogenesis in crustacea—in
aphides. —Paucity of scientific experiments, 24. Jourdan’ s experiments with
Bombyx mori.— Essay of von Siebold. — Albrecht of Hildesheim (1701),
25. Experiments on Solenobia— on Bombyx mori, 26. Newman’s list (1856).
—Unsatisfactory evidence.—Tardy’s s experiments on Lasiocampa querciis, 27.
Eaton’s on Orgyia antiqua.— Summary of records, 28. Suggested explanation of
phenomenon, 29. Helotoky in Psychide. — Difference in phenomenon
between Psychids and other Lepidoptera, 30.

Ch. v. THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA.
The larva on escaping from the egg, 30. General description of larva, 31.
Larve generalized and specialized. — List of most generalized larve.—
Description of the head, 32; of the thorax and abdomen; the spiracles, 34 ;
the trachez; the legs; the prolegs, 35; the hooks of the prolegs, 36.
Geometrid form of prolegs; rudimentary legs of Lagoa crispata; obsolete
legs of Cochliopodids, 37. Hairy pile on larvze, 38. Chitinous shield on thorax,
39. Structure and homologies of anal segment, 40. Food of ancestral
lepidopterous larvee. — Specialization in relation to feeding - habits, 41.
Metamorphoses acquired rather than primitive.- Brauer’s division of larva,
42. Possible forms of primitive larvee.—Packard’s view.—Author’s view.—
Meldola’s chlorophyll theory of colouring.—Poulton’s later experiments on
colour, 43. Primitive ornamentation.—Lines.- Names of usual longitudinal
lines.— Markings, &c., protective, 44... Possible structural effects of change
from herbaceous to arboreal fee: ling, 45. Tubercles bearing sete. Arrange-
ments of setiferous tubercles generalized and specialized.—Dyar’s nomenclature.
— Their position, 46, their modification, 47. Dyar’s tables of modifications,
48. Development of specialized armature, 49; sometimes gradual, 50; to
different extents in the ovum. — Glandular sete.—Anal comb.—Effect of
gravity on posi’ ons of larvae, 51. Evolution of Geometrid form, 52. Ocelli
of larvae, 53. FP wer of hearing, 54.

Ch. vi. THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA
Muscu'ar system voluntary and involuntary, 55: Digestive eystenn = ihe
dorsal vessel and circulatory system, 56, The fat- body. Respiratory system,
57- Malpighian tubes.—Nervous system, 58. Organs of reproduction, 59.

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO IV. 515

Ch. vii. THE VARIATION OF THE IMAGINES OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
Some variation general in all insects, 60, Concealment the main defence of
insects.—Colours of lepidoptera due to pigment, 61, or refraction.—Resem-
blance to surroundings a protection, 62. Undersides of butterflies —Colour
of moths on reeds—on tree-trunks—on walls —among trees and grass.—
Melanism and melanochroism, 63 ; in London and the manufacturing districts
—on rocks, &c., 64. Effect of moisture—of temperature, 65. Albinism.—
Xanthism, 66. ‘‘ Leaf’’ butterflies.—Imitation of nauseous insects. —Sexual
dimorphism, 67. Views of Darwin and Wallace.—Seasonal dimorphism in size
and colour.—Effect of temperature in hastening development and decreasing size.
—Standfuss’s experiments, 68. Wet and dry seasonal forms; spring and
summer forms, 69; lowland and alpine, northern and southern, eastern and
western forms.—Weismann’s view of colour-variation criticized, 70. Wings
gradually developed from embryo to imago. Final development influenced by
circumstances in all stages, 72; most readily in the pupa. - Excess of heat or
- cold injurious, 73, and produces aberration, 74.

Ch. viii. THE PROTECTIVE COLORATION AND DEFENSIVE STRUCLURES OF LARVA.
Specialization of larve often independent of other stages. — Protective
devices, 764; Imitation of galls.—Packard’s view on ancestral larval forms, 77.
Imitation of bird-droppings — of foodplant in Iodis vernaria, Geometra
papilionaria, 78, Emmelesia unifasciata, Rumia luteolata, Eupithecia exten-
saria, Hybocampa milhauserl, 79, the Smerinthids, Deilephila hippophaes,
Stauropus fagi, 80, the Schizure, Declana roccoz, Cleora lichenaria,
Amphidasys betularia, 81, Panolis piniperda, Anarta myrtilli, Anticlea
cucullata, Cidaria sagittata, Eutricha quercifolia.—Protective resemblance to
general surroundings of foodplant in Deilephila euphorbiz, Papilio machaon,
Charaxes jasius, $2, Acronycta leporina.—Protective mimicry in American
Acronyctids, 83. Protective attitudes of Selenia, Zonosoma. Rumia luteolata,
Amphidasys betularia.—Resemblance to twigs increased by fleshy tubercles or
lateral hairs, 84, in Geometrids, Catocalids, Lasiocampids, 85. Influence of
foodplant on colour—phytophagic, 86, phytoscopic.—Poulton’s experiments,
87; Miss Gould’s, 88. Structural cause of variation in larva of A. betularia.—
Origin of spines, warts, humps, &c., 89. Mode of protection of Phorodesma
smaragdaria and P. pustularia. Warning colours and terrifying marks, go, in
Aglia tau, Choerocampa, Stauropus fagi, Symmerista albifrons, Schizura
concinna.—Imitation of fruit and flowers, 91; of spiders and reptiles.—
Terrifying appearance of Cerura, 92. Unique development of Stauropus.—
Utility of movable tubercles—Movable spines of Saturniids, 93. Eversible
glands; chin-gland ; osmateria, 94. Flagella 95. Dorsal glands, 96. Pores

on edge of back of some Limacodids.—Fluid-bearing hairs. Odour of
Jochezra alni.—‘‘ Honey-glands,”’ 97. Attendance of ants a protection.—
«* Stinging-spines.’’ — Protection of Basilarchia arthemis, 98. Protective

excretions from the mouth.—Habit of “licking ”’ the back.—Hairs and spines
inedible, 99. Urticating hairs. —Commensalism in certain American larve, 100,
Carnivorous larve. Protection~from damp by means of waxy powder.—
Protective devices necessarily passive, IOI.
Ch. ix. CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

Sound classification must be based on all stages, 102. Authorities consulted,
103. Classificatory value of the jugum — the frenulum — neuration, 10o4—
movable incisions in pupz —- hooks on prolegs of larvee—larval tubercles, 105.
Objections to Comstock’s division; to Packard’s, 106. Dyar’s grouping by
tubercles, 107, in connection with Chapman’s researches On ovum and pupa,
108, give three main stirpes.—Position of Pterophorids, 109. Reason for
position assigned to Micropterygids, Eriocraniids and Hepialids, r1o.
Changes from Dyar’s and Hampson’s groupings—general conclusions, 111.

PAGE. PAGE.
Phylogenetic Tree, illustrating the bercles, 115. Relationship of
development of Lepidoptera the Micropterygids to the Stirps
from a hypothetic base.. eo), B3 —of the Nepticulids to the Eu-
Sphingo-Micropterygid Stirps =e BI cleids — Dyar’s Anthrocerina,
General characteristics. —Pack- 116. Affinities of the Heter-
ard’s division, 114. Auther’s ogynides, 117; of the Psychids
division — Affinities of the super- —of the Pterophorids, 118,

families included—Larval tu- Egg of this stirps—Variety in

316 . BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.

larvee, 119. Position of the
Lacosomides—of the Euptero-
tides, 123: of the Endromides
—Fvolution of the Sphingides,
124. Absence of connection
between Bombycids and Litho-

siids—Sluggish habits of the ~

larger larvee, 126. Pupze of the
stirps—Diverse habits of the
imagines, 127. Different shapes
of wings—Different habits of
the sexes, 128. Antiquity of
the superfamilies ae ve
Microptery gides a Se
Stainton’s (corrected) diagnosis
of the species. —-Unexpected
affinities — Antiquity, 131. Char-
acteristics as given by Chapman
—by Packard—by Meyrick—
Importance of imaginal mouth-
parts, 132. Imaginal hairs—
Affinities of larva with Limaco-
dids, 135. Modification of setz
—Tbe ovum. Protection af-
forded by points giving ‘‘mealy”’
appearance — Number of species,
136. Frey’s mistake as to food
of larvee— Habits of imagines

Microptery gidze Pe

List of known species bo .
Micropteryx .. ee a3 36
Mi ealthella >: : ae

M. aruncella and M. seppella

M. aruncella .. Be =

M. seppella

M. mansuetella

M. thunbergella :
vars. rubrifasciella, ‘anderschella
and paykullella*)

M. aureatella . ne i oi
(var. allionella) . : ae

Notes on genera of Exotic Microp-
terygides :

Erratum (on page 160)

Nepticulides .. ss Sy
History, 163. Method of col-
lecting—Foodplants, 164. List
of British species arranged ac-
cording to foodplant, 165.
Palearctic species and food-
plants, 166. List of species out-
side paleearctic area, 167. The
egg, 168; larva, 169. Hyberna-
tion, 7s Disease. Mines, 172.
Moulting, 174. Area of leaf
around mine retains its green-
ness, 176; also, but with a
difference, around mines of
Lithocolletids — Pupa — Chief
imaginal differences, 177. Afh-
nities of Nepticulides, 180.
Antiquity—Method of rearing

Nepticulidee

_

129
129

oy,
138
138
138
138
iD
146
149
152
m3

tS
156
158

160
162
162

181
182

* Note, - Non- British forms are given in parentheses,

PAGE.
Neéptieula- - 5; ys te de Od
GROUP I.
N. atricapitella 46 ee oe 405
N. ruficapitella ot ne Pied 5217)
N. pomella_.. 3 oe so Lag
N. pygmeella € aS POT
N. viscerella .. se she Pre 8
N. aucuparie.. es =. -O5Gs5
N. minusculella a ae js 8G
N. pyn os ais ve BOG
N. oxyacanthella : Re Oe
N. anomalella and N, fletcheri . 204
N. anomalella 5: oe . 200
Newileteheritaee ae ate 211
N. desperatella oe ee BES
N. tilize 3: ae “5 215
N. basiguttella a oe a
N. nylandriella 55 ea 220
GROUP II.
IN. regiella,-.. os or - 221
N. torminalis., se os 223
N. zeneofasciella a6 .. 224
N. tormentillella (concluded not to
be British) sie 23 13226
INesaunellar se . a nt ee
N. fragariella and N. gel eee
N. fragar iella.. 2: we 234
IN: duicella 2 3 a 237
ING gels <a 239
Notes on N. fragariella and N. gel... 241
N. auromarginella 242
N. splendidissimella., : 243
IN ssercllae es bs 245
N. tengstr6mi ce ss 240
ING Weer =. 248
N. filipendulz = 250
N. acetose .. <5 ae aw eae!
N. gratiosella . Se + 253
N. ulmivora .. 257
N. prunetorum 259
N. marginicolella 200
N. alnetella .. - ye 263
N. continuella 205
N. centifoliella 207
N. hodgkinsoni 269
N. betulicola .. . 269
N. plagicolella 272
N. microtheriella 275
N. ignobilella.. 2738
N. distinguenda 280
N. glutinosze aL 283
GROUP III,
N. luteella 285
N. sorbi 287
N.. argentipedella 289
N. woolhopiella 292
N. lapponica | possibly belonging 293
N. contusella J to group v. 296
N. turicella and N. basalella 297
N. turicella : 207
GROUP IV.
N. basalella .. ae ee 299
var. fulgens 300

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO IV.

PAGE.
N. castanella ae 302
N. malella ba 302
N. atricollis re 3 O4)
N. arcuatella .. 1 306
N. angulifasciella ae 308
N. iubivora . 310
N. agrimoniae P as
GROUP V.
N. myrtillella 215
N. salicis Buy)
N. vimineticola ae 320
N. obliquella (diversa) 323
N. floslactella ms 324
GROUP VI.
N. argyropeza 327
N. subapicella 330
N. headleyella 330
N. eurema B22
N. cryptella 333
N. pulverosella ore 335
GROUP VII.
N. septembrella 336
N. cartharticella : 339
N. intimella ., a 341
GROUP VIII.
N. quinquella 342
N. sericopeza 343
(?) var. decentella 344
N. weaveri oo 36 346
GROUP IX.
N. trimaculella ag 2 -» 348
(ab. populella) .. 348
N. assimilella 350
N. subbimaculella 352
Errata and addenda.. 354
Trifurcula 354
T. immundella 355
var. squamatella 355
T. pallidella 356
T. atrifrontella 358
Scoliaula 358
S. quadrimaculella 359
Cochlidides 360

Synonymy, 360. " Affinities 361.
Egg—larva—of exotic species,
362. Affinities between Coch-
lidid and Anthrocerid larvze.—
Dyar’s subdivision, 364, modi-
fied.—Method of uttication.
The cocoon, 365. The pupa—
Great difference between ima-
gines of different species, a
Wide distribution ; af

Cochlididze ie

List of species in genera represented
in Britain

Cochlidion

C.avellana ..
vars. asella, bufo, sulphurea,
testudo, minor and limax

Heterogenea an

Ie seruciata-. ..

