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FLORA

OF THE

STATE OF NEW-YORK,

COMPRISING

PULL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS HITHERTO

DISCOVERED IN THE STATE;

WITH REMARKS ON THEIR ECONOMICAL AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES.

By JOHN TORREY, M.D. F.L.S.

,-.v ".

VOL. I.

ALBANY :

CARROLL AND COOK, PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

1843.

• *

• .-i

The copyright of this work is secured for the benefit of the People of the State of New-York.

Albany, 1843.

SAMUEL YOUNG,

Secretary of State.

PREFACE.

The Act for a Geological Survey of New-York, passed by the Legislature in 1836, makes
provision for a full account of the Natural History of the State. Having been appointed
to take charge of the Botanical Department of the Survey, I present in these volumes the
results of my labors.

From the following historical sketch, it will be seen, that while much has been done to
make known the vegetable productions of the State, this is the first separate work in which
all the known plants of New-York have been enumerated and described.*

The earliest treatise on the Botany of New-York, that has come \mder my observation,
is the " Plantee Coldenhamiae" of Governor Golden, published in the Acts of the Royal
Society of Upsal for the year 1744. It is an account of the plants growing spontaneously
in the neighborhood of Coldenham, in Orange County, and embraces only the first twelve
classes of the Linntean System. The second part was ( I believe) never published. f

Kalm, a pupil of LiNNiEus (and afterwards a Bishop) , visited North America in 1747,
and collected plants in New-York, which are often referred to in the writings of Linn^us,
and many of them are preserved in his herbarium.

Dr. Wangenheim, a Hessian surgeon in the British Army during the American Revolu-
tion, made numerous observations on the plants of this country, particularly on those of
New-York. After his return to Germany, he published a work on the trees of North
America.

MicHAux the elder travelled in tlie northern and southern parts of the State in 1792,
while engaged in collecting plants for the French Government, as well as for his Flora
Boreali-.dmericana, which was published in Paris in 1803. He was accompanied by his
son, who afterwards revisited this country, and travelled extensively in most of the States
east of the Mississippi, and, on returning to Europe, published, in 1810, his splendid work
on the Forest Trees of North America. The younger Michaux examined the valley of
the Hudson, the borders of Lake Champlain, and a considerable portion of the western
counties.

* Much of this historical matter was furnished for Governor Seward's Introduction to the Natural History of tlie
State.

t See Dr. Gray's memoir of Golden, in Sillimau's Journal.

[Flora.] b

II PREFACE.

The late Dr. C. W. Eddy, of New-York, was a zealous botanist, and devoted much
attention to the plants of this State ; but his herborizations were mostly confined to the
vicinity of the metropolis and Long Island. In 1808, he published in the New-York
Medical Repository a list of plants growing spontaneously around Plandome, in Queens
county.

The same year, Pursh, author of the Flora AmericcR Septentrionalis, made an extensive
botanical tour on foot through the State, the fruits of which are recorded in his work.

Major J. Le Conte ( now, I believe, the oldest botanist in the United States) has for
many years assiduously studied the plants of North America. Among his valuable publi-
cations is a catalogue of 468 species of indigenous and naturalized plants growing spon-
taneously on the island of New-York. This was inserted in the American Medical and
Philosophical Register for 1811, edited by Dr. Hosack and Dr. Francis.

In 1814, the late Professor Jacob Green published at Albany his list of the native plants
of the State of New-York, in the compilation of which he was assisted by Messrs. Pursh,
Eddy, Le Conte, and Whitlow.

In 1817, at the request of the Lyceum of Natural History, I prepared a list of the plants
growing within thirty miles of the city of New-York, which was not published, however,
until 1819. It embraced about 1300 species (of which several new ones were described) ,
including a considerable portion of the Cryptogamia.

The first edition of the Manual of Botany, by the late Prof. Eaton, of Troy, appeared in
1818. This well known work passed through eight editions, the last of which, in an en-
larged form, under the title of North American Botany, is dated 1840, and was prepared
by the united labors of Prof. Eaton and John Wright, M. D. The authors have indi-
cated most of the rarer plants which they had ascertained to be indigenous to New-York.

The first volume of my Flora of tlie Middle and Northern States, according to the
Linna;an System, was published in 1823 and 1S24, and embraced the classes from Monan-
dria to Icosandria inclusive. Before the second volume was completed, the work was
interrupted by other labors, and finally abandoned, under the persuasion that I could better
serve the cause of North American Botany by adopting tlie natural system. A Compen-
dium of the Flora was, liov/ever, given to the public in 1826. These works -contain most
of the observations I had then made on the plants of New-York.

In 1833, Prof. L. C. Beck gave us his well digested and comprehensive Botany of the
J^orthern Slates. With the exception of my account of Dr. James's plants collected in
Long's first Expedition, this was the first American work in whicli the Natural System was
followed.

Tiie next publication relative to the Flora of our State, is a Catalogue of Plants
growing in the vicinity of Troy, Ijy Prof. J. Hall and Dr. J. Wright. This appeared in
1836.

Beside tlicsc contributions to the Botany of New-York, various articles on the same
subject are inserted in scientific and other periodicals.

In (he Transylvania Journal of Medicine for 1832, is a description of some new or rare

PREFACE. ni

plants foiiml near Troy by tlic late Mr. II. H. Eaton. Silliman's Journal contains descrip-
tions of New-York plants by Mr. David Thomas, Prof. Dewky and others. In the Reports
of the Regents of the University are several local catalogues of plants, which are useful
in giving the geographical range of many species. Some of the most important of these
lists are tlie following : Rare plants detected in Westchester County, by Samuel B. Mead,
M. D., published in the Report for 1830; List of indigenous plants growing in the vicinity
of Kinderhook, by W. V. S. Woodvvorth, to be found in the Report of 1840 ; Plants
growing near Aurora, Cayuga County, by Alexander Thompson, M. D., printed in the
Report of 1841 ; Catalogue of jilants in and about (lie city of Rochester, with their times
of flowering for 1841, in the Report of 1842. In the same report is a very full and accu-
rate catalogue of the jjlants of Oneida County, by P. D. Knieskehn, M. D. In the Report
of the following year is a Botanical Calendar for the year 1842, by Prof. Dewey. The
Annals of the New-York Lyceum contain an excellent paper by Dr. Gray, on some rare
plants of the northern and western counties, besides other articles in which New- York
plants are described or noticed by Dr. Gray and myself.

Lastly I may be allowed to notice the Flora of North America, by Dr. Gray and myself,
not only because it is published in New-York, but also as containing the results (as far as
the work extends) of our numerous observations on the plants of tliis State.

There are fev/ regions north of Virginia, possessed of greater interest to the botanist,
than the State of New-York. The geographical range of plants being limited by the
characters of the soil and rocks as well as by temperature, and the geological features of
the State being greatly diversified, our Flora embraces nearly as many species as the whole
of New-England. The able geologists of the Survey have fully described the physical
characters of the surface, so that I may omit such details here. For botanical purposes, it
is sufficient to divide the State into four Floral Districts, which nearly correspond with the
Zoological Regions of Dr. Dekay. With the exception of the first, they cannot be very
accurately circumscribed. . ;

1. The Atlantic Region. This consists of Long Island alone ; for although Stalen
Island, as well as the Island of New-York and a part of Westchester, are within the limits
of salt water, they belong, botanically considered, to the Second Region. Besides numerous
maritime plants, Long Island affords many species that are found in no other part of the
State. Some of these characteristic plants are the following, viz : Clematis ochroleuca,
Poly gala lutca,* Hudsonia cricoides, Drosera filiformis, Jiscyrum stans, Jlrenaria squarrosa,
Clitoria Mariana, Eupatorium leucolepis, E. rotundifolium Sf aromaticum, Aster spectabilis,
Chrysopsis falcata, Coreopsis rosea, Lobelia Jfuttallii, Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Eleocharis
tuberculosa, and Panicum vcrrucosum. Most of these plants are also characteristic of the
great tertiary region of the United States, particularly of that portion of it which embraces
the pine barrens of New-Jersey.

• See Appendix.

IV PREFACE.

2. The Hudson Valley Region. This includes all that portion of the State which is
watered by the Hudson and its tributaries, as far north as Washington and Saratoga coun-
ties too-ether with the valley of the Mohawk east of the Little Falls ; and also Staten
Island. Its vegetation, taken as a whole, is similar to that of Connecticut, the western
part of Massachusetts, the northern part of New-Jersey, and Pennsylvania east of the Blue
Ridge. It is difficult to indicate its characteristic plants ; but very few of tlie following are
found in any of the other regions : Ranunculus pusillus, Brasenia peltata, JYasturtium his-
pidum, Silene Pennsylvanica, Lespedeza capitata, Crotalaria sagittalis, Primus Americana,
Acer dasycarpum, Ludwigia sp/uerocarpa, Echinocystis lohata, Crantzia lineata, Vernonia
JVoveboracensis, Mulgedium acuminatum, Clethra alnifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Hottonia
inflata, Quercus olivcpformis ^ macrocarpa, Betula rubra, Scirpus plamfolius, and Athero-
pogon apludttides.

In the southern part of this region (particularly the island of New-York and Staten
Island) there occur a few species (such as Besmodium viridijlorum and Stylosanthes elatior') ,
that arc found in no other part of the State except Long Island. The mountainous districts
present a vegetation more resembling that of the northern counties. Thus, the Myrica
Gale and Arenaria Grcenlandica occur on the higher summits of the Shawangunk Moim-
tains ; Potentilla tridentata and Pyrus Aucuparia, on the peaks of the Fishkill Range ;
while on the Catskill mountains (some of which attain an altitude of between 3000 and
4000 feet) are found Goodyera repens, Oxalis Acetosella, Solidago thyrsoidea, Abies balsamea
fy alba, and Betula papyracea.

3. The Western Region is bounded on the south by the State of Pennsylvania, on the
west by Lakes Erie and Ontario, on the north by an irregular hne extending along the
southern borders of Jefierson and Lewis counties to the Little Falls ; so that it includes
Oswego, the greater portion of Oneida, and the soutliern part of Herkimer counties.
Eastwardly it blends with the Hudson River Region. Its vegetation greatly resembles
that of the middle portions of the country east of the Mississippi, lying between the Great
Lakes and the Oiiio River. Some of the peculiar species arc the following- : Jeffersonia
diphylla, Hydrastus Canadensis, Arabis dentata, Solea concolor, Ptelea trifoliata, Trifolium
rejkxum, Phaca neglecta, Gymnocladus Canadensis, Gillenia trifoliata Sf stipulacea, Erigenia
bnlhosn, Fedia Fiigopyrum', Solidago Ohioensis, Collinsia verna, Zigadenus glaucus and
Cyperus Schweinitzii.

A few Canadian plants find tlieir way from a considerable distance north, into this
region, without being known to occur in the intervening country ; such as Viola Selkirkii,
Valeriana sylvntica, Pinguicula vulgaris, and Primula Mistassinica.

4. The Northern Region includes all that part of the State which lies north of the
Mohawk Valley and the Hoosick River. It is bounded on the west by the River St. Law-
rence and the nortjieastiun extremity of Lake Ontario, and on the east by Lake Cham-
plain and tiic State of Vernu)nt. Much of the central part of this region is still a wilder-
ness. Towards the east and south the land is elevated witli liigli mountains, among whicli
an; numerous small lakes. Here are the sources of the Hudson, the Au Sable, the Saranac,

PREFACE. V

Black, Racket, and many other smaller rivers. Some of the mountains, such as Mount
Marcy, Mount M'Intyre, and Wliitoface, rise to the height of from 4900 to 5400 feet,
and aflbrd a truly alpine vegetation. On some of the higher peaks are found Epilobium
alpinum, Solidago Virgaurea, Rhododendron Lapponicuni, Vaccinium uliginosum, Diapensia
Lapponica, Empetrmn nigrum, Poa alpina, Hierochloa alpina, Juncus trijidus, Carexsaxatiiis,
Aira atropurpurea, and other plants peculiar to high mountains of the northern hemisphere,
or natives of the arctic zone. Some of the characteristic plants of the less elevated por-
tions of this region are Anemone multifida, Draha arahizans, Ceanothus ovalis, JVardosmia
palmata, Aster ptarmicoides, Arnica mollis, Halenia deflexa, Batschia canescens,Dracocephalum
parvijlorum, Habenaria ohtusata, Alnus viridis, Allium Canadense, Juncus stygius and
Equisetum scirpoides. In its general features, the botany of this region is very similar to
that of Southern Canada and the Northern New-England States.

Some plants are common to the Northern and Western Regions, but do not occur in the
Valley of the Hudson, nor on Long Island ; such as Turritis stricta, jVasfuriium nutans,
Hypericum ellipticiim, Astragalus Canadensis, Geum rivale fy Canadense, Comarum palustre,
Tiarella cordifolia, Gnaphalium decurrens, Pyrola uniflora, Shepherdia Canadensis, Strep-
topus amplexicaulis, and Juncus filiformis.

The State of New-York is the northern limit of a considerable number of species. Thus
Magnolia acuminata occurs on the Niagara River, and on the borders of Lake Ontario,
somewhat beyond the latitude of 43°, while its eastern limit is the northern part of Columbia
County. Opuntia vulgaris has been found in the southern part of Herkimer County.
Hydrocharis cordifolia, which Dr. Bradley detected on the swampj' borders of Lake
Ontario, is a remarkable instance of a southern plant being found so far north, without
occurring in the intervening country. Aconitum uncinatum is sparingly seen on the banks
of the Chenango River, in latitude 42°. JYelumbium luteum is a native of Big Sodus Bay
on Lake Ontario, in lat. 43° 20' ; beyond which, to the north, it has not hitherto been
observed. Long Island is the northern limit of numerous species, such as Quercus Phellos,
prinoides §• nigra, besides many of those which have been enumerated as the peculiar
plants of that region.

The southern limits of plants are not so well defined as the extent of their range towards
the north ; for many northern species are found along the tracts of mountains, where the
temperature is low and the air moist, several degrees south of their ordinary places of
growth. Still we have a few plants in our Flora, which, I believe, have not been observed
south of the State of New-York ; such as Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum tenellum, Selinum
Canadense, Valeriana sylvatica, Pterospora Andromedea, Popuhis Balsamifera, and Shep-
herdia Canadensis.

We can boast of but few plants that arc unknown out of the limits of our Flora. Pyrola
uliginosa, a new species, is almost the only unequivocal one of this class. Scolopendrium
vulgare (an European fern) is certainly indigenous in the western part of the State, and
I have no information of its having been found elsewhere in North America. The rarest
of all ferns, Onoclea ohtusilobata, lirst described by Schkuhr, and now unknown to any

VI

PREFACE.

European herbarium, was found more than twenty years ago by Dr. Jedediah Smith, in
Washington County. He obtained only two specimens, both of which (though in a muti-
lated state) are still in existence, and no others have since been obtained. Diligent but
unsuccessful search has been made for it in the original locality of Dr. Smith.

It is remarkable, that on the shores of the Great Lakes, there are certain plants, the
proper station of which is the immediate neighborhood of the ocean, as if they had consti-
tuted part of the early Flora of those regions, when the lakes were filled with salt water,
and have survived the change that has taken place in the physical conditions of their soil.
Among such species may be enumerated Cakile maritima, Hudsonia tomentosa, Lathrus
mmitijnus, and Euphorbia pobj gonifolia.

Of proper maritime phenogamous plants, the shores of Long Island and Staten Island,
as well as the counties of New-York and Westchester where they border on the Hudson
and the Sound, afford about fifty species, none of which are seen beyond the limits of salt,
or, at least, brackish, water, except a few which occur in the saline soils of Salina and
Syracuse.

The whole number of Flowering Plants hitherto found in the State is about 1450 species,
which is 100 more than were enumerated in my preliminary Report of 1840. Of Ferns
and their allies, 60 species belong to our Flora. The other cryptogamic orders have not
yet been fully determined, as I find their number so great that they could not be included
in the two volumes to which my first Report was limited. An account of such as belong
to the orders Musci, Hepatica;, Lichenes, Characeffi and Alga;, will be given in a future
volume if authorized by the Legislature. The Fungi constitute so peculiar a department
of the Vegetable Kingdom, and their species are so extremely numerous, that a botanist,
to do them justice, must make them almost an exclusive study. The late Rev. M. de
ScnwEiNiTz has given us a list of more than 3000 species belonging to the United States,
most of which he found in tlxe State of Pennsylvania. There can be little doubt that a
very large proportion of them grow in New- York ; but in collecting these plants, I have
been obliged to confine myself to the more important species.

A Report on the Botany of our State would possess little value, unless the plants were
described so that they could be identified ; and the only way in which this could be done
(unless the descriptions are extended to an unreasonable length) , is by employing botanical
language, and by arranging tlie plants in methodical order. Hence I was induced to put
the matter of my report in the form of a Flora. Having adopted this plan, I could not
hesitate for a moment as to the system which ought to be used ; for the artificial classifi-
cation of Linna-us, having acconiplislied the object for which it was designed, may be
considered as more than useless in (he present advanced state of Botany. The natural
arrangement has tlierefore been followed. In defining the orders, it has been deemed
advisable, in many instances, to omit characters that belong exclusively to exotic plants.
The groups of orders have been adopted, with but little alteration, from the admirable
Botanical Text Book of my friend Dr. Gray. As to the names of synonyms of genera and
species, the Flora of North America has been followed, as far as that work is published,

. PREFACE. VH

except where chang'es were necessary. Beyond the Compositre, the Flora is not written
out, nor liave all the plants of the remaining orders been critically studied ; so that here-
after changes will probably be made in a few of the species described in these volumes,
when they are reexamined to take their place in the larger work of Dr. Gray and myself.
Remarks on the medicinal and economical uses of the plants, as well as miscellaneous
observations, are placed immediately after the detailed descriptions, and not in a separate
part of the work. In the tables at tiie end of the second volume will be found a list of all
the natural orders of which we have representatives in the State of New-York, with the
number of specie^ belonging to each, and the proportion which they bear to the whole of
the flowering plants, as well as to the two grand divisions of these. It will be seen that
our most numerous dicotyledonous orders are the Ranunculaceje, which constitute about
jVth of the flowering plants ; the Cruciferje, y'jth ; the Leguminos^, ^^^h ; Rosaceje,
j'yth ; the Umbellifer^, ^'^tli ; the Composite, ith ; the Ericace^, j'^th ; the Labiatje,
J^d ; and Scrophulariace-'e, aV^^h- Of monocotyledonous plants, there are but three large
orders, viz. Orchidaceje, which form about ^\l]i of our flowering plants ; Cyperaces:, ^th ;
and Gramixe^, j\f-h. These proportions will vary but little from the average for the
whole Flora of North America.

We may take a more popular view of the vegetation of the State. The whole number
of flowering plants has been stated to be about 1450 species. Of these about 1200 are
herbaceous, and 150 may be regarded as ornamental. Of woody plants there are 250
species, including about 80 that attain to the stature of trees, many of which are emplo3'ed
in the arts, or are used as fuel. Of plants that are reputed to possess medicinal properties,
we have (native and naturalized) 150 species.

The naturalized plants of the State exceed 160 species. Many of them have been intro-
duced from Eiuope, with grain and other agricultural products ; and among them are to be
found most of our troublesome weeds. Indeed, throughout the Northern States, almost all
the plants that are injurious to the farmer are of foreign origin. Many useful species,
likewise, have become so thoroughly naturalized and widely spread, that they every where
spring spontaneously from the soil. The grasses of our meadows, parks, lawns and road-
sides, are, with few exceptions, naturalized European species. The following are the
principal kinds : P/ileum pratense-, Agrostis polyrrwrpha, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus
lanatus, Fcstuca prutensis, Poa a7i7ii(a, P. trivialis, P. pratensis, P. compressa, Dadylis
glovierata, and Lolium pratense.

According to the instructions received with my appointment, I have prepared an herba-
rium of the plants found within the limits of the State. The specimens are conveniently
arranged for reference in about 50 folio volumes, and are deposited in the Cabinet of
Natural History at Albany. Six other sets of the plants have also been prepared, which
it is understood are to be presented to public institutions.

It is by no means asserted that all the plants of New- York are described in this Report.
The State embraces an area equal to the whole of Great Britain ; and notwithstanding the
assiduous explorations of numerous botanists for many years, additions are still made,

VIII PREFACE.

almost every year, to the Flora of that country. So in the immediate vicinity of New-
York, which has probably been more diligently searched than any other region of the same
extent in the United States, frequent accessions are made to our list of species, and doubt-
less many others remain to be detected. A considerable number of plants are extremely
local ; others disappear, or become extremely scarce for a number of seasons ; and some
wither away shortly after perfecting their flowers and fruit, so that many species may for
a long time escape detection. The parts of the State that have been least explored botani-
cally are the counties which lie on the borders of Pennsylvania, and the region which has
been appropriately called the northern wilderness, included in our Fourth District. Portions
of Long Island, also, are far from being exhausted. At the end of the work will be found
a list of such plants as we expect will be added to oiu' Flora by future observers, with the
parts of the State where they will probably be found.

It is with pleasure that I make acknowledgments to the numerous botanical friends who
have kindly assisted me by contributing specimens of plants, or information, for this work.
The most efficient aid has been rendered by Peter D. Knieskern, M. D., late of Oriskany ;
Prof. A. Gray, now of Harvard University ; H. P. Sartwell, M. D. of Penn Yan ; and
J. Carey, Esq. of New-York ; especially in exploring the western and some of the northern
counties. I am also indebted to Mr. Carey for much judicious criticism respecting many
obscure plants. Professors Ejvimons and Hall, of the Geological Department of the
Survey, supplied me with some rare plants from their respective districts. Dr. Bradley,
of Greece, gave mo valuable information respecting tlie botany of Monroe and Oneida
counties. From Professor C Dewey, I have received friendly assistance in obtaining a
knowledge of the plants around Rochester. He has also supplied me with authentic
specimens of many species of Carcx, described by him in Silliman's Journal. Mr. George
Vasey, of Oriskany, has sent me some rare plants of Oneida County and other parts of the
State. Matthew Stevenson, M. D., kindly allowed me to select what I wished from his
herbarium, and in former years freely gave me the results of his numerous herborizations
in Washington county, where he resided a long time. To John Wright, M. D., of Troy,
I am indebted for plants collected in the neighborhood of that city ; and to Allen Wass,
M. D., for a list of tlic plants of Stephentown, Rensselaer County, with their times of
flowering and fructification. Edward Tuckerman, Esq., and Jonathan Pearson, M. D.,
gave mc information respecting several rare plants which they found in the neighborhood
of Schenectady. Charles Benner, Esq., has given me the results of his botanical excur-
sions among the Catskill Mountains. To Prof. Bailey, of West Point, I am under many
obligations for remarks on plants of the Highlands, as well as for specimens, besides assis-
tance in some diflicult microscopical investigations. Mr. M. B. IIalsted, a zealous young
botanist of Newburgh, communicated to me many rare plants of Orange County. Mr. O.
R. Willis, and Prof. F. C. Schaffer, have supplied mc witli specimens illustrating the
botany of Long Island. Dr. S. B. Mead, now of Illinois, has kindly sent me remarks on
some rare plants collected by him in Westchester County. In exploring the vicinity of
New-York, much assistance has been given to me by J. Carey, Esq., and Mr. R. J.

PREFACE. IX

Brownne. Mr. Loitis Mrnard, also, has pointed out to me the localities of various in-
teresting plants. In addition to all these sources, I have availed myself of information
received in former years from other botanists who have explored various parts of the State,
among whom I would mention the following : Major J. Le Conte, William Cooper,
Esq.; Abraham Halsey, Esq.; the late Caspar W. Eddy, M. D., and Dr. Mitchell,
who collected plants growing around New- York : and Professor Hadley of Geneva, Prof.
AiKiN, the late Professor Eaton, Dr. J. Eights, Prof. L. C. Beck, and Dr. J. Crawe, who
favored me with many rare and interesting plants, chiefly from the northern and western
counties. Very important aid, in examining the botany of the Highlands, has been
rendered by J. Barratt, M. D., who spent several years in that region, and most liberally
supplied me with specimens and critical observations.

The Survey of the State had been in progress about two and a half years, before a painter
was engaged for the botanical department ; a delay that was owing to the difficulty of
obtaining a competent artist. The original plan with regard to the illustrations, was to
have figured all the plants which are useful in medicine and the arts, besides most of the
ornamental, new, and rare species, and such as were otherwise possessed of interest.
Before the work was completed, however, it was found that this plan could not be carried
into eflfect, both on account of the expense, and the time required to procure all the
drawings. Many of the earlier drawings were executed by Miss Agnes Mitchell, the
remainder by Miss Elizabeth Pooley, with the exception of a few that were done by Mr.
Swinton. These are all very respectable artists, but they were unaccustomed to make
dissections of plants. The lithography was execiUed at the office of Mr. George Endicott.
This style of illustration is certainly not so well suited for botanical objects as engraving,
but was adopted on account of its great economy. Most of the plates are faithful copies of
the original drawings, and are very creditable to the gentleman to whose care this part
of the work was committed.

As regards the typography, I am greatly indebted for its accuracy to the compositor and
proofreader, Mr. John Patterson, of the State Printing-office in Albany, who has had the
principal charge of this part of the labor.

JOHN TORREY.

New-York, December, 1842. •

[Flora.] bb

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS QUOTED IN THIS WORK.

Agardh, f. syn. gen. hup. Synopsis generis Lupini. Lund. 1835.

Ait. Knii. ed. 1. Hortus Kewensis ; or a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. By W.

Alton. 3 vols. Svo. London, 1769.
AU. Kew. ed. 2. The second edition of the preceding work, enlarged. Bv W. Townsend Alton. 5 vols. Svo. London,

1810-1813.
Ann. bat. Annals of Botany. By C. Koenig and J. Sims, 2 vols. Svo. London, 1805 - 180G.
Ann. dumus. Annates du Museum d'Histoirc naturelle. 20 vols. 4to. Paris, 1802-1813.
Ann. sc. tmI. Annates des Sciences naturelles. lie serie, 30 vols. Svo. Paris, 1824 a 1833. Deuxieme serie, 40 vols.

1834 - 1843. Troisiemc serie, 1844 - .
Ann. lye. n. hist. N. Y. Annals of tlie Lyceum of Natural History of New- York. 4 vols. Svo. 1823 - 1837.
Ann. nM. hist. Annals of Natural History. By Sir W. Jardine, Sir \\. J. Hooker and others. 4 vols. 8vo. London,

1838 - 1840.
ArcHv. du mus. Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle. 4to. Paris, 1839 - 1844.
Arch, de lot. Archives de Botanique. Par J. A. Guillemin. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1833.
Audnb. birds. Birds of America. By J. J. Audubon. 2 vols. fol. In this magniiicent work, many North American

plants are figured.
Bart. cornp.Jl. Philad. Compendium Flora; Philadclphica;. By W. P. C. Barton. 2 vols. 12mo. Philadelphia, 1818.
Bart. veg. mat. med. Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States. 2 vols. 4to. Philadelphia, 1817 - 1819.
Bart.fi. N. Am. A Flora of North America, illustrated by colored figures drawn from nature. 3 vols. 4to. Philadelphia,

1821-1824.
Beauv. agrost. Essai d'une nouvelle Agrostograpliie ; ou nouveaux genres des Graminees. Par A. M. P. J. Palisot dc

Beauvais. 1 vol. Svo. with atlas. Paris, 1812.
Beck, bot. Botany of the Northern and Middle States ; or a Description of the Plants found in the Northern and Middle

States north of Virginia. 1 vol. 12mo. Albany, 1833. ,
Benth. Lab. Labiatarum genera et species ; or a Description of the Genera and Species of Plants of the Order Labiatoe,

with their general history, etc. By George Bentham. ) vol. Svo. London, 1832 - G.
Bigel.fi. Bost. Florula Bostoniensis : A Collection of Plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific

characters, etc. By Jacob Bigclow. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1814. Second edition, 1824 (this is the one quoted).

Third edition, 1840.
Bigel.7ned.bot. American Medical Botany. 3 vols. Svo. Boston, 1817- 1821.
Bot.mag. The Botanical Magazine. By Williom Curtis. 12 vols. London, 1787-1798. Continued by J. Suns.

1799 - 1826. Continued by Sir W. Jackson Hooker. 1827 - 1844.
Bot. reg. S. Edwards's Botanical Register : the descriptions by B. Ker. Svo. London, 1815. Continued by Dr. Lind-

ley to the present time.
Bot. rep. The Botanist's Repository for new and r.ire plants. By H.Andrews. 10 vols. 4to. London, 1797 ct seq.
BroiFa (R). Prodromus Flora; Nova; Hollandia; et Insula; Van Dieman. 1 vol. Svo. London, 1810.
Corn. Canad. Jac. Cornuti, Canadensium plantarum aliaruniquc nondum editarum historia. 1 vol. 4to. Paris, 1G35.
Darlingt. florul. Cest. Florula Cestrica ; An Essay towards a Catalogue of the Phajnogamous Plants, native and na-
turalized, growing in the vicinity of the Borough of Westchester, in Chester county, Pennsylvania. By Wil-
liam Darlington. 1 vol. 8vo. Westchester, 1S2G.
Darlingt. fl. Cest. Flora Cestrica : An Attempt to enumerate and describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester

County in the State of Pennsylvania, &c. By William Darlington. 1 vol. Svo. Westchester, 1837.
Diet. sc. not, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles. CO vols. Svo. Paris, 1804 - 1830.
DCprodr. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetibilis, etc. Auctore Aug. Pvramo De Candolle. Svo. Paris.

Vol. 1, 1824; vol. 2, 1825; vol.3, 1828; vol.4, 1830; vol.5, 1836; vol. 6, '1837; vol.7, pars 1, 1838; vol.7,

pars 2, 1839. Vol. 8, Auctore Alph. De Candolle, 1844.
[Flora] c

X LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUIHORS

DC. syst. Regni vegetabUis systema naturalo, etc. Auctore Aug. Pyramo De CaniloHe. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1818 - 1821.

Deless. ic. Benj. Delessert, Iconps selects' plantarum in syst. univers. descriplarum. 4 vols. 4to. 1820 - 1840.

Don (G.) "en. syst. A General System of Gardening and Botany, &c., founded on Miller's Dictionary, and arranged

according to the natural system. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1838.
Dili. hort. EUh. Joh. Jac. Dillcnius, Hortus Eithamensis. 2 vols. fol. London, 1732.
Dun. Sol. Histoire naturelle, mcu'icale et economique des Solanum, et des genres qui ont ete confondus avec eux. 1

vol. 4to. Montpellier, ISlfi.
Eai man A Manual of Botany for the Northern and Middle States. By Amos Eaton. Ed. 1, 1816; cd. 2, 1818;

ed. 3, 1822; cd. 4, 1824; ed. 5 ; ed. G, 1833; ed. 7, 1836. The title of the 8th edition (1840) is changed

to that of " North American Botany," under the joint authorship of Prof Eaton and John Wright, M. D.
Edini.vfiil.jour. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. Conducted by Dr. Brewster and Prof Jameson. 10 vols. 8vo.

Edinburgh, 1819-1824. Continued by Prof Jameson alone from 1824 till 1826.
Edinb. new pfiil. jour. A continuation of the same journal. 1826 et scq.
Ehrh.beilr. Frid. Ehrhart, Beitrage zur naturkunde. 7 vols. 8vo. Hanover, 1787- 1792.
Ell sk A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia. By Stephen Elliott. 2 vols. 8vo. Charleston, S. C.

1817-1824.
Engl. hot. English Botany. By Sir J. E. Smith and J. Sowerby. 36 vols. 8vo. London, 1790 - 1828.
Eifl. hot. suppl. Supjilemcnt to the English Botany. The descriptions by Sir W. J. Hooker and others. 1631 et seq.
Endl gen. Genera Plantarum secundum ordiues naturales disposita. Auctore Stcphano Endlicher. 1 vol. 8vo. Vin-

dcbouK, 1836 - 1840.
Enill. "cn. siippl. 2. Mantissa Botanica, sistens gcnerum plantarum supplementum secundum. 1842.
Endl. gen. suppl. 3. Mantissa Botanica altera, sistens generum plantarum supplementum tertium. 1843.
Fl Dan Icones plantarum sponte nascentium in Regnis Daniffi et Norvcgia;, &c. 12 vols. fol. Hafniae. Vol. 1-3,
Auctore G. C. Oeder, 1761 - 70 ; vol. 4-5, auct. O. F. Mueller; vol. 6-7, auct. M. Vahl, 1787 - 1805 ; vol.
8 - 12 et seq,, auct. J. W. Hornemann, 1806 - 1829.
GfOi./T. Jos. Gairtner, de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. 2 vols. 4to. Lipsiie, 1788-1791.
Gcert.f. earp. G. F. Giertner, Carpologia. 1 vol. 4to. 1805 - 1807.

Gray, gram. 1^' cyp. North American Gramines and Cyperaccaj. By Asa Gray. 2 vols fol. New-York, 1834-5.
Gion.Jl, Virg. J. F.Gronovius, Flora Virginica, exhibcns plantes quas J.Clayton in Virginia collegit. 1 vol. 8vo.

Lugd, Bat. 1743 ; ed 2, 1762 (the latter is the one quoted).
Hoolc.exot.fl. Exotic Flora. By Sir W. Jackson Hooker. 3 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1825 - 7.
Book. hot. misc. Botanical Miscellany ; containing figures and descriptions of such plants as recommend themselves by

their novelty, rarity or history. By the same author. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1830 - 1833.
Hcok.jl. Bor.-Am. Flora Boreali-Americana; or the Botany of the northern parts of British America. By the same

author. 2 vols. 4to. 1829 - 1840.
Hook. jour. hot. Journal of Botany ; being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany. By the same author. London.

Svo. Vol. 1, 1834 ; vol. 2 - 4, 1840 - 1842.
Book. Lond.jour. hot. The London Journal of Botany ; being a new series of the Journal of Botany. By the same

author. Svo. London, 1842 et seq.
Hook. ic. Icones I'lantaruni ; or figures, with brief descriptive characters and remarks, of new or rare plants, selected

from the author's herbarium. 6 vols. Svo. London, 1836 - 1844.
Hook. comp. hot. mog. Companion to the Botanical Mag.izine. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1835 - 6.
Hook. sp. Fil. Species Filicum ; or descriptions of all known ferns ; illustrated with plates. Svo. London, Parts 1 and

2, 1844 ; to be continued.
nook.Brit.fi. The British Flora. Vol. 1, comprising the Flowering Plants and Ferns. 4th ed. Svo. London, 1838.
Uook.dj-Gr.ic.fd. Icones Filicum. By Sir W. J. Hooker and R. K. Greville. 2 vols. fol. London, 1827 - 18.30.
Horl. trans. Transections of the London Horticultural Society. 7vols. 4to. London, 1815 - 1831. New series, 1831

and continued.
Hovey, hort. mog. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, &c. By C. M. Hovcy. Boston, 18 . . . and continued.
//. B. if- Kth. nov. gen. Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nova genera et species plantarum. Paris, 7 vols. 4to. 1815 -

1825. '
H. B. if- Kill. syn. Synopsis plantarum cquinociialium orbis novi. Auctore C. S. Kunth. 4 vols. Svo. Paris, 1822 - 1825.
Jour. acad. Phil. Journal of the Academy of Natural ScicuLcs of Philadelphia. 7 vols. Svo. Philadelphia, 1817 and

continued.
Just. gen. Antonii Laurcntii do Jussieu : Genera Plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. 1 vol. Svo. Paris,
1789. '

Kunlh, mum. Enumeratio Plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, etc. Auc-
tore C. S. Kunth. Vol. 1, 1833 ; vol. 2, IS ... ; vol. 3, 1841 ; vol. 4, 1843.
KvMZC,ear. Supplemenle der Riedgraeser zu Schkuhr's monographic, etc. 3fasc. Svo. 1841-1843.
Lam. did. Encyclopedic mithodique. Bot.nnique, par J. Bapt. Monet de la Mark. 4 vols. 4to. 1783-1796.
Lam. ill. Illustration des genres. PI. 900, et 2 vol. de texle. 1791 et suiv.
Lamb. Pin. A Description of the Genus Pinus. By Aylmer Bourkc Lambert. 1 vol. fol. London, 1803 ; second

edit, in 2 vols. Svo. London, 1832.
Lehm. Asperif. Plantin e familia Asperifoliarum nucifera-, descripsit J. G. C. Lehman. 4to. Berlin, 1818.
Lehm. Nicot. Generis Nicolianarum historia. 1 vol. 4to. Hamburgii, 1820.
L'Herit. Com. C. L. L'Hcritier : Cornus, seu specimen botanicum, etc. 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1788.
Linn. sp. Carolus Linnajus : Species Plantarum. Editio 1. 2 vols. Svo. Holmia;, 1753. Ed. 2. 2 vols, 8vo. Holmiat,

1762 - 1763.
Lirm. mant. Mantissa Plantarum, 1 vol. 8vo. Holmis, 1767.

QUOTED IN THIS WORK. XI

Linn. f. suppl. Carolus Linnteus filius : Supplomcntum Plantarum. 1 vol. 8vo, Brunavigs, 1781.

Linn, trans. Transactions of the Linnaan Society of London. 17 vols. 4to. 1791 and continued.

Linnica. Ein Journal fur die Botanik, &c. Edited by D. F. L. von Schlcchtcndalil. 17 vols. 8vo. 1826 - 1844 and

continued.
Lodd. hot. coil. The Botanical Cabinet. By Conrad Loddiges & Sons. 20 vols. 8vo. & 4to. London, 1817 - 1834.
ticss. sijn. Synopsis generum Compositarum, earuiuque dispositionis nova; tentamcn monographis multarum Capcnsium

interjeclis. Auctore C. V. Lessing. 1 vol. 8vo. Bcrolini, 1832.
Lindl. "en. el sp. Orch. The Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants. By J. Lindley. 1 vol. 8vo. 1830 - 1840.
Loud.cnc.pl. An Encyclopiedia of Plants, &c. Edited by J. C. Loudon j the descriptions by J. Lindley. 1 vol. 8vo.

London, 1829.
Loiid. enc. pi. suppl. The first additional Supplement to Loudon's Encyclopedia of Plants. Edited by J. C. Loudon ;

prepared by W. H. Baxter, and revised by George Don. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1841.
Loud. arb. Bnl. Arboretum et Frulicetum Britannicum. 4 vols, of letter-press, and 4 vols, of 8vo. and 4to. plates. By

J. C. Loudon. London, 1835 - 1838.
Loud. enc. tr. if- shr. An Encyclop.'cdia of Trees and Shrubs , being the Arboretum ct Fruticctum Britannicum abridged.

By J. C. Loudon. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1842.
Marsh, arb. Arbustum Americanuiu : The American Grove, or an alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs,

native of the American United States. By Humphrey Marsliall. 1 vol. 12mo. Philadelphia, 1785.
Med. repos. The Medical Repository. 8vo. New- York, 1797 and continued.
Mim. du mus. Memoires du iVluseum d'histoirc naturcUe.

Mini, de I'acad. St. Petersb. Memoires de I'Academies des Sciences de St. Petcrsbourg. . . . vols. 4to. 18 . . - 184-4.
M&m. de la soc.phijs. et d'hist. nat. Gcikv. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoirc naturelle de Geneve. 9 vols.

4to. 1824 - 1844.
Michx. fi. Flora Boreali-Americana, sistens characteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit

Andreas Michaux. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1803. Reprinted in Paris, 1820.
Michx. f. sijlv. The North American Sylva; or a description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova

Scotia. By F.Andrew Michaux. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1819. This is a translation by the lato Augustus L.

Hillhousc, Esq. of the " Histoire des Arbres forestiers de I'Amerique septentrionale," which was published in

Paris in 1810 - 1813, in 3 volumes, with some additions by the author. The illustrations are from the original

plates.
Mill. ic. Figures of plants described in the Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. 2 vols. fol. London, 17G0.
Moq.-TanJ. Chenop. Chenopodearum raonographica enumeratio. Auctore A. Moquin-Tandon. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1840.
Mu/d.cat. Catalo<rus Plantarum Americte Septentrionalis, hue usque cognitarum, indigenarum et cicurum, etc. By

Henry Muhlenberg. 1 vol. 8vo. Lancaster, 1813. Second edition, Philadelphia, 1818 ; the latter is the one

quoted.
Muhl. gram. Descriptio uberior graminum et plantarum calaminarum America; septentrionaUs indigenarum et cicurum.

Auctore Henrico Muhlenberg. 1 vol. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1817.
Nees Ast. Genera et Species Asterearum. Recensit, descriptionibus et animadversionibus illustravit, etc. Auct. C.G.

Nees ab Esenbeck. 1 vol. 3vo. Norimbergae, 1833.
Nees, Agrost. Bras. Agrostographica Brasiliensis. Stuttgardia;. 1 vol. 8vo. 1829. This forms part of Martius's Flora

Brasiliensis.
Neue schrift.ges. nat. fr, Berol. Der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu Berlin, neue schriften. 4 vol. 1795 & scq.
NuU. Sijlv. The North American Sylva; or a description of tlie forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova

Scotia, not described in the work of F. Andrew Michaux, and containing all the forest trees discovered in the

Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon down to the shores of the Pacific, &c. By Thomas Nuttall.

Philadelphia. Svo. Vol. 1, 1842.
NvM, "en. The Genera of North American Plants, and a catalogue of the species to the year 1817. By Thomas Nut-

" tall. 2vols. l2mo. Philadelphia, 1818.
Nmiv. ann. du mus. Nouvelles Annales du Museum de I'Histoire Naturelle. 1834 - 1839.
Pers. syn. Synopsis Plantariun, seu Enchiridium Botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicum specierum huc-

usque cognitarum. Curante C. H.Persoon. 2vols.l2mo. Paris, 1805-1807.
Pair. diet. Encyclopedie mothodique ; Dictionnaire de Botanique, continue par J. L. M. Poiret. 4 vols. 4to. Paris,

1804-1808.
Poir. suppl. Encyclopedie methodique : Supplement au Dictionnaire de Botanique. 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1810 - 1816.
Presl, ptcrid. Tentamen Pteridographiae, seu Generum Filicacearum, &c. Auctore Car. Bor. Presl. 1 vol. 8vo. Praose,

1836.
Purshjfi. Flora Americae SeptentrionaUs ; or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America.

By Frederick Pursh. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1814.
Baf. ami. nat. Annals of Nature, for 1820. Svo. pamphlet. Lexington, 1820.

Bad. Pyrol. Dissertatio de Pyrola et Chimaphila. Auctore Justus Radius. 1 vol. 4to. Lipsiae, 1821.
Red. Lil. Les Liliacees, par P. J. Redoute. 8 vols. fol. Paris, 1802 - 1816. Vol. 1 - 4, teste par De Candolle j vol.

5-7, par F. De la Roche ; vol. 8, par A. R. Delile.
Rich. (L. C.) Conif. Memoires sur les Coniferes et les Cycadees ; Ouvrage posthume de L. C. Richard, termine et

pub:ie par Achille Richard fils. 1 vol. 4to. Stuttgard et Paris, 1826.
Ra-m. if- Sckult. syst. Car. a Linne, Systema vegetabilium, curantibus J. A. Roemer. Svo. Stutgardia;. Vol. 1 ct 2,
1817; vol.3, 1818; vol, 4, 1819; vol. 5 (a Schultes solo), 1819; vol.6, 1820; vol.7, pars 1 (a J. A. Schultes

et Jul. H. Schultes), 1829, pars 2, 1830.
Schk. Car. Christ. Schkuhr, Beschreibung der Reidgraesser. 1 vol. of teit and 1 of plates. 8vo. Leipsig, 1802 - 1806.

Xn LIST OF AUTHORS QUOTED IN THIS WORK.

Schult. mant. 1. J. A. Schultes, Mantissa in vol. 1. Syst. vegetabU. ex Rcem. & Schult. 1 vol. 8vo. Stutgardis, 1822.

SchuU. mant. 2. Mantissa in vol. 2. 1 vol. 8vo. 1824.

SchuU. mant. 3. J. A. Schultes et J. H. Schultes, Mantissa in vol. 3. 1 vol. 8vo. 1827.

Schreb.gen. C. Linne, Genera Plantarum, cur. J. C. D. Schreber. 1 vol. 8vo. Francofurti ad Mosnum, 1789.

SUl.jour. The American Journal of Science and the Arts. By Benjamin Silliman. 47 vols. 8vo. 1816 - 1844, and
continued.

Spreni^. syst. C. Linni-i, Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 16, curante Curfio Sprengel. 4 vols. 8vo. Gottingoe, 1821 - 1827.

Sprmg. neue mt. K. Sprengel, Neue cntdeckungen in ganzen umfang der pflanzenkunde. 3 vols. 12mo. Leipzig,
1820 - 1822.

Sw Brit.fi.gard. The British Flower Garden. Commenced in 1823. Conducted by R. Sweet, and afterwards by
D. Don till 1837.

Trans. Alb. insl. Transactions of the Albany Institute. 3 parts, 8vo. Albany, 1828 - 1829.

Trans. Amer.ph. soc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 6 vols. 4to. 1771 - 1809. New series, 0
vols. 1816 - 1844, and continued.

Torr. cat. pi N. Y. Catalogue of Plants growing within thirty miles of the city of New- York. By John Torrey. 1
vol. 8vo. Albany, 1819.

ToTT.fi. A Flora of the Korthern and Middle Sections of the United States, &c. By John Torrey. 1 vol. 6vo. New-
York, 1824.

Tott. comp. Compendium of the Flora of the Northern and Middle States. By John Torrey. 1 vol. 12mo. New-
York, 1826.

Trin. diss. gram. C. B. Trinius, Dissertatio de graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris. 1 vol. 8vo, Petropoli, 1824.

VeTit, hart. Cels. Description des plantcs nouvelles ou peu connues du jardin de J. M. Cels, avcc (iirures. Par E. P.
Ventenat. 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1800.

Wall.fi. Car. Flora Caroliniana. Auctorc Thorn. Walter. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1788.

Wang. Amcr. F. A. J. Wangenheim, Anpflanzung Nordamericanischer holzarten. 1 vol. fol. Gottengen, 1787.

Worn, trans. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society. 5 vols. 8vo. 1809 - 1825.

Wats, dendr- Dendrologia Britannica ; or Trees and Shrubs that will live in the open air of Britaini 2 vols. 8vo.
London, 1825.

WiM. sp. Car. Linne Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantes rite cognitas ad genera relatas, etc. Curante Car. Ludov.
Willdenow. 8vo. Bcrolini. Vol. 1, pars 1, 1797, pars 2, 1798 ; vol. 2, 1799 ; vol. 3, pars 1, 1800, pars 2, 1801.
pars 3, 1803 ; vol. 4, pars 1, 1805, pars 2, 1807 ; vol. 5, 1810.

WHld. hm-t. Berol. Hortus Berolinensis. A uct. C. L. Willdenow. 1 vol. fol. Berolini, 1806 - 1810.

WiUJ. enum. Enumeratio plantarum horti hot. Berolinensis. 2 vols. 8vo. Berolini, 1809. Suppl. 1813.

Vahl,enum, Enumeratio plantarum. Auct. Mart. Vahl. 2 vols. Svo. Haunise. Vol. 1, 1805; vol. 2, 1806.

FLORA

OF THE

STATE or NEW-TORE.

DIVISION I. FLOWERING or PnjENOGAMOUS PLANTS. _

Plants furnished with flowers (consisting essentially of stamens and
pistils), and producing seeds. . .

CLASS I. EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem with distinct bark and pith, with an intervening circle of woody fibre ; the
latter increasing in diameter by the annual deposition of new layers of wood
on the outside, forming concentric zones, which are traversed by medullary
rays from the pith to the circumference ; the bark growing by new layers
within. Leaves commonly articulated to the stem ; the veins, and those of
the floral envelopes branching and reticulated. Sepals and petals most
commonly in fours and fives, very rarely in threes. Ovules produced within
an ovary, and fertilized by the action of pollen through the medium of a
stigma. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons.
\ ' ' -.''-' ^ '

Subclass L Polypetalous Exogenous Plants.*
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals distinct.

* In this subclass are incluiled a few apetalous genera and species, and also some in which the petals are united ; while
there are excluded from it a small number of plants in which the petals arc distinct to the base : for it must be remembered
that the subdivisions of our classes are to a considerable degree artificial ; and in a natural arrangement, plants must not
- be separated which agree in unportant characters, and only differ in minor points.
[Flora.] 1

2 GROUPS AND ORDERS.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GROUPS AND ORDERS.
Group 1. Ovaries several or numerous (in Berberidacca: solitary), distinct; when in several rows, sometimes cohering
together but not united into a compound pistil. Petals and stamens inserted on the receptacle.
» Stamens or pistils (one or both) numerous.
Order 1 Ranonculaceje. Sepals 3-6, usually 5, deciduous. Petals 3 - 15. Anthers extrorse (sometimes none).
Ovaries rarely few, distinct. — Herbaceous (rarely shrubby) plants, with acrid watery juice; leaves
without stipules.

2 MAGNOLiiCEa;. Sepals 3 - C, deciduous. Petals 3 to many. Anthers adnate, elongated. Carpels in one or

several rows, often more or less cohering. — Trees or shrubs, with large and usually coriaceous
punctate leaves ; stipules membranaceous. Flowers solitary, generally large and fragrant.

3 Anonacee. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Seeds with ruminated albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves

destitute of stipules.
♦* Stamens few. Pistils very few or solitary.

4. MENisPERMACEa:. Flowers small, usually dioicious or polygamous. Sepals 3-13, in 1 - 3 rows. Petals as

many as the sepals, or fewer (sometimes none). Carpels usually several ; only one or two arriving
at maturity, and forming one-seeded berries or drupes. — Climbing or twining frutescent plants,
with alternate palmately veined leaves.

5. BERBERiDACEi;. Flowers perfect. Stamens opposite the petals ; cells of the anther usually opening by valves.

Ovary solitary, simple. — Shrubs or herbs, usually without stipules.

GaODP 3. Ovaries several, either distinct or united into a compound pistil of several cells. Stamens usually numerous,
inserted on the receptacle or torus. — Aquatic herbs.

* Carpels not united into a compound ovary. Leaves centrally peltate.

6. CABOMEACEi;. Torus small ; ovules 3 or several in each carpel, inserted on the dorsal suture.

7. Nelumeiace^e. Torus large, turbinate; the ovaries immersed in its disk, each with a solitary ovule.

** Ovary compound ; the ovules covering the dissepiments.

8. NYMPH£ACE.ft:. Stigmas united in a radiated disk,

*♦* Ovary compound ; the placentiE in the axis.

9. Sarraceniace.s:. Leaves hollow, pitcher-shaped.

Gboup 3. Ovary compound, with parietal placentiE. Calyx not adherent to the ovary ; the stamens and pistils inserted
on the receptacle. Leaves not dotted.

• Styles or stigmas united.

t Sepals 2, or rarely 3, deciduous.

10. Papaverace^e. Petals 4, equal. Stamens numerous (rarely few). Seeds albuminous. Juice milky or colored.

11. FcMARiACEi;. Petals 4, irregular. Stamens 6, united in 2 parcels. Pod one-celled.

tt Sepals and petals 4, or rarely 6.

12. Crucifeh;e. Stamens G, two of them shorter than the others. Pod 2-celled.

13. Capparidace.1:. Stamens 6 - 32; (when G, not tctradynamous.) Pod one-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped.

ttt Sepals 5 (rarely 3), persistent.

14. V10LACE.E. Petals 5, irregular. Stamens 5.

15. C1STACE.E. Petals fugacious, regular. Stamens usually numerous.

•• Stylos or sligmas separate.

16. DROSERACEiE. Stamens few. Leaves circinnate, usually with glandular hairs.

Gbocp 4. Ovary compound, with the placenta; parietal, or 2 -5-cellcd from their meeting in the axis; styles distinct, or
partly united. yF.stivation of the calyx imbricated. Stamens and petals inserted on the receptacle. Seeds
with a straight embryo, ami little or no altmmen.

17. HyPERtcACEjE. Stamens usually numerous and ]iolyadelphous. Leaves dotted. — Shrubs or herbs, without

stipules.

18. Elatjniceje. St.amens as many or twice as many as the petals. Seeds attached to a persistent central axis. —

Small annual weeds, with axillary flowers.

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 3

Group 5. Ovary compound, one-celled with a free central placenta, or sc:vcral-cclled with the placenta; in the axis. Calyx
free from the ovary, or nearly iso. Emiiryo coiled around the outside of the albumen.

19. Cabyophyllace.5:. Sepals and petals equal in number. Stipules none.

20. Illecebraceje. Sepals and petals equal in number, the latter often wanting. Stipules acarious.

21. PoRTOLACACEiE. Sepals 2-3. Petals 5. Stipules none.

Group 6. Ovary compound, several-celled, with the placenta; in the axis; or the numerous carpels more or less coherent
with each other, or with the central axis. Calyx free from the ovary, with a valvate mstivation. Stamens
numerous, monadelphous, free, or somewhat polyadelphous, inserted with the petals into the receptacle or
base of the calyx.

22. MALVACEi:. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers one-celled. . ■

23. TiLiACE.^:. Stamens distinct, or somewhat polyadelphous ; anthers 2-celled.

GROnp 7. Ovary compound, or of several carpels adhering to a central axis, free from the calyx, which is mostly imbri-
cated in sBstivation. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on the receptacle, commonly
monadelphous at the base. Flowers perfect.

* Flowers regular, or nearly so. Sepals imbricate.

24. LlNACEjE. Ovary of 3 - 5 united carpels, each in the capsule spuriously 2-celled by a false partition from the

back ; the spurious cells with a single ovule.

25. GER.4.NIACE.E. Carpels 5, one-seeded; styles cohering to the elongated axis, from which they at length separate

by twisting or curling back from below upwards. Seeds without albumen.
2C. OxALiDACEiE. Carpcls 5, commonly several-seeded, united in a membranaceous 5-celled capsule. Seeds arillatc,
albuminous. Trifoliolate.

** Flowers irregular.

27. BALS.4.MINACEJE. Sepals 5; the 2 upper ones commonly united into one; the lower one spurred. Petals 4,

united in pairs. Stamens 5. Capsule bursting elastically.

*»* Flowers regular. Sepals valvate.

28. LiMNANTHACEi:. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Carpels 3-5, distinct, united by their styles, in fruit

forming fleshy achenia. Seeds without albumen. Leaves pinnatiiid.

Group 8. Ovary compound, with from 2 to several cells ; or carpels several, and more or less united by their styles. Calyx
free. Petals as many as the sepals, or rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals,
inserted into the receptacle or base of the calyx. Flowers often dioecious or polygamous.

29. ANAcARDiACEiE. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary one-celled, with 3 styles or stigmas and a single

ovule. Leaves not dotted. Albumen none.

30. Z.\NTHoxYLACE-E. Carpels 2 or more, separate or united ; seeds one or two in each cell or carpel. Seeds

albuminous. ' ' , - . ,

Group 9. Ovary compound, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled, free from the calyx. Petals (except in Aceraceit) irregular, usually
one fewer than the sepals, or sometimes wanting. Stamens definite, distinct, inserted on or around a hypo-
gynous disk. Seeds destitute of albumen. — • Mostly trees or shrubs.

31. AcEEACE.ffi:. Flowers regular. Fruit formed of 2 cohering samaras.

33. HiPPOCASTANACE^:. Fruit large, roundish, dehiscent, with 1-3 very large seeds. Leaves digitate.

Group 10. Ovary compound, 2 - 5-celled. Calyx free from or adherent to the base of the ovary. Petals and stamens
equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted into its base or throat, or upon the disk that covers
it. Seeds albuminous. — Trees or shrubs. Flowers regular.

* Stamens alternate with the petals.

33. Celastrace^:. Calyx imbricated. Seeds usually arillate.

*♦ Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx valvate.

34. Rhamnaceje. Ovary usually coherent with the tube of the calyx, mostly 3-celled, with a single ovule in each

cell.

35. ViTACEi:. Calyx free. Ovary mostly 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.

1"

4 GROUPS AND ORDERS.

Group U. Ovary compound, 2-ceIled. Sepals and petals very irregular. Stamens monadelphous, the tube of filaments
split on one side ; anthers opening by a terminal pore. Seeds albuminous.

36. PoLYGALACE^. Character the same as that of the group.

GROnp 12. Ovary simple and soUtary. Corolla papilionaceous or irregular, sometimes regular. Fruit a legume. Seeds
destitute of albiunen.

37. Leguminosj: : Suborder PapUionacea:. Corolla papilionaceous, rarely almost regular ; the sestivation imbricated.

Stamens inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.

Group 13. Ovaries one or several, simple and distinct, or combined into a compound ovary, with two or more cells, and
the placenta: in the axis. Flowers regular. Petals and (distinct) stamens inserted on the calyx. Albumen
none.

38. RosACEj:. Calyx (except in the suborder Pomacea) free from the ovaries. Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries

with sohtary or few ovules. Styles distinct. Leaves alternate, usually with conspicuous stipules,
which very often adhere to the petiole.

39. MELASTOMACEa:. Calyx adhering to the angles of the ovary. Stamens 8-12. Anthers elongated, mostly

appendaged and opening by pores ; in aestivation, inflexed, and contained in tubular spaces formed
by the adhesion of the ovary with the nerves of the calyx. Leaves opposite, ribbed, not dotted.

40. Lythracej:. Calyx tubular, enclosing the 2 - 4-celled ovary, but free from it. Stamens definite ; anthers

opening longitudinally. Styles united into one. Capsule membranaceous, the dissepiments often
obliterated.

41. OirAGRACE.E. Calyx-tube adherent to the (usually 4-celled) ovary. Petals mostly 4, with as many or twice as

many stamens. Styles united ; stigmas 4 or united.

Group 14. Ovary compound, one-celled, with parietal placentte. Petals and stamens inserted in the throat of the calyx.
Flowers perfect. Calyx adherent to the ovary.

42. CACTACEa:. Sepals and petals numerous, confounded. Fruit baccate. — Succulent and usually leafless plants.

43. GKOssuLACEa:. Calyx-lobes, petals and stamens 5. — Shrubs, mostly spiny or prickly. Leaves palmatelylobed.

Group 15. Ovary compound, with the calyx adherent. Fruit a pepo. Corolla usually monopetalous. Stamens di-
triadclphous ; anthers long, sinuous.

44. CccuRBiTACEa:. Character same as that of the group.

Gnovt 16. Ovaries 2 or more, many-ovuled, distinct or more or less united. Calyi free from the ovary, or the tube
partly (rarely wholly) adherent to the ovary. Petals and stam. ns (mostly definite) inserted on the calyx.
Seeds numerous, albuminous.

45. Crassulace*:. Calyx free. Ovaries always as many as the sepals, distinct, or rarely partly united, follicular

in fruit.

46. Saxifragace;e. Calyx often partly adherent. Ovaries mostly 2, usually united below, distinct at the summit.

GROtn? 17. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 3 - 5-) celled, with a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.
Stamens (with one exception) as many as the petals and lobes of the adherent calyx.

47. Hamamelace^. Summit of the ovary free. Capsule loculicidal. — Shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves.

48. Umdellifer.'e. Styles 2. Carpels 2, separating at matarity. Albumen horny. — Herbs, with the inflorescence

in umbels.

49. Aealiaces:. Styles 3 to 15 (rarely 2). Carpels mostly baccate, not separable. Albumen fleshy. — Herbs with

the inflorescence in umbels.

50. CoRNACEJE. Flowers tetramerous. Styles united into one. Fruit a 2-celled drupe.— Trees or shrubs with

opposite leaves. Flowers in cymes.

Clematis. . ■ RANUNCULACE^. 5

Group 1. Ovaries several or numerous (in Berberidacere and a few other cases
solitary), distinct ; tchen in several rows, sometimes cohering together, hut not
united into a compound pistil. Stamens and pistils inserted on the receptacle
(hypogynous). Seeds albuminous.

Order I. RANUNCULACE^. Juss. The Crowfoot Tribe.

Calyx of 3 to 6 (but usually 5) distinct deciduous sepals, which (except in
Clematis) are imbricated in aestivation. Petals 3 to 15, sometimes irregular
or deformed, occasionally absent. Stamens indefinite, distinct (very rarely
definite). Ovaries numerous (rarely few or solitary), distinct ; ovules solitary
or several, anatropous. Carpels either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular.
Seeds solitary or several. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy or horny
albumen. — Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs, sometimes climbing, with an
acrid watery juice. Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematis), usually palmately
or ternately divided, without stipules.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Trite I. Anemone^:. Petals flat or wanting. Anthers mostly extrorse. Achenia numerous, caudate or subulate with

the style. vSeed suspended.
Tribe II. Ranuncules:. Petals with a small nectariferous scale, pore or gland at the base inside. Anthers extrorse.

Achenia numerous. Seed erect, or sometimes suspended.
Tribe III. Hellebore.^; Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous ; sometimes wanting. Calyx peta-

loiil. Anthers mosi ly ( xtrorse. Carpels few (rarely solitary), follicular, with several seeds.
Tribe IV. CiMiciFUGEa:. Sepals petaloid. Petals (dihated sterile filaments or st.aminodia?) 3 - G. Anthers introrsc or

innate. Carpels (cw, sometimes solitary, rarely numerous, follicular or baccate, and several-seeded ; or

sometimes indehiscent and one-seeded.
Tribe V. Hydbastide^. Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. Anthers innate. Ovaries numerous, 2-ovuled. Carpels 1 —

3-seeded, baccate, in a globose head.

Tribe I. ANEMONES. Torr. ^ Gr. '"' '■ ■ ^ '"

CLEMATIDE.^ AKD ANEMONES. DC. ' '" > ' '

Petals flat or wanting. Anthers mostly extrorse. Achenia numerous, caudate, subulate or
mucronate with the persistent style. Seed suspended.

1. CLEMATIS. Linn.; DC.Syst.l. p. 31. virgin's SOWER.

[Named from the Greek, klcma, a shoot or tendril ; in allusion to the climbing habit of the genus.]

Involucre none, or resembling a calyx and situated close to the flower. Sepals 4, colored,
in aestivation valvate, or sometimes with the edges bent inwards. Petals usually none,

6 RANUNCULACE.E. Clematis.

sometimes few, shorter than the sepals. Anthers hnear, extrorse. Achenia terminated by
long (mostly phimose or hairy) tails. — Perennial, herbaceous, somewhat shrubby plants,
mostly sarmentose, with opposite leaves and fibrous roots.

^ 1. Clematis proper. Involucre none: petals none.

1. Clematis ochroleuca. Ait. (Plate I.) Silky Virgin's Botoer.

Stem herbaceous, erect, silky-pubescent; leaves undivided, ovate, silky underneath ; pe-
duncles solitary, one-flowered, terminal, inclined. — Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.) -p. 260; Sims, hot.
mag. t. 1175 ; Ell. si. 2. p. 48 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.8; Ton: (^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 7.
C. sericea, Miclix. f.l.p.3lQ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 385.

Stem simple or somewhat branched, 1^-2 feet high, firmly erect. Leaves 1^-3 inches
lontT and 1-2 inches in diameter, nearly sessile, rather obtuse, sometimes a little cordate at
the base, reticulated, nearly smooth when old. Flowers about an inch in diameter, only one
on a plant when the stem is simple, but usually several when branched. Sepals (rarely 5)
silky externally, of a dull yellowish color internally, lanceolate, acuminate ; the point some-
what recurved. Peduncle of the fruit erect. Carpels with long plumose silky tails ; the silk
of a yellowish color.

In a small sandy copse about half a mile from the South Ferry, Brooklyn ; the only known
locality of the plant in the State. It was first detected there by the late Dr. C. W. Eddy, in
the year 1 806 ; and though often sought for, was not found again until a few years ago, when
it was collected by Mrs. S. Carey. It flowers in May, and ripens its fruit early in July.

2. Clematis Virginiana, Linn. Virginian Virgin's Bower.

Flowers panicled, dioecious or polygamous ; leaves ternate, smooth ; leaflets ovate or
roundish, acuminate, often more or less cordate, incisely toothed and lobed ; carpels with long
plumose tails.— Willd. sp. 2. p. 1290 ; Miclix. fl. 2. p. 318 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 384 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 335 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 8.

Stem 8-15 feet long, climbing over shrubs and bushes, pubescent when young, nearly
smooth and somewhat shrubby when old. Leaves on petioles which are 2-3 inches long ;
the leaflets 1-3 inches in length and 1-2 inches in breadth, petiolulate. Panicles axillary,
trichotomously divided, with small leaves at the divisions. Sepals white, elliptical-obovate,
longer than the stamens and pistils. Carpels with silky plumose whitish tails, which are about
an inch long, and recurved in maturity.

Common in thickets, and along fences and stone walls. Flowers from the latter part of
July to August ; the fruit mature about the end of September.

This plant is sometimes employed as an emetic, diaphoretic and alterative. Wood and
Backers U. S. Dispensatory, append. 1078.

Clematis. RANITNCTILACE/E. 7

^ 2. Atragene, DC. Involucre 7iorte : petals several, minute.

3. Clematis verticillaris, DC. Whorl-kaved Virgin's Bower.

Peduncles one-flowered ; leaves vcrlicillalo in fours, tcrnate ; leaflets petiolulatc, ovale,
acuminate, somewhat cordate, entire or sparingly toothed. — DC.prodr. I. p. 10; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 2; Torr. t^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 10. Atragene Americana, Sims, bat.
mag. t. 887; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 384 ; Biscl. fl. Bost. p. 219.

Stem suffruticose, climbing over rocks and shrubs, nearly smooth. Leaflets about 2 inches
long, often entire, but sometimes with a few coarse serratures. Peduncles about the length
of the petioles. Flowers cernuous, very large, and of a fine purplish blue color, campanulate.
Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly pubescent externally, woolly on the margin. Petals
spatulate, passing into stamens. Carpels with long white plumose tails.

Northern and western parts of the State, not uncommon ; rare in the valley of the Hudson.
Its most southern station is the Fishkill Mountains, near the summit of which it occurs
sparingly. Flowers the latter part of April and early in May. A beautiful climber.

2. ANEMONE. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4773. ' WIND-FLOWER.

[From the Greek, anemos, wind ; because many of the species grow in elevated bleak situations.]

Involucre of 3 leaves, remote from the flower ; the leaflets variously incised. Sepals 5 to 15,
petaloid. Petals none. Achenia mucronate (sometimes with a long plumose tail). —
Perennial herbs, with radical (usually divided) leaves. Scapes, when branched, bearing
leaf-like involucres at each division. Peduncles one-flowered.

^ 1. AnemonantheA; DC. Carpels without tails: pedicels solitary or in pairs {rarely more), all
leafless and oneflowered : leaves of the involucre sessile or petiolate.

1. Anemone nemorosa, Linn. - - Wood Anemone.

Leaves ternate ; leaflets undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft and the lateral ones 2-
parted, incisely toothed, acute , those of the involucre smaller, petioled ; sepals 4-6 (com-
monly 5), oval or elliptical.— M/c/ta?. fl. \. p. 319 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 387 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 53;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 20 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 6; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Arn. 1. p. 12 ;
Pritz. revis. Anem. in Linncea, 1841, p. 650. A. lancifolia, Pursh, I. c. ; DC. I. c.

var. quinquefoKa : lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base. — DC. I. c. ; Bart,
fl. N. Am. 2. t. 39. /. 2 ; Torr. comp. p. 223 ; Torr. (^ Gr. I. c. A. quinquefolia, Linn.

Rhizoma horizontal, 2-3 inches long. Stem or scape 3-8 inches high, slender, usually
smooth. Radical leaves (often wanting) on long petioles. Leaflets of the involucre resembling
those of the radical leaves, an inch or more in length, ciliate-pubesccnt on the margin. Pe-
duncle slender, 1-2 inches long, arising from the centre of the involucre. Flower about an
inch in diameter. Sepals rarely only 4 and occasionally as many as 7, resembling petals,
white or more or less tinged with purple, especially underneath. Carpels eUiptical-ovoid,
with a small recurved point.

Moist woods and thickets ; very common. Flowers in April and May. Fr. June.

8 RANUNCULACE^. Anemone.

2. Anemone cylindrica, Gray. Cylindrical-headed Wind-Jlower.
Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternalely divided ; lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one

2-cleft • lobes linear-lanceolate, with the apex incisely toothed , those of the involucre similar
and petioled ; peduncles 2-6, rarely solitary ; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse ; carpels densely
woolly, in a long cylindrical head, pointed with a short somewhat curved beak. — Gray in
ann. lye. N. York, 3. p. 221 ; Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 13 ; Pritz. I c. p. 668.

Plant 1-3 feet high, the stem and peduncles slender and usually of a purplish color.
Radical leaves on petioles, which are 2-6 inches long ; lamina 2-3 inches in diameter,
the ultimate segments only 2-3 lines wide. Peduncles commonly umbellate, very erect ;
those of the flowers about 6 inches long ; of the fruit, twice or more that length. Leaves of
the involucre 2-3 times the number of the peduncles. Flowers scarcely more than half an
inch in diameter, all expanding nearly at the same time. Sepals somewhat coriaceous, hairy
externally, pale yellowish green within. Style very short. Heads of carpels an inch or more
in length, and one-third of an inch in diameter.

Sandy plains near Oneida lake {Dr. Gray). Irondequoit mills, 12 miles east of Rochester
{Dr. Knieshern). May - June.

This species, which was first characterized by Dr. Gray, has a general resemblance to
A. Virginiana, but is easily distinguished by its different inflorescence, more slender habit,
narrow leaf-segments, and cylindrical head of carpels.

§ 2. Anemonospermos, DC. Carpels without tails, compressed ; pedic eh several from one involucre,
one of them leafless and one-Jlowered, the others hearing a 2-leaved involucel.

3. Anemone Virginiana, Linn. TJmnble-iveed.
Leaves ternately divided ; segments 3-cleft, acuminate, incisely serrate , those of the in-
volucre and involucels similar, petioled ; sepals 5, somewhat coriaceous, elliptical, silky-
villous externally; carpels densely woolly, in an ovoid-oblong head, mucronate. — Miclix.
jl. 1. p. 320 ; Fursh, fl. 2. p. 388 ; DC.prodr. 1. p. 21 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 7. t. 4.
/. B ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 320 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. l.p.lS; Pritz. I. c. p. 671.

Rhizoma short, and somewhat ligneous. Plant 1-3 feet high. Radical leaves on long
petioles ; leaflets 2-4 inches long, and 1 - 1^ inch wide. Peduncles 6-12 inches long,
several from each involucre. Flowers about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, appearing
in succession, so that the flowers and fruit are found on the plant at the same time. Sepals
greenish while or ochroleucous, two of them narrower than the others, with a short acuminate
point ; tlic others obtuse. Carpels ovoid, with a subulate and somewhat incurved beak, matted
together by the whitish dense wool which clothes them ; the heads usually about three-fourths
of an inch long, and half an inch in diameter.

Dry woods, hill sides, and banks of rivers. Fl. Latter part of June. Fr. September.

This is one of the numerous plants supposed to possess the power of curing the bite of the
rattlesnake.

Anemone. RANUNCULACE^. 9

4. Anemone multifida, Poir. [Plate II.] Cut-leaved Wind-^ower.

Hairy ; leaves ternately divided ; segments cuneiform, laciniately 3-cleft, the lobes linear,
acute , those of the involucre and involucels similar, on short petioles ; sepals 5-8, oval,
obtuse ; head of carpels oval, woolly. — Poir. diet, suppl. 1. p. 364 ; Deless. ic. I. t. 16 ;
DC.prodr. I. p. 21 (excl. var. uniflora) ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 7 ; Fritz. I. c. p. 672.

var. Hudsoniana : stem mostly 2-flovvered. — DC. I. c; Gray, in anii. lye. N. York, 3.
2J. 222 ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. A7n. 1. p. 13. A. Hudsoniana, and var. sanguinea, Richards,
app. Frank, jour. ed. 2. p. 22 ; Fritz. I. c. A. Hudsoniana, Oakes, in Hovey's liort. mag.
^May, 1841. A. sanguinea, Pursh, in herb. Lamb,

About a foot high. Radical leaves on petioles which arc 2-5 inches in length ; segments
1-2 lines wide. Peduncles of the flower 1-3 inches long, of the fruit 6 inches or more ;
one of them naked, the other with an involucel near the middle. Flowers as large as in j4.
Virginiana, bright purplish red. Sepals usually 5, silky-villous externally. Head of carpels
about three fourths of an inch long and half an inch in diameter. Carpels pointed with a
slightly curved subulate beak.

The only known locality in our State, of this rare plant, is Watertown, Jefferson county,
where it was discovered about 25 years ago by Dr. I. Crawe. It grows on limestone rocks,
and, in this place, always occurs with red flowers, which appear in June. Dr. Robbins found
it in Vermont with the flowers dull white, and sometimes tinged with rose-color.

DeCandoUe, in his Syst. nat. veg. (1818), describes two varieties of this plant, one {Ma-
gellanica) from the Straits of Magellan, collected by Commerson ; the other {Hudsoniana)
from Hudson's Bay. These seem to differ merely in the number of flowers on a plant ; a
character by no means constant. The former is figured in Delessert's Tcones, Vol. 1. t. 16.
In t. 17 is a representation of a third variety ("pedicellis solilariis "), from the Straits of
Magellan, but not described by DeCandolle in his Systema. It is the y. uniflora of his Pro-
dromus. This differs so much from the ordinary A. ?nultijida, that the author of the Icones
proposed it as a distinct species, under the name of A. Commersonia, which is adopted by
Sprengel in his Systema veg. In the southern hemisphere the A. multifida has even a more
extended range than in North America, being found from Conception to the Straits of Magellan,

5. Anemone Pennsylvanica, L. Pennsylvania Wind-Jloicer.

Somewhat hairy ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; segments oblong, incisely toothed at the apex ; in-
volucre and involucels similar, 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obovate ; carpels hairy, margined,
with a long subulate style which is somewhat recurved at the point ; heads of carpels glo-
bose.—Pm^'s/*, jl. 2. p. 387; DC. prodr. l.p. 121 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 8. t. 3. /. B;
Torr. <^ Gr. ft. N. Amer. l.p. 14 ; Fritz. I. c. p. 667. A. dichotoma, Linn. amcBn. acad.
l.p. 155. A. aconitifolia, Michx.Ji. l.p. 320.

[Flor.^.] 2

10 RANUNCULACE^. Anemone.

Plant about a foot and a half high, usually growing in patches. Rhizoma creeping, some-
what ligneous. Petioles 8-12 inches long. Leaves 4-6 inches or more in diameter.
Flowers 1 - l^ inch in diameter. Sepals white and membranaceous, pubescent externally.
Style much longer than the ovary or even the ripe carpels.

Banks of rivers and rather wet meadows ; not uncommon. June - August. Fr. Septem-
ber. Our plant seems to agree in every essential character with the Siberian A. dichotoma.

3. HEPATIC A. Dill.; DC. syst. l.p. 215 ; Endl. gen. 4774. LIVER-LEAF.

[From the Greek, hepar, the liver; the 3-lobed leaves resembling the liver of some animals.]
Involucre very near the flower, and resembling a calyx of three sepals. Sepals (resembling
petals) 6-9, arranged in two or three rows. Petals none. Carpels without tails. — Leaves
radical, 3-lobed. Involucre one-flowered.

1. Hepatica triloba, Chaix. Cornmon Liver-leaf.

Leaves broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes entire. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 22 ; Pursh, ft. 2.
p. 391 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-A?n. 1. p.8; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 331 ; Torr. ^- Gr. ft. 1. p. 15.
Anemone Hepatica, Linn. ; Michx.fl. l.p. 319; Pritz. I. c. p. 690.

var. 1. ohtusa : leaves 3-lobed; lobes roundish, obtuse. — Pursh, I. c. ; Torr. tj- Gr. I. c.
H. Americana, Ker, in bat. reg. t. 387 ; DC. I. c.

var. 2. acuta : leaves 3 - 5-lobed ; lobes acute, spreading. — Pursh, I. c. ; Torr. <^ Gr. I. c.
H. acutiloba, DC. I. c.

Root consisting of coarse fibres. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, unsually remaining through
the winter till the following season ; the older ones purplish underneath. Petioles and scapes
villous, 3-6 inches long, the latter appearing before the vernal leaves, sheathed at the base
with oblong imbricated stipules. Involucral leaves ovate, villous externally. Sepals oblong,
obtuse, usually blue, but sometimes pale purple or white. Carpels oblong, acuminate,
hairy.

A very common plant in woods, flowering frequently in the latter part of March, and con-
tinuing till May. The acute-leaved variety is more common in the northern and western
counties than in the southern part of the State ; but I have seen this form, when transplanted
into gardens, produce part of its leaves with obtuse lobes. In their native woods the two
varieties remain distinct, and seldom grow near each other.

This plant has for a number of years past been employed as a remedy in pulmonary dis-
eases, but it is of very doubtful efficacy. See Wood <^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 347.

Randnculus. RANUNCULACE^. 11

Tribe II. RANUNCULEJE. DC.

Petals with a small iiectariferous scale, gland or pore at the base on the inside. Anthers
extrorse. Seeds erect, or rarely suspended.

4. RANUNCULUS. Linn. ; DC. syst. \.p.22l ; Endl. gen. 4783. crowfoot.

[From the Latin, rana, a frog ; the species often growing in wet places where that reptile abounds.]

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale or pore on
the inside of the claw. Stamens numerous (rarely few). Carpels ovate, pointed, com-
pressed, disposed in a cylindrical or roundish head. Seed erect (rarely suspended). —
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves mostly radical ; the cauline ones at the base of the
branches and peduncles.

^ 1. Batraciiium, DC. Carpels transversely wrinkled: petals tckite : claws yellow, with a con-
spicuous nectariferous pore.

1. Ranunculus aquatilis, Linn. Water Crowfoot.

Stem floating ; submersed leaves filiformly dissected, emersed ones 3-parted, with cunei-
form toothed lobes ; petals obovate, longer than the calyx. — Pursh,fl. 2. p. 395 ; DC. prodr.
l.p. 26; Hool.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 10; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 327; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N.Am. 1.
p. 15.

var. capillaceus : leaves petioled, all immersed and filiformly dissected. — DC. I. c. ; Hook.
I. c; Torr. 4- Gr. I. c.

Stem filiform, varying in length according to the depth of the water, smooth and branching,
producing roots at the lower joints. Leaves dichotomously or trichotomously divided into
thread-like segments of about an inch in length. Petioles dilated and sheathing at the base.
Peduncles 1-2 inches long. Sepals elliptical, smooth. Petals white or ochroleucous. Car-
pels slightly rugose, with a short beak.

Flowing waters and ponds ; rather rare : Singsing, Schenectady, Lake Erie, Chenango
County, Penn-Yan, &c. Fl. June - August. Fr. August - September.

^2. Hecatonia, DC. Carpels smooth(not wrinkled), ovate or roundish, in small globose heads:

root fibrous : flowers yellow.

* Leaves oil wndivided.

2. Ranunculus Flammula, Linn. Speancort.

Leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, often toothed, the lower ones petioiate,
upper ones nearly sessile ; stem dechned, rooting at the lower joints ; peduncles opposite the
leaves; carpels with a subulate beak ; petals longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32;
Purshyfl. 2.p. 391; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 327; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 16,

2*

12 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus.

Whole plant smooth, and of a yellowish green color. Stem 1-2 feet long, somewhat
branching : leaves 3-6 inches long, and from one quarter to nearly an inch in breadth ; iipper
ones acute at each end ; lower ones more or less obtuse at the base. Peduncles 1-2 inches
long. Flowers nearly half an inch in diameter. Carpels in a globose head, beaked.

A common plant in low wet grounds, ditches, and about springs, flowering from July to
August. Fruit ripe in November. It is one of the most acrid of the genus, and is sometimes
employed in domestic practice for blistering the skin. The distilled water is used as an
emetic. See Wood <^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 543.

3. Ranunculus reptans, Linn. Least Speai'wot't.

Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, acute at each end, smooth, entire ; stem creeping (rooting
at the joints) ; carpels dotted, with a minute blunt point. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32.

\a.v. Jiliformis, DC: stem filiform, creeping extensively; leaves linear; flowers small. —
Ton: 4- Gr.Jl. N. Am. l.p. 16. R. filiformis, Michx. fl. \.p. 320 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 392 ;
Bart.fl. Am. Sept. 2. p. 101. t. 70, f. 2; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 224.

Stems numerous, 6-12 inches or more in length, producing leaves and roots at the joints.
Leaves scarcely one line in breadth, but occasionally broader and somewhat lanceolate.
Flowers 3-4 lines in diameter. Petals obovate. Carpels roundish, ovoid, the beak very
short and oblique.

Sandy banks of rivers and lakes ; rather rare. It is abundant on the shores of the Hudson,
about Albany and Troy ; on Lake Erie, near Sackett's Harbor ; Ciienango County (Dr. Knies-
kern), and in a few other places. Flowering from July to August.

4. Ranunculus pusillus, Poir. Bmall-Jhicered Crowfoot.

Stem usually erect ; leaves all petiolate, the lower ones ovate and subcordate, entire or
sparingly toothed, upper ones linear-lanceolate ; petals usually 3 (sometimes 1 - 5), as long
as the calyx ; carpels ovate, smooth, with a minute blunt point. — Poir. diet. 6. p. 99 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. f. 312 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 58 ; DC. prodr. l.p. 32 ; Deless. ic. 1. «. 28 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 328,- Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Amer. l.p. 17.

var. muticus : carpels without any beak. — Torr. <^ Gr. i. c.

A dwarf species, the only locality of which, in this State, so far as I can learn, is on the
Island of New-York. It occurs sparingly in the low grounds of Bloomingdale, about five
miles from the City Hall ; flowering in July. Wiien it throws up numerous stems, it is
sometimes decumbent.

5. Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Fursh. Sea Crowfoot.

Stoloniferous ; leaves cordate, ovate or reniforni, petioled, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; scape

Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE.E. 13

J - 3-flowered ; petals spatulate, longer than the calyx. — Pursh, fl. 2, p. 392 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 225 ; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. l.p.li; Ton: ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 19. R. Cymba-
laria, /3. Americana, DC. prodr. I. p. 33.

Scapes 2-6 inches high, witli one or two minute hnear leaves. Stolons extensively creep-
ing. Radical leaves smooth, somewhat fleshy, about half an inch broad ; petioles 2-4
inches long. Flowers about a third of an inch in diameter. Sepals oval, concave. Petals
5-8. Carpels ovate, acute, compressed, with several elevated ribs, disposed in dense oblong
heads.

Salt marshes on the seacoast of Long Island ; also about the salt works of Salina and
Syracuse. July - September.

t.
• »♦ Leaver more or less divided.

6. R.\NUNCULUS ABORTivus, Li/in. Kidney-leaved Croicfoot.

Smooth ; radical leaves on long petioles, reniform or broadly ovate and subcordate, crenate,
sometimes 3-cleft ; caulinc ones 3 - 5-parted, with linear-oblong, nearly entire segments ;
sepals reflexed, longer than the petals ; head of carpels globose or ovate. — Pursh, fl. 2. p.
392; DC. prodr. 1. p. 34; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 14; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 328; Torr.
4- Gr.fl. N. Amer. I. p. 19.

Plant very smooth, shining. Root consisting of thick tufted fibres. Stem simple or
branching, about a foot high. Radical leaves 1-2 inches in diameter. Flowers 2-3 lines
in diameter. Sepals ovate, obtuse, yellowish. Petals pale yellow, with a conspicuous trun-
cate and pouch-like scale. Carpels roundish, margined, pointed, with a very short straight
style, smooth and shining.

A common species in rocky woods, meadows, etc. ; beginning to flower towards the end of
April, and continuing through May. Fr. June - July.

7. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.

Smooth ; leaves petioled, 3-parled, radical ones with the divisions 3-lobed and obtusely
incised, the upper cauline ones with oblong-linear nearly entire lobes ; sepals reflexed, about
equal to the petals ; carpels minute, scarcely mucronate, disposed in oblong cylindrical heads.
— P«rs/;,/. 2.JJ. 393; DC. prodr. \. p. 'i^; Ell. sk. 2. p. 59 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. \o;
Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 339; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Amer. l.p.\9.

Plant pale green. Stem thick and rather succulent, fistulous, very leafy, branching.
Leaves 1-3 inches long, with spreading narrow segments : petioles dilated and sheathing at
the base. Flowers small. Petals pale yellow, with a roundish nectariferous pore on the
claw. Carpels a hundred or more, forming a head which is sometimes an inch in length.

A com.mon plant in low grounds and ditches ; flowering from May to August. A native
also of Europe.

14 RANUCULACE^. Ranunculus.

8. Ranunculus Purshii, Richards. Pursh's Crowfoot.

Submerged leaves divided into filiform flat segments, the emersed ones reniform, 3-5-
parted ; lobes variously divided ; petals twice as long as the reflcxed sepals ; carpels in globose
heads, smooth, with a short straight ensiform style. — Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 15 ; Torr. <^
Gr.fi. N. Am. I. p. 19.

var. 1 : leaves all filiformly dissected ; flowers large ; stem fistulous. — Hook. I. c. ; Torr.
^ Gr. I. c. R. multifidus, Pursh,fl. 2. p. 736 ; DC. prodr. I. p. 34. R. fluviatilis, Bigel.
ft. Bost. ed. \.p. 139. R. delphinifolius, Torr. in Eat. man. cd. 3 (1822), p. 424. R. lacus-
tris, Beck ^- Tracy, in Eat. man. I. c. and in trans. Alb. inst. \.p. 148 cum icon.

var. 2 : submersed leaves filiformly dissected, floating ones reniform, palmately many-cleft.
— Hook. I. c. t. 7. B.f. 7 ; Torr. 4-. Gr. I. c.

var. 3 : creeping ; lower leaves many-cleft, with linear segments ; upper ones reniform,
palmately many-cleft. — Hook. I. c. t. 7. B.f. 2; Torr. <^ Gr. I. c.

Stem in the floating varieties from one to several feet long, according to the depth of the
water, much branched ; in the creeping form shorter, and often partly erect. Circumscrip-
tion of the leaves roundish ; segments of the submerged ones 1-2 inches long. Flowers
in var. 1, as large as in R. acris, in the others smaller. Sepals ovate, colored, smooth.
Petals bright yellow, obovate, one-third longer than the sepals.

Sluggish streams, and also in still water. Common in the northern and western parts of
the State. The first and third varieties occur in ponds on Long Island rwo or three miles
from Brooklyn. May - July. A well marked species.

9. Ranunculus acris, Linn. Tall Crowfoot. Butter Cups.

Leaves pubescent or somewhat glabrous, 3 - 5-parted, with the segments deeply 3-cleft ;
lobes lanceolate, acute, the uppermost linear ; stem many-flowered ; peduncles terete ; calyx
spreading, villous ; carpels roundish, compressed, pointed with a short recurved beak. — Pursh,
fi. 2.jp. 394; DC. prodr. \.p. 36,- Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 226; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. \.p.
18; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 21.

Stem 1-2 feet high, the lower part and the petioles usually clothed with spreading hairs,
but sometimes nearly smooth. Peduncles 1-3 inches long. Flowers about an inch in
diameter, bright yellow.

Meadows and pastures, not uncommon ; flowering from June to November. The roots
and leaves arc sometimes bruised and applied to the skin, as a rubefacient, and also to pro-
duce blistering. It is a naturalized plant of European origin.

10. Ranunculus repens, Linn. Creeping Crowfoot.

Stems throwing off from the base long prostrate or creeping branches ; leaves trifoliolate ;
leaflets cuneiform, 3-lobed, incisely toothed, the middle (and generally the lateral ones also)
petiolulate ; peduncles sulcate ; calyx spreading ; carpels with a broad short rather straight

Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE^. 15

point.— Z»C. prodr. 1. j). 38; Pursh, Jl. 2. j). 394; Darlingt. fl. Cesl. p. 329; Torr. <^-
Crr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 21. R. intermedius, Eat. man. ed. 2. p. 329. R. Clintonii, Beck,Jl.
l.p. 7. R. nitidus, MuJtl. cat. ed. 2. p. 56; Ell. sk. 2. p. 60; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20.
(excl. syn. DC.)

var. 2. linearihhus {DC.) : prostrate ; stems very long, floriferous ; lobes of the leaves
very narrow. — Ton-. <^ Gr. I. c.

var. 3. Marilandicus ( Torr. <^- Gr.) : stem and petioles densely hirsute with very soft hairs ;
leaflets distinctly petiolulate. — R. Marilandicus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 126 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 291 ;
Pursh, I. c.

Stems at first, especially in var. 3, and when growing in woods, only a few inches high and
wholly erect ; but later in the season, and in rich soils, at length 1-4 feet long and mostly
prostrate, often rooting at the joints. Sometimes the whole plant is smooth, but more com-
monly the stem and petioles arc hairy. Peduncles 1-3 inches long. Flowers about two-
thirds as large as in R. acris, bright shining yellow. Carpels in a globose head, margined,
somewhat orbicular, punctate ; the beak usually straight, but sometimes a little curved.

Low grounds, particularly along rivers : var. 3, in woods. A variable species, presenting
very different appearances according to the age of the plant, soil, etc • Early in May - Aug.

11. Ranunculus FAScicuLARis, Muhl. BuncJi-rooted CroxcfooL

Plant clothed with an appressed silky pubescence ; stem short, erect or spreading ; leaves
pinnately divided ; segments oblong-obovate or cuneiform, pinnatifidly lobed ; calyx spread-
ing, villous, half the length of the petals ; heads subglobose ; carpels orbicular, tumid, slightly
margined ; style subulate, slender, a little curved, nearly as long as the carpel. — Muhl. cat.
p. 56 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 40 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 226 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 20. t. 8.
/. A.; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 329; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. l.p. 24.

Root coiflposed of thick, somewhat fleshy, fasciculate fibres. Stem 6-12 inches high,
erect or oblique. Leaves variously divided ; of the radical ones, the middle lobe is always
distinctly petioled, or separated from the lower segments by a portion of elongated naked mid-
rib ; ultimate divisions about 2 lines wide. Flowers nearly as large as in R. acris. Petals
obovate or oblong, bright or pale yellow ; scale of the claw cuneate-obovate. Carpels
minutely punctate, abruptly pointed with the slender style.

Rocky woods and sunny hill sides, particularly along rivers. Common in the northern
counties, but rather rare on the Hudson. Fl. April - May. Fr. June.

12. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, Linn. Pennsyivanian Crowfoot.

Stem and petioles hispid with spreading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous, with the hairs ap-
pressed ; lower ones on long petioles , the leaflets petiolulate , lobes lanceolate, incised ; calyx
reflexed, longer than the small petals ; heads oblong or somewhat cylindrical ; carpels broadly

16 RANUNCULACE^. Ranuncultis.

ovate, pointed with a very short oblique style. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 63 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p.
227; DC. prodr. l.p) 40; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p.lQ ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 22.
R. Canadensis, Jacg'. ic. rar. 1. t. 165. R. hispidus, Pursh,fl. 2. p. 395.

Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, usually much branched, erect, clothed with stiff horizontal
hairs. Leaves 2-4 inches in diameter ; the lower ones with petioles 3-6 inches long ;
petioles of the leaflets often an inch or more in length. Penducles obscurely grooved. Flow-
ers about three lines in diameter. Sepals ovate, rather obtuse, reflexed. Petals pale yellow,
obovate, usually shorter than the caly.x and ovoid compact head of pistils ; scale broadly
cuneate, cmarginate. Carpels viscid, very numerous.

Banks of rivers, in damp soils, chiefly on the Hudson River and in the northern counties.
Fl. latter part of July - August. Fr. September.

13. Ranunculus kecurvatus, Poir. Sanide-leaved Crowfoot.

Erect ; stem and petioles clothed with spreading stifiish hairs ; leaves 3-parted, with ap-
pressed hairs, or nearly smooth ; segments broadly oval, incisely toothed, ihs lateral ones 2-
lobed ; calyx reflexed ; petals narrowly oblong, shorter than the sepals ; heads ovoid-globose ;
carpels roundish, with a sharp hooked style. — Poir. diet. 6. p. 123 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 394 ;
Deless. ic. 1. t. 41 ; DC. prodr. l.p. 39; Ell. sk. 2. p. 63 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 20 (in
part); Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 329; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 22.

Root coarsely fibrous. Stem about a foot high. Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter, with a
pentagonal outline, petiolate. Flowers small, on short peduncles. Sepals oblong, hairy.
Petals pale yellow, often only half the length of the sepals, with a conspicuous cuneate scale
at the base. Carpels much compressed, margined ; the beak very slender, about half the
length of the carpel.

Shady woods, in rich soil ; common. Flowers from May to June.

14. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linn. Bittier-cu]}s.

Stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the neck ; radical leaves cut into 3-5 petiolated leaflets,
which are 3 - 5-cleft and incisely toothed ; peduncles sulcate ; calyx refie.xed, shorter than
the sepals ; carpels ovoid, with a short acute recurved beak. — Michx.fl. l.p. 321 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 392; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 331 ; Torr. 4. Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 24.

Root consisting of thick fibres. Stem about a foot high, clothed with appressed hairs, the
tuber at the base about the size of a filbert. Leaves hairy, deeply parted and variously
cut ; the segments short, obtusely incised and lobed. Peduncles 1-3 inches long. Sepals
externally. Petals usually 5, sometimes more, deep yellow and shining. Carpels in a globose
head.

Fields, pastures and road sides. May - July. A weed of European origin. It is one of
the most acrid of the genus.

Caltha. RANUNCULACEyE. 17

Tribe III. HELLEBORES. DC.

Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous, sometimes wanting. Calyx petaloid.
Anthers mostly extrorse. Carpels few {rarely solitary), follicular, with several seeds.

CONSPECTUS OP THE GENERA.

5. Caltha. Sepals G - 9. Petals none.

C. Trollius. Sepals 5 - 15. Petals 5 - 20, small and one-lippcd.

7. CoPTis: Sepals 5 - 6, deciduous. Petals 5 - G, with claws. Follicles stipitatc, membranaceous.

8. Hellebores. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular. Follicles sessile, coriaceous.

9. AaciLEGiA. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals b, each with a long spur.

10. Delphinium. Sepals 5, irregular, one of them spurred. Petals 4, very irregular, two of them with spurs which are

concealed in the spur of the calyx.

11. AcoNiTUM. Sepals 5, irregular, one of them large and vaulted. Petals 5, very irregular, the two upper ones on long

claws.

5. CALTHA. Linn.; DC. sijst. I. p. 306; Endl. gen. 4786. MARSH MARIGOLD.

[From the Greek, kalathos, a cup ; in allusion to the form of the flowers.]

Calyx of 5 - 10 petaloid sepals. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5 - 10 - 16.
Follicles compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, very smooth herbs. Leaves
cordate or reniform.

1. Caltha palustris, Linn. Common Marsh Marigold.

Stem erect ; leaves orbiculate-cordate or reniform, obtusely crenate, or nearly entire, the

lobes rounded; sepals usually 5 (sometimes 6), broadly oval. — Mich^.f.. I. p. 234; Pursh,

ft. 2. p. 390 ; DC.prodr. 1. p. 44 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 336 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.

p. 26.

var. integerrima : radical leaves wholly entire ; floral ones sessile, obscurely crenate ;
petals obovate.— Torr. <$- Gr. I. c. C. integerrima, Pursh, I. c; DC.prodr. \.p. 45.

Root consisting of coarse fasciculate fibres. Stem 6-10 inches high, erect, rather thick
and succulent, corymbosely or dichotoraously branched above. Radical leaves 2-4 inches
broad, on petioles 3-8 inches or more in length, sometimes acutely toothed. Flowers few,
somewhat corymbose, an inch or more in diameter, bright yellow. Sepals about twice as long
as the stamens. Carpels 8 - 10, oblong, somewhat recurved, mucronate with the style. Seeds
oblong, dark purple, horizontally arranged in a double scries.

Common in swamps. Var. integerrima, near Peekskill (Dr. Crandell). Fl. April - May.
In its early spring state, the plant is used as a potherb, or one of the numerous articles called
" greens " in the United States. A syrup prepared from it is a popular remedy for coughs.

[Flora.] 3

18 RANUNCULACEiE. Trollius.

6. TROLLIUS. Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 311 ; Endl. gen. 4787. GLOBE-FLOWER.

[Said to be dcrivcJ from (lie German word IroUa, or Irolcn, signifying a ball or globe]

Calyx of 5 - 10 - 15 deciduous pclaloid sepals. Petals 5 - 25, small, 1-lipped, tubular at
the base. Stamens and ovaries numerous. Follicles numerous, sessile, somewhat cylin-
drical, many-seeded. — Perennial glabrous herbs having the appearance of Ranunculus,
with fibrous-fasciculate roots, and palmately divided leaves ; the segments many cleft.
Flowers yellow.

1. Trollius laxus, BaUsh. (Plate III.) A7nerican Glohe-Jlower.

Sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens. — Salisb. in Linn, trans.
8. p. 303 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 391 ; Bot. mag. t. 1988 ; Lodd. hot. cab. t. 56 ; Gray in ann. lye.
N. York, 3. p. 222; Ton: <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 28. T. Americanus, MuU. cat. p. 56 ;
DC. prod. l.p. 46; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 23.

Plant 1-2 feet high, erect. Radical leaves on petioles 6-8 inches long ; upper cauline
ones sessile. Flower about twice as large as in Ranunuculus acris. Sepals broadly obovate,
ochrolcucous, with a tinge of green underneath. Petals scarcely half llie length of ilic sta-
mens, deep orange yellow. Stamens about half the length of the petals ; anthers linear-oblong.
Carpels 8-15. Seed oblong, horizontal, somewhat angular.

Sphagiious swamps near Utica {Dr. Gray). Jamestown, Chautauquc county {Miss C.
Hazeltine). Wet woods. Mount Hope, near Rochester {Prof. Dewey). Fl. Early in May. —
A rare and handsome plant, looking at a little distance like a large-llovvcrcd Ranunculus.

7. COPTIS. SaHsb.inLinn. trans. 8. p. 305; Endl. gen. 4:792. GOLDTHREAD.

[From tlic Greek, lco2>lo, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves]

Calyx of 5 - 6 petaloid deciduous sepals. Petals 4 - 6. Stamens 15 - 25. Follicles 3 - 10,
on long stalks and somewhat stcllately diverging, membranaceous, ovate-oblong, pointed
with the style, 4 - 8-seeded. — Herbs, with radical somewliat coriaceous divided leaves and
very slender creeping rliizomas.

^. CnnvsA, Raf. Petals very small, cucullate-obconic.

1. CoPTis TRiFOMA, Sidish. CommoTi Goldthread.

IjCavcs trifuliolatc ; leaflets cuneiform-obovate, crenately and mucronatcly toothed, ob-
scurely 3-lobcd ; scape 1-flowered. — Salisb. I. c. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 390; Bigel. nicd. but. 1
t. 5; DC. prodr. 1. p. 47 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 23 ; Torr. <^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 28.
Helleborus trifolius, Linn. ; Michx.fl. l.p. 325. Chrysa borcalis, Ruf. in Dtsv. jour. bot.
2. p. 170.

CoPTis. . RANUNCULACE/E. 19

Rhizoma horizontal, throwing off numerous long and slender bright yellow fibres of an in-
tensely bitter taste. Leaves evergreen, on long petioles, very smooth and shining, strongly
veined ; leaflets about an inch long. Scape slender, but somewhat rigid and wiry, 3-6
inches long. Flowers about two-lhirds of an inch in diameter. Sepals 5-7 oblong, obtuse,
white, sometimes purplish underneath. Petals much shorter than the sepals, yellow at the
base. Carpels acuminate with the persistent curved style. Seeds oblong, smooth and shining ;
raphe indistinct.

Common in sphagnous swamps, and in damp shady woods around the roots of trees ; flower-
ing in May, and ripening its fruit about the end of June. The root is a pure bitter, like that of
Quassia, without any astringency. It is extensively employed as a tonic, both in domestic
practice, and as an ordinary article of the materia medica.

8. HELLEBORUS. Adans. ; Endl. gen. 4789. HELLEBORE.

[From the Greek, hclcin, to cause death, and iffra, food; the plant being poisonous]

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8-10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Sta-
mens numerous. Stigma orbicular. Follicles 3 - 10, slightly cohering at the base, coria-
ceous, many-seeded. Seeds elhptical, fungous at the hilum. — Perennial herbs (natives of
Europe and Asia). Leaves coriaceous, the radical ones palmately or pcdately divided.
Flowers large, nodding.

1. Helleborus viridis, Linn. Green Hellebore.

Radical leaves glabrous, pedately divided ; the cauline few, nearly sessile, palmately
parted; peduncles often geminate; sepals roundish-ovate, green (DC). — Jacq. Jl. Austr.
t. 106 ; Eng. hot. t. 200 ; MiM. cat. p. 56 ; DC. prodr. l.p.Al; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1 .
p. 659 (suppl.).

Plant about a foot high, smooth, usually a little branched above. Rhizoma rather thick and
woody. Radical leaves on long petioles, 5-8 inches wide, divided into 7-15 lanceolate
serrated lobes. Flowers an inch or more in diameter. Petals shorter than the stamens.

On the plains near Jamaica, and in a wood near Brooklyn, Long Island {Mr. A. Halsey,
and Mr. R. J. Brownne). xVpril. A native of Europe, but fully naturahzed in these localities.

9. AQUILEGIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4795. columbine.

[Latin, aquila, an eagle ; the spurs of the petals having some resemblance to eagles' claws.]

Sepals 5, deciduous, colored. Petals 5, somewhat bilabiate ; the outer lip large, flat and
spreading ; inner one very small, produced at the base into as many hollow spurs or horns,
which descend between the sepals. Follicles 5, erect, many-seeded, pointed with the
style. — Perennial herbs, with bi- or triternate leaves. Flowers terminal, scattered.

3*

20 RANUNCULACE^E. Aqtjilegia.

1. Aquilegia Canadensis, Linn. Canadian Colmnhine.

Spur straight, larger than the limb ; sepals avate or oblong, a little larger than the petals ;
stamens and styles exserted. — Michx. Jl. I. p. 36; DC. prodr. 1. p. 50; Bot. mag. t. 246 ;
Bart. Jl. Amer. Sept. 1 . ^ 36 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Amer. 1 . p. 24 (in part) ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest.
p. 320; Torr. 4- Gr.Jl. N. Ayji. \.p. 29.

Root fusiform. Stem 12-18 inches high, paniculately branched, smooth. Leaves on
long petioles, glaucous underneath, commonly biternate ; leaflets cuneiform, crenately lobed.
Flowers on slender pedicels, pendulous, scarlet externally, yellowish within. Spurs about
an inch long, swollen, slightly curved and callous at the extremity. Ovaries pubescent :
styles a little longer than the stamens.

Rocky hill-sides ; flowering from the end of April to July.

10. DELPHINIUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4796. LARKSPUR-

[From the Greek, delphin, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal.]

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid, irregular , the upper one produced into a spur at the base.
Petals 4, irregular ; the two superior ones furnished with a spur-like appendage at the
base, inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1-5, mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. —
Annual or perennial herbs with erect branched stems. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided.
Flowers in terminal racemes, commonly blue.

§. CoNsoLiDA, DC. Ovary solitary : petals united into one : inner spur of one piece. — Annual.

1. Delphinium Consolida, Linn. Common Larkspur.

Stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branched ; flowers few in a loose raceme ; pedicels
longer than the bracts ; carpels smooth. — DC. p)rodr. I. p. 51; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 372; Torr.
4- Gr.Jl. N. Am. \.p. 30.

Annual. About a foot high. Leaves divaricately divided into numerous linear segments.
Flowers numerous, in a long raceme, bright blue. Pedicels about an inch long.

Fields and road sides : naturalized in a few places. July - August.

12. ACONITUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. i797. WOLFSBANE.

[From Acone, a town in Bithynia.]

Sepals 5, petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; the upper one (galea) large, vaulted ; lateral ones
roundish ; the 2 lower oblong. Petals 5 ; the 3 lower ones minute, often converted into
stamens ; the 2 upper on long claws, expanded into a sac or short spur at the summit, con-
cealed under the galea. Follicles 3-5, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves pal-
mately divided.
The species of this genus contain a powerful narcotic principle called Aconitine.

AcoNiTUM. RANUNCULACE^. 21

1. AcoNiTUM UNCINATUM, Linn. American Moonlislwod.

Panicle rather loosely flowered, with diverging branches ; galea obtusely conic, compressed,
with an obtuse beak; spur thick, inclined; leaves deeply 3-lobed. — Michx. fl. 1. p. 315;
Bot. mag. f. 1119 ; DC. ■prodr. I. p. GO ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 20 ; Torr. ^. Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 34.

Root tuberous. Stem ilexuous, slender, 2-5 feet long, often reclining. Leaves 3-5
inches in diameter, 3 - 5-parted, the segments laciniately and mucronately toothed. Flowers
as large as in A. Napdlus, bright blue. Ovaries 3-5, villous.

In wet places on mountains, Chenango county {Major J. LeConte : v. s. in herh. LeConte).
No other botanist has found this plant vpithin the limits of our State. Dr. Knieskern lately
searched for it in Chenango county, but without success.

Tribe IV. CIMICIFUGEjE. Torr. ^ Gr.

Sepals petaloid. Petals {dilated sterile filaments or staminodia ?) 3-6. Anthers introrse
or innate. Carpels few, sometimes solitary, rarely numerous, follicular or baccate,
sometimes indehiscent and one-seeded. Flowers by aboi'tion occasionally diclinous.

12. ACT.(EA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4799. baneberry.

[Name from the Greek, dkU:, elder; which this genus resembles in its foliage.]

Sepals 4-5. Petals (or staminodia) 4-8, spatulate. Stamens numerous : anthers in-
trorse. Stigma capitate, sessile. Carpels solitary, baccate, many-seeded. Seeds com-
pressed, smooth, horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Leaves bi-triternately divided ; segments
ineisely serrate. Flowers in simple racemes, white.

1. AcT^A RUBRA, Bigel. White Colwsk.

Raceme ovate ; pedicels longer than the flower, scarcely any thicker in fruit ; petals rhombic-
ovate, acute, shorter than the stamens ; fruit nearly ovoid, (red.) — Bigel. fl. Bost. p.2\\ ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 35. A. Americana, var. rubra,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 366. A. brachypetala, var. rubra, DC. j^rodr. 1. p. 65. A. spicata, var.
rubra, Michx. fl. l.p. 308.

Stem li-2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate,
acuminate, 1-2 inches long, unequally and ineisely serrate ; the terminal one often 3-clcft.
Raceme 20 - 40-flowered, broadly ovate or hemispherical. Sepals 4, greenish, ovate. Pe-
tals sometimes 8 - 10, minute. Berries bright cherry red, tlie size of a large pea, about
16-seeded ; tlie pedicels half an inch long, and not one-fourtli as thick as the peduncle, at
length spreading horizontally.

Rocky woods ; not rare. Fl. May. Fr. August - September.

22 RANUNCULACEiE. Actjea.

2. AcT^A ALBA, Bigcl. fJ Mte Cohosh.

Raceme oblong ; pedicels as long as llie flower, much thickened in fruit ; petals oblong,
truncate at the apex, shorter than the stamens; fruit roundish-ovoid, (white.) — Bigel. ft.
Bost.p. 211 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. \. p. 27 ; Torr. <]• Gr.fl. N. Am. \. p. 35. A. Americana,
var. alba, Pursh,fl. 2. p. 336. A. spicata, var. alba, Michx.fl. I. p. 308. A. brachypetala,
var. a. & S. DC. prodr. \.p. 65.

Plant about two feet high ; in foliage and inflorescence resembling the preceding species.
Petals often emarginate or two-toothed at the apex. Pedicels of the flowers nearly as thick
as the peduncle, at length J - 1 inch long, spreading, red. Berry about one-third of an inch
in diameter, milk-white, and often tipped with purple.

Rocky woods ; more common than the preceding in ihe southern counties. Fl. May. Fr.
Aug. - Sept. A mild astringent and tonic (See Wood i^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. app. 1067).
These two species are generally very distinct, and easily recognized by their peduncles and
berries ; but intermediate forms now and then occur. Dr. Knieskern found, in Cattaraugus
county, an Actasa with thick peduncles and red berries. He did not find it in flower.

13. CIMICIFUGA. Linn. ; Juss. gen. p. 234:. BUGBANE.

[From the Latin, cimex, a bug, trndfugo, to drive away.]

Sepals 4 - 5. Petals (or staminodia) 3 - 5, concave or unguiculate, sometimes by abortion
fewer or none. Stamens numerous : anthers introrse. Style short : stigma simple. Car-
pels 1-8, follicular, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves bi-triternately divided;
segments incisely serrate. Flowers in virgate racemes, white.

&. Macrotvs, Raf. Monogynnus : carpels subglobosc: seeds compressed, smooth, horizontal : stami-
nodia several, very small, with long claws. (Botrophis, Raf. ; Fisch. cf Meyer.)

1. CiMiciFUGA RACEMosA, EH. (Plate IV). Black Snake-root. Rattle-iveed.

Racemes very long ; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely-toothed ; staminodia slender, 2-forked. —
Ell. sk. 2. p. 16 ; Torr. compend. p. 219 ; Torr. <Sf Gr. ft. N. Am. 1. p. 36. Aetata race-
mosa, Linn, avicr.n. acad. l.p. 193. t. 4; Michx. fl. \.p. 308; DC.p)rodr. \. p. 64 ; Hook,
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27. Macrotys actaeoides, Raf. in Desv. jour. hot. 2. p. 170. Botrophis
serpentaria, Raf. mcd. fl. 1 . p. 85. B. actaeoides, Fischer <^ Meyer, ind. sem. St. Petersb.
1835. Chrisliphoriana, <^c. Dill. Elth. 79. t. 61. f. 78.

Root thick and knotted, with long fibres. Stem 3-8 feet high, smooth and furrowed,
leafy near the middle. Leaves triternate ; leaflets 2-3 inches long. Racemes compound,
terminal, 6-12 inches long : pedicels 3-4 lines long, bracteate. Flowers very fojtid.
Stamens very numcrou.s, wliite. Sepals roundish-ovate, very caducous, greenish white.
Staminodia 4-8, cleft nearly half way down. Carpels globose-ovoid, obliquely beaked
with the short tliick persistent style. Seeds 7-8, angular.

CiMiciFuoA. RANUNCULACEyE. 23

Woods, in rich soil, not rare. Fl. Latter part of June - July. Fr. September. A showy
plant when in flower. It is a popular remedy in most parts of the United Slates, being consi-
dered tonic and astringent, stimulating the secretions of the skin, kidneys, uterus and lungs.
See Wood cj- Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 200.

14. TIIALICTRUM. Linn. ; Emll. gen. 4772. meadow hue.

[Grccic, thnlhj to he green or Hourisliing.]

Sepals 4, rarely 5, petaloid, usually caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous ; anthers
innate. Carpels (achenia) 4-15, pointed with the short style or stigma, sulcata or ribbed,
sometimes inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves bi-tritcrnately divided.
Flowers co;ymbosc or paniculate, often diojcious or polygamous, greenish-white or yellow.

^ 1. EuTHALlCTRUM, DC. Carpels ovoid or ollong, ribbed, sessile or slightly siipilate.
+ S^pak cadurous, shorter than the stamens: root fibrous.

1. Thalictrum dioicum, Linn. Early Meadoto Rue.

Very smooth, dicecious or polygamous ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear, elongated,
mucronate ; leaves on short petioles, ternately decompound ; leaflets rounded, crenatclv and
obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels oblong, sessile,
strongly ribbed, twice the length of the slender curved style. — rursh, Jl. 2. p. 388; DC.
prodr. \.p. 12; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 3; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 333; Ton: ^ Gr.JI. N.
Am. \.p. 39. T. lasvigatum, Michx.Jl. I. p. 322.

Stem 1-2 feet high, slender, somewhat branched, with sheathing stipules at the base.
Common petiole 1-3 inches long ; leaflets about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, more
or less distinctly 3-lobcd, the lobes crenately toothed. Sepals 4-5, oval, obtuse, often pur-
plish. Filaments much longer than the sepals, weak, almost capillary and nearly of the
Game thickness throughout ; anthers yellowish. Fertile flowers with 6-8 stamens. Pistils
6 - 10 ; the styles (including the stigmatic portion) longer than the ovary ; the persistent base,
in maturity, shorter than the carpel : stigmas linear, elongated.

Common in woods, particularly in rich soil among rocks. Fl. April - May. Fr. June,

2. Thalictrum Cornuti, Linn. Common Meadow Rue.

Dioecious or polygamous; filaments somewhat clavate ; anthers oblong, obtuse; leaves
sessile (the petiole divided to the base), ternately decompountl ; leaflets roundish-obovate or
elliptical, 3-lobed, with the lobes rather acute, glaucous or somewhat pubescent beneath ; pe-
duncles longer than the leaves ; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice
as long as the style ; stigma linear-oblong. — Linn. sp. p. 7G8 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 338 ; Hook.

24 RANUNCULACE^. Thalictrum.

fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 3. t.2 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 38. T. pubescens, Pursh, I. c.
T. corynellum and T. revolutum, DC. prod. I. p. 12. T. polygamum, Miihl. cat. p. 56. T.
rugosum and Cornuti, Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 334.

Stem 3-6 feet high, branching. Leaves very large, always sessile, the divisions of the pe-
tiole elongated ; leaflets variable in size, form and pubescence, ovate, elliptical or roundish ;
often cordate at the base, but sometimes cuneate ; lateral ones sometimes entire ; the veins
either scarcely prominent, or elevated and rugose ; margin commonly revolute. Panicle com-
pound, loose. Sepals greenish-white, oblong, much shorter than the stamens. Ovaries
about 12, styles short ; stigmas thick, pubescent. Carpels about 3 lines long, slightly stipi-
tate, beaked with the persistent style.

A common tall plant in wet meadows, varying in its foliage according to the degree of
exposure and shade. Fl. July - August. Fr. September.

■ft Sepals somewhat persistent, longer than the stumms : root grumous. — (Sy ndesmon, Hoffmannsegg.)

3. Thalictrum anemonoides, Limi. Rue A7ie7)wne.

Root fasciculately tuberous ; flowers few, large, umbellate ; floral leaves resembling an in-
volucre ; radical ones biternate. — Michx.fl. 1. p. 322 ; DC. prod. \, p.\5; Juss. ann. mus. 3.
p. 249. t.2l.f. 2; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 4; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 333; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. \. p. 39 ; Brit. fl. gard. (2. ser.) t. 150. Anemone thalictroides, Linn. ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 387 ; Willd. hart. Berol. 1. t.44; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 233 ; Bart. fl. Am. Sept. 2.
t. 44 ; Bot. mag. t. 866.

Root composed of several club-shaped fleshy tubers. Stems or scapes 4-8 inches high,
commonly several from one root. Radical leaves on long slender petioles ; cauline ones 1-3,
verticillate, sessile, trifoliolate ; leaflets petiolulate, roundish, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed. Pedun-
cles 3-6, one-flowered, 1-2 inches long. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter, the central
one (the first that expands) commonly larger than the others. Sepals 6 - 10, elliptical, white,
sometimes slightly tinged with purple, twice as long as the stamens. Filaments filiform, or
somewhat clavate : anthers oblong. Ovaries 6-10: style none: stigma simple. Carpels
oblong, acute, prominently ribbed, slightly stipitate.

Common in most parts of the State, in open woods, but rather scarce in the western coun-
ties. It begins to flower in the latter part of April, and continues till June. Although so
strongly resembling Anemone in its flower, the fruit shows that its true place is in the genus
Thalictrum.

Zanthorhiza. RANUNCULACE/E. 25

15. ZANTHORHIZA. Marsh, arb. \67 ; Endl. gen. i803. YELLOW-ROOT.

[Prom the Greek, xarUhos, yellow, and rhiza, a root ]

Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals 5, of 2 roundish gland-like lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens
5-10. Ovaries 5-10-15, pointed with the curved styles, 2 - 3-ovuled. Follicles
membranaceous, sessile, compressed, obtuse, mostly 1-seeded. beed suspended. — Suf-
frutescent : the root and bark yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnately divided, the segments
incised. Racemes appearing with the leaves, compound. Flowers minute, dark purple ;
often, by abortion, polygamous.

1. Zanthokhiza apiifolia, L'Her. Yellow-root.

Viler, stirp. nov. p. 79. t. 38; Lam. ill. t. 854 ; B. S. Bart. elem. hot. t. 12; Duham.
arb. ed. nov. 3. p. 181. t. 37, ex DC. syst. \.p. 386 ; Bart. {W. P. C.) veg. mat. med. 2. t.
46 ; Torr. <^ Gr. p. 1 . 40. Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Marsh. I. c.

Root large. Plant 2-3 feet high, branching. Outer bark grayish ; the liber yellow.
Leaves quinatcly pinnate ; lobes ovate, 1-2 inches long, acute, sharply and incisely serrate
and lobed ; petioles 2-5 inches long. Racemes 2-4 inches long, slender, pendulous.
Sepals elliptical, lanceolate, tapering at the base. Petals scarcely one-fifth as long as the
stamens, the limb consisting of two roundish purple lobes, supported on a short narrow claw.
Ovaries (in the pistillate plant) 12 - 15, oblong, terminated by a curved style of more than
their own length. Follicles (in the pistillate plant) 7-10, membranaceous, 2-valved above,
gibbous at the base, obtuse and somewhat recurved at the summit, the persistent style, at
maturity (from the growth of the ventral suture) attached to the back about two-thirds of the
way from the base. Seed ovoid, suspended from the summit. Embryo near the base of
fleshy, very oily, albumen.

In a dark ravine, Sherburne, 11 miles from Hamilton {Dr. Douglass). Fl. April and begin-
ning of May. I have seen no slaminate or perfect flowers of this plant.

[Flora.]

26 RANUNCULACE^. Hydrastis.

Tribe V. HYDRASTIDEjE. Torr. 4- Gr.

Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous : anthers innate. Ovaries

numerous, 2-ovuled : styles short : stigmas dilated, induplicate. Fruit composed of

baccate 1 - 2-seeded carpels, crowded in a globose head. — Herbaceous, perennial ;

rhizoma and roots yellow and bitter. Stem simple, 2-leaved, \-jlowered ; the foliage and

fruit resembling a llubus.

16. HYDRASTIS. Linn.; Juss. gen. p. 232 ; Endl. gen. ^111 . yellow-ROOT.

[Supposed to be from the Greek hydor, water; because it giows in moist places.]
Character same as of the tribe.

1. Hydrastis Canadensis, Linn. Yelloio-root.

Michx.Jl. I. p. 317; Pursh,fl. 2.^.389; Ell. sk.2. p. 55 ; DC.prodr. \.p.5Z ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 336 ; Bot. mag. t. 3019, and t. 3232 (the fruit). Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 40.
Warneria Canadensis, Mill. diet.

Rhizoma a thick yellowish fleshy oblong tuber, about three-fourths of an inch long ; roots
consisting of numerous strong fibres. Stem 6-10 inches high, simple, pubescent, with
several oblong, sheathing, greenish-yellow stipules at the base. The summit usually 2-leaYed,
and sometimes a separate radical leaf on a long petiole. Leaves 2-5 inches wide, palmately
3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes acute, doubly serrate : lower leaf petiolate ; upper one sessile. Pe-
duncle an inch long. Calyx pale rose-color, small, falling very soon after the flower is
expanded. Stamens very numerous, filaments linear-spatulate : anthers oval. Ovaries in a
globose head : stigmas compressed, dilated. Carpels succulent when ripe, forming a com-
pound purplish fruit about the size of a large raspberry. Seeds obovate ; testa crustaceous,
nearly black, shining, lined with a thin and membranaceous tegmen. Embryo minute, at
the base of somewhat fleshy and oily albumen.

Shady moist woods. Parma, Monroe County, and Clinton, Oneida County ; rare {Dr.
Bradley). Fl. April - May. Fr. July.

The root (or rhizoma) is a bitter tonic and stimulant {Lindl. med. bot. ; Wood ^ Bache's
U. S. Dispens. p. 200). This plant has received various names, such as Wild Curcuma,
Golden Seal, Yellow Puccoon, Orange-root.

Magnolia. MAGNOLIACE^. 27

Order IL MAGNOLTACE/E. Juss. The Magnolia Tribe.

Calyx of 3 - 6 deciduous sepals, somewhat petaloid. Petals 3 to many, usually
in several rows. Stamens numerous ; filaments short ; anthers long, adnate
and introrse. Ovaries several in a single row, or numerous and spicate on a
prolonged receptacle or axis : styles short or none ; stigmas simple. Carpels
numerous, 1 - 2-seeded, aggregated or connate, and forming a strobile or cone-
like fruit. Seeds anatropous, suspended or ascending, often with a pulpy
exterior covering. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. — Trees or
shrubs, with large, alternate, usually coriaceous leaves, which arc commonly
punctate with minute dots : stipules membranaceous, convolute or applied face
to face, caducous.

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4:737. MAGNOLIA.

[Named in honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botanist.]

Sepals 3, caducous, sometimes none, or confounded with the petals. Petals 6 - 12, caducous.
Carpels 1 - 2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit, dehiscent by the dorsal suture.
Seeds baccate, cordate when ripe, and tlie carpel opens suspended by a long funiculus
composed entirely of spiral vessels. — Trees (rarely only large shrubs). Flowers solitary
and showy, mostly fragrant.

1. JNIagnolia glauca, Linn. Common Magnolia. Sioeet Bay. Brewster.

Leaves oblong or oval, white beneath ; petals 9-12, ovate, narrowed at the base, erect. —
Michx. Jl. I. p. 327 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. p. 274. t. 52 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 37 ; Bigel. ft. Bost. p.
229, and med. hot. t. 26; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 325 ; Torr. 4- Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 42.

A shrub or small tree, from 8 to 30 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Leaves 3-5
inches long and 1-2 inches wide, rather acute, or obtuse, bright shining green above, very
glaucous beneath, silky when young, deciduous. Flowers terminal, 2-3 inches in diameter,
on thick peduncles of about an inch in length, very fragrant. Sepals oblong, concave.
Petals white, as long as the sepals. Carpels in a head 1 - I5 inch long, ovate, opening lon-
gitudinally, 1-seeded. Seeds as large as small peas, bright red, suspended for some time on
a long thread-like funiculus.

Cedar swamps {Cupressus thuyoides). Long Island: not found elsewhere in the State.
May - June. Fr. September.

The bark of this plant is a stimulating aromatic tonic and diaphoretic. Wood <^ Bache's
U. S. Dispens.

4*

28 MAGNOLTACE/E. Magnolia.

2. Magnolia acuminata, Linn. Cucmnber Tree.

Leaves decidous, oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; petals 6 9, oblong-obovale. —

Micluc.fl. \.p. 328; Michx.f. sylv. \.p. 278. t. 53; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 381 ; Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N.

Am. 1. p. 43."

A tree 50 - 70 feet or more in height, and sometimes four feet in diameter. Leaves 6-8
inches Ion"-, and 3-5 inches wide, membranaceous, more or less pubescent underneath.
Flowers, when fully expanded, 5-6 inches in diameter, of a yellowish color, glaucous
externally. Fruit nearly cylindrical, often a little curved, about 3 inches long and three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, when green resembling a young cucumber.

Not uncommon in the western part of the State. The younger Michaux found it on tlie
Niagara river near the falls, nearly its northern limit. Prof. J. Hall observed it at Lewiston
and Portage ; also in Cattaraugus, where it attains a great size. Dr. Knieskern saw it in
Alleghany, Cattaraugus, Chautauque, Erie, Niagara and Orleans counties. Greece, Monroe
county {Dr. Bradley). Cayuga lake {Dr. Alexander Tho7npson). It is said to grow between
Owego and Ithaca, and in Steuben and Chemung counties. Dr. Allen Wass informs me that
it grows about four miles north of New-Lebanon Springs, Columbia county. In Erie county
and other places, Dr. Knieskern says that it is sawed into boards and used for floors, etc.
and also for cabinet work. The grain resembles that of Bass wood {Tilia), but it is more
compact, and takes a finer polish. The bark of the tree is a mild aromatic, tonic and dia-
phoretic. Lindl. mod. hot. Wood <Sf Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 417.

Magnolia Umbrella (tripelala, Linn.) is said by the younger Michaux to grow in the northern
part of New-York, but this must be a mistake, for no other botanist has found it in so high a
latitude. He probably meant the western or southwestern part, for it occurs in Pennsylvania,
and probably in some of the counties bordering that State. I have, however, concluded not
to admit it into our Flora, till it is actually found within the limits of New- York.

2. LIRIODENDRON. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4740. tulip tree.

[Grcel{, kirUm, a lily, and ikndron, a tree ; from the form of its flowers.]

Sepals 3, caducous. Corolla of 6 petals, campanulate. Carpels densely imbricated, 1-2-
scedcd, deciduous, indchiscent, the summit lengthened into a lanceolate wing. — A large
tree. Leaves deciduous, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe emarginatcly truncate, the lateral ones
often with 2 sinuses. Flowers large, solitary, greenish-yellow, orange within. Stipules
flat.

1. LiKiouENouoN Tulipii'eka, Linn. Tulip Tree. Tulip Foplar.

Michx. Jl. 1. p. 326 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. p. 30. <. 61 ; Bot. mag. t. 275 ; Bigel. med. hot.
t. 31 j Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 326 ; Land. arb. Brit, abr.p. 36.

A large tree, 40 - 70 - 80 feet high, and 1-3 feet in diameter (in the western States

LiKioDENDRON. MAGNOLIACE^. 29

much larger) ; the trunk is perfectly straight, and of nearly uniform diameter for some distance
upward ; and the branches are very regularly disposed. The stipules are large, united face
to face, forming a kind of pouch out of which tiie j'oung leaves protrude. Flowers when
fully expanded, about two inches in diameter, each with 2 large caducous bracts at the base.
Sepals obovate-oblong, spreading, and at length reflexed. Petals oblong-obovate, obtuse,
greenish-yellow, the lower half mixed with orange and red. Stamens nearly as long as the
petals, in a single series ; filaments stout, a little incurved ; anthers linear and very long.
Ovaries numerous, closely appressed to the axis : style none ; stigmas, recurved. Fruit an
elongated acute cone, about 2 inches long, consisting of numerous woody carpels, which are
often mostly abortive, 1 - 2-celled.

Fertile woods, common in most parts of the State. Fl. Latter part of May and earlj' part
of June. Fr. Sept. The wood is valuable, being strong, light and close grained. It is used
for inside work in building, and pannel work, trunks, etc. There are two varieties known
to mechanics, the White and the Yellow Poplar ; the latter being much preferred, as of finer
grain, and more durable. The bark is a stimulating tonic and diaphoretic, and, according to
the late Prof. Emmet, owes its active properties to a volatile crystalline principle, called by
him Liriodendrin. The bark is said to enter into the composition of Milne's Tomato Pill.
See Wood 4- Eache's U. S. Dispens. p. 408.

Order III. ANONACE^, Juss. The Custard-apple Tribe.

Sepals 3-4, persistent, often united at the base. Petals 6, in two rows, hypo-
gynous, coriaceous ; the aestivation valvular. Stamens numerous, inserted on
a hypogynous torus; the anthers extrorse, connective, large, 4-angled, and
sometimes nectariferous at the summit. Carpels usually numerous (sometimes
few), separate or cohering ; styles short, or none ; stigmas simple ; ovules soH-
tary or several, erect or ascending. Fruit composed of few, or mostly nume-
rous carpels, closely aggregated, and sometimes cohering and forming a fleshy
or pulpy mass when mature. Seeds one or more in each carpel ; the testa
brittle; embryo minute, at the base of hard ruminated albumen. — Trees or
shrubs, with alternate, entire, usually dotted leaves, which are destitute of"
stipules. Flowers axillary, large, of a dull brown, whitish or greenish color.

30 ANONACE^. Uvaria.

1. UVARIA. Linn. ; Blume ; Alph. DC. mem. Anon. p. 25 ; Endl. gen. 4717.
[So named from nva, a grape; from the form of the fruit in some species.]

Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6. Ovaries few or numerous. Carpels oblong, baccate,
often torulose, pulpy within, several-seeded. Low aromatic trees or shrubs, with deciduous
leaves, and usually purplish flowers.

§. AsiMiNA, Adans. Carpels by abortion 2 • 3 or solitary ; inner petals smaller than the outer
ones; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, which are sometimes bracteolate.

1. Uvaria triloba, Torr. Sf Gr. Papaw.

Leaves oblong, obovate, acuminate, membranaceous ; flowers arising from the axils of
former leaves ; petals dark purple, the exterior ones roundish, 3-4 times the length of the
sepals. — Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. jj. 45. Anona triloba, Li7in. ; Michx. f. sylv. 2. t. 60.
Orchidocarpum arictinum, Michx. fl.. \.p. 329. Porcelia triloba, Pers. syn. 2. p. 95 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 383. Asimina triloba, Dunal, Anon. p. 81 ; DC. prodr. l.p,87 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 42;
Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 325; Lond. arb. Brit. abr. p. 38.

A shrub or small tree 6-10 feet or more in height, with a smooth grayish bark and slender
branches. Leaves 6-8 inches long, 2J - 3j inches wide, on short petioles ; the veins
clothed with a brownish pubescence when young, but smooth when old. Flowers appearing
rather before the leaves, on recurved pubescent peduncles. Sepals ovate, green, with a pur-
plish pubescence externally. Petals of a dull purple, mixed with yellow, about an inch long,
spreading, and more or less recurved. Stamens crowded on the torus. Ovaries 3 to 7, oblong,
longer than the stamens. Fruit 2-3 inches long, consisting of one, or sometimes of several
pulpy carpels, of a yellowish color. It is usually of an oval form, gibbous and irregular ;
fragrant, and palatable to some persons. The seeds are oval, compressed, of a light brown
color, and about three-fourths of an inch long ; the albumen is verj' distinctly ruminated.

Banks of rivers, in rich damp soil. Greece, Monroe county {Dr. Bradley). On Chau-
tauque creek, where it empties into Lake Erie, abundant ; also in several places further
east {Dr. Knieskern). Prof. J. Hall informs me that it grows at Lewiston and Middleport,
Niagara county. Fl. May. Fr. August.

Menispermum. MENISPERMACE^. 31

Order IV. MENISPERMACEyE. Juss. The Moonseed Tribe.

Flowers dioecious, rai'ely monoecious or polygamous. Sepals 3 - 12, in 1 to 3
rows, deciduous. Petals 1-8 (usually as many as the sepals), sometimes
wanting in the pistillate flower. Stamens distinct or monadelphous, equal in
number to the petals and opposite to them, or 2 - 4 times as many : anthers
adnate or innate, and consisting of four globose lobes, or with the cells hori-
zontal and placed end to end, ojaeiiing longitudinally. Ovaries usually several,
distinct or rarely united ; commonly only one or two of them fructify. Fruit
a drupe or berry, one-seeded, when young nearly straight, but at length be-
coming oblique, lunate, or so much incurved that the apex and base are
brought into contact ; the nut (endocarp) bony, and often tuberculate on the
broad margin. "Seed heterotropous, conformed to the cavity of the nut.
Embryo large, enclosed in the rather thin fleshy albumen. — Climbing or
twining shrubby or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
simple and palmately veined. Flowers minute, in racemes or panicles.

1. MENISPERMUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. A685. MOOSSEED

[From men-e, the moon, and sperTUa, a seed ; the seeds or nuts being usually lunate.]

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 - 8, in a double series. Petals 4-8, in a double series ; some-
times none. Stam. Fl. Stamens 12 - 20, distinct. Pistill. Fl. Ovaries 1 - 4 (usually
solitary). Drupes 1-4 (usually solitary), globose-reniform. Racemes axillary, or supra-
axillary. Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar.

1. Menispermum Canadense, Linn. Canadian Moonseed.

Leaves peltate, with the petiole near the base, smoothish, angularly lobed, the lobes acute
or obtuse ; racemes compound ; sepals 4 - 7 ; petals 6 - 7, very small, somewhat fleshy ;
stamens 15 - 19 ; anthers innate, 4-lobed. — Micltx.fl. 2. p. 241 ; Lam. diet. t. 824 ; Pursh,
f,. 2. p. 370 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 540 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 715 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 570 ; Torr. c)j-
Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 48. M. Virginicum, Linn. ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 824.

Stem suffruticose at the base, or entirely herbaceous, 8-15 feet or more in length, slender.
Leaves 3-4 inches long, and of rather greater breadth, with 3-5 angular, lobes, often cor-
date at the base, pubescent on the veins and somewhat glaucous underneath ; the petioles
about as long as the leaves. Flowers very small, greenish yellow ; the sterile ones in pani-
culate supra-axillary racemes : pedicels about one line long, bracteolale. Sepals commonly
4-5, obovate-oblong. Petals much smaller than the sepals, orbicular, obtusely cuneate ai

32 MENISPERMACEiE. Menispermum.

the base. Filaments scarcely thickened at the summit: anthers of 4 spherical lobes. Ra-
cemes of fruit resembling F^-ost grapes. Drupe stipitate, about one-third of an inch in dia-
meter, nearly black when mature, pruinose, curved so that the style and base are nearly in
contact ; pulp small in quantity. Nut compressed, forming a nearly complete ring. Seed
terete, annular. Embryo linear, in the axis of fleshy albumen, and nearly of the same
length.

Banks of rivers, woods, and in thickets ; common. Fl. June - July. Fr. September -
October. The root is employed as a tonic and diuretic, also as a detergent in cutaneous
diseases (Dr. /. M. Bigelow). See RiddeVs Synops. Western Flora.

Order V. BERBERIDACE^E. Vent.; R. Br. The Barberry Tribe.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3-9, deciduous, imbricated in one or more rows, often
colored and calyculate with petaloid scales. Petals as many as the sepals and
opposite them ! or twice as many, often with a gland or appendage at the base
inside. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ! (twice as many as
in Podophyllum) : anthers extrorse ; the cells commonly opening by a valve
from the bottom to the top. Ovary solitary, simple : style continuous, often
somewhat lateral or oblique : stigma orbicular or peltate. Fruit baccate or
capsular. Seeds one or few, and then occupying only the top or bottom of the
cell ; or numerous and attached to the whole ventral suture, sometimes arillate :
embryo in the axis, or near the base of fleshy or horny albumen.

Tribe I, BERBERIDE^. Torr. 4- Gr.

Embryo in the axis, and occupying nearly the whole length of the albumen : radicle long :
cotyledons flat, elliptical. — Shrubs. Leaves compound or reduced to a single leaflet,
often stipulate. Flowers yellow. Filaments irritable.

1. BERBERIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. AQU. BERBERitv.

[Bcrbcrys, the Arabic name of the plant.]
Sepals G, usually with three bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, commonly witli two glands on
the inside of each at the base. Stamens 6. Stigma orbicular, depressed, nearly sessile,
rarely with a distinct style. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. Seeds erect.

Berberis. BERBERTDACE.Ii:. 33

1. Berberis vulgaris, Linn. Common Berberry or Barberry.

Branches with triple spines, minutely dotted ; kaves oval-obovate, closely serrate with
bristly teeth ; racemes nodding, many-flowered ; petals entire ; berries oblong. — Willd. sp.
2.p. 227; Lam. ill. t. 243 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 128; TTook.Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 28, excl. syn.;
Torr. <^- Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 50 ; Land. arb. Brit. arb. p. 42. B. vulgaris, var. Canadensis,
Torr.fl. I. p. 336, not of Willd.

A shrub 3-8 feet high, witli yellowish-white wood and yellow pith, producing numerous
suckers ; spines sometimes simple. Leaves deciduous, of a bluish-green color, acid. Flowers
pale yellow, emitting a pecuhar and not unpleasant odor. Berries very acid, about half an
inch long, 1 - 2-seeded.

Hedges, fields and road sides : introduced from Europe and naturalized in many places
along the Hudson, but not yet occurring in the interior of the State. Fl. Middle to the end of
May. Fr. September.

The inner bark of the stem and roots, with the addition of alum, affords a yellow dye. The
fruit is often made into a sweetmeat, and the jelly mi.xed with water is a pleasant drink in
fevers. Many agriculturalists are of opinion that the Barberry produces blight in grain. This
prejudice has come down from ancient times, but it is probably not well founded. In Berberis
proper, the primary leaves are changed to spines, in the axils of which llie secondary leaves
are fascicled.

Tribe II. NANDINEJE. Torr. ^ Gr.

Embryo minute at the apex of the albumen, often excentric or oblique with respect to the
hilum : radicle short and thick : cotyledons very small, roundish. Perennial herbs.
Leaves decompound or lobcd.

2. LEONTICE. Linn. ; R. Br. ; Endl. gen. 4810.

[Abridged from Leonlspetahn ; the leaf being thought to resemble a lion's foot.]
Sepals 3-6. Petals 6, bearing a little scale or nectary at the base within. Pericarp mem-
branaceous, caducous or inflated, 2 - 4-seeded. Seeds erect, globose : albumen homy.
— Smooth herbs, with a tuberous rhizoma. Radical leaves petiolate, pinnately or ternatcly
divided. Flowers in loose racemes or panicles.

§. Caulophtllum, Michx. Pericarp bursting at an early period 1 exposing the finally drupe-lUte

seed raised on its thickened funiculus.

1. Leontice thalictroides, Linn. Blue Cohosh. Fappoose-root.

Leaves triternate ; the radical ones on long petioles ; cauline 1-2, destitute of a common
petiole ; the lower triternate, the upper (when present) much smaller and biternate ; leaflets
[Flora.] 6

34 BERBERIDACEJE. Leontice.

incisely2 -Slobed. — R. Br. in Linn.lrans. 12. p. 145. t.7 ; Torr.fl. l.p.336; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 213 ; Torr. <^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 52. Caulopliyllum ihalictroides, Michx.fl. 1.
/). 205. I. 21 ; Pursh,fl. l.ji. al8; Bot. mag. t. 2345.

Plant purplish and glaucous when young. Slew simple, 1-2 feet high, clothed at the base
with several oblong imbricated scales. Leaves commonly 2, the petiole of the lowest di-
vided nearly to the base ; leaflets 1 -2| inches long and an inch or more wide, often obtusely
cuneate at the base, the lateral ones more or less oblique and nearly or quite sessile ; terminal
one petiolulate. Panicle small, racemose ; the peduncle arising from the base of the upper
leaf. Petals greenish-yellow, about twice the length of the sepals, obovatc-lanceolale, ungui-
culate, with a rcniform viscid scale on the inside at the base. Stamens scarcely one-third the
length of the petals ; filaments short and thick ; anthers ovate, opening, as in the greater part
of the family, by two valves, formed by the separation, all around, of the face of each cell ;
the valves curving upward, and remaining attached by a small surface. Ovary ovoid, narrowed
at the base, obliquely beaked with the short style ; ovules 2, ascending. Pericarp extremely
thin, bursting soon after the impregnation by the growth of the young seeds, the vestiges
only remaining ; seeds naked, about the size of a large pea (one of them often abortive), glo-
bose, deep blue when ripe ; the testa somewhat fleshy, supported on a short thick funiculus :
albumen horny, of the form of the seed.

Fertile rocky woods ; not uncommon. Fl. April - May. Fr. August. The root of this
plant is in some repute as a diuretic and bitter, but its powers have probably been overrated.
The roasted seeds have much the taste and odor of coffee, but I am not aware of their having
been much used as a substitute for that article.

3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart, in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 3. p. 334, cum icon. ; Endl. gen.

no. 4807. TWIN LEAP.

[Named in honor of Mr. Jefferson, laic president of the United States.]

Sepals 4, pelaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8 : anthers linear. Ovary obovate ; stigma
peltate, nearly sessile. Capsule soincwhat siipitate, opening by a transverse semilunar
chink near the summit. Seeds numerous, crowded in several rows on the broad lateral
placenta : aril lacerate, unilateral. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Rhi-
zoma horizontal, throwing up a simple one-flowered scape, and bifoliolate or deeply 2-parted
leaves. Habit of Sanguinaria.

1. Jeffeusonia DiPHYLLA, Pers. Twin-leaf. Rhewnatism-root.

Pers. syn. \.p. 418; Pursh. ft. l.p. 268; Bot. mag. t. 1513; Torr. ft. l.p. 399; Torr.
4- Gr.ft. N. Am. l.p. 53. J. binala, Bart. I. c. J. Bartonis, Miclix. ft. l.p. 237. Podo-
phyllum diphyllum, Linn.

Jeffersonia. BERBERIUACE^. 35

Rhizoma thick, horizontal, somewhat fleshy, throwing off numerous branching fibrous
roots. Leaves all radical, glaucous bencalli, forming a tiift, ivitli several foliaceous oblong
sheaths at the base ; lamina parted to the very base, and usually considered as formed of
two leaflets : lobes when fully grown 3-4 inches long and nearly 2 inches wide, entire,
obscurely toothed or sinuate. Flowers while, about an inch in diameter. Sepals sometimes
3 or 5. Stamens shorter than the petals : anthers linear-oblong. Stigma with the margin
cristate or undulate. Seeds ovate-oblong ; testa brownish, thick.

Rich calcareous soils in tlic western and northern counties : not found in the valley of the
Hudson. Fl. April. Fr. July.

The root is said to be stimulant, diaphoretic and antispasmodic. It is sometimes employed
as a remedy in chronic rheumatism.

4. PODOPHYLLUM. lAnn.; Endl. gen. ^QOt. MAY-applb.

[Named from tlic Greek, pous, a foot, and phyllon, a leaf; the leaf resembling the foot of some birds.]

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens 12 - 18 : anthers linear, bursting by
a double longitudinal line. Ovary ovoid : stigma thick, nearly sessile, peltate. Fruit
ovoid, fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, in several rows, on a thick lateral placenta,
enclosed in a pulpy arillus. — Rhizoma horizontal, (cathartic.) Stem erect, simple, 2-leaved
and one-flowered at the summit. Leaves peltate, lobed. Fruit large, slightly acid, and
somewhat edible.

1. Podophyllum peltatum, Linn. May-appk. Mandrake. Hog-apple.

Stamens 12-18; leaves 5 - 7-parted, the segments cuneiform-oblong, somewhat lobed
or toothed at the apex. — Miclix.jl. l./>.309; Bot. mag. t. 1819; Bigel. mat. med. 2. t. 23;
Nutt.gen. 2. p. 10; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 318; Torr. ^ Gr.jl. N. Am. I. p. 54.

Rhizoma a little thicker than a goose quill, horizontal, creeping, with thick branching
fibres at the joints. Stem 10 - 15 inches high, erect, smooth and naked, with several sheath-
ing scales at the base. Leaves on the fertile stems 2, very excentrically peltate, palmately
5 - 7-parted ; barren stems producing but a single leaf, which is peltate in tlie centre. Flower
li - 2 inches in diameter; the peduncle about an inch long, and usually drooping. Petals
white, obovate. Stamens one-third the length of the petals. Fruit the size of a pigeon's
egg, oval, somewhat gibbous, yellowish when ripe. Seeds ellipsoid, almost entirely enveloped
in a pulpy arillus : testa membranaceous : raphe linear : embryo minute, at the base of copious
fleshy albumen.

Moist open woods and meadows, in rich soil ; common. Fl. May. Fr. August. The
acid pulpy fruit is eaten by some persons, but it is not very agreeably tasted. The root is a
well known cathartic, and has long been used as a cathartic, its properties being similar to
those of Jalap. It is, however, rather drastic (See Wood <^ Backers U. S. Dispens.p. 518).

5*

36 BERBERIDACE^. Podophyllum.

Dr. Knieskern informs me that he knew of a case where a whole family was poisoned, from
the young plant having been eaten as greens in the early spring. They were saved by the
prompt exhibilioa of emetics. A second species occurs in tlie mountains of Nepal.

Group 2. Ovaries several, either separate, or perfectly united into a compound
pistil, which is several-celled, with the placentiz not parietal. Stamens indefi-
nite, inserted on, the receptacle or torus. — Aquatic herbs. Leaves involute in
vernation.

Order VI. CABOMBACE^. Richard The Water-shield Tribe.

Sepals 3-4, colored inside, persistent. Petals 3-4, alternate with the sepals,
Stamens 6 — 36 : filaments slender; anthers innate. Ovaries 2 or many, with
2 or 3 pendulous anatropous ovules inserted on the dorsal suture ! Carpels
separate, indehiscent, follicle-like, somewhat fleshy. Seed 2 — 3 (sometimes
by abortion solitary), pendulous, with a minute embryo enclosed in the thick-
ened membrane or sac of the nucleus, which is half immersed in the fleshy
albumen at the extremity next the hilum. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with the
emersed leaves centrally peltate ; the submerged ones sometimes finely dis-
sected. Peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered.

1. BRASENIA. Schreb. ; Endl. gen. 5025. Hydropellis, Mzc/tx. WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3-4, colored within, persistent. Petals 3-4. Stamens 18 - 36. Ovaries 6 - 18 :
ovules 2 (sometimes one), alternate. Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1 - 2-seeded. — Stem,
peduncles, petioles and under surface of the leaves thickly covered with a viscid transpa-
rent gelatinous substance. Leaves all centrally peltate. Flowers brownish-purple.

1. Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Water-shield. Water-target,

Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 389; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 23; Gray in arm. lye. N. York. 4. p. 46; Torr.
^ Gr.Jl. N. Amer. \.p. 55. B. Ilydropeltis, Muhl. cat.ji. 55 ; Torr. Co7np. p. 228. Hydro-
peltis purpurea, Michc. jl. 1. p. 324 t. 29; Bat. mag. t. 1147; Ell. sk. 2. p. 66; DC.
prodr. l.p. 112; Darlingt.Jl. Cest.p. 601.

Bkasenia. CABOMBACEiE. 37

Stem 1-15 feet long, according to the depth of water. Every part of the plant, except
the upper surface of tlio leaves, of a dull purple color. Leaves 2-4 inches long and Ij - 2
inches wide, very entire, exactly elliplical, witli the petiole inserted in the centre ; upper
surface shining; veins 11-14, radiating from the centre. Peduncles 3-6 inches long.
Flowers an inch in diameter. Petals and sepals elliptical-linear. Ovaries in one or more
whorls ; tapering into a short linear style, which is stigmatose on the inner surface. Carpels
somewhat ventricose. Seeds often solitary, roundish-obovoid ; testa thick and crustaceous.

Floating in still water : Long Island, and in the valley of the Hudson, as far north as
Troy. I have not observed it in the norlhcrn counties. Fl. Latter part of June - July. Fr.
August. — This jjlant is rcmaikable for its beautifully peltate leaves, and the order to which
it belongs, for the very unusual insertion of the ovules. It is remarkable that it is also a
native of New-Holland. Sec Endl. gen. I. c.

Order VIL NELUMBIACE^E. Bartl. The Sacred-Bean Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 deciduous sepals. Petals numerous, inserted in several rows at
the base of a large fleshy obconical torus. Stamens numerous, inserted in the
torus in several rows ; the filaments petaloid : anthers adnate and introrse.
Ovaries numerous, separately immersed in little hollows of the very large flat-
topped torus : ovule sohtary, suspended, anatropous. Style short : stigma
minute, capitate. Nuts numerous, ovoid-globose, at length loose and more
than half immersed in the torus, crowned with the short style. Seed destitute
of albumen. Embryo large, with two fleshy cotyledons ; the plumule highly
developed, consisting of a pair of primordial leaves, and a bud, enclosed in
the persistent membrane of the nucule. — Aquatic perennial plants, with large
centrally peltate leaves arising from a thick tuberous rhizoma. Flowers very
large.

1. NELUMBIUM. Juss. ; Endl. gen. b02Q. SACRED BEAN.

LAItered from nelumio, the Ceylon name.]

Character same as of the order.

38 NELUMBIACEiE. Nelumbium.

1. Nelumbium luteum, Willd. Great Yelloio Water-Uhj. Water Chinqucpin.

Anthers produced into a linear appendage. — Michx.Jl. \.p. 317 ; Turpin in ann. mus.l.
p. 210. t. 11./. 17; DC.pi-odr. \.p. 11.3; Torr. compend.p. 228 ; Torr. <5- Gr.fl. N. Am.
\.p. 57. Nymphma Nelumbo, Walt. jl. Car. p. 155. Cyamus flavicomus, Salisb. ann. hot.
2. p. 45 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 398. C. luteus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 25 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 67 ; Bart. fl.
Am. Sept. 2. p. 77. t. 63 ; Nutt. in Ainer.pliil. trans. 2 ser. 5. p. 160.

The tuberous rhizomas, according to Mr. Nuttall, resemble those of the Sweet Potato, and
are traversed internally by from five to seven longitudinal cavities. They arc found at the
depth of from twelve to eighteen inches below the surface of the earth, and are connected by
running roots. When fully ripe (which is when the seeds have arrived at maturity), they
become, after considerable boiling, as farinaceous, agreeable and wholesome as the potato.
The leaves are orbicular, and a foot or more in diameter, paler beneath, and marked with
prominent radiating veins. Peduncles slightly muricatc, partly emerged. Flowers pale yel-
low, 6-8 inches in diameter. Sepals obovate, the two e.\terior ones smaller. Torus turbi-
nate, when mature 3-4 inches in diameter; the flat-top with 15-20 excavations, in which
are lodged the roundish esculent nuts.

Big Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario {Dr. Sartwell) ; the only known locality of this splendid
plant in the State of New-York. Fl. June. Fr. September.

Order VIII. NYMPH^ACE^. Salish. The Pond-lily Tribe.

Sejials and petals several or numerous, imbricated, passing gradually into each
other ; the former persistent, the latter inserted on the fleshy torus which
surrounds the pistil ; inner series gradually passing into stamens. Stamens
numerous, in several rows, inserted into the torus with or above the petals ; the
petaloid filaments often produced above the adnata introrse anther-cells.
Ovary many-celled ; ovules numerous, attached to the dissepiments, anatro-
pous. Stigma large, peltate, radiate, compound, formed of as many rays or
united stigmas as there are cells or carpels in the ovary. Fruit not opening,
somewhat fleshy when mature, crowned by the stigma, many-celled. Seeds
covering the spongy disse2:)iments. Embryo minute, enclosed in the membra-
nous sac of the nucleus, which is situated next the hilum, and half immersed
in the mealy albumen. — Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate leaves, and
one-flowered peduncles. Flowers large, white, rose-color or yellow.

NYMPHiEA. NYMPHyEACEiE. 39

1. NYMPHyEA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 5020. WHITE WATER-LILY.

[So called fioiii its inhaliitin^ the water as the nymphs were wont to Co.]

Sepals 4, at the base of the torus. Petals numerous, inscrlcd, as well as the stamens, into
the fleshy torus surrounding the ovary. Flowers white or rose-color.

1. Nymph.«.\ odor ATA, Aif. Great White Water-libj.

Leaves oval-orbicular, or somewhat rcniform, with the primary veins prominent and nu-
merous underneath ; stigma 16 - 20-rayed ; rays incurved. — Torr. <J- Gr.jl. N. Am. 1. p. 57.

var. 1 : sinus and lobes of the leaves more or less acute. — Torr. tj- Gr. I. c. N. odorata,
Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 2. p. 227 ;. Willd. hort. Berol. 1. i. 39 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 368 ; DC. syst. 2.
p. 57 ; Ell. sk. 2.p. 7 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 32. N. alba, Michx.Jl. 1. ;j. 311.

var. 2: smaller; leaves and peduncles purplish; flowers rose-color. — Torr. <^- Gr. I. c.
(under var. ^.) N. odorata, var. rosea, I'ursli, I. c. N. odorata, var. minor, Bot. mag.
t. 1652. N. minor, DC. I. c.

Rhizoma very thick, creeping in the mud. Petioles and peduncles about the size of a crow-
quill, varying in length according to the depth of the waler. Leaves 4-7 inches long and
3-6 inches wide, coriaceous, always lying on the surface of the water ; the sinus reaching
to the centre of the lamina. Flowers 3 inches or more in diameter when fully expanded, very
odorous, usually closing in the aflcrnoon. Sepals about as long as the outer petals, elliptical.
Petals about 30, the inner rows gradually becoming narrower and passing into stamens.
Stigma large, sessile, yellowish, with a roundish gland in the centre ; the margin formed of
numerous linear incurved rays. Fruit baccate, ovate, marked by the insertion of the stamens
and petals.

Not uncommon in ponds and slow-flowing streams. June - August. One of the most orna-
mental plants of the United States. The var. 2. occurs in sliallow ponds on Long Island.
The rhizoma is sometimes used for dyeing a brown color, and also as a styptic and tonic.

2. NUPHAR. Smith; Endl. gen. 5021. YELLOW POND-LILY.

[The name nuphar, of DioscoriJcs, has been apiilicd to this genus. According to FOrskal, the Arabic name is naufar.}

Sepals 5-6. Petals numerous, nectariferous on the back, much smaller than the sepals, and
inserted with them and the stamens at the base of the torus. Flowers yellow.

1. NuPHAR LUTEA, Smith. SmaU-JbiDe7-ed Yellow Pond-lily.

Sepals 5; stigma 16 - 20-rayed, deeply umbilicate ; the margin entire; leaves cordate-
oval, with approximate lobes; petioles triquetrous (DC). — Ait. Keiu. {ed. 2.) 3. p. 295;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 369 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 32 ; Bong. veg. Sitcha, p. 124 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1. p. 5S. Nymphsa lutea, Linn.

40 NYMPHiEACEiE. Nothau.

var. Kalmiana: stigma 8- 14-rayed, somewhat crenate. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. N. Kalmiana,
Pursh I. c. ■ Hook. I. c. Nymphaea lutea, var. Kalmiana, Michx. I. c. N. Kalmiana, Bot.
mag. t. 1243.

Leaves always floating, 3-6 inches long (in the var. Kalmiana usually much smaller,
sometimes scarcely more than an inch long). Flower an inch and a half (the var. scarcely
an inch) in diameter.

In ponds and slow-flowing waters : not rare in the interior of the State ; but seldom found
near the seacoast. Fl. June.

The small-leaved variety has been considered as a distinct species by some botanists ; but
it often passes into the common form.

2. NuPHAR ADVENA, AH. Commoii Yellow Pond- or Water-lily. Spatterdock.

Sepals commonly si.if, the outer ones smaller; stigma slightly umbilicate, 12-25-rayed,
the margin repand or crenate ; leaves cordate, with the lobes diverging ; petioles semiterete. —
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 36 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 8; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 32; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 318; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. I. p. 58. Nymphaea advena, Michx. fl. l.p. 311.

Rhizoma rooting in the mud at the bottom of the water, 2-4 inches in diameter and
several feet long, marked with the scars of former petioles. Leaves erect in shallow water,
floating on the surface when the water is deep, 6-10 inches long and 4-7 inches wide,
somewhat coriaceous ; petioles and peduncles varying in length according to the depth of the
water, stout. Flowers about two inches in diameter. Sepals roundish, concave, roughish :
the three exterior green, mixed with some yellow ; the three interior larger, yellow tinged with
green at the base. Petals 10 - 14, oblong, cuneate, truncate, fleshy, not half the length of
the sepals; the inner ones gradually passing into stamens. Stamens 100 or more, at first
closely applied to the ovary, at length spreading. Ovary oblong ; the stigma large and sessile ;
the upper surface marked with 12-25 (usually from 12-16) elevated radiating lines, which
are the true stigmas of the several carpels.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams ; often where the water is brackish : common throughout
the State. Fl. Early in May - September. Fr. August - September. It is not easy at all times
to distinguish this (especially the var. Kalmiana) from the preceding species. The flowers
sometimes occur with five sepals, and the stigma in the latter is often a little crenate. The
rhizoma is bitter and astringent, turning quickly black when cut with a steel knife. It is
sometimes used in domestic practice as a tonic, and, in a bruised form, as a poultice.

Sarracenia. SARRACENIACEiE. 41

Order IX. SARRACENIACEyE. DelaPylaie. The Sarracenia Tribe.

Floral envelopes consisting of 4 - 10 leaflets ; fhe exterior more or less herbaceous
and sepaloid. Stamens numei'ous : anthers more or less versatile, introrse.
Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with the placentae in the axis : ovules numerous, anatropous :
style distinct, single, truncate, with a minute stigma ; or expanded into a large
foliaceous peltate stigma. Capsule 3 - 5-celled ; the dehiscence loculicidal ;
placentas projecting from the axis into the cells. Seeds obovoid, numerous,
with a minute cylindrical embryo next the hilum, and copious albumen. —
Perennial herbs, growing in marshes. Leaves all radical ; the petiole large
and hollow, pitcher or trumpet-shaped ; the lamina small and resembling a lid,
but not closing the orifice. Scapes one- or several-flowered : flowers large,
nodding. , - .

1. SARRACENIA. Tourn. ; Crooni in arm. lye. New-York, 4. p. 98; Endl. gen. 5023.

SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

(In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, a French physician, who resided in duebec. He sent the plant to Tourncfort, who named
it Sarracena: since altered to Sarracenia. See Taurn. insl. cd, 'i.y. 057. t. 47G.]

Sepals 5, persistent, with 3 small bracts at the base. Petals .5. .Stigma very large, peUate,
5-angled, covering the 5-celled ovary. Capsule 5-cellcd. — Flowers solitary, on a long
naked scape. Leaves with a longitudinal wing on the inner side of the tube.

1. Sarracenia purpurea, Linn. Common Side-saddle Floioer.

Leaves ascending, arched, the tube inflated, gibbous, with a very broad wing; lamina
erect, cordate, hairy within; flower purple. — B. S. Bart. elem. hot. t. 1.; MicJuc. fl. 1.
p. 310; Bot. mag. t. 849 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 9 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 213 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 33 ; De la Pijl. in ann. Linn. soc. Par. 6. p. 388. t. 13 ; Croo/n, I. c. p. 98 ; Torr. <^ Gr.
fl. N.Am. I. p. 59.

var. heterophylla : flowers ochroleucous. S. purpurea, ^. Torr. compend. p. 217. S.
heterophylla, Eat. man. ed. 4. (1822), p. 447.

Rhizoma 2-4 inches long, somewhat woody, yellowish within, throwing oS numerous
brown fibres. Leaves of a yellowish green color, alternate, several of the lowest ones reduced
to sheathing scales : the petiole 3-6 inches long, tapering at the base, hollow and swollen
upwards into a large pitcher- or ewer-shaped cavity, capable of holding several ounces of
water, the mouth contracted ; the wing 3-7 lines wide in the middle ; lamina 1-2 inches
in diameter, coarsely reticulated with purplish veins, the inner surface covered with short stiff
hairs pointing downward. Inner surface of the tube from the orifice to near the middle,

[Flora.] 6

42 SARRACENIACE^. Sarracenia.

smooth and somewhat polished ; the lower part furnished with very slender hairs pointing
downward. Scape 10-16 inches high, smooth. Flower about two inches in diameter.
Bracts ovate, about four lines long, resembling a small exterior caly.x or involucre. Sepals
ovate, obtuse, of a dull green color mi.xSd with purple. Petals panduriform, purple, with a
broad claw, the lamina inflected over the stigma. Stamens concealed by the ample stigma :
filaments short : anthers large, oblong : pollen globular, extremely minute. Style about a line
long : stigma an inch or more in diameter, a little concave in the centre, marked on the upper
surface with five radiating lines, which terminate in notched angles or lobes. The true stigmas
are five in number, and situated at the angles of the large peltate body. Capsule roundish,
obtusely 5-angled, the surface rough like shagreen. Seeds very numerous, about a line in
length, covering the large placenta that project into the cells : raphe very broad and somewhat
cristate ; testa rough, thick and crustaceous.

Swamps, particularly where Sphagnum abounds : rather common. Fl. May - June. Fr.
August. The variety with yellowish flowers was found in Junius, Seneca county, by Dr. Sart-
well, and hitherto has not been observed in any other part of the State. It was first discovered,
about twenty-five years ago, in Northampton, Massachusetts, by the late Prof. Eaton, who
at first regarded it as a mere variety of S. purpwea, but afterwards he described it as a dis-
tinct species. It does not differ essentially from the common variety, except in the color of
the flower. The tv^'o kinds of foliage noticed by Mr. Eaton are not uncommon in the purple-
flowered form ; the new and imperfectly developed leaves, and the persistent leaves of the
previous season, being found on the same specimen.

The genus Sarracenia (of which there are six species known, all of them peculiar to North
America, and five of them growing exclusively in the southern States) is remarkable for
its hollow, pitcher-form leaves, and for the arrangement of the hairs upon the lamina and in
the tube. The cavity is often found partly full of water, which seems to be derived from
rain and dews ; for there is no evidence of its being secreted by the hairs of the tube, as sup-
posed by Lindlcy. The cavity always contains dead insects, and is sometimes one-third filled
with them, so that in warm weather I have known their putrescence to render the swamp,
where the plant abounds, highly offensive. The insects, in creeping over the hairy surface
of the lamina, find it difficult to return, in consequence of their feet becoming wedged in the
short stiff hairs which extend beyond the orifice. Passing over the smooth upper surface of
the tube, they arc again detained by the hairs below, where they are either drowned in the
water usually contained in the lube, or starved to death. "What purpose, in the economy of
the plant, is thus accomplished, has never been determined. — S. purpurea is, in some parts
of the State, known by the name of the American Pitcher-plant ; in other places, it is called
the Huntsman's Cup.

Sanguinaria. PAPAVERACE/E. 43

Group 3. Ovary compound (composed of two or more united carpels), with parietal
placentcei Calyx entirely free from the ovary. Stamens and petals inserted
on the receptacle ; the former distinct, except in Fumariaceae. — Leaves not
punctate or dotted.

Order X. PAPAVERACEiE. Juss. The Poppy Tribe.

Calyx of 2 (rarely 3) caducous sepals. Corolla of 4 - 6 regular deciduous
petals. Stamens G - 24, (and then usually as many or twice as many as the
petals), or numerous : anthers innate. 0%'ary composed of 2 or more united
(very rarely distinct) carpels, with numerous anatropous ovules : style short
or none : stigmas, when several, usually radiate upon the flat summit of the
ovary. Fruit one-celled, either pod-shaped with 2-3-5 placentas, or cap-
sular with numerous parietal placentfp, from which the valves often separate.
Seeds numerous, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albu-
men.— Glabrous herbs (or very rarely shrubs), with commonly a milky or
colored narcotic and often acrid juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules.

1. SANGUINARIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4,Q\&. ■ blood-root.

[From the Latin, sanguis, blood; in allusion to the red color of its juice]

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stamens about 24. Stigmas 2, connate. Capsule oblong, some-
what pod-shaped, acute at each end, 2-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent
filiform placenta;. Seeds obovoid-globose, with a cristate raphe. — An herbaceous peren-
nial, with orange-red juice, and a large creeping rhizoma. Scapes one-flowered, each
accompanied usually by a single leaf. Flower rather large, white.

1. Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linn. Blood-root. Red-root. Red Puccoon.

Michx. ft. \. p. 309 ; Bot. mag. t. 162 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 9; Bigel. med. hot. 1. p. 75.
t. 7; DC.prodr. \.p. 131 ; Hook. ft. Bar. -Am. I. p. 35; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 317; Torr.
4- Gr.fl.N. Am. \.p. 62.

Rhizoma 2-3 inches long and half an inch in diameter, throwing up from a bud at the
extremity a scape and one leaf, or rarely a pair of leaves with 2-3 membranaceous sheath-
ing scales at the base. Petiole 2-6 inches long ; the lamina during flowering time only

6*

44 PAPAVERACE-®, Sanguinaria.

about 2 inches wide, but later in the season more than twice that width ; the outhne cordate-
reniform, sinuately 5-7 lobed about half way to the base, the lobes entire or repandly
toothed. Scape 3-8 inches long, often of a purplish color. Flower 1-1^ inch in diameter.
Sepals ovate-oblong, falling very early. Petals usually about 8, oblong, narrowed at the base.
Stamens unequal, one-half or one-third the length of the petals : anthers linear, innate, in-
trorse. Stigmas sessile, thick, glandularly pubescent. Capsule about an inch long, tapering
to a sharp point.

Common in fertile woods, sometimes beginning to flower towards the end of March. Fr.
June.

The root or rhizoma has long been an officinal article, and is in considerable repute for its
emetic, cathartic and expectorant qualities. Its active principle is a peculiar vegetable alkali
discovered by the late Professor Dana, and named Sanguinarina. It is remarkable for form-
ing orange-red salts. See Ann. lye. N. York, vol. 1, and Wood <^ Backs' s U. S. Dispens.
p. 579.

2. CHELIDONIUM, Linn. ;. Endl. gen. 4819. celandine.

[Named from chelidon, a swallow ; probably because the plant begins to flower about the time this bird arrives.]

Calyx of 2 sepals. Corolla of 4 petals arranged in a cruciate manner. Stamens rather
numerous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule pod-shaped, linear, 2-valved ; valves dehiscing from
the base to the apex. Seeds numerous, furnished with a glandular cristate raphe. — Per-
ennial herbs, with a saffron-colored acrid and fetid juice. Leaves pinnately divided.
Flowers middle-sized, yellow.

1. Chelidonium majus, Linn. Common Celandine.

Peduncles many-flowered ; pedicels somewhat umbellate ; leaves glaucous ; the segments
ovate, crenately incised or lobed ; terminal one cuneiform-obovate ; capsules torulose. — Eng.
bat. t. 1531 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 365 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 210; DC. prodr. \.p. 123 ; Dar-
lingt.jl. Cest. 317; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \.p. 62.

Root fusiform. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching from near the base, somewhat hairy.
Leaves large, pale green, with 5-7 segments. Peduncles axillary, 2-4 inches long, bear-
ing at tlie summit 3-7 umbellate flowers, the pedicels of which are nearly an inch in length,
and surrounded by an involucre at the base. Petals 4-5 lines long, and with the sepals
and stamens very deciduous. Capsule about an inch long.

A common j)lant along fences and in waste places ; doubtless introduced from Europe. It
flowers from the beginning of May to October. The juice is a popular application to warts,
tetters, etc., and is sometimes employed internally as a purgative and diuretic. See Wood
4- Backers U. S. Dispens. app. 1076.

DicENTRA. fumariacej:. 45

Order XI. FUMARIACE^E. DC. The Fumitory Tribe.

Calyx of 2 small deciduous sepals. Petals 4, in pairs, one or both of the outer
ones spurred or sac-like at the base, the 2 inner ones callous and cohering at
the apex, enclosing the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6 ; filaments in two par-
cels jilaced opposite the outer petals ; the filaments of each set usually more
or less diadelphous ; middle anther of each set 2-celled ; lateral one with a
single cell. Ovary composed of 2 united capels, one-celled, with 2 parietal
placentae ; stigmas united,, often lobed or cuspidate, alternate with the inner
petals. Fruit usually a 2-valved, many-seeded, pod-like capsule of one cell ;
rarely 1 - 2-seeded and indehiscent. Seeds somewhat reniform or lenticular,
usually shining, and furnished with a cristate caruncle : albumen copious,
fleshy ; embryo minute, excentric. — Smooth annual or perennial, and often
glaucous herbs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, dissected, without sti-
pules. Flowers in racemes or cymes.

Fumariacca; arc reduced to a suborder of Papaveracca; by Lindley, Endiicher and others. The two lateral one-celled
stamens in each parcel are usually regarded as half-stamr ns, formed by the division of the two stamens which correspond
to the inner petals ; the true number being only 4, one to each petal.

1. DICENTRA. Borclih.; Endl. gen. 'iSSB. Diclytra, Z>C. Diely tra, i/ooA. ; Torr. ^ Gr.

[Name from the Greek, dis, double, and kentron, a spur. The original name of Borckhansen, Didytra, it appears was

written incorrectly.]

Exterior petals equally saccate or spurred at the base. Capsule pod-shaped, many-seeded.
Seeds lenticular, strophiolale. — Perennial herbs. Flowers (usually) on scapes: racemes
simple, the pedicels furnished with a pair of opposite bracteoles, or compound with the
divisions cymose.

1. DicENTRA CucuLLARiA. Dutchman's Breeches. Breeches-Jloicer.

Spurs divaricate, straight and rather acute ; wing of the inner petals short ; raceme simple,
4 - 10-flowered. — Diclytra Cucullaria, DC. si/st. 2. p. 118; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 35;
Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 398 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 66. D. Canadensis, Borck. fide DC.
Fumaria Cucullaria, Linn. ^ Michx. jl. \.p. 51 ; Bot. mag. t. 1127. Corydalis Cucullaria,
Pers. syn. 2. p. 269 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 462 ; Bigel.fl. Bast. p. 263.

Rhizoma not creeping, bulbiferous ; the bulbs formed of fleshy imbricated triangular scales
(the thickened and persistent bases of petioles, filled witli starch), mostly acuminate, reddish

46 FUMARIACEiE. Dicentra.

externally where exposed to the air, white when subterranean. Leaves commonly 2 from
each root, on petioles 4-6 inches long, glaucous underneath, triternately decompound ; the
primary and secondary divisions petiolulate ; ultimate segments laciniatcly pinnatifid, with
oblong-linear lobes, which are tipped with a small bristle. Scape usually from 5- to 7-flowered;
the flowers somewhat secund, nodding, white, tinged with yellow and purple at the summit.
Sepals cordate. Inner petals carinate ; the keel not projecting beyond the summit. Spurs
diverging almost at right angles to each other, as long as the rest of the petal. Filaments
distinct ; the middle one with a subulate process projecting into the cavity of the spur. Stigma
compressed, reniform, obtusely 4-lobed. Capsule 15 - 20-seeded ; the seeds shining, black.
Shady woods, in rich soil, particularly among rocks ; common in most parts of the State.
Fl. April. Fr. May. The singular form of the flowers (irom which it derives its popular
name) has made ihis plant generally known, even to persons who are unacquainted with
botany.

2. Dicentra Canadensis. Squirrel Corn. Turkey Corn.

Spurs short, rounded ; wing of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit ; raceme
simple, 4 - 6-flowered. — Diclytra Canadensis, DC. prodr. 1. p. 126; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N.
Am. I. p. 67; Bot. mag. t. 3033. D. eximia, Beck, bot. p. 223 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 399.
D. eximia, ^. Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 35. Corydahs Canadensis, Gold, in Edin. phil. joum.
6. p. 330 ; Thomas in Sill. jour. 26. p. 114.

Rhizoma creeping, bearing at intervals roundish yellow tubers from a third to half an inch
in diameter, each marked with the scar of a fallen petiole. Leaves resembling those of the
preceding species, but the ultimate segments longer and narrower ; commonly only one to
each scape. Scape, when the flowers are fully expanded, overtopping the leaves (5-6 inches
high). Flowers very fragrant, cordate-ovate in the outline, about three-fourths of an inch
long. Corolla greenish-white, often more or less tinged with rose-color : inner petals strongly
keeled. Spurs scarcely one-third the rest of the pelal, slightly incurved. Middle filament
of each parcel with a callosity, but hardly a spur, at the base. Stigma reniform, more or less
distinctly 4-lobed.

Rocky woods, in rich soil : rather common in the western and northern counties ; but not
found, hitherto, in the valley of the Hudson below Albany. Fl. April. Fr. May.

3. Dicentra eximia. Choice Dicentra.

Spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved ; wings of the inner petals projecting beyond the
summit; raceme compound, the branches cymulosc ; stigma 2-horned at the apex; leaves
numerous. Uiclytra eximia, DC. st/st. 2. p. 109 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \. p. 665 (suppl.).
Fumaria eximia, Ker, hot. reg. t. 50. Corydalis formosa, Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 464 (excl. Canad.
var.), not Fumaria formosa, Dryand. Diclytra formosa, Ell. sk. 2. p. 177 ; Thomas, in Sill,
jour. I. c. ; Torr. ^ Gr. I. c, not of DC, nor Fumaria formosa, Andr.

DicENTRA. FUMARIACEiE. 47

Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous. Leaves several, rising from the crown of the rhizoma ; divi-
sions of the lamina variable in width, but mostly oblong and incisely pinnatifid. Scape 8-12
inches high. Cymules sevcral-llowcrcd, with conspicuous, crowded purplish bracts. Flowers
pendulous, reddish purple. E.x.terior petals attenuated upward, with tlic lamina somewhat
spreading : wings of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit in the form of four oblong
lobes. Stigma 2-lobed, with two slender approximate horns between the lobes.

Yates county. New- York {Dr. Sarlwcll). Flowering througliout the season. This beau-
tiful plant has long been a favorite in gardens, both in this country and in Europe. It is a
rare species, being chiefly confined to the high mountains of the southern States. Dr. Sart-
well is the only botanist who has found it within the limits of New- York. .

2. ADLUMIA. Raf. ; Endl. gen. 4837. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

[Named in honor of Mr. JonM Adldm, a distinguisheJ cultivator of the vine.]

Petals united into a spongy persistent monopetalous corolla, 4-lobed at the apex, bigibbous
at the base. Capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many-seeded. Seeds roundish-lenticular,
with an obscure beak, shining, not strophiolate. — A biennial herb, climbing by the tendril-
like petioles of its delicate biternately divided leaves. Flowers in supra-axillary racemose
cymes.

1. Adlumia ctrrhosa, Raf. Climbing Fumitory.

Raf. in New-York med. repos. 2nd hex. 5. p. 350, and in Desv. journ. hot. 1809. 2. p.
169 ; DC. sijst. 2. p. Ill ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 399 ; Torr. ^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 1. p. 68.
Fumaria fungosa, Willd. sp. 3. p. 857. F. recta, Michx.Jl. 2. p. 51. Corydalis fungosa,
Vent, clioix. t. 19 ; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 463 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 263.

Stem climbing over shrubs and other plants to the length of 10-15 feet or more, branch-
ing, smooth. Leaves 3-6 inches long ; the primary divisions distant ; ultimate segments
obovate-cuneiform, petiolulate : petioles twining like tendrils. Cymes compound, 5 - 20-
flowered ; the flowers expanding successively, pedicellate, pale-violet or nearly white. Fila-
ments united below into a tube, distinct above. Stigma with somewhat spreading lobes.
Capsule included in the marcescent corolla. Seeds 4-8.

Shady rocks, particularly on the banks of rivers. July - September. A very neat and
elegant plant, easily cultivated, and frequently seen in gardens. It is common in the High-
lands, and north to Lake Champlain, but rather rare in the western part of the State.

48 FUMARIACE^. Cohydalis.

3. CORYDALIS. DC. stjst.. 2. p. 113; Endl. gen. 4839.

[Conjdalis is the Greek name for Fumitory.]

Corolla with only one of the exterior petals (the posterior one) spurred at the base. Style
mostly persistent: stignna 2-lobed. Capsule pod-shaped; few or many-seeded. Seeds
lenticular, black and shining, strophiolate. — Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, sim-
ple : pedicels without bracteoles.

1. CoRYDALis AUREA, WilM. Goldsn Corijdalis.

Annual or biennial ; stem diffuse ; leaves somewhat glaucous, bipinnately divided ; ultimate
segments oblong, acute ; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate ; pods terete, torulose. —
Willd. enum. p. 740 ; DC. prodr. l.p.l 28 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 463 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 37 ;
Darlingt.jl. Cest.p. 400; Torr. <^ Gr.ji. N. Am. l.p. 68. Fumaria aurea, Ker, hot. reg.
t. 66.

Root fibrous. Stems branching, 6-12 inches long, slender. Leaves thin and delicate,
divided into rather narrow oblong segments. Racemes terminal and opposite the leaves, or
supra-axillary, 5 - 15-flowered. Flower golden yellow ; the early ones (especially in shady
places) 3-4 lines, the later three-fourths of an inch long. Bracts variable in form and size,
at first longer than the pedicels, but shorter at maturity, often with one or two teeth. Petals
distinct : spur incurved, about one-fourth as long as the rest of the petal. Stigma: with 2
spreading lobes. Pods three-fourths of an inch long, strongly torulose. Seeds obovoid-
lenticular, highly polished, with a short incurved beak, and a conspicuous membranaceous
strophiole.

Rocky woods. April - September. Not rare.

2. CoRYDALis GLAUCA, PuTsh. Glaucous CoryduUs.

Plant erect, glaucous, annual or biennial ; leaves bipinnately divided ; ultimate segments
cuneiform, somewhat 3-cleft ; racemes often clustered ; bracts linear, shorter than the pedicels ;
pods long, terete, scarcely torulose. — Pursh, jl. 2. p. 463; DC. prodr. 1. p. 128; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 37 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 605 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 69. Fumaria
sempervirens, Linn.; Michx.fl. 2. p. 51. F. glauca, Bat. mag. t. 179.

Stem 1-2 feet high, more or less branching. Leaves 1-3 inches long ; the radical ones
clustered, on long petioles. Racemes 6 - 10-flowercd, the flowers 6-7 lines in length,
spreading somewhat horizontally. Calyx purple. Corolla bright rose-color, tinged with yellow
and green ; the spur short and obtuse. Stigma with spreading lobes. Pods an inch and a
half long ; the valves at length separating from the persistent placentse. Seeds lenticular-
icniform, shining, but marked with fine ruga; in a radiating manner : strophiole small and
spongy.

Rocky hills and river banks ; rather common. May - August. An ornamental plant.

FuMARiA. FUMARIACE^. 49

4. FUMARIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. A8i3. FUMITORY.

[Named from /vmus, smoke; ia allusion, it is thought, to its smell.]

Corolla with only one of the exterior petals obtusely spurred or gibbous at the base. Style
deciduous : stigma 2-parted. Fruit at first somewhat fleshy and drupaceous, at length dry,
somewhat globose or obovoid, not dehiscent, one-seeded. Seed globose-reniform, dull ;
without a strophiole. — Annual herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small flowers in
dense racemes.

1. FuMARiA OFFICINALIS, Linti. Commoii Fumitory.

Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply notched, about the length of the globose retuse
fruit ; bracts much longer than the pedicels of the fruit. — Arnott in Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1.
p. 37; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 70.

var. diflfusc or climbing ; segments of the leaves broad, glaucous. — Arnott, I. c. ; Torr.
4- Gr. I. c. F. media, DC.prodr. \.p. 130. F. officinalis, Pursh,fl. 2. p. 463,- Bigel.ft.
host. p. 262; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 401.

Stem at first erect, at length diffuse, 8-12 inches long. Racemes 12 - 20-flowered.
Flowers pale violet, mixed with green and purple.

Fields, road-sides and cultivated grounds ; naturalized in a few places ; particularly on the
banks of the Hudson. May - August.

Order XII. CRUCIFER.^. Juss. The Cruciferous Tribe.

Calyx of 4 deciduous sepals, which are imbricated, or very rarely valvate in
aestivation; the 2 outer (anterior and posterior) corresponding to the stigmas,
and often narrow; the 2 inner opposite the valves of the capsule. Corolla of
4 regular deciduous petals, with claws ; the limbs spreading in the form of a
cross. Stamens G ; the 2 opposite the lateral sepals shorter, and usually inserted
somewhat lower than the others ; the other 4 in pairs opposite the anterior
and posterior sepals ; anthers introrse. Torus with 2 or more green glands
between the stamens and the ovary. Ovary of two united carpels, with 2
parietal placentce which are united by a membranaceous (false) dissepiment.
Stigmas 2, opposite the placentae. Fruit a pod (called a siliqve when the
length much exceeds the breadth, and a silicic when short and broad), 2-celled,
usually several or many-seeded, dehiscent by the separation of the valves from
[Flora.] 7

50 CRUCIFER^.

the persistent placentae (rarely indehiscent). Seeds without albumen ; embryo
with the cotyledons folded on the radicle. — Herbs, or very rarely (never in
North America) somewhat shrubby plants, with a pungent or acrid watery
juice. Leaves alternate, often divided, without stipules. Flowers in racemes
or corymbs, mostly without bracts to the pedicels.

CONSPECTTIS OF THE TRIBES.

1. SlUQUOSiE.

Tribe I. Arabideje. Silique usually elongated (except sometimes in Nasturtium), dehiscent ; the valves somewhat
plane : dissepiment linear. Cotyledons plane, accumbent (i. e. the radicle is applied to their edges, O'^)!
parallel with the septum (i. c. with their edges applied to the placenta).

Tribe II. SiSYMBREiE. Silique longitudinally dehiscent ; valves nearly plane or somewhat terete and carinate : septum
linear. Cotyledons plane, incumbent (i. e. with the radicle tpplied to the back of one of the cotyledons,
[1 0)i contrary to (i. e. with the edges towards) the septum. Seeds not bordered.

Tribe III. Beassice^. Sihque dehiscent ; septum linear. Style often enlarged, with a seminiferous cell at the base.
Seeds globose. Cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate or longitudinally plicate, with the radicle lying in the
sinus (0>>)-

2. SlLIOULOS^.

Tribe IV. Altssine^. Silicic dehiscent ; valves plane or convex: septum broadly oval and membranaceous. Seeds

compressed, often margined. Cotyledons plane, accumbent, parallel to the septum.
Tribe V. Cameline^e. Silicic dehiscent, ovoid or oblong, compressed parallel to the septum, or turgid ; valves plane

or convex : septum elliptical or ovate, sometimes incomplete or none. Cotyledons plane, incumbent,

contrary to (i. e. their margin looking towards) the dissepiments.
Tribe VI. TnLASPiDEffi. Silicic dehiscent, compressed contrary to the very narrow septum: valves boat-shaped.

Cotyledons plane, accumbent, contrary to the septum.
Tribe VII. Lepidines:. SiUcle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum (sometimes 1-ceIIed) ;

valves boat-shaped, or rarely ventricose. Cotyledons plane, incumbent, parallel to the septum.

3. LOMENTACE.!:.

Tribe VIII. CiSiLiNEi:. Silique or silicic separating transversely into several l-ccUed, 1-seeded joints. Seeds usually

compressed, not margined. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.
Tribe IX. Rapuane^. Silique or silicic indehiscent, transversely separating into one- (or few-) seeded joints. Seeds

globose. Cotyledons condupUcate (as in Brassicacca ) .

1. siLiauos^.

Tribe I. ARABIDEjE. DC.

Silique usually elongated ; the valves somewhat plane ; dissepiment linear. Cotyledons
plane, accumbent {i. e. the radicle applied to their edges, o =: ), parallel with the septum
{i. e. with their edges applied to the placentae).

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Nasturtium. SiUque nearly terete, sometunes short ; valves neither nerved nor keeled. Sepals spreading. Seeds

irregularly disposed in a double scries.

2. Barbarea. Silique 4-anglcd and somewhat 2-edged : valves nerved or keeled. Seeds in a single row.

3. Tl'rritis. Silique linear, 2-edgcd : valves nerved or keeled. Seeds in a double row.

4. Aradis. Silique linear, flattish; valves one-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single row.

5. Cardamine. Silique linear : valves flat, generally separating elastically, without nerves. Funiculus slender.

6. Dentaria. Silique narrowly lanceolate, tapering: valves flat, generally separating elastically, nerveless. Funiculus

broad.

Nasturtium. CRUCIFER^E. 51

1. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. in hort. Kew. {cd. 2.) 4. p. 109 ; Endl. gen. 4850. CHESS.

[Name derived from the supposed effects of its acrid juices upon the muscles of the nose; nastis tortus, signifying a con-
vulsed nose.]

Silique nearly terete, sometimes short so as to resemble a silicic, usually curved upward.
Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Seeds small, irregularly
disposed in a double series, not margined. — Aquatic or sub-aquatic herbs. Leaves often
pinnately divided. Flowers yellowr or white.

1. Nasturtium palustre, DC. Marsh Cress.

Leaves pinnately lobed, clasping and ciliate at the base, smooth ; the lobes confluent and
toothed ; root fusiform ; petals as long as the sepals ; siliques more or less ovoid, spreading,
obtuse at each end, somewhat turgid, rather longer (sometimes shorter) than the pedicels ;
style very short.— DC. syst. 2. p. 191 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 39 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
J. p. 73.

Root perennial, slender, but fusiform, with numerous fibres. Stem 12-18 inches high,
glabrous, branching above. Leaves 2-3 inches long, with 4-6 pairs of oblong lanceolate
lobes. Flowers very small, yellow. Peduncles of the fruit 2-4 lines long, spreading almost
horizontally. Siliques 2-3 lines long, varying from roundish to oblong-ovoid, tipped with
a very short but distinct style.

Wet gravelly places, particularly along rivers. June - August. A common coarse plant,
found in many parts of the State.

2. Nasturtium hispidum, DC. Hispid Cress.

Plant hispidly pubescent ; leaves pinnatifidly lobed, or runcinate-pinnatifid ; the lobes rather
obtusely toothed ; siliques (minute) ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct style, scarcely half
as long as the somewhat spreading pedicels ; petals rather shorter than the calyx. — DC. syst.
2. p. 201 ; Ton: <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 74. Sisymbrium hispidum, Poir. enc. 5. p. 161.

Root perennial, or enduring at least three seasons. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched
towards the summit, clothed (as also the leaves) with villous but rough pubescence. Leaves
2-4 inches long, and nearly an inch wide, more or less deeply pinnatifid, with from 4 to 6
pairs of lobes. Racemes very numerous, panicled. Flower smaller than in the preceding
species, yellow. Siliques scarcely more than a line long, slightly compressed. Style about
half the length of the fruit ; stigma capitate. Pedicels 2-3 lines long.

Wet places, along rivulets. Abundant on Murderer's creek, near Newburgh ; also in Phil-
lipstown, Putnam county, where it was found many years ago by Dr. Barratt. These are
the only known localities of the plant in our State. It flowers from July to August.

7»

52 CRUCIFERiE, Nasturtium.

3. Nasturtium natans, DC Floating Cress.

Emersed leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones cut into many capillary segments ;
petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; siliques obovate-globose. — DC. syst. 2. p. 198; Deless.
ic. 2. t. 15.

var. Americanum, Gray.

Emersed leaves serrate ; petals (white) twice as long as the calyx ; siliques obovate ; style
as long as the ovary and half as long as the fruit. — Gray in ann. lye. New-York, 3. p. 223 ;
Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 75. N. natans, Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 39 ; Beck, hot. p. 32.

In Oneida lake {Dr. Gray, Dr. Ktiicskcrn) ; also near Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence county
Dr. Crawe). Flowers in July. One of the rarest plants in the United Stales, but not remark-
able for anything but its peculiar habit, being the only aquatic species of the genus.

2. BARBAREA. R. Brown in hort. Keiu. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 109 ; Endl. gen. 4851.

vhnter cress.

[So called because the plant was formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.]

Silique 4-angled or somewhat 2-edged. Seeds in a single series. Calyx equal at the base. —
Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.

1. Barbarea vulgaris, R. Brown. Scurvy Grass.

Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe roundish ; upper ones obovate, toothed or pinnatifid
at the base ; silique 4-angled, with the sides somewhat convex, acuminate with the style. —
DC.pirodr. \.p. 140; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 39; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 381 ; Torr. <^Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1. p. 75. Erysimum Barbarea, Linn.; Willd. sp. 3. p. 509.

Root perennial, fibrous. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous, branched above. Leaves 2-4
inches long ; the terminal lobe of the lower ones very large ; segments oblong. Flowers in
dense racemes, bright yellow. Siliques about an inch long ; the pointed style about a line
and a half long.

Common in low wet grounds, particularly along rivulets ; flowerhig from May to October.
Probably introduced. The early leaves are sometimes eaten as a salad. It is the Com7)ion
Winter Cress, and is also known by the name of Yellow Rocket.

TuRRiTis. CRUCIFER/E. 53

3. TURRITIS. Dill. ; Endl gen. 4853. tower MUSTARD.

[Named from turris, a tower ; from the pyramidal form of the plant.]

Silique linear ; the valves plane. Seeds in a double scries in each cell. Flowers white or
rose-color.

1. TuRRiTis STRICTA, Graham. Straight Tmoer Mustard.

Plant glabrous ; stem straight and erect ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping and sagit-
tate, sparingly toothed ; radical ones petioled, narrowly spatulate, remotely and sharply
denticulate; siliques linear, elongated, and (like the flowers) strictly erect, pointed with the
very short style. — Graham in Edin. new phil. jour. (1829), p. 7; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 40 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 79. T. glabra, ^.1 Torr. ^ Gr. I. c.p. 78.

Root biennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, terete, simple. Leaves about an inch long ; the
cauline ones erect. Flowers in a terminal raceme, which is elongated in front. Pedicels of
the fruit 3-5 lines long. Silicic 2-3 inches long, and scarcely more than half a line wide.
Seeds imperfectly two-rowed when young, but at maturity nearly as broad as the dissepiment,
distinctly winged ; even then, however, the double row can be perceived : funicle slender.

On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county, where it was first found by Dr. Crawe. Lebanon,
Chenango county {Dr. Douglass). May.

This plant was described as a variety of T. glabra in the Flora of N. America, but we had
not then seen New- York specimens in fruit, neither had we an opportunity of comparing it
with T. striata of Graham. As intimated in the Supplement to the Flora (p. 666), there can
now be little doubt of its being Graham's plant.

4. ARABIS. Limi. ; Endl. gen. 4854. ' ' wall cress.

[Etymology uncertain ; but the name is supposed to allude to the Arabic origin of the original species of the genus.]

Silique linear, plane : valves 1 -nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single series in each ccli,
oval or orbicular, compressed. Flowers white, rarely rose-color.

* Seeds immarginate, or tc-ilk cmly a narrow margin.

1. Arabis hirsuta, Scop. Hairy Wall Cress.

Stem erect ; leaves toothed or somewhat entire, and (like the stem) hirsute with a branched
pubescence ; radical ones oblong-ovate, petioled or sessile ; cauline ones oblong or lanceolate,
somewhat clasping, mostly auricled at the base, or somewhat sagittate ; siliques numerous,
erect. — DC. prodr. I. p. 144 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 42 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 382 ; Torr.
^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 1. p. 80. A. sagittata, DC. prodr. 1. p. 143. Turritis hirsuta, Linn.;
Willd. sp. 3. p. 543.

54 CRUCIFER^. Arabis.

Root biennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, simple, or branched at the base, often smooth
on the upper part. Radical leaves an inch or more long, and 3-5 lines wide, more or less
distinctly toothed. Flowers greenish-white, when fully expanded about 3 lines in diameter.
Siliques straight, 1-2 inches long, tipped with the nearly sessile stigma. Seeds with a
narrow margin.

Rocky places; rare. May. — In the young state, and when smoother than usual, this
species often resembles A. Icevigata, but differs in its smaller size, proportionably wider leaves,
and in its pubescence of which more or less is found on the leaves and lowet part of the stem.
In fruit they are easily distinguished.

2. Arabis dentata, Torr. Sf Gr. Toothed Wall Cress.

Plant more or less rough with a stellate-pubescence ; radical leaves obovate, tapering at
the base into a petiole which is as long as the lamina, irregularly dentate with sharp salient
teeth ; cauline ones oblong, clasping ; flowers minute ; petals spatulate, scarcely longer than
the calyx ; siliques short, spreading, on very short pedicels, pointed with the nearly sessile
stigma ; stem branched from the base. — Torr. ^ Gr.fi. N.Am. I. p. 80. Sisymbrium den-
tatum, Torr. in Shorfs 3rd suppl. cat. pi. Kentucky.

Root annual. Plant a foot or more in height : the pubescence, particularly of the under
surface of the leaves, short and rather scabrous. Stem slender, often decumbent at the base.
Radical leaves 2 inches long and three-quarters of an inch wide ; cauline ones auriculate at
the base, irregularly toothed. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long. Sepals and the very short pe-
dicels, hirsute. Petals dusky white. Silique an inch long ; valves somewhat convex. Seeds
slightly margined. Radicle long and slender, distant from the accumbent cotyledons.

Near Utica {Dr. Gray). May. A rather common species in the western States.

3. Arabis lyrata, Linn. Lyre-leaved Wall Cress.

Stem branching from the base ; radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid and somewhat hairy ; cau-
line ones linear, or spatulate, entire, and with the stem smooth ; siliques rather erect, nearly
straight ; radicle slightly dorsal. — Pursh,fl. 2. p. 327; DC. prodr. 1. p. 146; Torr. <J- Gr.

fl. N. Am. 1. p. 81. Sisymbrium arabidoides. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63. t. 1 ; Darlingt.

fl. Cest. p. 387.

Root biennial. Stems usually divided to the root, or rather several from one root, 4-12
inches high, at first erect, but at length much branched and diffuse. Radical leaves of the
young plant in a circular cluster, 1-2 inches long, obovate in the outline, usually lyrate-
pinnatifid, with rounded and mostly entire lobes, but often only toothed. Flowers about five
lines in diameter, white or rarely pale purple. Petals obovate. Siliques about an incii and
a half long, very slender ; pedicels about one-fourth the length of the siliques. Seeds with-
out a border. Cotyledons flat, ovate ; the radicle lying along the edge of one of them, so as
to be nearljr accumbent.

Common on rocks ; flowering in April and May, and, in shady situations, sometimes until
August.

Arabis. CRUCIFERiE. 55

• * Seeds with a broad loinged margin.

4. Arabis l^vigata, DC. Smooth Wall Cress.

Erect ; whole plant very smooth, and glaucous ; radical leaves obovatc, acutely toothed ;
caulinc leaves sessile ; the lower ones lanceolate, sagittate, sparingly toothed ; uppermost
linear, entire ; flowers somewhat spreading ; siliques very long and narrow, recurved-pendu-
lous. — DC. syst. 2. p. 237 ; Spreng. st/st. 2. p. 892 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 382 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. A?n. 1. p. 82. A. pendula, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70, not of Linn. Turritis Lxvigata,
MuJd. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 543; Pursli,fl. 2. p. 438.

Biennial. Stem 1-3 feet high. Radical leaves usually of a purplish color, especially
on the under surface, often broadly obovate, and less than an inch in length, with long petioles,
but commonly 1-2 inches in length, and either sessile or only attenuated at the base ; caulinc
leaves 2-4 inches long and about half an inch wide ; the lower ones, as well as those at the
root, usually with remote salient teeth. Flowers about 2i lines long. Petals cuneiform,
nearly white, or ochroleucous, scarcely longer than the greenish-yellow calyx. Siliques 2-3
inches long and less than a line in breadth, somewhat tortuous ; the pedicels 5-7 lines long.
Seeds as broad as the septum, conspicuously winged : funiculus adherent at the base.

In rocky woods and on banks of rivers. May. Fr. June. Common in most parts of the
State.

5. Arabis Canadensis, Linn. Sickle-])od. Turkey-pod.

Erect ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, attenuate at each end, remotely toothed ; pedicels
villous, more than twice the length of the caly.x, at length recurved ; siliques pendulous,
falcate, pointed with the distinct style; margin of the seed very broad. — DC. prodr. I. p.
147; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148; Deless. ic. 2. 28 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 383. A. falcata, Micfix.
fl. 2. p. 31 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 437 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 251.

Root biennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth above, pubescent below. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long, usually more or less pubescent with simple hairs ; sometimes nearly glabrous ;
the lowest coarsely toothed or lyrate, attenuated at the base into a petiole. Raceme elongated ;
the pedicels arillous, even in fruit, spreading, at length recurved. Flowers about 2 lines
long. Sepals yellowish or rarely pale purple, hispid. Petals white, oblong-linear, twice the
length of the calyx. Siliques 2-3 inches long and 1^^ line broad, ancipital. Seeds 20 - 25
in each cell, their broad membranaceous margins overlapping one another. Funiculus ad-
hering to the septum.

Rocky woods and hill sides. Fl. June. Fr. August. A well characterized species, easily
known by its hairy pedicels and broad falcate pendulous siliques.

56 CRUCIFERiE. Cardamine.

5. CARDAMINE. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4859. bitter cress.

[Named from the Greek, cardia, the heart, and damao, to fortify ; in allusion to its supposed strengthening qualities.]

Silique linear ; valves plane, nerveless, usually dehiscing elastically. Seeds ovate, rarely
bordered : funiculus slender. — Leaves petioled. Flov?ers white or pale purple.

1. Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. : Spring Cress.

Root usually tuberiferous ; stem smooth, usually erect or assurgent, flexuous ; leaves un-
divided ; radical ones cordate-orbicular or broadly ovate, entire or repandly toothed, on long
petioles ; lower cauline ones rhomboid-ovate, sinuately toothed, on sliort jjetioles ; upper ones
sessile, lanceolate-oblong ; silique pointed with the subulate style ; stigma conspicuous. — DC.
syst. 2. p. 246; Hook. bat. misc. 3. p. 239. t. 108 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 384. C. rotundi-
folia, var. a. Torr. <J- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 83. Arabis rhomboidea, Pers. syn. 2. p. 204;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 149 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 252. A. tuberosa, Pers. I. c.
A. bulbosa, Muhl. cat. p. 63.

var. purpurea: stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves somewhat fleshy, the radical ones
roundish-cordate or reniform ; flowers deep rose-color or purple. — C. rotundifolia, var. /3.
Torr. iSf Gr. I. c. C. rotundifolia, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 44. Arabis Douglassii, Torr.
in Sill. jour. 4. p. 63.

Root usually producing small white clustered tubes ; but sometimes wholly fibrous. Stem
9-15 inches high, at first erect, but at length often assurgent; in cold springy situations,
prostrate and somewhat diff'use. Radical leaves ^ - 1 inch in diameter ; cauline ones 1-2
inches long, varying from entire to strongly and sharply toothed. Racemes 10 - 20-flowered J
the flowers nearly half an inch in diameter, shorter than their pedicels. Sepals greenish-yellow,
with a white margin. Petals obo.vate-cuneate ; white in the more common form, deep rose-
color or purple in the var. purpurea. Pedicels ol the fruit 1 - li inch long, smooth in the
white-flowered var. ; pubescent in the purple. Ripe silique of the former not seen ; in the
latter about an inch and a half in length, and nearly a line broad, with a long tapering point,
and tipped with the distinct capitate-bilobcd stigma. Seeds few, broadly ovate, not margined.

Wet meadows and about shady springs. The white-flowered form is common, except, in
the western part of the State, it is generally replaced by the purple variety, though the two
varieties sometimes grow in the same situation. The former begins to flower in April, but
the latter not till the middle of May. The true C. rotundifolia of Michaux, proves to be dis-
tinct from C. rhomboidea, and has been recently described by Dr. Gray in Silliman's journal,
vol. 42. p. 30. Numerous specimens of the former, collected last summer by Mr. Buckley
in the high mountains of North-Carolina (where Michaux discovered it), have all the leaves
petioled, and the radical or lower cauline ones trifoliolate , the terminal leaflet very large and
reniform-cordate , lateral ones much smaller, ovate or cordate. I am not yet convinced, how-
ever, that Dr. Darlington's C. rotundifolia is the same as the North- Carolina plant.

Cardamine. CRUCIFER^. W

2. Cardamine pratensis, Linn. Common Bitter Cress. Cuckoo-Jlower.

Stem erect or decumbent ; leaves pinnately 7 - 1 3-foliolatc ; leaflets mostly entire, often
pctiolulate, those of the radical leaves roundish, of the caulinc ones oblong or linear ; style
short and thick ; stigma capitate. — PwrsA,_^. 2.p. 440 ; DC.prodr. l.p. 151 ; Hook.Jl.Bor.-
Am. \.p. 45 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.;>. 84.

Root perennial, fibrous. Plant smooth. Stem 12-18 inches high, simple. Radical and
lower cauline leaves pctiolate ; leaflets 6-8 lines long, sparingly toothed or entire ; those of
the uppermost ones often scarcely a line broad. Flowers rather more than half an inch in
diameter, white or pale rose-color. Siliques erect, above an inch long.

Swamps in the western part of the State, particularly in Oneida county. Fl. Latter part
of April to the beginning of June. — This appears to be identical with the European plant,
and is undoubtedly indigenous.

3. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. - . Water Cress.

Leaves pinnate, or lyrately pinnalifid ; leaflets of the radical leaves roundish, petiolulate,
of the cauline ones oblong or linear, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals (small), oblong-cunei-
form, about twice the length of the calyx ; style short or none ; stigma minute ; racemes nearly
erect or somewhat patulous. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 152 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 45 ; Darlingt,
fl. Cest. p. 385 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. A?n. 1. p. 85. C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. cat. p. 63 ;
Willd. sp. 3. p. 486 ; DC. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 144 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 253. "

var. Virginica : leaflets with a single tooth on one or both sides ; racemes strictly erect. —
Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. C. Virginica, Michx. fl. 2. p. 28, not of Linn. ; DC. I. c.

Root biennial, fibrous. Stem 4-18 inches high, smooth, or rarely with a sparse and
short pubescence. Leaves with 2-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers scarcely more than 2 lines
long (in the var. much smaller), white, or sometimes with a tinge of purple. Siliques about an
inch long, nearly 3 times the length of their pedicels ; in the common form of the plant, espe-
cially when growing in shady situations, somewhat patulous. Seeds oblong, not margined.

Wet places, particularly about springs, and in small streams of water ; the var. on rocks,
often in dry situations. Fl. May - June. Fr. July. A common plant, very variable in size
and in the form of its leaves. It is now generally considered as identical with the C. hirsuta
of Europe, which is also extremely variable, but I have never seen ours so hairy as some of
my European specimens.

[Flora.]

58 CRUCIFERiE. Dentauia.

6. DENTARIA. Lin?i. ; Endl ^en. 4861. TOOTH-WORT.

[So named from dens, a tooth; the root or rhizoma of some species being toothed with projecting angles.]

Silique lanceolate, with a long tapering style ; the valves flat and without a prominent nerve,
often opening clasticaliy : placentx not winged. Seeds ovate, not bordered, in a single
series; funiculi dilated. — Perennial herbs. Rhizoma horizontal, fleshy, often irregularly
toothed. Leaves ternately, palinately, or pinnatcly divided ; radical ones (when present)
on long petioles ; cauline ones (often ;J) near the middle of the stem or scape, verticillate
or alternate. Flowers white or purple.

1. Dentaria laciniata, MuM. Common Tooth-wort.

Rhizoma moniliform ; cauline leaves 3, on short petioles usually verticillate, ternately
parted; segments incised or acutely serrate-toothed, the lateral ones lobed. — MuM. in Willd.
sp. 3. p. 479 ; DC. jjrodr. I.p.l55; Ell. sk. 2. p. 144 ; Bart.fl. Amer. Sept. 3. t. 72 ; Bigel.
fl. Bost.p. 254 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 46 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 385 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N.
Am. l.ji. 87, D. concatenata, Michx.fl. 2. p. 30.

Rhizoma consisting of 2 - 3 or more yellowish-white oblong tubers, connected by a neck
or fibre, of a pungent taste like horse-radish. Stems or scapes 6-12 inches high, erect,
simple, smooth below, slightly pubescent above. Cauline leaves verticillate towards the sum-
rait of the stem; the segments lanceolate, variously cut and toothed ; radical leaves sometimes
wanting, more cut than those of the stem. Common peduncle 3-4 inches long. Flowers
pale purple or nearly white. Petals 6-8 lines long, obovate-cuneiform. Silique about an
inch long, of which the tapering style forms more than one-third.

Rich shady soils, particularly along rivers. Middle of April to the beginning of May.
Fr, June.

2. Dentaria diphylla, Michx. Pepper-root.

Rhizoma elongated, toothed ; cauline leaves 2, ternately divided ; segments ovate or oblong,
unequally and incisely toothed. — Miclix. Jl. 2. p. 30 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 438 ; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 66 ; Bot. mag. t. 1465 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 1G9 ; liook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 46 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl.N. Am. I. p. 87.

Plant 6-10 inches high. Rhizoma creeping extensively, often branched, marked on two
sides with projecting teeth (the swollen bases of former petioles?) from the axils of which
the new petioles arise. Leaves opposite, or closely approximate above the middle of the
stem ; petioles about an inch long ; leaflets 1 - 2i inches long and 1 - li inch wide, nearly
sessile, or distinctly petiolulate ; radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers larger than in the
preceding species, yellowish white or very pale purple ; pedicels spreading, the lower ones
about an inch long. Siliques an inch long ; the pointed style constituting one-third or more
of the entire fruit.

Shady woods, in ricli soil ; more common than the preceding in the interior of the State.
May. — The plant is well known on account of its singular and pungent rhizoma.

Dentaria. CRUCIFER.E. S9

3. Dentvria maxima, Nutt. Large Tooth-wort.

Stem tall ; leaves 5-7, alternate, remote, the margin a little roughened ; leaflets somewhat
oval, incisely and acutely toothed ; lateral ones lobcd ; (flowers pale purple.) — Nutt. gen.
p. 66 ; DC.prodr. I. p. 135; Torr. ^- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 87.

Stem often nearly two feet high. Tubers concatenate (Nutt.).

Western part of the State of New-York [Nuttall). Tliis must be an extremely rare plant,
as I am not aware of its having been found by any botanist except its discoverer.

Tribe II. SISYMBREAH. DC.

Silique longitudinally dehiscent ; valves jicarly plane, or somewhat terete and carinate :
septum linear. Cotyledons plane, incumbent (i. e. with the radicle applied to the back of
one of the cotyledons, \\ O), contrary to (i. e. with the edges towards) the septum. Seeds
not bordered.

7. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni ; Endl. gen. '^906. . bedge mustard.

[An ancient Greek name applied to some plant believed to be of this genus.]

Silique somewhat terete. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or connate and capitate. Sepals
equal at the base. Seeds ovate or oblong. Cotyledons sometimes oblique. — Herbs of
various habit. Flowers small, mostly yellow or white.

^ 1. Velardm, DC. Siliques subulate, terminated ivith a short style : pedicels very short, thickened

and appresscd to the axils after Jlowering. ,

1. Sysymbrium officinale. Scop. Common Hedge Mustard.

Leaves runcinate, and, as well as the stem, hairy ; flowers very small (yellow). DC.prodr.
1. p. 191 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 61 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 386. Erysimum ofEcinale,
Linn. ; Michx.fl. 2. p. 31 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 436 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 253.

Annual. Stem more or less hairy. 1 -2| feet high, with numerous, spreading, somewhat
curved branches. Upper leaves somewhat hastate. Racemes elongated. Petals a little
longer than the sepals. Siliques 6-8 lines long, tapering to a point. Seeds oval, about 4
in each cell.

Road-sides and waste places : introduced from Europe. Flowers from May to September.
This plant has long been reputed as a diuretic and expectorant, but its powers are probably
very feeble.

60 CRUCIFER^. Sisymbrium.

& 2. Aeabidopsis, DC, Silique linear, compressed, somewhat terete : stigma nearly sessile : fioioers

white {or rose-color) : peduncles usually short.

2. Sysymbrium Thaliana, Gay. Wall Cress. Mouse-ear Cress.

Annual : stems often many from one root, rather naked, branching above, erect ; leaves
(and lower part of the stem) hairy, sparingly toothed ; radical ones ovate-oblong or spatulate-
oblong, somewhat petioled ; siliques erect-spreading, rather longer llian the pedicels. — Gay,
in ann. sci. nat. 7. p. 399; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63; Darlivgt. fl. Cest. p. 388;
Torr. ^ Gr.jl. N. Am. 1. p. 93. Arabis Thaliana, Linn.; Eng. bat. t. 901 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 437 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 144. A. parviflora, Raf. in Amer. month, mag. \. p. 43.

Stem 6-15 inches high, slender, terete. Leaves mostly radical in a circular cluster,
scarcely an inch long ; those of the stem smaller, stellately hairy, especially on the upper sur-
face. Flowers scarcely two lines long. Petals spatulate-oblong, more than twice the length
of the calyx. Pedicels of the fruit filiform, 4-5 lines long, spreading. Siliques 6-8 lines
long, moderately compressed, "with about 20 oval seeds in each cell, arranged in a single
series.

In sandy fields on rocks. May. Apparently native, and identical with the European species.

8. ERYSIMUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4908. TREACLE mustard.

[From the Greek, cmo, to cure; on account of its supposed medicijial powers.]

Silique 4-sided. Caly.x closed. Seeds not margined: cotyledons oblong, plane. — Herbs,
mostly biennial, of various habit. Flowers yellow or rarely white.

^. Erysimastrum, DC. Style short or scarcely any : calyx deciduous : leaves neither cordate nor

clasping : flowers distinctly pedicellate.

1. Erysimum cheiranthoides, Linn. WbrtJi-seed Treacle Mustard.

Somewhat scabrous with a minute oppressed pubescence ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate or
entire ; siliques erect, nearly twice the length of the spreading pedicels ; stigma small, entire,
nearly sessile. — Pursh, fl. 2. p. 436; DC. prodr. 1. p. 198; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 64;
Torr. 4" Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 94. E. parviflorum, Pers. syn. 2. p. 199 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 16.

Root biennial, fusiform. Stem 1 - 2J feet high, sparingly branched. Pubescence 3-4-
parted. Leaves 1-2 inches long and 4-6 lines wide. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques
about an inch long, pointed with a very short style.

Along streams in the western part of the State. July - September. A native also of
Europe.

SiNAPis. CRUCIFER^. 61

Tribe III. BRASSICEjE. DC. '

Silique dehiscent: septum linear. Style often enlarged, with a seminiferous cell at the
base. Seeds for the most part globose. Cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate or longi-
tudinally plicate, with the radicle lying in the sinus (0>>).

9. SINAPIS. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 4950. . mustard.

(Name from the Greek, sinapi, which again is said by De Theis to be derived from the Celtic nap, a tiimip or cabbage.)

Silique somewhat terete ; valves nerved. Style short, acute. Seeds somewhat globose, in a
single series. Calyx spreading. — Biennial or annual (rarely perennial) herbs. Leaves
usually lyrate, incised or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, in elongated racemes.

1. SiNAPis NIGRA, Linn. Black Mustard.

Siliques appressed to the peduncle, glabrous, somewhat 4-cornered ; style short (not ros-
trate): lower leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, entire. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 218 ; Bigel.fl.
Best. p. 254 ; Beck, bot. mid. and north. States, p. 33 ; Torr. compend. p. 252 ; Eng. hot.
t. 969 ; Darlingt.fl. Cestr.p. 390; Torr. ^ Gr.f,. N. A7n. l.p. 99.

Annual. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth, with numerous spreading branches. Lower leaves
large, scabrous ; cauline ones smooth. Calyx yellow. Siliques about three-fourths of an
inch long, slightly torulose, pointed with the short and slender 4-sided style. Seeds dark
brown, very acrid.

Fields and waste places. June - August. Naturalized in many parts of the State. Tlic
seeds afford mustard, so well known as a stimulating condiment.

2. SiNAPis ARVENsis, Linn. Wild Mustard. Charlock.

Siliques smooth, many-angled, torose, about three times the length of the slender somewhat
ancipital style; stem and leaves more or less hairy. — DC. prodr. 1. jj. 219; Eng. bot.
t. 1748; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 99.

Annual. Plant 2-3 feet high, somewhat diffusely branched, sparsely hispid with short
retrose stiff hairs. Lower leaves 6 inches or more in length, lyrately pinnatifid ; upper ones
oblong-ovate, repandly toothed. Flowers as large as in the common turnip, bright yellow.
Pedicels of the fruit 2-3 lines long, thick and rigid. Siliques about an inch and a quarter
in length, pointed with the long stout style, strongly nerved ; septum zigzag, from the large
round seeds pressing it alternately into the two cells.

Common in wet meadows and fields in the western part of the State : a noxious weed, in-
troduced from Europe. June - August.

62 CRUCIFER^. Draba.

2. SILICULOS^.
Tribe IV. ALYSSINE^.

Silicle dehiscent ; valves plane or convex ; septum hroadly uval and membranaceous. Seeds
compressed, often margined. Cotyledons plane, accumbent, parallel to the septum.

10. DRABA. Linn.; Endl. gen. ASSO. whitlow-gkass.

[Named from the Greek, drabe, acrid ; from taste of the leaves in many of tlic genus ]

Silicle oval or oblong ; valves plane or convex. Seeds numerous, not margined. Calyx equal.
Petals entire or bifid. Stamens all toothless. — Herbs of various habit. Flovk-ers white or
yellow.

§ 1. Draba, DC. Petals entire.

1. Draba arabisans, Michx. Ai-ahis-like Whitlow-grass.

Perennial : whole plant slightly and stellately pubescent ; stem leafy, simple, or branching
from the base ; leaves sparingly and acutely toothed ; radical ones cuneiform-lanceolate, the
cauline oblong ; silicles smooth, lanceolate-oblong, contorted, pointed with a very short but
distinct style; petals (white) about twice as long as tiie sepals. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 28; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 70 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. p. 55 ; Torr. <J- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 106. D. incana,
/?. glabriuscula, Gray in ami. lye. N. York, 3. p. 223.

Stems usually several from one root, 6-12 inches high. Radical leaves numerous, form-
ing a circular tuft, about an inch long, acute, with a long tapering base, 1 - 2-toothcd or entire ;
cauline ones slightly clasping, furnished with one or two (rarely more) very acute spreading
teeth on each side. Flowers about three lines in diameter. Petals broadly ovate. Raceme
of fruit 4-6 inches long. Silicle half an inch long, and nearly 2 lines v/ide, nearly erect.
Pedicels about half as long as the silicles, often cohering at the base by pairs. Seeds
7 - 10 in each cell.

Rocky borders of lakes and rivers in the northern part of the Stale. Fl. May - June.
Fr. July.

2. Dkaba Caroliniana, Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass.

Annual. Stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked and smooth above, leaves ovate ; entire,
hispid ; silicles linear, smooth, somewhat corymbed, longer than their pedicels ; style almost
none; (flowers white.)— Walt. fl. Car. p. 174 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 138; DC. prodr. 1. p. 171 ;
Torr. <J- Cr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 109. D. hispidula, Michx. fl. 2. p. 28 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 433.
Arabis rotundifolia, Raf. in Amer. month, mag. 2. p. 43.

Plant 2-5 inches higli ; the pubescence branched. Stems commonly several from one
root, branching from near the base ; the branches widely spreading. Leaves 4-5 lines long,
the radical and lower cauline ones abruptly narrowed at the base. Flowers nearly twice as

Draba. CRUCIFERiE. 63

large as in D. vcrna. Petals oblong, twice llic length of the sepals. Silicles 4-6 lines long ;
cells 20 - 30-scedcd.

Sandy fields on the Island of New-York ; rare. April - May.

§ 2. EROPniLA, DC. Petals 2-parted.

3. Draba verna, Lin?i. Common Whitlow-grass.

Scapes naked ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; silicles elliptical. — Eng. hot. t. 586 ;
Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 433 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 250 ; Burt.Jl. A?n. Sept. 3. p. 49 to 88./. 2 ; Torr.
^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 109. D. verna, (3. Americana, Pers. syn. 2. p. 190. Erophila Ame-
ricana awfZ vulgaris, DC. prodr. 1. p. 173. E. vulgaris, Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 56. E.
vulgaris, var. Americana, Darlingt. Ji. Cest.ji. 378.

Annual. Scapes 1-5 inches high, often several from one root, and assurgent. Leaves
4-6 lines long. Flowers minute, white. Petals cleft more than half way to the base. Pe-
dicels of the fruit 6-8 lines or more in length. Silicles 3-4 lines long; style very short.
Seeds numerous.

Fields and hill-sides ; common. March and April. Perhaps introduced.

Tribe V. CAMELINEJE. DC.

Silicic dehiscent, ovoid or oblong, compressed parallel to the septum, or turgid ; valves plane
or convex : septum elliptical or ovate, sometimes incomplete or none. Cotyledons plane,
incumbent, contrary to (i. e. their margins looking towards) the septum.

11. CAMELINA. Crantz ; Endl. gen. 4:919. gold OF pleasure.

[Named from the Greek cliamai, dwarf, ami linon, flax ; from some resemblance of tlic plant to ordinary flax.]

Sihcle obovoid or somewhat globose ; valves vcntricose, dehiscing with a part of the style ;
cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong, not bordered. Flowers small, yellow.

1. Camelina sativa, Crantz. Common Gold of Pleasure. Wild Flax.

Silicles obovoid-pyriform ; style rather long ; stigma simple ; leaves lanceolate, sagittate,
nearly entire. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 201 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 379 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am.
l.p. 110. Myagrum sativum, Linn. Alyssum sativum, Smith, Eng. hot. t. 1254.

Annual. Stem I5 - 3 feet high, paniculate at the summit, somewhat pubescent. Leaves
usually roughish-pubescent. Silicles about one-fourth of an inch long, on slender pedicels
which are from half an inch to an inch in length. I

Fields and cultivated grounds ; introduced with grain from Europe. Flowers in May and
June.

64 CRUCIFERiE. Thlaspi.

Tribe VI. THLASPIDEJE. DC.

Silicle dehiscent, compressed contrary to the very narrow septum; valves boat-shaped.
Cotyledons plane, accumbent, contrary to the septu?n.

12. THLASPI. Dill. ; Endl. gen. 4:885. PENNY CRESS.

[From the Greek, t/ilao to flatten ; probably from the compressed form of its seed-vessel.]

Silicle emarginate at the apex ; valves winged on the back ; cells 2- or many-seeded. Petals
equal. Calyx equal at the base. — Flowers white.

1. Thlaspi arvense, Linn. Mithridate Mustard, or Penny Cress.

Leaves oblong, toothed ; silicles orbicular-obovate, shorter than the pedicels ; style scarce-
ly any.— Pwrs/i, fl. 2. p. 435 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 175 ; Hooli.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 58; Torr.
4- Gr.fl. N.Am. 1. p. 113.

Cauline leaves somewhat sagittate ; auricles minute. Valves of the sihcle much com-
pressed, furnished with a conspicuous wing.

In the State of New-York {Fursli). I have never seen specimens of this plant collected
within the limits of the State. It is doubtless an introduced species in North America.

Tribe VII. LEPIDINE^. DC.

Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum {sometimes l-celled) ;
valves boat-shaped, or rarely vcntricose. Cotyledons plane, incumbent, parallel to the
septum.

13. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. in hort. Kew. 4. p. 85 ; Endl. gen. 4932. PEPPER-WORT.

[From the Greek Icpis, a scale ; the fruit being in the form of little scales.]

Silicle ovate or somewhat cordate ; valves carinate or rarely ventricose, dehiscent ; cells one-
seeded. Seeds compressed, or somewhat 3-sided. Flowers small, white.

1. Lepidium CAMPESTRE, i2. 5/-. Mitliridatc Pepper-icort.

Silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly-punctate ; cauline leaves sagittate, denticulate. —
DC. syst. 2. p. 535 ; Torr. (J- Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 115. Thlaspi campestre, Linn.

Annual or biennial. Plant 8-12 inches high, simple, or paniculately branched above,
clothed with a short soft and mostly simple pubescence. Racemes much elongated in fruit ;
pedicels diverging horizontally. Silicles 3 lines long.

Waste places and road-sides ; rather rare. Long Island and Staten Island. Introduced.
June - July.

Lkpidicm. CRUCIFER.E. 65

2. Lepidium Virginicum, Linn. Wild Pepper-grass.

Silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, emarginate ; flowers diandrous (petals 4) ; cauline
leaves linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate; cotyledons accumbent. — MicJuc.jl. 2. p. 27; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 205 ; Bigel. jl. Bast. p. 250 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. l.p.69; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 380 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 115.

Annual. Plant a foot or fifteen inches high, corymbosely branched above, minutely pubes-
cent. Leaves 1-2 inches long, the lower ones incised or even pinnatifid, nearly smooth.
Flowers minute, rarely triandrous. Silicles nearly two lines long, slightly emarginate ;
pedicels slender, spreading, 3-4 lines in length.

Fields and road-sides : in dry soils ; common. May - September.

14. CAPSELLA. Vent. tabl. 3. p. 110; Endl. gen. i927. SHEPHBRD'S-PURSE.

[Name, the diminutive of capsula, a capsule or little box.]

Silicle triangular-cuneiform ; valves boat-shaped, wingless, coriaceous ; cells small, many-
seeded. — Herbaceous, annual. Radical leaves in a rosulate cluster. Flowers minute,
white.

1. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Common Shep1ierd!s-purse.

DC. syst. 2. p. 383; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 380; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N.Am. l.p. 117. Thlaspi
Bursa-pastoris, Linn. ; 'Eng. hot. t. 1485 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 250.

Stems 6-18 inches high, erect, often several from one root, simple or sparingly branched,
more or less hairy. Leaves variable, sometimes entire, but usually toothed, incised or pin-
natifid. Pedicels filiform, much longer than the silicles.

Fields, road-sides, etc. ; a well known weed. Introduced from Europe. April - September.

* 3. LOMENTACEiE.

Tribe VIII. CAKILINE^. DC.

Silique or silicle separating transversely into several 1-celled, 1-seeded joints. Seeds usually
compressed, not margined. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.

15. CAKILE. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 4899. SEA ROCKET.

[An Arabic name of a plant, supposed to be this or some allied genus.]

Silicle 2-jointed ; the upper joint ovate or ensiform. Seed in the upper cell erect ; in the
lower pendulous. — Annual, glabrous and fleshy (usually maritime) herbs, with pinnatifid
or lobad leaves. The lower joint of the silicle often abortive.
[Flora.] 9

66 CRUCIFER^. Cakilb.

1. Cakile maritima, Scop. Sea Rocket.

Upper joint of the silicle ensiform. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 185 ; Lam. ill. t. 554. Bunias
Cakile, Linn.

var. Americana: upper joint of the sihcle ovate-ensiform. — Torr. ^ Gi-. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 119. C. Americana, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 62 ; DC. I. c. C. edentula, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 59. C. maritima, Pursh,fl, 2. p. 434 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 137. Bunias edentula, Bigel.fi. Bost.
p. 251.

Stem much branched, procumbent, a foot or more in length. Leaves 1-2 inches long,
obovate, attenuate at the base, more or less toothed and lobed. Flowers corymbed, pale
purple. Silicle about three-fourths of an inch long, at length somewhat woody ; lower joint
short, clavate-obovate ; the upper one with a prominent line on each side, minutely 2-3-
toothed at the base. Seeds almost always accumbent. — See Torr. in ami. lye. N. York. 4.
p. 91.

Sandy seashore of Long-Island, and shore of Lake Erie at Portland harbor {Dr. Kneiskern).
July - August.

Tribe IX. RAPHANE^. DC.

Silique or silicle indehiscent, tranversely separating into one- {or few-) seeded joints. Seeds
globose. Cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassicaceae.

16. RAPHANUS. Linn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 662. RADISH.

[Named from the Greek, ra, quickly, and phainomai, to appear ; from its speedy germination.]

Silique transversely many-celled. Seeds in a single series. — Leaves lyrate. Flowers yellow,
white or purple.

1. Raphanus Raphanistrum, Linn. Wild Radish.

Silique terete ( joints one-seeded), moniliform and one-celled when mature, longer than the
style ; leaves simply lyrate. — DC. j^rodr. 1. p. 229; Bigel.fi. Bost. p. 252; Torr. <^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1. f. 120.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, rough with scattered minute prickles. Leaves
roughly pubescent ; the terminal lobe large, ovate or obovate. Flowers at first yellow, turning
white or sometimes pale purple as they grow old, about as large as in the common Radish.
Pods 1^ to 2 inches or more in length; when mature, much constricted between the joints :
style forming from one-third to one-half the length of the pod.

In fields and waste places on Long Island, about Gowannus Bay. July - September. A
weed, introduced from Europe.

PoLANisiA. CAPPARIDACEiE. '67

Order XIII. CAPPARIDACE./E. Juss. The Caper Tribe.

Sepals 4 (very rarely 2 or 8), deciduous or marcescent, distinct or more or less
united and imbricated in aestivation, rarely valvate. Petals 4 (very rarely 8),
cruciate or irregular, usually unguiculate and more or less unequal, sometimes
wanting. Stamens, when the flowers are tetramerous, most commonly 6, often
8 - 20 or more, rarely as kw as 4, inserted on the short or sometimes elon-
gated torus : filaments equal or unequal ; anthers innate or introrse, mostly
revolute when dry. Ovary often stipitate, composed of 2 (rarely more) united
carpels, with two parietal placentce : style filiform, sometimes short or almost
wanting; stigma entire, often discoid or somewhat capitate. Fruit one-celled,
either a pod-shaped 2-valved capsule, with the valves often separating from
the persistent filiform placentae (rarely coriaceous, and nearly or quite inde-
hiscent), or baccate, very rarely 1 - 2-, usually many-seeded. Seeds campuli-
tropous, reniform, with no albumen, but the lining of the testa often thickened.
Embryo curved : cotyledons foliaceous, somewhat incumbent. — Herbs (mostly
annuals in N. America), shrubs, or rarely small trees, with a watery acrid juice.
Leaves alternate, petioled, simple or palmately compound : leaflets mostly
entire. Stipules none, or with spines in their place.

Tribe I. CLEOME^. DC.

Capsule memhranaceous, dehiscent {rarely somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent). Leaves
mostly compound.

1. POLANISIA. Raf. injour.phys. (1819), p. 98 ; End!, gen. 4988.

[From the Greek, poly, much, and anisos, unequal ; in allusion to tlic inequality of the stamens.]

Sepals distinct, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8 - 32 : filaments filiform, or dilated at the
summit. Torus minute (often nectariferous). Pod linear, sessile or nearly so. — Annual
herbs, mostly glandular, with a heavy tercbinthine odor.

§. PoLANisiA proper. Torus bearing a short fleshy nectary or gland next the upper sepal : filaments
filiform, often unequal and more or less declined {6-8 of them arising between the nectary ami
the ovary) : petals on slender elates, unequal, emarginate or entire : sepals tardily deciduous.

1. PoLANisiA graveolens, Raf. Heavy-scented Polanisia.

Viscidly pubescent and glandular ; leaves trifoholate ; leaflets and bracts oblong, shorter

68 CAPPARIDACE^. Polamsia.

than the petiole ; sepals (purplish) somewhat unequal, longer than the claws of the cuneate
emarginate petals ; stamens mostly 10 or 1 1, usually longer than the petals ; style longer than
the ovary ; pods broadly lanceolate, turgid, attenuate at the base, reticulated, rough with a
glandular pubescence ; seeds somewhat flattish, nearly smooth or minutely verrucose. — Raf.
I. c; DC.prodr. I. p. 242; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 71 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 600 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 123. Cleome dodecandra, Michx. fl. 2. p. 32 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 441 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 254:. C. dodecandra, var. Canadensis, Linn.; Cornut. Can. t. 181. C.
viscosa, Spreng. syst. 2. p. 125, ex Am.

Stem branching, 6-15 inches high, often tinged with purple. Leaflets about an inch long.
Flowers numerous in a corymbose raceme. Sepals glandularly pubescent on the back. Petals
yellowish-white, attenuated below into a filiform claw. Filaments purple. Nectary concave,
truncate, very short. Style at length deciduous. Pod I3 - 2^ inches long and 3-4 lines
broad, dry and membranaceous. Seeds brown when mature, reniform-orbicular and mode-
rately compressed, more or less roughened with muiute rugose warts, or nearly smooth.

Gravelly banks of rivers and lakes ; not found below the Highlands. June - August.

Order XIV. VIOLACEtE. DC The Violet Tribe

Calyx of persistent sepals, which are often auricled at the base, imbricated in
aestivation. Corolla of 5 mostly unequal petals, the superior one (which, by
the inversion of the flower, becomes inferior) usually spurred or saccate at the
base ; the aestivation convolute. Stamens 5, inserted on the hypogynous disk :
filaments short and broad, extending beyond the anthers ; two of them furnished
with a gland, or a slender appendage which is concealed in the spur of the
corolla : anthers connivent, or somewhat cohering into a ring or tube. Style
usually declined, with a thickened or hooded stigma. Capsule one-celled,
opening by 3 valves, each valve bearing a parietal placenta in its middle.
Seeds usually numerous (by abortion sometimes few, very rarely solitary),
anatropous, with a crustaceous testa and a distinctly marked chalaza. Embryo
straight, nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. — Herbs (in tropical countries
sometimes shrubby plants). Leaves simple, petioled, mostly alternate, furnished
with stipules.

Viola. VIOLACEiE. 69

1. VIOLA. Linn.; Gingins in DC. prodr. 1. p. 291 ; Endl. gen. 504lO. violet.

[A name of obscure origin.]

Sepals more or less auriclcd at the base. Petals unequal ; the superior (by inversion inferior)
one spurred at the base ; the 2 lower ones with appendages on the back, which are con-
cealed in the spur : anthers connate, the lobes diverging at the base. Ovary sometimes
surrounded at the base by the concave torus, and then apparently half inferior. Capsule
bursting elastically. Seeds horizontal, with an evident caruncle. — Low herbaceous plants,
with a short subterraneous stem or rhizoma (and then called acaulescent or stemless), or
caulescent. Leaves alternate. Peduncles angular, solitary, one-flowered, furnished with
2 small bracteoles, recurved at the summit, so that the flower is resupinate or nodding. —
The species with subterraneous sto.ms produce, late in the season, apctalous flowers on
short stolons or scapes, which are often concealed beneath the surface of the ground, but
bear perfect fruit.

^ 1. Stigma rostrate; the beak more or less, with an orifice at the extremity, margined or convex on
the back: style tapering from the summit to the base: anthers oblong ; torus flattish. Gingins.

* Acaulescent.

1. Viola pedata, Linn. Pedate Violet.

Plant nearly smooth ; leaves pedately about 7-parted ; segments cuneate-lanceolate, entire
or incisely 3-toothed at the summit ; stigma large and thick, margined, obliquely truncate,
the beak very short ; petals all smooth. — Michx.Jl. 2. p. 151 ; Bot. mag. t. 89 ; Pursh,Jl. 1.
p. 171 ; Schwein. mon. Viol, in Sill, jour: 5. p. 50; Ell. sk. l.p. 300; Torr.Jl. l.p. 249 ;
DC.prodr. l.p. 291 ; LeConie, mon. Viol, in ann. lye. N. York, 2. p. 147; Hook. Jl. Bar. -
Am. 1. p. 74 ; Graham in Edin. new phil. jour. Jan. 1833 ; ToiT. <^ Gr: Jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 136. V. flabellifolia, Lodd. bot. cab. t. 777. V. digitata, Pursh, I. c.

Rhizoma thick and fleshy. Leaves of a firm texture : three of the divisions extend to the
base of the lamina ; the lateral ones 3-, sometimes 4-parted ; the segments varying in breadth,
usually more or less cuneiform or oblanceolate, sometimes very narrow. Stipules ciliate.
Scapes 3-5 inches high. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter, usually bright blue, sometimes
variegated, and rarely almost white. Stigma a little longer than the stamens.

Dry sandy soils. May - June. A beautiful and pretty common species in the neighbor-
hood of New- York and on Long Island, but rare in the interior of the State.

2. Viola palmata, Linn. . Pahnate Violet.

Plant pubescent ; leaves cordate, palmately or hastately lobed (the early ones sometimes
entire) ; lobes crenate and toothed, the middle one much the largest ; stigma capitate-triangu-

76 VIOLACE^. Viola.

lar, with a short beak; lower petals bearded. — Michx.fl. 2. p. 161 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 300 ;
Schwein. I. c; Terr. Jl. 1. p. 249; Le Conte, I. c; Bigel.fi. Bost. p. 95 ; DC.prodr. 1.
p. 292 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. \.p. 74 ; Darlingt.fi. Cest.p. 142; Torr. ^- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 137. V. heterophylla, Leconte, I. c.

Rhizoma thick. Leaves variable in form, lobing and degree of pubescence ; sometimes
(particularly the first that expand) entire, often palmate and entire on the same plant, at other
times dilated and reniform, very rarely almost smooth : petioles 3-8 inches long. Scapes
at first longer, but finally shorter than the leaves : stipules very small, lanceolate, denticulate.
Flowers middle-sized, bright blue, sometimes pale, rarely almost white.

Woods, usually in rather moist situations. May.

3. Viola cucullata, Ait. Hood-leaved Violet.

Plant glabrous, or rarely somewhat pubescent ; leaves reniform-cordate, somewhat acute,
usually rolled in at the base, crenately serrate ; stigma triangular-capitate, margined ; lower
petals bearded.— Ait. Kew. 3. p. 288 ; PiirsJi, fi. I. p. 172 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 60 ; Ell. sk.
l.p. 298; Schwein. I. c; Torr. fi. I. p. 251 ; Le Conte, I. c; DC. jjrodr. 1. p. 292; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 75. V. papilionacea, Pursh, I. c; DC. I. c; Torr. ^ Gr. fi. N. Am. 1.
p. 137. V. obliqua. Ait. L c; Schwein. I. c; Torr. I. c. V. affinis, Leconte, I. c.

Rhizoma thick. Whole plant usually smooth. Leaves sometimes nearly plane, varying
in size and height. Flowers middle-sized, bright violet-blue or pale. Spur rounded, short.

Very common in moist low grounds. Fl. Latter part of April to May. — This species
strongly resembles the entire-leaved form of V. palmata, and can only be distinguished by its
almost entire smoothness, undivided leaves, and by the somewhat different form of the stigma.
It may prove to be a variety of that plant.

4. Viola Selkirkii, Goldie. Selkirk's Violet.

Leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hairy above, smooth underneath, the sinus deep
and nearly closed ; stigma triangular, margined, with a distinct beak ; spur nearly as long as
the lamina, thick, very obtuse. — Goldie in Edin. phil.jovr. 6. p. 319; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am.
p. 75 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fi. N. Am. p. 137.

Rhizoma somewhat creeping. Leaves numerous, forming a small radical tuft ; lamina an
inch broad, somewhat acute or obtuse. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers much
smaller than in V. cucullata ; petals pale blue, obovate ; spur very conspicuous, somewhat
dilated at the extremity.

Woody hill-sides in the western part of the State, particularly in Oneida county {Dr. Gray).
A well marked, but rare species.

Viola. VIOLACEvE. 71

5. Viola sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Plant somewhat pubescent ; leaves oblong, rather acute-crenate, cordate-sagittate and incised
at the base ; stigma depressed, margined ; inferior petal smooth, the rest bearded. — Ait.
Kern. 3. p. 287; Pursh, fi. \. p. 172 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 147 ; Schwein. I. c. ; Torr. Jl. 1.
p. 250 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 299 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 96 ; DC. prodr. \.p. 294 ; Le Conte, I. c. ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 143 ; Torr. <^ Gr.jl. N. Am. l.p. 138.

var. ovata : villous ; leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, crenate, often lacerately toothed at
the base; petiole margined. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. V. ovata, Nutt. I. c. ; Schwein. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. I. c; Hook. Jl. Bar. -Am. I. p. 76. V. primulifolia, Pursh, I. c. (not of Linn.). V.
AUeghaniensis, Roem. <^ Schick, syst. 5. p. 560 ; DC. I. c.

Rhizoma short and thick. Leaves usually forming a tuft, often somewhat hastate at the
base, 2-5 inches long (including the petiole, which is about the length of the lamina).
Peduncles usually several, a little longer than the leaves ; stipules subulate. Flowers middle-
sized. Sepals linear-lanceolate, smootliish. Petals bright or pale purplish blue. Spur short,
very obtuse and saccate. Capsule smooth, 20 - 30-seeded.

In fields and on dry hill-sides ; frequent. Latter part of April to the middle of May. A
variable species, but easily distinguished from all the other stemless violets by the form of the
leaves. I have not observed the variety emarginata within the limits of the State. The
whole plant is mucilaginous, and is employed in domestic practice as a demulcent.

6. Viola rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet.

Leaves orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly crenate-toothed, nearly smooth, the sinus usually
closed; petiole pubescent ; (flowers yellow;) stigma recurved at the apex, margined ; lateral
petals bearded; sepals obtuse; spur almost none. — Michx. Jl. 2. pi- 150; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 149 ; Schwein. I. c. ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 97 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 252 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 295
(excl. syn. Pursh) ; Le Conte, I. c. ; Ilook.jl. Bor. Am. l.p. 97; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N.Am. 1.
p. 138.

Rhizoma short and thick. Leaves spreading and appressed to the ground, at the flowering
time about an inch long, but very much larger late in the season, flat, sprinkled with short
hairs on the upper surface ; the petiole about as long as the lamina. Scapes 1 - 2i inches
long, smooth. Flowers small, pale yellow. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, usually rounded at the
extremity, smooth. Petals obovate, sometimes emarginate ; the lateral ones strongly with
dark brown lines. Capsule ovate, smooth, speckled with brown. Seeds about 20.

Shady rocky woods ; rare below the Highlands ; common in the northern parts of the
State. Fl. Middle of April to May. — Remarkable among the stemless violets for its yellow
flowers, and also for the large leaves which it bears in the latter part of the summer.

■ya VIOLACEiE. Viola.

7. Viola blanda, Willd. Siveei-scented White Violet.

Leaves broadly cordate and cordate-reniform, smooth or slightly pubescent above, the sinus
rounded ; petiole smooth ; stigma capitate, depressed, margined with a recurved beak ; petals
beardless (white); rhizoma creeping. — Willd. hort. Berol. t. 24 ; Nutt. gen. I. p. 149; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 298; Schwein. I. c. ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 254; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 94; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 295 ; Le Conte, I c; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 145 ; Torr. 4- Gr.fi. N. Am. I. p. 138. V. clan-
destina, Pursh, fl. I. p. 173 (excl. syn. Michx.). V. obliqua, Pursh, I. c. V. amcena, Le
Conte, I. c.

Leaves 1-2 inches in diameter, flat and thin ; petiole mostly twice the length of the leaves.
Scape slender, oblique or decumbent. Flowers small, fragrant. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse.
Petals obovate, obtuse ; the inferior one strongly veined with purple, and often emarginate ;
the two lateral ones less distinctly veined : spur short, but distinct.

Wet meadows and margins of brooks ; common. April - May. — This is the only native
sweet-scented violet in the United States.

8. Viola PRiMULiEFOLiA, Linn. Pi-imrose-leaved Violet.

Leaves oblong, somewhat cordate, the lamina abruptly decurrent on the petiole, the under
surface and the scapes somewhat pubescent ; stigma capitate, margined, slightly beaked
(flowers white) ; lateral petals smooth or slightly bearded ; rhizoma creeping. — Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 149 ; Schivein. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 295 (excl. syn. Pursh) ; Torr. fi.l. p. 253 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 293; Le Conte, I. c. ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 145; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 139.

Leaves 3-6 inches high ; the lamina an inch or more wide, and constituting less than half
the length of tlic leaf, sometimes truncate at the base ; the upper part of the petiole winged
by the decurrent lamina. Scapes about the length of the leaves. Flower small; the lower
petal conspicuously, and the two lateral ones slightly, marked with purple veins.

Wet meadows and borders of rivulets ; rare. April - June.

9. Viola lanceolata, Linn. Lance-leaved Violet.

Plant smooth ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a long petiole, rather obtuse,
obscurely crenate-scrrate ; stigma with a short recurved beak, somewhat quadrangular and
margined; petals (white) beardless ; rhizoma creeping. — Michx. fl. 2. jy. 150; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 150 ; Schwein. I. c. ; Torr.fl. \.p. 253 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 94 ;
Le Conte, I. c; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. l.p.76; Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 139.

Rhizoma often throwing off from its neck long creeping stolons, bearing an a])etalous flower
on a short peduncle at each joint. Leaves 4-6 inches long ^including the petiole), and
usually 4-5 lines wide, but sometimes considerably broader ; the lamina shorter than the
petiole. Scapes generally exceeding the leaves. Flower sitiall, inodorous ; the lowest petal
veined with purple : spur short and very obtuse.

Viola. VIOLACE^. 73

Wet meadows ; common in llic valley of the Hudson, and in the northern parts of the
State, but rare ii\ the western counties. April - May ; sometimes flowering again in the
autumn. This and the preceding species are very nearly related. Hooker suspects that they
pass into each other.

»♦ Cauksceni : stigma convex, not margined.

10. Viola striata, Ait. (Plate VIII.) Striated Violet.

Nearly smooth ; stem angular, oblique, branching ; leaves roundish-cordate or somewhat
ovate, serrate, upper ones somewhat acuminate ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ;
stigma tubular, recurved, pubescent at the summit; spur rather long. — Ait. Keio. {ed. 1.) 3.
p. 291 ; Pursh,fl. I. p. 174 ; Nutt. gen. I. p. 150 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 301 ; DC. prodr. I. p. 297;
Le Conte, I. c. ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 139. V. ochroleuca, Schwein. I. c. ; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 255 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-A?)i. I. p. 77; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 146. V. repens, Schwein.
I. c. V. Lewisiana, DC. I. c. V. debilis, Michx. Jl. 1. p. 150?

Plant 6-10 inches high. Leaves about an inch and a half wide, crenately serrate, slightly
pubescent above and on the veins underneath. Stipules large. Peduncles usually rather
longer than the leaves. Flowers large, pale yellow or cream-color ; the lateral petals con-
spicuously bearded ; the lowest one striate with purple.

Wet meadows ; western part of the State ; rare. April - May.

11. Viola Muhlenbergii, Torr. Muhlenherg's Violet.

Plant smooth, or nearly so ; stem assurgent or somewhat prostrate ; leaves reniform-cordate,
the upper ones a little acuminate, crenately serrate ; stipules lanceolate, deeply serrate-ciliate ;
stigma tubular, papillose-pubescent ; spur about one-third the length of the petal ; the two
lateral petals somewhat bearded. — Torr. fl. 1. p. 256; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 140.
V. Muhlenbergiana, Ging. in DC. prodr. \.p. 297; Lc Conte, I. c. ; Hook.fl. Bor.- Am. 1.
p. 78 ; Darling, fl. Cest. p. 146. V. asarifolia and uliginosa, Muhl. cat. p. 25. V. debilis,
Pursli, fl. I. p. 174 (excl. syn.). V. punctata and uliginosa, Schtvein. I. c.

Stem 4-8 inches long, branched from the base, at first erect, but at length decumbent
and geniculate. Leaves about an inch in diameter, sometimes a little pubescent on the under
surface. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves. Flower middle-sized, pale purplish blue.
Spur sometimes nearly half the length of the petal, tapering. Style somewhat dilated in the
middle. Stigma with a conspicuous orifice, hairy-papillose on one side.

Wet meadows and swamps. May - June. Nearly allied to V. canina of Europe.

12. Viola rostrata, Pursh. Long-spurred Violet.

Smooth ; stems numerous, assurgent ; leaves cordate , the upper ones acute, serrate ;
stipules lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ; stigma tubular, very slender, erect, naked ; petals beard-
[Flora.] 10

74 VIOLACEiE. Viola.

less ; spur longer than the corolla. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 72 ; Nutt. gen. l.p. 150 ; Schwein. I. c;

Torr. Jl.l. p. 236 ; DC. prodr. 1. j^. 298 ; Le Conte, I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 78 ;

Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 140; Reichenh. ic. exot. t. 131.

Stems 3-6 inches high. Leaves 1 - Iw inch in diameter, sometimes sprinkled with a
few very short hairs on the upper surface, flat. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers
as large as in the preceding species, pale blue ; the petals veined with deep purple. Spur
slender, sometimes nearly twice the length of the flower. Appendages of the anthers filiform,
extending almost the entire length of the spur. Style slender, of nearly uniform thickness
throughout, terminating in the tubular stigma, the orifice of which is manifest, as in V. Muh-
lenbergii.

Swamps and moist rocky woods. Latter part of May. Rather common in the interior
of the State, but not yet found below Hudson. Fl. Latter part of May and early in June. —
The whole appearance of the plant, except the long spur, is that of V. MuJilenbergii ; but the
characters given above seem to be pretty constant.

§ 2. Stigma capitate, bearing a tuft of hairs on each side, with a minute somewhat lateral orifice :
style compressed, clavate : stamens oblong, approximate ; torus rather flat : capsule often triangular.

GiNGlNS.

13. Viola pubescens, Aii. YeUoio Violet.

Plant commonly villous-pubescent ; stem erect, naked below ; leaves broadly cordate,

toothed ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; spur very

short. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 290; Null. gen. 1. p. 150; Schwein. I. c. ; Torr. fl. 1.

p. 257 ; Bigel.fl. Bast. p. 98 ; Le Conte, I. c. ; Bot. reg. t. 390 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 147 ;

Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 142. V. Pennsylvanica, Michx. fl. 2. p. 149.

var. 1. eriocarpa : capsules densely villous. — Nutt. I. c. ; Torr. I. c. ; Torr, <^ Gr. I. c.
V. eriocarpa, Schwein. I. c.

var. 2. scahriuscula : stems several, often decumbent, nearly smooth, or with a pubescent
line on one side ; leaves somewhat scabrous, but hardly pubescent ; capsule smooth or villous.
— Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. V. scahriuscula, Schwein. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Stem 0-10 inches high. Leaves 2-3, at the summit of the stem, 1-2 inches wide,
with a broad shallow sinus, somewhat acuminate. Stipules foliaceous. Peduncles variable,
usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, yellow ; the three lower petals con-
spicuously striate with dark purple Hnes ; lateral ones slightly bearded. Appendages of the
stamens forming a broad dorsal wing or keel, not produced at the base. Style dilated up-
ward : stigma globose, not rostrate, strongly bearded on each side.

Dry woods ; common ; the var. scahriuscula in Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern), Fl. Latter
part of May - June. Fr. July.

Viola. VIOLACE^. 75

14. Viola Canadensis, Linn. Canadian Violet.

Nearly smootli ; leaves broadly cordate, acuminate, serrate, the nerves pubescent ; stipules
ovate-lanceolate, very acute, membranaceous, entire ; sepals subulate ; petals oblong-elliptical;
spur very short; capsule somewhat globose, pubescent. — Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 174; Schwein.
I. c; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 255 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 97 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 301 ; Le Conte, I. c. ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 80; Torr. ^- Or. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 143 ; Don, in Brit. Jl. Gard.
(second ser.) t. 62.

Stem 6-18 inches high, erect, usually simple. Leaves slightly pubescent on both sides,
the largest ones 2 inches or more in diameter ; lower ones sometimes only acute, or even
obtuse. Flowers middle-sized : petals paler inside, the lower ones violet externally, lateral
ones bearded. Style dilated upward. Seeds roundish, ovate, brown.

Shady woods in rich soil. Common in the interior of the State ; not found south of the
Highlands. Fl. Latter part of May - July.

§ 3. Stigma urceolate, hairy on each side ; orifice large, furnished wilh a lip on one side : style at-
tenuated downward: ovary jiarlly immersed in the concave torus : seeds very numerous. Ginoins.

15. Viola tricolor, Linn. Pansey. Heart' s-ease.

Root somewhat fusiform ; stems branching, diffused ; lowest leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules
runcinately pinnatifid, the middle lobe crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse,
not produced; appendages short; seeds oblong-ovate. DC. prodr. 1. p. 303.

var. arvensis : annual : stems assurgent ; upper leaves spatulate-ovate ; petals scarcely
longer than the calyx, yellowish, blue, or spotted with purple. DC. I. c. ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 81 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl.l. p. 143. V. bicolor, Pursh, Jl. \. p. 175 ; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 151 ; Schwein. I. c. V. arvensis, Ell. sk. 1. j). 302. V. tenella, Muhl. cat.2>.25; Torr.
Jl. 1. p. 257 ; Le Conte, I. c.

Plant nearly smootli. Stem somewhat triangular, slender, 3-6-8 inches high, simple
and erect, or diffusely branched. Leaves less than an inch long. Peduncles longer than the
leaves. Stipules very large. Flowers small : petals pale blue, yellowish towards the base
(sometimes none) ; the lateral ones bearded. Capsule smooth.

Dry hills ; Long Island, &c. May.

2. SOLE A. Gingins in DC. jirodr. 1. j). 306.

[Named in honor of W. Sole, author of an essay on the genus Mentha.^

Sepals nearly equal, not auricled. Petals unequal ; the lowest one 2-lobed, and somewhat
gibbous at the base ; the rest emarginate. Stamens cohering ; the lowest two bearing a

10*

76 VIOLACEiE. SoLEA.

gland above the middle. Stigma uncinate, with a pore at the extremity of the point.
Capsule somewhat 3-sided, surrounded at the base by the concave torus. Seeds 6-8,
very large. — An herbaceous perennial herb, with alternate cauline leaves and small flowers
on solitary or geminate axillary peduncles.

1. SoLEA coNCOLOR, Giiig. Grecn-Jhwered Solea.

Ging. in DC. prodr. I. p. 306 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \. p. 144. Viola concolor, Forst.
in Linn, trans. 6. p. 308. t. 28 ; Nutt. gen. \. p. \5\; Schwein. I. c. ; Torr. fl. \. p. 258.
V. stricta, Spreng. pug. rar. \.p.22. lonidium Sprengelii, Ram. <^ Schult. syst. 5./). 401.

Plant somewhat hairy or pubescent, 1-2 feet high, simple, leafy. Leaves 3-7 inches
long and 1-2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, entire or sparingly
toothed. Peduncles 3-4 lines long, recurved. Flowers about one-third of an inch long,
greenish. Sepals as long as the corolla, lanceolate, smooth. Lowest petal twice as large as
the others. Filaments produced a little above the anthers : nectariferous glands sessile, con-
fluent. Style stout, distorted near the base : stigma smooth, not margined. Capsule nearly
an inch long. Seeds globose, obovate, with a conspicuous raphe and caruncle.

Wet shady woods in the western part of the State ; rare. Fl. May - June. Fr. July.
A homely weed-like plant, with inconspicuous flowers.

Order XV. CISTACE^. Juss. The Rock-rose Tribe.

Calyx of 5 persistent sepals; the two outer ones usually small, or sometimes
wanting ; the three interior imbricated, and somewhat twisted in aestivation.
Corolla of 5 (rarely 3, or by abortion none), hypogynous, mostly very fuga-
cious, usually crumpled in aestivation, and twisted in a direction contrary to
that of the sepals. Stamens indefinite, or rarel}' few, hypogynous, distinct :
anthers short, innate. Style single : stigmas as many as the placentae, more or
less united. Capsule 3 — 5-valved, 1-celled with parietal placentae, or imper-
fectly 3 - 5-celled, with dissepiments proceeding from the middle of the
valves, and bearing the placentas at oi* near the axis. Seeds few or numerous,
orthotropous (or very rarely somewhat anatropous), with mealy albumen.
Embryo usually curved, or spirally convolute. — Herbs, or low shrubby plants;
with simple and entire leaves, opposite or alternate, with or without stipules.

Heliantiiemum. CISTACEtE. 77

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn. inst. t. 128 ; Endl. gen. 5029. rock-ROSE.

[Named from the Greek, helio$, the sun, and anlhevum, a flower; the flowers opening in the sunshine]

The two exterior sepals usually much smaller and bract-like, or wanting. Petals 5, or rarely
3, sometimes abortive, fugacious. Stigmas 3, large, fimbriolate, more or less united into
one. Capsule triangular, 3-valved, few- or many-seeded : placentae filiform, in the axis of
the valves or on imperfect dissepiments more or less projecting into the cell. Embryo
inflexed.

The North American species of this genus produce two sorts of flowers, often on the same specimen: 1. Terminal or
dichotomal flowers, usually preceding the others, on slender peduncles, with conspicuous petals and numerous stamens;
2. Smaller flowers, mostly clustered in axillary cymes or glomcrules, scarcely ever fully expanding, with the petals minute
or often wanting, fewer stamens, and smaller fewer-seeded capsules. Sometimes the latter only are produced.

1. Helianthemum Canadense, Michx. Frost-weed. Frost-wort.

Stem at first simple, erect or ascending ; the primary or terminal large and petaliferous
flowers few or solitary, on pedimcles about the length of the flower, the erosely emarginate
petals about twice the length of the calyx ; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly
sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered on short leafy branches, the petals very small or none,
and the outer sepals usually wanting ; leaves oblong, or somewhat lanceolate, with revolute
margins (when dry), and, as well as the sepals and often the branches and peduncles, canes-
cently tomentose. — Michx. jl. \. p. 308 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 363; Ell. sk. 2. p. 4 ; Hook,
ft. Bor.-Am. l.p.72; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 313 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 151. H.
ramuliflorum, Michx. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. H. coryrabosum, Pursh, I. c. H. ros-
marinifolium, Pursh, I.e. Cistus Canadensis, Linn.; Bigel. jl. Bost. j). 2\2. Lechea
major (the apetalous state), Linn, amoen. acad. 3. p. 11.

Stem about a foot high, rigid, at length branching ; the branches flexuous, purplish. Leaves
about an inch long and 3-4 lines wide, the pubescence stellate and fasciculate. Primary
flowers nearly an inch in diameter. Exterior sepals narrow and linear ; the three interior
ones ovate with an abrupt point. Petals obovatc, yellow. Secondary flowers sometimes very
numerous, their capsules not larger than a large pin's head. Capsules of the primary flowers
3-4 lines long, ovate, shining. Seeds somewhat triangular, rougli with minute points.

Dry sandy woods and hill-sides. Primary flowers appearing in June, the others tliroughout
the season. — The plant is sometimes employed as an astringent and tonic. It received its
popular name from the circumstance of its shooting out, early in the winter, small icy crystals
from the cracked bark near the root. A similar phenomenon has been noticed in several other
plants, but has not yet been satisfactorily accounted for.*

♦ See an article by Sir J. F. W. Herschel, on this subject, in the Philosophical jMagazine, 3rd ser, vol. '3. p. HO.

78 CISTACE^E. Lechea.

S. LECHEA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 5030. PiN-WEED.

[Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.]

The two exterior sepals mucli narrower and bract-like. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate,
somewhat persistent. Stamens 3 - 12. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, somewhat united, fim-
briate-laciniate, depressed. Capsule 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, or one-celled by the
obliteration of the imperfect dissepiments : placentas (internal valves, Linn.) ovate or
roundish, nearly as broad as the valves, membranaceous or somewhat crustaceous, fixed
to the dissepiments by the middle of the posterior face, about two-seeded. Seeds borne
on the posterior face of the placentae near the base, one on each side of the dissepiment,
about the middle of the valves. Embryo nearly straight. — Perennial herbs, often sufTru-
ticose at the base, much branched, with numerous very small racemed or somewhat pani-
culate flowers : petals brownish-purple. Leaves without stipules, entire, alternate, opposite
or verticillate (often on the same specimen), sessile or slightly petioled, minutely puncticulate.

^ Lechea proper, Spach. Placenta: membranaceo-cruslaceous, fragile, separating from the very
thin dissepiments ; the margins revolute, and enveloping the seeds.

1. Lechea major, Michx. Larger Lechea.

Stem erect, hairy ; young branches villous, the radical ones or stolons prostrate ; cauline
leaves elliptical, mucronulate, those of the radical branches roundish or ovate and vcrj^ small,
of the floral branches lanceolate ; flowers very numerous, densely clustered in short unilateral
racemes; pedicels very short ; capsule depressed-globose and somewhat 3-sided. — Michx.
fl.l.p.76; Muhl. cat. j^. 15; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 90 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. i7 ; Ton: Jl. 1, p. 160 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 153 ; not of Liiin. (which is an apetalous form of Helianthe-
mum Canadense). L. minor, Linn, amcen. acad. 3. p. 10, ex Smith, in Rees, ct/cl. L. villosa.
Ell. sk. I. p. 184 ; DC. lyrodr. \.p. 285 ; Beck, hot. p. 36 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 96. L.
Drummondii, Spach?

•Stem 12-15 inches high, rigid, purplish, simple below, paniculately much branched above.
Stolons numerous, 3-6 inches long, bearing numerous crowded leaves which are often
verticillate or fascicled and only 2-4 lines long. Cauline leaves alternate, opposite or im-
perfectly verticillate and more or less crowded, villous with spreading whitish hairs, especial]}'
on the margins and midrib. Flowers little more than half a line, and the capsules about one
line in diameter. Seeds oval and somewhat triangular, brownish.

Dry woods and on hill-sides. July - September.

Lechea. CISTACEiE. 79

2. Lechea thymifolia, Pursh. Thyme-leaved Lechea.

Suffnitesccnt ; stems assurgent, densely and paniculately branched above, canescently
villous (especially the branches) with white appressed hairs ; radical shoots short, nearly erect ;
leaves very numerous, and often verticillate ; cauline ones oblanceolate or linear ; those of
the floriferous branches narrowly linear with rcvolutc margins, crowded ; of the radical
branches elliptical, densely imbricated and very villous ; clusters terminal, and axillary near
the extremity of the floriferous branches, 2 — 6-llowered ; pedicels very short ; calyx tomen-
tose-canescent ; capsule globose. — Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 91 ; Rees, cycl. ? ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 161,
not of Michx. ; Torr. ^ Gr. jl. N. Am. p. 153.

Stem about a foot high, stiff, pyramidally branched above, mostly naked below. Cauline
leaves 6-8 lines long, and about a line and a half wide. Flowers rather larger than in the
preceding species.

Sandy margins of swamps, near the sea ; Suffolk county, Long Island. Aug. - September.

3. Lechea minor. Lam. Smaller Lecliea. Pin-weed.

Stem erect, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs ; radical branches procumbent and
hairy, or often none; leaves linear and lanceolate-linear, the cauline one somewhat oblong,
scattered, or sometimes verticillate ; racemes nearly simple ; the flowers on distinct, often
appressed pedicels; capsules ovoid-globose. — Lam. ill. t. 52. f. 1 ?; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 91 ;
Bigel. Jl. Bost.p. 48 ; Torr. Jl. \.p. 161 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 73 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest.
p. 97 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. l.p. 163 ; not of Linn, and Smith. L. racemulosa, thymi-
folia, and tenuifolia, Miclix. Jl. 1. p. 76.

var. 1. gracilis: stem tall and slender, simple or paniculately branched above; radical
branches procumbent and hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, or somewhat oblong ; racemes often
panicled at the extremity of the branches ; capsules rather large. — Torr. <^ Gr. 1. c.

var. 2. dumosa : stem low, much, and somewhat fastigiately branched ; leaves linear-
lanceolate ; radical branches numerous, slender, with smaller elliptical leaves.

Stem, in the first variety, a foot or more high, with short branches ; in the other, 5-8
inches, with longer branches. Flowers on pedicels 2 lines or more in length. Capsules
twice as large as in L. major. Seeds oblong.

Dry fields, open woods, and hill-sides. June - September.

80 CrSTACEiE. Hudsonu.

3. HUDSONIA. Linn. mant. 11 ; Endl. gen. 5031. HUDSONIA.

[Named in honor of William Hudson, author of the Flora AngHca.]

Sepals united at the base ; the two outer ones subulate, and often minute ; the three inner,
oblong or oval, colored within, spreading in flower, connivent in fruit. Petals 5, oblong-
obovate, somewhat fugacious. Stamens 9 - 30. Style filiform, straight : stigma minute.
Capsule oblong-obovoid, 1-celled, 3-valved : placenta; nerve-like, in the axis of the valves.
Seeds 1-2 (or by abortion fewer), arising from the base of each placenta on short filiform
ascending funiculi, minutely granulated. Embryo (in H. ericoides) slender, spirally convolute
in the midst of the thin albumen. — Low, diffusely and much branched shrubby plants,
forming dense tufts. Leaves subulate or acerose, densely imbricated, without stipules,
pubescent or tomentose, persistent. Flowers yellow, terminating the short branches.

1. HuDSONiA ERicoiDKs, Linn. Heath-like Hudsonia.

Plant canescently pubescent, erect, with the branches somewhat decumbent ; leaves subu-
late, slightly spreading ; peduncles exserted, longer than the flowers ; sepals acutish ; capsules
oblong, slightly pubescent, 1 - 3-seeded. — hinn. mant. p. 74; Willd. hort. Berol. t. 15;
Pursk, jl. 2. p. 364 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 4 ; Torr. compend. p. 215 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 285 ;
Bot. cab. t. 192 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 154.

Plant 5-8 inches high ; primary branches elongated ; floral ones short. Flowers about
5 lines in diameter. Stamens 12-15: anthers roundish. Ovary villous: style about as
long as the stamens. Capsule smooth, oblong. Seeds oblong, grayish.

Sandy woods, Suffolk county. Long Island. May and early in June.

2. Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt. Woolly Hudsonia.

Whitish-tomentose ; stems ascending ; leaves minute, ovate-oblong, acute, very closely
imbricated ; flowers nearly sessile (the peduncles not longer than the leaves) ; sepals obtuse ;
capsules ovate, commonly one-seeded. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 5 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 213; DC.
prodr. l.p. 285; Torr. compend. p. 216; Sweet, Cist. t. 57; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 73.
H. ericoides. Lam. ill. t. 407? Richards, app. Frank, nar. ed. 2. p. 18.

Stems very diffusely branched, forming dense tufts, 4-6 inches high ; the branches short.
Leaves about a line long. Flowers very numerous, rather smaller than in the preceding
species. Stamens 9-18. Ovary slightly villous.

Seacoast of Long Island and shore of Lake Champlain. Fl. Latter part of May to the
middle of June. Easily distinguished from H. ericoides, by its short, closely imbricated,
hoary leaves and nearly sessile flowers. Both species are handsome little shrubs when in
full bloom, being almost covered with bright yellow flowers.

Drosera. DROSERACE/E. '81

Order XVI. DROSERACEiE. DC. The Sundew Tribe.

Calyx of 5 equal persistent sepals, iml)ricated in aestivation. Corolla of 5 equal
petals, marcescent. Stamens usually as many as the petals and alternate with
them, rarely 2 - 3 times as many, marcescent ; anthers extrorse or innate.
Styles 3-5, usually distinct, or only united at the base, each 2-parted, or
many-cleft and pencil-shaped ; sometimes all united into one. Capsule one-
celled, 3 - 5-valved, opening loculicidally with the valves placentiferous in the
middle, or sometimes bursting irregularly with a thick placenta at the base.
Seeds usually numerous, anatropous ; testa sometimes arilliform. Embryo
small, at the base of cartilaginous or membranaceous albumen. — Small herbs
growing in wet jslaces, usually clothed with glandular hairs. Leaves alternate
or clustered at the base of the scape, circinate in vernation. Stipules none,
or in the form of a fringe of hairs at the base of the petioles.

1. DROSERA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 503S. ' SUNDEW.

[Named from the Greek, rkosos, dew ; the plant appearing as if covered with dew.]

Stamens 5. Styles distinct, 2-parted ; the divisions somewhat thickened towards the apex,
or many-cleft. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually 3-vaIved at the top : valves placentiferous
to the summit. Seeds very numerous, in 2 - 5 rows on each placenta. — Small herbs,
growing in sphagnous and sandy swamps. The North American species are acaulcscent,
with a rosulate tuft of leaves and simple scapes, which are circinate when young. Leaves
covered with numerous reddish gland-bearing hairs, which secrete a viscid fluid that stains
paper red. Flowers usually small, white, rose-colored, or purple.

1. Drosera rotundifolia, Linn. Round-leaved Sundeiv.

Leaves orbicular, spreading, abruptly attenuated into the long hairy petiole ; petals (white)
oblong ; styles very short, 2-parted, with somewhat club-shaped divisions ; seeds linear, with
a loose arilliform testa. — Eng. hot. t. 867 ; Michx.jl. 1. p. 186 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. .375 ; Nutt.
gen. I. p. 141 ; Torr.fl.p. 331 ; DC.prodr. \. p. 318; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81 ; Dar-
lingt.fl. Cest. p. 211 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 146.

Leaves (including the petiole) 1 - 1 i inch long ; the lamina about half an inch in diameter ;
the fringed stipules at the base conspicuous. Scapes solitary, or 2 - 3 from one root, 4-8
inches high, 5 - 10-flowered ; the raceme sometimes forked at the base. Pedicels 1-2 lines
long. Capsule oblong. Seeds attenuated at each extremity.

Sphagnous swamps. Fl. July - August. Fi-. September.

[Flora.] 11

f

82 DROSERACE^. Drosera.

2. Drosera longifolia, Linn. Long-leaved Sundew.

Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect-spreading, attenuate into the long and slender naked petiole ;
caudex ascending or decumbent, often elongated ; scapes declined at the base ; petals (white)
short ; styles very short, the divisions somewhat thickened ; seeds oblong, slightly punctate,
the testa not arilhform. — Eng. hot. t. 868 ; Michx. fl.l.p. 86; Nutt. gen. 1 . p. 141 ; Torr.
fl. I. p. 331 {excl. syn. Goldie) ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 123 ; Torr. <^ Gr.jl. N. Am. \.p. 146.
D. Americana, Mulil. cat. p. 33. D. intermedia, var. Americana, DC. prodr. 1. p. 118.
D. foliosa. Ell. sk. l.p. 375; DC. I.e.

Caudex, when the plant grows in water, sometimes 2-4 inches long. Leaves 1 - 1^ inch
long, the lamina 2-3 lines wide, with long fringed stipules at the base. Scapes 3-6 inches
high, usually curved to one side at the base, and then ascending, 5 - 9-flowered. Flowers
twice as large as in the preceding species. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Capsule ovoid-oblong.

Sphagnous and sandy swamps. July - August. More rare than the preceding species.

3. Drosera filiformis, Raf. (Plate X.) Thread-leaved Sundew.

Leaves filiform and very long, nearly erect, glandularly hairy, naked at the lower extremity,
the stipules at the base densely woollv ; scape longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; petals
(purple) obovate, erosely denticulate, much longer than the glandular calyx ; styles 2-parted
to the base, the segments filiform and slightly thickened upward ; seeds acute at each end,
minutely punctate, the testa not arilliform. — Raf. in med. rep. 2. p. 360, and in Desv.jour.
bat. 1. p. 227 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 211 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 142 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 318 ; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 332 ; Hook, in Bot. mag. t. 3540; Graham in new Edin. phil. mag. July, 1836 ;
Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 147. D. tenuifolia, MuU. cat. p. 33 ; Willd. enum. p. 340 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 124.

Leaves 6-10 inches long, about the thickness of a common packthread. Scapes (often
several from one root) 8-12 inches high, smooth, usually 8 - 12-flowered, rarely forked at
the base. Flowers, when fully expanded, half an inch in diameter, bright purple. Stamens 5 ;
anther-cells large, oblong, distinct, at length separating from the rhombic-lanceolate connec-
tivum ; the pollen-grains connected by fijie cobweb-like threads. Capsule shorter than the
calyx. Seeds blackish.

Sandy wet places, a few miles east of East-Hampton, Suffolk countj', Long Island.
August - September. A singular and handsome plant ; first discovered by the late Mr. Rafi-
nesque, and described by him as early as the year 1808. According to Bigclow, the flowers
have ten stamens, but there were only five in all the specimens that I examined.

^,

Parnassia. DROSERACEiE. 83

Suborder Parnassie^. Arn.

Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in aestivation, more or less united at the base, and
coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 5, somev^rhat perigynous, persistent,
alternate with the sepals : vernation simple. Stamens perigynous, persistent,
consisting of an outer sterile series (nectaries, Linn.), somewhat indefinite in
number, and united in 5 phalanges, which are situated opposite the petals ; and
an inner series of 5 fertile stamens, alternating with the petals : anthers fixed by
the base, introrse. Stigmas 4, sessile, opposite the placentae. Capsule 1-celled,
4-valved, loculicidal, with parietal placentje. Seeds very numerous, anatropous,
with an arilliform winged testa : albumen none. Embryo straight, with a
slender radicle and minute cotyledons. — Smooth perennial herbs (growing in
wet places). Leaves mostly radical or nearly so, petioled, entire. Stems
scape-like, elongated, bearing usually a single sessile leaf, one-flowered : flower
white.

2. PARNASSIA. Tourn. inst. t. 127 ; Endl. gen. 5039. GRASS OP PARNASSUS.

X " From Mount Parnassus, the abode of grace and beauty, where, on account of the elegance of its form, this plant is

feigned to have first sprang up." Loddon.]

Character the same as of the Suborder.

1. Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx. (Plate XI.) Carolina Grass of Parnassus.

Phalanges of abortive stamens formed of 3 stout and thick united sterile filaments distinct
nearly to the base, about the length of the fertile stamens ; petals nearly sessile, more than
twice the length of the calyx, with strong greenish veins ; leaves orbicular-ovate or somewhat
elliptical-ovate, more or less cordate, the cauline one usually low down and clasping. — Michx.
fl.l.p. 208 ; Bot. mag. t. 1459 ; Pursh, ft.l.p. 208 ; Torr. fl.l.p. 326 ; Bigel. ft. Bost.
p. 121 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 320 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 82 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 149. P. palustris, Pursh, I. c. P. Americana and ovata, Muhl. cat. p. 32. P. ovata,
l8. Belvisii, DC. I.e.?

Stem (or scape) a foot or more high, angular, slender. Leaves somewhat coriaceous ;
radical ones several, an inch or an inch and a half long, very obtuse ; the cauline one always
below the middle of the stem, and often near its base. Flower an inch in diameter. Sepals
oblong, obtuse, brown at the tip. Petals ovate, white, with ten or twelve strong greenish
nerves extending from the base and converging towards the tip. Abortive filaments tipped
with yellow glandular heads. Stigmas rarely 5, small, recurved. Capsule rarely 5-valved.

Wet meadows ; rather rare. July - August.

, 84 HYPERICACEiE. Ascyrum.

Group 4. Ovary compound, with the placentce parietal, or 2 - b-celled from their
meeting in the axis : styles distinct or partly united. Estivation of the ccdyx
imhricaied. Stamens and petals inserted on the receptacle. Seeds ivith a
straight embryo and little or no albumen.

Order XVII. HYPERICACEiE. Juss. The St. John's-wort Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals, which are distinct or somewhat united at the base ; the 'J
exterior often smaller. Petals as many as the sepals, and alternate with them ;
the veins oblique ; asstivation twisted. Stamens usually numerous, and more
or less cohering at the base in three or more parcels ; anthers fixed by the
middle, introrse. Styles distinct or partly united : stigmas simple or somewhat
capitate. Fruit either baccate, or more commonly a capsule with 2 — 5 valves
and a septicidal dehiscence, 2 - 5-celled with the placentas in the axis, or 1-
celled with the placentae nearly or quite parietal. Seeds very numerous
(rarely few), straight or a little curved, anatropous : albumen none, but the
tegmen sometimes fleshy. "Embryo cylindrical, straight. — Shrubs or herbs, or
sometimes trees with a resinous juice, and dotted with small pellucid or black
immersed glands. Leaves opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence
various. Flowers commonly yellow.

Tribe I. HYPERICE^. Choisy.
Fruit capsular. Seeds terete or roundish. — Herbs or skruhhy plants. Leaves mostly sessile.

1. ASCYRUM. Linn.; Choisy, pirodr. Hyper., and in DC. prodr. 1. p. 55; Endl. gen.

5463. ST. PETER'S WORT.

[ Name from the Greek, a, privative, s.nA shjros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch.]

Sepals 4 ; the 2 exterior usually broad and foliaceous ; the inner much smaller. Petals 4,
caducous. Filaments slightly united at the base into several parcels. Styles 2-3 (rarely
4), sometimes united. Capsule 1-celled, 2 - 3-valved : placentae parietal. — Shrubby or
suii'ruticose plants. Leaves sprinkled with both black and pellucid dots. Flowers 1-3,
at the summit of the branches, yellow ; a pair of subulate bracteoles at the base of each
flower.

1. Ascyrum stans, Michx. Upright St. Peters Wort,

Stem ancipital and somewhat winged, straight, erect, dichotomously branched at the sum-
mit ; leaves oblong, closely sessile, somewhat clasping, obtuse, a little glaucous ; flowers on

AscYRUM. HYPERICACE.f}. 85

erect pedicels ; exterior sepals cordate-orbicular , inner ones lanceolate, one-third shorter than
the others ; styles 3 (rarely 4) ; capsule ovate, rather acute. — Michx.fl. 2. p. 77 ; DC. prodr.
\.p. 155 ; Torr. compend.p. 219 ; Torr. <]- Gr.jl. 1. p. 157. A. hypericoides, Linn, (part-
ly) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 22.

Stem 12-18 inches high, usually simple except at the summit, rigid, woody towards the
base. Leaves an inch or rather more in length and 1-5 lines wide, opake and rather thick.
Flowers usually 3 togetlier, nearly an incli in diameter when expanded : pedicels 4-6 lines
long. Inner sepals somewhat petaloid, about half as long as the corolla. Petals ovate, twice
as long as the calyx. Stamens very numerous. Styles somewhat spreading. Capsule ob-
tusely triangular : placentae somewhat prominent. Seeds ovate, longitudinally marked with
line and transverse lines.

Sandy swamps, Suffolk county, Long Island. August - September.

2. HYPERICUM. Linn.; Choisy, I.e.; Endl. gen. oiGi. ST.JOU.\'S WORT.

[An ancient name of unlmown meaning and derivation.]

Sepals 5, more or less connected at the base, usually nearly equal. Petals 5, oblique and
often inequilateral. Stamens very numerous or sometimes few, united at the base into
3-5 parcels, or sometimes distinct. Styles 3-5, distinct or more or less united, persistent.
Capsule 1 -celled with 3-5 parietal placentce, or 3 - 5-celIed by the placentae meeting in
the axis. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Flowers yellow, solitary or cymosc at the
summit of the stem and branches.

§ 1. Stamens vtry numerous, polyadelphous ; capsule 5- {sometimes 6 - 7-) celled ; the dilated placenta
retroflexed into the middle of the cells. — Perennial herbs : leaves ample ; flowers very large.

1. Hypericum pyramidatum, Ait. (Plate XIL) Giant St. John's Wort.

Stem quadrangular, and usually branching above ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
partly clasping, membranaceous ; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, scarcely one-third the length
of the petals ; styles about as long as the stamens, united below, at length distinct, recurved
at the summit ; stigmas capitate. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 103; Willd. sp. 3. p.liM; Vent.
Malmais. t. 118 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 545 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 158. H. amplexi-
caule. Lam. diet. 4. p. 141. H. macrocarpon, Miclix. fl. 2. p. S2. H. ascyroides, Willd.
I. c. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 374 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 279 ; DC. I. e. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-A?n. 1. p. 109.
Roscyna Americana, Spach, eonspect. Hyper, in ami. set. nat. 1836.

Stem 2-4 feet high, nearly terete below ; branches erect, the smaller ones and the pedun-
cles almost ancipital. Leaves 2-4 inches long, and ij inch wide, sprinkled with minute
oblong pellucid dots. Flowers nearly two inches in diameter, few or sohtary at the ends of
the branches ; those at the summit of the stem forming a loose leafy panicle. Peduncles of

86 HYPERICACE^. Hypericum.

the solitaTy flowers 1-2 inches long ; the others on short pedicels. Petals naTrowly obovate,
marcescent. Styles sometinnes 6 or 7, at first forming a stout column but free at the summit,
gradually separating nearly to the base. Capsule ovoid-conical, about an inch long. Seeds
terete, slender, with a slight winged raphe.

Banks of rivers : on the Hudson above Albany, and sparingly in the western part of the
State. July.

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, more or less polyadelphous : capsules 3 - 5-celled by the meeting of the
placenta: in the axis: placenta either distinct or cohering more or less with each other, seminife-
rous on the side next the valves. — Perennial herbs or undershrnbs.

* Shruiby; capsule 5-ceUed; styles 5.

2. Hypericum Kalmianum, Linn. (Plate XII.) Kalm's St. John's Wort.

Stem very much branched above ; the branches quadrangular, with two of the angles
slightly winged ; leaves crowded, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse ; cymes fastigiate, 3-7-
flovvered ; sepals ovate-lauceolate, rather obtuse, about half the length of the petals ; styles
connate at the base; stigmas very minute. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1438 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 374 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 158.

A shrub 12- 18 inches high, growing in patches. Leaves about an inch long, and 2-3
lines wide ; the margins revolute. Flowers usually 3 together at the extremity of the branches,
about three-fourths of an inch in diatneter ; the central one on a short pedicel ; the others on
pedicels about half an inch long. Petals obovate, very oblique. Styles scarcely longer than
the stamens, at first united into a column, and tapering from a broad base to a sharp point,
at length distinct but closely approximated. Capsule ovate. Seeds oblong.

Moist rocks about the Falls of Niagara, particularly on Goat Island and Table Rock.
Fl. Early in August. Fr. September. The only shrubby species in the State.

♦"» Herbaceous : capsule 3-ceUed ; styles 3. — PelaU atul diUhers wilk black dots.

3. Hypericum perforatum, Linn. Common St. John's Wort.

Stem slightly ancipital, corymbosely branched ; leaves linear-elliptical and oblong-elliptical,
obtuse, with pellucid dots ; petals twice as long as the lanceolate-acute sepals ; styles diverg-
ing. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1453 ; Eng. hot. t. 295 ; Pursli, jl. 2. p. 377 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 279 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 323 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \. p. 160.

Stem 1-2 feet liigh, marked with two opposite elevated lines, of a yellowish-green color.
Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long, and 3-4 lines wide, very strongly punctate
with scattered pellucid dots and a few black and opake ones. Flowers numerous. Stamens
mostly in three sets. Capsule globose-ovoid. Seeds pitted.

Fields, pastures and road-sides ; too common in most parts of the State : introduced from

HvPERicuM. HYPERICACE^. 87

Europe. June - September. — This pernicious weed is generally believed, in this country,
to be the most common cause of " slabbers " in horses and horned cattle ; and likewise to cause
sores on their skin, especially in animals whose noses and feet are white, and whose skin is
thin and tender. Dr. Darlington remarks that the dew which collects on the plant appears to
become acrid. He has seen the backs of white cows covered with sores wherever the bushy
extremity of their tails has been applied, after draggling through the St. John's Wort. Dr. J.
M. Bigelow of Ohio states that he has known a high degree of inflammation of the mucous lining
of the mouth and fauces produced by eating a few of the fresh leaves. It was formerly in
considerable repute for its medicinal virtues, but was chiefly employed as a balsamic for
wounds. " The flowers tinge spirits and oils of a fine purple color ; and the dried plant boiled
with alum dyes wool of a yellow color. The common people in France and Germany gather
it with great ceremony on St. John's day, and hang it in their windows, as a charm against
storms, thunder and evil spirits ; mistaking the meaning of some medical writers, who have
fancifully given this plant the name of Fuga Dcemonum, from a supposition that it was good
in maniacal and hypochondriacal disorders. In Scotland it was formerly carried about as a
charm against witchcraft and enchantment." Loudon.

4. Hypericum corymbosum, 3fuhl. Corymbed St. John's Wort.

Every part of the plant marked with black dots ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, somewhat clasping; cymes many-flowered, corymbed, sepals ovate,
rather obtuse ; petals oblong, more than twice the length of the calyx ; styles distinct, about
as long as the ovary. — Muhl. in Wild. sp. 3. p.lidl, and cat. p. 71 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 377 ;
Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 2S0 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 160. H. maculatum, Michx. fl. 2.
p. 80 (not of Walt.). H. micranthum, Chois. in DC.prodr. \.p. 516 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 109. H. punctatum, Torr. compend. p. 220 ; Beck. hot. p. 61 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 322;
Reichenb. ic. exot. t. 88.

Stem 1 J - 2 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, sometimes abruptly narrowed at the
base, marked with pellucid as well as blackish dots. Flowers 4-5 lines in diameter. Sepals
marked with pellucid dots and lines. Petals pale yellow, strongly marked with black dots
and lines. Styles slender : stigmas small, capitate, orange-red. Capsule somewhat 3-lobed.
Seeds cylindrical-oblong.

Woods and fields. July - September. The black dots and hues in this plant (and probably
also in most others of the genus) are minute vesicles filled with an intense purple coloring
matter, which is partially soluble in water, but readily taken up by alcohol. It seems to be
allied to the coloring principle of logwood, and to be formed from the material of the pellucid
vesicles by the action of oxygen.

88 HYPERICACE^. Hypericum.

^ 3. Stamens very numerous, more or less polyadelphous .- capsule one-celled, with 3 (rarely 4) parietal
placenta:, which are often somewhat introflcxed but do not reach to the axis, bearing the seed on
the side next the axis. — Perennial herbs or low shrubs.

5. Hypericum ellipticum, Hook. FMiptical-leaved St. John's Wort.

Stem herbaceous, quadrangular, simple below, somewhat branched at the summit ; leaves
elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate ; cyme nearly naked ; sepals oblong-
obovate, very unequal, two- thirds the length of the petals, spreading ; styles 3, connate to the
summit; stigmas very minute ; capsule ovoid-globose. — Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. p. 110 ; Torr. <^
Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 164. H. sphaerocarpon, Bnrt. fl. Phil. 2. p. 14; Nutt. gen.. 2. p. 16,
not of MicJix.

Plant about a foot or eighteen inches high, slender. Leaves nearly an inch long, and 4-5
lines wide, sometimes oval, a little narrowed at the base. Cyme usually 5- (7 - 15-) flowered :
the flowers 5-6 lines in diameter ; those in the forks of the cyme on pedicels about one line
long. Petals obovate. Capsule shorter than the calyx ; the placentoe somewhat introflexed.
Seeds oval, very small and numerous, minutely striate and rugose.

Moist grounds along rivers ; northern and western counties : rather rare. July.

§ 4. Brathys, Mutis. Stamens 5 -20, distinct: capsule \-cellcd, with 3 strictly parietal placenta: :

styles 3, distinct, short. Annual.

* Stem simple bclov\ dicJiotomously cymosc above, mtk a fiowcr in each fork of the cyme.

6. Hypericum mutilum, Linn. Small-Jlowered St. John's Wort.

Stem quadrangular, usually much branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, clasping, 5
nerved, pellucid-punctate ; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceolate, rather longer tlian the oblong
petals ; stamens 6 - 12 : capsule ovoid-conical. — Lin7i. syst. 2. p. 511 ; Torr. ^- Gr.fl. N.
Am. I. p. 164. H. quinquenervium, Walt.fl. Car. p. 190; Michx.fl. 2. p. 79; DC.prodr.
l.p. 550; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l,p. 110; Darlingt.fl. C'esf. p. 323; Reichenh.fl. exot. t. 96.
H. parviflorum, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1457; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 376 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 24 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 280. Brathys quinquenervia, Spach in conspect. Hyper, in ann. set. nat.
1836.

Stem 6-12 inches high, slender, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 6-10 lines
long, thin, the pellucid dots very minute ; lateral veins obscure. Flowers scarcely more than
two lines in diameter, pale yellow. Stigmas capitate. Capsule membranaceous. Seeds
cylindrical-oblong, minutely striate and rugose.

Low grounds ; common. July September.

HYPERICUM. HYPERICACE^. 89

7. Hypericum Canadense, Linn. Canadian St. John's Wort.

Stem quadrangular, with erect brandies ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually narrowed
at the base, 3-nerved, pellucid-punctate, and with black dots underneath ; sepals lanceolate,
very acute, longer than the petals and the mature acute conical capsule ; stamens 5 - 10. —
Willd. sp. 3. p. 1455 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 79 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 378 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 24 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 550 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 80 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 110 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 324 ; Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 165. Brathys Canadensis, Spach, I. c.

Stems G - 15 inches high, slender, moderately branched above. Leaves about an inch
long and 2 lines wide, sometimes lanceolate and rather broad at the base. Sepals unequal.
Petals oblong, orange-yellow. Styles somewhat spreading : stigmas capitate. Capsule al-
most always longer than the calyx, and usually, when mature, twice as long, mostly purplish
brown. Seeds cylindrical-oblong, marked with a number of elevated lines and faint transverse
stria;, dull yellow.

Wet places, particularly in sandy soils. The broad-leaved form has been considered a
distinct species by some of our botanists, but it passes gradually into the common kind. The
length and shape of the capsule are variable : sometimes, even when nearly ripe, it is scarcely
as long as the calyx. Flowers from June to August.

** Stems rathcT rigid, dichotcmunishj or irregjdarly much branched from near the base : flowers distinct, and somewhat
racemose on the branches : leaves subulate, appressed. (Sarothra, Linn.)

8. Hypericum Sarothra, Michx. Ground Pine. Niticeed. Pine-iveed.

Stem and branches filiform, quadrangular; leaves very minute, subulate, appressed; flowers
sessile ; stamens 5 — 10 ; capsule conical, very acute, twice the length of the linear-lanceolate
sepals. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 79 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 78 ; Torr. compend. p. 221 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 324. H. nudicaule, Walt. fl. Car. p. 190. Sarothra gentianoides, iinw.; Willd. sp. 3.
p. 1515 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 371 ; Grev. ^ Hook, in hot. misc. 3. p. 23G. S. gentianoides, Ntttt.
gen. 1. p. 204 ; Bart. fl. Am. SejH. 3. t. 92. /. 1.

Stem usually from 4 to 8 inches high and fastigiately branched, often tortuous at the base.
Leaves scarcely more than a line long, with scattered opake dots, closely appressed to the
stem, so that the plant appears almost leafless. Flowers about 2 lines in diameter, orange-
yellow. Petals oblong-linear, longer than the calyx. Styles somewhat spreading : stigmas
capitate. Capsule tapering to a long point, dark purple. Seeds oblong, yellowish.

Sandy fields and road-sides ; common. June - August. — It is a little remarkable that this
plant, which is a Hypericum in all respects, should have been excluded from the genus, and
even from the order, by many distinguished botanists. There is considerable difference of
opinion as to whether the embryo is surrounded with albumen or not. The endopleura is lined
with a fleshy stratum in all the species of the genus ; but in the section Brathys, at least, it
strongly resembles albumen, constituting the chief bulk of the seed, and abounding in oil.

[Flora.] 12

90 HYPERICACE^. Elodea.

3. ELODEA. Adans. ; Spach in ann. sci. nat. (ser. 2.) 5. p. 165, not of Michc. ; Endl.

gen. 5465. ELODEA,

[ From the Greek, ehdes, growing in marshy places.]

Calyx of 5 equal sepals somewhat united at the base. Petals 5, deciduous, equilateral.
Stamens 9 (rarely 12 - 15), united in three parcels which alternate with 3 hypogynous
glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-celled ; the placentas
somewhat cohering in the axis, at length separating from the valves. — Perennial, smooth,
and slightly glaucous herbs. Leaves membranaceous, pellucid-punctate, and often with a
few black dots (the axils never leafy). Cymules few-flowered, terminal and in the axils of
the upper leaves, pedunculate or nearly sessile : flowers dull orange-purple.

1. Elodea Virginica, Nutt. Virs:i7iian Elodea.

&'

Leaves sessile, clasping ; stamens united below the middle. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 17 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 33 ; Spach, I. c. ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 167. E. campanulata, PursJi, fl. 2.
p. 379. E. Drummondii and Fraseri, Spach, I. c. Hypericum Virginicum, Linn.; Michx.
fl. 2. p. 81 ; Andr. bat. rep. t. 552 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 281 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 322. H. campanulatum, Walt. fl. Car. p. 191.

Plant a foot or eighteen inches high ; the stem and branches, and sometimes even the leaves
tinged with purple. Leaves oblong, 1-2 inches long, obtuse or slightly emarginate, paler
and somewhat glaucous underneath. Axillary cymes about 3-flowered ; the terminal one
often compound. Flowers about half an inch in diameter. Sepals lanceolate. Petals oblong,
marked with purple veins, pellucid-punctate, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Stamens very
generally 9 ; the filaments united about one-third of their length ; with a prominent orange-
colored gland between each parcel. Capsule ovoid, acute, much longer than the calyx. Seeds
oblong, pitted : testa very thick and crustaceous. Endopleura thin. Embryo oblong, straight.

Open swamps ; rather common. July - August.

Elatiwe. , elatinacej:. 91

OuuER XVIII. ELATINACEtE. Camhessedes. The Water-wort Tribe.

Sepals 2-5, mostly distinct, persistent. Petals hypogynous, as many as the
sepals and alternate with them. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as
many as the petals : anthers fixed by the middle, introrse. Styles 2-5, very
short, distinct or united at the base, or none : stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-5-
celled, 2 — 5-valved : dehiscence septifragal. Seeds few or many, oblong-
cylindrical, with little or no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : cotyledons short.
— Small annual plants, growing in marshes, with fistulous rooting stems, oppo-
site, entire or serrated leaves, and minute axillary flowers. Stipules small and
inconspicuous, sometimes wanting.

1. ELATINE. Linn.; Endl. gen. 5'i7 5. WATER-WORT.

[ From the Greek, elate, a fir ; its fine leaves bearing some distant resemblance to those of a fir tree.]

Calyx 2 - 4-parted. Petals 2-4. Stamens 2-8. Capsules 2 - 4-valved ; margin of the
valves not introflexed.

1. Elatine Americana, Arnolt. A?nerican Wafer-wort.

Stem diffuse, with assurgent branches ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile,
minute ; sepals, petals, stamens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3 ; seeds few (6 - 8). —
Arn. in Edin. jour. nat. ^ geog. science, 1. p. 430 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 203.
Peplis Americana, Pursh, fl. I. p. 238. Crypta minima, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 1.
p. 117. t. 6./. 1 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 32. Elatine minima, Fisch. et Meyer in Linncea, 10. p. 69.

Stem rooting and creeping, forming patches ; the assurgent branches rising to the height of
an inch, or sometimes nearly two inches. Leaves 2-3 lines long, entire. Flowers solitary,
about the size of a pin's head. Sepals (always?) 2, oval, obtuse. Petals 2, roundish, con-
cave, closely applied to and enclosing the ovary. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals :
anthers didymous, lying in close contact with the stigmas. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with
4-5 ovules in each cell : stigmas usually 3, distinct, short. Capsule membranaceous,
globose, 3-celled (always ?) ; the dissepiments breaking away from the valves, 6 - 8-seeded.
Seeds large for the size of the capsule, a little curved, marked with longitudinal lines, and
transverse wrinkles with intervening excavations.

Margins of ponds, Suffolk county, Long Island ; Peach Pond, Westchester county [Dr.
Mead). Flowers from July to September.

12*

Sai CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Group 5. Ovary compound, one-celled with a free central placenta, or several-
celled with the placentce, in the axis. Calyx free from the ovary or nearly so.

Okder XIX. CARYOPIIYLLACEiE. Juss. The Pink Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals, which are distinct or cohering below into a tube. Corolla
of 4 - 5 petals (sometimes wanting), unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel
of the ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk
which is sometimes perigynous. Stamens as many, or, more commonly, twice
as many as the petals, and inserted with them : anthers fixed by the middle,
introrse. Ovary often stipitate : styles 2-5, usually stigmatose the whole
length on the inner surface. Capsule 2-5- valved, one-celled by the oblite-
ration of the dissepiments ; or more or less completely 2 - 5-celled, opening at
the apex by twice as many teeth as there are stigmas, or by loculicidal dehis-
cence : placenta in the axis. Seeds campulitropous, numerous (rarely few).
Embryo curved around the outside of mealy albumen. — Herbs. Stems
with tumid joints. Leaves opposite, entire, destitute of stipules.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Tribe I. Alsine^:. Sepals nearly or quite distinct. Petals without claws, inserted with the stamens on the disk.

Capsule one-ccllcJ.
Tribe II. SiLENE^. Sepals united into a tube. Petals with claws, inserted with the stamens on the stipe of the

ovary. Capsule one-celled.
Tribe III. MoLLUGiNE^. Sepals united at the base. Capsule 3 - 5-ceIled.

Tribe I. AhSlNEJE. Baril.

Sepals nearly or quite distinct. Petals destitute of claws, inserted on the outside of the
hypogynous, or more or less perigynous, disk. Stamens inserted on the margin of the
disk. Capsule one-celled.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. HoNCKENYA. Sepals and petals 5 ; the latter entire and perigynous. Stamens 10. Seeds few, not strophiolate.

2. Sagina. Sepals and petals 4 - 5, the latter entire. Stamens 4 - 10. Styles 4 - 5. Capsule 4 - 5-vaIvcd; the

valves entire. Seeds numerous.

3. Abenaria. Sepals and petals 5, the latter entire. Stamens mostly 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds

numerous.

4. M(EHRiNCiA. Sepals and petals 4 - 5; tha latter entire or rctusc. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles usually 3. Capsule 3-

(rarcly 2- or 4-) valved; the valves 2-partcd to the base. Seeds rather few, stiophiolatc.
■ 5. Stellaria. Sepals and petals usually 5 ; the latter 2-cleft. Stamens mostly 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4). Capsule
3- (rarely 4-) valved; the valves 2-parted.
C. Cehastium. Sepals and petals usually 5; the latter 2-clelt. Styles 5 (rarely 4). Capsule opening at the summit
by 10 teeth. Seeds numerous.

HoNCKENYA. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 93

1. HONCKENYA. Ehrh. heitr. 2. p. 81 (not of Willd.); Endl.gen. 5229. SEA cniCKWEED-

[Named in honor of J. G. Honckeny, a German botanist.]

Sepals 5, slightly united at the base. Petals 6, perigynous, with short claws, entire. Stamens
10, inserted with the petals into a glanduliferous disk. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved ;
the valves entire, 8 - 10-secded. Seeds large, smooth, not strophiolate. — Fleshy, mari-
time, perennial herbs, with a creeping rhizoma, and erect or prostrate branches. Flowers
axillary, and generally solitary.

1. HoNCKENYA PEPLoiDES, Ehrh. Common Sea Chickurcd.

Sepals broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, with scarious margins ; petals spatulate-obovale ;
leaves and stem very fleshy. — To?t. ^ Gr.jl. N. Am. \. p. 176. Arenaria peploidcs, Linn.;
Willd. sp. 2. p. in ; Eng. hot. t. 189 ; Pursh, Jl.l.p.3l7; Torr.Jl. I. p. 453 ; Bigel. Jl.
Bost. p. 181 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 413 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 102 (in jjart). Adenarium
peploides, Raf. in Desv.jour. phys. (1818); DC. prodr. 3. p. 366.

Rhizoma creeping extensively, and throwing up numerous simple or divided branches from
6 to 10 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, about three-fourths of an inch long, closely sessile
or clasping, spreading or somewhat recurved, abruptly acute or mucronate. Flo weirs polygamo-
diaecious, on very short pedicels. Petals about as long as the calyx. Stamens usuallj- 10
(in some of the flowers occasionally 8). Styles diree in the lower, and usually 5 in the upper
flowers. Capsule somewhat globose, the size of a pea. Seeds large, pyriform, finely gra-
nulated.

On the seacoast of Long Island, forming often large patches in the pure white sand, above
high-v^'ater mark. Whole plant very succulent and heavy. Flowering from the middle of
May to near the end of June.

2. SAGINA. Bartl. ord. nat.p. 305; Endl.gen. 5224. PEARL-WORT.

[In Latin, the name signifies something nourishing: it has little application to the small weeds of this genus.]

Sepals 4-5, united at the base. Petals 4-5, entire, sometimes abortive. Stamens 4-10.
Styles 4-5. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire at the apex. Seeds numerous, not
strophiolate. — Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. Leaves often fascicled in the
axils.

1. Sagina procumbens, Linn. Procumbent Pearl-wort.

Plant smooth; stems procumbent; leaves linear, mucronate ; peduncles ascending in fruit;
sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, twice the length of the petals, and two-thirds the length of the

94 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Sagina.

ovate capsule ; stamens, petals and sepals 4-5. — Gart. fruct. t. 129.; Eng. hot. t. 880 ;
Ell. sli. 1. p. 221 ; Torr. Jl. 2. p- 195 ; I^ook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 92 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 1. p. 177.

Annual or biennial. Stems 2-4 inches long, diffuse, and rooting at the lower joints.
Lower leaves connate at the base, spreading or somewhat recurved. Peduncles longer than
the leaves. Petals white, sometimes wanting. Capsule rather broadly ovoid.

Borders of creeks and springs, and in rather moist sandy soils ; on Long Island, abundant ;
also near the city of New- York ; on the banks of the Hudson near Troy, etc. May - August.

2. Sagina apetala, Linn.? Apetalous Pearl-wort.

Stem almost setaceous, erect, nearly smooth ; leaves subulate, mucronate ; peduncles erect,
the terminal ones somewhat fastigiate ; sepals 4 - .5, oblong, about half the lengtli of the
mature ovoid capsule ; petals none ; stamens and sepals 4-5. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 389 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. I. p. Mil

Annual. Stem 2-4 inches high, scarcely as stout as a horse-hair, somewhat branching
towards the summit. Leaves 2-5 lines long, not half as broad as in the preceding species,
■with a conspicuous mucronate point, nearly smooth ; upper ones connate and scarious at the
base. Pedicels filiform ; the upper ones nearly three-quarters of an inch long, forming a
loose few-flowered cyme. Sepals more than twice as long as broad. No traces of petals.

Dry hill-sides on the Island of New- York, near Manhattanville. May. — This plant differs
from -S. apetala in its smoothish stem and leaves, and in the entire absence of petals : in that
species, Mr. Wilson states that they are always present, but very minute.

3. AKENARIA. Linn.; Bar ll. ord. nat. p. 305. SAND-WORT.

[Named from the Latin, arena, sand j because most of the species grow in sandy soils.]

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or by abortion fewer. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4.
Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish or reniform, not strophiolate. — Flowers
terminal.

^ 1. Arenaria proper. Valves of the capsule 2-toothed al the summit.

1. Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn. Thyme-leaved Sand-wort.

Plant retrorsely roughish-pubescent ; leaves (small) ovate, acute, minutely ciliate ; caly.x;
acuminate, scabrous, 3 - 5-nerved, nearly twice the length of the petals, and equal to the
ovate capsule. — W'illd. sp. 2. p. 720 ; Eng. hot. t. 923 ; Michx. Jl.l.p. 274 ; Pursh,fl. 1.
p. 316 ; Ell. sk. \.p. 518 ; Torr.Jl. I. p. 454 ; DC. prodr. l.p.411; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am.
l.p. 182.

Annual. Stems 2-6 inches high, usually several from one root, al first erect, at length
more or less decumbent and somewhat diffuse. Leaves scarcely one-fourth of an inch long,

Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 95

closely sessile. Flowers mostly in a small terminal leafy cymule. Petals oval. Capsule
ovoid, coriaceous, opening at first by six teeth at the summit, finally splitting into 3 valves,
each 2-toolhed at the tip. Seeds numerous, reniform, rough.

A common plant in sandy fields, cultivated ground, and on dry hill-sides ; introduced from
Europe, but now found in all parts of the United States. Fl. April - July.

^ 2. Alsine, Wahl. ; Fenzl. Valves of the capsule entire.

2. Arenaria squarrosa, Michx. (Plate XIV.) Squarrose Sand-tvort.

Densely casspitose ; upper part of the stems minutely glandular-pubescent ; leaves short,
subulate, rigid, channelled on the upper surface ; the lower ones densely squarrose-imbricate,
rather obtuse ; upper ones distant : petals about three times as long as the ovate very obtuse
sepals.— il/t'c/ia;./. l.p. 273; Torr.fi. l.p.454; DC.prodr. l.p. 403; Ell.sk. I. p. 520;
Torr. 4- Gr. fi. N. Am. 1. p. 179. A. Caroliniana, Walt. fl. Car. p. 141 ? A. imbricata,
Raf. in Desv. jour. hot. 1. p. 229? A. Rafinesquiana, Scringe in DC. prodr.

Root perennial, perpendicular and very long. Stems numerous, forming dense tufts.
Flowering branches 5-8 inches long, erect or procumbent, simple, about 3-flovvcred. Leaves
3 — 4 lines long, with a prominent midrib underneath. Flowers about one-third of an inch in
diameter. Sepals herbaceous. Capsule roundish-ovoid, obtuse, longer than the caly.x.

Arid sandy fields, Suffolk county. Long Island. April - September.

A common species in the pine barrens of New-Jersey.

3. Arenaria stricta, Mich.v. Upright Sand-wort.

Loosely cespitose, at length diffuse, smooth ; stems filiform, branching from the base :
leaves subulate-setaceous, one-nerved, much fascicled in the axils ; petals oblong-obovate,
twice the length of the rigid, ovate, very acute, 3-ribbed sepals. — Miclix. fl. 1. p. 274 ; Ell.
sk. I. p. 520 ; DC.prodr. \.p. 503 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 455 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 180 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. l.p. 99. t. 33 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 179. Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl, I. c.

Perennial. Stems 6-10 inches, very numerous, cymosely divided at the summit, many-
flowered. Leaves 5-8 lines long, very narrow, at first erect, at length spreading, and the
lower ones somewhat recurved. Sepals strongly 3-ribbed. Capsule ovoid, about the length
of the calyx. Seeds few, large, reniform, compressed, nearly black, rugosely scabrous.

On rocks and in barren places, particularly on the banks of rivers and lakes ; northern and
western counties. May - July.

4. Arenaria Grcenlandica, Spreng. (Plate XV.) Greenland Sand-icort.

Densely casspitose, smooth ; stems low, decumbent at the base, 1 - 5-flowered ; leaves
narrowly linear, obtuse ; pedicels filiform, nearly erect ; petals obovate-cuneiform, entire or

96 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Arenaria.

witli a slight notch, twice the length of the oblong, obtuse, membranaceously margined, nerve-
less sepals. — Spreng. st/st. 2. p. 402 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 180. Stellaria Grcen-
landica, Retz.; DC. i)rodr. 1. p. 398. Arenaria glabra, Torr. jl. 1. p. 455. {excl. syn.) ;
Bigcl. fl. Bost. p. 180. Alsine glabra, Fensl, I. c. (in part).

Stems numerous, 2-4 inches high, slender. Leaves 3-5 lines long, not rigid, erect or
spreading. Flowers one-third of an inch in diameter. Sepals somewhat gibbous at the base.
Capsule about as long as the calyx, oblong, acute. Seeds compressed, roundish-ovoid, with
a short beak.

Crevices of rocks on the highest summits of the Shawangunk Mountains. On Whiteface
Mountain, Essex county {Dr. Emmons). June - August.

4. MCEHRTNGIA. Linn. ; Fenzl in Endl. gen. 5235. mcehringia.

[ In honor of Paul Henry Gerard Mcehring, a German physician and botanist of the last century.]

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, somewhat perigynous. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles usually 3,
sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule splitting into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas.
Seeds rather few, smooth and shining ; the umbilicus distinctly strophiolate.

1. Mcehringia lateriflora, Fenzl. Later al-jiower cd Maliringia.

Plant minutely pubescent ; stem erect ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; peduncles lateral
and terminal 2- (rarely 3 - 4-) flowered, one of the pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle;
flowers pentamerous ; styles 3 ; petals twice the length of the sepals.— jPenzZ in ann. Wien.
Mus. Arenaria lateriflora, Xwm. ; Pursh,fl. l.p. 317; Torr.fl. l.p. 454; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 181 ; DC. prodr. I. p. 412 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 102. t. 36 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 277 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 182.

Stem 4-8 inches high, slender but somewhat rigid, simple or a little branched above.
Leaves about three quarters of an inch long, pale green, punctate, scabrous-pubescent on the
margin and midrib. Peduncles an inch or more in length, filiform, usually solitary ; but when
the stem is branching, sometimes 2 or more on one plant, each commonly but 2-fiowered.
Flowers about one-third of an inch in diameter. Sepals and petals ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Capsule roundish-ovoid. Seeds reniform-orbicular, compressed, rugosely scabrous ; the
umbilicus distinctly strophiolate.

In woods and along streams ; sometimes in dry sandy soils ; rather rare. June. — This
plant, whicli had long been regarded as an anomalous species of Arenaria, is, I think, correct-
ly referred by Fenzl to McBhringia. It differs from the fornier in its somewhat perigynous
petals, the valves of the capsule splitting into two pieces, and in th« strophiolate seeds.

Stellaria. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 97

5. STELLARIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 52'iO. STITCH-WOHT.

[Named from stdla, a star ; in allusion to the form of the flower.]

Calyx of 5 sepals, which are somewhat united at the base. Petals 5 (sometimes, by abortion,
fewer or none), 2-cleft or 2-lobed, often more or less perigynous. Stamens 10 (or, by
abortion, 3 - 8). Styles 3, rarely 4. Capsule 3- (sometimes 4-) valved ; valves 2-parted,
membranaceous. Seeds usually many, sometimes few, not strophiolate. — Herbaceous
plants, mostly growing in moist situations. Flowers terminal, in dichotomous cymes, or
solitary. The flowers arc often apparently lateral, from the evolution of a branch in the
axil of the upper leaves, which forms a continuation of the stem. — Funiculi slender, 2-3
times the length of the seed.

1. Stellaria media, Smith. Common Chickweed.

Stems procumbent, with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, abruptly petiolate ;
petals oblong, deeply divided, shorter than the sepals ; stamens 3-10. — Eng. hot. t. 537 ;
Pitrsh, fl. 1. p. 317 ; Torr. jl. \.p. 452 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 181 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 398 ;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 94; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 274 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. l.p. 183.
Alsine media, Linn. Holosteum succulentum, Linn.

Annual, but often living through the winter till the next season. Stem much branched,
tender and somewhat succulent. Leaves about half an inch long, on ciliatc petioles the
length of the lamina. Flowers on hairy pedicels, which are deflexed in fruit. Calyx hairy.
Stamens mostly 3 or 5. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid. Seeds rather large, reniform-orbicular,
muricate.

Fields and cultivated grounds ; very common. Flowers from February to December. In-
troduced from Europe, and now diffused throughout the United Slates.

2. Stellaria longifolia, Miihl. Long-leaved Stitch-wort.

Stem branching, weak, smooth ; leaves linear, mostly attenuate at the base, acutish ; cyme
divaricate, naked, with lanceolate scarious bracts ; petals cleft nearly to the base, at first
shorter, at length longer, than the acute 3-nerved sepals ; styles 3-4. — Torr. fl. \. p. 452
(excl. syn. Gold.) ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 182 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 400 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 94 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 275 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. ^. 185. S. graminea, Bigel.
fl. Bost. ed. 1. p. 110. Spergulastrum gramineum, Michx. fl. 1. p. 276; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 421. Micropetalon gramineum, Pers. syn. l.p. 509.

Perennial. Stem about a foot high, slender, usually erect, but sometimes prostrate, 4-angled ;
the angles often a little retrorsely scabrous. Leaves 1-2 inches long and 1-2 lines wide,
[Floka.j 13

98 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Stellaria.

spreading widely, slightly rough on the margin. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles often 4, and
occasionally 5. Capsule globose-ovoid, about the length of the calyx. Seeds muricate.

Wet shady places, rather common. Latter part of May, and early in June. Nearly aUied
to S. graminea of Europe.

3. Stellaria borealis, Bigel. Northern Stitch-wort.

Smooth and flaccid ; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, vcinless ; petals (often wanting)
2-parted, nearly the length of the lanceolate-acute nerveless sepals ; capsules ovoid-oblong,
nearly twice the length of the calyx ; styles usually 4. — Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 182 ; Hook. ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 94 ; Torr.^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 185. S. lanceolata, Tarr.fl. I. p. 45, not
of Pair. Spergulastrum lanceolatum, Michx. ft. I. p. 275. Micropetalon lanceolatum, Pers-
syn. 1. p. 509.

Perennial. Stem 4 - 10 inches long, angular, somewhat diflfusa. Leaves about an inch
long, with a single strong nerve. Flowers at first terminal and usualy apetalous, on a slender
pedicel, becoming lateral by the evolution of a branch from the axil of each of the upper
leaves ; the lateral branches at length fioriferous, bearing petaliferous flowers. Stamens and
petals distinctly perigynous. Seeds rather large, nearljr smooth.

Wet sliady swamps, northern and western parts of the State. June - August.

6. CERASTIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 524:1. mouse-ear CHICKWBED.

[From the Greek, keras, a hora; in allusion to the form of the capsule.}

Calyx of 5 ( rarely 4) sepals, which are somewhat united at the base. Petals 5 (sometimes
4), bifid or emarginate. Styles 5 (rarely 4). Capsule membranaceous, cylindrical or
oblong, opening at the summit by 10 teeth. Seeds numerous, not strophiolale. — Funiculi
very short, the seeds separating from them, but remaining suspended from tlie placenta by
a spiral vessel.

1. Cerastium vulgatum, Linn. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hairy, pale green ; stems ascending or spreading; leaves ovate or obovate, very obtuse,
attenuate at tiie base ; flowers somewhat capitate, when young longer than die pedicels ;
capsule cylindrical, twice the length of tiie calyx. — Eng. hot. t. 789; Torr. ft. 1. p. 458;
DC. prodr. 1. /a 415 ; Darlingt.fl. Cast. p. 277 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl.N. Am. I. p. 187. C. semi-
decandrum, Walt. ft. Car. p. 241 ; Pursh, ft. I. p. 320. C. hirsutum, Muhl. cat. p. 46 ; EU.
sk. 1. p. 524 ; Torr. ft. I. c. C. connatum. Beck, lot. p. 55.

Plant annual, somewhat viscid when young. Stem 4-10 inches long. Leaves 6-8
lines long, the lower ones obovate. Flowers rather crowded. Petals bifid at the summit.
Capsule a little curved ; the teeth (as in all the following species) erect and revolute on the
margin. Seeds muricate.

Cultivated grounds, road-sides, etc. Introduced from Europe. May - September.

Cerastium. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 99

2. Cerastium viscosum, Linn. Viscous Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hairy and rather viscid ; stem spreading ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusish ; cymes rather
loosely flowered, witli the pedicels mostly longer than the calyx ; capsule nearly twice as long
as the calyx. — Eng. hot. t. 790 ; Torr.Jl. 1 . p. 458 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 184 ; DC. prodr. 1 .
p. 415 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 278 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \.p. 187. C. vulgatum, Muhl.
cat. (fide Darlingt.).

Perennial? Stems 6-12 inches long. Leaves an inch or more in length, sessile and
rather broad at the base, much shorter than tlie internodes. Flowers and fruit resembling
those of the preceding species. — A larger and coarser plant than C. vulgatum, as well as
deeper green and less hairy.

Fields, road-sides, and cultivated grounds ; very common. Introduced from Europe. Fl.
May - September.

3. Cerastium arvense, Linn, Field Chickweed.

Stems declined at the base, retrorsely pubescent ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rather
acute ; cymes few-flowered, on an elongoted naked peduncle ; petals obovate, more than
twice the length of the sepals ; capsule oblong, a little exceeding the calyx. — Eng. hot.
t. 93 ; DC. prodr. \.p. 419 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 104 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 188.
C. Pennsylvanicum, Hornemann; DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c. C. tenuifolium, Pursh,fl. l.p. .321;
Torr. fl. p. 460 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 278. C. elongatum, Pursli, I. c. ; Nutt. in journ.
acad. Phil. 7. p. 16.

Perennial. Stems cespitose, more or less assurgent or erect, 4-8 inches high. Leaves
10 - 15 lines long, and 1-2 lines wide, rather acute, and late in the season somewhat rigid,
often fascicled in the axils. Flowers rather conspicuous. Sepals ovatc-lanccolatc, strongly
one-nerved. Petals emarginate, or slightly bifid. Capsule sometimes one-third longer than
the calyx. Seed reniform, muricate in curved lines.

Rocky places ; rather common. May July. Scarcely distinct from the European
C. arvense. "'ht,

4. Cerastium oblongifolium, Torr. Oblong-leaved Chickweed.

Stems erect or declined, villous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse ; flowers numerous;
peduncles viscid ; petals obovate, 2-cleft, twice tl^ length of the oblong obtuse sepals ; cap-
sule cylindrical, about twice as long as the calyx. Torr. in Sill. jour. 4. p. 63, and fl. 1.
p. 460 ; Torr. Sf Ch:fl. N. Am. 1. p. 188. C. villosum, "Muhl. cat. p. 46"; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. I. p. 279. C pubescens, Goldie in Edin. phil. journ. 4:. p. S87. C. Pennsylvanicum,
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 104? (excl. the syn. of C. tenuifolium).

Perennial. Stems 6-12 inches high, rather stout, very villous, tomentose at and below
the nodes. Leaves an inch or more in length (sometimes shorter), ovate and oblong-lanceolate,

13*

100 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Cerastium.

variable in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth except on the margins. Cyme 7 - 15-
flowered. Flowers larger than in C. arvense. Petals cleft nearly one-third of their length.
Seed muricate.

Rocky places ; rare. May.

5. Cerastium nutans, Raf. Nodding Chickweed.

Viscid and pubescent ; stems erect, weak, branching from the base, sulcate-striate ; inter-
nodes finally much longer than the leaves ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate , the lower-
most oblong-spatulate, acute ; cymes much elongated, divaricate, many-flowered, with long
filiform pedicels ; petals oblong, bifid at the apex, scarcely twice as long as the obtuse sepals ;
capsule cylindrical, nearly three times the length of the calyx. — Raf. prec. des decouv. p. 36 ;
Torr.fl. 1. p. 450 (excl. the syn. of C. pubescens) ; DC- prodr. 1. p. 420 ; Hooh.fl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 104 ; Darlingt.jl. Cest.p. 280 ; Ton: 4- Gr.fl. N. A?n.. l.p. 189. C. longepeduncu-
latum, Muhl. cat. p. 47. C. glutinosum, Nutt. gen. I. p. 291.

Annual. Plant pale yellowish-green, very viscid, and covered with flocculent woolly pu-
bescence. Stems 8-12 inches high. Leaves 8-12 lines or more in length. Petals cuneate
at the base, slightly bifid. Capsule somewhat curved. Seeds muricate.

Low moist and rather shady places, particularly along rivulets. May.

Tribe II. SILENE^. DC.

Sepals united into a cylindrical tube. Petals icnguiculate, inserted with the stamens upon
the stipe of the ovary. Capsule one-celled {sometimes 3 - 5-celled at the base).

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
5. Calyx 5-toothe(l, without scales at the base ; petals 5 ; stamens lO.

7. SiLENE. Styles 3. Capsule 3-ceUed at the base.

8. Lychnis. Styles 5. Capsule one-celled, or 5-celled at the base.

9. SiPONARiA. Styles 2. Capsule one-celled throughout.

7. SILENE. Linn.; Otth in DC. prodr. I. p. 367. CATCHFLY.

[ From the Greek, sialon, saliva ; in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems.]

Calyx tubular, without scales at the base, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with slender claws, which
usually are crowned with scales at the summit ; limb 2- or many-cleft, sometimes entire.
Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at the base, opening at the top by 6 teeth.

^ 1. Behenantha. Flowers solitary, or in paniculate cymes : calyx vesicular, inflated.

1. SiLENE STELLATA, AU. (Plate XVI.) Four-Uwoed Campion.

Stem erect, branching, minutely pubescent ; leaves whorled in fours, ovate-lanceolate, gra-

SiLENE. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 101

dually acuminate ; cymes in a loose terminal panicle ; petals lacerate-fimbriate, not crowned ;
stamens about the length of the petals. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 2.) 3. p. 84 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 368 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 88 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 272 ; Torr. ^ Gr. f. N. Am. 1. p. 190.
Cucubalus stellatus, Linn. ; Michx. jl. 1. p. 271 ; Bot. mag. t. 1107 ; Pursh, Jl. \. p. 315 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 514 ; Torr. Jl.l.p. 449 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 184.

Perennial. Whole plant pulverulently pubescent. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, somewhat
4-sided, slender. Leaves 2-3 inches long, sessile, with a long tapering point ; the upper-
most, and also the lowest ones, usually opposite. Flowers as large as in the common Cam-
pion. Calyx broadly campanulate. Petals white ; the limb dilated, spreading. Capsule
ovoid-globose, on a short woolly stipe. Seeds reniforra, rough with concentric lines of rugose
papillae.

Dry woods ; frequent. July - August.

2. SiLENE Antirrhina, Linn. Snapdragon Catchjly.

Annual ; nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple, or branching above ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
the upper ones linear ; margins minutely ciliate-scabrous ; cyme few-flowered ; calyx ovoid,
smooth and shining; petals small, obcordate, slightly crowned. — Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 316; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 517 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 451 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 183 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 89 ;
Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 273 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 191 ; Dill. hort. Elth. p. 422, t. 213.

Stem 1 - 2i feet high, the lower part a little rough ; a portion of the upper internodes
viscid. Peduncles erect. Teeth of tiie calyx very short, purplish. Petals white or tinged
with purple, only expanding towards evening, or in moist cloudy weather ; sometimes wanting^?
Capsule ovoid, about tlie length of the calyx ; the stipe very short. Seeds renifprm,_ rough
with elevated points.

Dry sandy and stony places. June - July.

3. SiLENE NOCTiFLORA, Linn. Night-Jlowering Cktchjly.

Viscidly pubescent ; stem erect ; lower leaves spatulate, upper ones linear-lanceolate ;
calyx cylindrical-ventricose, the alternate striae veined ; teeth very long, subulate ; petals 2-
parted.— £ng-. hot. t. 291 ; DC. prodr. \.p. 379 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 192. Sapo-
naria noctiflora, Fenzl.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or dichotomously branched above. Leaves about
2 inches long. Flowers rather large, sweet-scented, expanding only in the evening or in
cloudy weather, white or pale rose-color. Seeds granulated.

Old fields in the northern parts of the State : introduced. July - August.

4. SiLENE Pennsylvanica, Michx. Wild Pink.

Viscidly pubescent ; stems numerous from the same root ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the
radical ones spatulate-oblanceolate ; cyme several-flowered (3 - 7), contracted ; petals obo-

102 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Silene.

vate, very obtuse, erosely crenulate, emarginate. — Miclix.fl. 1. p. 272 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 316 ;
Ell. sJt. 1. p. 516 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 450 ; Bigel. fl. Boat. p. 183; DC. prodr. l.p. 380 ; Bot.
reg. t. 247 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 192. S. Caroliniana, Walt. fl. Car. p. 142. S.
Virginica, Willd. sp. 2. p. 702 ? S. platypetala, Otth in DC. 1. p. 383.

Root fusiform, perennial. Stems 6-10 inches high, erect, or dechned at the base. Radical
leaves 2-4 inches long, and 3-5 lines wide at the broadest part, with a long tapering base.
Calyx clavate, at length ventricose above, purplish, very viscid ; the teeth short and rather
obtuse. Stamens mostly included. Petals bright purplish-red, sometimes rose-color or al-
most white, spreading.

Dry rocky places. May - June. Common in the southern part of the State.

5. Silene Virginica, Linn. Virginia Catckfly.

Viscidly pubescent ; stem simple ; radical leaves spatulate, with ciliate petioles ; cauline
ones oblong-lanceolate ; cyme several-flowered, loose ; petals narrowly oblong, bifid. — Linn,
syst. 2. p. 311 (in part); Michx. fl. 1. p. 272 (in part); Ell. sk. 1. p. 516; Torr.fl. 1.
p. 450 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 380 ; Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 192. S. Catcsbaji, Walt. fl.
Car. 1. p. 142; DC. I. c.

Root horizontal, perennial. Stem mostly erect, 1-2 feet high, branching above. Leaves
2-4 inches long and 3-6 lines wide, rather acute ; petioles strongly ciliate. Flowers
larger than in the preceding species. Calyx campanulate-cylindrical, at length ventricose ;
teeth lanceolate, acute. Petals crimson ; the lamina more than twice as long as broad, con-
spicuously 2-clcft at the summit.

Yates county {Dr. Sartwell) ; the only known locality of this handsome species in the State.
It is .sometimes employed in the Western States (where it is common) as an anthelmintic ;
but its virtues are probably very feeble. See Wood <^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. app. 1087.

8. LYCHNIS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 5250. lychnis.

[ From the Greek, lychnos, a lamp ; the cotton-like suhstance on the leaves of some species having been used for the

wicks of lamps.]

Calyx tubular, 5-loolhed, without scales at the base. Petals 5, with slender claws, mostly
crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule one-celled, or 5-celled at the base.

* GiTiiAGO, Dcsf. Calyx cijlindrical-cam'panulalc, coriaceous ; kelh very long : ovary mthmd a siipe.

1. Lychnis Githago, Lam. Cockle. Corn-cockle. Rose Campion.

Hairy: stem dichotomous ; flowers on long peduncles; leaves linear. — DC. prodr. 1.
p. 387 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 194. Agrostcmma Githago, Linn. ; Eng. bot. t. 576 ;
Torr. fl.l. p.46l ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 281.

Plant pale green, annual. Flowers large, bright purple, not crowned : limb obcordate.

Common in cultivated fields, particularly among wheat and rye. June. Introduced from
Europe.

Saponaria. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 103

9. SAPONARIA. Linn.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 365. soaP-WORT.

[ From the Latin, sapo, soap ; its mucilage having been iised as a substitute for that article.]

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at the base. Petals 5 ; claws as long as the calyx.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled throughout.

1. &APONARIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Coiumon Soap-wort. Bouncing Bet.

Fascicles of flowers paniculate ; calyx cylindrical, smooth ; crown of the petals linear \
leaves oval or oval-lanceolate. — Smith, Jt. Brit. 3. p. 459 ; Eng. hot. t. 1060 ; Pursh, Jl. 1.
/). 314 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 447; Bigel Jl. Bost. p. 179 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 365 ; Darlingt. Jl.
Cest. p. 272 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 195.

Perennial ; about a foot high, spreading very much by the roots. Flowers large, often
double, rose-color.

Road-sides, waste grounds, and about houses ; common. July - August. Introduced.

The leaves form a lather with water. The plant was formerly used to cure the itch.

2. Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn. Perfoliate Soap-wort.

Flowers in paniculate cymes ; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous,
acute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 365 ; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 195.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high. Flowers rose-color.

Cultivated grounds ; rare. July - August. Hardly naturalized.

Tribe III. MOLLVGINEJE.

Sepals united at the base. Disk none. Petals mostly none. Stamens hypogynous. Capsule
completely 3 — 5-celled.

10. MOLLUGO. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 5186. ' INDIAN CHICKWEED.

[An ancient name of a plant supposed to be Galium MoUugo, which resembles some of the species of this genus,]

Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, opposite the sepals ; or very
rarely 6 - 10, when the e.xterior ones are alternate with the sepals, hypogynous. Disk
none. Stigmas 3, linear. Capsule membranaceous, 3-valved, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-
seeded. — Annual, diffusely branched plants. Leaves pseudo-verticillate or opposite.
Flowers in axillary or dichotomous cymules or umbels.

104 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Molltjgo.

1. MoLLUGO vERTiciLLATA, Linu. Carpet-weed.

Stem depressed ; leaves spatulate, pseudo-verticillate ; pedicels one-flowered, forming a
sessile umbel ; seeds smooth. — Michx. Jl. 1. p. 77 ; Ptirsh, fl. l.p. 92 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 183 ;
Torr.Jl. l.p. 160 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 48 ; Darlingt.fi. Cest. p. 96 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am.
1. p. 176.

Stem much branched in a dichotomous manner, spreading flat upon the ground, and forming
a circular patch 6-18 inches in diameter. Leaves about 6 in a whorl; the upper ones
oblanceolate. Sepals oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, white inside and on the margins. Stamens
mostly 3, sometimes 4. Capsule ovoid, somewhat triangular, roughened or torulose by the
prominence of the enclosed seeds. Seeds reniform, smooth and shining, striate on the back.

Sandy fields, cultivated grounds, etc. June - September.

This genus, although placed by most botanists in the tribe AlsinecE of Caryophyllace.1;,
differs in its want of petals and disk, and in its completely 3-celled capsule. Bartling refers
it to Paronychie^ (IllecebracetB), making it the type of his section Molluginea. Fenzl and
Endlicher place it among Poktulacace.*;, in the tribe Molluginea.

Order XX. ILLECEBRACE^. R. Brown. The Knot-grass Tribe.

Calyx of 5 persistent sepals, which are distinct or united at the base. Petals 5,
alternate with the sepals ; often minute and resembling sterile filaments, fre-
quently wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or fewer,
rarely twice as many, inserted into the edge of a disk that lines the base of the
calyx. Ovary one-celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, sometimes
imperfectly 2 - 5-celled : styles 2-5, sometimes more or less combined,
stigmatose along the inner surface. Fruit commonly a utricle, with a solitary
seed ; or a 2 - 5-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded capsule, with the placentae in
the axis. Seeds campulitropous. Embryo more or less curved around the
outside of mealy albumen. — Small herbaceous (rarely suffruticose) plants,
with opposite or fasciculate entire leaves and scarious stipules. Flowers often
minute, axillary or terminal, cymose or glomerate, or sometimes nearly solitary
in the axils of the leaves : bracts usually similar to the leaves.

This order differs from Caryopiiyllace*, in which it is included by Fcnzl and Endlicher, chiefly in having scarious
stipules.

Anychia. ILLECEBRACE^. 105

Trihe I. ILLECEBREJE. DC.

Sepals often cuspidate or aivned, usualh/ jaore oi' less cucullate or concave at the apex
internally. Petals resembling sterile filaments, or none. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct
or united. Utricle 1-seeded. — Leaves opposite, often crowded and fascicled.

1. ANYCHIA. Mickv.fl. I. p. 112 (in part); Juss. mem. mus. 2. p. 389 ; Torr. <f Gr.fl.

N. Am. 1. p. 172. FORKED CHICKWEED.

Section of Paronychia, Fenzl df Endl.
[ From the Greek, onyx, (niychp$, a. finger nail; a similar jilant having Iieen used for curing whitlows.]