Anthrocerides

Anthroceridz

Adscitinze

eo

PAGE.
Adscita Bon
A. statices 399

(vars. micans, mannii, “heyden-

reichi, : See:
crassicornis, minor, uralensis *) 392
A. geryon - 400
“(vars. chrysocephala, anceps) . 400
Rhagades Me oe . 406
R. globularize ae ae hs AO
ab. viridis, (vars. czerulea,
notata, cognata, ss 408
incerta) . 409
Anthrocera 0 4A
Divisions of the genus, 41S.
Difficulty of distinguishing
species — Egg. — Larva, 416.
Foodplants. — Cocoon,—Pupa.
—Second broods, 417. Cross-
panne and hybrids; 413.
Genitalia of ¢s compared, 420.
Gynandromorphous specimens.
—Variation of colour, 422; in
spotting, 423. Nomenclature
of the spots, 424. Teratological
specimens, 426." Horms) of
scales, 428. Sexual distinctions
—Antenne, 429. Times of
appearance . 430
A. purpuralis : ae 56 AZO
' ab. interrupta, (var. greeca), ab.
lutescens, (ab. pluto, oh
var. heringi, ab. polygalee, ~ ABE
var. rubicundus.. ce on ABE
ab. nubigena, var. ee)
ab.. obscura 437
A. exulans 443
(ab. clara, vars. " -vanadis), sub-
ochracea 446
(abs. flavilinea, striata, ‘pulchra,
flava, 448
pallida, minor, ? var. exsiliens) 449
A. vicize ‘ 453
(abs. stenzii, e450
dahurica, dacica, buglossi, e457
ehnbergi, var. ‘confusa, P var.
charon, ab. decora, var. sicula) 458
A. lonicerze ie .. 466
abs. semilutescens, lutescens,
(citrina, chalybea), achillez,
eborace .. : 469
major, var. medicaginis 470
A. trifolii and A. palustris .. 480
A. trifoli . 483
abs. orobi : aie :. 480
obscura, semilutescens, inter-
media, lutescens, __ basalis,
glycirrhizze : sy. re AGH,
minoides, lutescens-confluens,
lutescens-basalis, lutescens-
glycirrhize, trivittata, (var.
syracusia) 489
(vars. seriziati, gracilis) 490
A. palustris .. 499
(abs. sexmaculata, sexmaculata-
confluens) bs es 500

* Note. Non-British forms are given in parentheses.

518

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE. PAGE.
A. filipendulz 36 a ro OOF, genus ? — General absence of
abs. cytisi i. ae 511 characteristics in early stages,
confluens, bipunctata, (commu- 539. Relation to environment.
nimacula), conjuncta .. SET 2 — Specialization to certain food-
grisescens, flava, if Br lic} plants — Consideration of A.
chrysanthemi, ig ve Silat exulans, 540; of A. purpuralis,
(vars. mannii, arctica, ochsen- 541; of A. -vicis, 5425 Note.
heimeri .. oe cH Se eh ES lonicerze and A. trifolii, 543; of
ramburii ee ae 56 RIC) A. filipendula—Origin of A.
gurda, ae re 56 Sl) hippocrepidis, 544. ross-pair-
Japhria) .. he 5.5 e520 ing rare in nature, 545. Sug-
A. hippocrepidis .. 23 oo 6 gested answer to question, 546.
Anthrocerid species .. Se .. 539 | Addenda to page 369 and page 470 546
What constitutes species in this Errata BE ers ae edo
VOUT
Ch. i. METAMORPHOSIS IN LEPIDOPTERA.

Ch. ii.

Meaning of term ‘‘ Embryonic,” 1. Embryonic life of thysanurid, orthopterous
and lepidopterous insects.—Internal and physiological changes in larva the most
important.—Explanation of terms—metamorphosis, 2, larva, nymph, stadium,
3, instar.—Composition of larval hypodermis.—Increase in weight of larva.
Purpose of exuviation, 4. Moulting of Sphinx ligustri, 5, Telea polyphemus,
Lyonetia clerckella, Eriocrania unimaculella, 6. Exuviation not only
external.—Moulting of a Geometrid, of Charaxes jasius, 7, Stauropus fagi,
8, Phalera bucephala.—Fluid between the two skins.— Variation in number
of moults, 10; sexual in Notolophus.—Remarkable experiment on Triphzena
comes, 12. Variation in number of moults in Acronyctids, 13; associated
with variation and plumage and habits in Arctia caia, 14. Bearing of larval
changes on phylogeny, 16. Change in larval appendages. Mortality among
S. populi at first moult.—Change of colour before pupation, 17. _Homologies
between larval and imaginal legs.—Changes before pupation gradual, 18.
Inflation of intestinal canal.—Formation of pupa within larval skin.—Final
ecdysis, 19. Suspended pupze—‘‘ Osborne ligament,” 22. Other structures
involved in final process of exuviation, 24. Pupation of Phalera bucephala,
25. Change in spiracles immediately after pupation, 26. Change of pro-
portionate length between the parts of fresh pupa, 27. Modification of shape,
28. Pigmentary patches on larval wing-areas of Scoliopteryx lbatrix.—
Chitinous development beneath larval skin, 29. Jelation of pupal organs
to those of larva and imago, 30. Position of antennz, maxille, legs and wings,
31. Imagines with larval head.—Pupal appendages free during pupation, 32.
General conclusions, 33.

INCIDENTAL PHENOMENA RELATING TO METAMORPHOSIS IN LEPIDOPTERA.
Abnormal length of pupal stage, 34. Causes: change of temperature, 35;
individual constitution.—Partially double-brooded species, 36. Irregularity
in hybrids.—Emergence of imago and parasite from the same pupa.—
Hydraulic pressure as an aid to emergence.—Retarded development of
wings, 37.

Ch. iii, THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS PUPA.

Pupal stage compared with that of other orders, 38. Begins before actual
pupation.—Pupal organs not identical with corresponding organs of imago,
39. Period at which imago is developed.cHomologies of the anal pupal
segments.—The head.—Thoracic and abdominal segments.—Number of free
segments, 40. The mandibles, 42; labrum, maxillz, maxillary palpi, 43;
labium, labial palpi, paraclypeal tubercle, 44; eyes, eye-flange, dorsal head-
piece, nose-horn, 45; antennz, extent of difference from those of the imago,
46. Wings, neuration, 47; ‘‘Poulton’s line,” 48. Spiracles.—Cremaster,
its various structures, 51. Genitalia, 52; male, 53; female, 54. Superficial
larval structures carried on to pupal stage.—Pupal hair-tufts, 57; their
connection with larval hairs, 58. Larval colours in pupe, 59. Pupal
cuticle, 60. Bloom on pupz.—Grouping by number of free segments.—
Dehiscence, 61. Movement of pupz-incompleta.— Movement of butterfly
pupe, 62. Chapman’s theory of direction of pupal evolution.—Methods of
leaving cocoon, 63.

Ch. iv.

Ch, v.

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO Iv. 519

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS PUPA.
Change in internal organs.—Histolysis and Histogenesis explained, 65. Larval
organs the point of development of imaginal.—All imaginal parts represented
in young larva, 66. More complete histolysis of diptera.—Comparison of
advances made immediately before and during pupalstage, 67. Development
of imaginal legs during larval stage, 68. Transformations of the tarsus
before pupation, 69. Development before pupation of antennz and mouth-
parts, 70. Gradual development of imaginal wing in larva, 71 ; in pupa, 75.
Development of the scales, 76. Pupal hemolymph and pigment, 78.
Experiments of Landois, 79. Mayer, 80, and Hopkins.—‘‘ Lepidopteric
acid,” 81. Pigments resulting from vital activities of pupa, 82. Integument.
—Changes in digestive organs; in the trachez, 83. Nervous system in pupa,
84. Development of genitalia, 85. Changes in the abdomen, 87.
THE PHYLOGENY OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS PUPA.

Cause of metamorphosis.—Need of protection during pupal stage, 88.
Escape from cocoon by means of imaginal jaws in Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera ; modified in Neuroptera—by means of pupal jaws in Trichoptera
and Eriocraniids, 89. Escape from the cocoon without jaws the problem for
Lepidoptera and Diptera. Hardening of the pupal skin.—Persistent rudi-
mentary jaws and maxillary palpi derived from ancestral pupe not from
imagines, 90. Cocoon, previously prepared, broken by a ‘‘beak”’ by the
help of rough abdominal surface in pupze-incomplete.—Extra free segment
in ¢,91. Partial emergence from cocoon in pupzx-incomplete.—Checks on
total emergence.—The cremastral cable.-—Non-emergence of pupa-obtecta. —
Necessary conditions for arriving at obtect habit.—Number of free segments,
g2. Further evolution.—Pupz without cocoons.—Solid pupz arrived at by
different evolutionary lines, 93. Evolution always in the direction of solidifi-
cation, 94. Characters of pupz-obtecte, 95. Exceptions among pupe-
incompletze.—Pterophorid pupz.—-Anthrocerid pupz, 96. Dorsal hooks—
their evolution exhibited in species of Tischeria. — Pupa of Psychids, 97,
Tortricids— Sesiids—Zeuzerids, 99, Tineina, Ioo.

PAGE. PAGE.
Psychides - ae a ot /ROZ winged genera, 131. Micro-
Parthenogenesis, 102. Unity of Psychid eggs; cases; larve,
the superfamily, 103. Modes of 132 ; food ; pupze, 133 ; imagines,
eviposition.—Similarity ofyoung — Characters distinguishing
larve, 104. Length of larval Micro- from Macro-Psychids .. 134
life.— Arrangement of tubercles, Naryciide .. a ee Ape 7
Io5. Food. —Parasites, 106. Naryciine .. a2 we a2 35
Rearing. — Times of emergence. Naryciidi ne iY ee $4.15
—Positions chosen for pupa- Narycia a: es 2: Bor ks
tion —Larva-cases, 107. Final N. monilifera mo ae Brae ey;
larval moult, 108. Two classes var. atrella ae =: =. 238
of Psychid pupee. - Distinction _ (ab. ochracea) .. ae TERG
of sex in pupze.— Comparison of (N. astrella, not British) .. oa. £39
g Psychid and Bombycid Diplodomidz “i +e te EAS
pupz, 109. Dehiscence, IIo. Diplodomine. . + -- So
Short duration of pupal stage. Diplodomidi .. - a pie baie
— General description of ¢ Diplodoma .. 2 a SekAs
Psychids, 111. Division of ? D. herminata.. - Fr f NEAT
Psychids, 112. Antennze, 113. (var. siderella) ., 4: iw gS
Frenulum, 114. Assembling. (D. adspersella) .. on =2 LAG
—Method of pairing. — Anti- Solenobiidz i = on Baa
quity of the family, 115. De- Solenobiine ., “= oe SESE
structive Psychids. — Distribu- Solenobiidi .. ee ~- Son ES
tion of higher Psychids a. SEG) | Solenebia (>... “ic ee oe JERE
Classification of the Psychids .. 117 | S.inconspicuella.. a ‘mos
Various views, 117. Position var. (?) triquetrella .., isi TOA
taken in this book, 124. Phylo- var. (?) wockii .. = SkGS
genetic tree sts .. 126 | Palzearctic species not yet authenti-
Micro-Psychina a as 3.<. £28 cated as British =. ac A kGr
Classification of various authors, S. nickerlii, 181; S. wockii;
128; especially Zeller, 129; S. suifunella, 182 ; S. cembrella,
Bruand and Herrich-Schaffer.— var. pineti, 184, ab. alba, 186;

Various distinctions. — Exotic S. fumosella, 188; S. trique-

520

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.

trella, 189; S. mannii, 193; S.

pallida, 195; S.clathrella ; 196
Nearctic species, S. walshella . 199
Taleporiidze PIELOO
Bankesia oe =.» 200
B. douglasii SeeZOE
B. staintoni se 202
Taleporia .. Hume
T. tubulosa se 85

abs. guenei, and minor Sc 2Le
(T. politella, T. borealis, T. im-

provisella) 5.219
Lufhidze : << ae e229

intermediate between Micro-

and Macro- pooue of 220
Lufhidi $5 AR
Lufha eee 2a2
L. lapidella eed

var. pectinella ms 2Oy
L. ferchaultella Be 2
Bacotia 5 AZ
B. sepium ; .. 254
Macro-Psychina 264

Position of the Fumeids, 264.
Classification of Hubner; of
Hofmann, 265; of Heylaerts,
266. Connection of Bijugis,
Epichnopteryx and Fumea, 268.
Classification of Speyer; of
Standfuss, 270; of Wallengren,
27Ke Double moult before
pupation.—Importance of tibial
spurs, 272. _ Classification by
antennze and by tibial spurs
identical. -- Division into two
groups, 273. Classification
adopted, 274. Principal charac-
ters of Macro-Psychids, 275.
Length of life. — Position of
pupe. eee of wing-ex-
pansion ..

Fumeidz st a0
Proutiinz

Proutia a ee

P. betulina x

P. eppingella

Fumeinze 6

Palzearctic species of Bruandia

B. reticulatella, 302; B. rai-
blensis ; 1b, comitella, 3933 B.
norvegica i .

Masonia eh we

M. crassiorella an
(var. affinis) ae ate

M. mitfordella

M. hibernicella ue
Palzarctic species of Masonia not

yet recognized as British

M. saxicolella, 314; M. sub-
flavella, 315; A. edwardsella
Fumea
F. scotica
F.. casta

var. ‘ntermediella': ab. “minor ;
and var. bowerella

Neuration and tibial spurs of Psy-

PAGE.