Sepals ovate-oblong, united at tlie base, slightly concave, somewhat saccate at the apex,
slightly mucronate on the back. Petals or sterile filaments none. Stamens 2, 3 or 5, in-
serted on the base of the sepals. Styles very short, distinct or united at the base, stigma-
tose within. Utricle included in the connivent sepals. — Annual herbs, with minute axillary
or terminal, solitary or more or less clustered, nearly sessile, flowers. Leaves oblong or
lanceolate, mostly punctate, somewhat petiolate, slightly ciliate.

1. Anychia dichotoiwa, Michx. Common Forked Chickweed.

Stem erect or spreading ; stamens commonly 3. — Michx.fl.l.p. 113; Darlingt.fl.Cest.
p. 162; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 172.

var. 1 : stem more or less pubescent above ; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to ellip-
tical ; flowers more or less clustered. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. A. dichotoma, Torr.fl. 1. p. 273 ;
DC. prodr. 3. p. 369. A. Canadensis, Ell. sk. 1 . p. 307 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 226. Queria
Canadensis, Linn.; Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 494.

var. 2 : smooth ; branches capillary ; leaves oval or oblong, cuneiform at the base ; flowers
mostly solitary, slightly exserted from the stipules at their base. — Torr. ^ Gr, l. c. A. di-
chotoma, var. capillacea, Torr.fl. l.p. 273. A. capillacea, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 158.

Plant 3-10 inches high, with numerous forking, and, usually, almost filiform branches;
when growing in dry sterile situations, often of a purplish color. Leaves 4-10 lines long,
minutely ciliate-scabrous, dotted with round minute immersed glands, which are at first some-
what pellucid, then whitish and opake, and finally brownish. Flowers scarcely the size of a
small pin's head, gi-eenish, solitary in the forks of^the stem ; in the second variety, the ter-
minal ones in small leafy cymules ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. Sepals with a minute
point on the back close to the summit. Stamens rarely 5. Styles slightly united at the base,
recurved : stigmas capitate. LUricle granulated with minute vesicles. Seed reniform,
brownish, smooth.

Dry woods and hill-sides ; very variable in size. On sterile, sunny hill-sides, it is often
stunted, with more crowded and thicker branches.
[Flora.] 14

106 ILLECEBRACE^. Spergula.

Tribe II. SPERGULEJE. Bartl.

Sepals 'nearly plane. Petals usually manifest, sometimes ivanting. Styles or stigmas 3-5.
Capsule one-celled, 3-5 valved, viany-seeded : placenta central.

1. SPERGULA. Bartl. ord. nat.p. 302; Torr. ^- Gr.fi. N. Am. l.p. 174. spurrey.
[ From the Latin, spargers, to scatter ; because it scatters its seeds abroad.]

Sepals nearly distinct. Petals 5, entire, mostly somewhat perigynous. Stamens 5 - 10,
inserted with the petals. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds com-
pressed, orbicular or reniform, often surrounded with a membranaceous margin. — Leaves
mostly fascicled in the axils. Flowers loosely cymose.

^ 1. Spergula proper. — Styles 5, distinct to the base. Capsule 5-valved ; the valves opposite the

sepals.

1. Spergula arvensis, Linn. Co7-n Simrrey. Tares.

Leaves verticillate and mostly fascicled, subulate-linear ; stipules mJnute ; peduncles reflexed
in fruit; .stamens 10; seeds rough, somewhat globose, with a narrow margin. — Gart.fr.
t. 130 ; Eng. hot. t. 1536 ; Pursh,fl. l.p. 320 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 523 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 185 ;
Torr.fi. l.p. 457 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. l.p. 92 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fi,. N. Am. I. p. 174. Sper-
gularia arvensis, A. St. Hil. fi. Bras. 2. p. 178.

A foot long, erect or spreading. Stem swollen at the joints. Leaves 1-2 inches long,
almost filiform, somewhat terete. Flowers in terminal divaricate naked cymes : pedicels of the
fruit nearly an inch long. Sepals ovate. Petals white, ratlier longer than the calyx. Cap-
sule llie size of a small pea, about the length of the calyx. Seeds blackish, with an acute
edge or narrow border.

Fields and waste places ; introduced in grain from Europe. FI. May - October. Culti-
vated on the continent of Europe, particularly in Holland and Germany, as fodder for sheep
and cows. It is said greatly to enrich tlie milk of the latter. Hens are said to eat the plant
greedily.

^2. Spbrgularia, Pcrs. Styles i. Capsule 3-valved. — Species of Arenaria, Linn^

2. Spergula rubra, Torr. Sf Gr. Red-flowered Spurrey.

Stems decumbent, much branched ; leaves narrowly linear, acute or mucronate, somewhat
fleshy ; stipules- ovate, cleft ; sepals lanceolate, with broadly scarious margins ; (petals red or
rose-color;) seeds compressed. — Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. Spergularia rubra, A. St. Hil. I. c.
Arenaria rubra, Linn. , Torr.fi. l.p. 456 ; DC. prodr.l.p. 401 ; Cham. <J- Schlecht. in Linncea,
l.p. 52; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 98. A. Canadensis, Pers. syn. l.p. 504.

Spergula. ILLECEBRACE^. 107

var. 1 : leaves usually shorter, or only a little longer than the internodes, somewhat mucro-
nate, slightly fleshy ; seeds not margined. — Torr, <^ Or. I. c. A. rubra, var. campestris,
Linn. ; DC. I. c. A. rubra, Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 179.

var. 2 : leaves fleshy, usually much longer than the internodes, not mucronate ; seeds not
margined. — Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. A. rubra, var. marina, Linn. ; DC. I. c. A. marina, Bigel.
ft. Bost. p. 180(excl. syn. Sm.).

Stems 3-10 inches long, at first erect, at length difi"use, smooth or pubescent : the var. 2.
when growing in salt marshes, often nearly or quite smooth. Leaves about an inch long and
scarcely a line wide, in maritime situations semiterete and fleshy, but in dry places narrower
and scarcely succulent. Flowers axillary and solitary, and in terminal leafy cymules ; or in
leafy racemes. Pedicels reflexed after flo^vering ; those of the fruit about half an inch long.
Sepals scarious on the margin. Petals ovate, rather shorter than the sepals. Seeds some-
what reniform, compressed, without a trace of border.

The first variety occurs in sandy fields, and is not common : the other form is very common
on the seacoast, and about the harbor of New-York ; usually in salt marshes, but sometimes
in wet sandy places. It grows along the Hudson as far as the water is brackish. Flowers
from April to November.

Suborder SCLERANTHACEiE. Link. The Knawel Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals; the tube urceolate. Petals none. St/imens 1, 5 or 10,
inserted into the throat of the calyx-tube. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary
ovule : styles 2, distinct and stigmatose on the inside, or united to the summit.
Fruit a utricle with a solitary seed, enclosed in the indurated tube of the calyx.
Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Small annual or perennial, diffusely
branched plants. Leaves opposite, destitute of stipules. Flowers small, usually
disposed in cymules.

This suborder is more nearly related to Illecebbacej: than to CARyoPHYLLACEjE ; diiJeriDg from the former chiefly in
the indurated calyx-tube, and in the want of stipulee.

14*

108 SCLERANTHACE^. Scleranthus.

1. SCLERANTHUS. Li?m. ; Endl. gen. 5222. KNAWBL.

[ Named from stte/os, hard, o.ni} a nl/ios, a flower; the base of the ftovver becoming indurated.]

Sepals 5. Stamens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles distinct. — Leaves somewhat connate-linear,
with scarious margins. Flowers in axillary leafy cymules, greenish.

1. Scleranthus annuus, Linn. Common Knmcel.

Annual ; flowers mostly decandrous ; sepals of the fructiferous calyx spreading, acute. —
Linn. ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 660 ; E?ig. hot. t. 351 ; Pursh, f. 1. p. 3\5; Torr. fl. 1. p. 448 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. Ill ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 378.

Plants spreading and forming tufts 3-6 inches or more in diameter, dichotomously much
branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves subulate, carinate, scarious and dilated at the base.
Flowers inconspicuous, very numerous, nearly sessile. Sepals lanceolate, green, with a
white scarious margin. Stamens sometimes only 5, shorter than the calyx. Seed lenticular,
smooth, contained in a thin membranaceous pericarp, which is enclosed in the hardened base
of the calyx.

A common weed in sandy fields and barren hill-sides ; flowering from May to July. Pro
bably an introduced plant.

Order XXI. PORTULACACE^. Juss. The Purselane Tribe.

Sepals 2 (rarely 3), mostly united at the base, free or rarely cohering with the
base of the ovary. Petals 5, or very rarely 3, 4 or 6, imbricated in aestivation.
Stamens variable in number, opposite the petals when of the same number,
inserted with the petals into the base of the calyx, or hypogynous : filaments
all fertile, distinct : anthers fixed by the middle, versatile or introrse. Ovary
one-celled : styles 2 - G, usually more or less combined, stigmatose along the
inner surface. Capsule 1-celled, dehiscing transversely (like the lid of a box),
or loculicidal with as many valves as stigmas. Seeds few or numerous, attached
to a central placenta. Embryo curved around the outside of mealy albumen.
— Succulent or fleshy insipid herbs. Leaves entire, alternate or opposite,
without stipules. Flowers usually ephemeral.

PoKTHLACA. PORTULACACEiE. 109

1. PORTULACA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. dll'i. PURSELANE.

[ The name is of uncertain meaning,]

Sepals 2, united below, and cohering with the base of the ovary ; tlic upper portion at length
separating from the lower near the base, by a transverse line. Petals 4-6, inserted on
the calyx, equal. Stamens 8 - 20. Style 3 - 6-cleft at the apex, or parted. Capsule
ovoid-globose, dehiscing transversely near the middle. Seeds numerous, on filiform funiculi.
— Humble fleshy herbs. Leaves scattered, often whorled near the flower, frequently with
a tuft of hairs in the axils. Flowers axillary, in the forks of the stem, or crowded at the
summit of the branches, expanding only in the morning sun, very fugacious.

1. PoRTULACA OLERACEA, Lin7i. Cotmnoii Purselane.

Stem diffuse ; leaves cuneiform, the axils and nodes naked ; flowers sessile ; petals 5,
cohering at the base ; stamens 10-12; style almost wanting; stigmas 5, distinct. — DC.
plant, gras. t. 123, and prodr. 3. p. 353 ; Ell. sk. I. p. .534 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 188 ; Dar-
lingt. Jl. Cest. p. 314 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. 196.

Annual. Stem fleshy, spreading on the ground, with the branches somewhat assurgent.
Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, small, yellow. Seeds reniform, with a short beak
on one side, blackish, finely granulated.

Very common in gardens and waste places ; doubtless an introduced plant in the Atlantic
States, but apparently indigenous towards the Rocky Mountains. Flowers from July to
August. Formerl}^ used as a potherb and for pickling, but now not much esteemed for these
purposes.

2. CLAYTONIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. blQO. SPRING BEAUTY.

[ In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia, who sent plants to Gronovius.]

Sepals 2, persistent, distinct or united at the base, ovate, mostly obtuse. Petals 5, hypo-
gjmous, unguiculate, the claws more or less united at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on
the claws of the petals. Styles 3-cleft ; the divisions stigmatose inside. Capsule 3-valved,
2 - 5-seeded. Seeds turgid, smooth or punctate, shining. — Smooth and rather succulent
herbs. Stems simple, with a pair of opposite somewhat connate leaves (or with several
alternate ones) ; radical leaves on long petioles. Racemes often one-sided. Flowers rose-
color or white.

110 PORTULACACEiE. Ciaytonia.

* Claytonia proper. Perennial : stems simple, arising from, a subterranean cormus or rhizoma : canline leaves 2, opposite,

distinct : raceme terminal, rarely geminate,

1. Claytonia Virginica, Linn. Narrow-leaved Sjyring Beauty.

Leaves all linear and linear-lanceolate, elongated and attenuated into a petiole below ; ra-
dicalones very fevir ; raceme at length elongated ; pedicels slender, nodding ; petals mostly
emarginate. — Michx. jl. 1. p. 160 ; Bot. mag. t. 941 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 175 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 306 ; Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. t. 51 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 259 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 98 ; Hook. Jl.
Bar.- Am. 1. p. 224 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 361 ; Siveet, Brit.Jl. gard. (ser. 2.) 1. 163 ; Darlingt.
Jl. Cest. p. 140 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 198. C. grandiflora, Sweet, I. c. t. 216.

Cormus fleshy and farinaceous, situated deep in the ground. Stem 6-10 inches high,
weak, erect or procumbent. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 2-3 lines wide, mostly rather
acute, succulent. Racemes 5 - 12 : pedicels recurved ; the lowest ones with a small bract
at the base. Sepals variable, usually with an abrupt blunt point, but often quite obtuse ; a
little recurved after flowering. Petals^ elliptical or obovate, sometimes rather acute, pale rose-
color with deeper colored veins. Stamens shorter than the petals. Style longer than the
stamens : stigmas spreading. Capsule ovoid-globose. Seeds tumid-lenticular, 3-5, black,
minutely striate-rugose, but shining.

Low moist grounds, and damp woods. April - May.

2. Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into a petiole ;
radical ones very few, spatulate ; pedicels slender, nodding ; sepals and petals very obtuse. —
Michx. fl. 1. p. 160 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 306 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 199. C. spathulie-
folia, Salish. parad. Land. t. 71 ; Pursh, Jl. \.p. 174; Nutt. gen. I. p. 152. C. spathulata,
Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 98. C. Virginica, var. latifolia, Torr. Jl. \. p. 259. C. Virginica, var.
spathuliefoha, DC. -prodr. 3. p. 361 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 224.

Cormus as in the preceding species. Stem 4-8 inches high. Leaves 1-3 inches long
and 5-8 lines wide ; the cauline ones sometimes oval. Sepals roundish-ovate. Petals entire
or slightly emarginate. Seeds as in C. Virginica.

Woods, usually in hilly or mountainous places ; common in the northern and western parts
of the State, but not found in the valley of the Hudson below the Highlands. April. Very
near the preceding species, and regarded by many botanists as only a variety of it.

Malva. MALVACE^. Ill

Group 6. Ovary compound, several-celled, tvith the placent(B in the axis ; or the

numerous carpels more or less coherent with each oilier, or icith the central axis.

Calyx free from the ovary, with a valvate cestivation. Stamens numerous,

monaddphous, free, or somewhat polyadelplwus, inserted with the petals into

, the receptacle or base of the calyx.

Order XXII. MALVACE^. Juss. (in part) ; DC. The IMallow Tribe.

Calyx of 5 (rarely 3 or 4) sejDals, which are more or less united at the base ;
often with an involucel, so as to appear double : aestivation valvate. Petals
hypogynous, as many as the sepals, twisted in aestivation. Stamens hypo-
gynous, usually numerous, monadelphous : anthers one-celled, reniform.
Ovary formed by the union of several carpels round a common axis, either
distinct or cohering. Styles as many as the carpels, united or distinct. Fruit
capsular, or rarely baccate ; carpels one- or many-seeded, sometimes closely
united, sometimes separate or separable ; the dehiscence loculicidal or septi-
cidal. Seeds with little or no albumen. Embryo curved : cotyledons twisted
and doubled up. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, .stipulate, mostly
palmately veined : pubescence commonly stellate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Malta. Calyx with a 3-Ieaved involucel. Capsules numerous, arranged in a circle round a central axis, one-seeded.

2. Alth.s:a. Involucel 6 - 9-cleft. Capsules numerous, one-sccded.

3. Aeutilon. Involucel none. Capsule consisting of 5 or more, 2-valved, 3 - C-seeded, carpels.

4. SiDA. Involucel none. Carpels 3 or more, 2-valvcd, I-seeded.

5. Hibiscus. Involucel of several or many narrow leaflets. Stigmas 5. Capsule 5-cclled ; the colls sevcial- (rarely

1-seeded.)

1. MALVA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 5271. MALLOW.

[ The name is said to be altered from the Greek, malo/^lcK, soft ; in allusion to the emoUicnt nature of the species.]

Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded usually by an involucel of 3 (sometimes 1 - 2, or 5 - 6) oblong or
setaceous bracteoles ; very rarely naked. Capsules numerous (rarely only 5), dry, inde-
hiscent, one-seeded, circularly arranged round the axis. Radicle inferioi-.

1. Malva rotxjndifolia, Linn. Dwarf Malloit: Running Mallow.

*" 'Stem prostrate ; leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobcd, the lobes crenatcly toothed ;
petioles pubescent ; pedicels axillary, declined in fruit ; segments of the calyx acutely trian-

112 MALVACE^. Malva.

gular; bracteoles oblong-linear; carpels numerous, wrinkled. — Eng. hot. t. 1092; Pursk,
fl. 2. p. 454 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 163 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 395 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 225.

Root perennial. Stem 8-18 inches long, more or less pubescent. Leaves 1 -2i inches
in diameter, on elongated petioles. Flowers about half an inch in diameter. Petals rose-
colored or nearly white, with purple veins.

Common in waste grounds, and about houses ; often a troublesome weed in gardens. Like
most plants of the order, it is mucilaginous, and is often employed as a popular article of
medicine ; the leaves being used for poultices, and for demulcent drinks. It is of European
origin, but has become naturalized in most parts of North America.

2. Malva sylvestris, Lhm. High Malloiv.

Stem erect, herbaceous ; leaves somewhat acutely 5 - 7-lobed ; peduncles and petioles
hairy ; petals obcordate, three times as long as the calyx. — Eng. hot. t. 671 ; Beck, hot.
p. 57 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 394.

Root perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched. Leaves 2-3 inches wide. Flowers
large, 3-4 together, axillary. Petals obcordate, purplish rose-color, veined.

Naturalized in some parts of Westchester county (Dr. Mead).

2. ALTHiEA. Cavan. diss. 2. p. 91 ; Endl. gen. 5270. marsH-MALLOW.

[ From the Greek, aliho, to cure; from the salutary effects of its mucilaginous roots.]

Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Carpels numerous, indehiscent, one-seeded,
arranged in a circle round the axis.

1. AlthjEA officinalis, Linn. Coimnon Marsh-mallow.

Leaves ovate, or somewhat cordate, softly tomentose on both sides, toothed, entire or
somewhat 3-lobed ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. — Eng.
hot. t. 147 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 259 ; Torr. compend. p. 255 ; DC. prodr. l.p. 436 ; Darlingt.
fl,. Cest. p. 395 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 229.

Root perennial, fusiform, white. Plant densely clothed with a soft velvety pubescence.
Stem 2 feet high or more, erect. Leaves 2-4 inches long. Peduncles 3 - 6-flowered. In-
volucre usually 9-parted. Flowers somewhat paniculate, an inch or more in diameter, pale
rose-color.

Borders of salt marshes on the north side of Long Island, Oyster Bay, Flushing, &c. Fl.
August - September. Introduced from Europe.

Abutilon. MALVACE^. 113

3. ABUTILON. Dill. ; Endl. gen. 5292, INDIAN MALLOW.

[A name of uncertain origin. J

Calyx 5-clcft, without an involucel. Ovary 5- to many-celled, with 3 (or rarely more) ovules
in each cell. Capsules composed of 5 or more, 2-valved, 3- (rarely 4 - 6-) seeded carpels. —
Leaves cordate, rarely somewhat lobed. Peduncles axillary, solitary or rarely in pairs,
1 - 2- or many-flowered ; sometimes (by the abortion of the upper leaves) in terminal
racemes.

1. Abutilon AviCENNiE, G<zrt. Velvet-leaf.

Leaves orbicular-cordate, velvety-tomentose, acuminate, crenately toothed ; peduncles
shorter than the petioles; carpels about 15, truncate, furnished with two oblique beaks,
hairy. — Gart.fr. 2. p. 251, t. 135 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 230. Sida Abutilon, Linn.;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 253 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 162 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 470 ; Torr. compend. p. 255;
Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 397.

Annual. Stem 2-5 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 4-7 inches in diameter,
with a slender abrupt acumination. Flowers axillary ; primary ones solitary : from the side
of the pedicel arises a short slender branch, bearing several clustered flowers, which are often
abortive, and one or two small leaves. Corolla orange-yellow. Capsule an inch in diameter,
blackish when mature, crowned with the numerous long beaks of the carpels, which spread
in a radiated manner.

Waste places, gardens and road-sides. Fl. August - October. Introduced from India,
and now abundantly naturalized in the middle and southern States.

4. SIDA. Linn.; Cavan. diss. l.p. 5. . BIDA.

[ An ancient Greek name, said to have been applied to some malvaceous plant.]

Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, or rarely with 1-2 setaceous bracteoles. Ovary 5- or
many-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Capsule consisting of 5 or more, 1-seeded,
usually 2-valved carpels. Radicle (by the resupination of the seed) superior.

■\

1. Sida spinosa, Linn. Prickly Sida.

Stem minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrately toothed, with a somewhat
spiny tubercle at the base of the petiole ; stipules setaceous ; pedicels axillary, solitary or
several together, mostly shorter than the petioles ; carpels 5, each witli two beaks. — Michx.
ft. 2. p. 43 ; Pursh, fl 2. p. 452 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 161 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 460 ; Darlingt.fl.
Cest.p. 397 ; Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 231.

[Flora.] 15

114 MALVACE^. ' Sida.

Annual. Stem a foot or eighteen inches high, somewhat branched from near the base.
Leaves 1-2 inches long, and half an inch wide, obtuse or cordate at the base : petioles 6-8
lines long. Peduncles articulated near the flower. Calyx hemispherical, 5-angled. Petals
obovate, yellow. Carpels with two erect hairy beaks, easily separable when ripe. Seeds
dark purplish-brown, smooth.

Road-sides three or four miles south of Peekskill {Dr. Mead). Probably an introduced
plant in the State of New-York.

5. HIBISCUS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 5277. SIBISCUS.

[An ancient Greek name for some malvaceous plant.]

Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many- or sometimes few-leaved involucel, the
leaflets of which are usually distinct, but sometimes more or less united. Petals not auri-
cled on one side. Stigmas 5. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells with many or few ovules. Car-
pels 5, united into a 5-celled loculicidal capsule ; margin of the valves not introflexed ; the
cells several- (rarely by abortion one-) seeded.

§ 1. Pentaspermum, DC. Cells of the capsule one-seeded.

1. Hibiscus Virginicus, Linn. Virginian Hibiscus. Sweating-tceed.

Roughish-tomentose ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate-toothed, upper
ones undivided, lower ones 3-lobed ; pedicels longer than the petioles ; flowers in paniculate
racemes, nodding; column declined; capsule hispid. — Jacq. ic. rar. 1. t. 142; Michx.Jl.
2. p. 46 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 456 ; Ell. sk. 2. p.l67 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 447 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 236. H. clypeatus, Walt. fl. Car. p. 177.

Perennial. Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; the upper and lower ones
usually entire, those about the middle of the stem more or less 3-lobed. Flowers about two
inches in diameter, numerous : peduncles 1-2 inches long. Involucel of 8 - 9 very narrow
leaves. Petals bright rose-color, obovate-cuneate, hairy on one side of the outer surface.
Column slender, antheriferous above the middle. Capsule with very acute angles. Seeds
smooth : radicle inferior.

Borders of salt marshes on the north side of Long Island. I never found this plant on
Long Island myself, but I saw it in a collection made by the late Dr. S. L. Mitchill, I believe
in the neighborhood of Oyster Bay. Fl. August.

Hibiscus. MALVACE^. 115

§ 2. Abelmoschus, DC. Cells of the capsule many-seeded : seeds smooth, or with a villous line on
the back: leaves of the involucel 8-15, distinct, entire.

2. Hibiscus Moscheutos, Linn. Mallcno Rose.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, often 3-lobed, whitish tomentosc underneath, somewhat
scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles (1-flowered) and petioles often united. — Cavan. diss.
3. t. 65./. 1 and 2 ; Michx.Jl. 2. p. 47 ; Bot. mag. t. 882 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 445 ; EU. sk. 2.
p. 165 ; DC.prodr. I. p. 450 ; Torr. compend. p. 255 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 107 ; Torr.
^- Gr. fl. N. Am. l.p. 237. H. palustris, Linn. ; Pursh, I. c.

Perennial. Stem 3-5 feet high, minutely pubescent. Leaves about 5 inches long and
3 wide, mostly obtuse at the base ; velvety underneath, unequally dentate-serrate, sometimes
with three short acute lobes : petioles an inch and a half long. Peduncles either free or coa-
lescing with the petioles at the base, articulated near the calyx. Leaflets of the involucel
linear. Flowers about as large as in the common Hollyhock, pale purple or sometimes nearly
white, with or without a crimson centre. Petals obovate. Stamineal column about one-third
the length of the petals. Styles exserted : stigmas large, capitate. Capsule as large as in
H. Syriacus.

Borders of marshes, particularly near salt water, but not rare in the interior of the State.
August - September. A showy plant, sometimes cultivated in gardens.

^3. Trionum, Medik. Cel s of the carpel many-seeded : seeds smooth; involucel many-leaved : calyx
membranaceous, at length inflated. — Annual plants.

3. Hibiscus Trionum, Linn. Bladder Ketmia. Venetian Mallow.

Leaves toothed ; lower ones nearly undivided, upper ones deeply 3-parted ; lobes lanceolate,
the intermediate one very long. — DC. prodr. \.p. 453 ; Beck, hot. p. 58 ; Darlingt.f.. Cest.
p. 396. H. pallidus, Raf.

Stem 12 - 13 inches high, sparingly hispid. Leaves somewiiat liairy ; segments incisely
toothed or almost pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, solitary. Involucel of 9 - 10 linear leaflets,
hispid. Calyx large, with about twenty prominent hispid ribs, 5-cleft, 5-winged at the apex.
Petals greenish-yellow with a purple spot at the base. Seeds rough.

In gardens and cultivated grounds : partially naturalized. A native of the south of Europe
and Africa. July - August.

15*

116 TILIACE^. TiLiA.

Order XXIII. TILIACEtE. Juss. The Linden Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 deciduous sepals ; the aestivation valvate. Corolla of 4 - 5
hypogynous petals, rarely wanting. Stamens usually indefinite, hypogj-nous :
filaments distinct, or often in 3 - 5 clusters : anthers 2-celled. Disk often
with 4-5 glands (transformed stamens) at the base of the petals. Ovary of
2-10 united carpels : styles united : stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit
a 2 - 5-celled capsule with several seeds in each cell, or coriaceous or drupa-
ceous, sometimes by abortion 1-celled and 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds anatropous.
Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, flat. — Trees or
shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules and axillary flowers.

1. TILIA. Linn.; Vent.monog. Til. 1802; E7idl. gen. 5373. LINDEN or LIME TREE.

[A name of obscure origin.]

Sepals and petals 5. Stamens numerous, usually somewhat united into five parcels ; the
central one of each parcel (in the North American species) transformed into a petaloid scale.
Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled ; the cells with 2 ovules. Fruit coriaceous or woody,
scarcely globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 - 2-seeded. — Trees with obliquely cordate leaves
and a tough fibrous bark. Flowers cymose, with the lower part of the peduncle adnate to
a large foliaceous bract.

1. TiLiA Americana, Linn. Whitewood. Bassioood.

Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, somewhat coriaceous, smooth, abruptly acuminate ;
petals obtuse or truncate, crenate at the apex. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1261 ; MicJuv. f. sylv. 2.
p. 233. t. 131 ; Bigel.jl. Bost.p. 214 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N.Ain. l.p.239. T. glabra. Vent.
I. c. t. 1./. 1 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 362 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 2; DC.prodr. \.p. 513 ; Hooh.fl. Bor.-
Am. \.p. 108; Darlingt. Jl. Cest.p. 312. T. Canadensis, Michx. fl. l.p. 306.

A large tree, often 60 - 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter, with grayish bark and
soft white wood. Leaves 3-5 inches long and about the same in breadth, coarsely and
mucronately serrate, with a small tuft of reddish hairs in the axils of the veins underneath :
petioles about 2 inches long. Peduncle about 4 inches long, trichotomously cymose at the
summit, the lower half firmly united to a linear-oblong yellowish foliaceous bract, the free
portion pendulous. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, pu-
bescent externally, woolly within. Petals yellowish-white, nearly twice as long as the calyx.
Scales (staminodia) nearly as long as the petals, and resembling them in form. Stamens
shorter than the petals. Style variable in length, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter than

TiLiA. TILIACEiE. 117

the petals, hairy below. Fruit the size of a large pea, nearly globose or slightly oval, covered
with a dense short gray pubescence. Seed usually solitary, obovoid, brownish.

Woods, usually in fertile soil. Fl. Early in June. Fr. September.

A beautiful and useful tree. The wood is easily wrought. It is sometimes formed into
wooden bowls ; and in places where the Tulip-tree does not grow, it is used for chair seats
and the pannels of coach bodies. The bark, as in all the species, is tough, and may be
manufactured into an inferior cordage. As a shade tree in cities, it is objectionable, being
very generally attacked by caterpillars ; and the bark readily separating in long strips, is
peeled off by vicious boys.

Group 7. Ovary compound, or of several carpels adJiering to a central axis, free
from the cahjx, which is mostly imhricated in tzstivation. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals, inserted on tlie receptacle, commonly monadelphous
at the hose. Flowers perfect.

Order XXIV. LINACEiE. DC. ■ The Flax Tribe.

Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), distinct or united at the base, persistent : aestivation
imbricated: Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, hypogynous,
with short claws, fugacious : estivation twisted. Stamens as many as the
petals (often with intermediate teeth or abortive stamens), united at the base
in a hypogynous ring. Ovary of 5 (rarely 3 — 4) united carpels : styles filiform,
distinct. Capsule globose, 5- (or sometimes 3 - 4-) celled ; each cell com-
pletely or partially divided by a spurious longitudinal dissepiment, proceeding
from the back (or dorsal suture) ; each spurious cell one-seeded : dehiscence
septicidal. Seeds suspended from near the summit of the cell : testa smooth
and usually shining, mucilaginous when moistened. Embryo straight, flat,
fleshy and oily, without albumen. Endopleura tumid, and resembling a thin
albumen. — Herbaceous or suflfrutescent plants. Leaves entire and sessile,
without stipules, alternate or opposite. Flowers terminal, often corymbose or
panicled.

118 LINACEiE. LiNDM.

1, LINUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6056. flax.

[" Llin, in Celtic, signifies thread ; whence liium., in Greek, and Knum, its derivation in Latin." Loud.]
Sepals (distinct, entire), petals and stamens 5. Styles 5, or rai%ly 3.

1. LiNUM ViRGiNiANUM, Liun. 11 Hd Flax.

Smooth ; stem corymbosely branching above ; leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or linear,
the lowermost oblong or spatulate ; divisions of the corymbose panicle racemose, leafy ;
flowers (yellow) on short pedicels ; sepals ovate, mucronate, 1-nerved, a Uttle shorter than the
mature globose-depressed capsule. — Walt.Jl. Car. p. 117 ; Michx.fl. 2. p. 36 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 210 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 375 ; Torr. fl.\. -p. 330 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 123 ; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 424 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 105 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 210 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
1. p. 204.

Root biennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender, often with a tuft of short leafy stolons at the
root. Leaves about an inch long, marked with minute pellucid dots, rarely opposite. Flowers
about one-fourth of an inch in diameter ; the pedicels 1-3 lines long, racemose and some-
what secund. Capsule scarcely 2 hues in diameter ; splitting at maturity through both the
true and the (complete) spurious dissepiments, into 10 indehiscent half-carpels or cocci.
Seeds oblong, dull, yellowish.

Dry open woods, hill-sides and fields; common. Fl. June - August. — The fibre of the
stem has but little strength.

2. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM, Linn. Common Flax.

Smooth ; stem branching above ; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, very acute ; panicle
corymbose, loose ; sepals ovate, acute, 1-nerved (3-nerved at the base), membranaceous on
the margin ; petals somewhat crenate (blue) ; capsule acuminate. — Smith, fl. Brit. 1. p. 342;
Eng. hut. t. 1357 ; Pursh, fl.\.p.2l0; Torr. fl. 1. p. 330 ; Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. A7n. 1 .
p. 204.

Annual. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 3-nerved. Flowers large : petals obovate. Cap-
sule depressed-globose.

In fields ; not uncommon : scarcely naturalized. Fl. June - July. Fr. August.

Geranium. GERANIACEiE. 119

Order XXV. GERANIACEiE. DC. The Geranium Tribe.

Calyx of 5 persistent sepals, which are imbricated in aestivation. Corolla 5-
petalled, hypogynous or somewhat perigynous : petals alternate with the sepals,
distinct, unguiculate, twisted in imbrication. Stamens usually twice as many
as petals, and inserted with them ; some of them occasionally sterile : filaments
broad, somewhat monadelphous at the base. Ovary composed of 5 two-ovuled
carpels, placed alternate with the sepals round the base of an elongated axis
(gynoha^e). Styles cohering with the axis, free at the summit, stigmatose on
the inner side. Carpels dry, 1-seeded, distinct at maturity, and separating
from the axis by the twisting or curling back of the persistent style from the
base upwards, mostly dehiscent by the inner suture. Seeds without albumen.
Cotyledons convoluted and plaited. — Herbs or shrubby plants, commonly
strong-scented. Leaves palmately veined and usually lobed, mostly with
stipules. Flowers regular, or somewhat irrregular,

1. GERANIUM, ifwn. (in part) ; E«r2Z. ^en. 6046. CRANESBILL.

[Fiom gcraiios, a crane; the pointed fruit resembling the bill of that bird.]

Sepals equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile; alternate ones longer, with a nec-
tariferous gland at the base. Persistent styles at length spirally rcvolute, smooth on the
inside. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants. Peduncles 1-2- (rarely 3-) flowered.

* Perennial.

1. Geranium maculatum, Linn. Spotted Geranium, or Cranesbill.

Stem erect, somewhat angular, dichotomous above ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the segments
acute, cuneiform below, incisely seiTate above ; radical leaves on long petioles ; uppermost
opposite ; sepals sparsely villous, the hairs scarcely glandular ; petals entire ; filaments slightly
ciliate at the base. — Miclix. fl. 2. p. 38 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 157 ; Bigel. med. hot. t. 8, and jl.
Bost. p. 256 ; DC. prodr. 1 . p. 642 ; Torr. compend. p. 254 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 1 1 5 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest.p. 392 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 206.

Root somewhat ligneous, perennial. Stem 12 - 18 inches high, clothed (as are also the
petioles) with a retrorse pubescence. Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter, hairy -pubescent ;
the lobes incisely toothed or cleft. Stipules lanceolate. Peduncles mostly 2-flowered. Pedi-
cels an inch or more in length. Flowers about an inch in diameter. Sepals oblong or oval-
lanceolate, sparsely clothed, particularly about the margins, with long villous hairs, which are
mostly tipped with a very minute gland. Petals purple, obovate, with a small dense tuft of

120 GERANIACEiE. Geranium.

hairs on the inside of the claw. Stamens in a double series, the exterior alternating with the
petals, the inner opposite to them : filaments (under a lens) slightly ciliate at the base. Seeds
minutely reticulated.

Open woods, etc. ; common. Flowers from the end of April to June.

The root of this plant is a valuable astringent ; being equal to the cfhcinal Kino and Catechu.
See Wood and Bache's U. S. Dispens. 330.

•* Annual.

2. Geranium Carolinianum, Linn. Carolinian Craneshill.

Stem diffusely branched ; pubescence simple ; leaves deeply 5-lobed or parted ; segments
incisely lobed or toothed ; peduncles and pedicels scarcely longer than the sepals, rather
crowded at the summit of the branches ; petals cuneate-oblong, slightly emarginate, about the
length of the awned sepals ; carpels hairy ; seeds oval, minutely reticulated. — Walt. Jl. Car.
p. lib ; "Cavan. diss. t. 84./. 1, a7id t. 124./. 2." ex DC. ; Michx.fl. 2. p. 28 ; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 449 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 157 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 643 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 115 ; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 392 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 207.

var. Pubescence partly glandular ; peduncles and pedicels much longer than the sepals ;
flowers larger ; petals obovate, conspicuously emarginate. G. dissectum, Pursh ?

Root somewhat fusiform. Plant somewhat hoary with a spreading or retrorse pubescence,
at first erect or oblique, at length diffuse, 6-12 inches long. Leaves 1-2 inches in dia-
meter, 5-lobed almost to the base, the ultimate segments rather obtuse. Peduncles, in the
common variety, usually much crowded among the leaves at the extremity of the branches,
and appearing umbellate or fasciculate ; in the other form, they are an inch or two long, and
the pedicels (of the fruit) full an inch in length. Calyx almost villous : awns about one-third
the length of the sepals. Petals rose-color or nearly white. Seeds finely reticulate under a
lens.

Dry barren fields and hill-sides ; rather common : the variety, in Yates county {Dr. Sart-
well). May - June. The form described as a variety seems to be pretty constant, but it is
hardly distinct from G. Carolinianum.

3. Geranium pusillum, Linn. S7naU-Jlowered Craneshill.

Stem procumbent, minutely pubescent ; leaves reniform or nearly orbicular, deeply 5-7-
lobcd ; lobes of the lower leaves 3-cleft, of the upper ones entire ; petals emarginate, about
the lengtli of the hairy, acute (not raucronate) sepals ; carpels minutely pubescent ; seeds
smooth. — Eng. hot. «. 385; Muhl. cat. p. 64:; Torr. compend. p. 254:; DC. prodr. 1.^.643;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 207.

Stem 1-2 feet long, spreading, very slender. Leaves slightly pubescent, from scarcely
half an inch to an inch in diameter ; segments oblong-cuneiform. Peduncles 2-3 lines, and

Geranium. GERANIACEJS. 121

the pedicels half an inch or more in length. Flowers 2-3 lines in diameter. Petals obovate,
pale purple. Alternate stamens usually sterile.

Sandy soils, Long Island, a few miles from Brooklyn, and in the western part of the State.
Fl. May - August. Our plant agrees well with European specimens of G. pusillum, and is
possibly only naturalized in this country.

4. Geranium Robertianum, Linn. Herb Robert.

Diffusely branched, hairy; leaves ternately or quinately parted ; segments pinnatifid ; lobes
mostly incised or toothed ; petals entire, twice the length of the mucronatc-awned sepals ;
carpels wrinkled, not hairy; seeds smooth. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 714; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 449 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 257 ; Torr. compend. p. 254 ; DC. prodr. 1 . p. 644 ; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N.
Am. l.p. 207.

Stems usually several from one root, 6-15 inches long, of a dark red color, brittle, hirsute
with spreading hairs. Leaves about 2 inches in diameter ; lower ones with 5, upper ones
with 3 divisions ; ultimate segments mucronatc. Peduncles long and slender. Flowers about
half an inch in diameter. Sepals purplish. Petals obovate-spatulate, purple, sometimes pale
or nearly white.

Moist rocky situations ; common. June - October. — The whole plant exhales a heavy and
rather disagreeable odor, especially when bruised or handled.

2. ERODIUM. L'Herit. ; Endl. gen. 6045. BERON'S-BILL or STORK'S-BILL.

[ From the Greek, crodivs, a heron ; the fruit rcscmbhng the head and beak of that bird.]

Sepals equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 10; the 5 exterior (opposite the
petals) shorter and. sterile ; the perfect ones with a nectariferous gland at the base. Per-
sistent styles bearded on the inside, at length spirally twisted. — Peduncles axillary or
opposite the leaves : flowers umbellate. Cotyledons sometimes pinnately lobed.

1. Erodium cicutarium, Smith. Hemlock Heron's-biil.

Stem prostrate or diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately divided ; segments sessile, pinnatifid,
incised or acute; peduncles several flowered ; petals unequal. — Eng. hot. t. 1768; DC
prodr. l.p. 646 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1 16 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 208. Geranium
cicutarium, Linn.

Leaves 2 - 4 inches long, oblong, with numerous pinnatifid lobes. Flowers as large as
in G. pusillum.

Gravelly shore of Oneida Lake, near Rotterdam ; abundant. May - June. Probably
introduced.

[Flora.] 16

122 " OXALIDACEiE Oxalis.

Order XXVI. OXALIDACE^. DC. The Wood-sorrel Tribe.

Calyx of 5 persistent equal sepals, imbricated in aestivation. Corolla of 5 equal
hypogynous deciduous petals, twisted in aestivation. Stamens 10, hypogynous ;
the filaments broad, and somewhat united at the base. Ovary of 5 united
carpels placed opposite the sepals : styles distinct : stigmas capitate or pencil-
late. Capsule usually membranaceous, 5-lobed, 5-celled, opening by the
dorsal suture, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds with a loose fleshy arilliform epi-
dermis, which bursts elastically when ripe. Albumen between fleshy and
cartilaginous. Embryo straight, as long as the albumen, with a rather long
radicle : cotyledons broad and foliaceous. — Mostly low herbaceous plants
(rarely suffrutescent or arborescent), with an acid juice. Leaves alternate,
compound : leaflets usually obcordate.

1. OXALIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 6058. woOD-SORREL.

[ From the Greek, oxys, sharp or sour ; in allusion to the strong acid taste of the plant.]

Sepals distinct, or only united at the base. Capsule oblong or somewhat globose, membrana-
ceous. Seeds 1, or commonly several in each carpel: testa 5 - 10-ribbed, transversely
rugose. — Perennial (rarely annual) herbs ; caulescent or stemless. Leaves in all the
North American species trifoliolate, circinate in vernation : leaflets articulated to the petiole.
Stipules coherent with the base of the petiole, or wanting.

1. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn. Common Wood-sorrel.

Rhizoma creeping, scaly ; leaflets obcordate, puberulent ; scapes at length longer than the
leaves, one-flowered, with 2 bracteoles above the middle ; petals oblong-obovaie (white, with
red veins) ; styles and longer stamens of equal length, longer than the sepals. — Eng. hot.
t. 762; Michx.jl. 2. p. 38; Pursh,fl. l.p. 322; Torr.Jl. \.p. 461 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 257;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 700 ; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 118 (partly) ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 211. 0. Americana, Bigel. in DC. I. c. ; Zucc. man. Oxal.p, 35.

Rhizoma scaly and somewhat toothed with the persistent and somewhat fleshy bases of the
petioles. Petioles 2-3 inches long : leaflets broadly obcordate. Scape 3-5 inches long.
Flower about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, drooping. Sepals villous-ciliate, with
reddish hairs. Petals often obliquely emarginate, yellow at the base. Stigmas 2-lobed.
Cells of the capsule about 2-seedcd.

In woods ; often on high mountains; west and north of Catskill. June. — The American
plant is identical with the European, except that the petals of the former are for the most

OxALis. OXALIDACE^. 123

part emarginatc, while they arc only occasionally so in the latter. Like the rest of the species,
the whole plant has an agreeably acid flavor, nearly as intense as that of lemons. The ex-
pressed juice yields, when purified and evaporated, crystals of the binoxalate of potash, and
was formerly sold under the name of Salt of Sorrel, for the purpose of removing inkstains
from linen.

2. OxALis vioLACEA, Liun. Violet Wood-sorrel.

Bulb scaly ; leaflets obcordate, broader than long, nearly smooth ; scapes longer than the
leaves, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels umbellate, with minute bracts at the base ; sepals with a
thickened orange-colored tip ; petals obovate (violet) ; filaments usually hairy, the exterior
ones rather longer than the styles. — Jacq. Oxal. p. 35. t. 80. Jig. 2. fide Willd. sp. 2. p. 786 ;
Michx.Jl. 2. p. 39 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 322 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 525 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 462 ; Bigel.Jl.
Best. p. 258 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 695 ; Zucc. man. Oxal. (1831), p. 273 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 394; Torr. <J- Gr. fl.N.Am. \.p.2U.

Bulbs clothed with membranaceous 3-nerved scales, the margins of which are fringed with
shaggy hairs. Root fibrous, proceeding from a roundish bulb formed of ovate-acuminate im-
bricated scales ; the outer ones 3-nerved, membranaceous, and fringed with long shaggy hairs ;
the inner ones thick and filled with starch, minutely ciliate : both kinds probably the dilated
persistent bases of former petioles (as in Dicentra Cucullaria). Petioles 2-4 inches long.
Leaflets with an orange-colored spot at the base of the sinus on the under side, often, in ex-
posed situations, of a purple color. Scapes 4-8 inches high, often several together ; pedicels
6-10 lines long. Flowers nodding. Sepals oblong, with a roundish 2-lobed gland at the
base. Petals bright violet. Filaments sometimes smooth (in specimens from Mr. Oakes).
Styles hairy, at first longer, but at length rather shorter, than the stamens : stigmas somewhat
2-lobed. Capsule few-seeded.

Common in woods, particularly in rocky places. April - June ; sometimes flowering again
late in the season. • ..

3. OxALis STRicTA, Linn. Yellow Wood-sorrel.

Root fibrous, perennial ? stoloniferous ; stem at first erect, branching, at length often
spreading or prostrate at the base ; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, longer than
the leaves ; petals (yellow) entire ; style the length of the inner stamens ; pedicels of the
fruit erect. — Jacq. Oxal. t. 4, &x DC. prodr. \. p. 692; Michx. fl. 2. p. 39; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 323 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 526 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 462 ; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 258 ; Zucc. Oxal. p. 64 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 393 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 212. 0. Dillenii, Willd. sp. 2.
p. 799. O. recurva. Ell. sk.l. c. " \

Root producing tortuous, branching, underground stolons, which sometimes run to a con-
siderable distance and throw up new plants. Stems 3-12 inches high, smooth or a little
hairy. Leaves often partly pseudo-verticillate : leaflets broadly obcordate, slightly ciliate,

16*

124 OXALIDACE.E. Oxalis.

smooth : petioles 1-3 inches long, hairy. Peduncles nearly smooth. Umbel or cyme simple,
2 - 3-flowered ; or 2-forked, each division with a 2 - 3-flowered cymule. Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, rather acute. Petals obovale, twice the length of the calyx. Styles hairy : stigmas
capitate. Capsule prismatic, somewhat hairy : cells 7 - 8-seeded. Seeds obovoid, compressed,
with 6-8 longitudinal ridges, and strongly wrinkled transversely ; enclosed in a thick rather
fleshy epidermis, which splits on the back, and retracting elastically, throws the seed out of
the capsule.

Common in fields, road-sides and cultivated grounds ; flowering from May to September. —
I am confident that this plant is usually perennial, or at least lives through two seasons. The
specific name is very inappropriate. O. corniculata of Pursh and Michaux seems to be only
the procumbent state of this species.

Order XXVII. BALSAMINACE^E. A. Richard. The Balsam Tribe.

Calyx of 5 deciduous, colored sepals ; the 2 upper (anterior) ones commonly
united into one, the lowest (posterior) one spurred or gibbous. Corolla hypo-
gynous, 4-petalled ; the petals united by pairs (so that they are, apparently,
only 2). Stamens 5, hypogynous, more or less connected above. Ovary 6-
celled, with the placentae in the axis : stigmas 5, distinct, or more or less united.
Capsule 5-celled, somewhat fleshy, bursting elastically by 5 valves, septifragal
(rarely drupaceous). Seeds several in each cell, with a straight embryo, and
destitute of albumen. Cotyledons large and flattish : radicle short. — Succulent,
herbaceous (mostly annual) plants, with a watery juice. Leaves simple, with-
out stipules (Arn.).

1. IMPATIENS. Linn.; Wight ^ Am.prodr.Jl. Ind. Or. \.p. 135; Endl. gen. 6060.

BALSAM. LADY'S SLIPPER.
[ Named in allusion to the sudden bursting of the ripe seed vessels by the slightest touch.]

Sepals apparently only 4, from the union of the 2 upper ones. Petals 4, apparently only 2,
from the union of the lateral ones on each side. Filaments 5, more or less united at the
apex : anthers opening longitudinally or transversely. Cells of the ovary formed by mem-
branous projections of the placenta; which occupy the axis of the ovary, and are connected

Impatiens. BALSAMINACEiE. 125

wilh its apex by 5 slender tlireads. Capsule often one-celled by the disappearance of the
dissepiments. Seeds numerous or few {Arn.).

I have adopted Arnott's view of the structure of the flowers in this genus. Rocpcr, Endliehcr and many other learned
botanists consider the 2 upper (anterior) sepals as wanting ; wliilc the two united sepals of Arnott they refer to the corolla,
and regard it as formed of a single (anterior) petal. Respecting the other parts, there is na essential ditTercDCe of opinion.

^. Leaves alternate : peduncles mors than l-Jlowered. {Smooth: stems transparent, tumid at the joints.)

1. Impatiens pallida, Nuli. Touch-me-not. Snap-iceed.

Leaves oblong-ovatc, on short petioles, coarsely and obtusely serrate, the teeth mucronate ;
peduncles 2 - 5-flowered ; lower sepal obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the petals, broader
than long, with a very short recurved spur ; flowers (pale yellow) sparingly dotted. — Nutt.
gen. 1. p. 146 ; Torr. jl. 1. p. 248; DC. prodr. 1. p. 687 ; Hook. Jl. Bor. Am. \.p. 117 ;
Darlingt fl. Cest. p. 141 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 208. I. nolitangere, MicJuc. Jl. 2.
p. 149 (var. a.) ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 171 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 303.

Stem 2-5 feet high, much branched. Leaves mostly rather obtuse at the base, 2-5
inches long ; the petiole seldom half an inch in length ; uppermost leaves nearly sessile.
Peduncles 1-3 (and sometimes 5) inches long, rarely as many as 7-flowered : pedicels about
an inch in length, wilh a small lanceolate bract near the middle. Flowers larger than in the
following species. Lateral sepals roundish-ovate, somewhat herbaceous ; the 2 superior ones
united into one, petaloid, slightly emarginate ; lower sepal distended into a large conical
spurred sac, the spur about one-fourth the length of the sepal. Petals 2 on each side, un-
equal, united below ; the lower one much larger and retuse, sparingly spotted with brownish
red towards the base. Capsule about an inch long, somewhat clavale, 5-angled, few-seeded
(6 - 8). Seeds narrowly oblong, smooth.

Moist shady places, particularly in rich soil along ravines. July - September. This species
does not occur south of the Highlands, but in the western part of the Stale it is very common,
and in many situations takes the place of the following.

2. Impatiens fulva, Nuli. Balsam-weed. Jetvel-weed.

Somewhat glaucous ; leaves rhombic-ovate, on longish petioles, coarsely and obtusely ser-
rate, the teeth mucronate ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered ; lower sepal acutely conic, longer than
the petals, wilh a rather long resupinate spur ; flower (deep orange) with numerous spots. —
Null. gen. I. p. 146 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 249 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 117 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 141 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. ] . p. 209. I. biflora, Walt. fl. Car. p. 219 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 171 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 304. I. nolitangere, Michx. fl. 2. p. 149 (var. 13.) ; Bigel. fl. Bast,
p. 93. 1. maculala, Muhl. cat. p. 26.

Stem 2-4 feet high, at length rather tawny. Leaves 1-3 inches long, mostly acute at
the base, tawny underneath on the nerves and midrib : petioles an inch or more in length.

126 BALSAMINACE^. Impatiens.

Peduncles 1-2 inches long, usually 2 - 3-flowered. Lower sepal longer than broad ; the
spur about twice as long as in I. pallida, marked with numerous reddish-brown spots. Cap-
sule shorter and more ventricose than in the preceding species. Seeds 2-5, quadrangular,
with prominent tumid angles.

Wet shady places ; common every where. June - September.

This and the preceding species possess active medicinal properties ; being emetic, cathartic
and diaphoretic (See Wood ^- Bache's U. S. Dispens. 1088). I.fulva gives to the papers in
which the dried plant is kept, an orange-colored stain, wliich sometimes strikes through several
leaves, and of the exact form of the specimen. I have not observed the other species to
produce the same effect.

Early in the season, and in very shady places, the flowers of this species arc very minute,
scarcely colored, and with only a rudimentary spur. They do not expand ; but after im-
pregnation, the united calyx and corolla, with the enclosed stamens, are separated from the
base of the ovary by the growth of this organ, and remain for a time on its apex like a calyptra.
The ovary then attains its usual size, and perfects its seeds.

Order XXVIII. LIMNANTHACE^E. R. Brown. False-mermaid Tribe.

Calyx of 3 - 5 persistent sepals, united at the base, valvate in aestivation. Petals
3-5, marcescent. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and united with
them upon a thin somewhat perigynous disk. Ovaries 3-5, united by their
styles, opposite the sepals : stigmas simple. Achenia somewhat fleshy ; the
cell filled by the solitary seed, which is destitute of albumen. Embryo with
very large and thick cotyledons. Radicle very short, included. — Annual,
smooth and tender herbs, somewhat acrid (like Trojxeolum). Leaves alternate,
pinnatifidly divided, without stipules. Flowers axillarj', solitary.

1. FLffiRKEA. Willd. in neue Berol. schrift. 3. p. 148 (1801) ; Lindl. in Hook. jour.

hot. \. t. I; Endl. gen. 6065. false MEKMAW.

[ Named in honor of Floerke, a German botanist.]

Sepals 3 (rarely 4). Petals 3, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-3, tubercu-
latc. Leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions mostly entire.

Flcerkea. LIMNANTHACE^. 127

1. Flcerkea proserpinacoides, Willd. (Plate XVII.) False Mermaid.

Willd. I. c; Lindl. I. c. ; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 210. F. uliginosa, Muhl. cat.
p. 36 ; Raf. in Sill. jour. 1. p. 373 ; Torr. Jl. I. p. 339 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 212. F.
lacustris, Pers. syn.. l.p. 393. F. palustris, Nutt. gen. l.p. 229. Neclris pinnata, Pursh,
Jl. I. p. 239.

Plant somewhat succulent, of a pale green color. Stem flaccid, at length decumbent,
4-10 inches long, nearly simple or branching a little from the base. Leaves on slender
petioles, with about 5 lanceolate or elliptical divisions ; the lowermost ones often 2 - 3-lobed.
Peduncles at first short, finally an inch or more in length, recurved. Flowers about 3 lines in
diameter. Sepals ovate, acute, acuminate. Petals oblong, white, scarcely half as long as the
sepals. Stamens shorter than the petals ; the alternate filaments with a small process or gland
at the base on the outside. Ovary usually of 2 obovoid carpels, seated on the flattened torus,
to a slight prolongation of which the styles are united. The common style is thus placed
between the ovaries, and is only connected with them at their bases. Stigmas 2-3, small,
capitate. Achenia (sometimes solitary) large for the size of the flower, globose-ovoid, slightly
tuberculate, somewhat coriaceous, blackish, closely investing the seed. Testa of the seed
thin and membranaceous. Cotyledons elliptical, very thick and fleshy : radicle extremely
short, and retracted between the cotyledons : plumule conspicuous.

Marshes and shady banks of rivers, in the western parts of the State. Fl. April - May.

This interesting plant was long in finding its place in the Natural System. Its afEnities
were finally determined by Dr. Brown. See Lond. <^ Edin. phil. mag. July 1833.

Group 8. Ovary compound, with from 2 to several cells ; or carpels several, and
more or less united by their styles. Calyx free. Petals as rnany as the sepals,
or rarely toanting. Stamens as many or twice as ma?iy as the sepals, inserted
into the receptacle or hose of the calyx. Flowers often dicecious or polygamous.

Order XXIX. ANACARDIACEtE. R. Broivn. The Cashew Tribe.

Flowers perfect, or by abortion often diclinous, regular. Sepals usually 5, rarely
3-4-7, distinct or more or less combined, usually persistent. Petals as
many as the sepals, inserted into the disk which lines the base of the calyx :
aestivation imbricated, or rarely valvate. Stamens as many as the petals and
alternate with them, or twice as many or more, a portion sometimes sterile :

128 ANACARDIACE^. Rhus.

filaments distinct, sometimes alternately shorter, inserted with the petals.
Ovary solitary (of 1-5 carpels, distinct or united, but all abortive except one),
free, or rarely adhering to the calyx, 1-celled, or with one or two abortive cells
of the suppressed carpels. Ovule solitary. Styles 3 or rarely 3-5, distinct
or combined : stigmas usually 3. Fruit indehisccnt, usually drupaceous, 1-
seeded. Seed erect or suspended ; the testa membranaceous, often confounded
with the endocarp ; albumen none. Embryo more or less curved : cotyledons
thick and fleshy, sometimes foliaceous. — Trees or shrubs, with a resinous,
gummy, caustic or milky juice. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, not
dotted, without stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal, mostly panicled.

1. RHUS. Linn.; E?idl. gen. 5905. sumach.

[From the Greek, rhoos, or Celtic, rhudd, red; from the color of the fruit]
Sepals 5, united at the base, small, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading, inserted under the
margin of the orbicular disk. Stamens 5, equal, inserted into the disk. Styles 3, short,
distinct or united : stigmas obtuse or capitate. Fruit a nearly dry drupe : nut bony. Seed
suspended on a funiculus that rises from the base to the apex of the cell. Cotyledons fo-
liaceous, incumbent on the radicle. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple or unequally
pinnate. Flowers often, by abortion, polygamous or dioecious. — All the following species
give out, when broken, a more or less milky acrid juice.

^ 1. Sumac, DC. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dlacious : disk entire or lobed : drupe roundish,
sometimes hairy : nut smooth or sulcate. Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliolate : the petiole
often winged : flowers panicled.

1. Rhus typhina, Linn. Stag's-horn Sumach.

Branches and petioles densely villous ; leaflets in numerous pairs, whitish and more or less
pubescent beneath, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate ; panicle terminal, thyrsoid ;
fruit densely clothed with crimson hairs. — Duham. arb. 2. t. 47 ; Miclix. Jl. \. p. 182 ; Ell.
sk. l.p.SGO; Pursh, fl. I. p. 204; Torr.Jl. I. p. 322; Bigcl.Jl. Bost. p. 118; DC.prodr.
2. p. 67; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 205 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 217. R. Canadensc,
Mill. diet. R. viridiflora. Pair. diet. 7. p. 504 ; DC. I. e. Datisca hirta, Linn, fide Bennett
in Jl. Jav. I'ar. 1. p. 80.

A large shrub 8-15 feet high, or sometimes a tree 20 feet high and 4-8 inches in dia-
meter, with large irregular spreading branches. Leaflets in 5 - 15 pairs, 2-4 inches long ;
common petiole 1-2 feet or more inlenglii. Flowers greenish yellow, often polygamous or
dioecious. Sepals lanceolate, hairy. Petals oval-oblong, exceeding the calyx. Drupes com-
pressed, velvety, of a bright crimson color, and of an acrid taste.

Rocky and gravelly hill-sides. Fl. June. Fr. September - October. Juice of the plant
milky and resinous.

Rhus. ANACARDIACE^. 129

2. Rhus glabra, Linn. " Smooth Sumach.

Leaves and branches smooth ; leaflets in numerous pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate,
acutely serrate, whitish and glaucous underneath ; panicles terminal, thyrsoid ; fruit clothed
with short velvety crimson hairs. — Miclix. fl. \. p. iii2 ; Fursh, jl. 1. p. 204 ; Torr. Jl. 1.
p. 322 ; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 118; DC. prodr. 2. p. 67 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 206 ; Hook. fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 126; Torr. ^ Gr. ft. N. Am. 1. p. 217. R. Caroliniana, Mill. diet. li.
•elegans. Ait. Kew. {cd. I.) p. 162. R. Virginicura, &c. Catesb. Car. app. t. 4.

A shrub 5-15 feet high, with straggling smooth branches. Leaflets in 6-15 pairs,
2-3 inches long, sometimes only obscurely serrated ; common petiole 12-18 inclies long.
Flowers often dioecious. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals greenish-yellow. Fruit of a fine
crimson color ; the pubescence consisting of short conical acute and shining hairs, containing
a pleasant acid subi^tance which Prof. W. B. Rogers has ascertained to be bimalate of hme.
See Amer.journ. of pharmaci/, {n. ser.) 1. p. 56.

Common in rocky barren places, and in old fields. Fl. Early in July - August. Fr. Sep-
tember - October. An infusion of the fruit is used as a pleasant cooling drink in fevers.
The leaves of this and the preceding species abound in tannic acid, and are employed for
tanning morocco. See Wood <^ Backers U. S. Dispcris. p. 556.

3. Rhu.s Copallina, Linn. _ . . - Mountain Sumach.

Branches and petioks pubescent ; leaflets in many pairs, oval-lanceolate or oblong, mostly
acute or acuminate, shining above, pubescent beneath, unequal at the base ; petiole winged ;
panicles terminal, thyrsoid, sessile ; fruit red, hairy. — Torr. ^- Gr. ft. N. Am. 1. p. 217.

var. 1 : leaflets entire, usually acuminate. — Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. R. Copallina, Linn.; Walt,
ft. Car. p. 225 ; Jacq. Jiort. Schoenb. 3. p. 50. t. 341 ; Michw. ft. 1. p. 182 ; Fursh, ft. 1.
p. 205; EU.sk. 1.;;. 362; Torr. ft. l.p. 323; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 119 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 68;
Darling t. ft. Cest. p. 206.

var. 2 : leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate. — Torr. <^ Gr. I. c.

A shrub 3-8 feet high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaflets mostly 4-6, but
sometimes as many as 10 pairs, 1-2 inches long, in var. 1. entire or only a little waved on
the margin : common petiole with the margin either slightly or broadly winged, contracted at
the insertion of the leaflets. Panicles usually only terminal, but sometimes there arc several
small panicles in the axils of the uppermost leaves, larger and more open in the sterile than in
the fertile plant. Flowers greenisli-yellow. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong, 4 times as long
as the sepals. Fruit compressed, thinly clothed with short slender hairs, strongly acid and
somewhat bitter.

Rocky and sterile hills. August. Fruit ripe in September. The second variety I have
found only in the Highlands around West-Point.

[Flora.] 17

130 ANACARDIACEiG. Rhus.

4. Rhus venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.

Young branches and petioles smooth; leaflets 7-13 (membranaceous), obovate-oblong,
entire, abruptly acuminate ; panicles slender, in the axils of the uppermost leaves ; drupes
nearly globose, smooth, greenish-white. — DC. proJr. 2. p. 68 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 127 ;
Darlingf. jl. Cest. p. 207; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 218. R. Vernix, Linn, (in part);
Michx.fl. \.p. 183; Pursh,fl. l.p. 205; Ell. sk. l.p. 362; Bigel. med. hot. I. p. 96. t.lO,
and fl. Bost. p. 1 19 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 323.

A shrub 10-18 feet high, branching above ; the young branches a little verrucose.
Leaflets l| - 3 inches long, abruptly contracted at the base, smooth, or sometimes slightly
pubescent underneath : common petiole often of a purplish color. Flowers greenish, in long
loose panicles ; pedicels pubescent. Fruit dry, about the size of a small pea, shining. Nut
orbicular, ribbed. Cotyledons oval, rather thick and fleshy.

In swamps : common. Fl. June. i^A September.

This is a violent poison to many persons ; a contact with the plant, or sometimes its mere
effluvium, causing a most painful eruption on the skin. The greater number of persons,
however, who handle or approach the plant, are unaffected by it. One of the best applications
in cases of poisoning by this and the following species, is a solution of sugar of lead, to be
applied after the use of saline cathartics. This treatment has been very successful in the
hands of Dr. Knieskem. The North American plant was formerly considered as identical
with i?, Vvrnix '(now called R. vernicifera) of Japan, especially as it yields a varnish like
that species ; but it was at length found to be distinct.

5. Rhus Toxicodendron, Linn. Poison Oak. Poison Vine. Me7-cury.

Stem erect, decumbent, or climbing by radicles ; leaves trifoliolate, somewhat pubescent
underneath ; leaflets (membranaceous) broadly oval or rhomboid, acuminate, entire or toothed,
the lateral ones unequal at the base ; panicles racemed, axillary, nearly sessile ; fruit nearly
globose, smooth.— M/:c7ia:>./ l.p. 183; Torr. fl. I. p. S23; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 218.
R. Toxicodendron aiid radicans, Linn., Nutt , DC. prodr. 2. p. 70.

var. 1 : not chmbing ; leaflets entire, or variously and irregularly toothed or lobed. — Torr.
<^- Gr. I. c. R. Toxicodendron, Linn., Nutt. I. c. <^c. R. Toxicodendron, j;er. quercifolium,
Miclix. I. c. ; Pursh, fl.l. p. 205.

var. 2 : climbing ; leaflets entire, or sometimes slightly toothed. — Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. R.
radicans, Linn.; Bot. mag. t. 1806 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 363 ; Bigel. med. bot. 3. p. 19. t. 42, and
fl. Bost. p. 120; DC. I. c; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 207. R. Toxicodendron, var. radicans,
Torr. fl. I. c.

The upright variety, a suff"ruticose plant 1-2 feet high ; tlie other, climbing from 5 to 40
feet high, its woody trunk (sometimes 2 - 5 or 6 inches in diameter) furnished with in-
numerable dark-colored rootlets, by which it adheres to trees and other objects. Leaflets
2-5 inches long, pubescent when young ; lateral ones sessile, terminal one on a partial

Rhus. ANACARDIACE.E. 131

petiole an inch or more in length. Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious. Fruit the size of a
small pea, greenish or pale brown. Nut broader than long, irregular, ribbed and tuberculate.

Woods, hedges, along fences, etc. Fl June. Fr. September.

Poisonous like the preceding, but in a less degree. The dwarf upright form of this plant
is not uncommon on the borders of woods, and on rocky hill-sides. It is certainly not a distinct
species. In the more common or climbing state, its numerous stems sometimes become mat-
ted together, and finally strangle the tree to which they are attached. The plant thus assumes
an arborescent appearance, the trunk and decayed branches of the tree being concealed by the
stems and foliage of its destroyer.

^ 2. LoBADiuM, Raf. Flowers dioecious or polygamous : disk glandular, deeply 5-lobed : drupe
globose, villous : nut smooth, compressed : flowers in short ament-like spikes or panicles, preceding
the leaves. Leaves trifoliolate.

6. Rhus aromatica, Ait. Siveet-scented Sumach.

Leaves pubescent when young, at length often smooth ; leaflets sessile, rhombic-ovate,
unequally and coarsely toothed or serrated, the terminal one narrowed at the base. — Ait. Kew.
(ed. 1.) l.p. -367 ; Turpin in arm. Mus. 5. p. 445. t. 30 ; Pursh, fl. l.pp. 184 et 205 ; Ell.
sk. l.p. 364 ; Torr.ft. l.p. 324 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 73 ; Hook.fl. Bor.^Am. 1. p. 130 ; Torr.
^ Gr. f,. N. Am. I. p. 219. R. suaveolens, Ait. I. c. R. Canadense, Marsh, arbust.? ;
DC. I. c. Lobadium aromaticum, Raf. in jour, phi/s. 89. p. 98. Turpinia, Daf. in Desv.
jour. hot. 2. p. 170.

A small shrub ; the branches of a light brown color, and pubescent when young. Leaves
li - 2h inches long, at length coriaceous. Inflorescence in the form of numerous small dense
ament-like axillary racemes, which are formed the preceding summer. Scales reddish, with
a hairy border. Flowers yellow. Fruit the size of a small pea, light red, more or less hispid,
slightly compressed, acid.

Dry rocky hills and gravelly banks, north and west of Catskill. April - May. The specific
name is inappropriate, as the flowers are not aromatic. To many persons they are unpleasant.

17*

132 XANTHOXYLACEyE. Zanthoxylum.

Order XXX. XANTHOXYLACEtE. Ad. Juss. The Prickly-ash Tribe.

Flowers by abortion dioscious or polygamous, regular. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals.
Petals as many as the sepals, or rarely none, convolutely imbricated in sestiva-
tion. Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, or twice as
many, arising from the base of the torus which bears the abortive carpels.
Ovaries usually equal in number to the sepals, sometimes fewer, inserted on the
convex or elevated torus, distinct or more or less united, each with 2 (rarely 4)
ovules. Styles united into one when the ovaries are combined ; usually distinct,
or partly so, when the ovaries are not connate. Fruit sometimes baccate or
membranaceous, sometimes composed of 1 - 5 drupes or 2-valved capsules ;
the rather fleshy sarcocarp partly separable from the endocarp. Seeds one
or two in each cell or carpel, anatropous, pendulous, with a crustaceous testa,
usually smooth and shining. Embryo lying within fleshy albumen : cotyledons
oval, flat. — Trees or shrubs, aromatic, pungent and bitter. Leaves without
stipules, simple or pinnate, usually marked with pellucid dots.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM. L. ; H. B. 4- K. nov, gen. ^ spec. Q,.p.\; Endl. gen. 597&.

PRICKLY ASR

[ From the Greek, xanthos, yellow, and xyhn, wood.]

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 3-5, small. Petals longer than the sepals, or none.
Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them (or fewer) ; those of the pistillate flower
rudimentary. Ovaries 1-5, raised on a globose or cylindrical torus, distinct or united at
the base, with 2 collateral suspended ovules : styles distinct or united at the apex, some-
times very short. Carpels sessile or stipitate on the torus ; crustaceous in fruit, 1-2-
seeded. Seeds oval-globose when solitary, hemispherical when in pairs, black and shining.
— Trees or shrubs, usually with strong prickles. Leaves usually pinnate, rarely simple or
trifoliolate. Flowers small, greenish or whitish.

^ Zanthoxylum proper, Colden. Sepals 5, with a minute glandular bexrd at the apex : petals
none. : ovaries as many as the sepals and opposite them : styles at first somewhat united : stigmas
clavate.

1. Zanthoxylum Americanum, 3Iill. Common Prickly Ash

Branches, and often the petioles, armed with short strong (stipular) prickles ; leaves pin-
nate; leaflets ovate-oblong, nearly sessile, obscurely serrfclate or entire, more or less pubescent;
flowers in short axillary sessile umbels; carpels stipilalc. — Willd. beschr. (1781), p. IIG;

Zanthoxyltjm. XANTHOXVI.ACEiE. 133

Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 214. Z. fraxineum, Willd. Berol. baum. (1796), and sp. 4.
p. 757 ; Picrsh, fl. \. p. 2\0; DC. prodr. 1. p. 72C ; Bigel. med. hot. t. 59, and fl. Bost.
p. 376; HooJi. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 118. Z. tricarpiim, Hook. I. c. not of Michx. Z. rami-
florum, Michx. fl. 2. p. 235. Z. Clava-Herculis, var. Linn. Z. mite, Willd- enum. p. 1013;
DC. I. c.

A shrub 4-6 feet high ; the stronger prickles mostly in pairs at the base of the young
branches. Leaves 4-5 pairs, -with an odd one ; common petiole often with a few short
prickles : leaflets 1-2 inches long, downy when young, but at length only slightly pubescent
beneath. Flowers expanding before the leaves, greenish. Barren and perfect flowers growing
on the same plant. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Stamens much longer than the sepals. Ovaries
3 - 4 in the perfect flowers, mostly 5 in the pistillate ones, raised on a short stalk, ovoid-
globose. Styles as long as the ovaries, scarcely connate, a little twisted. Capsules about
the size of a peppercorn, greenish or with a red tinge, marked with impressed dots, half 2-
valved. Seed solitary, suspended from near the summit of the cell.

Banks of rivers and lakes, and in rocky woods ; northern and western parts of the Slate ;
not found below the Highlands. FZ. April and May. Fr. June. The bark is pungent, and
is employed as a stimulant and diaphoretic in rheumatism. lis virtues are owing to a peculiar
active principle, called Zanthoxylin, or Xanthopicrile. See Bigelova's Med. Bat, I. c, and
Wood 4- Bache's V. S. Disp. p. 697.

2. PTELEA. Linn.; Endl. gen 5977. SHRUBBY TREFOIL^

[ The Greek name of the Elm, derived from j)Uio, to fly ; in allasion to the winged secd-vesscls.]

Polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 3-6 (usually 4), small. Petals much longer than the sepals,
spreading. Stamens (commonly 4) alternate with and longer tlian the petals : filaments
subulate, thickened below, and hairy on the inside ; in the fertile flowers, very short, and
with sterile anthers. Ovary of 2 united carpels, placed on a convex torus : ovules 2 in
each carpel, situated one above the other : style short or united, or none : stigmas 2. Fruit
a samara, 2-celled, the margin expanded into a broad orbicular membranaceous and relicu-

' lated wing. Seeds oblong-ovoid, one in each cell. — Shrubs with pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate
leaves, which are furnished with pellucid dots. Lateral leaflets inequilateral. Flowers
whitish-green, in corymbose or paniculate cymes.

1. Ptelea trifoliata, Linn. Swamp Dogwood. Stinhing Ash.

Leaflets sessile, ovate, mostly acuminate, the terminal one cuneiform and attenuate at the
base ; flowers commonly with 4 stamens ; style short. — Walt. fl. Car. p. 88; "Schmidt,
arb. 2. t. 76 ;" Miclix. fl. 1 . p. 99 ; Ell. sk. I . p. 21 1 ; Torr. fl. 1 . p. 189 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 82; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 215.

134 XANTHOXYLACEiE. Ptelea.

A shrub 6-8 feet high, pubescent when young. Petioles about 2 inches long. Leaflets
2-4 inches long, obscurely crenate-serrate, more or less pubescent beneath. Flowers lateral
and terminal ; the odor disagreeable. Samara three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

On the shore of Lake Erie, near Presque Isle {Nuttall), and probably also within the limits
of New-York State. New-York to Carolina iPursh). Fl. June. Tonic and aromatic. It
is said to be good for worms, and to cure intermittents. The fruit has likewise been used as
a substitute for hops.

Group 9. Ovary compound, 2 - 2>-lobed, 2 - ^-celled, free from the calyx. Petals
usually one fewer than the sepals, or sometimes ivanting. Stainens definite,
distinct, inserted on or around a hypogynous disk. Seeds destitute of albumen.
— Mostly trees or shrubs.

Order XXXI. ACERACEiE. Juss. The Maple Tribe.

Calyx of 5 (rarely 6 — 9) more or less united sepals, colored : asstivation im-
bricated. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, inserted round
a hypogynous disk ; sometimes none. Stamens usually 8 (sometimes 3-12),
distinct, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, composed of 2 united carpels,
each containing 2 collateral ovules. Styles between the lobes of the ovary,
more or less united, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit composed of 2 samaroi4
indehiscent carpels, each usually perfecting but a single seed, finally separating
from the short filiform axis. Seeds with little or no albumen. Embryo curved
or conduplicate, with wrinkled foliaceous cotyledons irregularly folded. —
Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate
leaves and no stipules. Flowers small, regular, by abortion often polygamous,
in racemes, corymbs or fascicles ; often preceding the leaves.

I.ACER. Manch. ; Endl. gen. b55Q. MAPLE.

[ From the Latin, accr, sUarj) or hard ; on account of the hardness of the wood, which was employed for making

spears, etc.]

Flowers mostly polygamous. Petals colored like the sepals, often wanting. Stamens 7-10,
larely 5. — Leaves simple. The sap in many species contains sugar.

Acer. ACERACEiE. 135

» Flowers in racemes terminating the leafy brancAes, appearing after the leaves have expanded.

1. Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linn. Moose-wood. Striped Maple.

Leaves pubescent underneath, finely and acutely doubly serrate, 3-lobed at the extremity ;
lobes with a slender serrate acumination ; racemes simple, drooping ; (flowers large;) petals
obovate ; fruit smooth, with large diverging wings. — Michx.Ji. 2. p. 252 ; Ell. sJc. l.p. 451 ;
Twr. fl. I. p. 397; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. Ill ; Ton: ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 246. A.
striatum, Lam. diet. 2. p. 381 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. <. 45 ; Pers. syn. 1. p. 417 ; DC. prodr.
1. p. 593. A. Canadense, Duham. arh. 1. t. 12 ; Marsh, arbust. p. 4.

A shrub (or small tree), seldom exceeding 20 or 25 feet high ; the bark smooth, greenish,
and marked with dark stripes. Leaves 3-6 inches in diameter, more or less cordate at the
base. Flowers larger than in any of the following species, yellowish-green. Calyx 5-parted ;
segments linear lanceolate. Petals one-third longer than the calyx. Styles united nearly to
the summit : stigmas linear, recurved. Carpels about an inch long.

In woods, common in those of beech ; frequent on mountains ; not found south of the
Highlands. Yields a sweet sap almost equal to tliat of the Sugar Maple, but in smaller
quantities {Dr. Knieskern).

2. Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Leaves pubescent underneath, somewhat cordate, coarsely serrate, 3- (or somewhat 5-)
lobed, the lobes acuminate ; racemes erect, slightly compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit
nearly smooth, with diverging wings. — Lam. diet. 2. p. 381 ; DC. prodr. I. p. 593; Torr.
<^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 246. A. montanum, Ait. Kew. 3. p. 435 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 253, and
f. sylv. 1. t. 45 ; Piirsh, fl. 1. p. 267 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 452 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 398 ; Bigel. Jl.
Bost. p. 379; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p 111. A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Rot, Jiarbk. t. 2 ;
Wang. Amer. t. 12. /. 3Q.

A shrub 6 - 15 feet high. Leaves 2 -2i inches wide ; the .acumination of the lobes mostly
entire, somewhat rugose when old. Racemes about 2 inches long, often simple. Calyx hairy,
the segments oblong. Petals very narrow, three times as long as the calyx, greenish. Sta-
mens 6-8. Styles united to the summit : stigmas small, recurved. Fruit usually reddish
or purple when ripe ; the wings obovate, spreading to an obtuse angle.

Rocky hills and banks of small streams ; usually growing in clumps. May - June.

»» FUrwers in nearly sessile umbcl-Hlce corymbs, iriih very long filiform pedicels, appearing during the evoUUion of the leaves;
the fertile corymis terminating the branches ; the infertile from lateral leafless buds.

3. Acer saccharinum, Linn. i . ■ .. Sugar Maple. Hard Maple.

Leaves truncate and somewhat cordate at the base, whitish and minutely pubescent or
smooth underneath, 3 - 5-lobed, with the sinuses obtuse; lobes with a slender acumination.

136 ACERACEiE. Acer.

coarsely and sparingly sinuate-toothed ; sepals bearded at the apex within ; ' petals none ; fruit
smooth, on long nodding and partly hairy pedicels , the wings dilated above, somewhat erect
or slifrhtlv diverging. — Wang. Amer. p. 36. t. 11./. 26; Michx Jl. 2. p. 252; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 266; Michx. sylv. 1. i. 42; Ell. sk. l.p. 450; Torr.fl. \.p. 397; Hook.fl.Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 113 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 245 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. A7n. 1. p. 248.

var. nigrum: {Black Sugar Maple.) Leaves pale green beneath, the veins of the lower
surface and petioles minutely yillous-pubescent ; wings of the fruit a little more diverging. —
Torr. 4- Gr. I. c. A. nigrum, Michx. f. sylv. 1. «. 43 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 266 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 450; Torr.jl. 1. p. 397.

A handsome tree, often from 50 - 80 feet high, and the trunk 2-3 feet in diameter ; bark
smooth and light-colored ; the wood compact. Leaves 3-5 inches in diameter, deep green
and smooth above ; when young, almost villous underneath, but finally only slightly pubescent
except on the veins ; lobes diverging, usually 5-lobed, the 2 inferior lobes smaller and entire :
petioles 2-3 inches long. Calyx campanulate, greenish-yellow, unequally crenate-toothed.
Pedicels of the sterile flowers 1-3 inches long. Stamens 6-8. Wings of the fruit semi-
obovate, greenish-yellow, about an inch long.

Fertile woods ; common, particularly in the western part of the Stale. Fl. April - May.
Fr. September.

The wood is valuable for fuel ; and accidental varieties of it are the Birdseye Maple and
Curled Maple of cabinet-makers. The sap, early in the season, affords the well known maple
sugar. For the details of its manufacture, see Michaux, Sylv. vol. I. pp. 228 - 234. The
Black Sugar Maple is by some botanists regarded as a distinct species, but I have been
unable to discover its peculiar characters. Neither the descriptions nor the figures of the
younger Michaux exhibit any well-marked difference between it and the Common Sugar
Maple, and yet they can generally be distinguished in their native woods.

♦♦♦ Pedicels in fascicles, proceeding from lateral leafless buds: flmeers preceding the leaves.

4. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. (Plate xviii.) Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple.

Leaves somewhat cordate or often truncate at the base (white underneath), deeply 5-lobed,
with the sinuses rallies obtuse ; lobes acute, unequally incised and toothed, entire towards the
base ; pedicels much shorter than the fruit ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, nearly
smooth when old, with very large upwardly dilated wings. — " Ehrh. heitr. 4. p. 24 ;" Willd.
sp. 4. p. 985 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 252 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 449 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 379 ; Torr. fl.
p. 396 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 113 ; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 24S. A. eriocarpum,
Michx. fl. 2. p. 253 ; Desf. in ann. Mas. 7. t. 25 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. J. 48 ; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 595 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 245.

A tree 30 - 50 feet high, and often 1-2 feet in diameter, with widely spreading branches ;
the wood white and soft; sap less sweet than that of the Sugar Miple. Leaves on long
petioles, lobed beyond the middle, nearly smooth when old. Flowers greenish-yellow or

Acer. ACERACE.^. 137

purplish, usually about 5 together : pedicels 2-3 lines long, in fruit about an inch. Stamens
3-6. Ovary woolly. Wings of the fruit 2-3 inches long, slightly falcate, somewhat
diverging, one of them often abortive.

Banks of rivers. Fl. April. Fruit ripe in .luly and August. This tree is not uncommon
m the valley of the Hudson, particularly in tiie neighborhood of Fishkill Landing. It forms
a beautiful shade tree, the silvery white of the under surface of the leaves strongly contrasting
with the bright green of the upper, especially when they are agitated by the winds.

5. Acer kubrum, Linn. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Leaves cordate, whitish and at length usually smooth underneath, 3 - 5-lobed, with the
sinuses acute , the lobes acute or acuminate, doubly serrate or incisely toothed, the terminal
one longest ; pedicels of the fruit elongated ; petals oblong or linear ; fruit (and ovaries)
smooth, the wings slightly falcate, at first converging, at length somewhat spreading. — Michx.'
fl. 2. p. 253 ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 984 ; MicJix. f. sijlv. 1. t. 41 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 449 ; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 395 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 377 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 595 -^ Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 244 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 249. Acer, &c. Catesb. Car. 1. t. 62.

A tree 30 - 60 feet high, sometimes 2 feet or more in diameter ; the wood close-grained,
and sometimes of the variety called Curled Maple ; the sap yielding a little sugar ; young
branches purpHsh red. Leaves 2-4 inches wide ; the sinuses scarcely extending to the
middle, very pubescent underneath when young, at length downy only on the nerves. Flowers
on very short pedicels, red or sometimes yellowish. Calyx nearly as long as the petals, the
segments oblong. Petals 3-6, ovate, obtuse. Stamens 5 - 6 : anthers red. Disk lobed,
glandular. Pedicels of the fruit 2-3 inches long : wings about an inch in length, usually
reddish, sometimes yellowish.

In swamps and wet woods ; rarely in dry situations. March - April. Fruit mature in
September. The wood makes good fuel, but is inferior to that of the Sugar Maple.

[Flora.] 18

138 HIPPOCASTANACE^. ^scvlus.

Order XXXII. HIPPOCASTANACEJE. DC. The Horse-chestnut Tribe.

Calyx of 5 united sepals. Petals usually 4, sometimes 5, irregular, unguiculate,
hypogynous. Stamens 6-8 (mostly 7), distinct, unequal, inserted on the
hypogynous disk : anthei's oval. Ovary composed of 3 united carpels, 3-
celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell : style filiform, acute. Fruit
roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, 3- (or, by abortion, 1 - 2-) celled, 2 - 3-valved,
loculicidal. Seeds 1-3, very large, w^ith a smooth shining coriaceous testa
and a broad pale hilum : albumen none. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy,
cohering : radicle conical, curved : plumule large, 2-leaved. — Trees or shrubs,
■^ith opposite digitate (rarely alternate and pinnate) leaves, without stipules.
Flowers showy, in large panicles or racemes : pedicels articulated.

1. ^SCULUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 564:1. HORSE CHESTNUT.

[An ancient Latin name, originally applied to a species of oak.]

Sepals united into a 5-toolhed, campanulate or tubular calyx. Petals 4-5, more or less
unequal. — Leaves palmately 5 - 7-foliolate : leaflets simply pinnately veined. Flowers in
terminal thyrsoid racemes or panicles.

1. yEscuLus HippocASTANUM, Liun. Common Hoise Chestnut.

Fruit echinate ; flowers with 5 petals and 7 stamens ; leaflets 7, obovate-cuneate, acute,
toothed.^ DC prodr. 1. p. 597.

A tree with smooth bark and a large round head. Leaflets irregularly and doubly toothed ;
veins on the underside clothed with a brown wool. Flowers large, white spotted with purple
and yellow. Ovary stipitate. Fruit abounding in starch, bitter and somewhat poisonous.

About houses. A native of northern India. Flowers early in May.

Staphylea. CELASTRACEiE, 139

Group 10. Ovary compound, 2 - b-celled. Calyx free from, or adherent to the hose
of the ovary. Petals and stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx,
and inserted into its base or throat, or upon the disk that covers it. Seeds
albuminous. — Trees or shrubs. Floivers regular.

Order XXXIII. CELASTRACE.^. R. Brown. The Spindle-tree Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals, which are united at the base, and imbricated in gestivation.
Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, plane, inserted by a
broad base under the flat disk which surrounds the ovary ; the aestivation
imbricated. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted
upon the margin or upper surface of the disk. Ovary free from the calyx,
2 - 5-celled (rarely by abortion 1-celled), with 1, 2 or several erect or as-
cending ovules in each cell. Styles and stigmas 2-5, distinct or united. Fruit
a capsule or drupaceous, sometimes samara-like, with one or few seeds in each
cell. Seeds often furnished with an arillus. Albumen usually fleshy, some-
times thin or wanting : radicle short: cotyledons thick or foliaceous. — Shrubs
or rarely trees, with alternate or opposite leaves and small caducous stipules.

Tribe I. STAPHYLE^. DC.

Seeds without an arilhis, luith a large truncate liilum and a hony testa. Cotyledons thick.
Disk urceolate, b-angled. — Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate : leaflets
serrate. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
BartUng, Lindley and Endlicher consider this tribe as a distinct order.

1. STAPHYLEA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 5673. (Plate XIX.) bladder-NUT.

[Named from the Greek, staphyle, a bunch of grapes; from its mode of flowering.]

Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals .5. Stamens 5. Ovary
of 3 carpels, united at the axis. Styles distinct or slightly united. Fruit a membranaceous
and inflated, 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-lobed capsule. Seeds globose, ascending, few, or by
abortion solitary in each cell : albumen little or none. — Shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate :
leaflets involute in vernation. Flowers white ; the racemes sometimes panicled.

1. Staphylea trifolia, Linn. American Bladder-nut.

Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, more or less pubescent when

young ; styles smooth, united above. — " Schm. arh. t. 81 ;" Michw.fl. I. p. 184 ; Ell. sk. 1.

IB*

140 CELASTRACE^.. Staphylea.

p. 369 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 325 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 121 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 2 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am. 1. ;;. 119 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 209 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 256.

A shrub 6-12 feet high, with straight, slender, smooth and dotted branches. Leaves on
long pubescent petioles : leaflets 2-4 inches long, thin and membranaceous, the lateral ones
nearly sessile, terminal one on a petiole more than an inch long. Common and partial sti-
pules subulate, very caducous. Racemes or panicles pendulous, axillary and terminal. Petals
obovate-spatulate, ciliate at the base. Stamens slightly e.xserted : filaments liairy below r
anthers cordate. Capsule about the size of a pigeon's egg, sometimes 4-lobed, distinct at the
summit, acuminate, and tipped with the persistent styles, opening by the inner suture. Seeds
1-3, obovoid, smooth and polished.

Rocky places, particularly along rivers. May. Fruit mature in September.

Tribe II. EUONYMEjE. DC.

Seeds furnished with an arillus. Cotyledons mostly foliaceous, — Leaves simple, entire or
serrate, with minute deciduous stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or axillary cymes.

2. CELASTRUS. Linn, (partly); Kunth, syn. A. p. 185; Endl. gen. 5679.

SUR VBB Y BITTERS WEE T.
[An ancient Greek name of a plant, supposed to be allied to this genus.]

Flowers, by abortion, somewhat dioecious or polygamous. Petals 5, united below into a very
short turbinate calyx-tube. Petals 5, ovate or oblong, sessile. Stamens inserted on the
margin of the orbicular fleshy disk. Ovary 3-celled, seated on the disk : ovules 2 in each
cell, erect. Styles short and thick : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule globose, coriaceous, 2-3-
celled, the dissepiments sometimes incomplete or loculicidai. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell,
enclosed in a pulpy arillus ; testa membranaceous. Embryo enclosed in a rather thin al-
bumen, nearly the length of the seed : cotyledons broad and foliaceous : radicle short. —
Climbing, unarmed shrubs. Leaves alternate, thin. Stipules minute. Racemes terminal,
somewhat compound, the lower part often leafy : pedicels articulated. Flowers small, pale
yellowish-green.

1. Celastrus scANDENs, Liun. Bittersweet. Wax-tvork.

Leaves oval or obovate, acuminate, with glandular incurved serratures, smooth ; petals
pbovate-oblong.— Tr<7W. sp. 1. p. 1125 (e.xcl. syn.); " Schk. handb. 1. t. 47;" Michx. fl. 1.
p. 154 ; Gart. Jr. t. 95 ; Pursh, /. 1. p. 167 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 92 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 262 ;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 6 ; Darlingt. Ji. Cest. p. 148 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 257.

Stem twining around shrubs and small trees, or along stone fences, 10-20 feel long.
Leaves 2-3 inches long, rather variable in form, but usually more or less obovate, acute at
the base. Stipules very minute, setaceously 2 - 3-parted, deciduous. Racemes, or rather

Celastrus. CELASTRACEiE. 141

panicles, 1 - 2 inches long. Flowers only 2-3 lines in diamolcr. Segments of the calyx
oblong. Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse. Capsule about one-third of an inch in diameter, of an
orange color when mature ; the valves widely opening in dehiscence, each marked with a
central ridge or imperfect dissepiment on the inside. Seeds elliptical-oblong, reddish brown,
coated with a thick bright orange or scarlet arillus. Albumen oily.

Borders of woods, banks of rivers, and along fences ; common. Fl. Early in June Fr.
September. — The plant is said to be narcotic and stimulating. It is sometimes employed as
a domestic medicine in the Western States.

3. EUONYMUS. Tourn. inst. t. 388 ; Endl. gen. 5676. spinulb-Tree.

[ "Named from Buonyme, mother to the Furies ; in allusion to the injurious efTects produced by the fruit of this plant."

Hooker.]

Sepals 4-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals 4-5. Stamens inserted on the upper
surface of the broad flat fleshy disk : filaments short : anthers with a broad connectivum at
the back ; the cells opening transversely or longitudinally. Ovary half immersed in the
disk ; the cells as many as the petals, each with 2-3 ovules. Style short and thick :
stigma obtuse or lobed. Capsule 4 - 5-lobed, 4 - 5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 2 in
each cell, usually enclosed in a fleshy or pulpy, red or purple arillus. Embryo with broad
foliaceous cotyledons : albumen fleshy and oily. — Shrubs erect, trailing, or climbing by
rootlets. Leaves opposite, serrate. Stipules mostly wanting. Peduncles a.xillary, cy-
mosely few- or one-flowered.

1. EuoNYMus-ATROPURPUREUs, Jocq. Buming-bush. Indian Arrow.

Branches smooth ; leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, acuminate, mostly aoule" at the base,
finely serrate, on distinct petioles, puberulent imderneath ; peduncles divaricately cymose,
several-flowered ; parts of the flower usually in fours ; petals roundish-obovate ; capsules
smooth, deeply lobed. — " Jacq. hort. Vind. 2. U 120 ;" Willd. sp. l.p. 1 132 ; Michcc. fl. 1 .
p. 155 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 293 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 4 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 261 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest.
p. 149 ; Torr. (^ Gr. I. p. 258.

A shrub 6 - 10 - 12 feet high ; the branches somewhat quadrangular and straight. Leaves
3-4 inches long, thin, conspicuously acuminate ; the petiole half an inch or more in length.
Peduncles 1-2 inches long, 5 - 7-flowered ; the flowers of a dark purple color. Capsule
crimson when mature. Seeds ellij)tical, whitish, nearly enclosed in the bright-rcd, succulent
arillus.

Moist woods and along rivers, in the western part of the State. Fl. June. Fr. October.

From this shrub is prepared the " Wa-a-hou," a quack medicine of some re])utation {Dr.
Knieskern).

142 CELASTRACEtE. Euonymus.

2. Euonymus Americanus, Linn. (Plate XX.) Strawbeiry-tree.

Branches smooth, 4-sided ; leaves varying from elliptical-lanceolate to oval-obovate, slightly
crenate-serratc, smooth ; petioles very short ; peduncles I - 3-flowered ; parts of the flower
mostly in fives ; petals roundish-obovate ; capsules depressed-globose, Vorrucose. — Willd.
sp. 1. p. 1132 ; Michx. ^. 1. p. 155 ; Duham. arb. 3. «. 9 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 292 ; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 261 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 4 ; Hook. fl. Bor--Am. 1. p. 119 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 150 ;
Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 256.

var. 1 : erect, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes a little falcate, var. a. & /3.
To7-r. <^- Gr. I. c.

var. 2 : trailing and often rooting ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Torr. c|- Gr. I. c. E. Ameri-
canus, var. sarmentosus, Nutt. gen. 1. ;;. 154.

var. 3 : trailing and rooting, with short erect branches ; leaves obovate or oval-obovate,
obtuse or slightly acuminate, acute at the base. Torr. cj- Gr. I. c. E. obovatus, Nutt. I. c.

The common or upright variety is a shrub from 2 to 5 feet high ; the prostrate form is
2-3 feet long, with erect flowering branches about a span high. Leaves 1-3 inches long,
somewhat coriaceous : petioles 1-2 lines long. Flowers about one-third of an inch in
diameter, flat when expanded. Segments of the calyx very short, or nearly obsolete. Petals
greenish-yellow with a tinge of purple ; the claw short. Capsule G - 7 lines in diameter,
densely covered with acute warts, of a bright crimson when mature ; the dissepiments and
arillus of a scarlet color. Seeds whitish, ovoid, smaller than in the preceding species, 1-3
in each cell.

Moist woods, and in swamps ; western part of the State : rathsr rare. Fl. June. Fr.
October.

Order XXXIV. RHAMNACEiE. Juss. The Buckthorn Tribe.

Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals united at the base, valvate in aestivation. Petals 4-5,
cucullate or convolute, inserted on the throat of the calyx, sometinnes wanting.
Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them ! Ovary usually cohering
with the tube of the calyx, more or less immersed in the fleshy disk, composed
of 2 - 4 united carpels, 2 - 4-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell :
styles more or less united : stigmas simple, usually distinct. Fruit a capsule,
berry or drupe, commonly more or less cohering with the calyx. Seeds erect,
without an arillus : albumen fleshy, or rarely none. Embryo nearly as large

Rhamnus. RHAMNACE^. " 143

as the seed : radicle sliort : cotyledons large, Hat. — Shrubs or trees, often
thorny. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, usually with minute stipules. Flowers
small, sometimes by abortion dioecious or polygamous : inflorescence various.

1. RHAMNUS. Linn.; Brongn. in ann. sci. nat. 10. p. .360; Endl. gen. .5722.

BUCKTHORN.

[ From the Greek, ramit'us, a branch ; in allusion to its numerous branches.]

Calyx urceolate, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals 4-5, emarginate or 2-lobed, often more or less con-
volute, sometimes very minute or wanting. Torus thin, lining the tube of the caly.Y. Ovary
free from the calyx, not immersed in the torus, 2 - 4-celled : styles 2-4, distinct or more
or less connected. Fruit drupaceous, roundish, containing 2-4 cartilaginous nuts. —
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, on short petioles. Flowers

- minute, usually in short axillary clusters.

1. Rhamnus cath.\rticus, Linn. Common Buckthorn.

Erect : branches thorny at the summit : leaves ovate, denticulate-serrate ; flowers fascicled,
polygamo-dioscious, mostly tetrandrous ; fruit nearly spherical, 4-seeded. — Eng. hot. t. 1629;
Torr. fl.l.p. 263 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 260.

A large spreading shrub, with grayish bark. Leaves spreading and somewhat opposite.
1-2 inches long, with a short abrupt acumination, smooth, with 5-7 strong nearly longi-
tudinal veins. Pedicels 3-4 lines long. Fertile flowers with lanceolate sepals, linear-oblong
petals and abortive stamens. Stj'les free at the summit, recurved : stigmas somewhat clavate.
Sterile flowers with ovate sepals and petals, and an abortive ovary. Fruit black, nauseous
and cathartic.

In the Highlands of New- York, naturalized in many retired situations. Fl. May. — The
berries were formerly employed as a cathartic, but they are drastic. The syrup of buckthorn
is still a common article of the materia medica, but is chiefly used for uniting other medicines.
The pigment called sap green is prepared from the juice of the berries mixed with alum.

2. Rhamnus alnifolius, / 'Merit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn.

Erect, without spines ; leaves oval, acuminate, serrate, somewhat pubescent on the veins
underneath ; flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary or aggregated, pentandrous (or rarel}' te-
trandrous), apetalous ; styles 3, very short, at first united nearly to the summit ; disk some-
what fleshy ; fruit roundish-turbinate. — "VHerit. sert. p. 5 ;" Torr. jl. I. p. 263 ; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 25 ; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 122. t. 42 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 262.
R. franguloides, Michx. fl. I. p. 153 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 1661 _

144 RHAMNACEtE. Rhamnus.

A shrub 2-4 feet high, branching ; the bark of the younger branches grayish. Leaves
1-4 inches long, acute at the base, nearly smooth when full grown. Flowers produced on
the lower part of the young branches. Pedicels 1-2 lines long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
spreading. Styles in the sterile flowers short, united ; in the fertile flowers, at length free
above, and recurved. Fruit black, the size of a small pea, obtusely triangular ; the pedicel
3-4 lines long. Seeds plano-convex, without a furrow.

Sphagnous swamps in the northern and western parts of the State. Fl. June. Fr. August.

2. CEANOTHUS. Linn, (in part) ; Brongn. I. c. ; Endl. gen. .5726.

[An ancient Greek name, applied to a plant supposed to resemble this genus.]

Calyx 5-cleft ; the upper portion at length separating by a transverse line ; the tube adhering
to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, longer than the calyx, saccate or cucullate and arched,
compressed, on long slender claws. Stamens exserted : anthers ovate, 2-celled. Disk
annular, somewhat 5-angled, fleshy on the margin, surrounding the ovary. Styles 3, united
to the middle, diverging above. Fruit dry and coriaceous, usually 3-celled, obtusely tri-
angular and somewhat tricoccous, surrounded below by the persistent tube of the calyx ;
the cells at length opening by the inner suture. Seeds oval, without a lateral furrow. —
Shrubs or suffrutescent plants, not thorny, with large reddish astringent roots. Leaves
alternate, mostly ovate or elliptical, serrate or entire. Flowers (perfect) white, blue or
yellowish, in umbel-like fascicles which are aggregated at the extremity of the branches in
small dense thyrsoid panicles or corymbs.

1. Ceanothus Americanus, Linn, N&w-Jersey Tea. Red-root.

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, acuminate, serrate, nearly smooth
above, more or less velvety-pubescent underneath ; peduncles axillary, elongated ; thyrsus
oblong, leafless. — Michx.Jl. I. p. 154 ; Bot. mag. t. 1479 ; Pursh, fl. l.p. 167 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 290 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 260 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 31 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 124 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 148 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. 264.

Root dark red. Stem shrubby or suffruticose, 2-3 feet high, with numerous terete pu-
bescent branches. Leaves 2-3 inches long, the base acute or sometimes slightly cordate,
the serratures tipped with black glands ; the petiole 3-4 lines long. Peduncles often longer
than the leaves, naked, or with 1-2 small leaves at the base of the thyrsus. Pedicels, calyx
and corolla white. Disk with a 10-tootlicd border. Seeds, when fully ripe, convex on both
sides, of a brownish or ash-color, smooth and shining : testa coriaceous.

Dry woods and copses ; common. Fl. Latter part of June. Fr. September.

The leaves of this plant, when properly dried, form a pretty good substitute for tea, and
were used for that purpose during the American Revolution.

Ceanothus. RHAMNACEiE. 145

2. Ceanothus ovalis, Bigelow. (Plate XX.) Narrow-leaved Ceanothus.

Leaves narrowly oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the base, serrulate, nearly-
smooth ; thyrsus umbel-like, the pedicels elongated and closely approximated. — Bigel. Jl.
Bost. p. 92 ; Gray in ami. lijc. N. York, 3. p. 224; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 265.
C. intermcdius, I look. J!. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 121, (not o{ Pursh?)

A shrub 2-3 feet high. Leaves 1-22 inches long, varying from oval to linear-oblong,
acute at each end, or sometimes obtuse at the summit ; pubescent when young, but at length
nearly or quite smooth, except a slight pubescence on the veins underneath ; the serratures
tipped with black glands. Peduncles 1-2 inches long, naked, or with one or two small
leaves just below the flowers. Pedicels 8-10 lines long.

Barren rocky places ; western shore of Lake Champlain, and in Jefferson county. May -
June. — Easily distinguished from the preceding, by its narrow leaves, and short, almost
hemispherical thyrsus.

Order XXXV. VITACEiE. Juss. The Vine Tribe.

Ampelide^, Kunth, Endl. dfC.

Calyx minute, entire or 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the outside of
an annular or urceolate disk, distinct or cohering by their tips, caducous,
valvate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ! ,
inserted on the surface of the disk. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous
ovules in each cell. Style short or none : stigma simple. Fruit a globose,
mostly pulpy berry, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell, often by abortion 1 -celled,
1 — 2-seeded. Seeds erect, with a bony or coriaceous testa. Embryo much
shorter than the horny or fleshy albumen : cotyledons lanceolate or subulate.
— Shrubby plants, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compound leaves.
Flowers small, greenish, often polygamous, in racemose or thyrsoid panicles.

1. VITIS. Linn. ; Gart.fr. t. 106 ; W. ^- Am. prodr. Jl. Ind. Or. 1. p. 124 ; Torr. (j-

Gi: Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 242. vine.

[An ancient Latin name of the vine.]

Calyx slightly 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, distinct and spreading, or united at the apex but
distinct at the base, and falling off like a calyptra. Disk elevated in the centre, and sur-
[Floka.] 19

146 VITACE^. ViTis.

rounding the lower part of ihe ovary, with which it is incorporated ; girt at the base by a
short ring or expansion of the disk, upon wliicli the stamens are inserted. Ovary ovate,
partly immersed in the disk, 2- (sometimes 3-) celled. Berry 1-2- (rarely 3-) celled,
1 ._ 4-seeded. Peduncles usually changed, in whole or in part, into tendrils. — Arnott.

ij. ViTis proper. Petals .5, vioslli/ united at the apex : stamens 5 ; style short, conical : stigma
depressed and somewhat peltate. Peduncles sometimes partly changed into tendrils: flowers, in
the N. American species, polygamous ; the panicle or thyrsus formed of numerous small umbels.

1. ViTis Labrusca, Linn. Fox Grape.

Leaves broadly cordate, somewhat lobed and angular, repandly toothed, densely grayish-
lomcntose or tawny underneath, the veins somewhat ferruginous ; fertile panicles oblong,
compact, rather few-flowered ; berries large. — Miclix. fl. 2. p. 230 ; Pursh, jl. 1. p. 169 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. G89 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 264 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 93 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 634 ; Dar-
lingt.fl. Cost. p. 150 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Ajn. \.p. 115 ; Torr. S,- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 244.

Stem very long, straggling over bushes and shrubs, or climbing the highest trees, sometimes
6-8 inches in diameter near the base ; the younger branches clothed with a ferruginous
pubescence. Leaves usually 4 — 6 inches in diameter, sometimes much larger, often distinctly
3-lobed ; upper surface dark green, dull ; teeth short, mucronate. Panicles about 2^ inches
long ; the fertile ones less compound than the sterile. Fruit nearly three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, globose, usually very dark purple when ripe, but sometimes amber-color or greenish
white, of a strong musky odor and somewhat rancid taste, filled with a tough pulp.

Common in woods and swamps. Fl. Early in June. Fr. September.

Several varieties of this grape have long been cultivated, but they all have more or less of a
tough pulp and strong flavor : the most esteemed are the Isabella, Schuylkill or Alexander's,
the Catawba and Bland's Grape.

2. ViTis ^STivALis, Michx. Summer Grape.

Leaves broadly cordate, often 3 - 5-lobed, or sinuatcly palmate, coarsely and unequally
toothed, sparingly ferruginous-tomentose underneath, at length somewhat smooth ; fertile
panicles long ; berries small. — Miclix. fl. 2. p. 230 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 169 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 688 ;
Torr. fl. \.p. 265 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 164 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 151 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 1. p. 244. V. intermedia, Muhl. cat. p. 26.

Stem very long, climbing the highest trees. Leaves 4-7 inches wide, often deeply lobed,
with the sinuses rounded ; the upper surface bright green, not shining ; under surface clothed
with a loose reddish cobweb-like pubescence, particularly wlien young; when old, sparsely
hairy, with much less of the cobweb-like down. Panicles larger than in the preceding species,
and more compound. Berries about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, globose, deep blue or
almost black, of a pleasant flavor.

ViTis. VITACE^. 147

Woods and river banks ; common. Fl. Early in June. Fr. October. " It sometimes
attains a great hciglit ; the upper branches sustaining it by clinging to the limbs of tall trees,
and gradually ascending, whilst the older branches die and drop off, leaving the stem naked
and suspended, somewhat resembling a topgallant halyard hclaycd at the root." Darlington.

3. ViTis coRDiFOLiA, Mickx. ' Winter Grai)e. Frost Gra^e.

Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally and rather coarsely toothed, thin and some-
what membranaceous, smooth above, the under surface (when young) slightly pubescent on
the veins, and a little shining, finally smooth; panicles loose ; berries small. — Miclix. fl. 2.
p. 231 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 169 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 364 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 244.
V. vulpina, Muld. cat. p. 26; Torr. fl. 1. p. 264, (not of Willd.) ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 115.

Stem 10 - 20 feet long, climbing over shrubs and small trees. Leaves 3-5 inches in
diameter, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; teeth broad and mucronate ; petiole longer in proportion
to the lamina than in the preceding species. Berries numerous, about one-fourth of an inch
in diameter, nearly black when mature, very acerb ; but after having been frozen, rather
pleasant.

Thickets and banks of rivers : not uncommon in the vicinity of New-York. Fl. June.
Fr. November.

4. ViTis RiPARiA, Michx. Winter Grape.

Leaves unequally and incisely toothed, more or less 3-lobed, thin and somewhat membrana-
ceous , the petioles, veins and margins pubescent ; raceme loose ; fruit small. — Michx. fl. 2.
p. 231 ; Pursh, fl. \.p. 169 ; DC. prodr. \.p. 364 ; Torr. S,- Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 245. V.
cordifolia, Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 151? e.xcl. syn.

Stem long. Leaves 3-5 inches in diameter, deeply toothed and more or less incised,
sometimes sinuately palmate, the segments and lobes acuminate, dull above, slightly shining
underneath. Flowers very sweet-scented. Berries about a quarter of an inch in diameter,
dark purple or amber-color when mature.

Western part of the State ? I think I have specimens from one of the western counties, but
neglected to label the locality. This species is most readily distinguished from the preceding,
with which it is often confounded, by its incisely serrate leaves.

19*

148 VITACE^. Ampelopsis.

2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. fl. 1. p. 159; Torr. 6f Gr. ft. N. Am. 1. p. 245.

VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

[Named from the Greek, ampehs, vine, and ojjszs, resemblance.]

Calyx entire. Petals 5, distinct, spreading. Disk without a ring. Ovary conical, not im-
mersed in the disk : style very short, conical : stigma small, simple. Berry rather dry. —
A shrubby vine. Leaves digitately 5-foliolate. Flowers perfect, in spreading corymbose
panicles.

1. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. American Ivy.

Michx. fl. 1. p. 159 ; Hook. fl,. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 114 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 245.
A. hederacea, DC. prodr. 1. p. 633 ; Beck, hot. p. 65 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 153. Vitis
quinquefolia, Lam. V. hederacea, Willd. sp. 1. p. 1182. Hedera quinquefolia, Linn.
Cissus hederacea, Pets. syn. 1. p. 143 ; Pursh,fl. I. p. 170 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 305 ; Torr.fl. I.
p. 266.

Stem climbing trees and other objects ; spreading extensively, and adhering by little disks
or expansions of the extremities of the tendrils. Leaves smooth : leaflets oblong, acuminate,
petiolulate, coarsely serrate : petioles as long or longer than the leaflets. Panicle compound,
with 2 or 3 principal divisions ; the pedicels somewhat umbellate. Flowers greenish-yellow,
only a few opening at a time. Calyx distinct, spreading, the margin very entire or slightly
crenale. Petals at first cohering, at length distinct and reflexed. Anthers large, oblong.
Ovary 5-angled, and somewhat lobed at the base. Berry about the size of a small pea, of a
dark blue color when ripe ; the peduncles and pedicels bright crimson. Seeds large for the
size of the berry, commonly 2 in each cell, but sometimes only one.

Borders of woods, copses, etc. ; common. i^Z. July. Fr. October. A favorite vine about
houses, being of rapid growth, and presenting a beautiful and striking appearance in the
autumn from its crimson foliage. It is difficult to dry specimens of the plant, without their
falling to pieces at the articulations.

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACE.E. 149

Group 11. Character same as of tli£ following order.

Order XXXVI. POLYGALACE.^. Juss. The Milkwort Tribe.

Calyx of 5 distinct irregular sepals ; three of them exterior and smaller, of which
one is superior (next the axis of inflorescence) and two inferior ; the two lateral
or inner ones (icings) larger, and usually petaloid : a3stivation imbricated.
Petals usually 3, hypogynous, irregular, deciduous ; the anterior (keel) larger
than the rest, usually crested or lobed. Stamens 6-8, hypogynous : filaments
combined into a tube, which is split on the ujiper side, and more or less united
below with the claws of the petals : anthers innate, mostly 1-celled, opening
by a terminal pore. Ovary formed of 2 united carpels, 2-celled, with a single
pendulous anatropous ovule (rarely 2 ovules) in each cell : style curved and
often hooded. Fi-uit (usually a capsule) compressed, loculicidal, sometimes
indehiscent. Seeds with a crustaceous testa, usually with an arilliform caruncle.
Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous (all the North
American species) or shrubby ^alants, with simple entire leaves destitute of
stipules ; the roots bitter, and often milky. Flowers mostly in racemes or
spikes ; the pedicels with 1-3 bracts.

1. POLYGALA. Tourn.; A. St. Hil. ^ Moq.-Tand. in mem. mus. 17. jo. 313; Endl.

^en. 5647. MILKWORT.

[ Named from the Greek, pohj, much, and gala, milk ; from its supposed power of increasing the secretion of milk.]

Sepals persistent ; the wings large and petaloid. Petals 3, their claws cohering with the
stamineal tube ; the lowest one keel-shaped. Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule in each
cell. Capsule compressed contrary to the very narrow dissepiment, elliptical, obovate or
cordate. Seeds mostly with a 2-lobed, arillate caruncle. — Racemes often spiked or capitate.

^ 1. Spikes thick, capitate or oblong, terminal: keel crested (the crest often minute) : style mostly
cucullate, and dilated in the middle : filaments united nearly to the summit : caruncle with
a 2-lobed appendage. — Annual or biennial.

1. PoLYGALA SANGUiNEA, LiriTi. Purple MUk-ivort.

Spikes ovoid or oblong, compact ; wings broadly ovate or obovate ; crest minute ; seed
obovate, hairy ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed ; leaves linear and oblong-linear ; stem
fastigiately branched. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 52 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 465 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 264 ;

150 POLYGALACE^. Polygala.

Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. 2. t. 46. P. purpurea, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 88 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ;
Beck, hot. p. 44 ; DarUngt. jl. Cest. p. 401 ; Ton: <^- Gr. Jl N. Am. 1. p. 127.

Annual. Stem 8-12 inches high, erect, sometimes simple, angular and slightly winged.
Leaves about an inch long and 2 lines wide. Spike at first nearly globose, at length oblong,
obtuse, 4 - 5 lines in diameter; lower flowers deciduous : bracts minute, the middle one
longer than the pedicel. Wings usually dilated at the base, or somewhat cordate, rose-color
and green, generally twice as long as the fruit. Style much dilated and cucullate in the
middle, with a filiform bearded process at the summit. Seed grayish-black, hairv ; processes
of the caruncle linear.

Moist meadows and sandj' fields ; rather common. July - September.

2. Polygala cruciata, Linn. Cross-leaved Milk-wort.

Spikes ovate, dense, sessile or on short peduncles ; wings deltoid-cordate, acute or cuspi-
date ; crest minute ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed ; stem somewhat fastigiately branched,
winged on the angles ; leaves verticillate in fours, linear and linear-spatulate, dotted. — Michx.
jl. 2. p. 52 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 89 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 183 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost.
p. 266; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 85 ; Beck, hot. p. 45; Torr. <^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 127.
P. brevifolia, Nutt. I. c. ; DC. I. c. P. cuspidata. Hook. ^- Arn. in hot. journ. 1. p. 195.

Annual. Stem 4-8 inches high, with opposite somewhat erect branches. Leaves about
an inch long and 2 lines wide, marked with obscure resinous dots. Spikes at first dense,
usually sessile or nearly so, finally an inch or more in length and nearly half an inch in
diameter. Wings greenish with a purple margin, longer than the capsule. Lateral petals
oblong. Style as in the preceding species. Seed obovoid oblong, sparsely hairy ; lobes of
the caruncle linear.

Sphagnous swamps ; not rare in the southern parts of the State, but seldom found in the
interior counties. August - September.

§ 2. Spikes elongated or racemose .- keel cristate : Jilameiits united nearly to the summit : style
dilated and cucullate in the middle : appendage oj the caruncle 2-lobcd.

3. Polygala verticillata, Linn. WHiorl-leaved Milk-wort.

Spikes pedunculate, acute, dense ; rachis naked ; wings roundish-obovate ; crest con-
spicuous ; stem erect, branching ; leaves mostly verticillate, linear and lanceolate-linear,
glandularly dotted. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 54 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 89 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 182 ; Bigel. Jl.
Bost. p. 206; DC. prodr. \.p. 329 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 85 ; Beck, hot. p. 45; Dar-
Ungt. Jl. Cest. p. 402 ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 130.

Annual. Stem slender, (piadrangular, 6- 10 inches high; branches erect, elongated.
Leaves an inch long and 1^ line wide, mostly in whorls of 4 or 5, but sometimes partly or
entirely alternate, acute. Spike an inch long, about 2 lines in diameter at the base, tapering

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACE^. 151

to a pretty acute point. Flowers about one line long, greenish-white, and sometimes tinged
with purple. Bracts very deciduous. Exterior sepals unequal ; posterior ones ovate, twice
as large as the oilier two. Wings a little longer than the corolla. I^ateral petals nearly as
large as the wings, and somewhat spreading. Style dUatcd and saccate almost immediately
above the ovary : gland inconspicuous, the terminal appendage subulate, with a hairy tuft at
the extremity. Seed minute, obovoid, hairy. Lobes of the caruncle somewhat distarit, oblong,
about half the length of the seed.

Dry sandy soils, hill-sides and borders of woods ; common. June - October.

4. PoLYGALA AMBiGUA, Nutt. Amhiguous MUk-icort.

Spikes pedunculate, rather obtuse, dense ; rachis squarrose with ilie persistent bracts ;
wings roundish ; stem erect ; leaves linear, not glandular, the lower ones sometimes verticil-
late, the others scattered. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 89 ; DC. ixrodr. 1. p. 329 ; Beck, hot. p. 45 ;
Darhngt. Jl. Cest. p. 402; Ton: ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 130.

Annual. Stem G — 12 inches high, slender, somewhat angular, with erect branches. Leaves
6-8 lines long and about one line wide, mostly scattered. Spike of nearly uniform diameter,
except near the summit, which is rather obtuse than acute, about three-fourths of an inch
long. Flowers greenish-white, usually tinged (.sometimes pretty strongly) vvith purple. Seeds
as in P. verticillata .

Dry sandy woods and fields. August - September.

Nearly related to the preceding species, but pretty constant in its characters. It is dis-
tinguished by its shorter and thicker spikes, squarrose rachis, and most commonly scattered
leaves which are destitute of glandular dots. In both species, the exterior sepals, the ovary
and the keel of the corolla are marked with several oblong or linear vesicles, which are fdlcd
with a yellow farinaceous matter.

4. PoLYGALA Senega, Linn. Seneca Snake-root.

Spike rather dense, somewhat acute ; flowers on very short pedicels ; wings orbicular-
obovate, concave, rather longer than the obovate petals; capsule nearly orbicular; seed some-
what hirsute with spreading hairs ; lobes of the caruncle collateral, spongy, nearly as long as
the seed ; stems numerous, simple ; leaves lanceolate, scabrous on the margin. — Willd. $p.
3. p. 894 ; Bot. mag. t. 1051 ; Bigel. med. hot. 2. p. 97. t. 30, and Jl. Bost. p. 265 ; DC.
prod?-. I. p. 1 30 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-A?n. I. p. 85 ; Beck, bot. p. 45 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 403.
P. Senega, var. albida, Michx. Jl. 2. j) 53 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 465.

Root perennial, thick, rather ligneous, with coarse fibres. Stems about a foot high, as-
surgent or somewhat inclined, the base usually invested with small oval scale-like leaves,
minutely scabrous-pubescent above, smooth below. Leaves 1-2 inches long and 3-5 lines
wide, finely serrulate and fringed under a lens. Spike 1-2 inches long, somewhat inclined.
Flowers nearly 2 lines long, greenish-white. Sepals all obtuse. Crest short. Style short,

^'-

152 POLYGALACE^. Polygala.

galeate an 1 somewhat beaked ; the appendage wanting, but in its place a short tuft of hairs.

Dry rocky woods. Fl. Latter part of May to June.

The root of this plant is a vahiable medicine, and is well known in the shops. It is prin-
cipally employed as a stimulating expectorant and diaphoretic. Its powers depend on the
polygalic acid which it contains. See Wood <^ Backers U. S. Dispcns. p. 601.

5. Polygala polygama, Walt. Polygamous Milk-wort.

Terminal racemes spiked, loose, the flowers at length pendulous ; wings broadly obovate,
spreading, longer than the corolla ; crest conspicuous ; radical racemes with wingless flowers;
capsule oblong, emarginate ; lobes of the caruncle more tlian half as long as the very hairy
seed ; stems numerous, assurgent ; leaves oblong-lanceolaie and oblong-linear. — Walt. fl.
Car. p. 179 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 75 ; Ell. sk. 2. p 181 ; DC.prodr. 1. ;>. 330 ; Hook.fl.Bor.-
Am. \.p. 86. t. 29 ; Beck, hot. p. 45 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \.p. 133. P. rubella, Willd.
sp. 3. p. 875 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 264, and med. hot. t. 54 ; DC. I. c.

Biennial. Stems 5-10 inches high. Leaves about an inch long, slightly mucronate.
Terminal racemes 10 - 25-flowered : pedicels slender. Flowers about 2\ lines long, deep
rose-color or purplish. Wings with short claws. Style short and cueullate ; gland exserted :
appendage strongly bearded. Radical racemes leafless, prostrate, often subterranean. Seed
almost villous : lobes of the caruncle somewhat distant.

Sandy fields and woods ; pine plains near Rome, Oneida county, and in Suffolk county,
Long Island. Fl. June - July. The whole plant is very bitter.

^3. Chamjebuxus, Dill. Flowers few, large, terminal : posterior sepal concave-cucullate, with a
gland at the base on the inside : keel crested or callous at the tip. — Perennial herbs or small
shrubs.

G. Polygala paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Milk-ivort.

Rhizoma creeping and branching, throwing up simple erect branches, which are leafy at
the summit, and furnished with scales below ; leaves ovate, petioled ; terminal flowers 2-3
(very large) ; crest fringed ; radical flowers wingless. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 880 ; Pitrsh, fl. 2.
p. 464 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 180 ; Bart. fl. Am. Sept. 2. t. 56./. 1 ; Bigcl. fl. Bost. p. 266 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 331 ; Hook, in hot. mag. t. 2852, and fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 86 ; Beck, hot. p. 45 ;
Torr. (^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 132. P. uniflora, Michx. fl. 2. p. 53. P. purpurea, Ait.
Kew. 4. p. 244 (not of Nult.). Trichosperma grandiflora, Raf. speech. I. p. 7.

var. alba, Eights : flower solitary, smaller, white ; stem somewhat leafy at the base. Beck,
hot. p. 46 ; Torr. <j- GV. /. c.

Perennial. Rhizoma slender, tortuous. Stalks 3-5 inches high ; the lower part fur-
nished with small ovale distant leafy scales. Leaves 4-5, about an inch long and half an
inch or more wide, the margin minutely fringed. Flowers nearly three-fourths of an inch

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACE^. 153

long, purple or deep rose-color ; the pedicels 3-4 lines long. Wings obovate, attenuate at
the base, as long as the corolla. Lateral petals oblong, concave, united to the keel the greater
part of their length : crest conspicuous, compound. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-lipped, imperfect-
ly 2-celled. Style long, a little curved, slightly enlarging upward ; the orifice irregularly
4-toothed, without hairs. Capsule (immature) emarginate, strongly margined. Seeds . . .
Radical flowers on short horizontal shoots.

Woods, usually in dry sandy soils ; rarely in moist places : the variety alba in sandy plains
near Albany {D?-. Eights). Fl. May. A small but very handsome species.

Group 12. Character same as of the folloioing order.

Order XXXVII. LEGUMINOS^. Juss. The Bean Tribe.

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less combined. Corolla of 5 petals, either papiliona-
ceous or regular, hypogynous. Stamens definite or indefinite, inserted with
the petals, distinct, or monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary solitary, simple,
free from the calyx. Fruit a legume. Seeds destitute of albumen (except in
a few cases). — Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate and usually com-
pound, furnished with stipules ; the margin of the leaves or leaflets almost
always entire.

Suborder I. Papilionace^. Linn.

Sepals imbricated in gestivation. Corolla papilionaceous, or rarely almost regular.
Stamens 10, diadelphous, sometimes monadelphous or distinct, inserted with
the petals upon the base of the calyx.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

♦ Corolla, papilionaceous. RaiHele incurved.

Tribe I. ViciEj!. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume not articulated, dehiscent. Cotyledons thick and larin.v
ceous, remaining underground during germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnated leaves ; the petiole
extended into a tendril.

Tribe II. Phaseoleje. Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume not jointed, but sometimes with cellular par-
titions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick. — Twining, herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby plants.
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, or sometimes unequally pinnate, stipellate.

Tribe III. Galegeje. Stamens diadelphous, or sometimes monadelphous. Legume not jointed, several-seeded and
dehiscent, or 1 - S-celled and indehiscent. Cotyledons foliaceous. — Erect herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves
usually unequally pinnate, seldom stipellate.

[Flora.] 20

154 LEGUMINOSiE. Vicia.

Tribe IV. Trifolie*. Stamens diadelphous. Legume not jointed, dehiscent and several-seeded, or 1 - 2-seeded and

indehiscent. — Mostly low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, without stipelles : leaflets often toothed or serrulate.
Tribe V. AsTRAGiLE.E. Stamens diadelphous. Legume turgid or inflated, often spuriously 2-celled longitudinally

by the introflexion of one of the sutures. — Herbs, mostly with unequally pinnate leaves which are destitute

of stipelles.
Tribe VI. Hedysireje. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume (loment) transversely divided into several

indehiscent one-seeded joints, or sometimes reduced to a single one-seeded cell. — Leaves (in all the United

States genera) pinnately trifoliolate.
Tribe VII. Geniste*:. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of two forms. Legumesnot jointed, but sometimes intercepted

internally. — Leaves simple or palmately compound, not slipellatc.
Tribe VIII. Sophoreje. Stamens distinct : anthers uniform. Legume continuous, or frequently moniliform, but not

jointed.

*♦ Corolla irreg^dar, ot somcliTMS nearly regular, 7iever truly papilimiaccous.

Tribe IX. Cassie^:. Stamens distinct, sometimes fewer than 10: anthers mostly of two forms. Legume not jointed,
or spuriously many-celled by transverse partitions between the joints. — Leaves pinnate or bipinnate.

Tribb I. VICIEM. DC.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous (9 <^- 1). Legume continuous {not articulated),
2-valved, dehiscent. Radicle bent back on the edge of the cotyledons. Cotyledons thick
and farinaceous, remaining underground unchanged in form during germination . —
Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves ; the common petiole not articulated to the stem,
extended beyond the apex into a bristle or tendril.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Vicu. Style with a tuft of hair at the summit, particularly on the outside (next'the keel).

2. Ervum. Style pubescent on the sides, or all around, below the stigma.

3. Lathyrus. Style pubescent on the inner surface (next the free stamen).

I. VICIA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 65SI. VETCH.

I " Name originally derived from the Celtic word gwig " (De Theis) ; wklcen in German ; vicia, Latin ; vesce, French.]

Caly.v tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth shortest. Style fihform,
bent at a right angle with the ovary, villous at the apex, particularly on the outside (next
the keel). Legume oblong, several-seeded. — Mostly climbing herbs. Leaflets in several
pairs. Petioles produced into branching tendrils. Peduncles axillary.

* Peduncles elongated.

1. ViciA Americana, Muhl. American Vetch.

Smooth; leaflets numerous (10- 14), elliptical-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse,
mucronate ; stipules (small) semisagitlate, deeply toothed ; peduncles shorter than the leaves,
4 - 8-flowcred ; lower teeth of the calyx broadly lanceolate ; style very villous at the apex ;
legumes linear-oblong, compressed, reticulated, smooth. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1096;

Vicu. ' LEGUMINOS^. 155

Pursh, fl. 2. p. 471 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 355 ; Hook. Jl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 157 ; Darlingt. Jl.
Cest. p. 424 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 269.

Stem 1-3 feet long, slender, somewhat quadrangular. Leaflets about three-fourths of an
inch long, on very short partial pelioles. Stipules many times smaller than the leaflets.
Tendrils 2 - many-parted. Flowers about 8 lines long, purplish blue. Upper teeth of the
pubescent calyx very short.

Moist shady places, particularly in the northern and western counties ; rare. June.

2. ViciA Cracca, Linn. Tufted Vetch.

Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (20 - 24), oblong, minutely pubescent, mucronate ;
stipides lanceolate, semisagittatc, nearly entire ; peduncles many-flowered, about as long as
the leaves , the flowers crowded, retrorsely imbricate ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the
tube, the upper ones very short ; style hairy at the summit ; legume oblong, coriaceous, re-
ticulated, smooth ; seeds globose, black. — Mickv. fl. 2. p. 69 ; Engl. bat. t. 1168 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 472 ; .DC. prodr. 2. p. 357 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 269 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 157 ;
Beck, hot. p. 88 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1 . p. 270.

Stem 2-3 feet long, slender. Leaflets about three-fourths of an inch long, usually rather
obtuse. Raceme 15 - 30-flowered, at length often longer than the leaves. Flowers 4-6
lines long, bright blue or pale purple ; their pedicels short and pubescent. Legume com-
pressed, brownish.

Borders of woods, fields, etc. ; western part of the State. June - July. Possibly an
introduced plant, but it has much the appearance of being indigenous here.

3. ViciA TETRASPERMA, Loiscl. Slender Vetch.

Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, oblong ; stipules lanceolate, semisagittatc ; peduncles mostly 2-
flowered ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the tube, the sinuses acute ; legume
oblong, smooth, usually 4-seedcd. — Loisel. fl. Gall. 1. p. 460; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 272. V. pusilla, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1106 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 471 ; Bigel. fl, Bost.
p. 270. Ervum tetraspermum, Linn.; Engl. hot. t. 1223 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 367 ; Torr.
compend. p. 264 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 158.

Stems somewhat cespitose, 1-2 feet long, very slender, quadrangular. Leaves half an
inch long, rather obtuse, tipped with a short fine point. Flowers very small, rarely solitary,
sometimes 3-4 together. Peduncles at first rather shorter, but in fruit longer than the leaves,
filiform. Corolla white, or tinged with purple. Legumes half an inch long, resembling
minute peas. Seeds blackish, with a linear hilum, somewhat compressed.

Banks of rivers ; rather common in the neighborhood of the city of New- York, and for
some distance up the Hudson. June - July. A native also of Europe.

20*

156 LEGUMINOS^. Vicu.

** FUncers nearly sessile.

4. ViciA SATivA, Linn. Common Vetch or Tare.

Stem simple ; leaflets 6-12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, retuse, mucronate ;
stipules sem {sagittate, toothed ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; calyx cylindrical, the segments
as long as the tube, lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal ; style short, bearded at the summit ;
legumes somewhat erect, torulose ; seeds smooth. — Engl. hot. t. 234 ; Michx. fl. 2. •p. 69 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 270 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 360 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 270 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 157 ; Beck, hot. p. 89 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 425 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. I. p. 272.

Plant somewhat pubescent, annual. Stem a foot or more high, erect or decumbent. Leaf-
lets about an inch long, conspicuously mucronate, the lower ones strongly retuse. Stipules
usually marked with a dark spot. Tendrils branched. Flowers half an inch long, pale violet-
purple. Legume 1-2 inches long, compressed, reticulated, slightly hairy, 8 - 10-seeded.
Seeds orbicular, compressed, nearly black when ripe.

Fields, waste places, etc. ; introduced from Europe. June - July.

Two varieties of this plant are cultivated in Europe, under the names of Winter Tare and
Sumiyier Tare. They yield valuable herbage for cattle.

2. ERVUM. Tmtrn. ; Endl. gen. 6580. tare.

[ Said to be derived from the Celtic word ern\ a ploughed field ; some of its species being troublesome weeds.]

Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the segments nearly equal, linear, acute, about the length of the corolla.
Style filiform, pubescent on the sides or all around below the stigma. Legume oblong,
2 - 4-seeded. Seeds orbicular or globose. — Annual plants. Leaflets usually numerous.
Petioles terminating in tendrils. Peduncles axillary.

1. Ervum hirsutum, Linn. (Plate XXI.) Hairy Tare.

Leaves linear or linear-oblong, truncate or retuse, slightly mucronate ; peduncles 3-6-
flowered, about the length of the leaves ; calyx hairy, the subulate segments rather shorter
ihan the corolla ; legumes oblong, obliquely truncate, 2-seeded, drooping. — Engl. hot. t. 971 ;
Vbrr. comjicnd. p. 264 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 366; Beck, hot. t. 89 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 426 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 158 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 273. Vicia Mitchelli, Raf.
prec. decouv. p. 37 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 224 ; DC. I. c. p. 360.

Annual. Stem branching, weak, climbing, 2-3 feet long, nearly smooth. Leaflets 8 - 20,
about half an inch long and a line wide, narrow at the base. Stipules semisagiltate, entire or
cleft. Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legume scarcely half an inch long, torulose. Seeds
nearly spherical, brownish.

Banks of rivers and thickets ; common in the neighborhood, usually near salt water, and
m company with Vicia tetrasperma. Probably an introduced plant.

Lathyrus. LEGUMINOS^. 157

3. LATHYRUS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6582. VETCHLISG.

[ From the Greek, lathuros, a leguminous plant described by Thoophrastus.]

Calyx campanulate, 5-clcft ; llic two upper segments somewhat shortest. Style usually
somewhat flattened and dilated towards the summit, bent nearly at a right angle with the
ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside (next the free stamen). Legume oblong, several-
seeded. — Mostly perennial, climbing herbs. Leaflets in from one to several pairs. Petioles
terminating in tendrils. Peduncles axillary.

1. Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel. Sea-side Vetchling. Beach Pea.

Plant usually smooth ; stem stout, at length decumbent ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oval or slightly
ohovale ; stipules cordate-hastate, nearly tlie size of the leaflets ; peduncles 6 - 10-flowered,
rather shorter than the leaves ; segments of the calyx hairy on the margin, the two upper ones
triangular and shorter, the others lanceolate. — Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 268 ; Hook. Brit.fl. ed. 4.
p. 270 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 273. L. venosus, Brit.fl. gard. (ser. 2.) t. 37. L.
Californicus, Doiigl. ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1144. L. pisiformis, Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 158.
Pisum maritimum, Linn.; Engl. hot. t. 1047; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 95; DC. prodr. 2. p. 368;
Torr. compend. p. 263.

Perennial. Stem 1-2 feet long, angular, but not winged. Leaflets often scattered on the
petiole, of a firm texture, 1^-2 inches long, with prominent reticulated veins. Stipules
usually somewhat toothed below. Tendrils branching. Flowers large and showy, purple ;
the wings and keel paler. Legume oblong, somewhat falcate.

Sandy seacoast of Long Island ; abundant, and on the shore of Lake Ontario. Lake Erie,
near Dunkirk, and Oneida lake {Dr. Knieskern). .Tune - July. Tliis plant was very pro-
perly removed to the genus Lathyrus by Dr. Bigelow.

2. Lathyrus ochroleucus, Hooh. (Plate XXIL) Cream-colored Vetchling.

Whole plant smooth, pale and somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-4 pairs, broadly oval or
ovate, thin ; stipules semicordate, smaller than the leaflets, entire or obtusely toothed at the
base ; peduncles 7 - lO-flowercd, shorter than the leaves ; upper segments of the calyx
broadly triangular, and scarcely half the length of the oblong lateral ones ; the lower, lanceo-
late, and a little longer ; corolla yellowish-white. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 159 ; Gray in
ann. lye. N. York, 1. p. 225 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 275. L. glaucifolius. Beck,
hot. p. 90. L. pisiformis, Richards, in app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 28.

Stem slender, somewhat angular but not winged, 1 i - 2^ feet long. Leaflets 1-2 inches
long, usually three pairs. Stipules variable in size, but seldom more than half as large as the
leaves. Flowers rather smaller than in the preceding species. Calyx obtuse at the base ;
the teeth slightly hairy on the margin. Legume linear-oblong, compressed, smooth.

Shady hill-sides and banks of streams, Gorham, Ontario county ; also in Yates county {Dr.
Sartwell) ; Jeff'erson county {Dr. Crawe). Fl. June - July.

158 LEGUMINOS^. Lathyrus.

3. Lathyrus myrtifolius, Muhl. Myrtle-leaved Vetchling.

Whole plant smooth ; stem slender, often slightly winged ; leaflets 2-3 (rarely 4) pairs,
oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse at each end ; stipules ovate-semisagittate, smaller than the
leaflets, nearly entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; upper teeth of the
calyx broad and shortest, the others triangular-lanceolate. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1091 ;
Pursh,fl. 2. p. 471 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 371 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 159; Torr. ^ Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 275. L. stipulaceus, Le Conte in Torr. cat.pl. N. York, p. 92; DC. I. c. :
Hook. I. c.

Stem 2-4 feet long, climbing or straggling. Leaflets 1 - lA inch long and half an inch
or more in breadth, somewhat glaucous underneath, rather coriaceous, with prominent veins.
Stipules usually much smaller than the leaflets, but sometimes half an inch long, acute at each
end, often coarsely toothed at the base. Flowers pale purple ; the wings and keel whitish.
Legume oblong-linear, compressed, smooth.

Banks of rivers, borders of swamps, etc. Northern and western counties ; also in the
neighborhood of New-York.

This plant can generally be distinguished from the following, by its more slender stem, and
broader leaflets and stipules ; but there sometimes occur forms that seem almost intermediate
between the two species.

4. Lathyrus palustris, Linn. Marsh Vetchling.

Plant mostly smooth ; stems often winged, rather rigid ; leaflets 3 (sometimes 4) pairs,
oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous ; stipules semisagittate, lanceo-
late, acuminate at each end ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered. — Liiin. sp. 1034 ; Engl. hot. t. 169 ;
Miclix. ft. 2. p. 66 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 471 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 209 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 371 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 161 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 276.

Stem 2-3 feet long, climbing or straggling, rarely pubescent, the angles commonly more
or less winged. Leaflets 1 i - 2^ inches long, often not more than 3-4 lines wide. Pedun-
cles at length exceeding the leaves. Calyx tinged with purple ; the upper teeth short and
triangular ; the lower and lateral ones lanceolate, about the length of the tube. Corolla bluish
purple. Legume broadly linear, compressed, pubescent.

Wet borders of streams ; common in the northern and western parts of the State. Fl.
July - August.

Phaseolus. LEGUMINOS^. 159

Tribe II. PHASEOLEjE. Broicn; Benth.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens mostly diadelphous (9^1). Legume continuous, dehis-
cent, never separating into joints, hut often torose, and with cellular partitions between
the seeds. Cotyledons thick : radicle incurved. — Mostly twining, herbaceous or shrubby
plants. Leaves usually pinnately trifoliolate {rarely reduced to a single leaflet), some-
times unequally pinnate, stipellate. Inflorescence axillary.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES AND GENERA.

Subtribe 1. EoPHASEOLEa:. Ovary with several ovules. Inflorescence racemose. Style often indurated above
the middle. Cotyledons thick, nearly unaltered in germination.

♦ Leaves pinnalehj Irijoliolalc.

4. Phaseolus. Keel, with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or circinate.

•* Leaves uneqtmllij pinnate.

5. Apios. Keel, with the stamens and style, at length spirally twisted. Legume nearly terete. Root tuberous. Leaves

5 - 7-folioIate.

Subtribe 2. GLYCiNEiE. Ovary with several ovules. Inflorescence racemose. Style not indurated. Cotyledons
flattish, foliaceous in germination.
C. Galactia. Calyx d-cleft. Vcxillum incumbent, broad, without callosities. Legume compressed, linear, many-
seeded. — Leaves pinnately trifoliolate.

Subtribe 3. CLiTORiEa;. Ovary with several ovules. Vexillum large, not appcndiculate at the base. Inflores-
cence axillary : peduncles 1 - many-flowered, often cymose-fasciculate.

7. Ct-ITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit. Vexillum not spurred on the back. Style longitudinally hairy.

Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose ; the valves nerveless.^ Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves and very
large flowers.

8. AmphicarpjEa. Flowers of two kinds; upper ones perfect, in many-flowered racemes, the legume linear-oblong,

3 - "l-secdod : lower flowers on prostrate branches (often subterraneous), imperfect or apctalous, producing obovatc
1 - 2-seeded legumes. — Twining herbs with trifoliolate leaves.

Subtribe 1. Euph.aseole.^:, Benth. Ovary with several ovules. Style often indurated above
the yniddle. Vexillum with two appendages at the base. Cotyledons nearly
unchanged in germination.

4. PHASEOLUS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6674. kidney bean.

[Latin, phasclus, a little boat; from the form of the legumes.]

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft; tlie 2 upper teeth often more or less united. Keel,
with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or circinate. Legume linear or falcate, more
or less compressed, or somewhat terete, many-seeded. Hilum small, oval-oblong, naked,
or rarely with a small membranaceous strophiole. — Herbaceous (in tropical countries often
suffrutescent), twining or trailing plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate : leaflets with con-
spicuous stipelles. Pedicels usually in pairs.

160 LEGUMINOS.E. Phaseolus.

§ 1. Drepanospron, Benth. Stipules not produced at the base; teeth of the calyx broad, much
shorter than the tube : legume compressed, broad and falcate.

1. Phaseolus perennis, Wali. (Plate XXIII.) Perennial Kidney-bean.

Perennial ; leaflets broadly ovate, acuminate, palmately 3-veined ; racemes solitary or
somewhat clustered, simple or a little branched, longer than the leaves ; legumes pendulous.
— Walt.fl. Car. p. 182 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 469 ; Becli, hot. p. 91 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 429 ;
Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 279. P. perennis and macrostachyus. Ell. in jour. acad. Phil.
l.p. 384; DC. prodr. 2. p. 391. P. paniculatus, Michx.jl. 2. p. 60. Dolichos polystachyos,
Linn.; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1049.

Stem 4-10 feet long, pubescent, climbing over shrubs and bushes. Leaflets 2-3 inches
long, and often nearly as broad as long ; under surface clothed witli short uncinate hairs, by
which the leaves adhere to paper, clothing, etc. Stipules small, lanceolate. Racemes nu-
merous, 4-12 inches long, slender, loosely flowered : pedicels filiform, 2-4 lines long, with
3 minute hairy bracts at the base. Calyx campanulate, much shorter than the corolla, some-
what bilabiate. Corolla purple. Legume 2 - 2^ inches long and 4-5 lines wide, strongly
falcate, 4 - 5-seeded. Seeds oblong-reniform or roundish, somewhat compressed, dark purple,
smooth.

Borders of woods, and in shady copses. Island of New-York, and Long Island, near
Brooklyn. Latter part of July - August. Fr. September. I have found this species only
in the southern part of the State. It is highly ornamental when in full flower.

^2. Stropiiostyles, Ell. Stipules adhering to the petiole, produced and free at the base ; lower
tooth of the calyx as long or longer than the tube : legume linear, straight, somewhat terete.

2. Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. Various-leaved Kidney-bean.

Annual ; stem prostrate, difi'use, retrorsely and roughly hairy ; leaflets broadly ovate, an-
gular or 2 - 3-lobed, sometimes entire, about the length of the petioles ; stipules lanceolate ;
peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers few, capitate ; legume slightly pubescent, broadly
linear, nearly terete, 6 - 7-seeded ; seeds oblong-cylindrical, woolly. — Pers. syn. 2. p. 296 ;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 394 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 279. P. trilobus, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 60,
not of Roth ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 470 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 268. P. angulosus, Ort. ; DC. I. c. ?
Glycine angulosa, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1056. Strophostyles angulosa. Ell. sk. 2. p. 229.
Dolichos? angulosus, DC. I. c. p. 369, excl. syn. Walt.

Roots often bearing numerous small roundish tubes, from the size of a peppercorn to that
of a pea. Stem 2-6 feet long, rather stout, usually spreading on the ground. Leaflets
1 i - 22 inches long, commonly more or less distinctly 3-lobed ; the lobes rather obtuse.
Peduncles, when in flower, but little longer than the leaves ; in fruit, about twice as long,
4 - 6 - 8-flowered. Calyx with 2 lanceolate lateral bracteoles ; lower tooth narrow, one-third

Phaseolus. LEGUMINOS^. 161

longer than the tube. Corolla purplish red : keel witli a very long curved beak, witliout a
tooth at the base. Legume 3 - 3i inches long and 3-4 lines wide, black when ripe. Seeds
about twice as long as wide, nearly cylindrical, covered with a kind of mealy pubescence,
which easily rubs off, leaving a smooth purplish testa : hilum linear.

Common on sandy shores, particularly in the neighborhood of New-York. I have not found
it above the Highlands. August - September.

3. Phaseolus helvolus, Linn. Long-stalked Kidney-hean.

Perennial ; stem slender, hairy backwards ; leaflets ovate, oblong, usually entire, about the
length of the petiole ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles slender, 3-6 times as long as the leaves;
flowers few, capitate; legume narrowly linear, 9-11-seeded, slightly pubescent; seeds
pubescent, reniform-quadrangular. — Linn. sp. 1017 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 470 ; Michx. Jl. 2.
p. 60 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 395 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 2S0. P. vexillatus, Linn. I. c. ? ;
Pursh, I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Beck, hot. p. 92 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 430. C. peduncularis,
Ell. sk. 2. p. 230. Glycine peduncularis, Muhl. cat. p. 67.

Stems 3-4 feet long, much more slender than in the preceding species. Leaflets 1 - 1|
inch long, rarely somewhat 3-lobed. Peduncles usually 3 - 5-flowered, sometimes 8-10
inches long. Flowers nearly as in the preceding species : beak of the keel with a tooth at
the base. Legume about 2|- inches long and 2 lines wide. Seeds covered with a mealy
pubescence, somewhat truncate at each end, so that they have a square outline : hilum linear-
oblong.

Sandy fields. Long Island ; not found elsewhere in the State. Fl. August - September. —
This species can in general be easily distinguished from the preceding, by its perennial root,
long peduncles, and very narrow legumes.

5. APIOS. Boerli.; Moench, meth. p. 165; Endl. gen. QQIZ. GROUND-NUT.

[ Greek, apios, a pear ; from the form of its tuberous roots.]

Calyx broadly campanulate, obscurely 2-lipped ; the upper lip of two short rounded teeth.
Vexillum very broad, with a longitudinal fold in the centre, reflexed : keel long, falcate,
and with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Stigma emarginate. Legume
somewhat terete, slightly falcate, many-seeded. Seeds reniform. — A perennial, twining,
nearly smooth herb. Root producing numerous small, oblong or pear-shaped, somewhat
edible tubers. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, with minute stipules. Racemes axillary, dense,
sometimes compound ; the pedicels short, growing 3 or 4 together from little knobs of the
rachis. Calyx with 2 minute caducous bracteoles at the base. Flowers brownish purple.

[Flora.] 21

162 LEGUMINOSiE. Apios.

1. Apios tuberosa, Moench. Ground-nut.

Moench, I. c. ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 273 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 113; Ell. sk. 2. p. 235 ; DC. prodr.
2. p. 391 ; Torr. compend. p. 270 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.lGl; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 428 ;
Beck, hot. p. 91 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 282. Glycine Apios, Linn. ; Bot. mag.
t. 1198 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 83 ; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 277.

Root producing fleshy tubers about the size of a chestnut, arranged at intervals like beads.
Stem 4-8 feet long, climbing over bushes, nearly smooth. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 2-3
inches long, acuminate, each articulated to the common petiole by a short hairy stalk. Ra-
cemes shorter than the leaves. Flowers in crowded oval racemes, rather fragrant, of a dull
purple mixed with green. Legume 3-5 inches long, 8 - 10-seeded. Seeds dark purple :
hilum very small.

Low grounds and moist thickets ; rather common in many parts of the State. Fl. August.
Fr. September. The tubers are farinaceous, and would probably increase in size and quality
by cultivation.

Subtribe 2. Glycines, Bentli. Ovary vnth several ovules. Inflorescence racemose, with
the pedicels more or less aggregated on sinall alternate knobs. Bracteoles very
small, often deciduous. Vexillum usually with two small appendages at the
base. Style not indurated. Cotyledons flat, foliaceous in germination.

6. GALAGTIA. P. Browne ; Endl. gen. 6653. mLK PEA.

[ Named from the Greek, gala, milk ; some of the species yielding a milky juice when wounded.]

Calyx 4-cleft ; segments acute, of nearly equal length ; the upper one broadest. Vexillum
incumbent, broad : keel-petals slightly cohering towards the apex. Legume compressed,
linear, many-seeded. Seeds orbicular or somewhat reniform. — Twining or prostrate (rarely
erect) herbaceous plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Racemes axillary, usually loosely
flowered. Flowers purplish.

1. Galactia glabella, Michx. Smooth Milk-vine.

Stem prostrate, nearly smooth ; leaflets elliptical-oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, emarginate,
smooth above, slightly hairy underneath ; racemes at length a little longer than the leaves ;
flowers approximated, distinctly pedicellate ; calyx nearly smooth ; legumes somewhat hairy.
— Miclix. fl. 2. p. 62 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. HI ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 239 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 238 ;
Beck, hot. p. 81 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 409 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 287. Glycine
regularis, Linn.; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1049.

Root fusiform. Stems numerous, 2 — 4 feet long, spreading on the ground, or sometimes
twining, slightly pubescent. Leaflets about an inch and a half long, often somewhat cordate

Galactia. LEGUMINOSiE. 1()3

at the base, bright green and somewhat shining above, paler underneath : partial stalks hairy,
with minute deciduous stipelles at the base : common petiole an inch long. Racemes 4-8-
flowered, at first usually sliorter than the leaves, but at length (particularly in fruit) exceeding
them. Calyx-segments erect, the lowest one longest. Corolla reddish purple and white, with
tinges of green, very handsome. Anthers linear-oblong. Style long and filiform. Legume
slightly falcate, I5 - 2 inches long, 4 - 6-seeded.

Hill-sides near the Hudson river, Peekskill {Dr. S. B. Mead). July - August. — I have
not seen the plant collected by Dr. Mead, and therefore describe from specimens collected in
New-Jersey, where this species is very common. It will very probably be found in the sandy
soils of Long Island, although I have not yet delected it there.

Subtribe 3. Clitorie^, Benth. Ovary with several ovules. Inflorescence axillary : pedun-
cles 1 - 2-Jlowered at the summit, or 7nany -flowered, with the racemes often
fasciculate or branching. Bracts {except in AMPHicAiirjEA) and hracteoles
opposite, striate. Vexillum large, not appendiculate at the base. — Flowers
commonly large.

7. CLITORIA. Z/i'/iw. (in part) ; Bcnth. comm. Legum. gen. p. 5Q ; Endl. gen. 6635.

[ Name derived from an anatomical term.]

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; the teeth much shorter than the tube ; lowest one lanceolate, the
others triangular-ovate. Vexillum very large, emarginate or bifid, not spurred on the back :
keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws. Style dilated at
the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume stipitate, linear or linear-oblong, torulose, flat-
tish, without nerves. Seeds orbicular, somewhat compressed. — Twining, pereimial herbs.
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Stipules somewhat persistent, striate : partial stipules seta-
ceous. Peduncles 1-2- (or many-) flowered. Bracts similar to the stipules : bracteoles
larger. Flowers very large.

1. Clitoria Mariana, Linn. (Plate XXIV.) Maryland Clitoria.

Smooth ; stem trailing or somewhat twining ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets more or less ovate ;
peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered ; bracteoles lanceolate-subulate, much shorter than the calyx,
similar in size and form to the bracts ; legumes linear-oblong, 4 - 8-seeded, smooth. — Walt,
fi. Car. p. 186 ; Wiild. sp. 3. p. 1070 ; Miclix. ft. 2. p. 62 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 118 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 240 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 234 ; Beck, bot. p. 80 ; Torr. compend. p. 271.

Stem 2 feet or more in length, usually trailing over small bushes. Leaflets about 2 inches
long, rather obtuse, sometimes a little cordate, the middle one distant. Peduncles seldom
more than two- and often one-flowered. Bracteoles about one-fourth the length of the calyx.

21'

164 LEGUMINOSiE. Clitoria.

Flower two inches in length, pale blue tinged with purple. Legume 2-3 inches long and
about one-third of an inch wide, strongly torulose ; the stipe stout, as long as the peduncle.
Seed the size of small peas, covered with a glutinous kind of varnish, brown ; the hilum small
and roundish.

Sandv soil on a bushy hill-side about half a mile from the South Ferry, Brooklyn ; the only
known locality of this beautiful plant in the State. Fl. Latter part of July - August. Fr.
September.

8. AMPHICARP^A. Ell. in jour. acad. Phil. 1. p. 372 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.

p. 292 ; Endl. gen. 3660. HOG-NUT.

[ Greek, amphi, on both sides, and carpos, fruit ; producing fruit both above and under ground.]

Flowers of two kinds ; those of the upper many-flowered racemes perfect and petaliferous,
but often sterile ; those at the base of the stem or underground mostly on one- or few-
flowered peduncles, imperfect and deformed, but usually fertile. Perfect fl. Calyx
tubular-campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts. Vexillum incumbent, and partly folded
round the other petals. Ovary 4-ovuled : style smooth : stigma small, capitate. Legume
linear-oblong, stipitate, compressed, somewhat scimitar-shaped, 3 - 4-seeded. Imperfect
or Apetalous fl. Calyx nearly as in the petaliferous flowers. Corolla none, or with the
rudiment of a vexillum. Stamens either wanting or 5 - 10, several of them bearing perfect
anthers, the others rudimentary : filaments distinct. Ovary 1 - 3-ovuled, with a short
recurved style. Legume obovale or pyriform, 1 - 2-seeded, usually maturing beneath the
surface of the ground. — Annual, twining or sarmentose herbs. Stems retrorsely pubescent.
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Stipules resembling the bracts, striate. Racemes of the
perfect flowers often somewhat compound : bracts orbicular, often emarginate or 2-cleft
(each formed by the union of a pair), clasping.

1. AmphicarpjEa monoica, Torr. S)- Gr. Covmion Hog-nut.

Racemes of the petaliferous flowers nodding ; teeth of the calyx short and broad, somewhat
triangular ; bracts shorter than the pedicels. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. A. monoica <^ sarmentosa,
Ell. I. c, and sk. 2. p. 233 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 213 ; DC. I. c. ; Beck, bat. p. 91 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 427. Glycine monoica, comosa and bracteata, Linn.; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1058
(also G. sarmentosa) ; Pursh.fl. 2. p. 485. G. monoica, Miclix.fl. 2. p. 64 ; Bigel.fl. Bast,
p. 276. Cryptolobus Americanus and sarmentosus, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 218.

Root fibrous and branching, usually producing numerous small subterraneous flowers.
Stem slender, 3 - 8 feel long, climbing over shrubs, etc., angular, more or less hairy or villous;
the hairs retrorse, and more or less appressed, but sometimes spreading, and of a brownish

Ampiiicarp.sa. LEGUMINOS^. 165

color. Leaflets smoolii or pubescent, 1^ - ^ iiiclics long, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, the
lateral ones obliciue. Racemes of tlic stem abuvit an inch long, on rather short slender pedun-
cles, solitary or in pairs. Bracts persistent, about a line and a half in diameter. Flowers
pale purple or nearly wliitc, clustered or in pairs in the axils of the bracts. Ve.xillum broadly
obovate-oblong. Keel and wing-petals similar. Apetalous flowers produced on slender,
prostrate, simple or branching peduncles, thrown out from near tlie base of the stem, or
growing directly from the fibrous roots, the former usually partly or wholly covered with loose
earth or decaying leaves. Legumes of the stem about an inch long and a third of an inch
wide, hairy along the sutures. Seeds orbicular, compressed, dark purple. Underground
legumes short and thick, hairy, usually perfecting but one seed, and that larger than those
produced by the stem flowers.

Woods and thickets ; common. August - September. In places where this curious plant
abounds, the hogs often root up the ground to obtain the subterraneous nuts.

Tribe III. GALEGEjE. Brown (partly).

Corolla papilionaceous {or otherwise irregular). Stamens diadclphous (9 (J- 1 ), or sometimes
inonadelplwus. Legume continuous, dehiscent, one-celled, several-seeded {rarely with
cellular transverse partitions between the seeds, hut never separating into joints) ; or
1 - 2-seeded and indehiscent. Radicle incurved or injlcxcd. Cotyledons foliaceous. —
Erect herbs, shrtihs or trees. Leaves usually unequally pinnate, seldom stipellate.
Inflorescence axillary or terminal, in racemes or spikes.

* Leaves uiujuaUi/ pinnate.
9. ROBINIA. Linn. ; DC. mem. Leg. p. 273 ; Endl. gen. 6546. LOCUST.

[ In honor of John and Vespasian Robi.n, French liotanists, who introiluccd the Locust into Europe more than 200 years

ago]

Caly.x short, somewhat campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the two upper segments shorter,
approximated or cohering. Vexillum broad and large : keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Style bearded along the inner side. Legume many-seeded, compressed, straight, nearly
sessile ; the seminiferous suture margined : valves thin. Seeds reniform. — Trees or shrubs
(exclusively North American), usually bearing stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate :
leaflets petiolulate, stipellate. Flowers showy, white or rose-color, in simple, usually
pendant axillary racemes.

1. RoBiNiA PsEUDACACiA, Linii. Commoii Locust-tree.

Branches armed with stipular spines ; racemes loose, drooping and (as well as the legumes)
smooth ; leaflets ovate and oblong-ovate. — Lam. ill. t. 606 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 65 ; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 487 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 242 ; Miclix. f. sylv. 2. p. 1. t. 76 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 261 ; Beck,
hot. p. 82 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 410 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 294.

166 LEGUMINOS^. Robieia.

A tree seldom more than 40 or 50 feet liigli, but occasionally attaining a height of 90 feet.
The young plant is armed with very strong and sharp prickles, which disappear after the trunk
is 3 - 4 inches in diameter. The wood is compact, hard and very durable, generally of a
greenish-yellow color, but sometimes reddish or white. Leaflets in from 4 to 9 pairs, thin
and membranaceous, furnished with minute setaceous stipelles. Racemes 3-5 inches long :
pedicels one-third of an inch long. Flowers about as large as a pea-blossom, mostly resupi-
nate when fully expanded, white and fragrant. Lower tooth of the calyx subulate. Legume
2-3 inches long and half an inch wide, 4 - 6-seeded, rather obtuse. Seeds dark brown.

Not indigenous in any part of the State, but common about houses, and cultivated for the
sale of its wood : almost naturalized in many places. Fl. May - June. Fr. September.

The Locust is one of the most valuable trees of this or of any other country. Its wood
grows rapidly, and long resists decay, even under the most unfavorable circumstances. It is
chiefly used for posts, and underground structures. The most durable kind is that with a
reddish heart, and the white-heart variety is the least so. Its strength is as remarkable as its
durability, and hence it is employed in shipbuilding ; but it can hardly be obtained in sufficient
quantity, and of the requisite size, to be extensively used for this purpose. It answers ad-
mirably for trenails, or the pins by which the planks are fastened to the sides of the vessel.
In the Northern Stales, where the cultivation of the Locust has been attended to, great num-
bers of the trees have been destroyed by the grub of an insect that perforates the wood in
every direction, quite to the centre. The largest locust trees that I have noticed in New-
York, are those on the estate of J. P. Dewint, Esq. at Fishkill Landing, Dutchess county,
where they are about ninety feet in height.

In the western part of the State, R. viscosa is almost naturalized in some places, being
used for hedge-fences.

10. TEPHROSIA. Pers syn. 2. p. 328 ; Endl. gen. 6539. tephrosia.

[ From the Greek, tephros, ash-colored ; in allusion to the color of the foliage.]

Calyx without bracteoles, about equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish,
spreading or reflexed, usually pubescent on the outside : keel obtuse, cohering with the
wings. Stamens monadelphous, or occasionally diadelphous ; the tenth filament sometimes
half united with the others. Style filiform : stigma obtuse, pubescent. Legume linear,
much compressed, many-seeded : valves usually flat. — Shrubby or herbaceous plants,
clothed with a silky villous pubescence. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules free from
the petiole, lanceolate or subulate, never sagittate. Flowers in racemes, white or purplish.

Tepiirosia. LEGUMINOSiE. " 167

§. Brissonia, Neck, lilyh longitudinaUy bearded. Legume more or less velvety or hispid. S:eds

reniform, compressed.

1. Tephrosia Virginiana, Fers. Goat's Rue. Catgut.

Stem villous-pubescent, erect; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 8-14 pairs, oblong-linear or
elliptical, mucronate, silky villous underneath, minutely silky-pubescent above ; calyx very
villous, the segments acuminate and cuspidate, about the length of tlic tube. — Pers. syn. 2.
p. 329 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 245 , Nutt. gen. 2. p. 1 19 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 248 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 139 ; Beck, hot. p. 81 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 409 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.
p. 296. Galega Virginiana, Linn. ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1244 ; Micluc. fl. 2. p. 67.

Roots slender, long and tough. Whole plant clollied with a whitish pubescence. Stems
about a foot high, usually clustered, sometimes inclined. Leaflets about an inch long, of
variable breadth, sometimes only about 2 lines wide, but more commonly about one-tiiird of
an inch. Flowers in a dense terminal raceme, about the size of a pea-blossom, dull yellow
handsomely tinged with purple. Legume about 2 inches long and 3 lines vv'ide, villous,
6 — 8-seeded. Seeds brownish, often speckled.

Dry sandy soils ; often on hill-sides : rather common. Fl. Middle of June to the end of
July. Fr. September. Dr. Darlington states that an infusion of the root is a popular
vermifuge.

Tribe IV. TRIFOLIE^. Bronn.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous (9 ^ 1). Legume continuous, one-celled,
dehiscent and several-seeded, or nearly indeliiscent with one or few seeds. Radicle
inflexed. — Erect or procumbent, mostly low lierhs, rarely somewhat shi~uhby . Leaves
palmately or pinnately trifoliolate, without stipelles : leaflets often toothed or serrulate !
Inflorescence in racemes, spikes, heads or umbels, which are either terminal or axillary,

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

11. Trifolidm. Legumes (small) mostly shorter than the calyx, one- or Beveral-seeilcd, membranaceous, iodehiscent,

or only opening by the ventral suture. — Flowers more or less capitate.

12. Melilotus. Legume globose or ovoid, longer than the calyx, rugose, scarcely dehiscent. — Flowers in racemose

spikes,

13. Medicago. Legume falcate or spirally twisted, compressed, membranaceous.

11. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn. inst. t. 228; Endl. gen. G511. CLOVER. TREFOIL.

[ Named from the Latin, tns, three, and folium, a leaf]

Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the segments or teeth subulate or seta-
ceous. Corolla mostly persistent or marcescent ; the petals all usually more or less united
at the base, free from (or occasionally coherent with) the slamen-lube. Vexillum longer

168 LEGUMINOSiE. Trifolium.

than the wings, and mostly longer than the keel. Ovary 2 - 6-ovuled : style filiform.
Legumes small, membranaceous, 1 - 2- or sometimes 3 - 6-seeded, indehiscent or often
dehiscent by the ventral suture, included in the calyx-tube, or sometimes exserted on a short
stipe. — Herbs, often cssspitose or diffuse. Leaves palmately 3- (rarely 5 - 7-) foliolate,
or occasionally pinnately trifoliolate : leaflets usually denticulate ; the veins straight, simple
or forked. Stipules growing to the base of the petiole. Flowers in dense spikes or heads ;
sometimes only few, and then umbellate, bracteate.

* Corolla marcescent or decidumts, never yellow : fimeers in ovate heads, not dcjlcxcd when old ; calyx not inflated after

flowering.

1. Trifolium arvense, Linn. Stone Clover. Rahhit-foot.

Plant somewhat silky-pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; leaflets spatulate-Ianceolate,
obtuse, longer than the petiole ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; heads oblong-cylindrical, very
villous ; teeth of the calyx setaceous, longer than the corolla, at length spreading. — Engl. hot.
t. 944 ; Michx.Jl. 2. p. 59 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 202 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 270 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 190 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 131 ; Beck, hot. p. 79 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 406 ; Torr. ^- Gr.
ft. N.Am. 1. p. 313.

Annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, usually much branched, but often nearly simple.
Leaflets about three-fourths of an inch long, emarginate and mucronate, entire or obscurely
serrulate. Stipules with a long subulate point. Spikes from half an inch to an inch long,
finally tawny, at first nearly sessile, but at length pedunculate. Corolla very small, white or
pale rose-color, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume one-seeded. Seed oval.

Old sandy fields, sterile hill-sides, etc. ; common. Introduced from Europe. April - No-
vember.

2. Trifolium fratense, Linn. Red Clove?:

Stems ascending ; leaflets oval, obovate or broadly obovate, often retuse or emarginate,
nearly entire ; stipules broadly lanceolate, acuminate with a long subulate point ; heads of
flowers ovoid, dense, nearly sessile, bracteate ; teeth of the calyx setaceous, lower one much
longer than the others, which are equal and about half the length of the corolla. — Pursh, fl.
2. p. 478 ; Engl. hot. t. 1 170 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 202 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 195 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 271 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 191 ; Beck, hot. p. 79 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 406 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 314.

Root perennial, according to most authors ; biennial, according to some. Stem from 1 to
2 feet high or more. Leaflets often marked with a whitish lunulale spot. Flowers purplish
red; the petals united into a tube at the base. Legume one-seeded. Seed nearly reniform.

Meadows, cultivated fields, etc. ; extensively naturalized. May - September. — The
Common Red Clover is well known as a most valuable fodder plant ; making either by itself,
or mixed with true grasses, the best sort of hay. "Authors generally consider this species a

Trifolium. LEGUMINOS^. 169

perennial; but a distinguislied agriculturalist of New-Kngland asserts positively that it is a
biennial, and my own observation inclines mc to the same opinion. It is certain that a very
large proportion of the plants disappear after the second year ; and those which apparently
remain, may be only a succession of young plants from fallen seeds. I perceive also that
Mr. Sinclair, in his Hortus Gramineus, speaks of the Red Clover as a biennial." Darlington.

** Corolla persistent, never yellow, turning broienisk when old : Jlmoers in globose heads, dejlexed when old : calyx not

injhttcd after Jlowering.

3. Trifolium reflexum, Linn. Buffalo Clover.

Plant pubescent ; stem ascending or decumbent ; leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong, some-
times emarginate, crenulate-serrulate ; stipules foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate ; heads of flowers
somewhat umbellate, dense ; calyx hairy, parted nearly to the base , the teeth subulate, half
as long as the corolla ; vexillum broadly ovate ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. — Michx. jl. 2. p. 59;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 447 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 282 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 201 (not of Waldst. <^ Kit.);
Hook, in hot. mag. t. 3471 ; Torr. <J- Gr.jl. N. Am. l.p.315. T. Pennsylvanicum, Willd.
enum. p. 793 ; DC. I. c.

Root annual or biennial ? perennial according to Muhlenberg. Stems a foot or more in
length. Head of flowers globose, an inch in diameter. Flowers distinctly pedicellate ; the
lower ones at length deflexed. Yexillum rose-red : wings and keel white.

Near Salina Lake, Dr. Sartiuell ; also in the neighborhood of Utica, Miss Shelden {Dr.
Knieskcrn). Genesee Falls, Prof . Dewey {Eaton). June. A common species in the Western
States. • ., . . . ,

•

4. Trifolium repens, Linn. White Clover.

*

Plant smooth ; stems creeping, diff'use ; leaflets obcordate, serrulate ; stipules scarious,
narrowly lanceolate ; heads of flowers globose, somewhat umbellate, on long axillary pedun-
cles ; teeth of the calyx unequal; legume about 4-seeded. — Engl. hot. t. 1769 ; Michx. Jl. 2.
p. 59 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 477 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 201 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 271 ; Beck, hot. p. 80;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 407 ; Torr. <^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 316.

Root perennial. Leaves on long slender petioles : leaflets often obovate and emarginate or
nearly entire, commonly marked with a pale semilunar spot. Heads of flowers depressed-
globose. Teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube. Corolla white, be-
coming purplish, and at length of a pale dirty brown.

Fields and pastures, every where. April - November. This species must be native, for
it springs spontaneously from the soil, even when turned up from considerable depths, where
the seeds have probably lain dormant for ages. Li climates that are not too warm, it is
superior to all other plants for pasturage. In the South, according to Mr. Elliott, stock of
every description eat it sparingly, and apparently with reluctance. He states that it affects
very sensibly the salivary glands, sometimes producing complete salivation.

[Flora.] 22

170 LEGUMINOSiE. Trifolium.

»♦♦ CoroUa yeUmo, turning brmcn when old, scarims ami persistent : flowers in ovale heads, dcflexed when old : calyx not

influled after flowering.

5. Trifolium agrarium, Linn. Yellow Clover. Hop Clover.

Stem ascending or erect, minutely pubescent ; leaves on rather short petioles ; leaflets
cuneate-oblong or obovate-oblong, often emarginate, denticulate, all nearly sessile ; stipules
foliaceous, linear-lanceolate, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length ; heads of
flowers dense, on rather short peduncles ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; vexillum striate when
old ; legume 1-seeded. — Pursli,fl. 2. p. 478 ; To7-r. compend. p. 266 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 205 ;
Beck, hot. p. 79 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 408.

Root annual. Stems about a foot high, usually growing in patches, branching. Leaflets
nearly an inch long, smooth. Heads of flowers about half an inch in diameter, on rather short
peduncles, mostly terminal. Calyx nearly smooth ; the two upper teeth shorter. Corolla at
first bright yellow, but of a chestnut brown when old.

Sandy soils and dry woods, in various places along the Hudson, particularly in the vicinity
of Troy, Shore of Lake Ontario, near Sacket's-Harbor {Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June - Au-
gust. Introduced from Europe.

12. MELILOTUS. Tourn. inst. 406. t. 229 ; Endl. gen. 6510. melilot.

[ From the Greek, met, honey, and loVus, a leguminous plant so called.]

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla deciduous : vexillum free, longer than the wings : keel petals
completely united, cohering witH the wings, free from the stamen-tube. Style terminal,
filiform. Legumes coriaceous, globose or ovoid, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent,
1- or few-seeded. — Annual or perennial (odorous) herbs. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate :
leaflets mostly toothed ; the veins simple or forked. Stipules growing to the base of the
petiole. Flowers in axillary somewhat spiked racemes, yellow or white.

1. Melilotus officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot.

Stem erect ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, remotely serrate ; racemes loose ; teeth of the
calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; corolla (yellow) more tiian twice the length of the calyx ;
petals nearly equal in length ; legumes ovoid, wrinkled, 2-seeded. — Willd. enum. p. 190 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 199 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 186 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 130 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 320. M. vulgaris. Eat. man. ed. 7. p. 391. Trifolium officinale, «. Linn.
T. officinale, Bigel fl,. Bost. p. 272 ; Engl. hot. t. 1340.

Root annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth, with spreading branches. Leaflets about an
inch long, sharply serrate. Racemes 2-3 inches or more in length ; the flowers retrorsely
imbricated, about 3 lines long. Style long and tapering. Legume about 2 lines long, gibbous.

Melilotus. LErxUMINOS^. 171

Banks of rivers ; common along the Mohawk ; rather rare in other parts of the State, and
not found to my knowledge below Hudson. Fl. June - August. Introduced from Europe.

The plant, when dry, has an agreeable odor, much like that of the Sweet-scented Vernal-
grass {Anthoxanthum odoratwn). It is said to be the chief ingredient used for flavoring the
Gruyere cheese.

2. Melilotus leucantha, Koc?i. White MelUot.

Stem erect ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate at the apex, mucronate, remotely serrate ;
racemes loose ; teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; corolla (white) more than
twice the length of the calyx, the keel and wings shorter than the vexillum ; legumes ovoid,
wrinkled, 2-seeded. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 186; Hook, in Engl. hot. suppl. t. 2689; Torr. ^
Gr.jl. N, Am. l.p. 321. M. vulgaris, Willd. enum. I. p. 190. M. ofiicinalis, Pursh,fl. 2.
p. 477. M. officinalis, 13. alba, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 104. M. alba, Thuil. ; Eat. I. c. Tri-
folium officinale, ^. Linn.

Root biennial {DC). Stem 3-6 feet high, branching. Leaflets about an inch long,
sharply serrate. Flowers smaller than in the preceding species. Legumes strongly wrinkled,
often one-seeded. Seeds ovoid.

With M. officinalis, and flowering at the same time. It is a stouter plant, and easily dis-
tinguished by its yellow and smaller flower. Both are sweet-scented when dry.

13. MEDIC AGO. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6507. ' MEDICK.

[A name applied by the Greeks to one of the species of this genus, introduced into their country by the Medes.'\

Calyx somewhat cylindrical, 5-cleft. Keel of the corolla remote from the vexillum. Style
smooth. Legume usually many-seeded, of various forms, falcate or spirally coiled. —
Herbaceous, or rarely shrubby plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Stipules often in-
cised, growing to the petiole. Peduncles axillary, 1 - 2- or several-flowered. Flowers
mostly yellow, sometimes purple or violet.

1. Medicago sativa, Linn. Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate ; flowers in oblong
racemes ; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 173 ; Engl. hot.
t. 1479 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 405 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 321.

Root perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect or oblique. Leaflets about an inch long,
pubescent underneath, the terminal one remote. Racemes on peduncles 6-10 lines long.
Flowers pedicellate, violet-purple.

Fields and cultivated grounds ; scarcely naturalized. A native of Europe. June - July.
This species is much cultivated in the south of Europe as an herbage plant, and was once in

22*

172 LEGUMINOSiE. Medicago.

great repute in England and the United States ; and though now generally neglected, it is a
favorite with some intelligent agriculturalists. The late Jesse Buel, Esq. of Albany, cultivated
it with oreat success. Its average duration is ten or twelve years.

2. Medicago lupulina, Linn. Black Medich, or Nonesuch.

Stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate-cuncate, toothed at the apex ; stipules nearly entire ;
flowers in capitate spikes , legumes reniform, one-seeded. — Engl. hot. t. 971 ; Michx. jl. 2.
p. 60 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 247 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 172 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 278 ; Beck, hot. p. 78 ;
Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 405 ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 322.

Root annual. Stems 6-12 inches long, several spreading from the same root, pubescent.
Leaflets about half an inch long, often broadly obovate, or nearly orbicular. Peduncles usually
longer than the leaves. Heads of flowers at first roundish, about one-fourth of an inch in
diameter, at length oblong. Corolla pale yellow. Legumes black wlien ripe, reticulated with
elevated curved lines.

Fields and cultivated grounds, road-sides, etc. ; common. June - August. Introduced
from Europe.

Several other species of this genus are occasionally found in the neighborhood of cloth
factories, having been introduced in foreign wool ; but they can hardly be considered as yet
naturalized.

Tribe V. ASTRAGALEjE. Adans.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamen diadclphous (9 <J- 1). Legumes continuous, turgid or
injlated {rarely Jlattened), ojlen spuriously 2-celled by the introjlexion of one of the
sutures, dehiscent, mostly several-seeded. Cotijledons foliaceous in germination : radicle
incurved. — Herbaceous {all the Nwth American species), or rarely somewhat shrubby.
Leaves unequally pinnate {very rarely palmately trifoliolate), without stipelles. In-
florescence axillary or radical, racemose or spiked.

14. ASTRAGALUS. Linn, (partly) ; Endl. gen. 6573. milk vetch.

[A name given by the Greeks to a leguminous plant supposed to be of this genus.]

Calyx 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Legume longitudinally more or less perfectly 2-celled by
the introflexion of the lower (dorsal) suture. — Herbaceous, more or less canescent plants ;
the hairs often fixed by the middle. Leaflets numerous. Stipules often adhering to the
base of the petiole. Flowers in spikes or racemes.

1. Astragalus Canadensis, Linn. (Plate XXV.) Canadian Milk Vetch.

Tall and erect, canescent ; stipules broadly lanceolate, acuminate, not cohering with the
petiole, nor with each other ; leaflets usually 10 (rarely 12-14) pairs, elliptical or oblong,

Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. 173

obtuse ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; spikes oblong or elongated ; bracts subulate,
nearly as long as the calyx ; flowers (ochroleucous) spreading and partly reflexed ; legumes
ovate-oblong, terete, erect, coriaceous, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded ; the upper suture
prominent and acute. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1274 ; " Dodar. mem. t. 64 ;" Pursh, fl. 2. p. 472 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 227 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 93 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 152 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 1. p. 33. A. Carolinianus, Linn. ; MicJix.fl. 2. p. 66 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Root perennial. Stem 1-3 feet high, robust, with somewhat erect branches. Leaflets
from tiirce-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long, nearly smooth above, pubescent
underneath ; the hairs fi.\ed by the middle. Spikes erect, at first ovate and only about an
inch long, finally cylindrical and 2-4 inches or more in length. Flowers three-fourths of an
inch long, yellowish-white. Teeth of the calyx scarcely one-fourth the length of the tube.
Legumes sessile, 5-6 lines long and 2-3 lines in diameter, abruptly pointed with the
remains of the style, forming a compact head or spike, perfectly 2-celled. Seeds 10 - 15,
reniform, compressed, light brown.

Banks of rivers and lakes ; chiefly in the northern and western counties ; not found below
Hudson. Fl. .Tune - August. — No other Astragalus has hitherto been found within the
limits of New-York. Forty other species are natives of North America, chiefly in the regions
west of the Mississippi and in British America.

15. PHACA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 6571. bastard vetcb.

[ From phai.e or pkakos, the Greek name for lentil.]

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the 2 upper teeth often a little remote from each other. Keel
obtuse. Legume mostly turgid or inflated, one-celled, the upper (placental) suture some-
what tumid. — Mostly perennial herbs, with axillary pedunculate racemes. Legumes, when
mature, often resupinate by the twisting of the pedicels.

1. PiiACA NEGLECTA, Torr. Sf Gr. (Plate XXVI.) Bastard Vetch.

Plant nearly smooth ; stem erect, branching ; leaflets 6-10 pairs, elliptical, often emargi-
nate, smooth above, pubescent with appressed hairs underneath ; stipules triangular-ovate ;
peduncles about the length of the leaves ; spikes oblong, many-flowered ; calyx campanulate,
pubescent with blackish hairs, the subulate teeth much shorter than the tube ; legume sessile,
globose-ovoid, pointed, coriaceo-membranaceous, flattened on the upper side, and deeply
grooved by the introflexion of the ventral sutLire. — Torr. (J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 344.

Root perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, rather slender, terete, sparingly branched. Leaflets
about three-fourths of an inch long and one-fourth of an inch wide, each with short partial
petioles. Hairs of the pubescence fixed by the middle. Stipules 2-3 lines long. Peduncles
somewhat spreading, slender. Spikes 15 - 25-flowered ; the flowers about as large as in
Astragalus Canadensis, white. Legumes three-fourths of an inch long and half an inch in

174 LEGUMINOS^. Phaca.

diameter ; the dorsal suture slightly, the placental suture rather deeply introflexed, so that
the fruit is imperfectly 2-celled. Seeds numerous, small.

Gravelly banks of rivers and lakes ; also in sandy woods. Western part of the State, from
the Onondaga Lake to the Falls of Niagara. Fl. June - July. Fr. August. This plant,
which is by no means rare in our State, and which occurs also in Ohio and Wisconsin, was
discovered about twenty-five years ago by William Cooper, Esq., but was never described
till lately. In flower it strongly resembles Astragalus Canadensis, but can be known by its
shorter and looser spikes, white corolla, and by the nearly campanulate, not tubular calyx.
In fruit they are easily distinguished.

Tribe VI. HEDYSAREjE. DC.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens either monadelphous or diadelphous (9^1, or 5 ^ 5).
Legume (lament) transversely divided into several indehiscent one-seeded joints, occa-
sionally reduced to a single one-seeded cell. Embryo mostly with foliaceous cotyledons :
radicle incurved, rarely almost straight. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly or un-
equally pinnate, or pinnately 2 - 3-foliolate, rarely palmately 2 — b-foliolate, occasionally
reduced to a single leaflet, often stipellate.

16. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 354; Endl. gen. 6606.

PENCIL-FL O WER.
[ From the Greek, styUis, a column, and anlhos, a flower ; the long nanow calyx-tube appearing to support the flower.]

Flowers of two kinds intermixed ; the one kind complete, but sterile ; the other destitute of
calyx and corolla, and fertile. Sterile fl. Calyx somewhat bilabiate, with 2 bracteoles
at the base ; the tube long and slender : upper lip 2-cleft ; lower lip 3-cleft. Corolla
inserted in the throat of the calyx : vexillum broad : keel cymbiform, small. Stamens
monadelphous : anthers alternately linear and ovate. Ovary sessile, with 2-3 ovules,
always sterile : style filiform, very long : stigma capitate, minute, smooth. Fertile fl.
consisting of a sessile ovary between 2 bracteoles. Stamens none. Style short and re-
curved. Legume 1 — 2-jointed ; the upper joint ovoid, acuminate and uncinate with the
persistent style ; the lower joint often abortive, and resembhng a stipe. Seeds ovate.
Cotyledons thick. Embryo curved or nearly straight. — Small herbaceous or sufiruticose
plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petiole, and sheathing. Spikes
few-flowered, terminal, imbricated with stipules and hispidly ciliate bracts.

1. Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz. (Plate XXVIL) Pencil-Jloicer.

Stem herbaceous, erect or procumbent, pubescent on one side ; leaflets lanceolate, smooth ;
spikes few-flowered ; bracts lanceolate, and, as well as the uppermost leaflets, spinulose-

Stylosantiies. LEGUMINOSiE. 175

ciliate ; legume 2-jointed, the lower joint sterile and stipe-like. — Swarlz in act. Holm. 1789,
t. II. f. 2, ex DC. prodr. 2. ;;. 318 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1167 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 106 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 203 ; Beck, hot. p. 83 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 411 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. I. p. 354.
S. hispida, MicJix.fl. 2. p. 75, not of Richard. Arachis aprica, Walt.jl. Car. p. 182. Tri-
folium biflorum, Linn.

Root perennial. Stem 6-12 inches long, somewhat cespitose, slender and wiry, sparingly
branched at the summit. Leaves on short petioles. Leaflets about an inch long, acute at
each end, prominently veined underneath ; those of the lower leaves sparingly ciliate towards
the summit. Stipules cohering (except their long subulate points) with the petiole, and also
with each other on the opposite side of the stem, forming a close cylindrical sheath (like the
ochrecB of Polygonum) ; those on the lower part of the stem often naked (from the abortion
of the leaflets, or their falling off with the growth of the plant). Spikes 3 - C-flowered ; the
flowers subtended by leafy bracts, and each with a pair of lanceolate-ciliate bracteoles at the
base ; one or more of the flowers fertile, but destitute of calyx, corolla and stamens. Ovary
of the fertile flower attenuated at the base, 2-ovuled ; in maturity, forming a small, obovate,
2-jointed, coriaceous legume, the lower joint of which is constantly abortive, furnishing a short
thick stipe. Seed soHtary : radicle very short, either nearly straight or slightly curved.
Sterile flowers 4-5 lines in diameter, seldom more than two in each spike. Calyx-tube
slender and resembling a pedicel, concealed by the sheathing bases of the bracts. Corolla
orange-yellow : vexillum twice as long as the other petals, retuse : wings obovate : keel
cymbiform, entire at the apex. Ovary linear-oblong, enclosed in the base of the calyx-tube,
and falling oft' with it, apparently always abortive : style long and thread-like.

Sandy woods, and dry gravelly hills. Suffolk county. Long Island ; and Manhattanville, on
the Island of New-York. Fl. Latter part of July - September. Fr. September - October.

17. DESMODIUM. DC. mem. Leg., ^ prodr. 2. p. 325 ; Endl. gen. 6615. desmodium.

Species of Hedysarum, Linn.
[ From the Greek, desmos, a chain ; the jointed fruit having some resemblance to that article.]

Calyx with two bracteoles at the base, usually more or less 2-lipped (rarely almost entire) ;
upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed, often entire ; the lower 3-parted or 3-toothed. Corolla in-
serted into the base of the calyx : vexillum roundish : keel obtuse, but not truncate. Stamens
diadelphous (9 & 1), or monadelphous from the base to the middle and free above, rarely
wholly monadelphous. Legume (loment) compressed, composed of several one-seeded
joints, which at length separate. — Herbaceous (all the North American species) or suf-
frutescent plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate : leaflets stipellate. Flowers in axillary or
terminal (often paniculate) loose racemes, small, purplish, often turning green in withering.
Joints of the pod (in the North American species) reticulated, and more or less hispid with
short hooked hairs.

176 LEGUMINOSiE. Desmodium.

& 1. Stamens wholly or partly monadelphous : calyx toothed or nearly entire : legume siipitaie.
1. Desmodium nudiflorum, DC. Naked-Jloioered Desmodium.

Stem erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaflets broadly ovate ; raceme much longer than
the stem, proceeding from its base, scape-like, usually naked ; stamens perfectly monadel-
phous ; calyx broadly campanulate, upper lip entire, the lower slightly 3-toothed ; legumes
on a very long stipe, straight on the back, of 2 - 4 obtusely triangular joints. — BC. prodr. 2.
p. 330 ; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 154 ; Beck, hot. p. 85 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 418 ; Terr.
4- Gr. fl. N. A771. 1. p. 358. Hedysarum nudiflorum, Linn. ; Miclix. fl. 2. p. 71 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 483 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 209 ; Bigel fl. Bast. p. 275.

Stem 6-12 inches high, pubescent. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, a little glaucous under-
neath, slightly acuminate, the margin finely ciliale. Stipules subulate, caducous. Scape arising
from near the root, li - 3 feet high, curved at the base, and then ascending some distance
from the leafy stem ; not unfrequently furnished with one or more small trifoliolate leaves.
Panicle racemose ; the flowers on slender pedicels 5-10 lines in length, which are sometimes
in pairs. Calyx a little pubescent, the border at length spreading ; lowest tooth small, acute ;
the other teeth obscure or obsolete. Corolla bright purple ; the keel pale : vexillum with
two dark spots near the base. Legume mostly 2 - 3-jointed, slightly pubescent ; lower angle
of the joints rounded : stipe slender, nearly an inch long.

Dry woods ; common. July - August.

2. Desmodium acuminatum, DC. Pointed-leaved Desmodium.

Stem erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves on very long petioles ; leaflets conspicuous-
ly acuminate, broadly ovate or roundish ; panicle terminal, on a long naked peduncle ; calyx
campanulate ; upper lip obtuse, slightly emarginate ; lower lip 3-lobed ; stamens monadelphous
below the middle ; joints of the legume 2 - 3, scmioval. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 329 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. \. p 154 ; Beck, hot. p. 85 ; Darlingt. fl. Cost. p. 417 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
1. p. 358. Hedysarum acuminatum, Linn.; Michx. fl. I. p. 72; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 48 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 209 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 275. H. glulinosum, Wiild. sp. 3. p. 1198.

Stem about a foot high, nearly smooth, or sprinkled with soft hairs. Leaflets 2-4 inches
long, thin and membranaceous : petioles 2-6 inches long. Stipules subulate, hairy. Fhiwers
in a long racemose slender panicle ; the peduncle a foot or more in length ; pedicels 2 — 4
lines long. Flowers pale purple, not turning green in decay. Teeth of the calyx much
deeper than in the preceding species. Legume with large joints ; the stipe about as long as
the pedicel.

Fertile woods ; common. July.

Desmodium. LEGUMINOS^. 177

§ 2. Stamens diadelpkous (the tenth stamen sometimes connected with the others near the base) ; calyx
2-lipped, cleft below the middle ; legume subsessile.

3. Desmodium Canadense, DC. Canadian Desmodium.

Stem erect, liairy, striate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, very much longer than the petioles ;
stipules lanceolate, ratlier persistent ; racemes terminal, and in the axils of the uppermost
leaves ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx deeply bilabiate ; upper lip oblong, 2-cleft
at the point , the lower 3-parted, with lanceolate segments ; joints of the legume semiovate-
triangular, truncate at both ends, hispid. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 328 ; Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 154;
Beck, bot. p. 82; Torr. ^- Gr.fi. N. Am. l.p. 359. Hedysarum Canadense, Linn.; Willd.
sp. 3. p. 1187; Ton: compend. p. 267 ; Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 275.

Stem 3-6 feet high, often branched. Leaves on comparatively short petioles (about half
an inch long) : leaflets 2-3 inches long, tapering to the summit but rather obtuse, strigosely
pubescent underneath, nearly smooth above. Racemes numerous, erect, forming a terminal
panicle. Bracts imbricated, of a reddish brown color, very conspicuous before the flowers are
expanded. Flowers rather pale violet-blue. Stamens diadelphous about half their length.
Legume an inch long, very hispid : joints 3-4 (sometimes 5), about two lines in diameter,
a little convex on the upper side, rounded and somewhat angular below.

Borders of woods, and rather moist copses ; not rare. August - September. This species
can be distinguished by its tall stem, and large, rather close panicle of flowers, the bracts of
which are very conspicuous in the bud.

4. Desmodium canescens, DC. Hoary Desmodium.

Stem erect, branching, clothed with horizontal hairs, and somewhat scabrous ; leaflets ovate,
rather acute, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, reticulated underneath ; petiole as long as the
leaflets ; stipules large, obliquely ovate, acuminate ; upper lip of the calyx entire or slightly
bifid, the lower tooth lanceolate and longest ; legume of 4 - 6 oblong-triangular strongly hispid
joints. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 328 ; Beck, bot. p. 84 ; Darlingt. fi.. Cest. p. 415 ; Torr. <^ Gr.
ft. N. Am. 1. p. 359. D. viridiflorum, DC. I. c. D. Aikinianum, Beck, I. c. Hedysarum
canescens, Linn. hort. Cliff, (not of Willd.); Pursh, fi. 2. p. 482. H. viridiflorum, Willd.
sp. 3. p. 1192 (not of Linn.) ; Michx.fi. 2. p. 71 ; Pursh, I. c. H. Aikini, Eat. man. ed. 7.
p. 166.

Stem 3-5 feet high, more or less hairy ; the hairs partly long and spreading horizontally,
and partly very short and hooked. Leaflets 2-4 inches long, thin ; the pubescence like that
of the stem, of two kinds, the longer hairs stiff and appressed, the shorter ones uncinate, so
that the leaves adhere pretty strongly to cloth and rough paper. Stipules nearly half an inch
long, persistent, scarious. Racemes forming a loose terminal panicle : pedicels 4-8 lines
long. Corolla violet-purple, becoming green in withering. Legume 1^-2 inches long, on
a very short stipe : joints one-third of an inch long, truncate at both ends.

Moist rich soils : common in the interior of the State, particularly in the western and south-
western counties ; also on the islands near Troy. August.
[Flora.] 23

178 LEGUMINOSiE. Desmodium-

5. Desmodium Dillenii, Darlingt. Dilleniuss Desmodium.

Stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, somewhat villous and
glaucous underneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes slenJer, forming a loose terminal panicle ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate ; upper lip of the calyx entire or slightly emarginate ; lower tooth twice
as long as the lateral ones ; legumes of 3 - 4 rhomboid reticulated hispid joints. — Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 414 ; Torr. 4- Gr.fl. iV. Am. I. p. 360. B. Marilandicum, DC. prodr. 1. p. 238,
excl. syn. Linn.; Beck, hot. p. 84. D. Boottii, Torr. in Curt. cat. Wilmingt. pi. Hedy-
sarum Marilandicum, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1189 (not of Linn.); Pursh, fl. 2. p. 482 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 214.

Stem about 3 feet high, sulcate, clothed with soft pubescence. Leaflets H - 3 inches long,
thin, sometimes acute, but commonly more or less obtuse ; the hairs on the under surface
appressed, not rough to the touch. Common petiole often nearly or quite as long as the
leaflets. Stij^ules small and <leciduous. Panicle large and slender. Flowers smaller than in
most of the preceding species. Lower tooth of the caly.x: twice as long as the lateral teeth.
Corolla purple, changing to bluish green. Stamens diadelphous nearly to the base. Legume
about an inch long, on a stipe a little longer than the calyx ; the joints distinctly rhomboid,
connected by a narrow isthmus, smaller than in the preceding species.

Dry fertile open woods, and in thickets ; rather common. August.

Resembles D. canescens, but distinguished by its smoother leaves (which do not adhere to
paper), narrow stipules, and less numerous rhombic joints of the legumes.

6. Desmodium cuspidatum, Torr. S)- Gi'. 'Large-hr acted Desmodium.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaflets ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules lanceo-
late, acuminate ; panicle elongated, sparingly branched ; bracts (conspicuous) ovate, cuspidate,
striate ; lower tooth of the calyx much longer than the triangular teeth ; stamens perfectly
diadelphous ; legumes of 4 - 6 triangular-oblong sparingly hispid joints.— To^t. <J- Gr.fl. N.
Am. I. p. 360. D. bracteosum, DC. prodr. 2. p. 329 ; Beck, hot. p. 85 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 416. Hedysarum cuspidatum, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1188; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 482;
Bigel.fl.Bost. p. 21(6 ; Torr. co?npend. p. 269. H. hracleosum, Michx.fl. 2. p. 73 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 483 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 213.

Stem 3—5 feet high, nearly simple. Leaflets 2-5 inches long, much paler underneath,
almost perfectly smooth on both surfaces : stipellcs svibulate, conspicuous ; stipules persistent,
half an inch or more in length, with a long subulate point. Flowers in a large open panicle,
the branches of which are only slightly rough. Flowers often sterile, violet-purple. Legume
often two inches in length, nearly sessile ; the joints a little rounded on the back.

Banks of rivers, and rocky open woods. August,

Desmodicm. LEGUMINOSJE. 179

7. Desmodium viridiflorum, Beck. Velvet-leaved Desmodium.

Stem erect; densely pubescent, a little rough towards the summit ; leaflets ovate, mostly
obtuse, rough above, velvety tomcntose underneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
rather persistent ; panicle elongated, naked ; upper lip of the calyx slightly bifid ; legume of
3-4 roundish-triangular very hispid joints. — Beck, bot. p. 83 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 415,
(not of DC); Torr. <^ Gr.JI. jV. Am. 1. p. 360. Hedysarum viridiflorum, Linn. sp. 1055;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 217 (not of Willd.).

Stem 3-4 feet high, rather stout, paniculately branched. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, of a
thick and firm texture ; the under surface usually clothed veith a very dense soft pubescence,
but sometimes rather liairy than velvety : common petiole about one-fourth the length of the
leaflets. Panicle witii few rather short branches. Bracts very small, shorter than the flower-
buds. Lowest tooth of the calyx elongated. Corolla violet-purple, turning greenish soon after
it is fully expanded. Legume about three-fourths of an inch long ; the joints convex above,
rounded and very obtusely angular below.

Sandy copse on the borders of a small wood about half a mile from the South Ferry,
Brooklyn, Long Island ; also borders of Harlem river from Manhattanville to Kingsbridge,
on the Island of New-York. Latter part of July - September.

8. Desmodium Marilandicum, Boott. S?nooth Small-leaved Desmodium.

Stem erect, simple, slender, nearly smooth ; leaflets (small) ovate, very obtuse, often
slightly cordate, thin ; petiole as long as rfie lateral leaflets, smooth ; stipules lanceolate-
subulate, caducous ; panicle elongated ; bracts lanceolate-ovate, very small ; pedicels 2-3
times as long as the flower ; legume with 2 — 3 hispid, somewhat semiorbicular joints. —
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 412 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. l.p. 362. D. obtusum, DC. prodr. 2.
p. 329 ; Beck, bot. p. 84. Hedysarum Marilandicum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 748 (excl. syn. Dill.),
not of Willd., Muhl, <^c. H. obtusum, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1 190 ? ; Pursh,jl. 2. p. 482 ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 109 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 212.

Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, except near the summit, which is often a little rough. Leaves
about three-fourths of an inch in length, the lower ones broader and often nearly round ;
petioles slender. Stipules usually falKng very early. Pedicels filiform, 5 — 8 lines long.
Flowers small, violet-purple, becoming greenish in withering. Calyx smooth ; upper lip
nearly entire, shorter than the others : lower tooth lanceolate, nearly twice as long as the
obtuse-triangular lateral ones. Legume half an inch long, sometimes reduced to a single
joint, which is then larger than usual, nearly sessile in the calyx.

Dry hill-sides, sandy fields and borders of woods ; rather common. August.

23*

180 LEGUMINOSiE. Djesmodium..

9. Desmodium ciliare, DC. Hairy Small-leaved Desmodimn.

Stem erect, mostly simple, rather slender, hairy ; leaves crowded, on short hairy petioles ;
leaflets (small) ovate or oval, obtuse, rather coriaceous, pubescent and somewhat ciliate ;
stipules subulate-linear, rather persistent ; lower branches of the panicle mostly elongated ;
pedicels little longer than the flowers ; legumes witli 2-3 semiorbicular or obliquely roundish-
obovate hispid joints. — DC. prodr. 2. j). 330 ; Beck, hot. p. 84 ; Dariingt. fl. Cest. p. 413 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 362. Hedysarum ciliare, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1190 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 482 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 109 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 212 ; Torr. compend. p. 268.

Stems 2-3 feet high, commonly several from one root, more or less hairy. Leaflets
about three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch or more in breadth. Petioles of the upper
leaves very short ; those of the lower ones a little longer. Panicle scabrous with short hooked
hairs. Calyx hairy ; the upper lip notched : lower tooth lanceolate, one-third longer than the
2 oblong, obtuse lateral ones. Corolla and fruit as in the preceding species.

Sandy fields, hill-sides and copses. August - September. Very near D. Marilandicum,
and best distinguished by its hairy stem and leaves, short hairy petioles and pedicels.

10. Desmodium rigidum, DC. Rigid Desmodium.

Stem erect, branching, clothed with a rough pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse,
ciliate, rough above, hairy underneath, tlie lateral ones smaller, much longer than the hairy
petiole ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; racemes paniculate, erect,
very long ; pedicels a little longer than the flowers ; legumes with 2 or 3 semiobovate or
obliquely ovate hispid joints. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 330 ; Dariingt. fl. Cest. p. 413 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. 1. p. 362. Hedysarum rigidum. Ell. sk. 2. p. 315.

Stem 2 — 3 feet high, paniculate-branched and somewhat rigid, striate ; the pubescence
■consisting of short hooked hairs. Leaflets 1-3 inches long, rather coriaceous ; the veins
strongly reticulated and elevated. Petiole varying in length from 3 to 8 lines. Flowers
small ; the pedicels rather thick. Calyx pubescent.; segments of the calyx rather acute,
lowest one longest. Stamens diadelphous nearly to the base. Legume nearly sessile, 5-8
lines long.

Dry hill-sides and borders of woods in sandy soil ; Island of New- York, Staten Island,
and Long Island. August. This species sometimes has the leaves smaller and broader,
■when it is not easy to distinguish it from D. ciliare.

11. Desmodium paniculatum, DC. Panicled Desmodium.

Whole plant nearly smooth ; stem erect, slender ; petioles about one-third the length of the
oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse leaflets ; stipules subulate, deciduous ; racemes forming a
large spreading panicle ; pedicels rather longer than the flower, slender ; legume straight,

Desmodium. LEGtJMINOS^. 181

slightly hispid ; legume of 3 - 5 triangular-rhomboid joints. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 329 ; Beck,
bot. p. 85 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 411 ; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 363. Hedysarum
paniculatum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 748 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 483 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 210 ; Bigel. Jl. East,
p. 27G ; Torr. compend. p. 269.

Stems 2-3 feet high, often clustered. Leaflets 1-3 inches long, often lanceolate, and
the lower ones sometimes oval-oblong, rather thin, bright green, and often a little shining
above : common petiole from half an inch to an inch in length. Panicle loose, widely spread-
ing ; the flowers small, purple. Calyx pubescent ; upper lip emarginate ; lower tooth much
the longest. Legume about three-fourths of an inch long, raised on a short stipe ; the joints
considerably larger than in the preceding species, distinctly angled on the back.

Dry woods, copses and liill-sides ; very common. August.

12. Desmodium rotundifolium, DC. Round-lea/ved Desmodium.

Stem prostrate, hairy ; leaflets orbicular, pubescent ; stipules (large) broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, reflexed, persistent ; racemes axillary and terminal ; calyx deeply and somewhat equally
4-cleft, the upper segment 2-toothed ; legumes almost equally sinuate on both edges, of 3 - 6
rhomboid-oval joints. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 330 ; Beck, bot. p. 85 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 418 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 364. Hedysarum rotundifolium, MicJix.fl. 2. p. 72; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 484 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 213 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 274.

Stem a little branching, 2-4 feet long, striate, clothed with brownish spreading or retrorse
hairs. Leaflets 1-2 inches in diameter, thin, strigosely hairy on both sides ; terminal one
obtusely cuneate at the base. Petiole 1-1^ inch long. Racemes few-flowered, pedunculate :
pedicels slender, about half an inch long ; the terminal ones often panicled. Calyx smoothish,
except the lower lip, which is hairy : segments narrow, acute. Corolla violet-purple. Le-
gume about an inch in length, on a stipe longer than the calyx, commonly 4 - 5-jointed, very
hispid.

Dry open woods, and on rocky hill-sides. August.

18. LESPEDEZA. Michx. fl. 2. p. 70. t. 39 4- 40 ; Endl. gen. 6623. lespedeza.

[Dedicated to Lespedez, a Spanish governor of Florida, who assisted Michaux in his exploration of that country.]

Calyx with 2 persistent bracteoles at the base, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla inserted into the base
of the calyx : vexillum roundish or oblong : wings nearly straight, as long as the very
obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Style filiform in the petali-
ferous flowers ; short and hooked in the apetalous. Legume lenticular, mostly flat, reticu-
lated, unarmed, indehiscent, one-seeded, usually clothed with short hairs. — Perennial herbs
or suflfrutescent plants, with pinnately trifoliolate reticulate leaves. Stipules minute, subu-

182 LEGUMINOS^. Lespedeza

late or setaceous : stipelles none. Flowers in axillary pedunculate spikes or racemes, and
often with other apetalous and imperfect but fertile ones, mostly in subsessile glomerules.
Torr. 4- Gr.

\ 1. EuLESPEDEZA, Torr. »fc Gr. Flowers of iioo kinds : comphle, but seldom perfecting fruit, in
loose few flowered racemes with purple or violet petals; and fertile, but mostly destitute of
petals and stamens ; the latter often in separate, nearly sessile glomerules.

1. Lespedeza procumbens, Michx. Trailing Lespedeza.

Whole plant woolly-pubescent, except the upper surface of the leaves, procumbent, with
the branches assurgent ; leaflets oval, obovate or elliptical, mostly retuse ; peduncles axillary,
elongated, few-flowered, sometimes paniculate at the extremity of the branches ; apetalous
flowers occupying the lower peduncles, and also often the axils of the lower leaves ; legumes
nearly orbicular.— Mic/ia?. jl. 2. p. 70. t. 39 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 108 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 408 ; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 350 ; Torr. compend. p. 267 ; Beck, hot. p. 88 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 422 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 366. Hedysarum repens,. Willd. sp. 3. p. 1200.

Stems numerous, much branched, slender, 2-3 feet long, clothed with a dense whitish
spreading pubescence. Leaflets about half an inch long. Common petioles very short in the
upper leaves ; in the lower, 3-6 lines long. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, shorter than the corolla
(as in all the species of this section) ; the 2 upper segments often united at the base, hairy.
Flowers handsome purple tinged with violet. Apetalous flowers sometimes mixed with the
others ; the calyx small. Legume more than twice as long as the calyx.

Sandy fields, dry woods and hill-sides. August. Common in the valley of the Hudson,
and on Long Island ; rare in the interior of the Slate.

2. Lespedeza repens, Torr. S^ Gr: Slender Lespedeza.

Plant minutely pubescent with appressed hairs, or nearly smooth, diifusely procumbent ;
leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, the uppermost ones emarginate ; petioles mostly very short ;
peduncles axillary, elongated, few-flowered, thelower ones (sometimes short) bearing apetalous
flowers ; legumes nearly orbicular. — Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 367 ; Bart. Jl. Phil. 2.
p. 771 L. prostrata, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 481 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 108 ; DC. prodr. a. p. 350 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 156 ; Beck, hot. p. 88. Hedysarum repens, Linn. S2). {ed. 1.) 2.
p. 749. H. prostratum, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1200.

Stems 2 feet or more in length, very slender. Flowers rather smaller, but in other respects,
as well as in the fruit, resembhng those of the preceding species^

Sandy fields, Long Island. August.

Lespedeza. LEGUMINOSiE. 183

3. Lespedeza violacea, Pers. Btish Clove?:

Stem erect or diffuse ; leaflets varying from oval-oblong to linear, equalling or longer than
tiie petiole ; racemes axillary, few-flowered, shorter or a little longer than the leaves ; apcta-
lous flowers glomerate, and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves ; legumes of the sessile
flowers nearly orbicular, of the petaliferous ones ovate. — Pers. syn. 2. p. ai8 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 481 ; Torr. <J- Gr. fi. N. Am. 1. p. 3G7. Hedysarum violaceum, Linn. $p. 2. p. 749
(axel. syn. Gron.) ; Willd. sp.3. p. 1195. H. frutescens, Linn. I. c.

var. 1 . divergens : peduncles, towards the extremity of the branches, filiform, and much
longer tlian the leaves , the flowers rarely producing fruit ; leaflets oval or oblong. Torr. ^
Gr. I. c. L. divergens, Pursh, I. c. ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 350. Hedysarum divergens, Willd.
I. c.

var. 2. sessilijlora : flowers somewhat glomerate, on peduncles much shorter than the
leaves ; those at the base chiefly apetalous and fertile ; leaflets oblong or elliptical. Torr. <^-
Gr. I. c. L. sessihflora, Michx. I. c. (partly); Pursh, fl. I. c. ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 108; DC.
I. c. (including L. violacea) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 204 ; Beck, bat. p. 86 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest.p. 420.
Hedysarum violaceum, Linn, (in part) ; Willd. I. c.

var. 3. angustifolia : peduncles short ; the flowers glomerate towards the extremity of the
branches ; petioles slender, mostly erect ; leaves much crowded above, and fascicled on short
branchlets ; leaflets narrowly oblong or linear. Tmr. ^ Gr. I. c. Lespedeza reticulata, Pers.
syn. I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Beck, hot. p. 86 ; Darlvigt. I. c. L. sessiliflora (partly), Michx. I. c,
L. frutescens, DC. not of Ell. Hedysarum reticulatum, Willd. I. c. Medicago Virginica,
Linn.

Stems usually several from one root, usually erect, but in the third variety often inclined or
diverging, slender, nearly simple or somewhat. branching, pubescent. Leaves all petiolate :
leaflets half an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and in var. 1. only 1-3 lines wide, a little
hairy with appressed pubescence underneath. Stipules subulate, minute. Flowers smaller
than in L. procumbens ; the petaliferous ones sometimes fertile. Calyx hairy ; the segments
Hcirrowly lanceolate, the 2 upper ones united nearly to the summit. Corolla violet^purple.
Legumes of the petaliferous flowers different in form from the others, being longer, and
acuminated with the long straight style.

Dry woods and thickets ; common. August - September.

^ 2. Lespedezaria, Torr. &. Gr. Floicers all fertile and perfect, in dense or capitate spikes: corolla
about the length of the calyx, white or ochroleucous, with a purple spot on the vexillum : stems
erect.

4. Lespedeza hirta, EIL Hairy Lespedeza.

Stem branching above, villous ; leaflets roundish-oval, emarginate, pubescent or silky,
mostly longer than the petiole ; spikes oblong-cylindrical, the peduncles at length much longer

184 LEGUMINOS^. Lespedeza.

than the leaves ; calyx scarcely exceeding the oval legume. — EH. sk. 2. p. 207 ; Terr, com-
pend. p. 267 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1 . p. 368. L. polystachya, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 11. t. 4.0;
Pursh,fl. 2.p. 480; DC.prodr. \.p. 349; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. l.p. 156; Beck, bot.p. 87;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 421. L. villosa, Pers. syn. 2. p. 318; DC. I. c. Hedysarum hirtum,
Linn. sp. 2. p. 748 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1193.

Stem 2-4 feet high, paniculatcly branched. Leaflets about an inch long, sometimes
broadly obovate, strongly pubescent underneath, and sometimes also above, with appressed
hairs. Stipules narrowly lanceolate. Spikes an inch in length, on rather short axillary
peduncles 1-3 inches in length. Calyx deeply 5-parted, hairy. Corolla yellowish-white.
Legume very villous.

Dry hill-sides and sandy fields ; rather common. August - September.

5. Lespedeza capitata, Michx. " Round-headed Lespedeza.

Stem erect, nearly simple, villous-pubescent ; leaves on very short petioles ; leaflets varying
from elliptical to linear, silky underneath ; spikes capitate, on short peduncles ; calyx much
shorter than the oval legume. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 71 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 480; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 107; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 272 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 349 ; Beck, bot.p. 87 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 368. L. frutescens, Ell. sk. 2. p. 206 ; Beck, hot. p. 87 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 421. L. fruticosa, Pers. syn. 2. p. 318. Hedysarum frutescens, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1193,
not of Linn. sp. ed. 1 .

var. vulgaris : leaflets elliptical-oblong, smooth, or somewhat pubescent above. Torr. ^
Gr. I. c.

var. angustifolia, Pursh : leaflets linear, narrow, elongated, smooth above ; peduncles
longer. Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. L. angustifolia. Ell. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Stems 2-4 feet high, straight, the pubescence often tawny, entirely herbaceous. Leaflets
1 - I2 inch long : in the common variety, 4-6 lines wide ; in the other form, scarcely two
lines ; when young, commonly silky-pubescent on both surfaces, but finally smoothish above.
Spikes oblong or nearly globose, scarcely an inch long ; the peduncles 4-6 lines in length.
Calyx very hairy, deeply 5-parted. Corolla white or cream-colored. Legume hairy, scarcely
more than half the length of the calyx.

Sandy fields ; southern part of the State? and valley of the Hudson ; also on Long Island.
August - September.

Genista. LEGUMINOS^. 185

Tribk Vir. GENISTEJE. DC.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens \0, monadelphous : anthers of two forms . Legumes con-
ti?wous, one-celled, sometimes intercepted internally, but not jointed. Radicle incurved
or inflexed. Leaves simple or ■palmately compound, not stipellate.

19. GENISTA. Linn.;, Endl. gen. 6500. green-WEED,

[ From the Celtic word gen, signifying a small bush.]

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-parted ; the lower 3-toothed. Vexillum oblong-oval, straight,
scarcely including the stamens and style. Stamens unequal ; the 5 alternate anthers shorter.
Legume flat, many-seeded, not glandular. — Shrubby or suffruticose, often spiny plants,
with simple leaves and yellow flowers.

1. Genista tinctoria, Linn. Dyer's Green-weed. Wood-xoaxen.

Stem erect ; branches terete, striate ; leaves lanceolate, nearly smooth ; flowers in spiked
racemes ; legumes smooth. — Engl. hot. t. 44 ; Bigel.jl. Bost. j). 267 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 151 ;
Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 369.

Stem a foot or more high, erect or ascending, branching, shrubby. Leaves sessile, rather
distant. Flowers nearly sessile, with a small bracteal leaf at the base of each.

On a hill-side north of Peekskill, on the Hudson (Dr. S. B. Mead). Introduced from
Europe. The plant yields a coloring matter that is used for dyeing wool yellow. It has also
been employed medicinally as a diuretic and mild purgative.

20. GROT AL ARIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6^12. rattlebox.

[ From the Greek, crolalon, a rattle ; the loose seeds making a rattling noise in the ripe legume.]

Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft, Vexillum large,
mostly obcordate. Keel falcate, acuminate (rarely obtuse). Sheath of the stamens usually
cleft on the upper side. The 5 alternate anthers smaller and roundish. Style bearded on
the sides. Legumes turgid, inflated. Seeds several, reniform, compressed. — Herbaceous
or shrubby plants. Leaves simple (as in all the North American species), or palmately
compound. Flowers in racemes, commonly yellow, with one or two bracteoles at the base
of the calyx.

1. Crotalaria sagittalis, Linn. S?nall Atmual Rattlebox,

Annual, hairy ; stem erect, branching ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile ; stipules
united and decurrent on the stem, obversely sagittate ; peduncles about 3-flowered ; corolla
rather shorter than the calyx ; legumes much inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Linn. ; Michx.

[Flora.] ^

186 LEGUMINOSiE. Crotalaria

fl. 2. p. 55 {var. oblonga) ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 469 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 293 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 124 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 267 ; Beck, hot. p. 11 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 404 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 1. p. 370. C. parviflora, Roth; Willd. sp. 3. p. 973.

Stem 4-8 inches high, clothed with brownish hairs ; the branches spreading. Leaves
1 - lA inches long and 4-6 Hnes wide, hairy on both side. Stipules conspicuous, adhering
for two-thirds of their length to the stem, free and acute above ; the lower ones often wanting.
Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. 'Caly.x deeply parted ; the segments almost
foliaceous. Legume an inch or more in length and nearly half an inch in diameter, blackish
when ripe, thin and coriaceous. Seeds curved, shining.

Dry sandy soils ; not rare in the southern part of the State. July - August.

21. LUPINUS. Tourn.; Agardh,f. syn. gen. Lupin. {1835); Endl. gen. 6418. LUPINE.

[ So called from the Latin, lupus, a wolf; because it was supposed to devour the fertility of the soil.]

Calyx deeply 2-lipped, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base ; the upper lip 2-cleft or toothed ;
the lower entire or 3-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed : wings united at the
summit : keel acuminate. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish ; the former earlier
matured than the others. Stigma bearded. Legume coriaceous, oblong or linear, more or
less compressed, often torulose or intercepted by oblique cellular partitions. — Herbaceous
plants. Leaves palmately 5 - 15-foliolate. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes.

1. LupiNus PERENNis, Linn. Common Wild Lupine,

Perennial, somewhat hairy ; leaflets 7-11, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, smoothish above, a little heavy underneath and on the margins ; stipules setaceous,
deciduous ; flowers scattered, in a long loose raceme ; bracts shorter than the pedicels, subu-
late, caducous ; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, gibbous at the base ; lower nearly entire ;
keel ciliate ; legumes linear-oblong, very hairy. — Linn.; Michx. fl. 2. p. 55 ; Bot. mag.
t. 201 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 467 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 191 ; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 38 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 408 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 267 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 163 ; Beck, bot. p. 92 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 431 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 377.

Root creeping. Stem a foot or eighteen inches high, erect. Leaflets usually 8 or 9, one
or two inches long, radiating from a common centre : petiole 2 — 4 inches in length. Raceme
6-10 inclics long. Flowers large and showy, purplish blue. Calyx with minute subulate
bracteoles, which are caducous, or often wanting. Legume about an inch and a half long,
brownish when ripe, 4 — 5-seeded. Seeds obovoid, smooth, variegated.

Sandy fields and woods ; not rare. Fl. June. Fr. July. A very ornamental plant, often
seen cultivated in gardens. Forty-four other species of this genus are described in the Flora
of North America.

Baptisia. LEGUMLNOS^. 187

Tride VIII. SOrifOREjE. DC.

SopiiORE£ and Podalyrie^s. Berith.

Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct: anthers uniform. Legume continuous, or
frequently monihform, hut not jointed. Embryo incurved or inflexed, or often straight.
— Leaves unequally pinnate, palmate or simple, not stipellate.

22. BAPTISIA. Vent. dec. nov.p. 9 ; Benth. comm. Leg. mem. p. 2; Endl. gen. 6421.

W7iO or FALSE INDIGO.

[ From the Greek, bapta, to (Jye; some of the species yielding a coloring matter like indigo.)

Calyx campanulate, 4 - 5-clcft at the summit. Vexillum rather shorter than the wings, or
about the same length, orbicular, emarginate, the sides reflexed : wings oblong : keel
slightly incurved, nearly as long as the wings ; the petals somewhat united. Ovary stipate,
with numerous ovules. Style curved, dilated below, attenuated upward : stigma minute.
Legume slipitate, inflated. — Perennial North American herbs, with simple or palmately
trifoliolate leaves. Stipules often small or caducous. Flowers in terminal racemes, or
sometimes solitary and axillary. Pedicels usually without bracts.

1. Baptisia tijvctoria, R. Broivn. Common Wild Indigo.

Plant smooth, much branched ; leaves- trifoliolate, nearly sessile ; leaflets obovate-cuneiform,
rounded and often emarginate at the summit ; stipules and bracts minute, deciduous ; racemes
short, few-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the (yellow) flowers ; legume fval-globose, on a
long stipe.— J?. Br. in liort. Kew. {ed. 2.) 3. p. G ; Ell. sk. I. p. 467; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 282;
Torr. fl. \.p. 441 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 100 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 129 ; Beck, hot. p. 77 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 404 ; Torr. ^ Gr. f. N. Am. 1. p. 386. Sophora tinctoria, Linn.
Podalyria tinctoria, Lam. ill. t. 327 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 503 ; Michx. Jl. 1. p. 265 ; Pursh,
fl. I. p. 308 ; Bat. mag. t. 1099 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 170.

Plant 2-3 feet high, with very numerous spreading branches, somewhat glaucous. Leaf-
lets about three-fourths of an inch long : common petiole 1—3 lines long, in the upper leaves
almost wanting. Stipules very minute. Racemes 3 - 6-flowered, loose. Flowers about half
an inch long. Calyx 4-cleft ; the upper segment (consisting of the 2 upper ones united)
broader. Corolla bright yellow. Ovary with 6-8 ovules. Legume about half an inch long,
exclusive of the stipe which is nearly of the same length, acuminate with the persistent base
of the style ; of a dark bluish color, or nearly black when ripe. Seed ovoid, light brown,
with a small round hilum.

Dry sandy woods and fields. Fl. June -August. Fr. September. The plant usually
turns black in drying. It yields a quantity of coarse indigo, much resembling the common
fig blue. It is also employed medicinally, being reputed to possess astringent, cathartic,
emetic and stimulating properties. See Thatcher''s Dispensatory, and Wood ^ Bache's U. S.
Dispens. appen.

24*

188 LEGUMINOS^. Baptisia.

2. Baptisia australis, R. B70ivn. Blue-jiowered False Indigo.

Smooth : leaves on short petioles, the uppermost sometimes nearly sessile ; leaflets oblong-
cuneiform, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles ; racemes elongated,
erect ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, caducous ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; flowers large, blue
legumes oval-oblong, the stipe about the length of the calyx. — R. Br. I. c. p. 6; Ell. sk. 1
p. 468; DC.prodr. 2. p. 100 ; Torr. <^- Gr.fl. N. Am. \.p. 385. B. coerulea, Nutt. gen. 1
^.281. Sophora australis, Linn.; Bot. mag. t. &09. S. coerulea, Trew, pi. rar. 6. t.\A^
ex R. Br. S. alba, Murr. in com. Gcett. 1. p. 96. t. 6. Podalyria australis, Willd. sj). 2
p. 503 ; Vent. hort. Gels. t. 56. P. ccerulea, Michx. fl.\. p. 264.

Stem 2-3 feet high, erect or somewhat decumbent. Leaflets 2-3 inches long. Stipules
foliaceous, often persistent. Flowers an inch long, bright indigo-blue. Calyx 4-toothed ; the
upper tooth broader. Legume 2 inches long, with a short abrupt point.

Near Canandaigua {Prof. Eaton). A common species in the Western States, and often
cultivated in gardens.

23. CERCIS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6750. JUDAS-TREE.

I From icrkis, a name of Theophrastus, applied to a tree supposed to be the modern Cercis.]

Calyx broadly campanulate, with 5 short obtuse teeth. Petals scarcely papilionaceous, all
distinct and unguiculate : vexillum smaller than the wings : keel petals larger than the
wings. Stamens somewhat unequal. Legume oblong, much compressed, acute at each
end, many-seeded, slightly stipitate ; upper suture with a winged margin. — Trees, with
simple cordate leaves and membranaceous caducous stipules. Flowers deep rose-color or
purple, fasciculate, appearing before the leaves.

1. Cercis Canadensis, Linn. Red-hud, or America?i Judas-tree.

Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, hairy along the veins underneath. — Mill. ic. t. 2, ex
DC; Michx.fl. l.p.265; Pursh, fl. l.p.308; Torr.fl. l.;j.441; DC. j^rodr. 2.p.518;
Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 433 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. \.p. 392 ; Loud. arh. etfr. uhr.p. 258.

A tree 15 — 30 feet high, with smooth grayish brown bark and flexuous branches. Leaves
3-4 inches in diameter, with a short abrupt point, about 7-ncrved. Flowers covering the
branches in numerous fascicles of 4 to 8 together, on short slender pedicels. Calyx colored,
gibbous at the base, pubescent on the margin of the teeth. Legume about 3 inches long,
coriaceo-membranaceous.

Niagara county? {Dr. Kinnicutt). Some years ago I received specimens of this plant from
Dr. Kinnicutt, which I think were collected near Lewiston, but they may not have been native.
Tlie flowers arc acid, and are said to be used by the French Canadians for salads and pickles.

Cassia. LEGUMINOSiE. > 189

Trjbe IX CASSIEJE. Bronn.

Corolla irregular, or sometivies nearly regular, never truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10,
or sometimes fewer, distinct : anthers mostly of two forms. Legume conlijiuous {not
jointed), l-celled, or spuriously many-celled by transverse partitions between the seeds.
Embryo straight, frequently with a small quantity of albumen. — Trees, shrubs or herbs.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, not stipellate.

24. CASSIA. Linn.; Vogel, syn. gen. Cass. {1837); Endl. gen. 6781. CASSIA.

[ "According to Olaus Celsus, this name is to be traced to the Hebrew, ketzioth, rendered by kasian in the Scptuagint,

and latinized by cassia." Loudon.]

Sepals slightly united at the base, usually unequal, deciduous. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens
10 (the 5 alternate ones rarely wanting), unequal or rarely equal; the .3 upper (posterior)
commonly abortive : anthers opening at the summit, or sometimes by a pore at the base.
Legume terete or compressed, one-celled, or many-celled bj' transverse partitions which
are sometimes filled with pulp. Seeds with a small quantity of albumen. — Trees, shrubs
or (as in all the North American species) herbaceous plants, with simple, abruptly pinnated
leaves. Flowers mostly yellow.

§1. C11AM.SSENNA, DC. Anthers of the loicer stamens fertile, thick; the o upper sterile and

deformed.

1. Cassia Marilandica, Linn. American or Wild Senna.

Perennial, erect; leaflets 12-18, lanceolate-oblong, mucronate ; gland near the base of
the petiole clavate ; racemes axillary, and somewhat paniculate at the summit of tiie branches,
manj'-flowered ; legumes linear, somewhat curved, at first hairy, finally smooth. — Michw.
fl. 1. p. 261 ; Pursh, fl.l.p. 30G ; "ScM. handb. 1. <. 113;" Ell. sk. 1. p. 473; Bigel.
med. bat. t. 39, and ft. Bost. p. 171 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 12 ; DC. prodr. 2. ;;. 498 ;
Torr. fl.\.p. 439 ; Beck, bot. p. 94 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 433 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am.
1. p. 395. Senna foliis MimosEe, &c. DM. Elth. t. 260./. 339.

Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth or somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 1 - li inch long and 4-6
lines wide, abruptly pinnate, conspicuously mucronate, slightly ciliate : petiole with a small
green stipitate gland near the base. Stipules and bracts subulate, hairy, striate, persistent.
Racemes one or two inches long, in the axils of the upper leaves, and also clustered at the
summit of the stem. Sepals nearly half as long as the corolla, obtuse, greenish-yellow.
Corolla yellow, often whitish when old : petals obovate-cuneate ; the 3 upper ones erect ; the
2 lower longer, deflected. Stamens unequal ; the 3 upper ones flattened and sterile ; the 3
lowest longest, with broad filaments and large incurved anthers ; all (he anthers dark purplish
brown. Ovary villous, declined : style incurved. Legume about 4 inches long, flattened.
Seeds 9 - 15 or more, compressed, separated by transverse partitions.

Banks of rivers ; common. Fl. July - August. Fr. September - October. This plant

190 LfiGUMINOSJS. CaKsia,-

resembles the Senna of the shops (which is also a species of Cassia) in its medicinal proper-
ties, and may be substituted for it. See the works on materia medica quoted above ; also
Wood 4- Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 182.

§2. Lasiorhegma, Vogel. Slameiis \Q, or by abortion '^ - 5. Anthers all fertile, commonly of

unequal length, linear.

2. Cassia Cham^ciIista, Linn: Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea.

Annual, erect or decumbent ; leaflets in numerous pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base,
obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole cup-shaped ; fascicles of flowers above the axils of
the leaves ; pedicels slender, bracteolate near the summit ; flowers large ; sepals with a long
attenuate point ; style filiform. — Michx. fl. I. p. 262 ; Smith in Abbot, ins. Georg. t. 94 ;
Bot. mag. t.lOl; Pursh, Jl.\. p. 306 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 473 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 171 ; Torr.
fl. \.p. 439 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 503 ; Beck, bot. p. 94 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 433 ; Torr. <^
Gr.jl. N. Am. 1. p. 395.

Stem commonly procumbent, spreading and branching from the base, about a foot long,
pubescent. Leaflets 10-15 pairs, 6-8 lines long, smooth. Stipules and bracts subulate,
striate, persistent. Fascicles 2 - 4-flowered : pedicels nearly an inch long, each with two
bracteoles a little below the flower. Calyx colored, two-thirds the length of the corolla. Petals
orange-yellow, obovate, two and sometimes three of them \Vith a purple spot at the base.
Anthers elongated, nearly sessile, four of them yellow, the rest purple. Style smooth, longer
than the villous ovary. Legume about 2 inches long and onc-lhird of an inch wide, 10 - 15-
seeded, hairy along the sutures, smoothish on the sides.

Sandy fields : Statcn Island ; Long Island ; in the neighborhood of New-York ; and along
the Hudson to Troy ; rare in the interior of the State. July — September,

3. Cassia nictitans, Linn. Wild Sensitive Plant.

Annual, erect or decumbent ; leaflets in numerous' pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ;
gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets cup-shaped, slightly pedicellate ; fascicles of flowers
above the axils of the leaves, 2 - 3-flowered ; pedicels very short ; flowers small ; sepals
acuminate ; stamens 5, nearly equal ; style very short. — Linn. hort. Cliff, t. 36 ; Michx.
fl.l. p. 262 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 206 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 474 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 440 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 503 ; Beck, bot. p. 94 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 432 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 396.

Stem 8-12 inches high, with spreading branches from the base, pubescent, commonly
purplish, slender. Leaflets 10-20 pairs, 4-6 lines long, a little oblique at the base, often
emarginate, nearly smooth. Gland on the petiole dilated, purplish, on a short stalk. Flowers
3-4 lines long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with a long acuminalion. Petals deep yellow,
obovate. Anthers truncated at the summit, opening by longitudinal slits their whole length.
Ovary villous, more than twice the length of the style, which is thickened at the extremity :
6ligrna truncate. Legume an inch and a half long, flat, clothed with appresscd hairs.

Cassia. LEGUMINOSiE. 191

Sandy fields ; common in the southern part of the State, and in the counties along the
Hudson, but rare in the interior. August. — Tiiis and the preceding species are very sensitive,
folding their leaves in a few moments after being handled.

25. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam. diet. 1. p. 77.3, and ill. t. 823 ; Endl. gen. 6757.

COFFEE-TREE.

[ Named from the Greek, gymnos, naked, and kladns, a liranch ; from the remarkably naked appcarajice of the tree in

winter; its branches being few and large.]

Flowers dioecious^ Calyx tubular, the limb 5-cleft ; lobes lanceolate, equal. Petals 5, oblong,
inserted into the summit of the tube. Stamens 10, included, inserted with the petals.
Legume oblong, compressed, very large, thick, pulpy inside. — A pretty large tree, destitute
of spines or prickles, with rough bark and few stout branches. Leaves unequally bipinnate.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Petals white.

1. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Coffee-tree.

Lam. I. c. ; Michx. jl. 2. p. 241. t. 51 ; Pursh, Jl. \. p. 304 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. «. 50 ;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 480 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 398. Guilandina dioica, Linn. sp. 1.
p. 381.

Trunk 30 - 50 feet high, and often a foot or more in diameter ; the branches few for the
size of the tree, and thick. Bark bitter and acrid. Leaves 1-3 feet long, with 4-7 pinnae,
the lowest of which consists of a single pair of leaflets, the others 7 - 13-foliolate : leaflets
ovate, acum.inate, 1 - 2 inches long, mostly alternate, on partial stalks, nearly smooth. Ra-
cemes 3-6 inches long, somewhat compound. Flowers about an inch in length, on pedicels
2-4 lines long. Tube of the calyx as long as the lanceolate-acute lobes. Legume 6-10
inches long and nearly 2 inches broad, a little curved, and of a brown color. Seeds more than
half an inch in diameter.

On Seneca Lake, near the mouth of Cachong creek, where was one tree eighteen inches
in diameter {Prof. J. Hall). At the bottom of a ravine near the borders of Cayuga Lake
{Mr. Alexander Thompson).

According to Michaux, the wood of the Coflfee-tree, from the fineness and closeness of its
grain, is fit for cabinet-making ; and its strength renders it proper for building. Like the
Locust, it has the valuable property of rapidly converting its sap into perfect wood ; the pro-
portion of the latter to the former being greater than in most other trees. It is much esteemed
as an ornamental tree in parks and about houses.

192 LEGUMINOSiE. Gleditschia.

26. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 857 ; Endl. gen. 6756. HONEY LOCUST.

[ In honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century.]

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, equal, united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals,
or sometimes fewer ; the 2 lower ones sometimes united. Stamens as many as the sepals,
and opposite to them ; or often 6-9, one or more of them abortive, and belonging to an
inner series. Style short, incurved : stigma pubescent. Legume flat, continuous, often
intercepted internally between the seeds, dry or with a sweet pulp surrounding the seeds,
which are solitary or numerous. Seeds oval, compressed : testa hard and crustaceous.
Embryo surrounded with a thin albumen. Cotyledons flat, greenish. — Trees, with the
supra-axillary branches often converted into simple or branched spines. Leaves abruptly
pinnate or bipinnate ; the leaflets somewhat serrate ! Flowers small, greenish, spicate.

1. Gleditschia triacanthos, Linn. Honey Locust. Sweet Locust.

Spines thick ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong ; legume linear-oblong, much elongated, many-
seeded ; the intervals filled with a sweet pulp. — Lin7i. sp. 2. j). 1056 ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 257 ;
"Duham. arb. [ed. nov.) 4. t. 25 ;" Midix. f. sylv. 2. t. 79 ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 1097; Pursh,
fl.l.p. 221 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 709 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 479 ; Torr. compend. p. 375 ; Beck, hot.
p. 93 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl.N.Am.l. p. 398.

A middle sized tree ; the trunk, in this State, seldom more than a foot and a half in dia-
meter ; when young, very spiny. Spines 2-3 inches long, usually triple, or furnished with
two branches towards the base, sometimes compound, often disappearing as the tree advances
in age. Leaves 6-10 inches or more in length, pinnate. Leaflets three-fourths of an inch
long, nearly smooth. Racemes 1-2 inches long ; the staminate and perfect ones nearly
similar in form. Calyx villous, turbinate at the base : sepals oblong, rather obtuse. Petals
a little smaller than the sepals. Stamens 5 - 7 in the staminate flowers, 6 - 8 in the perfect
ones, 1 - 3 of them often abortive : anthers oval, versatile, opening longitudinally. Ovary
villous: style rather short, incurved: stigma thick, capitate. Legume 9 - 18 inches long,
somewhat falcate and twisted.

Not native in the State, but often planted about houses for ornament, and for hedges ; nearly
naturalized in some places. July. It is a native of the Western and Southern States. The
wood is of but little value. Its foliage is very neat, but so thin as hardly to exclude the rays
of the sun.

ROSACEA. 193

Group 13. Ovaries one or several, simple and distinct, or combined into a compound
ovary of 2 or more cells, with the placentiE in the axis. Flowers regular.
Petals and (distinct) stamens inserted on the calyx. Albumen none.

Order XXXVIII. ROSACE.E. Juss. The Rose Tribe.

Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, often with as many bracts ; the
odd one superior, or next the axis. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely none),
inserted on the edge of a thin disk that lines the calyx. Stamens indefinite,
rarely few. Ovaries solitary or several, with 1 - 2 or sometimes more ovules :
styles often lateral. Fruit either a drupe, a pome, achenia, or follicular.
Embryo straight: cotyledons flat or plano-convex. — Trees, shrubs or herba-
ceous plants, with alternate leaves, and usually furnished with conspicuous
stipules. Flowers mostly handsome.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBORDERS.

1. Amygdale^:. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Ovary solitary, with two suspended ovules, and a terminal

style. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs.

2. Rosacea proper. Calyx often bracteolate, and appearing double. Ovaries several or numerous, rarely solitary,

free from the calyx, but sometimes enclosed in its persistent tube : styles terminal or lateral. Fruit follicular, or
consisting of numerous achenia. — Trees or shrubs.

3. PoMEa;. Calyx campanulate or urceolate ; the tube becoming very thick and fleshy, including and cohering with

the ovaries. Fruit a pome, with one or few ascending seeds in each cell.

Suborder I. Amygdale^. Juss.

Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Ovary solitary, with 2 collateral suspended
ovules : styles terminal. Fruit a drupe. Seed mostly solitary ; the funiculus
adhering to the side of the cavity of the ovary. — Trees or shrubs, with simple
leaves. Stipules free. Fruit mostly eatable ; the kernel (as well as the leaves)
yielding hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid).*

* The seeds of Amygdalese do not contain the prussic acid ready formed, but two peculiar principles called amygdaline
and emulsine, which are contained in distinct cells. When the kernels are bruised, and especially when heat is applied,
these substances immediately react on each other, giving rise to the formation of prussic acid, together with souie other
products.

[Flora.] ,. 26

194 ROSACEiE. Prunus.

1. PRUNUS. Tourn. ; Juss. gen. p. S'il; Endl. gen. 6406. PLUM.

[ The Latin name for Plum.]

Calyx urceolate-hemispherical ; the limb 5-parted, regular, deciduous. Petals spreading.
Stamens numerous. Ovary smooth. Drupe ovate or oblong, fleshy, smooth, usually
covered with a bloom ; the stone or nucleus more or less compressed, acute, smooth, the
margins somewhat grooved. — Small trees or shrubs. Leaves serrate, convolute in vernation.
Flowers white, usually appearing before the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels in
umbellate fascicles.

1. Prunus Americana, Marshall. Red Plum. Yellow Plum.

Branches somewhat thorny ; leaves ovate or obovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply and
often doubly serrate, strongly veined underneath, finally almost smooth ; petioles often with
2 glands ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; drupe roundish-oval (red or yellow when ripe), nearly
destitute of bloom. — Marsh, arhiist. j). Ill ; Darlingt. in ann. lye. New-York, 3. p. 87. t. 1,
and fl. Cest. p. 287 ; Beck, bot. p. 95 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 407. P. nigra. Ait.
Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 165 ; Bot. mag. «. 1117 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 331 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 993.
P. hyemalis, Ell. sk. 1. p. 542. Cerasus nigra, Loisel. ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 538 ;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 167.

A tree or large shrub, 8-15 feet high, irregularly branched, and somewhat spiny. Leaves
2-3 inches long, pubescent underneath when young. Umbels mostly 3 - 4-flowered.
Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Fruit half an inch to an inch in diameter, oval
or nearly globose, mostly reddish-orange when ripe, with a juicy yellow pulp and a thick
tough skin. It is palatable when cultivated, but rather acerb in a wild state.

Banks of streams, borders of woods, etc. ; frequent in the valley of the Hudson, and along
the Mohawk. Fl. April. Fr. August. This species is widely diffused throughout the United
States.

2. Prunus maritima, Wang. Beach Plum. Sand Plum.

Low, with straggling branches, seldom thorny ; leaves varying from ovate to obovate,
usually somewhat acuminate, finely and sharply serrate ; petioles, or lower part of the lamina,
mostly with 2 glands ; umbels few-flowered ; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit subglobose,
covered with a bloom. — Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. ;;. 408.

var. 1 : leaves softly pubescent underneath ; fruit large. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. P. maritima,
Wang. Amer. p. 103 ; Willd. enum. 1. p. 519 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 533. P. sphsrocarpa,
Michx. fl. \.p. 284. P. pubescens, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 231 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 469. P. littoralis,
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 193. Cerasus pubescens, Seringe in DC. I. c. p. 538.

Prcnus. - ROSACEyE. 195

var. 2 : leaves, when old, nearly smooth on both sides ; fruit smaller. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c.
P. pygmaea, Willd. sp. 2. p. 993, and enum. 1. p. 518. P. acuminata, Michx. I. c. Cerasus
pygmjea, Loisel. ; DC. I. c. ?

A shrub 2-5 feet high, in exposed situations sometimes almost prostrate. Leaves 2-3
inches long, of a firm texture when old; sometimes (particularly in var. 1.) without an
acumination, or even obtuse : petioles about one-third of an inch long, pubescent. Flowers
very numerous, appearing just before the leaves unfold ; the umbels usually 2 - 3-flowered :
pedicels three-fourths of an inch long. Calyx pubescent. JVuit usually purple, but some-
times crimson ; in the first variety, often an inch in diameter, and somewhat oval, but often
much smaller and globose on the same plant ; in the second variety, they are always small
(the size of a small cherry).

The first variety is abundant on the sea-beach of Long Island ; the other grows in sandy
fields and woods, not far from the salt water. Fl. April - May. Fr. September. When
fully ripe, and growing in exposed situations, particularly on the sides of sand-banks, the fruit
is agreeably flavored ; but much of it is acerb and astringent. It is sometimes sold in the
New-York market under the name of Beach Plum.

2. CERASUS. Juss. ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 535. _ cherry.

[Cerasiis is the name of an Asiatic town, whence the Cherry-tree is said to have been introduced into Europe.]

Flowers as in Prunus. Drupe globose, destitute of bloom ; the stone mostly globose and
smooth (not sulcate on the margins). — Trees or shrubs. Leaves conduplicate in vernation.

§ 1. EucERAStJS, Torr. & Gr. Flowers from latiral leafless buds, appearing before or with the
leaves : pedicels in umbellate fascicles, or corymbose.

1. Cerasus pumila, Michx. Sand Cherry.

Stem depressed or prostrate ; leaves oblanceolate, obovate-lanceolate or sometimes oval,
acute or obtuse, slightly and sparingly serrate, smooth, whitish underneath ; umbels sessile,
few-flowered; drupes ovoid. — Michx. ji.\. p.2'SQ ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 537 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 168. C. depressa, Seringe, I. c. ; Hook. 1. c. Prunus pumila, Linn. mant.
p. 75 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 990 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 538 ; Torr. fl.\. p. 470 ; " Guimp. Otto ^
Hayne, holz. t. 119." P. depressa, Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bust. p. 192. P. Susquehannae,
Willd. enum. 1. p. 519.

Stem trailing, 2-3 feet long, with ascending branches. Leaves 1-3 inches long, and
usually about half an inch broad. Umbels appearing with the young leaves, about 4-flowered.
Pedicels smooth, short. Fruit small, dark red, eatable.

Sandy and rocky shores ; Highlands of New-York : rare. Shores of Lake Champlain
{Bigelow). Near Troy {Dr. Wright and Prof. J. Hall). Fl. May.

25*

19G ROSACEiE. Cerasos.

2. Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Loisel. Wild Red Cherry, or Bi7d Cherry.

Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and shining
when old ; umbels somewhat pedunculate and corymbose, many-flowered ; pedicels rather
long and slender ; drupe small, ovoid-globose. — Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 529 ; Hook. ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 168 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 409. C. borealis, Michx. ft. I. p. 286 ;
Michx.f. sylv. 2. p. 96. t. 90 ; Seringe, I. c. Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linn, suppl. p. 252 ;
Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 165 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 992 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 331 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 168.
P. lanceolala, Willd. arh. t. 3./. 1. P. borealis, Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 193.

A tree seldom exceeding 20 or 25 feet in height and 5 or 6 inches in diameter ; the bark
reddish, and marked with white dots. Leaves 2-4 inches in diameter, rather thin, acute at
the base, often with 2 small glands on the petiole or near the base of the lamina ; the serratures
glandular and incurved. Umbels 3 - 6-flowered ; the pedicels about an inch long. Calyx
smooth ; segments semiovate, obtuse. Petals obovate. Fruit the size of a large pea, red,
austere, scarcely eatable.

Rocky woods ; rather common throughout the State, except below the Highlands, where
it is rare. Fl. May. Fr. July.

^ 2. Padus, Torr. & Gr. Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, appearing after the

evolution of the leaves : leaves deciduous.

3. Cerasus Virginiana, DC. Choke Cherry.

Leaves broadly oval or somewhat obovate, with a short abrupt acumination, very sharply
serrate with subulate teeth, mostly hairy in the axils of tiie veins underneath ; racemes short,
erect or spreading ; petals orbicular ; drupes subglobose, dark red. — Seringe in DC. prodr.
2. p. 539 (excl. syn. Michx.) ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 410. C. serolina, Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 169. C. obovata, Beck, hot. p. 97. Prunus Virginiana, Linn. sp. 1. p. 473
(excl. syn ); Willd. sp. 2. p. 896, and arh. t. 5./. 1 ; " Guimp. Gilo <J- Hayne, holz. t. 36."
P. rubra, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 2. p. 163. P. serotina, Pursh, I. c. ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 468. P.
obovata, Bigel. fl. Bost. j>. 192.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2-4 inches long, membranaceous, the serratures sometimes
double, cominonly with several small glands on the upper part of the petiole. Racemes 2-3
inches long. Calyx hemispherical ; the teeth very short, obtuse and ciliale. Fruit about the
size of a pea, bitter and astringent, scarcely eatable.

Rocky hill-sides ; rather common north and west of the Highlands. Fl. May. Fr. July
- August.

4. Cerasus serotina, DC. Wild Cherry. Black Cherry.
Leaves oval-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, rather coriaceous, acuminate, smooth or bearded

Cerasus. rosacea. 197

along the midrib iindernealh, smooth and shining above, finely serrate with incurved callous
teeth ; racemes elongated, spreading ; petals broadly obovate ; drupes globose, purplish-
black. — Seringc in DC. prodr. 2. p. 540 ; Torr. ^- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. ;a 410. C. Virginiana,
MicJix. Jl.\. p. 283 ; Miclix.Jl. sylv. 2. p. 89. t. 88 ; Hook. I. c. (excl. syn.); Darlingt. Jl.
Cest. p. 289. Prunus serolina, Ehrh. bcilr. 3. p. 20 ; Willd. arb. t. 5. /. 2, and spec. 2.
p. 986 ; Guimp. Otto ^ Hayne, holz. I. 37, not of Pursh, Torr. <^c. P. Virginiana, Nutt.
diet. ; Wang. Amer. t. 14. /. 3 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 540 ; Torr. Jl. I. p. 4(57 ; Bigcl. Jl. Bost.
p. 192 ; Beck, hoi. p. 97 ; 'Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 289.

A tree 30 - 60 feet (in favorable situations 80 feet) high. The heart-wood is a reddish
color, iiard and very close-grained. Leaves 2-4 inches long, of a deep brilliant green on
the upper surface ; the serratures inflcxed so abruptly at tlie point, that they appear rather
obtuse. Racemes 3-4 inches long, finally pendulous ; the pedicels about 3-4 lines long.
Calyx hemispherical, smooth ; the teeth very short and acute. Fruit about 3 lines in diameter,
dark purple or nearly black when mature, bitter and rather nauseous to most persons.

Woods, shores of rivers, and along fences. Fl. May - June. Fr. August.

The wood of this tree is employed extensively by cabinet-makers, being nearly as liandsome
as the inferior kinds of mahogany. The bark is a strong aromatic bitter, and is considered a
valuable tonic (See Wood <^- Backers U. S. Dispens. p. 536). — This synonymy of this and
the preceding species has been confounded or transposed by many botanists. The Prunus
Virginiana of Linnaeus is undoubtedly the Choke Cherry, but until lately it had generally
been considered the Wild Cherry (See the Flora, of North America, I. c).

Suborder II. RosACEiE iiroper. Torr. Sf Gr.

Calyx 5-cleft (rarely 3 - 4-cleft), naked, or often with bracteoles alternating
with the segments, free from the ovaries. Stamens occasionally few. Ovaries
usually several or numerous, rarely solitary, wiili 1 - 2 or more suspended or
ascending ovules, distinct or very rarely combined, sometimes included in the
persistent calyx-tube : styles terminal or lateral. Fruit follicular, or consisting
of numerous achenia. — Herbs, shrubs or very rarely trees, with simple or
compound leaves.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Tribe I. Spireme. Carpels mostly 5 (rarely more, or reduced to 1 or 2), follicular or 2-valvcJ in fruit. — Shrubs or small
trees, rarely herbs.

Tribe II. DiiYADEa:. Achenia or little drupes, either few or solitary, or numerous, and then crowded on a hemispheri-
cal torus. — Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees.

Tribe III. Rosej:. Achenia numerous, inserted on the inner surface of the disk or hollow torus that lines the urn-shaped
calyx-tube. — Shrubby and prickly plants, with pinnated leaves.

198 ROSACEiE. Spiraea.

Tribe I. SPIREME. Juss.

Calyx campanulate, imbricate, or sometimes valvate in cestivation. Carpels mostly 5 (rarely
more, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2), verticillate, follicular or 2-valved in fruit : styles
terminal. Seeds 1-10 in each carpel, pendulous or ascending. — Shrubs or small
trees, rarely herbs.

3. SPIR^A. Linn.; Endl. gen. 6391. meadowsweet.

[ Supposed to be the Speircia of Theophrastus. Speira signifies a cord.]

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate or roundish, equal. Stamens 20 - 50. Carpels
3 — 5 (sometimes 6 - 8), distinct or rarely united at the base, sometimes with a short stipe :
style terminal. Seeds 2-15, suspended, or very rarely one of them ascending. — Unarmed
shrubs or perennial herbs. Flowers white or rose-color.

^1. Physocarpus, Camb. Carpels large, somewhat united at the base, inflated: seeds with a firm
shining testa. — Shrubs, with somewhat lobed stipulate leaves.

1. Spiraea opulifolia, Linn. Nine-bark.

Leaves roundish, often subcordate, slightly 3-lobed, doubly crenate-serrate, petioled,
smoothish ; corymbs umbel-like, pedunculate, hemispherical ; pedicels filiform ; carpels
3-5, finally spreading, much longer than the calyx. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 489 ; Mich-x. f. 1.
p. 293 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 540 ; Torr. Jl. l.p. 482 ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 542 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 171 ; Bech, bot. p. 98 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 298.

A shrub 3-5 feet high, much branched ; the old bark loose, and separating in numerous
thin layers. Leaves about 2 inches in diameter, often roundish-ovate, more or less distinctly
3-lobed and crenately incised. Corymbs numerous, about two inches in diameter, many-
flowered. Calyx (and pedicels) pubescent ; the teeth ovate, acute. Disk entirely cohering
with the lube of the calyx. Ovaries with 1-4 ovules, one of which is suspended, the others
ascending : stigmas capitate. Carpels about three times as long as the calyx, compressed,
a little acuminate, somewhat membranaceous, smooth and shining. Seeds about 2 in each
carpel, reniform-obovoid.

Rocky banks of rivers, etc. ; rather common. Fl. May - June. Fr. August.

^ 2. EuspiR^A, Torr. & Gr. Carpels distinct, not inflated : seeds mostly with a loose membranaceous
testa. — Shrubs, with entire leaves destitute of stipules.

2. Spir^a salicifolia, Linn. Queen-of-the-meadow.

Plant nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate or obovate, simply or doubly serrate ; racemes in
crowded panicles ; carpels 5, smooth. — Linn.; Pall.fl. Ross. t. 21 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1055;

Spir^a. rosacea. 199

Michx.fl. l.p. 293; Pursh, fl.l.p.ZM; Ell.sk. l.p. 560; Torr.Jl. 1. 481 ; DC. prodr.
2. p. 544 ; Beck, hot. p. 98 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 299 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. \.p. 415.
"S. alba, Du Roi, heitr. 7. p. 137;" Bigel.Jl. Bnst. p. 196 ; Wats, dendrol. t. 133.

Shrubby or suffruticose, 3-5 feet high ; the branches purpHsh, very brittle. Leaves
variable in breadth and outline, usually about 2 inches long, mostly acute, but sometimes
quite obtuse ; commonly smooth on both sides, but sometimes (particularly a narrow-leaved
state of the plant from Oneida county) a little pubescent on the veins underneath, and minutely
fringed on the margin : petioles very short. Flowers white, commonly with a tinge of purple.
Disk with a free crenulate border. Petals crenulate.

Wet bushy meadows ; also in dry elevated situations (abundant on the Fishkill mountains).
Fl. June - July. Fr. October.

3. SpiRjEa tomentosa, Linn. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush.

Stem and lower surface of the leaves clothed with a rusty-colored tomentose pubescence ;
leaves ovate or oblong, crowded, unequally serrate ; racemes crowded in an elongated tapering
panicle ; carpels 5, woolly. — Linn.; Michx. fl. 1. p. 293 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1056 ; Pursh,
Jl. 1. p. 341 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 560; Mead in N. York med. repos. (n. ser.) 6. p. 256, with a
plate ; Torr.Jl. \.p. 481 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 197; DC. prodr. 2. p. 544 ; Beck, hot. p. 99 ;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 299 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. 4-15.

Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat branched, brittle, clothed with a loose wool that easily
rubs off. Leaves 1-2 inches long, deep bright green above, finely contrasting with the
rusty pubescence of the under surface, obtuse or acute ; the petioles scarcely 2 lines long.
Panicle 2-6 inches long, very compact. Calyx woolly. Petals pale purple, crenulate,
sometimes becoming green in withering. Seeds few in each carpel, subulate at each end.

Swamps ; rather rare. July - August. This plant is very astringent, and has been em-
ployed with success in chronic diarrhosa. See Dr. Mead's paper quoted above.

^ 3. Aruncus, Seringa. Flowers diascious : carpels distinct, rwt inflated : seeds with a loose mem-
branaceous testa. — Herbs, with tripinnately divided leaves destitute of stipules : spikes filiform,
in a large compound panicle.

4. Spiraea Aruncus, Linn. Goat' s-heard.

Leaves tripinnate, membranaceous ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, acuminate , the terminal
ones ovate-lanceolate, sharply and incisely doubly serrate ; flowers very numerous ; carpels
3-5, very smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 496 ; Micluc. Jl. \. p. 294 ; Pursh, Jl. l.p. 343 (excl.
P.); Ell. sk. 1. p. 561 ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 545 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 173 ;
Beck, hot. p 99 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 417. S. Aruncus, /?. Americana, Torr. Jl.
1. p. 482 (excl. syn. Michx.).

200 ROSACEiE. Spiraea.

Stembranchinf, 3 - 5 feet high, smooth. Leaves very large, sometimes bipinnately divided:
leaflets 2-3 inclies long, smooth. Flowers very small, while, in numerous long slender
spikes.

On the Catskill mountains {Prof. Eaton). I have seen no specimen recently from this
State.

5. GILLENIA. Mcench, suppl. p. 286 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 307 ; Endl. gen. 6393.

INDIAN PHYSIC.

[A name of unknown meaning.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandular-ciliate. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate,
very long, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Stamens 10 - 20, mostly included, inserted
in 2 or 3 series below the petals. Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved : styles filiform. Seeds
2 (or more ?), oblong, ascending from the base of each carpel ; the testa thin, and rather
cruslaceous. — Perennial herbs, with Irifoliolate, stipulate, nearly sessile leaves; llic leaflets
membranaceous, doubly serrate and incised. Flowers (rose-color) paniculate-corymbose ;
the peduncles and pedicels elongated. — Roots emetic and cathartic.

1. GiLLENiA TRiFOLiATA, MoBTich. Indian Phi/sic. Bomnan' s-root.

Stipules very small, linear-setaceous,- entire ; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate ; ovaries
pubescent. — Nutt. gen. I. c. ; DC.prodr. 2. p. 546 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 562 ; Torr.Jl. \.p 463 ;
Beck, hot. p. 108 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 300 ; Terr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 418. Spira;a
trifoliala, Linn. sp. 1. p. 489 ; Miclix. fl. I. p. 294 ; Bot. mag. t. 489 ; Mill. ic. t. 252;
Bigel. med. hot. 3. p. 11. t. 41 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. \.t. 5.

Stem 2-3 feet high, slender, smooth, paniculately branched. Upper leaves on very short
petioles, the lower ones petiolate : leaflets 2-3 inches long, a little pubescent underneath,
nearly smooth above, cut and irregularly serrate. Flowers few, in loose corymbose terminal
panicles ; the pedicels slender. Calyx smoothish ; the teeth much sliorter than the tube,
acute. Petals pale rose-color or nearly white, about three-fourths of an inch long and 2 lines
wide, much narrowed at the base, raliicr unequal. Stamens about 15, scarcely tiie length of
the calyx. Ovaries slightly cohering, hairy, each with 4 collateral ovules ascending from the
base of the placenta : style slender.

Siiady woods, and on rocky hills ; western and southwestern counties. Fl. June. Fr.
August.

The root of this plant has long possessed much reputation for its medicinal properties. It
acts as an emetic or a cathartic, according to the dose ( Wood <^ Bac/ie's U. S. Dispensatory,
p. 560).

GiLLENiA. ROSACEiE. 201

2. GiLLENiA STiPULACEA, Nutt. American Ipecacuanha.

Stipules very large, ovate, foliaceous, doubly incised ; leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised ;
ovaries smooth. — Nutt. gen. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 562 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 564 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 546 ; Beck, hot. p. lOS ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. ilS. Spiraea stipulata, Willd.
enum. 1. p. 542. S. stipulacca, I'ursh, Jl. 1. p. 343 ; Bart. I. c. I. t. 6 ; Cambass. in ann.
sci. nat. 1. p. 387. t. 28.

Stem 2-3 feet high, branching, smooth or minutely pubescent. Leaflets about as large
as in the preceding species, but more cut and with coarser serratures ; those of the lower and
radical leaves almost pinnatifid. Stipules an inch or more in length, and of nearly the same
breadth. Calyx and petals nearly as in G. trifoliata, but the latter rather smaller. Ovaries
smootli, with 4 ovules ascending from above the base of the placenta. Ripe fruit not seen.

In the western part of the State {David Thomas, Esq.). The late Dr. Cleaver, of Phila-
delphia, informed me many years ago tiiat he had found this species in the State of New- York.
It is abundant west of the Allegany mountains, where it takes the place of G. trifoliata.
Both species have nearly the same medicinal properties. See Wood <^ Bache, I. c.

Tribe II. DRYABEjE. Torr. ^ Gr.

Calyx valvate or often imbricate in (Estivation. Stamens sometimes definite. Carpels
(achenia, sometimes drupaceous) \-seeded and indehiscent, either few or solitary, or
numerous and collected into a head on a conical or hemispherical torus : ovules solitary,
rarely 2, suspended or ascending. Styles lateral or terminal. — Herbs, shrubs, or rarely
trees.

CONSPECTUS OP THE SUBTRIBES.

Subtribc I. Eudkvadeje. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, or rather flat ; the sstivation valvate. Stamens numerous.
Carpels numerous, dry. Seeds erect. Style terminal. — Mostly herbs.

Subtribc II. Sanouisorbe.k. Calyx-tube indurated and contracted at the mouth; the segments valvate. Petals often
wanting. Stamens few or definite. Carpels 1 - 2, rarely 3 - 1, dry: stigma often plumose. Seed sus-
pended.— Mostly herbs.

Subtribc III. Fragabie^. Calyx llattish, valvate. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, dry, crowded on a conical
or hemispherical (dry or fleshy) torus. — Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants.

Subtribe IV. • Dalibarde^:. Calyx flattish, mostly imbricated. Stamens numerous. Car|>els drupaceous, crowded on
the conical receptacle. Styles terminal or nearly so. — Herbaceous, or mostly somewhat shrubby and often
prickly plants.

Subtribe 1. Eudryade^, Torr. & Gr. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, or rather fat,
valvate in aestivation. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, dry : style terminal.
Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Flowers perfect.

6. GEUM. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 550. avens.

[ From the Greek, geuo, an agreeable flavor; the roots of one species being aromatic]

Calyx concave at the base ; the border flattish, deeply 5-cIeft, usually with 5 small bracteoles
[Flora.] 26

202 , ROSACEA. Geum.

alternate with the segments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, inserted into the disk that
lines the base of the calyx. Achenia numerous, crowded on the conical or cylindrical dry
receptacle, caudate with the terminal persistent styles. — Perennial herbs, with the leaves
(at least the lower or radical ones) pinnately divided. Flowers white, yellow or purplish.

§1. EuGEUM, Torr. & Gr. Segments of the calyx rejlexed. Style jointed, geniculate and contorted
above the middle ; the lower portion smooth, persistent, hooked at the point after the upper
(usually hairy) portion falls off.

1. Geum Virginianum, Linn. Virginian Avens.

Radical leaves pinnate, or lyrately pinnate, or trifoliolate ; cauline ones 3 - 5-foliolate, the
uppermost usually undivided, incisely serrate, softly pubescent or smoolhish ; stipules mostly
incised ; peduncles elongated and diverging in fruit ; bracteoles minute ; petals (white) about
the length of the calyx, cuneate-obovate ; carpels sparingly hispid ; upper joint of the style
hairy at the base. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 500 ; Murr. in comm. Gaett. 5. p. 30. t. 3 ; Willd. sp. 2.
p. 1113; Miclix.ji.l.p.QOl; Pursh, fl.l. p. 351 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 572 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. ^93;
Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 206 ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 550 ; Hooh. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 175 ;
Beck, hot. p. 101 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 301. G. album, Gmel. stjst. 2. p. 861 ; Willd.
enum. 1 . p. 556 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. I. c. ; DC. I. c, ^c.

Stem \\ - 3. feet high, a little hairy or nearly smooth. Radical leaves on long petioles,
sometimes nearly undivided, but commonly spuriously trifoHolate, or pinnately divided with
5 large segments and several very small ones ; cauline ones on short petioles, the uppermost
nearly sessile : leaflets broadly ovate or elliptical, 1 i - 3 inches long, usually acute. Pedun-
cles 1-3 inches long, terminating the branches. Flowers at first nodding, finally erect.
Calyx somewhat hairy ; the segments reflexed : bracteoles subulate. Petals white or some-
times cream-color, scarcely 2 lines in length. Carpels in a roundish sessile head, bristly with
a few long straight hairs : style straight and smooth below the joint ; upper joint thicker than
the lower, at length falling off, leaving a minute but strong hook at the summit of the lower
portion. Receptacle densely hairy.

Borders of woods, thickets, etc. Fl. June - July. Fr. September.

2. Geum strictum, Ait. Small-Jlowered Yellow Avens.

Stem and petioles hispid ; radical and lower cauline leaves interruptedly and somewhat
lyrately pinnate, the leaflets cuneiform-obovate ; upper cauline leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, the
leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute, sharply toothed and incised ; stipules large, incised ;
petals (yellow) roundish-oval, longer than the calyx ; carpels hispid at the summit ; upper
joint of the style hairy towards the base. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 207; Willd. sp.2. p.\\\3;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 351 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 207 ; Torr. comp. p. 208 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 175 (excl. ^.) ; Torr. >^- Gr.Jl. N. Am. I. p. 421. G. Canadcnse, Murr. comm. Goitt. 5.
p. 33. t. 4 (not oi Jacq.) ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 550. G. ranunculoides, Seringe, I. c.

Geum. ROSACEiE. ' 203

Stem 2-4 feet liigli, simple, paniculate at tlic summit, tiic lower part (and sometimes the
upper also, as well as the petioles) hispid with spreading or relrorse hairs. Radical and lower
cauline leaves on long petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile : larger leaflets 2 inches or more
in length, with scattered apprcssed hairs on both surfaces. Flowers in a loose dichotomous
panicle, larger than in the preceding species ; the peduncles 1-2 inches long. Bracteoles
subulate-linear, shorter than the segments of the calyx. Head of carpels sessile. Receptacle
densely pubescent.

Wet meadows and swamps. July - August. Common in the northern and western parts
of the State ; not found on the Hudson far below Albany.

§ 2. Caryophyllata, Tourn. Segme7its of the calyx erect or spreading : style jointed, geniculated

and contorted mar the middle ; the upper joint mostly plumose.

3. Geum rivale, Linn. Water Avens. Ptirple Avens.

Stem pubescent, rather naked ; radical leaves interruptedly pinnate and lyrate , cauline
ones (1-2) trifoliolate or 3-lobed ; flowers few, nodding ; petals broadly cuneiform-obovate,
emarginate, about the length of the calyx ; carpels in a stipitale head, very hairy ; lower joint
of the persistent style smooth above, the upper joint plumose. — Linn. sp. l.p. 501 ; Miclix.
ft. 1. p. 301 ; Engl. hot. t. 106 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 351 ; Torr. fl. l.p. 493 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 206 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 422.

Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, clothed with a short soft retrorse pubes-
cence mixed with longer hairs. Radical leaves on petioles often a fool long ; terminal leaflets
broadly ovate or obovate. 2-4 inches in diameter. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle, an
inch in diameter ; the peduncles erect in fruit. Calyx purplish : bracteoles scarcely one-
third the length of the segments. Petals abruptly narrowed into a claw, dull purplish-orange,
finally longer than the calyx. Carpels in a globose head, which at first is nearly sessile, but
finally raised on a distinct stipe. Lower joint hispid about half its length ; upper joint plumose
throughout.

Bogs and wet meadows ; northern and western parts of the State. May - June. The root
or rhizoma is astringent, and, made into a syrup, is a popular medicine " for cleansing the
blood." It is also said to be used as a substitute for chocolate.

^ 3. SiEVERsiA, Willd. ; R. Br. Style not articulated, wholly persistent.

4. Geum triflorum, Pursh. Three-Jlowered Purple Avens.

Stem nearly naked, softly pubescent, about 3-flovvered at the summit ; radical leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the petioles hairy ; leaflets cuneiform-oblong, deeply incised and toothed ;
flowers at first nodding ; pedicels finally elongated ; bracteoles lanceolate-linear, longer than
the calyx segments, and about the length of the elliptical-oblong petals ; styles very long,

26*

204 ROSACEiE. Geum.

and filiform in fruit, plumose. — Pursh, fl.l. p. 736 ; Seringe in DC. prodr. 2. p. 533 ;
Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 423. JSieversia triflora, R. Br. in Parry'' s \st voy. app. p. 276;
Richards, app. Franld. journ. ed. 2. p. 21 ; Hook, in hot. mag. t. 2858, and Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
B. 176. S. rosea, Graha?n in Edin. phil. journ. 1831.

Rhizoma creeping, thick and brown. Stems or scapes in the flowering state only 4-6
inches, in fruit a foot or 15 inches high, with 2 opposite small laciniale leaves near the middle,
and several others resembling an involucre at the base of the peduncles ; the 2 lateral flower-
stalks also furnished with similar but smaller leaflets about the middle. Radical leaves
numerous : leaflets mostly 3 - 5-toothed, or 3 - 5-cleft at the summit. Flowers nodding
when first expanded ; the peduncles at first scarcely half an inch long, in fruit 3-4 inches.
Calyx and involucral leaves usually of a purplish color. Petals yellowish-white tinged with
purple, persistent. Styles of the mature fruit more than 2 inches long, very slender, purple,
plumose with white silky hairs.

On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county ; very rare {Dr. Crawe). A beautiful plant when
in fruit. It has not recently been found within the limits of this State.

7. WALDSTEINIA. Willd. act. nat. cur. Berol. 2. p. 106. t. \.f. 1 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl.

N. Am. 1 . p. 426. WALDSTEINIA.

Waldsteinia and Coharofsis, DC; Endl.

[Named in honor of Franz de Waldstein, a distinguished German botanist.]

Tube of the calyx turbinate or obconic ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute
and deciduous bracteoles, which are occasionally wanting. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous.
Stamens numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx above the free border of the disk
that lines the calyx-tube. Achenia 2-6, dry or somewhat fleshy, inserted on a short
receptacle : styles terminal, filiform, separating from the carpel by an articulation. Seed
erect. Radicle inferior. — Low perennial herbs, with a prostrate or creeping rhizoma, and
mostly radical, roundish, 3 - 5-lobed or divided leaves. Scapes bracteate. Petals yellow.

1. Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Btrawherry-like Waldsteinia.

Leaves trifoliolate , the leaflets broadly obovale-cuneate and petiolulate, crenately toothed
and incised ; scapes erect, bracteate, 3 - 5-flowercd ; segments of the calyx shorter than the
oblong petals ; (bracteoles sometimes wanting) ; carpels 4-6, hairy. — Torr. ^ Gr. fl, N.
Am. 1. p. 426. Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx. fl. 1. p. 300. t. 28; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 351 ;
Bat. mag. t. 1567 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 491 ; Bigel. fl. Bost p. 203. Comaropsis fragarioides,
DC. prodr. 2. p. 555 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 177. C. Doniana, DC. I. c.

Rhizoma rather thick, brownish. Leaves all radical ; the petioles 3-4 inches long :
leaflets a little hairy on both sides, 1-1^ inch long, and often nearly as wide as long. Scapes

Waldsteinia. • ROSACEiE. 205

slender, finally longer than the leaves, with a small leafy bract below the middle, and others
at the forks of the pedicels. Calyx a little pubescent ; the tube conical : segments lanceolate-
oblong, acute, sometimes with alternate minute bracteoles. Petals scarcely twice the length
of the calyx. Stamens numerous. Carpels minute.

Woods ; rather common in the northern part of the State, and not rare in the western
counties, but not hitherto found in the valley of the Hudson south of Catskill. Fl. May -
June. Fr. July.

Subtribe 2. Sanguisorbe^, Torr. & Gr. Calyx-tiihe mostly indurated and contracted at the
mouth ; the segments valvule, or rarely imbricated in (estivation. Petals often wanting.
Stamens few or definite (j-arely numerous). Carpels 1-2, or rarely 3-4, dry : styles
terminal or lateral : stigma often plumose. Seeds suspended, very rarely ascending.
Radicle superior. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Flowers sometimes polygamous
or dicEcious.

8. SANGUISORBA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6373. great burnet.

[ Named from tlie Latin, sanguis, blood, and sorbco, to al)Sorb ; the plant having been used to stop bleeding.]

Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx quadrangular, with 3 bracteoles at the base ; the limb
4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments : filaments often dilated
upwards. Ovary solitary : style filiform, many-cleft or pencil-form. Achenium dry, in-
cluded in the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Perennial, rarely annual
herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and foliaceous persistent stipules ; the leaflets petiolu-
late, serrate or pinnatifid. Flowers in dense ovoid or cylindrical spikes.

1. Sanguisorba Canadensis, Linn. American Great Burnet.

Perennial ; spikes finally cylindrical and much elongated ; stamens much longer than the
calyx ; filaments flattened and dilated upwards ; leaflets ovate or oblong, serrate, cordate. —
Willd. sp.l. p. 654 ; Michx. fl.l. p.lOO; Pursh, fl. I. p. 116; Ell. sk. 1. p. 206 ; Torr.
fl. I. p. 176 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 62 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 594 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 198 ;
Beck, hot. p. 115 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 106 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 429. S. media,
Linn, ; DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c.

Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth, with a few erect branches. Leaflets in numerous pairs,
1—2 inches long, acutely serrate : petioles long, sheathing at the base. Stipules often lunate
or falcate, sharply serrate, adhering to the petiole ; the lower ones sometimes wanting. Spikes
at first elliptical, at length cylindrical, 3-6 inches long ; the flowers much crowded and
sessile, each with 3 small persistent bracts at the base. Calyx yellowish- or greenish-white ;
the segments ovate, with a callous tip. Filaments very long, white, flattened and dilated

206 ROSACEiE. Sanguisorba.

upward ; anthers small, roundish. Style a little longer than the calyx, slender : stigma large
and capitate, divided into numerous narrow segments. Achenium pyriform, contained in the
quadrangular, strongly winged and thickened calyx-tube.

Wet meadows ; common. August - September. A neat and rather showy plant when in
flower. The root is slightly astringent and tonic.

9. AGRIMONIA. Tourn. inst. t. 155; Endl. gen. 3368. agrimony.

[A name corrupted from argemone, which was applied by the Greeks to a plant supposed to cure cataract (argema) in

the eye.]

Calyx turbinate, armed with hooked bristles on the upper part, contracted at the throat, with
2 bracteoles at the base ; the limb 5-cleft, closing in fruit. Stamens about 12, inserted
with the petals into the glandular margin of the disk in the throat of the calyx. Ovaries 2 :
styles terminal, exserted. Achenia 1-2, included in the indurated tube of the calyx.
Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnated leavfes and yellow flowers
in spicate racemes. Bracts 3-cleft.

1. Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn. Common Agrimony.

Stem and petioles hairy ; leaflets 5-7, oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; stipules with a few

coarse teeth ; calyx sulcate towards the base ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Pursh,

ft. \.p. 335 ; Engl. hot. t. 1335 ; Torr. fl. \.p. 473 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 189 ; DC. prodr.

2. p. 587 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 196 ; Beck, hot. p. 108 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 300 ;

Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 431.

var. parviflora : smoothed ; racemes more slender, with the flowers rather remote. Hook.
I. c. (excl. syn.); Torr. <J- Gr. I. c. A. striata, Michx.fl. \. p. 287. A. parviflora, DC. I. c.

Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, sometimes very hairy, often flexuous. Leaflets 1-2 inches
long, with smaller ones intermixed, either nearly smooth or strigosely pubescent. Racemes
solitary or several, wand-like, 4-8 inches long ; the flowers on short erect pedicels. Calyx
with 2 small 3-toothed bracteoles at the base ; the upper part surrounded with hooked bristles.
Petals oval. Achenes often solitary, in the bottom of the hardened calyx-tube.

Borders of woods, fields, etc. ; very common. The root of Agrimony, which is sweet-
scented, was formerly in repute as a tonic and deobstruent. The whole plant is sometimes
used for dyeing a nankeen color.

POTENTILLA. ROSACEA. 207

Subtribe 3. Fragarie^, Torr. & Gr. Calyx Jlatlish, valvate in (Estivation. Stamens
numerous, inserted with the petals into the margin of a disk that lines the base of the
calyx. Carpels numerous, dry, crowded on a conical or hemispherical {dry or Jleshy)
receptacle : styles lateral or nearly terminal. Seed suspended or ascending. Radicle
superior. — Herbs, or very j-arehj shrubby plants.

10. POTENTILLA. Linn. gen. p. 255 ; Endl. gen. 6363. CINQUBFOIL.

[From the Latin, potcns, powerful ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues]

Calyx concave at the base, deeply 4 - 5-clcft, with 5 alternate exterior segments or bracteoles.
Petals 4-5, obtuse or obcordate. Ovaries collected on a flatlish, persistent, dry, villous
receptacle. Styles either lateral or nearly terminal, deciduous. Seed inserted next the
insertion of the style : radicle superior. — Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants, with
pinnately or palmately compound leaves. Flowers solitary or in cymes, yellow or white,
rarely red.

♦ Leaves palmately trifoliolate.

1. PoTENTiLLA NoRVEGiCA, Linti. Norwcgiati Cinquefoil.

Annual ; hairy ; stem erect, at length dichotomous above ; upper leaves on short petioles ;
leaflets oblong-obovate or lanceolate-oblong, coarsely and acutely serrate ; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, mostly entire ; cyme leafy ; pedicels elongated ; petals obovate, shorter than the
calyx ; achenia rugose-striate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 449 ; Fl. Dan. t. 17l ; Michx. fl. \.p. 302 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 355 ; Lehm. Potent, p. 153 ; Torr. fl.l. p. 396 ; Bigel. fl. Post. p. 205 ;
DC.prodr. 2. p. 573 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 193 ; Beck, bot. p. 106 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 303 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 436. P. Monspeliensis, Linn. P. hirsuta, MicJuc.
I. c; Pursh, I. c; Hook. I. c. P. Morisoni, DC. I. c.

Whole plant hairy. Stem 8-18 inches high, sometimes almost hispid, at first nearly
simple, finally more or less branched, occasionally decumbent. Lower and radical leaves
petiolate : leaflets 1-2 inches long : petioles hispidly pilose. Flowers in a compound leafy
cyme ; the pedicels half an inch or more in length. Segments of the calyx ovate-oblong,
acuminate. Petals pale yellow, a little emarginate. Carpels commonly marked with several
strong curved wrinkles, but these are sometimes faint : style terminal or nearly so, short.

Old fields, cultivated grounds ; an introduced plant in most parts of the State, but in the
northern counties apparently native. . .

2. PoTENTiLLA TRiDENTATA, Ait. Three-toothed Cinquefoil.

Stems ascending, woody and creeping at the base ; leaflets oblong-cuneiform, 3-toothed at
the extremity, nearly smooth and somewhat shining above, pale and pubescent underneath ;

208 ROSACEyE. Potentilla.

stipules lanceolate ; petals (white) oblong-obovate, longer than the calyx. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
2. p. 2\6. t. 9 ; Michx. fl. \. p. 304 ; Engl. hot. t. 2389 ; Lehm. I. c. ; Torr. fl.\. p. 495 ;
DC.prodr. 2. p. 585 ; Beck, hot. p. 106; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 445.

Flowering stems 4-10 inches high, clothed with appressed hairs, sheathed at the base
with the imbricated persistent petioles and stipules of former leaves. Leaflets nearly an inch
long, somewhat coriaceous, mostly 3-toothed, but often 4 - 5-toothed. Flowers 6 - 8 at the
summit of each stem, in a corymbose cyme. Calyx hairy ; the segments a little longer than
the bracteoles. Petals sometimes with a tinge of red. Carpels and receptacle villous. Style
lateral. Seed ascending.

Clefts of rocks on mountains ; Fishkill, Catskill and Essex mountains. A native also of
Europe.

♦• Leaves palmalcty 5-foliolaie.

3. Potentilla Canadensis, Linn. Cominon Cinquefoil. Five-finger.

Hairy ; stems sarmentose, procumbent and ascending ; leaflets obovate-cuneiform, silky
underneath when young, incisely serrate ; pedicels axillary, solitary, elongated ; bracteoles
longer than the calyx-segments, and rather shorter than the broadly obovaie retuse petals. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 498 ; Michx. fl. 1 p. 303 ; Nestl. Potent, p. 10. t. 5 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 354 ;
Lehm. Potent, p. 118 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 574 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 49G ; DC.prodr. 2. p. 575 ; Beck,
hot. p. 106 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 303 ; Torr. iS,- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 443. P. pumila,
Poir. diet. 5. p. 594 ; Pursh, I. c. P. simplex, Michx. I. c. ; Nestl. I. c. t. 9./. 2 ; Lehm.
I. c. ; Ell. I. c; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 204; Beck, I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. P. sarmentosa, Willd.
enum. 1. p. 554 ; Bigel. I. c.

Root perennial. Stems at first very short and nearly erect, finally 1-2 feet long, sarmen-
tose, and more or less ascending at the extremity, often several from one root. Leaves very
silky-villous when young : leaflets about an inch long, the lower part entire, the upper acutely
serrate or incised. Pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. Calyx hairy ; segments and
bracteoles lanceolate. Petals yellow ; wlien first expanded, often a little shorter than the
calyx, but usually somewhat longer. Ovaries smooth : style inserted a little below the sum-
mit. Seed suspended.

Fields and woods ; very common. April - August.

This species varies considerably in appearance, according to its age, and the situation in
which it grows. Early in the spring, and in open sterile places, it is very dwarfish, and
clothed with white silky hairs. In this slate it is the P. pumila of Poiret. Later in the
season, when it becomes smoother and throws out prostrate runners, it is the ordinary P.
Canadensis. Its smoother and more erect state, as it grows in woods and bushy situations,
is the P. simplex and P. sarmentosa of authors.

POTENTILLA. ROSACEiE. 209

4. PoTENTiLLA ARGENTEA, Linu. SUver-koved Cinquefoil.

Stems ascending, corymbose at the summit, tomentose ; leaflets oblong-cuneiform, laciniate-
ly pinnatifid or incised, entire towards the base, revolute on the margin, smooth above, white
and downy underneath ; flowers crowded ; petals obovate, retuse, longer than the calyx. —
Linn. sp. 1. ;;. 497 ; Engl. hot. t. 89 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 355 ; Torr. jl. \.p. 497 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost.p. 204 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 576 ; Beck, hot. p. 106 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. l.p. 441.

Root perennial, somewhat woody. Stems at first nearly erect, finally spreading ajid
ascending. Lower leaves petiolale ; upper ones nearly sessile : leaflets variable in breadth,
the under surface clothed with a dense white wool. Stipules ovate, acuminate, somewhat cut.
Corymbs spreading, many-flowered ; the flowers small. Bracteoles nearly as broad and long
as the segments of the calyx. Petals bright yellow. Ovaries smooth : style straight, nearly
terminal.

Barren hills and fields ; rather common. June - September. A native also of Europe,
and possibly only an introduced plant in this country.

•♦♦ Leaves pinnate.

5. PoTENTiLLA ARGUTA, Pwsh. Close-Jlotvered Cinquefoil.

Stem erect, very pubescent ; the upper part, and also the peduncles and calyx, villous and
viscid : radical leaves pinnately 7 - 9-foliolate , the cauline ones few, 3 - 7-foliolate ; leaflets
roundish-ovate, incised or doubly serrate, pubescent underneath ; stipules toothed or entire ;
flowers in a more or less crowded cyme ; petals (yellowish-white) roundish-obovate, rather
longer than the calyx ; disk glandular, thickened, 5-lobed. — Pursh, fl. 2. p. 636 ; Richards,
app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 20 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 137 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 186. t. 63;
Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 445. P. confertiflora, Torr. fl. 1. p. 449 ; Lehm. stirp. pug.
3. p. 24. P. Pennsylvanica, /3. arguta, To)-r. in ann. lye. N. York, 2. p. 197, not of T>C.
Geum agrimonioides, Pursh, fl,. \. p. 351. Boottia sylvestris, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 206.

Root perennial. Stem from 18 inches to 3 feet high, simple, clothed with a brownish
pubescence which is glutinous when young. Radical leaves on long peduncles : leaflets
1—2 inches long, often with much smaller ones at the base. Flowers aggregated in small
corymbose cymes at the extremity of the peduncles. Bracteoles lanceolate, a little shorter
than the oblong-acutc segments of the calyx. Petals cream-color or nearly white. Stamens
inserted on the edge of the 5-lobed disk at the base of the calyx. Ovaries smooth, compressed :
style very thick and fusiform : stigma oblong, minute. Receptacle villous.

Rocky hills, particularly on the banks of lakes and rivers ; not uncommon in the High-
lands, as at West-Point and on Polybell's Island ; shores of Lake Champlain ; near Troy,
&c. June.

The thickened styles of this species consist chiefly of large oblong cells filled with a thick
yellow gummy matter, which is soluble in water. I have noticed the same structure, but
with much smaller cells, in several other species of Potentilla.
[Flora.] 27

210 ROSACEiE. Potentilla.

6. Potentilla fruticosa, Linn. Shruhly Cinquefoil.

Shrubby, much branched ; leaves pinnately 5 - 7-folioIale ; leaflets crowded, oblong-
lanceolate, entire, hairy ; petals (yellow) nearly orbicular, longer than the calyx. — Linn. sp.
\.p. 495 ; Engl. hot. t. 88 ; Michx. fl. \. p 304 ; Pursh,fl. \.p. 355 ; Lehm. Potent, p. 31 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 497 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 579 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 186 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1 . p. 445. P. floribunda, Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 203.

A shrub about 2 feet high, with reddish brown branches. Leaves very numerous, on rather
short petioles : leaflets usually only 5, but sometimes 7, usually about ihree-fourths of an
inch long, but often much larger, pale and more hairy underneath ; the 3 upper ones more or
less confluent : stipules scarious, very acute, pubescent. Flowers numerous, 2 or 3 at the
extremity of each branch, large. Calyx-segments and bracteoles of nearly equal length ; the
former yellowish and broader. Disk villous. Petals about one-third longer than the calyx.
Ovaries (and also the receptacle) very villous : style filiform, inserted near the base of the
ovary.

Bog meadow.-j ; Orange county ; Yates county {Dr. Sartwell). June.

7. Potentilla Anserina, Linn. Silver-weed. Wild Tansey.

Stem creeping ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; larger leaflets 7-15 or more, oblong,
pinnatifidly serrate, silvery-canescent underneath ; stipules many-cleft ; pedicels scape-like,
solitary, as long as the leaves. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 495 ; Engl. hot. t. 861 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 304 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 356; Lehm. Potent, p. 71 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 498 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 203 ;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 582 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 189 ; Beck, hot. p. 107 ; Ton: tj- Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 444.

Root perennial. Stem throwing out long slender creeping stolons, which produce a tuft of
leaves and one or more pedicels at each joint. Leaves sometimes very silky and white on
both sides, but commonly green and nearly smooth on the upper surface and white underneath :
leaflets an inch or more in length ; the intermediate ones very small : petioles varying in
length. Bracteoles rather shorter and narrower than the segments of the calyx. Petals bright
yellow, broadly obovate, twice as long as the calyx. Ovaries smooth : style lateral, filiform.
Receptacle villous.

Wet meadows, borders of ponds, etc. Shores of the Hudson ; Lake Ontario ; salt marshes
of Long Island, &c. June - October.

CoMARtTM. ROSACEA. 211

11. COMARUM. Linn. gen. p. 257 ; Endl. gen. 6362. MAHSB ClNQ,UEFOiL.

[Comaros was a name given liy the Greeks to a plant supposed to be the modern Arbutus.]

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, colored inside, with 5 alternate much smaller exterior segments or
bracteoles. Petals 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Achenia aggregated on a large fleshy
and spongy persistent hairy receptacle. Styles lateral. Seed attached near the insertion
of the style, pendulous : radicle superior. — A perennial herb, creeping at the base. Leaves
pinnate. Petals, stamens and styles dark-purple.

1. CoMARUM PALUSTRE, Liun. Commou Marsh Cinquefoil.

Engl. hot. t. 172 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 302 ; Pursh, Jl. \. p. 156 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 203 ;
Torr. 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 447. Potentilla palustris, Scopoli,fl. Cam. (cd. 2.) \.p. 359,
ex Lehm. Potent, p. 52 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 498 ; Rook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 187. P. Comarum,
Nest. Pot. p. 36 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 583.

Stem 1-2 feet high, nearly simple, smoothish below, pubescent with short appressed hairs
above. Leaves petiolate : leaflets 5-7, approximate, lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, acutely
serrate, whitish underneath, green and smooth above. Stipules ovate ; the upper ones partly
free, the lower ones wholly adnate to the petiole. Flowers somewhat corymbose at the summit
of the stem. Segments of the calyx ovate, acuminate, nearly twice as long as the lanceolate
bracteoles. Petals scarcely half the length of the calyx. Receptacle, when mature, large
and spongy, somewhat resembling a strawberry, covered by the calyx.

Sphagnous swamps, northern and western counties ; common. June - July.

12. FRAGARIA. Tourn. ; Linn. gen. p. 255 ; Endl. gen. 3361. strawberry.

[ Named from the Latin, /ra^ffi«5, odorous; on account of its fragrant fruit,]

Calyx and corolla as in Potentilla. Achenia scattered on the large pulpy or succulent
receptacle. Styles lateral. Seed inserted next the base of the style, ascending : radicle
superior. — Perennial stoloniferous herbs, with trifoliolate leaves ; the leaflets coarsely
serrated. Scapes cymosely several-flowered. Petals white. Receptacle red, edible when
ripe.

1. Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry.

Fruit roundish-ovoid, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted receptacle ; calyx spreading
in fruit ; peduncles commonly shorter than the leaves. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1091 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 397 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 590 (in part) ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 202 ? ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 570 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 184 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 304 ? ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 447.
F. Canadensis, Miclix. fl. 1. p. 299.

27*

212 ROSACEA. Fragaria.

Rhizoma short, throwing up a tuft of leaves and scapes, and producing numerous long
slender stolons,' which become new plants. Leaflets broadly oval or obovate, 1-2 inches or
more in length, smoothish above, slightly hairy underneath : petioles 2-6 inches long, vil-
lous ; the hairs appressed, spreading or reversed. Scapes 4 - 7-flowered, sometimes forked
at the summit, and then bearing a large foliaceous bract or leaflet at the bifurcation ; the
direction of the hairs variable. Calyx hairy : segments ovate, acuminate : bracteoles a little
shorter, linear-lanceolate. Petals roundish, a little longer than the calyx. Receptacle usually
roundish-ovoid, sometimes rather conical, scarlet ; the pits on its surface so deep that the
achenia are more than half imbedded.

Fields and rocky places ; common in most parts of the State, but rare in the neighborhood
of New-York and on Long Island. April - June.

2. Fragaria vesca, Linn. Wild Straivherry.

Fruit conical or hemispherical, the achenia superficial ; calyx much spreading or reflexed
in fruit ; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves. — Engl. hot. t. 1524 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 357 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 569 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 184 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 448.

Resembles the preceding, but produces fewer and less slender runners, the leaves with
smaller serratures ; the flowers are nearly twice as large, the segments of the calyx narrower,
and the fruit especially difiers in the achenia not being immersed in little pits upon the surface.

Fields and meadows, and sometimes on rocks ; very common around New-York, on Long
Island, and in the valley of the Hudson, but also found in most other parts of the State,
generally confounded with the preceding under the name of Wild Strawberry. It seems to
be indigenous.

Subtribe 4. Dalibarde.c, Torr. & Gr. Calyx flatfish, 5-parted, mostly imbricate in cestiva-
tion. Petals deciduous. Stamens numei'ous, inserted into the border of the disk. Carpels
few, dry, and seated at the bottom of the calyx ; or drupaceous, juicy, and crowded on
a conical receptacle : ovules 2, collateral : styles terminal or nearly so. Seed suspended.
Radicle superior. — Herbaceous or mostly somewhat shrubby, often prickly plants.

13. DALIBARDA. Linn.; Richard in Nestl. Pot. p. 16. t. 1 ; Endl. gen. 6359.

DALIBAJiDA.

[ In honor of Denis Dalibard, a French botanist of the last century.]

Calyx concave at the base, deeply 5 - 6-parted, without bracteoles ; the segments imbricated
in aestivation ; 3 of them larger, and 3 - 5-toothed or serrate. Petals 5, sessile. Ovaries
5-10. Achenia dry ; the endocarp cartilaginous, sessile in the bottom of the calyx. —
Small perennial herbs, with creeping stems and simple roundish-cordate leaves. Scapes
1 - 2-flowered. Petals white.

Dalibarda. ROSACE.E. 213

1. Dalibarda repens, Linn. Creeping Dalibarda.

Leaves obtusely crenate-dcnlatc ; stipules laciniate ; sepals not bristly. — Linn. sp. I.
p. 491 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 350 ; Ton: fl. 1. p. 491 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 202 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 564 ; Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 184 ; Beck, hot. p. 104 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 449.
D. violasoides, Michx. jl. 1. p. 299. t. 27. Rubus Dalibarda, Linn. sp. ed. 2; Smith, ic.
ined. t. 20 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1090.

Stem with short rooting joints. Leaves 1-2 inches in diameter, strigosely hairy and
fringed, with a deep and often closed sinus at the base : petioles 1-2 inches long ; the hairs
reflexed. Calyx more or less hairy, almost hispid at the base : sepals oblong. Petals obovate-
oblong, obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 40 or 50 : filaments slender,
deciduous. Achenia white, oblong, rather obtuse, hairy when young, slightly pubescent when
mature, a little wrinkled transversely. Receptacle not elevated.

Moist shady places ; common in the northern and western counties ; not found south of
Catskill. June - August.

14. RUBUS. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 6360. RASPBERRY, and BLACKBERRY.

[ Supposed to be derived from the Celtic word rub, which signifies red ; the color of the fruit in many of the species.]

Calyx concave or flattish at the base, 5-parted ; the segments mostly imbricate in aestivation.
Petals 5. Achenia numerous (rarely few), pulpy and drupaceous, aggregated on a conical
or cylindrical spongy receptacle, either persistent or deciduous. — Perennial, mostly suf-
fruticose or shrubby plants, .with erect or procumbent mostly prickly and biennial stems.
Leaves pinnately or pedately compound, often simple. Flowers white or reddish ; terminal
ones opening first. Fruit eatable.

§ 1. (Raspberry.) Carpels forming a somewhat hemispherical fruit, concave underneath, and falling
away from the dry receptacle ichen ripe; sometimes few in number, and falling away separately.

1. RuBUS ODORATUS, Liuu. Flotcering Raspberry.

Stem suffruticose, without prickles ; peduncles, petioles and calyx hispid with viscid
glandular hairs ; leaves simple, large, 3 - 5-lobed , the lobes acuminate, unequally and finely
toothed with mucronate serratures ; stipules lanceolate, nearly free ; peduncles many-flowered,
compound ; flowers very large ; sepals appendiculate with a very long cusp, shorter than the
roundish (purple) petals ; fruit very broad and flat. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 194 ; Michx. jl. 1.
p. 297 ; Bot. mag. t. 323 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 348 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 570 ; Bart. jl. N. Am. 2.
t. 42; Torr. jl. I. p. 490 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 201 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 56G ; Audub. birds of
America, t. 133 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 183 ; Beck, hot. p. 104 ; Darlingt. jl. Vest,
p. 309 ; Torr. ^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 1 . p. 450.

214 ROSACEiE. Rubtjs.

Stem 3-5 feet high ; the younger branches, as well as the petioles, peduncles and calyx,
particularly the latter, covered with roughish glandular hairs which secrete a viscid matter.
Leaves 4-8 inches in diameter, cordate, the upper ones 3-lobed, the lower 5-lobed ; middle
lobe prolonged. Flowers 2 inches in diameter. Sepals ovate, the point abruptly drawn out
into a long narrow appendage. Petals of a beautiful purplish rose-color. Fruit large but
thin, red when mature, well flavored.

Rocky places, particularly on hill-sides ; common. June - August. This showy species
is often seen in cultivation.

2. RuBus TRiFLORUs, RicJmrds. Dioarf Raspberry .

Stem without prickles, suffrutescent at the base, ascending ; the branches mostly herba-
ceous, often long, slender and prostrate ; leaves 3- (sometimes pedately 5-) foliate, on slender
petioles ; leaflets membranaceous, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, nearly smooth, coarsely
and doubly serrate, or sometimes incised ; stipules ovate, entire ; peduncles terminal, 1-3-
flowered, the pedicels elongated ; sepals 5-7, lanceolate, glandularly pubescent, at length
reflexed, rather shorter than the spatulate-oblong erect (white) petals ; fruit small, red. —
Richards, in app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 19 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 181. t. 62 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. A771. 1. p. 452. R. saxatilis, /3. Canadensis, Miclix. fl.\. p. 298. R. saxatilis,
Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 201. R. saxatilis, ^. Americanus, DC.prodr. 2. p. 565. R. Canadensis,
To7-r. Jl. 1. p. 483, not of I, inn. Cylactis montana, Raf. in Sill, journ. 1. p. 377.

Stem woody below ; the flowering branches 6-10 inches high, and ascending; the sterile
ones prostrate, and often 12-18 inches long, nearly smooth below, pubescent above. Leaflets
1-2 inches long ; the terminal one on a short stalk. Flowers small. Calyx often 6 - 7-cleft.
Petals sometimes one-third longer than the calyx. Fruit reddish purple, usually of few, but
sometimes of numerous grains, sour, but having a distinct raspberry flavor.

Swamps and moist woods, but sometimes in rather dry situations ; rather common. Fl.
June. Fr. August.

3. RuBUS sTRiGOSus, Miclix. Red Wild Raspberry.

Erect, suffruticose, armed with straight spreading rigid bristles (some of which become
weak hooked prickles) which are glandular when young ; leaves pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ;
leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, incisely serrate, whitish-tomcnlose underneath ; stipules
small, setaceous ; peduncles 4 - 6-flowered ; petals obovate-oblong, erect, as long as the
spreading sepals ; fruit light red. — Michx. Jl. 1 . p. 297 ; Pursh, Jl. 1 . p. 346 ; Torr. Jl. 1 .
p. 488 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 198 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 177 ; Beck, hot. p. 104 ; Torr. ^

Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 453. R. Pennsylvanicus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 246. R. Idteus, Nutt. geii.

1. p. 308.

Stem much branched, light brown and shining ; the lower part often nearly unarmed ;

upper part, petioles and peduncles hispid ; the hairs at first soft and tipped with a minute

gland, finally becoming indurated, but not firm enough to wound the skin. Leaflets 1^-3

RuBus. ROSACEA. 215

inches long, green and smooth above, densely pubescent and whitish underneath ; the terminal
one often cordate, and elevated on a partial stalk about one-third of an inch long. Flowers
small, in leafy panicles at the extremity of the branches. Calyx woolly ; the segments
lanceolate, very acute. Petals white. Fruit briglit red, very juicy, and having much the
flavor and appearance of the common Garden Raspberry {R. IdcRus), but more tender.

Rocky hill-sides ; very common in the northern and western parts of the State, and also
on the Hudson River above Pcckskill. May.

4. RuBus occiDENTALis, Linn. Black Raspherry. Thimhle-berry.

Stem shrubby, recurved, glaucous, armed with hooked prickles ; leaves mostly 3-foliolate ;
leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised, whitish-tomcntose underneath ;
peduncles terminal, the pedicels short, in an umbellate corymb ; petals obovate-cuneate, shorter
than the reflexed sepals; fruit dark purple. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 493; Miclix. Jl. 1. p. 297;
Pursh, fl.l.p. 347 ; Torr. ft. 1. p. 489 ; Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 198 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 178 (excl. ^.); Beck, hot. p. 102 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 306 ; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 453. R. Idasus, fructu nigro. Dill. Ellh. t. 247.

Stems long and slender, often arching and recurved to the ground, the summits taking root,
covered with a fine glaucous powder which easily rubs off. Leaves sometimes 5-foliolate :
leaflets 2-4 inches long, the under surface covered with a short very close while pubescence.
Flowers small. Petals white, sometimes emarginate, erect. Fruit dark purple or almost
black , the grains sometimes covered with a grayish mealy substance ; pretty well flavored,
but rather dry and seedy.

Borders of woods and along fences ; very common. Fl. May. Fr. June - July.

§ 2. (Blackberry.) Carpels persistent on the someiohat juicy receptacle : fruit mostly ovate or oblong.

5. RuBUS viLLOsus, Ait. Common Blackberry.

Stem suffruticose, erect or reclined, angular, armed with stout curved prickles ; branches,
peduncles and lower surface of the leaves tomenlose-villous and glandular ; leaves trifoliolate
or pedately 5-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, doubly or unequally serrate ; stipules linear or subulate;
peduncles many-flowered, the flowers racemose ; bracts many times shorter than the pedicels ;
sepals with an abrupt linear acumination, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading
petals ; fruit large, black.— A«Y. Kcw. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 210; Miclix. fl. 2. p. 297; Pursh, fl,. 1.
p. 346 ; Bigel. med. hot. t. 38, and fl. Bost. p. 199 ; Ell. sk. \. p. 567 ; Bart. veg. mat. 7ned.
t. 39 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 487 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Arn. 1. p. 179 ; Beck, hot. p. 103 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 307 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 454.

\ds. frondosus : much less glandular, smoother; stems erect or inclined ; leaflets incisely
serrate; flowers fewer, corymbose, with leafy bracts. Toi-r.fl. I. c. ; Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. R.
frondosus, Bigel. I. c. ; Beck, I. c.

var. humifusus : stems procumbent or trailing ; leaves smaller ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered.
Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. ■

216 ROSACEA. RuBus.

Stems 4-8 feet long, and erect or reclined when growing along fences, in bushy places,
or in woods, but usually prostrate or trailing in open fields, armed (as well as the petioles and
under surface of the midrib) with strong prickles ; the younger branches and peduncles clothed
with a villous pubescence, which is usually mixed with glandular hairs. Leaves mostly tri-
foliolate, with the terminal leaflet on a long stalk ; but often, particularly in vigorous shoots,
there are 5 leaflets, three or all of which are on long partial footstalks : leaflets 2-5 inches
long, often cordate at the base, usually acuminate. Racemes (in the common large upright
forms) oblong, loose, 10 - 30-flowered, the upper flowers commonly opening first ; in the
other varieties, few-flowered, or even reduced to solitary flowers. Pedicels 1-2 inches long.
Sepals abruptly contracted at the summit into a long narrow point. Petals nearly an inch
long, often almost lanceolate. Fruit ovoid-oblong or nearly cylindrical, half an inch to an inch
in length, black and shining, very juicy and sweet when ripe.

A very common plant throughout the United States. Fl. May - June. Fr. July - August.
It varies much in its appearance according to its place of growth ; the prostrate and trailing
state of it, as found in open fields, being very unlike its upright form as seen along fences and
in thickets ; yet the two often pass into each other. The ripe fruit is very wholesome, and
an infusion of the astringent root is a popular remedy for diarrhoea.

6. RuBUS Canadensis, Linn. Low Blackhei-ry. Deivherry.

Stem shrubby, ascending at the base, trailing or procumbent, somewhat prickly ; leaves
trifoliolate or pedately 5-foliolate, smooth or pubescent ; leaflets rhombic-ovate or almost
lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, membranaceous, sharply and unequally serrate, often
somewhat incised ; stipules linear, entire or serrate ; flowers racemose or somewhat corym-
bose, with leafy bracts, the lower peduncles distant, the upper crowded ; petals obovate, twice
the length of the mucronate sepals; fruit very large, black. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 494; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 564 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1.^.454. R. procumbens, Muhl. cat. R. triviaUs,
Pursh,fi. 1 . p. 347 (not of Michx.) ; Torr. fl. i.p. 489 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 200 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 180 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 308. R. flagellaris, Willd. enum. 1. p. 549 ;
DC. I. c.

Stems 4-8 feet long, slender, often several from the same root, which sometimes ascend
a foot or more, and then trail along the ground in diflfercnt directions, shooting up at intervals
leafy tufts or branches 2-6 inches high. Leaflets 1-2 inches long ; lateral ones sessile ;
terminal one on a distinct footstalk. Flowers few (sometimes solitary), in a loose leafy raceme
or corymb, terminating the short branches, nearly as large as those of R. villosus. Fruit
oblong or roundish, often three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very juicy and sweet when
mature.

Rocky barren fields ; common. Fl. May. Fr. July August.

This species much resembles the smoother and prostrate variety of R. villosus, so that they
cannot easily be distinguished. The fruit ripens earlier, and is usually larger and sweeter
than in the latter.

RcBus. rosacea:. 21?

7. RuBus HispiDus, Linn. Running Stcamp Blackberry.

Stems slender, prostrate, somewhat shrubby, clothed with retrorse bristles or weak prickles ;
leaves mostly trifoliolate, somewhat persistent ; leaflets rather coriaceous, obovate, commonly
obtuse, unequally serrate, smooth and shining ; stipules linear ; peduncles naked, corymbosely
several-flowered ; pedicels filiform ; flowers small ; petals obovate, twice as long as the
spreading acute sepals ; fruit small, black. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 493 (not of DC); Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1 . p. 456. R. obovalis, Mickv. fl. 1. p. 298 ; Pursh, fi. 1 . .'349 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 565 ; Beck, bot. p. 104. R. obovalus, Pers. syn. I. p. 52; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l. p. 180.
t. 60; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 308. R. sempervirens, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 201.

var. setosus : stems reclining ; leaflets oblong-obovate, narrowed at the base ; branchlets
and pedicels bristly. Torr. <J- Gr. I. c. R. setosus, Bigel. I. c. ; DC. I c.

Stem 2-3 feet or more in length, trailing and throwing up short flowering branches, more
or less hispid (often very much so) with slightly curved reversed bristles, which finally harden
so as to be somewhat pungent. Flowering branches 4-8 inches high. Leaves rarely 5-
foliolate, on long slender petioles which are usuall}' hispid like the stem : leaflets 1 - 1^ inch
long, all of them on distinct footstalks, sometimes rather acute. Peduncles 3 - 5-flowcred,
in a more or less open corymb which is often leafy ; sometimes 2 or 3 pedicels in the axils of
the lower leaves. Flowers about half an inch in diameter. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute, but
scarcely appendiculate. Petals white. Fruit usually consisting of a few large grains, and
Bour, but sweet when it grows in exposed situations.

Swamps and wet woods ; sometimes in rather dry, but shady situations. Fl. June. Fr.
August. In swamps the leaves are generally persistent through the winter.

8. RuBus cuNEiFOLius, PursJi. Sand Blackberry.

Shrubby, low, and armed wilh stout recurved prickles ; stems mostly erect, terete ; young
branches and vmder surface of the trifoliolate leaves pubescent-tomentose ; leaflets cuneiform-
obovate, rather coriaceous, with the veins prominent underneath, serrate above the middle,
entire and slightly revolute near the base ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered ;
petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the woolly mucronale sepals ; fruit ovoid, black. —
Pursh, fl.l. p. 3i7; Nutt. gen. 1. p. BOS; Ell. sk. I. p. 586 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 4=88 ; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 563 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 306 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 456. R. parvi-
folius, Walt. fl. Car. p. 149, not of Linn.

Stem 1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaflets 1-2 inches long, all sessile, dark green
above, whitish and pubescent underneath, rather obtuse, or with a very short abrupt acumina-
tion. Flowers at the extremity of the branches ; the lower pedicels elongated and axillary.
Petals nearly as large as in R. villosus. Fruit large, black, abundant and well flavored.

Sandy fields. Fl. May - July. Fr. July - August. I think this species grows in Suff'olk
county, Long Island. It is abundant in New-Jersey ; certainly within a few miles of New-
York.

[Flora.] 28

S'lS ROSACEA. Rosa.

Tribe III. ROSEjE. Juss.

Calyx 5-partcd, sjnrally imbricated ; the tube urceolate, contracted at the mouth, at length
fleshy or baccate, including the numerous distinct ovaries. Stamens numerous. Achenia
hony, hairy, inserted on the whole inner surface of the dish that lines the tube of the
calyx : styles terminal, distinct, or cohering into a column above. — Shrubby and prickly
plants, with pinnate leaves (in Hultheimia or Lowea, which is hardly a distinct genus,
reduced to a single leaflet), and mostly adnate stipules. Flowers large, showy and
odorous.

15. ROSA. Tourn.; Linn. ; Lindl. monogr. Ros. {1820). rose.

[ Derived from the Celtic wordrAos, signifying red ; the prevailing color of the flowers.]

Character same as of that of the tribe. Stipules present.

1. Rosa Carolina, Linn. Swainp Rose.

Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved mostly stipular prickles, not bristly ; leaflets
5-9 (rarely 9), elliptical, often acuminate, finely serrate, not shining above , the lower
surface (as well as the petiole) puberulent and pale ; stipules long and narrow, the margins
involute ; flowers corymbose ; calyx and peduncles glandular-hispid ; sepals mostly entire,
with foliaceous terminations ; fruit depressed-globose, mostly somewhat glandular-hispid. —
Linn. spec. (ed. 2.) 1. p, 703; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 341 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 565 ; Lindl. Ros. p. 23.
t. 4 ; Ton: fl. 1. p. 486 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 605; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 199 ; DarUngt.
fl. Cest. p. 311 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 458. R. corymbosa, Ehrh. beitr. 4. p. 21.
R. Pennsylvanica, Michx. fl. 1. p. 296 (partly). R. Caroliniana, Bigel. jl.Bost.p. 197.

Stem 3-6 feet high, armed with short but strong broad slightly recurved priciiles. Leaf-
lets 1—2 inches long, acute at the base, and furnished with short partial footstalks ; the
petiole commonly a little prickly, as well as bristly and glandular. Flowers terminal, 4 — 7
in each corymb, crowded. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a long slender point which
is somewhat leafy at the extremity. Petals purple, nearly an inch long. Fruit dark red and
shining when mature, usually hispid, seldom quite smooth.

Swamps and wet thickets ; common. June - July. Sometimes the fruit is a little elongated,
and acute at the bise ^ but in such cases I have generally found that the change was produced
by insects stinging the young calyx-tube, and lodging their eggs inside.

2. Rosa lucida, Ehrh. Dwarf Wild Eose.

Stem armed with numerous scattered and stipular, unequal, mostly deciduous prickles ;
those of the flowering brandies stipular, slender, straight or slightly recurved, or sometimes
wanting; leaflets mostly 7 (sometimes 5 or 9)^ elliptical, sharply serrate, smooth and siiining
above ; petioles somewhat glandular or hispid ; stipules dilated ; flowers 1 - 3 ; the calyx-

HosA. ROSACE.E. 219

segments as long as the petals, with a foliaceous elongated extremity, and (as also the pedun-
cles) glandiilar-liispid ; tube of the calyx sometimes smooth ; fruit depressed-globose, mostly
smooth when mature.— Torr. tj- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 458. R. lucida and parviflora, Ehrh. ;
Willd.; ^-c.

var. 1 : leaflets crowded, elliptical-oblong or lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse ; the under
surface scarcely pale, smooth or slightly pubescent on the veins ; petioles mostly smooth.
Torr. (J- Gr. I. c. R. lucida, Ehrh. heitr. 4. p. 11 ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1068; " Jacy. frag,
t. 107./. 3 ;" Ell. sk. \.p. 563 ; Lindl. Ros. p. 17 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 602; Hook.Ji. Bor.-
Am. -1. p. 199. R. Carolina, Du Roi. R. Rapa, Base; DC. I. c. R. Caroliniana, Michx.
fl. 1. p. 295. R. parviflora, Torr. Jl.\. p. 484; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 310.

var. 2 : leaflets less crowded, oval, mostly very obtuse, paler but often nearly smooth
underneath ; petioles pubescent or smooth. Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. R. parviflora, Ehrh. I. c. ;
Willd. I. c. ; Lindl. Ros. p. 20. R. lucida, Torr. I. c.

About 2 feet high, slender ; the branches usually greenish. Prickles 3-5 lines long,
mostly straight and horizontal, not dilated at the base ; 2 at the base of each petiole often
deciduous. Leaflets an inch or an inch and a quarter long (shorter in the 2nd variety) :
petioles often a little prickly ; the pubescence not glandular. Flowers often larger than in
the preceding species, seldom more than three together, and often solitary. Tube of the calyx
sparingly hispid with glandular hairs ; the segments also hispid towards the base, tapering
into a long narrow point which is lanceolate and foliaceous at the extremity. Petals pale red.
Fruit about half an inch in diameter, dark-red.

Borders of swamps ; also in dry thickets, fields and hill-sides. Flowers two or three weeks
earlier than the preceding species.

3. Rosa blanda. Ait. • Early Wild Rose.

Stems and sterile branches (reddish) armed with scattered unequal straight and slender
deciduous prickles, the flowering branches and petioles mostly naked ; leaflets 5-7, oval or
oblong, obtuse, unequally serrate, not shining above, pale and commonly minutely pubescent
underneath, the petiole tomentose-pubescent or sometimes 'smooth ; stipules much dilated, with
entire or glandular-serrate margins ; flowers 1-3, on short smooth peduncles ; segments of
the calyx shorter than the petals, the lube smooth and glaucous ; fruit globose. — Ait. Keiv
(ed. 1.) 2. p. 202; Jacq.frag. t. 105; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1065; Li?idl. Ros. p. 25; Hook.Ji
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 199; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 460. R. Pennsylvanica, Miclix.fl. l.p
296 (in part). R. gemella, Willd. eniim. 1. p. 344 (partly). R. fraxinifolia, Seringe in DC
prodr. 2. p. 606. R. parviflora, var. inermis, //. H.Eaton in Transylv. journ. med. 1832

Stems 1-3 feet high, often unarmed or with only short prickles towards the base. Ler-.flcts
usually 7. Flowers about 2 inches in diameter. Petals pale red, obcordate. Fruit crowned
with the persistent connivent calyx-segments.

On rocks, and along the banks of rivers in dry situations. Northern part of the State, and
on the banks of the Mohawk. Latter part of May - June.

28*

220 ROSACEiE. Rosa.

4. Rosa rubiginosa, Linn. Sweet-briar. Eglantine.

Stem armed with scattered, very strong, recurved prickles ; leaflets 5-7, roundish-oval or
obovate, sharply serrate , the margins, lower surface and stipules more or less clothed with
ferruginous glands ; flowers mostly solitary on short bristly peduncles ; fruit ovoid or obovate,
mostly smooth.— Linn. mant. p. 564 ; WiM. sp. 2. p. 1073 ; Engl. hot. t. 991 ; Torr.fl. 1.
;). 486 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 197 (also R. myricantha of the same work ?) ; Beck, hot. p. 109 ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 310; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 461. R. suaveolens, Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 346; Ell. sk. 1. p. 566.

Stem 4-8 feet high (sometimes much taller when growing on the borders of thick woods).
Prickles very broad at the base. Leaflets 6-8 lines long, green above, more or less russet-
colored underneath and somewhat viscid, very fragrant. Flowers about an inch and a half in
diameter. Peduncle wilh an ovate acuminate bract at the base. Calyx-segments foliaceous
at the tip, entire or the exterior ones laciniate. Petals pale red, turning white, emarginate.
Fruit reddish-orange when mature.

Borders of woods, road-sides, etc. ; common. Introduced from Europe, but now perfectly
naturalized. Fl. June. Fr. September - October.

Suborder III. PoMEiE. Juss.

Calyx-tube campanulate or urceolate, more or less globose in fruit, when it
becomes extremely thick and fleshy, including and cohering with the ovaries.
Ovaries 2-5 (rarely solitary), mostly cohering with each other, with two
collateral ovules : styles terminal, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a
pome, 1 - 5-celled ; the cells sometimes sjauriously divided by the inflexion of
the dorsal suture. Seeds usually 1 - 2 in each carpel. — Trees or shrubs, with
simple or rarely pinnated leaves. Fruit usually eatable.

16. CRAT^GUS. Linn. ; Endl gen. 6353. thorn-TREE.

[ Prom the Greek, krcdos, strength ; in allusion to the extreme hardness of the wood in the original species.]

Calyx-tube urceolate ; the limb 5-cleft. Petals orbicular, spreading. Stamens numerous.
Styles 1-5. Pome fleshy or baccate, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, containing
1-5 bony one-seeded carpels ; the summit contracted or closed by the disk. — Thorny
shrubs or small trees, with simple often incised or lobed leaves. Flowers in terminal
corymbs, rarely solitary, white or with a tinge of rose-color. Bracts linear or subulate,
deciduous. Fruit sometimes eatable.

Crat^gus. ROSACE.E. 221

1. Grat^gus Oxyacantha, Linn. Hawthorn. English Tliorn.

Leaves obovatc, laciniately lobed and serrate, obtusely cuncate at the base, shining, nearly
smooth ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute, not glandular ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit ovoid, small.
— Linn. sp. 1 . p. 497 ; Engl. hot. t. 2054 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 628 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 294 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 463.

A shrub 4-10 feet high; the branches armed with sharp, rather slender thorns. Leaves
about an inch long, 3 - 5-lobed, decurrent at the base on the slender petiole. Corymbs many-
flowered, on short branches or spurs ; the pedicels smooth. Styles mostly solitary. Fruit about
one-third of an inch long, purple when mature, containing usually a single thick bony carpel.

Hedges and fields ; a native of Europe, but naturalized in some places. May.

2. Crataegus Crus-galli, Linn. Cockspur Thorn.

Leaves obovate-cuneiform, shining and smooth, coriaceous and nearly sessile, serrate ;
peduncles and pedicels smooth, or nearly so ; calyx-segments lanceolate, a little serrate ;
styles 1 - 3 ; fruit (red) somewhat pyriform. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 476 ; Michx. fl. \. p. 288 ;
Pursh, fl.\. -p.ZZQ; Ell. sk.\. p. b^Q; Torr. fl. \. p. 4rt& ; Wats, dendr. t. 56 ; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 626; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 200; Beck, hot. p. Ill ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 290 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 463. C. lucida, Wang. Amer. t. \l.f. 42. Mespilus
lucida, Ehrh. beitr. 4. p. 17. M. Crus-galli, Lam. diet. 4. p. 441 ; Willd. enum. I. p. 523.

Trunk 10-20 feet high, and sometimes 6-8 inches in diameter, but usually much
smaller, much branched ; the younger shoots often long and flexuous. Spines slender,
Ij - 2^ inches long. Leaves about two inches long, and varying from half an inch to more
than an inch in breadth, acute or obtuse, often rounded at the summit, tapering to a long
narrow base, but with scarcely any petiole ; bright shining green on the upper surface.
Corymb smooth. Segments of the calyx often nearly entire. Petals white. Stamens about
10. Styles mostly solitary, and seldom more than two. Fruit the size of a small cherry.

Borders of woods, thickets, along fences, etc. Fl. June. Fr. October. Used for hedges
in many places, and seems to be preferable to most other tliorns for this purpose. It is
sometimes called Newcastle Thorn.

3. Crataegus coccinea, Linn. White Thorn.

Leaves ovate or roundish-ovate (membranaceous), acutely incised or angularly lobed,
sharply serrate, on long slender petioles, at length nearly smooth, often truncate or a little
cordate at the base ; spikes stout ; corymbs and calyx at first a little pubescent, finally
smoothish; styles 3 - 5 ; fruit large (red), globose. — Linn. sp. \. p. 476 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
2. p.lQl ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 1000 ; Micha\ fl.l. p. 288 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 553 ; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 474 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 627 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1957 ; Bot. mag. t. 3432 ; Beck, hot.
p. 112 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 293 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 465. C. glandulosa,
Willd. I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c. C. viridis, Linn.

222 ROSACEA. Crat^gus,

A shrub or small tree 10-20 feet high ; the spines 1-2 inches long, usually a little
curved. Leaves about 2 inches long, cut into from 5 to 9 shallow lobes, which agam are
irregularly serrate, for the most part abruptly narrowed and acute at the base, but often obtuse,
truncate or cordate, especially on the sterile branches, smooth, or very sparingly pubescent
with short appressed hairs ; the petiole often a little glandular. Flowers white, of a powerful,
and, to most persons, disagreeable odor, as they are in several other species of the genus.
Segments of the calyx lanceolate, denticulate and usually (as also the bracts) glandular on the
margin. Stamens about 20. Fruit nearly half an inch in diameter, red or reddish-purple
when ripe, eatable, but the pulp thin.

Borders of woods, in thickets, and along streams of water. Fl. May. Fr. September.

4. Crataegus tomentosa, Linn. Black Thorn.

Leaves ovate-elliptical or obovate, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short margined
petiole, slightly lobed and incisely serrate, somewhat plicate or furrowed above from the
impressed veins, smoothish above, softly pubescent especially on the veins underneath, finally
almost smooth ; peduncles and calyx villous-tomentose ; segments of the calyx pectinately
serrate and glandular ; styles 2-3, or solitary ; fruit (orange red) pyriform. — Linn. sp. 1.
p. 476 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 466. C. pyrifolia. Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 168;
Willd. sp. 2. p. 1001 ; Pursh.fl. 1. p. 337 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 168 ; Li?idl. hot. reg. t. 1877,
C. leucophaeus, Manch, hort. Weiss, t. 2 (ex Ait.). C. latifolia, Pers. syn. p. 36. C. flava,
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 292? Mespilus pyrifolia, Willd. enum. 1. p. 523.

var. : leaves strongly furrowed, nearly smooth, smaller. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c.

A shrub 8-20 feet high. Leaves 3 - 4S inches long and 1| - 3 inches wide, with 5-7
short lobes which are irregularly and sharply serrate, the base tapering into a margined petiole,
somewhat plicate above from the veins being impressed below the surface ; more or less soft
and tomentose underneath ; but when old, smoothish, the veins often rusty. Corymb large,
leafy. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, as long as the ovary. Stamens about 20, alternately
longer and shorter. Styles mostly 2 or 3, sometimes solitary. ,

Wet thickets ; western part of the State. Oneida county {Dr. Knieskern) ; Penn-Yan
(Dr. Sartwell); near Auburn (the variety), {Mr. John Carey). Fl. May - June.

5. CRATiEGUS PUNCTATA, Jocq. Common Thorn.

Leaves obovate-cuneiform, decurrent into a slender petiole, entire near the base, doubly
serrate and often somewhat incised towards the apex, somewhat plicate above from the im-
pressed veins, pubescent with appressed hairs when young, especially on the veins underneath;
spines often wanting ; corymbs and calyx villous-pubescent ; segments of the calyx entire or
sparingly serrate ; styles 2 - 3 ; fruit dull red or yellowish, globose, dotted. — Jacq hort.
Vind. 1. p. 10. t. 28 ; Ail. Kew. (cd. 1.) 2. p. 169 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 289 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 338 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 476 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 627 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 466. C.
latifolia, DC. I. c. Mespilus punctata, Spach. M. cuneifolia, Ehrh. heitr. 3. p. 21.

Crat^ectis. rosacea. 223

A tree 12-25 feet high ; the trunk sometimes 6-8, and rarely 12 inches in diameter ;
the wood very hard. Leaves 2 - 2i inclies long, and seldom (except in the young shoots)
more than an inch and a half wide, light green, rather thick ; the veins very straight and
prominent underneath, conspicuously impressed above. Corymbs leafy. Bracts numerous,
subulate, glandular, deciduous. Segments of the caly.x lanceolate, usually entire, but some-
times with a few indistinct teeth. Stamens about 20. Fruit half an inch or more in diameter,
somewhat eatable when ripe.

Borders of woods, banks of rivers, etc. ; common in the western part of the State, but not
found below the Highlands. Fl. June. Fr. September. The broader leaved states of this
species make a near approach to C. tomentosa. In the former the leaves are seldom lobed,
and never so deeply as in the latter species.

17, PYRUS. Linn.; Lindl. in korf. trans. 17. p. 97. APPLE, PEAR, 4-c.

[ Tlie Lalin name for Pear.]

Pyrus and Sorbus, Linn. Pvrus, Malus and Sorbus, Tourn.
Calyx-tube urceolate ; the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish. Styles 5, or sometimes 2-3,
distinct, or often united at the base. Pome fleshy or baccate, closed : carpels 2-5, car-
tilaginous or nearly membranaceous. Seeds 2 in each cell; the testa cartilaginous. —
Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnated leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, in spreading
terminal simple or compound corymbose cymes. Fruit mostly eatable,

^ 1. Malus, Tourn. Leaves simple, not glandular: cymes simple; the pedicels mostly umbellate :
petals spreading, fiat : styles 3-5, united at the base : pomes mostly depressed-globose, umbili-
cate at the base : carpels cartilaginous.

1. Pyrus coronaria, Linn. Crab-aijple, or Sweet-scented Crab-tree.

Leaves ovate, on slender petioles, rounded or cordate at the base, serrate and somewhat
incisely lobed, finally smooth ; pedicels smooth ;. styles united and woolly at the base ; fruit
small, fragrant. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 480 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p 473 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 340 ;
Torr.fl. 1. p. 480 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 635 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 2009 ; Lind'L hot. reg. t. 651 ;
Beck, bol. p. 113 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 296 ; Torr. <^ Gr. ft. N. Am. 1. p. 470. Malus
coronaria, Michx. fl. I. p. 292 ; Miclix. f. sylv. 1. p. 333i t. 65.

A small tree 10 - 20 feet high, with a trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. Leaves when fully
grown 2-3 inches long, somewhat shining above, pubescent on the veins underneath : petioles
about half the length of the lamina, pubescent. Corymbs 5 - 7-flowered ; the pedicels about
an inch long. Flowers very fragrant. Calyx woolly inside, smooth externally ; the segments
lanceolate, acute. Petals pale rose-color, three-fourths of an inch long, on short claws. Fruit
depressed-globose, yellowish-green, T - 1| inch in diameter, hard, very acid and fragrant.

Borders of woods, etc. ; western part of the State. Fl. May. Fr. September. The fruit
is often used for preserves, and is also said to make good cider.

224 ROSACEA. Pyrits.

6 2. Adenorachis, DC. (Aronia, Pers. partly.) Leaves simple ; the midrib glandular along the
upper side : cymes compound : petals spreading, concave : styles 3-5, united at the base :
pome {small) turbinate or globose : carpels somewhat cartilaginous.

2. Pyrus arbutifolia, Linn.f. Cliohe-herry.

Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, acute or acuminate, crenately serrulate, attenuate into a
short petiole, somewhat shining above ; fruit pyriform or nearly globose. — Linn.f. suppl.
p. 256 ; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 204 ; Beck, hot. p. 114 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 296 ; Torr.
^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 471. Aronia arbutifolia, Torr. Jl.\. p. 476.

var. 1. erythrocarpa : calyx, peduncles and lower surface of the leaves, at least when
young, tomentose ; fruit dark red. Hook. I. c. ; Torr. ^- Gr. I. c. P. arbutifolia, Willd. sp.
2. p. 1012 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 339 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 195 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 637. P. flori-
bunda, Lindl. bat. reg. t. 1006. Mespilus arbutifolia, Linn. sp. 1. p. 478; Michx. fl. 1.
p. 292 {var. erythrocarpa). Aronia pyrifolia and arbutifolia, Pers. syn. 2. p. 39. A. arbuti-
folia, Ell. sk. 1. p. 556.

var. 2. melanocarpa : calyx, peduncles and leaves smooth, or nearly so ; fruit purplish-
black. Hook. I. c. ; Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. P. melanocarpa, Willd. enum. \.p. 525; DC. I. c.
P. grandifolia, Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1154. Mespilus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Michx. I. c.
Aronia melanocarpa. Ell. I. c. A. arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Torr. I. c.

A shrub 2-3 feet high, with slender branches. Leaves 1-2 inches long, sometimes
obtuse or even emarginate, but commonly acute and with a slight acumination, bright green
above, pale underneath, and the midrib with one or two rows of dark purple glands ; the
margin finely serrate, with the points of the teeth much inflexed. Corymbs numerous,
10 - 20-flowered. Flowers white. Fruit the size of a large whortleberry, sweetish, but
astringent.

Thickets and woods, in both wet and dry situations ; common. Fl. May - June. Fr.
August - September. The Red and Black Chokeherries are certainly varieties of one species.
The former sometimes occurs with the leaves smooth, and the calyx only slightly pubescent.

§ 3. SoRBUS, Linn. Leaves pinnate or pinnately lobed : cymes compound: petals spreading, flat :
styles 2-5, distinct : pome {small) globose or turbinate : carpels not cartilaginous.

3. Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain Ash.

Leaves pinnate, smooth ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate with mucro-
natc teeth ; cymes large ; fruit (bright red or scarlet) compound. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 637 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 204 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 472 ; Wats, dendrol. Brit. t. 54.
Sorbus Americana, Willd. enum. l.p. 520; Pursh, fl. \.p. 341 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 477; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 194. S. aucuparia, var. Americana, Michx. fl. 1. p. 290.

A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, and sometimes 4-6 inches in diameter, with a
smooth bark. Leaves 8-12 inches or more in length : leaflets 6-8 pairs, 2-3 inches

Pyrus. ROSACE.E. 225

long, pubescent when young, but smooth in the adult state. Flowers white, the corymbs very
compound, 4-10 inches in diameter. Styles usually 3. Fruit acid, bright red or scarlet
when mature.

Mountain sides, and in swamps ; not found south of the Highlands. The largest trees of
this species that I have ever seen, are on the high mountains of Essex county. Fl. Latter
part of May - June. Fr. September. The handsome red fruit is persistent through the
winter. The Mountain Ash of this country, or American Service-tree as it is sometimes
called, is nearly allied to the S. aucuparia of Europe, and is by many botanists considered
as a variety of that species.

18. AMELANCHIER. Medic; Lindl. in Linn, trans. 13. p. 100. JUNE-berry.

[Amclatu.icr, according to Clusius, is the Savoy name for A. vulgaris. Loudon.]

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals ovate-oblong or oblanceolate. Stamens short. Styles 5, more or less
united. Pome 3 - 5-celled ; each cell imperfectly divided by a false longitudinal dissepi-
ment, with a single seed in each division : endocarp cartilaginous. — Small trees or shrubs,
with simple serrated leaves and racemose white flowers.

1. Amelanchier Canadensis, Tor7\ S)- Gr. Common Jtme-herry. Shad-Jbwer.

Leaves ovate, elliptical or oblong, more or less cordate at the base, often acuminate, very
woolly when young, smooth when mature ; segments of the calyx triangular-lanceolate, about
the length of the tube ; fruit purplish. — Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 473. Mespilus Cana-
densis, hinn. sp. 1. p. 478 (excl. syn. Gron.); Michx. fl. 1. p. 291. Pyrus Botryapium,
Linn. f. suppl. p. 255.

var. 1. Botryapium : arborescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, mostly somewhat cordate, acuminate
and cuspidate ; petals oblong, four times the length of the calyx. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. Mespilus
Canadensis, var. cordata, Michx. I. c. M. arborea, Miclix.f. sylv. \.p. 336. t. 66. Pyrus
Botryapium, Willd. sp. 2. p. 1013 ; Pursh, fl. \.p. 339. Crataegus racemosa. Lam. diet. 1.
p. 74. Aronia Botryapium, Pers. syn. 2. p. 39 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 357. Amelanchier Botry-
apium, DC.prodr. 2. p. G32 ; Beck, hot. p. 112 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 294. A. Botryapium
and ovalis. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p 202.

var. 2. ohlongifolia : shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong, mucronate, the tomentnm of the lower
surface often remaining during the flowering ; racemes shorter ; petals obovate-oblong, about
thrice the length of the calyx. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. A. ovalis. Hook. I. c. Mespilus ovahs,
var. obovalis, Michx. I. c? Aronia Botryapium, Torr. fl. 1. p. 479.

var. 3. rotundifolia : shrubby or arborescent ; leaves roundish-oval, often somewhat acumi-
nate or cuspidate ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered ; petals narrowly oblong, rather small. Torr.
4" Gr. I. c. A. ovalis, DC. I. c; Darlingt. I. c.l Mespilus Canadensis, var. rotundifolia,
Michx. I. c. Pyrus ovalis, Willd. I. c. P. sanguinea, Pursh, 1. c. Aronia ovahs, Pers. I. c.
[Flora.] 29

226 ROSACE.E. Amelanchier.

var. 4. oligocarpa : shrubby ; leaves mostly smooth, even when young, narrowly oval or
oblong, cuspidate ; racemes 2 - 4-flowered ; petals obovate or obovate-oblong, 2-3 limes the
length of the calyx. Torr. ^- Gr. I. c. Mespilus Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Michx. I. c.
Pyrus sanguinea, Fursh, I. c.l Aronia sanguinea, Nutt. gen. l.j>. 306. Amelanchier san-
guinea, DC. I. c. ; Lindl. hot. reg. 1171 ; Hook. I. c.