Description of ¢ ; of ay 366.
Mode of pairing. _— Partheno-
genesis. —Eggs, 368; cases;
larvee, 369; pupe; antenne,
370; scales, 3715 dmapies,
372. Heylaert’s descriptions.-—
Neuration. — Chapman’s views

chids. Plate, and explanation.. 336
Epichnopterygidze A 7
Epichnopteryginze er gse
Whittleia .. =5- 339
W. retiella (with plate) .. 340
Epichnopteryx aoa gtg
E. pulla ee » 349

(vars. silesiaca, sieboldii 354

heringii), pullisimilella £9358

ab. plumistrea, (var. bees 357
Psychidze 366

on Macro-Psychid classification 373

Characteristics of imagines.—
Egg.— Mode of egg-laying, 435.
Larve, 436. Modified hairs,
437. Tubercles, 438 ; in the first
instar, 439. ‘* Ear-tubercles.”’
— Larva of Eustaudingeria van-
dalicia, 440.
larve of British Lachneids.—
Gregarious habit, 441.
Cocoons, 442. Double cocoons.
—Pupz, 443. Distinctions be-
tween Lachneid and Notodont
pupze.—Coloration of imagines,
444. Specialized scales. —
Antenne.—Absence of frenu-
lum. — Sexual dimorphism,
445. — Prevalence of gynan-
dromorphism. — Resemblance
to dead leaves, 446. Variation
in larval habits of Lasiocampa
querctis, 447, and Trichiura
crategi.—Stage of hybernation.
—Time of appearance, — No-
menclature, 448. Early group-
ings, 449 ; Hubner’s 450; Auri-

Grouping of

Explanation of Plate v. Thyridop-
teryx ephemeriformis <« S78
Acanthopsychinze « 395
Acanthopsyche ate
A. opacella . 379
(var. senex) 383
Pachythelia 393
P. villosella .. 395
vars. nigricans ., » 399
(hirtella) 400
(cinerella) 401
Psychinze 413
Sterrhopterix.. 418
S. hirsutella .. 419
var. fusca : a qe
Explanation of Plate vi (placed
Opposite page 458) . 431
Catalogue of Palearctic Psy chides... 431
Addendum (Proutia salicolella) .. 434
Lachneides sie 434

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO IV.

PAGE.

villius,’ 453; Dyar’s 455. Phy-
logeny, 457. Mutual relation-
ship of the genera, 458. Dyar’s
phyla. — Explanation of his
phylogenetic tree (plate vii.,

. placed opposite page 462), 459.
Extent of specialization in
larvee and imagines, 461. Bacot’s
suggestions on the payerey
of the group

Lachneide ..
The “eggars”’ and « lappets.”’—
British Lachneid moths mostly
isolated representatives of gen-
era.—Pachygastriids, a recent
evolutionary group
Peecilocampinze
Poecilocampidi
Peecilocampa
P. populi wile
(ab. virgata, vars.
calberlze, alpina)
Trichiurinz
Trichiuridi of: ae
Kirby’s Trichiurids | “heterogeneric.
Chilian species with Trichiurid

canensis,

facies. — Achnocampa and
Trichiura ae or ale
Trichiura

Achnocampa not congeneric with
Trichiura. — Egglaying, 482.
Larval habits.—Cocoon.—Diff-

erentiation of Achnocampa
and Trichiura 483
T. crateegi 483
var. ariz 486
(ab. freyeri) 488
Lachneinz 498
Eachneidi 498
Lachneis and Autosphyla 498
VOL.
Pachygastriinze a
Alliances.—Tribal divisions 1.
Gynandromorphisminsubfamily 2
Pachygastriidi ie 3
Pachygastria 3
(josua 5
eversmanni, nana, concolor 6
P. trifolii ii
Names of colour-vars. 10
Transitional forms 13
ab. medicaginis 14
(var. ratamee, ab. iberica 15
vars. mauritanica, cocles 16
ab. romana, var. semifasciata,
ab. terreni 17
var. maculosa) . 18
Lasiocampa .. 31

Allied species, 32; original de-
scriptions of L. grandis, L.
serrula.—Temperature experi-
ments, 33. Hybridity, 34;
hybrids —bacoti, warburgi,

521

PAGE.
Cnethocampa versus Eriogaster.—
Egglaying habits.—Cocoons .. 499
Lachneis .. 499
Variation of neuration. —Varia-
tion of European species of
genus, 500. Sexual dimorphism 501
L. lanestris : 72 HOE
(vars. arbusculze = BOR
aavasaksz, grisea, senecta) .. 505
Malacosominze {521
Malacosomidi Be
Malacosoma .. 521

Characters, 522. M. neustria
the predominant species.— Phy-
logeny.—Sexual dimorphism.—
Evolution of specific coloration.
—The M. neustria group, 523.
Hybridity : hybrids—caradje,
schaufussi, penzigi, 524. Egg-
laying ; source of gummy cover-
ing.— Larvee—habits— sub-divi-
sion of American species into
gregarious and non-gregarious,
—Larval variation, 527. Habits
of larva of M. alpicola.—Larval
structure.-—Cocoon, 527. Pupa.
—Imaginal habits, 528.—Dis-
tribution of British species

List of species oe :
M. castrensis. hx
Names ne colon vars. 3

ditto 2 ..

ab. taraxacoides, ‘(vars, ‘veneti
hilleri, kirghisica)

M. neustria
Names of eoloun -vars. ;
abs. querctis, confluens, annu-
laris, cervina-virgata, vulgaris,
unicolor .
pyri, (vars. parallela, testacea)

IDK

intermedia, prouti, complexa,
35; inversa, complicata.— Pce-
cilogony.— Urticating hairs, 36.
—Larval differences in the
various races.—Larval hybrids,
37. Cocoon, 39. Assembling,
41. Reputed parthenogenesis.
—Gy ynandromorphism =

L. querctis 2:
Names of colour-vars. g
ditto ? .. oe
abs. tenuata :
catalaunica, dalmatinus), spartii
(vars. meridionalis,

viburni) .

abs. roboris

guillemotii ;
(var. burdigalensis, ab. mar-
ginata), vars. sicula. ., ‘te
(subalpina, alpina) .. ois
callune .. a ee oe
(lapponica) ve oe ve

522

PAGE.

olivaceo-fasciata 86

abs. olivacea, fenestratus 87

Eutrichide .. a a4 edit
Suggested subdivisions, ITI.
Phylogeny, 112. Egg. — Egglay-

ing habits.—Embryo of Eu-
tricha quercifolia, 114. Larvze of
Dendrolimus pini and Cosmo-
triche potatoria compared, 114.
Larval scales, 115. 9? genera-
tive organs of D. pini, 116.
Cocoons, 116. Temperature
experiments on O, pruni and
DY pins etc, Ui 7. Seasonal
dimorphism. — Sexual dimor-
phism, 118. Numerical pro-
portion between sexes.—An-
tenne. — Trotective resem-
blances, 119. Gynandromor-
phism.— Hybridism.-—Parthen-
ogenesis .. 50 66 56
Metanastriinze
Tribal divisions, 120. " Phylo-
genetic inferences, 121. Com-
parison of Macrothylacia rubi
and M. pisidii, 122. Remark-
able species from Transvaal.

— Parthenogenesis ae a0
Macrothylacia 50 ar 60
M. rubi 36

Names of colour-vars. “3

chit) 2 o. 56

var. pygmeea .. or:
Cosmotrichinze ae ws

Generic differences of Cos-

motriche and Routledgia, 153.

Distribution, 154. Alliance

with Eutrichids, 155. Gynan-

dromorphs aye 50

Cosmotriche ..

The genus Selenephera, 156.
Egg.—Larva, 157. Urtication.
—Pupa.—Cocoon
C. potatoria .. x
Names of colour: vars.
abs. inversa, berolinensis
(var. vay
Eutrichine .. ut he
Tribal divisions, TOgn) weupal
characters are ae oe
Eutrichidi .. a
Gastropacha .. a a e
G. ilicifolia :
Names of colour- vars.
vars. sinina, japonica .. as
Eutricha oF ae a on
E. quercifolia
Names of colour- vars.
(var. salicifolia), ab. ulmifolia,
var. meridionalis

dalmatina, (hoegii, ab. alnifolia
var. cerridifolia) i
Addendum: Peecilocampa populi,
vars. albescens Ke oe
albomarginata ., a

120
120

205
200
207

224
225

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.

Catalogue of Palzearctic Lachneides
Dimorphides is ae
Previous groupings, 229.
The genus Chelepteryx, 230.
Affinities suggested by differ-
ent stages, 233. Cross-pairing.
—Temperature oa as
Dimorpha :
Characters, 236. Gynandromor-
phism. — Propor tion of sexes.—
Extended duration - of pupal
stage. — Correction of Packard’s
description of pupa
D. versicolora = . o
Names of colour-vars.
(var. lapponica).. 60
Attacides se a 5
Larval — specialisations, 265.
Hubner’s grouping, 266, Criti-
cism of Packard’s views, 267.
Dyar’s table of Attacid and
Sphingid distinctions.— Pack-
ard on the Citheroniidz, 268,
Hemileucidz and Saturniide,
269. Bodine’s grouping of
families; Dyar’s, 270; Grote’s,
71. Dyar’s criticisms.—Con-
vergence.— Packard’s _ studies
of Attacid larvz, 273, and ova,
275. Attacid larvze ; specialisa-
tion ; development of tubercles,
276; protective characters;
remarkable armatures, 277 ;
change of colour when fullfed ;
exuviation.—Cocoons, 279; vari-
ation; cocoon - cutter.—Pupal
characters, 280; anal armature;
earlike tubercles, 281. Relation
to Dimorpha.—Sexual differ-
ences; antenne, 282. Sexual
organs.—Imagines, 283.—Sex-
ual dimorphism.—Colour-pat-
terns and resting=position
Attacidee : “ Be 3,5
Subfamilies, 285; Packard on
origin of family, 287. External
sexual markings. — Antennal
hairs, 288. Bodine’s grouping of
the genera, 289. Repeated pair-
ings. — Gynandromorphism. —
Hybridisation, 290; hybrids —
(grifithsi, watsoni, americana,
mortoni, 292; heyert, kirbyi,
293; moorei) .. : on
Saturnia vs ey
Generalised and specialised
species, 290. Hybridisation—
(hybrids - bornemanni .. i
hybrida, emiliz, Ree
hybrida-media .. A
schaufussi, standfussi, risii
schlumbergeri, dixeyi, complexa)
Degree of fertility, 299. General
conclusions. — Relative age
of European species, 300. Con-

225
229

234
235

220

236

239
Js 240
. 265

~~ 2on

285

294
294

296

297
298
299

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO IV.

PAGE.
nection behaeon hybridism and
gynandromorphism.—Saturniid
gynandromorphs, 302. Egg,
304. Larva.—Pupa.—Cocoon,
305. Peculiar imaginal struc-
tures sid te is . 306

Sp. pavonia .. : 2 300
abs. infumata, rosacea, obsoleta,
(vars. meridionalis, alpina) .. 316

Catalogue of Palearctic Dimor-
phides, Bombycides, Brahmezi-
des and Attacides 4 Sot

Sphingides .. BAe
Review of literature bearing on
the genera, 343. Relationship
of the different sections, 355.
Criticism of Grote’s and Poul-
ton’s views, 358. Primitive
Sphingid characteristics, 359.
Result of Bacot’s studies, 363.
Bacot’s grouping by the larvze,

365 ; Chapman’s, by the pupe,
306. Sphingid ova.—Larve,
arrangement of tubercles, 367 ;
colour - variation; _ protective
coloration, 368 ; exuviation, 369;
larval markings on fresh pupa.—
Pupe, 370; evolution, 371;
specialisations, 372; genital
organs, 373. Imagines, 374;
specialisations ; frenulum, 375;
antenne, 376; scales, 379;
scent, stridulation. —Crosspair-
ing and hybridity, 380. Gynan-
dromorphism. — Parthenogene-

sis, 381. Habits 55 sO
Amorphide .. ee 56 55 Ber
Amorphine .. . os

Specialisations — ‘imaginal, lar-
val, 383. Comparison of Sphin-
eid and Amorphid larve, 384.
Phylogeny of Amorphids, 384.
Similarity of pupa to certain
Attacid pupz,— Tribal divi-
sions.—Comparison of British
Amorphid species in _— all
stages, 386. Gynandromor-
phism. — Parthenogenesis. —
Hybridism, 390. Hybrids —
leoniz, 391 ; (interfaunus),
hybridus, 392 ; (oberthueri),
fringsi, 393; (metis), 394;
inversa, 395. Habits, 396. Dis-

tribution ee oe »2 397
Mimantidi_ .. 55 ae 206398
Mimas 2 ae we 308
(M. christophi) ee oe «2 399
M. tilize bt , ee 3909

Names of colour-vars. ie, 403

abs. obsoleta .. o's »» 404

centripuncta.. ~ 405

(pechmanni, tripunctata), macu-
latasi.. vs oRces -» 406

523

PAGE,
costipuncta, brunnea, suffusa .. 407
Smerinthidi .. oe ae +» 422
Smerinthus 429
S-ocellata.. . 424
abs. pallida 427
(rosea, Cinerascens, vars. s. planus 428
atlanticus, zestivalis) 429
S. hybr. hybridus . 448
Amorphidi 459
Amorpha 459
A. populi : j 460
Names of colour-vars. 469
abs. roseotincta, (tremulz) 469
rufescens, fachsi _ go ett
(vars. populeti, populetorum .. 472
austauti, abs. austauti-incarnata,
austauti-mirabilis 473
austauti-staudingeri . 474
Addenda relating to ae 495
Amorpha hybr. inversa - 495

Mimas tilize—experimental crossing

of varieties 495
Sphingidz 496
Divisions. — Jordan’ S divisions,
496. Larval and pupal char-
acters.—Phylogeny, 497. Ova.
—Larve,tubercles, hairs, caudal
horn,: 499. Pup, pupal
hairs, 500. Imagines: devel-
opment of head, proboscis,
and tip of antennz; relation to

habits ; frenulum, . 501
Hemarinze . 502
No relationship - with ZEgeriids,
502.—Egg - structure.— Larval
structure. — Diagnosis of genus
Cochrania (note).—Bifid hairs ;
seasonal dimorphism in larva,
503. Pupal characters.—Com-
parison of Pterogonid, Hemarid
and Sesiid pupee; ditto imagines.