Stem variable in height : in the 1st and 3rd varieties, 15-25 feet high, with a stem 4-6
inches in diameter ; in the 2d and 4th varieties, a shrub from 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves
1-3 inches long, sharply serrate, at first in all the varieties (but much less so in 1. and 4.)
densely clothed with a whitish or somewhat rusty-colored woolly pubescence, which at length
disappears. Stipules linear, hairy, deciduous. Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully
expanded, and so numerous that they give the bush or tree a white appearance. Bracteoles
purplish, deciduous. Petals considerably larger in the var. Botryapium than in the others.
Stamens a little longer than the calyx. Styles united nearly to the summit. Fruit the size
of a large whortleberry, red until fully ripe, when it becomes rather dark purple, sweet and
palatable.

Borders of woods, low grounds, etc. ; common : the var. oligocarpa on mountains in the
northern part of the State. The 2nd is the common kind in the neighborhood of New- York
city. Fl. Latter part of April - May. Fr. June - July. The varieties here described often
pass into each other, so that they can never be regarded as distinct species.

Order XXXIX. MELASTOMACEiE. Juss. The Melastom.i Tribe.

Sepals 4-6, united below into an urceolate tube which is more or less coherent
with the angles of the ovary. Petals as many as the sepals, alternate with
them, and inserted into the throat of the calyx ; aestivation twisted. Stamens
as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more commonly twice as
many ; those opposite the petals often sterile : anthers 1 — 2-celled, often
appendaged, usually opening by one or two terminal pores ; before flowering,
contained in interstices between the ovary and calyx. Ovary 3 - C-celled,
with thick placentfp in the axis : ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular,
and at length nearly free from the tube of the calyx, or often baccate, 3-6-
celled. Seeds very numerous, without albumen. — Herbs, trees or shrubs, with
opposite, mostly entire, ribbed leaves, destitute of stipules. Flowers terminal,
solitary or cymose.

A large order, chiefly natives of tropical America.

RiiExiA. MELASTOMACE.E. - 227

1. RHEXIA. Linn.; R. Br. in TucJcei/s vojj. p. 4.36 ; Endl. gen. 6200. RBEXIA.

[A Greek name originally applied to a very dificrent plant.]

Tube of the calyx ovoid-ventricose at the base, contracted into a neck above ; the limb 4-cleft.
Petals 4, obovate or roundish. Anthers 8, uniform, not appendaged, one-celled. Style
somewhat declined : stigma obtuse. Capsule nearly free from the investing calyx-tube,
4-cellcd ; the placentas projecting into the cells. Seeds cochleate. — Perennial herbs, with
ciliate, 3-nerved, mostly sessile leaves. Flowers showy, purple or yellow : petals caducous.

1. Rhexia Virginica, Linn. Meadow Beauty. Deer-grass.

Stem with winged angles, somewhat hispid ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulatc-ciliate,
sprinkled with bristly hairs above and on the ribs underneath ; calyx hispid, the tube above
the ovary longer than the segments. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 346 ; Miclix. jl. \. p. 222 ; Bot. mag.
t. 908 ; Piirsh, fl.\. p. 288 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 439 ; Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. l.t.i; Torr. jl. 1.
p. 385 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 148 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 121 ; Beck, hot. p. 127 ; Darlingt. jl.
Cest. p. 242 ; Torr. 4- Gr. jl. N. Am. 1 . p. 477.

Stem about a foot high, cymosely dichotomous at the summit, with narrow winged angles
which are sparingly hispid. Leaves 1—2 inches long, closely sessile, acute, strongly 3-ribbed.
Flowers an inch in diameter, seldom more than two or three expanded at one time. Calyx-
tube beautifully urceolate ; the segments lanceolate, acuminate. Petals bright purple, obliquely
obovate, often hispid externally. Stamens shorter than the petals : anthers long and linear,
curved ; the connectivum furnished with a small subulate process at the insertion of the
filament. Style longer than the filaments, a little curved above. Capsule globose, enclosed
in the ventricose tube of the calyx. Seeds numerous, with a large umbihcus.

Swamps and wet sandy places ; common. July - September.

Order XL. LYTHRACEiE. Juss. The Loosestrife Tribe.

Sepals combined into a 4 - 7-toothed calyx ; the sinuses sometimes produced
into accessary teeth or processes. Petals alternate with the teeth of the cal^-x
and inserted into its throat, very deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as
many as the petals, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted into the tube of the calyx.
Ovary enclosed in the calyx, but not adherent to it, 2 - 4-cellcd ; the placentas
in the axis. Style filiform, or very short. Capsule membranaceous, often one-

29»

228 LYTHRACEiE. Ammannia.

celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, many-seeded. Seeds without
albumen. — Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with usually 4-sided branches, and
opjjosite leaves which are destitute of stipules and dots. Flowers mostly
axillary.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Ammannia. Calyx campanulate. Petals small. Style short. Capsule globose or ovoid.
3. Lythrdm. Calyx cylindrical. Petals conspicuous. Style filiform. Capsule oblong.

3. Decodon. Calyx campanulate ; the accessory teeth spreading and elongated. Stamens 10 ; five of them much

exserted. Petals large and showy. Style filiform. Capsule globose.

4. CtJPHEA. Calyx tubular or ventricose. Petals unequal. Stamens included. Capsule oblong.

1. AMMANNIA. Houst.; La7n. ill. t. 77; Endl. gen. 6146. ammannia.

[ Named in honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist of the last century.]

Calyx campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed or lobed ; the sinuses usually expanding into teeth or horns.
Petals often wanting. Stamens as many, or sometimes twice as many as the lobes of the
calyx. Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Style mostly short : stigma capitate. Capsule globose or
ovoid, included in the calyx, either bursting transversely or opening by valves. Seeds
numerous, attached to thick central placentce. — Herbaceous, mostly smooth annual plants,
destitute of beauty, growing in wet places, with square stems and opposite entire leaves.
Flowers small, axillary, sessile or somewhat peduncled, bracteolate : petals small.

§ Ammannia proper. Arnott. Flotcers iciramerous : lobes of the calyx with as many small inter-
mediate horn-like processes : capsule ^-celled.

1. Ammannia humilis, Michx. Dwarf Ammannia.

Stem branched from the base, ascending ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, tapering
at the base into a short petiole ; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, closely sessile ;
style very short, or almost none. — Michx. jl. l.p. 99; Ell. sk. I. p. 218; Torr.fl. \.p. 189;
Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 53 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 79. A. ramosior, Linn. sp. 1. p. 120 ; Walt. jl.
Car. p. 88, not of Linn. mant. and subsequent authors.

Stems 4-8 inches high, sometimes almost simple, of a reddish color, nearly terete below,
somewhat 4-sided above, rather slender. Flowers with 2 small subulate bracts at the base.
Calyx quadrangular, &-toothed ; the 4 intermediate (accessory) teeth shorter and spreading,
rather obtuse ; the others erect and acute. Petals white or pale purple, orbicular, inserted
opposite the shorter teeth of the calyx, caducous. Ovary turbinate. Style very short, but
distinct : stigma capitate. Capsule quadrangular, short and thick ; the cells many-seeded.

Wet places ; about three miles from Brooklyn, on Long Island. August.

Lythrum. LYTHRACEiE. ^ 229

2. LYTHRUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 614:9. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE.

[ From the Greek, lutAron, blood ; in allusion to the color of the flower in some species.]

Calyx cylindrical, striate ; teeth 4-6, short, usually with as many minute intermediate teeth
or processes. Petals 4-6. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted
about the middle or near the base of the calyx, nearly equal. Style filiform : stigma
capitate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the caly^c. — Herbs, or rarely
suffruticose plants, with opposite scattered or entire leaves and purplish or white flowers.

1. Lythrum hyssopifolia, Linn. Common Purple Loosestrife.

Annual ; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers axillary,
solitary ; calyx obscurely striate ; petals and stamens 5 — 6. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 447 ; Jacq.fl.
Austr. t. 133 ; Nutt. gen. I. p. 303 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 81 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 481.
L. hyssopifolium, Engl. hot. t. 292 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 472 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 188.

Stem simple, sparingly branched from the base, quadrangular and somewhat margined.
Flowers pale purple. Nutt.

In the State of New- York {Nuttall). I have never found this plant in the State ; nor has
it ever, to my knowledge, been found in New-York by any other botanist than Mr. Nuttall,
who has not recorded its precise locality. It occurs in Massachusetts, and is also a native of
Europe.

3. DECODON. Gmel. syst. p. 677; Ell. sk. 1. p. 543. swamp willow-HERB.

[ From the Greek, dckas, ten, and udous, a tooth ; there being ten teeth to the calyr.]

Calyx campanulate, not bracteolate at the base, with 5 erect teeth, and 5 accessory spreading
horn-like processes. Stamens 10 - 12 ; those opposite the proper teeth of the calyx very
long, the alternate ones shorter. Style filiform : stigma small, undivided. Capsule included
in the calyx, 3 - 4-celIed. Seeds numerous, wingless. — Stem herbaceous or suffruticose,
recurved, with opposite or verticillate lanceolate leaves. Flowers somewhat umbellate, on
short axillary peduncles. Petals purple. '

1. Decodon verticillatum, Ell. (Plate XXVIII.) Sivamp Willoio-herb.

Ell. sk. I. c; DC. prodr. 3. p. 90 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 483. D. aquaticus,
Gmel. I. c. Lythrum verticillatum, Linn. sj). 1. p. 44G ; Miclix. fl. 1. p. 281 ; Pursh,fl. 1.
p. 334 ; Torr. fl. \.p. 471 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 188. Anonymos aquatica, Walt. fl. Car.
p. 137. Nesjea verticillata, H. B. ^- K. nov. gen. 6. p. 191.

Stems 2-6 feet long, 4 - 6-sided, smooth or pubescent, recurved and sometimes taking

230 LYTHRACE^. Decodon.

root at the summit. Leaves 3-4 inches long, on short petioles, acute, smooth above, more
or less pubescent underneath, often opposite and verticillate on the same plant. Umbels
3 - 6-flowered, rather crowded so as to appear verticillate. Calyx purplish, mostly 10-toothed.
Petals oblong-lanceolate, clawed ; 5 of the claws twice as long as the petals, and inserted at
the base of the shorter teeth of the calyx ; the others inserted lower down : filaments purple :
anthers small. Capsule coriaceous, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds smooth, angular, 6 - 9 in
each cell.

Swamps and borders of ponds ; rather common. July - August. It is sometimes used
as an emmenagogue.

4. CUPHEA. Jacq. hort. Vindoh. 2. p. 83 ; Endl. gen. 6151. CUPHEA.

[ Named from the Greek, Icupkos, curved ; in reference to the form of the capsule ]

Capsule tubular or ventricose, gibbous or sometimes spurred on the upper side, 6-toothed, and
usually with as many accessory intermediate processes. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens
about 12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the gibbosity of the calyx : style
fihform : stigma somewhat capitate. Capsule 1 - 2-celled. Seeds several, mostly large,
lenticular, wingless. — Herbs or suffruticose plants, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves.
Peduncles axillary or between the petioles, one- or several-flowered. Calyx colored. Petals
violet or white.

1. CuPHEA viscosissiMA, Jocq. Viscid Cuphea.

Annual, viscidly pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, on slender

petioles, rough ; calyx ventricose, gibbous at the base ; petals clawed. — Jacq. I. c. t. 177;

Michx.fl. 1. p. 281 ; Pursh, fl. \.p. 335 ; Nutt. gen. \.p. 304 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 546; Bart.

jl. Amer. Sept. I.t.l8; Torr. fl. \. p. 472 ; Beck, hot. p. 126 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 284 ;

Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 482.

Stem about a foot high, clothed with a viscid purplish pubescence. Leaves 1-2 inches
long, slightly hairy ; the petiole 3-6 inches long. Flowers solitary, pedicellate. Calyx
12-ribbed, purplish, very viscid. Petals purple, very unequal. Stamens included. Capsule
opening with the calyx before maturity, and exposing the naked seeds.

Old fields and gravelly places. Northern part of the State {D?: M. Stevenson and Dr.
Knieskern); near Astoria, Long Island {Mr. Menard). July - August.

Epilobium. ONAGRACE/E. 231

Order XLI. ONAGRACE/E. j2/ss. The Evening-Primrose Tribe.

Calyx adherent to the ovary, and produced above it into a tube; the Hmb 4-
parted. Petals usually 4 (rarely absent). Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, and inserted with them into the throat of the calyx. Ovary
mostly 4-celled : style elongated ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit mostly
capsular, with loculicidnl dehiscence, or indehiscent. Seeds indefinite or
solitary in each cell. Embryo straight. — Herbaceous or sometimes shrubby
plants, with entire or toothed leaves. Flowers usually showy, axillary, or in
terminal spikes or racemes.

Tribe I. ONAGREJE. Torr. cj- Gr.

Petals as many and stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, regular. Pollen con-
nected by cobweb-like threads. Ovules mostly numerous. Fruit capsular, or rarely
dry and indehiscent. {Stamens 4: in hvDwiGiA, and some of the species apelalous.)

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
* Stamens 8.

1. Epilobium. Calyx -tube not prolonged above the ovary. Capsule linear, 4-ceUed. Seeds numerous, with a tuft of

hair at one extremity,

2. CEnothera. Calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds numerous, naked.

3. Gauba. Calyx-tube much prolonged. Capsule mostly one-celled and indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded.

•• Stamens 4.

4. LoDwiGrA. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Petals often minute or wanting. Stamens opposite the lobes of the calvl.

Capsule mostly short.

1. EPILOBIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 6121. WILLOW-HERB.

[ From the Greek, epi, upon, and Mos, a pod ; the flower growing at the top of the seed-vessel.]

Tube of the calyx not produced above the ovary ; the limb l-parted, deciduous. Petals 4.
Stamens 8 : anthers elliptical or roundish. Stigma 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, or co-
hering, and then clavate. Capsule linear, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous,
crowned with a tuft of hairs. — Perennial herbs, with alternate or opposite nearly sessile
leaves. Flowers rose-color, purple or white, nodding before expansion.

* Petals spreading : stamens ani style dediiied : stigma i-lobed.

1. Epilobium angustifolium, Linn. Rose-harj Willow-herb,

Stem erect, simple, mostly smooth ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, remotely denticulate, the
veins pellucid ; flowers (large) in a long spicate raceme ; petals clawed, obovate. — Linn. sp.
1. p. 347 ; Engl. bot. t. 1947 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 223 ; Pursh, jl. I. p. 259 ; Bigel. fl. Bast,

232 ONAGRACE^. Epilobidm.

p. 146 ; HooTi. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 205 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1, p. 487. E. spicatum,
Lam. diet. 2. p. 273 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 391 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 40 ; Beck, hot. p. 116.

Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, glaucous underneath,
nearly sessile, with minute very remote serratures or glandular teeth. Raceme often a foot
or more in length. Pedicels bracteate at the base, 4-8 lines long, slender, thickened up-
wards. Limb of the calyx cleft nearly down to the ovary : segments linear-lanceolatS, acute,
spreading, purplish. Petals more than half an inch long, of a light bluish purple. Stamens
unequal ; the 4 alternate ones shorter. Stigma with 4 narrow spreading lobes. Capsule an
inch or more in length, purplish-hoary. Seeds in two rows ; the pappus long and silky.

Fields, and newly cleared land ; common. July. A very showy plant.

♦♦ Petals, stamens and style erect : stigma undwidcd. — Flowers small.

2. Epilobium alpinum, Linn. Aljrine Willow-herb.
Stem creeping at the base, usually marked with 2 pubescent lines ; leaves opposite, ovate

or ovate-oblong, slightly petioled, denticulate, smooth ; stigma entire ; capsules mostly pe-
dicellate.—itnw. sp. 1. p. 348 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 147 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. \.p. 488.

Perennial. Stem 6-10 inches high, slender, simple. Leaves mostly ovate-oblong, the
lower ones opposite and about an inch long, upper ones alternate and smaller ; the margin
glandularly denticulate. Flowers small (about as large as in E. coloratum). Calyx cam-
panulate. Petals pale rose-color. Fruit pedicellate.

High mountains of Essex county. July - August. A native also of Europe.

3. Epilobium coloratum, Muhl. Purple-leaved Willoio-herb,
Stem nearly terete, erect, much branched, more or less pubescent ; leaves mostly opposite,

lanceolate, with fine tooth-like callous serratures, the veins often purplish ; petals 2-cleft ;
stigma clavate ; capsules on short pedicels, slightly pubescent. — Muhl. in Willd. enum. 1.
;). 411 ; Nutt. gen. l.p. 250; Torr.fl. \.p. 392; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 147; Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 206 ; Beck, hot. p. 116 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 239 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 489. E. tetragonum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 259 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 445.

Perennial. Stem 1-3 feet high, late in the season very much branched, a little pubescent
or nearly smooth, mostly of a purplish color ; the branches marked by four narrow lines, two
of them slightly elevated and decurrent from the midrib of the leaves ; the others intermediate,
pubescent. Leaves 3-6 inches long, acute, smooiliish, marked with very minute roundish
and narrow dots. Flowers numerous, terminating the branchlels, 2-3 lines in diameter.
Sepals lanceolate, rather shorter than the corolla. Petals pale purple, or sometimes nearly
white. Stamens unequal. Style scarcely included. Capsule about 2 inches long when mature.

Wet thickets ; common, except in the western part of the State, where I have not found it.
July - August. Differs from E. tetragonum, which it much resembles, in its round stem,
larger flowers, and more deeply cleft petals.

Epilobium. ONAGRACEiE. 233

4, Epilobium molle, Torr. Soft Willow-herb.

Whole plant clothed with a soft dense velvety pubescence ; stem terete, straight and erect ;
leaves alternate and opposite, crowded, sessile, lanceolate or oblong-linoar, rereiotely repand-
denliculate or entire ; petals deeply emarginate, twice the length of the calyx ; stigma large
and thick, somewhat turbinate ; capsules elongated, on longish pedicels. — Torr.Jl. \.p. 393;
Torr. 4" Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 390. E. strictum, Mtchl. cat. p. 39 ; Spreng. syst. 2. p. 233 ;
Bech, hot. p. 117.

Perennial. Stem 1 i - 2 feet high, slender, nearly simple or somewhat branched. Leaves
1 - li inch long and 2-4 lines wide, closely sessile, mostly fasciculate in the axils ; the
margin with remote obscure glandular teeth. Flowers axiUary in the upper part of the stem,
2-3 lines in diameter. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Petals pale purple or rose-color.
Stamens included. Capsules about 2 J inches long when mature, tapering at the base into a
pedicel half an inch or more in length.

Sphagnous swamps in the northern and western part of the State. August - September.

5. Epilobium palustre, Linn. Narrow-leaved Willow-herb.

Stem terete, clothed with a minute crisped pubescence ; leaves lanceolate, rather acute,
attenuate at the base, nearly sessile, entire or obscurely denticulate , the lower ones opposite ;
petals rose-color, about twice the length of the calyx ; stigma clavate ; capsules pubescent,
on short pedicels. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 348 ; Lehm. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 207.

var. albiflorum : stem slender, at first simple ; leaves narrowly linear, slightly denticulate
or entire ; capsules canescent. — Lehm. I. c. ; Torr. ^- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 490. E. palustre,
var. albescens, Wahl.fl. Suec. 1. p. 234. E. oliganthum, Michx. Jl. \.p. 223 ; DC. prodr.
3. p. 43. E. rosmarinifolium, Pursh, fl. I. p. 259 ; Torr. fl.\. p. 392, not of DC. E.
lineare, Muhl. cat. p. 39 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 147. E. squamatum, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 250 ;
DC. I. c; Beck, hot. p. 116 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 239.

Perennial. Stem very slender, 1-2 feet high, finally branching at the summit ; the
pubescence very short, but woolly or crisped. Leaves about an inch long, revolute on the
margin, a little pubescent on both sides. Flowers about as large as in E. coloratum, pale
purple or nearly white. Capsules hoary-pubescent, an inch and a half long.

Sphagnous swamps ; rather rare. August.

[Flora.] 30

234 ONOGRACE^. (Enothera.

2. OENOTHERA. Linn. ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 491. evening PRIMROSE.

[ Named from the Greek, eitios, wine, and tlicro, to hunt ; the roots being incentives to wine-drinking.]

Tube of the calyx prolonged above the ovary, deciduous : segments 4, reflexed. Petals 4,
equal, obcordate or obovate, scarcely clawred. Stamens 8. Ovary 4-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded ; the
dissepiments often disappearing. Seeds naked. — Herbs or rarely suffirutescenl plants, with
alternate leaves. Flowers showy, often opening towards evening.

fs. EucENOTHERA. Stigma i-parted ; the lobes elongated : anthers linear, fixed by the middle : petals
yellow, sometimes turning to rose-color in fading.

1. CEnothera biennis, Linn. Common Evening Primrose.

Stem erect, mostly simple, usually hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate,
acute, pubescent ; flowers in a terminal somewhat leafy spike ; tube of the calyx much longer
than the ovary, and mostly twice as long as the calyx ; capsules sessile, oblong, slightly
tapering upwards, obscurely 4-angled. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 346 ; Michx. fl. \. p. 224 ; Engl,
hot. t. 1534 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 261 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 441 ; Ton: fl. 1. p. 387; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 148 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 46 ; Beck, hot. p. 118 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 240.

Root annual or biennial. Stem 2-5 feet high, more or less hairy and sometimes rough,
branching, terete. Leaves 3-6 inches long, tapering at each end ; the lower ones on short
petioles. Spike 3-12 inches long. Calyx yellowish-green; the tube above the ovary 1-2
inches long : segments at first more or less cohering, splitting on one side by the expansion of
the flower, finally more or less distinct, less than half the length of the tube. Petals variable
in size, usually about three-fourths of an inch long, but sometimes nearly twice as large, ob-
cordate. Stamens shorter than the petals, a little unequal : anthers versatile. Style filiform :
lobes of the stigma spreading. Capsule somewhat cylindrical, about an inch long. Seeds in
two rows in each cell.

Fields and moist meadows ; common. July - September. This plant has become na-
turalized in many parts of Europe. It presents several varieties, which have been regarded
as species by some botanists ; such as CE. muricata, Murr., grandiflora. Ait., parviflora,
Linn., and cruciata, Nult.

2. OENOTHERA FRUTicosA, Linn. Sundrops.

Hairy or almost smooth ; stem erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, repandly
denticulate ; corymb peduncled, naked below, elongated in fruit ; tube of the calyx much
longer than the ovary ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the acuminate calyx-segments
and stamens ; capsule oblong-clavale, 4-winged, with intermediate ribs, longer than the pedi-

cenothera. onagracej:. 235

eels. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 456 ; Bot. mag. t. 332 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 262 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 247 ;
Ell. sk. I. p. 442 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 389 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 50 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 212,
and bot. mag. 3548 ; Beck, hot. p. 118 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 241 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am.
1. p. 496. CE. hybrida, Miclix. fl. I. p. 225. CE. ambigua, Spreng. syst. 2. p. 229; DC.
I. c. CE. incana, Nutt. I. c.

Biennial? Stein 1^-2 feet high, rigid, mostly purplish, with slender erect branches,
variable in pubescence, sometimes villous, and often nearly smooth. Leaves 1^-3 inches
long and 3-7 lines wide ; the lower ones with short petioles. Flowers about an inch and a
half in diameter, in corymbose spikes at the summit of the stem and branches. Calyx pur-
plish ; the tube about an inch long : segments acuminate, more or less united. Petals pale
yellow, broadly obcordate. Style longer than the stamens, and shorter than the corolla.
Capsule about twice as long as the pedicels ; the angles distinctly winged, and decurrent on
the pedicel : intermediate ribs rounded, slightly projecting.

Fields, meadows and borders of woods ; rather common. June - July. Variable in size,
breadth of the leaves and pubescence, according to the soil, degree of exposure, etc. It appears
to be only a biennial.

3. CEnothera linearis, Michx. Narrow-leaved Evening Primrose.

Stem erect, slender ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, rather obtuse, remotely denticu-
late or entire ; flowers somewhat corymbose at the extremity of the branches ; tube of the
calyx longer than the ovary, but scarcely exceeding the segments ; petals longer than the
stamens and calyx-segments ; capsules clavate-turbinate or obovate, mostly pubescent or
canescent, with the alternate angles slightly winged above, tapering at the base into a slender
pedicel.— Michx. fl. 1. p. 225 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 262; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 248 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. IV. Am. 1. p. 497.

var. : stems often decumbent at the base, finally much branched ; leaves smaller. Torr. A-
Gr. I. c.

About a foot high, often decumbent at the base ; the whole plant more or less canescently
puberulent. Leaves varying from linear to linear-oblong, tapering at the base, and slightly
petioled. Flowers twice as large as in CE. pumila.

Dry sandy fields, Suffolk county. Long Island. August.

4. CEnothera ciirysantha, Michx. Golden-Jiowered Evening Primrose.

Pubescent ; stem ascending ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, attenuate at the base, entire
or obscurely denticulate, the radical ones obovate-spatulate ; flowers (small) in a rather
crowded spike ; tube of the calyx as long as the ovary, and longer than the segments ; petals
broadly obovate, emarginate, longer than the stamens ; capsules nearly smooth, clavate-
oblong, distinctly pedicelled, the alternate angles very narrowly winged. — MicJuc.fl. \.p.22o;
Pursh, fl.l. p. 263 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 444 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl.N. Am. 1. p. 498.

30*

236 ONAGRACE^. (Enothera.

Biennial ? Stem a foot high, purplish, smooth above. Leaves 1 - 1 ^ inch long and 3-5
lines wide, narrowed below into a short slender petiole. Flowers smaller tiian in CE. Jruticosa,
bright orange-yellow. Capsules somewhat pyriform, tapering into a slender stipulate base ;
the wings narrow, not decurrent on the pedicel : intermediate ribs very prominent.

Near Oswego (Dr. Knieshern) ; Niagara Falls {Mr. J. Carey). June - July. I fear not
sufficiently distinct from the following.

5. CEnothera pumila, Linn. Dwarf Evening Primrose.

Minutely pubescent ; stem ascending ; leaves lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, acute or
attenuate at the base, the radical ones obovate-spatulate ; flowers (small) in a loose elongated
leafy spike, the apex nodding before expansion ; tube of the calyx shorter than the ovary, and
about the length of the segments ; petals obcordate, scarcely longer than the calyx-segments
and stamens ; capsules oblong-clavate, almost sessile, the alternate angles narrowly winged.
— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 493; Bot. mag. t. 335; Pursh,fl. I. p. 262; Torr.ji. l.p.390;
DC. prodr. 3. p. 51 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. \. p. 212; H. H.Eaton in Transylv . journ. med.
1832; Becli, hot. p. 119 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fi. N. Am. 1. p. 498. CE. pusilla, Michx. fl. I.
p. 225.

Biennial. Stem 6-12 inches high, simple or sometimes sparingly branched, somewhat
canescent with very short crisped hairs. Leaves I — 1 J inch long and 3-4 lines wide,
strigosely pubescent. Flowers, when fully expanded, scarcely half an inch in diameter.
Sepals lanceolate, with a very short abrupt acumination. Petals pale yellow. Stamens
somewhat declined. Raceme elongated in fruit. Capsules nearly smooth when mature ;
the lower ones often with a short pedicel.

Dry fields ; not uncommon, particularly in the northern and western part of the State. On
Long Island {Dr. Knieskern.) June - July.

3. GAURA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 6131. gavra.

[ So named from its showy flowers ; gauros, in Greek, signifying superb.]

Tube of the calyx much prolonged above the ovary, deciduous : segments 4 (rarely 3), re-
flexed. Petals 4 (rarely 3), clawed, somewhat unequal or one-sided. Stamens mostly 8.
Ovary usually 4-celled, with 1-2 suspended ovules in each cell : stigma 4-lobed. Fruit
4-angled, by abortion mostly 1-celled, dry and indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. Seeds naked. —
Herbaceous or suff"ruticose plants, with mostly sessile, alternate leaves. Flowers in terminal
spikes or racemes. Petals white or rose-color.

1. Gaura biennis, Linn. Biennial Gaura.

Stem herbaceous, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulate or toothed ; segments

Gaura. ONAGRACE^. 237

of the calyx about the length of the tube, rather longer than the spatulate-elliptical petals ;
fruit sessile, oval-oblong, somewhat acuminate, tapering at the base, with 4 prominent rounded
angles and 4 slight intermediate ribs. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 347; Midix. Jl. 1. p. 286 ; Pursh,Jl.
\.p. 260; Bot. mag. t. 389 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 346; Tor r. ft. l.p. 391 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 44;
Beck, bot. p. 117 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 598 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 517.

Root biennial. Stem 3-8 feet high, much branched, firm and somewhat ligneous but not
suffrutescent, almost villous with whitish hairs. Lower leaves 3-6 inches long and three-
fourths of an inch wide, often strongly toothed, nearly smooth above ; those of the branches
much smaller. Flowers at first crowded in a corymbose manner (the long calyx-tubes of the
lower ones resembling pedicels) at the summit of the stem and branches, at length spiked.
Bracts small, caducous. Sepals linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse. Petals at first very pale or
nearly white, finally deep rose-color, inclining towards the upper side of the flower. Stamens
about the length of the petals : anthers fixed by the middle, linear-oblong. Style much longer
than the stamens : stigma 4 oblong spreading lobes. Fruit somewhat woody ; the dissepiments
often remaining till near maturity. Seeds mostly abortive, seldom more than 2 or 3 of them
ripening.

Dry soil, banks of the Mohawk, Chemung, Hudson, (Sec. ; rather rare. Not found below
the Highlands. August - September.

4. LUDWIGIA. Linn.; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. 523. FALSE loosestrife.

[ Named in honor of C. G. Ludwio, professor of botany at Leipsic, in the last century.]
Ltjdwigia and Isnardia, Linn, and most other authors.

Calyx-tube 4-angled or nearly cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged above the ovary ; the
lobes 4, usually persistent. Petals 4, often minute or wanting. Stamens 4, opposite the
lobes of the calyx. Summit of the ovary truncate, or crowned with the dilated base of the
style (stylopodium) : style short : stigma capitate. Capsule short (or rarely elongated),
4-celled, many-seeded, finally opening by 4 valves. — Perennial, or sometimes annual herbs,
growing in wet places. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, or sometimes
in terminal spikes or heads. "

^ 1. EtTLUDWiGiA, Torr. & Gr. Leaves alternate, sessile.

1. LuDwiGiA ALTERNiFOLiA, Linu. Secd-hox.

Stem erect, slightly angled by the decurrent petioles, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, rather
acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers axillary, pedicelled, the pedicels with two bracteoles ;
petals scarcely the length of the large ovate, acuminate lobes of the calyx ; capsules with
winged angles. — Linn. sp. l.p. 118 ; Lam. ill. t. 77; Ell. sk. l.p. 217; Bigel.Jl. Bast. p. 60;
Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 522. L. ramosissima, Walt.Jl. Car. p. 89. L. macrocarpa,

238 ONAGRACEvE. Ludwigia.

Michx. fl.l. p.89; Pursh, fl.l. p.UO; Torr. fl.\.p.\SO; Bart. ft. N. Am. 1. t. 14.
Isnardia alteniifolia, DC. prodr. 3. p. 122 ; Beck, hot. p. 119; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 109.

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, slightly pubescent or almost smooth, purplish, much
branched, marked with elevated lines descending from the bases of the petioles. Leaves
2-4 inches long, the lateral veins uniting so as to form a continuous line within the margin.
Pedicels 2-4 lines long. Bracteoles lanceolate, acute, situated close to the flower. Calyx-
segments longer than the ovary, becoming purple on the inside. Petals yellow, roundish-
obovate, caducous. Stamens much shorter than the petals : anthers large, oblong. Style
thick : stigma obscurely 4-lobed. Capsule globose-cubical, crowned with the large dilated
base of the style, opening at first by a small hole left by the separation of the deciduous style ;
afterward, the summit (stylopodium) of the capsule falls off. Seeds very numerous, attached
to a large central placenta.

In swamps ; common. July - August.

2. Ludwigia sph^rocarpa, Ell. (Plate XXIX.) Round-fruited Ludioigia.

Whole plant nearly smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
mostly acute, attenuate at the base ; flowers solitary, axillary, or clustered towards the summit
of the branches, and appearing as if in leafy interrupted spikes, apetalous ; bracteoles minute
or wanting ; lobes of the calyx as long as the capsule, triangular-ovate ; capsules turbinate-
globose, obscurely 4-sided, canescent, crowned with the deeply 4-lobed stylojjodium. — Ell.
sk. 1. p. 211 ; Torr. <^- Gr.fl. N. Am. \. p. 524. Isnardia sphaerocarpa, DC. prodr. 3. p. 61.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, slightly pubescent above, smooth below, of a reddish
tinge. Leaves of the stem 3-5 inches long, of the branches about 2 inches, remotely and
obscurel}? repand-denticulate with a long tapering base, nearly smooth ; the veins confluent
near the margin. Flowers in somewhat compound leafy spikes. Calyx pubescent ; the
segments a little spreading. Petals none. Stamens scarcely half the length of the sepals :
anthers broader than long ; the lobes rather remote. Stigma oval, not lobed. Capsule about
2 lines long, crowned with the reddish depressed stylopodium, which is deeply divided into 4
obtuse lobes. Seeds oval.

In water near Peekskill (Mr. R. I. Browmie). July - August.

^2. Isnardia, Linn. Leaves opposite, mostly petioled : flowers sessile : petals very small or none :

capsules short, truncate at the apex.

3. Ludwigia palustris. Ell. Water Purselane.

Plant smooth and slightly succulent ; stems procumbent, rooting or floating at the base ;
leaves ovatc-spatulate, shining, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers axillary, apetalous,
or with small purplish petals ; lobes of the calyx very short ; capsules oblong, 4-sided, not
attenuate at the base. — Ell. sk. 1. p. 214 ; Torr. <J- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 525. L. apetala,
Walt.fl. Car. p. 89. L. nitida, Michx. Jl. 1. p. 87 ; Pursh,Jl. l.p. 111. Isnardia palustris,

LuDWiGiA. ONAGRACE.E. 239

Linn.; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 182 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 61 ; Hook, in Engl. hot. suppl. t. 2593, and
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 215 ; Beck, hot. p. 120; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 109. I. palustris, /3. Ame-
ricana, DC. pirodr. 3. p. 61. I. ascendens. Hall in Eat. man. ed. 8. p. 285.

Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches long when growing in mud or wet ground, sometimes
assurgent, but commonly prostrate, rooting at the joints. Leaves about an inch long, narrowed
abruptly at the base into a petiole. Flowers very small. Segments of the caly.x ovate, acute.
Petals commonly absent, but occasionally found in an almost rudimentary state. Stamens
much shorter than the calyx : anthers roundish. Style almost none. Capsule obtusely 4-
angled. Seeds oblong, yellowish.

Ditches and slowly flowing water ; common. July - October. A native also of Europe.
The rudimentary petals occur most frequently when the plant grows in rather dry exposed
situations.

Tribe II. CIRC^E^. DC.

Calyx scarcely produced above the ovary. Lobes of the calyx, petals and stamens 2, Fruit
indehiscent, 2-celled, with a single erect seed in each cell. — Leaves opposite, petioled.

5. CIRCiEA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 6130. ENCHANTER'S NIGBTSBADE.

[ " Poetically named after the enchantress Circe : the genus growing in damp shady places, where plants used for

incantations are found." Locdon.]

Tube of the calyx contracted above the ovary ; the limb 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate,

inserted into the cup-shaped disk at the summit of the ovary. Stamens alternate with the

petals. Style filiform : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Fruit obovate, hispid with hooked hairs.

— Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled membranaceous leaves. Flowers small, white

or pale rose-color, in terminal and lateral racemes : pedicels reflexed in fruit.

My friend, Prof. Bailey, of West-Point, has observed a very distinct circulation in the transparent hain of the
fruit in this genus.

1. CiRC^A LuTETiANA, Linn. Common Enchanter's Nightshade.

Leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, acuminate, slightly repand-toothed, usually longer than
the petiole ; bracts none ; disk projecting beyond the tube of the calyx. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 8
{var. Canadensis) ; Michx. fl. 1 p. 17 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 21 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 7 ; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 29 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 11 ; Beck, hot. p. 120 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 7 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 527. C. Canadensis, Muhl. cat. p. 2.

Stem about a foot and a half high, mostly quite smooth, but sometimes slightly pubescent,
swollen at the nodes. Leaves mostly rounded, but sometimes cordate at the base ; the lamina
usually more than twice the length of the petiole. Flowers in slender racemes. Pedicels
2 — 3 lines long, spreading, and at length reflexed. Calyx contracted into a short neck above
the ovary. Sepals ovate-oblong, rather obtuse. Petals mostly white, or very pale rose-color.
Style slender : stigma with 2 small hemispherical lobes. Fruit covered with whitish hairs
which are hooked at the extremity.

Moist shady woods ; common. July — August.

240 ONAGRACEJ:. Circ^a.

2. CiRc^A ALPiNA, Linn. Alpine EncJmnter's Nightshade.

Stem weak ; leaves cordate, shining, rather coarsely toothed, the lower ones as long as the

petioles ; pedicels with a minute setaceous bract at the base ; disk scarcely projecting beyond

the tube of the calyx. — Linn. sp. \. p.Q\ Engl. hot. t. 1057; Michx. Jl. \. p. \1 ; Pursh,

fl. \.p. 21 ; Torr.fl. \. p. 30; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 11 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 215; Torr.

4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 527.

Stem 4-8 inches high, sometimes assurgent. Leaves very thin and somewhat translucent,
broadly cordate, always either cordate or truncate at the base ; the lower ones with elongated
petioles. Flowers and fruit as in the preceding species, but considerably smaller ; the hairs
on the fruit also are weaker.

Dense woods, on prostrate trunks of trees, and about springs, particularly in mountainous
districts ; very common in the northern and western parts of the State ; not found south of
Catskill. July - August. The two species of Circcea are very nearly allied, but they can
usually be distinguished by the characters here given. Some botanists consider them varieties
of one species.

Suborder HALORAGEtE. R. Br. ; DC. (excl. Callitriche).

Limb of the calyx 3 - 4-lobed or -toothed, sometimes nearly wanting. Petals
3 - 4, or wanting. Stamens double the number of the petals, or equal to them,
or fewer, inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovary cohering
with the calyx, 1 - 4-celled : style none : stigmas equal in number to the cells,
papillose or pencil-formed. Fruit 1 - 4-celled, membranaceous or bony, in-
dehiscent, with a solitary pendulous seed in each cell. Embryo straight, in
the centre of thin fleshy albumen : radicle long and slender : cotyledons small.
— Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, growing in wet places or in water.
Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate. Flowers very small, axillary, sessile,
or in spikes, sometimes monoecious or dioecious.

6. PROSERPINACA. Li7in.; Juss. in ann. mus. 3. p. 320. t. 30./. 1 ; Endl. gen. 6137.

MERMAID- WEED.
[ From the Latin, proscrpo, to creep ; the steins creeping and rooting at the base.]

Tube of the calyx 3-sided ; the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigma oblong,
papillose. Fruit bony, triangular, 3-celled. — Perennial aquatic herbs; the stems creeping
at the base. Leaves serrate or pectinately cut. Flowers axillary, perfect, solitary or
several together.

Proserpinaca. HALORAGE^. ' . . 241

1. Proserpinaca palustris, Linn. Common Mermaid-weed.

Leaves lanceolate or almost linear, upper (cnaersed) ones sharply serrate, lowermost (sub-
mersed) pectinately incised or pinnatifid ; fruit acutely 3-cornered, the sides broadly cordate
and concave. — Linn. act. Upsal. 17-11, p. 81 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 76 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 92;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 181 ; Torr.Jl. 1. /). 161 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 48 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 67 ; Torr.
4- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 528.

Stem a foot and a half or more in length, the lower part usually submerged, mostly simple.
Leaves 2 inches long ; the upper ones finely serrated ; the lower ones gradually more and
more cut, till they are pectinate, with long and very narrow divisions. Flowers mostly solitary,
sometimes 2-4 together, scarcel}'' 2 lines long. Calyx-segments broadly lanceolate. Stamens
exserted : anthers roundish, large. Stigmas obtuse, purplish. Sides of the fruit broader than
long, often a little rugose when mature.

Shallow ponds, ditches and swamps. June - August.

2. Proserpinaca pectinacea, i«?H. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed.

Leaves all pectinately cut into narrow linear segments ; angles of the fruit rather obtuse,
the sides ovate and slightly convex. — Lam. ill. t. 50. f. 1 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 92 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 192 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 162 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 67 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. -p. 523. P.
palustris, /3., Michx. Jl. 1. p. 76.

Stem seldom more than a foot long, slender. Leaves scarcely an inch long ; the segments
rather distant. Flowers resembling those of the preceding species, but the ovary longer in
proportion to the breadth. Stigmas attenuate upward. Capsule a little rugous on the sides
when mature.

Beaver meadow near Vernon (Dr. Douglas). I have not seen the specimens collected by
Dr. Douglas ; and were he not so good a botanist, I should doubt whether this species grew
in the western part of the State. It will very probably yet be found on Long Island.

7. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. ; Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6135. - water MILFOIL.

[From the Greek, myrios, a myriad, and phyllon, a leaf; the leaves being cut into innumerable fine segments.]

Flowers either monoecious or perfect. Calyx 4-parted in the staminate, 4-toothed in the
pistillate and perfect flowers. Petals 4, often rudimentary or wanting. Stamens 4 or 8.
Ovary 4-celled : stigmas oblong or linear, pencil-form or papillose along the inner surface.
Fruit of 4 nut-like carpels cohering by their inner angles, and enclosed in the adherent tube
of the calyx. — Aquatic and usually submersed perennial plants, the upper part emersed
while flowering. Leaves verticillate, sometimes opposite or alternate ; those under water
[Flora.] .31

242 HALORAGEiE. Myriophylltjm.

pinnately cut into numerous fine segments. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ;
sometimes in terminal spikes, from the leaves being reduced to bracts ; the uppermost
commonly staminate (with abortive pistils), the lowest fertile (with abortive stamens), and
the intermediate ones perfect.

^ 1. Flou'ers octandrous : carpels not ridged on the hack: leaves vertUillate.

1. Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn. Spiked Water Milfoil.

Leaves all pinnately cut into capillary segments ; bracts shorter than the flowers, ovate,
entire, the lowermost larger and serrate ; petals broadly ovate ; carpels smooth and even. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 992 ; Michx. Jl. 1. p. 190 ; Engl. hot. t. 83 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 274 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 588 ; Torr. comp. p. 354 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 345 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 68 ; Hook. jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 216 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1 . p. 529.

Stem varying in length with the depth of the water, sometimes 10 - 15 feet long, slender.
Leaves 3 - 5 in a whorl, all very finely cut. Flowers in an interrupted leafless spike, which
rises above 'he wa'.' . the upper bracts or floral leaves entire, very small, but increasing in
length towards the lower part of the spike, where they are sharply serrate.

Deep ponds and slovvly flowing waters ; not common. July - August.

2. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Linn. Whorled Water Milfoil.

Lower leaves cut into capillary segments ; floral ones, or bracts, pectinately pinnatifid,
commonly much longer than the flowers ; petals oblong-obovate ; carpels smooth and even. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 992 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 190 ; Etigl. bat. f. 218 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 274 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 588 ; Torr. conipcnd. p. 355 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 68 ; Torr. 6^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 529.

Stem very long, stouter than in the preceding species. Submerged leaves all finely divided ;
those belonging to the cmersed part of the stem, much smaller and pectinate. Flowers in a
leafy spike. Segments of the calyx much smaller than the petals, acute. Anthers oblong.
Stigmas large and thick ; the surface covered with purplish woolly hairs.

Ponds and small streams ; rather common. July - September.

^ 2. Flmoers tctrandrous : carpels ivith one or two ridges on the back : leaves verticillate.

3. Myriophyllum heterophvllum, Michx. Various-leaved Water Milfoil.

Stem thick ; lower leaves cut into capillary segments ; floral ones ovate or lanceolate, thick,
sharply serrate, crowded, usually 5 in a whorl ; petals oblong ; carpels minutely roughened,
slightly 2-ridged and tuberculate on the back. — Michjc. fl. 2. p. 191 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 274 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 588 ; Torr. comp. p. 355 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 69 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 529.

Stem very long ; much stouter, and the submerged leaves smaller, than in the preceding

Myriophyllum. - HALORAGEyE. 243

species. Floral leaves about half an inch long, of a firm te.vliire ; upper ones serrate, lowest
ones pectinately toothed. Flowers whorled, in the axils of tiic upper leaves. Anthers linear-
oblong. Stigmas woolly, purple.

Ponds and slowly flowing streams ; common in the western part of the State. July -
September.

^ 3. Flowers lelrandrous : carpels not ridged on the back : leaves alternate, or almost wanting.

4. Myriophyllum ambiguum, Nutt. Polyinorphous Water Milfoil.

Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; the emersed ones pectinate ; upper floral
ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, .sparingly incised or toothed, sometimes entire ;
flowers mostly perfect ; petals oblong ; carpels smooth and even. — DC. prodr. 3. p. 70 ;
Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p 530.

var. 1 nutans : stem floating ; emersed leaves narrow, rigid, serrate or pectinate, the floating
ones capillary. DC. I. c. ; Torr. cj- Gr. I. c. M. ambiguum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 212; Torr.
comp. p. 355.

var. 2 capillaceum : leaves all immersed and capillary. Torr. cj- Gr. I. c. M. capillaceum,
Torr. comp. I. c.

var. 3. limosum : small ; stem procumbent and rooting ; leaves all narrow, rigid, sparingly
toothed or pinnately cut into several narrow lobes, sometimes nearly entire. Null. I. c. ; Torr.
comp. I. c; DC. I. c. ; Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. M. procumbens, Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 346. Purshia
humilis, Raf. in New-York med. rep. 2. p. 361.

A very variable plant. The floating forms have long slender stems, and the leaves are cut
into very narrow attenuated segments. In var. 3. the steins creep in the mud, and are only
from 2 to 6 inches long, forming large green patches on the margins of ponds. Flowers very
small, reddish. Anthers oblong. Stigmas pencillate. ' '

Ponds and miry places on Long Island. July - August. - ■

5. Myriophyllum tenellum, Bigel. Leafless Water Milfoil.

Stems (scapes) almost leafless, arising from a prostrate rhizoma ; bracts minute, entire ;
flowers alternate ; petals linear-oblong ; carpels smooth and even. — Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 3-16 ;
Torr. comp. p. 355 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 69 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 216 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl.
N.Am. 1. p. 530.

Rhizoma slender, rooting in the mud, and throwing up several scapes or flowering branches
4 — K) inches high, the lower part submerged. Leaves reduced to mere little alternate scales.
Flowers monoecious, very small. Bracts oblong, obtuse, mostly rather longer than the flower.
Calyx-segments very short, acute. Petals purplish. Anthers oblong. Stigmas at length
feathery.

Borders of pords and small streams of water. Northern part of the State. Peach Pond,
Westchester county {Dr. Mead). July - August.

31*

244 HALORAGE^. Hippuris.

8. HIPPURIS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 6\M. MARESTAIL.

[From the Greek, hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail.]

Border of the calyx very narrow and entire. Petals none. Stamen solitary, inserted on the
margin of the calyx. Style filiform, stigmatose on one side, at first placed between the two
lobes of the anther. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with simple
stems, verticillate entire leaves, and axillary minute flowers which are often polygamous.

1. Hippuris vulgaris, Linn. Common Marestail.

Leaves in whorls of 8 - 12, linear, callous at the tip (Hook.). — Litin. sp. 1. p. 4 ; Engl,
hot. t. 763 ; Michx. Jl. \. p. \ ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 3 ; Torr.jl. I. p. 2; DC. prodr. 3. p. 71 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 217 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 531.

Stem usually a foot or eighteen inches high, jointed. Leaves about a line wide ; those on
the emersed part of the stem scarcely an inch in length ; the submersed ones much longer,
and crowded. Flowers inconspicuous ; the free portion of the calyx forming a very narrow
border at the summit of the ovary. Filament short and flat : anther large, red ; the two lobes,
when young, folded around the style which passes between them. Fruit small, somewhat
drupaceous ; the endocarp cartilaginous.

Ponds and lakes. Cayuga lake {Di\ Jed. Smith) ; near Schenectady {Dr. Beck) ; ditches
near Coldspring, Putnam county {Prof. Bailey). It appears to be identical with the European
plant.

Group 14. Ovary compound, one-celled, with parietal placentce. Petals and stamens
inserted in the throat of the calyx. Floicers perfect. Calyx adherent to the
ovary.

Order XLII. CACTACEiE. Juss. The Cactus Tribe.

Calyx consisting of numerous imbricated sepals, which cohere with and crown
the ovary, or cover its whole surface ; the inner ones confounded with the
numerous petals. Stamens numerous, cohering with the base of the petals,
and inserted with them into the throat of the calyx. Ovary fleshy, one-celled,
with numerous parietal placentee : ovules numerous : styles united : stigmas
as many as the placenta. Fruit a berry, 1-celled, many-seeded ; the seeds

Optjntia. CACTACE^. 245

finally losing their connection with the placentae, and immersed in the pulp.
Albumen none. Embryo with a thick obtuse radicle : cotyledons often united
or nearly wanting. — Succulent shrubby plants of singular habit ; the stems
usually somewhat globose, angular, 2-edged, or foliaceons and jointed, mostly
destitute of true leaves. Buds spluy. Flowers mostly large and showy,
solitary, sessile.

1. OPUNTIA. Tourn.inst.t. 122; Endl. gen. 5161. INDIAN FIG.

[A name of Theophrastus, applied to this genus.]

Sepals and petals not produced into a tube, spreading. Stamens shorter than the petals.
Style cylindrical, constricted at the base : stigmas 3-8, thick, erect. Berry ovoid, umbili-
cate at the summit, tuberculate, often prickly. Embryo somewhat spiral, nearly terete. —
Shrubby plants with jointed branches ; the joints mostly compressed and dilated, bearing
tufts of bristles or prickles. Flowers yellow or red, arising from the clusters of prickles,
or along the margin of the joints. DC.

1. Opuntia vulgaris, 3Iill. , Common Indian Fig, or Prickly Pear.

Prostrate or somewhat assurgent, diffuse and creeping ; joints ovate ; prickles short and
very numerous, often with several strong subulate spines; fruit crimson. — Mill. diet. t. 191 ;
DC. prodr. 3. j). 474 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 2393 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 555. Cactus
Opuntia, Linn. ; Michx. fl. \. p. 282 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 327 ; Nutt. gen. l.p. 296 ; Ell. sk.
l.p. 537; Torr. Jl. I. p. 466. ■

Plant usually growing in tufts ; the branches often more or less assurgent : joints very
fleshy, '3-6 inches long : tufts of bristles arranged (as in all the genus) in a quincuncial or
spiral order ; the bristles very slender, rigid and acute, barbed. Spines, when present, about
three-fourths of an inch long, and of a yellowish color. Flowers more than two inches in
diameter, usually several on the margin of the upper joints. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Petals 'iright yellow, mucronate. Stamens very numerous : filaments smooth : anthers
linear. Style longer than the stamens. Fruit nearly two inches long, obovate, nearly smooth,
pulpy and eatable.

On rockr^ and in sandy fields ; common around New- York and on Long Island ; rare on the
Hudson above West-Point. The most northern locality in the State is Fairfield, where it was
found by Prof. Hadley. At ManhaltanviUe, on the Island of New-York, I have found it with
the strong yellow spines which it so commonly bears in the Southern States. Fl. June - July.
JV. August.

246 GROSSULACEiE. Ribes.

Order XLIII. GROSSULACE^. DC. The Currant Tribe.

Calyx campanulate or tubular, often colored, withering, 5- (rarely 4-) cleft ;
segments at length spreading or reflexed. Petals small, as many as the seg-
ments of the calyx and alternate with them, inserted into the throat of the
calyx. Stamens as many as the petals, and inserted ahernately with them.
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, 1-celled with 2-parietal placentae : ovules
mostly numerous : styles 2 (very rarely 3 or 4), united or distinct. Fruit a
berry, crowned with the withered flower. Seeds anatropous ; the raphe at
length distinct from the gelatinous testa : the tegmen crustaceous, strongly
adhering to the dense almost horny albumen. Embryo minute. — Shrubs,
mostly spiny or prickly, with alternate (often fascicled) palmately veined and
lobed leaves. Flowers racemose, sometimes solitary.

1. RIBES. Linn.; DC. prodr. 3. p. 477. CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY.

[An ancient Arabic name for a plant, supposed by the »lder botanists to be the Gooseberry]
Character same as ihat of the order.

^ 1. Grossularia, a. Rich. Stems usually armed with siihaxillanj spines, and often prickly :
peduncles mostly 1 - d-Jlowered : calyx more or less campanulate : berries often prickly.
(Gooseberry.)

1. RiBES Cynosbati, Linn. Prickly Gooseberry.

Stem either unarmed or prickly ; subaxillary spines 1 - 3 ; leaves cordate, roundish,
3 - 5-lobed, more or less pubescent, the lobes incisely serrate ; peduncles 2 - 3-flowered ;
tube of the calyx broadly campanulate, slightly contracted at the mouth ; the segments at
length reflexed, shorter than the tube, and longer than the obovate petals ; stamens and styles
slightly included ; style undivided, hairy at the base ; fruit prickly, or rarely smooth. — Linn,
sp. 1. p. 202; Michx. Jl. 1. p. Ill ; Jucq. hart. Vindoh. 2. t. 123; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 166;
Bigel. Jl. Boat. p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 479 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 230 (excl. 7.);
" Guimp. Otto <^ Huyne, holz. t. 135." R. gracile, Toi-r. Jl. 1. p. 269, not of Michx.

A busli 2-4 feet high, erect, the lower part often prickly. Subaxillary spines mostly 2,
sometimes wanting. Leaves clothed with a soft pubescence, particularly underneath ; petioles
downy. Raceme nodding; the pedicels long and slender, divaricate. Calyx greenish white ;
the segments lanceolate, rather acute, ciliate , at first erect, but at length reflexed. Fruit
brownish when ripe, usually armed with strong prickles so as to resemble a burr, but occa-
sionally smooth.

Woods, particularly on mountain sides. Fishkill and Catskill mountains ; also in the
northern and western part of the State. May - June.

RiBEs. , grossulacej:. ?-i7

2. RiBEs ROTUNDiFOLiuji, Mickz. Round-kaved Gooseberry.

Stems not prickly ; subaxillary spines short, usually solitary (sometimes absent) ; leaves
roundish, 5-lobed, nearly smooth, a little shining above ; the lobes short and obtuse, incisely
toothed ; peduncles slender, 1 - 2-flowered, smoolli ; calyx cylindrical, narrow, smooth as
well as the ovary ; the segments linear-oblong, twice the length of the tube ; filaments ex-
serted, smooth, twice or thrice the length of the broadly-spalulate uiiguiculate petals ; style
deeply 2-parted, hairy below; fruit smooth. — Michx.Jl. \.p. 110; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
1. p. 547. R. triflorum, Willd. hort. Berol. t. 61, and enum. 1. p. 51 ; Pursh,Jl. 1. p. 165 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 269 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 479 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 230; " Guiirip. Olio
4- Hayne, holz. t. 3." R. gracile, Fursh, fl. 1. p. 165, not oi Michx.

A shrub 3-4 feet high, with spreading recurved branches, often destitute of spines. Leases
1-2 inches in diameter (at the time of flowering often only about half an inch), cordate or
obtusely cuneate at the base, smooth or a little pubescent underneath ; the lobes obtuse.
Flowers greenish with a tinge of purple. Fruit about the size of a large black currant,
purplish when lipe, pleasantly flavored.

Mountain woods ; common in the Highlands. Fl. May - June. Fr. July.

" ■ i'- ■ -■ \ ; ^ -^ ,. ; ■ . . - -^ ■

3. RiBES LACUSTRE, Foir. ' Sioamp Gooseberry.

Young stems very hispid-prickly ; subaxillary spines few, weak ; leaves cordate, 3 - 5-
parted , the lobes deeply incised ; racemes 5 - 9-flowered, loose ; calyx broad and flattish ;
stamens as long as the petals; style short, smooth, 2-cleft ; fruit hispid. — Poir. suppl. 2.
p. 856; Pursh, fl.\. p.\Q5; Null. gen. 1. p. liO ; Torr. fl. \. p. 270 ; Bigel. fl. Post,
p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 478 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 230 ; " Guimp. OUo cj- Hayne, holz.
t. 136;" Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 548. R. oxycanthioides, Michx. fl. \. p. Ill (not
oi Linn.). R. oxycanthoides, ^. lacustris, Pers. syn. 1. p. 252.

"^ Stem 3-4 feet high; the branches of a reddish color, thickly covered with slender rather
soft prickles, which are spreading or a little reflexcd. Subaxillary spines 2-5, united at the
base. Leaves lobed nearly to the middle, slightly pubescent on both sides ; petioles villous.
Peduncles slender, pendulous, mostly 5 - 6-flowered, pubescent. Calyx greenish-yellow.
Petals minute. Fruit dark purple, and ill-flavored.

Mountain swamps. Calskill. I have also seen specimens which I believe were collected
in the northern part of the State. May - June.

248 GROSSULACEiE. Ribes.

& 2. RiBESiA, Berland. Stems neither ■prickly nor spiny : racemes several-flowered : calyx cam-
panv late or cylindrical : berries not prickly. (Currant.)

4. Ribes floridum, VHerit. Wild Black Currant.

Leaves sprinkled on both sides with resinous dots, acutely 3 - 5-lobed, pubescent ; racemes
pendulous, villous ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-campanulate, smooth, the
segments about as long as the tube ; style undivided ; fruit smooth. — VHerit. stirp. 1. p. 4 ;
Torr. Jl.l. p. 267 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 90 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 482 ; Guimp. Otto ^ Hayne,
holz. 1. 1 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 233 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 160 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 549. R. nigrum, /3., Linn, R. recurvatum, MicIlx. fl. 1. p. 110. R. Pennsylvanicum,
Lam. diet. 3. p. 49.

Stem 3-4 feet high : branches somewhat recurved, covered with a grayish bark. Leaves
2-3 inches in diameter, with spreading acutely toothed lobes, slightly sprinkled with minute
yellowish dots : petioles as long as the lamina, pubescent, and fringed towards the base with
long compound hairs. Racemes about 3 inches long, many-flowered, retrorsely pubescent.
Calyx yellowish green. Petals greenish-yellow, oblong. Stamens included. Style scarcely
exserted, sulcate : stigma slightly 2-cleft. Berries roundish-ovoid, a little smaller than the
cultivated Black Currant, which it resembles in taste and odor ; nearly black when mature.

Borders of woods, fences, etc., sometimes in low grounds ; common. Fl. May. Fr. July
- August. Flowers larger than in any of the preceding species.

5. Ribes prostratum, VHerit. Fetid Currant.

Stems reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply cordate, 5 - 7-lobed ; the lobes somewhat
ovate, acute, spreading, incisely and doubly serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; bracts much
shorter than the bristly-glandular pedicels ; calyx hemispherical, the segments obovate ; petals
spatulate, very small ; style deeply 2-parted ; fruit glandular-hispid. — VHerit. stirp. 1. p. 3.
t. 2 ; Pursh, /. 1. p. 163 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 268 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 482 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
I. p. 232; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. I. p. 5.50. R. glandulosum. Ait. Kew. (ed. l.)l. p. 279.
R. rigens, Michx. fl. \. p. 110 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 90.

Stems 1-3 feet long, prostrate and rooting, with somewhat erect branches. Leaves 2-3
inches in diameter, lobed nearly to the middle, smooth above, strigoscly pubescent underneath.
Racemes 8 - 13-f.owered, at first erect, in fruit somewhat pendulous. Calyx greenish, with
purple veins : segments broad and spreading. Petals and anthers purplish. Fruit red, the
size of a large currant, hispid with glandular hairs, of a rank odor when bruised.

Rocky places in the northern and western part of the State. Fl. May. Fr. July.

SicYos. CUCURBITACE.E. 249

Group 15. Clmracter the same as of the following order.

Order XLIV. CUCURBITACEtE. Juss. The Gourd Tribe.

Flowers moncEcious or dioecious. Calyx of 5 (rarely 6) sepals united into a
tube, which, in the fertile flowers, is adherent to the ovary. Petals as many
as the sepals, commonly united with each other and with the calyx. Stamens
5 or rarely 3, united so as to appear 2 or 3 (one or two pairs and a separate
one), variously united by their filaments and long sinuous or variously folded
anthers. Ovary 2 — 5-celled (very rarely one-celled, with a solitary ovule) ;
the thick and fleshy placentas often filling the cells, or carried back so as to
reach the margin ; the dissepiments often at length obliterated. P'ruit a pepo,
usually fleshy, but sometimes membranous when mature. Seeds flat, often
arillate, without albumen. Cotyledons foliaceous. — Juicy herbaceous plants,
climbing by tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined. Flowers axillary.

1. SICYOS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 51^6. SINGLE-SEEDED CUCUMBER.

[Sikijos is an ancient Greek name for the Cucumber.]

Flowers monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx flattish : teeth subulate or minute. Petals 5, all
cohering in a tube, at length separating into three parcels : anlliers tortuous. Fertile Fl.
Calyx constricted above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla campanulate. Ovary 1 -celled,
with a solitary suspended ovule. Style rather slender : stigmas 3, thick, obtuse, spreading.
Fruit ovate, membranaceous, mostly spiny or hispid. Seed large, compressed, smooth ;
the testa almost crustaceous. — Annual plants. Sterile flowers in racemes ; fertile ones in
pedunculate capitate clusters ; both usually from the same axils : corolla greenish- white.

1. SicYos ANGULATUS, Linn. Common Single-seeded Cucumber.

Stem, petioles and peduncles somewhat viscidly pubescent with long hairs ; leaves
roundish-cordate, angularly 5-lobed, with as many primary veins , the lobes denticulate and
acuminate ; sterile flowers in a corymbose crowded raceme, on a very long peduncle ; fertile
flowers on a much shorter peduncle ; style slender ; fruit viscidly pubescent, and covered
with rough prickly bristles. — Lin7i. sp. 2. p. 1013 ; Mich^.f. 2. p. 2\7 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 44 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 663 ; Torr. compend. p. 362 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 309 ; Beck, hot. p. 178 ; Dar-
Ungt. fl. Cest. p. 554; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 541. S. acutus, Raf.; DC. I. c.
Bryonoides, &c. Dill. Elth. t. 51. f 59.

[Flora.] 32

250 CUCURBITACEiE. Sicyos.

A vine 10-15 feet long, climbing by 3 - 5-cleft tendrils. Leaves 4-6 inches in diameter,
with a pentagonal outline, roughish pubescent. Peduncles of the staminate flowers 4-8
inches long; the raceme often somewhat compound, finally somewhat elongated. Fertile
flowers not half the size of the staminate ones, sessile, on a peduncle which is 1 or 2 inches
long. Fruit about half an inch long, compressed, acute, collected in a head at the summit of
the peduncle ; the prickles about one-third of an inch long.

Banks of rivers, cultivated grounds, and along fences ; common. August - September.
Often a troublesome weed in gardens.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 542 ; Endl. gen. suppl. 1. 5141, 1.

WILD BALSAM-APPLE.

[ From the Greek, echinos, prickly, and hyslis, a bladder ; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit.]

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, in the fertile flowers slightly contracted above the ovary ;
the segments 6, filiform-subulate, shorter than the corolla. Corolla 6-parted, rotate-
campanulate. Sterile Fl. Stamens 3, diadelphous, short : anthers flexuous, united.
Fertile Fl. Abortive filaments 3, very small, distinct. Style very short : stigmas 2, large,
broadly obcordate, connivent. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, at first watery and
spongy, at length bursting elastically at the summit, and becoming fibrous, 2-celled, 4-
seeded ; the cells divided at the base by a transverse spurious dissepiment. Seed (large)
not arillate, erect from the base of each spurious cell, obovate-oblong, flat, slightly 2-toothed
at the base, the margins obtuse. — An annual climbing herb, with palmately 5-lobed leaves
and 3-cleft tendrils. Flowers small, greenish-white ; the sterile in long compound racemes;
the fertile ones from the same axils, solitary or clustered on a short peduncle.

1. EcHiNocYSTis LOBATA, ToTT. S)' Gv. (Plate XXX.) Wild Balsam-apple.

Torr. ^- Gr. I. c. Sicyos lobata, Miclix. fl. 2. p. 217. Momordica echinata, Muhl. in
Willd. sp. 4. p. 605 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 444 ; Torr. cojiipend. p. 362 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 312 ;
//. H. Eaton in Transylv. journ. med. 1832; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 220. Hexameria
echinata, Torr. ^- Gr. in Torr. rep. pi. N. York, p. 137.

Stem smooth, 10 - 15 feet long, climbing over shrubs, etc. Leaves nearly smooth, 3-5
inches in diameter, slightly scabrous, with 5 deep acuminate sharply denticulate lobes. Sterile
racemes compound, erect, 5-7 inches long. Corolla nearly white, pubescent ; the segments
hnear-lanceolate. Fertile flowers solitary, or 2 - 3 together. Fruit about the size of a
pigeon's egg, covered with short soft bristly spines, green, bursting rather irregularly at the
summit, the lacerated edges of the orifice becoming revolute. Seeds about three quarters of
an inch long, obovate-oblong, nearly black.

Banks of the Hudson, and on the islands about Troy ; also abundant on the banks of the

EcHiNocrsTis. CUCURBITACE^. 251

Mohawk. Fl. July - August. Fr. September. An ornamental plant when in full flower,
being covered with numerous graceful racemes of whitish flowers. It is sometimes seen in
gardens.

The name Hexameria, given to this genus in my Report of 1840, was changed, because it
had been employed previously by Bennett in his Plant. Jav. rariores.

Group 16. Ovaries 2 or more, many-ovukcl, distinct or more or less united. Calyx
free from the ovary, or the tube partly (rarely ivholly) united to the ovary.
Petals and stamens (mostly definite) inserted on the calyx. Seeds numerous,
albuminous. -

Order XLV. CRASSULACEtE. Juss. The Houseleek Tribe.

Sepals 4-5 (in Sempervivum 6 - 20), free from the ovaries, persistent, more or
less united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, sometimes combined
into a monopetalous corolla. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals.
Pistils always equal in number to the sepals, distinct or partly united. Carpels
follicular, usually several-seeded. — Herbaceous or sometimes sufFruticose
plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with simple leaves and the flowers commonly
in cymes or racemes.

1. TILL^EA. Mick. gen. t. 20; Endl. gen. 4607. TILLJEA.

[ In honor of Micii. Aug. Tilli, an Italian botanist who died in 1710.]

Sepals, petals and stamens 3-4. Carpels 3-4, distinct, opening by the inner suture,
2 - many-seeded. — Small, more or less aquatic plants, and small axillary flowers.

• BuLLiARDA, DC. FUnvers tclramerovs : petals (rrrd or oblimg : hypogyTums scales linear : carpels v> ~ 20-sceded,

1. TiLL^A SIMPLEX, Nuft. Pigmy-iceed.

Stem diffusely branching from the base, and rooting ; the branches ascending ; leaves

linear-oblong, rather obtuse, connate at the base ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; petals nearly

as long as the carpels, and twice as long as the sepals. — Nutt. in jour. acad. Phil. 1. p. 114,

and gen. appx. ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 381 ; Torr. <^ Ch: fl. N. Am. 1. p. 557. T. ascendens,

Eat. man. ed. 8. p. 453.

32*

252 CRASSULACE^. Till^a.

Stems 1-2 inches long, branching towards the base, and rooting in the mud. Leaves
2-3 lines long, spreading and somewhat recurved, their bases uniting round the stem.
Flowers about the size of a pin's head, on short pedicels. Sepals oblong, obtuse, united at
the base. Petals oblong, obtuse, white. Stamens shorter than the petals : filaments slender :
anthers roundish. Hypogynous scales none ? Carpels membranaceous, slightly united. Seeds
oblong ; the testa crustaceous, striate and dotted. Albumen very thin. Embryo conformed
to the seed : cotyledons short : radicle thick.

On the banks of the Hudson one or two miles north of Peekskill {Dr. Mead). Very nearly
related to T. aquatica of Europe.

2. SEDUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4622. STONECROP.

[ From the Latin, scdo, to sit; the plants of this genus appearing to sit on naked rocks.]

Sepals 5 (sometimes 4 - 8), more or less united at the base, often resembling the leaves.
Petals distinct, mostly spreading. Stamens twice the number of the petals. Carpels as
numerous as the sepals, many-seeded, with a scale at the base of each. — Herbaceous or
rarely suffrutescent plants, mostly branching from the base. Leaves alternate or scattered,
sometimes opposite or verticillate, usually crowded on the sterile branches. Flowers cymose.

1. Sedum telephioides, Michx. American Orpine.

Leaves flat, ovate or oval, attenuate at the base, rather acute, somewhat toothed, smooth ;
stem erect; cymes paniculate-corymbose, densely flowered ; stamens 10, scarcely exceeding
the ovate-lanceolate petals. — Michx. jl. \.p. 277; Pitrsh, fl. 1. p. 324; Ell. sk. 1. p. 529;
Torr. Jl. I. p. 464; DC. prodr. 3. p. 402; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 558.

Perennial. Stem about a foot high, simple, leafy. Leaves about an inch and a half long,
smooth and fleshy, broadly oval, obtusely toothed. Cymes compound, crowded, with small
leafy bracts interspersed. Sepals lanceolate-obtuse. Petals elliptical-oblong, pale purple,
twice as long as the calyx.

Shore of Seneca Lake {Prof. J. Hall). I have not seen the plant from this locality, and
it may possibly be the following, which it greatly resembles.

2. Sedum Telephium, Linn. Orpine, or Live-forever.

Leaves flat, oblong and oval, attenuate at the base, toothed, smooth ; stem erect ; cymes
corymbose ; stamens shorter than the corolla. — Engl. hot. t. 1319 ; DC. plant, grass, p. 92,
and prodr. 3. p. 402.

Diflers from the preceding chiefly in the more obtuse leaves and shorter stamens.

Rocks ; Catskill Mountains, particularly near the Mountain House. In fields, Orville,
Onondaga county {Dr. Bradley). A naturalized plant of European origin, and very common
in gardens.

Penthorum. CRASSULACE^. 253

3. PENTHORUM. Gronov. ; Lam. ill. t. 390 ; Endl. gen. 4625.

VIRGINIAN STONECROP.

[ From the Greek, pcnic, five, and oros, a column ; in allusion to the 5 carpels.]

Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals none (always ?). Stamens 10. Scales at the carpels
none. Carpels united into a 5-angled, 5-cclled capsule, with 5 diverging beaks, dehiscent
by the separatign of the beak with the back part of each carpel. Seeds nunnerous, minute.
— Erect perennial herbs, not succulent, with alternate membranaceous and serrate leaves,
and yellowish flowers which are unilateral on the simple branches of the cyme.

1. Penthorum sedoides, Linn. Virginian Stonecrop.

Stem somewhat branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, almost sessile ; branches
of the cyme many-flowered ; seeds elliptical, acute at one end. — Liiin. act. Upsal. (1774),
p. 12. t. 2; Michx. Jl.l. p. 278 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 323 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 528 ; Torr. ft. 1.
p. 463 ; Bigel. jl. Bosl. p. 184 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 414 ; Beck, hot. p. 133 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 281 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 462.

Stem about a foot high, terete below, somewhat angular above. Leaves 2-4 inches long,
acutely and unequally serrate, smooth on both sides. Cymes pedunculate, terminating the
branches, each with 3-4 recurved divisions, which (as well as the peduncles and short
pedicels) are glandularly pubescent. Calyx spreading ; the segments ovate, acute, entire or
with several minute denticulations. Petals none in any of my specimens. Stamens longer
than the ofaries : filaments smooth : anthers minute, oblong. Ovaries adherent to the style
at the base, abruptly beaked with the styles : stigmas small, capitate. Carpels sometimes 6,
the dehiscence taking place by a vertical line on each side of each carpel, between the ventral
and dorsal sutures ; the back and the style falling away, leaving the ventral portions and
placentae in the axis. Seeds very numerous, surrounding the projecting placenta, light brown,
very rough under a lens.

Low wet places ; common. July - September.

254 SAXIFRAGACEiE. Saxifraga.

Order XL VI. SAXIFRAGACE^. Juss. The Saxifrage Tribe.

Sepals 4-5, united or nearly distinct. Petals as many as the sepals and alter-
nate with them, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as
the petals, and inserted with them into the throat of the calyx. Ovary either
free from the calyx or coherent with the tube, of 2 or sometimes of 3 - 5 or
more carpels, which are either jiartially or completely united, 1-celled with
parietal placentae, or with as many cells as carpels and the placentae in the
axis : ovules mostly numerous, anatropous : styles distinct or more or less
united. Capsules mostly with septicidal dehiscence. Embryo straight, in the
axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite
leaves. Inflorescence various.

Suborder Saxifrage^e. DC.

^Estivation of the petals imbricate. Capsule usually beaked ; the distinct
summits of the carpels opening along the inner suture. — Herbs ; the base of
the petioles sometimes dilated, and resembling stipules.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Saxifraga. Sepals imbricate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Capsule S-celled below. Seeds smootji or wrinkled.

2. Heuchera. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, imbricate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5. Capsule one-celled. Seeds

muricate or hispid.

3. MiTELLA. Calyx campanulate, 5-clcft, valvate. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10. Capsule one-celled. Seeds

shining.

4. TiARELLA. Calyx campanulate, 5-parted, valvate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Capsule 2-cel!ed. Seeds smooth

and shining. •

5. Chrysosplenium. Calyx 4 - 5-lobcd, colored inside. Petals none. Stamens 8 - 10. Capsule 1-celled.

1. SAXIFRAGA. Linn. ; R. Broivn in Parry'' s \st voy. suppl. p. 273 ; Endl. gen. 4634.

SAXIFHAGE.

[ From the Latin, saxtim, a rock, and frango, to break ; many of the species growing in the cracks or crevices of rocks.]

Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary : sepals 5, more or less united, imbricate
in asslivation. Petals 5, entire Styles 2. Capsule adhering to the calyx below, or free,
mostly of 2 more or less united carpels, 2-])eakcd, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening
by a chink between the spreading beaks. Seeds smooth or wrinkled ; the testa not separable
from the nucleus. — Perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Radical leaves usually in a rosulate
cluster ; the cauline ones mostly alternate.

Saxipraga. SAXIFRAGACE.E. 255

1. Saxifraga Virginiensis, Michx. Virginian Saxifrage.

Leaves radical, more or less spalulate-oborate, rather thick, crenately toothed, tapering at
the base into a broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched at the summit ;
flowers in dense or finally open cymose clusters ; calyx adherent only to the base of the ovary;
petals oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx ; carpels united at the base, at length divari-
cate.— Michx. Jl. 1. p. 269; Pursh, fl. I. p. 310; Don, monog. Saxifr. in Linn, trans. 13.
p. 386; Ell. sk. 1. p. 311 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 444; DC. prodr. A. p. 39; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 24S; Beck, hot. p. 137; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 269 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. .571.
S. vernalis, Willd. hort Berol. t. 43 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 177 ; Hook. I. c. S. nivalis, Muhl.
cat. p. 45. S. elongata, Sternb. Saxifr. p. 9. t. 4.. -. -

Rhizoma thick, short. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft, about an inch long, rather thick,
minutely pubescent. Scape 4-12 inches high, fleshy, naked, viscous-pubescent. Panicle
when young close and compact, at length spreading and rather loose. Segments of the calyx
ovate, acute or obtuse, reddish at the lip. Petals white, with branching veins, which are
distinct in the dried, but obscure in the living plant. Stamens about as long as the calyx :
anthers roundish. Capsule purple when mature ; the beaks widely diverging.

On rocks and hill-sides ; common. April - June.

2. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, Linn. Pennsylvaniaji Saxifrage.

Leaves oblanceolate, rather acute, attenuate at the base into a long naked petiole, obscurely
denticulate, slightly pubescent ; scape naked, viscous-pubescent ; cymes in a large oblong
panicle, finally loose ; flowers pedicellate ; segments of the calyx triangular-lanceolate, re-
curved, scarcely as long as the linear-lanceolate one-nerved petals, the tube adherent to the
base of the ovary only ; carpels in the mature fruit distinct above. — Linn. sp. l.p. 399 (c.xcl.
syn. Pluk.); Michx. fl.\. p. 269 ; Pursh, fl.l. p.2ll; Don, Saxifr. I. c. p. 384 ; Torr.
fl. I. p. 344 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 177 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 39 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 249 ;
Beck, hot. p. 138 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 270; Torr. ^- Gr.fl. N. Am. l.p. 571. Saxifraga,
&c. Dill. hort. Elth. t. 253. /. 328.

Rhizoma short and thick. Leaves all radical, 4-8 inches long, rather thin, pale green,
slightly ciliate and pubescent. Scape 1-3 feet high, somewhat succulent. Panicle at first
contracted ; the branches at length distant, with a small lanceolate leafy bract at the base of
each. FloWers small. Petals greenish-yellow. Stamens longer than the calyx : anthers
purplish-orange. Capsule free from the calyx nearly to the base ; the carpels distinct more
than half their length, and somewhat recurved. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular,
dark brown.

In swamps and wet meadows ; common. May - June,

256 SAXIGRAGACEiE. Hetjchera.

2. HEUCHERA. Linn. ; R. Brown in Richards, app. to Frankl. nar, ed. 2. p. 52. t. 29 ;

Endl. gen. 4639. ALUM-ROOT.

[ Named in honor of John Henry de Hedchek, a German botanist of the las£ century.]

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft, sometimes unequal ; the segments obtuse.
Petals 5, small, entire. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx.
Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas, many-seeded, 2-beaked, opening
between the beaks. Seeds horizontal, muricate or hispid. — Perennial, mostly stemless
plants. Radical leaves on long petioles, roundish-cordate, lobed and crenate or incised ;
cauline ones, when present, alternate. Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, free above.
Flowers in compound cymose panicles.

1. Heuchera Americana, Linn. Common Alum-root.

Roughish and somewhat viscidly pubescent ; scape naked ; leaves roundish-cordate, 7-9-
lobed ; the lobes very short and rounded, crenate-dentate, with short and broad mucronate
teeth ; panicle elongated, loose, many-flowered ; the pedicels divaricate ; petals spatulate,
about the length of the calyx-segments ; stamens at length much exserted. — Linn. sp. 1 .
p. 226; Ell. sk. 1. p. 337; Torr.fi. \.p. 280; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 40; Bigel.fi. Bost.
p. 106 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 51 ; Beck, bat. p. 139 ; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 175 ; Terr. <^- Gr.
fi. N. Am. 1. p. 577. H. Cortusa, Michx. fi. 1. p. 171. H. viscida, Pursh, fi. 1. p. 187.

Rhizoma thick and astringent. Leaves ail radical, 3-4 inches in diameter, deeply cordate,
palmately veined, strigosely pubescent on both sides : petioles 3-10 inches long. Scape
erect, 2-4 feet high, very rarely with one or two small leaves. Panicle at first contracted,
finally nearly a foot in length, with linear bracts at the base of the divisions. Calyx turbinate,
10-striate, with ovate-obtuse segments, glandularly pubescent. Petals small, purplish or
nearly white. Stamens 2-3 times as long as the petals : anthers orange-yellow. Capsule
ovoid, acuminate, opening between the beaks. Seeds oblong, nearly black.

Shady rocky woods, and banks of rivers ; common. May - June. The root or rhizoma
is a powerful astringent. See Wood cj- Backers U. S. Dispens. p. 349.

3. MITELLA. Town.; Lam. ill. t. 373 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fi. N. Am. 1. p. 585.

FALSE SANICLE. BISHOP'S CAP.

[A diminutive of mitra, a mitre or cap; so named from the form of the seed-vessel.]

Calyx campanulate, 5-cIeft, adherent to the ovary at the base : a;stivation valvatc. Petals 5,
pinnatifid (rarely 3-cleft). Stamens 10 or 5, included. Styles 2, short, diverging. Capsule
one-celled ; the placentae parietal or at the base, many-seeded. Seeds smooth and shining.
— Perennial herbs, with mostly radical, cordate, lobed or crenate leaves. Scapes slender.
Flowers small, in a simple spiked raceme.

MiTELLA. SAXIFRAGACE^. 257

§. EuMiTELLA, Torr. & Gr. Petals ptctinate-pinnatifid : stamens 10; filaments short: calyx
adherent only to the base of the ovary : stigmas obtuse and simple : placenta bearing ovules
at the base ; mature seeds few, ascending : scape with 1-2 alternate or opposite leaves, or

naked.

1. MiTELLA DiPHYLLA, Luin. Comvion Bishops-cap.

Leaves cordate, acute, slightly 3 - 5-lobed, serrate-toothed, the radical ones on long petioles;
caulines ones 2, opposite, sessile; scape many-flowered. — Linn sp. l.p. 406; Lam. ill.
t. 373. /. 1 ; Michx. ji. I. p. 270 ; Schk. hand. 1. t. 120, fide Pursh, fl. I. p.2\3; Bart,
fl. Am. Sept. 3. t. 89 ; Torr. Jl.\. p. 246 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 178 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 49 ;
Beck, bot. p. 138 ; Darlingt. f,. Cest. p. 271 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 586.

Plant pubescent. Radical leaves deeply cordate, 1-2 inches in diameter; the petiole
2-4 inches long : cauline leaves about the middle of the scape, longer and less cordate than
the radical ones ; sometimes a third occurs near the flowers. Scape 12 - 18 inches high,
erect, 10 - 15-flowered, in fruit 5-8 inches long : pedicels shorter than the flowers : bracts
almost wanting. Calyx-segments and petals whi'e, the latter recurved. Styles very short :
stigmas minute. Capsule 2-valved at the summit, spreading out nearly flat when it bursts,
the black shining seeds remaining for some time attached to the basic placentae.

Rocky and shady moist banks, in rich soil. Fl. April - May. Fr. June, . ,

2. MiTELLA NUDA, Linn. Stohniferous Bishop' s-cap.

Stem usually stoloniferous ; radical leaves roundish-cordate or somewhat reniform, on long
petioles, slightly crenate-lobed or doubly crenate ; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with
a single sessile leaf; petals pinnatifid, with distant filiform segments. — Linn. spic. I. p. 408 ;
Willd. sp. 2. p. 660 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 49 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 240 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 586. Mitella scapo nudo, &c. Gmel. fl. Sibir. 4. p. 175. t. 68. /. 2. M.
cordifolia. Lam. ill. t. 373. /. 3 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 314 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 446 ; DC. I. c. M.
reniformis, Lum. I. c. t. 373. /. 2. M. prostrata, Miclix. I. c.

Stems or rhizomas slender, creeping, throwing up scapes and tufts of radical leaves at the
extremity, and also, after flowering, producing filitorm leafy stolons. Leaves 1 - I5 inch in
diameter, hispid with a few stifl' hairs on both surfaces ; petioles retrorsely hispid : cauline
leaves much smaller than the radical ones. Scape about a span high, 5 - lO-flowered; the
lower pedicels often 2-flowered. Flowers greenish-white. Calyx spreading ; the segments
ovate. Petals pectinately cut into long, very slender, distant segments. Stamens half the
length of the calyx. Styles very short, spreading. Seeds 8-10, attached to each nearly
basic placenta.

Moist shady woods, and in sphagnous swamps. Northern and western part of the State ;
not found south of Saratoga. May - June. A very neat little plant.

[Flora.] 33 '

258 SAXIFRAGACEiE. Tiarella.

4. TIARELLA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 313; Endl. gen. i64.3. MITRE-WORT.

[ From tiara, a kind of head-dress or mitre ; in allusion to the form of the capsule.]

Calyx campanulate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted, valvate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens
10 : filaments exserted. Styles 2 : stigmas simple. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled,
with 2-parietal placentae, 2-valved, the valves very unequal. Seeds few^, near the base of
the capsule, smooth and shining. — Perennial herbs, with simple cordate or trifoliolate in-
cised and serrate leaves. Flowers small, paniculate or racemose, white. Bracts minute.

1. Tiarella cordifolia, Linn. Heart-leaved Mitre-wort.

Leaves simple, cordate, acutely lobed, and unequally dentate with mucronate teeth, strigose-

ly hairy, pubescent underneath ; scape naked ; raceme simple ; petals oblong, clawed. —

Linn. sp. l.p. 405 ; Lam. ill. t. 313 f. 1 ; Michx.fl. 1. p. 271 ; Bot. mag. t. 1589 ; Pursh,

fl. 1. ;j. 313 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 445 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 178 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 50 ; Torr. ^

Gr. jl. N. Am. 1. p. 587.

Stolons creeping, leafy. Radical leaves on long petioles, 2-3 inches in diameter. Scape
6-12 inches high, sometimes with a small leaf about the middle, roughish-pubescent.
Raceme many-flowered; the pedicels 4-6 lines long. Segments of the calyx white, obovate-
oblong, obtuse. Petals white, spreading, as long as the calyx. Stamens longer than the
petals. Ovary of 2 unequal carpels, which are distinct at the summit and attenuated into
short styles, opening by the inner suture at a very early period. Capsule elongated : valves
oblong, very unequal, erect, or very slightly diverging. Seeds black and shining, with a
prominent raphe.

Shady moist woods, and in swamps ; northern and western part of the State. May - June.

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Toum. ; Endl. gen. 4638. golden saxifrage.

[ From the Greek, ckrysos, gold, and spkn, the spleen ; a figurative name, given in allusion to the supposed medicinal

virtues of the genus.]

Calyx-tubc cohering with the ovary, 4 - 5-lobed ; the lobes colored inside. Petals none.
Stamens 8-10, inserted on the margin of a toothed disk that surrounds the ovary. Styles
2, distinct, short, tapering. Capsule with 2 short spreading beaks, 1-celled with 2 parietal
placentce at the base, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds numerous, spherical. — Annual or
perennial, smooth, subaquatic, and mostly prostrate plants, with somewhat fleshy alternate
or o])positc crenate leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers.

1. Chrysosplenium Americanum, Schtvein. Golden Saxifrage.

Stems prostrate, dichotomous above ; leaves opposite, the upper ones often alternate.

CiiRYsosPLENiuM. SAXIFRAGACE^. 259

roundish-ovate, obscurely crenate-lobed ; flowers dichotomal, distant, nearly sessile. —
Schweinitz, mss. ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 242; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 270; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1. p. 5S9. C. opposilifolium, Michx. fl.l. p. 269 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 299 ; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 511 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 445 ; Bigel. fl. Best. p. 154, not oi Linn.

Root perennial. Stems spreading and often forming a dense mat; the flowering branch':?
sometimes assurgent. Leaves about half an inch in diameter, often broader than long, abruptly
narrowed at the base into a distinct petiole. Flowers scarcely more than 2 lines in diameter,
on very short pedicels in the uppermost forks of the stem, and terminal. Calyx mostly 4-
clcft, green and slightly purple inside. Stamens mostly 8, very short : filaments inserted into
the indentations of the purplish disk : anthers at first orange-red, at length turning brown.
Styles divaricate. Capsule dehiscent between the two short beaks. Seeds 10 - 12, hispid,
brownish.

About springs and in brooks, usually in shady places ; common. April - May. This
species was for a long time regarded as the C. opposilifolium of Europe. The latter is,
however, a much stouter plant, with larger yellow flowers. The late Mr. Schweinitz first
pointed out tlu difference between the two species.

Group 17. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 3 - 5-) celled, with a single ovule suspended
from the summit of each cell. Sta?nens as many as the petals (or numerous in
Fothergilla) and lohes of the adherent cahj.x.

Order XL VII. HAMAMELACE^E. R. Br. The Witcii-iiazel Tribe.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft;, or with 5-7 obscure teeth ; the tube more or less adherent.
Petals 4-5, long and narrow, rarely wanting. Stamens either twice the
number of the petals, the alternate ones sterile and scale-like ; or (in Fother-
gilla) numerous and all fertile : cells of the anthers opening by valves.
Ovary composed of 2 united carpels, the summit free from the calyx : styles
2, distinct. Capsules cartilaginous or bony, 2-beaked, 2-celled, dehiscent at
the summit. Seeds bony. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. —
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves and deciduous
stipules. Flowers often polygamous, in sessile fascicles or heads.

33*

260 HAMAMELACE^. Hamamelis.

1. HAMAMELIS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4591. WITCH hazel.

[Origin of the name uncertain.]

Calyx 4-parted, with 2-3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4, very long and linear, withering.
Ferlile stamens 4 : filaments very short : anthers 2-celled ; the cells opening by a lid-like
valve. Sterile stamens scale-like, and opposite the petals. Styles 2, short. Capsule thick
and somewhat woody ; the base coherent with the calyx-tube : endocarp separating and
enclosing the seed, at length bursting elastically into two pieces. Seeds oblong : testa
shining, crustaceous. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves on short petioles, sinuate-toothed.
Clusters of flowers axillary. Petals yellow.

1. Hamamelis Virginica, Linn. Witch Hazel.

Heads of flowers surrounded with a scale-like 3-leaved involucre ; leaves obovate or oval,
repandly or sinuately toothed, unequal and slightly cordate at the base, roughened underneath
with elevated points. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 116; Catesb. Carol. 3. t. 2 \ Wang. Amer. p. 89.
t. 29. /. 62 ; Michx. fl. I. p. 100; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 116; Ell. sk. 1. p. 219; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 107 ; Torr.Jl. l.p. 192 ; Bart.fl. Am. Sept. 3. t. 78 ; Bigel.ji. Bost. p. 61 ; DC. prodr.
4. p. 268 ; Beck, bol. p. 152 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 114 ; " Guimp. Otto ^ Hayne, holz.
t. 75." H. inacrophylla, Pursh, I. c.

A shrub 6-12 feet high, often with several stems, which are sometimes 4 inches in dia-
meter near the base ; the branches numerous, long and flexuous. Leaves 3-5 inches long,
clothed with a stellate pubescence when young, nearly smooth when old ; the petioles about
half an inch long. Flowers usually three together, proceeding from a bud-like pubescent
involucre, which is supported on a short axillary peduncle. Calyx (and bracteoles) pubescent;
the segments recurved. Petals about three-fourths of an inch long and scarcely a line wide,
somewhat crisped, in the bud spirally involute. Fertile stamens much shorter than the sterile
ones : anlhers adnate, introrse ; the cells rather distant, opening on the side by vertical valves.
Sterile stamens flat, wedge-shaped, truncate. Capsule roundish-ovoid, hard and almost
woody, the lower half invested by the persistent calyx, the upper half naked, bursting trans-
versely to the dissepiment and through the short recurved beaks into two valves, and at length
also the valves are 2-cleft : endocarp separating from the exocarp, and enclosing the seed,
finally siiliiting Icngihwise into two valves, black and glossy inside. Seeds narrowly oblong,
smooth. Embryo large, flat, in the axis of thin fleshy albumen : cotyledons oval, veined.

Borders of moist woods, and banks of rivers. Fl. End of October - November. The fruit
ripens about September the following year. The flowers begin to open just before or after
the fall of the leaves ; rarely in the spring. As Nuttall suspected, Dr. Darlington found the
flowers to be frequently polygamous. — It is hardly necessary to state, that the popular belief
of this plant having the power of indicating the presence of water and ores, is utterly without
foundation.

UMBELLIFER^. 261

Order XLVIII. UMBELLIFERiE. Juss. The Umbelliferous Tribe.

Calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb very small, 5-toothecl or entire. Petals
6, usually inflexed at the point. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals on the
margin of a disk which crowns the ovary. Ovary composed of two united
carpels, invested with the calyx, 2-celled, with a solitary suspended anatropous
ovule in each cell : styles 2, their bases often united and thickened (forming a
stylopodium). Fruit dry, consisting of 2 indehiscent carpels (mericarps) which
adhere by their faces (commissure), and also to a common axis (carpophore) ;
at maturity separating from each other, and usually likewise from the axis, at
the summit of which they are suspended. Carpels marked by several ribs or
wings : in the intervening spaces (intervah) are lodged longitudinal canals or
receptacles (vittce)* filled with a colored volatile oil or turpentine ; the vittae
are sometimes placed opposite the ribs, and in the commissure. Seeds usually
cohering with the carpel. Embryo minute, at the base of copious fleshy or
horny albumen. — Herbs, with hollow stems. Leaves mostly alternate, and
pinnately or ternately divided ; the petioles dilated and sheathing at the base.
Flowers in umbels, commonly with involucres.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SECTIONS AND TRIBES.

Series 1. ORTHOSPERM^, DC. Mhumen fiat or flMish mi the face.
» Umbels simple or impcifcdhj aympound, joilh the parlial umbels capilaXe.
Tribe I. HYDROCOTYLEi;. Fruit laterally compressed.
Tribe II. SiNicuLE^. Fruit ovoid-globose.

** Umbels compound ; the rays more or less elongated : partial umbek ncl capitate.
t Fruit with primary ribs onty.
Tribe III. Ammines. Fruit compressed laterally, or didymous.
Tribe IV. Sesei.ine.e. Fruit with the transverse section orbicular.

Tribe V. Angelice.!:. Fruit compressed dorsally; the margin dilated into a double wincr.
Tribe VI. Peucedane.!:. Fruit compressed dorsally ; the margin dilated into a single winw.

tf Fruit with both primary and secondary ribs.
Tribe VII. Daucines. Secondary ribs mostly winged: fruit terete, or somewhat dorsally compressed ; the wings
prickly.

Series 2. CAMPYLOSPERMjE, DC. AHiumcn vilh a Itmgilmlinal groove internally, or the margins
involute.
Tribe VIII. Sc*NDiciNEiE. Fruit elongated, laterally compressed, furnished with primary ribs only.
Tribe IX. Smybnieje. Fruit turgid, laterally compressed, furnished with primary ribs only.

Series 3. CCELOSPERMjE, DC. Albumen involute at the apex and base.
Tribe X. C0RUNDRE.E. Fruit laterally compressed, didymous or globose.

• The vittiE are best seen in a tliin transverse slice of the fruit. They are often perceptible, however, ezteroally.

262 UMBELLIFER.E. Hydrocotyle.

Series 1. Orthosperm^, DC. Inner face of the seed and albumen idane, neither convolute

nor involute.

Tribe I. HYDRO COTYLEjE. Spreng. ; DC.

Fruit laterally compressed. Carpels convex or rarely acute on the back: primary ribs 5,
sometimes obscure ; the lateral ones either marginal, or on the face of the commissure ;
intermediate ones most prominent : secondary ribs sometimes filiform, sometimes almost
or entirely wanting. Vitta seldom present. Seed flattish on the face. — Umbels simple
or imperfectly compound.

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. ; Lam. ill. t. 188 ; DC.prodr. i. p. 59 ; Endl. gen. 4355.

MARSH PENNY-WORT.

[ From the Greek, hydor, water, and cotyle, a cup ; the species grow in wet places, and the leaves of some of them are a

little concave and stalked in the centre.]

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, aciite, spreading, straight at the point.
Fruit nearly orbicular, flattened laterally. Carpels without vittse : primary ribs 5, filiform ;
the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete ; intermediate ones enlarged. — Slender plants,
growing in wet places, with creeping stems and peltate or cordate leaves. Umbels simple.
Involucre few-leaved. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, white.

1. Hydrocotyle Americana, Linn. American Marsh Penny-wort.

Plant very smooth and shining ; leaves orbicular-reniform, slightly lobed and doubly cre-
nate ; umbels nearly sessile, 3 - 5-flowered ; fruit orbicular-ovate, 2-ribbed on each side. —
Limi. sp. 1. p. 234 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 162 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 162 ; A. Rich. Hydrocot. in ann.
sc. phys. 1820, 4. p. 184. t. 55. /. 10 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 348 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 303 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 109 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 64 ; Beck, bot. p. 140 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 183 ; Torr.
4- Gr.fl. N.Am. 1. p. 599.

Stems very slender, branching, terete, with long suckers. Leaves thin, 1-2 inches in
diameter, palmately about 9-nerved : petiole as long as the lamina, inserted at the base of the
sinus. Flowers very small, greenish, often with a tinge of purple. Fruit scarcely a line
wide : ribs filiform : intervals smooth.

Wet shady places ; common. Fl. July - August. Fr. September.

2. Hydrocotyle umbellata, Linn. Many-jlowered Marsh Penny-wort.

Smooth ; leaves peltate, orbicular, cmarginate at the base, doubly crenate ; scape usually
longer than the petioles ; umbel 20 - 30-flowered, sometimes proliferous ; pedicels slender ;
fruit didymous, 2-ribbed on each side. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 234 ; Spreng. umb. p. \. t. \; Ell.
sk. l.p. 346 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 303 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 109 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 60 ; Beck, bot.

Hydrocotyle. UMBELLIFER^. 203

p. 140; To7-r. ^ Gr.fi. N. Am. 1. p. 599. H. umbellulata, Michx. fl. 1. p. 161 ; A.
Richard, I. c. t. 52. /. 3.

Perennial. Stem creeping and rooting in tiie mud, or partly floating. Leaves 1-2 inches
in diameter, with about 12 broad obtuse shallow lobes or crenalures, and as many radiating
veins : petioles 4-8 inches long. Umbels nearly an inch in diameter, usually simple. Fruit
a little emarginate at the base and apex, broader than long, somewhat tumid : ribs slightly
elevated.

Overflowed boggy places and shallow ponds. Near Albany {Dr. Beck and Mr. Tracy);
Suffolk county, Long Island ; Long Pond, South Salem, Westchester county {Dr. Mead).
July — September.

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. gen. 1. p. 177; EwJ/. gen. 4356. CRANTZIA.

[ In memory of Prof. H. I. N. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of tlie last century, author of a work on Umbelliferte, &c.]

Calyx-tube somewhat globose ; the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, obtuse. Fruit
nearly globose ; the commissure excavated, nearly orbicular, with 2 vitlM. Carpels unequal,
with 5 filiform ribs ; 3 of them dorsal and narrow, the others marginal, and united with the
thick corky margin which surrounds the fruit : intervals willi single vitta;. Carpophore
adhering to the carpels, and indistinct. Transverse section of the seed orbicular. — Very
small creeping herbs, with linear entire succulent leaves, marked with transverse lines.
Umbels few-flowered, simple, involucred. Flowers white or rose-color, pedicellate. Hardly
belonging to this tribe.

1. Crantzia lineata, Nutt. Narrow-leaved Crantzia.

Leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Nutt. I.e.; DC. prodr. i.
p. 71 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 600. Hydrocotyle hneata, Michx. fl. I. p. 62; A.
Richard, I. c. t. 68. /. 38 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 347; Torr. fl. 1. ;;. 304. Elatine foliis oppositis,
Gron. fl. Virg. p. 62.

Perennial. Stem creeping and rooting in mud, throwing up leaves and peduncles at the
joints. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 1-2 inches long and a line and a half wide, erect,
marked with 4-6 transverse lines ; the longitudinal veins obsolete. Umbels 8 - 10-flowered ;
the pedicels 3-4 lines long. Involucre of 5 - 6 small lanceolate leaflets. Petals white,
with a tinge of red. Styles short and recurved. Fruit about a line in diameter : commissure
oval, with a broad white corky margin.

Muddy banks of rivers, generally where the water is brackish. West-Point {Prof. Bailey) ;
near Peekskill {Dr. Mead).

264 UMBELLIFERyE. Sanicula.

Tribe II. SANICVLEjE. Koch; DC.

Transverse section of the fruit someichat orbicular. Carpels with 5 equal primary and no
secondary ribs, or covered with scales or prickles. Viltce none, or numerous when the
fruit is prickly. Seeds flattish on the face. — Umbels fascicled or capitate, simple or
somewhat irregularly compound.

3. SANICULA. Toum. ; Endl. gen. 4382. SANICLE.

[ Named from the Latin, sanio, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues.]

Calyx-tube, in ihe fertile flowers, echinate ; the teeth somewhat foliaceous and persistent.
Petals erect, with a long inflexed point. Fruit ovate-globose, densely clothed with hooked
prickles. Carpels without ribs : vittas numerous. Carpophore indistinct. Seeds semi-
globose — Perennial herbs. Radical leaves with long petioles, palmately or pinnatifidly
lobed ; the segments incised and serrate. Umbels with few rays : umbellets capitate ; the
flowers numerous, and mostly polygamous ; sterile flowers small, with the calyx smooth.
Involucre foliaceous ; the leaflets often lobed. Leaflets of the involucels entire.

1. Sanicula Marilandica, Linn. (Plate XXXI.) Long-styled Sanicle.

Leaves digitately 5 — 7-parted, the segments incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile
flowers numerous, distinctly pedicellate, and nearly as long as the fertile ones ; styles long
and recurved. — Linn. sp. \. p. 235 ; "Jacq. ic. rar. t. 348 ;" Miclioc.fl. \. p. 162 ; Lam. ill.
t. 191. /. 2 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 302 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 84 ; Beck, bot. p. 141 ; Darlingt. f..
Cest. p. 184 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 602 (in part).

Root consisting of numerous thick fasciculate fibres, slightly aromatic and stimulating.
Stem about 2 feet high, branching at the summit. Radical leaves on long petioles, 3-5-
parted to the base ; the lateral segments deeply 2-parted ; all the segments oblanceolate or
cuneate-obovate : cauline leaves resembling the radical ones, but with much shorter petioles,
or sessile. Primary and secondary divisions of the umbel 2 or 3, with a solitary umbellet in
the forks, consisting chiefly of numerous stammate flowers. Involucral leaves mostly 2-3-
parted at the base. Umbellets somewhat globose, consisting of two kinds of flowers. Staminate
ones 10 - 15 ; the pedicels slender, 2-3 lines long. Calyx 5-parted to the base ; the seg-
ments lanceolate, mucronale. Petals nearly white, or yellowish. Stamens exserted. No
rudiments of an ovary or styles. Fertile flowers 2-6, sessile. Calyx-segments, petals and
stamens as in the fertile ones. Styles at first nearly erect, at length recurved and nearly as
long as the ovary. Fruit densely clothed throughout with strong hooked prickles, dilated and
somewhat bulbous at the base, disposed in no regular order ; at maturity, separating into two
carpels, diverging, and remaining attached by their bases to the summit of the peduncle.

Woods and thickets ; common. Fl. June - August. Fr. August - September.

Sanicula. UMBELLIFEILE. 265

2. Sanicula Canadensis, Linn. (Plate XXXII.) Canadian Sanicle.

Leaves digitately 3 - 5-parted, the segments incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile
flowers few, slightly pedicellate and much shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than
the prickles. — Linn. sp. l.p. 235; Willd. sp. I. p. 13G6; Muhl. cat. p. 30; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 84. S. Marilandica, jfc>. Canadensis, Torr. jl. 1. p. 302.

Differs from the preceding species chiefly in the less divided leaves, fewer sterile flowers
on much shorter pedicels, smaller fruit, and in the very short inconspicuous styles. The
prickles of the fruit are also pretty regularly arranged in rows.

Woods and thickets ; common. Fl. June - August. Fr. August - September. I am
indebted to my valued friend, J. Carey, Esq., for pointing out to me the principal diagnostic
marks of our two species of Sanicula, and am now persuaded that they arc quite distinct.
By the differences in their styles alone, they can always be readily known. Both species are
employed as domestic medicines, under the name of Blacksnake-root ; being reputed dia-
phoretic, stimulant and stomachic.

Tribe III. AMMINE^. Koch.

Fruit evidently compressed laterally, and usually somewhat didymous. Carpels with 5
equal jilijorm and sometimes slightly winged primary ribs ; the lateral ones marginal :
secondary ribs none. VittcB various. Seed gibbously convex on the back and Jlattish
on the face, or terete. — Umbels perfectly compound.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

4. DiscoPLEURi. Fruit ovoid. Carpels with the 3 dorsal ribs filiform ; the two lateral ones united with a thick corky

accessory margin. Intervals with single vitta:. — Leaves finely cut,

5. BuPLEuRUM. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, crowned with the depressed stylopodium. Carpels with 5

more or less prominent ribs, with or without vitta;. — Leaves undivided. Flowers )-ellow.

6. CicnTA. Calyx-teeth distinct. Fruit roundish, didymous. Carpels witli ,5 flattish equal ribs. Intervals with sincrlo

vittae. — Involucels many-leaved. I'lowcrs white.

7. SiUM. Fruit ovoid or globose, somewhat didymous, crowned with the depressed stylopodium. Carpels with 5 rather

obtuse ribs. Intervals usually with several vitta;. — Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.

8. CRYPTOTa:NiA. Fruit linear-oblong, crowned with the short stylopodium and straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal

filiform obtuse ribs. VittiE very narrow ; one beneath each rib, and one in each interval. — Leaves 3-partcd.
Involucre none. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.

9. ZiziA. Fruit roundish or oval, somewhat didymous. Carpels with 5 or more or less prominent (not winded) equal

ribs. Intervals with 1-3 vitta;. — Leaves ternately divided. Flowers yellow.

4. DISCOPLEURA. DC. mem. Umh.p. 38. ^ 8 ^ 9 ; Endl. gen. 4398. discopleura.

[ From the Greek, iliskos, a disk, and plcuron, a side ; the two sides of the fruit being marked with a kind of disk.]

Calyx-teeth minute, subulate, persistent. Petals ovate, entire, with a minute inflexed point.
Fruit ovoid. Carpels with the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, prominent and rather acute ; the two
[Flora.] 34

266 UMBELLIFER.E. Dis^^copleura.

lateral ones united with a tliick corky accessory margin. Intervals with single vittae.
Carpophore 2-ckft. Seed somewhat terete. — Annual smooth herbs. Leaves finely cut
into narrow segments. Leaflets of the involucre pinnalely 3 - 5-parted, or nearly entire.
Flowers white.

1. DiscoPLEURA CAPiLLACEA, DC. Few-rayed Discopleura.

Stem erect or procumbent ; umbels 3 - 12-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre 3-5, usually
3-cleft; fruit ovate. — DC. I. c. t. 8. A. ^ prodr. 4. p. 106; Beck, hot. p. 143; Torr. Sf
Gi'.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 607. Ammi majus, Walt. fl. Car. p. 113, not of Linn. A. capillaceum,
Michx. Jl. \. p. 164 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 179 ; Ell. sli. 1. p. 349. Sison capillaceus, Spreng.
in Schult. syst. 6. p. 41 1 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 306.

Stem 10-18 inches high, flexuous and divaricately branched, deeply sulcate. Leaves
ternateiy and pinnately cut ; the segments remote, filiform and spreading. Involucral leaves
sometimes bipinnatifid. Involucels of 2 - 3 filiform entire leaflets. Rays of the umbel usually
not more than 8, about an inch long, rigid. Umbellets 5 - 10-flowered. Flowers very small.
Anthers purple. Styles short, diverging. Fruit rather acute, about a line and a half in length.

Swamps, generally where the water is brackish ; common on Long Island, and in the
neighborhood of New-York. July - September.

5. BUPLEURUM. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. ^'i\4.. HARE'S-EAR.

[ From the Greek, bous, an ox, and pU\irun, a rib; supposed to be in allusion to the ribbed leaves of some of the species.]

Margin of the caly.x obsolete. Petals roundish, retuse, with an inflcxed point. Fruit ovate-
oblong, laterally compressed, crowned with the depressed stylopodium. Carpels with 5
more or less prominent ribs ; the lateral ones marginal. Intervals with or without vittas.
Seed teretely convex, flattish on the face. — Herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby smooth
plants. Leaves commonly entire. Involucres various. Flowers yellow.

The leaves in this genus are regarded by most modern botanists as destitute of lamina, and consisting of mere dilated
petioles, or phi/lloiHa.

1. BupLEURUM ROTUNDiFOLiuM, Linn. Tlwroiigh-wax. Modesty.

Leaves broadly ovate, entire, perfoliate ; involucre none ; involucels of 5 ovate, mucronate,
united leaflets. — Linn. sp. 1. p 236 ; Engl. hot. t. 99 ; Beck, hot. p. 145 ; DC. prodr, 4.
p. 129 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 191 ; Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 609.

Annual. Stem about 1-2 feet high, brandling. Leaves 1—2 inches long, glaucous
underneath, perforated by the stem excentiically, acute. Umbels of 5 - 9 unequal rays.
Involucels somewhat cup-shaped ; the leaflets united at the base, longer than tlic small
greenish-yellow flowers. Carpels with 5 slender ribs ; the interstices without villas.

A weed about gardens and cultivated grounds ; nearly naturalized in some places. June -
August. Introduced from Europe.

CicuTA. UMBELLIFER.E. 267

6. CICUTA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 195; Endl. gen. 4391. COWBANE.

[A name given by the Latins to tlic hollow joints of the reed, of which they made their pipes. It was afterwards applied

to this genus on account of its tistular stems]

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth acute. Petals obcordate ; the point inflexed. Fruit
roundish, laterally contracted, somewhat didymous. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the
lateral ones marginal. Intervals filled with large single viltce. Commissure with 2 vittae.
Carpophore 2-parted. Seed terete. — Perennial, smooth, poisonous plants, with hollow
stems, growing in water or in swamps. Leaves tripinnately or triternately divided. In-
volucre few-leaved, or none. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.

1. CicuTA MACULATA, Linu. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cotvbane.

Roots thick, oblong, fleshy ; stem streaked witli purple ; leaves biternately divided ; seg-
ments lanceolate, mucronately serrate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 255 ; rursh,fl. I. p. 195 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 257; Bigel. med. hot. 1. ^ 12, and Jl. Bost. p. 115; Torr. fl. 1. p. 308; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 99; Beck, hot. p. 142; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 185; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. 610.

Root consisting of several fleshy diverging tubers, about the thickness of the finger. Stems
3-6 feet high, finely streaked with glaucous green and purple, sometimes spotted, at other
times almost entirely ptirplc ; or, when growing in the shade, wholly green. Lower leaves
on loner petioles, the primary divisions ternate or quinate ; the leaflets in each division 5-7,
lowest ones often deeply 2 - 3-lobed, all of them petiolulate ; primary veins terminating in
the notches (instead of the points) of the serratures (as first noticed by Dr. Bigelow). Rays
of the umbel 15 - 20 or more, slender, 1 i - 2 inches long. Involucre usually none, or only
one or two small leaflets. Involucels of 5 - 6 linear leaflets. Fruit about a line and a half
in diameter, nearly orbicular, aromatic, and somewhat resembling a)iise : ribs broad and
prominent, yellowish-brown, lateral ones broadest : intervals purplish.

In swamps ; very common. FZ. July - August. Fr. September. — The root of this plant
is the most dangerous vegetable poison ii.digcnous to the United States. It is frequently the
cause of death in children, who mistake it for the "Sweet Cicely," or Osmorhiza longistxjlis.
In the western part of the State, it is known by the name of Beaver poison, or Musquash.
The active principle has not been insulated, but it is probably similar to the conicine, or the
poisonous alkaline material of Conium.

2. CicuTA BULBiFERA, Linu. BulUferous Water Hemlock.

Roots thick, oblong, fleshy ; axils of the branches and uppermost leaves bulbiferous ; leaves
bi-triternalely divided ; segments linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely and acutely toothed. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 255 ; Michx.fl. \.p. 165 ; Nutt. gen. 1. jo. 192 ; Torr.Jl. I. p. 308 ; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 115 ; DC. prolr. 4. p. 99 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 610.

34*

268 UMBELLIFERiE. Ciccta.

Root as in the preceding species, but smaller. Stem 2-3 feet high, branching, striate,
glaucous. Lower leaves on long petioles ; upper ones nearly sessile, with sheathing petioles :
segments usually not more than a line wide, the margin furnished with salient teeth, and also
minutely serrulate. Bulbs about 2 lines long, ovate, acute, compressed, often several crowded
close together, but always alternate, forming short spikes in the axils of simple and sometimes
nearly opposite leaves : each bulb is a short branch or bud, the axis of which is thick, fleshy,
and invested with several scales or rudimentary leaves. Umbels small, in the forks of the
stem, about 12-rayed. Involucre none. Involucels of 5 - 6 small lanceolate leaflets. Flowers
mostly abortive. Fruit not half as large as in the preceding species, only one of the carpels
usually ripening : ribs nearly equal, thick, but not very prominent.

Swamps, and in ditches and on the margin of ponds ; common in the northern and western
part of the State ; rare in the neighborhood of New-York. Fl. August. Fr. September -
October. The veins of the leaves, as in C. maculata, terminate in the notches of the serratures.

7. SIUM. iz'nn. (partly) ; Endl. gen. 44:13. WATER PARSNBP.

[ From the Celtic word siv;, signifying water ; its iisual place of growth. Theis.]

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals obovate or emarginate, with an inflexed point. Fruit
ovate or nearly globose, somewhat didymous, crowned with the depressed stylopodium.
Carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs, and usually with several vittee in the intervals. Seeds
somewhat terete. — Perennial, mostly aquatic herbs. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments
toothed or serrate : submerged leaves finely divided. Umbel and umbellets many-rayed.
Involucre many-leaved.

1. SiUM LATiFOLiuM, Linn. Broad-leaved Water Parsnep.

Root creeping ; stem sulcate-angular ; segments of the leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate,
rarely pinnatifid ; teeth of the calyx elongated {DC). — Linn. sp. 1. p. 251 ; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 186; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. Ill ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 311 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 124?; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 262 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 611. S. occidentale, Nutt. mss.

Stem 2-4 feet higli, branching. Segments of the leaves varying in breadth, but sometimes
almost ovate-lanceolate ; in the lower leaves, when submerged, pinnatifid or finely cut. In-
volucres of 6-12 narrowly lanceolate and usually reflexed leaflets. Umbels terminal.
Caly.x-teeth very minute. Ripe fruit not seen.

Swamps ; rather common. July - August.

2. SiuM LiNEARE, Michx. Narrow-kavcd Water Parsnep.

Stem sulcate-angular ; segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, acutely and finely
serrate.— M*c/ta;.yZ. \.p. 167; Nutt. gen. I. p. 186 (excl. syn. Pursli); Torr.fl. l.p.311;

SiuM. UMBELLIFER^. 269

DC. prodr. 1. p. 125 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 262 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 611.
S. tenuifolium, Muhl. cat. p. 30.

Roots thick, fasciculate. Stem 2 - .5 feet high, rather rigid, erect. Segments of the leaves
in 3 - 5 pairs, 2-4 inches long, mostly linear-lanceolate, but often linear and only 1-3 lines
wide. Rays of the umbel about 20. Leaflets of the involucre 5-10, sometimes 2-clcft.
Caly.x-teeth very minute, acute, scarcely projecting beyond the margin of the stylopodium.
Petals broadly obcordate, the point small and inflexed. Fruit broadly oval or orbicular,
strongly ribbed ; the ribs whitisli. Intervals with 1-3 viltK. Commissure with 2-4 vittae.

Swamps ; common. Fl. July - August. Fr. September. Our two species are still in
an unsettled state, for want of the ripe fruit of the former. It is probable that they are not
distinct, as the differences in the involucrum and breadth of the leaves, and number of the
vittae, are not constant. Whether they are distinct from the Slum latifoliiim of Europe, is
also uncertain. In my specimens of that species, the calyx-teeth are nearly as short as in
ours ; but I have never seen it with the leaves so narrow, and so sharply serrate as in our
S. lineare.

8. CRYPTOTiENIA. DC.7ncm. Umb.p.i2; Endl. gen. AiOO. nosE-WORT.

[ From the Greek, kn/ptos, hidden, and taiiiia, a fillet ; the narrow vitta: being concealed in the carpels.]

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with a narrow inflexed point. Fruit oblong-
elliptical or ovoid, contracted at the sides, crowned with the short stylopodium and straight
styles. Carpels with 5 equal filiform obtuse ribs ; the lateral ones nearly marginal. Vittae
very narrow, one beneath each rib and one in each interval. Seed somewhat teretely
convex; the face slightly concave. Carpophore free, 2-clcft. — Perennial, smooth, erect
herbs. Root consisting of fasciculate fibres. Leaves 3-parted ; the segments ovate, entire
or 2 - 3-lobed, doubly serrate, with coarse mucronate teeth. Umbels numerous, somewhat
panicled. Rays of the umbel and umbellets very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels
none. Flowers white.

1. Cryptot^nia Canadensis, DC. Common Hone-wort.

Umbels opposite the leaves, and terminal; fruit oblong-elliptical. — DC. prodr. 4. p. 119;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 262 ; Beck, hot. p. 144 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cast. p. 189 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
Jl. N. A7n. 1. p. 613. Sison Canadense, Linn. sp. 1. p. 252 ; Miclix. Jl. I. p. 168 ; Bigel.
Jl. Bost. p. 114. Slum Canadense, Lam. diet. \. p. 407. Chaerophyllum Canadense, Pers.
syn. \.p. 320; Piirsh,Jl. \.p. 195; Ell.sk. \.p. 358. Mj'rrhis Canadensis, Xutt. gen. 1.
p. 192 ; Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. p. 516 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 310. Myrrhis Canadensis tri-
lobata, Moris, hist. 9. t. 11. f. 4.

Stem Iw - 2 feet high, branched above, often purplish. Leaves very thin, and usually

270 UMBELLIFER^. Cryptot.enia.

more or less shining ; segments 2-5 inches long, attenuated below, and serrate quite to the
base : petioles broad and sheathing. Rays of the umbel 3-6, somewhat erect. Fruit about
3 lines long, often curved from the unequal growth of the carpels, dark olive-green when
mature ; the straight styles nearly one-third the length of the fruit.

Damp shady woods and thickets ; common. Fl. June - August. Fr. September.

9. ZIZIA. Koch, Umb. p. 129 ; Endl. gen. 4392. MEADOW PARSNEP.

[In honor of I. B. Zizii, n German botanist.]

Margin of the calyx with 5 very short teeth. Petals oblong, with a long indexed point.
Fruit contracted laterally, somewhat didymous, roundish or oval. Carpels with 5 filiform,
more or less prominent (but not winged), equal ribs; the lateral ones marginal : intervals
with 1—3 vittae. Commissure with 2-4 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Seed very convex
on the back, flat on the face. — Perennial herbs. Leaves ternately or biternately divided,
with oblong or ovate segments ; radical ones often cordate and entire. Involurre none.
Involucels few-leaved. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. EuziziA, Torr. & Gr. Carpels with prominent ribs: intervals with single vitt(Z : commissure

with 2 vitla.

1. ZiziA coRDATA, Koch. (Plate XXXIII.) Heart-leaved Ale.tanders.

Radical leaves simple, cordate, on long petioles, crenately toothed ; stem-leaves nearly
sessile, ternately divided ; the segments ovate or ovate-oblong, serrate, lateral ones sometimes
2-parted nearly to the base. — Koch, Umb. p. 129, ex DC. prodr. 4. p. 100 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 2G0; Beck, bot. p. 143; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 186. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt,
fl. Car. p. 114 ; Michx.fl. I. p. 170 ; Ell. sk. \.p. 359 ; Torr.fl. l.p 307. S. trifoliatum,
Nutt. gen. l.p. 195 (excl. syn. Linn.). Thaspium cordatum, var. a. (in part), Toit. ^- Gr.
fl. N. Am. 1. p. 615.

Stem about two feet high, usually smooth, or sometimes minutely pubescent. Radical
leaves sometimes a little lobed, but commonly cordate and entire, 2-4 inches in diameter,
the petioles 4-8 inches long : lower caulinc leaves on very short sheathing petioles ; the
uppermost sessile, rather obtusely serrate. Umbels opposite the leaves, on long naked pe-
duncles; the rays 6 - 10, about an incli in Icngili, and twice as long in fruit. Involucels a
mere entire border, or consisting of one or two small leaflets. Styles slender, about the length
of the ovary. Fruit about a line and a half long, roundisli-oval, dark purple when mature :
dorsal ribs angularly prominent. Vittaj nearly as broad as the intervals, filled with a terebin-
ihine bitterish oil.

Borders of woods, and thickets on hill-sides. Fl. May. Fr. July. Confounded, in the
Flora of North America, wiih Thaspium cordatum, from the first variety of which it can
hardly be distinguished except by the fruit.

ZiziA. UMBELLIFER.E. 271

2. ZiziA AUREA, Koch. ' Goldeu Meadow Parsnep.

Lower leaves biternatcly, and llic uppermost ternately divided ; segments oblong-lanceolate
or rhomboid, sharply serrate, the serratures cartilaginous on the margin. — Koch, Umb. p. 129,
ex DC. prodr. 4. p. 100 ; Hooh. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. j). 260 ; Beck, hot. p. 143 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 185 ; Torr. <J- Gr. Jl. N. Am. I. p. 614. Smyrnium aureum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 262 ;
Michx. fl. 1. p. 171 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 359. Sison aLireus, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. p. 410.

Root brandling, with thick fasciculate descending fibres. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves
all divided ; the radical and lower cauline ones on long petioles ; upper ones nearly sessile,
sometimes biternatcly divided : leaflets 1—2 inches long, sometimes all, but usually only the
middle one of each division attenuate at the base ; the serratures, when old, with a distinct
cartilaginous border. Umbels opposite the leaves and terminal, on very long naked peduncles ;
the rays 10- 15, rigid and somewhat erect in fruit. Fruit about 2 lines long, oval, dark
purple ; the ribs rather prominent, but obtuse.

Woods, banks of rivers, etc. Highlands of New-York {Dr. Barratt). Diifers from the
preceding in the leaves being all divided, and more acutely serrate. The fruit of the two
species can hardly be distinguished.

^2. T.ENID1A, Torr. & Gr. Carpels with slighlly -prominent ribs : intervals with three viltct :

commissure with four vittce.

3. ZiziA iNTEGERRiMA, DC. Eiitire-leaved Zizia.

Leaves all bi-triternately divided , the segments oblong-ovate, entire; rays of the umbel
filiform, elongated. — DC. in mem. hist. nat. Genev. 4, unci prodr. 4. p. 100; Beck, hot.
p. 143 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 187 ; Torr. c^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 614. Smyrnium integer-
rimum, i/«n. sp. 1. p. 263 ; MicJix. fl.l. p. Ill ; Pursh,fl. I. p. 196 ; Nutt. gen. l.ji. 195.
Sison integerrimus, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. p. 410 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 305.

Whole plant very smooth and somewhat glaucous. Stem two feet high, terete, slender.
Leaves thin ; the lowest ones on longish petioles, and biternate ; upper ones with dilated
sheathing petioles ; alternate segments about an inch long, unequal at the base, and sometimes
a little cordate. Umbels opposite the leaves ; the rays numerous, 2-4 inches long. Umbel-
lets many-flowered ; many of the flowers abortive. Petals oval, with a narrow infle.xed point.
Fruit nearly orbicular or oval, dark purple or brown when mature.

Rocky woods, hill-sides and banks of rivers, Fl. May - June. Fr. July.

272 UMBELLIFER^. Thaspium.

Tribe IV. SESELINEJE. Koch.

Transverse section of the fruit orbicular, or nearly so. Carpels with fve filiform or winged
ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal, and either equal with or a little broader
than the others. Intervals with one or more vittce, very rarely without any. Seed
somewhat teretely convex on the back, flatfish on the face. — Umbels perfectly compound.

10. THASPlUM. Nutt. gen. 1. p. 196 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 153. thaspium.

[ " From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the Thapsia of the ancients."* Nutt.]

Caly.x-teeth lanceolate or nearly obsolete. Petals elliptical, attenuated into a long inflexed
point. Styles slender, as long as the ovary, somewhat diverging. Fruit not contracted at
the sides, elliptical. Carpels convex, with 5 winged mostly equal ribs. Intervals striate,
with single vitts. Commissure with 2 vittae. Seed somewhat terete. — Perennial herbs.
Leaves ternately or biternately divided ; the radical ones sometimes cordate and entire.
Umbels terminal and opposite the leaves, without an involucre. Involucels lateral, small.
Flowers yellow or purple.

1. Thaspium atropurpureum, Nutt. (Plate XXXIV.) Purple Alexanders.

Radical leaves on long petioles, mostly cordate and undivided, crenately toothed ; cauline
ones ternately divided, serrate, terminal one always (and the lateral ones also in the lower
leaves) petiolulate ; umbels opposite the leaves, and terminal ; flowers dark purple ; winged
ribs of the carpel equal. — Nutt. gen. 1. p. 196 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 154. T. cordatum, /3.
atropurpureum, Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 615. Thapsia trifoliata, Linn. sp. 1. p. 162.
Smyrnium atropurpureum, Lam. diet. 3. p. 667; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 196. Cnidium atro-
purpureum, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. p. 418 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 307.

Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth, terete. Radical leaves sometimes 2 - 3-lobed or ternately
divided, one or more of them usually entire, 1-2 inches in diameter. Cauline leaves petio-
late ; the petioles in the uppermost ones short, but distinct : segments rather obtusely serrate,
the terminal ones more or less cordate or rhombic-ovate. Umbels on peduncles 1-3 inches
long ; the rays, when in flower, less than an inch long, and little more than an inch when in
fruit. Calyx-teeth very small. Petals thick and somev^hat succulent, very deep purple.
Styles slender, diverging. Fruit strongly winged, light brown with dark-colored intervals
when mature.

Rocky hill-sides and borders of woods. Fl. June. Fr. August.

♦ The name of the island was Thapsus or Thapsos, and had already boon appropriated for another plant. It is to be
regretted that some other name had not been employed for the present genus.

Thaspium. UMBELLIFER^. 273

2. Thaspium aureum, Nutt. Golden Thaspium.

Lower and middle cauline leaves biternately, and the uppermost ternately divided ; segments

oblong-lanceolate, mostly cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, the serratures cartilaginous on

the margin; carpels with the winged ribs nearly equal. — Nutt. gen. 1. p. 196; Torr. <^

Gr.Jl. N. Am. l.p. 616. Sm3rrnium aureum, Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 113. Sison aureus, Torr.

Jl. 1. p. 305.

Root rather thick, horizontal, somewhat pungent. Stem 1-3 feet high, simple or a little
branching towards the summit, nearly smooth at the nodes. Lower leaves on long petioles
which are deeply 3-parted, the divisions ternately divided, the middle segment often 3-lobed
or deeply 3-parted ; uppermost leaves for the most part ternately divided, but sometimes
biternate ; segments 1-2 inches long, acute. Umbels on long peduncles, 10 - 20-rayed ;
the rays 1 - Ij inch long. Involucels often very short. Fruit oval, about 2 lines long; the
wings conspicuous, sometimes a little unequal.

Wet meadows, and banks of rivers ; western part of the State. June.

T. cordatum, var. a. (in part), Fl. N. Am. I. c, I now tliink is a variety of this species, as
I have numerous specimens from the Western States, sent by Mr. Sullivant, Dr. Short and
Dr. Clapp, that show a gradual transition from one species to the other. 1 have not found it,
however, in this State. From Zizia aurea it is scarcely to be distinguished except by the
fruit, the characters of which seem to be very constant. It will be seen, by a reference to the
Flora of North America, that some changes have been made in the arrangement of the species
of this genus and of Zizia. With the exception of the fruit, the resemblance between Z.
aurea and T. aureum, and between Z. coi-data and T. cordatum (now T. aureum, var. cor-
datum), is so great that they may easily be confounded. It is possible that these species may
not be distinct, and perhaps the two genera (excluding Z. integerrima) should be united.

3. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. Hairy-jointed Thaspium.

Stem dichotomous above, bearded at the nodes; leaves bi-triternately compound ; segments
rhombic-ovate, unequally and incisely serrate, entire at the base ; umbels in the forks of the
stem, and terminal ; fruit elliptical or ovoid, the 3 dorsal wings usually alternately narrower.
— Nutt. gen. 1. p. 196 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 154 ; Beck, hot. p. 146 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 192 ;
Torr. <^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 616. Ligusticum barbinode, Miclix. ji. 1 p. 167; Pursh,
jl. \. p. 193. Thapsia trifoliata, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. p. 615 ; Torr. jl. l.p. 317.
Smyrnium barbinode, Muhl. cat. p. 31.

Stem about 2 feet high, terete, smooth except at the joints. Lower leaves mostlj^ biternate ;
those at the forks of the stem opposite ; uppermost only simply ternate : segments 1-2 inches
long : petioles pubescent at the base. Umbels on peduncles which are 2-3 inches in length :
rays about an inch long. Involucels of about 3 narrow leaflets. Calyx-teeth very short, acute.
Styles slender, nearly erect, almost the length of the ovary. Fruit varying from roundish-ovoid
[Flora.] 35

274 UMBELLIFERiE. Thaspium.

to elliptical ; the dorsal ribs conspicuously winged : usually one of the carpels has a single
broad and two narrower wings ; the other two broad and one narrower.

Borders of woods, and rocky banks of rivers. Valley of the Chemung (Dr. Knieskern).
Near the Falls of Niagara, on the Canada side {D^■. Gray). Fl. June. Fr. August.

11. ^THUSA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. H'i.i. FOOVS PARSLEY.

[ Named from the Greek, aiOio, to burn ; on account of its acrid quality.]

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Fruit ovoid-globose.
Carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs ; the lateral ones marginal, and a little broader. In-
tervals deeply acute-angled, with single vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. Seed teretely
convex on the back, rather flat on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Annual, erect, poisonous
herbs. Leaves many-cleft. Involucre none, or one-leaved. Involucels 1 - 5-leaved,
lateral, spreading or pendulous. Flowers white.

1. tEthusa Cynapium, Linn. Common FooVs Parsley.

Segments of the leaves ovate-lanceolate, with lanceolate lobes ; involucre none ; involucels
3-leaved, mostly longer than the partial umbels, pendulous ; vittae of the commissure distinct
at the base {BC). — Linn. sp. 1. p. 256 ; Engl hot. 1 192 ; Bigel fl. Bost. p. 1 13 ; DC.
prodr. 4. p. 141 ; Beck, hot. p. 145 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 618.

Stem 1-2 feet high, hollow, not spotted. Leaves bi-triternately compound ; the ultimate
lobes or segments linear-lanceolate. Umbels terminal, and opposite the leaves : rays very
unequal, the longest seldom an inch in length. Leaflets of the involucels linear, all on one
side. Fruit nearly as broad as long, about 2 lines in diameter ; the ribs very prominent and
keeled. VittK very narrow.

Waste places and road-sides ; naturalized in some places. A native of Europe. Fl. July
- August. Fr. September. The whole plant emits a nauseous odor. It is considered
poisonous, but in a less degree than Conium maculatum. From the latter it is easily dis-
tinguished by its spotless stem, long pendulous one-sided involucels, and straight ridges of the
fruit.

CoNiosELiNUM. UMBELLIFER JJ. 275

12. CONIOSELINUM. Fisch. in Hoffm. Urnh. ed. 2. p. 185 tit. f. .5, ex DC. prodr. 4.

p. 163; Endl. gen. 'i4:i8. CONIOSELINUM.

[ Name compounded of Conium and Selinnm.']

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate or obovate, with an inflexed point. Styles slender,
at length reflexed. Fruit convex or compressed on the back. Carpels with 5 winged ribs ;
the lateral ones twice as broad as the others, and marginal. Lateral intervals with 3 vittae ;
dorsal ones often with 2 vittje. Commissure with 4-8 unequal vittas. Carpophore 2-
parted. Seed flat on the face. — Biennial (and perennial ?) smooth herbs, with branching
and fistulous stems. Leaves with very large and inflated petioles, ternately divided ; the
divisions bipinnately parted, with oblong-linear lobes. Involucre none, or few-leaved.
Involucels of 5 - G linear-subulate leaves. Flowers white.

1. CoNiosELiNUM Caivadense, T. 5)' G. (PI. XXXV.) Canadian Conioselinum.

Fruit oval, nearly twice the length of the pedicels ; dorsal ridges narrowly winged. — Torr.
<J- Gr.Jl. N. Am. \. p. 619. Selinum Canadense, Michx.fl. 1. p. 165 ; Pursh,fl. \.p. 192.
Cnidium Canadense, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6, p. 415 (excl. syn.) ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 153.

Root perennial. Stem 3-5 feet high, terete, branching above, finely striate. Leaves with
inflated sheathing petioles, 3-parted, the divisions pinnately compound ; segments pinnalifid,
the lobes linear-oblong, acute. Umbel of 10 - 16 slender rays, which arc about two inches
long. Involucre none, or merely 1-3 small subulate leaflets. Involucels 5 — 6-leaved,
nearly as long as the umbellets. Styles slender, diverging. Calyx-teeth nearly obsolete.
Petals spreading, emarginate ; the point short and inflexed. Fruit about 3 lines long, com-
pressed on the back : dorsal ribs decidedly, though rather narrowly winged ; lateral ribs dilated
into a conspicuous wing. Vitta3 of the lateral intervals sometimes solitary, but usually 2 or 3 ;
those of the dorsal intervals often solitary, frequently 2 or even 3, sometimes running into
each other ; in the commissure at least 4, and sometimes several other shorter ones, besides
occasionally one in the margin of the wing.

Swamps, usually in shady places. Oriskany, Oneida county ; and on the banks of Che-
nango River {Dr. Knieskern). Fl. August - September. Fr. October.

Since the description of this plant in the Flora of North America was published, I have
obtained perfectly ripe fruit, and its resemblance to that of C. Fisheri is found to be very
close indeed ; the chief difference being in the breaddi of the dorsal ridges.

35'

276 UMBELLIFERyE. Archangelica.

Tribe V. ANGELICEjE. Koch.

Fruit dorsally compressed, with a double winged margin : carpels with three dorsal ribs,
filiform or winged ; the lateral ones dilated, and forming winged margins. Seeds convex
on the back, flattish on the face.

13. ARCHANGELICA. Hoff. ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 169 ; Endl. gen. 4457. archangel.
[ The name alluJes to its supposed archangelic properties.]

Calyx-teeth short. Petals ovate, entire, acuminate, with the point incurved. Fruit somewhat
dorsally compressed. Carpels with 3 rather thick and prominent dorsal ribs : lateral ribs
dilated into marginal wings. Seed not adhering to the pericarp. Vittag very numerous,
entirely surrounding the seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves usually with large inflated
petioles, 3-parted, with the divisions pinnately or bipinnately divided ; the segments ovate,
toothed or serrate. Involucre almost none. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white or
greenish.

1. Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoff. Common Angelica.

Stem deeply striate (dark purple) ; divisions of the leaves bipinnately divided ; segments
of the secondary divisions 5 - 7 , the three terminal ones confluent and decurrent at the base,
somewhat acuminate, unequally serrate, membranaceous ; petioles very large and inflated ;
peduncles nearly smooth ; fruit smooth. — Hoff. Umb. 1. p. 169 ; Toj-r. <^ Gr. jl. N. A7n. 1.
p. 621. Angelica atropurpurea, Linn. sp. 1. p. 251 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 193; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 316 ; DC. prodr. \.p. 168 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 267 ; Beck, bot. p. 147; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 194. A. Iriquinata, Michx. fl. 1. p. 167; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 110. Imperatoria
lucida, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 181.

Stem 3-6 feet high, very stout, hollow, glaucous, generally of a dark purple color.
Leaflets 2-5 inches long and 1-2 inches wide ; the terminal one united with the upper
pair, or deeply 3-lobed : serratures discolored at the tip : petioles 1-2 inches in diameter.
Umbels 6-8 inches in diameter ; the rays at length somewhat converging, more or less
pubescent. Involucels of 8-12 small subulate leaflets. Petals greenish-while. Fruit about
one-third of an inch long and nearly 3 lines wide, often tricarpellary. Carpels with prominent
dorsal ribs ; the lateral ribs expanded into narrow wings. Seeds free from the pericarp.
Vittae not lodged in the substance of the pericarp, but in the coats of the seed, very numerous,
and filled with a pungent and rather disagreeable aromatic oil.

Moist low grounds ; rather common. Fl. May - June. Fr. August. A popular aromatic,
tonic and carminative. See Wood <J- Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 86.

Archangelica. UMBELLIFER^. 277

2. Archangelica hirsuta, Torr. d^ Gr. (PI. xxxvi.) Downy Angelica.

Stem striate, the summit with the peduncle and rays of the umbel tomentose-pubescent ;
leaves bipinnately divided, the divisions usually quinate ; segments ovate-oblong, equally
serrate, rather thick ; the upper pair connate, but not decurrent at the base ; umbels spreading ;
fruit pubescent. — Torr. tj- Gr. f.. N. Am. 1. p. 622. Angelica hirsuta, Muhl. cat. p. 30.
Angelica triquinata, Nutt. gen. I. p. 186; Ell. sk. l.p. 252 ; Torr.jl. 1.^. 315 ; DC. prodr.
4. p. 168 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 267 ; Beck, hot. p. 147 ; Darlingt ft. Cest. p. 193.
Pastinaca triquinata, Spreng. Umb. p. 68. t. 6. /. 2. Ferula villosa, Walt. Jl. Car. p. 115 ;
Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 192 (excl. syn.).

Steid 3-5 feet high, straight and erect, much more slender than in the preceding species,
simple. Leaves distant ; lower ones on long slender petioles, the secondary divisions with
5-7 segments ; upper leaves on shorter, somewhat sheathing, dilated petioles : segments
1—2 inches long, mostly acute, the lower exterior one often lobed or auriculate at the base-
Umbels on long peduncles, the upper part of which, and the rays, are clothed with a dense
white pubescence. Umbels usually 3 ; the numerous spreading rays about 2 inches long.
Involucels of 6 - 10 subulate leaflets, as long as tlie umbellets. Petals obovate, with a small
inflected point. Fruit about 2^ lines long and of about the same breadth, emarginate at each
end, greenish-white when mature : dorsal ribs very prominent and acute. Vittae usually 20 ;
8 of which belong to the commissure.

Dry woods, thickets and hill-sides. Fl. July - August. Fr. September - October. In
this species the seed does not so readily separate from the pericarp, as in the preceding.

Tribe VI. PEUCEDANEjE. DC.

Fruit more or less compressed dorsally, surrounded with a single dilated entire smooth
margin, which is Jlattened or slightly convex, but not thickened at the edge. Capsule
with Jive Jdijorm or rarely winged ribs, oj which the lateral ones are contiguous to the
dilated margin or united with it. Seed Jlattened, or convex on the back.

14. ARCHEMORA. DC. mem. Umb. p. 52, and prodr. 4. p. 188. ARCBEMORA.

[•A fanciful name, given by De Candolle, in allusion to Archcmorus, who is said to have died from eating parsley, or some

other umbelliferous plant.]

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, with an infle.xed point. Fruit lenticularly
compressed, oval or obovate. Carpels with 5 filiform, obtuse, approximated, equidistant
ribs ; the lateral ones dilated into a flattish margin, nearly as broad as the disk. Intervals
with single large vittai. Commissure with 4-6 vittse. Carpophore 2-parted. Seed flat. —
Perennial smooth herbs, growing in swamps. Leaves pinnately or ternately divided ; the
segments entire or remotely toothed. Involucre none or few-leaved. Involucels of numerous
leaflets. Flowers white.

278 UMBELLIFERiE. Archemora.

1. Archemora rigida, DC. (Plate xxxvi.) Rigid-leaved Arcliemora.

Leaves pinnately divided. — DC; Torr. <^ G)\ fl. N. Am. 1. p. 631.

var. 1. Segments of the leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, remotely toothed or denticulate,
often entire. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. A. rigida, tricuspidata and denticulata, DC. I. c. A. rigida,
Beck, hot. p. 148; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 195. Slum rigidius, Linn. sp. 1. p. 251. S.
rigidius, tricuspidatum cmd denticulatum, Ell. sk. 1. ^j. 354. Sison marginatum, Michx.
fl. I. p. 168 ; Pursh,fl. l.p. 194. OEnanthe rigida, Nutt. gen. \.j). 189. Pastinaca rigida,
Spreng. in Schnlt. syst. 6. p. 586 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 314.

var. 2. Segments of the leaves linear, elongated, mostly entire. Torr. cj- Gr. I. c. A.
ambigua, DC. I. c. ; Beck, I. c. Sium longifolium, Pursli,fl. l.p. 194. ffinanthe ambigua,
Nutt. I. c. Pastinaca ambigua, Spreng. I. c. ; Torr. I. c.

Root fasciculate, fleshy. Stem 2-5 feet high, erect, slender but somewhat rigid, terete,
striate. Leaves light green, with 2-5 pairs of leaflets, of a firm texture : in the first variety,
from half an inch to more than an inch wide, the teeth few and remote, or often wholly wanting;
in the second form, only 2-4 lines wide, and seldom toothed. Umbels usually 3 on each
plant ; the rays numerous and slender. Fruit about 3 lines long, broadly eUiptical, greenish-
yellow, the ribs slightly elevated : intervals dark purple : commissure white.

Swamps ; western part of the State ; rare. Fl. August. Fr. September - October. The
two varieties often grow together, and pass into one another. The plant is generally supposed
to be highly poisonous.

15. PASTINACA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 4473. PAHSNEP.

[ Name derived from the Latin, pasivs, food.]

Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Petals somewhat orbicular, entire, involute ; the point broad
and retuse. Fruit much compressed, with a dilated flat margin. Carpels with 5 very
slender ribs ; 3 of them dorsal and equidistant ; the lateral ones remote, and contiguous to
the margin. Intervals with single vittre. Commissure with 2 or more vittas. Carpophore
2-parted. Seed flat. — Perennial or biennial herbs, with fusiform often fleshy roots. Leaves
pinnately divided ; the segments toothed, incised or lobcd. Involucre and iuvolucels few-
leaved or none. Flowers yellow.

1. Pastinaca sativa, Linn. Common or Wild Parsnep.

Stem sulcatc, smooth ; leaves minutely pubescent ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, un-
equally toothed and serrate, cut at the base, the terminal one 3-lobcd ; fruit oval, the com-
missure with 2 vittne. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 262 ; Engl. hot. t. 556 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 196 ; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 314 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 113 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 188 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 196 ;
Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am.l. p. 632.

Pastinaca. UMBELLIFERiE. 279

Root biennial, fleshy. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth, strongly sulcata. Leaves somewhat
shining ; the segments sessile, 3-8 pairs. Umbels large and flat. Fruit about one-third
of an inch long, broadly oval, the border a little thickened : ribs very slender and slightly
prominent.

Fields and waste grounds ; very common. July - October. Introduced, and now com-
pletely naturalized in many places. In the wild slate, the root is hard and unfit for food.

16. HERACLEUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. Ai77. COW PARSNEP.

[ Named after liircuks, who is said to have brought this plant into use.]

Calyx-teeth distinct, or sometimes obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point ; in the
exterior flowers often radiate, and apparently 2-cleft. Fruit much compressed on the back,
with a broad flat margin : ribs slender ; 3 of them dorsal and equidistant ; the 2 lateral
ones remote, and contiguous to the dilated margin. Viltaj mostly clavate, shorter than the
Iruit ; one in each interval, and usually 2 in the commissure. Seed flat. — Stout herbaceous
plants, with pinnately or ternalcly divided or lobcd leaves : petiole large and sheathing.
Umbels with numerous rays. Involucre caducous, mostly few-leaved. Involucels many-
leaved.

1. Heracleum lanatum, Michx. American Cotv Parsnej).

Stem sulcate, pubescent ; leaves ternately divided, woolly-pubescent underneath ; the
segments pcliolulate, roundish-cordate, somewhat palmatcly lobed ; fruit oval or obovate. —
Michx. fl. 1. p. 166 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 181 ; Bigel. fl. Bost p. 110 ; Ton: fl. 1. p. 313 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 192 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 270 ; Beck, hot. p. 149 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 196 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 632.

Stem 4-8 feet high, and^l - 2 inches in diameter at the base. Leaves with 3 primary
divisions, each on a footstalk 2-6 inches in length ; the divisions 3 - 5-lobcd and incisely
serrate, often 6-8 inches in diameter : common petiole much inflated and membranaceous.
Umbels very large, spreading. Involucre of 6 - 10 oblong-lanceolate caducous leaflets.
Leaflets of the involucels tapering to a long point. Flowers white : petals of the exterior
ones appearing deeply and often very unequally 2-lobed, with a short inflexed point between
the lobes. Fruit nearly half an inch long, emarginate. Vitta; clavate, extending about half
way down the carpels.

Wet meadows and river banks. Fl. Ma}^ - June. Fr. July - August. A strong-smelling
plant, called in some places Master-tuort. The root is stimulant and carminative. See Wood
4- Bache's U. S. Disp. p. 86.

280 UMBELLIFER.E. Dauccs.

Tribe VII. DAVCINEjE. DC.

Fruit lenticularly compressed on the back, or somewhat terete. Carpels with Jive filiform
bristly primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed on the flat commissure ; and
four more prominent prickly secondary ones, the prickles distinct or united into a wing.
Seed flattened or convex on the back, flattish on the face. — Umbels compound.

17. DAUCUS. Tourn. ; Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4497. CARROT.

[Daukos is the ancient Greek name of the Carrot.]

Margin of the calyx 5-tootlied. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point ; the
exterior ones often larger than the others, and deeply 2-cleft. Fruit somewhat dorsally
compressed, ovate or oblong. Carpels with 5 primary filiform bristly ribs, of which 3
are on the back and 2 on the flat commissure ; secondary ribs 4, equal, more prominent,
winged, divided into a single row of prickles. Intervals with single vittae under the se-
condary ridges. — Mostly perennial herbs. Leaves 2 - 3-pinnately divided. Involucre of
several trifid or pinnatifid leaflets. Flowers white or yellow ; the central one often fleshy
and sterile.

1. Daucus Carota, Linn. Common, or Wild Carrot.

Stem hispid ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnatifid, segments pinnatifid, ultimate lobes lanceolate and
cuspidate ; leaflets of the involucre pinnatifid, nearly the length of the umbel ; prickles about
equal to the diameter of the oblong-ovoid fruit (DC). — Linti. sp. 1. p. 242 ; Engl bot. t. 1 174;
Pursh, fl.l. p. 191 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 308 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 109 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 211 ;
Beck, bot. p. 149; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 197; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 635.

Root fusiform, yellowish, biennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Leaves hispidly
pubescent. Umbels with very numerous rays, which are turned inwards after flowering.
Flowers white, or sometimes cream-colored ; a solitary central one of each umbellet sometimes
abortive and colored. Primary ribs of the carpels very slender, ciliate ; secondary ones much
stronger, cut into slender prickles.

Fields, road-sides, etc. ; very common. Of European origin, and now generally naturalized
in the United States. In a cultivated state, the Carrot is well known as a culinary vegetable.
The root is frequently used as an antiseptic poultice, and the seeds as a carminative ; but the
plant is probably of little use in calculous aflcclions.

OsMORHizA. UMBELLTFER/E. 281

Series 2. CAMPYLosrERJi.E, DC. Seed with the margins involute, or deeply furrowed on

the face.

'J'uiBE VIII. SCANDICINE^. Koch; DC.

Fruit compressed or contracted laterally, equally rostrate. Carpels with five equal filiform
or winged ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal ; all of them sometimes obliterated
at the base, and only conspicuous at the apex. Seed teretely convex, either furrowed on
the face or involute. — Umbels compound.

18. OSMORHIZA. Raf. in journ. phys. l%2\; Endl. gen. 4:515. SWEET CICELY.

[ From tlic Greek, osmc, odor, and i/ilza, root: the roots have a sweet smell.]

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals oblong, nearly entire; the point cuspidate and incurved.
Fruit linear-elongated, acutely angled, lobcd, attenuate at the base, crowned with the
stylopodium and straight styles. Ribs of the carpels acute, bristly upward. Intervals flat,
without vittse. Commissure narrow, with a deep channel. Seed somewhat terete. —
Perennial herbs, with fleshy aromatic roots. Leaves biternately divided ; the segments
ovate or oblong, inciscly toothed. Umbels opposite the leaves. Involucre of 2 - 4 linear-
lanceolate leaflets. Involucel about 5-leaved. Flowers white.

1. OsMORHiZA LONGisTYLis, DC. (Plate XXXVIII.) True Siceet Cicely.

Styles filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fruit clavate. — DC. prodr. 4. p. 232; Hook.

fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 271. t. 96; Beck, bot.p. 150; Darlingt.fl. Cast. p. 199; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl.

N'. Am. I. p. 638. Uraspermum Claytoni, N'ult. gen. I. p. 193 (e.xcl. syn.); Bigel.fl. Bast.

*p. 112. Myrrhis Claytoni, Spreng. in Schult. syst. 6. ;;. 508. M. longislylis, Toir. Jl. 1.

p. 310.

Root thick, somewhat fleshy and branching, or fusiform and fasciculate, of a sweet spicy
flavor resembling anise. Stem 2-3 feet high, purplish, pubescent when young (as well as
the petioles and peduncles), at length nearly smooth. Radical and lower cauline leaves on
long petioles, a little pubescent on both sides, shining underneath, somewhat lobed at the base.
Umbels with about 4 rays ; the rays 1-2 inches long. Involucre of 1 - 3 narrowly lanceo-
late and ciliate leaflets. Umbellets 3 - 6-flowcred. Involuccls of about 5 lanceolate and
ciliate leaflets. Flowers twice as large as in the following species. Fruit dark green or
blackish, much attenuated below, rather obtuse at the summit.

Rich moist soils, amongst rocks. Fl. May. Fr. August. Children are very fond of
gathering the roots of this plant, on account of its sweet aniseed flavor ; but they sometimes
mistake for it the Cicuta, or other poisonous species of UmbellifercB.

[Flora.] 36

282 UMBELLIFERiE. Osmorhiza.

2. Osmorhiza brevistylis, DC. Spurious Sweet Cicely.

Styles conical, their length scarcely equal to the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat
tapering at the summit. — DC. prodr. 4. p. 232 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 271. t. 97 ; Beck,
hot. p. 150; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 200; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 1. p. 639. Myrrhis Clay-
toni, Michx. fl. I. p. 170 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 308, excluding most of the synonyms. Chaero-
phyllum Claytoni, Pers. syn. 1. ;*. 320. Uraspermum hirsutum, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 112.

Root sweetish, but rather nauseous, and without the anise-flavor of the preceding species.
Stem pale green, often hoary-pubescent when young, but finally (especially in shady places)
almost smooth. Leaves slightly hairy on both sides ; secondary divisions pinnatifid ; segments
oblong, incisely and sharply serrate. Umbel with longer rays than in the preceding species.
Involucre and involucels at length deciduous. Fruit shining, nearly black.

Moist rocky woods. Fl. May. Fr. August. This species is much more common than
the preceding in the southern part of the State : both are frequent in the northern and western
counties.

Tribe IX SMYRNIEjE. Koch; DC.

Fruit turgid, mostly laterally compressed or contracted. Carpels loithflve ribs ; the lateral
ones marginal or placed opjwsite the margin, sometivnes nearly obliterated. Seed
involute, or sulcate 07i the face. — Umbels coinpound.

19. CONIUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 4532. POISON HEMLOCK.

[ " The koTiciun of Theophrastus ; from konos, a cone or top, whose wliirling motion resembles the giddiness produced on
the human constitution by the poisonous juice of this plant." Hooker.]

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with a short inflexed point. Fruit ovoid,
compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 prominent, equal, undulate or crenate ribs ; th^
lateral ones marginal. Intervals without vitta;. Seed with a deep narrow groove on the
face. — Biennial, poisonous herbs. Root fusiform. Stem terete, branched. Leaves de-
compound. Involucre and involucels 3 — 5-leaved, the latter one-sided. Flowers white.

1. CoNiuM MAcuLATUM, Linn. Common Poison Hemlock.

Stem smooth, spotted ; segments of the leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes acute ; leaflets

of the involuccl lanceolate, shorter than the umbellets. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 243; Engl. bot.

t. 1191 ; Pursh, fl. \.p. 195; Bigel. med. hot. I. p. 113. t. 11, and fl. Bost. p. 195; Torr.

fl. l.p. 312; Hook. fl. Bor.-Atn. I. p. 272 ; Beck, bot. p. 150 ; Durlingt. fl. Cest. p. 201 ;

Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 640.

Root white and fleshy, often forked. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched, striate and
spotted with purple. Leaves petiolate, bright green, ternately much divided ; ultimate lobes
about a line wide. Umbels terminal : rays numerous, about an incli long. Involucre and

CoNiuM. UMBELLIFER.E. 283

involucels about 3-leaved. Fruit crowned with the conspicuous slylopodium and short recurved
styles ; the ridges distinctly waved.

Road-sides, waste grounds, etc. ; naturalized in many places. A native of Europe. Fl. June
- September. Fr. August - ( >ctober. The leaves exhale a strong disagreeable odor when
bruised. This plant is a powerful narcotic poison. It has long been used in medical practice.
The active principle, called conicine, is a colorless oily liquid, lighter than water, of a strong
and penetrating odor, and causing death almost as rapidly as prussic acid.

Series 3. Ca;LosPERM.E, DC. Seeds with the base and apex curved inwards, or saccately

concave.

Tribe X. CORI ANDREW. Koch; DC.

Fruit globose, or the carpels globose and didymous : primary ribs of each carpel 5, depressed
and Jlexuous, or nearly obsolete ; the secondary ones 4, more prominent : all wingless^
— Umbels compound.

20. ERIGENIA. Nutt. gen. I. p. 187 ; Endl. gen. ^359. ERIGBNIA.

[Erigenia is a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day or of the spring. Nuttall.]

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals obovate-spatulate, flat, entire. Stylopodium depressed.
Fruit contracted at the commissure, didymous. Carpels ovoid-reniform : ribs filiform ; the
3 dorsal ones slightly prominent ; the lateral ones near the commissure. Vitlae very slender,
3 — 4 in each interval and 6 — 8 in the commissure. Carpophore adherent. Seed with a
broad deep cavity on the face, gibbously convex on the back. — A small smooth vernal
perennial, with a globose tuberous root and a short caudex. Leaves 1-2, nearly radical,
bi-triternately divided ; the segments pinnately 3 - 5-parted. Peduncle elongated. Umbel
of 3 - 4 rays, compound, subtended by an involucral bipinnatifid leaf ; or the peduncle
may be regarded as a branch, bearing a single sessile leaf, and a compound sessile umbel
at the summit. Involuccl of 3 - 8 linear-oblong entire leaflets. Umbellets 3 - 5-flowcrcd.
Flowers white.

1. Erigenia bulbos.\, Nutt. (Plate XXXIX.) Bulbous-rooted Erigenia.

Nutt. I. c; DC. I c; Torr. ^ Gr.jl. N. A?n. 1. p. G45. Sison bulbosum, Michx.Jl. I.
p. 169. Hydrocotyle composita, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 190; Torr. fl. 1. p. 304. H. ambigua,
Pursh, I. c. 2. p. 732. H. bipinnata, Muhl cat. p. 29.

Root a small round fleshy tuber, about half an inch in diameter, and buried deep in the
ground. Caudex 1-2 inches high, usually furnished with but a single leaf. Petiole twice
3-parted, sheathing at the base : secondary divisions bipinnately dissected ; the lobes linear-
oblong, mostly obtuse. Peduncles 1 - 2, or rarely 3, from the sheathing base of the petiole,

36"

284 UMBELLIFER^. Erigenia.

2 — 6 inches long. Involucral leaf resembling the radical one, but sessile and much smaller.
Umbellets usually 3, at length shorter than the leaflets of the involucel. Petals expanding,
rather obtuse, flat at the tip. Anthers dark purple. Styles subulate, longer than the ovary,
recurved. Fruit conspicuously didymous, the commissure narrow. Carpels gibbous, one of
them often abortive, deeply emarginate at each end ; the faces separating between the apex
and the base, so that there is often a perforation between the carpels. Vittae very small,'
indistinct, except at maturity.

Shady rich soils, Buff"alo {Di-. Kinnicutt). March - April. This genus does not well
accord with any of the tribes of Umbellifer^e, as they are characterized by the latest vi'riters.
Mr. Sullivant, who first noticed the vitta;, truly remarks that the plant exhibits an union of the
campylospermous and cojlospermous structures. It is left for the present in the tribe in which
it was placed in the Flora of North America.

Order XLIX. ARALIACE^E. Juss. The Aralia Tribe.

Calyx adherent to the ovary ; the hirib usually very small, entire or toothed.
Petals 5 - 10, valvate in aestivation, rarely wanting. Stamens as many as the
petals. Ovary crowned with a disk, 2 - 15-celled, with a solitary suspended
ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, sometimes nearly dry, the
carpels not separating : endocarp coriaceous or thin. Seed solitary in each
cell. Embryo short, at the base of copious fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, trees or
perennial herbs, with compound or simple leaves which are destitute of stipules ;
the petioles dilated and thickened at the base. Flowers mostly umbellate, often
polygamous; the umbels commonly panicled or racemed.

1. ARALIA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. A55S. aralia.

[A name of unknown origin.]

Flowers mostly perfect. Limb of the calyx short, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens 5, alternate witli the petals : filaments short. Styles .'), often united below, at
length divaricate. Drupe baccate, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; the endocarp chartaceous. — Shrubs,
trees or perennial herbs, with mostly compound leaves. Umbels often panicled.

1. Aralia racemosa, Linn. Spikenard.

Stem herbaceous, divaricately branched, smootli ; leaves ternately and quinately de-
compound ; leaflets cordate-ovate, acuniinalc, doubly serrate ; umbels disposed in large doubly

Aralia. AHALIACE/E. 285

compound racemose panicles. — Linn. sp. 1 p. 273; Michx. Jl. 1. p. 185; " Schk. handh.
t. 86 ;" Pursh fl. 1. p. 209 ; Torr. Jl. 1. ;;. 327 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 122 ; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 257; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 174 ; Beck, lot. p. 151 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest.p. 209; Ton-.
4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. G46.

Root large and thick, strongly aromatic. Stem 3-5 feet liigli, with spreading branches.
Leaves very large ; leaflets 2 - 6 inches long and 2-4 inches wide, on short stalks, nearly
smooth, somewhat shining underneath. Panicle 4-8 inches long. Flowers small, greenish-
white. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals ovate-lanceolate. Styles short, united below, at length
distinct and spreading above. Fruit small, dark purple.

In rich woodlands and banks of ravines ; not uncommon in the interior of the State, but
rare near the seacoast. It is often seen in gardens. Fl. July. Fr. September. The root
and berries arc in great repute as aromatic tonics. They are used in the form of tincture ;
but, as Dr. Darlington correctly observes, the habit of taking such medicines is perilous to the
patient. See Wood ^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 106.

2. Aralia nudicaulis, Lin?i. (Plate XL.) Wild Sarsaparilla.

Stem very short or none ; leaf mostly solitary, radical , the petiole elongated, 3-cleft, each
division usually pinnately 5-foliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-oval, acuminate, sharply and
doubly serrate ; scape shorter than the leaf; umbels 3. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 274; Michx. Jl. 1.
p. 185 ; Torr. Jl. \. p. 327 ; Raf. med. hot. 1. t. 8 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 122 ; Beck, hot.
p. 151 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 209 ; Torr.<^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 646.

Root (or rhizoma) long, thick and irregular, yellowish-brown, prostrate, somewhat aromatic,
throwing up from its extremity a solitary leaf and scape, which arc clothed at the base with
several brownish membranaceous scales. Petiole 6-12 inches long, 3-forked above; the
divisions commonly bearing 2 pairs of leaflets with an odd one, but sometimes they arc bi-
ternatcly divided, each subdivision 3-foliolale : leaflets 2-4 inches or more in length, sessile
or on short stalks, smooth. Umbels globose : pedicels about half an inch long. Involucre
none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals oblong, greenish-white, at length reflexed. Stamens
erect, longer than the ovary. Styles distinct, slender, shorter than the stamens. Fruit very
dark-purple when mature, juicy : endocarp strongly 5-angled.

Rocky woods, in rich soils ; common. Fl. May. Fr. .luly. The root is officinal, and is
often sold and used as the genuine Sarsaparilla. Both medicines are harmless, and probably
nearly inert. See Wood. <^- Backe, I. c,

3. Aralia hispida, Michx. Wild Elder.

Stem a little shrubby at the base, and very hispid with rigid bristles ; leaves bipinnitely
compound, the petiole often hispid ; leaflets about 3 pairs with a terminal one, oblong-ovate,
acute, incisely serrate, smooth; umbels several, terminal, somewhat cor\'mbose ; involucre of
several small setaceous leaflets. — Micluc. Jl. I. p. 185 ; Ve7it. hort. Cels. t. 41 ; Sims, hot.

286 ARALIACE^. Aralia.

mag. t. 1085; Lodd. hot. cab. t. 1306; Torr. fl. 1. p. 328; DC. prodr. 4. p. 258 ; Hook.
fl.Bor.-Am. I. p. 274 ; Beck, hot. p. 151 ; Torr.^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 647.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, the base rather stout and woody ; the bristles spreading. Leaflets
about an inch long, sessile or nearly so, acute at the base, smooth. Umbels pedunculate and
often fastigiate ; the rays very slender, nearly an inch long, spreading. Calyx-tube turbinate,
obtusely 5-angIed : teeth small, acute. Petals white, ovate. Stamens exserted. Styles
united below, spreading above. Fruit blackish when mature, with five projecting angles :
endocarp thick and somewhat crustaceous.

Rocky banks of rivers, and in dry rather poor soils. June - July.

2. PANAX. Linn.; La?n. ill. t. 860 ; Endl. gen. M^l. GINSENG.

[From the Greek, pan, all, and aios, a remedy; a universal remedy or panacea, it being considered by the Tartars and

Chinese a medicine for all diseases.]

Flowers polygamous. Limb of the calyx very short, obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens 5. Fruit fleshy, drupaceous, compressed, orbicular or didymous, 2 - 3-celled ;
the endocarp rather thin and somewhat coriaceous. — Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees,
somewhat diverse in habit. Petioles sheathing at the base.

^. EuPANAx, Torr. & Gr. Herbaceous and unarmed : root tuberous : leaves ternatcly verticillate at
the summit of the low simple stem, palmately compound : umbel solitary, simple, on a long peduncle.

1. Panax QuiNauEFOLiuM, Linn. Common Ginseng.

Root fusiform, often branched ; leaflets mostly 5, on distinct footstalks, obovale-oblong,
acuminate, the midrib and nerves mostly smooth ; the lateral ones smaller ; peduncle about
the length of the petioles ; styles and cells of the ovary 2 (one of each often abortive). — •
Linn. sp. 2. p. 1058; Michx.Jl. 1. p. 256 ; Pursh,Jl. 1. p. 191 ; Bot. mag. t. 1333 ; Bigel.
med. bot. 3. p. 82. t. 29, and fl. Bost. p. 375 ; Torr. ft. I. p. 292 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 273; Beck, bot. p. 152; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 181 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 648.

Roots fleshy, transversely wrinkled, 3-6 inches long, whitish, slightly aromatic and
sweetish. Stem about a foot high, divided at the summit into 3 equal spreading petioles which
are 3-4 inches in length. Leaflets rarely more tiian 5, very thin and membranaceous, the
terminal and two lateral ones 3 - 5 inches long ; ihc others smaller, doubly and unequally
serrate : petioles 2-3 inches long. Peduncle nearly as long as the petioles. Umbel 8 — 16-
flowered ; the central flowers often abortive. Involucres consisting of several lanceolate-acute
leaflets. Calyx-tccih triangular, acute. Petals ovate-oblong, yellowish-green. Styles at first
erect, at length spreading. Fruit reniform, somewhat compressed ; one of the carpels often
abortive, and then gibbous, bright crimson wiien ripe. Sometimes the fruit is triciirpcllary,
with 3 styles.

Shady woods, in rich soil. Fl. July. Fr. September.

/

Panax. ARALIACE^. 287

The root of this plant is in high estimation among the Chinese as a medicinal article, being
an ingredient in nearly all their prescriptions. It was formerly exported in large quantities to
Canton, but comparatively little has been sent for the last twenty-five years. Its real medicinal
virtues seem to be very feeble. See Bigelow^s med. hot. I. c, and Wood ^ Backers U. S.
Dispens. p. 494.

2. Panax trifolium, Linn. Dwarf Ginseng.

Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate-oblong or obovate-elliptical, sessile on the common
petiole ; peduncle much longer than the petioles ; styles and cells of the ovary mostly 3. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 1058 ; Miclix. fl. \. p. 256 ; Bot. mag. t. 1334 ; Pursh,Jl. \.p. 191 ; Torr.
fl.l.p.29l; DC. prodr. 4. p. 252 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 273 ; Beck, bot. p. 152 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 182 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 648.

Root a round tuber, about half an inch in diameter, buried deep in the ground, pungent to
the taste. Stem 4-8 inches high. Leaflets mostly 3, but sometimes 5, from half an inch to
an inch or more in length, acutely and unequally serrate. Peduncle mostly rather longer than
the leaves. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Involucre of a few setaceous leaflets. Sterile
umbel many- (20 - 40-) flowered, white. Calyx-teeth very minute. Petals oblong, obtuse.
Stamens erect. Style solitary : ovary abortive. Perfect umbel few- (4 - 8-) flowered.
Petals caducous (sometimes wanting ''). Stamens often wanting. Styles diverging. Fruit
obtusely triangular, with 3 elevated ridges on each side, greenish-}'ellow when mature.

Moist shady woods, along streams. Fl. April. Fr. May. A very neat and delicate vernal
plant.

288 CORNACE^. Cornus.

Order L. CORNACEJi:. DC. The Dog-wood Tribe.

Calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb 4-toothed : sestivation valvate. Petals
distinct, equal in number to the teeth of the calyx. Stamens 4, alternate with
the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell : styles
united into one. Fruit a 2-celled drupe, crowned with the remains of the
calyx. Testa of the seed coriaceous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen,
and nearly equalling it in length. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite (very rarely
somewhat alternate) leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers in cymes, or some-
times in heads surrounded with a petaloid involucre. Hairs mostly fixed by
the centi-e.

1. CORNUS. Tourn.; rHerit.mon. Cor??. 1788; Endl. gen. idli. DOGWOOD.

[ From the Latin, cornv, a horn ; owing to the toughness of the wood.]

Limb of the calyx minute. Petals oblong, spreading. Filaments filiform. Style clavate :
stigma obtuse or capitate. Drupes not united with each other into a syncarpiuin. — Leaves
entire, minute or scabrous with appressed liairs. Flowers white, rarely yellow. Bark
bitter and tonic, the active principle being a peculiar substance (as yet little known) called
Cornine.

^ 1. Flowers in cymes, without an involucre.

1. Cornus alternifolia, Linn.f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.

Branches ahernate ; leaves more or less alternate, broadly oval or ovate, acuminate, the
lower surface whitish and somewbat rough ; cymes loose, spreading and depressed ; drupes
bluish-black. — Linn.f. nuppl.p. 125 ; VHerit. Corn. p. 10. t. 6; Michx.Jl. I. p. 93; Pursh,
Jl. 1. p. 109 ; Ell. sk. 1. /;. 210 ; Torr.jl. \.p. 180 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 58 ; "Guimp. Otto
^ Ilayne, holz. t. 43 ;" DC. prodr. 4. p. 271 ; Beck, hot. p. 154 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 108 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 650.

A small tree (10 - 20 feet high), tlie trunk sometimes 6 inches in diameter, with widely
spreading branches and a smootli yellowish-green bark. Leaves sometimes nearly opposite,
but usually alternate, tliough closely approximated, about 3 inches long, smooth above ; the
under surface pretty thickly sprinkled with centrally fixed hairs ; the base acute : petiole
slender, 1-2 inches long. Flowers in large flat cymes. Antiicrs linear-oblong (as in all the
species of this section). Petals lanceolate, cream-colored. Drupes globose, very dark blue
when mature.

Moist woods, and banks of rivers. Fl. May - June. Fr. August. The bark is one of
the Shaker medicines, being considered diaphoretic and astringent.

CoRNus. CORNACE^. 289

2. CoRNUs ciRciNATA, V Her it. Round-leave^ Dogwood.

Branches spotted and warty ; leaves (large) very broadly oval or roundish, abruptly acumi-
nate, rather densely clothed underneath with a soft whitish pubescence ; cymes rather small,
depressed ; drupes ovoid-globose, light blue. — L'llerit. I. c. p. 9. t. 3 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 108;
Torr.fl. I. p. 179; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 59; Beck, hot. p. 154; DC. prodr. A. p. 272; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Arn. 1. p. 650. C. tomentulosa, Miclix. Jl. I. p. 91.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, with straight slender branches. Leaves 4-5 inches long and of
' nearly the same breadth, obtuse at the base : pubescence of the under surface of two kinds ;
one closely appressed, the hairs centrally fixed ; the other simple, loose and somewhat crisped :
petiole less than an inch long. Cyme 2 - 2^ inches in diameter, on a peduncle about an inch
in length. Calyx-teeth very short. Petals ovate-lanceolate, at length spreading or reflexed,
white. Stamens longer than the petals. Style about half the length of the stamens : stigma
capitate. Drupe small.

Shady banks of rivers ; common in the northern and western part of the State ; rare below
the Highlands. Fl. June. Fr. September.

3. CoRNUS STOLONiFERA, Miclix. White-berried Dogicood.

Stems often reclined and stoloniferous ; the shoots virgate, bright reddish-purple ; branches
smooth, a little spreading ; leaves ovate, slightly acuminate, obtuse at the base, rather rough
on both sides with a minute appressed pubescence ; cymes small, flat, rather crowded ; petals
ovate ; drupes white. — Michx. Jl. I. p. 92; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1. p. 650. C. alba,
Wang. Amer. p. 91 ; VHerit. I. c. (partly) ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 109 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 58 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 272 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 276 (partly). C. Purshii, G. Don, syst. 3.
p. 399. C. sanguinea, Pursh, I. c. ? not of Linn.

Stems 5-10 feet long, erect, or prostrate and rooting; the bark dotted with a few small
oval warts. Leaves 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches wide ; the hairs on both sides fixed
by the middle : petiole an inch or more in length. Cymes about an inch and a half in dia-
meter. Calyx-teeth very minute. Petals white. Drupes small, globose, white or somewhat
lead-colored when fully ripe.

Banks of streams, and in swamps. Northern and western parts of the State. May - June.
This species has been confounded with C. alba of Siberia, from which it is quite distinct.

4. CoRNUs PANicuLATA, VHerit. (Plate xli.) Panicled Dogwood.

Branches (grayish) erect, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, finely acuminate, acute
at the base, roughish on both sides with a minute appressed pubescence, whitish underneath ;
cymes loose, convex or usually paniculate ; petals lanceolate ; drupes small, depressed. —
VHerit. I. c.p. 9. t. 5 ; Pursh, Jl. I. p. 109 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 209; Torr.Jl. l.p. 179; Bigel.
Jl. Bost. p. 59 ; Beck, hot. p. 154 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 108 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 1.
p. 650.

[Flora.] 37

290 CORNACEiE. Cornus.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, with straight somewhat dotted brandies. Leaves 2-3 inches
long and 1 - li inch wide, pale green above, sprinkled with short whitish hairs. Cymes
very numerous, giving the shrub a white appearance when in flower, elongated when in fruit.
Calyx-teeth minute. Ovary canescent : stigma thick, capitate. Petals rather acute. Drupes
about the size of a small pea, at first nearly white, but when fully mature assuming a leaden
tinge.

Thickets, low grounds, and on hill-sides. Fl. May - June. Fr. September. Very distinct
from C. stolonifera.

5. Cornus sericea, Linn. Swamp Dogwood. Red-rod.

Branches spreading, purplish ; the branchlets, cymes and petioles woolly-pubescent ; leaves
oovate or elliptical, acuminate, nearly smooth above, silky-pubescent underneath ; cymes
depressed, crowded ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; petals lanceolate-oblong, obtuse ; drupes globose,
pale blue. — Linn. mant. p. 199 ; IHerit. I. c. p. 5. t.2; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 108 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 208 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. \.t. 9 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 178 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 472 ; Beck, bot.
p. 153; Darli7jgt. fl. Cest. p. 107; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 652. C. lanuginosa,
Michx. fl. 1. p. 92.

A shrub 6- 12 feet high, with straight spreading branches; the bark of. a greenish- or
brownish-purple color. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, the pubescence a
little shining ; veins somewhat rusty-colored : petioles about three-fourths of an inch long.
Cymes on a long peduncle, about 2^ inches in diameter. Calyx-teeth very conspicuous.
Petals white. Stigma thick, capitate.

Margin of swamps and banks of streams. Fl. June. Fr. September.

^ 2. Floipcrs capitate, surrounded by a pelaloid involucre. — Trees.

6. Cornus Florida, Linn. Common Dogwood. Flowering Dogwood.

Leaves of the involucre 4, obcordate, with a callous notch at the apex ; drupes oval ; leaves
ovate, acuminate. — Linn. sp. I. p. 117 ; I'Herit. I. c. p. 4 : Michx. fl. 1. p. 91 ; Bot. mag.
p. 526 ; Michx. fl. sylv. t. 48 ; Pursh, fl. l. p. 108 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 207 ; Bigcl. med. bot. 2.
t. 28, andfl. Bost. p. 57; Torr.fl. l.p. 178 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. I. t. 3; Beck, bot. p. 153 ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 106 ; "Guimp. Otto <^ Heync, holz. t. 19 ;" To, r. ^- Gr.fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 652.

A tree 15-30 feet high, witii a trunk 3-7 inches in diameter ; the bark grayish, and
cracked into small portions wiiich are more or less square in their outline : wood hard and
very compact, the alburnum white, and the heart of a brownish or chocolate color. Branches
.expanding. Leaves acute at the base, whitish underneath ; the hairs mostly fixed by the
middle. Flowers sessile, in small dense heads, which are subtended by a large white or
slightly purplish involucre nearly three inches in diameter. Calyx-teeth short, triangular.

CoRNus. CORNACE^. 291

rather obtuse. Petals oblong, obtuse, at length reflexed, greenish-yellow. Anthers oval.
Stigma capitate. Drupe bright scarlet and shining when mature.

In woods ; common. Fl. Miiy. Fr. September - October.

This tree, when in full flower, is one of the greatest ornaments of the American forest.
The wood, on account of its close grain and hardness, is extremely useful. It is often em-
ployed as a substitute for box, and is susceptible of a fine polish. It also makes excellent
cogs for wheels, teeth for harrows, and is used for a variety of other purposes where a hard,
durable, fine-grained wood is required. It frequently constitutes a portion of the firewood
brought to the city of New-York, and is esteemed nearly equal to hard maple. The bark is
a valuable tonic. See the works of Bigelow and Barton quoted above ; also Wood ^ Backers
U, S. Dispens. p. 265.

!} 3. Flowers in contracted umbel-like cymes, surrounded by a petaloid involucre : stem herbaceous.
7. CoRNUs Canadensis, Linn. Dwarf Dogwood.

Subterranean trunk creeping, a little woody ; flowering stems simple, ascending ; upper
leaves verticillate, on very short petioles ; involucre 4-leaved, much longer than the flowers ;
petals greenish-white. — hinn. amcen. acad. \.p. 157, and spec. \.p. 117; VHerit. I. c. p. 2.
t. 1 ; Bot. mag. t. 880 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 91 ; Pursh, f^.l.p.lQl; Torr. fl. I. p. 177 ;
Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 57 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 277 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 274 ; Beck, bot.
p. 153 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 652.

Subterranean stems long, slender. Flowering stems about 6 inches high, with one or two
pairs of bracts or small opposite leaves, and a whorl of usually 6 oval or oval-lanceolate leaves
at the summit, both surfaces of which are sprinkled with very minute centrally fixed hairs.
Peduncle about an inch long. 'Involucral leaves greenish-white, broadly ovate, abruptly
acuminate. Cyme many-flowered, much shorter than the involucre. Calyx-tube oblong-
turbinate : teeth short, obtuse. Petals ovate, one of them (in all my specimens) with a long
subulate process at the summit. Anthers oblong, yellow. Drupes globose, bright red,
somewhat edible.

Damp woods and shady swamps ; rather common. Fl. May - June. Fr. September.

37*

292 GROUPS AND ORDERS.

Subclass II. Monopetalous Exogenous Plants.*

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals more or less
united (monopetalous or gamopetalous).

CONSPECTUS OF THE GROUPS AND ORDERS.

GrOOP 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx (inferior), 2 - several-celled, with one or many ovules in each cell. Seeds

albuminous. Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Order 51. Caprifoliace«:. Stipules none. Leaves opposite.

52. RnBiACEfi. Stipules between the petioles J or the leaves in whorls.

1. Suborder Stellate;. Leaves in whorls.

2. Suborder CiNCHONEiE. Leaves opposite.

Geohp 2. Ovary coherent with the calyx, one-celled and one-ovuled, rarely 3-celled with two of the cells empty. Seeds
with little or no albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla;

53. Valerianace^e. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Stamens distinct. Seeds without albumen.

54. DiPSACE.E. Heads dense, involucrate. Stamens distinct. Seeds albuminous.

55. CoMPOsiTjE. Heads dense, involucrate. Stamens syngenesioue. Seeds without albumen.

Group 3. Ovary coherent with the calyx, with 2 or more cells and numerous ovules. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Stamens inserted with the corolla ; anthers not opening by pores.

56. LoBELiACEa;. Corolla irregular. Stamens united.

57. Campanulaoe;e. Corolla regular. Stamens distinct.

Group 4. Ovary free from the calyx, superior, or sometimes coherent with it, with 2 or more cells and numerous ovules.
Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the corolla, or rarely coherent with its base, as many or twice as
many as its lobes : anthers mostly opening by pores or chinks.

58. Ericaceae;. Character same as that of the group.

Group 5. Ovary free, or rarely coherent with the calyx, several-celled, with a single ovule (or at least a single seed) in
each cell. Stamens definite : anthers not opening by pores. — Trees or shrubs.

59. AauiFOMACEJE. Sepals 4-6. Corolla 4 - G-parted or cleft. Stamens as many as the segments of the corolla.

Fruit drupaceous, with 2-6 stones or nucules. — Leaves mostly coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary.

60. Ebenaces;. Calyx and corolla 3 - 6-cleft. Stamens 2-4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a

berry.

Group 6. Ovary free (superior), or with only the base coherent with the tube of the calyx, one-celled, with a free central
placenta. Stamens inserted into the regular corolla opposite its lobes, which they equal in number.

61. Primulaceje. Corolla rotate, hypocratcriforin or canipanulate. Style and stigma single. Fruit capsular, with

a free central placenta at the base of the cell. — Herbaceous plants.

Group 7. Ovary free, one-celled, with a single ovule ; or 3-celled, with several ovules attached to a thick central placenta.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, or the nearly distinct petals.

62. PLANTAGiNACEiE. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular or urn-shaped, membranaceous, persistent, 4-cleft.

Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Capsule 2-celled, opening transversely. — Mostly low
herbs, with small flowers in spikes.
03. PLUMBAaiNACEa:. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited. Corolla 5-parted, or sometimes 5-petalled. Styles or
stigmas 5.

♦ A few ERicACEiE are more or less polypetalous (See note, page 1).

GROUPS AND ORDERS. 293

Group 8. Ovary free, 1-2- (sometimes spuriously 4-) celled, with numerous ovules. Corolla 2-lipped or irregular ; the
stamens inserted upon its tube, and mostly fewer than its lobes, or often didynamous.
♦ Ovary one-celled.

64. LENTIBULACE.S:. Ovary with a free central placenta. — Herbs, growing in water or wet places. Flowers on

scapes.

65. OROBANCHACEi:. Ovary with parietal placenta:. — Herbs ; parasitic on roots, destitute of foliage:

♦• Ovary 2-ceIled, with the placenta; in the axis.

66. P£DiLiACE.a:. Ovary surrounded with a fleshy disk. Fruit indurated or drupaceous, often 2 - 4-homcd. Seeds

without albumen. — Usually viscid herbs.

67. ScROPHULARiACEjE. Stamcns 4, didynamous (rarely only 2, or with a 5lh sterile filament). Capsule 2-valved.

Seeds numerous, albuminous.

Grocp 9. Ovary free, 2 - 4-lobed, and in fruit separating into as many one-seeded little nuts or achenia, or else entire
and drupaceous, including as many one-seeded nucules. Corolla regular or irregular j the stamens inserted
upon its tube, equalling its lobes, or fewer in number.

68. VEBBENACEa:. Corolla Slipped, or 4 - 5-lobcd and more or less irregular. Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous,

sometimes only 2. Ovary entire, 2 - 4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, baccate or dry, usually splitting
into 2-4 indehiscent carpels.

69. LabiaT£. Corolla 2-lippcd. S'amens 4, didynamous, or only 2. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; the style proceeding

from the base of the lobes. Fruit consisting of 4 little nuts or achenia included in the persistent
calyx. — Aromatic herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants with square stems.

70. BoRAGiNACEs:. Corolla regular; the limb 5-lobcd, often with a row of scales in the throat. Stamens as many

as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them. Fruit consisting of 4 little nuts or achenia. —
Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems and alternate rough leaves.

Grol'P 10. Ovary free (superior), compound or with the carpels distinct, with several or numerous (rarely solitary) ovules
in each cell. Corolla regular ; the stamens inserted on its tube, as many as its lobes and alternate with them.
• Ovary compound, of 2 or more united carpels.

71. Hydrophtllace^. Calyx 5-cleft, with the sinuses often appcndaged. Corolla usually furnished with scales

or honey-bearing grooves inside ; the five stamens inserted into its base. Ovary with two parietal
placentiB. — Herbs with lobed leaves.

72. DiAPENsiACEji:. Calyx of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens with pctaloid filaments: anthers

transversely 2-valved. Capsule 3-valvcd. Ejnbryo with a slender radicle and short cotyledons. —
Low evergreen shrubs.

73. CoNVOLTULACE-E. Calyx of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla plaited and twisted in sstivation ; the limb often

entire. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-4- (sometimes 1-) celled, septifragal. Seeds large, with foliaceous
crumpled cotyledons. — Twining plants, with showy flowers.

74. SoLANEiE. Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla regular or sometimes a little irregular, plaited in

iEstivation. Capsule or berry 2-cellcd, many-seeded. Embryo mostly curved, in fleshy albumen. —
Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice and alternate leaves.

75. GENT1ANACE2E. Calyx of 4 - 5 persistent, more or less united sepals. Corolla mostly twisted in estivation.

Ovary one-celled, with 2 parietal but often introflexed placcntic. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds witli
fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Herbs with a watery juice. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers
showy.

*♦ Ovaries mostly 2, and distinct. Fruit usually consisting of 2 follicles.

76. ApocTNACEa:. Filaments distinct ; the anthers sometimes slightly connected. Pollen granular.

77. AscLEPiADACEiE. Stamens consolidated with the stigma. Pollen collected into masses, which are attached to

the angles of the stigma.

GROtTP 11. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 1-3 ovules in each cell. Fruit 1 -2-seeded. Corolla regular, sometimes nearly
polypctalous, occasionally wanting. Stamens 2, or fewer than the lobes of the corolla, inserted upon il.s
tube or upon the receptacle. — Shrubs or trees.

78. OLEiCEi. Calyx persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, or of 4 distinct petils. Stamens 2. Fruit usually onc-cellcd.

1 - 2-scedcd.

294 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Linn^a.

Group 1. Ovary coherent with the' calyx (inferior), 2 - several-celled, with one or
many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Order LI. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Juss. The Honeysuckle Tribe.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) toothed or cleft. Corolla tubular or sometimes rotate,
regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alter-
nate with them (rarely one of them wanting). Style filiform. Fruit usually
a berry or drupe, rarely capsular. — Shrubs or rarely herbaceous plants, with
opposite leaves which are destitute of stipules. Inflorescence various.

Tribe I. LONICEREyE. R. Brmen.

Corolla tubular ; the limh sometimes irregular. Style Jilif or m. Raphe on the outer side of

the ovule.

Subtribe 1. Caprifoli.e, Torr. & Gr. Fruit baccate, or sometimes nearly dry. Testa of

the seed crustaceous or coriaceous.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. LiNNiEi. Limb of the calyx 5-partp(i. Corolla regvilar, somewhat campanulate, 5-Iobed. Stamens didynamous.

Ovary 3-celIecl ; two of the cells abortive. Fruit dry, one-seeded.

2. Stmphokicarpds. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, short, nearly regular, 4 - 5-lobed. Berry 4-ce!lcd ;

2 of the cells abortive; 2 opposite ones fertile and one-seeded.

3. LoNiCERA. Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla 5-cleft, often ringent ; the tube more or less elongated. Stamens 5. Berry

1 - 3-ceIlcd, few-seeded.

4. DiERviLLA. Calyx with linear segments ; the tube elongated. Fruit capsular, 2-celled, 2-vaIved.

1. LINN.'EA. Gron. in Linn. gen. no. 1^:4: ; Endl. gen. 3332. linn^a.

[ Named in honor of the immortal Swedish naturalist.]

Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb 5-parted, with lanceolate-subulate segments, deciduous. Corolla
turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, inserted
toward the base of the corolla. Ovary 3-celIed ; two of the cells with several abortive
ovules ; the third with a single fertile ovule suspended from the summit. Fruit ovoid-
globose, dry and indehiscent, 3-celled (the 2 sterile cells smaller), one-seeded. — A creeping
or trailing evergreen, with broadly oval sparingly crenate-toothed leaves, abruptly narrowed
into a petiole. Peduncles filiform, terminating the short ascending branches, bearing 2
pedicellate nodding flowers. Corolla purplish rose-color, or nearly white.

LiNN-EA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 295

1. LinnjEa borealis, Gron. Two-jlowered Linncea, or Twin-Jloicer.

Linn. Jl. Lapp. p. 214. t. 12. /. 4 ; Jl. Suec. cd. 2. p. 219 (icon.); and spec. 2. p. 631 ;
Engl. hot. t. 1297; MicJix. Jl. 1. p. 87; Pursh, jl. 1. p. 413; Torr. fl. 1. p. 175; 5(-eZ.
^. iyo5«. p. 241 ; DC. prorfr. 4. p. 340 ; //oo/c. /. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 285 ; Beck, hot. p. 159 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 3.

Stems filiform, somewhat woody, pubescent, throwing up numerous short leafy branches.
Leaves about half an inch long, sparsely hispid on both sides ; the petioles 1-3 lines long.
Peduncles 2-4 inches long, slender, clothed with glandular hairs, with two bracts at the
bifurcation. Flowers about half an inch long, very fragrant. Calyx-tube with two pair of
minute hispid bracteoles at the base. Corolla obtusely 5-lobed, hairy inside. Style slightly
exserted : stigma capitate.

Moist shady woods, and in swamps ; sometimes in rather dry situations ; common in the
northern and western counties, but rare along the Hudson below the Highlands. June - July.
A very neat and graceful plant.

2. SY]VIPHORICARPUS. Dill. EUh. p. 371 ; Endl. gen. 3334. Sympiioria, Pursh.

SNOWBERRY.

[ From the Greek, sijviphyo, to grow together, and karpos, fruit ; the berries growing in dense clusters.}

Calyx-tube globose ; the limb 4 - 5-tooihed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form or campanulate,
4 - 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4-5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled ; 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules ; the 2 others (opposite) each with a
single fertile ovule pendulous from the summit. Stigma capitate. Fruit a globose or ovoid
berry, 4-celled ; 2 opposite cells one-seeded, the others empty. Seeds coriaceous. — Small
branching shrubs, with oval leaves on short petioles. Flowers small, rose-colored or white,
in short axillary clusters or terminal spikes. Berries red or white.

1. Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. Common Snowberry.

Spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often somewhat leafy ; flowers on short pedicels ; corolla
campanulate, densely bearded inside; style (smooth) and stamens included. — Miclix. Jl. 1.
p. 107; DC. prodr. 4. p. 339 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 285 ; Torr. <5- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 3. Symphoria racemosa, Pcrs. syn. \. p. 214 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 169 ; Bot. mag. <. 2211 ;
Nutt. gen. 1. 7J. 139 ; Lodd. bot. cab. t. 230 ; Bart.fl. Am. Sept. 1.^19; Torr.Jl. I. p. 246.

A shrub 2 — 3 feet high ; the branches numerous, slender, slightly pubescent, clothed with
loose bark. Leaves 1-2 inches long, more or less broadly ovate, often undulate on the
margin, and those of the young shoots sometimes obtusely toothed ; under surface softly and
densely pubescent, smoolhish above : petioles 2-3 lines long. Spikes mostly pedunculate ;
the flowers opposite, with 2 ovate-acute bracteoles at the base of the caly.x-tube. Teeth of

296 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Symphoricarpus.

the calyx acute. Corolla about three lines long, rose-color. Berries globose and roundish-
obovoid, very white and opake, 4-5 lines in diameter, spongy and somewhat juicy ; the 2
abortive cells each containing about 3 shrivelled ovules. Seeds elliptical, compressed ; the
testa thick and coriaceous.

Rocky banks of rivers, mostly on limestone. On the Black River, near Watertown ;
Rochester ; Falls of Niagara, &c. Fl. June - July. Fr. August - October.

2. Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx. Indian Currant.

Spikes axillary, almost sessile, in little glomerate heads ; corolla campanulate, the lobes
smoothish inside ; stamens and bearded style included. — Michx. fl. \. p. 106 ; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 339; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 4. Lonicera Symphoricarpos, Linn. sp. 1. p. 175.
Symphoria conglomerata, Pers. syn. 1. p. 215. S. glomerata, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 161 ; Nutt.
gen. 1. p. 139; Toir. fl. 1. p. 246. Symphoricarpus, Dill. hort. Elth. t. 278.

A shrub 2-3 feet high, with numerous erect purplish and pubescent branches. Leaves
entire or undulate, on shorter petioles than in the preceding species, tomentose-pubescent
underneath. Spikes or little heads not one-fourth part the length of the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered.
Corolla about 2 hues long, greenish-red ; the tube bearded inside. Berries about the size of
a small currant, dark red, globose.

Banks of rivers. Yates county {Dr. Sartwell).

3. J^ONICERA. Li?in. ; Endl. gen. 3337. HONEYSUCKLE.

Xylosteon, Caprifohum, ChaMjEcerasus and Periclymenum, Tourn.

[ In honor of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.]

Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly globose ; the limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnel-form
or campanulate, often gibbous at the base ; the limb 5-cleft, nearly regular, or ringent.
Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Berry 2 - 3-celled, or by obliteration 1-celled, few-seeded.
Seed crustaceous. — Climbing or erect shrubs. Leaves entire ; the upper ones often connate.
Flowers axillary and pedunculate, or in sessile heads or whorls, often fragrant.

^ 1. Caprifolium, Juss. Stem climbing : leaves often connate: flowers sessile, i)i verlicillate-capitate
clusters : berries never connate, often one-celled when mature, crowned xoith the persiste7it limb

of the calyx.

* Pbriclymenum, Tourn, Corolla, nearly regular.

1. Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. Scarlet or Trumpet Honeysuckle.

Leaves oblong and elliptical, smooth above, glaucous and slightly pubescent underneath,
the lower ones somewhat petioled, the upper connate-perfoliate ; flowers in somewhat distant
whorls ; corolla trumpet-shaped, with short and broad nearly equal lobes. — Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.)

LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 297

l.p. 230; Walt. fl. Car. p. 131 ; Bot. mag. t. 781 4- 1753; Bot. reg. t. 556; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 244 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 432 ; Beck, hot. p. 158 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 5. Capri-
folium sempcrvirens, Miclix. Jl. 1. p. 105; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 160; i?/Z. i/c. 1. p. 271.

Stem twining over shrubs, 6-15 feet long. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; the lower ones of
the flowering branches narrow-elliptical, the upper ones much broader : petioles of the stem-
leaves often half an inch or more in length. Peduncles an inch long : whorls about 6-flovvcrcd.
Flowers inodorous. Corolla nearly an inch and a half long, scarlet externally, yellowish
within ; the tube slightly ventricose above, and a little gibbous towards the base. Stamens
slightly exserted. Berries scarlet, about 4-seeded.

Borders of swamps, and on bushy hill-sides; in several places on the Island of New-York ;
also on Long Island, near Brooklyn : not found in the interior of the State. Fl. May — June.
This species is very common in gardens, but it is undoubtedly native in the vicinity of New-
York.

*♦ CiPRiFOLiTM, Tourn, CoroUa ringeiU ; the upper lip i-hbed err toothed.

2. LoNicERA GRATA, All. Wild Honcysuckk.

Stem twining ; leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous underneath , the lower ones contracted at
the base , the two or three upper pairs connate-pcrfoliate ; flowers verticillate in the axils of
the upper leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous ;
filaments smooth. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 231 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 332; Beck, bot. p. 158;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 159 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 6. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 161; EU. sk. 1. p. 152.

Stem 10-20 feet long, twining or trailing ; the young branches often quite hairy. Leaves
about 2 inches long, very obtuse, or with a short blunt point. Flowers about 6 in each whorl,
very fragrant ; the smooth corolla an inch and a half long, externally red or purplish ; the
limb (large) at first nearly white, soon changing to tawny yellow. Stamens exserted. Berries
orange-red. Torr. <^ Gr.

Mountains ; New- York to Carolina {Pursh). I have not found the plant in ihe State, and
give the description from the Flora of North America, taken from Pennsylvania specimens.
It is very near L. Caprifolium of Europe.

3. LoNiCERA FLAVA, Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle.

Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twining ; leaves ovate, obovate or oval,
with a narrow cartilaginous margin , the upper pairs connale-perfoliate , the lowest distinct ;
flowers in small heads or appro.ximate whorls ; tube of the smooth corolla slender, not gibbous;
filaments smooth. — Sims, bot. mag. t. 1318; Torr. fl. 1. p. 243; DC. prodr. 4. p. 332;
Beck, hot. p. 158 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 6. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 160. C. flavum. Ell. sk. 1. p. 271.

[Flora.] 38

298 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Lonicera.

Leaves 1 J - 3 inches long, very smooth above, glaucous and often with a minute and soft
whitish caducous pubescence underneath, obtuse or with a blunt mucronate point. Flowers
8-12, in a subsessile or somewhat pedunculate head, or sometimes in 2 - 3 verticillate
clusters, fragrant. Corolla bright yellow, an inch or more long ; the tube much longer than
the ventricose limb, very slightly dilated near the base, but not gibbous ; the lower lip narrowly
oblong ; the upper 4-lobed. Stamens exserted. Torr. <^ Gr.

On the Catskill Mountains {Pursh). I have never seen specimens of this plant collected
within the limits of New-York.

4. Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.

Stem twining, the younger branches pubescent ; leaves broadly oval, somewhat hairy above,
softly villous underneath, ciliate , the upper one or two pairs connate-perfoliate, often nearly
smooth ; the lower ones sessile or petioled ; peduncles mostly three together ; the flowers in
approximate capitate whorls ; tube of the corolla viscid-pubescent, rather slender, slightly
gibbous at the base. — Eaton, man. hot. ed. 3. p. 341 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 242 ; Bigel. fi. Best,
p. 88; Hooli. hot. mag. t. 3163, and fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 282; Beck, hot. p. 158; Torr. <^-
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 6. L. villosa, Muhl. cat. p. 22, not of DC. L. pubescens, Sweet, hart.
Brit. p. 194; DC. prodr. 4. p. 332. L. Goldii, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 758. Caprifolium
pubescens, Goldie in Edinh. p)hil. journ. (1822), 6. p. 323; Hook. exot.Jl. t. 27.

Stem 15-30 feet long. Leaves pale green and dull, 3-4 inches long and 2 — 3 broad,
rather acute, or with a short abrupt acumination ; the veins very conspicuous ; the upper
surface more or less pubescent when young, nearly smooth when old : the upper connate
leaves nearly smooth on both sides. Peduncles, and often also the ovaries, glandularly
pubescent. Flowers numerous, about an inch and a quarter long, sulphur-yellow. Corolla
hairy inside ; the limb large, and conspicuously ringent. Style and stamens exserted. Berries
orange, glandularly pubescent, 3 - 5-seeded.

Rocky banks and damp thickets ; northern and western parts of the State ; also near Troy
{Eaton). June - July,

5. Lonicera parviflora, Lam. Bvmll-jlowered Honeysuckle.

Leaves elliptical or oblong, smooth, very glaucous underneath, with a slight often undulate
cartilaginous border, the upper pair connate-perfoliate, the others sessile and mostly somewhat
connate ; flowers in a more or less pedunculate head of 2 - 3 closely approximated whorls ;
corolla short, smooth externally, gibbous at the base. — ham. diet. 1. p. 728; Torr. jl. 1.
■p. 245; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 87; DC. prodr. 4. p. 332; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 282; Beck,
hot. p. 158; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 158; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 7. L. dioica, Linn,
sijst. (ed. 13.) p. 181 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) \. p. 130 ; Bot. reg. 1. 138. Caprifolium glaucum,
Mmnch. mclli. p. 505. C. bracteosum, Miclix. fl. 1. p. 105. C. parviflorum, Pursh, fl. 1,
^j. 161. C. dioicum, Ream. <^- Schult. syst. 5. p. 260.

LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 299

Stem 6-10 feet long, trailing or twining, much branched ; the flowering shoots glaucous.
Leaves usually 2 - .3 inches long and 1-1^ broad, sometimes much larger; lowest ones
often narrowed at the base, but never petiolate. Corolla about three-fourths of an inch long,
yellow, tinged more or less (sometimes deeply) with purple. Stamens exserted, hairy below.
Berries reddish-orange.

Rocky banks of rivers, and on mountains ; not rare. June.

§. Xylosteon, Juss. Leaves never connate : peduncles axillary, 2 - 4-bracteate and 2- (rarely 3-)
Jioicered : berries in pairs, distinct or often united, 2 - 3-celled ; the limb of the calyx often
deciduous.

6. LoNicERA ciLiATA, MuhL (Plate XLII.) Fly HoneysucMe.

Stem erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, often cordate, ciliate with fine hairs, the younger ones
villous underneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts shorter than the ovaries ; teeth
of the calyx very obtuse ; corolla somewhat funnel-form, obtusely saccate at the base, the
lobes short and somewhat equal ; berries distinct, diverging. — Muhl. cat. p. 22; DC. prodr.
4. p. 335 ; Beck, hot. p. 158 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-A7n. 1. p. 283 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 9. L. Canadensis, Rcem. <^- Schult. syst. 5. p. 260. Xylosteum Tartaricum, Michx. Jl.
1. p. 106 (not L. Tartarica, Linn.). X. ciliatum, PursJi, Jl. 1. p. 161 (excl. (3.) ; Torr. Jl.
1. p. 245 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 88.

A shrub 3-5 feet high ; the branchlets smooth, and marked with elevated lines which
descend from the bases of the petioles. Leaves 1 - 2^ inches long, more or less ovate, broad
at the base, thin, quite smoolii when mature, except the ciliate margin : petioles about three
lines long. Peduncles of the flowers about three quarters of an inch long, of the fruit an inch
or more. Flowers about 8 lines long. Bracteoles at the base of the flower, shorter than the
ovary. Corolla pale greenish-yellow. Filaments smooth. Style exserted. Berries ovoid,
smooth, about one-fourth of an inch long, red, 3-5-seeded. Seeds oval, yellowish, compressed,
finely pitted.

Rocky woods and shady hill-sides, sometimes in swamps ; western and northern part of the
State ; rare south of Catskill. Fl. May. Fr. July.

7. LoNicERA CiERULEA, Linn. Hairy Fly-HoneysucMe.

Stem erect ; leaves oval or obovate-oblong, hairy on both surfaces, nearly smooth above
when old ; peduncles very short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts subulate, longer than the ovaries ;
corolla gibbous at the base , the lobes short, nearly equal ; berries (deep blue and glaucous)
globose, formed by the union of two ovaries. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 174 ; Pall. Jl. Ross. t. 37 ;
Bot. mag. 1965 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 437 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 283 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 2. p. 9. L. caerulea Canadensis, Lam. diet. 1. p. 731, ex DC. L. villosa, DC. I. c.
(excl. syn. Goldie, Torr. <Jc.); Beck, bot. p. 150. Xylosteum Solonis, Eaton, man. bot.
p. 518. X. villosum, Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 88 ; Torr. Jl. l.p. 245 (excl. syn. Gold. ^ Muhl.)

38*

300 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Lonicera.

A shrub 1-3 feet high ; the younger branches mostly villous. Leaves about three-fourths
of an inch long when the plant is in flower, considerably larger and much less hairy at maturity,
very obtuse. Flowers 7-8 lines long, on peduncles only 1-2 lines long. Corolla some-
vrhat bilabiate, yellow, smooth or a little pubescent ; the lobes longer than the tube, oblong,
nearly erect. Stamens somewhat exserted : filaments bearded. Berries closely united to the
summit, crowned with the remains of two closely approximated calyces.

Woods, and on the sides of mountains. Poughkeepsie ; Highlands of Putnam county (Dr.
Barratt) ; Mountains of Essex county ; near Vernon {Dr. Douglas). Fl. June.

8. Lonicera oblongifolia. Hook. Long-stalked Honeysuckle.

Stem erect ; leaves oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent when young, at length nearly smooth ;
peduncles filiform, erect, much longer than the flowers ; bracts minute ; corolla gibbous at
the base, deeply 2-lipped ; berries (purple) formed by the union of two ovaries. — Hook. jfl.
Bar. -Am. 1. p. 284. t. 100 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 10. L. villosa, DC. prodr. 4.
p. 337 (partly). Xylosteum oblongifolium, Goldie in Edinb. phil. joimi. {1822), 6. p. 323.

A shrub 3-4 feet long, much branched. Leaves 1-2 inches long, narrowed at the base,
but scarcely petioled. Peduncles an inch or more in length. Calyx-tube nearly globose ; the
bracteoles at the base nearly obsolete. Corolla about three-fourths of an inch long, greenish-
yellow, tinged with purple inside ; lower lip oblong-linear, often spreading ; upper lip erect,
with 4 short lobes. Stamens slightly exserted ; the filaments smoothish. Style hairy. Berries
about the size of a small pea, slightly separate at the summit, and crowned with the remains
of two calyces.

Sphagnous swamps ; northern and western parts of the State ; rare. May - June. Easily
distinguished from the preceding by its long peduncles and obsolete bracteoles, as well as by
its larger leaves, etc.

4. DIERVILLA. Tourn. in act. acad. Par. (1706), t. 7. /. 1 ; Sicb. (J- Zucc. fl. Japon.

p. 68. t. 29 - 32. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE.

[ Dedicated to M. Diehville, a French surgeon, who sent the plant to Tournefort.]

Calyx-lube oblong or cylindrical, often attenuated at the summit : segments of the 5-parted
limb linear or subulate. Corolla funnel-form ; the limb 5-cleft, nearly regular or slightly
2-lipped. Stamens 5. Fruit capsular, membranaceous or crustaceo-coriaceous, 2-celled,
2-valved ; the 2-lobed placentcs usually strongly projecting into the cells, each bearing
numerous seeds in a double series. Seeds naked or crested. — Shrubby plants, with ovate
or oblong acute-serrate leaves. Peduncles axillary or terminal, one-flowered or cymoselj'
3 - 7-flowcred ; the flowers all with 2 bracteoles at the base.

DiERviLLA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 301

§. DiERviLLA proper, Torr. ^- Gr. Flowers yellowish : capsule membranaceous : seeds not furnished

with a crest or wing ; the testa crustaceous.

1. DiERviLLA TRiFiDA, Moinch. Commov, Bush-Honeysuckle.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, on short petioles, smooth or somewhat hairy on the veins
underneath ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule attenuate at the summit, crowned with the
linear-setaceous teeth of the calyx. — Alcench, meth. p. 492 ; Torr. <^ Gr.jl. N. Am. 2. p.W.
D. Acadiensis fruticosa, &c. Touni. D. Tourncfortii, Michx. fl. \. p. 107; Torr. Jl. 1.
p. 238 ; Beck, hot. p. 157. D. humilis, Pers. syn. \.p. 214. D. Canadensis, Willd. enurn^
1. p. 222 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 69 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 330 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 281 ;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 157. D. lutea, Pursh, Jl. I. p. 1G2. Lonicera Diervilla, Linn. sp. 1.
p. 175.

Stem 2-3 feet high ; the branches smooth and somewhat quadrangular. Leaves 2-4
inches long, obtusely serrate, ciliate. Peduncles growing from the axils of the upper leaves
and also terminal, mostly 3-flowcred ; the central flower sessile ; lateral ones pedicelled.
Bracteoles subulate, shorter than the ovary. Corolla about three-fourths of an inch long,
greenish-yellow, pubescent externally, hairy inside. Stamens and style exsertcd. Capsule
ovoid-oblong, contracted above into a sort of beak, often a little curved, crowned with the
long and somewhat spreading calyx-segments ; the placenta reaching almost to the dorsal
suture, so as to give the appearance of 4 cells.

Rocky woods ; rather common. Fl. June. Fr. September.

Subtribe 2. Trioste.e. Fruit drupaceous; the endocarp bony. Testa of the seed mem-
branaceous.

5. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 3338. fever-root.

[ From the Greek, trcis, three, and ostcmi, a bone ; the fruit containing three bony nucules.]

Calyx-tube ovoid ; segments of the 5-parted limb linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, persistent.
Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base ; the limb somewhat equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
included. Fruit rather dry, roundish-obovoid, crowned with the calyx-segments, containing
3-5 elliptical bony nucules. Embryo minute, oblong, in the axis of fleshy albumen. —
Perennial, herbaceous, or rarely sufTrutescent plants. Leaves lanceolate or oval, connate
at the base. Flowers axillary and sessile, or nearly so.

1. Triosteum perfoliatum, Linn. Fever-icort. Horse Gentian.

Stem glandularly hairy ; leaves ovate or spalulate-ovate, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at
the base, velvety-pubescent underneath, somewhat hairy above ; axils 1 - 3-flowered ; flowers

302 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Triosteum.

dark purple. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 176 ; Pursh, fi. \. p. 162 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 4 ; Bigel.
rned. bot. 1. p. 90. t. 9, and fl. Bost. p. 89 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 269 ; Torr. fl. \.p. 247 ; Sweet,
Brit. fl. gard. (ser. 2 ) «. 45 ; Beck, bot. p. 157 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 159 ; Torr. <^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 12. T. majus, Michx. fl. 1. p. 107. Triosteospermum, Dill. hart. Elth.
t. 293. /. 378.

Root thick and fleshy, divided into several horizontal portions. Stem 2-4 feet high, thick,
fistulous, simple. Leaves 4-8 inches long and 2-4 wide, sometimes sinuate on the margin,
the long contracted base being often so narrow as to resemble a winged petiole. Flowers
sessile, clustered in the axils of the middle leaves. Bracts linear. Corolla about three-fourths
of an inch long, a little curved, of a dull purplish color, about the length of the calyx-segments,
viscidly pubescent. Filaments bearded : anthers oblong. Style nearly as long as the corolla :
stigma thickened, obscurely 3 - 5-lobed. Fruit half an inch long, pubescent, orange-colored.
Nucules usually 3 ; the back strongly 3-ribbed.

Shady rocky places ; rather common. Fl. May - July. Fr. September. The root is
cathartic, emetic and diuretic. It has long been a popular medicine. In some places the
plant is called Wild Coffee. See Wood <^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 673.

Tribe II. SAMBVCE^. Kunth.

Corolla regular, rotate, or rarely somewhat tubular. Stig?nas 3-5, nearly sessile. Endo-
carp of the fruit crustaceous or coriaceous. Testa of the seed membranaceous ; the raphe
occupying the inner side.

6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn.; Linn.; Endl. gen. 3341. ELDER.

[ From savihikCj the Greek name of a musical instrument, supposed to have been made of the wood of this plant.]

Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or urceolate, with 5 obtuse lobes. Stamens
5. Fruit baccate, pulpy, roundish : nucules (seeds of most authors) 3 (rarely 5), crusta-
ceous, oblong, finely wrinkled, obtusely angled on the back, flattish on the face, each
containing a suspended seed. — Shrubby perennial herbs, with a heavy odor. Leaves
pinnate or 1 - 2-pinnately divided ; the leaflets or divisions serrate or incised. Cymes
compound, thyrsoid or fastigiate. Flowers wiiile or sometimes reddish.

1. Sambucus ruBENs, Michx. Red-berried Elder.

Stem shrubby ; leaves pinnately 5 - 7-foliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tiie
lower surface and the petioles pubescent ; thyrsus ovoid or pyramidal, rather loose. — Michx.
fl.\.p.\Q\; Torr. fl. I. p. 321 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 323 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 13.
S. pubescens, Pers. syn. \.p. 328 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 204 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 368 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 118. S. racemosa. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 279.

var. leucocarpa : berries white. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c.

Sambucus. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 303

Stem 2-10-18 feet higli, sometimes 3-4 inches in diameter at the base. Leaves verj'
pubescent when young, nearly smooth on the upper surface when old : leaflets commonly 5,
each 3-5 inches long, conspicuously acuminate and sharply serrate. Thyrsus about three
inches long. Berries the size of a small pea, scarlet or rarely white.

Rocky banks, and in dry woods. Fl. May. Fr. June. Very near S. racemosa of Europe.
The white-berried variety occurs on the Catskill Mountains {Mr. J. Hogg).

2. Sambucus Canadensis, Linn. Common Elder.

Stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnately 5 - 11-foliolate, often with foliaceous stipelles, some-
times imperfectly bipinnate ; leaflets oblong or oval, acute, more or less pubescent underneath ;
cymes spreading, 5 - 7-parted. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 269 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 281 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 203 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 368 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 321 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 117; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 322 ; Ilook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 279 ; Beck, hot. p. 155 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 205 ; Torr.
4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 13.

Stem 6-10 feet high, stout, filled with pith ; the branches straight, swelled at the joints.
Lower leaves sometimes bipinnate ; upper ones usually with from 5 to 7 leaflets, and often
with several large foliaceous stipelles : leaflets with short stalks, nearly smooth above ; when
young, velvety-pubescent underneath, but at length smoothish. Cymes 5-8 inches or more
in diameter. Flowers of a sickly odor. Teeth of the calyx acute. Corolla white, sometimes
6 - 7-lobed. Berries dark purple or nearly black when ripe ; the juice deep crimson.

Thickets, banks of streams, and along fences ; very common. Fl. June - August. Fr.
August - September. This plant, like the S. nigra of Europe, which it greatly resembles,
is a popular medicine. The inner bark is used in making an ointment for sores, and is like-
wise employed as a purgative. An infusion of the flowers is thought to be a diaphoretic.
The berries are aperient and sudorific. See Wood ^- Bache's U. S. Dispens. p. 118.

7. VIBURNUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 3340. GUELDER ROSE, ^-c.

[An ancient Latin name, of uncertain origin.]

Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5.
Ovary 3-celled ; one of the cells containing a single suspended ovule, the others abortive :
stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thin pulp ; the endocarp
(seeds of most authors) crustaceous, mostly compressed. Seed conformed to the cavity of
the endocarp ; the testa membranaceous. — Shrubs or small trees, with petiolate, entire or
lobed leaves. Flowers white, in terminal cymes, rather showy ; the marginal ones sometimes
sterile and very large. ■ ,

304 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Viburnum.

^ 1. Lentago, DC. Flowers all similar and fertile : corolla rotate.
* Leaves undivided.

1. Viburnum nudum, Linn. Sivamp Viburnum.

Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse, dotted underneath with brownish
scales (particularly on the veins), smooth above, the margin crenulate or entire : petiole
somewhat margined ; cymes pedunculate ; fruit ovoid. — Torr. t^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 14.

var. 1. Claytoni : leaves broadly oval, oblong-obovate or oblong, somewhat shining above,
obtuse or slightly acuminate, entire or obscurely crenulate, slightly revolute on the margin,
the veins rather prominent underneath ; cyme on a long peduncle. Torr. (J- Gr. I. c. V.
nudum, Lmn. sp. 1. p. 268 ; Miclix. Jl. I. p. 178 ; Bot. mag. t. 2281 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 375 ;
Torr. fl.l. p. 319 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 116; DC. prodr. 4. p. 325 ; Beck, bot. p. 156 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 203.

var. 2. cassinoides : leaves ovate, slightly obovate or oblong, dull above, often abruptly
acuminate , the margins crenate-serrate or undulate , the veins not prominent underneath ;
cyme on a short peduncle. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. V. cassinoides, Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 384; Fursh,
fl. l.p. 202 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 326, not of Miclix. V. nudum, Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 279.
V. pyrifolium, Pursh, I. c. ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 318 ; Bigel. I. c. ; Beck, bot. p. 156, not of DC.
^•c. V. squamatum, Willd. enum. 1. p. 327.

Stem 6-12 feet high, slender, branching. Leaves 2-4 inches long, thickly sprinkled
with minute bran-like scales underneath, sparingly dotted above ; mostly entire on the margin,
attenuate at the base, and rather obtuse, in the first variety ; more or less crenate-serrate
(sometimes rather acutely), acute but not attenuate at the base, and rather conspicuously
acuminate, in the second. Cyme 2 - 2J inches in diameter ; the peduncle often two inches
long in the former var., less than an inch and often nearly sessile in the latter. Fruit about
one-third of an inch long, ovoid, abruptly pointed, slightly compressed, dark blue, -with a
glaucous bloom. Nucleus or stone much compressed, slightly convex on one side and a
shallow groove on the other.

Swamps : the first variety common in the northern and western parts of the State, but not
found south of Hudson ; the other in the neighborhood of New- York, and I think also in the
cedar swamps of Long Island. Fl. May - June. Fr. September.

Many botanists consider the V. cassinoides, Linn, (pyrifolium, Fursh, <J-r.), a distinct
species from V. nudum, but there are intermediate forms that seem to connect them.

•

2. Viburnum prunifolium, Li7in. Black Haiv. Sloe.

Leaves roundish-oval, broadly ovate or obovate, coriaceo-membranaceous, obtuse or with a
slight abrupt point, finely serrate with appressed or uncinate teeth, smooth ; petiole with a
very narrow and even margin ; cymes sessile or nearly so ; fruit oblong-ovoid. — Lin7i. sp. 1.
p. 268 ; Michx.fl. l.p. 178 ; Fursh, fl. l.p. 201 ; "Duham. arb. (ed. nov.) 2. t. 38 ; Wats.

Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 305

dcndr. Brit. t. 23 ; Guimp. Otto (^ Hayne, holz. t. \0\ ;" Ell. sk. 1. p. 365 ; Torr. ft. 1.
p. 318 ; Ilook. ft. Bor.-Atn. \.p. 279 ; Beck, hot. p. lofi ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 202 ; Torr.
4- Gr. ft. N. Avi. 2. p. 14. V. pyrifolium, Poir. diet. 5. p. 658 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 325.

A shrub or small tree (8-15 feet liigh), with numerous spreading branches, and short
lateral spurs which are sometimes almost thorny. Leaves usually 1-2 inches long and
rounded, smooth on both sides : petiole about half an inch long. Cymes about 3 inches in
diameter, terminating the short lateral branches or spurs ; the primary divisions usually about
4. Fruit one-third of an inch long, bluish-black and slightly glaucous when mature ; the
nucleus much compressed.

Woods and thickets ; rare north and west of the Highlands, but very common in the
neighborhood of New-York. Fl. May - June. Fr. September - October. _ -

3. Viburnum Lentago, Linn. ' Sweet Viburnum.

Leaves ovate, conspicuously acuminate, finely serrate with sharp slightly uncinate teeth,
rather thin, smooth , the midrib and undulate margin of the i)eliole dotted with minute brown
scales when young ; cymes sessile ; fruit oval. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 268 ; Micluc. ft. I. p. 178 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 365 ; Ton: fl. 1. p. 318 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 116 ; Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 21 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 325 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 279 ; Beck, hot. p. 156 ; Barlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 203 ; Torr. Sf Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 15.

A tree 15-20 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; the upper ones usually broadly ovate;
lower ones narrower, acute at the base, or sometimes slightly cordate : the petiole 6-8 lines
long, distinctly margined. Cymes often 4 inches in diameter. Fruit rather larger than in the
preceding species, bluish-black, with a glaucous bloom ; the pulp thin and sweetish : nucleus
nearly flat on both sides.

Woods and banks of streams, commonly in rich soils ; common, particularly in the interior
of the State. Fl. May. Fr. October. The fruit is rather palatable, especially after having
been frozen.

4. Viburnum dentatum, Linn. Arrow-wood.

Leaves roundish-ovate, coarsely and sharply serrate-toothed, mostly acute, appearing plicate
from the strong and nearly simple straight veins, smooth and somewhat shining above, pale
underneath, with tufts of villous hairs in the axils of the veins ; cymes pedunculate, nearly
smooth ; fruit small, globose-ovoid ; the nucleus deeply grooved or excavated on one side, and
obtusely ridged on the other. — Linn. sp. \. p. 268 ; Jacq. hort. Vind. I. t. 36; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 202 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 219 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 116; DC. prodr. 4. p. 326 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 280; Beck, hot. p. 156 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 203 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 16. V. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Keiv. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 372. V. dentatum, var. glabellum,
Michx. fl. I. p. 179 (partly).

[Flora.] 39

306 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Viburnum.

A shrub 6-8 feet high, with obtusely angular smooth branches ; the young shoots slender
and very straight. Leaves about 2 inches long, and of nearly the same breadth, often more
or less cordate ; the teeth slightly ciliate with fine hairs : petioles half an inch long. Cymes
on long naked peduncles. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Fruit the size of a small pea, nearly black
when ripe ; the pulp thin. Transverse section of the nucleus reniform ; the sides somewhat
incurved.

Low grounds and borders of rivers ; common. Fl. June. Fr. September.

5. Viburnum pubescens, Pursh. (Plate XLIII.) Pubescent Viburnum.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, with very short petioles, coarsely dentate-serrate,
appearing plicate from the straight sparingly branched veins, smoothish above, pubescent or
villous-tomentose underneath ; cyme pedunculate, nearly smooth ; fruit oblong ; the much
compressed nucleus slightly 2-grooved on one side, and obtusely ridged on the other. — Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 202 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 320 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 326 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280 ;
Beck, hot. p. 156 ; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 16. V. dentatum, var. pubescens, Ait,
Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 168. V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. fl. 1. p. 179 (partly).
V. villosum, Raf. in vied, repos. (hex. 2)5. pi. 361 (not of Swartz). V. tomentosum, Raf.
I. c. V. Rafinesquianum, Rcem. <^ Schult. syst. 6. p. 630.

A shrub 2-3 feet high, with grayish slender angular branches. Leaves about 2 inches
long, often cordate at the base, sometimes only pubescent on the veins underneath, but usually
clothed with a soft almost velvety pubescence. Peduncle at first about an inch long ; of the
fruit nearly twice as long. Calyx-teeth acute, purplish. Corolla larger than in the preceding
species. Fruit about one-fourth of an inch long, reddish, with a thin pulp.

Dry rocky banks, and in bushy places. Highlands of New-York ; about Albany and Troy,
and in the northern and western counties ; rather rare. Fl. June. Fr. August.

•* Leaves lobed or incised.

6. Viburnum acerifolium, Linn. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.

Leaves roundish or broadly ovate, mostly somewhat cordate, 3-lobed, 3-ribbed from the
base, coarsely and unequally toothed, velvety-pubescent and woolly in the axils underneath ;
the lobes diverging and mostly acuminate ; petioles (and young branchlets) pubescent, furnished
near the base with two setaceous stipule-like appendages ; cymes pedunculate ; fruit oval,
compressed. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 268 ; Vent. hort. Cels. t. 272 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 180 ; Pursh,
fl.l. p. 203 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 264 ; Wats, dendr. Brit. \.t.\\8; Torr.fl,. 1. p. 320 ; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 116 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280 (partly) ; Beck, hot. p. 156 ; DarUngt. fl.
Cest. p. 204 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 17.

A shrub 3-5 feet high, with smooth, straight and slender branches ; the smaller twigs
somewhat quadrangular. Leaves 3-5 inches in diameter, nearly smooth or with short scattered

ViBURRUM. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 307

hairs above, stellately and softly pubescent undcrneatli ; the petioles 1-1^ inch long. Peduncle
about two inches long. Cyme rather loose. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Anthers deep rose-color.
Drupes nearly black when ripe, 3-4 lines long ; the pulp thin : nucleus with two obtuse
ridges on one side, and two corresponding shallow grooves on the other.

Dry open woods ; very common. Fl. June. Fr. September. In the western part of the
State, this species is sometimes known by the name of Dogmackie.

7. Viburnum pauciflorum, Pylaie. Mountain Bush- Cranberry.

Branches and petioles smooth, or nearly so ; leaves roundish, seldom subcordate, slightly
3-lobed or incised at the summit, mostly 5-nerved from the base, unequally toothed-serrate,
sparingly pubescent on the veins underneath ; petioles destitute of glands and stipuliform
appendages; cymes small and simple, pedunculate, terminating the very short lateral branches;
filaments much shorter than the corolla. — Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 17. V. Oxycoccus,
var. eradiatum, Oakes in Hovey^s liort. mag. May, 1841.

A shrub 2-4 feel high. Leaves 1^ - 2^ inches in diameter, a little woolly in the axils of
the veins, sometimes scarcely at all lobed. Cymes about an inch in diameter. Anthers on
very short filaments, not exserted beyond the tube of the corolla. Fruit (rather immature)
roundish-ovoid, compressed, red : nucleus much compressed.

Mountains of Essex county. Fl. July 1st {Dr. Knieskern). Fr. (immature) August.
Mr. Oakes is confident that this plant is only an alpine form of V. Oxycoccus ( Opulus) ; and
it is certainly more nearly allied to that species than to V. acerifolium. It seems, however,
to be constant in its characters.

^ 2. Opulus, Tourn. Exterior fiowers of the corymb much larger than the others, and neutral; their

pedicels elongated.

8. Viburnum Opulus, Linn. Bush Cranberry, or High Cranberry.

Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-lobed, 3-ribbed from the base, the lobes acutely toothed ; petioles
glandular above, and often with stipule-like appendages at the base ; cymes pedunculate ;
fruit ovoid-globose, red. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 2C8 ; Engl. hot. t. 322 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am.
2. p. 18.

var. Americana : leaves remotely and rather obtusely toothed. Ait. Keto. (ed. 1.) \. p. 373;
Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. V. trilobum. Marsh, arbust. p. 162. V. Opulus, /3. Pimina, and y. edule,
Miclix. fl.\. p. 180. V. opuloides, Muhl. cat. p. 32. V. Oxycoccus and edule, Pursh, fl.
1. p. 203 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 320 ; DC.prodr. 4. p. 328 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 281 ; Beck,
hot. p. 157 ; Audubon, birds of Amcr. t. 148.

A shrub 3-10 feet high, with smooth gray spreading branches. Leaves 3-5 inches in
diameter , the lobes often somewhat falcate, nearly smooth above, sparsely hairy underneath :
petiole about an inch long, with 4-6 glands on the upper part : stipular appendages one or

39*

308 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Viburnum.

two pairs at or near the base of the petiole, subulate, often tipped with a gland. Cyme 3-4
inches in diameter ; the sterile flowers few or numerous, nearly an inch in diameter. Calyx-
teeth nearly obsolete. Drupes half an inch long, juicy, intensely acid and slightly bitter,
translucent when dry.

Swamps and banks of streams : rather common in the western part of the State, particularly
along the banks of the Mohawk ; rare elsewhere. Fl. May - June. Fr. End of September.
The acid fruit is sometimes used as a substitute for cranberries. The common Snowball
Bush of our gardens is a variety of this species, with the flowers all sterile. The two plants,
in the wild state, do not differ sufficiently to be considered separate species.

9. Viburnum lantanoides, Michx. Hohble-hush.

Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate, with a short abrupt acumination, finely and unequally or
doubly serrate, membranaceous ; the lower surface, and especially the prominent veins and
petioles, tomentose with a stellate rusty pubescence ; cymes sessile, the exterior flowers sterile
and very large ; fruit ovoid, the nucleus with a longitudinal groove on each side. — Michx.
fl. 1. p. 179; Pursh, fl. I. p. 202 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 319; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 117; DC. prodr.
4. p. 326 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 280 ; Beck, hot. p. 156 ; Torr. cj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 18. V. Lantana, /3. grandifolium, Ait. Kcio. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 373. V. Lantana, /3. Canadense,
Pers. syn. 1. p. 327. V. grandifolium. Smith, in Recs, cycl. no. 14.

A low shrub, with long flexuous reddish and often procumbent branches. Leaves 3-6
inches long, and of nearly the same breadth ; when young, clothed (as well as the cyme) with
a copious rusty pulverulent pubescence, much of which at length disappears, beautifully veined
underneath : petioles often with small stipular appendages at the base. Cymes 4-5 inches
in diameter ; the sterile flowers usually numerous, very large. Stamens about the length of
the lobes of the corolla. Drupes nearly black when ripe.

Shady primitive forests ; common in the northern and western parts of the State. Fl. May.
Fr. September. The long prostrate branches of this shrub are often an impediment to the
pedestrian in woods where it abounds : hence its common name.

Galium. RUBIACE^. 309

Order LII. RUBIACEiE. Juss. The Madder Tribe.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the o\'ary, or rarely partly or almost completely
free ; the limb mostly 4 - 5-cleft or toothed, rarely obsolete. Corolla with as
many lobes as there are divisions to the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes
of the corolla, and alternate with them. Fruit various. Embrvo straight or
slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of horny albumen. — Trees,
shrubs or often herbs ; the leaves either in whorls, or opposite and furnished
with stipules. Flowers regular,

^ Suborder I. Stellate, i?. Brown.

Leaves in whorls ; all but one pair generally supposed to take the place of
stipules, and only to be distinguished from true leaves by their never bearing
buds in their axils. ^Estivation of the corolla valvate. Ovary wholly coherent
with the tube of the calyx. Fruit consisting of two united indehiscent (dry

■ or baccate) one-seeded carpels. — Herbs or rarely sufTrutescent plants.

1. GALIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3110. BEDSTRAW. cleavers.

[Named from the Greek, gala, milk ; one of the species having been used to curdle milk.]

Calyx-Uibe ovate-globose or oblong ; the limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4- (rarely 3-) parted.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, short. Styles 2, united at the base : stigmas
globose. Fruit didymous, dry or sometimes fleshy, separable when ripe into 2 indehiscent
globose one-seeded carpels. Albumen horny. — Herbaceous or very rarely sufl'rutescent
plants, v?ith square stems ; the roots frequently containing a coloring matter. Flowers
small, axillary or terminal, in small cymes (which are often paniculate) or rarely solitary.

^ 1. Aparine, DC. Root annual.
1. Galium Aparine. Common Cleavers, or Goose-grass.

Stem weak, branching, retrorsely aculeate-hispid, hairy aboiU the joints ; leaves mostly
eight in a whorl, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, the margin and keel aculeolate ; peduncles
elongated, axillary, 1 - 2-flovi'cred ; fruit large, very hispid with hooked prickles. — Linn,
sp. I. p. 108 ; Engl. hot. 816 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103; Torr. fl. \. p. 166 ; Bigcl. fl. Bost.
p. 57; DC. prodr. 4. p. 608 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 290 ; Bech, hot. p. 162 ; Darlingt
fl. Cest. p. 100 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 20.

310 RUBIACE^. Galium.

Stem 4-8 feet long, trailing or supported by other plants, with numerous short branches.
Whorls rather remote ; the leaves (sometimes only 6)1-2 inches long and 2-3 lines wide,
tapering to the base. Flowers very small, white. Fruit larger than in most other species of
the genus, densely clothed with short white hooked hairs.

Shady thickets, margins of woods and along fences : common in the neighborhood of New-
York ; rather rare in the interior of the State. Fl. May. Perhaps introduced from Europe.

^2. EuGAHUM, DC. Root perennial: peduncles 3 - many-Jlmcered.

* Flowers white or someti'mes gree^iish : peduncles axillary or terminal, few-flowered, occasionally so'mewAat clustered at the

exlremil.y of the branches.

2. Galium trifidum, Linn. Small Bedstraw.

Stem flaccid, decumbent or ascending, brandling, the angles retrorsely scabrous ; leaves in
whorls of 4 - 6 (the lower frequently 5 or 6, the upper 4 or .5), linear or oblanceolate , the
margin and midrib minutely (often retrorsely) aculeolate-scabrous ; peduncles axillary and
terminal, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla and stamens often 3 ; fruit smooth and even. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 105 ; Fl. Dan. t. 48 ; Pursh, fl.\. p. 103 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 165 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 56 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 597 ; Beck, hot. p. 161 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 99 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 22. G. Claytoni, Midix. fl. 1. p.78; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 288.

var. tinctorium : stem (usually stouter) scarcely or not at all rough ; lobes of the corolla
and stamens mostly 4. Torr. <J- Gr. I. c. G. tinctorium, Linn. I. c; Pursh, I. c; Torr.
I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. p. 100.

var. latifolium : stem diffuse, not rough ; leaves elliptical or oblong, the margins and midrib
manifestly ciliolate-scabrous. Torr. fl. 1. p. 165; Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. G. obtusum, Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 55 ; Beck, hot. p. 162.

Stem sometimes only a few inches high, but usually a foot or eighteen inches, at first erect,
but finally diflfuse and assurgent. Leaves often only four in a whorl, about three-fourths of
an inch long, variable in breadth, usually very narrow, but in the second variety sometimes
3-4 lines wide. Pedicels of the fruit slender. Fruit very small.

Swamps and moist shady woods. Fl. June - July. Fr. August - September. Indigenous
also to the north of Europe. The two varieties have been regarded as distinct species from
G. trifidum by many botanists, but they are all connected by intermediate forms, so that it is
impossible to separate them by any constant marks. All our varieties usually turn black in
drying.

3. Galium asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.

Stem diffuse, much branched, the angles very rough with minute and rigid retrorse prickles;
leaves 6 (those of the branchlcts often 4 - 5) in a whorl, elliptical or lanceolate, mucronate or
acuminate, the margins and midrib aculeolate-hispid ; branches 2 - 3-forked ; pedicels filiform,

Galium. RUBIACE^E. 311

divaricatfi ; fruit smooth or somewliat hispid. — Michx. jl. I. p. 78 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 10.3;
Torr.Jl. 1. p. 166 ; Bigel. Jl. Host. p. 51 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 598 ; Beck, hot. p. 162 ; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 100. G. Pennsylvanicum, Muhl. cat. p. 15. G. micranthum, Pursh, jl.
1. p. 103?

Stem flaccid, 4-8 feet long, usually supported on other plants, to which it adheres by its
numerous little hooked prickles, very much branched above. Leaves 6-8 lines long, tapering
at the base ; the lower ones rather obtuse, with a short mucronate tip ; the upper ones
acuminate and cuspidate. Flowers minute, but very numerous ; the filiform peduncles twice
2 — 3-forked. Segments of the corolla ovate, acute. Fruit usually smooth, but sometimes
with a very few hooked prickles ; one of the carpels often abortive.

Wet thickets ; not rare. Fl. July - August. The plant usually turns black in drying.

4. Galium triflorum, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.

Stem flaccid, reclining or procumbent, retrorsely somewhat aculeate-scabrous or slightly
hispid on the angles, shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl, narrowly elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate,
acuminate-cuspidate, 1 -nerved, veiny, smooth, the margins and sometimes also the midrib
minutely ciliolate-hispid or scabrous ; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly 3-flowered at
the extremity ; the flowers all pedicellate ; segments of the corolla cuspidate ; fruit hispid
with hooked haivs.— Michx. fl. 1. p.80; Willd hort. Berol. t. 66 ; Pursh, fl.\. p. 104 ;
Torr. fl. I. p. \67 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 56 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 60\ ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 290 ; Beck, hot. p. 162 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 101 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 23.
G. cuspidatum, Muhl. cat. p. 15 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 197; DC. I c. G. brachiatum, Pursh, fl.
1. p. 103. G. suaveolens, Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 48, G. Pennsylvanicum, Bart, compend. fl.
Phil. 1. p. 83, not of Muhl.

Stem 1-4 feet long, generally procumbent, with a few short diverging branches, sometimes
quite smooth, but commonly a little rough. Leaves from half an inch to an inch and a quarter
in length, thin and membranaceous ; the midrib very prominent. Flowers rather few ; the
pedicels widely divaricate. Corolla greenish-white. Fruit densely hispid with white hairs.

Moist woods and shady thickets ; common. Fl. July. Fr. September. The plant exhales
a vanilla-like odor in drying.

♦ * PUticeri duttpurpk or brownish : pedunelcs axillary and terminal, usually ticice or tAriee forked or Z-parted.

5. Galium pilosum, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw.

Stem ascending, nearly simple, hairy ; leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate, mucronate,
indistinctly 3-nerved at the base, punctate with pellucid dots, hairy and ciliate ; peduncles
usually twice or thrice 2-forked, or trichotomous ; fruit densely hispid with hooked prickles.
—Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) I. p. 145; Pursh, fl. \.p. 104; Ell. sk. 1. p. 196; Torr.fl. \.p. 167;
Beck, hot. p. 163 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 101 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 24. G. punc-
ticulosum, ,3. pilosum, DC. prodr. 4. p. 601.

312 RUBIACE^. Galium.

Stems 2 feet liigli, often several from one root, more or less pubescent, particularly or the
angles. Leaves 6-8 lines long, and about 3 lines wide. Flowering branches or peduncles
twice or thrice divided, with a whorl of small leaves as the division. Corolla brownish-purple ;
the lobes acuminate. Fruit middle-sized, densely clothed with white bristles.

Dry woods and copses ; not rare. Fl. June. Fr. August.

6. Galium circ^zans, Michx. Wild Liquorice.

Stems usually several from one root, or branching from the base, erect or ascending ; leaves
4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent, the margin
and nerves ciliate ; peduncles terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves, once or twice
2 - 3-forked, divaricate in fruit ; the flowers remote, deflesed, on very short lateral i)edicels ;
fruit densely hispid witii hooked bristles. — Michx. Jl. I. p. 80 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 104 ; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 197 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 168 (cxcl. syn. Gron.) ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 55 ; DC. prodr. 4.
p. 601 ; Beck, hot. p. 163 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 102 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 24.
G. brachiatum, Mulil. cat. p. 15, not of Pursh. G. boreale, Walt. fl. Car. p. 257. G.
circaeoides, Rasm. <^ Schult. syst. 3. p. 256.

var. lanceolatum : leaves lanceolate or often ovate-lanceolate, rather acute. Torr. cat.pl.
N. York, p. 23 ; DC. I. c; Torr. <^- Gr. I. c. G. lanceolatum, Torr. fl. I. p. 168; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Atn. 1. p. 280; Beck, hot. p. 103; Darliyigt. I. c. G. Torreyi, Bigel. I. c. p. 56.

Stems 10 - 18 inches high, shining, a little pubescent towards the summit, usually nearly
or quite smooth below. Leaves 1 - 1 ^ (and in var. lanceolatum often more than 2) inches
long, more or less pubescent, sometimes hairy on both sides (particularly on the veins), marked
on the under surface with indistinct scattered roundish and linear dots. Terminal peduncle
3-forked to the base ; the divisions either simple or two-forked, with several somewhat secund
flowers on each branch : a very small bracteal leaf at the base of each short pedicel. Corolla
usually brownish-purple, rarely cream-colored ; the lobes acuminate-cuspidate. Fruit clothed
with dense white bristles.

Fertile woods ; common. Fl. June - July. Fr. August - September. The root is slightly
sweetish in both varieties. The two forms seem to pass into each other, but in their extreme
states they certainly appear very diff"erent.

**♦ Flowers n-hik; the peduncUs disposed in a terminal panicle.

7. Galium boreale, Linn. Northern Bedstraw.

Stem straight, erect, smoothisli, paniculately branched above ; leaves 4 in a whorl, linear-
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, rather obtuse ; panicle elongated, somewhat pyramidal ; fruit
hispid witli short scarcely uncinate hairs, or sometimes smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 108; Pursh,
fl. I. p. 104 ; Torr.fl. l.p. 169 ; Hook.fl. Bar -Am. \.p. 289 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 103;
Torr. ^ Gr, fl. N. Am. 2. p. 25. G. Bermudianum, Muhl. cat. p. 15. G. slrictum, Torr.
cat. pi. N. York, p. 23. G. seplentrionale, Rann. ^ Schult. sijst. 3. p. 253 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
J>. 53 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 601 ; Beck, hot. p. 163.

Galium. RUBIACEiE. 313

Whole plant somewhat glaucous. Stem 1^-2 feet high, usually smooth and shining, or
only slightly rough on the angles. Leaves of the stem about an inch and a quarter long ; of
the branches scarcely half as long, 2-4 lines wide, when dry a little revolute on the margin,
which is slightly scabrous, as is also the midrib. Flowers numerous and rather crowded.
Lobes of the corolla acute. Fruit rather small, usually a little hispid.

Dry woods and rocky banks of rivers ; rather common in the northern and western counties ;
rare in the southern part of the State. Fl. July - August.

Suborder II. Cinxhone^. Torr. S)- Gr.

Leaves opposite or very rarely verticillate. Stipules one or two on each side
between the petioles (interpetiolar), often united with each other or with the
petioles, or with both so as to form a sheath. ./Estivation of the corolla
valvate, imbricated or contorted. Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx,
or very rarely with the upper portion free. — Trees or shrubs, very rarely
herbs.

Tribe I. SPERMACOCEjE. Cham. ^ Schlecht.

Fruit dry or scarcely fleshy, composed of two {rarely three or four) l-seeded carpels, which
are variously combined ; so7netimes separating and indehiscent, or variously dehiscent,
but never loculicidal. Albumen fleshy and somewhat horny. Estivation of the corolla
usually valvate. — Herbs or shrubs. Stijmles membranaceous at the base, usually with
several bristles at the apex.

2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 3138. nvTTON-BVSH.

[ From the Greek, kephale, ahead, and a?Uhos, a flower; the flowers growing in heads.]

Calyx-tube obpyramidal ; the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, slender ; the lobes of the
4-cleft limb erect, imbricate in estivation. Stamens 4, scarcely exserted. Style filiform,
much exserted : stigma clavate-capitatc. Fruit inversely pyramidal, coriaceous, 2-4-
celled, separating from the base to the summit into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. Seeds
pendulous, conformed to the cell, crowned with a kind of corky arillus. Embryo straight,
in the axis of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons oblong, foliaceous : radicle
slender. — Shrubs, with oval or lanceolate, opposite or ternate leaves. Flowers white, in
dense globose heads.

1. Cephalanthus occidentalis, Linn. Butter-bush, or Pond-Dogrcood.

Leaves opposite and ternate, ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, distinctly petioled, usually
smooth ; peduncles longer than the heads, usually ternate at the extremity of the branches. —
[Flora.] 40

314 RUBIACEiE. Cephalanthus.

Michx. fl. 1. p. 87 ; Duham. arh. t. 54 ; Schk. handb. t. 21, and t. 5 (^ 6.fr.; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 114; Ell. sk. \.p. 186; Torr.jl. \.p. 164; Bart.fl. Am. Sept. 3. t. 91 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.
p. 51 ; Beck, hot. p. 161 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 98 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 31.

A shrub 3-8 feet high, with opposite branches. Leaves 3-5 inches long and 1-2
inches wide, opposite and ternate often on the same branch : petiole about an inch long.
Stipules small, ovate, often serrate or toothed ; sometimes united. Heads of flowers (exclusive
of the exserted styles) about an inch in diameter, on peduncles an inch and a half long.
Flowers sessile, inserted on a globose hairy receptacle. Caly.x-tube produced a little above
the ovary ; lobes ovate. Corolla tapering downward into a long funnel-form tube ; the lobes
obtuse. Style nearly twice as long as the corolla.

Borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps ; common. Fl. July - August. Fr. September.

Tribe II. GUETTARDEJE. Kunth.

Fruit drupaceous, 2 - 8-celled, or containing 2-8 one-seeded nucules. Seeds somewhat
terete, elongated, usually erect. Albumen mostly fleshy. jEstivatio7i of the corolla
usually contorted or valvate. — Small trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Stipules
between the petioles.

3. MITCHELLA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. m; Endl. gen. 3188. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

[ In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia.]

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Limb of the calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-
form, with a slender tube, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside with white
hairs. Stamens 4 : filaments inserted into the throat of the corolla : anthers oblong. Style
filiform : stigmas four, linear. Fruit baccate, depressed-globose, composed of the united
ovaries of both flowers, each of which contains 4 small horny 1 -seeded nucules. Embryo
minute, at the extremity of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons short ; the radicle
thick. — Smooth creeping evergreen herbs, with opposite or roundish petioled leaves.
Stipules triangular-subulate, minute. Flowers terminal, white or pale rose-color^ fragrant.
Fruit bright red, edible.

1. MiTCHELLA REPENS, Linn. Partridge-berry.

Leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate ; peduncle 2-flowered. — Linn. sp. I. p. Ill ;
Michx. fl. 1. p. 86 ; Pursh. fl. 1. p. 101 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 198 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 174 ; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 52 ; Bart. fl. Am. Sept. 3. t. 95. /. 1 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 452 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 287 ; Beck, bot. p. 160 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 105 ; Torr.<^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 34. Syringa baccata, Pluk. amalth. t. 444. /. 2 ; Catesb. Carol. 1. t. 20.

Stems slender, 6-12 inches long, branching in all directions, and striking root at the joints.
Leaves about half an inch long, dark green and shining, generally marked with a central

MiTcnELLA. RUBIACE.E. 315

wliiiish longitudinal line, of a firm and somewhat coriaceous texture : petiole shorter than the
lamina. Flowers about half an inch long, of two kinds in difi'crent plants : one kind with the
stamens conspicuously exserted, and the style included ; the other with the stamens included
and the style exserted : the parts usually in fours, but not unfrequenlly in fives, and some-
times in sixes. Berries about one-third of an inch in diameter, crowned with the persistent
teeth of 2 calyces, edible but insipid, remaining through the winter and following spring.

Moist woods, about the roots of trees ; common. Fl. June. Fr. September. The plant
turns black in drying.

Tribe III. HEDYOTIDE^. Cham, if Schlecht

Fruit capsular, 2-celled, usually loculicidal ; the cells several- or many-seeded. Seeds
wingless. Albumen fleshy. ^Estivation of the corolla mostly imhricate or contorted. —
Hcrhs or shrubs. Stipules between the petioles, either one or two on each side, or
frequently united with the petioles into a membranaceous sheath, which is often J ringed
with bristles. ■•

4. HEDYOTIS. Linn. ; A. Richard, Rubiac. in tnem. soc. hist. Pur 5. p. 133; Wight
^ Am. prodr. fl. Ind. Or. 1. p. 405 ; Endl. gen. 3240. BLUETS.

Hedtotis, Hocstonia and Oldenlandia, Linn. Anotis, &c. DC.
[ From the Greek, hedijs, sweet, and mis (otos), an ear; the leaves resembling the cars of some animals.]

Calyx-tube ovate or globose ; the limb 4-toothed. Corolla fuiinel-form, salver-form or rotate,
4-lobed ; the lobes imbricate in aestivation. Stamens 4, inserted either into the throat or
towards the base of the tube. Stigma usually 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Capsule globose, ovoid
or obcordate, mostly coriaceous, the summit often free from and exserted beyond the calyx,
2-celled, open across the summit by loculicidal dehiscence, and at length the valves also
split at the top. Seeds few or numerous, on placentae which project into each cell ; the
testa pitted or reticulate. — Herbs or sufTruticose plants. Stipules connate with the petiole,
entire, toothed, or sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers axillary or terminal, sohlary
or cymulose, or glomerate. Most of the species turn blackish in drying.

^ 1 . Corolla funnelform or salver form ; the tube much longer than the calyx-teeth : stamens in one
plant inserted in or near the throat of the corolla, and often exserted, and then the style included ;
in the other, the stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla near its base, and the style exserted :
capsule more or less free from the calyx towards the summit, with feio (8 - 20) seeds in each
cell : seeds with a deep hollow on the face, pitted or reticulated.

. 1. Hedyotis ciERULEA, Hook. Co7n7non Bluets. Dwarf Risk.

Annual or biennial, smooth ; stems numerous, erect or spreading, dichotomous ; leaves
oval-spatulate or oblanceolate , the ladical and lower ones tapering at the base and somewhat

40*

316 RUBIACEiE. Hedyotts.

petioled, usually sparsely ciliate ; peduncles filiform, elongated ; corolla salver-form ; capsule
reniform-obcordate, free above the middle ; seeds roundish, scrobiculate. — Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 286 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 104 ; Torr. tj- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 38. Houstonia
csrulea, Linn. sp. 1. p. 105 ; Bot. mag. t. 370 ; Piirsh, fl. 1. p. 106 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 192 ;
Bart.fl. Am. Sept. t. 34./. 1 ; Torr.fl. \.p. 172; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 53 ; Beck, bot. p. 242.
H. Linnaei, a. elatior, Michx. fl. 1. p. 85.

Stems 3-6 inches high, branching from the base ; the branches very slender, at first mostly
erect, finally somewhat spreading. Radical leaves 3-5 lines long and about 2 lines wide,
almost hispid on both sides, as well as on the margin ; the upper ones smaller, much narrower
and nearly smooth. Peduncles 1-2 inches long in fruit. Flowers 4-5 lines long. Segments
of the caly.x oblong, (distant in fruit, with the sinuses rounded.) Corolla blue or blue and
white, sometimes all white, with a yellow centre ; the lobes somewhat ovate and acute.
Capsule broader than long, more than half free from the caly.x, dehiscent down to the calyx.
Seeds 8 - 15 in each cell.

Grassy wet banks, and in woods. April - September.

2. Hedyotis ciliolata, Ton: (Plate XLIV.) Fringed-leaved Bluets.

Stems usually numerous and somewhat cespitose, at length spreading, nearly smooth ;
leaves rather thick, obscurely one-nerved ; cauline ones oblanceolate or linear-oblong ; the
radical and lowest cauline ones oval- or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, ciliate with
short rigid hairs ; cymules mostly 2 - 3-flowered, in corymbose clusters ; peduncles and
pedicels short ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, about the length of the nearly globose
capsule; corolla funnel-form. — Torr. in Sprang, cur. post. p. 40; DC. prodr. 4. p. 422;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 286 ; To7r. <^- Gr. fl. N. A7n. 2. p. 40. Houstonia ciliolata, Torr.
fl. 1. p. 174 ; Beck, hot. p. 243. H. serpyllifolia, Graham in hot. mag. t. 2882, not oi Michx.

Stems 4-6 inches high, at first erect, at length spreading. Radical leaves in a spreading
circular tuft, 6-8 lines long, somewhat coriaceous ; the cauline pairs rather few and distant
(the lower internode often 2 inches in length), all of them ciliolate. Stipules broadly ovate,
obtuse. Flowers numerous, about one-third of an inch long, lilac or pale purple. Calyx-
segments about one-third the length of the corolla, linear-lanceolate. Capsule about one half
free from the caly.\ ; the cells 8 - 10-secdcd.

Banks of rivers and lakes. Goat Island, Falls of Niagara {Prof. Hadley). On the Genesee
river, near Rochester {Prof. Dewey and Mr. J. Carey). Shore of Lake Ontario and on the
banks of Black river, Jefferson county {Dr. Knieskern). Fl. May - August.

3. Hedyotis longifolia, Hook. Long-leaved Bluets.

Smooth ; stems erect ; leaves linear and oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, tapering to the
base, 1-nerved, roughish on the margin, but not ciliate ; the radical ones narrowly oval or

Hedyotis. RUBIACE.E. 317

oblong, attenuated below into a petiole ; cymules 2 - 3-flowered, somewhat paniculate ; the
pedicels at first short, finally nearly equal, and longer than the fruit ; lobes of the calyx
subulate-lanceolate, mostly longer than the tube, but shorter ihan or scarcely exceeding the
nearly globose capsule ; corolla funnel-form. — Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. j^- 286 (cxcl. syn. Michx.);
Torr. cj- Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 40. Iloustonia longifolia, Gart.fr. 1. p. 226. t. 49./. 8 (fruit);
Willd. sp. 1. p. 583 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 192 ; Torr. Jl. \.p. 173 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 53 ; Hook,
bat. mag. t. 3099; //. //. Eaton in Transylv . jour . med. March, 1832; Beck, hot. p. 243.
H. angustifolia, Pursh, jl. 1. p. 106, not of Michx.

Stems 5 — 8 inches high, slender, usually several from one root, 4-sided, the angles promi-
nent. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long, and 1-2 lines wide ; the pairs somewhat
approximated. Stipules short and broad, but rather acute, scarious. Flowers about 3 lines
long. Corolla about three times as long as the lobes of the calyx, pale purple, or sometimes
nearly white. Capsule about half free from the calyx; the cells about 10-seeded.

Dry hill-sides, fields, etc. Catskill and Troy ; also abundant on Hempstead Plains, about
Oyster Bay, &c. Long Island. Fl. June - August.

^ 2. Flowers all similar : corolla rotate, shorter than the calyx-teeth : capsule wholly adherent to the
calyx ; the cells many- (60 or more) seeded : herb annual.

4. Hedyotis glomerata, EH. ~ Cluster-Jlowered Bluets.

Stem erect or somewhat diffuse, hairy-pubescent, branching; leaves oblong or elliptical-
lanceolate, narrowed at the base or slightly pelioled, nearly smooth ; flowers mostly glomerate
in the axils ; tube of the calyx hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Ell. sk. 1. p. 187 ; Torr.fl. 1.
p. 171 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 421 ; Beck, hot. p. 160; Torr. <J- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 42. H.
auricularia, Walt.Jl. Car. p. 85, not of Linn. H. glomerata and Virginica, Spreng. syst. 1.
p. 412. Oldenlandia uniflora, Linn. sp. 1. p. 119. O. glomerata, Michx. Jl. l.p. 83; Pursh,
Jl. l.p. 102.

Whole plant of a dull green color. Stem 2-4 inches high, at first simple and erect, at
length branching from the base, and assurgent. Leaves about half an inch long ; upper ones
nearly sessile and crowded. Stipules adnate to the short petioles, cleft into two subulate
divisions. Flowers sometimes solitary, or 2 - 3 together, but usually clustered ; when few
or terminal, they are mostly pedicellate. Calyx with ovate foliaceous segments. Corolla
white ; tube very short : segments ovate, generally spinulous, one-third the length of the
calyx. Stamens scarcely exserted : anthers somewhat globose. Style almost none : stigmas
oblong, obtuse. Capsule large for the size of the flower, globose-didymous, crowned with
the persistent teeth of the calyx.

Moist and usually shady places. In a wet woods, Bloomingdale, on the Island of New-
York ; and on the borders of a swamp about a mile from Brooklyn, Long Island. Fl. August.

318 VALERIANACE.E. Valeriana.

Group 2. Ovary coherent with the calyx (the limh assuming the form of a croivn
or pa/p'pus, or else is obsolete), one-celled or sometimes with two e7npty cells,
one-ovuled. Seeds rvith little or no albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Fruit a hind of achenium. — Flowers commonly in heads.

Order LIII. VALERIANACEtE. DC. The Valerian Tribe.

Limb of the calyx 2 - 4-tootlieci, obsolete or forming a kind of pappus. Corolla
tubular-funnelform or obcouical, sometimes gibbous or with a spur at the base ;
the limb mostly 5-lobed. Stamens distinct, usually fewer than the lobes of
the corolla. Ovary wath one perfect cell, and two abortive ones. Fruit
membranaceous or coriaceous, indehiscent, one-celled, or 3-celled with two
of the cells empty. Seed suspended. — Herbs with opposite leaves and no
stipules ; the perennial species with thick strong-scented roots or rhizomas.
Flowers in dichotomous cymes or panicles.

1. VALERIANA. Town. ; DC. mem. Valer. ; Eiidl. gen. 2186. VALERIAN.

[ From the Latin, falcii, to be powerful ; on account of its mcilicinal virtues.]

Limb of the calyx involute after flowering, at lengtii unfolding into a feathery pappus. Corolla
obconical, with a cylindrical tube which is often gibbous, but not spurred at the base ; the
limb obtusely 5-lobed, regular. Stamens 3. Fruit one-celled when mature, one-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with the leaves entire or divided. Flowers
cymose ; those in the forks sessile ; the cymules often paniculate or glomerate. Bracts
usually opposite. Corolla white, sometimes bluish or rose-color.

1. Valeriana sylvatica. Herb. Banks. (PI. XLV.) Tall Swa/fip Valerian.

Smooth ; stem slightly striate, simple ; radical leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire or
rarely with two small auriculate lobes, on slender petioles ; cauline ones pmnately divided ;
the divisions lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate, the terminal one larger;
flowers all perfect and similar, numerous, in a cyme which is at first compact, but at length
open corymbose ; lobes of the stigma 2-3, minute ; fruit oblong-ovoid, compressed, smooth.
— Richards, in app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 2; Houk.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 291 ; Torr. <^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 47. V. dioica, Fursh, Jl. 1. p. 727.

var. uUginosa : leaves ciliate, the surface often minutely pubescent ; the terminal division
frequently toothed. To7-r. <^ Gr. I. c. V. sylvatica? Beck, hot. p. 164.

Roots consisting of numerous long fibres, having the odor of V. officinalis. Plant 2-3 feet
high. Stem simple, sometimes a little pubescent wlien young, but commonly smooth, erect.

Valeriana. VALERIANACE.^i:. 319

Stem-leaves 3-6 inches long ; the divisions in 2-5 pairs, varying from oblong-ovate to
linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, often entire, but usually with a few remote and small teeth.
Flowers numerous, in a pedunculate 2 - 3-forked compound cyme. Calyx, as in the rest of
the genus, with the limb at first curled inwards so as to be almost concealed, at length un-
folding into a beautiful pappus of numerous feathery rays. Corolla about three lines long,
gibbous at the base, rose-color. Stamens cxserted. Style very long and filiform : stigmas
2. Fruit ribbed.

Sphagnous swamp in Savannah, Wayne county {Dr. Sartwell). Fl. June - July. The
only other known locality of this interesting plant, in the United States, is Fairhaven, Vermont,
where it was first found by Dr. Robbins. Its medicinal properties are no doubt exactly similar
to those of V. dioica, to which it is nearly allied. :

2. FEDIA. Manch. ; J. Woods in Linn, trans. 17. p. 421. t. 21. CORN-SALAD.

Fedia and Valerianella, M<rnch., DC, Endl., <f-c.
[A name of uncertain meaning.]

Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete. Tube of the corolla not spurred, but
sometimes gibbous at the base ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or somewhat irregular. Stamens
2 or 3. Stigma entire, or 2 - 3-lobed. Fruit 3-celled ; two of the cells empty (sometimes
confluent into one) ; the other one-seeded. — Annual smoothish herbs, more or less dichoto-
mous above. Leaves oblong or linear, sessile, entire, or often toothed or incised near the
base Flowers in glomerate or crowded cymules, white, rose-color or purple. Bracts
opposite, or somewhat involucellate. -

§. Valerianella, Moench. Corolla with a short tube and regular limb: stamens 3 : stigma 3-clefl
or entire : empty cells of the fruit membranaceous and inflated, or sometimes nerviform.

1. Fedia Fagopyrum, Torr. S<; Gr. (PI. XL VI.) Buckwheat Corn-salad.

Fruit triangular, with an ovate outline, nearly smooth when mature, obscurely 3 - 5-toothed
at the apex ; the lateral angles acute , the anterior somewhat obtuse ; upper leaves mostly
entire and rather acute ; flowers white. — Torr. ^ Gr.fl.N. Am. 2. p. 52. F. radiata, Torr.
jl. 1. p. 35 (chiefly), not oi Michx. Valeriana radiata, Beck, bot. p. 164 (partly).

Stem 6-18 inches high, usually twice 2-forked above. Leaves about an inch long, some-
what glaucous, a little connate ; the lower spatulale , uppermost lanceolate-oblong. Bracts
lanceolate, acute ; the margins slightly scarious. Corolla funnel-form, about a line and a half
long, with a small protuberance on the side of the short narrow tube : lobes semiovate, nearly
equal. Stamens and styles included. Stigma small, nearly entire. Fruit about 1 i line long,
acute, crowned with the minute border of the calyx : two of the angles sharp ; the other
occupied by the 2 contracted empty cells, which always remain distinct.

Wet shady grounds. Banks of the Mohawk river, near Utica {Dr. Gray <J- Dr. Knieskern).
Penn-Yan {Dr. Sartwell). May - June.

320 DIPSACE^. DiPSAcus.

Order LIV. DIPSACE^E. Vaill; DC. The Scabious Tribe.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, or sometmies free except at the summit;
the Hmb various, sometimes forming a bristly or plumose pappus. Corolla
tubular ; the limb 4 or 5-lobed, somewhat irregular. Stamens 4, distinct or
rarely united in pairs, often unequal. Ovary one-celled, with a single suspended
ovule. Fruit an achenium or membranaceous, not opening, crowned with the
limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy
albuiren. — Herbs with opposite or whorled sessile leaves, destitute of stipules.
Flowers aggregated on a common receptacle, in dense involucrate heads, each
surrounded at the base with a very short involucel.

1. DIPSACUS. Toiirn.; Linn. : E?idl. gen. 2191. teasel.

I From the Greek, dipsao, to be thirsty ; the upper leaves holding water at their connate bases]

Flowers capitate ; the involucre many-leaved, longer than the somewhat foliaceous and
acuminate chaff of ihe receptacle. Involucels 4-sided, closely investing the ovary and
fruit. Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary ; the limb cup-shaped or discoid. Limb
of the corolla 4-cIeft. Stigma longitudinal. — Biennial erect stout herbs, hairy or prickly.
Leaves opposite, often connate at the base, undivided or laciniate. Heads large, oblong or
roundish ; the expansion of the flowers commencing about the middle, and proceeding in
opposite directions. Corolla pale purple, yellowish or whitish.

1. DiPSACus sYLVESTEis, Mill. Wild Teasel.

Leaves sessile, slightly connate , radical ones crenate-toothed ; scales of the receptacle
straight at the extremity ; involucres curved upward. — Mill. diet. no. 2 ; Engl. hot. t. 1032 ;
Pursh,Jl. \.p. 96 ; Torr.Jl. 1. p. 164 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 645 ; Beck, hot. p. 165 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 98 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 54.

Stem 3 — 5 feet high, branching, angular and (as well as the involucres and midrib of the
leaves) prickly. Radical leaves lanceolate-oblong ; cauline ones lanceolate, serrate or entire.
Leaflets of the involucre slender, longer than the head. Heads of flowers oblong-ovoid.
Corolla pale purple or almost white, pubescent. Scales of the receptacle oblong-cuneate,
tapering into a long straight point ; those at the top of the head longest.

Fields, road-sides, etc. ; naturalized in many places. A native of Europe. Fl. July —
August. This is suspected by some botanists to be the original of the D. Fullonum, or
Fuller''s Teasel.

COMPOSITE. 321

Order LV. COMPOSITiE. Vaill. ; Linn. The Composite Tribe.

Flowers collected into a dense head (compound flower of the older botanists), ou
a common receptacle, and surrounded by bracts (scales) forming an involucre
common calyx of LimiccusJ ; the separate flowers often furnished with brac-
teoles (chajf or paleae). Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary, and
inseparable from it ; the limb (called pappus) composed of bristles, plumose
hairs, scales, etc., or rarely fbliaceous, often wanting or reduced to a mere
margin. Corolla usually composed of 5 united j^etals, either ligulate or tubular.
Stamens 5 (rarely fewer); the anthers linear, united into a tube (syngenesious),
sometimes with an appendage at the top (appendiculate), or at the base (caudate).
Ovary one-celled, with a single erect ovule : style in the fertile flowers 2-cleft ;
the lobes or branches mostly flattish inside, and often furnished with hairs for
collecting the pollen, the proper stigmatic surface being in the form of sliglitly
elevated lines along the inner margin.* Fruit an achenium, crowned with the
limb of the calyx or pappus. Seed destitute of albumen : radicle short :
cotyledons flat or plano-convex. — Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; the branches
often corymbose. Flowers in each head expanding fi'om the margin to the
centre ; either all of the same color (Iwmochromous), or the marginal ones
different from those of the disk (heterochromous\

An immensely large ami very natural order, embracing about onc-tent!i of all the phenogamous plants of the world, or
of this State about one-ninth. The head of flowers may be considered as a very short or contracted spike; the receptacle
being the axis, and the scales of the involucre and the chafl', the bracts. The head is said to be homogamous, when all
the (lowers are perfect; or hekrogamoiis, when the marginal ones are pistillate or neuter, and the others are perfect or
etaminate. It is discnid, when all the flowers are tubular ; ligulate, when they are all flat or ligulate ; and ratliaU, when
the marginal ones only are ligulate, and the others tubular. Sometimes the flowers are wholly staminate on one plant
and pistillate on another, when thej' are said to be diacKnis. The receptacle is paleaceous or chaffy, when it is covered
with membranaceous scales (generally thinner than those of the involucre, and like them consisting of moilifled bracts).:
it is naked, when destitute of scales; aJvcoUte, when, after the achenia are removed, it is deeply pitted like a honeycomb;
fimbnllate, when the margins of the little cells are fringed or bristly ; arcvlalc, when divided into numerous little angular
spaces.

* As the characters of the tribes arc chiefly taken from the forms of the style and the stigmatic surfaces, these must be
carefully studied, and the student must become familiar with their various appearances.

[Flora.] 41

322 COMPOSIT.E. Vernonia.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Suborder I. TUBIFLORjE. Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, and regularly 5- (rarely 2 - 4-) toothed.

Tribe I. Vernoniace^. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous ; the branches usually elongated and subulate,

hispid throughout ; the stigmatic lines not extending beyond their middle.
Tribe II. EnPATOHiACE.E. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous ; the branches elongated, obtuse or clavate-,

externally puberulent or papillose towards the summit ; the stigmatic lines obscure, terminating near their

middle.
Tribe III. Asteroide j:. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous ; the branches linear, externally flattish, minutely

and equally pubescent above ; the stigmatic lines prominent, extending to about the origin of the exterior

pubescence.
Tribe IV. SENECiONiDEa:. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous; the branches linear, truncate at the summit and

pencillate, or often produced into a conical or elongated hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines rather

broad and prominent, extending to the commencement of the appendage or hairy portion.
Tribe V. Ctnaee^. Style of the perfect flowers thickened and nodose towards the summit, and often pencilled at the

node ; the branches either concrete or distinct, puberulent on the outside : ihe stigmatic lines reacliing to

and confluent at the summit of the branches.

Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR^. Flowers all perfect or ligulate.

Tribe VI, Cichobace^:. Style cylindraceous above; the branches rather long and obtuse, equally pubescent; the
stigmatic lines terminating below their middle. — Plants with milky juice.

Suborder I. TUBIFLORtE. DC.

Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, and regularly 5- (rarely 4-) toothed or
lobed. Pollen globose, echinate, or (m Cynareje) rarely smooth and elliptical.

Tribe I. VERNONIACEjE. Less.

Heads discoid, with tlie flowers all tubular mid perfect (homogamous), or rarely radiate ;
the ray-flowers ligulate and pistillate. Corolla occasionally palmate, or obscurely
2-lipped. Style cylindrical above ; the branches subulate and elongated {rarely short
and obtuse), equally hispid ; the stigmatic lines terminating below or near the middle,
not confluent.

1. VERNONIA. Schreb. gen. p. 541 ; Endl. gen. 2204. IRON-WEED.

[ Named after Mr. William Vernon, an English botanist, who many years ago travelled and collected plants in tliis

country.]

Heads several- or many-flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all equal and tubular. Involucre
imbricate. Receptacle commonly naked. Corolla regular. Filaments smooth. Achenia
mostly striate or ribbed, with a cartilaginous callus at tlie base. Pappus usually double ;
the inner of numerous bristles ; the outer mostly short or minute, often somewhat chaffy, —
Mostly perennial herbs, with usually alternate leaves ; in tlie North American species,
corymbose-cymose. Flowers purple, rose-color or white.

Vernonia. composite, 323

1. Vernonia Noveboracensis, Willcl. Common Iron-weed.

Stem slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate,
roughish above ; cyme fastigiate ; heads numerous, 20 - 30-flowered ; involucre hemispherical-
campanulate, shorter than the pappus ; the scales appressed, ovate, mostly produced into a
subulate or filiform appendage ; several of the outermost subulate, loose and bracteolate ;
achenia smooth or slightly hairy when young, glandular, shorter than the pappus. — Willd.
sp. 3. J). 1G32 ; Mic/uc. fl. 2. p. 95 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 51 1 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 293 ; Torr.
comp. p. 282 ; Beck, hot. p. 175 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 63 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 57.
V. prEalt:i, Less, in LinncBd, 4. ;;. 264; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 57, Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 448. Serratula Noveboracensis, Linn. s]>. 2. p. 818.

var. prcEalla : scales of the involucre acute or acuminate, unarmed, or only a part of them
filiform at the top . — Torr. (j- Gr. /. c. V. praalta, Willd. I. c. (not oi DC.) ; Miclix, I. c;
Pursh, I. c. ; Beck, I. c. Serratula prsalta and glauca, Linn. I. c.

Stem stout, 3-6 feet high, striate, usually purple, simple or a little branching above, and
leafy to the summit. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, often narrowly lanceolate, attenuated at each
end and sometimes with short petioles, a little pubescent, and the veins prominent underneath ;
the upper surface a little roughened with minute elevated points. Heads nearly half an inch
in diameter ; the scales brownish-purple, mostly ciliate witli cobweb-like hairs ; the filiform
tips spreading or flexuous. Corolla deep clear purple. Pappus tawny, or sometimes dull
purplish.

Wet meadows and borders of swamps ; very common on Long Island, and in the neighbor-
hood of New-York, but not found in the interior of the State. August.

Tribe II. EVPATOmACEJE. Less.

Heads discoid, tuith the flowers all tubular and perfect (Jiomogamous), or sometimes hetero-
gamous ; the ray-flowers either tubular or ligulate. Style cylindrical above; the
branches usually rnuch elongated, obtuse or clavate, pubcrulent or papillose externally
towards the summit ; the stiginatic lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle
branches of the style, not confluent at their termination. Anthers never caudate. Flowers
mostly white, blue or purple. Leaves co?nmonly opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
Sabtribe 1. EUPATORIE^. Heads discoid homogamous.
t Pappus composed of slender hairs or bristles.

2. LiATRis. Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre not striate. Lobes of the corolla elongated. Achenia ribbed.

3. Edpatoeium. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre numerous. Achenia 5-angled, not striate.

4. MiKANiA. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre (and flowers) 4-5. Achenia 5-angled, not striate.

Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGINEjE. Heads with the flowers hcterogamous, or dioecious.

5. Nardosmia. Heads corymbose, many-flowered, somewhat dioecious.

6. TcssiLAGo. Head soHtary, many-flowered, hcterogamous; the pistillate flowers ligulate, in several series.

41*

324 COMPOSITiE. Liatris.

Subtribe 1. Eupatorie.e, DC. Heads discoid ; the Jlowers all perfect and similar, usually
white, rose-color or purple (rarely cream-color), never yelloio.

2. LIATRIS. Schreb. gen. p. 54:2 ; Endl. gen. 2210. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.

[A name of unknown derivation.]

Heads few, many-flowered. Scales of the involucre few or numerous, imbricate, not striate.
Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed ; the lobes usually elongated. Branches of
the style much exserted, cylindraceous or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia nearly
terete, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous plumose or barbellate
bristles, — Perennial herbs, with simple stems and a tuberous root. Leaves alternate or
scattered, usually lanceolate or linear and entire, with a rigid or cartilaginous margin.
Heads disposed in an elongated spike or raceme (flowering from the summit downward),
sometimes paniculate, rarely corymbose. Flowers purple (very rarely pale or white) ; the
corolla, style, etc. commonly dotted with resinous globules. — Very showy plants when in
flower.

§. EuLiATRis, Torr. & Gr. Root a globose tuber : leaves linear or lanceolate, grass-like, 1-5-
nerved, mostly punctate with impressed and resinous dots : heads in a virgate spike or raceme :
involucre manif'stly imbricate : lobes of the corolla lanceolate or linear : pappus phi,r:>.ose or
plumose-barbellate.

1. Liatris cylindracea, Michx. Small Button- Snakcroot.

Smooth or slightly hairy ; stem (low) leafy ; leaves linear and lanceolate-linear, rigid,
scarcely punctate, mostly one-nerved ; heads few (1-7, rarely more), turbinate-cylindrical,
sessile or pedicellate, 16 - 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre numerous, all short and ap-
pressed, with rounded or obtuse abruptly mucronate tips, often ciliate, not punctate ; achenia
pubescent ; pappus very plumose. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 93 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 275 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 130, not of Pursh ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. A?n. 2. p. 69. L. stricta, M'Nab in Edinb. phil.
joiirn. 19. p. 60. L. flexuosa, Thomas in Sill, journ. 37. p. 328, with a figure.

Stem 6-18 inches high, straight or somewhat flexuous. Leaves 6-10 inches long, the
lower ones broader and somewhat lanceolate. Heads about an inch long ; the pedicels often
an inch or more in length, but frequently almost none. Exterior scales commonly short and
broad, rarely a little prolonged and foliaceous. Flowers bright purple. Lobes of the corolla
hairy inside.

Banks of the Niagara river, near the Falls, on tlie cast side {Mr. D. Thomas). Fl. August.
The specimens from this locality have the stem more flexuous, and the heads with longer
pedicels than usual.

LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 325

2. LiATRis sriCATA, WUUl. (Plate XLVII.) Tall Button- Snaheroot.

Smooth ; stem strict, very leafy ; leaves linear, acute, often ciliate towards the base ; the
upper ones very short, often subulate ; the lowermost elongated, 3 - 5-nerved ; heads about
9 - 13-flowered, sessile, in a dense elongated spike ; involucre cylindrical-campanulate, obtuse
at the base ; the numerous scales appressed, resinous, punctate, and with narrow scarious
(purplish) margins, obtuse ; inner ones oblong ; exterior oval or ovate or roundish, short ;
achenia hairy; pappus densely barbellate. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1636; Bot. mag. 1411 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 273 ; Brit.Jl. gard. t. 49 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 131 ; Torr. compend. 3. p. 282 ; Beck,
hoi. p. 175 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 448; DC. prodr. 5. p. 130; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 73. L. macrostachya, Michx.Jl. 2. p. 91 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 507. Serratula spicata, Linn,
sp. 2. p. 819 ; Andr. bot. rep. t. 401.

Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves extremely numerous, erect, more or less hairy on the nerves
underneath, strongly punctate ; those of the stem about 2 lines wide and 3-6 inches long,
gradually diminishing in length upward, till they are only about an inch long ; radical ones
about a foot in length and 3-4 lines wide, tapering at the base into a long slender petiole.
Spikes 6-18 inches long ; the heads about 8 lines long : lower bracts longer, the upper
shorter than the heads. Flowers bright purple. Corolla slightly sprinkled with resinous
dots ; the lobes smooth inside. Achenia about the length of the pappus.

Borders of a swamp on Staten Island, about three miles from the Quarantine. Fl. August.
The root of this plant is a popular medicine, being employed as a tonic and diuretic. It is
one of the medicinal articles sold by the Shakers.

. 3. LiATRis scARiosA, WUld. Large-jlowered ButtonSnokeroot.

Stem a little pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent or smooth ; radical ones obovate-
oblong, tapering into a petiole ; heads (very large) racemose or spicate, globose, 20 - 40-
flowered ; scales of the involucre very numerous, obovate or spatulate, very obtuse, often
punctate, with more or less ciliate scarious often denticulate and colored margins, the lower
ones sometimes a little spreading or squarrose, the lowest bracteolate ; achenia hairy or villous;
pappus plumose-barbellate. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1635 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 281 ; Bot. mag. t. 1709 ;
Brit. Jl. gard. t. 87 ; Bot. reg. t. 590 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 293 ; Torr. compend. p. 282 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 302 ; Beck, bot. p. 175 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 75. L.
squarrulosa, aspcra and sphairoidea, Michx. Jl. 2. j}. 92. L. scariosa a7id spha>roidea, DC.
prodr. 5. p. 129 ^- 130. L. heterophylla, Nuit. gen. 2. p. 131. Serratula scariosa, Linn,
sp. 2. p. 818.

Stem 2-5 feet high, stout, striate. Stem-leaves 2-4 lines wide, the little impressed dots
often so slight as to be almost imperceptible, at other times quite distinct, especially when the
leaves are quite smooth ; radical leaves often an inch or more in breadth. Heads var)'ing
from few to 20 or more, usually on very distinct pedicels, but sometimes nearly sessile. When

326 composite:. Liatris.

the plant is very robust, the lower part of the spike is somewhat branched. Heads often an
inch in diameter. Scales with a broad rounded summit, and a little scarious on the margin.
Flowers bright purple. Corolla smooth inside. Achenium about the length of the pluraose-
barbellate pappus.

Sandy, moist bushy places ; Long Island, particularly in Suffolk County. Fl. August -
September. I have not seen this very handsome species in any other part of the State.

3. EUPATORIUM. Toiirn. i?ist. t. 259 ; Endl. gen. 2280. HEMP-WEED.

[ Named after Eujyatur, king of Pontus, who is said to have used one of the species as a medicine.]

Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate ; the scales imbricated in
2 - 3 or more series, or sometimes nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corolla tubular-funnelform, or often with a campanulate limb, 5-toothed, frequently dilated
at the base. Anthers included. Branches of the style mostly exserted and elongated,
cylindraceous or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia 5-angled, without intermediate stris.
Pappus a single series of very slender capillary bristles, rough or minutely serrulate. —
Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with resinous dots, with opposite (rarely alternate or
verticillate) simple or rarely divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers purple, blue or
white.

§ 1. Heads cylindrical, 5- \Q-Jlov)ered : scales of the involucre colored, obtuse, imbricated in several
series, the outermost much shortest : leaves verticillate ; flowers purplish.

1. EuPATORiuM PURPUREUM, LiiiTi. JoB Pye Weed.

Stem sout, simple, hollow or nearly solid ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl or rarely opposite, oblong-
ovate or lanceolate, more or less petioled, acuminate, veiny, rough or smooth above, somewhat
pubescent underneath and sprinkled with resinous dots, serrate ; heads in a large compound
corymb, 5 - 9-flowered ; achenia smooth, glandular. — Linn. sp. (cd. 1.) 2. p. 838 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 304 ; Darlingt. fl Cest. p. 453 ; Torr. <f- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2 p. 82. E.
trifoliatum, Linn. I. c. E. purpureum, maculalum, verticillatum, ternifolium and dubium,
DC. prodr. 5. p. 151.

var. 1. Stem tall, somewhat smooth and glaucous, purple at the nodes (and sometimes
throughout) ; leaves mostly 4 - 6 in a whorl, slightly petioled, oblong-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, serrate, often rugosely veiny (smooth and even in shady places). — Torr. <^ Gr.
I. c. E. purpureum, Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 1 173 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1759 (partly) ; Michx. fl. 2.
p. 98 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 297. E. verticillatum, Willd. I. c. E. trifoliatum, Darlingt. I. c.
E. angustifolium, Torr. cat.pl. N. York. E. falcatum, Michx. I. c.

var. 2. Stem mostly striate or grooved, pubescent and often glandular or viscid above,
marked with purple linear spots ; loaves mostly 3-4 (sometimes 5) in a whorl, ovate, pe-

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITE. 3?7

tided. — E. purpureum, j3. Linn. sp. ed. \. I. c. E. purpureum, var. maculatum, Darlingt.
I. c; Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. E. maculatum, Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 1174 ; Willd. I. c. ; Michx. L c;
Bart. Jl. Arn. Sept. t. 102. E. punctatum, Willd. cnum. 2. p. S53 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 515.
E. amoenum, Fursh, I. c. E. ternifolium, Ell. sk. 2. p. .306. E. trifoliatum, Linn. I. c.

An extremely variable plant. Stem 3-8 feet high, hollow, or more or less completely
filled with pith. Leaves 3-8 inches long and 2-3 inches wide, sometimes (particularly in
dry open siiuations) very rugose and of a thick texture, at other times (especially in shady
swamps) thin and membranaceous, often cuneatc at the base, with a very distinct petiole.
Corymb sometimes nearly a foot in diameter. Involucre purplish or whitish ; the scales
12-18, lanceolate and oblong, slightly 2 - 3-nerved. Corolla pale purple or flesh-color.
Style very much exserted, bulbous at the base.

Swamps, borders of low woods, and wet thickets ; very common. August.

The various forms of this plant have been regarded as distinct species by many botanists,
but they seem to pass insensibly into each other. A decoction of the root is used as a remedy
for gravel. The popular name is said to be that of an Indian who recommended it to the
whites.

^ 2. Heads somewhat cylindrical or campanulate, 5 - many-JloU'cred : scales 8 - 15, 7norc or less
imbricate; the exterior shortest : leaves opposite : flowers white: leaves, corolla and achenia
more or less doited with resinous grains.

2. EuPATORiuM LEUcoLEPis, T. Sf G. (PI. xlviii.) Whitescttled Hemp-ioeed.

Stem mostly simple, puberulent ; leaves opposite, divaricate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse,
closely sessile, serrate, very rough on both sides, punctate, strongly one-nerved , the lower
ones obscurely 3-nerved or somewhat veiny ; corymb fastigiate, canescent ; scales of the
involucre 8-10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and glandular on the back,
white and scarious at the summit, as long as the flowers ; achenia minutely glandular. —
Torr. ^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 84. E. glaucescens, .S. leucolepis, DC.prodr. 5. p. 177. E.
linearifolium, Michx. fl. 2. p. 97 (partly) ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 513 (partly) ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 135.

Stem about 2 feet high, slender. Leaves 2 inches long and 4-5 lines wide, spreading and
often a little recurved, sometimes fascicled in the axils, of a pale glaucous hue ; the serratures
appressed. Branches of the small compound corymb clothed with a short whitish pubescence.
Corolla dilated at the base ; the limb campanulate ; lobes ovate, short. Style much exserted.

Rather dry sandy swamps ; near Sag-Harbor, Long Island {Mr. S. B. Buckley). Fl.
August - October.

3. EuPATORiUiM TEUCRIFOLIUM, Willd. Germander -kuved Hemjp-wced.

Stem roughish-pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves opposite (the uppermost often
alternate), closely sessile, ovatc-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base.

328 COMPOSITE. Eu

PATORITJM.

somewhat triply-nerved, veiny, rough and a httle pubescent, coarsely serrate-toothed ; branches
of the corymb few, often alternate ; heads glomerate ; scales of the involucre 10, hispidly
pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, the interior ones shorter than the flowers. — Wi'ld.
sp. 3. p. 1753, and hort. Berol. t. 32 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 513 ; Torr. compcnd. p. 234 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 178 ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 86. E. verbenoefolium, Miclix.fl. 2. p. 98 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 301 ; Bigel. fl.. Bost. p. 296 ; Beck, hot. p. 196 ; Darlingt. fl Cest. p. 450.
E. lanceolatum, Muhl. in Willd. I. c. E. pubescens, Bigel. I. c. not oi Muhl. <J- Willd.

Stem 2-3 feet high, strict, rather slender, finely striate. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; the
serratures or teeth often very coarse ; lower leaves so closely sessile and broad at the base as
to appear somewhat clasping ; upper ones obtusely cuneate at the base ; the epidermis of the
upper surface sometimes furnished with minute bristles. Corymbs usually dense, but in shady
places often open. Heads often 6-flowered. Scales of the involucre a little scarious and
whitish at the tip.

Low grounds and borders of thickets ; Long Island, &c.; not found in the interior of the
State. Fl. August - September.

4. EuPATORiuM ROTUNDiFOLiuM, Linn. Round-leavcd Hemp-weed.

Stem densely pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves opposite, roundish-ovate, mostly
obtuse, truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, sessile, triply nerved, veiny, rough and
pubescent, pale or somewhat hoary and glandular underneath, deeply crenate-toothed ; corymb
fastigiate ; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, very pubescent, glandular; the
exterior very short ; the interior linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate. — Linn. sj). 2.
p. 387 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 98 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 514 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 310 ; Torr. compend.
p. 284; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 304; Beck, hot. p. 196; DC. prodr. 5. p. 178; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 450; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 87. E. Marrubium, Walt. fl. Car. p. 199.

Stem 2-3 feet high, slender, the pubescence rather rough. Leaves 1-2 inches long,
sometimes almost orbicular, sprinkled with resinous dots. Corymb flat-topped. Styles much
exserted. Achenia glandular. Pappus a little longer than the corolla.

Sandy fields. Queens county. Long Island {Mr. Willis). Fl. August - September.

5. EupATORiuM SEssiLiFOLiuM, Linn. Upland Boneset.

Smooth ; stem usually flexuous, corymbosely branched at the sumiiiit ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile or partly clasping, rounded at the base, tapering to the
acuminate apex, sharply serrate, obscurely punctate and paler underneath ; heads 5-flowered ;
scales of the involucre 10, imbricated somewhat in a triple series, oval or oblong obtuse,
canesccntly pubescent, glandular. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 837 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 98 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 513 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 297 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 295 ; Beck, hot. p. 197 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 451 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 151 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 88. E. truncatum, Ell. I. c.

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 329

Stem 2-4 feet high, verj' smooth, finely striate ; tlic corymbose branches and pedicels
pubescent. Leaves 3-5 inches long and 1 - 1^ inch wide, ratlier thin. Corymb widely
spreading, very compound. Heads cylindrical, always 5-flowcred. Scales greenish-white,
very pubescent. Pappus longer than the flower.

Borders of woods, in dry bushy places and on rocky hiil-sidcs. August - September. Not
rare, except in the western part of the State.

6. EuPATORiUM PERFOLiATUM, Linn. ' Boneset or Thoroughwort.

Leaves connate-perfoliate, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, crenate-serratc, rugose, pubescent
underneath; heads commonly 10-flowcred. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 838; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 516; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 302 ; Bigel. med. hot. 1. p. 328. t. 2, and fl. Bost. p. 297; Kaf. med. hot. t. 36;
Beck, hot. p. 198 ; Dai-lingt. Jl. Cest. p. 451 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 305 ; DC. prodr.
5. p.\5\ ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 88. E. connatum, Miclix. fl. 2. p. 99.

Stem stout, 2-4 feet high, mostly solid, terete, clothed with a woolly or hairy pubescence.
Leaves 4-8 inches long, for the most part perfectly united at their bases, but sometimes
contracted and only slightly connate, decussate, divaricate ; the veinlets reticulated and pro-
minent underneath, copiously sprinkled with resinous dots. Corymb large, fastigiale, very
compound. Scales of the involucre 12- 15, very pubescent, glandular; inner ones linear-
lanceolate, with scarious tips. Styles much exserted. Achenia glandular. Pappus shorter
than the corolla.

Low swampy grounds ; very common throughout the Slate. July - September. A popular
as well as officinal medicine. It is a tonic, diaphoretic, emetic or aperient, according to the
dose. The common mode of administering it is in the form of infusion ; but sometimes the
powdered leaves arc given. See Bigelow's Medical Botany, I. c, and Wood ^- Bache's U. S.
Dispens. p. 297.

§ 3. Heads 8 - oQ-Jloicered : scales of the campanulate involucre 8 - 20, nearly equal and in a single
series ; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, not punctate or sprinkled with resinous grains: achenia
not glandular : flowers while or purple.

7. EuPATORiuM AGERAToiDES, Linti.f. White Snakeroot.

Smooth ; stem branching at the summit ; leaves on long petioles, broadly ovate, sometimes
slightly cordate, acuminate, triply nerved, membranaceous, coarsely and sharply serrate ;
heads 12 - 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, scarious and rather
obtuse at the tips, slightly pubescent and ciliate. — Linn. f. .wppl. p. 355 ; Willd. sp. 3.
p. 1765 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 5\6; Ell. sk. 2. p. 303 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 298 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. \.p. 305; Beck, hot. p. 198 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 175 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 451 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. iV. Am. 2. p. 89. E. urticacfolium, Michx. fl. 2. p. 100, not oi Linn. Ageratum
altissimum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 839.

[Flora.] 42 " '

330 COMPOSITJE. ErPATORiuM.

Stem 2-3 feet high, usually a little branched above. Leaves 3-5 inches long and 2-3
inches wide, obtuse or truncate, or abruptly tapering at the base ; the petiole 1-2 inches
long: corymb compound. Heads usually 12 - 15-flowered. Flowers pure white, somewhat
fragrant. Corolla narrowed below, campanulate at the summit ; the lobes ovate, smooth.
Style much exserted.

Moist woods and thickets, in rich soil ; common. August - September.

8. EuPATORiUM AROMATicuM, Linti. Sioeet-scented Hemp-weed.

Pulverulent-pubescent ; stem branching at the summit ; leaves on sliort petioles, or some-
times almost sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate, acute but scarcely acuminate,
triply nerved, of a thickish and firm texture, mostly roughish-pubescent, coarsely and rather
obtusely serrate; heads mostly 12- 15-flo\vered ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceOlate,
pubescent, with slightly scarious and rather obtuse tips. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 839 ; Willd. sp. 3.
p. 1765; Miclix. Jl.^. p.\00; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 516 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 304 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 298 ; Becli, bot.-p. 198 ; DC.jjrodr. 5. p. 175 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 452 ; Torr.. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 90. E. cordatum, Walt.fl. Car. p. 199 ; DC. I. c. E. mehssoides, Wilkl.
I. c. p. 1754. E. ceanothifolium, Mulil. in Willd. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Stem li - 3 feet high, slender, corymbose at the summit. Leaves 2-3 inches long (rarely
3 in a whorl) ; the veins prominent underneath ; lower ones often cordate : petiole 1-5 lines
long. Corvmb with fewer heads than in the preceding species. Flowers somewhat fragrant.

Dry sandy thickets ; about half a mile from the South Ferry, Brooklyn, Long Island.
August - September. This species can be distinguished from E, ageratoides by its pubescent
stem, smaller and thick leaves and short petioles.

4. MIKANIA. Willd. sp. 3. p. 1452; Endl. gen. 2282. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

[ Dedicated to Prof. Mikan, of Prague; a botanist wtio lived in the last century.]

Heads mostly 4-flowered. Receptacle naked, narrow. Scales of the involucre 4 or 5. Corolla
dilated or campanulate at the summit, 5-toothed. Anthers partly exserted. Achenia angled.
Pappus in a single series, capillary, rough. — Shrubby or herbaceous, mostly climbing
plants, with opposite commonly cordate leaves. Heads corymbose, panicled or spiked.
Flowers whitish.

1. MiKANiA scANDENs, Willd. Covimon Climbing Hemp-weed.

Stem smooth, twining ; leaves on slender petioles, hastate-c*date, acuminate, repandly
toothed ; corymbs panicled, clustered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate ; achenia glandular.
—Willd. sp. 3. p. 1743 ; Fursh, fl. 2. p. 517 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 292 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 295 ;
Beck, hot. p. 198 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 454 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 91. Eupatorium
Bcandens, Linn.; Michx. fl. 2. p. 97; "Jacq. ic. rar. t. 169."

MiKANiA. COMPOSITE. 331

Slcni 3-6 feet or more in Icngtli, brandling, striate. Leaves mostly about 2i inches long,
somewhat triangular in the outline, tapering above into a long slender point, sprinkled on both
sides with very minute resinous particles. Flowers in numerous compound cymose panicles.
Involucral scales acute. Corolla purplish white, or pale flesh-color.

Moist shady thickets, particularly along rivers ; rather common. • August - September.

Subtribe 2. Tussilagine^, Less. Heads with the flowers dissimilar or somewhat dioecious
J {white, purplish, or sometimes yellow) ; the pistillate one either ligulate or tubular.

.5. NARDOSMIA. Cass, in diet. sc. nat. 34. p. 186 ; Endl. gen. 2285.

SWEET COLTSFOOT.

[ From tiic Greek, nardos, spikcnarJ, and osvte, odor.]

Heads many-flowcrcd, somewhat dioecious. Stekile Pl. Flowers of the ray in a single
scries, pistillate, ligulate ; of the disk numerous, perfect but infertile, with the corolla
tubular. Fertile Pl. Flowers of the ray in several series, pistillate, mostly ligulate ;
those of the disk few. Scales of the involucre in a single series, equal to or shorter tiian
the flower. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia somewhat terete, smooth. Pappus capillar)',
shorter and less copious in the sterile than in the fertile plant. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
radical, cordate, toothed or lobed, petioled. Scapes with scaly bracts ; the heads in a
fastigiate thyrsus or corymb. Flowers purplish or nearly white, fragrant. , .

1. Nardosmia palmata. Hook. (Plate XLIX.) "' Sweet Coltsfoot.

Leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, tomentose underneath, palmately 5 — 7-lobed ; the
segments coarsely toothed, often incised or somewhat lobed. — Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 308;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 206 ; Torr. cf- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 93. . N. palmata, Hookeriana, and
speciosa, Nutt. in trans. Amer.phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 288. Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew.
(ed. 1.) 3. p. 188. t. 11; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 531 ; Beck, hot. p. 199.

Leaves (when the plant is in flower) 3-5 inches in diameter, much larger and smoothish
late in the season, variable in the divisions and toothing. Scape stout, 6-12 inches high,
clothed with numerous naked sheathing scales. Heads in a corymbose thyrsus.

Swamps near Saratoga {Dr. Steele; Prof. Hitchcock). Fl. Jlay. This plant has not
recently been found in the locality here given, which is the only one for this rare species
known in the State. It has been found in Fairhavcn, Vermont, within a few miles of the
boundary of New-York.

- , : . 42* •

332 COMPOSITiE. Tcssilago.

6. TUSSILAGO. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 2288. coltsfoot.

[ From the Latin, tussis, a cough ; for the cure of which the plant is used.]

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray very narrowly ligulate, in several
series, pistillate ; those of the disk few, tubular, staminate. Scales of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, somewhat in a single series. Receptacle naked. Antliers scarcely caudate. Style
abortive in the flowers of the disk ; in those of the ray 2-cleft ; the branches somewhat
terete. Achenia of the ray cylindrical-oblong, smooth ; in the disk abortive. Pappus of
the ray-flowers in many series ; of the disk in a single series, capillary. — A perennial herb.
Rhizoma rather thick. Leaves radical, appearing later than the flowers, cordate, angular-
toothed, pelioled. Scape clothed with scaly bracts, woolly, bearing a single head. Flowers
yellow.

1. TussiLAGo Farfara, Linti. Common Coltsfoot.

Engl. hot. t. 429 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1967 ; Torr. compend. p. 307; Beck, hot. p. 200;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 208 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 94.

Caudex short. Leaves (when fully grown) 3-5 inches in diameter, smoothish above ; the
under surface and the long petiole whitish and tomentose ; the margin irregularly toothed and
angular, with the points of the teeth discolored. Scape 4-8 inches high, clothed with oblong
brownish scales. Head of flowers about three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

Moist clayey banks ; perfectly naturalized in the northern and western part of the State.
Fl. March - April. A native of Europe. The dried leaves are sometimes smoked for the
relief of asthma.

Tribe HI. ASTEROIDE^. Less.

Heads heterogamous or sometimes Jiomogamous, rarehj dicecious. Style {in the perfect

flowers) cylindraceous above ; the brunches flat or flattish, mostly linear or lanceolate,

the up>per part equally and minutely pubescent externally ; the conspicuous stigmatic

lines, terminating where the exterior pubescence commences, not confluent. — Leaves

alternate, or rarely opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES.

Sublribc I. Asterineje. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous. Receptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers not
caudate. Leaves alternate.
Div. 1. AsTKREai. Heads radiate, hcterochromous (rays never yellow).
Div. 2. C11RYSOCOME.S:. Heads radiate or homogamous, homochromous (both the ray and the disk yellow),

Subtribo II. BACCiiAniDEa;. Pleads dioecious or heterogamous, but never radiate ; the pistillate flowers tubular, slender
or filiform, in several series. Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers not caudate.

Subtribe III. TARCiioNANTiiEiE. Heads dioecious or heterogamous, but never radiate j the pistillate flowers tubular anu
very slender, mostly in several series. Anthers caudate.

Subtribe IV. Inulea:. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid, never dicecious. Receptacle not
chaffy. Anthers caudate. Leaves alternate.

Skricocarpds. composite. 333

Subtribe I. AsterinejE, DC. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous , never
dicecious. Receptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Leaves almost always
alternate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE DIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Div. 1. ASTEREiE. Heads heterogamous, radiate ; the rays white, purple or blue ; the disk-flowers yellow,
but frequently changing to purple in fading.

7. Sericocarpus. Pappus simple, unequal. Flowers of the ray and disk few. Involucre oblong, imbricated, cartilagi-

nous.

8. Aster. Pappus simple, copious. Rays numerous, in a single series. Involucre more or less imbricated. Receptacle

alveolate.

9. DiPi.oPAPPus. Pappus double; the exterior short and setaceous, or squamellate-subulate. Rays in a single series.

Involucre imbricated.

10. Erigergn. Pappus either simple or double ; the exterior setaceous-subulate, or squamellate. Rays very numerous,

and often in two or more scries. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, ahnost in a single series. Receptacle naked.

Div. 2. CHRYSOCOME./E. Heads either heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid; the
rays and disk-flowers yellow and unchanging. Receptacle never chafiy.

11. SoLIDAGO. Rays few ; disk-flowers several. Pappus similar in the disk and ray, simple. Receptacle alveolate.

12. CuRYSOPsis. Pappus of the ray double, and dissimilar ; exterior pappus short, setose or chafly ; the inner capillary.

Div. 1. AsTERE.a;, Z)C. Heads heterogamous, radiate; the rays while, purple or blue ; disk-flowers
yellow, but frequently changing to purple in fading. Receptacle not chaffy.

7. SERICOCARPUS. Nees, Ast. p. 148; Endl. gen. 2310. SERICOCARPUS.

Species of Aster, Linn, <f- others.
[ From the Greek, serikos, silky, and karpos, fruit ; the achenia being very silky.]

Heads 12 - 15-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5 ; those of the disk tubular, fertile. Involucre
oblong or somewhat cylindrical ; the scales closely imbricated in several series, nerveless
or obscurely one-nerved, whitish and cartilaginous towards the base, the upper part herba-
ceous and often spreading or squarrose. Receptacle small, alveolate ; the alveoli toothed
or lacerate-ciliate. Rays oblong-linear. Appendages of the style (in the disk-flowers)
subulate. Achenia obpyramidal, short, densely silky. Pappus composed of simple, rigid,
rough bristles. — Perennial herbs, corymbose at the summit, with alternate entire or serrate
sessile leaves. Heads in crowded corymbs. Flowers of the ray white ; of the disk yellowish.

1. SERICOCARPUS coNYzoiDES, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus.

Stem somewhat pubescent, slightly angular ; leaves ciliate, smooth underneath, veinv,
obscurely 3-nerved ; the upper ones oblong or lanceolate ; lowermost spatulate-oval, coarsely
serrate towards the apex, tapering into a margined petiole at the base ; involucre oblong-
turbinate , the scales squarrose at the tip ; rays rather short ; pappus ferruginous. — Nees,

334 COMPOSITE. Sericocaepus.

Ast.p. 150; DC. prodr. 5. p. 261 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 470; Torr. ^ Gr. Ji. N. Am. 2.
p. 102. Conyza asleroides, Linn. sp. 2. p. 861. Aster conyzoides, Willd. sp. 3. p. 2043 ;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 555 ; £ZZ. sk. 2. p. 341 ; iVwi^ ^en. 2. ;?. 158 ; ^rg-eZ. ^. Bost. p. 311 ;
^ecA:, io<. p. 181. A. Marilandicus, Michx. f. 2. ;). 108.

Stem 12-18 inches higli, straight, slender but rigid, smoothish below, more or less
pubescent above. Leaves of a firm texture, 2-3 inches long ; the radical ones often an inch
or more in breadth ; upper ones mostly entire. Heads solitary and pedicellate, or more
commonly sessile in small clusters. Scales closely appressed and whitish at the base, more
or less epreading above ; outer ones bright green at the tip ; inner ones pale.

Dry woods and hill-sides ; common. Fl. Latter part of June - August.

2. Sericocarpus solidagineus, JVees. Narroiv-leaved Sericocarpus.

Smooth ; stem slender, somewhat flexuous, angled with elevated lines ; leaves spatulate-
linear or linear, obtuse, entire, rough on the margin, obscurely 3-nerved or slightly veiny ;
involucres cylindraceous ; scales squarrose at the tips ; rays elongated ; pappus white. —
Nees, Ast. p. 149 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 14 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 261 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest.
p. 470 ; Torr. <^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 102. Conyza linifolia, Linn. I. c. Aster solidaginoides,
Willd. sp. 3. p. 2024 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 503 ; Bigd. Jl. Bost. p. 303 ; Beck, hot. p. 18a
A. solidagineus, Miclix. Jl. 2. p. 108.

Plant pale yellowish green. Stems about a foot and a half high, usually flexuous and
sometimes tortuous, often several from one root. Leaves 1-2 inches long and 2-3 lines
wide, occasionally broader. Peduncles of the corymb elongated, with the flowers glomerate
at the extremity. Outer scales of the involucre broad, and green at the tip ; inner ones pale,
ciliate. Rays 3-8, much longer than the disk.

Woods and copses, botli in dry and in moist situations ; more rare than the preceding.
Fl. July - August.

8. ASTER. Town. inst. «. 174; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 103. star.WOR7\

Aster, Biotu, Tripolium and HELrASTRUM, 1>C.
[ The name, which is the Greek for star, alludes to the appearance of the heads of flowers.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular,
perfect. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with membranaceous or
foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate or rarely naked. Appendages of the style (in
the disk-flowers) lanceolate or subulate. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus composed
of simple rough capillary bristles. — Perennial (or rarely annual) herbs. Leaves alternate,
entire or serrate. Inflorescence generally corymbose-paniculate. Rays white, purple or
blue, never yellow ; disk-flowers yellow, often changing to purple in withering.

Aster. COMPOSIT.E. 335

An immense genus, and perplexing even to tlic experienced botanist. Many of the species arc very diflicult lo
characterize, especially those belonging to the section of Aster proper. I have followed very closely the arrangement
and description of the species as they are given in the Flora of North America.

^ 1. BiOTiA, DC. Scales appressed, nearly desliluie of herbaceous tips; brisllesof the pappus unequal,
rather rigid, the inner series mostly a little thickened towards the apex ; achenia slender,
scarcely compressed : leaves ample, mostly pelioled, coarsely serrate ; the radical ones cordate.

1. Aster corymbosus, Ait. Corymhed Aster.

Stem slender, often flexuous, terete ; leaves membranaceous, coarsely or incisely and un-
equally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, conspicuously acuminate, all but the uppermost
cordate and on slender naked petioles, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose ;
involucre shorter than the disk ; the exterior scales roundish-ovate ; rays (white) 6-9. —
Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 207 ; Pursk,Jl. 2. p. 552 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 314 ;
Torr. compend. p. 299 ; Beck, hot. p. 187. Eurybia corymbosa, Cass. ; Nees, Ast. p. 143 ;
Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1532; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 14; narlingt.fi. Cest. p. 69. Biotia
corymbosa, DC. prodr. 5. p. 265.

Stem 1^ — 2 feet high, smooth, often purple, corymbosely branched at the summit. Leaves
2-4 inches long, thin and nearly smooth, except a little pubescence on the veins underneath ;
uppermost ones sessile : petioles 1-2 inches long. Heads usually rather few, in a loose
fastigiate corymb. Scales of the involucre pubescent on the margin ; the rest smooth. Rays
narrow. Pappus tawny. Achenia nearly smooth when mature, sparsely hairy when young.

Dry woods ; common. Fl. July - August.

2. Aster macrophyllus, Linn. Large-leaved Aster.

Stem stout, roughish-pubescent above , the corymbose branches rigid ; leaves thickish,
rough, closely serrate, somewhat acuminate ; the radical and lower ones cordate, on slender
petioles , the upper sessile or on margined petioles ; heads in large corymbs ; involucre nearly
the length of the disk ; scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong ; rays (white or purplish) 12 - 15.
— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) p. 1232 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 114; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 552; Bigel. fl. Bast,
p. 314 ; Beck, hot. p. 187. Eurybia macrophylla, Cass. ; Nees, Ast. p. 140 (excl. syn. Ait.
divaric.) ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 465 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 14. Biotia macrophylla,
BC. prodr. 5. p. 265.

Stem 2-3 feet high, with a large corymbose summit, striate-angled, often purplish.
Radical leaves 4-8 inches long and 3-5 wide, roundish-cordate or cordate-oblong, coarsely
crenate-serrate, the teeth mucronate, a little hairy on the veins underneath : petioles 3-8
mches long : cauline leaves ovate or oblong, the lower ones abruptly narrowed into a winged
petiole. Heads much larger than in the preceding species ; exterior scales ciliate ; inner ones
larger and membranaceous. Rays mostly white, sometimes pale blue. Pappus reddish-
tawny.

Dry open woods ; not rare. August - September.

Biotia Schreberi, glomerata and latifolia, DC. seem to be only slight varieties of this
species.

336 COMPOSITE. AsTKR.

& 2. Calliastritm, Torr. &. Gr. Scales coriaceous, icilh herbaceous spreading or squarrose tips :
rays numerous ( 12 - 30) ; bristles of the pappus rigid, unequal, a portion of the inner ones more
or less thickened toward the summit : achenia narrow, angled, slightly or scarcely compressed ;
cauline leaves rigid, sessile ; the radical ones never cordate : heads large and showy.

3. Aster Radula, Ait. (Plate L.) Rasp-leaved Aster.

Stem smooth, loosely corymbose at the summit ; the branches few, nearly simple and naked ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, mostly narrovir toward
the base, closely sessile, rough on both sides and somewhat rugose, sharply and rather re-
motely serrate ; involucre campanulate-hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; the scales oblong,
rather obtuse, ciliate, appressed, with slightly spreading herbaceous tips ; achenia smooth. —
Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 210 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 556 ; Nees, Ast. p. 43 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 7 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 230 ; Torr. <^. Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 106. A. nudiflorus, Nutt. gen.
2. p. 157; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 462 ; DC. I. c.

Stem 2-3 feet high, witli a few spreading branches at the summit, purplish. Leaves
2-3 inches long and from half an inch to an inch in breadth, liairy on tiie veins underneath,
entire towards the base ; the serralures mucronate, and usually salient. Heads seldom more
than 6 - 10 on a plant, and often only 2-4, large ; the peduncles 1-3 inches long, pubes-
cent. Scales of the involucre smooth, except the ciliate margins, rather acute. Rays pale
violet; the disk yellow, turning brownish. Achenia narrowly oblong, turgid, slightly com-
pressed. Pappus reddish-tawny. Receptacle alveolate ; the pits with a lacerate chaffy
margin.

" On the liigh mountains of New-York and Pennsylvania." Pursh.

I introduce this plant into our flora on the authority of Pursh, having not yet detected it
myself within the limits of the Stale. I have, however, found it in New-Jersey, and it occurs
in Connecticut and other parts of New-England ; always in low grounds, and rarely, I suspect,
on mountains. Fl. August.

4. Aster spectabilis. Ait. (Plate LI.) Showy Aster.

Stem pulverulent-scabrous, glandular!}' pubescent and corymbose at the summit ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, spreading, very rough ; upper ones sessile, entire ; lower and radical ones
remotely apprcssed-serrate, narrowed below into a short petiole ; corymb few-flowered, the
branches rather short and leafy, 1 - 3-flowered ; involucre hemi.sphcrical-campanulate, as long
as the disk ; scales numerous, somewhat equal in length, glandular-pubescent, linear-oblong
or spatulate, acute, with large foliaceous squarrose tips ; rays 20 or more ; achenia slightly
hairy.— ^U. Kew. (ed. 1.) Z.p. 209 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 554 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 157; Beck, hot.
p. 184 ; Nees, Ast. p. 42 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1527 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 230 ; Torr. 4- Gr.
Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 108. A. grandiflorus, Walt. Jl. Car. p. 209. A. elcgans, Willd. sp. 3
p. 2042, in part.

Aster. COiMPOSIT^. 337

Stem 12 - 18 inches high, sometimes assiirgciU, reddisli, slender, slightly angular. Leaves
2-4 inches long, thick, very rough with minute elevated points ; upper cauline ones often a
little falcate. Peduncles 1-2 inches long. Heads about an inch in diameter. Scales loosely
imbricated, one-nerved, with large green spreading tips. Rays very long, violet. Appendages
of the style subulate, hispid. Pappus white, nearly equal. Achenia linear.

Pine woods, Queens County, Long Island {Mr. Willis). Fl. September - October. One
of the most showy species of this immense genus.

§ 3. Aster proper, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre wilh, herbaceous or foliaceous tips, or the
exterior ones entirely herbaceous : rays numerous: bristles of the pappus soft, capillary, nearly
uniform, none of them thickened at the apex : achenia compressed.

• Heads (rather large) 'inoslhj solitanj, tcmiinaling the spreading liranchlels: scales of the involucre closely imbricated, ri<Hd,
vrilh herbaceous mosllij acute and somcmhal spreading tips : achenia lincar-oUung , many-slriate, siltij cancscent : leaves
auriculate-cordale and clasping the stem, entire, pubescent or scabrous; those of the t/rancMels very small.

5. Aster patens. Ait. Spreading Aster.

Stem pubescent, paniculate at the summit ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
pubescent or rough, with ciliate and very rough margins, sometimes narrowed below the
middle, auriculate-cordate and clasping, those of the divaricate slender branchlcts very small;
heads mostly solitary on the branchlets ; scales of the invohitre lanceolate, pubcrulent ;
achenia silky. — Ait. Keiv. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 201 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees, Ast. p. 49 (excl.
syn. Michx.); Beck,~bot. p. 183 ; Darlingt. fl. Ccsl. p. 463 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 232 ; 'J'urr.
4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 114. A. undulatus, Linn. sp. cd. 2. p. 1228 (not of hort. Cliff.);
Ell. sk. 2. p. 361. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 114 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 312.

var. phlogifolius : heads large, usually somewhat racemose on the short branches ; involucre
more lax and herbaceous ; leaves much larger, membranaceous, pubescent underneath, scarcely
rough, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, usually contracted below the
middle. — Nees, I. c; Darlingt. I. c. ; Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. A. phlogifolius, Muhl. in Willd.
sp. 3. p. 2034 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 550 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 156 ; DC. I. c.

Stem 1-22 f'^^'' li'S''' rather slender, wilh widely spreading branches, usually rough.
Leaves of the stem 1-3 inches long (in the var. often 4-5 inches) ; of the branches mostly
4-10 lines long, and bract-like. Heads 5 (in the var. 8) lines in diameter, either solitary
or nearly so, at the extremity of the long slender branches ; or several, arranged in a somewhat
racemose manner on short but slender peduncles. Rays 20 or more, purplish-blue. Scales
of the involucre minutely pubescent or hairy, and somewhat granulate ; the inner ones acute
or acuminate ; exterior ones more obtuse and greener. Pappus ferruginous or lawnj'. Achenia
very hairy.

Open woods, usually in dry soil ; common. August - October.

[Flora.] 43

338 COMPOSIT.E. Aster.

*♦ Heads (middle-sized, showy) paniculate or somewhat race-mose ; scales closely imbricated, chartaceons and white (^except the
midnerve), with short oppressed or slightly spreading green tips; rays bright blue; achenia smooth or nearly so,
broadish, compressed, 2 - b-ribbed : whole plant smooth, except the branchlels and rough margins of the leaves, often
glancous; eawline leaves lan^olate or oblo^ig-ovate, thickish, sessile or clasping, entire or sparingly serrate; the radical
ones ovate or oblong, tapering into a short margined petiole.

G. Aster l^vis, Willd. Smooth Blue Aster.

Smooth and more or less glaucous ; stem loosely paniculate or somewhat corymbose at the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with rough
margins entire or sparingly serrate ; the lower narrowed towards the base, or tapering into a
margined petiole ; the upper clasping, and mostly auriculate or cordate at the base ; those of
the branches very small ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, appressed, rigid, lanceolate
or broadly linear, with very abruptly acute or acuminate herbaceous tips ; achenia shining,
smooth, or pubescent with a few scattered hairs. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 876; Bigel.Jl. Bost. p. 313;
Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1500 ; Beck, hot. p. 185 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 468 ; Torr. <Sf Gr. Jl. N.
Am. 2. J). 116. A. laevis, leevigatus, mutabilis, amplexicaulis, rubricaulis and cyaneus, Nees,
Ast. p. 128 - 132 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 245 cj- 246. A. rubricaulis, Lam. diet. p. 305. A.
amplexicaulis, Muhl. in Willd. sp. pi. 3. p. 2046.

var. cyaneus : more glaucous ; upper leaves cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate ; scales of
the involucre more numerous. Torr. <J- Gr. I. c, A. cyaneus, " Iloff. phyt. bl. p. 71. t. B.
f. 1 ;" Pursh.fi. 2. p. 550 ; Nees, I. c. ; Lindl. hot. reg. 1495. A. glaucus & politus, A'^ee*,
synops. p. 23.

Stem 2-4 feet high, very smooth, usually dark purplish and glaucous, more or less
branched above. Radical leaves 2-5 inches long and an inch or rather more in breadth,
varying from ovate- to spatulate-oblong, narrowed into a winged and often ciliate petiole :
stem-leaves 2-4 inches long, often wider than the radical ones. Branches of the inflorescence
rather rigid, few or numerous. Heads middle-sized. Scales rather coriaceous, whitish, with
a green midrib and short rhombic green tips. Rays bright violet blue ; the disk yellow,
changing to dull purple. Pappus tawny when old.

Borders of woods, thickets, and banks of rivulets ; very common. August — October. A
very handsome, and variable but easily recognized species, remarkable for its very smooth
stem and thickish shining leaves.

•♦♦ Heads (middle-sized or small) paniculate or racemose ; scales commoiily appressed, charlaccous or somcwhatmcmbranaccous,
with short green tips : achenia smooth or slightly pubescent : radical and lowest cauline leaves (large) cordate, with
elongated naked or margined petioles ; the upper also often petioled.

7. Aster undulatus, Linn. Various-leaved Aster.

Pale, with a close grayish and more or less rough pubescence ; stem paniculate or often
racemose-thyrsoid at the summit ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat woolly-pubescent
underneath and rough above, acute, with the margins frequently undulate or slightly crenate-

Aster. COMfOSIT^. 339

serrate ; the radical and lowest cauline cordate, on slender slightly margined petioles, which
are usually dilated and clasping at the base ; the others abruptly contracted into a short
broadly winged clasping petiole, the uppermost cordate-clasping ; involucre nearly the length
of the disk ; the scales linear, mostly acute, pubescent, closely imbricated. — Linn. hort. Cliff.
p.AOQ, and sp.^Qd. l.)2. p. 875?; Fursh,Jl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees, Ast. p. 57 ; Beck, bot. p. 186;
Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 464 ; Torr. <^ Gr.jl. N. Am. 2. p. 119. A. diversifolius, Michx.Jl. 2.
p. 113; Ell. sk. 2. p. 361 ; Bigel. Jl. Host. ;>. 312 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 234. A. sagittifolius
and scaber. Ell. I. c.

Stem 15-3 feet high, for the most part pyramidally branched at the summit ; the branches
and branchlcts with small lanceolate and subulate leaves. Radical and lower cauline leaves
1^-4 inches long, varying from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes minutely and
softly pubescent on both sides, but usually rough above, remotely crenate or serrate ; pri-
mordial ones often obtuse or reniform : petioles 1-3 inches long. Heads of flowers middle-
sized, rather loosely disposed on the branches ; the peduncles pubescent. Scales of the
involucre nearly membranaceous, acute green at the tip, ciliate. Rays pale violet blue : disk
yellow, turning purplish. Pappus tawny or brownish. Achenia 5-ribbed, slightly pubescent
when young, nearly smooth when mature.

Dry woods and copses ; very common. September - October.

8. Aster cordifolius, Linn. Heart-leaved Aster.

Stem often flexuous, racemose-paniculate at the summit ; radical and lower cauline leaves
cordate, acuminate, sharply serrate, on slender naked or margined and ciliate petioles ; heads
numerous or somewhat crowded, in oblong spreading or divaricate panicles ; scales of the
involucre closely imbricated, rather obtuse, appresscd, with short green tips ; achenia smooth.
— Li7in. sp. 2. p. 875 ; Miclix. Jl. 2. p. 114 ; Fursh, Jl. 2. p. 552 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365 ;
Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1597 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 212 ; Beck, hot. p. 187 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest,
p. 463 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 120. A. paniculatus. Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 207 ;
Pursh, I. c. A. heteroph3'llus, Willd. enum. 2. p. 882. A. cordifolius, hetcrophyllus and
paniculatus (chiefly), Nees, Ast. p. 52 <J- 55 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 233.

Stem 1-3 feet high, smoothish or a little pubescent below, often somewhat hairy or roughish
above. Leaves rather membranaceous, varying from broadly lo narrowly ovate, usually smooth
or only a little rough above and pubescent underneath, sometimes nearly smooth both sides,
coarsely serrate ; the radical and lower cauline ones 2-4 inches long, with the petioles slender
and narrowly winged ; the upper ones, and those of the branchlets, gradually diminishing in
size to subulate bracts. Branches of the panicle open or contracted. Heads small, crowded
on the spreading branches. Scales of the involucre small, whitish, green at the extremity,
often purple at the apex, minutely pubescent-ciliate. Rays about 12, pale violet (or nearly
white in shady places) ; disk yellowish, changing to purple.

Woods, generally in fertile soil ; common. September.

43*

340 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

9. Aster sagittifolius, Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster.

Slem strict, sniootli, tliyrsoid-racemose above , the branches erect and somewhat rigid ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, slightly ciliate ; radical and lower cauline ovate-
oblong, cordate at the base, on slender narrowly winged smoothish petioles ; the uppermost
lanceolate or nearly linear, acuminate at each end, sessile, often entire ; heads numerous, in
strict dense compound racemes, on very short peduncles ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre
linear-subulate, appressed at the base, rather loose below. — Willd. sp. Z. p. 2035?; Nees,
Ast. p. 56?; Hook.jl Bor -Am. 2. p. 9 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Avi. 2. p. 121. A. paniculatus,
Muhl.; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 464, not o{ Ait. <^c.

Slem 2-4 feet high, with numerous erect branches above , the branchlets pubescent.
Radical leaves 2-5 inches long and 1-2 broad, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base,
more or less pubescent, particularly underneath : petioles 2-6 inches in length : stem-leaves
narrowed abruptly at the base into a winged petiole ; uppermost gradually diminishing to
subulate bracts. Heads rather small, numerous, in crowded racemes. Scales with slender
pointed tips. Rays about 12, pale purple or sometimes nearly white : disk yellow, turning
brownish purple.

Dry woods, in rich soil ; Yates county [Dr. Sartwell). August - October. This, although
a common species in the Western States, is rare in New-York and New-England.

•**♦ Heads (small and mimcrous) paniculalc-racemoss ; scales of the campanulate or Iwmisphcrical involucre closely iiabrUaled,
rigidj the coriaceovs and whitish base opincsseJ^ icith abrupt vwsltii squurrosc (rr sprea/ling herbaceous tifs : achenia
•minutely pubescent : rays while or pale purple : stems mvch branched or diffuse : cauline leaves rigid, sessile, linear-
lanceolate or subulate, entire ; the radical and louxrmosl obUinceolale or spatulate, sometimes serrate.

10. Aster ericoides, Linn. Heath-like Aster.

Smooth or slightly hairy, racemose-compound ; peduncles mostly unilateral on the virgate
spreading branches ; leaves rather rigid ; the radical and lowest cauline oblanceolate or oblong-
spaiulalc, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate , the others linear-lanceolate
and linear-subulate ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with a small acute or abruptly
acuminate tip, the exterior ones subulate. — Linii. sp. 2. p. 875; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2021 ;
Piirsh, Jl. 2. ;). 516 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 348, not of La?n. ^ Mtchx ; T<,rr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 123. A. ericoides cj- glabellus, Nees, Asl. p. 107 ; DC.prodr. 5. p. 242. A. sparsiflorus,
Michx.Jl. 2. p. 242 ; Willd. enum 2. p. 880 (in part), not of Pursh. A. tenuifolius, Willd.
sp. 3. p. 2026 (excl. syn.); Nutt. gen. 2. p. 155 ; Darlingt Jl. Cest. p. 467. A. tenuifolius
and ericoides, Muh'. rat. p. 77. A. dumosus, Hqff. ; Willd. envm. 2. p. 880.

Stem 1-3 feel high, much branched often from the base, and resembling a small bush ;
the stem and branches rigid and brittle. Leaves very numerous ; radical and lower cauline
ones 2-4 inches long, and often half an inch or more in breadth ; those of the branches and
branchlets gradually becoming very small and narrow, with a subulate point. Heads 3-4
lines in diameter, solitary on the small leafy branchlets or pedicels, which are mostly arranged

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 341

in a sficuiul and sometimes crowded manner on the principal brandies. Involucres mostly
hemispherical, or somewhat turbinate. Scales in several series : a few of the outermost ones
resembling the small leaves of the branchlets ; inner ones a little ciliatc, with green rhomboid
acute tips, which arc loose and somewhat spreading. Rays 15 - 25, wiiitc or pale purple ;
disk purplish when old. Achenia minutely pubescent.

Old fields and barren soils ; common. August — October. This plant presents many
varieties in size, branching, length and breadth of leaves, etc., depending on diversities of soil
and situation.

II. Aster multii'lorus, Aii. • 3Iany-Jloicered Aster.

Gr;iyish with a dense ]iubcsccnce, or hairy ; stem diffusely racemose-compound ; the heads
very numerous and crowded, somewhat unilateral ; leaves crowded, linear, eiuire, not tapering
at the base, serrulate-scabrous on the margin, spreading or rcflcxed ; scales of the involucre
spaiuhite, ciliate, with spreading or recurved tips, the exterior ones obtuse. — Ait. Keiv. (ed.
1 .) :i /J. 203 ; Willd. sp. 2027 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 546 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 249 ; Nees, Ast. p.lU;
Liiirll. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 243, and in Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 13 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fi. N. Am.
2. 2>- 124. A. ericoides. Lam. diet. p. 304; Michx.fi. 2. p. 313. A. ericoides, vur. multi-
florus, Pers. syn. 2. p. 443. A. ciliatus, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 2027. A. dumosus, DC.
prodr. 5. p. 241. •

Whole plant usually whitish or hoary from its dense pubescence, but sometimes rather
smooth. Stem 1-2 feet high, rigid, much branched and bushy ; the branches crowded with
small leaves. Leaves mostly somewhat clasping ; the cauline ones an inch or rather more in
length and 1-2 lines wide, rather obtuse; those of the branches about half an inch long.
Heads somewhat racemose and unilateral, or (in sterile soils) terminal and nearly solitary;
the pedicels or branchlets covered with small leaves. Involucre about 3 lines in diameter,
shorter than the disk ; the scales commonly spatulate and obtuse, whitish and appressed, with
green spreading tips ; the outer ones broader. Rays 10 - 15, white or with a tinge of purple ;
disk-tlouers purplish when old. Achenia minutely pubescent, turgid. Pappus somewhat
tawny.

Dry sterile fields, particularly in gravelly soil ; not rare. September — November. The
ordinary form of this species is easily recognized by its hoary appearance, bushy much
brancliml stem with small white flowers, and small rather obtuse crowded leaves which are
not narrowed at the base.

342 COMPOSITE. Aster.

»♦**♦ Heads (middle-si~ed or small) moslly racemose : scales of Ike involucre imbricaled andunequal inlenglh, membranaceo-
herbaceous, trith short apprcssed or soTtKvhal spreading (not. sqimrrose) greenish tips; rays usually pak or vhit^, often
small: stems at length much branched, racemose or paniculate: leaves serrate or entire (the radical ones spatulate,
obovate or oblong) ; the cauline sessile, usually tapering at the base.

12. Aster dumosus, Linn. Bushy Aster.

Stem smooth or slightly scabrous-pubescent, racemosely branched or decompound ; the
heads solitary at the extremity of the spreading branchlets, or rarely somewhat racemed ;
leaves linear, crowded, smooth with rough margins, sessile ; the lower cauline ones linear-
lanceolate, often remotely serrate with small and sharp appressed teeth ; those of the branch-
lets small and mucronulate ; scales of the involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse (or sometimes
abruptly and slightly mucronulate), closely imbricated in 4 - 6 series. — Torr, <^ Gr. jl. N.
Am. 2. p. 128.

var. l.verus: paniculate-racemose; the branchlets clothed with numerous linear-oblong
and obtuse (obscurely mucronulate) small and spreading leaves ; the upper cauline leaves
frequently obtuse. Torr. ^ Gr. 1. c. A. dumosus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 873 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost.
p. 311.

var. 2. strictior : leaves sparingly paniculate or racemose-compound ; leaves usually more
or less acute , the lower ones often sligluly serrate ; those of the short branches rather nu-
merous, scarcely spreading. Torr. <Sf Gr. I. c.

var. 3. suhracernosus : stem racemose-compound ; the heads often somewhat racemed ;
leaves mostly acute , the cauline ones often remotely serrulate ; those of the branches more
scattered, slender and proportional, acute ; scales of the involucre rather narrower, often
slightly acute. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. A. dumosus, Nees, Ast. p. 105. A. foliosus, Ait. Kew.
(ed. 1.) 3. p. 202?

Stems 1-3 feet high. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long, 2-5 lines wide, diminishing in
size to the branchlets, where they are 2-3 lines long and very narrow. Heads moslly about
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, scattered. Exterior scales much shorter than the inner
ones. Rays 20 - 30, short, pale purple or nearly white. Achcnia slightly and minutely
pubescent.

Shady bushy places, and in open woods ; common. August - October. A polymorphous
species, of which several varieties, besides those here described, occur in other parts of the
United Slates.

13. Aster Tradescanti, Linn. - Tradescant's Aster.

Slein slender, often somewhat pubescent, much branched ; the (small) heads numerous,
usually densely racemose on the erect-spreading or at length diverging virgate branches, often
unilateral ; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins ; the cauline ones lanceolate-linear,
elongated, mucronatc-acute or acuminate, remotely serrate in the middle with fine and sharp
teeth ; the upper, and those of the brandies, successively shorter and usually entire, mucronu-

Aster. COMPOSITE. 343

late ; those of the branchlcts oblong-Hnear, small ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear,
acute or acutisli, imbricated in 3 - 4 scries, appressed , the innermost rather shorter than the
disk. — Linii. sp. 2. p. 876 ; Micltx. fl. 2. p. 1 15 ; I'ursh, Jl. 2. p. 556 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 538 ;
Nees, Ast. p. 103 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 241 ; Torr. <5- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 129. A. vimineus,
Lam. diet. p. 303.

•vaT.fragilts : cauline leaves, except the lowermost, minutely appressed-serrulate or entire,
usually shorter ; heads more scattered on the branchlets. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. A. fragilis,
Willd. sp. 3. p. 2051 ; Nees, Ast. p. 102. A. tenuifolius, Ell. sk. 2. p. 347, not of Linn.

Stem 2-4 feet high, bushy, slightly pubescent often in lines, with numerous slender
branches which at first are somewhat erect, but at length widely spreading. Lower cauline
leaves 3—4 inches long and 3-4 lines wide, with minute remote teeth. Heads small,
numerous, solitary or 2 - 4 together, on short leafy branchlcts or peduncles which are arranged
in a racemose manner along the larger branches. Scales of the hemispherical-campanulate
involucre acutish, slightly pubescent, purplish-green, with a pale nearly smooth margin. Rays
about 20, pale purple or almost white ; the disk tuining purplish. Achenia slightly pubescent.
Pappus a little tawny. In the var. fragilis, the branches are more slender, the branchlets
larger, more paniculate and looser, and the leaves smaller and more crowded.

Fields, and bushy places along rivulets ; not rare. August - October.

' 14. Aster miser, Linn. Starved Aster.