— Cocoon. — Specialisation of
imagines, 504; scaling; frenu-
lum.— Asymmetry of ¢ genita-
lia, 505. Habits »» 506
Hemaridi 506
Hiibner’s coitus Cephonodze. —Sub-
divisions of Hemarids; close-
ness of relationship; Bartel’s
classification, 506. Seasonal
variation in American species,
507. Crosspairing of H. fuci-
formis and H. tityus 508
Synonymic note on the two British
species .. sip as »» 508
Hemaris re
H. fuciformis., =e af rene 5h2
(ab. heynei ie: = Ue
vars. simillima, robusta’ Si
ab, milesiformis) Be 5 LS
H. tityus ce a as 528
Errata, «. a4 aie oF, ee 540

524

VOL. IV.
PAGE, PAGE.
Sesiinze I marks of H. osiris we 1i7a
Characters of “group. —Larval + H. celerio 119
characters ally with Hemarids, (var. tisiphone 11g
pupal with Eumorphids, 1. ab, augustil) 120
Imaginal characters suggest . Phryxidi : 136
three tribes ae S% ne 2 Tribal shes. = Diagnoses
Sesiidi., 2 of genera, 136. Discussion of
Sesiae- 2 the phylogeny of the Eumor-
S. stellatarum | 4 phids, 137. Larval tubercles.—
(nigra) 6 Evolution of larval markings,
Eumorphine .. 36 137. Comparison of Eumorphid
Generalised characters, 36. Mey- and Phryxid larval markings.
rick’s tabulation of British —Weismann’s views, 139.—
species ; Bartel’s tabulation, 37. Chapman’s criticism and _ re-
Imaginal characters.—Tribes in grouping, I40. Connection be-
subfamily.—Larval characters, tween imaginal habits and head-
40. Suggested groupings and structure 145
reasons for them.— Larval phy- - Phryxus 145
~ logeny.—Isolation of the Daph- P, livornica a 147
nids.—Egg.— Larva, two main P. livornica and P. lineata ste 150
types, 41. Larval specialisations. Celerio 167
—Tabular comparison of Sesiid C. gallii xe 169
and Eumorphid larve, 42.— (var. (?) meee 172
Larval habits. —Pupa—various Hyles .. Ae < =o) 20m
types. —Hybridity (Vel iG le euphorbize Be s- +. 202
(Hybrids: standfussi 44 Names of colour-vars. ., «2. 208
epilobii 46 (abs. helioscopize 205
vespertilioides 49 lafitolii, rubescens .. 206
eugeni 51 (? sp.) paralias E oo 209
lippei a oe 52 vars. grentzenbergi, esulze 208
pauli, phileuphorbia) oS peplidis, (?) lathyrus, (?) cen-
Imaginal habits. — oe tralasiz) ae = .. 209
and immigrant species .. ~ 55 1 H. robertsi 211
Eumorphidi as 56 | Daphnidine .. 243
Eggs.—Tabular comparison of Daphnids not a tribe of Eumor-
Eumorphid and Phryxid larve, phinz as suggested on p. 365.
56. Weismann’s conclusions —The allied “subfamilies.—The
on larval phylogeny.—Types of Nephelids and Darapsids, 243.
genera Clarina, Florina, Lilina, Alteration of termmology.—
57- Evolution of eye-spots.— Comparative diagnoses of sub-
Specialisations of Eumorphid families .. - 244
pupa; sculpturing, 58. Com- Daphnididi_ .. 245
parison of Phryxid and Eumor- Alliance with Philampelids and
phid pupz with those of other Eumorphids, 245. Philampelid
Sphingids t ei) larvee, 245. Genera Regia and
Eumorpha 59 Indiana .. 246
E. elpenor 61 | Daphnis 246
vars. lewisil Be ae 04 de Da neras 249
rivularis, (? sp.) macromera., 65 (var. infernelutea) 9251
fraterna .. 66 | Sphingine ., 263
fheretras. 89 Connection with ‘other ‘families
ble: porcellus e uk gI of Sphingides, 263. Pupal
Names of colour-vars. .. 92 relationships.—-Manducid pupe,
ab. lutescens, Sis suellus) 93 264. Larval similarity in Amor-
Hippotionidi.. . TA phids and Sphingines.—Sphin-
Alliance with “Eumorphidi.- —- gulids related to Amorphids,
Weismann’s views on larvae,— 265. Weismann on Sphingine
Bacot’s grouping, 114. Evo- larvee, 266.—Structure of larvze
lution of ocellated spots. —Pupal of Sphinginz, 267 ; larval mark-
characters, 115. Imaginal ings, 268. Criticism of Poul-
characters , 115 ton’s description of 8. ligustri,
Hippotion 116 269. Shagreen-spots, 270. Poul-

Characters. —Terrifyi ing larval

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

ton on the development of

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS.

PAGE.
oblique stripes. — Imaginal
scales on abdomen, 271. Htb-
ner’s grouping, sen Tnbal
divisions a Rez

Hyloicidi 28

Imaginal and pupal characters
more generalised, 273; larval
characters more specialised.—
Phylogeny of Hyloicus.—Larval

markings.—Erinnyids formerly
attached to Hyloicids .. 274
Hyloicus a ws se 274
H. pinastri . 276
(abs. fasciata, asiaticus, ‘saniptri 278
var. (?) caligineus) 5h B®)
Sphinx - 296
S. ligustri As 298
Names of colour-vars. . : 300
(ab. spiraece 300
vars. amurensis .. 301
constricta) seis G02
Agrius : 320
A. convolvuli.. : 330
Names of colour-vars. ner 334
(ab. alicea, vars. batate,.
orientalis 2335
roseafasciata ee sion eS:
tahitiensis, pseudo-convolvuli,
nigricans) 337
Manducidi 03
Position of Manducids, Views
of Rothschild and Jordan
on classification of Sphingids,
393. Union of Agriids and
Manducids by Rothschild and
Jordan ; criticism thereof, 394.
Larva.—Réaumur on pupal pro-
boscis, 394 (note) ; Chapman on
ditto, 395 (note).—Correct no-
menclature .» 395
Manduca ae 30 1 395
Characters, 396. Comparison
of Manducid species ., » 397
M. atropos .. Sys ae » 398

I TO Iv. 525

PAGE.

(M. styx, M. medusa .. . 402

(?) ab. sculda) . . 403

Appendix ‘ aera
Mimas tiliae— development of

larval markings an 472

Smerinthus ocellata (ditto) fee gb

Amorpha populi (ab. subflava 473

ab. decorata) ; development of

larval markings ae eee A
Hemaris tityus (var. alaiana);
ontogeny of larva ae ApS
Sesia stellatarum — ontogeny
and variation of larva Fara’ Brae)
Eumorphine .,. : Ne 401
Turneria hybr. amelia (=Vves-=
pertilioides) ee AOL
Phryxus livornica (var. "livorni-
coides) _ sp I4O2
Hyles euphorbize—views of
Rothschild & Jordan .. ned oe
(ab. restricta, vars. paralias,
esulz, lathyrus, subsp. (?) con-
spicua a ae se 483
subsp. (?) siehei, nervosa, cos-
tata) . 484
Daphnis nerii—v ariation, , de Akay)
egg-laying, ovum, habits of
larva, »» 485
ontogeny of larva, . 488
larva, z . 489
variation of larva, cocoon, . 491
pupas wee . 492
pupal development, »» 495
parasites, habits of imago, . 496
times of appearance AO
Manduca atropos—variation, tera-
tological examples 498

Phryxus ‘livornica—partial ontogeny
of larva

cocoon, pupa,
imago .. 50 an a0
Catalogue of Palearctic Sphin-
gides oe os oe

s 499
‘and habits 5p

502

526

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERAL INDEX—VOLS. I TO IV.

Aberrations, newly named :

(Adscita statices) ab. viridis
(A. geryon) abs. viridis,
cerulea re 50 oe
(Rhagades_ globularize) ab.
viridis 50 a
(Anthrocera purpuralis) abs.
utescensje ts. 56
obscura Me 34

(A. exulans) abs. pulchra, 1G
448; minor .. —
Gas trifolii) abs. obscura, in-
termedia, i. 487; lutescens-
confluens, lutescens-basalis,
lutescens - glycirrhizze ae
(Taleporia tubulosa) ab. minor
(Poecilocampa populi) ab. vir-
gala .. 00
(Trichiura cratzegi) abs. ‘pallida,
li. 486 ; freyeri oe 50
(Malacosoma castrensis) abs. 2 ,
pallida, obsoleta, intermedia,
brunnea, ii. 532; abs. ?, vir-
gata, unicolor, rufo- -virgata,
bifasciata .. ar
(M. neustria) abs. ochracea-con-
fluens, ochracea-fracta, och-
racea-unicolor, confluens, vir-
gata, fracta, unicolor, cervina,
cervina - confluens, cervina-
virgata, cervina-fracta, cer-
vina-unicolor, rufescens-con-

fluens, rufescens - virgata,
rufescens- fracta, rufescens-
unicolor, ii. 548; rufa-con-

fluens, rufa- virgata, rufa-
fracta, rufa-unicolor aie
(Pachygastria trifolii) abs.

obsoleta-flava, pallida-flava,
flava, ili. 10; contracta- flava,
obsoleta-medicaginis, obso-
leta-cervina, cervina, con-
tracta-cervina, If; unilinea-
typica, suffusa- -typica, obso-
leta-rufa, rufa, contracta-rufa
(Lasiocampa querciis) abs. ¢,
curvata, latovirgata, semi-
marginata, marginata, basi-
puncta, iil. 553 spartil-
curvata, spartii-marginata,
purpurascens, purpurascens-
curvata, purpurascens-lato-
virgata, purpurascens-semi-
marginata, purpurascens-

li. 583

ii. 549

in. 12

marginata, purpurascens-
basipuncta, brunnea, sicula-
latovirgata, sicula-marginata:
abs. ¢ obsoleta, virgata,
semimarginata (v. g supra),
marginata (v. 3 supra),
ochracea-obsoleta, ochracea-
virgata, ochracea-semimar-
ginata, ochracea-marginata,
rufescens-obsoleta, rufescens-
virgata, rufescens-semimar-
ginata, rufescens-marginata,
brunnea-obsoleta, 56; brun-
nea-virgata, brunnea-semi-
marginata, brunnea-margin-
ata, 57); ,Olvacea aaee es
(Macrothylacia rubi) abs.
3, rufa- -separata, Li 127
rufa, rufa-approximata, rufa-
conjuncta, rufa-fasciata,
rufa-unilinea, rufa-obsoleta,
rufa-dissimilis, rufa-virgata,
ferruginea - separata, ferru-
ginea, ferruginea - approxi-
mata, ferruginea- -conjuncta,
ferruginea - fasciata, ferru-
ginea-unilinea, ferruginea-
obsoleta, ferruginea-dissimi-
lis, ferruginea-virgata, palli-
da-separata, pallida, pallida-
approximata, pallida - con-

juncta, pallida - fasciata,
pallida - unilinea, _ pallida-
obsoleta, pallida-dissimilis,

pallida-virgata; abs. 32,
grisea - separata, grisea,
grisea-approximata, grisea-
conjuncta, grisea - fasciata,
grisea-unilinea, grisea-obso-
leta, grisea-dissimilis, 128 ;
grisea-virgata, cervina-se-
parata, cervina- -approximata,
cervina-conjuncta, cervina-
fasciata, cervina - unilinea,
cervina - obsoleta, cervina-
dissimilis, cervina-virgata .,
(Cosmotriche potatoria) abs.
obsoleta-berolinensis, obso-
leta - potatoria, — lutescens,
obsoleta-lutescens, proxima,

intermedia, diminuta, @
extrema re os
(Gastropacha ilicifolia) abs.
virgata, lutescens, pallida,

PAGE.

lii. 87

ii. 129

iii. 163

GENERAL INDEX—VOLS.

PAGE,

unicolor-rufescens, rufescens,
grisea-pallida, grisea, grisea-
suffusa ; o ;
(Eutricha quercifolia) abs.
ulmifolia-obsoleta, meridio-
nalis-obsoleta, meridionalis-
lineata, dalmatina - typica,
dalmatina-lineata, wi. 204;
suffusa - Obsoleta, _ suffusa,
purpurascens-obsoleta, pur-

purascens .. ete

(Dimorvha versicolora) abs. 3
pallida, pallida-obsoleta, iii.
239; obsoleta, clara, obscu-

ra, obscura-obsoleta ie eels
(Saturnia pavonia) ab. obsoleta, iii.

(Mimas tiliz) abs. pallida-
inversa, pallida-costipuncta,
pallida-marginepuncta, iil.
403; pallida-centripuncta,
pallida - obsoleta, margine-
puncta, brunnea-transversa,
brunnea-costipuncta, brun-
nea -marginepuncta, brun-
nea-centripuncta, brunnea-
obsoleta, virescens - trans-
versa, virescens - maculata,
virescens-costipuncta, vires-
cens-marginepuncta, vires-
cens-centripuncta, virescens-

obsoleta ee es Ati

(Smerinthus ocellata) abs.
caeca, albescens, ili. 426;
vallida 4 acl

(Amorpha popull) abs. ‘suffusa,

pallida ae lil.

(Theretra porcellus) abs. clara,
scotica, iv. 92;
(Hyles euphorbize ) abs. suffusa,

rufomelana .. iv.

(Sphinx ligustri) abs. pallida,
subpallida, incerta, ua

intermedia, pose Iv.

(Agrius convolvuli) abs. uni-
color, lv. 334; grisea, inter-
media, fuscosignata, virgata,
variegata,

(Manduca atropos) abs. obso-
leta, imperfecta, conjuncta,
extensa, lv. 400; intermedia,
virgata, variegata, flavescens,
403;

Addenda :

to pp. i. 269, 297, 336 rye I.
to pp. i. 369, 470s. so de
top. li. 298. li.

to pp. ii. 145, 154, 358, 475,

480, 494, 497, 513, 523, 524 i.
to pp. li. 381, 535, 566 facil
ii] see note iil.
tomp.mini4684 0 a ae il.
to p. iil. 314. Le Sail.
LOnpp-wil. 395. 401. .°. lil.

top... 159 ..

to pp. ill. 411, 436, 469, 482,
529, 531, iv. 13, 14,49, 149.

indistincta .. iv.

suffusa, obscura, iv.

suffusa Ag Se CVS

a) lt SQ

205

240
316

354
434

224
341

i. TOOT: SAF

PAGE,
155: 050,050. 202) 206, 207,
208, 210, 211, 251, 254, 257,
259, 260, 399, ee iv, ais ey

Albinism .. 3 : 66
Ancestral SRT CSE
in ovum ai 1. 6

in larva— food, Hf i. 41; "form, i
AB ey ; ornamentation, 1.44;
tubercles... i. 49
in pupa sulle 39, 46, 50, ia gl
in imagines 1. 133, 135; (colours) ii. 82

of Sphingid larva and pupa .. iii. 497
in colouring of Malacosoma ¢ _ ii. 523
Antennz, as bearing on classi-
fication We 27.3 2092300)
337, 371, 413
(see also ii, 431, and Plate vi
opposite ii. 458)
larval ose xr. I. 141, 158
pupal x0 Set ate dlo
Assembling ii. Tr, 346, 410;
iil ZORA LOR eZ IA GeO G
(note), 260; Iv. 324
Beaks spipalliey ate 3 5 -vil. OSeO rs iil. 254
Bee-hives robbed by M. atropos iv. 441
‘¢ Bombycic acid ” il. 64
Boss, frontal, in pupa and imago ill. 40
Cammorous larvae, iL 106 ; 11, 106,
IB an USO. 226
Cocoons, abnormal ill. 27, 328
composite il. 443, 511, 540,
oe lil. 27
Cocoon-cutter .. il. 64
Colour-change in larvee, in ac-
cordance with colour of food-
plant 1 Is
before pupation - Seg SUN 253
279; Iv. 8, 487, 491
before ecdysis fe .» 1V. 340
Colouring fluid of Lachneid
cocoons 3 nema. 442
Commensalism in larvae” st de LOO
Comparisons, detailed :
Ova:
Amorpha populi with Mimas
tilize .. i lil. 386, 431
with Smerinthus ocellata iii. 386
Lasiocampa quercts with var,
callunze a. Chills Kos)
with var. meridionalis ili. 88, 89
with var. viburni ii. 88
Malacosoma castrensis with M,
neustria ate elias oO
Mimas tilie with Amorpha
populi .. Be UA eyelon wight
Smerinthus ocellata with A.
populi and M. tiliz.. . lil. 386
LARVE:
Acanthopsyche opacella with
Pachythelia villosella li. 388
Adscita statices with A,
geryon Senate 895
Amorpha populi with Mimas
tiliae ill. 387, 482

with Seas hybr, hy-

528

PAGE.
bridus 36 56 Sle 571
with S. ocellata - 2. 111.387, 457
Anthrocera re with A,
palustris... : ah oe Bey
with A. trifolii - 494, 532
A. palustris with A. iipeanle th, BY
with A. trifolii ; 1.494, 532
A. trifolii with A. filipendulee

: 1. 494, 532
with A. palustris .. i. 494, 532
with A. vicize : 6) bs AOR

A. trifolii var. syracusia with
A. palustris ie nae 1a 503

(see also i. 539)
A. viciz with A. trifolii ete 1 408
Bacotia sepium with Proutia

betulina ee ee li. 290
Cosmotriche potatoria with
Dendrolimus pini . iil. 114
-Eumorpha elpenor with The-
retra porcellus : moe Wes 7 O
Eumorphid with Phryxid So Ihe SO
with Sesiid .. iv. 42
Eutricha quercifolia with Odon-
ESS jor lil. 216
Fumea casta with F. crassi-
orella Wil, BARS)
Hemaris fuciformis with H.
tityus o6 ttl, 52%
with other Sphingids lil. 519
with Sesia stellatarum A alll Se

H. tityus with H. fuciformis i. 533
with Sesia stellatarum ili. 533; iv. 14
Lachneis lanestris with var.

arbuscule .. li. 510
Lasiocampa quercts with Ma-

crothylacia rubi_.. 55. Wily UAL
L. querctis vars. . i YO Of
Macrothylacia rubi with Lasio-

campa querctis lil. 141
Manduca atropos with Sphinx

ligustri : Iv. 414
Mimas tilie with Amorpha

populi mt Se melee 2Oy ped o2

with Smerinthus ocellata ., ill. 387
Narycia monilifera with Solen-

obia lichenella he fp uhyeliala
Nepticula atricollis with its

allies ; lO

N. aucupariz with N. sorbi te OO
N. centifoliella with N. plagi-
COlElla ecces.
N. continuella with N. luteella
N. floslactella with N. micro-
theriella ; 270
N. gratiosella with N. oxyac-
anthella ‘
N. luteella with N. continuella i. 266
N. imicrotheriella with N.

ie ee
tO ON
SO
a> oo

_

i)
On
Sal

floslactella .. a ea ale 710
N. minusculella with N. oxya-

canthella and N. pyri nul 208
N. oxyacanthella with N. grati-

osella ee _ shi lace 55
with N, minusculella and

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.

N. pyri =< a ns ds 208
N. plagicolella with N. prune-

torum i. 260; 272

with N, centifoliella | ws | tees
N. pyri with N. minusculella

and N. oxyacanthella sh oe 2e2

N. sorbi with N. aucupariz .. 1. 196
Pachythelia villosella with Ac-
anthopsyche opacella. je ll. 200
Phryxid with Eumorphid .. iv. 56
Proutia betulina with Bacotia

sepium li. 290
Sesia stellatarum with Hemaris

fuciformis es 5 TE Se

with H.tityus .. i. 5335 ive et
Sesiid with Eumorphid iow Siete
Smerinthus hybr. hybridus

with Amorpha populi and

Smerinthus ocellata a Ags

Smerinthus ocellata with A.

populi ae oe ili. 387, 457

with Mimas tiliae ili. 387
Solenobia lichenella with Nary-

cia monilifera : Se a
Sphinx ligustri with Manduca

atropos” iv. 414
Theretra porcellus with Eu-
morpha elpenor .. va, dN

MINES:

Nepticula anomalella with N.
fletcheri af ae

N. atricollis with its allies ia ag aos

N, aucupariz with N. sorbi.. i

N. basiguttella with its allies i

N. betulicola with N. distin-
guenda ce a
with N. luteella i. 286

N. confusella with N. lapponica i

N. continuella with N. luteella i

N. distinguenda with N.
betulicols: ‘ ie <2 Uo

N. fletcheri with N. anomalella i. 212

N. gratiosella with N. oxya-

canthellaguues 1255

N. ignobilella with x pyg-
meeella a ue wa de otQe
with N. regiella .. 1, 222, 296

N. lapponica with N. confusella i. 294
N. luteella with N. betulicola 1. 286

with N. continuella i. 266
N. marginicolella with N. ulmi-

vora and N. viscerella wield) hel ee
N. minusculella with N. oxya-

canthella and N. pyri tee ec
N. oxyacanthella with N.

gratiosella .. : i, 265

with N. minusculella and N,

pyri : at w+ Deeg
N. pl agicolella with N. prune-

torum i,.260, 274
N. py: emeella with N. igno-

bilella ee caec Sne
N. pyri with N. minusculella

and N. oxyacanthella oo ieee

N, regiella with N. ignobilella,
1, 222,275

GENERAL INDEX—VOLS.

N. sorbi with N. aucuparie ..

N. ulmivora with N. margini-
colella and N. viscerella

N. viscerella with N. margini-
colella and N. ulmivora

CASES :

Bacotia sepium with Luffa
lapidella and Proutia be-
tulina ; oe oe

Fumea casta with Masonia
crassiorella and var, affinis..

Masonia crassiorella with var.
affinis and Fumea casta .,

Luffia lapidella with Bacotia
sepium ana Proutia betulina

Proutia betulina with B.
sepium and L. lapidella
with P. eppingella

P. eppingella with P. betulina

Solenobia inconspicuella with
its allies

Taleporia politella
tubulosa Be

PUPZ:

Amorpha populi with Mimas
tilia and Smerinthus ocellata

Bacotia sepium with Lufha
Japidella’ _.. 7
with Proutia betulina :

Celerio gallii with Hyles eu-
phorbize 56

Cosmotriche potatoria
Lasiocampa querctis

Eumorpha elpenor with Ther-
etra porcellus

Fumea casta with Masonia
crassiorella ¢ and ¢
$ with Proutia betulina 7

Hemaris fuciformis with H.

atin AP.

with

tityus and Cochrania croatica iil.

Hyles euphorbiz with Celerio
gallii

Lasiocampa querctis with Cos-
motriche potatoria ..

Luffia lapidella with Bacotia

sepium :

Malacosoma castrensis erin M.
neustria se EG

Masonia crassiorella with

Fumea casta

Mimas tilie with Amorpha
populi and Smerinthus oc-
ellata

Proutia Beeelins with Bacotia
sepium : Se
with Fumea casta

Saturnia pavonia with S. pyri

Smerinthus ocellata with Am-
orpha populi and Mimas
pilicomeee:

Theretra porcellus with Eu-
morpha elpenor

COCOONS :—
Lasiocampa quercis var. vi-

PAGE.

ie
its

it

196

f 293
ea ue
gat
. 389

Oo

ETO" IV; 529
PAGE.
burni_ with Ee
trifolii a6 Ap ill, 2
Nepticula salicis with N. vimi- _
neticola 1, 319
Pachy gastria trifolii with is
quercis var. viburni Be it oy
Saturnia pavonia with 8. pyri ill. 330
IMAGINES :—
Acanthopsyche opacella with
A. zelleri and A. ecksteini,, i. 383
Adscita geryon with A. statices i. 402
Anthrocera lonicerze with A.
palustris and A. trifolii 1. 484
A palustris with A. lonicerz
and A. trifolii ae sen lead
with its allies : i, 500
A. trifolii with A. lonicerze and
A. palustris 1. 484
with A. vicize 1.455
A. vicie with A. trifolii 1. 455
Bacotia sepium with Fumea
casta, &c. ii. 258
with Proutia betulina, i li. 2 58,
285, 286
Bankesia staintoni with B. al-
pestrella li. 206
with B. conspurcatella ll. 204
with B. montanella and B.
vernella 5 ll. 205
Epichnopterix pulla with E,
ardua a oe 1359
with var. sieboldii Ae lle 256
Fumea casta with Bacotia se-
plum li. 285
with F. germanica ‘and F,
pellucidella .. : li. 325
with Masonia crassiorella
and var. affinis i 325
with Proutia betulina li. 286
F, scotica with Masonia crassi-
orella : ae seg, Lael
Hippotion celerio with H.
osiris .. iv. 120
Lufha lapidella with its allies ii. 23
Masonia_crassiorella_ _—with
Fumea casta i, 325
with F. scotica and M., sub- ;
flavella <a spesiit's SU
Micropteryx aruncella with
M. seppella .. i, 149
M. mansuetella with M. thun-
bergella é 1, 152
M. seppella with M. aruncella i. 149
M. thunbergella with M. man-
suetella oe Sey dese52
Narycia monilifera with N.
astrella ass 8e TS
Nepticula acetose with N.
prupetorum .. 1. 259
N. agrimoniz with its ‘allies .. i. 313
N. alnetella with N. aurella
and N. marginicolella i. 264
with N. glutinose .. 14203

N. angulifasciella with N. ar-

cuatella and N. atricollis i. 304, 306

530

with N. rubivora

with its allies ES
N. anomalella with N. ecehen
N. arcuatella with N. anguli-

PAGE,

ib

304

i. 309

ie

208

fasciella and N. atricollis i. 304, 306

with N. rubivora

i, 304
N. argentipedella with N.w ool-

hopiella ss is 292
N. argyropeza with N. subapi-

cella .. Ih, BAS
N. assimilella with its allies |. i. 351
N. atricapitella with N. min-

wsculeliaianes : a NAL Maly

with N. ruficapitella. He MOF
N. atricollis with N. angulifas-

ciella and N. rubivora 1. 304

with N. arcuatella .. i. 304, 306
N. aucupariz with N. minus-

culella a i" 100)7)

with N, nylandriella and N.

viscerella 1 EOS
N. aurella with N. auromar-

ginella i. 242

with N. alnetella i. 264

with N. continuella ao tle, BOK

with N. marginicolella i. 261, 264

with N. splendidissimella .. 1. 244
N. auromarginella with N.