Stem mostly pubescent or hairy, racemosely branched or compound ; the numerous heads
racemose along the spreading or divaricate branches ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, attenuate or acuminate at each end, sharply serrate in the middle ; the radical ones
spatulate-lanceolate or oval, tapering into a petiole ; those of the branches and branchlets
successively smaller and often entire ; scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in 3 or 4
series (the exterior much shorter, the inner about the length of the disk), acute or rather
obtuse ; rays short and often inconspicuous. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 887 ? ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N.
Am. 2. p. 130. A. miser, divergens, difTusus and pendulus. Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 205,
and of most succeeding authors.

var. \ . miserrimus ; stem and elliptical-lanceolate or cuneiform-lanceolate. leaves more or
less scabrous or pubescent ; the flowering branches short, seldom divergent ; scales of the
involucre narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Torr. ^- Gr. I. c. A. miser (e.xcl. 7.)
Nees, Ast. p. 111.

var. 2. glomerellus : mostly cinereous-pubescent or rough ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
elliptical-lanceolate or cuneiform-oblong, rough above, mostly short ; heads glomerate-spicate
at the summit of the stem, or on divergent branches ; scales of the involucre linear, oblusish
or abruptly acute. Torr. <j- Gr. I. c. A. miser, Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 466. A. diffusus,
Muhl. ; Nees, Ast. (partly).

var. 3. diffusus : stem pubescent or smooth below, nnich branched ; leaves nearly smooth
(mostly a little rough above, and sometimes sparsely pubescent underneath), lanceolate, oblong-

443 COMPOSIT.E. Aster.

lanceolate, or the lowermost often oblong-oval ; branches diffuse, mostly elongated, divergent,
recurved-spreading or divaricate ; heads loosely or densely racemose ; scales of the involucre
linear, acute or acutish. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. A. diffusus, divergens, pendulus and parviflorus,
Nees, Ast. p. 99, ^-c.

var. 4. hirsuticaulis : stem and midrib of the narrowly lanceolate elongated leaves more or
less hairy ; heads racemose or spicate on short spreading or diverging branchlets, the upper-
most in axillary glomerules much shorter than the leaves ; scales of the involucre very narrowly
linear, acute. Ton\ <^- Gr. I. c. A. hirsuticaulis, Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 242.

An extremely variable species, having the general appearance of the others belonging to
this group. Like them it presents every diversity in size, branching, length of the leaves,
etc. The heads are small, and usually very numerous. The involucre is campanulate-
turbinate, and the scales have a green tip, and are nearly smooth. Rays 10-10, linear-
lanceolate, white or very pale purple. Disk-flowers purplish, few, large. Achenia a little
pubescent. Pappus dirty white.

Old fields, thickets, etc. ; very common. August - October.

15. Aster simplex, Willd. . Willoiv-leaved Aster.

Stem smooth, racemose-decompound; the branches somewhat corymbose at the summit ;
branchlets bearing few middle-sized heads ; leaves lanceolate, acuminaie, very smooth, rough
on the margin, the lower (and sometimes the upper) ones serrate ; scales of the involucre
loosely imbricated, linear-subulate {Nees). — Willd- cnum. 2. p. 887; Nees, Ast. p. 91 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 239; Torr. cj- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 1.32. A. salicifolius, Darlingt. Jl. Cest.
p. 467.

Stem varying from a foot and a half to six feet in height, often (particularly the branchlets)
pubescent in lines, and striped with green. Leaves 2-5 inches long and from 3-8 lines
wide, thin, remotely serrate with appressed serralurcs, tapering to the base, sessile or a little
clasping. Heads loosely racemose, or a little crowded on the short branchlets. involucre
nearly half an inch in diameter, campanulate-obovoid ; llie scales smooth, acute, green with a
pale margin. Rays 20 or more, blue or bluisii while ; disk-flowers dull purple. Achenia
minutely pubescent.

Margin of swamps, etc. ; rather common. August - October.

]G. Aster tExNuifolius, Linn. Slender-leaved Aster.

Nearly smooth ; stem paniculate-compound, or the liranches and (ralher small) heads often
slightly racemose ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or lanceolatc-liiicar, mostly elongated, attenuate-
acuminate, rough on the margin , the lower ones usually sharply serrate in the middle ; those
of the branches and branchlets entire, attenuate, gradually reduced in size ; scales of the
ovoid-hemispherical involucre linear, acute, closely imbricated below, the points loose or a
little spreading; rays rather short. — Linn. sj). 2. p. 873; Nees, Ast. p. 119; DC. prodr. 5.

Aster. COMPOSITE. - .345

p. 244; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 132. A. polyphyllus, Willd. enum. 2. p. 888. A.
junceus, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 557.

var. \ . ramosissimus : paniculately much branched; the branches and branchlets rigid,
somewhat erect, roughish-pubesccnt ; leaves often rough ; scales of the involucre more closely
imbricated and numerous, linear-subulate. Torr. cj- Gr. I. c. A. tenuifolius, y. Nees, I. c.

var. 2. hellidijlonis : paniculate-compound, rather strict ; the branchlets and heads often
somewhat racemose ; leaves smooth, or frequently rough above ; scales of the involucre
narrowly linear, acute, loosely imbricated. Torr. ^ Gr. 1. c. A. bellidiflorus, Willd. enum.
2. p. 886; Nees, Ast.p. 97; DC. prodr. 5. p. 240; Lindl. in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 11.
A. dracunculoides, Willd. sp. 3. p. 2050. A. leucanthemos, Desf. ; Nees, I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Stem 2-5 feet or more in height. Leaves variable in length and breadth, sometimes
broadly lanceolate, either sharply and often coarsely serrate, or nearly entire, narrowed at the
base, finely ciliolate on the margin. Heads middle-sized. Scales of the involucre acute or
acuminate, greenish, with a narrow pale margin. Rays numerous, considerab.y shorter than
the disk, pale purple or nearly white.

Low grounds, etc. August - October.

17. Aster Greenii, Ton: (.]• Gr. Crreen's Aster.

Stem very smooth, racemosely branched or compound ; leaves nearly all remotely adpressed-
serrulate, smooth, acute or acuminate, rough above ; the caulinc ones narrowly lanceolate,
elongated, slightly clasping (not dilated) at the base, spreading ; heads (hardly middle-sized)
simply racemose on the leafy branches, on very short bracteate peduncles ; involucre cam-
panulate, somewhat shorter than the disk ; the scales linear-lanceolate, acute, rather closely
imbricated in nearly 3 series , the exterior somewhat shorter. — Torr. cj- Gi: Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 134.

Stem .... feet high. Radical leaves not seen ; caulinc ones 3-5 inches long and about
half an inch broad, of rather firm texture, more or less rough on the upper surface ; those of
the branches nearly uniform in size and shape, and from half an inch to an inch in length
Heads racemose, or sometimes rather crowded along the slender branches. Scales of the
involucre pale, with a greenish midnerve. Rays rather short, broadly lineal", purphsh ? ; the
disk turning to reddish-purple. Achenia finely pubescent. ■ - '

Fields. Schenectady {Mr. Tuckerman). . . . "

[Flor.4..] 44

346 COMPOSITE. Aster.

*•»♦♦• Heads (middle-sized or large, showy) mostly corymbose or pamculaU : scales of the involucre eqnal or somewhat uneqiud,
mere or less imbricated, with loose or spreading herbaceous w foliaceous tips, the exterior frequently entirely herbaceous :
achcnia pubescent or smooth : rays usually large and numerous, blue or purple : cauline leaves sessile, the upper more
or less clasping.

18. Aster laxus, Willd. Loosehj -branched Aster.

Stem smooth or a little pubescent in lines, racemose-compound or decompound, the branches
loose and corymbose at the summit, the branchlets elongated ; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, the margin (and often the upper surface) rough, the lower ones somewhat serrate ;
those of the branchlets linear, obliquely spreading ; scales of the involucre broadly linear,
loose, a little squarrose-spreading. — Willd. enum. 2. 'p. 886 ; Nees, Ast. p. 95; DC. prodr.
5. p. 240 ; Torr. S^ Gr. fi. N. Am. 2. p. 135.

Stem apparently 3-4 feet high, with numerous rigid ascending branches, purplish. Radical
leaves not seen ; cauline ones 2-4 inches long and about half an inch broad ; those of the
branchlets much smaller, broad and a little clasping at the base. Heads loosely corymbose,
about as large as in A. puniceus. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, green, rather acute ;
the exterior ones (particularly in the terminal heads) at length squarrose. Rays very numerous
(40 - 50), narrow, purplish-blue.

Island of Nevif-York, near the Deaf and Dumb Asylum {Mr. Brownne).

19. Aster elodes, Torr. Sf Gr. Blue S^nooth Marsh Aster.

Very smooth ; stems simple or somewhat branched, flexuous, slender, loosely somewhat
paniculate at the summit ; leaves varying from lanceolate to linear, somewhat coriaceous,
narrowed at each end, nearly entire or sparingly appresscd-serrulate, shining, the upper ones
somewhat clasping by a narrow base ; scales of the hemispherical involucre spatulate-linear,
acute, mucronulate, with recurved-spreading herbaceous tips ; achenia smooth. — Torr. <^
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 136. A. elodes, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 155, not of Ait-
Stem 1-24 feet high, often simple, with a few flowers in a loose paniculate raceme at
the summit ; at other limes somewhat compoundly branched above, with the flowers more
numerous ; and more rarely (especially in the narrowest-leaved forms) fastigiately branched.
Leaves 2-6 inches long, varying from little more than a line to 6 or 8 lines in breadth, the
largest ones usually occurring on the specimens with simple stems, often tapering below, and
then suddenly dilated a little at the base ; those of the flowering branches usually 1-2 inches
long and few in number, but in the much branched forms often very small and rather nu-
merous. Heads large and showy, sometimes only very few or almost solitary, and seldom
numerous, solitary on the rather short branchlets. Involucre more than half an inch in dia-
meter. Scales ciliate on the margin, the inner ones usually more or less tinged with purple.
Rays 25 - 30, large, deep blue or violet. Disk-flowers yellow, sometimes turning purplish.
Deep swamps. Long Island. August - October. A very handsome species, common in
the sandy swamps of New- Jersey, but riot found hitherto in the State of New- York, except
on Long Island. It is, perhaps, too near A. longifolius, Lam.

Aster. COMPOSITE. 347

20. Aster puniceus, Linn. Hispid Tall Aster.

Stem hispid, stout, paniculate above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rather coarsely
serrate in the middle, very rough above and on the midrib underneath, clasping by a more or
less auriculate base ; heads (rather large) somewhat crowded in a racemose or paniculate
manner towards the summit of the leafy branches ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear,
tapering to a long acute point, loose and somewhat spreading, nearly equal in about 2 series,
as long as the disk. — Limi. sp. 2. p. 875 ; Michx. jl. 2. p. 1 15 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2040 ;
Pursh, ft. 2. p. 554 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 312 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 10 ; Darlingt. Jl.
Cest. p. 465 ; DC. prodr. 5. j). 236 ; Torr. cj- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 140. A. amoenus and
hispidus. Lam. diet. 1. p. 306.

Stem 3-6 feet high, usually purplish, hispid with short strong prickly hairs, paniculately
or corymbosely much branched above. Leaves often almost equally rough on both surfaces ;
the cauline ones 3-5 inches long, and varying from rather narrowly lanceolate to nearly
oblong, usually a little narrow below nearly to the base, which is clasping-auriculate ; leaves
of the branches and branchlets of the same form as the cauline, but smaller. Heads (with
the rays expanded) an inch or more in diameter, on nearly naked pedicels. Scales very acute,
the inner ones often a little longer than the disk. Rays numerous, violet-purple, often pale.
Achenia somewhat pubescent.

Low wet thickets ; common. September - October. A coarse well-marked species.
There are varieties (but I have not found them in New-York) in which the stem is smoothish,
particularly below, with the exterior scales of the involucre rather broad and more foliaceous.
To these belong A. vimineus and A.firmus of authors.

21. Aster prenanthoides, Miihl. Prenanthes-like Aster.

Stem pubescent or hairy in decurrent lines, loosely paniculate-corymbose at the summit ;
leaves spatulate-lanceolate or lanceolate-oval, incisely serrate in the middle, conspicuously
acuminate, abruptly tapering into a long narrow base like a winged petiole, with a cordate or
auriculate clasping insertion, rough above, smooth underneath ; heads (rather large) on short
rigid spreading peduncles ; scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate-linear or spatulate-
linear, acute or acuminate, imbricated in 3 - 4 series, with recurved-spreading herbaceous
summits. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 2046 ; Nees, Ast. p. 61 ; Beck, hot. p. 185 ; Darlingt.
Jl. Cest. p. 465 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 234 ; Torn ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 142.

Stem 1 - 4 feet high, sparingly branched ; the pubescence commonly in lines, with the
intervals smooth. Leaves 3-6 inches or more in length and an inch or more in breadth,
entire and remarkably contracted below, with a conspicuous dilated and clasping base, of a
rather thin texture. Heads rather few, loosely clustered towards the extremity of the branches;
the upper ones and those of the branches smaller, and usually less narrowed at the base.
Scales of the involucre smooth, or slightly ciliate on the margin ; the exterior ones often
spatulate and green. Rays 20 or more, pale violet or lilac, sometimes nearly white. Pappus
unequal. Achenia somewhat hispid.

Moist woods and thickets. Western part of the State ( Dr. Knieskern and Dr. Sartwell).

September - October.

44*

348 COMPOSlTiE. Aster.

ttttin Heads (large and shmvy) terminating the corymbose or paniculate branches : scales of t!te involucre numei'ons, in
several series, somewhat equal, the elongated foUacemts jmiiion spreading or squarrose : achenia vilknis : rays numerous,
purple or violet : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, mostly entire, sessile, often partly clasping : branchkts and involucre
glandular or glandular-pubescent.

22. Aster NoViE-ANGLi^, Linn. New-England Aster.

Stem stout, hispid, corymbose at the summit ; the branchlets and involucre somewhat
viscid; leaves very numerous, linear-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, entire, roughish-pubescent;
scales of the involucre subulate-linear, glandularly viscid, loose, nearly equal, as long as the
disk.— Lim. sp. 2.p. 875; Michx.Jl. 2. p. 113; Pursh,fl. 2. p.bAQ ; Nutt. gen 2. p. 156;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 351 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 183 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 310 ; Nees, Ast. p. 46 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 8 ; Beck, hot. p. 182 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 462 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 233;
Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 144. A. amplexicaulis. Lam. diet. 1. p. 304, not of Willd.
A. spurius, Willd. sp. 3. p. 2032.

Stem 3-6 feet high, often brownish purple, clothed with white spreading hairs, and the
upper part somewhat viscid with a terebinthine secretion. Leaves 2-4 inches long and
4-6 lines wide, gradually tapering to the summit, the auriculate base folding round the stem.
Heads (including the rays) more than an inch and a half in diameter, arranged in a loose
more or less compound thyrsus or corymb. Involucre liemisphcrical ; the scales very narrow,
glandularly rough and viscid, more or less tinged with brownish-purple. Rays very numerous
(40 or more), bright violet-purple : disk-flowers yellow, becoming purplish when old. Achenia
very hairy. Pappus rather rigid, dirty reddish-white.

Low grounds, borders of fields, etc., sometimes in rather dry situations ; common. Sep-
tember - October. This is one of the handsomest species of the genus, and also one of the
easiest to be recognized.

& 4. Orthomeris, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the regularly imbricated involucre tcith membranaceous
or scarious margins, destitute of herbaceous tips or appendages, often carinaie, mostly unequal:
appendages of the style lanceolate, sometimes oblong or triangular: receptacle alveolate {flat):
bristles of the pappus capillary, usually unequal.

23. Aster acuminatus, Michx. Acuminate Aster.

Stem simple, flexuous, pubescent, roughish, loosely and paniculately corymbose at the
summit ; peduncles slender, naked ; leaves broadly cuneiform-lanceolate, membranaceous,
conspicuously acuminate, coarsely dentate-serrate above, the narrowed base entire, smooth
above, more or less pubescent underneath ; scales of the involucre linear, loosely imbricated,
acuminate ; achenia glandular. — Michx.Jl. 2. p. 109 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 555 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost.
p. 312 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 2707, and Jl. Bor.-Am. 2 p. 9, not of Nees ; Beck, hot. p. 184 ;
Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 157. A. diifusus, var. acuminatus, Pers. syn. 2. p. 447.
Diploslcphium acuminatum, DC. prodr. 5. p. 273.

AsTBR. COMPOSITE. 3-19

Stem 12-18 inches high, rather stout, angular, more or less pubescent or sometimes hairy.
Leaves 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, tapering from about the middle to a cuneate
entire base, pinnately veined, the teetli mucronate and spreading. Heads commonly few, in
a loose spreading paniculate corymb. Involucre nearly half an inch in diameter : scales pale
green or tinged with purple, tapering to a long narrow point , the outer ones much smaller.
Rays 12 - 18, elongated, white. Achenia narrowly oblong, clothed with a short glandular
pubescence.

In fertile woods, and on mountains ; rather common in the northern and southwestern
counties, and on the Hudson as far south as Catskill. August - October.

24. Aster ptarmicoides, Torr. S^ Gr. (Plate LII.) Ptarmicoid Aster.

Stem simple, rough above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acute, somewhat shining, very
rough on the margin , those of the stem entire ; the lower ones elongated, often slightly and
remotely toothed, tapering to the base or somewhat petioled ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the
hemispherical involucre closely imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Torr. ^•
Gr. fi. N. Am. 2. p. 160. Chrysopsis alba, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 152. Doelingcria ptarmicoides,
Nees, Ast. p. 183. Diplopappus albus, Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21 ; Gray in ann. lye. A'.
York, 3. p. 226. Heleastrum album, DC. prodr. 5. p. 264. Bucephalus albus, Nutt. in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 299.

Stems 6-18 inches high, commonly several from a somewhat woody rhizoma. Leaves
usually a little ciliate at the base, more or less rough ; the lower and radical ones 3-6 inches
long and 2-4 lines wide, with a long tapering base, and often distinctly pctiolate. Heads
rather small, in a spreading flat-topped corj'mb. Scales of the involucre narrowly oblong,
nearly smooth, greenish, in 3 - 4 unequal series. Rays 12 - 18, while. Pappus soft and
white ; the longer bristles thickened at the apex.

Rocky banks of the Black River, near Watertown, Jefferson county. July - September.
A rare and singular species, which has been referred to six different genera, but is a genuine
Aster.

^ 5. OxYTRiPOLiuM, DC; Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre membranaceous or chartaceous with

membranaceous margins, destitiUe of herbaceous tips, usually very acute, the exterior passing
into scale-like bracts : receptacle somewhat alveolate : bristles of the pappus soft and capillary,
nearly equal : achenia compressed, often striate : leaves thickish or succulent, narrow and entire.
— Annual or perennial ; mostly smooth; natives of salt marshes.

25. Aster flexuosus, Nutt. Perennial Salt-marsh Aster.

Stem very smooth, flexnous, sparingly branched, the branches mostly terminated by (large)
solitary heads ; stem-leaves linear , the lower ones lanceolate-linear, elongated, fleshy, acute,
tapering to the base , those of the branchlets subulate ; scales of the campanulate involucre

350 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

lanceolate-acuminate ; rays numerous, rather short ; achenia slender, sparingly pubescent,
5-striate.— Nutt. gen. 2. p. 154 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 343 ; Ton: ^- Gr. ft. N. Am. 2. p. 161.
A. sparsiflorus, Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 547; Torr. compend. p. 293 ; Beck, hot. p. 182. Tripolium
flexuosum, Nees, Ast. p. 155 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 254.

Stem a foot or eighteen inches high, a little angular, sometimes simple except at the sum-
mit, but usually producing a few and somewhat spreading short branches from towards the
base upward. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1-2 lines wide, sessile, narrowed below, but
clasping at the base. Peduncles or branchlets bearing 1-2 heads, clothed with small bract-
like leaves. Scales of the involucre chartaceous, often tinged with purple. Rays about 20,
pale purple, about one-third longer than the involucre, in a single series. Pappus reddish.

Salt marshes ; rather common in the vicinity of New-York and on Long Island. September
- October.

26. Aster linifolius, Linn. Annual Salt-marsh Aster.

Annual ; very smooth ; stem erect, racemosely branched from the base ; the branches erect-
spreading, bearing racemose-paniculate (small) heads : leaves lanceolate-linear, acuminate,
narrowed at the base ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre linear-subulate ; ray-flowers
scarcely exceeding the pappus ; achenia minutely pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 874 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 162, not of Ait. <^c. A. subulatus, Michx.fl. 2. p.\l\ (partly) ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 154 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 345 ; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 309; Torr. compend. p. 292; Beck,
hot. p. 181. Tripolium subulatum, A^'ees, ylsi. p. 156 (in part); DC. protZr. 5. p. 254 (partly).

Stem usually about a foot and a half high, striate-angular, mostly purplish, generally much
branched, hollow. Leaves 2-6 inches long, somewhat fleshy, tapering at each end, 2-4
lines wide, somewhat clasping. Scales very acute, thin, green tinged with purple. Ray-
flowers numerous and very short, somewhat in two series, pale-purple or nearly white.
Achenia oblong.

Salt marshes, in the neighborhood of New-York, and on Long Island ; common. September
- November.

9. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 180. diplopappus.

DiPi.osTEPHiuM, Kunlh. — DiPLOPAPPUs & Diplostephium, Cass, if- D.C. — Diplostephidm & D(ellingehu, in part,

Nees. — Chrysopsis, § 2. Nutt. partly.

[From the Greek, diphus, double, and pajipos, pappus,]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers usually few (8 - 12), in a single series ; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate or subulate, destitute
of herbaceous or squarrose tips. Receptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli toothed.
Appendages of the style subulate or lanceolate, rarely short. Achenia more or less com-
pressed. Pappus double ; the interior of rough copious often unequal capillary bristles, as

DiPLOPAPPus. COMPOSITE. 351

long as the corolla ; the exterior very short, setaceous or subulate. — Perennial herbs or
suffruticose plants, of various habit, with alternate, mostly entire sessile leaves. Heads
corymbose, or terminating the simple branches. Rays blue, purple or white ; the corolla

of the disk yellow, rarely turning to purple.

^ 1. Ianthe, Torr. & Gr. Bristles of the inner pappus not clavellate or thickened, at the tip ; the
exterior setaceous : achenia villous or silky, linear, somewhat compressed : involucre about the
length of the disk: leaves crotoded, linear, rigid, one-nerved, mucronate, with very rough
margins: heads terminating the simple branches.

1. DiPLOPAPPUs LiNARiiFOLius, Hook. Norrow-leaved Diplojmppus.

Stems strict, usually several from one root, or branching at the base ; leaves linear, rigid,
spreading ; scales of the turbinate involucre rigid, carinately one-nerved, the exterior short
and acute, the interior mostly obtuse ; achenia silky villous. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21 ;
Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 743 ; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Ain. 2. p. 181. D. linariifolius and rigidus,
Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 277. Diplostephium linariifoliura, Necs, Ast. p. 199. Chrysopsis
linariifolia, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 152. Aster linariifolius, Linn. sp. 2. p. 874 ; Michx. fl. 2. p.
110 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 545 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365 ; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 309 ; Beck, bat. p. 187.
A. rigidus, Linn. I. c. ; Michx. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. A. pulcherrimus, Lodd. bat. cab. \. t. 6.

Stems 8 — 18 inches high, growing in clusters, erect or assurgent, reddish, puberulent, the
lower part either simple or divided near the root, with very few or numerous corymbose
branches at the summit ; the peduncles or flowering branches usually somewhat elongated
(often with small bract-like leaves), or frequently short and in a compact cluster. Leaves
about an inch long and a line wide, crowded, sometimes reflexed, the margin very rough with
minute prickles. Heads large and showy. Scales of the involucre ciliate, finally a little
spreading ; the inner ones purplish at the tip. Rays 10 - 12, violet, twice as long as the
involucre. Exterior pappus copious. Achenia small.

Dry open woods and on hill-sides ; common. August - October. A humble but ornamental
species.

^ 2. TRiPLOPAPPrs, Torr. & Gr. Bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of them clavellate or
thickened at the summit, the exterior of somewhat scale-like bristles : achenia obovoid, compressed,
smooth or slightly pubescent, 5 - S-7ierved : involucre shorter than the disk : leaves lanceolate,
ovate or oblong : rays v;hite.

2. DiPLOPAPPus coRNiFOLius, Darlingt. " Cornel-leaved Diplopappus.

Stem slender, roughish-pubescent, rather naked and sparingly corymbose-paniculate at the
summit ; leaves elliptical, acuminate at each end, hairy on the veins underneath ; heads few,
on divaricate pedicels ; achenia smooth. — Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 474 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am.
2. p. 182. Doellingeria cornifolia, Nees, Ast. p. 181. Diplostephium cornifolium, DC. prodr.

352 COMPOSITE. Diplopapptjs.

5. p. 274. Aster divaricatus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 873. A. cornifolius, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3.
p. 2039 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 313. A. infirmus, Michx. fl. 2. p. 109. A. humilis, Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 548 (excl. syn. Willd.); Beck, hot. p. 188.

Stem 1 J - 2 feet high, terete, often flexuous. Leaves 3-4 inches long and 1-2 wide,
ciliolate, the reticulated veins rather prominent underneath ; lower ones often spatulale ; those
on the upper part of the stem distant. Heads middle-sized, usually few (seldom more than
8 or 10) ; the peduncles rather rigid. Rays broadly lanceolate, white or somewhat ochro-
leucous. Scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate-pubescent on the margin ;
the inner ones about one-third shorter than the disk, the exterior very short. Appendages of
the style linear-subulate, elongated. Achenia large, obovoid, compressed, 6 - 8-nerved.
Pappus reddish-brown ; most of the longer bristles distinctly clavate, and often a little curved
at the tip.

Woods and copses ; rather rare. August - September.

3. DiPLOPAPPUs uMBELLATUs, TotT. Sf GrT. Umbelkd Diplopappus.

Stem striate, fastigiate-corymbose at the summit ; leaves elongated, lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate, tapering at the base usually into a short petiole, the margin a little rough ; heads
numerous, in fastigiate corymbs ; scales of the short involucre obtusish, rather closely im-
bricated ; achenia slightly hairy. — Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 183. D. umbellatus and
amygdalinus. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 23. D. amygdalinus, Darlingt. fl,. Cest. p. 473.
Dcellingcria umbellata, Neest, Ast. p. 178. Diplostephium umbellatum, DC. prodr. 5. p. 212.
Aster umbellatus, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 199 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2030 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 310.
A. amygdalinus, Michx. fl. 2. p. 109 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 549 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 367 (partly) ;
Torr. compend. p. 300; Beck, bat. p. 188 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1517.

Stem 3-5 feet high, often clustered ; the corymbose branches rather erect. Leaves 3-5
inches long and from half an inch to an inch wide, a little rough above, somewhat pubescent
on the veins underneath. Heads above the middle size, numerous, in a somewhat crowded
fastigiate corymb. Scales of the involucre a little longer than the ripe achenia. Rays about
12, white or cream-color. Achenia obovoid-oblong, prominently about 5-ribbed. Pappus
tawny ; the longer series slightly thickened at the tip.

Wet meadows and moist thickets ; rather common. August - September.

Erigeron. COMPOSITjE. 353

10. ERIGERON. Linn. ; Torr. 4- Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 166. FLEABANE.

Erigeron, Stenactis and Phalebocoma, DC.

[From the Greek, er, the spring, and geron, an old man; because it is hoary early in the season ; or, as some say, from
the bald heads of the receptacles after the hairy fruit has fallen.]

Heads mostly hemispherical (sometimes cylindrical), many-flowered ; the ray-flowers very

numerous and usually in more than one series, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect ;

- or some of the exterior filiform-tubular and truncate, pistillate. Scales of the involucre
mostly equal, narrow, in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, naked,
punctate or scrobiculate. Appendages of the style very short and obtuse. Achenia com-
pressed, usually pubescent, commonly with two lateral nerves. Pappus a single series of
capillary rough bristles, often with minute ones intermixed or forming an indistinct outer
series, or sometimes with a distinct short scaly setaceous exterior pappus ; the inner pappus

— rarely wanting in the ray. — Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants, with entire, lobed, of
toothed leaves. Heads solitary, corymbose or paniculate. Rays white, blue or purple.

1} I. C^NOTUS, Nutt. Rai/s in several series, shorter than the involucre: pappus simple: achenia
2-nerved: corolla of the disk mostly i-toothed : heads very small, cylindrical. — Annual or
biennial herbs.

1. Erigeron Canadense, Linn. Horse-iceed or Butter-weed.

Stem erect, hispid or sometimes smoothish, paniculately very much branched above ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, the lower ones somewhat serrate , upper ones entire, hispidly ciliate ; heads
very numerous, corymbosely paniculate and crowded ; rays (while) shorter than the pappus ;
achenia sparsely hispid. — Linn. $p. 2. p. 863 ; Fl. Dan. t. 292 ; Miclix.fl. 2. p. 123 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 534 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 148 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 397 ; Torr. compend. p. 291 ; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20 ; Beck, bat. p. 180 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 471 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 289 ;
Torr. 4- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 167. E. pusillum, Nutt. I. c. Senecio ciliatus, Walt.fl. Car.
p. 208.

Stem 1-6 feet high (in sterile sandy soils often only 4-6 inches, in which state it is E.
pusillum, Nutt.), usually very hairy. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1-4 lines wide, tapering
at the base ; the lower ones sparingly toothed, 3-nerved. Heads scarcely a line and a half
long. Scales of the involucre a little hairy. Rays very numerous and narrow. Achenia
oblong, whitish.

Fields and waste grounds ; very common. July - October. This weed has long been
naturalized in Europe. It is sometimes employed as a domestic medicine, being considered
tonic, astringent and diuretic (See Wood <^ Bache's U. S. Dispens. append, p. 1085). E.
pusillum of Nuttall is only a dwarf state of the plant.

[Flora.] 45

354 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.

^ 2. EuERiGERON, Ton. & Gr. Rays crowded or in two or more series, longer than the hemisphe-
rical involucre : pappus simple, or sometimes with minute bristles intermixed or forming an
indistinct external series : achenia 2-nerved. — Mostly perennial herbs.

2. Erigeron bellidifolium, Mulil. Poor Robert's Plantain.

Hairy and canescent with soft spreading hairs ; radical leaves obovate or broadly spatulate,
somewhat serrate or entire ; the cauline ones rather remote, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, a
little clasping ; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays very numerous, more than twice as long
as the involucre; achenia smooth. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1958; Bot. mag. t. 2403;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 502 ; Ell .sk. 2. p. 393 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 302 ; Torr. compend. p. 289 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 285; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 171. E. pulchellum, Michx. Jl. 2.
p. 124 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 472, not of DC.

Stem 12-18 inches high, erect, simple, often stoloniferous at the base. Radical leaves
usually clustered, 2-3 inches long, and nearly an inch wide, narrowed to a short petiole,
very hairy, rounded at the extremity, either entire or only serrate towards the summit ; the
cauline usually few, mostly acute and entire. Heads 2 - 5 ; the lateral pedicels elongated
and rather slender. Scales of the involucre very narrow, hairy and somewhat glandular.
Rays about 50, pale bluish-purple, or sometimes nearly white. Corolla of the disk slightly
hairy.

Borders of woods, etc. ; common. May - June.

3. Erigeron Philadelphicum, Linn. Philadelphia Fleahane.

Hairy or pubescent ; stem slender, loosely corymbose at the summit ; leaves ciliate ; the
radical and lower cauline ones spatulate-oblong, tapering at the base, obtusely serrate or
nearly entire ; the upper cauline ones clasping, mostly entire ; heads corymbose ('•alher
small) ; rays very numerous, capillary, more than twice the length of the involucre ; achenia
minutely hispid. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 862 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1957 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 123 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 533 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 303 ; Beck, bot. p. 179 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 462 ; Torr.
^ Gr.fi. N. Am. 2. p. 171, not of £//. or DC. E. purpureum, Ait.Kew.(ed. l.)3.p. 186;
Pursh, I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 19 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 286.

Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy or villous towards the base. Leaves thin ; the midrib conspi-
cuous ; radical ones 2-4 inches long and about an inch wide, more or less coarsely serrate
or toothed, tapering at the base into a winged petiole ; the cauline conspicuously clasping and
cordate at the base. Heads usually few. Pedicels elongated. Scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, a little hairy. Rays innumerable, pale reddish-purple or flesh-color.
Pappus simple.

Woods ; rather rare. July - August.

Erigeron. COMPOSIT/E. 355

^ 3. Phalochroloma, Cass. Rays very numerous 171 a single series, longer than the involucre:
pappus manifestly double : the exterior very short, subulate or squamellate, or almost coroniform ;
the interior of few somewhat deciduous bristles, often caducous or wanting in the ray : achenia
^■nerved. — Annual or biennial plants.

4. Erigeron annuum, Pers. Sweet Scabious. Daisy, etc.

Sparsely hairy ; stem corymbosely branched above ; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ;
radical and lowermost ovale, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole ; upper cauline lanceolate-
acute, serrate in the middle ; uppermost generally entire ; rays very narrow, scarcely twice the
length of the sparsely hispid involucre. — Pers. syn. 2. p. 431 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20;
Terr ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2.p. 175. E. heterophyllum, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1956 ; Pursk,
fl. 2. p. 534 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 148 ; Bast. veg. mat. med. t. 21 ; Beck, hot. p. 180 ; Darlingt.
Jl. Cest. p. 472. E. strigosum, Bigel. fl.. Bost. p. 302. Aster annuus, Linn. sp. 2. p.
875 ; Ait. Kew, (ed. 2.) 5. p. 59. Stenactis annua, Nees. Ast. p. 273. S. annua and
strigosa, DC.prodr. 5. p. 299.

Root apparently annual. Stem stout, 2 — 4 feet high, striate and angular, more or less
hairy. Radical and lower leaves often 1 - 2 or more inches in breadth, tapering at the base,
with a rather long winged petiole : stem leaves usually with only 2-4 large teeth near the
middle. Heads of flowers rather small ; the rays white or tinged with purple, with the interior
pappus wanting.

Fields and meadows; veryjcommon. June - August. This is one of the Shaker
medicines, and is reputed to be diuretic and astringent.

5. Erigeron strigosum, Muhl. Fleabane. Daisy.

Stem more or less strigose with a minute appressed pubescence ; stem slender, corymbose-
paniculate at the summit ; leaves either entire or slightly toothed ; the radical and lower
cauline spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to a long narrow petiole ; upper ones
oblanceolate ; rays narrowly linear, about twice the length of the minutely hispid involucre.
Muld. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1956; Ell. sk. 2. p. 394; Torr. compend. p. 290; Hook. fl.
Bar. -Am. 2. p. 18 ; Beck, hot. p. 180 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 471 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
2. p. 176. E. ambiguum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 147. E. nervosum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 534, not of
Willd. E. integrifolium, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 302. E. spathulatum, H. H. Eaton, in Transyl.
jour. med. March, 1832. E. philadelphicum, Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 20. Phalocroloma
obtusifolium, Cass. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 298, excl. syn. Stenactis ambigua, DC. I. c. p. 299.
S. Beyrichii, Fisch. <^ Meyer.

Root annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, somewhat angular and striate, simple, except near the
summit. Leaves usually entire, but sometimes sj)aringly toothed ; petioles of the radical ones
1-3 inches long ; cauline leaves gradually diminishing in size upwards, acute or rather obtuse.
Corymbs small, loose, nearly naked. Heads about three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

45*

356 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.

Rays commonly white, but sometimes pale rose-color. Achenia slightly hairy. Inner pappus
of the ray usually wanting ; of the disk consisting of few slender deciduous bristles : outer
pappus very short, setaceous-squamellate.

Fields and meadows ; very common. July - September. Similar in its medicinal
properties to the preceding.

Div. 2. Chrysocome^, DC. Heads either heterogamous and radiate, or honogamous and discoid ;
the rays and disk-flowers yellow and unchanging. Receptacle never chaffy.

11. SOLIDAGO. Linn.; DC. prodr. 5. p. 330. GOLDEN-ROD.

[From the Latin, solido, to unite or make firm ; in allusion to its supposed vulnerary qualities.]

Heads usually small, few- or many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, or sometimes wanting ;
these of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre oblong ; the scales imbricated, appressed,
destitute (except in § 1.) of foliaceo;;s or herbaceous tips. Receptacle narrow, mostly
alveolate. Appendages of the styles lanceolate. Achenia many-ribbed, somewhat terete.
Pappus simple, of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with sessile
alternate cauline leaves ; the radical ones never cordate. Heads in terminal or axillary
racemes or clusters, sometimes corymbose ; the pedicels often unilateral. Flowers yellow
(except in -S. bicoloi-).

^ 1. Chrysastrum, Terr & Gr. Rays 12- 16, or entirely wanting : scales of the involucre with
squarrose herbaceous tips : pappus unequal ; some or all of the inner bristles thickened at the
apex : leaves large.

1. SoLiDAGO SQUARROSA, Muhl. Squovrose Golden-rod.

Stem smooth below, very pubescent above ; leaves smoothish, spatulate-oblong, acute,
serrate ; upper ones sessile, lower narrowed at the base into a margined petiole ; heads (large)
in dense axillary glomerate racemes or spikes ; scales of the involucre minutely pubescent,
with conspicuous recurved-sprcading tips; rays 12 - 16; achenia smooth. — Muhl. cat.
J). 79 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 161 ; Torr. compend. p. 305 ; Beck, hot. p. 193; Darlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 459 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 337 ; Torr. ^- Gr. f,. N. Am. 2. p. 196. S. confertiflora, Nutt.
in jour. acad. Phil. 7. p. 102 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 4, not of DC.

Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, simple. Lower leaves 4-6 inches long and 2 inches or more
in breadth, veiny, acute, rather thick, the veins and margin pubescent ; petiole of the
radical ones 2-3 inches long. Heads of flowers much larger than in most of the following
species, in rigid axillary clusters, forming a large leafy compound spike. Scales of the
involucre puberulent, ciliatc on the margin. Rays bright yellow, rather elongated.

Rocky hill-sides, from the highlands of the Hudson north and west ; rare. August -^
September. A well-marked species.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 357

^2. ViRGAUREA, Tourn. Rays mostlj/ fewer than the disk flowers, rarely wanting : scales destitute
of foliaceous or herbaceous tips: pappus equal.

* Heads in axiUary clusters or short racemes, and often racemose al the extremity of the stem or branches: leaves feather-veined.

2. SoLiDAGo BicoLOR, Linn. White Golden-rod.

Hairy and more or less cinereous ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate,
acute at each end, remotely serrate ; the radical and lower cauline ones broader, tapering
into a petiole ; heads glomerate, or in short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, and
forming an interrupted spike ; scales of the involucre smoothish, oblong-obtuse ; rays 7-9,
whitish or cream-colored ; disk-flowers pale yellow. — Linn. mant. p. 114; Ait. Keto. (ed. 1 )
3. p. 216 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 116 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 537 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 382 ; Bigel. ft. Bost.
p. 306 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3 ; Beck, hot. p. 191 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 458; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 335 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 197. Aster bicolor, Nees, synops. ; Spreng.
syst. 3. p. 536.

Stem 2-3 feet high, often purplish, clothed with villous hairs, sometimes a little branching
at the summit. Leaves pale green, more or less hairy on both sides ; radical ones 3-5
inches long and 1-2 inches wide, the petiole long and narrow ; upper cauline sometimes
entire, sessile, but acute at the base. Heads of flowers rather large, the glomerules forming
an elongated compound spike or terminal leafy raceme. Involucre oblong, the scales oblong-
lanceolate, with greenish midrib and tips, the margin scarious and minutely ciliate. Rays
rather short. Disk-flowers 9 - 14. Achenia smooth, narrowly sulcate.

Woods, copses, etc. ; frequent. Fl. August - September.

3. SoLiDAGO LATiFOLiA, Linn. Broad-leaved Golden-rod.

Stem angled and usually flexuous, smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, coarsely and
acutely serrate-toothed, conspicuously acuminate at both ends, or abruptly attenuate into a
short petiole, mostly hairy on the veins underneath ; heads in (usually short) axillary racemes
or clusters, and racemose or paniculate at the summit of the stem ; scales of the involucre
nearly smooth, obtuse ; achenia silky-pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 789 ; Torr. compend.
p. 304; Torr. 4- Gr. Ji. N. Am. 2. p. 198. S. flexicaulis, Ait. Keto. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 217;
Michx. fl. 2. p. 118 (var. a.) ; Ell. sk. 2, p. 386 ; Beck, bat. p. 192 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 335.
S. flexicaulis, (3. latifolia, Willd. sp. 3. p. 2064 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 5. 42 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 5 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 460. S. macrophylla, Bigel. fl,. Bost. p. 305 ; Beck, I. c.

Stem 1 J - 3 feet high, usually simple. Leaves 3-5 inches long, and 1 i - 2i inches wide,
thin, with very sharp closely approximated lanceolate and spreading teeth, mostly smooth
above, and nearly so underneath. Heads middle-sized ; the clusters or racemes usually
shorter, but sometimes longer than the leaves. Peduncles pubescent. Exterior scales of the
involucre very short. Ray-flowers 3- 4 ; disk -flowers 6-7.

Woods, and banks of streams ; frequent. September - October.

358 COMPOSITE. Solidago-

4. SoLiDAGO CiEsiA, Liiin. Bltie-stemmed Golden-rod.

Stem terete, smooth, glaucous, simple or branching ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, acutely
serrate, smooth ; heads in short axillary clusters, and sometimes racemose at the summit ;
scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 789 ; Ait.
Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 217 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 540 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 385 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 306 ;
Beck, hot. p. 191 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 460 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 336 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
2. p. 199. S. flexicaulis, Linn- herb. S. flexicaulis, var. 3.Miclix.fl. 2. p. 1 18. S. axillaris,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 542 ; Beck, I. c. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 335. S. hvida, Willd. enum. p. 891 ;
Pursh, I. c.

Stem 1^ — 3 feet high, slender, usually of a purplish color, and more or less glaucous,
nearly straight, often paniculately branched above. Leaves 3-5 inches long, and commonly
5-8 lines wide, but sometimes considerably broader, particularly tiie lowest and radical
ones, narrowed at the base, but sessile, sharply and often rather coarsely serrate ; the teeth
either appressed or somewhat spreading. Heads rather smaller than in the preceding species,
and the clusters generally much shorter. Rays 3 - 4 : disk-flowers 5-7. Achenia pubes-
cent, but not silky.

Woods and thickets ; common. September - October. This plant sometimes approaches
S. latifolia, but is probably a distinct species, being distinguished by its round and terete stem,
much narrower leaves, etc.

•* Racemes iermiTuil, erect, not secund, either simple and virgate, or compound and paniculate : kaves feather-veined.

5. SoLiDAGO STRicTA, Ait. (Plate LIII.) Willow-leaved Golden-rod.

Plant smooth ; stem strict, simple ; leaves lanceolat?, acute ; the radical and lower cauline
ones sparingly and minutely appressed-serrate, tapering into winged somewhat sheathing
petioles ; the upper sessile, entire ; racemes (simple or compound) appressed, numerous,
forming a crowded and very strict panicle which is usually leafy towards the base ; heads
8 - 12-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5-6, small ; achenia
smooth.— Ai7. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 216 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2062 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 540?; Hook,
fl,. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 4 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 340?; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 204.

Stem 2-4 feet high, virgate, purplish. Leaves ihickish ; the radical ones (including the
long winged petiole) 6-10 inches long and 1 - I5 inch wide ; the serratures very small and
glandular ; upper ones nearly entire. Racemes forming a dense upright panicle. Pedicels
smooth, or nearly so. Heads rather small.

Sphagnous swamps ; sometimes on mountains. Catskill mountains {Mr. R. Benner).
Near Troy {Dr. Wright). Oneida county {Dr. Gray). Near Lewiston, &c. {Dr. Knieskern).
Latter part of July - September.

SoLiDAGo. COMPOSIT.E. 359

6. SoLiDAGO ViRGA-AUREA, Linn. Common European Golden-rod.

Stem terete or slightly angular ; cauline leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, the
lower ones elliptical, petioled ; raceme erect, simple or compound ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, acute ; rays about 8 ; achcnia minutely pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 880 ; Engl,
bot. t. 301 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 306 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 5 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 338 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2 p. 206.

var. alpina : stem 3-8 inches high, smooth or a little pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate
or spatulate, acute or obtuse ; heads (large) in a dense thyrsoid or corymbose raceme ; in-
volucre smoothish ; rays 8 - 12. — Bigel. I. c. ; Torr. <J- Gr. I.e. S. Virga-Aurea, /3. Hook.
Brit.fl. {ed. 4.) p. 306.

Root thick and creeping, ligneous. Stem erect, simple, often flowering when only about
2 inches high. Leaves 1 - 25 inches long and 4-8 lines wide, crenately serrate ; the upper
ones nearly entire ; lower and radical attenuate into a winged petiole. Heads few, and large
for the size of the plant. Rays elongated. ■

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county. August. This is the only species of Solidago
common to Europe and America,

*** Heads large, in a compound corymb ; leaves feather-veined or 3-7Urved.

7. Solidago rigida, Linn. Rigid-leaved Golden-rod.

Roughly pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem stout, corymbosely branched at the summit ;
leaves ovate or oval, rigid, slightly clasping, the lower ones serrate and petioled, the uppermost
entire ; heads very large, 25 - 30-flowered, crowded ; pedicels short ; scales of the involucre
oblong, very obtuse. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 880 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 216 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 118 ;
Pursh,fl. 2. p. 543 ; FJl. sk. 2. p. 390 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 5 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 337 ;
Beck, bot. p. 193 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 209. S. grandiflora, Raf. in med. rep.
(hex. 2.) 5. p. 359.

Stem 3-4 feet high, rigid, terete, minutely and densely pubescent. Leaves clothed with
a minute but usually rough pubescence, sometimes rather soft underneath ; lower ones
remotely serrate with appressed teeth ; radical ones 4-8 inches long, tapering to narrow
petioles, \ - 2\ inches wide ; upper ones gradually smaller, and more or less clasping.
Heads large and showy. Scales of the involucre usually pubescent. Rays 7 - 10. Achenia
very smooth.

Dry hill-sides, usually in rocky places. Highlands of New- York {Dr. Barratt), and in the
western part of the State. August - October.

360 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

8. SoLiDAGo Ohioensis, Riddell. (Plate LIV.) Ohio Golden-rod.

Very smooth ; stem strict, fastigiate-corymbose at the summit ; radical and lowest cauline
leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, cilioiate-scabrous on the margin, remotely serrate
towards the apex, tapering into slender petioles ; upper ones lanceolate, closely sessile, entire
or nearly so ; heads (rather small) numerous, in a compound raceme, on slender smooth
pedicels, 16 - 20-flowered ; pappus shorter than the corolla of the disk. — Riddell, syn. jl.
Western States, p. 57 ; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 209.

Stem 2-3 feet high, simple and virgate, terete, divided at the summit into a rather dense
compound fastigiate corymb. Leaves rather thick ; radical ones (including the petiole)
10-12 inches or more in length, tapering into a very long slender petiole 1-2 inches wride,
the margin very rough, the serratures glandular at the tip ; cauline leaves acute. Heads
oblong, erect. Scales of the involucre 8-10, oblong, obtuse. Rays 6 — 7, small. Achenia
perfectly smooth.

Moist meadows ; rare. Western part of the State {Dr. Sartwell, Dr. Knieskern, Mr. G.
W. Clinton). Niagara Falls {Mr. Macrae). September - October.

♦♦♦♦ Racemes erect or spreading, paniculate: leaves thickish or fleshy, very smooth and entire, obscurely veiny, often somewhai

triply veined, — Natives of salt or brackish marshes.

9. SoLiDAGo SEMPERviRENS, Linn. Comnion Salt-marsh Golden-rod.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile, acute at each end, obscurely
tripUnerved ; radical ones lanceolate-oblong, tapering into long petioles ; racemes paniculate,
more or less secund ; peduncles pubescent, or nearly smooth ; scales of the involucre acute.
— Linn. sp. 2. p. 898 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 538 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 379 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 335 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 211. S. Ifevigata, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 215 ; Pursh, I. c.
p. 541 ; Bigel.jl. Bost. p. 306 ; Torr. compend. p. 304 ; Beck, hot. p. 192. S. limonifolia,
Pers.?; Torr. compend. I. c; Beck, I. c.

Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth and striate. Leaves slightly scabrous on the margin ; radical
one 1-2 inches wide ; the petioles 6-12 inches long. Panicle usually rather compact, and
conspicuously secund. Heads rather large. Involucre oblong : scales numerous ; outer ones
short. Rays 8 - 10. Achenia slightly pubescent.

Salt marshes, and near brackish waters ; common along the shores of Long Island, and on
the Hudson as far as the sail water extends. September.

SouDAGo. GOMPOSIT/E. 361

♦♦••* Racemes spreading or recurved, secund : leaves veiny, sometimes indistitictly bipUnerved, usuatty sarale.

10. SoLiDAGo NEGLECTA, ToTT. Sf GrT. (Plate LV.) Neglectcd Golden-rod.

Stem smooth, striate ; leaves mostly thickish, smooth ; the radical and lowest cauline oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute at each end, sessile (often obscurely triplinerved), finely
appressed-serrate, the upper ones entire ; racemes short, dense, secund, somewhat spreading,
disposed in an elongated or pyramidal somewhat leafy panicle ; peduncles and pedicels
smoothisli ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, pubescent on the
margin ; achenia smoothish. — Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 213.

Stem 3-6 feet high, rather stout. Primordial leaves rather obtuse ; the others very acute.
Racemes at first rather erect, at length more or less spreading. Heads middle sized ; the
pedicels short, but slender. Rays 4-5, rather large.

Swamps ; rather common in various parts of the State. August - September. This species
is probably often confounded with S. Muldenbergii and S. arguta. From the former it diflfers
in its more entire leaves, strict and terete stem and fewer-flowered heads, etc. ; from the latter
by its elongated panicle, with short racemes, and also by its larger heads and much fewer
flowers, etc.

11. SoLiDAGO PATULA, MuM. Spreading Golden-rod.

Stem angled and striate, smooth, usually branched above ; leaves (large) elliptical, serrate,
very smooth underneath, rough above ; racemes mostly short and crowded on the elongated
and somewhat leafy branches, at length spreading or recurved ; peduncles scabrous-pubescent ;
scales of the involucre oblong, rather obtuse; rays 6-7; disk-flowers 8-10; achenia
sparsely and minutely pubescent. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 2059 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 537 ;
Torr. compend. p. 302 ; Beck, hot. p. 190 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 457 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 333 ;
Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 213. S. asperata, Banks, mss.; Pursh, I. c. ; Hook.fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 3.

Stem 3-4 feet high, often purple. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, very rough above, often
of a dull purplish or leaden hue ; radical ones 4-8 inches long and 2-3 inches in breadth,
narrowed into a winged petiole ; cauline acute at each end, the serratures acute and rather
appressed. Racemes paniculate, secund. Heads rather large. Scales of the involucre
green, minutely pubescent. Rays oblong, middle-sized.

Borders of swamps, and in wet meadows ; common. August - September. Sometimes
the panicle is contracted, and the racemes only slightly secund.

[Flora.] 46

362 . COMPOSITE. Solidago.

12. Solidago arguta, Ait. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod.

Whole plant smooth, except the minutely ciliate margins of the leaves ; stem strict ; radical
and lower cauline leaves large, elliptical or lanceolate-oval, veiny, sharply serrate, acuminate,
tapering into winged and more or less ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate, tapering at each
end, sessile, entire or sparingly serrate ; racemes dense, at length elongated and recurved,
forming a corymbose panicle ; scales of the involucre somewhat carinate, smooth, much
appressed, oblong, rather obtuse; rays 8-12, small; disk-flowers about 10; achenia
smoothish. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. _p. 313; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 538; DC. prodr. 5. p. 333;
Torr. <^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 214, not of Mulil. <^c. S. ciliaris, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3.
p. 2056 ; Beck, hot. p. 189 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 455 ; DC. prodr. I. c. p. 331.

Stem 3-4 feet high, terete, somewhat striate, often purple. Radical leaves (including
the petioles) often nearly a foot long and 2-3 inches wide, rather coriaceous ; upper cauline
leaves 2-4 inches long and 5-8 lines wide, mostly entire, obscurely triplinerved. Heads
small, very numerous, disposed in a long racemose corymbose panicle, which is at first
contracted, but at length somewhat spreading. Pedicels and branches smooth. Scales of the
involucre greenish yellow, the outer ones ovate-oblong.

Meadows and fields ; rather common. August - September. It varies with narrow leaves,
when it is the S.juncea of Alton.

13. Solidago Muhlenbergii, Torr. Sf Gr. Muhlenberg's Golden-rod.

Stem angled, smooth, leaves large and thin, very smooth on both sides, sharply and
strongly serrate ; the radical ones ovate, on winged petioles ; the cauline elliptical-lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, tapering at the base, the uppermost somewhat entire ; racemes pubescent,
short, spreading, disposed in an elongated open and rather slender panicle ; scales of the
involucre oblong-linear, smoothish; rays 5-7, rather large; disk-flowers 12-14; achenia
smooth.— Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Af?i. 2. p. 214. S. arguta, Muhl. cat. p. 79; Darlingt.fl.
Cest. p. 458, not of Ait.

Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, or branched at the summit. Leaves with very acute and
salient teeth, nearly entire towards the base and apex. Panicle open, but the racemes rather
short and seldom recurved. Heads crowded, larger than in the preceding species.

Low grounds, and shady moist places ; rather rare. August - September. Differs from
the preceding in its more slender habits, thinner leaves, narrower and more membranaceous
involucral scales, less numerous rays, etc.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 363

14. SoLiDAGo ALTissiMA, JJ,nn. Tall Hairy Golden-rod.

Stem clothed with rough hair; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each
end or acuminate, sessile, coarsely serrate with mucronate spreading teeth, reticulated and
more or less rugose, rough above, hairy on the veins underneath ; racemes paniculate,
spreading or recurved ; scales of the involucre smoothisli, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse ;
rays 0 - 9, small ; disk-flowers 4 - 7 ; achenia pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 878 ; Ait. Kew.
(od. 1.) 3. p. 212; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2058; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 305; Beck, hot. p. 189; Hooli.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 2; DarUngt. fl. Cest. p. 436; Torr. <J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 216. S.
altissima, aspera, rugosa and villosa, Pursh,Ji. 2. p. 536. S. altissima, aspera, rugosa and
humilis, DC. prodr. 5. p. 333, &c,

var. villosa : leaves thin, often nearly smooth above and rather softly hairy on the veins
underneath. — Torr. tj- Gr. I. c. S. altissima, /3. Ait. I. c. S. villosa, Pi:rsh, I. c. ;
Hook, I. c.

var. rugosa : stem roughly pubescent, hairy ; leaves seiTate with appressed teeth, reticu-
lated and mostly rugose. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. S. rugosa, Mill. ; Willd. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 574 ; Hook. I. c.

Stem 3-7 feet high, often purplish ; the pubescence harsh and of a grayish color. Leaves
variable in outline and in size, usually rough and more or less rugose, irregularly serrate.
Panicle pyramidal ; the racemes secund ; the branches and pedicels pubescent. Heads
rather small. Rays short.

Low grounds, borders of fields, etc.; common. August - October.

15. SoLiDAGo uLMiFOLiA, MuTil. Elm-leuved Gclden-rod.

Stem smoothish, with hairy branches ; leaves elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, tapering at the base, but sessile, coarsely and unequally toothed, smooth above, softly
pubescent underneath ; racemes paniculate, recurved spreading ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4, short; achenia minutely pubescent. — Muhl. in Willd. sp.
3. p. 2060 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 538 ; Beck, hot. p. 190 ; DarUngt. fl. Cest. p. 457; DC. prodr.
5. p. 333 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Afh. 2. p. 217.

Stem 3-4 feet high, striate, sometimes slightly hirsute with scattered hairs. Leaves
sometimes a little pubescent above, roughly ciHolate, pubescent underneath, especially on tlie
veins and midrib, nearly or quite smooth above. Racemes often elongated and slender,
spreading, and usually recurved. Scales of the involucre somewhat ciliate. Rays small.

Borders of woods and in low groimds ; not common. August - September,

46*

364 COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

16. Solidago odora, Ait. ^ Sweet-scented Golden-rod.

Stem slender, simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth, rough
on the margin, marked with pellucid dots ; racemes paniculate ; involucre smooth ; rays 3-4,
large; disk-flowers 3-4; achenia minutely hairy. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 214; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 539 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 376 ; Bigel. med. hot. t. p. 188. t. 20, andfl. Bost. p. 304 ; Beck,
hot. p. 191 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 457 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 334 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 219. S. retrorsa, Michx. fl. 2. p. 117 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 377.

Stem 3-4 feet high, often reclined ; the lines of pubescence descending from the base of
the leaves. Leaves closely sessile, spreading or reflexed, 5-8 lines wide, tapering to a
point ; the midrib light-colored and prominent ; the veins indistinct. Panicle pyramidal,
mostly secund. Heads of flowers middle sized ; the pedicels hairy. Scales of the involucre
rather acute, oblong-lanceolate, slightly carinate.

Borders of woods, and in bushy places, in dry soil ; common. August - September. The
leaves of this plant exhale a pleasant odor of aniseed when bruised, and yield by distillation
a fragrant volatile oil, which is used as a remedy for flatulence and to allay nausea.

17. Solidago nemoralis, Ait. Crray Golden-rod.

Whole plant clothed with a short dense grayish pubescence ; stem simple or branched
above ; radical leaves spatulate or obovatc-cuneiform, narrowed at the base into a petiole,
crenately serrate ; cauline ones oblanceolate, nearly entire, rather rough ; racemes paniculate,
dense, at length recurved-spreading ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, rather obtuse,
appressed ; rays 6-9; disk-flowers 3 - 6 ; achenia pubescent with appressed hairs. — Ait.
Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 213 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 537 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 373 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 305 ;
Beck, hot. p. 190 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 456 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 333 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 220. S. hispida, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 2063. S.
cincrescens, Schwein. in Ell. sk. I. c.

Stem 1 - 2i feet high, terete, often considerably branched at the summit. Radical leaves
2-4 inches long and 6-10 lines wide, usually somewhat toothed, but often nearl}' or quite
entire, especially in the dwarf state of the plant ; cauline leaves tapering to a narrow base.
Heads of flowers middle-sized, very numerous and much crowded, collected into a more or
less elongated panicle composed usually of short (but sometimes rather elongated) racemes.
Scales of the involucre slightly ciliate on the margin. Rays rather short.

In dry and sterile fields ; often scarcely a foot high. September - October. This very
common species is easily recognized by its grayish downy appearance and spatulate lower
leaves.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 365

•»♦»►» Racemes spreading or recurved, secund; leaves manifestly triplinerved, or 3-riibed,

IS. SoLiDAGO Canadensis, Linn. Canadian Golden-rod.

Stem roughly hairy or villous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, or sometimes
nearly entire, rough above, pubescent underneath ; panicle pyramidal or fastigiate, the
racemes very numerous and recurved ; heads small ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate ;
rays very short, rather acute ; achenia pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 878 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
3. p. 210 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2055 ; Pursh,fl. 2.p. 535 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 369 ; Beck, hot. p. 188 ;
Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 455 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 1 (excl. /3.); DC. prodr. 5. p. 330 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 223. S. nutans, Desf. ; DC. I. c.

var. intermedia : stem villous or densely grayish-pubescent ; leaves softly pubescent or
tomentose underneath, rough above. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. S. canadensis, /3. Ait. I. c. ; Hook.
I. c. S. procera, Desf.; DC. I. c.

var. procera : stem villous or roughish-hirsute ; leaves tomentose underneath, rough above,
elongated-lanceolate, sparingly serrate or the upper ones entire ; heads larger, with the rays
rather longer. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. S. procera. Ait. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 369.

Stem 3-5 feet high, terete, very finely striate. Leaves pale green, acute at the base,
the midrib and two lateral longitudinal nerves whitish and strongly marked, variable as to
the degree of roughness and pubescence. Panicle rather large and pyramidal, consisting of
numerous secund racemes of very small heads. Pedicels rather short, but slender, Rays
7-8. Disk-flowers 3-5.

Borders of woods, and fields ; common. August - September.

19. SoLiDAGo SEROTINA, Ait. Late-JloweHng Golden-rod.

Stem very smooth and often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, very
smooth except the veins underneath, the margin and usually the upper surface rough ;
peduncles slender and rather long, roughish-pubescent ; rays numerous, short ; achenia nearly
smooth when mature. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 211 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 1 ; Torr. cj-
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 224. S. gigantea, Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 455.

Stem 4-7 feet high, terete, finely striate, sometimes purplish. Leaves 3-4 inches long
and 5-8 lines wide, rather remotely serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, acute but not
attenuate at the base, strongly 3-ribbed, ciliolate-scabrous on the margin, 9nd more or less
rough on the upper surface. Panicle large. Heads middle-sized. Scales of the involucre
smoothish, lanceolate, rather acute. Rays 9 - 12. Disk-flowers 5-9. Achenia pubescent
when young, at length nearly smooth.

Low grounds ; common. August - October. Distinguished on the one side from S.
Canadensis by its smooth stem, and on the other from S. gigantea by the rough upper surface
of the leaves and the pubescence of the veins underneath.

366 COMPOSITE. Solidago.

20. Solidago gigantea, Ait. Tall Smooth Golden-rod.

Stem smooth and often glaucous ; leaves quite smooth on both sides, lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate, scabrous -ciliolate, sharply serrate except the narrowed base ; panicle large,
pyramidal , the racemes numerous and recurved ; peduncles pubescent ; heads rather large ;
rays exserlcd ; achenia pubescent. — Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 211 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2056 ;
Hooli. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 2; DC. prodr. 5. p. 331 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 224. S.
serotina, Willd. I. c.

Stem 3-7 feet high, and, as well as the leaves, perfectly smooth. Leaves varying from
broadly to narrowly lanceolate. Panicle usually large. Heads larger than in the two pre-
ceding species.

Fields and thickets ; common. August - September.

§ 3. EuTHAMiA, Nutt. Scales of the involucre much appressed, somewhat glutinous : receptacle
fimbrillate : rays (6 - 20) more numerous than the disk-flowers, very small. Stem much
branched, fastigiaie-corymbose : heads in corymbose clusters, mostly fascicled : leaves linear,
entire, sessile.

21. Solidago lanceolata, Linn. Bushy Golden-rod.

Stem much branched, fastigiate ; leaves lanceolate-linear, 3 - 5-nerved, minutely scabrous-
pubescent ; heads ovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbose clusters, sessile ; rays 15 - 20,
minute ; disk-flowers 8-12. — Linn, mant, p. 114 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 214 ; Miclix.
/. 2. p. 116 (war. major); PursJi, Jl. 2 p. A05 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 301 ; Beck, bot. p. \9'i;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 6 (partly) ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 461 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 226. S. graminifolia, Ell. sk. 2. p. 391 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 341. Euthamia graminifolia,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 162, and in trans. Amer. pkil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. j). 326.

Stem 2-4 feet high, slightly pubescent and somewhat rough (particularly above), an-
gularly striate. Leaves 3-6 inches long and 3-5 lines wide, slightly pubescent, 3- (the
broader ones 5-) nerved, very slightly marked with resinous dots. Heads about 3 lines long.
Scales of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, shining and slightly viscid. Achenia
villous-pubescent.

Low grounds, thickets, etc. ; sometimes in rather dry situations ; very common. August
— September. Easily distinguished by its much-branched, flat-topped stem, and long, broadly
linear leaves.

22. Solidago te.nuifolia, Pursh. Slender-leaved Golden-rod.

Stem much branched, fastigiate ; leaves very narrowly linear, spreading, 1- (or rarely 3-)
nerved, punctate with resinous dots ; heads obovoid or turbinate, in loose corymbose clusters,
sometimes pedicellate ; riys 6 - 12, slightly exserted ; disk-flowers 5-6. — Pursh, fl. 2.

SoLiDAGo. COMPOSITiE. 367

p. 540 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 392 ; Torr. compend. p. 303 ; Beck, hot. p. 194 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 341 ;
Torr. (f- Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 226. S. lanceolata, /3. mi-^or, Michx.fl. 2. p. 116. Euthamia
graminifoiia, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 162, and trans. Amer.phit. soc. I. c.

Stem slender, 15 inches - 2 feet high, the lower part often naked. Leaves 2-3 inches
long and about a line in breadth, ofte.i with smaller leaves fascicled in the axils, marked with
minute resinous dots. Heads smaller and less crowded tiian in the preceding species.

Sandy fields ; abundant in Suffolk county, Long Island. Augiist - October. This species
is in general easily distinguished from the preceding by its narrow leaves and more slender
habit, but sometimes forms occur which seem almost to connect them.

11. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 150 ; Ton: ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 352.

CURYSOPSIS.

[From the Greek, chrijsos, gold, and opsis, resemblance ; the prevailing color of the flowers being yellow.]

Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a single series ; those of the disk
tubular, perfect, 5-loothed. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricate. Receptacle some-
what alveolate, flat. Branches of tho style mostly terminated by linear hispid appendages,
often longer than the flat sligmatic portion. Achenia obovate or oblrng-linear, compressed,
hairy. Pappus of the disk and ray similar, double ; the exterior short, somewhat chaffy
or setiform ; tl.e interior of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial plants, mostly
villous or silky, with oblong or linear usually entire leaves. Heads mostly corymbose,
showy. Flowers yellow.

1. Chrysopsis falcata, E!l. (Plate LVI.) Sickle-leaved Chrysopsis.

Stems assurgent, woclly ; leaves crowded, linear, mucronate, rigid, spreading or falcate,
about 3-nerved, hairy underneath, at length nearly smooth above ; heads (small) paniculate-
corymbed, the pedicels slender; scales of the involucre villous; achenia oblong-linear;
exterior pappus setiform. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 336 (note); Beck, hot. p. 177; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 326 ; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 253. Inula falcata, Pursli, Jl. 2. p. 532 ; Torr.
compend. p. 291. I. (Chrysopsis) Mariana, fS., Nutt. gen. 2. p. 151. Pityopsis falcata,
Nutt, in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 318.

Stems often several from one root, curved, very leafy, 6-10 inches high, slender, clothed
with a whitish tomentum. Leaves 1-3 inches long and scarcely more than a line wide, with
3 prominent longitudinal nerves. Heads 5 - 20, in a rather loose simple or compound corymb.
Involucre hemispherical ; the scales acute, somewhat carinate. Rays about 12. Pappus
cinnamon-colored. Achenia attenuate at each end.

Sandy fields, Suffolk county. Long Island ; abundant near Easthampton. August - Sep-
tember.

368 COMPOSlTiE. Chrysopsis.

2. Chrysopsis Mariana, Nutt. Maryland Chrysopsis.

Stem clothed with long hairs, erect, rigid, leafy, simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical, mem-
branaceous, entire or remotely denticulate, mucronulate, somewhat veiny ; upper ones sessile,
the lower narrowed at the base and somewhat petioled ; heads usually few, in a nearly simple
corymb ; peduncles and involucre glandular and somewhat viscid ; achenia obovate ; exterior
pappus setose-chaffy. — Nutt. gen. 2 p. 151 ; EU. sk. 2. p. 335 ; Beck, hot. p. Ill ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 327 ; Torr. <|- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 254. Inula Mariana, Linn, sp, 2. p. 1240 ;
Michx. Jl. 2. p. 122 ; Pursh,jl. 2. p. 531 ; Torr. co7npend. p. 291 (§ Chrysopsis). Diplo-
pappus Marianus, Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 475.

Stem 1-2 feet high, stout and rigid, usually reddish, rather sparsely clothed with fine long
hairs, which are somewhat deciduous. Cauline leaves 1-2 inches long, obtuse or acute,
tipped with a minute glandular point, obscurely veiny ; radical ones 2-4 inches long,
spatulate-oblong. Heads nearly twice as large as in the preceding species, in a somewhat
umbelled corymb ; the pedicels 1-2 inches long, rather slender. Rays 14 - 18. Achenia
brownish purple. Pappus tawny ; the outer series bristly, somewhat scaly at the base.

Sandy fields and woods. Long Island and on the Island of New-York. August - October.

Subtribe II. Baccharide^, Less. Heads discoid, never radiate, dioecious or monoecious ;
the fertile flowers mostly filiform and truncate : central flowers sterile in the monoecious
heads. Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers not caudate at the base. — Leaves alternate.

13. BACCHARIS. Linn.; Michx. fl. 2. p. 125 ; Endl. gen. 2410.

PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD.

[A name given by the Greeks to an aromatic plant of this genus, dedicated to Bacchus.]

Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the flowers all tubular and similar. Involucre somewhat
hemispherical or oblong ; the scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle naked, or
rarely somewhat chafiy. Corolla, in the sterile flowers, somewhat dilated, and 5-cleft at
the summit ; in the fertile, filiform and somewhat truncate. Anthers exserted in the sterile
flowers ; entirely absent in the fertile. Style in the fertile flowers exserted, with the
branches smooth ; in the sterile, tipped with an ovate hairy appendage, often more or less
abortive. Achenia ribbed or grooved. Pappus capillary ; of the sterile plant in a single
scries, about the length of the involucre ; of the fertile in one or several series, not thickened
at the tip, usually much longer than the involucre. — Shrubs or very rarely herbs, commonly
smooth, and resinous or viscous. Leaves mostly alternate, entire or toothed, often decurrent
on the branches. Flowers mostly white.

Baccharis. composite. 3G1)

1. Baccharis iialimifolia, Linn. Groundsel-bush.

Frutescent, smooth, rninutely scurfy ; leaves obovate, inciscly toothed above, cuneate at the
base, and attenuate into a short petiole ; heads of the sterile plant somewhat globose, solitary
or aggregated , of the fertile ovate-oblong, panicled ; scales of the sterile involucre ovate, the
inner ones elongated in the fertile. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 860 ; Micluc. Jl. 2. p. 125 ; Pursh,fl. 2.
/;. 523 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 319 ; Dtiham. arb. (ed. 2.) l.t.60; Torr. compend. p. 288 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 412 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 258.

Stem G - 10 feet high, branched ; the branches erect and angled, clothed (as well as the
leaves) with very minute grayish scales, often exuding (particularly at the insertion of the
leaves) a pale resinous substance. Leaves alternate, 2-3 inches long and 1-2 inches wide,
thick and somewhat coriaceous, angularly toothed ; the uppermost oval or lanceolate, and often
nearly or quite entire. Heads in the sterile plant sessile, mostly aggregated at the summit of
leafy branches ; in the fertile loosely paniculate. Scales of the involucre closely imbricated,
glutinous. Anthers very large. Pappus of the sterile plant plumose and somewhat pencillate ;
of the fertile very long and slender, simple.

Sandy beach of Long Island. September - October.

Subtribe IIL Tarciionanthe.i:, Less. Heads discoid, never radiate, dicEcioits or hetero-
gamous ; the fertile flowers tubular-filiform, mostly truncate ; when heterogamous,
bearing the perfect or staminate flowers in the centre. Receptacle sometimes chaffy.
Anthers caudate at the base. — Leaves alternate.

14. PLUCHEA. Cass. bull, philom. 1817, p. 31 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 449 ; Endl. gen. 2414.

MARSn FLEABANE.
[ Named in commemoration of Noel Pluche, author of " Spectacle do la Nature, &c." and other works.]

Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers meetly perfect but sterile, dilated and 5-cleft ; the
others filiform, pistillate, in many series, truncate or minutely 2 - 3-toolhed. Involucre
imbricated. Receptacle flat, mostly naked. Anthers bicaudate. Style in the central
flowers entire or minutely 2-toothed. Achenia somewhat cylindrical, angular or grooved.
Pappus capillary, in a single series, slightly rough. — Mostly herbaceous and glandular
plants, emitting a strong terebinthine and rather disagreeable odor. Leaves oval or oblong,
serrate. Heads in crowded compound corymbs. Flowers mostly purplish.

1. Pluchea camphorata, DC. Seaside Marsh Fleabane.

Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate-ovate, very acute,
nearly sessile, repandly serrate, minutely pubescent and sprinkled with resinous dots ; corymbs
fastigiate ; scales of the involucre pubescent and viscid, ciliate. — Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N, Am. 2.
[Flora.] 47

370 COMPOSITE. Pluchea.

■p. 261. P. camphorata and marilandica, DC. prodr. 5. p. 452. Erigeron camphoratum,
Linn. sp. 2. p. 864; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1960. Coiiyza Marilandica, Michx. fl. 2. p. 126;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 52.3 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 145 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 320. C. camphorata, Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 299; Torr. compend. p. 288 ; Beck, hot. p. 176.

Stem erect, thick, 12-18 inches high, fastigiately branched above. Leaves 2-3 inches
long, rather succulent, abruptly narrowed at the base, but hardly petioled. Heads at length
depressed-globose, in numerous crowded fastigiate corymbs. Scales of the involucre purplish,
and the flowers pale purple.

Salt marshes. Long Island, Island of New-York, and in Westchester county. August -
October.

Subtribe IV. Inule.e, Cass. Heads mostly radiate and heterogamous, never dicecious.
Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers caudate at the base. — Leaves alternate. Heads not
glomerate. Ray-floivers of the same color as the disk.

15. INULA. Linn.; DC. p?-odr. 5. p. 4^63 ; Endl. gen. 2i26. ELECAMPANE.

[Origin of the name uncertain.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate but sometimes infertile,
ligulate or rarely somewhat tubular ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricate
in several series. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Anthers with 2 bristles at
the base. Achenia terete or 4-sided. Pappus capillary, slightly rough. — Mostly perennial
herbs, with clasping cauline leaves. Heads solitary or corymbose at the summit of the
peduncle. Flowers yellow.

1. Inula Helenium, Linn. Common Elecampane.

Leaves velvety-tomcntose underneath, acute, denticulate ; the radical ones ovale, tapering
into a long petiole , the cauhne somewhat clasp'ing ; heads (large) pedunculate, corymbose. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 881 ; Lam. ill. t. 680 ; Engl. bat. t. 1546 ; Pursh. fl. 2. p. 531 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 301 ; Torr. compend. p. 290 ; Beck, bot. p. 176 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 476; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 463 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 267.

Root perennial, thick and branching, mucilaginous. Stem 3-5 feet high, erect, stout,
branching towards the summit. Leaves often a foot or more in length, and 4-6 inches broad.
Heads of flowers on long terminal thick peduncles. Involucre woolly ; the outer scales large
and broadly ovate. Rays numerous, linear, 3-toothed at the extremity. Achenia 4-sided,
smooth.

Road-sides, and about houses ; introduced from Europe, and now thoroughly naturalized.
July - August. The root is a popular domestic remedy for colds.

POLYMNIA. COMPOSITE. 371

Tribe IV. SENECIONIDEJE. Less.

Heads heterogamous or heterocephalous {dioscious or monoecious). Style {in the perfect
jiowers) cylindraceous above ; the branches linear, somewhat pencillate or hairy at the
apex, either truncate or produced beyond the pencillum into a hairy cone ; the stigmatic
lines terminating in the base of the cone or appendage, not confluent. — Leaves opposite
or alternate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES.

Subtribe I. MELiMPODiNEi:. Flowers diclinous: the staminatc and pistillate either occupying the same or different

heads, in the same or diflerent plants.
Subtribe II. Helianthe.s:. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid. Receptacle partly or en-
tirely chaffy. Pappus none or coroniform, or awned. Anthers blackish, without tails. — Leaves often

opposite.
Subtribe III. Helenie^e. Heads mostly heterogamous. Pappus consisting of numerous distinct scarious chaffy scales

in a single series, rarely wanting. — Leaves mostly alternate.
Subtribe IV. A.vtiiemideje. Heads mostly heterogamous. Anthers not caudate. Pappus none or coroniform, rarely

consisting of scales. Branches of the style truncate and bearded at the apex, rarely terminated by a

conical point. — Leaves mostly alternate.
Subtribe V. Gnaphalie.1:. Heads homogamous and discoid, or rarely heterogamous. Anthers caudate. Pappus

capillary or setaceous, rarely wanting. — Leaves mostly alternate.
Subtribe VI. Seneciones:. Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate. Anthers not caudate. Pappus

capillary, or rarely wanting in the exterior flowers. — Leaves alternate.

Subtribe I. MelampodinEjE, DC. Flowers diclinous {none of them perfect) ; the pistillate
and staminate either on different plants {dioscious), or in different heads of the same
plant {heterocephalous), or in different f.owers of the same head {monoecious). Anthers
not caudate at the base. Receptacle almost always chaffy. Pappus none or somewhat
coroniform, never consisting of bristles. \

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
* Heads monoecious.

16. PoLYMNlA. Heads radiate. Achcnia obovoid, not winged.

17. SiLPHrcM. Heads radiate ; the ray deciduous. Achenia winged, in more than one series. Pappus of 2 teeth or

short awns.

18. IvA. Heads not radiate, bracteate. Anthers scarcely united. Receptacle chaffy. Flowers smooth.

** Heads heterocephalous, not radiate. Anthers distinct.

19. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre 1-cellcd, l-flowcreil, not spinous throughout.

20. Xanthid-m. Fertile involucre 2-celled ; the scales of the sterile distinct.

16. POLYMNIA. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 514 ; Endl. gen. 2475. LEAF-CVP.

[Pohmnia is the name of one of the Muses; but we know not why Linnoius appUed it to this homely genus.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, sterile.
Scales of the involucre in a double series ; the exterior 4-5, large and foliaceous ; the
interior smaller, membranaceous, partly embracing the achenia. Receptacle chaflfy, flat.

47*

372 COMPOSITE. Polymnia.

Style in the sterile flowers 2-cleft ; the branches hairy. Achenia smooth, without pappus ;
of the disk abortive, terete ; of the ray thick, obovoid, somewhat compressed, wingless.
Pappus none. — Perennial viscid or glandular herbs, of a strong odor. Leaves opposite or
sometimes alternate, large and membranaceous, angularly lobed, with stipule-like appen-
dages at the base. Heads paniculate-corymbose. Flowers yellow or yellowish-white.

§ 1. Rays tTiamspicuous, shorter than the involucre.

1. Polymnia Canadensis, Linn. Small-Jlowered Leaf-cup.

Viscidly pubescent ; leaves petioled, broadly rhomboidal, angularly lobed and somewhat
hastate, the lower ones deeply pinnatifid or lyrate ; involucre viscid and hairy ; the exterior
scales ovate-lanceolate, rather longer than the interior ; rays obovate-cuneate. — Linn. sp. 2.
;;. 926, and aman. acad. 3. t. 1. /. 5 ; La7n. ill. t. 711 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 147 ; Piirsh, fl. 2.
p. 579 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 471 ; Beck, hot. p. 208 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 476 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 515 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 273.

Stem 2-5 feet high, erect, branching, roughly pubescent and a little viscid. Leaves very
thin, pale green, 4-8 inches long and often nearly as broad as long, sometimes (particularly
the upper ones) alternate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes widely spreading, repandly toothed. Heads
about half an inch in diameter, loosely paniculate on slender peduncles. Inner scales of the
involucre 5-8, oblong. Rays white or very pale yellow, obtusely 3-lobed at the apex. Disk
pale yellow. Achenia smooth, dark brown, crowned with a protuberant ring.

Shady places along streams, and in ravines in rich soils ; common in the western part of
the State. August.

§ 2. Rays flat; much longer than Ihc involucre.

2. Polymnia Uvedalia, Linn. Large-Jlowered Leaf-cup.

Roughly pubescent ; leaves sinuate-lobed, broadly ovate or deltoid, triplinerved ; the lower
ones very large and somewhat palmately lobed, narrowed at the base into a winged petiole ;
involucre sliyhtly pubescent ; the exterior scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, many times larger than
the interior ones ; rays linear-oblong. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1303 ; Lam. ill. t. 711./. 2;
Michx. fl. 2. p. 147 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 579; Ell. sk. 2. p. 471 ; Beck, hot. p. 208; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 477 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 515 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 273.

Stem 3-6 feet high, smoothish below, more or less pubescent and branching above.
Leaves thicker than in the preceding species, but membranaceous, roughish, minutely ciliate ;
the lower ones 6-12 inches long, sinuate and lobed ; the winged petiole also lobed or pinna-
tifid. Heads few, in a panicle, two inches or more in diameter. Rays 10 - 15, 3-toolhed at
the apex, bright yellow. Disk dull yellow. Inner scales of the involucre 10 - 14. Achenia
large, striate.

Dry rich soils ; western part of the State. July - August.

SiLPHiuM. COMPOSITE. 373

17. SILPHIUM. Linn. ; Endl gen. 2^74. SILPBIVM.

[ From silphi, the name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transferred to this genus by Linnffius.]

Heads monoecious, many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate ; the ligules in a
single series, deciduous, but the flat ovaries in 2 - 3 rows : disk-flowers tubular, sterile.
Scales of the involucre broad and leafy, appressed at the base, more or less squarrose at
the summit ; the innermost ones small and chaffy. Receptacle chaffy. Ligule of the ray-
flowers elongated and spreading. Style in the sterile flowers undivided, elongated, hispid.
Achenia of the ray broad and flat, winged and emarginated, crowned with two subulate or
awned teeth ; those of the ray with an obscure coroniform jjappus. — Coarse perennial
herbs, mostly rough or hispid, exuding a resinous juice. Leaves various. Heads large,
corjrmbose, panicled or solitary. Flowers yellow.

1. SiLPHiuM TRiFOLiATUM, Linn. Temate Silphium.

Stem very smooth, and often glaucous ; cauline leaves 3 - 4 in a whorl (the uppermost
opposite), lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate, rough (especially above), on short hispid
petioles ; heads loose, corymbose or paniculate ; scales of the involucre smooth, ciliate ;
achenia obovate-oval, the broad ish wings produced at the summit, and confluent with the
subulate teeth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 290 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3355 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 277. S. trifoliatum, ternatum and atropurpureum, Retz in Willd. sjj. 3. p. 2333 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 578 ; EH. sk. 2. p. 46(5. S. ternatum, and (partly) S. trifoliatum, DC. prodr. 5.
p. 513. S. ternifolium, Michx. fl. 2. p. 146.

Stem 4-6 feet high, terete or only slightly angled, striate, conr)monly purplish. Leaves
4-6 inches long and about an inch wide, undivided, varying from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate,
sometimes nearly smooth underneath or on both sides ; upper ones usually opposite but
sometimes alternate, sessile. Heads rather small, with 12 - 18 rays. Awns of the achenia
at length separating from the wings.

Near the Falls of Niagara {Dr. Eddy). August.

374 COMPOSITE. Iva.

18. IVA. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 529 ; Endl. gen. 2485. MARSH ELDER.

[Origin of the name uncertain.]

Heads monoecious, not radiate. Fertile flowers 1-5, marginal, with a small tubular corolla :
sterile flowers usually 7-20 (rarely fewer) ; the corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-
form, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single series and often somewhat united,
or 6 - 9 and imbricated. Receptacle small, chaffy. Anthers nearly or quite distinct.
Style in the fertile flowers deeply 2-cleft, the branches linear ; in the sterile undivided,
usually radiate-pencillate at the apex. Achenia obovoid, somewhat compressed, without a
pappus. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, mostly growing near the salt water or in saline
soils. Leaves opposite or the upper ones alternate, often thick or fleshy. Heads nearly
sessile, deflexed, solitary or ternate in the axils of the upper leaves or foliaceous bracts,
forming leafy spikes or racemes. Corolla greenish-white. Anthers yellow.

1. Iva frutescens, Linn. HigJiwater-shrub.

Suffrutescent, much branched, nearly smooth ; leaves oval and oval-lanceolate, the lower
ones opposite, the uppermost alternate, rather fleshy, coarsely serrate ; heads depressed-
globose, on short pedicels, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the bracteal leaves ; scales of the
involucre 5; chaff of the receptacle linear-filiform. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 989 ; Lam. ill. t. 166.
/. 2 ; Michx. ft. 2. p. 184 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2386 ; Pursh, fl. 3. p. 580 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 475 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 317 ; Beck, hot. p. 209 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 529 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am.
2. p. 287.

Stem 3-5 feet high, the branches annually dying down nearly to the ground, except in
mild winters. Leaves thick and somewhat fleshy, 2-3 inches long and 1-2 inches wide,
dull green, 3-nerved, with a minute appressed pubescence on both sides, and a little roughened
with elevated dots ; the teeth rather acute. Heads numerous, about two lines in diameter,
greenish. Corolla of the fertile flowers minute ; of the sterile flowers funnel-form. Achenia
sprinkled with resinous dots.

Seacoast of Long Island, and borders of salt-marshes on the Island of New- York. August
- September.

Ambrosia. COMPOSITE. 375

19. AMBROSIA. Tourn. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 524 ; Endl. gen. 2482. rag-weed.

[Ambrosia was the food of the gods. The coarse weeds of this genus were hardly entitled to so poetical a name.]

Sterile heads in racemes or spikes ; the fertile at the base of the racemes, or in the axils of
the upper leaves. Sterile Fl. Involucre hemispherical or somewhat turbinate ; the scales
few and united. Receptacle naked, or with filiform chaff among the flowers. Anthers
tipped with a bristle-like iiiflexed appendage. Ovary none, or only rudimentary : abortive
style included, fimbriate or radiate at the summit. Fertile Fl. Involucre one-flowered,
closed, pointed, usually armed near the summit with several tubercles or horns in a single
series. Corolla and stamens none. Branches of the style filiform. Achenia ovoid. —
Herbaceous weeds, destitute of beauty. Leaves mostly lobed. Heads without bracts ;
the sterile ones in simple racemes or spikes which terminate the branches : fertile heads
bracteate, clustered at the base of the sterile spikes, or sessile in the axils of the upper
leaves. _ i

1. Ambrosia trifida, Linn. Three-lobed Ragweed.

Hairy and rough ; lerves deeply 3- (or often 5-) lobed ; the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, the petioles narrowly winged ; sterile heads pedicellate ; tlie involucre regular, with
the margin crenate or nearly entire ; fruit (fertile involucre) turbinate-obovoid, 6-ribbed, armed
with 6 spines below the summit — Linn. sp. 2. p. 987 ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 183 ; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 581 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 476 ; Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 343 ; Beck, hot. p. 209 ; DarUngt. fl. Cest.
p. 479 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 479 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 26 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 290.

var. integrifolia : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire or the lower ones 3-lobed. — Torr.
4- Gr. I. c. A. integrifolia, Mulil. in Willd. sp. 2. p. 375 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 580 ; DC. I. c. ;
Beck, hot. I. c.

Annual. Stem 4 - 8 feet high, obtusely 4-anglcd, branching above. Leaves 4-6 inches
or more in length and nearly as broad, very rough on both sides. Sterile racemes 4-8 inches
long, somewhat paniculate ; the heads reflexed. Sterile involucre hairy and marked with 3
strong purple ribs on the outside, lobed or crenate. Flowers greenish-white. Receptacle
naked. Fruit glomerate at the base of sterile racemes ; when mature, nearly iialf an inch
long, with a short conical point, around the base of which are 5 or 6 short erect spines or teetli.

Along fences and in low moist grounds ; common. August - September.

376 COMPOSITE. Ambrosia.

2. Ambrosia artemisi^folia, Linn. Hog-iceed. Rag-weed. Bitter-iveed.

Stem more or less pubescent, paniculately branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, minutely strigose
and rough, pale or somewhat canescent underneath, the petioles ciliate ; racemes spicate,
paniculate ; sterile heads on short pedicels, the involucre regular, crenate ; receptacle naked ;
fruit obovoid, nearly smooth, pointed, armed with about six short acute teeth. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 988 ; Layn. ill. t. 765. /. 1 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 581 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 477; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 526 ; Ton: 4- Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 291. A. elatior, Linn. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 34.3 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 479 ; DC. I. c. ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 309.
A. absynthifolia, Michx. fl. 2. p. 183.

Annual. Stem 1-3 feet high ; when small, nearly simple, at length much branched, a
little rough. Leaves 2-4 inches long, bipinnately dissected ; the lobes oblong, toothed or
entire ; petioles usually ciliate with long hairs. Sterile racemes long and slender ; the heads
on short but slender recurved pedicels. Involucre somewhat turbinate, not ribbed. Fruit
small, solitary, or in glomerate, bracteate, or axillary clusters near the base of the staminate
racemes ; the spines sometimes very short, or almost wanting.

Cultivated grounds and dry fields ; very common, and often a rather troublesome weed.
August - October.

20. XANTHIUM. Tourn.; Gart.fr.t 164; Etid I. gen. 2i&0. COCKLEBUR.

[ From the Greek, xanthos, yellow ; in allusion to the color of some of the species.]

Heads in glomerate spikes, which are sterile at the summit. Sterile Fl. numerous, in
globose heads. Scales of the involucre distinct, in a single series. Receptacle cylindrical,
chaffy. Corolla short, dilated, 5-toothed, somewhat hairy. Anthers distinct, connivent.
Style abortive, undivided. Fertile Fl. Involucre ovoid or oblong, closed, coriaceous,
invested with hooked prickles and 1 - 2-beaked at the summit, 2-celled, with a single
flower in each cell. Corolla slender. Stamens none. Branches of the style linear,
diverging. Achenia oblong, compressed, one in each cell of the involucre. — Annual weeds,
with thick branching stems, and alternate lobed or toothed leaves.

^ 1. EuxANTHiUM, DC. Fructiferous involucre with two beaks. Leaves cordate, lobed or toothed,

without spines at the base.

1. Xanthium strumarium, Lifin. Common Cocklehur, or Bur-weed.

Fructiferous involucre oval, somewhat pubescent ; the beaks straight ; leaves 3 - 5-lobed,
angularly toothed ; the lobes rather acute. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) p. 1400 ; Lam. ill. t. 760.
/. 1 ; Engl. hot. t. 2544 ; Beck, hot. p. 210 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 477 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 523 ; Torr. ^ Or. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 294.

Xanthitjm. COMPOSTTyE. 377

var. Canadense : fructiferous involucre pubescent-scabrous, or at length smooth ; the beaks
straight, or slightly incurved ; stem usually spotted. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. X. macrocarpon, /3.
glabratum, DC. I. c. X. strumarium, Micluv. fl. 2. p. 182.

Stem 1-2 feet high, angular, roughish-pubescent. Leaves 3-6 inches long, broadly
cordate, more or less distinctly 3-lobed, the 3 principal nerves arising from the cuneate base
of the sinus : petioles 2-4 inches long. Heads in short axillary glomerate spikes. Mature
involucre or fruit nearly an inch long, clothed with short hooked prickles, and furnished at the
summit with 2 much shorter spinous beaks.

Road-sides, barn-yards and waste places. A native of Europe ; introduced in many places :
tlie var. Canadense, in fields, in the western part of the State, and apparently indigenous.
August - September.

2. Xanthium echinatum, Murray. Sea Cocklehur.

Fructiferous involucre oval, very densely clothed with rigid slender prickles, which are
strongly hispid as well as the incurved beaks ; stem and petioles rough and spotted ; leaves
rough, broadly cordate, irregularly sinuate-toothed and obscurely lobed. — Mxirr. comm. Gcett.
6. p. 32. t. 4 ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 374 ; Pers. syn. 2. p. 558 ; Torr. (^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 295.
X. maculatum, Raf. in Sill. jour. 1. p. 151. X. orientale, Muhl. cat. p. 89 ; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 186, not of Linn. X. macrocarpon, Torr. compend. p. 353; Beck, hot. p. 210; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 523, in part. X. strumarium, JBigel. Jl. Bost. p. 342.

About the size of the preceding species, but stouter and somewhat succulent. Stem marked
with purple spots and stripes, strigosely pubescent. Leaves very rough, and finely sprinkled
with resinous particles on both sides. Mature fruit about an inch and a quarter long, and
much broader than in X. strumarium. The prickles are also more numerous, and, like the
strong and usually incurved beaks, hispid with bristly hairs.

Sandy soils and borders of beaches, near salt or brackish water ; common on Long Island,
and on the banks of the Hudson as far north as Peekskill. August - October. De Candolle
confounded this species with his X. macrocarpum, which differs in its smaller and narrower
fruit, and in the much less numerous and stouter prickles.

^ 2. AcANTHOXANTHiuMj DC. Fruciiferous involucre with a single beak, — Leaves narrowed into

a petiole, furnished with spines at the base.

3. Xanthium spinosum, Linn. Thorny Cocklehur or Bur-weed.

Spines 3 -parted, slender ; stem much branched ; leaves entire or somewhat 3-lobed,
acuminate, sparingly strigose-pubescent above , the under surface and veins of the upper
canescent ; involucre cylindrical-oblong, with a short straight beak. — Linn. sp. {cd.. 2.) 2.
p. 1400 ; Lam. ill. t. 655 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 479 ; Torr. compend. p. 353 ; Beck, bat. p. 210 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 478 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 523 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 295.

Stem 2-3 feet high, strigosely pubescent. Leaves 2-3 inches long, ovate-lanceolate,
[Flora.] 48

378 COMPOSITiE. Xanthittm.

cuneate at the base, attenuate at the apex, often entire or only repand-toothed, but sometimes
distinctl}"^ 3-lobed, pale green above except the midrib and larger veins, which are vv^hitish like
the under surface. Spines yellowish, about half an inch long. Heads axillary, solitary or
few together. Fruit half an inch long ; prickles slender.

Road-sides, waste places, etc. ; not uncommon in the suburbs of New-York, and near
Brooklyn on Long Island ; but not yet noticed in the interior of the State. Introduced from
Europe. September - October.

Subtribe II. Heuanthe^, Less. Heads heterogamous and radiate, rarely homogamous and
discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla in the perfect flowers
often loith fleshy lobes. Anthers blackish, not caudate at the base. Pappus either wanting
or coroniform, or awned and often somewhat chaffy, never capillary. — Leaves mostly
opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. HELIOPSIDE^. Rays fertile, rarely none. Achenia with a thick outer integument, not obcompressed.

21. Heliopsis. Rays 10 - 15. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.

Div. 2. EUHELIANTHEjE. Rays sterile. Achenia never obcompressed.

22. RuDBECKiA. Achenia quadrangular. Chafl" boat-shaped or concave. Pappus none, or minute and coroniform.

Receptacle conical or elongated.

23. Lepachys. Achenia compressed, somewhat 1 - 2-winged, 1 - 2-toothed at the summit. Chaff truncate.

24. Helianthus. Pappus of 3 chaffy awns and often 2-4 little scales, caducous. Involucre imbricated. Achenia

wingless.

25. AcTiNOMERis. Pappus of 2 persistent scales. Achenia winged.

Div. 3. COREOPSIDE.1E. Rays sterile. Achenia obcompressed, not rostrate. Awns not hispid downward.

26. Coreopsis. Achenia mostly smooth.

Div. 4. BIDENTIDEjE. Rays sterile. Achenia either obcompressed or rostrate. Awns hispid downward.

27. BiDENs. Achenia with or without a beak. Awns persistent. Corolla of the disk 5-toothed.

Div. 1. HEi.iopsiDE.a:, DC. Rays pistillate and fertile, ligulate. Achenia never obcompressed;
the exterior integument {calyx-tube) thick and firm, often separable from the interior.
Pappus none or coroniform,, frequently toothed or with one or more rigid awns.

21. HELIOPSIS. Pers. syn. 2. p. 473 ; Endl. gen. 2506. oX-EYE.

[ From the Greek, hclios, the sun, and opsis, resemblance ; so named in allusion to the form of the heads of flowers.)

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate : disk -flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the
involucre in 2 - 3 series ; the exterior foliaccous and somewhat spreading ; the interior
short. Receptacle conical. Achenia partly embraced by the chaff", smooth, quadrangular,
or 3-sided and convex externally in the ray-flowers. Pappus none, except a small truncate
crown. — Perennial herbs, with rather large terminal heads. Leaves opposite, petiolcd,
triplinerved, serrate. Flowers yellow.

Heliopsis. COMPOSITiE. 379

1. Heliopsis ljEvis, Pers. Ox-eye.

Stem smooth ; leaves smoothish, varying from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate,
coarsely serrate. — Pcrs. I. c. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 563 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 407 ; Beck, hot. p. 204 ;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 479 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3372 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 550 ; Torr. (J- Gr.
fl. N. A?n. 2. p. 302. Bujjhtlialmum helianthoides, Linn. sp. 2. p. 904 ; Mich^.Jl. 2. p. 130.
Silphium helianthoides, Linn. I. c. p. 920 (excl. syn. Gronov.). Rudbeckia oppositifolia,
Linn. I. c. Helianthus L-evis, Linn. sp. ed. 2. (excl. syn. Gronov.).

Stem 2-3 feet high, rather slender, terete, striate. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1-2
inches broad, acute or acuminate, somewhat truncate at the base (rarely cordate), or abruptly
tapering into the petiole, usually nearly smooth, but sometimes the upper surface is rough
with very short scattered hairs wiiich originate in minute tubercles : petioles 6-8 lines long,
margined. Heads on long peduncles, either solitary, or several in a loose fastigiate corymb.
Exterior scales of the involucre variable in length, usually as long as the disk but often
shorter, obtuse or rather acute, more or less foliaceous. Rays 10 - 15, three-fourths of an
inch long, elliptical-oblong, orange-yellow, 2 — 3-toothed at the apex. Receptacle small.
Chaif linear, rather obtuse. Achenia mostly 4-sidcd ; but those of the disk sometimes un-
equal, pentangular.

Banks of streams and borders of swamps ; rather common. July - September.

Div. 2. EuHELiANTHE^, Torr. & Gr. Rays ligulaie {neutral or imperfectly styliferous), sterile.
Achenia often compressid, but never obcompressed. Pappus coroniform, toothed, or of
1-4 awns, chaffy scales or squamellce, often wanting.

22. RUDBECKIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 25U. rudbeckia.

I Named in honor of Olaus Rudbeck, professor of botany at Upsal in Sweden, who died in 1702.]

Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, in a single series ; disk-flowers tubular or dilated, perfect,
the teeth erect or spreading. Scales of the involucre leafy, somewhat in a double series,

■ spreading. Receptacle conical or elongated ; the chaff" concave or boat-form. Branches
of the style terminated by a short obtuse cone, or rarely with a narrow-headed appendage.
Achenium nearly quadrangular. Pappus none or minute and coroniform, rarely somewhat
conspicuous. — Mostly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large terminal heads.
Rays yellow, spreading or drooping. Disk-flowers mostly dark purple.

1. Rudbeckia hirta, Linn. Large Hairy Rudbeckia.

Plant very hairy or hispid ; stem nearly simple, naked above ; lower leaves spatulate-oval
or oblong, triplinerved, denticulate, narrowed into a (usually winged) petiole ; upper ones
ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays spreading ; disk broadly conical ;
chaff" of the receptacle linear, rather acute, hairy at the summit ; pappus obsolete. — Linn,
sp. 2. p. 907 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 143 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 574 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 457 ; Sweet, Brit.

48*

380 COMPOSITE. RuDBECKiA.

fl. gard. t. 82 ; Beck, hot: p. 204 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 480 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 556 ; Torr.
4" Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 307. R. serotina, Nutt. in jour. acad. Phil. 7. p. 80.

Root perennial. Stena 2-3 feet high, often sinnple, terete and striate. Radical and lower
cauline leaves 2-4 inches long and about an inch wide, acute. Heads (including the rays)
about 25 inches in diameter, on very long and rather slender peduncles. Scales of the in-
volucre variable in length, sometimes nearly as long as the ray, foliaceous, ciliate. Rays
about 14, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, rather pale yellow. Disk dark purplish-brown.
Achenia scarcely more than a line long, prismatic, dark purple. Pappus a minute margin.

Meadows, and along fences. Near Buffalo {Dr. Sartwell). July - August.

2. RuDBECKiA LACiNiATA, Linn. Tall Smooth Rudbeckia.

Stem smooth (tall), branching ; leaves minutely hairy and rough, the radical and lowermost
pinnately divided, the divisions (5 - 7) 3-lobed or incised ; upper leaves 3 - 5-parted, with
ovate-lanceolate segments, uppermost undivided ; heads few, in a loose corymbose panicle ;
disk conical, yellowish ; rays drooping, about twice the length of the involucre ; achenia
crowned with a short toothed pappus, about twice the length of the boat-form truncate chaff.
— Linn. sp. 2. p. 906 ; Miclix.fl. 2. p. 144 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 575 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 451 ; Bart,
fl. Am. Sept. 1. 1. 16 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 316 ; Beck, hot. p. 205 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 481 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 555 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 311.

Root perennial. Stem 4-8 feet high, terete, striate. Radical and lower leaves petioled,
6-8 inches or more in length, mostly with 5 deep lobes or segments, which are more or less
incised and serrate ; the terminal segment usually 3-cleft. Heads on rather long peduncles.
Scales of the involucre acute, smoothish. Rays oblanceolate, about an inch and a half long,
slightly 2 - 3-toothed at the apex. Disk greenish-yellow, conical, and somewhat prolonged
when mature. Chaff boat-form, truncate, pubescent at the summit.

Wet meadows ; rather common. July - September.

23. LEPACHYS. Raf. injour.phys. 1819, p. 100 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 313.

LEPACHYS.

Lepachts and Ratibida, Raf. Obei.iscaria, Cass. ; DC. ; Endl.

[ From the Greek, Upis, a scale, and pachys, thick ; in allusion to the chaff of the receptacle.]
Heads many-fiowered ; the rays few, in a single series, neutral ; disk-flowers small, tubular,
short, perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre few, linear or subulate, spreading, some-
times with an inner scries of small obtuse scales similar to the chaff. Receptacle elongated,
spiciform ; the chaff truncate or obtuse, thickened and hairy at the summit, partly embracing
the achenia. Achenia of the ray triangular, hairy, abortive ; of the disk compressed, smooth
or ciliate, witii a wing-like margin on one or both sides, which is more or less produced
into a tooth at the summit. — Perennial, strigosely pubescent herbs, with sulcate and some-

LEPACHrs. COMPOSITE. 381

what branching stems. Leaves alternate, pinnately or bipinnately divided. Heads on
long naked peduncles. Rays spreading or drooping, yellow, sometimes partly or entirely
orange-brown. Disk cylindrical. Corolla, anthers and branches of the style fuscous.

1. Lepachys pinnata, Torr. S)- Gr. Tall Lepachys.

Leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions 3-7, lanceolate, acute at each end, sparingly
serrate or entire, the uppermost undivided ; disk oval-oblong, much shorter than the rays. —
Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. L. pinnatifida and angustifolia, Raf. I. c. Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. hort.
Cels. t. 71 ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 144 ; Bot. mag. t. 2310 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 576 ; Beck, hot.
p. 205. R. digitata, Willd. sp. 3. p. 2247 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 451 ; Beck, I. c. R. tomentosa,
Ell. I. c. (excl. syn.). Obeliscaria, Cass. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 558.

Stem 3-4 feet high, rough and pubescent with strigose hairs, deeply sulcate. Leaves
usually with about five divisions, which are either coarsely serrate or entire. Rays bright
yellow, 1 J - 2 inches long, slightly toothed at the extremity. Corolla of the disk-flowers with
short recurved teeth. Achenia quadrangular, compressed, obscurely winged on each margin ;
the wing slightly produced at the summit.

Shore of Lake Erie {Dr. Sartwell). A common plant in the Western States, but hitherto
found in only one locality in JNfew-York,

24. HELIANTHUS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 2538. SUNFLOWER.

[ From the Greek, hclios, the sun, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the form of the heads of flowers.]

Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers several or numerous, neutral ; those of the disk perfect,
commonly 10-nerved, with a short tube. Involucre imbricate in several series; the scales
(isually with foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persistent chaff" embracing the
achenia. Branches of the style hispid, with a subulate appendage. Achenia quadrangular
or compressed, not winged or margined. Pappus consisting of two chafly scales or awns,
and often of two or more intermediate scales, deciduous. — Annual or perennial herbs, mostly
rough, with opposite or alternate leaves which are commonly triplinerved. Heads on long
peduncles. Rays yellow. Disk-flowers yellow or sometimes purple.

1. Helianthus giganteus, Linn. Tall Wild Sun/lower.

Stem rough and more or less hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate-serrate, slightly triphnerved,
very rough above, strigosely hairy and somewhat rough underneath, narrowed and ciliate at
the base, the lower opposite, upper ones alternate and scattered ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, attenuate at the summit, ciliate ; pappus of two short lanceolate-subulate chafly
scales. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 905 (escl. syn. Cfronov.) ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2242 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 571 ;
Ell sk. 2. p. 420 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1 p. 312 ; Beck, bot. p. 207; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 485 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. K Am. 2. p. 325. H. altissimus, Linn.?; Willd. I. c.

382 COMPOSITiE. Helianthus.

var. amhiguus : leaves nearly all opposite and closely sessile, obtuse and rounded at the
base. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c.

Root perennial. Stem 4-8 feet high, paniculately branched at the summit, terete, purplish,
often smoothish below. Leaves 3-5 inches long, and from half an inch to an inch or more
broad ; in the var. amhiguus, there are often three or more leaves so close together that they
appear verticillate. Rays 15-20, sulphur-yellowr, about an inch in length.

Borders of swamps and in thickets ; common. The var. amhiguus, in a copse near Brook-
lyn. August - September.

2. Helianthus strumosus, Linn. Wild Sunfloiver.

Stem simple, or sparingly branched and roughly pubescent at the summit, smooth below ;
leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, with a long tapering point, serrate with small appressed teeth,
very rough above, whitish and usually softly pubescent underneath, somewhat triplinerved,
abruptly contracted into a sliort margined petiole ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate,
ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrose-spreading at the summit ; rays mostly 10. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 905 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 327. H. macrophyllus, Willd. Berol. t. 70 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 587. H. decapetalus, Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 483. H. altissimus, DC. I. c.
(excl. /3.).

Root perennial. Stem 2-4 feet high, slender, sprinkled with a few minute warts, a little
branched at the summit in a fastigiate manner. Leaves 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inches
wide, rather thick and firm, with indistinct serratures, green above ; the under surface always
whitish, and usually clothed more or less thickly with very short hoary pubescence, but
sometimes smooth ; the winged petiole about half an inch long. Heads of flowers commonly
3-5, on roughly pubescent stalks. Scales of the involucre conspicuously ciliate on the
margin ; the rest nearly smooth. Rays oblanceolate, an inch to nearly an inch and a half
long, bright yellow. Achenia smooth. Pappus consisting usually of two subulate chaffy
scales, and 2-3 much smaller ones.

Thickets, dry woods, and rocky banks of rivers ; rather common. August - September.

3. Helianthus decapetalus, Linn. Wild Sunflower.

Stem smooth below, a little rough and branching above ; leaves opposite, ovate or oblong-
ovate, thin, abruptly contracted into a petiole, coarsely serrate, triplinerved ; scales of the
involucre narrowly lanceolate, loose, squarrose, hispidly ciliate, the exterior longer than the
disk ; rays 8-10. — Linn. sp. 2 p. 905 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3510 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 588 ;
Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 328. H. strumosus and H. tenuifolius. Ell. sk. 2. p. 420.
H. multiflorus (partly), atid H. frondosus, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 312. H. frondosus,
Darlingt. fl. Cost. p. 483.

Helianthus. composite. 383-

Stem 3-5 feet high, slender, striate. Leaves 4-6 inches long and 1-3 inches wide,
green on both sides, but rather paler underneath ; the upper surface rough with very short
scattered hairs : petiole an inch or more in length, slightly winged. Heads terminating the
fastigiate branches. Scales of the involucre loose and spreading or recurved, often somewhat
falcate. Rays usually about 8, narrowly lanceolate, about an inch in length. Pappus of two
subulate chaffy awns.

Banks of streams ; rather rare. August - September.

4. Helianthus divaricatus, Linn. Small Rough-leaved Sunflower.

Stem smooth and glaucous, simple or 2 - 3-forked above ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
sessile, divaricate, rounded at the base, tapering to the point, 3-nerved, very rough above and
scabrous-pubescent underneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equaling
the disk ; rays 8 - 12. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 906 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 315 ; Torr. compend.
p. 309 ; Darlingt. fl. Cost. p. 482 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 587 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 329. H. truncatus, Schwein. in Ell. sk. 2. p. 416.

Root perennial. Stem 2-5 feet high, often purple, slender, finely striate. Leaves 3-5
inches long and an inch or more in breadth, rough with very short stiflF hairs on the upper
surface, a little slrigose on the veins underneath ; the base very obtuse and rounded. Heads
few (mostly 3 - 5), small, in a fastigiate corymb ; the peduncles hairy and rough. Rays
bright yellow. Pappus of two short subulate scales.

Thickets and borders of woods ; common. August - September.

5. Helianthus tuberosus, Linn. Jerusalem Artichoke.

Root creeping, bearing an oblong tubercle ; stem erect, branching, rough ; leaves alternate,
pctiolate, triplinerved, rough, serrate, the lower ones cordate-ovate , upper ones ovate, acumi-
nate ; petioles ciliate at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciUate (DC). —
''Jacq. Vind. 2. t. 161 ;" Bed, hot. p. 203 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 484 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 590.

Stem 5-8 feet high, stout. Leaves 4 - S inches long and 3-4 inches wide, abruptly
contracted and cuneate at the base ; the lower ones opposite : petiole 1-3 inches long.
Heads of flowers rather large, on rough and hairy peduncles. Rays numerous, rather bright
yellow. Pappus of two subulate chaffy scales.

Borders of fields, and in cultivated grounds ; almost naturalized in a few localities. August
- September.

384 COMPOSITJE. Actinomeris.

25. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 181 ; Endl. gen. 2530. actinomeris.

[ Named from the Greek, actin, a ray, and meris, a part ; the heads being imperfectly radiate.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4 - 14, elongated or sometimes wanting. Scales of
the involucre numerous, foliaceous, nearly equal, mostly shorter than the disk. Receptacle
convex or conical, chafly ; the chaff" embracing the outer margin of the achenia. Achenia
compressed, obovate, mostly winged, flat, crowned with 2 nearly smooth persistent awns. —
Tall branching perennial herbs. Leaves alternate and opposite, ovate or lanceolate-serrate,
attenuate at the base and decurrent. Heads corymbose. Flowers yellow.

1. Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt. Squarrose Actinomeris.

Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, tapering at
each end, rough above, hairy or smoothish underneath ; heads in a loose corymbose panicle ;
scales of the involucre in two series ; the exterior linear-spatulate, reflexed, shorter than the
disk ; rays mostly 4 - S, irregular ; disk squarrose in fruit ; awns stout, much shorter than
the broadly winged achenium. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 181 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 413 (excl. /3.) ; Torr.
compend.p. 313 ; Beck, hot. p. 206 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 481 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 335. A. alternifolia, DC. prodr. 5. p. 575 (excl. 13.). Coreopsis alternifolia, Linn. sp. 2.
p. 909 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 2257 ; "Jacq. hort. Vindob. t. 1 10." C. procera. Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
3. p. 258. Verbesina Coreopsis, Michx. fl. 2. p. 134 (excl. /3.); Pursh, fl. 2. p. 565.

Stem 4-8 feet high, yellowish, somewhat winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves,
smooth below, pubescent above. Leaves coarsely serrate, with a long tapering base, but not
petioled, feather-veined ; the lower ones very large. Heads numerous, about as large as in
Helenium autumnale. Rays usually not more than 5 or 6, three-fourths of an inch long,
golden yellow, oblong, obtuse and slightly notched at the apex. Disk-flowers yellow ; the
limb inflated, longer than the tube. Branches of the style with a subulate-conical appendage.
Receptacle small, globose. Achenia brown and somewhat hispid on the sides, with a pale
broad waved margin ; the awns short and spreading.

Borders of Crooked Lake, Yates county {Dr. Sartiuell). August - September. A variety
with opposite leaves occurs in the Western States.

Coreopsis. COMPOSITiE. 385

Div. 3. CoREOPsiDE^, DC. Rays neutral., ligulate, or very rarely wanting. Achenia obcompressed,
not beaked. Pappus 2- (or rarely 4-) toothed or arcned, or none ; the awns or teeth often
hispid upward, but never downward.

26. COREOPSIS. Linti. ; Torr. ^- Gr. fl. N. A?n. 2. p. .338. TICK-SEED SUNFLOWER

Coreopsis, Chbysostem.ma and Calliopsis, Less., DC. tf-c.

[ From the Greek, Aom, a bug, and opjts, resemblance ; the achcniura having the appearance of some insect.]

Heads many-flowered ; the rays about 8 (rarely wanting), neutral ; disk-flowers perfect, wiiii
a slender tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb. Involucre double, each of about 8 scales ;
the exterior foliaceous, narrowed, usually more or less spreading ; the interior broader and
often rather membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the fruit. Achenia obcompressed, not
rostrate or tapering at the summit, often winged, 2-awned, 2-toothed or with 2 minute scales,
sometimes naked at the summit ; the teeth or awns usually hispid upwards, but never
downwards. — Herbaceous plants, with opposite or sometimes alternate leaves which are
very often ternately or pinnately divided. Heads terminal, solitary or corymbose. Rays
commonly yellow. Anthers blackish.

^ 1. EucoREOPsis, Torr. & Gr. Branches of the style terminated by an acute cone, or an abrupt
subulate appendage : corolla of the ray and disk yellow.

1. Coreopsis trichosperm.\, Michx. Tick-seed Suriflmoer.

Smooth ; stem obscurel)^ 4-angled ; leaves opposite, on short petioles, pinnately 5-7-
parled ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, serrated or incised, the uppermost leaves often 3-5-
cleft and nearly sessile ; heads paniculately corymbed ; scales of the exterior involucre about
the length of the interior, linear or spatulate, slightly ciliate ; achenia cuneiform-oblong, hispid
above, crowned with 2 triangular hisjjid teeth or short stout awns. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 139 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 568 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 439 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 315 ; Beck, hot. p. 206 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 372 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 340. C. aurea, Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1228,
not of Ait.

Root biennial. Stem 1^-3 feet high, corymbosely paniculate above. Leaves membrana-
ceous, 3-6 inches long ; the divisions 2-4 lines wide, with very acute and somewhat distant
scrratures. Heads on long slender peduncles. Rays bright yellow, oblong, obtuse, entire,
about three-fourths of an inch long. Achenia with a prominent ridge on each side, usually
crowned with triangular acute teeth, which are sometimes produced into very short awns.

Swamps, particularly those in which the Cupressus thuyoides occurs ; Long Island. Not
found elsewhere in the State. August — October.
[Flora.] 49

386 COMPOSITiE. Coreopsis.

2. Coreopsis rosea, Nutt. (Plate LXVII.) Small Rose-colored Coreopsis.

Smooth ; stem leafy ; leaves opposite, narrowly linear, entire, obscurely 1 -nerved ; heads
on rather short peduncles ; scales of the exterior involucre much shorter than the interior ;
rays about 8 (rose-color), oblong, slightly 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless, crowned with
an obscure truncate coroniform pappus. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 179 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. ed. 3. p. 338 ;
Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. 1. t. 12; Torr. compend. p. 312 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 348.
Calliopsis rosea. Sprang, syst. 3. p. 611 ; Beck, hot. p. 205.

Perennial. Stem about a foot high, slender, usually with a few erect branches. Leaves
1—2 inches long and scarcely a line wide, slightly ciliate at the connate base ; the axils
fasciculate. Heads few, (including the rays) about an inch in diameter. Peduncles 1-2
inches long. Disk yellowish.

Sandy swamps, near Sag-Harbor, Long Island {Mr. S. B. Buckley). August.

Div. 4. BiDENTiDE^E, Less., DC. Rai/s neutral, strap-shaped, or sometimes wanting. Achenia
obcompressed, or often tetragonal or terete and rostrate. Pappus of 2 - A (rarely 5-6)
retrorsely barbed or hispid awns.

27. BIDENS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 254:1. BUR-MARIGOLD.

[ From the Latin, bidens, having two teeth ; in allusion to the two awns of the achenia.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (3 - 8) neutral, often small or wanting ; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, often dissimilar ; the exterior frequently large and
foliaceous. Receptacle flattisli ; the chaff" deciduous with the fruit. Achenia obcompressed,
or slender and somewhat 4-sided, often attenuate or rostrate at the summit, crowned with
2-4 (rarely 5-6) downwardly barbed or hispid persistent awns. — Annual or sometimes
perennial weed-like herbs, with opposite, serrate, incised or divided leaves. Flow«rs mostly
yellow or yellowish.

^ 1. PLATYCARP.a;A, DC. Achenia flat, oval or cuneiform, 7wt attenuated at the summit ; the

margins usually ciliate or hispid.

1. Bidens frondosa, Linn. Common Bur-marigold. Stick-tight.

Lower leaves pinnately 5-parled, upper ones 3-parted ; the divisions lanceolate, tapering
at the base, serrate, the under surface and the petioles often a little hairy ; heads discoid,
pedicellate ; scales of the exterior involucre 2-6 times longer than the head, acutish, ciliate
towards the base ; achenia obovate-cuneiform, 2-awned, pubescent on the sides. — Linn. sp.
(ed. 2.) 2. p. 1166 ; Michx.Jl. 2. p. 136 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 566 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 431 ; Bigel.
Jl. Bost. p. 294 ; Beck, bat. p. 207 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 314 ; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 486 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 594 ; Torr. <$• Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 350.

BiDENs. COMPOSITE. 387

Annual. Stem 2-6 feet higli, often dark purple, branched, sparsely hairy. Leaves
pinnately divided, thin ; the lower ones usually with 5 divisions, the upper very generally
3-parted : divisions 2-4 inches long, rather coarsely and acutely serrate, attenuate at the
base into short stalks : common petiole 1-3 inches long. Heads never radiate. Scales of
the exterior involucre unequal and variable in length, sometimes spatulate and rather obtuse ;
inner scales ovate-lanceolate, scarious, brownish. Flowers greenish-yellow. Achenia ciliate
upward, except near the summit : awns longer than the somewhat persistent corolla.

Moist fertile soils ; common in cultivated fields, etc. July - September. A troublesome
weed. The ripe achenia of this and other species adhere to the clothes, and to the coats of
animals, by their barbed awns.

2. BiDENS coNNATA, Mulil. Sioamp Beggar-ticks.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, tapering into
margined petioles, slightly connate at the base , the lower ones often ternatcly divided , the
lateral segments connate at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; heads discoid, mostly on
short peduncles, erect ; scales of the exterior involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse,
scarcely ciliate ; achenia narrowly cuneiform, smooth, with the margin hispid downward,
2-4- (commonly 3-) awned. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1718 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 566 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 430 ; Torr. compend. ;?. 312 ; Beck, hot. p. 207 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 314 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 594 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 352. B. tripartita, Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 294. B. petiolata, Nutt. in jour. acad. Phil. 7. p. 99 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 486.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet or more high, smooth, branching, purple. Leaves often all un-
divided, of a thin texture, acuminate at each end. Exterior involucre foliaceous, variable in
length, oflen more than twice as long as the disk. Corolla greenish-yellow ; the rays always
wanting. Awns stout, longer than the corolla.

Low wet places ; common. August - September.

3. BiDENs CERNUA, Linti. ' Swamp Beggar-ticks.

Leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, the upper ones slightly connate ; heads
(discoid or radiate) on slender peduncles, often nodding ; exterior involucre longer than the
head; achenia obovate-cuneiform, 4-awned, the margin hispid downward. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 832 ; Engl. hot. t. 1114; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 566 ; Torr. compend. p. 31 1 ; Bevk, hot. p. 207 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 314 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 595 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 352.
B. minima, Linn. Coreopsis Bidens, Linn, (the radiate form).

Annual. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, smooth, or sometimes slightly hairy towards the
summit. Leaves 3-6 inches long, smooth, thin, coarsely serrate, attenuate at the base,
acuminate. Heads commonly discoid, but sometimes more or less radiate : peduncles 1-3
inches long. Scales of the exterior involucre foliaceous, oblanceolate, acute, often more than

49*

388 COMPOSITE. Bidens.

twice the length of the disk. Achenia nearly smooth on the sides : awns rather slender, the
intermediate ones shorter than the others.

Low wet places ; Penn-Yan {Dr. Sartwell). August — September. This species is not
rare in the State of New- Jersey.

4. Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michx. Large-Lowered Bur-marigold.

Leaves all undivided, lanceolate, more or less connate, equally and rather remotely serrate ;
heads with large rays ; scales of the exterior involucre somewhat longer than the disk and
shorter than the rays, ciliate-serrulate, particularly below the middle ; interior scales mem-
branaceous, with a broad colored margin ; achenia cuneate, with the margin hispid downward ;
awns 2 - 4.— Michx. ft. 2. p. 136 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 566 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 430 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.
p. 294 ; Torr. compend. p. 311 ; Beck, hot. p. 207 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 485 ; DC. prodr.
5. p. 595 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 352.

Annual 1 Stem 1-2 feet high, erect or reclined at the base, smooth, branching. Leaves
3-6 inches long, varying from broadly to narrow lanceolate, tapering to each end, sessile.
Heads erect or somewhat nodding. Rays 8 - 10, obovate-oblong, bright orange-yellow,
variable in length, but usually about twice as long as the e.xterior involucre. Awns of the
achenia two, with one or two shorter intermediate ones.

Swamps and margins of ponds ; common. August - November. Cattle seem to be fond
of this plant. The flowers are very conspicuous late in the season, in wet meadows.

5. Bidens Beckii, Torr. (Plate LXVIII.) Water Marigold.

Stem simple, sparingly branched ; leaves mostly submersed, dichotomously divided into
numerous capillary segments ; the emersed ones few, lanceolate, serrate or pinnalifidly laci-
niate ; heads solitary, erect, radiate, terminal ; scales of the exterior involucre few, oval or
oblong, shorter than the interior and somewhat resembling them, several times shorter than
the rays ; achenia smooth, 4 - 6-awned. — Torr. in Spreiig. neue entd. 2. p. 135, and syst.
3. p. 455 ; Torr. compend. p. 312 ; Beck, hot. p. 207 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 595 ; Torr. <^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 353.

Perennial. Stem 2-6 feet or more in length, sometimes producing short branches from
the axils of the upper leaves, rather stout. Submersed leaves appearing verticillate, the
primary divisions e.xtending to the base, the segments very numerous and as fine as horse-
hair ; the lowest emersed ones pinnatifid ; uppermost undivided, sharply serrate. Heads on
short terminal peduncles. Scales of the inner involucre lanceolate, acute. Rays golden yellow.
Achenia narrowly oblong. Awns commonly 6, unequal, hispid above, smooth below.

In lakes, ponds and slow-flowing streams. First discovered in a pond near Schenectady,
by Dr. L. C. Beck. Schuyler's lake, and other waters in the western part of the State {Prof.
Gray and Prof. Aikin). Ponds near Augusta {Dr. Douglas). August.

BiDENs. COMPOSITiE. 389

§ 2. PsilocarPjEa, DC. Achenia linear-tetragonal, attenuate or rostrate, smooth or upwardly

hairy.

6. BiDENS BiPiNNATA, Ltn/i. _ SjMnish Needles.

Stem quadrangular ; leaves pctioled, 1 - 3-pinnately divided, the segments lanceolate or
oblong-ovate ; heads on long slender peduncles, usually with 3-4 small rays ; exterior scales
of the involucre linear, spreading, about the length of the interior ; achenia linear, elongated
and slender, nearly smooth, mostly 4-avvncd. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 832; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 135;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 567 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 432 ; Torr. compend. p. 312 ; Beck, hot. p. 207 ; Dar-
Ungt. jl. Cest. p. 487 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 603 ; Ton: 6,- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 354.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender, smooth, branching. Leaves smooth, on slender
petioles. Heads small, in a loose paniculate corymb. Interior scales of the involucre lanceo-
late. Rays 3 — 4, obovate, bright yellow. Disk-flowers yellow, 15 - 20. Achenia a little
tapering upward, crowned with 4 unequal slightly spreading awns.

Waste places, road-sides and cultivated grounds ; common in the neighborhood of New-
York and along the Hudson, but rare in the interior of the State. July - October. Probably
introduced from the Southern States.

Subtribe HI. Helenie.e, Cass., DC. Heads mostly heterogamous ai\d radiate; the disk-
flowers perfect, hut sometimes sterile : receptacle naked or chajfy. Anthers often hlackish ;
the lohes frequently produced at the hase, hut scarcely caudate. Pappus chaffy ; the
scarious scales several or numerous and distinct, or sometimes none. — Leaves alternate
or opposite.

28. HELENIUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 688 ; Endl. gen. 2603. FALSE BUNFLOWER.

[ Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus, who used a plant allied to this as a cosmetic]

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate, ligulate, cuneiform,

3 - 5-cleft at the summit. Disk-flowers with a very short proper lube, and a large inflated

4 - 5-toothed limb. Scales of the involucre in two series ; the exterior linear or subulate,
foliaceous, spreading or reflexed ; the interior much shorter and chaflfy. Receptacle convex,

' chaff"y. Branches of the style obtuse. Achenia obovate-turbinate, villous on the ribs.
Pappus of 5 - 8 chaff"y and often awned scales. — Branching herbs, with alternate leaves
which are decurrent on the angular stem. Flowers yellow, very bitter ; the rays often
purplish toward the base.

1. Helenium autumnale. Sneeze-weed.

Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre linear-
subulate ; rays flat, 3 - 5-toothed at the extremity, longer than the globose disk ; scales of
the pappus ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, about one-third the length of the corolla. — Linn. sp.

390 COMPOSITiE. Helenium.

2. p. 866 ; Michx. ji. 2. p. 133 ; Lam. ill. t. 688 ; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 560 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 316;
Bart. fl. A7ner. Sept. t. 26 ; Torr. compend. p. 308 ; Beck, hot. p. 201 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 487 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 2994, and fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 317 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 666 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 384.

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, with numerous slightly winged and minutely pubescent
angles, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 2-4 inches long, of a dull grayish-green color,
punctate, attenuate at each end. Heads numerous, an inch or more in diameter. Exterior
involucre of 8 - 12 lanceolate-acute scales. Rays mostly drooping. Disk half an inch or
more in diameter, greenish yellow ; the teeth of the corolla glandularly bearded.

Low grounds and borders of streams ; common. August - September. The whole plant
is bitter, and the flowers have the properties of chamomile. In a powdered state, it is some-
times used to excite a discharge from the nose.

Subtribe IV. Anthemide^, Cass., DC. Heads mostly heterogamous ; the ray-flowers
pistillate or rarely neutral, either ligulate or tubular : disk-flowers perfect, or sometimes
staminate and infertile. Anthers not caudate. Branches of the style truncate and mostly
bearded, very rarely with a conical jjoint. Receptacle naked or chafl'y. Pappus none,
or sometimes small and coroniform, rarely consisting of chaffy scales.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. EUANTHEMIDEjE. Receptacle chaQ'y. Rays ligulate, or rarely wanting : disk-flowers perfect.

29. Maruta. Rays neutral. Acheiiia obovoid, ribbed.

30. Anthemis. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or quadrangular.

31. Achillea. Rays pistillate. Achenia obcompressed, margined.

Div. a. CHRYSANTHEMEtE. Receptacle naked. Rays ligulate or rarely wanting : disk-flowers perfect.

32. LEUCANTHEMnM'. Involucre depressed, imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Achenia somewhat terete, striate,

without a pappus, or those of the ray with a coroniform or unilateral pappus.

Div. 3. COTULjE and ARTEMISIEjE. Receptacle naked. Heads discoid, homogamous or hetero-
gamous ; the flowers all tubular ; those of the disk perfect, but sometimes infertile.

33. Tanacethm. Heads homogamous or heterogamous. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large cpigynous disk. Pappus

none or minute.

34. Artemisia. Heads heterogamous or homogamous. Achenia obovoid, ciowncd with a small disk. Pappus none.

Div. 1. EuANTHEMiDE.*;, DC. Receptacle chaffy. Heads mostly radiate ; the rays ligulate, in a

single series : the disk-flowers perfect.

29. MARUTA. Cass.; DC. prodr. 6. p. 13. FETID CHAMOMILE.

[Origin of the name uncertain.]

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral (rarely almost wanting), continuous with the sterile
ovary. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in few series, shorter than the
disk. Receptacle conical, chaffy throughout or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid or

Maruta. composite. 391

obpyramidal, ribbed, smooth, without a pappus. — Annual foetid weeds, with tripinnatelj'
divided leaves, and solitary heads terminating the branches. Rays white, often deflexed ;
the disk yellow.

1. Makuta Cotula, DC. Common Fetid Cliamomile. May-weed.

Smoothish ; scales of the involucre with whitish margins ; receptacle conical, chaffy at the
summit; the chaff subulate. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 13 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 408.
Anthemis Cotula, Linn. sp. 2. p. 894 ; Engl. hot. t. 1972 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 171 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 314 ; Torr. compend. p. 308 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. 1. 14 ; Beck, hot. p. 212 ; Hook,
fl,. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 318 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 489.

"Whole plant fetid. Stem 9-12 inches high, erect, much branched. Leaves pale green,
slightly pubescent ; ultimate segments narrowly linear, acute. Heads on slender peduncles.
Scales of the involucre lanceolate, hairy. Rays about 12, at length reflexed. Disk large and
strongly convex. Achenia oblong, usually tuberculate in lines.

Farm-yards, road-sides, etc. June - November. Introduced from Europe. A troublesome
vpeed, extensively naturalized in many parts of the State.

30. ANTHEMIS. Linn. ; DC. jjrodr. 6. ;;. 4 ; Endl. gen. 2639. CHAMOMILE.

[ From the Greek, anthemos, a flower ; in allusion to the profusion of its blossoms.]

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few series.
Receptacle convex or conical, with membranaceous chaff among the flowers. Achenia
terete or very obtusely quadrangular, striate or sinooth, without a pappus or with a minute
crown. — Odorous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves. Heads on naked terminal
peduncles. Rays mostly white ; the disk yellow.

1. Anthemis arvensis, Linn. " ■ Wild Cliamomile.

Diffuse, erect, pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted , the lobes linear-lanceolate, approximate,
and with the teeth very acute ; the branches leafless at the summit, bearing solitary heads ;
scales of the involucre with wiiite scarious margins, obtuse ; chaff of the conical receptacle
lanceolate, acuminate ; achenia crowned with a very short, somewhat toothed margin (^DC.
I. c). — Engl. hot. t 602 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 562 ; Torr. compend. p. 307 ; Beck, hot. p. 212 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 488 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 408.

Annual. Stem about a foot high, erect, branching. Leaves clothed with a grayish pubes
cence, bipinnately dissected ; the segments linear and acute. Heads (including the rays)
about an inch in diameter. Involucre hairy. Achenes smootliish, with a thick narrow margin.

Fields, cultivated grounds, etc. ; rare. Cambridge, Washington county {Dr. Stevenson).
North-Salem, Westchester county {Dr. Mead). June - August. :

392 COMPOSITE. Achillea.

31. ACHILLEA. Linn.; Less. syn. jj. 250. YARROW.

[So named because its virtues are said to have been first discovered bj' Achilles, a disciple of Cliiron.]

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or 10 - 20, pistillate, short. Scales of the involucre
imbricated. Receptacle small, usually fiat, chaffy. Achenia oblong, obcompressed, mar-
gined, without a pappus. — Perennial herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately divided leaves
and small corymbose heads.

^. Millefolium, Tourn. Involucre ovoid-oblong : rays few and short: receptacle small: achenia

slightly margined.

1. Achillea Millefolium, Linn. Common Yarrow.

Cauline leaves nearly sessile, bipimiatifid ; the lobes linear, 3 - 5-cleft, mucronate ; corymb
compound, fastigiate ; rays 4-5, obovate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 893 ; Engl. hot. t. 578 ; Pursh,
jl. 2. p. 563 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 405 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 315 ; Beck, hot. p. 212 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 489 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 489 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 24 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 409.

Stem erect, sulcate, hairy, commonly simple, 1^-3 feet high. Leaves 2-4 inches long,
cut into very numerous narrow segments, more or less hairy ; the radical ones petioled. Heads
crowded. Scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, with the midrib very prominent. Rays
usually white, but sometimes pale rose-color.

Dry pastures, fields and road-sides ; very common. July - October. Introduced from
Europe. This plant has long been employed medicinally as a tonic and astringent. It is
also made into an ointment, and used for dressing wounds.

Div. 2. Chrysantheme*, DC. Receptacle naked. Heads radiate; the rays ligulate, pistillate,
rarely neutral, in a single series [rarely wanting) ; the dislc-Jloicers perfect.

32. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tourri.; DC. prodr. 6. p. 45. ox-eye daisy.

[ From the Greek, kukos, white, and anlhemon, a flower ; tlie color of the blossoms.]
Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, numerous : disk-flowers perfect, with a fleshy
obcompressed somewhat 2-winged tube. Involucre broad ; the scales imbricated, scarious
on the margin. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenia of the disk and ray similar,
somewhat terete, striate, without a pappus ; or those of the ray sometimes crowned with a
short pappus. — Perennial herbs, with alternate mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and
large solitary head terminating the stem or branches. Rays white or rarely rose-color :
disk yellow.

Leocanthemum. COMPOSITiE. 393

1. Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. White-iceed. Daisy.

Stem erect, simple, somewliat branched ; leaves laciniately incised or piiinatifid-toolhed
the cauline ones sessile and somewhat clasping; ihc radical obovate-spatulate, pelioled
scales of the involucre with narrow scarious rusty-brown margins. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 46
To)-r. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 412. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 889
Engl. hot. t. 001 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 526 ; Ell. sk..2. p. 400 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 301 ; Beck,
bol. p. 212 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 490.

Stem 1-2 feet high, erect or assurgent, smoolhish. Leaves 1-2 inches long, smooth,
mostly pinnatifid-loothed towards the base ; the radical ones often orbicular-spatulatc. Heads
1^ — 2 inches diameter. Rays 20 - 30, elliptical-oblong. Disk-flowers very numerous.
Achenia of the ray, as well as of the disk, without a paj)pus, dark purple.

Fields, meadows and road-sides ; every where naturalized. June - August. Introduced
from Europe. A very pestilent weed.

Div. 3. CoTULEJE and ARTEMisiEi:, DC. Rcceptach naked {not chaffy). Heads discoid, homo-

gamous or heUrogamous ; ihejlowers all tubular; those of the dish perfect, but spmelimei
infertile.

33. TANACETUM. Linn.; DC. prodr. 6. p. 127. tansby.

[A name altered from Athaiiasia; a, not, and Ihanatos, death; because its flowers are lasting.]

Heads discoid, homogamous, with the flowers all tubular and perfect, or heterogamous ; the
marginal flowers pistillate, in a single series, 3 - 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, smooth, with a large
epigynous disk. Pappus either none or mintile, membranaceous, coroniform, entire or
toothed, often unequal. — Herbs or suff"ruticosc plants, with alternate variously dissected
leaves and solitary or corymbose heads. Flowers yellow.

1. Tanacetum vulgare, Linn. Common Tansey.

Stem herbaceous, erect, smooth ; leaves nearly smooth, bipinnately parted ; the rachis and
lobes incisely serrate ; corymb of numerous heads; inner scales of the involucre scarious at
the apex, obtuse ; pappus short, equal, 5-lobed {DC). — Engl. hot. t. 1229 ; Pursh, Jl. 2.
p. 522 ; Torr. compend. p. 287 ; Beck, hot. p. 21 1 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 492 ; DC. prodr.
6. p. 128 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 414.

Perennial. Stem 2-4 feet high, ribbed. Leaves smoothish, dotted. Heads of flowers
depressed, in dense fasligiate corymbs. Corolla sprinkled with resinous dots. Pappus
coroniform.

Old fields, road-sides and cultivated grounds : naturalized in many places. Introduced
from Europe. July - October. A well known domestic medicine.
[Floea.] 50

394 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.

34. ARTEMISIA. Li7in. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 93. WORMWOOD.

[ Named from Artemis, the Diana of the Greeks.]

Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered, heterogamous ; the central flowers perfect (either
fertile, or sterile by the abortion of the ovary) and 5-toothed ; the marginal pistillate in a
single series, with a tubular 3-toothed corolla ; or sometimes homogamous, with all the
flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, mostly dry, and with scarious margins.
Receptacle flattish or convex, naked or villous. Achenia obovoid, with a small epigynous
disk, without a pappus. — Herbs, or shrubby (bitter and mostly aromalic)plants, with alternate
usually pinnately divided leaves. Heads in spikes or racemes, which are mostly paniculate.
Corolla yellow or purplish.

§ 1. Dracdnculcs, Bess. Receptacle naked: heads heterogamous ; the dish-flowers sterile.

1. Artemisia Canadensis, Miclix, Wild Wormivood.

Biennial ? , smooth or canescent ; radical and lower cauline leaves bipinnately divided,
petiolod , the upper 3 - 7-divided, sessile ; the segments linear or linear-lanceolate ; heads
(rather large) hemispherical or subglobose, in paniculate racemes ; scales of the involucre
ovate or oval, with scarious margins. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 129 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 144 ; Torr.
compend. p. 287 ; Beck, hot. p. 211 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 99 ; Torr. 4- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2.
p. 417. A. peucedanifolia, Juss. ex Bess.; DC. l. c.

Stem about 2 feet high, sometimes decumbent at the base. Radical leaves clustered, silky
underneath. Racemes rather loose. Heads larger than in the preceding species.

Sandy shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario {Dr. Knieskern and Dr. L. C. Beck). July
- August. Nearly allied to the following.

2. Artemisia caudata, Michx. Tall Biennial Wortnwood.

Biennial, smoothish ; stem erect, paniculate ; upper cauline leaves pinnately, the lower and
radical 2 - 3-pinnatcly divided ; the segments linear-setaceous, divaricate ; racemes disposed
in a strict elongated panicle ; heads ovate-globose ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, the
inner elliptical, scarious. — MzcAa:.^. 2. p. 129 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 114 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 318 ;
Ton: compend. p. 287 ; Beck, hot. j>. 21 1 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 97 ; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N. Am.
2. p. 417. A. Canadensis, Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 299.

Stem 2-4 feet high, rather slender. Primordial leaves forming a tuft, pinnately compound,
with very narrow segments which are smooth above and slightly pubescent underneath ; the
petioles 3-6 inches long : lower cauline leaves sessile, mostly bipinnately divided. Raceme*
very numerous, forming a dense pyramidal panicle. Heads mostly erect, about two lines,
long; the scales of the involucre shining, of a grayish color, with a dull purple midrib:
pedicels shorter than the heads.

Sandy scacoast of Long Island. August - September.

Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 395

^2. Abrotanum, Toiirn. Receptacle naked (not hairy) : heads heterogamous ; the flowers all fertile.

3. Artemisia vulgaris, Linn. Mugwort.

Perennial, erect ; leaves wliitish-tomentose undernealh ; the cauline pinnatifid, with the
lobes either laciniate, incised, coarsely serrate, or entire ; the uppermost nearly linear and
entire ; heads spicate-paniculate, ovoid, nodding, at length erect ; the panicle leafy and
spreading ; exterior scales of the involucre canescently tomentose, the inner scarious ; corolla
smooth {Bess, in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 322). — Linn. sp. 2. p. 848 ; Engl. hot. t. 978 ;
Michx. Jl. 2. p. 128 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 522 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 144 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 112 ;
Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 421. A. heterophylla, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. s.)
7. p. 400.

var. vulgatissima : lobes of the leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower scarcely incisely toothed ;
panicle ample, erect. Bess. I. c. ; Torr. <^ Gr. I. c.

Stem 2-3 feet high, sufTruticose, much branched, furrowed. Leaves 2-4 inches long
and 1-2 inches broad ; the lobes coarsely incised and acute, green above, clothed with dense
white wool underneath. Heads sessile. Scales of the involucre woolly.

Old fields, road sides and waste places ; northern and western parts of the State ; natural-
ized in many places. September - October. This plant, though bitter, is eaten by cattle
and sheep, and is said to be used in Sweden as a substitute for hops in the preparation of beer.

Subtribe V. Gnaphalie.e, Less. Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid ; the Jlotuers
all tubular; the j)istillate mostly Jertile. Anthers caudate at the base. Style in the
perfect Jlowers with the branches 720t appendiculate ; in the staminate mostly undivided.
Pappus composed of capillary or setaceous bristles, or soinelimes none. — Leaves mostly
alternate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENEllA.

* Receptacle not chaffy.

35. GNAPt'ALiCM. Heads heterogamous ; the central flowers perfect, the marginal filiform. Pappus all capillary.

36. AuTENNABiA. Heads dioecious. Pappus of the sterile flowers clavatc or thickened at the apex.

•* Receptacle chaffy, except in the centre.

37. FiirAGO. Heads heterogamous ; the exterior flowers pistillate, filiform, subtended by the chafl" of the receptacle,

without a pappus ; the central flowers with a pappus.

35. GNAPHALIUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 2761. CUDWEED.

[ From the Greek, gruipkalon, soft down or wool, with which most of the species arc clothed.]
Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular ; the exterior pistillate, very
slender, mostly in several series ; the central perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated,
appressed, scarious or somewhat hyaline. Receptacle flat, naked. Style 2-cleft. Achenia

50*

396 COMPOSITE. Gnaphalium.

somewhat terete, or more or less obcompressed. Pappus a single scries of slender rough
bristles. — Herbaceous plants, mostly woolly or tomentose, with sessile decurrent leaves,
and glomerate, corymbose, or spicate heads. Scales of the involucre variously colored.

i} 1. EuGNAPHALitJM, DC. Pistillate flowers in several series: achenia somewhat terete.

1. Gnaphalium decurkens, Ives. Decurrent Cudiceed.

Stem branching at the summit, clothed with a viscid pubescence ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
partly clasping, decurrent, acute, glandularly viscid and roughish above, the under surface
(like the branches) whitish tomentose ; heads nearly sessile, in dense corymbose-capitate
clusters at the summit of leafy branches ; scales of the involucre yellowish-white, oval, scarious,
rather acute. — Ives in Sill. jour. \.p. 380. t. 1 ; Torr. compend. p. 288 ; Beck, bot. p. 178;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 328 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 226 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 426.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, stout, somewhat fastigiately branched above. Leaves
3-4 inches long and 3-5 lines wide, the margins slightly waved and revolute, pale green
above. Heads about 3 lines long, collected in large round clusters. Scales of the involucre
very woolly at the base.

Fields and hill-sides ; common in the northern and western counties, and in many silualipflS
seeming to occupy the place of the next species. August - September.

2. Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michz. Life Everlasting. Balsavu

Stem erect, paniculate above, woolly ; leaves linear-oblanceolate, tapering at the base,
undulate on the margin, acute, slightly rough above, whitish and woolly underneath ; heads
ovoid, clustered in a terminal paniculate corymb ; scales of the involucre scarious, ovate and
oblong, rather obtuse. — Miclix. fl. 2. p. 127 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 584 ; Ell. sh. 2. p. 325 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 200 ; Beck, bot. p. 178 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 328 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 494 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 227 ; Torr. (J- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 427. ^G. obtusifolium,
Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 1198 ; Willd. sj). 3. p. 1880.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, whitish-tomentose, often much branched towards the
summit. Leaves sessile, 1-2 inches long and 2-4 lines wide, light green above. Heads
sessile, nearly 3 lines long, yellowish-white, pretty densely aggregated in roundish clusters at
the extremity of the branches. Scales of the involucre mostly rather obtuse, smooth. Flowers
yellowish ; the perfect few.

Old fields, dry open woods, and borders of salt marshes ; common, except in the northern
and western counties. August - September. The whole plant has a strong balsamic and
rather agreeable odor. An infusion of it is a popular remedy in dysentery.

Gnapualium. COMPOSITiE. 397

3. Gnaphalium uliginosum, Linn. Marsh Cudweed.

Stem diffusely branched, woolly ; leaves lariccolale-linear, tapering at the base, woolly on
both sides ; heads in dense terminal capitate and sessile clusters, leafy at the base ; scales of
the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, scarious. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 856 ; Engl. hot.
<. 1194 ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 197; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 584 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 329 ; Bigel.
Jl. Bast. p. 301 ; Beck, hot. p. 178 ; DarUngt.jl. Cest. p. 493 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 230 ; Torr.
4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 427.

Annual. Stem 3-8 inches high, often very much branched from the base. Leaves about
an inch long ; those near the summit of the branches crowded about the heads, and very
woolly. Heads few in a cluster. Scales of the involucre yellowish-tawny. Achenia smooth.

Low grounds, ditches, etc. ; very common. July - September. A homely little weed.

4. Gnaphalium purpureum, Linn. Purple Cudweed.

Stem erect, simple, tomentose ; leaves oblong-spatulate, tapering at the base, mostly obtuse,
densely tomentose and whitish underneath ; heads of flowers clustered in the axils of the upper
leaves, and spiked at the summit ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, the inner ones
purplish. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 854 ; Miclix. fl. 2. p. 127 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 325 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 525 ; Beck, hot. p. 179 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 492 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 232 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 428. G. spathulatum. Lam. diet. 2. p. 758. G. Americanum, Willd. sp. 3.
p. 1887 ; Pursh, I. c. ; not oi Mill. G. Pennsylvanicum, Willd. enum. ; DC. I. c p. 235.

Root annual. Stem 8-15 inches high, slender, clothed with a loose w'hitish wool. Leaves
about an inch long, pale green above ; the radical 3-4 lines wide, the cauline narrower.
Heads 3 lines long, forming an interrupted spike. Outer scales of the involucre usually tawny
or whitish, sometimes purplish, woolly at the base. Flowers pale purple. Achenia roughish.

Dry open woods and in sandy fields ; rather common. July — September. G. spicatum,
Lam. is probably not distinct from this species.

36. ANTENNARIA. Gcert.; R. Br. in Linn, trans. 12. p. 122. ANTENNARIA.

Species of Gnaphalium, Linn. &c.
[ Named in allusion to tlic bristles of the pappus, which resemble the anlenncc of some insects.]

Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, in the pistillate flowers
filiform. Scales of the involucre imbricated, scarious, colored. Receptacle convex, alveo-
late. Style in the fertile flowers 2-cleft ; in the staminatc simple or nearly so. Achenium
nearly terete. Pappus in a single series ; in the pistillate capillary, in the staminate clavale.
— Perennial tomentose-canescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves and corymbose hea***
Involucre mostly white, sometimes rose-color or brownish, but never yellow.

398 COMPOSITE. Antennaria.

1. Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br. Pearly Eve?-lasting.

Stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point,
revolute on the margin, loosely woolly above, densely tomentose underneath ; scales of the
involucre white. — R. Br. I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 329 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 270; Torr.
^ Gr.jl. N. Am. 2. p. 429. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Lin?i. sp. 2. p. 850 ; Michx.fl. 2.
p. 127 ; Engl. bat. t. 2018 ; Pursh,Ji. 2. p. 524 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 299 ; Beck, hot. p.\19;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 494.

Stem 1-2 feet high, white and woolly, not stoloniferous at the base. Leaves numerous,
3-4 inches long and 2-3 lines wide, tapering at each end, green above, and clothed with a
loose down like cobweb. Heads numerous, about one-third of an inch in diameter, pedicel-
late, disposed in a spreading fastigiate corymb. Scales of the involucre of a pearly white
color, ovate, obtuse, finely striate.

Dry fields and borders of woods ; common. August - September. The dry pearly heads
are ornamental and very lasting.

2. Antennaria plantaginifolia, R. Br. Plantain-leaved Cudweed.

Stem simple, with procumbent sterile shoots from the base ; radial leaves obovate-spatulate,
3-nerved ; the cauline lanceolate, appressed ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of
the involucre with the tips usually eroded or crenulate, of the sterile plant broad and obtuse,
of the fertile narrow and mostly acute. — R. Br. I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 329 ; Torr.
^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 431. A. plantaginea, DC. prodr. 6. p. 270. Gnaphalium plantagini-
folium, Linn. sp. 2. p. 850 ; Pers. syn. 2. p. 420. G. plantagineum, Murr. ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 525 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 327 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 300 ; Beck, hot. p. 179. G. dioicum, var.
plantaginifolium, Michx. fl. 2. p. 128. G. dioicum, and var. plantaginifolium, Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 494.

Root creeping. Stem 3-10 inches high, throwing off from its base procumbent and partly
assurgent shoots 2-6 inches long. Leaves silky-villous underneath, loosely woolly or at
length nearly smooth above ; the radical ones (particularly those that have remained through
the winter) often very large and broad. Heads few (6-10), pedicellate. Scales of the
involucre usually white, but sometimes pale purple. Pappus of the sterile flowers con-
spicuously denticulate.

Woods and dry hill-sides ; common. April - May.

FiLAGo. COMPOSITiE. 399

37. FILAGO. Tourn. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 247. COTTON ROSE.

[ From the Latin, fUam, a thread ; the plant being covered with fine cobwcb-likc threads.]

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the central flowers tubular, 4 - 5-toothed, perfect, but
often infertile ; the others pistillate, filiform. Scales of the involucre few, the exterior
mostly woolly. Receptacle elongated or turbinate, chafiy at the base, naked at the summit.
Pappus of the central flowers capillary ; of the exterior caducous or none. Achenia nearly
terete. — Annual woolly herbs, usually branched. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads glome-
rate or fascicled.

1. FiLAGO Germanica, Linn. Herha Lnpia.

Stems dichotomous ; the branches arising from the base of the capitate glomerules ; leaves
lanceolate, acute ; heads pyramidal ; involucral scales cuspidate ; the exterior pistillate flowers
in several series, destitute of pappus. — Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 1311 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 247;
Torr. ^ GV. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 432. Gnaphalium Germanicum, Linn. sp. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 857;
Engl. hot. t. 2369 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 526 ; Torr. compend. p. 289 ; Bed, hot. p. 178 ; Dar-
lingt. Jl. Cest. p. 493.

Stem 3-8 inches high, at first simple and bearing a terminal cluster of heads, but at length
more or less branched, clothed (like the leaves) with a woolly tomentum. Leaves about
three-fourths of an inch long, numerous, erect. Heads crowded in small roundish or ovoid
clusters. Scales of the involucre straw-colored or tawny. Receptacle small, turbinate,
tuberculate. Achenia minutely papillose.

Dry fields and sterile hill-sides. Staten Island. August - September. Introduced from
Europe.

Subtribe VI. Senecione^, Cass. Heads liomogamous or heterogamous, never dioscious,
discoid or radiate ; the rays ligulate, in a single series. Receptacle scarcehj ever chaffy.
Anthers not caudate. Pappus capillary, rarely wanting in the exterior flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* Heads discoid, heterogamous ; the Jtawers all tubular.

38. EnECHTiTES. Marginal flowers pistillate, very slender, 2 - 3-toothed.

** Heads homogamous, or heterogamous and radiate,

39. Cacalia. Heads discoid, 5 - many-flowered. Achenia smooth. Pappus rough. Flowers white or whitish. —

Leaves alternate.

40. Senecio. Heads radiate or discoid, many-flowered. Pappus of very slender bristles. Beccptacle flat or convex.

Flowers mostly yellow. — Leaves alternate.

41. Abnica. Heads radiate, many-flowered. Pappus barbellato or strongly denticulate, rather rgid. Receptacle flat.

— Leaves opposite.

400 COMPOSITE. Erechtites.

38. ERECHTITES. Raf.; DC. prodr. 6. p. 294. fireweed.

[An ancient name of a species of Senecio, from which the genus Erechtites was separated]

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all tubular ; the marginal pistillate, with a some-
what 2 - 3-toothed corolla ; the others perfect, with the corolla 4 - 5-toothed. Involucre
cylindrical ; the scales in a single series, linear, acute. Receptacle naked, somewhat
papillose. Branches of the style tipped with an upwardly pubescent cone. Achenia oblong,
striate, somewhat contracted at the apex. Pappus copious, of very fine capillary bristles. —
Erect annual herbs, with alternate simple leaves and corymbose heads. Flowers whitish
or yellowish.

1. Erechtites hieracifolius, Raf. Com7non Fireweed.

Stem simple or paniculate above, sulcate ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, coarsely and
unequally serrate with sharp salient teeth, tapering to the base, the upper ones often auriculate-
sagittate and partly clasping ; involucre smooth, with small linear bracteoles at the base. —
DC. prodr. 6. p. 294 ; Torr. <^ Gr. ji. N. Am. 2. p. 434. E. hieracifolia, prjealta and
elongata, Raf. Senecio hieracifolius, Linn. sp. 2. p. 866 ; Michx. fi. 2. p. 119 ; Pursh,
jl. 2. p. 529 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 328 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 307 ; Beck, hot. p. 201 ; Darlingt.
ft. Cest. p. 498 ; Hook. Jl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 332.

Stem 1-4 feet high, thick and succulent, paniculately corymbose at the summit, usually
more or less hairy, but sometimes smooth. Leaves 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inches or
more wide, somewhat hairy underneath, particularly on the midrib. Heads about three-fourths
of an inch long, on sleiider peduncles, a little swelling at the base. Scales of the involucre
about the length of the disk, striate, green with narrow scarious margins. Pappus very
copious, white and silky.

Moist grounds, road sides, and particularly in places that have been recently burnt over ;
very common. July — September. The whole plant lias a rank nauseous odor. It is said
that an essential oil is extracted from it, which is used as a remedy for piles, and for diarrhoea.

39. CACALIA. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 327. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

[An ancient name applied to some species of tliis genus.]

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylindrical ; the
scales 5 - 30, in a single series. Receptacle flat, not chaflfy, sometimes with a conical or
scale-like appendage in the centre. Limb of the corolla expanded, deeply 5-cleft. Branches
of the style tipped with a very short cone, or obtuse. Achenia oblong, smooth, not rostrate.
Pappus of minute rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, mostly very smooth, with
alternate and usually petiolate leaves and corymbose heads. Flowers white or cream-
colored.

Cacalia. COMPOSITiE. 401

1. Cacama suaveolens, Linri. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain.

Stem striate and angled ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, hastate, acute, unequally serrate-
toothed ; the cauline on winged petioles, green on botli sides ; heads many-flowered ; scales
of the involucre about 12. — Limi. sp. 2. p. 835 ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 96 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 518;
" Schk. 7iandb. t. 236 ;" Beck, hot. p. 199 ; JDC.prodr. 5. p. 327; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am.
2. p. 434. Senecio suaveolens, Ell. sk. 2. p. 328.

Perennial ? Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 3-5 inches long and 1 - 2 inches
wide, smooth, rather thin ; the radical ones on long petioles, with conspicuous hastate lobes.
Heads 25 - 30-flowered. Involucre with several setaceous spreading bracts at the base.
Flowers yellowish-white. Receptacle flat, naked.

Fertile damp soils, along streams, etc. Avon, Livingston county (Dr. B. D. Greene).
August - October. This species has the habit of Erechtiles hieracifolius. When dry, it
exhales the odor of Medicago ccerulea.

2. Cacalia atriplicifolia, Linn. (Plate LIX.) Indian Plantain.

Stem terete, glaucous ; leaves all petiolcd, whitish and glaucous underneath, palmately
veined, angularly lobed or toothed ; radical and lower cauline deltoid-cordate ; the upper
rhomboid, cuneate at the base ; involucre 5-leaved, 5-flowered. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 835 ; Michx,
fl. 2. p. S6 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 518; " Schk. handh. t. 236 ;" Ntitt. gen. 2. p. 137; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 310 ; Beck, hot. p. 199 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 499 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 329 ; Torr. ^ Gr.
fl. N. Am. 2. p. 435. Senecio alriplicifolius. Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 332.

Stem erect, 3-6 feet high, mostly simple. Lower leaves 2-4 inches long and of about
the same breadth, strongly nerved, rather thick, more or less distinctly cordate ; the petioles
2-5 inches long. Heads numerous, in a compound terminal corymb. Involucre venlricose,
with several minute bracteoles at the base ; the scales lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse.
Flowers greenish-white. Achenia oblong, ribbed, crowned with a whitish ring, on which the
copious pappus is inserted. Receptacle commonly with a central somewhat chaffy column,
consisting probably of united palea; ; this, however, is sometimes almost wanting.

Moist soils, on the borders of woods. Near Geneseo {Rev. Mr. Bennett). Near Rochester?
July — September. The leaves are sometimes used as an application to wounds.

40. SENECIO. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 340. enoUNDSEL.

[ So named from the Latin, scTiex, an old man. See Eriqebon.]
Heads many-flowered, usually radiate with pistillate rays ; sometimes discoid, with all the
flowers tubular and perfect. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single series, often
calyculate. Receptacle naked or alveolate. Achenia neither rostrate nor winged. Pappus
[Flora.] 51

402 COMPOSITE. Senecio.

of numerous slender capillary bristles. — Mostly herbs, of various habit. Leaves alternate.
Heads corymbose or paniculate. Flowers yellow.

Of this difficult genus, six hundred species are described by De Candolle.

1. Senecio vulgaris, Linn. Common Groundsel.

Annual ; leaves pinnatifid, toothed, clasping, the lower ones tapering into petioles ; heads
in a loose corymb, discoid, nodding ; calyculate scales much shorter than the involucre. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 867 ; Engl. hot. t. 747 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 528 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 307 ; Torr.
compend. p. 305 ; Beck, hot. p. 201 ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 331 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 341 ;
Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 437.

Plant about a foot high, more or less branching, smooth or a little woolly. Leaves 2 — 3
inches long, deeply pinnatifid with oblong toothed or serrated lobes. Heads about one-third
of an inch long. Calyculate scales of the involucre about 10, blackish at the tip. Flowers
yellow. Achenia minutely pubescent. Pappus copious.

Waste places, road-sides, etc. Long Island. Introduced from Europe. June - October.

2. Senecio aureus, Linn. Life-root. Squaw-weed.

Smooth, or somewhat woolly when young ; radical leaves orbicular or roundish-ovate,
mostly cordate, crenate-serrate, petioled ; the cauline lyrate-pinnatifid, sessile or partly
clasping ; corymb somewhat umbellate ; rays 8 - 12. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 870 ; Michx. jl. 2.
p. 120 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 530 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 331 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 307 ; Hook.fl. Bor-Am.
1. p. 333 ; Beck, hot. p. 200 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 496; DC. prodr. 6. p. 432 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 442.

var. ohovalus : radical leaves varying from roundish-obovate to oblong-spatulate. Torr. ^
Gr. I. c. S. obovatus, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1999 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; Beck, I. c;
Darlijigt. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

var. BalsamitcB : radical leaves oval, oblong, or spatulate and lanceolate, crenate or toothed,
sometimes lyrate-incised. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. S. Balsamitaj, MuJil. in Willd. sp. I. c; Pursh.
I. c; Beck, I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched above, often clothed with a loose cotton-like
lomentum, especially when young, and about the insertion of the leaves. Radical leaves
1-3 inches long and 1 - 2J inches wide, entire, with the petioles 2-6 inches in length ;
in the two varieties, smaller and much narrower. Heads nearly half an inch long, numerous,
on long slender peduncles. Involucre ovate-cylindrical, scarcely calyculate, woolly at the
base : scales lanceolate, often purplish. Rays and disk bright yellow. Achenia smooth, or
minutely hairy on the angles.

Moist meadows, banks of rivulets, etc. ; the variety obovatus in rather dry places ; and var.
Balsamita, in fields and meadows. April - June. A most variable species, but the forms
here described, although very dissimilar in their extreme states, most certainly pass into each
other.

Arnica. COMPOSITE. 403

41. ARNICA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 2800. arxic

[ Said to be a corniption oC Plarmica.]

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; tlic ray-flowers pistillate, but often with sterile stamens ;
disk-flowers tubular, perfect, 5-toothed. Involucre campanulatc ; the scales lanceolate
equal, somewhat in a double series. Receptacle flat, fibrillate or a little hairy. Style in
the disk-flowers with long pubescent branches, truncate, or tipped with a short cone.
Achenia terete, tapering to the base or fusiform, somewhat hairy. Pappus a single series
of rather rigid scabrous or plumose-barbellate bristles. — Perennial herbs, with undivided
opposite leaves, and rather large solitary or loosely corymbose heads. Flowers yellow.

1. Arnica mollis. Hook. (Plate LX.) Soft Arnica.

Villous-pubescent; steam leafy, bearing 1-5 heads; leaves lanceolate or oblong, smoothish
when old, repandly denticulate ; the cauline 3-5 pairs ; the upper closely sessile, the lower
narrowed at the base or tapering into a petiole ; scales of the involucre acuminate, hairy ;
achenia almost plumose. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 331 ; Torr. <J- Or. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 450.

Root creeping. Stem 12-20 inches high, simple, more or less pubescent, especially above.
Leaves 3-5 inches long and about an inch wide, thin, veiny ; the lower on rather long winged
petioles, and somewhat triplinerved ; upper ones somewhat connate, acuminate. Heads
commonly 3, nearly two inches in diameter. Rays about 12, 2 - 3-toothed at the extremity,
pale yellow.

Borders of rivulets in the mountains of Essex county. August.

Tribe V. CYNAREJE. Less.

Heads Tiomogamoiis or heterogamous, sometijnes dicEcious. Style in the perfect flowers often
abruptly thickened near the summit ; the branches either distinct or united, pubescent
externally ; the stigmatic lines reaching to their apex, and there confluent.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Subtribe I. CENTAURIEjE. Heads discoid; the marginal flowers mostly neutral, usually much larger than
the others. Pappus never plumose, sometimes wanting.

42. Centaurea. Achenia compressed. Pappus of filiform bristles, or none.

43. Cnicls. Achenia terete, strongly striate. Pappus triple ; the exterior lO.toothcd, the intermediate of 10 long bristles,

the inner of 10 short bristles. Marginal flowers sterile, small.

Subtribe 11. CARDUINE^. Heads discoid, homogamous, sometimes dioecious. Anthers slightly or not at
all caudate. Pappus of plumose or rough bristles.

44. CiRslUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus plumose. Receptacle bristly.

45. Lappa. Achenia rugose. Pappus rough, caducous. Receptacle setosc-Cmbrillate. Scales of the involucre booked

at the apex.

51»

404 COMPOSITE. CENTAuaEA.

Subtribe I. CentauriEtE, DC. Heads discoid, many -flow er ed ; the marginal flowers usually

neutral, with the corolla irregularly 5-cleft, and viuch larger than the disk-flowers.
Scales of the involucre imbricated, variously appendiculate. Pappus hairy, setose or
chafl'y, never plumose, sometimes wanting,

42. CENTAUREA, Linn. ; Endl. gen. 2871. star-thistle.

[ So named, because, with a plant of this genus, the Ccntmir Chiron is said to have cured himself of a wound received

from Hercules.]

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers mostly large and sterile, sometimes wanting. Scales

of the involucre imbricated, various. Receptacle setose. Achenia compressed. Pappus

composed of rough bristles, sometimes nearly or quite wanting. — Herbs of varied aspect,

with alternate leaves and solitary heads.