aurella Poa e242
N. basalella with N. turicella i. 300
N. basiguttella with N. tiliz i. 218
N. betulicola with N. distingu-

enda and N. glutinosze Ths PASM

with N. luteella and N. mi-

crotheriella .. ert eae

with N. plagicolella Ve ilign 27/3
N. catharticella with its allies i. 339
N. continuella with N. aurella i. 265
N, cryptella with N. eurema i, 332

with N. pulverosella il BRO

with its allies 1. 334
N. distinguenda with N. betu-

licola and N. glutinosz, &c. 1. 281
N. dulcella with N. fragariella

andwNercelns 1236
N. eurema with N. cryptella ige2
N. filipendule with N. poteri 1, 250
N. fletcheri with N. anomalella i, 208
N. floslactella with N. myrtill-

ellaiarr oe ae Mae 2S

with N. salicis Be) TER 26

with N. vimineticola io2t
N. fragariella with N. dulcella

and N. gei .. Sit 230

with N. ‘splendidissimella ese aes
N. gei with N. fragariella i, 236

with N, splendidissimella 1. 244
N. glutinosz with N. alnetella

and N. microtheriella, &c. i. 283

with N. distinguenda i, 281

with N. luteella i, 285
N. gratiosella with N. ignobil-

ella i 254
N. ignobilella with N, ‘gratios-

ella .. ee ae i, 254

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

: woolhopiella with N. ar-

PAGE
with its allies 1 2
N. intimella with its allies 1, 34m
N. lapponica with N.sorbi .. 1. 294
N. luteella with N. betulicola.. i. 271
with N. glutinose and N.
turicella i. 285
N. malella with its allies i. 302
N. marginicolella with N. alne-
tella .. as .. oo eae
with IN. aurella Wandin:
uilmivora ~ aes a! eo
N. microtheriella with N.
betulicola 12k
with N. glutinosze 1 282
with N. poterii i. 249
with its allies i, 276
N. minusculella with N. atri-
capitella, N. aucupariz, &c. i. 197
N. myrtillella with N. floslac-
tella .. 1. 315
N. nylandriella with N. aucu-
parize oe 195
N. obliquella w ‘ith its allies i. 324
N. plagicolella with N, betuli-
cola 1. 271, 273
with N. poterii 1. 249
with N, prunetorum 1, 259
N. pomella with its allies . Sesg
N. poterii with N. filipendule i. 250
with N. microtheriella and
N. plagicolella <n eS
N. prunetorum with N. acetosz
and N. plagicolella .. 0 Sg
N.pulverosella with N.cry ptella i. 336
N. regiella with N. torminalis i. 223
N. rubivora with N. atricollis i. 304
with its allies be 1, 208
N. ruficapitella with N. atrica-
pitella, &c. .. i. 187
N, salicis with N. floslactella i. 325
with N. vimineticola 1-325
with its allies i. 318
N. septembrella with its allies 1. 337
N. serella with N. tormentillella i. 246
N. sorbi with N. lapponiea .. 1 268
N. splendidissimella with N.
aurella and N. gei i. 244
with N. frag: ariella oe
N. subapicella with N. argyro-
peza Jc) ia
N, tengstrémi with its allies (3h 2g
N. tiliae with N. basiguttella., i. 218
with its allies i. 216
N. tormentillella with N.serella i. 246
N. torminalis with N. regiella i. 223
N. trimaculella with its allies i. 348
N. turicella with N. basalella i. 300
with N. luteella i. 285
N. ulmivora with N. mar gini-
colella . 1, 261
. vimineticola with N. flos-
lactella and N. salicis 1. 321
‘N. viscerella with N. aucu-
pariae i. 195

GENERAL INDEX—VOLS.

PAGE.
gentipedella : Bey ei 202
Pachygastria trifolii and vars.
with P. eversmanni. lll. 19
Pachythelia villosella with its
allies ll. 401
Proutia betulina with Bacotia
sepium li. 258, 285, 286
with Fumea casta and P.
salicolella li. 286
with P. rouasti = meds 287
Smerinthus hybr. hybridus
with parent species and allies ili. 453
Solenobia inconspicuella with
S. wockii -« i: 183
with its allies x2) di8166
S. triquetrella with its allies .. ii. IQI
S. wockii with S. inconspicu-
ella .. ei rag Foe
(S. cembrella with S. mannii
li. 186; var. pineti with S.
mannii ii. 195; 8. clathrella
with S. mannii ii. 195; with
its allies ii. 198 ; S. fumosella
with its allies 1, 189; S. sui-
funella with its allies 11. 183)
Sterrhopterix hirsutella with S.
standiussi .. peenie 423
Taleporia tubulosa with T.
politella ii. 218
Cremastral cable .. li. 92

Cross-pairing 1. 387 (Anthrocera
with Procris); 419, 517 (spe-
cies of Anthrocera); rare in
nature, 545; ll. 525 (species
of Malacosoma); i, 120
(Lachneides); 234(Dimorpha
versicolora and Aglia tau) ;
_ 380 (Sphingides) ; 508 (He-
marids) : (see Hybridism).

eee ec. 366, 375. 382, 304,
396, 413, 477, 496, 504, 525,
5373; li. 61,110,143,180,298,
330, 345; 362, 390, 409, 429,
443; lll. 102, 175, 196, 219,

258 : iv. 127, 273 (note).

Development, of larval markings
in Sphingids iv. 74, IOI, e
155, 186, 228, 285, 417, 472
A474; of imaginal wings re-
tarded ii. 37, 476; ili. 220:(see
imago, scales, and i. ch. ii.

v. and il. ch.i.iv.v.Synopsis). _

Diarrhoea in larvee, cured jejail
Dimorphism, seasonal ., 1. 68; iii
in larvee Pate
sexual i. 67, 429; ii. 112 445; ; lil.
(see also under each species).
Dorsal hooks of pupa .. il.
Double-broodedness, phylogene-
tic importance of .. . lil.
Egg, see i.ch. i. iii. Synopsis
Embryology as bearing on phylo-
geny
(see also i. ch. iii. and ii. ch. k
Synopsis).

I FO. IV.

Embryonic cells ..
Environment, sensitiveness
larval colours to
as tending to differ entiate
species
(see Imitation).

of

i.

548

Errata i. 162, 354, 546; ii. 569; iii. 540

Experiments :
Colour of cocoons of Satur-
nia pavonia as affected by
damp (May) iii. 330; by en-
vironment (Bateson)

Crossing various races of Lasio-
campa quercis -(Bacot and
Warburg)

Feeding L. quercts larvee on
pine (Fuchs & Bieger)

Hemolymph (Landois) ii. 79»
(Mayer) :

Homologies of larval, pupal
and imaginal legs (Réaumur
and others)

Hybridization of Anthrocer
(Fletcher) 2;
of A. populi and S. ocellata
(House)

Larval coloration (Miss Gould)
i, 88 ; (Poulton)

Mating instinct

. (Mayer) 3

Moulting of Arctia caja ‘(Chap-
man) ..
of Triphaena comes, as de-
pending on food (ditto)

Parthenogenesis in Bombyx
mori (Jour dan)
in Lasiocampa
(Tardy) :
in Orgyia antiqua (Eaton) . aS

Pigment of wings Cae
and Griffiths)

Temperature, its effect on pup
of Lasiocampa querctis (Mer-
ifield) iti. 33; on larve, i.
68; on ova of Odonestis pruni
and Dendrolimus pini(Stand-
fUSS) 46%

Terrifying marks of ‘larva of
Hippotion osiris, their value
(Marshall)

Fluid, in larval hairs, i i ‘or Ho
creted from larval scent-
glands, i. 94, 96, 97; from
honey-glands, i. 97; from
mouth, i, 99, iii. 116; be-
tween the two larval skins at
moulting, ii. 10; as an aid
= Seen from cocoon,

37, 643 for colouring
Teer cocoons :

Foodplant, its influence on colour
of larva, i. 83, 85 ; iv. 3153
of imago ..

Forcing, ova,
Hii, 135;

in moths

queseti

larvee,

515;

lil. 1 16;
pupe, ii.

lil, 329

lll. 34

i

i.

lil.

oats
il.
es
re

1
te

tile

iv,

il,

lil. 48, 57
il. 80, 81

18
419
499

i. 43, 87

290

14

12

116

117

442

» Aes, 57;

532

_ PAGE,
iii. 33; Iv. FOL, 235, 255, 453
104; . 114, 445 5

iii. 230, 375, 389, pa 505
Genitalia, origin of, i. 22; of

larvee, i. 59; of Anthrocera
Cpa ig 10). 3 ‘of pupee, ll. 52,
85; of Dendrolimus pini ¢,
lil. 116; of Amorphine,
lil. 390; nee e of in
Hemarinze . i. 305
Glands, eversible, i. 943 honey,
i, 97 ; scent -s 1. 94, 97, 429
(see Setz)
Gynandromorphism, i. 387, 401,
422; il. 446, 485, 502, 531,
547 3 ill. 2, 9, 42, 45, 120,
12755 el sOn loon 2020236,
290, 298, 303, 309, 341, 381,
390, 401, 425, 449, 452,
462; iv. 5,62, 170, 203, 250, 332, 399
connection with hybridism iii. 302
Habits, diversity of, followed out
in forms of wings, i. 128 ; in
members of Sphingo-Micro-
pterygid stirps, 1. 1273 in
the sexes of the same species,
ly UZZa) A This 1) EXO) (Golujoes)) 2
in members of the same
species, ii. 489; lil. 89; in
larvee of the same species, _
li, 12, 14, 447, 539, 5593 lll. 90
Hairs *, larval, as a protection,
i. 42, 84; spathulate, i. 49 ;
hainy iclothins 2 iss 6120)
li. 436, 454; ‘‘shagreen,”
iii. 139 (ancestral), 170, 249,
360, 367, 409, 433, 478; iv
II, 99, 311, 348; pupal,
Te Sy UR alle) > Thaneyenroel
1225) 21354) antennal them
origin the same as that of
scales ae ld 280

Frenulum, i.

(see Setze)
and Histogenesis,
i. 72, 743 ii. 7, 10, 39,65, 67
Cadalyst. sa 2TO.) 270:
277, 300: 368, 503
(scarcely represented in T.
porcellus) . : 56 - 97
Humps on larvee i. 42 ; origin of a go
Hybernation, i. 15 (condition of
egg during); 68 (seasonal
dimorphism); 171 (Nepticu-
lids and Eucleids); 392, 403,
414 (Adscita); 416 (Anthro-
cera); li. 11,16 (in connection
with moulting) ; 4o (Tzenio-
campids, &c.);1t1(Psychids);
150 (Diplodoma) ; 469 (Pee-
cilocampa populi) ; 489 (Tn-
chiura crategi) ; 515 (Lach-

Histolysis

Horn,

* For the arrangement of

the hairs,

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.
neis lanestris); 536, 553 (Ma-
lacosoma): iii. 21 (Pachygas-
tria trifolii); 48, 49, 72, 73,
g1 (Lasiocampa querciis) ;

133, 135 (Macrothylacia

rubi); 167 (Cosmotriche po-

tatoria); 198 (Gastropacha

ilicifolia) ; 208 (Eutricha

quercifolia) ; 258 (Dimorpha

versicolora); 332 (Saturnia

pavonia) ; 416 (Mimas tilize) ;

441 (Smerinthus ocellata) ;

483 (Amorpha populi); 522,

534 (Hemaris) ; iv. 18 (Sesia

stellatarum) ; 130, note

(Hippotion celerio); 161,

note (Phryxus _livornica) ;

178 (Celerio gallii); 234

(Hyles euphorbiz) ; 290 Hy-

loicus pinastri) ; 321 (Sphinx

ligustri) ; 343, 377 (Agrius

convolvuli) ; 453 (Manduca

atropos) ; 496 (Daphnis nerii)
Hybridism 1. 419 ; i. 37, 524, 568;

lil. 3, 34, 185, 290, 296, 380,

390, 448, 495; Iv. 44, 481;

general results, ill. 36, 495

(vars. of same species) ; 300

(different species): see also

lil. 451: (for cases of cross-

pairing which were in-

fertile, or the results of which

are unknown, see cross-pair-

ing). Connection with gy-

nandromorphism -« iil 302
Hybrid larvze ili. 34-38, 300 ; iv. 481
Imaginal discs .. . Th. 3505
Imago, development of, il. 40,

‘ch. iii. Synopsis.
Imitation :

in ova, of tendril’of clematis

i, 13; of swollen stems of

Juncus : iil. 165

in larva, of bird- -droppings i i.

£8)s Of; dangerous creatures 1.

92, iv. Ni roe “of the fees Pos

or its surroundings if 375 41,

lv. 405 ; of general surround.

ings, i. 82, il. 441, 442, iii.

208, iv. 8; of unpalatable

larvee . lil. 246

in imago, of better protected

insects i. 67 ; of environment

i. 63, ili. 119; of leaves ii. 446, iii. 397
Jaws of Eriocrania (Micropteryx)

1. I, 334, 1. a2

Jugum : i. 4, 104
acinia o.4 : oe ee
Larva 1.°Gh. Wilt.) V5 V1. , viii, and

ii. ch. i. Synopsis: (see Hairs,

tubercles, &c., &c., in the durferent

species, see paragraph LARVA in the account of each separate species.

GENERAL INDEX—VOLS.

PAGE.
Humps, Modification, Scales,
Sete, Spines, Terrifying
attitudes, Terrifying marks,
Tubercles, Warning colours,
Warts, &c.)
newly-hatched, importance
ofin phylogeny... i. 49
gregarious, li. 441, 469, 489,
507, 526, 536, 554; iil. 243,

319; iv. 214
Larval appendages, unusual, i. ch.
V., Vili., 141, 158, 371, 373,

380, 459; ili. 212, 276
Larval changes as bearing on
phylogeny is So) Pil 10
Larval lines, nomenclature Olea. ee 44:
Larval markings in pup il. 59;

i, 278,370
‘‘Lepidopteric acid” ele Or
Melanism and melanochroism i. 63, 66

Metamorphoses, acquired rather
than primitive i, 42; (see il.
ch. i. Synopsis); causesof., il. 82
Micropterygides, change of nom-
enclature i. 104, (note).
Mimicry, see Imitation
Modification, structural :
of anal segment i. 40, 51, 95;
of hairy pile of larva, i. 38,
100, ll. 436, 437 (scale- like),
iil. 11s, 122; iv. 58 (in pupa);
of larval legs and prolegs, i.
Bee 85s: LAL, O03). 302, i.
272; of scales, in Psychidze
ii. 270, in Lachneids ii. 445,
on bodies of Sphingides, &c.
iv. 271, on palpi of Agrius
convulvuli and Manduca iv.
399; of sete, 1. 45, 49, 51
glandular), 97 (fluid-bear-
Ine) 1605, 120; 1365) 11. 133
(pupal i, 213, 1277 5 i
shape of newly-formed pupz,
li. 28, iii. 371; of tubercles,
fey B5OneULS) 205, 303, iil.
105, 440 (ear-tubercles), iii.
210, 461
Moultins. 1 174, 2295 1: ch, 4.
(see Synopsis), 108, 159, 272;
_ ii. 279, 369, 4375 iv. 67, 315, 317
Neuration, i. 1, 2 (pupal), 3, 5,
1O4122> 137, 100, 100, 12,
178, 182, 369, 385; Ul. 47
1505 214, 220) 223), 253204,
275, 280, 306, 319, 336 (with
plate), 340, 373, 377, 419,

421, 453, 455, 457, 460, 465,
500 ; ill. 2, 125, 154, 184,186,

ZOO 220; 2325 285. 2) e250,
358; iv. 117, 146, 168, 202,
244, 276
(For species, &c., referred to
see Synopsis),
Neuropteroid characters in Lep-

I TO" iY, 030
PAGE.
idoptera ee Henkes
Nomenclature, of larval lines, re
44; of tubercles, i. 46; of
spots on imago of Anthrocera
i. 424; of new species, &c.,
see Aberrations, Species,
Varieties.
Osborne membrane : iNs22
Pairing repeated, i. 135, 422; il.
EEE, 2075 52405 ile 104, 259, 290

Parasites (species not stated), i
232; 413 (Anomalon); 440
(Gordit) ; i, 375) 100 Eez0-
machus, Pimpla, Hemiteles

Cremastus, Tachina); 355
(Campoplex, Pezomachus) ;

iii. 88 (Teleas, in ova) ; 103
(Mermis, Filarize); 132
(Chrysides, in ova) 7 tad
(Microgaster) ; 219; 258
(Tachina) ; 441 (Simulium) ;

Ma 7 DEO Cue) 434 496
Alysia breviventris lye lyy
Amblyteles armatorius jo MM 144
A. cerinthius and A. lamina-

torius ay ey VAN AA!
A. palliatorius. . . lil. 441; Iv. 434
Anomalon circumflexum .._ iv. 323
A. cylindricum iy. 106
A. giganteum .. lil. 28
A. tenuitarsum SNe Sat aelaeigl 7
Apanteles difficilis .. i. 526; ili. 143
A. geryonis : Ey tle Koy!
A. glomeratus os et Vesa
A. juniperatz 1. 5265 i. 144
A, nothus ye ter OF
A. reconditus .. li. 561
A. ruficrus lll. 144
A. zygenarum i. 526
Argyrophylax atropivora iv. 434
Banchus falcator and B. moni-

liatus iv. 107
Bassus nigritarsus lil, 103
Blephoripoda scutellata Iv. 434
Campoplex decipiens i. 526
C. difformis li, 192
Casinaria orbitalis and C.vidua i. 496
Cheetolyga xanthogastra lv. 434
Chrysolampus bombycum li. 568
Cryptus filipendulze 1. 526
C. fugitivus ili. 487
C. fumipennis .. oe at 2520
Cy mieratore iin. 26, lO2 1A ive O17
C. obscurus se t= lls, 102
C. ornatus ii. 561
C. spiralis ii. 226
C. titulator ill. 103
C. zygeenarum i. 146
Eurylabus dirus : i 5s
Exochelum circumflexum var.

giganteum ill, 28

65200 sil
561 ;
Gravenhorstia picta .. ill.
Hemimachus instabilis

Exorista vulgaris

IW. 875.9 AV.

- 323
28, 103
i. 526

534 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

PAGE.
Hemiteles albipennis .. ste ull LOZ
H. elongatus .. -4 etl 220
H. fulvipes and H, furcatus .. i. 526
H. gastroccelus Be lil. 187, 192
H. leucomerus, H. melanarius,

H. tristator ee eile Oe
Tchneumon culpatorius .. li. 568
J. flavatorius .. 66 soe LA
J. fusorius oe ahs i OO
J. grossorius .. ae 56 INS GBA
I. insidiosus .. S0 atl?
I. nitens ie - 8 Pit, BGS
I. pisorius ili. 441, 487; iv. 291, 322
J. privensis Ee Iv. 82
Limneria fasciata “- no ls AR
L. fulviventris .. 50 FP lO
L. rufa ae 40 ee liaeTOR
LE UMICIACEA ae he eee
Lissonota commixta .. So) Nhe Syme
iobsoleta t= : ella gen
Macrocentrus linearis He 1b ISA0
Mestostenus obnoxius Cela 20
Metopius dentatus.. ili. 69, 103
M. micratorius a Se Wile OR)
M. necatorius .. are ii. 561, 568

' Microgaster nigriventris 56 ING ARO)
Microplitis ocellatee iii. 416, 441, 487
Oecophora pseudospretella .. iv. 498
Ophion obscurus g2 WS See ait, we)
O. undulatus .._ iii. 28, 69, 103, 144
O. ventricosum a i) lle LO
Paniscus testaceus .. Ge Ul ZAR)
Pelecystoma lutea... Bre ee
Pezomachus analis_.. eet e520
Phzeogenes calopus .. Ba) pity Site)
iPhorocera cilipeda. 12 477s. 1. 501
Pimpla examinator ao INA Be?
P. graminellz .. ie <6 hil 5/5
P. instigator .. Sap) lilt /5,44 10
Polysphincta varipes .. Feel gti75
Rhogas bicolor ae i ailea5 20
R. circumscriptus and R. geni-

culator ae or fo th as
Sagaritis declinator .. gi ile Rey
Schizoloma amicta .. lil. 144
Sphinctus serotinus ,. RE RCA
Tachina larvarum Ge G2On SIM. Tay
©, puparum, ... on lil 144, 175
Telenomus phalzenarum 11. 542 ;

in ova we ke lil 20}132
Thyroptocera bicolor ., se aaliley 18
Trogus alboguttatus .. iv. 107, 322
T. exaltatorius lv. 106, 189, 322
T. lutorius iii. 441, 487; iv. 107, 434
Uropeda vegetans ill. 416

Parthenogenesis i. ch. iv. Synop-
sis; summary of records, i.
27; in Bombyx mori, 1. 24,
27; in Eutrichids, ili. 20;
in Lasiocampa quercits, iil.
42; in Lufha ferchaultella, ii.
248, 251; in Macro-Psy-
chids, ii. 368; in Macrothy-
lacia rubi ill. 123; in Man-
duca atropos, iv. 404; in
Orgyia antiqua, 1. 28; in
Psychids, ii. 102; in Solen-

PAGE,
obia, ii. 157; in S. lichen-
ella, 1.26.11, 1745) In) Sertide
quetrella, i. 26; in Sphin-
gides, iii. 381, 390; in Sphinx
ligustri, iv. 304; in Tale-
poria tubulosa ii. 218; in
Whittleia retiella .. => Mie ate
“¢ Pheeism,”’ a3 nS o«. 4g
Phylogeny, as indicated by ovum,
1.7; by embryology, i. 17;
by newly-hatched larva, i.
49; by larval changes, ii. 16;
by pupa,1. 2,94, TOs aieseer
90; by double-broodedness, iii. 117
of Kumorphids discussed .. iv. 137
Pigment, on larval wing-areas,
lil. 29; origin of 15-72; 4s Fouuaes
‘‘ Poulton’s line” ii. 47, 528; iv. 104, 125
“ Prachtflecke ” ii 455; iii. 186, 201
Prolegs, additional, i. 22, 126,
135, 142, 163, 209,301.
hooks on, i. 36; (macro-
form with pupa-incompleta) i. 384
Protection, from damp, of ova i.
136; of larva and pupa, i. IoT; ii. 61
methods of: attitude, i. 84,
ili. 277, 368 ; concealment, i.
61, 76; imitation (q.v.), i. 76; »
spines and hairs, 1. 42; see
1. ch. vili. Synopsis.
Fupa, ich. 1., andyi, ene
Synopsis; as bearing on phy-
logeny i. 2, 4, 105; libera,
incompleta and obtecta i. 2;
li. OT, 91, 92, 95 ; possessing
beak, 1.375, ii. 63, 91,iii. 254;
possessing frontal boss, iii. 40;
change in proportion of parts
when newly-formed, ii. 28,
ill, 371 ; effect of temperature
on, i. 63, 73, 755 ill. 33
Pupal antenne, ii, 46; bloom, ii.
61.5. hairs, i. 575. 13am
neuration il. 47; proboscis
Il; 3715 Spimes,, ii.) LOGseivs
58; tubercle (paraclypeal) .. ii. 44
Pupal period prolonged, ii. 34
(causes), 448, 515; ili. 77,
86, 100, 258, 332, 416, 441,
501; iv. 234, 290, 321
Retarded development of imag-
inal wings li. 37, 476; ili. 220
Scales, origin and development
of il... 76, &c.; Psychid, a.
270; Lachneid 11.444 ; Sphin-

gid ili. 3793; Iv. 390
(see Modification).

larval... wie li. 437 | Whee
pupal ys. .. ii 412)3 9 eee

Scent glands, i. 94, 97, 429; iv.
436 (imaginal); see iv. 399
Setz, 1. 45, iv. 99 (glandular) ; ii.
133 (pupal); iv. 42 (bifid in
Sesiids) ; (see Hairs, Modifi-
cation).
Sounds, made by larva, iii. 369,
iv. 406; by pupa, iv. 234,

GENERAL INDEX—1 TO IV.

PAGE.

432 ; by imago, ili. 380; iv. 436, 444
Specialization, explained, ili. 359;
in relation to feedin g-habits,
i. 41; of larva independent
of other stages, i. 41; of larval
covering for defensive pur-

poses i. 100
Species newly- named :
Nepticula fletcheri e 2b
Nepticula eurema (Durrant).. 1. 332
Proutia eppingella lil. 295
Masonia edwardsella . li, 316

Spines, larval, i. 42, 45; movable
i. 93; stinging, i. 98; of
Sphingo - Micropterygid
stirps, i. 119; of Cochlidids,
1. 363, 373, 381; of Attacids,
ill. 277 ; pupal i. 109; ill.
254; Iv. 58, 78, 81, 104; im-
aginal (cocoon- cutters), li. 64 3 ili. 236
Spurs, tibial, of Psychids, 11. 272,
2a 336 (plate), 337 ; of
Dimorpha, ui. 232 ; of Sphin-
gides, ill. 374 ; of Amorphids lll. 384
Suction discs, larval, i 37, 142, 159, 362
Swimming powers of larva of
Eumorpha elpenor..
Temperature, effect of, on ova, 1.
15, ili. 49, 116; on length of
larval life, iv. 346 ; on imago,
applied during larval period,
i. 68, iii. 48; during pupal
period, re 65, Vers Poe:
Teratological specimens, 1. res
ii. 32, 551, lil. 53, 127, 314,
430, iv. 62, Bo Ai
Terrifying attitudes iii. 116,
69; terrifying marks, i. Be
ii, 62, 116, 191, 246, 284
(imago), iv. 69, 102, 117, 487
Trichoptera, in relation to Lepi-
doptera rien teg 2. 2an ya 2553350
Tubercles, larval : Dyar’s nom-
enclature i. 46; ancestral,
49; pseudo-tubercles, 49 ;
movable, 93; of Sphingo-
Micropterygid superfamilies,
generalized, 116, special-
lized 119; of Cochlidids,
363; of Psychids, ii. 105,
133; of Lachneids, 438, 461 ;
of Dimorphids, iii. 231, 233 ;
OF Adtacids: 268, 272, 276;
of Sphingides, ili. 359, &c. ;
of Eumorpnids, iii. 497, iv.
42; of Sphingids, ill. 499;
of Sesiids, iv. 42; pupal,
paraclypeal, ii. 44 ; Eumor-

Ven

5385

PAGE
phid .. y oe Sa NG ge
(see also Modification, Warts,
and paragraph LARVA under
the different species).

Urtication, i. 98, 100, 363, 365;
We 4375 Mm. 30, 160; N15, 122,276
Variation :
Ova, iii. 166, 243 (note), 431:
iv. 174 (note)
Larva, i. 78, 81, 83, 381, 394,
439, 502, 524; il. 473, 491;
iii, 26, 37, 90, 116, 140, 215,
324, 410, 435, 456, 480, 519,
RZ vet G2. TOs! bea
154, 180, 183, 222, 224, 257,
285, 315, 343; 348, 360, 418, 479, 491
Pu ee iii. 412, 440; iv. 481
Colear of Cocoons, i. 190, 224,
230, 260, 266, 277, 314, 319,
349; 351, 440, 524; il. 512;
iii. 279, 329
Imago : 1. ch. vli.(see Synopsis),
139, 148, 149, 154, 156, 198,
Z16, 270; 300, 321, 325. 232,
344, 348, 355, 367, 379, 390,
401, 408, 422, 432, 445, 455,
467, 481, 485, 500, 508, 533;
1130, 146,163) 1645-202,
ZN, 227, 250% 309, 323, 341,
and plate, 353, 383, 399, 406,
ASE 502,532. 5475 tt. 4, 10,
A UG, 127, 100, 160, 203,
239, 314, 401, 426, 407, 495;
513, 529; iv. 5, 62, 92, 119,
149, 170, 203, 250, 277, 299,
Ae 333, 399, 484, 498
Varieties newly named:
(Rhagades Bee var.
ceerulea : i 408
(Lachneis lanestris) var. grisea 1. 505
(Theretra porcellus) var.scotica iv. 92
(Phryxus livornica) var. aus-
tralasize iv. 149, (see iv. 482)
(Agrius convolvuli) var. tahiti-

ensis See eo
Viviparous Lasiocampa queretis
reported iii. 87

Warning colours, i. 90, 91, 363;
ii. A4iG iil. 206 5-4V. 41
Warts, larval, hypertrophy of, 1.
go ; of Anthrocerids, 364 ;
of Lachneids, i. 120, ii. 438,

454, 461; of Dimorrha, iii.

233; of Attacids 268; of

Saturnia 5 Be 305
Weight of larva, increase in, ii. 4; ili. 369
Xanthism “¢ oe Soe 100

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Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

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(Berl. Ent. Zeitschrift, Dec. 1902).

The British Noctuz and their Varieties.

Complete in 4 volumes. 28/- per set, net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in Cloth,

The four volumes comprise the most complete textbook ever issued on the
Noctuides. The work contains critical notes on the synonymy, and gives the original
type ‘description (or description of the original figure) of every British species, the
type description of every known variety (European, African, Asiatic, or American)
of these species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions, of the various phases of
variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the rare
and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical
range of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists
who have paid particular attention to certain species.

Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. I deals with ‘‘ General
variation and its cause ’’—with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in
producing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. II deals with “ The evolution and
genetic sequence ol insect colours,’’ the most complete review of the subject published.
That to Vol. III deals with ‘‘ Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera,”’ explain-
ing, so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in
the term. That to Vol. IV deals with ‘‘ The classification of the Noctuz,’’ with a
comparison of the Nearctic and Palzearctic Noctuides.

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidop-
terists, and up to the present time some 500 complete sets of the work have been
sold. The treatise is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest infor-
mation on this group, and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign
magazines and the works of old British authors’ arranged in connection with each
species, and not to be found in any other published work.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British
Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for
the forms of melanism and melanochroism; contains full data respecting the distri-
bution of melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special
value of ‘‘ Natural selection,”’ ‘‘ environment,”’ ‘‘ heredity,”’ ‘‘ disease,”’ ‘‘ temperature,”’
&c., in particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows
of the Entomological Society of London, says, ‘‘.An especially interesting line of
enquiry as connected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been
followed up in Mr. TutTt?’s series of papers on ‘‘ Melanism and Melanochroism.”

British Butterflies.

(Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-).

This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-
cuts. There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of
the same butterfly to illustrate the two sexes, underside and variation are given. The
full-page illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known
entomological artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce.

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads :—(1) Synonymy,
(2) Imago. (3) Variations, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British
and Continental. (4) Egg. (5) Larva. (6) Pupa. (7) Time of appearance. (8)
Habitat and Distribution. Besides these, there are extended remarks on each of the
Tribes, Subfamilies, Families, Divisions and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the
** Larvee”’ and ‘‘ Pupz”’ are mostly original. There are 282 aberrations and varieties
diagnosed, of which 111 are described for the first time. The varieties and aberrations
found in every part of the world are dealt with.

At the end of each chapter is a brief summary giving the following information, in
tabular form, for each species:—I. Date for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3)
the pupa, (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants.

The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure of the Egg, Larva,
Pupa, &c.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing,
Labelling, &c.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

Complete in two parts. Price 12/- (6/- each part) net.
(INTERLEAVED FOR THE COLLECTOR’S OWN NOTES).

This is one of the most useful, accurate, and important books ever offered to the
field-lepidopterist, and will save him time, trouble and expense in prosecuting his
work. In each part are some one thousand two hundred and fifty practical hints,
telling the lepidopterist, how, when and where to work for the most desirable species.
No lepidopterist can afford to be without a copy of this book. To the younger
collector it offers a mass of information that he could not hope to accumulate by
himself in very many years of field work. To all it must remain one of the most
necessary books ever published for the use of field-lepidopterists. The contents are
divided into the following chapters: (1) January, February, and early March ; (2) late
March and April; (3) May; (4) June; (5) July; (6) August; (7) September; (8)
October; (9) November and December. Each chapter of Part I opens with a general
review of the field-work that can be done in the period indicated, and this is followed
by a classified list of the “‘Hints’’ available for the period. In Part II each
chapter also contains a preliminary summary of the work to be done during each
month, but, as the method of work in the field was more particularly dealt with in
Part I, these summaries in Part II deal more especially with the points raised by the
various methods of Rearing larve in confinement, Sleeving, Breeding-cages, Food,
and Feeding larve; Obtaining eggs in confinement from butterflies and moths ;
Special treatment of pupz ; Keeping pupze through winter ; Special treatment of
certain larve in order to obtain pupz; Sugaring ; Assembling ; Forcing, and a host
of similar important topics to the entomologist. Quite new ground is broken and
there is no repetition. The whole of the material thus grouped offers a great mass of
exact, useful and reliable information, bearing on the work of the lepidopterist in the
field, telling him exactly what to do and how to do it in the fewest possible words and
in the least possible space. Such information could only be gathered by the
individual worker as the result of many years’ cbservation and by reference to many
books in which the facts are buried amongst a mass of other entomological detail.
Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in this book much infor-
mation that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collecting, and enable
them to find, in close proximity to their homes, species which they had never
suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and trouble will thus be
enormous. :

The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own
notes, dates, &c. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being
classed under the superfamily heads to which they belong, e.g., those for June come
under — Tineina (unclassified), Tineides, Adelides, Plutellides, Elachistides,
Gracillariides, Argyresthiides, Coleophorides, Lithocolletides, Nepticulides, Tort-
ricides, Pyraloides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides, Cymatophorides, Brephides,
Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Cochlidides, Psychides, Anthro-
cerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lymantriides, Nycteolides, Notodontides,
Noctuides, Arctiides and Papilionides. These also will give an idea of the range
covered by the notes. ;

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects,
Demy 8vo; 132 pp. Price 5/- net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance
to all students of geographical distribution, and contains the following chapters:
1, General considerations. 2, Migration of Coccids and Aphides. 3, Orthoptera.
4, Odonata. 5, Lepidoptera. 6, Coleoptera. 7, Diptera. 8, Social insects—
Hymenoptera, Termites. 9, Final considerations. The vast amount of literature
overhauled for the facts, the great labour spent in the arrangement of so much
hitherto scattered material, the summary of almost everything that is available that
has been written on this interesting subject, have resulted in the collection, in a
comparatively small space, of facts that are only otherwise to be found scattered
through the periodicals and other publications of the last century, and from rare
poe that can only be occasionally purchased at a high price or consulted in the

ational library ; whilst a large number of hitherto unpublished facts, and the
generalisations bearing on the subjects as afforded by the evidence at disposal, make
the work of the highest value to all students of the subject treated.

Monograph of the Pterophorina (out of Print).
(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. <A few copies only. Price 10/-).

‘This book contains an introductory chapter on ‘‘ Collecting,’’ ‘ Killing,” and
‘Setting ’’ the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species—Times oft
appearance of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a
complete account (so far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of
‘‘Synonymy,’’ ‘‘Imago,” ‘‘ Variation,” ‘‘Ovum,’’ ‘“ Larva,’ ‘‘ Food-plants,”
‘‘Pupa,” ‘ Habitat,’’ and ‘“ Distribution.’”? It is much the most complete and
trustworthy account of this interesting group of Lepidoptera that has ever been
published.

Notes on the Zygaenidae.
Price 1/-.

A few copies only. These papers contain a full and scientific account of the syn™
onymy, variation, distribution, and habits of several species common to Britain and
the Alps. There is also a description of a new apecies hitherto confounded as a var-
iety of Zygaena trifolit.

Stray Notes on the Noctue.

(Demy 8vo. Price 1/-).

This contribution to our knowledge of the NocTuIpDEs should be read by every
entomologist It contains detailed information, among others, of the following
points :— VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS—The local races peculiar to Britain—True
distinction between Varieties and Aberrations—Types of species—Scientific usage of
the term and its general application— Full notes on the Orrhodias, Leucania straminea
and other species in the British Museum—Identical North American and British
species of Noctuee—Representative North American species—The genitalia of Noc-
TUIDES—Identical Japanese and British Noctuae— Classification of the Noctuze—
Arrangement of Genera—Criticism of the various methods of classification which have
been introduced into England—Want of relationship between Cymatophoridae and
Bryophilidae—Separation of Leucania and Nonagria—-Position of the Plusiids as
exhibited by our species—The position of the Deltotdes among the Noctuz, and many
other matters of interest with which entomologists should be conversant.

Insects and Spiders.
(Crown 8vo. (Illustrated. Price 1/-).

A really good introductory text-book to the study of general entomology. It con-
tains 15 chapters, giving structural and characteristic details of the various orders of
insects. | These are entitled—‘‘ General external characters of insects,’ ‘‘ Internal
organs of insects and their functions,’’ ‘“‘ Metamorphosis in insects,” ‘* The earwig,”’
‘* Locusts and Grasshoppers,’’? ‘ Dragonflies,’’? ‘ Caddisflies,’’ ‘* Butterflies and
moths,”’ ‘‘ Beetles,”’ ‘‘ Flies,” ‘* Social Insects—bees, wasps and ants,’’ The ‘‘ Honey-
bee,’’ ‘‘ Wasps,” “ Ants,”’ and ‘‘ Spiders.”

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.
BEING THE WANDERINGS OF A FIELD-NATURALIST IN PIEDMONT.
(Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth, with map and photographs of district. Price 3/6).

This book describes the lovely valleys which open out on the Italian side of Mont
Blanc. It deals with the natural objects of interest—entomological, botanical, orni-
thological and geological. It contains the most recent scientific discoveries and
suggestions relative to the objects described.

It contains much scientific entomology apart from the actual description of the
insect fauna of the district. The chief insects discussed with relation to their environ-
ment are the Anthrocerids, the Parnassiids, the Gnophids, the Coliads, the Erebiids,
the Argynnids, etc. The origin of the coloration of Alpine insects, the sexual
dimorphism presented by them, and the explanations thereof are important features in
the book.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen
and fill.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Cloth. Price 2/6, a few copies of the 1st edition. 3/-).

The collecting expeditions of an entomologist into various well-known localities
in various parts of the British Islands—Wicken, Cuxton, Chattenden, Freshwater,
Deal, Sandwich, Dover, the Medway Marshes, Argyllshire, etc., with full account ot
the fauna to be found in these localities.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth. Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and
natural history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as
well as entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with
include Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe—all well
known for their rich entomological fauna.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the Nature of Species.

Price 1/6 net.

A most important essay, dealing with the possibilities and limitations of natural
genera; the evolution of species, and their natural grouping into genera and higher
divisions. This and the following deal thoroughly with the principles of classification
on evolutionary lines.

Some considerations on the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price 1/6 net.

Doubtful species—Hybridity of allied species—Variations always present in
organic beings—Utility and the origin of specific characters—Average characters as
exhibited by species—Individuals of a species not identical—The origin of varieties or
local races—On the origin of species—Specialisation of genital organs—Variation in
genital organs—Sterility not a necessity of specific distinction—Incipient species and
partial sterility—Value of recognition marks—Isolation— Specialisation to foodplant
—Isolation by difference of habitat—Difference of hybernating habit tending to
isolation—Doubtful isolation—Isolation by diverse habits—Conditions necessary for
specific distinctness — Phylogenetic age of species — Origin of so-called specific
characters—Spontaneous variations acted upon by natural selection in the modi-
fication of species—Specific, generic, tribal, etc., characters utilitarian — Useless
specific characters— Effect of food in production of specific characters — Sexual
selection in Lepidoptera—lIsolation fixes characters already formed—Laws of growth
—Summary of effects produced by climate, food, etc.—Utility of specific characters,

Some results of recent experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia.

Price 2/o net.

The detailed and tabulated results of crossing these species in considerable
numbers by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot, with conclusions bearing on the stability,
comparative antiquity and peculiarities exhibited by these species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths.
Price 1/6 net.

A most fascinating and interesting summary of the observations made by
different authors on this subject in various parts of the world, its possible origin and

meaning, and its bearing on the habitat chosen by many species as well as on their
peculiar habits.

The Nature of Metamorphosis.
Price 1/6 net.

A technical essay on the peculiar phenomena presented by metamorphosis in
the different orders of insects. The nature of metamorphosis. Its origin. Its value
in the struggle for existence to the species and race. F

The Scientific Aspect of Entomology.

Parts I and II, 1/- each part, net.

Discussions on the various methods to be pursued to obtain scientific results from

the study. The various lines of entomological work and other important factors are
considered in detail.

Other Pamphlets obtainable are:

Notes on Hybrids of Zephrosia bistortata and T. Dee 2 have eet |=
The Lasiocampids .. : : ° : es
A gregarious butter fly—Erebia n merine .. aT yi
Catalogue of the Palearctic Lachneides. Families, subfamilies, tribes,
genera, species, varieties and aberrations I/-
Catalogue of the Palzearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides, Brahmeides and
Attacides. Families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, cnet varieties
and aberrations .. ae an vs ae . a Ag

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.
(With beautiful chromo-lithograph plates).
By J.A. CLARKE B.S;
Price 2/- net.

This monograph must be in the hands of all students of the Tortricid moths.
It contains an account of the biology of the species, its literature, synonymy, copies of
the original descriptions of the type and all its 64 named aberrations wherever and
whenever described, besides descriptions of a large number of aberrations named,
described and figured here for the first time, of which no fewer than 26 new forms
are beautifully figured.

The Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of
Central Europe.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A.
(Demy 8vo. 5/- net; interleaved, 6/- net).

This book, a thorough boon to all entomological visitors to the Alps of Central
Europe, is indispensable to all collectors of palzearctic butterflies. It contains a
‘detailed summary of the various forms of the species that are found in the region
treated, descriptions of a large number of new aberrations and varieties, and a detailed
list of the localities in which the different species and their many forms have occurred
to collectors. Nocollector of British or European butterflies should be without it.

Transactions of the City of London Entomological
and Natural History Society (1896—1903).

16/- per set (8 parts) net.

Contains many exceedingly valuable papers on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, as
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The South Eastern Naturalist (14899—1903).
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Most valuable series of scientific Transactions—Contains many valuable papers
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The ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD and Journal of

Variation.
(An illustrated monthly Magazine of general entomology).

Edited: by J- W.- LULL, FES.

Assisted by
ie oe PSON: BEAR, b,5C.., HR O..9 Fh... ME BURR, B.A., EF Z.S., F.E.S:,
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Published on the 15th of every month. Double numbers post free to subscribers.
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The largest and most popular among entomologists of all the monthly magazines
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