1. Centaurea Cyanus, Linn. Bluebottle. French Pink

Plant clothed with a loose cottony down ; stem erect, branching ; upper leaves linear,
entire , the lower ones toothed at the base ; scales of the roundish-ovoid involucre surrounded
with a scarious serrate margin. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 2291 ; Engl. hot. t. 277 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 435 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 578 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 454.

Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2-4 inches long, hoary and
villous, particularly underneath ; the lower ones deeply toothed or pinnatiiid at the base.
Heads on terminal peduncles. Involucre closely imbricated ; the exterior scales ovate ; the
inner ones narrower. Flowers of the ray large and funnel-form, blue, or sometimes pale ;
those of the disk regular, usually purplish, with dark-colored anthers. Achenia with a pit or
areole on one side of the base. Pappus double, reddish, often unequal.

Cultivated grounds, rubbish, etc. Introduced in a few localities, but hardly naturalized,
July - August.

43. CNICUS. Vaill.; DC. prodr. G. p. 606. BLESSED THISTLE.

[ From the Greek, knizo, to prick or wound.]

Heads many-flowered ; the rays sterile, slender, nearly equal to the disk. Scales of the
involucre coriaceous, appressed, produced into a long rigid pinnated spinosc appendage.
Receptacle bristly. Achenia terete, smooth, strongly striate. Pappus triple ; the exterior
of 10 short teeth ; the intermediate of 10 elongated rigid bristles ; the inner of 10 short
bristles. — -An annual herb, sparsely clothed with a loose wool. Leaves clasping, somewhat
decurrent and pinnatifid. Heads terminal, bracteate. Flowers yellow.

Cnicbs. COMPOSIT.E. 405

1. Carduus benediotus. Common Blessed Thistle.

Linn. sp. ed. 1. p. 826 ; Muhl. cat. p. 82 ; DC. prodr. C. p. 606 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl. N.
Am. 2. p. 455. Centaurea benedicta, Linn. sp. ed. 2. p. 1296.

Plant 1-2 feet high, branching. Leaves with spiny lobes. Heads about as large as in
the Common Thistle {Cirsium lanceolaluin). Involucre bracteate ; the scales pinnately spiny.

Road-sides ; rare. June. An introduced plant, but the native country uncertain.

Subtribe II. Carduixe^, Less. Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers
all similar, perfect or dicecious. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series,
often spinose at the apex. Corolla usually cwved outwards ; the exterior often more
deeply cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. Achenia smooth.
Pappus composed of slender rough or plumose bristles, which are often united into a ring
at the base.

44. CIRSIUM. Tourn. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 634:. TBISTLE.

L From the Greek, kirkos, a swelled vein ; because it was supposed to heal that disease,]

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers perfect and similar, rarely somewhat dioecious. Scales of
the involucre imbricated, mostly with a prickle at the tip. Receptacle bristly. Corolla
5-cleft. Anthers more or less produced and lacerate at the base. Branches of the style
united nearly to the apex. Achenia oblong, compressed, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous
plumose bristles. — Herbs with sessile or decurrent leaves, which are often pinnatifid ; the
margin and teeth usually spiny. Heads globose or ovoid. Corolla purple, or sometimes
cream-colored.

1. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. Common Thistle.

Stem branching; leaves pinnatifid, decurrent, with a spiny lobed wing, bristly above, woolly
underneath ; lobes and teeth tipped with spines ; involucre ovoid, arachnoid ; scales lanceolate,
tipped with spines , the lower ones spreading. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 636 ; Torr. ^ Gr. fl, N.
Am. 2. p. 456. Carduus lanceolatus, Linn. ; Engl. bot. t. 107 ; Beck, bot. p. 436 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 437 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 302. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1666 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 506 ; Torr. compend. p. 281 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 292.

Root biennial. Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, sulcate, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves
white underneath, armed with sharp and rigid spines. Heads about an inch and a half long.
Involucre contracted above ; the scales connected with a web-like tomenlum. Flowers purple ;
the anthers yellowish.

Fields, road-sides and waste grounds ; very common. July - October. — A vile weed ;
introduced from Europe, but being a biennial, it can be subdued without much labor.

406 COMPOSITE. CiRsiDM

2. CiRsiUM DISCOLOR, Spreug. Two-colored Thistle.

Stem slender, hairy, wilh spreading branches ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, sessile, slightly
hairy and green above, densely woolly and whitish underneath ; the segments lanceolate,
divaricate and mostly 2-lobed, tipped with a divaricate prickle ; involucre ovoid-globose ; the
scales appressed, ovate-lanceolate, tipped with a slender spreading prickle. — Spreng. syst. 3.
p. 373 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 640 ; Torr. <J- Gr. ji. N. Am. 2. p. 457. Cnicus discolor, MiiU.
in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1670 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 271 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 292. Carduus discolor,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 130 ; Beck, hot. p. 173 ; Darlingt. Ji. Cest. p. 437.

Root biennial. Stem 2-6 feet high, with slender leafy branches, deeply striate, sparsely
clothed with crisped vesicular hairs. Leaves 4 — 8 inches or more in length, with scattered
hairs above like those of the stem ; the under surface woolly with a soft closely pressed
bluish-white tomentum. Heads about an inch and a half long ; the scales gradually longer
and narrower from the base upward , the innermost destitute of spiny tips. Flowers rather
pale purple.

Old fields, thickets, etc. ; rare in the interior of the State, but not uncommon near New-
York. August - September.

3. CiRSiuM MUTicuM, Miclix. Aionless Stvamp Thistle.

Stem tall and rather slender, smoothish, sparingly and paniculately branched above ; leaves
sessile, deeply pinnatifid, arachnoid-woolly (or sometimes nearly smooth) underneath ; the
segments lanceolate, spreading, with few incised spiny teeth ; involucre globose-ovate ; the
scales glutinous, connected by a white cobweb-like wool, closely appressed, unarmed, or the
exterior somewhat mucronate. — Michx. JI. 2. p. 89; DC. prodr. 6. p. 652; To7-r. <J- Gr.
JI. N. Am. 2. p. 458. C. Bigelovii, DC. I. c. Carduus muticus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 129 ;
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 302 ; Beck, hot. p. 172; Darlingt. JI. Cest. p. 4:38. Cnicus muticus,
Pursh, JI. 2. p. 506 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 268. C. glutinosus, Bigel. JI. Bost. p. 291.

Perennial ? Stem 3-6 feet high, striate and angular, more or less pubescent. Leaves
4-8 inches long, clasping ; in more exposed situations usually grayish white underneath,
with rather remote and spiny segments ; but in deep and shady swamps, with weaker prickles,
little or no tomentum underneath, and wider and more approximate lobes. Heads densely
clothed (except the upper part) with white cobweb-like hairs. Flowers purple.

Swamps and moist thickets. Southern part of the State. Rare in the western counties
{Dr. Knieskern). August - September.

4. CiRsiuM PUMiLUM, Spreng. Pasture Thistle.

Stem usually low, stout, hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads ; leaves lanceolate-oblong,
partly clasping, green on both sides, pinnatifid ; the segments irregularly incised or lobed, and
very spinose ; involucre ovoid-globose ; the scales appressed, acuminate, tipped with a short

CiRsiuM. COMPOSITE. 407

spine. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 651 ; Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 459. Carduus odoratus, Muhl.
cat. p. 70. C, pumilus, (and var. Histrix), Nutt. gen. 2. p. 130 ; Beck, hot. p. 173 ; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cast. p. 437. Cnicus pumilus, Torr. compend. p. 282 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 292.

Biennial. Stem usually 1-2 feet high, but sometimes much taller (3-5 feet), erect.
Leaves more or less hairy, particularly on the midrib underneath, spinulose on the margin.
Heads about an inch and a half in diameter, often with several pinnatifid bracts at the base.
Outer scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; the inner much narrower, with acuminate and
sometimes dilated scarious and serrulate tips. Flowers pale reddish purple, odorous.

Dry fields and pastures ; common in the southern part of the State and on Long Island, but
rare in the interior counties. July - August.

5. CiRSIUM HORHIDULUM, MicllX. YclloW ThlslU.

Whole plant arachnoid-woolly when young, smoother when old ; stem stout, simple or
sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnatifid ; the lobes toothed or incised,
very spiny ; heads (large) surrounded by a whorl of spinose bracts ; involucre ovate-globose,
linear-lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, scarcely spinose. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 90 ; DC.
prodr. 6. p. 651 ; Torr. <^ Gr. jl. N. Am. 2. p. 460. C. megacanthum, Nutt. in trans.
Amer. pliil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 419. Cnicus horridulus, Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 507 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost.
p. 291 ; To7-r. compend. p. 281. Carduus spinosissimus, Walt. Jl. Car. p. 194; Darlingt,
Jl. Cest. p. 438.

Biennial ? Stem very thick, hollow, 2-3 feet high. Leaves closely sessile, armed with
numerous short stout yellow spines. Heads nearly as large as in the preceding species, partly
concealed by the numerous pectinated involucral bracts. Flowers usually pale dull yellow,
but occasionally reddish or purplish.

Sandy fields, particularly near the salt water ; rather common on Long Island. June - July.

G. CiRSiUM ARVENSE, Scop. (Plate LXL) Canada Thistle.

Rhizoma creeping ; stem paniculately branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, slightly
decurrent, smoothish, sinuate-pinnatifid, undulate ; heads small and numerous ; scales of the
involucre ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, the outermost tipped with a short spine. — DC. prodr.
6. p. 643 ; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2 p. 460. Serratula arvensis, Linn. Carduus arvensis,
S77iith, Engl. hot. t. 975 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 301 ; Beck, hot. p. 172; Darlingt. Jl.
Cest. p. 439. Cnicus arvensis, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 506 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. j). 291 ; Torr. camp,
p. 281.

Perennial. Rhizoma descending deep in the earth and then spreading, very tenacious of
life. Stems 2-3 feet high, smooth, striate and angular ; the branches slightly woolly.
Leaves 3-6 inches long and about an inch wide, sometimes a little woolly underneath.
Heads, by abortion, dioecious. Involucre usually globose-ovate, but sometimes oblong ; the
scales appressed ; some of the outer ones tipped with a very short bristle or weak spine.
Flowers pale purple, or rarely whitish.

408 COMPOSIT.E. CiRsiuM.

Cultivated fields, road-sides, etc. Very common in the northern and western counties, but
as yet rather rare in the southern counties. In the neighborhood of New-York, and on Long
Island, it has appeared in several places, and is spreading rapidly. Fl. July - August.

This is one of the most troublesome weeds in the Northern States, and was undoubtedly
introduced from Europe. In some parts of the State, it is known by the name of Cursed
Thistle. Owing to the deep and widely spreading roots of this plant, and their extreme
tenacity of life, it can only be eradicated with great labor. When it has taken possession of
a field, many farmers practise laying down the land to grass for several years, and destroying
the shoots as fast as they make their appearance. Without concert, however, it can never be
got rid of ; for if suffered to form seeds, these are scattered by the winds in all directions, and
soon reproduce the plant where it had just been exterminated.

45. LAPPA. Toum. ; Endl. gen. 2892. BURDOCK.

[ Said to be derived from the Celtic word Uap, a hand ; because it lays hold of every thing near it.]

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globose ; the imbricated
scales coriaceous, with a long rigid subulate uncinate point. Receptacle flat, bristly-
paleaceous. Anthers tipped with filiform appendages, caudate at the base. Achenia oblong,
compressed, rugose transversely. Pappus of numerous short filiform rough bristles, distinct
at the base, caducous. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate and petioled leaves.
Heads globose, small, solitary or somewhat corymbed. Corolla purple.

1. Lappa major, Gcart. Common Burdock.

Scales of the involucre all subulate, smooth or loosely arachnoid ; upper cauline leaves
ovate, the others cordate. — Gart.fruct. 2. p. 379. t. 1G2 ; DC. i^odr. 6. p. 651 ; Torr. Sf
Gr.fi. N. Am. 2. p. 463. Arctium Lappa, Linn. ; Engl. hot. t. 1228 ; Pursli,fl. 2. p. 505 ;
Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 290 ; Bed, hot. p. 171 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 436.

Root descending. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high. Radical leaves often 1-2 feet long, and
nearly a foot wide. Heads numerous, often clustered. Scales of the involucre with a minute
but very strong hook at the tip, by which the heads, when mature, stick to the clothes, and
to the coats of animals.

About habitations, road-sides, and in cultivated grounds ; very common. Introduced from
Europe. July - October. An infusion of the root is a domestic remedy for colic and nephritic
affections. The leaves are used externally for cutaneous eruptions. The ashes afford a
considerable quantity of potash. In slieep-pasturcs, this plant is troublesome, in consequence
of the burs becoming entangled in the wool of the animal.

Krigia. . . COMPOSITE. 409

Suborder IF. LIGULIFLORiE. DC.

Flowers all ligulate and perfect.

Tribe VI. CICHORACE^. Vaill.
Style cylindraceous above.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Subtribel. HYOSERIDE-t;. Parpuseithcr wholly or partly composed of chafty or squamellate scales. Receptacle
not chaffy. • ■

* Involucre nearly simple, equal.

46. Krigia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales and 5 alternate bristles.

47. Cynthia Pappus of numerous short squamellate and capillary bristles.

** Involucre duulile or imbricated.

48. CiCHORiCM. Pappus short, of numerous small chaffy scales.

Subtribe 2. LACTUCE.1E. Pappus capillary, not plumose. Receptacle not chaffy.

49. HiERACir.M. Pappus rough, in a single series. Heads 20 - many-flowered (yellow). Achenia oblong or columnai.

* Pappus dirty white or tawny, fragile,

50. Naealcs. Pappus rough, copious. Heads 5 - 30-flowered (not yellow), nodding. Achenia linear-oblong, terete.

*• Pappus bright white (except in one Mulgedium).

51. Taraxacum. Involucre double, in 3 scries. Achenia striate-angled, commonly muricate, with a long fiUform beak.

— Stemless.

52. Lactuca. Achenia obcompressed, flat, abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus very soft and white.

53. MuLGEDiuM. Achenia compressed, tapering into a short or thick beak. Pappus bright white or tawny. Flowers

blue.

54. SoNCHUs. Achenia compressed, not beaked. Pappus very soft and fine, bright white. Involucre becoming swollen

at the base. Flowers yellow.

Subtribe 1. Hyoseride^, Less. Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus simple or double, either
ivholly or partly chaffy, squamellate or coroniform.

46. KRIGIA, Schreb. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 88. DWABF DANDELION.

[ Named in honor of David Krieg, a German botanist.]

Heads 15 - 30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6 - 13, somewhat in a double series, equal.
Receptacle naked. Achenia turbinate, many-striate, somewhat 5-angular. Pappus double ;
the exterior of five broad and rounded scarious chaffy scales ; the inner of as many slender
bristles alternating with the scales. — Small annual herbs, branching from the base. Leaves
mostly lyrate or toothed, radical. Heads small, solitary, on long slender scape-like branches.
Flowers yellow.

[Flora.] " 52

410 COMPOSITE Krigia.

1. Krigia Virginica, Willd. Common Dwarf Dandelion.

Scapes at length several, sparsely and minutely pubescent ; leaves somewhat glaucous ;
the primary ones orbicular or spatulale, mostly entire ; the succeeding oblong, lyrate or
sinuate-pinnatifid ; bristles of the pappus much longer than the pentangular achenium ; scales
of the involucre nearly nerveless. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1618 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 127 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 264 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 289 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 301 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 440 ;
DC. prodr. 7. p. 88 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 468. Hyoseris Virginica, Linn. ;
Michx. fl. 2. p. 88. Cynthia Virginica, Beck, hoi. p. 169, not of Don.

Scapes 1-10 inches high, often numerous from one root. Leaves all radical, 1-2 inches
long ; the later ones usually with several narrow spreading or curved acute lobes, narrowed
into a petiole at the base. Heads about one-third of an inch in diameter. Scales of the
involucre 10-15, lanceolate, acute,* smooth, spreading in fruit. Flowers orange-yellow.
Achenia oblong-turbinate, strongly sulcate, rough on the angles. Bristles three times the
length of the achenium.

Dry sandy soils, road-sides, etc. ; common. May - July. In its earliest state this plant
throws up a single short scape from a tuft of leaves, but at length branches from the base,
and often becomes more or less caulescent.

47. CYNTHIA. D. Don in Edinb. phil. jour. 12. p. 305. CYNTHIA.

[ "Perhaps from Mount Cynthus, which was sacred to Apollo and Diana." Darlington.]

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15, somewhat in a double series, equal.
Receptacle flat, foveolate. Achenia short, obscurely quadrangular, many-striate, not ro-
strate. Pappus double ; the exterior of numerous very short chaffy scales ; the interior of
numerous capillary rough bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and glaucous herbs. Leaves
pinnatifid or undivided. Scapes or peduncles slender, elongated, bearing single or some-
what umbellate heads. Flowers yellow.

1. Cynthia Virginica, Don. Virginian Cynthia.

Caulescent ; leaves mostly spatulate-oblong ; the radical pcliolcd, lyrate, sinuate-dentate
or pinnatifid ; the cauline lanceolate, clasping, mostly entire ; peduncles 2-5, elongated,
somewhat umbelled. — D. Don, I. c. ; DC. prodr. I.p 89 ; Torr. 6f Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 469.
C. amplexicaulis. Beck, hot. p. 168; Darlingt. fl. Cesi. p. 441. C. Griffithsii, Nutt. in
jour. acad. Phil. 7. p. 69. Tragopogon Virginicum, Linn. sp. 2 p. 789. Hyoseris am-
plexicaulis, Michx. fl. 2. p. 87. H. prenanthoides, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1156. Troximon Vir-
ginicum, Pers. syn. 2. p. 360 ; Pursh, fl,. 2. p. 505. Krigia amplexicaulis, Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 127 ; Ell. sk. 2. />. 266.

Cynthia. COMPOSITE:. 411

Root not tuberiferous. Stems 12 - 18 inches liigh, often severa! from one root, nearly
naked, usually once or twice forked. Radical leaves 2-5 inches long, variable, sometimes
nearly entire. Peduncles 1-3 inches long, commonly about three together, with two small
unequal clasping bracteal leaves at the base, sometimes a little hairy below the heads. In-
volucre often calyculate, with one or two subulate bracteoles at the base ; scales linear-
lanceolate, nerveless, acute. Flowers orange-yellow. Achenia smooth, finely striate. Pappus
very rough, brittle.

Open woods, meadows, etc. ; not rare, except in the interior of the State. May - July.

48. CICHORIUM. Toiirn. ; DC. p.odr. 7. p. 84. SUCCORY.

[ Supposed to be <lcrivcd from chikouryck, the Arabic name of the plant.]

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of about five short spreading scales ;

the inner of 8 - 10 scales. Achenia somewhat compressed, striate, smooth. Pappus of
. numerous very small chaffy scales. — Branching herbs, with toothed or runcinate radical

leaves. Heads axillary and nearly sessile, or terminal. Flowers bright blu'3, sometimes

varying to white.

1 . CiCHORiUM Intybus, Lhin. Wild Succory, or Chicory.

Radical leaves runcinate ; the cauline, small, partly clasping ; heads sessile, mostly 2-3
together. — Engl. hot. t. 539 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 496 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 285 ; Darlingt. ft.
Cest. p. 440 ; Torr. <$■ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 472.

Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2-3 feet high, with numerous long branches,
rough and hairy. Radical leaves 4-8 inches long, resembling those of the Dandelion ; stem-
leaves smaller, cordate, more or less sinuate-toothed. Heads mostly by pairs, sessile on the
sides of the branches, large and showy. Involucre glandular-ciliate and somewhat viscid.
Flowers mostly bright blue, but often very pale purple or almost white.

Pastures, road-sides and meadows ; rather common. Introduced from Europe. August -
September. In France, this plant is cultivated as a winter salad. The roots of a particular
variety are also dried and roasted, when they are used to mix with coffee, to adulterate it, or,
as some assert, to improve its flavor.

52*

412 COMPOSITiE. Hieeacium.

Subtribe 2. Lactuce^, Cass. Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus capillary ; the bristles mostly
soft or fragile, not dilated or thickened at the base, nor plumose.

49. HIERACIUM. Town.; DC. prodr. 7. p. 202. hawk-weed.

[ From the Greek, hierax, a hawk; from a strange notion, formerly very prevalent, that hawks and other birJs of prey

used the juice of this plant to improve their sight.]

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or only in two series ; the outer
series short and somewhat calyculate. Receptacle alveolate, or slightly pitted and fimbril-
late. Achenia oblong, terete or somewhat clavate, not beaked, striate or ribbed. Pappus
in a single series, bristly, rough, brittle, brownish white or fuscous. — Perennial herbs, with
entire or toothed leaves. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. EciiiERACiuM, Terr. & Gr. Involucre imbricated : achenia usually tapering towards the base,

but not towards the summit. ^

1. HiERACiuM Canadense, Michx, Sharp-toothed Hawkweed.

Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched above, leafy ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely and often incisely serrate with sharp and spreading teeth,
the upper ones somewhat clasping ; heads corymbose, on rigid thick peduncles ; involucre
smoothish, the exterior scales mostly spreading in fruit. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 86 ; Monnier, ess.
Hier. p. 37 ; Torr. ^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 475. H. virgatum, fasciculatum and macro-
phyllum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 504. H. Kalmii, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 646; Bigel.fl. Bost.p. 288 ;
Torr. compend. p. 280 ; Beck, bot. p. 166, not oi Linn.

Stem 1-2 feet high, rigid, stout, smoothish or a little pubescent ; the peduncles downy.
Leaves numerous, 2-4 inclies long and from half an inch to more than an inch wide, rather
thick and rigid, smooth above, somewhat pubescent, especially on the veins underneath,
sparingly dentate with sharp spreading or divaricate teeth. Heads rather large, in a simple
or compound corymbose panicle ; the peduncles downy, or somewhat hispid with a stellate
pubescence. Flowers pale yellow ; the corolla strong! y 5-toothed at the extremity.

Dry fields, borders of woods, etc. Highlands of New-York, and in the western parts of
the State ; rare. July - August. Easily distinguished iVom all the following species by its
few large heads, rigid peduncles, and strongly toothed leaves.

§2. StenotiiecAj Moun. Involucre cylindrical ; the inner scales in a single series ; the others few,
short and calyculate : achenia columnar or fusiform.

2. HiERACiuM SCABRUM, Michx. RougJi Hdivkwced.

Stem stout, leafy, rough above, hispid below ; panicle oblong or elongated, mostly compound,
at length fastigiale-corymbose ; leaves mostly obovate or oval, entire or somewhat denticulate.

HiERAcniM. COMPOSITE. _ . 4t3

hairy, the lower narrowed at the base, tlie upper closely sessile ; the short thickish peduncles
and involucre glandularly hispid and downy ; aclicnia columnar, not attenuate at the summit.
—Michx. fl. 2. p. 86 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 504 ; Mom. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 217 ; Torr. ^
Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 476. II. Marianum, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1572 (in part); Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 288 ; Bedi, hot. p. 166. II. Gronovii, ^., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 300.

Stem 1-3 feet high, often very hispid below. Leaves 15-4 inches long, spreading,
varying from spatulate-oblong to nearly orbicular, very obtuse, with a small mucronate tip.
Panicle at first racemose, consisting of numerous rather small heads on diverging peduncles,
which are thickly clothed, as well as the lower part of the involucres, with brownish glandular
hairs. Flowers 40 - 50 in each head, pale yellow.

Borders of woods, in dry soil ; rather common, particularly on Long Island and in the
vicinity of New-York. August - September. This species exudes more milky juice when
wounded, than any other of the genus here described. In shady places the stem is often
somewhat naked, and the panicle more open.

3. HiERACiuM Gronovii, Linn. Gronovius's Hawkioeed.

Stem virgate, leafy and very hairy below, naked and minutely pubescent towards the
summit, forming an elongated panicle ; leaves entire or denticulate, villous-hirsute, especially
along the midrib underneath and the margins ; the radical and lower cauline oblong-obovate
or spatulate ; the upper oval or oblong, closely sessile or partly clasping ; the slender pedun-
cles and the base of the involucre more or less hispid with glandular hairs ; achenia fusiform
and almost rostrate — Linn. sp. 2. p. 802 (syn. Gronov.) ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 87 {13. foliosum) ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 503 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 263 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 298 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N.
Am. 2. p. 477 ; not of hcrh. Linn., Willd., DC. ^c. H. Marianum, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1572
(partly) ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 217 ; Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. scr.) l.p. 446. Steno-
theca Mariana, Monn. I. c. p. 72. t. 2. f. A.

var. suhnudum : stem slender, with one or few leaves near the base, naked and often smooth
above. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. H. subnudum, Frasl. in DC. I. c. Stenotheca subnuda, Monn.
I. c. t. 2. /. A. no. 5.

Stem 1 J - 2 feet high, mostly simple, paniculate at the summit. Leaves sprinkled with
iono-ish hairs ; the lower ones tapering into a petiole at the base. Heads disposed in a long
naked panicle. Involucre hispid only on the lower portion, many-flowered. Achenia tapering
to each end, slender.

Dry sandy soils, often in pine woods ; rare. July - September. From H. venosum, this
fipecies is distinguished by its narrow panicle, shorter peduncles, liairj' base of the stem, and
by the somewhat rostrate achenia. H. scahrum differs in stout leafy stem, much shorter
peduncles, and truncate achenia.

414 ' COMPOSITiE. Hieracium.

4. Hieracium venosum, Linn. Rattlesnake-weed.

Stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth, slender, loosely corymbose-paniculate
above, with long slender smoothish peduncles ; radical leaves obovate or spatulate-oblong,
entire or obscurely denticulate, hairy on the margins and midrib, the veins usually purple ;
involucre smooth, or minutely glandular-hispid toward the base ; achenia linear, scarcely
narrowed at the summit. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 800 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 502 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 262 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 288 ; Hooh. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 297 ; Beck, hot. p. 166 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 446 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 217 ; Torr. ^ Gr.fl. N. Am. 2. p. 478. Stenotheca venosa,
Monn. I. c. p. 72.

var. suhcaulescens : stem more or less leafy near the base ; the cauline leaves sessile or
clasping. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. H. Gronovii, Linn. herb. <^ sp. 2. p. 802 (excl. syn. Gron.) ;
Michoc. fl. 2. p. 87 (var. a.) ; DC. I. c.

Stem or scape 1-2 feet high. Leaves spreading on the ground, then tapering to a short
petiole, smoothish except on the margins and midrib, usually variegated with deep purplish
veins, and sometimes wholly purple underneath, but often uniformly pale green. Panicle
widely spreading, and consisting of few heads on forked almost filiform peduncles, which are
very sparingly glandular. Involucre about 20-flowered ; the flowers bright yellow.

Dry soils, and in open sandy woods ; common. June - July. This is one of the numerous
plants supposed to be antidotes to the bile of the Rattlesnake, but its virtues are probably
overrated, if not altogether imaginary.

5. Hieracium paniculatum, Linn. Panicled Hatchioeed.

Stem slender, leafy, loosely paniculate, villous towards the base, smooth above ; leaves
lanceolate, acute at each end, denticulate with spreading teeth, thin and smooth ; panicle
compound , the peduncles slender, divaricate and smooth ; scales of the involucre few, smooth ;
achenia not contracted at the summit. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 802 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 86 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 502 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 264 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 289 , Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 297 ;
Beck, bat. p. \66 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 447 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 222 ; Tor. 4- Gr. fl. N.
Am. 2. p. 478.

Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves 2-4 inches long and from half an inch to an inch wide,
paler underneath ; the teeth small, very sharp and projecting. Panicle large and much
branched, very slender; the peduncles slightly bracteate. Heads 15 - 20-flowered, small.
Involucre of 10 - 12 inner scales ; the exterior much shorter.

Woods ; usually in damp rather shady places ; rather rare. August.

Nabalus. COMPOSIT/E. 415

50. NABALUS. Cass. did. sc. nat. 34. p. 94, ^ 69. p. 590. nabalus.

Species of Prena.ntbej, Linn. Harpaltce, Don.
[An unmeaning name.]
Heads 5 - 30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 - 14 linear scales in a single series, and
calyculate at the base. Receptacle naked. Branches of the style much exserted. Achenia
cylindraceous, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of numerous straw-
colored or brownish rough slender bristles. — Perennial herbs. Roots bitter, somewhat
tuberous. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves entire or lobed. Heads racemose or paniculate,
usually nodding. Flowers whitish, cream-color or purplish.

1. Nabalus alb us. Hook. Lion's-foot. Rattlesnake-root. White Lettuce.

Nearly smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem corymbosely paniculate at the summit ;
leaves angulate-hastate, irregularly toothed, sinuate-incised, sometimes palmately or pinnately
3 - 5-lobed or parted, wiih mostly obtuse lobes , the lower petiolcd, uppermost nearly sessile ;
heads in short spreading racemes or panicles, somewhat corymbose ; involucre of about eight
scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Torr. <^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 480.
N. albus and serpentarius, Hook.Jl.Bor.-Am. 1. p. 293 (in part). N. suavis, DC.prodr. 7.
p. 241. Prenanthes alba, Linn.; MicJix.fl. 2. p. 83; Bot. mag. t. 1079; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 499;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 286 ; Darlingt.jl. Cest. p. 444 (partly). P. suavis, Salisb. parad. Lond.
t. 85. P. rubicunda, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1537. Harpalyce alba, Beck, bot. p. 167.

var. Serpentaria : cauline leaves on slender petioles, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid or 3-parted,
the terminal lobe 3-cleft. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. Prenanthes Serpentaria, Fursh, Jl. 2. p. 499.
t. 24. P. alba, var. Serpentaria, Torr. compend. p. 277. Harpalyce Serpentaria, Don ;
Beck, I. c.

Stem stout, 3-5 feel high, simple or much branched, usually purphsh. Leaves very
variable in their outline and lobing, a little ciliate and rough on the margin, pale underneath,
rather thin, often decurrent on the petiole. Heads numerous, nodding, 6-8 lines long.
Involucre commonlv purplish and glaucous. Corolla white or cream-color, sometimes tinged
with purple. Achenia finely striate.

Copses, borders of woods and hill-sides ; frequent. August - September.

416 COMPOSITE. Nabalus.

2. Nabalus altissimus, Hook. Tall Nabalus.

Smoothish ; stem virgate ; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, undivided, or the lower
ones palmately 3 - 5-cleft or parted , the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly toothed or
denticulate ; heads in small axillary or terminal clusters, fornjing an elongated virgate panicle ;
involucre of five scales, 5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-color. — Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 294 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 241 (excl. syn.) ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 481.
Prenanlhes altissima, Li7in. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 498 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 256 ; Torr. compend.
p. 277. Harpalyce altissima. Beck, hot. p. 167.

var. cordatus : leaves mostly cordate on slender petioles. Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. N. cordatus.
Hook. I. c. Prenanthes cordata, Willd. liort. Berol. t. 25 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c.

var. deltoideus : leaves deltoid, strongly repand-toothed , the upper often cordate ; the
radical and lowest cauline triangular-hastate, or sometimes 3-parted. Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. N.
deltoideus and cordatus, DC. I. c. Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell. I. c.

Stem slender, 3-5 feet high, mostly simple except the somewhat paniculate summit.
Leaves 3-8 inches long and 3-6 inches wide at the broadest part, on long slender petioles,
extremely variable in form, often quite smooth, or only a little pubescent on the veins and
midrib. Heads nodding ; the clusters arranged in a somewhat leafy panicle a foot or more
in length. Corolla yellowish or greenish white.

Woods, often in shady moist places ; rather rare. August - September. Distinguished
from the preceding and following species by the acuminate lobes or undivided leaves, and
fcw-flowcred involucres.

3. Nabalus Fraseri, DC. Gall of the Earth.

Smooth or slightly puberulent ; stem corymbosely paniculate at the summit ; leaves mostly
deltoid, variously 3 - 7-lobcd, and contracted into winged or margined petioles , the upper
nearly sessile and often undivided ; racemes paniculate ; involucre smooth or slightly hairy,
of about eight scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Torr. c^ Gr. fl. N. Am. 2.
p. 481. N. Fraseri, trilobatus and serpentarius, /3., DC. prodr. 7. p. 241. P. rubicunda,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 499, excl. syn. P. alba, Ell. sk. 2. p. 259.

var. integrifolius : leaves thickish, lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, denticulate or sharply
and irregularly toothed ; involucre often somewhat hairy. Torr. <jj- Gr. I. c- N. integrilolius,
Cass. ; DC. I. c.

Stem 2-4 feet high, branched. Leaves very variable, in open situations more divided
than in the shade ; the lobes short and sinuate-denticulate. Involucre often purplish, usually
quite smooth. Flowers cream-color, sometimes with a tinge of purple. Achenia finely striate.

Dry sterile or sandy soil ; rather common. The var. integrifolius, on Long Island near
New-York. August - October. Very near N. alius, and some of its forms only to be dis-
tinguished from that species by its light colored pappus.

Nabalus. composite. 417

4. Nakalus nanus, DC. Dwarf Nabalus.

Smooth ; stem simple (low); leaves on slender petioles, varying from undivided and angular
or toothed, to hastately or palmately 3-lobed or 3-parted ; heads clustered, forming a strict
racemose panicle ; involucre (blackish green) 10 - 13-flovvered ; inner scales about 8, rather
obtuse ; the calyculate scales very short, triangular-ovate, appressed ; pappus dark straw-
color. — DC. prodr. 7. p. 241 ; Torr. ^- Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 482. Prenanthes alba, var.
nana, Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 286 ; Torr. compend. p. 277 (partly). Harpalyce alba, /3. Beck,
hot. p. 167.

Stem 5-12 inches high, smooth. Lower leaves usually 3-parted or hastately 3-lobed,
the segments entire or 2 - 3-cleft ; tiie middle and higlier ones 3-lobed, with the segments
lanceolate or oblong and commonly entire, sometimes hastate-triangular ; the uppermost often
undivided. Sometimes all the leaves are undivided and hastate, or angular and toothed.
Heads nodding, in axillary and terminal clusters forming a close raceme. Involucre sliglilly
hairy at the lips ; the interior scales 4-5 times longer than the calyculate scales at the base.
Flowers whitish.

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county. Fl. August.

' 5. Nabalus Boottii, DC. Boott's Nabalus.

Stem simple (low), pubescent at the summit when young ; radical and lowest cauline leaves
subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate and mostly
entire, all peliolate ; heads in a nearly simple raceme ; involucre (livid) 10 - 18-flowered ;
the inner scales 10 - 15, obtuse ; the calyculate scales linear, lax, nearly half the length of
the proper involucre ; pappus straw-color. — DC. prodr. 7. p. 241 ; Torr. <^ Gr. fl. N. Am.
2. p. 482. Prenanthes alba, var. nana (in part) ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 286.

Stem 5-8 inches high. Leaves variable as in the preceding species, but not so much
divided. Heads slightly nodding. Scales of the involucre very obtuse, pubescent-ciliate at
the tips when young. Flowers whitish, " odorous " ( Tuckerman).

Summit of Whiieface mountain, Essex county {Mr. Macrae). Fl. August - September.
This species is most readily distinguished from the preceding, with which it was once con-
founded, by the narrow loose and elongated calyculate scales of the involucre.

51. TARAXACUM. Haller ; DC. prodr.7. p. U5. ' DANDELION.

[From the Greek, tarasso ; in allusion to its medicinal properties.]

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small scales ; the inner in a single
series. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the
apex abruptly produced into a long stipe-like beak, which supports the pappus of copious
white capillary bristles. — Stemless perennial herbs, with simple fistulous naked scapes.
Leaves usually sinuate-toothed, or runcinate. Head solitary, large. Flowers yellow.
[Flora.] 53

418 COMPOSITE. Taraxacum.

1. Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. Common Dandelion.

Plant at length smooth ; leaves equally and acutely runcuiate, the lobes toothed anteriorly ;
exterior scales of the involucre reflexed ; achenia muricate at the summit. — DC. prodr. 1.
p. 145 ; Torr. <^ Gr. Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 494. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. ; Engl. hot.
t. 510 ; Pursli,fl. 2. p. 497 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 250 ; BigeLjl. Bost. p. 286 ; Beck, hot. p. 168 ;
Darlitigt. Jl. Cest. p. 443.

Root thick, descending. Leaves all radical. Scapes often several from one root. Inner
scales of the involucre at first appressed, at length reflexed. Beak of the achenia long and
very slender, forming a stipe to the diverging pappus.

Pastures, road-sides, etc. ; every where very common. Introduced from Europe. April -
November. The Dandelion is sometimes used as a salad or potherb, and is also a popular
diuretic. An extract of the plant is ;:3ld by the Shakers.

52. LACTUCA. Tourn. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 135. lettuce.

[ From the Latin, lac, milk ; tlie plant affording a milky juice.]

Heads few- or several-flowered. Involucre cylindrical ; the scales imbricated in 2 - 4 series ;
the exterior shorter. Receptacle naked. Achenia obcompressed, flat, wingless, abruptly
produced into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious very soft and white capillary bristles. —
Caulescent herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves and paniculate heads.

1. Lactuca elongata, Muhl. Wild Lettuce. Fire-weed.

Stem tall, paniculate at the summit ; leaves partly clasping, pale underneath, the upper
usually lanceolate and entire, the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in an elongated leafless
panicle ; achenia oval, longer than the beak. — Torr. <^- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 496.

var. 1. longifolia : smooth or slightly hairy ; upper leaves lanceolate and often entire ; the
lower runcinate-pinnatifid, with the lobes entire or repand-toothed , terminal lobe elongated ;
flowers mostly yellow. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. L. longifolia, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 85. L. elongata,
Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1523 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 500 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 252 ; Bigel. Jl. Bust,
p. 287 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 296 ; Beck, hot. p. 169 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 443 ; DC.
prodr. 7. p. 137. Galathenium elongatum, Null, in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 443.

var. 2. integrifolia : smooth ; leaves all or nearly all undivided, lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, entire or repand-denticulale , the lowest sometimes pinnatifid ; flowers often tinged with
purpla. — Torr. ^ Gr. I. c. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 287 ; Beck, hot. p. 169 ; DC.
prodr. 7. p. 137, not of Nutt. L. sagiltifolia. Ell. sk. 2. p. 253 ; DC. I. c. Galathenium
integrifolium {and salicifolium, partly), Nutt. I. c.

var. 3. sunguinea : leaves all or nearly all runcinate, mostly hairy (as well as the stem),
particularly on the midrib underneath , the terminal lobe not prolonged ; flowers usually more
or less tinged with purple or red. — Torr. <^ Gr. I. c. L. hirsuta, Muhl. cat. p. 72 ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 124; Beck, hot. p. 169. L. sanguinea, Bigel. I. c. ; DC. I. c. Galathenium
sanguineum, Nutt. trans. Am. phil. soc. I. c.

Lactuca. COMPOSIT.^i:. 419

Stem 2-8 feet high (in var. 3. smaller), simple, stout, hollow. Leaves extremely variable ;
in vars. 1. and 3. usually with 2-3 runcinate more or ]t i toothed lobes on each side. Heads
rather smaller than in the garden Lettuce. Flowers in var. 2. light yellow or cream-color,
often tinged wiih purple or blue ; in var. 3. yellow varying to purple, or dark red.

Woods, fields and bushy places ; the first variety very common, particularly in grounds
newly burnt over ; the other forms in the vicinity of New-York, rare. July — August. —
According to M. Aubergicr, this species does not yield the narcotic substance called lactuca-
rivm, found in the Garden Lettuce. The milky juice is insipid and sweetish.

53. MULGEDIUM. Cass. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 2^7. mulgedium.

AcATiivRsus, D. Dim.
[ From the Latin, mulgeo, to milk ; on account of its yielding a white juice when wounded.]

Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated ; the exterior scales much shorter than the
interior. Receptacle naked, foveolate. Achenia smooth, compressed ; the summit con-
tracted into a more or less evident continuous beak, the apex of which is expanded into a
flatlish ciliolate disk. Pappus of copious roughish bristles. — Caulescent herbs, with pin-
natifid or undivided leaves, and paniculate or racemose heads. Flowers blue, rarely dull
bluish white or cream-colored.

^1. EuMULCEDiuM, DC. Pappus bright white : corolla blue or purple.

1. Mulgedium acuminatum, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium.

Smooth ; stem-leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate or toothed, slightly hairy on the midrib
and veins underneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole , the radical ones sometimes
slightly runcinate ; heads in a loose divaricate panicle , the peduncles somewhat scaly ; in-
volucre smooth, calyculate-imbricated ; achenia slightly beaked. — DC. prodr. 7. p. 250 ;
Torr. 4" Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 498. Sonchus acuminatus, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1521 ; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 502 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 255 ; Torr. compend. p. 279 ; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 446. S.
Floridanus, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 85 (partly). Lactuca villosa, " Jacq. hort. SchcEnb. 3. t. 367 ;"
Beck, hot. p. 170.

Biennial. Stem 3-6 feet high, slender, loosely paniculate at the summit. Leaves 4-8
inches long and 1-3 inches wide, thin , the low'est sometimes deltoid or triangular-hastate,
sinuate-denticulate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins underneath ; the winged
petiole 1-3 inches long. Heads rather few ; the widely spreading slender peduncles fur-
nished with scattered minute scales. Involucre ventricose below. Flowers blue. Achenia
much compressed, strongly marked with several ribs on each side, and minutely rugulous
transversely ; the slight beak ending in a small whitish disk which supports the pappus.

Thickets and borders of woods, in moist rocky places ; near New- York. August - Sep-
tember.

53*

420 COMPOSITiE. Mulgedium.

!s 2. Agalma, DC. Pappus tawny : corolla light blue or cream-colored.

2. Mulgedium leucoph.eum, DC. Tall Mulgedium.

Sraoothish ; stem tall, very leafy, stout ; leaves somewhat runcinate-pinnatifid, coarsely
and unequally toothed, usually hairy on the veins underneath ; heads in a large rather open
compound panicle ; peduncles racemose, bracteolate ; achenia slightly beaked. — DC. proilr.
7. p. 250 ; Torr. <^ Gr.Jl. N. Am. 2. p. 499. Sonchus alpinus, Liini. (the character only);
Smith, ic.pl. rar. t. 21. S. Canadensis, Linn, (as to the habitat). S. spicatus. Lam. S.
leucophffius, Willd. sp. 3 p. 1520; Pitrsh, fl. 2. p. 501. S. acuminatus, Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 290. S. Floridanus, Ait.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 445 ; not of Li?in. S. pallidus, Torr.
compend. p. 279. Agathyrsus leucophasus, D. Don ; Beck, hot. p. 170.

Biennial. Stem 3-10 feet high, smooth or slightly hairy, paniculate at the summit. Leaves
large, rather thin, irregularly more or less deeply lobed ; the uppermost ones often entire ;
lower ones narrowed at the base. Heads about half an inch long, numerous, in an elongated
panicle ; the peduncles clothed with a few lanceolate bracteoles. Flowers bluish white or
cream-colorv changing to dull blue. Achenia strongly ribbed.

Thickets, along fences, etc. ; common on Long Island ; rare in the interior of the State.
August - September.

54. SONCHUS. Linn.; DC. prodr. 7. p. 184. SOW-THISTLE.

[ Said to be altered from somphos (Greek), soft ; in allusion to the soft tender stems.]

Heads many-flowered, swollen at the base. Livolucre more or less imbricated. Receptacle
naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked or contracted at the summit. Pappus of
copious very white and fine capillary bristles. — Weed-like, mostly caulescent herbs, with
undivided or pinnatifid leaves. Heads often umbellate or corymbose. Flowers yellow.

1. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. Common Sow-tliistle.

Annual, smooth, or the branches glandular-hairy near the summit ; stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, or the upper ones undivided, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping , the auricles acute
or acuminate ; heads umbellate-corymbose , the peduncles and involucre woolly when young,
at length nearly smooth ; achenia striate, transversely rugose. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 794 {vai-
laevis); Engl. hot. t. 843 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 289 ; Beck, hot. p. 171 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 445 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292 ; Torr. 4- Gr. S. ciliatus, Lam. ; DC. prodr. 7.
p. 185.

Stem 2-3 feet high, terete, fistular, brittle, branching. Leaves 2-6 inches long, more
or less deeply lobed or sinuate, undulate ; the teeth and segments cuspidate. The corymbose
panicle at first contracted, at length rather loose. Peduncles from half an inch to an inch and
half long, at first clothed with a loose white down, finally smooth. Heads less than half as
large as in the Dandelion. Flowers pale yellow. Achenia beautifully striale-ribbed, and
roughened with minute transverse rugs. Pappus very soft and silky.

Waste grounds, gardens, etc. ; common. Introduced from Europe. August - September.

SoNCHus. COxMPOSIT^. 421

2. SoNciius ASPER, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle.

Annual, smooth, or somewhat glandular-hairy at the summit ; stem-leaves undivided, undu-
late or slightly uncinate, conspicuously spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping, with the auricles
usually rounded , the lower oval or spatulatc, with a slender tapering base ; heads umbellate-
corymbose, the peduncles and involucre smooth or a little hairy ; achenia margined, 3-nerved
on each side, smooth, or the margins minutely rough. — Fl. Dan. t. 893 ; Torr. <^ Gr.fl. N.
Am. 2. p. 501. S. oleraceus, var. asper, Linn. ; Bower in Engl. hot. suppl. 2765 tj- 2766.
S. oleraceus, var. spinulosus, Oakes, cat. pi. Vermont. S. spinosus. Lam. S. fallax, Wall.;
DC. prodr. 7. p. 185. S. Carolinianus, Walt. fl. Car. p. 192 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 255 ; DC.
I. c. S. spinulosus, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 290 ; Beck, hot. p. 171 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 445 ;
DC. I. c.

Stem about two feet high. Leaves 3-8 inches long ; the cauline dilated at the base and
conspicuously clasping, with numerous spreading prickly teeth on the margin. Heads in a
rather loose umbel or corymb, rather smaller than in the preceding species ; the peduncles
often with a few glandular hairs. Achenia nearly smooth, or only slightly roughened.

Waste places and cultivated grounds ; less common than the preceding species, of which
many botanists consider it a variety, and into which it seems occasionally to pass. Introduced
from Europe. August - September.

3. SoNCHUs ARVENSis, Linti. Large-Jloioered Soio-thistle.

Root perennial, creeping ; stem smooth ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulose-toothed,
cordate-clasping at the base, the auricles short and obtuse ; panicle umbellate-corymbose,
the peduncles and involucre glandular-hispid ; achenia somewhat 4-sided, strongly ribbed,
transversely rugulose. — Engl. hot. t. 674 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 505 ; Beck, hot. p. 171 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292 ; Torr. 4- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. ;). 501.

Stem about 2 feet high, rather stout, branching. Lower and radical leaves 8-10 inches
long, tapering at the base ; the cauline strongly runcinate. Heads as large as in the Dande-
lion, in a loose corymbose panicle. Flowers pale yellow. Receptacle hairy 1

Shores of Staten Island, not far from the Quarantine. Introduced from Europe. August -
September.

422 LOBELIACE^. Lobelia.

Group 3. Ovary coherent with the calyx, 2 - 1-celled (rarely one-celled), with
numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the corolla upon
an epigynous disk : anthers not opening by pores.

Order LVI. LOBELIACEiE. Juss. The Lobelia Tribe.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla irregularly 5-lobed and mostly 2-lipped,
cleft on one side nearly to the base. Stamens 5 ; the upper part of the
filaments, and the anther, cohering into a tube. Stigma surrounded with a
cup-like fringe. Fruit capsular, 2-3- (rarely 1-) celled, many-seeded. —
Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, often yielding a milky juice. Leaves
alternate, without stipules, often toothed. Flowers usually showy, axillary or
in terminal racemes. — Many of the plants of this order are highly active and
deleterious.

1. LOBELIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3058. lobelia.

[ In honor of Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish botanist, who died in 1616.]

Calyx 5-lobed ; the tube obconical or hemispherical. Corolla cleft on the upper side, 2-hpped ;
the tube cylindrical or funnel-form, straight ; upper lip often smaller and erect ; the lower
3-cleft. The two inferior anthers (rarely all) bearded at the summit. Capsule 2-celled ;
the upper part sometimes free from the calyx, opening at the summit. — Mostly herbs ;
flowers often in bracteate racemose spikes.

1. Lobelia Kalmii, Linn. Kalm's Lobelia.

Plant smooth; stem usually branched; leaves remotely denticulate, the cauline linear,
radical ones oblong-spatulale ; raceme loose, few-flowered, wilii leaf-like narrowly linear
bracts ; pedicels longer than the fruit, willi two minute bracteoles near the flower; tube of
the calyx obovate, acute at the base. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 929 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 153 ; Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 446 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 76 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 86 ; Torr. fl.\. p. 239 ; Bot. mag.
t. 2238 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 30 ; Beck, bot. p. 214 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 374.

Biennial. Stem 8-12 inches or more high, slender, erect or assurgent. Leaves 1-2
inches long and 1 - IJ hne wide, with a few minute repand teeth. Pedicels 6-12 lines
long, slender. Calyx smooth ; the segments lanceolate, and longer than the tube. Corolla
about half an inch long, of a rather pale but clear blue ; the segments of the lower lip ovate,
acute. Capsule adhering to the tube of the calyx.

On wet rocks ; not uncommon in the northern and western parts of the State. A very neat
and delicate species. FL July - August.

Lobelia. LOBELIACE^. 423

2. Lobelia Nuttallii, Ram. 3f Schult. NuttalVs Lobelia.

Stem very slender, minutely scabrous, simple, or with few filiform erect branches ; leaves
remotely denticulate , the cauline oblong-linear , radical oblong-spalulate ; raceme virgate,
loose, few-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the flower, with minute bracteoles near the base ;
capsule rather obtuse below. — B.(zm. ^ Schult. syst. 5. p. 39 ; Torr. jl. 1. p. 240; Beck,
hot. p. 214 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 374. L. gracilis, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 77, not of Andr. L.
Kalmii, var. gracilis, Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. t. 34. no. 2 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 264.

Biennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, often flexuous. Leaves about an inch long and
1-2 lines wide ; the radical ones a little hairy. Flowers remote, in a slender raceme, pale
blue, smaller than in the preceding species ; the pedicels 2-3 lines long, with two opposite
minute bracteoles, often colored. Seeds ovate, rough.

Sandy swamps and borders of salt marshes, Suff"olk county, Long Island ; also near Ja-
maica {Mr. F. C. Scheeffer). July - September. This species, which is very common in
the sandy region of New-Jersey, is nearly allied to the preceding, and has been confounded
with it by many botanists. It is best distinguished by its more slender habit, and shorter
pedicels with small bracteoles near their base.

3. Lobelia spicata, Lam. Pale-spiked Lobelia.

Stem simple, pubescent ; leaves pubescent, sessile, mostly obtuse, obscurely denticulate ,
the cauline oblong , radical spatulate-obovatc ; raceme virgate, naked ; bracts about the length
of the pedicels ; calyx smooth, the segments subulate, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla.
— Lam. diet. 3. p. 587 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 374. L. Claytoniana, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 153 ;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 447 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 265 ; Torr. f. I. p. 240 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 151 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-A?n. 2. p. 30. L. pallida, Muhl. cat. p. 22 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 86. L.
goodenioides, Willd. hort. Berol. 1. p. 30. t. 30.

Root perennial. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, mostly straight, rather slender. Radical
leaves 2 inches or more in length, nearly entire ; stem-leaves obscurely crenate-denticulate.
Raceme spike-like, from six inches to a foot in length, many-flowered. Pedicels about 3 lines
long, erect, with a lanceolate-denticulate bract at the base. Flowers pale blue, about half an
inch long. Segments of the calyx not appendiculate at the base. Seeds acute at each end.

Dry open woods, fields and meadows ; frequent. July - August. The synonym of Elliott
belongs perhaps to L. leptostachys, DC, as that species commonly takes the place of L.
spicata in the Southern States.

424 LOBELIACEyE. Lobelia.

4. Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn. Water Gladioh.

Stem scape-like, nearly naked ; radical leaves in a rosulate cluster, terete, fleshy, 2-celled ;
those of the stem few, very small ; flowers few, remote, the pedicels three times as long as
the bracts. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 929 ; Engl. hot. t. 140 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 153 ; Pursli, Jl. 2.
p. 446 ; Bigel. Jl. Bosl. p. 87; Torr. fl. I. p. 239, excl. syn. Nutt. ; Beck, hot. p. 214 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 29 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 376.

Root perennial, fibrous. Stem or scape 6-15 inches long, erect, simple, hollow. Radical
leaves growing under water, 1 - 3 inches long, spreading and recurved, obtuse, of a flesliy
appearance, but consisting of two empty united tubes, with a longitudinal partition ; cauline
leaves 2-3, very remote, linear, 3-4 lines long. Flowers 3-4, nodding ; the pedicels
about half an inch long. Calyx smooth, acute at the base ; the segments linear, at first longer,
but finally shorter than the tube. Corolla pale blue, half an inch long ; the upper segments
linear, the lower lanceolate. Filaments free at the base : anthers hairy ; the 2 lower bearded
at the tip. Ovary partly free from the calyx. Seeds oblong, rough.

Borders of freshwater ponds and rivulets. Northern part of the State. Near West-Point
{Prof. Bailey) ; Sag-Harbor on Long Island {Mr. Buckley). July - September. A singular
species, indigenous also to Europe.

5. Lobelia syphilitica, Linn. (Plate LXIL) Blue Cardinal-Jlower.

Stem somewhat hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, irregularly denticulate-
serrate ; flowers (large) in a dense spiked raceme , the lower ones axillary ; pedicels much
shorter than the leaf-like bracts ; calyx hispidly ciliate, the tube hemispherical ; lobes lanceo-
late, auriculate at the base ; the auricles reflexed, and 2-cleft. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 931 ; Miclix,
fl. 2. p. 151 ; Ker, hot. rcg. t. 537 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 447 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 256 ; Torr. Jl. 1.
p. 241 ; Beck, hot. p. 215 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 154 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 337.

Perennial. Stem 1 - 2J feet high, erect, simple, hairy on the angles. Leaves 3-6 inches
long and an inch or more wide, sprinkled with appressed hairs, sessile. Raceme 6-10
inches long, the lower part leafy ; the leaves gradually diminishing in size upward, and passing
into bracts. Flowers nearly an inch long, on short pedicels. Calyx shorter than the tube of
the corolla ; the margin of the sinuses reflexed, and produced into oblong auricles. Corolla
bright blue, or sometimes white. Capsule free above.

Low grounds, and borders of streams ; rather common. August - September.

Tliis plant is emetic, cathartic and diuretic, but is not so active as the following species.
" In the application of one of the common names to this plant, is a curious instance of com-
mitting a pun without committing a sin. Being much taller and more robust than the L.
inflata, which is frequently used in domestic practice under the name of low helia, it was
supposed as a matter of course by those better acquainted with its near affinity to the latter,
than with its etymology, that it must be High helia!" {Dr. J. l\L Bigdoio in trans, med.
conv. Ohio, 1841.)

Lobelia. LOBELIACE.E. 425

6. Lobelia inflata, Linn. (Plate LXIII.) Indian TohaccQ.

Stem more or less hairy, paniculately branched above ; leaves ovatc-lanccolate, unequally
crenatc-dentate, a little hairy ; racemes leafy ; calyx-segments as long as the corolla ; capsules
ovoid, inflated. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 931 ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 152 ; Fursh, Jl. 2. p. 448 ; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 86, and med. hot. 1. p. 177. t. 19 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. t.\& ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 241 ;
Beck, hot. p. 215 ; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 155 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 380.

Root biennial. Stem 12 - 18 inches high, erect, sometimes very hairy, angular and slightly
winged. Leaves 1-3 inches long, sessile, rather acute. Peduncles much shorter than the
bracteal leaves. Segments of the calyx linear. Corolla small, pale blue. Capsule 10-nerved,
much inflated. Seeds very numerous, oblong, brownish, rough.

Fields, road-sides, etc. ; common. July - September. — This plant is well known for its
acrid and emetic qualities, and for being the chief remedy of those empirics called botanic
physicians, and root-doctors. It is a most dangerous article, even in the hands of skilful
practitioners. Tlic active ingredient is a peculiar principle called lobeline. It has not yet
been obtained pure, but seems to be of an alkaline nature. It is soluble in water and in
alcohol, but not in ether. (See the Chemical Gazette, for August 1, 1843.)

7. Lobelia cardinalis, Linn. (Plate LXIV.) Cardinal-jlower .

Stem pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally denticulate-serrate,
minutely and roughish pubescent ; raceme somewhat secund ; calyx smoothish, with a very
short tube , the segments linear, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; anthers exserted , the
two lower ones densely bearded. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 930 ; Bot. mag. t. 320 ; MicJix. jl. 2.
p. 151 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 448 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 268 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 85 ; Torr.fl. I. p. 242 ;
Beck, hot. p. 215 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 154 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 382.

Perennial. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, simple. Leaves 3-5 inches long and an inch or
more in breadth, with a long tapering base. Raceme 6-12 inches long, usually more or
less secund ; the slender pedicels 3-6 lines long, much shorter than the linear-lanceolate
bracts. Flowers large and very showy. Corolla bright scarlet ; the tube slender ; segments
of the lower lip oblong-lanceolate, of the upper linear-oblong. Filaments red : anthers blue.
Stigma 2-lobed, at length protruded.

Swamps and borders of rivulets ; common. July - October. A superb plant when in full
flower. It grows readily when transplanted, even in dry soil.

Flora 54

426 CAMPANULACEiE. Campanula.

Order LVII. CAMPANULACEiE. DC. The Bell-flower Tribe.

Calyx mostly 5-lobed (sometimes 3 - S-lobed), persistent. Corolla regular,
mostly campanulate, usually 5-lobed, withering. Stamens 5 (rarely 3 - 8),
distinct : pollen spherical, rough. Ovary adherent to the calyx ; style furnished
with collecting hairs. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded. Embryo
straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with a milky juice.
Leaves alternate, mostly toothed and undivided. Flowers usually showy.

1. CAMPANULA. i»z?i. (in part) ; Endl. gen. 3085. BELL-FLOWER.

[Named from the Latin, campannla, a little bell ; in allusion to the form of the flowers.]

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, usually campanulate. Stamens 5 ; the filaments
broad and membranaceous at the base. Style covered with collecting hairs : stigmas
3 or 5, filiform. Seeds ovoid or lenticular. — Mostly perennial herbs. Flowers axillary,
racemose, or in terminal panicles.

All of the following species belong to the section Eucodon of Alph. DC, in which the sinuses of the calj'X are not
appendaged or reflcxcd.

1. Campanula rotundifolia, Linn. Harebell.

Radical leaves petiolate, reniform-cordate, crenately toothed ; stem-leaves linear, entire ;
flowers few, drooping ; segments of the calyx subulate, erect, one-third or one-half the length
of the campanulate corolla. — Idnn. sp. 1. p. 163 ; Engl. hot. t. 866 ; Michx. Ji. 1. p. 108 ;
Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 159; Torr. fl.l. p. 236 ; Beck, hot. p. 213 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Ain. 2. p. 27 ;
J)C. prodr. 7. p. 471.

Root perennial, creeping. Stems smooth, erect or assurgent, 8-12 or more inches in
height, sometimes several from one root. Radical leaves on long slender j)etioles, soon
withering ; the lamina about half an inch in diameter ; the cauline leaves 2-3 inches long,
and generally very narrow, but sometimes 2 — 3 lines wide. Flowers few (on high mountains
sometimes almost or quite solitary), in a loose terminal raceme or panicle ; the pedicels long
and slender. Segments of the calyx commonly about one-third the length of the corolla,
which is of a bright blue color, with broadly ovate acute segments.

Rocky banks of rivers, and on mountains. Fishkill mountains ; Troy ; Trenton and Nia-
gara falls ; and rather common in the northern part of the State. June - August. A slender
and graceful plant ; common to Europe and North America.

Campanula. CAMPANULACE^. ^ 427

2. Campanula aparinoides, Pursh. Slender Swamp Bell-jlmcer.

Stem slender, flaccid, much branched above, acutely somewhat triangular ; the angles, with
the margin and midrib of the leaves retrorscly aculeate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, remotely
crenate-denticulate ; pedicels slender, flexuous ; lobes of the calyx triangular, one-third the
length of the campanulate corolla. — Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 159 ; Torr. Jl. \. p. 237 (excl. syn.
Michx.) ; Beck, hot. p. 213 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 157 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 472. C. erinoides,
Muhl. cat. p. 22 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 85 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 263, not of Linn. ; Hook. ft. Bar.-
Am. 2. p. 28.

Root perennial ? Stem about a foot high, usually supported by other plants ; the angles
almost winged. Leaves sessile, about an inch long, acute at each end, smooth above. Flowers
3-4 lines long, very small, nodding ; the pedicels spreading. Calyx smooth. Corolla white,
with pale blue veins ; the lobes ovate, acute. Filaments hairy. Style as long as the corolla.
Capsule globose, 3-celled.

Wet meadows, among high grass ; not uncommon in the valley of the Hudson, and in the
northern parts of the State, but rare in the western counties. June - August.

3. Campanula Americana, Linn. American Bell-Jlower.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, uncinately serrate, somewhat hairy, narrowed at
the base , the lowest ones often somewhat cordate ; flowers solitary or several together, in a
long leafy spike ; tube of the calyx elongated and obconical , the segments shorter than the
campanulate-rotale corolla. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 164 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 237 ; Beck, hot. p. 213 ;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 156 ; Hook. Jl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 28 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 478. C. acumi-
nata, Miclix. Jl.l. p. 108 ; Pursh, fl.l.p. 159 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 202 ; Torr. I. c. C. obliqua,
"Jacq. hort. Schoenbr. 3. t. 336."

Root biennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, simple or somewhat branched, smoothish or a
little hairy. Leaves 2-4 inches long and an inch or more wide, sparingly pubescent on both
sides with short appressed hairs, the margin ciliate ; the lowest ones contracted into a petiole
at the base. Flowers numerous, rather showy, sessile ; the lower part of the spike leafy.
Calyx smooth ; the segments subulate-lanceolate, spreading. Corolla pale purplish blue.
Style long and exserted. Ripe capsule more than half an inch long, tapering at the base.
Seed ovoid-lenticular, shining, strongly margined.

Moist shady places. Near Troy {Dr. Aikin and Dr. Wright) ; Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartwell);

Chemung valley, and on the Conewango river (Dr.Knieskern); Falls of Niagara {Mr. Cooper).

July - August.

54*

428 CAMPANULACEiE. Specularia.

2. SPECULARIA. Heist.; Alpli. DC. mon. Campan. p. 44 ; Endl. gen. 3086.

SPECULARIA.

[ So caUcJ from the ancient name of one of the species, Speculum Veneris.]

Calyx 5-lobed (or by abortion 3-4-lobed); the tube elongated, prismatic or obconical.
Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free ; the filaments membranaceous, hairy, shorter
than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule elongated or oblong, prismatic, 3-celled, opening
near the summit, or in the middle by 3 valves. — Annual herbs, with sessile leaves and
flowers.

§ TRiODALLrs, Raf. (Dysmicodon, Endl., Nutt.) Calyx in the Imrer imperfect flowers 3 - 5-cleft ;
the stamens and sessile stigmas concealed by a minute connivent 5-petalled corolla : calyx-tube
oblong- or linear-obconical, ivithout prominent angles: capsule 2 - 3-celled: seeds lenticular.

1. Specularia perfoliata, Alph. DC. (PI. LXV.) Clasping Specularia.

Stem angular ; leaves roundish-cordate, crenate, strongly clasping , the margin ciliolate-
scabrous ; flowers axillary, solitary or glomerate ; calyx smooth ; capsule oblong-obconical,
opening rather below the middle. — Alph. DC. I. c. p. 35, aiid in DC. prodr. 7. p. 490 (in
part); Hook.fl.Bor.-Am. 2. p. 29. C. perfoliata, Linn. sp. \.p. 169 ; Pursh,fl. \.p. 116;
Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 85. C. amplexicaulis, Michx. fl. \. p. 108 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 262 ; Torr.
fl.l. p. 236 ; Beck, hot. p. 213 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 156.

Stem 8-15 inches high, usually simple, erect ; the slightly prominent angles hispid with
short spreading or retrorse bristles. Leaves about three-fourtlis of an inch in length and often
broader than long, smoothish above ; the veins underneath prominent and somewhat hispid.
Primary (lower) flowers apparently destitute of corolla, stamens and style ; but with a perfect
ovary, crowned with 3-5 subulate-lanceolate calyx-segments. The throat of the calyx is
closed with what at first appears to be a small circular membrane, but which readily splits
into 5 acute scales which meet in a valvate manner, constituting a minute 5-petalled corolla.
On raising this, 5 small stamens are found, alternating with the scales ; and on the summit
of the ovary is a distinct sessile capitate 3-lobed stigma. The corolla seems never to open
spontaneously, but the stamens perform their function, and the impregnated ovules mature
into perfect seeds. The lowest of these singular flowers usually have the calyx 3-cleft, and
the highest 5-cleft, while in the intermediate ones the segments vary from three to four. Later
in the season, the regular flowers, with a large bluish purple corolla, are unfolded at the upper
part of the stem. In these the calyx-segments are mostly about two-thirds of the length of
the corolla. The capsule of both kinds of flowers is about one-lliird of an incli long, mem-
branaceous, 2 - 3-celled, opening below the middle by 2 - 3 little oval valves, which separate
at the lower part, and roll upward ; each orifice opening into two contiguous cells of the
capsule. Seeds very numerous and minute, oval-lenticular, smooth and sliining.

Dry fields, hill-sides, etc. ; common. May - July. The structure of the early flowers of

Spectjlaria. CAMPANULACE.E. 429

this plant, and of an allied but very distinct species from Louisiana, were described by me in
a memoir read before the New-York Lyceum of Natural History, in 1830. Sometimes (in
very sterile or shady places) a dwarf form of the plant occurs, in which all the flowers are of
the abnormal kind ; as noticed in my Flora of the Northern and Middle States, p. 237. Al-
though known to Linnaeus* (who, however, was not aware of their true structure), yet his
account of them has been overlooked until quite recently ; and they are unnoticed even in the
admirable Monogr. des Campanulees, of Alph. De Candolle. A. de Jussieu {Archives du
Museum, 3. p. 84. 1843) says that the Campanula pcrfoliata cultivated in the Jardin des
Plantes, bears the two kinds of flowers ; and that Adolphe Brongniart had discovered in the
abnormal ones, the corolla, stamens and stigmas, but that his account of them had not been
published. The two kinds of flowers are represented in the plate of Campanula biflora, of
Ruiz <J- Pavon, Jl. Peruv. 2. t. 200. /. 6, which Alph. De Candolle has, I think, incorrectly
referred to Specularia perfoliata.

Group 4. Ova? y free (superior), or sometimes coherent with the calyx, with two or
more cells and numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with
the corolla, or rarely coherent with its base, as many or twice as 7nany as its
lobes : anthers mostly opening by pores or chinks.

Order LVIIL ERICACE^. R. B. ; Endl The Heath Tribe.

Erice* & Rhododendra, Jus$., DC. VAcciNiEa:, DC. Pyrolace.e & Monotrope.e, Nutt.

Flowers regular, or sometimes slightly irregular. Stamens mostly distinct :
anthers 2-celled, often appendaged. Style solitary : stigma capitate or lobed.
Seeds usually numerous. — Shrubby plants, or sometimes herbs. Leaves
undivided, entire, toothed or serrate.

The pollen, in all the plants of this order that I have examined, is composed (more or less distinctly) of three, or

sometimes four, united spherules ; as in most Epacridacej;.

• Campanula caule simplici, foliis cordatis amplexicaulis, fl. sessilibus " Obs. Flores plurimi primi

corolla staminibus, stylo stigmatoquc dcstitui, yidctur fructibus perficere et semina ; rcliqui ct scriorcs flores corolla et
staminibus perfectis gaudent, uti idem in lludlia videre est." Linn, hort, Ups. f. 40.

430 ERICACE^. Arctostaphylos.

Suborder I. ERICINEiE. The Heath Tribe proper.

Ovary free from the calyx. Fruit capsular, sometimes baccate or drupaceous.
Testa closely investing the nucleus of the seed. — Mostly shrubs. Leaves
often evergreen. Petals rarely almost or entirely distinct.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

Tribe 1. ARBUTE^E. Fruit indehisccnt, baccate. Corolla dcciJuous.

1. ARCTOSTAPriTLOs. Cells of the drupaceous berry 1-seedcd.

Tril>e 2. ANDROMEDE^. Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent.

2. Cletiira. Calyx 5-partcd. Petals 5, distinct nearly to the base. Stamens 10. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled,

3-valved.

3. EpiGi]A. Calyx deeply 5-partcd. Corolla 5-cleft, salver-form. Stamens 10 : anthers opening longitudinally.

Capsule 5-cclled.

4. Gautieba. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming fleshy and baccate, and covering the 5-celled capsule. Corolla ovoid. Stamens

10. Capsule 5-valved.

5. Andromeda. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, not becoming baccate. Corolla ovoid, cylindrical-oblong or somewhat

campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled.

Tribe 3. RHODORE.E. Fruit capsular, septicidally dehiscent.

6. Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted, or 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form or campanulate, more or less irregular, 5-lohed.

Stamens 5 — 10.

7. Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; the border with ten protuberances, in the cavities of which the

anthers are lodged. Stamens 10.

8. Ledum. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct nearly to the base, spreading. Stamens 5- 10: anthers with two

pores at the summit.

Tribe I. ARBUTEJE. DC.

Fruit indehiscent, baccate. Corolla deciduous. — Evergreen shrubs.

1. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans. ; Endl. gen. A^21. BEAR GRAPE.

Species of Arbutus, Linn.
[ From the Greek, arktos, a bear, and staphyU, a grape,]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate-urceolate ; the orifice 5-toothed and revolute. Stamens 10,
included : anthers with two pores at the summit, laterally 2-awned ; the awns reflexed.
Ovary surrounded with 3 fleshy scales. Berry drupaceous, 5-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. —
Shrubby plants, with alternate mostly persistent entire or denticulate leaves. Racemes
terminal, bracteate. Flowers white or red. Fruit red or black.

1. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bear-berry.

Procumbent, smooth ; leaves cuneate-obovate, coriaceous, entire, shining ; flowers in small
terminal racemes ; fruit smooth. — Spreng. syst. 2. p. 287 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 584. Arbutus
Uva-ursi, Linn. sp. I. p. 395 ; Engl. hot. t. 714 ; Michx.fl. \.p. 249 ; Pursh,Jl. I. p. 283 ;
Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 165, and med. hot. t. 6 ; Torr. Jl.\. p.AW ; Beck, hot. p. 216 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 37 (^ Arctostaphylos).

Arctostaphylos. ERICACEAE. 4ol

Root thick, woody, creeping. Stems numerous, trailing and spreading on the ground ; the
sterile branches often 2-3 feet long , the flowering branches shorter. Leaves evergreen,
about three-fourths of an inch long, variable in breadth, very thick and rigid, veiny and some-
what reticulated (particularly underneath), spreading or a little recurved ; the base narrowed
into a short petiole. Flowers drooping ; the peduncles bracleolatc at the base. Calyx reddish
and persistent ; the lobes roundish. Corolla rose-color, pellucid at the base, hairy inside,
•with 5 short acute recurved segments. Stamens included : anthers large. Fruit depressed-
globose, about the size of a large pea, red, with a mealy insipid pulp, and containing 5 closely
cohering almost bony nuts.

Dry sandy soils, and sometimes on mountains. Abundant in Suffolk county on Long Island,
and on Fishkill mountains. Near Troy {Dr. Wright) ; Pine-Plains ; near Rome (Dr. Knies-
kern), &c. Fl. April - May. Fr. July - August. This plant has long been known as a
diuretic, astringent and tonic. The leaves are also used for tanning. It is called "Heth" on
Long Island, and sometimes "Universe" (a corruption of Uva-ursi).

Tribe II. ANDROMEDEJE. DC.

Fruit capsular, dehiscent loculicidalhj . Corolla deciduous. — Shrubs, with the leaves often

evergreen. Buds usually scaly.

2. CLETHRA. Gart. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. .588 ; E7idl. gen. 4320.

SWEET PEPPER-BUSH.

[Klelhra is the ancient Greek name for AlJer, which this plant somewhat resembles in its leaves.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-petalled ; the petals ovate-oblong, distinct nearly to the
base ! Stamens 10 : anthers inverted and pendulous before flowering, at length erect, acute
and mucronate at the base, 2-lobed at the summit ; the lobes diverging, opening by a
terminal pore. Style straight : stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, covered by
the calyx. Seeds several in each cell. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
terminal simple or paniculate racemes, white.

1. Clethra alnifolia, Linn. Common Sweet Pepper-hush.

Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, smooth and green on both sides ; racemes
spike-like, hoary-tomentose ; bracts linear-subulate, rather longer than the pedicels. — Linn,
sp. 1. p. 396 ; Lam. ill. t. 369 ; Michjc. fl.l. p. 260 ; Pursh, fl.\. p. 301 ; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 502; Bigel.Ji. Bost. p. 172; Torr. fl.l. p. 438; Beck, bat. p. 218; Darlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 264 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 588.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, with brownish bark and erect branches. Leaves 2-3 inches long
and 1 - U inch wide, acute or with a short acuminalion, mucronately serrate ; the midrib
underneath slightly pubescent : petiole about one-fourth of an inch long. Racemes 3-6
inches in length, erect, solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 together. Flowers fragrant ; the rachis,

432 ERICACEiE. Clethra.

pedicels and calyx clothed with a whitish down. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals obovate-
spatulate, slightly connected at the base. Stamens exserted : filaments smooth : anthers in
the unexpanded flower reflexed on the filament, so that the true base appears to be the
summit. Ovary hairy : style ratlier longer than the stamens. Capsule small, globose, first
dehiscing loculicidally, and finally through the dissepiments. Seeds oval, angular, reticulated
and rough.

Swamps and wet thickets ; southern part of the State, and Long Island. I have not found
it north or west of the Highlands. Fl. End of July - August. Fr. October. A handsome
plant, bearing numerous spikes of white sweet-scented flowers. It is known in some places
by the name of White Alder.

3. EPIGiEA. Linn. ; Sioartz, fl. Ind. occ. 2. p. 842 ; Endl. gen. 4322.

GROUND LAUREL.

[From the Greek, epi, upon, and ge, the earth; in allusion to the prostrate habit.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored, with three bracts at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla
salver-form, with the limb 5-parted. Stamens 10 : anthers opening longitudinally. Capsule
depressed-globose, 5-celled, covered with the persistent calyx. Seeds several in each cell.
— Sufi'ruticose, trailing or assurgent evergreens. Leaves cordate, entire or serrate. Flowers
in short dense axillary and terminal fasciculate racemes, white or rose-color.

1. Epig^a repens, Linn. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

Stem prostrate, creeping ; leaves cordate-ovate, entire ; corolla hairy inside. — Linn. sp. 1.
p. 395 ; Lam. ill. t. 367. f. 1 ; Michx.fl. \.p. 250 ; Bot. repos. t. 102 ; Pursh,fl. I. p. 297 ;
Ell. sk. l.p. 501 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 164; Torr.fl. 1. p. 428 ; Bot. reg. t. 201 ; Beck, hot.
p. 219 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2 ;). 42 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 259; DC. prodr. 7. p. 591.

Stem woody, spreading on the ground and rooting at the joints, clothed (as are the petioles)
with stiff" brownish hairs. Leaves 1-2 inches long, more or less cordate at the base, obtuse
or with a short mucronate point, sprinkled and fringed with hairs ; the petiole half an inch or
more in length. Flowers rather large and ornamental, conspicuously bracteate, fragrant.
Sepals ovate, acute, smooth. Corolla tubular-salverform, with a somewhat spreading border,
rose-color or almost white ; the lobes ovate, obtuse, very hairy inside toward the base.
Stamens shorter than the corolla : filaments hairy at the base : anthers linear. Style straight :
stigma obtusely 5-lobed. Capsule obtusely 5-angled ; the placentae large and 2-lobed. Seeds
ovate.

Dry sandy woods, and hill-sides. Fl. April - May. Fr. July. This plant has acquired
some celebrity as a domestic remedy for gravel. It is sold by the Shakers, under the name
of Gravel plant.

Gautiera. ■ ERICACEAE. 433

4. GAUTIERA. Kalm in mem. acad. Par. 1751. 2. p. 378, ex Endl. gen. 4323.

PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

Gaultiieria, Linn., &c.

[ In honor of M. Gaitier, a French physician of ducbec.]

Calyx 5-lobed, becoming fleshy and baccate, and llicn covering the capsule. Corolla ovoid ;
the orifice 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included ; the filaments hairy : anthers 2-lobed, opening
longitudinally on the outside ; the horns 2-awned at the summit. Style filiform : stigma
undivided, obtuse. Capsule depressed - globose, 5 -celled; the cells many- seeded. —
Frutescent plants, with alternate evergreen toothed or entire leaves, and the flowers either
axillary and solitary, or in terminal racemes.

1. Gautiera procumbens. Partridge-berry, or Tea-berry.

Smooth ; stem procumbent, creeping, with the branches erect and naked below ; leaves
obovate, cuneate at the base, remotely and setaceousl^ denticulate ; pedicels from the axils of
the upper leaves, recurved. — Gaultheria procumbens, Linn. sp. 1. p. 395 ; Bot. rep. t. 116;
Michx. fl. I. p. 249 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 283 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 501 ; Bigel. fi. Post. p. 164, and
mad. bot. 2. p. 27. t. 22; Bart. veg. mat. med. 1. t. 15 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 262; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 412; Bot. mag. t. 1966; Beck, bot. p. 216 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 258 ; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 592.

Stem creeping extensively a little beneath tlie surface of the ground, throwing up erect
branches 3-5 inches high- Leaves 3-6 toward the summit of each branch, about an inch
long, thick and coriaceous, often purplish ; the margin slightly revolute, rather remotely
serrulate, particularly toward the base ; the serratures appressed, and tipped with a short
bristle : petiole very short. Pedicels nearly half an inch long, with two roundish bracteoles
close to the flower ; the segments semiovate and ciliate. Corolla one-third of an inch long,
white, obtuse, 5-angled ; the teeth of the orifice revolute. Stamens included ; filaments rather
broad : anthers large ; the lobes parallel, with 2 short incurved awns at the summit. Ovary
globose, surrounded at the base with a 10-toothed torus : style cylindrical : stigma small,
somewhat capitate. Capsule completely enclosed in a large red berry-like calyx. Seeds
ovoid, smooth.

Woods and rather dry swamps, particularly in sandy soil ; common. Fl. May — July.
Fr. October. The whole plant has an agreeable spicy flavor, somewhat resembling that of
Sweet Birch. It yields an essential oil, which is used as a stimulant, cordial and emmena-
gogue, and is sold under the name of Oil of wintergreen. An infusion of the leaves is also
used for the same purpose. The berries are edible, and have a pleasant flavor, but are dry.
The oil is very remarkable in its chemical composition, having recently been ascertained by
M. Caliours to be a sahjcilite of the oxide of methyl , or composed of an acid called the
salycilic (hitherto only found in the oil of Spircea), united with the ether of wood-spirit
{methylic ether).

[Flora.] 55 - _

434 ERICACE^. Andromeda.

5. ANDROMEDA. Linn. gen. 5i9 ; Juss. gen. pi. p. 160. ANDROMEDA.

[ Named in allusion to the fable of Andromeda, who was chained to a rock, and exposed to the attack of a sea monster :
some of the species growing on the rocky sides of mountains.]

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, not becoming fleshy or baccate. Corolla ovate, globose or some-
what campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled. — Shrubs or small trees of
various habit.

^ 1. PoLiFOLiA, Buxb. Calyx 5-cleft : corolla ovoid-globosc : anthers with two awns at the summit,

opening longitudinally.

1. Andromeda polifolia, Linn. Wild Rosemary.

Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-revolute on the margin, glaucous underneath. — Linn,
sp. \.p. 393 ; Engl. hot. t. 713 ; Michx. ft. 1. p. 254 ; Tursh.fl. 1. p. 291 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.
p. 167 ; Torr. Ji. 1. p. 419 ; Beck, h^ p. 217 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 38 ; DC. prodr.
7. p. 606.

A slender shrub, about a foot or a foot and a half high, nearly simple. Leaves 1-2 inches
long and 2-3 lines wide, coriaceous, acute, dark green above, bluish white underneath, with
a thick and very prominent midrib. Flowers in terminal nodding umbellate fascicles ; the
pedicels whitish and half an inch long, with ovate bracts at the base. Segments of the calyx
triangular, acute. Corolla .about 3 lines long, nearly globose, contracted at the mouth, white
or pale rose-color. Stamens included : filaments hairy, dilated below : anthers ovate. Style
stout : stigma truncate, entire.

Sphagnous swamps ; near Albany and Troy ; Pine Plains, Rome {Dr. Knieskern). Nor-
thern part of the State, particularly in Essex county. June - July. A native also of the
northern parts of Europe. The leaves are acid, as in some other species of the genus.

^ 2. Cassandra, Don. Calyx 5-parted, bracteolate : corolla ovate-oblong, the orifice contracted and
5-toothed : anthers awnless ; the cells elongated, opening by a terminal pore : epicarp of the
capsule separating from the endocarp, which splits into five coriaceous carpels. — Leaves scaly,
evergreen : flowers solitary, axillary.

2. Andromeda calyculata, Linn. Leather-leaf. Box-leaved Andromeda.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, rather obtuse, flat ; bracleoles ovate, about half the length of the
caXyx.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 394; Michx. Jl. I. p. 254; Bat. mag. t. 12S6; Pursh,fl. I. p. 291 ;
Nutt.ge?i.l.p.264:; EU. sk. 1. ]>. 485 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. p. 166 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 419 ; Beck,
hot. p. 217 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 39. Cassandra calyculata, Don in Edinb. phil. jour.
July, 1834; DC. prodr. 7. p. 610.

A shrub 2-4 feet high, much branched. Leaves about an inch long, coriaceous, covered

Andromeda. ERICACEAE. 4!^5

on both sides with mirmtc bran-like scales, rusty colored underneath, obscurely denticulate.
Flowers solitary on short axillary spreading secund pedicels on the upper part of the branches,
forming leafy racemes. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate. Segments of the calyx acute. Corolla
about one-third of an inch, long, white or tinged with purple. Filaments smooth : anthers
slender ; the cells tapering, but not awncd. Capsule roundish : valves of the epicarp opposite
the segments of the calyx, finally separating completely from the endocarp ; the carpels of
which also separate from each otiier, and split into two longitudinal valves. Seeds angular.
Swamps ; not uncommon, particularly in the northern part of the State. Fl. April and
May in the southern counties ; later in the north. Fr. July. This plant is also indigenous
to^the norlhenn parts of Europe.

^3. Maria, DC. Calyx deepl//.5-parted : corolla ovoid-cylindrical: anthers oblong, awnless ; the
cells opening by an obliquely truncated orifice. Capsule conical ; the sutures thick and promi-
nent, at length separating and forming narrow supernumerary valves Leaves deciduous :

flowers in umbellate fascicles.

3. Andromej>#"MarianA, Linn. * Kill-lamb. Siagser-bush.

Leaves oval or oblong, rather acute at each end, somewhat coriaceous, entire, smooth above,
pale and somewhat pubescent underneath ; flowers in umbellate fascicles, on nearly leafless
branches ; lobes of the calyx foliaceous, lanceolate. — Linn. sp. I. p. 393 ; Bot. mag. 1. 1579 ;
Midix. fl. 1. p. 256 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 493 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 419 ; Beck, bot. p. 217 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 260. Lyonia Mariana, D. <^ G. Don. Leucothoe Mariana, DC. prodr. 7. p. 602.

A slirub 2-3 feet high, with few erect branches, and smooth gray bark sprinkled with
minute black dots. Leaves 2-3 inches long, often rather obtuse at the summit but always
acute at the base, slightly revolute on the margin, sprinkled with minute brownish dots
underneath ; the petiole 3 - 4 lines long. Flowers large and showy, forming a naked and
often elongated compound raceme ; the fascicles nearly sessile, 4 - 10-flowered, recurved,
about half an inch long. Calyx about two-thirds the length of the corolla, parted nearly to
the base ; the segments acute. Corolla white or pale rose-color, about half an inch long.
Filaments hairy, -Hnear-lanceolate, doubly recurved : anther-cells with a large very oblique
terminal orifice. Ovary conical, prominently 5-angled : style shorter than the corolla, tapering :
stigma obscurely lobed. Capsule conical and contracted at the apex, somewhat 5-angled ;
the sutures very prominent and whitish, at length separating from the proper valves. Seeds
very numerous, clavate-cuneate, the greater number of them often Sbortive.

Dry sandy soils ; abundant in many places on Long Island, particularly on Hempstead
Plains. Fl. June - July ; sometimes again in the autumn. Fr. October. It is supposed
to "be poisonous to lambs and calves, producing a disease called the staggers.

55»

436 ERICACEiE. Andromeda.

^4. EuBOTRYS, Nutt. Calyx deeply 5-parted, bibracieolaie: corolla cylindrical-ovoid ; cells of the
anther distinct nearly to the base, cach2-awned at the summit, and opening by a terminal pore :
capsule depressed-globose ; the sutures prominent, but not separating from the valves : seeds
.... — Leaves deciduous : flowers in secimd racemes.

4. Andromeda racemosa, Linn. Racemed Andromeda.

Leaves oblong, serrulate, membranaceous, smooth above, slightly pubescent underneath ;
racemes naked, simple or somewhat compound, secund ; segments of the caly.x; ovate-
lanceolate, acute. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 394 ; Michx. fl. \. p. 255 ; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 294 ; F,ll.
sk. 1. p. 492 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 265 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 167 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 420 ; Beck,
hot. p. 217 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 259. A. paniculata, Linn. I. c. ; Walt. fl. Cap. p.">168 ;
not of Ait., Michx., <J-c. A. spicata, Wats, dendr. t. 36. Zenobia racemosa, DC. prodr. 7.
p. 598. Eubotrys racemosa, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 8. p. 269.

A shrub 4-6 feet high, irregularly branched ; the bark of a grayish color. Leaves 15-2^
inches long, acute at each end : petiole about a line long. Racemes numerous, 2-4 inches
long, terminating short rather spreading branches ; the flowers on short pedicels, iiodding,
sweet-scented. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate. Calyx purplish and red, scarcely one-fourth
the length of the corolla ; the segments somewhat spreading, finely ciliate. Corolla white,
contracted at the mouth ; the segments small, and at length revolute. Stamens about half the
length of the corolla : filaments smooth : anthers deeply 2-cleft ; each lobe or cell terminated
by two acute rigid awns. Style cylindrical, exserted : stigma small, undivided. Capsule
coriaceous, umbilicate at the summit, dark purplish.

Moist thickets and borders of swamps ; in the southern part of the State, and on Long
Island. Fl. June. Fr. August. A handsome species, bearing a profusion of flowers in
dense spike-like racemes.

§ 5. LvoNiA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted: corolla somewhat globose: anthers awnless, opening by terminal

pores : capsule globose or ovoid ; the sutures thick and convex, at length separating and forming
narrow supernumerary valves : seeds oblong ; the testa rather loose. — Leaves deciduous or
evergreen: flowers small, mostly pubescent, paniculate or in axillary fascicles.

5. Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl. Privet Andromeda.

Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, obscurely serrulate, deciduous, minutely pubescent ;
flower-bearing branches^erminal, naked, paniculate ; corolla globose. — Muhl. cat. p. 44 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 490 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 421 ; Beck, hot. p. 218 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 260. A.
paniculata, Willd. sp. 2. p. 612 ; Michx. fl. I. p. 254 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 295 ; Bigcl.fl. Bost.
p. 167. Vaccinium ligustrinum, Linn. sp. I. p. 351. Lyonia paniculata, Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 266 ; Don, I. c. ; Wats, dendr. 1. t. 37. L. ligustrina, DC. prodr. 7. p. 599.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, much branched, with a grayish bark. Leaves 1^-2 inches long,

Andromeda. ERICACE^. 4Sy

variable in breadth, at length nearly smooth above, paler and more or less pubescent under-
neath. Panicles composed of numerous short racemes, naked, or sometimes witii one or two
small leaves at the base ; the pedicels pubescent, often in fascicles, usually witliout bracts.
Flowers scarcely two lines in lepgth, pubescent. Filaments glandularly pubescent,^ anthers
ovate, entire, with two large terminal obliquely truncated pores. Style rather tiiick, deciduous :
stigma small, capitate, entire. Capsule globose, dark brown, with pale ribs at the sutures
which at length fall. away.

Swamps and moist thickets ; common. Fl. June - July. Fr. September.

T Tribe III. RHODOREJE. D. Don.

?*•» ^ . .
Fruit capsular ; the dehiscence septicidal. . Corolla deciduous. Anthers awnl ess. — Flower-

^ buds moslhj scaly.

§. RHODODENDRON. Linn.; D.DoninEdinb.phil.jour.6.p.4.9. liOSE-BAY.

[ From the Greek, rhodon, a rose, and dendroii, a tree ; in allusion to the color of the flowers.]

■'Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form or campanulate ; the limb 5-cleft, and
somewli^t irregular. •Stamens 5 -«10, declined : anthers opening by two terminal pores.
Capsule mostly S-celled. Seeds numerous ; the testa loose. — Shrubs or small trees, with
alternate, entire, d^iduous or evergreen leaves and corymbose flowers.

§ 1. EuRHODODENDRON, Endl. Corollo, campanulate : stamens 10 {or sometimes S).

1. Rhododendron maximum, Linn. ^ Great Laurel.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, evergreen, acuminate, thick and coriaceous, smooth, paler under-
neath ; corymbs somewhat racemose or thyrsoid, dense ; lobes of the calyx ovate-oblong,
obtuse. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 392 ; iMichx. fl. 1. p. 259 ; Bot. mag. <. 951 ; Michx. f. sylv. 2.
t. 67 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 297 ; Bigel. Jl. Host. p. 168, qjid med. bot. t. 51 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 483 ;
Torr. fl. \. p. 426 ; Beck, bot. p. 220 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 263 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 722.

A shrub 6-12 feet high (sometimes 20 or 25 feet high, with a diameter of 4 or 5 inches,
Michx.), with irregular straggling branches and a grayish bark. Leaves in tufts at the
extremity of the branches, 4-6 inches long and 1 - 1 i inch wide, mostly obtuse at the
base, pale and often a little rusty colored underneath, somewhat revolutc on the margin ; the
petioles about an inch in length. Flowers very large and showy, in dense terminal clusters ;
the pedicels at first short and concealed by large viscidly pubescent acuminate bracts, but
finally an inch or more in length. Calyx short, viscid. Corolla campanulate, with a short
tube ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, rather unequal, rather pale rose-color or sometimes almost
white ; the upper lobe largest, spotted with orange, and often emarginate. Stamens unequal,
the longest rather shorter than the corolla : filaments white, woolly at the base ; anthers ob-
long. Ovary oblong, glutinous : style declinate : stigma somewhat clavate-capitate. Capsule
..oblong, glandular. Seeds numerous, oblong ; the testa rather loose and reticulated.

438 ERICACE^. Rhododendron.

Swamps, particularly tliose in which the White Cedar {Cupressus thuy aides) abounds ;
but sometimes in rather dry situations. Near Babylon, &c., Long Island ; in the Highlands
of New- York ; Oriskany swamp {Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June - July. Fr. September. A
magnificent shrub, and susceptible of cultivation without much difficulty, especially if removed
from dryish soils. I have sometimes found large crystalline grains of white sugar in the
flowers. ' ^^

■^

2. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Wahl. Procumbent Alpine Rdsehay.

Procumbent and divaricately branched ; leaves elliptical, rigid, dotted, and covered with
ferruginous minute scales on both sides ; peduncles few, terminal, umbellate; stamens 5-10;
filaments smooth. — Wahl. Jl. Lapp. p. 104 ; Torr. fl. \. p. 426 ; Beck, hot. p. 220 ; Hook,
hot. mag. t. 3106, and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 43; DC. prodr. 7. p. 724. Azalea Lapponica,
Linn. fl. Lapp. p. 89. t. 6. /. 1, and sp. 1. p. 151 ; FL Dan. t. 966 ; Bigel. fl. Bost.p. 83.

Stem partly subterranean ; the numerous rigid straggling branches spreading on the ground,
or assurgent, and a few inches high. Leaves mostly crowded toward the summit of the
branches, 5-8 lines long and 2-3 broad, thickly marked on both sides with impressed dots,
or pits, which are closed (especially on the under surface) with ferruginous deciduous scales.
Clusters 3 - 5-flowered ; the pedicels and calyx minufely scaly. Corolla deep purple, cam-
panulate, with oblong obtuse lobes. Stamens about as long as the corolla ; the filaments
purple, smootli, except a little woolliness at the base. Style purple, smooth : stigma capitate,
obscurely 5-toothed. Capsule oblong-ovoid. Seeds linear-oblong, acute, with a rather loose
testa. ^

Highest summits of Mount Marcy and Mount Mclntyre, Essex county. Fl. Early in July.
Fr. September. This interesting plant grows also on the White Hills of New-Hampshire,
and in the northern regions of both hemispheres.

§2. Pentanthera, D.Don, (Anthodendron, 'Reich. Species of jlsaZea, Linn, nnd most authors.)

Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular : stamens Jive. — Leaves deciduous.

3. Rhododendron nudiflorum, Torr. Upright Wild Honeysuckle,

Leaves obovate-oblong and obovate-lanceolate ; flowers in ratlier naked corymbs, slightly
viscid ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the lobes ; stamens much exserted. — Torr.
fl. I. p. 424 ; Beck, hot. p. 220 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 262 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 42.
Azalea lutea, Li?in. sp. 1. p. 150. A. nudiflora, Linn. syst. (ed. 12.) 2. p. 154 ; Bot. mag.
t. 180 ; Bot. cab. t. 51 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 240 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 82 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 716.
A. periclymenoides, Michx. fl. \. p. 151 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 152. A. periclymena, Pe?-s. syn.
1. p. 213.

A shrub 2-6 feet liigh, much branched towards the summit, with a reddish bark. Leaves
crowded toward the extremity of the branches, finely ciliatc, a httle pubescent above and on

Rhododendron. ERICACE^. 439

the veins and midrib undernealh. Flowers in terminal clusters, about as large as in the
common Woodbine, usually appearing before the leaves expand, and hence appearing naked :
pedicels about one-third of an inch long. Calyx very short and hairy. Corolla rose-color,
more or less intense ; the lobes ovate-oblong, acuminate : tube hairy. Stamens nearly twice
as long as the corolla : filaments pubescent below the middle. Style a little longer than the
stamens.

Woods and bushy places ; common. Fl. April - Ma}'. Fr. August. A very beautiful
shrub, of which there are numerous varieties in cultivation.

4. Rhododendron viscosum, Torr. (PI. LXVI.) White Wild Honeysuckle.

Branchlets hispid ; leaves obovate-oblong, the midrib and petiole bristly ; flowers appearing
with the leaves, very viscid , the tube nearly twice as long as the segments ; stamens slightly
exserted. — Torr. fl. I. p. 424 ; Beck, hot. p. 221 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 261 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 42. Azalea viscosa, Linn. sp. 1. p. 151 ; Michx.fl. 1. p. 150 ; Pursh,fl. I.
p. 153 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 241 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 82 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 715.

A shrub 4-7 feet high, with numerous spreading branches and a grayish bark. Leaves
1—2 inches long, acute or rather obtuse, cuneate at the base, often glaucous underneath ;
the margin bristly-ciliolate. Flowers in dense terminal clusters, very fragrant, pubescent and
glutinous. Corolla usually white, but sometimes tinged with rose-color ; the tube long and
slender. Anthers nearly twice as large as in the preceding species.

Bushy moist places, and in woods ; not common in the interior of the State, but abundant
near New-York and on Long Island. Fl. June — July, or sometimes as late as August.
Azalea glauca of authors is scarcely even a variety of this species.

5. Rhododendron hispidum, Torr. Hispid Azalea.

Flowers appearing with the leaves ; branches strict and very hispid ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, hispid above, smooth underneath, glaucous on both sides, the midrib bristly, ciliate
on the margin ; flowers very viscid ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the broad seg-
ments ; teeth of the calyx oblong, rounded ; filaments exserted {Pursh). — Torr.fl. I. p. 425 ;
Beck, hot. p. 221. Azalea hispida, Pursh, fl. 1 p. 154; Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 6 ; DC.
prodr. 7. p. 716.

An upright shrub, 10-15 feet high, of a bluish appearance. Flowers white with a red
border and a tinge of red on the tube, which makes them appear of a rose-color before they
open. They have frequently ten stamens {Pursh). . .

Borders of high mountain lakes, New-York to Pennsylvania. July - August {Pursh).
I have not found this species within the limits of the State. It is scarcely distinct from R.
viscosum.

440 ERICACEiE. Rhododendron.

4 3. Rhodora, D. Don. Limb of the calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip
broader, 2 - 3-parted ; loicer lip ^-parted. Stamens 10. — heaves deciduous.

6. Rhododendron Rhodora, G. Don. Rhodora.

Leaves oval, nearly smooth above, pubescent and glaucous underneath ; flowers in terminal
corymbose fascicles, appearing before the leaves. — G. Don, gen. syst. 3. p. 848. Rhodora
Canadensis, Linn.; Michx. Jl. 1. p. 259; Lam. ill. t. 364; Bot. mag. t. 474; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 298 ; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 172 ; Torr. fl. I. p. 427 ; Beck, bot. p. 220 ; DC. prodr. 7.
p. 719.

A shrub about two feet high, with erect branches. Leaves membranaceous, softly pubescent
and whitish underneath. Flowers about five in a cluster, on short pedicels. Corolla bright
purple ; the upper lip unequally 2 - 3-lobed, the lower divided into two equal obtuse lobes.
Stamens about as long as the corolla : filaments slightly hairy at the base : anthers oblong.
Style longer than the stamens. Capsule oblong, pubescent. Seed oblong, with a distinct
winged border.

Mountain bogs. I am not quite certain that I have received specimens of this plant from
within the limits of the State ; but it doubtless grows in some of the northern counties.

7. KALMIA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 363; Endl. gen. 4339. AMERICAN LAUREL.

[ In honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist and pupil of Linnteus, who travelled in North America about the middle

of the last century.]

Caly.'s 5-parted. Corolla somewhat salver-form or rotate ; the border 5-lobed, with ten
protuberances on the underside, in the cavities of which the anthers are lodged. Stamens
10 : anthers opening by two large oblique pores. Style longer than the stamens : stigma
capitate. Capsule globose. Seeds numerous, linear or oblong. — Shrubs, with coriaceous
and nearly evergreen entire leaves. Flowers in terminal corymbs, or rarely on solitary and
axillary peduncles.

1. Kalmia latifolia, Linn. Laurel. Calico-hush.

Branches terete ; leaves on long petioles, scattered, ternate-elliptical, acute at each end,
green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. — Linn. sp. l.p. 391 ; Bot. mag.
t. 175; Miclix. fl. I. p. 258, and f. sylv. l.t.&Q; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 296; Bigel. med. bot.
t. 1.% andfl.. Bost. p. 168; Ell. sk. 1. p. 481 ; Torr. fl. 1. -p. 22; Beck, bot. p. 219; Dar-
lingt. fl. Ccst. p. 261 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 729.

A shrub 4-10 feet high (sometimes 18 - 20, Michx.), with crooked irregular branches.
Leaves 2-3 inches long, coriaceous, very smooth and shining, alternate opposite and ternately
disposed on the same plant, evergreen. Flowers in simple or terminal corymbs ; the pedicels
about an inch long. Calyx glandularly viscid like the pedicels ; the segments oblong and

Kai.mia. ERICACE/E. 441

acute. Corolla about an inch in diameter, varying from deep rose-color to almost white, with
a short lube and wide spreading border ; the under surface marked with ten prominences
or short horns, which present corresponding pits or little pockets on the inside. Stamens
declinate ; filaments smooth : anthers ovate, at first lodged in the pits of the corolla, but at
length liberated elastically at different limes, by which means the pollen is thrown upon the
stigma. Style slender, straight : stigma capitate. Capsule depressed-globose, pubescent,
thick and coriaceous. Seeds oblong ; the testa rather loose.

Rocky hills and woods ; often forming almost impenetrable thickets. I have not observed
this plant north of Troy, and it is scarce in the western counties. Dr. Knieskern found it
near Oriskany. Fl. Latter part of May and June. Fr. September. In favorable situations,
the stem of this shrub acquires a diameter of 3 or 4 inches. The wood (particularly that of
the roots) is hard and very compact, and is sometimes used as a substitute for box. The
leaves are said to be poisonous to cattle. A decoction of the plant is a popular remedy for
some cutaneous diseases.

2. Kalmia angustifolia, Linn. Dtoarf Laurel. Sheep Laurel.

Branches terete ; leaves petiolate, narrowly elliptical, flat, rather obtuse, nearly smooth on
both sides, often slightly ferruginous underneath ; corymbs lateral ; (flowers small) pedicels
and calyx glandular-pubescent. — Linn. sp. l.p. 391 ; Bot. mag. t. 331 ; Michx. fl. \. p. 257;
Pursh,fl. \.p. 296 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 482 ; Bigel. fl. Bosl. p. 169 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 422 ; Lodd.
hot. cab. t. 502 ; Beck, bot. p. 219 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 262 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 729.

A shrub 1-2 feet high. Leaves evergreen, about an inch long, mostly obtuse but often
rather acute ; when old, nearly or quite smooth on both sides ; but the younger ones slightly
pubescent, and a little rusty colored underneath. Flowers in small lateral corymbs, and thus
appearing verticillate , scarcely one-third the size of those of the preceding species, and of a
much deeper rose-color, but resembling them every way in structure. Segments of the calyx
ovate, acute. Capsule depressed-globose, pubescent.

Low grounds ; common on Long Island and near New-York, but not often seen in the
interior of the Slate. Fl. June - July. Fr. September. This plant is believed to kill sheep
and other animals. In some places it is called Sheep-poison, Lamb-hill, and Lamb Laurel.

3. Kalmia glauca. Ait. Swamp Laurel.

Branches ancipital ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, lanceolate or linear, smooth,
flat or with the margin revolute, glaucous underneath ; corymbs terminal ; pedicels and calyx
very smooth. — Ait. hort. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 64. t. 8 ; Lam. ill. t. 363./. 2 ; Bot. mag. t. 296;
Lodd. bot. cab. t. 1508 ; Michx. fl. l.p. 257 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 296 {and var. rosmarinifolia);
Torr.fl. 1. p. 425 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 170 ; Beck, bot. p. 219 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 729. K.
polifolia, Wang. act. nat. Berol. 8. p. 129. I. 5.

A shrub 12 - 18 inches high ; the branches distinctly ancipital. Leaves 1-2 inches long,
and varying from nearly half an inch to scarcely a line and a half wide, mostly obtuse, dark
green and shining above, whitish and dull underneath, with a very prominent midrib ; the
[Floka.] 56

442 . ERICACEAE. Kalmia.

margin (especially in the narrow-leaved forms) often revolute. Pedicels filiform, erect, very
smooth, 1 - 1^ inch long, conspicuously bracteate at the base. Calyx whitish tinged with
purple ; the segments large, ovate, obtuse, concave, ciliolate. Corolla rose-color, larger than
in the preceding species. Anthers dark brown. Capsule ovoid-globose, large, thin and
coriaceous, very smooth. Seeds linear, with a loose reticulated testa ; the nucleus proportion-
ally very small.

Sphagnous swamps ; from Hudson and Catskill northward ; also in the western part of the
Stale. Fl. June - July. Fr. September.

8. LEDUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. ^ZA^. Labrador tea.

[ Ledon was the Greek name of a plant resembling this genus in its foliage.]

Calyx small, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-petalled, spreading. Stamens 5-10; the anthers opening
by two terminal pores. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds linear, with a
membranaceous wing at each end. — Small evergreen astringent shrubs, somewhat odorous
when bruised. Leaves alternate, entire, the under surface clothed with a dense ferruginous
wool ; with the margins revolute. Flowers white, pedicellate, in terminal umbellate corymbs.

1. Ledum palustre, Linn. Labrador Tea.

Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 2. p. 44. L. latifolium, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 172.

var. 1. angustifoliwn : leaves linear ; stamens mostly 10. — Hook. I. c. L. palustre, Linn,
sp. 1. p. 591 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1031 ; Pursh, fl. \. p.<^0 ; Lodd. hot. cah. t. 560 ; Ton: fl. 1.
p. 437 ; Beck, hot. p. 222 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 730.

var. 2. latifolium : leaves oblong ; stamens mostly 5. — Michx. fl. 1. p. 259 ; Hook. I. c.
L. latifolium, Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 04 ; " Jacq. ic. rar. 3. t. 464 ;" Lara. ill. t. 363 ;
Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 172 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 437 ; Beck, hot. p. 222 ; DC. I. a.

A branching shrub, about 2 feet high. Leaves 1 - 2J inches wide : in the first var. 2-4
lines wide ; in the other, from 4-8 lines , distinctly revolute on the margin, deep green
above, the under surface (as well as the younger branches) clothed with a very dense and soft
brown wool ; the petiole 2-3 lines long. Flowers numerous, in dense corymbose clusters ;
the pedicels slender and pubescent. Bracts large, obovate, covered with resinous dots. Petals
obovatc, obtuse. Stamens a little longer than the corolla : in the broad-leaved variety, usually
5, but often 6 or more ; in the narrow-leaved form, mostly 10. Style declinatc : stigma small,
capitate. Capsule oblong, covered with resinous particles.

Sphagnous swamps, from about Hudson northward ; frequent (the broad-leaved variety).
Fl. May - June ; and on high mountains, as late as Jidy. Fr. August. The narrow-leaved
form I have not found withui the Stale, but according to Pursh it grows on tlic borders of our
mountain lakes. I follow Michaux and Hooker in regarding the former as but a variety
of the latter. Both are very astringent, and have been used as substitutes for tea, but Dr.
Richardson remarks that the narrow-leaved kind is preferable for this purpose.

/ ACCINIUM.

ERICACE^. 443

Suborder II. VACCINEyE. DC. The Whortleberry Tribe.

Ovary adhering to tlie lube of tlie calyx (very inferior), becoming a berry or
drupe-like fruit. — Shrubs, with the leaves often evergreen.

CO^fSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

9. VicciNiCM. Calyx 1 - 5-toothed. Corolla urceolate, cylindrical-ovoid or campanulalc, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 - 10.

Berry 4 - 5-cellcd; the cells many-seeded.
10 Gaylcssacu. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-eleft. Corolla ovate, urceolate or campanulate, 5-clefl. Stamens 10. Berry

drupaceous, containing 10 one-seeded nucules or pyrena.
11. Chiogenes. Calyx 4-parted, with two ovale bracts at the base. Corolla ovate-campanulate, 4-cleft; the segments

short. Stamens 8. Berry 4-cclled ; the cells many-seeded.

9. VACCINIUM. Linn.; Selck. Iiandb. t. 107. whortleberry, or huckleberry.

[ The true etymology unknown.]

Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Corolla urceolate, cylindrical, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4-5-
toothed or 4 - 5-parted. Stamens 8 - 10 : anthers often 2-horned on the back ; the cells
separate above, each produced into a tubular appendage, and opening by a hole or slit at
the summit. Ovary 4 - 5-celIed ; the cells with numerous ovules, sometimes longitudinally
divided into two loculi by a false partition from the back of each cell, and thus becoming
spuriously 8 - 10-celled. Berry globose, 4 - 5-celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded.
Seeds oval ; the testa crustaceous, reticulate-pitted, closely investing the nucleus. —
Shrubby plants, with alternate leaves. Flowers solitary and a.\illary, fasciculate or race-
mose. Berries edible, mostly dark blue or black (sometimes red).

^ 1. Ovary 4 - 5-celled; the back of Ike cells not inlrojiexed : corolla urceolate, ovoid, cylindraceous
or globose : anthers 2-awned on the back : Jlowers solitary and axillary or fasciculate, developed
simultaneously with the deciduous leaves : seeds angular, not pitted.

1. Vaccinium uliginosum, Lin?i. Alpine Bilberry.

Leaves obovate (small), entire, smooth above, veiny and glaucous underneath ; flowers
nearly solitary, or several together and fasciculate, mostly oclandrous ; corolla urceolate-ovoid,
4 - 5-toothed ; anthers awned on the back. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 350 ; Engl. hot. t. 581 ; MicJuc.
Jl. 1. p. 2.35 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 288 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. il7 ; Beck, hot. p. 224 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-
Am. 2 p. 32; DC. prodr. 7. p. 574. V. uliginosum, var. alpinum, Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 153.
V. gaultherioides, Bigel. in New-Engl. med.jour. 5. p. 335. V. pubescens, Wormsk. in
Hornem. Jl. Dan.

Stem procumbent, willi numerous erect branches, 6-12 inches high. Leaves 6-8 lines
long, somewhat glaucous, particularly underneath ; the veins prominent and reticulated.

56*

444 ERICACE^. Vaccinium.

Flowers nearly sessile, often solitary, but in luxuriant specimens fasciculate. Calyx 4-5-
toothed. Corolla small, pale rose-color, with 4-5 revolute teeth. Stamens 8, sometimes 10,
included : anthers with 2 long ascending horns arising from the middle of the back. Berries
deep blue ; the tubular appendages very short.

Clefts of rocks along the sources of the Hudson, in the mountains of Essex county. Fl.
July. It is found also on the While Hills, and in the northern parts of both hemispheres.

^ 2. Ovary 5-celled ; the back of the cells more or less introflexed : corolla, urceolate or ovoid-cylindrical:
anthers not awned on the back : flowers in short racemes or fasciculate, often appearing before
the leaves : seeds oval, compressed, reticulate-pitted.

2. Vaccinium x'accillans, Kabn. Lotv Blue Huckleberry.

Branches angular (greenish), smooth ; leaves oval, elliptical or obovate, serrulate, dull,
smooth on both sides, acute or rather obtuse, mucronulate ; racemes very short, clustered ;
corolla campanulate-cylindraceous. ■ — Kabn, niss. in Herb. Banks. V. Pennsylvanicum,
Torr. jl. 1. -p. 416 (in part). V. virgatum, Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 152.

Stem I5 - 2 feet high, much branched ; the branches of a dull greenish color, and either
smooth or very slightly roughened with minute warts. Leaves deciduous, 1 - 1^ inch long,
rather obscurely serrulate ; the serratures more distinct towards the apex, and there sometimes
mucronulate. Racemes usually appearing before the leaves are more than half expanded,
arising from scaly buds distinct from those of the leaves ; the pedicels shorter than the flowers,
smooth. Calyx smooth, greenish or reddish ; the segments short and rather acute. Corolla
about 3 lines long, rather open, greenish white and often linged with red. Stamens included :
anther-lobes with long tubular appendages, which are very obliquely truncated or slit on one
side. Ovary smooth ; the false dissepiment of each cell extending nearly to the placenta :
style often a little exscrted : stigma capitate. Berries dark blue, glaucous, very sweet and
well flavored.

■ Open woods and thickets ; common in the vicinity of New-York, and along the Hudson,
but rare in the western and northern counties. Near Oriskany, Dr. Knieskern found a var.
with small lanceolate-elliptical leaves. Fl. May. Fr. July. This species has probably been
confounded by most of our botanists with the following. They are both known by the name
of Sugar Huckleberrtj, in some parts of the country.

3. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blue Huckleberry.

Branches verrucose, smooth (greenish), somewhat angular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or
elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end, glandularly mucronate, conspicuously serrulate with
ciliate-mucronate serratures, smooth and shining on both sides, prominently veined ; racemes
short and clustered ; corolla cylindraceous-campanulate. — Lam. did. 1. p. 72 ; Michx. Jl. 1.
p. 223 ; Hook. fl. Bur. -Am. 2. p. 32, and hot. mag. t. 3434 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 257 ;

Vaccinium. ERICACEAE. 445

" Gump, abbild. holtz. p. 40. t. 34 ;" DC. prodr. 7. p. 572. V. virgatum, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.)
2. p. 12. V. tenellum, Pursh, Jl. I. p. 288 (not of Ait.) ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 150 ; Torr.
fi. 1. ^. 417 ; Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 35.

var. /3. ; leaves nearly dull ; the midrib hairy underneath ; serratures more conspicuously
serrulate-mucronatc ; llowers larger and more campanulatc.

Stem C - 15 inches high; the branchlets somewhat pubescent in lines. Leaves about an
inch long (often considerably smaller on high mountains), prominently and reticulately veined;
the serratures evident to the naked eye, incurved and tipped with a short bristle. Racemes
few-flowered, short ; llie bracts and bracteoles reddish, very deciduous. Calyx with con-
spicuous somewhat acuminate teeth. Corolla reddish white. Stamens as in the preceding
species. Style often a little exserted. Berries large, bluish black and covered with a glaucous
bloom, sweet and agreeably tasted.

Dry sandy woods, hill-sides and high mountains ; the var. on hills about Fishkill. Fl.
Early in May. Fi\ Middle of June - July. This is our earliest Huckleberry, and is brought
in large quantities to the New-York market, mixed with the berries of the preceding and other
species.

4. Vaccinium corymbosum, Linn. Tall Swamp Huckleberry.

Branches terete (brownish), smooth, very minutely verrucose , the flowering ones nearly
leafless ; leaves oval or somewhat obovate, rather acute at each end, perfectly entire, mostly
pubescent on the veins wlien young, at length nearly or quite smooth ; racemes clustered,
short and often corymbose ; corolla cylindraceous-ovoid. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 350 ; Fursh, Jl. 1.
p. 286 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 498 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p 150 ; Torr.Jl. 1. /). 416 ; Beck, bot. p. 224 ;
Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 256 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 571. V. disomorphum, Miclix. fl. 1. p. 231.
V. fuscatum, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 1 1 ; Pursh, I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Stem 5-8 feet or more in height, sometimes nearly 2 inches in diameter at the base, with
irregular straggling branches ; the small twigs usually light puri)lish and slightly pubescent.
Leaves 1^-2 inches long, sometimes obovate and obtuse, distinctly mucronatc, rather
coriaceous when old. Racemes approximated towards the extremity of the branches, 4-8-
flowered, sometimes slightly elongated ; the bracts and bracteoles very deciduous, and of a
reddish purple color : pedicels shorter than the flower. Calyx-segments broad, acute or
obtuse, spreading. Corolla about 5 lines long, white, only slightly contracted at the mouth.
Anther-cells with long tubular appendages, which are slit at the extremity, and somewhat open.
Style a little exserted. Berry nearly one-third of an inch in diameter, dark blue and covered
with a bloom, subacid and well flavored.

Swamps and shady wet woods ; common. Fl. May. Fr. July - August. This is our
most esteemed Huckleberry. It is known by the name of Bilberry, or Blue Bilberry, in
some parts of the country.

446 ERICACE^. Vaccinium.

5. Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. ■ Black Bilherry.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oval, perfectly entire, clothed (as well as the branches)
with a soft whitish pubescence, acute ; racemes clustered, very short ; corolla ovate-
campanulale. — Kalm in herb. Banks ; Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 2 ; Hook,
fl. Eor.-Am. 2. p. 32, and hot. mag. t. 3446 ; DC prodr. 7. p. 572. V. dissomorphum,
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 151 ? not of Miclix.

A shrub 1 - 2^ feet high, much branched ; the bark of the twigs of a greenish color, and
slightly warty. Leaves 1 - li inch long, thin, dull. Racemes numerous, few-flowered.
Corolla short, white tinged with red, about as large as in V. Pennsylvanicum. Berries bluish
black, sweet and palatable.

Swamps in the western part of the State. Fl. May - June. Fr. July. This species is
probably not uncommon ; being often confounded with the preceding, the dwarf pubescent
forms of which it much resembles.

§3. PiCROCOccus, Nutt. Ovary 5-celhd ; the cells divided longitudinally into two, by the deep
inlrojlexion of the dorsal suture: corolla spreading-campanulate : anthers 2-awned on the
hack : flowers solitary and axillary, on slender lateral branches, and appearing as if in leafy
racemes: cells of the berry few-seeded : leaves deciduous,

6. Vaccinium stamineum, Linn. Deer-berry. Squatc Huckleberry.

Leaves oval or ovate, acute, entire, pale and glaucous underneath ; flowers on slender
lateral branches resembling leafy racemes ; the pedicels solitary and axillary, filiform, nodding;
corolla spreading-campanulate, with rather obtuse lobes ; anthers much exseited, with two
awns on the back , the lobes tubular and slender. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 350 ; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1 )
2. p. 10; Michx. fl. I. p. 227; Bot. repos. t. 263 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 28i ; Ell. sk. \. p. 'i96;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 414 ; Btgel. fl. Bost. p. 153 ; Beck, bot. p. 223 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 255 ;
DC. prodr. 7. p. 567. Picrococcus stamineus, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 8.
p. 262.

A shrub 2-3 feet high, diff"usely branched ; the branches terete, of a greenish color, and,
when young, pubescent. Leaves about an inch and a half long, mostly obtuse at the base,
pubescent underneath and ciliate when young, finally almost smooth on both sides. Pedicels
about half an inch long, pubescent. Calyx with short acute segments. Corolla white., and
widely spreading. Stamens erect : anthers slender, witii two spreading subulate horns on the
back; the long tubular lobes perforated, and 2-tootlicd at the summit. Berry large, globose,
often somewhat pyriform from the base being a little produced, usually greenish but some-
times purplish, of a bitterish and somewhat astringent taste, but not unpleasant when fully
ripe : the cells divided ahnost completely into two cavities by a process or introflexion of the
dorsal suture ; eacli half-cell 2 - 3-seeded. Seeds rather large, compressed.

Woods, and on rocky hills ; common in the valley of the Hudson ; rare in the western
counties. Fl. Latter part of May - June. Fr. September. V. albu?n, Pursh and authors

Vaccinitjm. ERICACE^. 447

(F. elevatum, Banks, DC, not V. album, Linn.*), seems to be scarcely even a variety of this
species, as was long ago remarked by Sir J. E. Smith.

^ 4. OxYcoccus, Tourn. {Cranberry or Craneherry.) Corolla A-parled,with linear revoluie segments.
Stamens 8: anther-cells elongated and tubular, not awned on the back. Berry (large, red and
acid) 4-celled. — Stems creeping and filiform, with ascending branches : leaves evergreen, oval
or oblong, with margins more or less revoluie : flowers bright rose-color, nodding, on slender
pedicels.

7. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Li7in. Small Cranberry.
Stems very slender ; leaves ovate, acute ; peduncles terminal ; filaments more than half

the length of the anthers. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 351 ; Engl. hot. t. 319 ; Fl. Dan. t. 8U ; Hook.
Jl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 31. V. Oxycoccus, var. ovalifolius, Miclix. Jl. 1. p. 228. Oxycoccus
palustris, Pers. syn. 1. p. 419. O. vulgaris, Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 2G3 ; Tor-r. Jl. I. p. 394 ;
Beck, hot. p. 225 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 577.

Stems straggling and rooting, 8-10 inches long ; the young shoots a little pubescent.
Leaves 3-4 lines long, glaucous underneath, a little revolute on the margin ; the veins
underneath very indistinct. Pedicels 2 - 4, an inch or more in length, from the summit of the
branches, 1 -flowered, slender, pubescent, recurved at the extremity, often furnished with linear
or narrowly lanceolate bracteoles about the middle. Corolla 4-parted nearly to the base ;
the segments rolled back. Stamens erect : filaments short, pubescent at the sides : anthers
elongated ; the two cells produced into slender tubes. Berry about one-third of an inch in
diameter, globose, purplish scarlet, very acid.

Sphagnous swamps in the northern and western parts of the State, where it often takes the
place of the following species. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. - September. This agrees in every respect
with the European plant. It is preferred for tarts to the Common or American Cranberry.

8. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. Common Cranberry.
Branches ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, from the base of the young

shoots ; filaments scarcely one-third the length of the anthers. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. !3.
t. 1 ; Bot. mag. t. 25 ; Bigel.Jl. Bast. p. 154 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 34. V. O.xycoccus,
var. oblongifolium, Michx. Jl. 1. p. 228. O.xycoccus macrocarpus, Pers. syn. 1. p. 419;
Pursh, Jl. I. p. 263 ; Bart. Jl. Am. Sept. l.t. 17; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 293 ; Wats, dendr. Brit.
I. 122 ; Beck, hot. p. 225 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 241 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 577.

Stem stouter than in the preceding species, often 2-4 feet long, creeping and branching,
throwing up numerous assurgent branches from 3 to 8 inches high. Leaves about half an
inch long, entire or with distant obscure serratures, nearly plane, smooth, glaucous underneath;
the young pubescent-ciliate at the apex, and rather distinctly veined. Calyx small, purplish ;
the teeth broad and rather acute. Corolla as in the preceding species, but larger ; the lobes
reflexed, and at length revolute. Filaments purple, short and compressed ; the anthers ter-

* V. album, Linn., according to Smith and G. Don {^en, sysl. gard. 3. p. 853), and Boott, is Xylosteum (Lorucera)
cUiatum, Pursh.

448 ERICACEJi]. Vaccinixim.

minating in two long slender tubes. Berry globose, oblong or ovoid, half an inch in diameter,
bright scarlet, of an agreeable acid taste, persistent during part of the winter.

Sphagnous swamps ; not uncommon in many parts of the State. Fl. June. Fr. October -
November. The berries of this plant are too well known to require a particular description.

10. GAYLUSSACIA. //. B. cj- K. nov. gen. 4- sp. 3. p. 275. t. 257 ; Cha?n. 4- Schlecht.
in Linncea, 1. p. 528 ; Endl. gen. 4329. false huckleberry.

LussACiA, Spreng. Decach^ina, 7'orr. if- Gfr. in Sill. jour. 42. p. 43. note (1841). Decamerium, Nutt. 1843.

[ Named in honor of the distinguished French chemist Gay-Ldssac, whose analytical researches have rendered essential

aid to Botany.]

Calyx adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindrical, ovoid, subglobose or campanulate,
5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers unawned ; the cells produced at the apex into
a tubular appendage. Ovary 10-celled, with a single suspended ovule from the summit of
each cell. Fruit a berry-like globose drupe, 10-celled ; the nucules separating at maturity.
Endocarp crustaceous. Embryo slender, cylindrical. — Shrubs with the habit Vaccinhjm.
Leaves often sprinkled with resinous dots. Flowers in lateral racemes, bracteate ; the
bracts sometimes leafy. Corolla purplish scarlet, greenish or white. Fruit dark blu& or
black.

The Nortli American species of tliis genus have altogether the aspect of Vaccinium, but difler in the fruit, as
shown by Dr. Gray in the paper quoted above. It was proposed to constitute of them a separate genus under the
name of Decach^na (subsequently named Decameriom by Mr. Nuttal!) ; but we now refer them to Gaylussacia,
from which they do not differ essentially. In appearance and taste the fruit resembles that of the common Vacciniums,
but is not so much esteemed on account of the large crustaceous nucules.

]. Gaylussacia hirtella, T. Sf Gr. (PI. Ixvii.) Dwarf Swamp Huckleberry.

Minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate-oblong and oblanceolate, mucronate, entire, shining
when old, with a short sparse glandular pubescence above, and sprinkled with resinous dots
underneath ; racemes with large foliaceous bracts , the pedicels 1 - 3-bracteolate ; corolla
campanulate ; fruit somewhat depressed-globose (black), pubescent {Torr. ^ Gr.Jl. N. Am.
2. p. ined). — Vaccinium hirtellum. Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 357 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 151
DC. prodr. 7. p. 566. V. dumosum, Andr. hot. rep. t. 112; Curt. hot. mag. t. 1106
Pursh, Jl.l. p. 285 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 497 ; Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 32 ; Torr. /. 1. p. 414
Beck, hot. p. 223 ; DC. I c. Decamerium dumosuin and hirtellum, Nutt. I. c. p. 260.

A shrub about one foot high, with a long creeping root or rhizonia, somewhat naked below,
branching above ; the younger branches pubescent, and more or less glandular. Leaves
1-2 inches long, deciduous, rather thick when old, veiny. Racemes 2-3 inches long ; the
flowers few and distant ; bracts resembling the leaves, but smaller. Calyx glandular ; the
segments triangular, acute. Corolla large, white, 5-angled, smooth ; the segments short and
a little recurved. Stamens shorter than the corolla : filaments pubescent : anthers with long
tubular appendages. Style long and slender. Fruit black and shining when ripe, glandularly
pubescent, watery and rather iiisipid.

Borders of ponds, and in wet sandy soils. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Gaylussacia. ERICACEAE. 449

2. Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. S)- Gr. ined. Blue-tangle. Dangle-herry.

Smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, dull , the under surface glaucous, sprinkled
with resinous dots, and often pubescent ; racemes loose , the bracts small, lanceolate ; pedicels
slender; corolla globose-campanulale ; fruit (dark blue) glaucous. — Vaccinium frondosum,
Linn. sp. 1. p. 351 ; Andr. hot. repos. t. 140 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 285 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 497 ;
Torr. fl. \.p. 415 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 152 ; Beck, bot. p. 223 ; Bar ling t. ft. Cest. p. 256 ;
DC. prodr. 7. p. 566. V. venustum, Ait. Ketu. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 11. V. glaucum, Miclix.
jl. \. p. 231. V. decamerocarpum, Dunal in DC. I. c, excl. syn. Wang. Decamerium
frondosum, Nutt. I. c. p. 260.

A shrub 3-5 feet high, with numerous slender spreading branches, and bark of a grayish
color. Leaves about 2 inches long, smooth above, prominenily veined underneath. Racemes
lateral, few-flowered ; the rachis, pedicels and caly.x dotted with resinous p uticles. Bracts
deciduous Pedicels 6-8 lines long. Caly.x smooth. Corolla greenish white, often tinged
with purple. Stamens included : filaments much shorter than the anthers, smooth : anther-
cells terminating in subulate tubular processes, which are truncated very obliquely. Style
slender : stigma small, capitate. Fruit large, globose, sweet and well-flavored.

Moist woods, often in sandy soils ; common in the southern part of the State and on Long
Island, but rare in tiie interior. Ft. May - June. Fr. July - August.

3. Gaylussacia resinosa, To7t. Sf Gr. ined. Black Huckleberry.

Younger branches slightly pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire, thickly
covered on both sides with resinous dots ; racemes short, secund ; bracts and bractcoles small,
deciduous ; corolla ovoid-conical, pentangular , the orifice at first contracted, at length open ;
fruit (black) shining. — Vaccinium resinosum. Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 12 ; Mich.Jl. 1. p 230;
Bot. mag. t. 1288 ; Pursh, ft. \.p. 286 ; Ell. sk. \.p. 498 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 150 ; Torr.
fl. 1. p.ili>; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 31 ; Beck, bot. p. 223 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 256 ;
DC. prodr. 7. p. 566. V. parviflorum, Andr. bot. repos. t. 125. Andromeda baccata,
Wang. Amer. p. 111. t. 30. J. 69. Decamerium resinosum, Nutt. I. c.

A shrub about two feet high, with numerous grayish brandies. Leaves 1-21 inches long,
sometimes rather acute, thin, yellowish green when young, of a shining appearance from the
copious resinous dots. Racemes somewhat clustered, about an inch long, 6 - 1 0-flowered :
pedicels 3-4 lines long ; the bracts and bractcoles oblong or lanceolate, reddish. Segments
of the calyx rather obtuse. Corolla reddish tinged with green. Stamens about two-thirds
the lengtii of the corolla : filaments villous on the margin : anthers as long as the filaments ;
the cells tapering to a sharp point, opening by a long slit. Fruit slightly acid, but agreeable.

Woods and low grounds; very common. Fl. May - June. Fr. July - August. The
resinous matter on the leaves and flowers is more copious than in the other species of the
genus : in the young plant, it is quite viscid.
[Flora.] 57

450 ERICACE^. Chiogewes.

11. CHIOGENES. Salisb. in trans, hort. soc. Lond. 2. p. 94. cheeping snowberry.

Glyciphyllj, Raf. Lasierpa, Torr. Phalerocirpus, G. Don.
[ From the Greek, chion, snow, and gennao, I generate ; in allusion to the snow-white berries.]

Calyx adherent to the lower half of the ovary, with two ovate connate bracteoles at the base ;
the limb 4-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : filaments short and
dilated : anthers of two oblong cells, not produced into tubular appendages nor awned on
the back, each bicuspidate at the summit and opening by a large oblique aperture. Ovary
globose, surrounded with an 8-toothed disk, 4-celled ; the cells many-ovuled : style short :
stigma small, simple. Berry globose-ovoid, rather dry (white), crowned with the teeth of
the calyx, 4-celled; the cells many-seeded. Seeds roundish-ovoid, compressed. — Stems
creeping, filiform ; the branches strigose-hispid. Leaves evergreen, roundish-ovate, acute,
with slightly revolute margins, smooth above, sparsely hispid. Flowers solitary, axillary,
white, on short recurved pedicels.

1. Chiogenes hispidula. Ton: c')- Gr. ined. (PI. Ixviii.) Creeping Snowberry.

C. serpyllifolia, Salish. I. c. Vaccinium hispidulum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 352 (excl. syn.) ;
Michx. fl. 1. p. 228. t. 23. Arbutus filiformis. Lam. diet. 1. p. 228. A. thymifolia, Ait.
Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 72. Oxycoccus hispidulus, Pers. syn. 1. p. 419 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 251.
Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursli, fl. 1. p. 283. t 13 (bad). G. hispidula, Muhl. cat. p. 44 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 413 {subgen. Lasierpa) ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 165 ; Beck, hot. p. 216 ; Hook.
fi. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 36. Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia, G. Don, gen. syst. 3. p. 841 ; DC.
prodr. 7. p. 577. Lasierpa hispidula, Torr. in Geol report of N. York, 1840, p. 152.

Stems mucli branched ; the branches clothed with short appressed ferruginous bristly hairs.
Leaves 3 — 5 lines long, coriaceous, sprinkled underneath and on the margin with short
brownish hairs. Flowers scattered, small. Bracts resembling an exterior calyx of 2 sepals,
acute. Calyx greenish white, somewhat hispid ; the segments broad and acute. Corolla a
little larger than the calyx ; the segments acute. Stamens included ; the filaments roughish :
anther-lobes acuminate, with two short and often unequal awns at the tip. Ovary free from
the calyx above the middle, but in fruit adherent nearly to the summit, its free portion sur-
rounded at the base with a disk of eight small obtuse teeth ; the cells witiiout a false partition
from the back ; the numerous ovules attached to oblong slightly projecting placenlffi. Berry
about one-fourth of an inch long, white, with a few short ferruginous hairs like those on the
leaves, sweetish and faintly aromatic, deciduous ; the dissepiments breaking away from the
axis at maturity. Testa of the seed crustaceous, closely investing the nucleus. Embryo
small and linear ; the cotyledons short.

Sphagnous swamps, particularly on mountains, and under the shade of evergreen trees ;
common in the northern part of the Slate. Oriskany, &c. {Dr. Knieskern). 1 have not found

CiiioGENEs. ERICACE^. 451

it in the valley of the river below Hudson. Fl. May - June. Fr. August. The whole
plant has an aromatic taste not unlike that of Gautiera procumhens, or the bark of Betula
lenta. The fruit often seems to ripen its seeds without becoming succulent, or acquiring the
full size, in which case the upper part of the ovary remains free. In habit this genus agrees
with Pernettyia, but differs in its tetramerous flowers, and in having the caly.x; (at least in
fruit) adherent. It is distinguished from Vaccinium (the sect. Vitis Idcea of which it pretty
nearly approaches, particularly V. myrtifolium) chiefly b}' the 8-toothed disk, the want of
tubular appendages to the anthers, and the habit. I have never seen the flowers of the form
represented by Pursh in the plate quoted above.

Suborder III. PYROLACEiE. Lindl. The Wintergreen Tribe.

Petals distinct, or only slightly united at the base. Ovary free from the calyx,
3 - 5-celled. Fruit a capsule, opening by chinks at the sutures ; but the
valves not separating from the axis. Seeds very numerous, minute ; the testa
very loose and cellular, not conformed to the nucleus. — Low herbaceous or
suffrutescent mostly perennial plants.

12. PYROLA. Linn. {excl. sp.); E?iJl. gen. i3'i9. wintergrees.

[ Named from tlie Latin, pyrus, a pear; because the leaves somewhat resemble those of the Pear-tree. 2

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10, erect or ascending : anthers with two
pores at the base, inverted after flowering (when the pores appear to be terminal). Ovary
globose, 5-cjlled. Style filiform, erect or declined : stigma with five tubercles or five rays.
Capsule 5-celled. — Perennial herbaceous plants, with creeping rhizomas. Leaves mostly
radical, petiolate, ovate or orbicular. Peduncles scape-like. Flowers in a simple raceme,
rarely solitary, white or rose-colored, usually fragrant : pedicels nodding.

The anthers are, strictly speaking, inverted before flowering, and become erect after the corolla cipands ; the true
apex being the perforated extremity.

^ 1. Pyrola proper. Peduncles racemose : sulures of the capsule woolly.
* Stamens ascending : style declined ; sligma annulate.

1. Pyrola rotundifolia, Linn. Round-leaved Wintergreen.

Leaves nearly orbicular, coriaceous, shining, obscurely crenate-serrate, mostly shorter than
the petiole, conspicuously reticulate ; scape many-flowered, bracteate ; calyx nearly one-

57*

452 ERICACEAE. Pyrola.

third the length of the petals (5-parted) ; segments ovate-lanceolate ; corolla spreading ;
stigma with 5 erect obtuse lobes. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 396 ; Engl. hot. ^ 213 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1816 ;
Michx. Jl.\. p. 251 ; Pursh, fl.l. p. 299 ; Torr. Jl. \. p. 432 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 173 ;
Beck, hoi. p. 226 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 265 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 46 ; DC. prodr. 7.
p. 772.

var. asarifolia : leaves larger, reniform-roundish. Hook. 1. c. P. asarifolia, Michx. I. c. ;
Pursh, I. c. ; DC. I. c. excl. syn. Torr., Bigel. <^ Null.

Rhizoma long and horizontal. Leaves all radical ; the lamina 1^-2 inches long and of
nearly the same diameter (in the var. asaiijolia, broader than long), deep green, often
spreading, or lying flat on the ground : petiole margined. Scape. 8-12 inches high, angular,
furnished with several lanceolate scales instead of leaves, 8 - 20-flowered ; the flowers about
three-fourllis of an inch in diameter, fragrant. Segments of the calyx rather acute, a little
reflexed at the tip. Petals white, or sometimes with a slight rosaceous tinge, obovate-oblong,
obtuse. Stamens shorter than the corolla : filaments smooth : anthers oblong ; the lobes
completely 2-celled, even when old. Style rather longer than the corolla : stigma with a ring
or minute collar near the extremity ; the disk with 5 liille teeth or lobes. Capsule depressed-
globose, obtusely 5-angled ; the valves connected on the margin by fine woolly hairs. Seeds
very minute, tapering at each end ; the nucleus much smaller than the loose translucent testa.

Rich woodlands ; not rare. Fl. Early in July. This species is also a native of Europe.
Like the following it is a very ornamental plant, and its flowers are highly fragrant I follow
Hooker, without hesitation, in referring here the P. asarifolia of Michaux. In the herbarium
of this latter botanist, P. rolundifolia is mixed with P. elUptica.

2. Pyrola elliptica, Nutt. Shin-leaf.

Leaves elliptical-ovate, plicate-serrulate, membranaceous, dull, longer than the petiole ;
scape many-flowered, naked or with a single subulate bract ; ca'yx 5-cleft, scarcely one-fifth
the length of the corolla , the segments ovate ; sligma with 5 obscure teeth — Nut/, gen. 1.
p. 273 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 433 ; Rudd. mon. Pijrul. p.^l. t. 5./. 1 ; Beck, hot. p. 226 ; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 265 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 46. t. 134 ; DC. prod,: 7. p. 773.

Leaves all radical, sometimes oblong or inclining to obovate, obtuse or somewhat acute,
abruptly dccurrent on the petiole. Scape 6-10 inches hi^li, about 5-angled, with rarely
more than a solitary bract, which is situated near the summit. Raceme 8 - 15-flowcred ; the
flowers very sweet-scented. Teeth of the calyx broad, acuiri'Patc. Petals obovate, obtuse,
white. Stamens, stjle and capsule nearly as in the preceding sjiccies.

Rich fertile woods ; common. Fl. June. This is easily ilistiiiguished from the preceding
species, by its longer thin and dull leaves, and the much shorter calyx.

Pyrola. ERICACE.^. 453

3. Pyrola chlorantha, Nutt. Greenish-Jlowered Winter green.

Leaves (small) orbicular-ovate, eniire or obscurely denticulate, coriaceous, dull, shorter
than the petiole, somewhat veiny ; scape nearly naked ; raceme few-flowered ; calyx short,
the lobes rather obtuse ; stigma with 5 erect teeth. — Swartz in act. hvlm. 1810. p. 190. t. 5;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 273 ; Beck, hot. p. 226 ; Lodd. hot. cab. t. 1512; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 46 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 773. P. asarifolia, Radd. I. c. p. 23 /. 4./. 1 ; Torr.jl. \.p. 1:3,
excl. syn. Michx., Pursh <^ Gold. ; Beck, I. c.

Leaves about an inch long, varying from nearly orbicular to broadly ovate or obovate,
sometimes rqtuse and a little cordate or uneqiial at the base, dark green ; the pel.ole 1-2
inches long, scarcely veined above, conspicuously but sparingly veined underneath. Scape
5-8 inches long, acutely angular, naked or with a solitary small scale. Raceme 5-8-
flowered, often secund ; the flowers smaller than in P. ellipt.ica, slightly odorous. Calyx
about one-fourth the length of the corolla. Petals elliptical, a little spreading, greenish while.
Style longer than the corolla : stigma minutely 5-tooilied.

Dry sandy woods. Near Schenectady {Dr. L. C. Beck) ; Pine plains near Rome {Dr.
Knieskern) ; Penn-Yan {Dr. Sartwell) ; Rensselaer county {Dr. Wass), and in the northern
part of the Slate. June.

4. Pyrola uliginosa, Torr. tS' Gr. (Plate LXIX.) Stvamp Winfergreen.

Leaves nearly orbicular, obscurely crenale-dcnliculale, coriaceous, longer than the petiole,
somewhat veiny, nearly dull ; scape bracleale ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx one-fourth the
length of the petals, the segments broadly ovale, acute ; stigma with five small erect teeth. —
Torr. ^- Gr. in Geol. report of N. York, 1841.

Rhizoma long and creeping. Leaves 1^-2 inches in diameter, sometimes inclining to
ovate or obovate, of a pretty firm texture, abruptly decurrent on the petiole at the base ; the
veins rather })romincnt, but not numerous. Scape 6-12 inches high, striateangular, fur-
nished with 2-4 conspicuous lanceolate bracts. Raceme 7 - 12-flowered, loose. Flowers
about two-thirds as large as in P. elliptica. Petals obovate-oblong, rather connivent, dull
purplish. Stamens ascending : filaments smooth : anthers (in the expanded flower) with two
short perforated horns at the summit ; the lobes 2-celled, but the septum at length separating
from the connective. Ovary depressed-globose : style declined and flexuous, filiform-clavate,
distinctly annulate at the summit : stigma with five distinct obtuse teeth.

Sphagnous swamps, Oriskaiiy, Oneida county {Dr. Knieskern). June. This species is
intermediate between P. rolundifolia and P. chlorantha : differing from the former in ils
smaller, less coriaceous and nearly dull leaves, smaller purplish flowers and much shorter
calyx ; from the latter in its larger leaves, bractcate scape and acuminate calyx-segments, as
well as in the color of the flowers.

454 ERICACEAE. Pyrola.

• * Stavw lis creel : style slraigkt : sligma dUaled, not annulate.

5. Pyrola secunda, Linn. One-sided Wintergreen.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, serrate, longer than the petiole ; raceme many-flowered, dense,
the flowers all leaning one way ; style exserted ; stigma depressed, obtusely 5-lobed. — Linn,
sp. 1. p. 396 ; Engl. hot. t. 517 ; Fl. Dan. t. 402 ; MicJix. ft. I. p. 250 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 299 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 174 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 434 ; Beck, hot. p. 227 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.
p. 265 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 45 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. Tl^.

Rhizoma long and slender. Stems 1-2 inches long, decumbent. Leaves rather mem-
branaceous, about an inch long, sharply serrated, a little shining, much longer than the petiole.
Peduncle scape-like, 4-6 inches high, furnished with several small lanceolate bracts. Ra-
ceme 1-2 inches long. Calyx very small, with short ovate segments. Corolla greenish
white ; the petals oblong, erect. Stamens about as long as the corolla : anthers rose-color ;
the lobes imperfectly 2-celled. Style thick : stigma peltate.

Shady woods, in rich soil ; rare in the southern part of the State ; rather common in the
western counties. June - July. Indigenous also to Europe.

§2. MoNESEs, Salisb Peduncles one-flowered : stigma radiately 5-parted : sutures of the capsule

not woolly.

6. Pyrola uniflora, Linn, One-Jloioered Wintergreen.

Leaves nearly orbicular, serrate ; scape one-flowered ; style straight. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 397;
Engl. hot. t. 517 ; Michx. fl. 1. p. 250 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 299 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 174 ;
Torr. fl. I. p. 434 ; Beck, hot. p. 227 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 45. Moneses grandiflora,
Salisb. in Gray arrang. Brit. pi. 2. p. 403 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 775.

Stem very short, ascending. Leaves often orbicular-ovate or sometimes reniform, 6-8
lines long, dull, membranaceous, distinctly crenate-scrrate, usually longer than the petiole.
Scape 2-5 inches high, with one or two small ovate bracts. Flower 6-8 lines in diameter.
Calyx scarcely one-fifth the length of the petals, 5-parted ; the segments ovate, obtuse. Petals
white or sometimes tinged with rose-color, nearly orbicular, spreading. Stamens shorter than
the petals ; the anther-lobes imperfectly 2-celled. Style rather short and thick : stigma large,
with five conspicuous rays. Capsule depressed, obtusely 5-angled.

Woods ; not rare in the northern part of the State. Near Troy {Dr. Wright) ; Otsego
county {Dr. Douglas) ; Yates county {Dr. Sartwell) ; Chautauqua county {Miss Hazeltine).
June. A native also of Europe.

Chimaphila. ERICACEAE. 455

13. CHIMAPHILA. Pursh, fl. I. p 300; End/, ^en. 4348. cbimaphila.

[ From the Greek, cheiirm, winter, and philco, to love; in allusion to the English name, WirUergreen.']

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stamens 10; the filaments dilated in the
middle, hairy or cilialc : anthers with two pores at the base, inverted after flowering ; the
lobes one-celled. Ovary obtusely 5-angled, 5-celled : style very short, immersed in a
depression of the ovary : stigma orbicular, peltate, obscurely 5-lobed. — Low suflruticose
plants. Leaves at the summit of the stem, evergreen, coriaceous, lanceolate, serrate.
Peduncle terminal, bearing several flowers in an imperfect umbel or corymb. Petals white,
tinged with purple.

1. CinM.\PHiLA UMBELLATA, Nult. Pipsissewa. Princes Pine.

Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, acute at the base, uniformly green ; flowers in an umbellate
corymb ; filaments ciliate on the margin, smooth on each face. — Null. gen. 1, p. 274 ; Bart,
vegr. mat. med. \. t.\ ; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 49 ; J)C. prodr. 7. p. 775. C. corymbosa,
Pursh, Jl. 1 p. 300. Pyrola umbellata, Linn. sp. 1. p. 396; Lam. ill. t. 367./. 2; Bat.
mag. t. 11% ; Michx. Jl. 1. /;. 251 ; Bigel. Jl. Bast. p. 174, and med. hot. t. 21 ; Torr.Jl. 1.
p. 435 ; Beck, hot. p. 227 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 26G.

Root long and woody, throwing up leafy and flowering stems at intervals. The stems are
ascending, 3-4 inches high, simple or branching at the base. Leaves li - 2 inches long,
often in 2 - 3 imperfect whorls, smooth and shining, rather acute, sharply serrate. Peduncle
solitary, 3-6 inches long, erect, smooth, bearing 4-6 flowers at the summit ; the pedicels
puberulent, nodding, either distinctly corymbed or somewhat umbellate, erect in fruit. Calyx
much smaller than the corolla ; the segments roundish, ciliolate. Petals yellowish white with
a tinge of purple, roundish, concave, minutely ciliate. Stamens nearly as long as the petals :
filaments roundish-obovatc at the base : anthers large, pale violet. Ovary depressed-globose,
surrounded at the base with a glandular disk : style very short but distinct, inversely conical,
immersed and concealed in the cavity at the top of the ovary : stigma large, convex, very
viscid. Capsule depressed, obtusely 5-angled ; the margin of the valves not connected by a
web.

Dry woods ; common. Fl. June. Fr. September. This plant grows also in the north
of Europe. It is reputed to possess valuable medicinal qualities, and has long been used by
the Indians as a tonic and diuretic. It is astringent and somewhat aromatic to the taste. The
common mode of administering it is in the form of infusion.

2. Chimaphila maculata, Pursh. (Plate LXX.) Spotted Wintergreen,

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely serrate, variegated ; flowers 2-3,
umbellate ; dilated base of the filaments villous. — Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 300 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 275 ;
Ell. sk. 1 . p. 505 ; Bart. Jl. N. Am. 1 . p. 40. ?. 1 1 ; Hook. Jl. Bar. -Am. 2. p. 49 ; DC.

456 ERICACEiE. Chimaphila.

■prodr. 1. p. 775. Pyrola maculata, Linn. sp. 1. p. 396 ; Michx. ft. \. p. 251 ; Bot. mag.
t. 897 ; Bigel. jl. Bost. p. 175 ; Torr.jl. \.p 435 ; Beck, hot. p. 227 ; Darlingt. ft. Cest.

p. 267.

Habit in every respect that of the preceding species. Leaves about 2 inches long, tapering
to a sharp point, purplish underneath, dark green above and marked with a broad whitish line
along the midrib and primary veins ; the teeth sharp and salient. Peduncles usually solitary,
but sometimes two from a single stem, puberulent, 3-5 inches long. Flowers usually 2 or
3, but sometimes solitary, larger than in P. umhellata. Pedicels about three-fourths of an
inch long. Petals white, with a tinge of violet. Stamens violet-purple ; the lower part of
the filaments dilated into a broad roundish disk, which is very villous on the upper part.
Style sliginly exserled : stigma convex.

Woods ; frequent. Fl. June and early part of July : usually about two weeks later than
the preceding species. It is not used medicinally, and is only slightly aromatic.

Suborder IV. MONOTROPEiE. Nutt. The Bird's-nest Tiiibe.

Petals distinct or united. Anthefs opening longitudinally or by t-ansverse chinks
(never by a terminal pore). Ovary i'ree from the calyx. Fruit a capsule,
opening as in Pyrole^. Seeds with a loose or winged testa. — Herbaceous
plants, parasitic on ihe roots of trees, destitute of green color, and with scales
instead of leaves.

14. MONOTROPA. itnn. (cxcl. sp.) ; EnrfZ. g-en. 4351. BIRD'S-NEST.

[ From the Greek, monos, one, and Irepo, to turn; the flowers being turned to one side.]

Calyx none. Corolla 4 - 5-petalled, persistent : petals slightly united below, gibbous at the
base. Stamens 8-10: filaments alternating at the base, with short reflexed tooth-like
processes : anthers excentrically peltate or reniform, one-celled, at length opening flat.
Ovary ovoid : style cylindrical : stigma orbicular, dilated, depressed in the centre. Capsule
4 - 5-celled. Seeds subulate. — Flowers nodding, finally erect.

& 1. MoNOTROPA proper. Stem one-fiowerei. Plant inodorous.

1. JMoNOTUOPA UNiFLORA, Linu. (Plate LXXI.) Indian-pipe. Tobacco-pipe.

Stem smooth ; flowers nodding, at length erect ; stamens 10. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 387 ; Micluc.

fl.l.p. 1:66 ; Pursh,Jl. \.p. 303 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 271 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 477 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost.

p. 175 ; Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 86. /. 1 ; Torr. Jl. 1. p. 431 ; Beck, hot. p. 268 ; Darlingt.

MoNOTROPA. ERICACEAE. 457

fl. Cest. p. 268; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 49; DC. prodr. 7. p. 781. M. Morisoniana,
Mtchx. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Whole plant pure white, but nearly black when dry. Root roundish, consisting of densely
matted coralloid brittle fibres. Stems often clustered, 5 — 8 inciies high, simple, succulent,
clothed with oblong or lanceolate scattered scales. Flower about ihree-fourths of an inch
long, often with several bracteate scales at the base resetpbling a calyx. Corolla 4-5-
pelalled : petals spatulate-cuneate, gibbous at the base, pubescent externally, pubescent inside.
Stamens rather shorter than tlie petals : filaments pubescent : anthers at first reniform, opening
by two transverse chinks. Ovary large, ovoid, acute, tapering into a short thick style : stigma
large, orbicular, not hairy on the margin, depressed in the centre. Capsule obtusely 5-angled :
placenta; large and fleshy.

Shady woods ; common. Fl. June - July, sometimes much later. Fr. September. The
singular form of this plant, much resembling that of a tobacco-pipe, and its pure white color
when fresh, make it an object of interest even to persons unacquainted with botany. It is
probably always parasitic on the roots of other plants, but it sometimes at least seems to have
a very slight connexion with them. M. Morisoniana of Michaux is doubtless a var. of this
species, as the flowers become erect when old.

^2. HvpoPiTHYs. Stems many-flowered ; ike flowers in a secund raceme. Plant of a musky odor.

2. MoNOTROPA LANUGINOSA, Michx. (PI. l.xxii.) rine-sap. False Beech-dropa.

Stem, bracts and flowers pubescent ; capsule globose-ovoid. — Michx. jl. 1. p. 266 ; Piirsh,
fl.l. p. 303 ; Bigel. Jl Bast. p. 176 ; Ell. sk. 1. /). 478 ; Torr. Jl.\. p. 430 ; Beck, bat.
p. 267 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 266 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 49. Ilipopythis lanuginosa,
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 271 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 781.

var. rubra : stem and flowers deep rose-color.

var. glabriuscula : stem and scales nearly or quite smooth ; flowers slightly pubescent.
H. Europasa, Nutt. I. c. ? Monolropa Hypopithvs, Michx., Pursh and others ?

Root a ball of dense fleshy fibres, nearly as in the preceding species. Whole plant (except in
the \a.r. rubra) of a yellowish brown or tan-color. Stems clustered, 4-8 inches high, simple ;
the lower part (as well as the lower scales) usually smoothish. Scales lanceolate-ovate ; those
near the root closely imbricated, scattered above. Raceme 5 - 10-flowered, rarely compound,
at first incurved, with the flowers nodding, but finally erect. Pedicels much shorter than the
flower, elongated in fruit. Flowers 6-7 lines long, with several bracteal scales at the base
which resemble a calyx. Petals 4 - 6 ; the inner ones spatulatc-oblong, the outer gibbous
at the base. Stamens often 10 in the terminal flower, mostly 8 in the others : filaments hairy :
anthers reniform-peltate, opening horizontally all around. Ovary ovoid : style thick, about as
long as the stamens : stigma orbicular, bearded on the margin. Capsules erect.

Moist woods, particularly under Beech trees ; rather common, var. glabriuscula, Yates
county (Dr. Sartwell). July - September. The rose-colored variety flowers late in the
season. I strongly suspect that M. lanuginosa is not specificallj distinct from M. Hypopithys
of Europe.

[Flora.] 58

458 ERICACE.-E. Pterospora.

15. PTEROSPORA. Nutt. gen. 1. p. 269 ; Lindl. coll. hot. no. 5. t. 5.

GIANT BIRD'S-NEST.

[ From the Greek, ptcron, a wing, and spora, a seed.]

Calyx 5-paried. Corolla monopetalous, ovate ; the border 5-toothed and reflexed. Stamens
10, included : filaments subulate : anthers roundish, horizontal, 2-celled, with two bristles
at the base. Style short, terete : stigma capitate, 5-lobed ; the lobes connivent. Capsule
depressed-globose, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a large terminal
reticulated wing. — A plant with the habit of Monotropa, with the numerous flowers in
long racemes : pedicels slender, recurved.

1. Pterospora Andkomedea, Nictt Giant Bird's-nest.

Nutt. I. c. ; Terr. ji. 1 . p. 429 ; Lindl. I. c. ; Beck, hot. p. 22S ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 48 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 779. Monotropa procera, Torr. in Eat. man. hot. (ed. 2. 1818),
p. 324.

Root roundish, very astringent, consisting of dark matted coralloid fibres. Every part of
the plant, except the corolla, covered with brownish viscid hairs. Stem 8 inches to 2 feet or
more in height, straight, simple, grooved, brownish red or purplish ; the base clothed with
imbricated lanceolate scales. Raceme bearing 20 - 50 or more flowers. Pedicels about half
an inch long, scattered, sometimes fascicled, with a rather long linear bract at the base.
Flower about one-third of an inch in diameter. Calj^x about half the length of the corolla :
segments oblong, glandularly ciliate. Corolla about one-fourth of an inch long, somewhat
urceolate ; the segments of the orifice oblong, retuse, rose-red ; the rest of the corolla white.
Stamens included : filaments flat, smooth, without intermediate tooth-like processes at the
base : anthers small, fixed by one side, with two subulate reflexed processes at the base ; the
cells closely united, opening by a transverse chink. Ovary depressed, obscurely 5-angled :
style short, but distinct : stigma large, divided into five acute connivent lobes. Capsule
membranaceous, with a deep funnel-shaped cavity at the top ; the valves not separating from
the axis. Seeds globose-ovoid, sulcate, with a broad roundish reticulated and transparent
wing or crest at the upper extremity.

Clayey and limestone soils ; various places in the vicinity of Albany {Dr. E. James, Prof.
Eaton, Dr. Wright, Mr. Tracy) ; Banks of Seneca Lake {Dr. Gray) ; near Niagara Falls
{Mr. Charles Whitlow) ; Little Falls of the Mohawk {Mr. Cooper) ; Port Henry, on Lake
Champlain {Prof. A. Hopkins); near Sacket's-Harbor {Dr. Wood); Oriskany {Mr. George
Vasey) ; shady ravines near Union College, and Schoharie, 4 miles east of the Court House,
on a ridge of oak and pines {Dr Knieskcrn); woods norih of Peekskill {Dr. Mead). This
singular plant is very rare, except in the States of New-York and Vermont. It has been
found in Canada, and west to the sources of the Oregon, but only sparingly. Mr. L Tracy is
confident that it is perennial ; for it flowered after the roots were transplanted into his garden.
In some cases it is very difficult to find it connected in any way with the roots of other plants.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES IN VOLUME HRST.

PLATE 1. Clematis ociiroleuca (page 6) in flower, with a separate head of the ripe
carpels.

2. Anemone multifida (page 9) in flower : the fruit represented separately.

3. Trollids laxus (page 18). Fig. 1. a petal moderately magnified: fig. 2.

stamen, also magnified.

4. CiMiciFUGA RACEMosA (page 23). Fig. 1. flower slightly magnified : /g-. 2.

petal ; fig. 3. stamen ; both magnified : fig. 4. raceme of the ripe fruit,
nat. size.

5. Magnolia glauca (page 27). The ripe fruit exhibits two of the seeds, sus-

pended on their long thread-like funiculi.

6. Sarr.\cenia purpurea: var. heterophylla (page 41). Fig. 1. side view of

the stamens and stigma : fig. 2. ovary (the petals turned down and cut
off"), with the style, and under surface of the stigma.

7. Arauis dentata (page 54). The siliques, of the natural size, represented

separately. Fig. 1. flower enlarged : fig. 2. petal : fig. 3. stamen : fig.
4. seed ; fig. 5. transverse section of the same : fig. 6. embryo removed :
all more or less magnified.

8. Viola striata (page 73).

9. Hudsonia tomentosa (page 80). Fig. 1. leaf : fig. 2. flower laid open ; the

sepals and two of the petals removed : fig. 3. section of the ovary : all
magnified.

10. Drosera FiLiFORMis (page 82). Fig. 1. stamen : fig. 2. ovary and styles,

both magnified : fig. 3. seed, much magnified.

11. Parnassia Caroliniana (page 83). Fig. 1. stamen : fig. 2. nectary, or

triple abortive stamen : fig. 3. ovary ; fig. 4. transverse section of the
same, showing the placent<e : fig. 5. ovule : all magnified.
58»

460 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 12. Hypericum pyramidatum (page 85). Fig. 1. ripe capsule; Jig. 2. cross
section of the same, bolh of natural size : Jig. 3. seed ; Jig. 4. cross sec-
tion of the same : Jig. 5. embryo.

13. Hypericum Kalmianum (page 86). Fig. 1. one of the parcels of stamens :

Jig. 2. a petal : Jg. 3. pistil : Jig. 4. cross section of the capsule : all
more or less magnified.

14. Arenaria squarrosa (page 95). Fig. 1. petal : Jg. 2. calyx and capsule :

Jig. 3. seed : all magnified.

15. Arenaria Grcenlandica (page 95). Figs. 1. & 2. petals : Jg. 3. calyxand

capsule : Jg. 4. seed : all magnified.

16. SiLENE stellata (page 100). Fig. 1. ovary and styles : Jg. 2. petal.

17. Flcerkia proserpinacoides (page 127). Fig. 1. flower : fig- 2. ovaries and

style, moderately magnified : Jg. 3. seed, considerably magnified.

18. Acer dasycarpum (page 136). Fig. A. cluster of fertile flowers, nat. size.

Fig. I. perfect flower, nat. size ; Jg. 2. the same magnified ; Jg. 3. the
same laid open : Jg. 4. ovary and styles : Jg. 5. sterile flower : Jg. 6.
abortive ovary : all but fig. 1. magnified.

19. EuoNYMus Americanus (page 142). Fig. 1. fruit of the natural size.

20. Ceanothus ovalis (page 145). Fig. 1. flower : Jg. 2. petal : Jg. 3. flower

with the petals and stamens removed, showing the disk ; Jg. 4. longitu-
dinal section of the same : Jg. 5. seed ; Jg. 6. cross section of the same :
Jg. 7. embryo : all magnified.

21. Ervum hirsutum (page 156). Fig. 1. plant of the natural size, in flower and

fruit : Jg. 2. a flower magnified.

22. Lathyrus ociiroleucus (page 157). Fig 1. calyx : Jg. 2. vexillum : Jg.

3. one of the wings : Jg. 4. keel : Jg. 5. stamens : Jig. 6. ovary.

23. Phaseolus perennis (page 160) in flower and fruit.

24. Clitoria Mariana (page 163). Fig. 1. legume ; Jg. 2. the same laid open :

Jg. 3 emiiryo : Jg 4. vexillum : Jg. 5. keel : Jg. 6. wing ; Jg. 7.
stamens and style : all nat. size.

25. Astragalus Canadensis (page 172). Fig. 1. spike of legumes, nat. size :

Jg. 2. transverse section of a legume, magnified.

26. Phaca neglecta (page 173). Fig. 1. legumes, natural size : Jig. 2. flower :

Jg. 3. wings : Jg. 4. keel : Jg 5. stamens, including the pistil ; fig. 6.
])istil, separate ; all sligliily magnified : fig. 7. legume, open at the ventral
suiure, lo show the seed ; Jig. 8. transverse section of the same.

27. Stylosanthes elatior (page 174). Fig. 1. sterile flower : Jg. 2. vexillum:

Jgs. 3. & 4. wings : Jig. 5. keel : Jig. fi. monadelphous stamens, enclosing
the style : Jg. 7. pistil : Jg. 8. fertile flower : Jig. 9. the im o bracts sepa-
rate -.Jig. 10. ovary laid open : Jg. 11. legume : Jg. 12. seed : Jg. 13.
embryo : all magnified.

28. Decodon verticillatum (page 229). Fig. 1. flower -yfig. 2. the same with

the petals removed : Jg. 3. fruit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 461

PLATE 29. LuDWioiA sph-krocarpa (page 238). Fig. 1. flower, side view ; T'^'. 2. in-
side of the same : fig. 3. cross section of a capsule : Jig. 4. seed : fig. 5.
embryo.

30. EcHiNocYSTEs LOBATA (page 250). Fig. 1. andrcecium, consisting of three

diadelphous stamens in close contact : fig. 2. fertile flower, wiili the ovary
enlarged : fg. 3. style and stigmas : fg. 4. section of the ovary (all mag-
nified) : fig. 5. ripe fruit burst open at the summit ; Jig. 6. cross section
of the same : Jig. 7. seed (all nat. size).

31. Sanicula Marilandica (page 264). Fig. 1. umbellet, showing the fertile

and sterile flowers : fg. 2. young fruit : fig. 3. half of a mature fruit :
fg. 4. one of the hooked prickles : fg. 5. section of the fruit : all mag.

32. Sanicula Canadensis (page 265). Fig. 1. umbellet of sterile flowers and

young fruit : fg. 2 fruit : fig. 3. section of the fruit : fg. 4. one of the
hooked prickles : all magnified.

33. ZiziA coRDATA (page 270). Fig. 1. fruit ; fg- 2. section of the same, both

magnified.

34. Thaspium atropurpureum (page 272). Fig. 1. fruit, natural size ; ^ors. 2.

& 3. the same magnified ; fg. 4. cross section of the same, more mag.

35. CoNiosELiNUM Canadense (page 275). Ft^. 1 . umbel of fruit, natural size :

fg. 2. fruit, magnified ; fg. 3. cross section of the same, also magnified.

36. Archangelica hirsuta (page 277). Fig. 1. umbellet of fruit, natural size :

fig. 2. flower : fg. 3. section of the fruit ; the last two magnified.

37. Archemora rigida (page 278), exhibiting varieties in the form and breadth

of the leaves. Fig. 1. flower, magnified : fg. 2. umbellet of fruit, natural
size : fg. 3. cross section of the fruit, magnified.

38. OsMORRHiZA LONGisTYLis (page 281). Fig. 1. flower : fg. 2. fruit; both

magnified.

39. Erigenia bdlcosa (page 283). Fig. 1. umbellet of flowers, natural size :

fg. 2. flower ; Jig. 3. pistil (both magnified) : fg. 4. fruit, natural size :
fg. 5. fruit ; fg. 6. cross section of the same (both magnified).

40. Aralia nudicaulis (page 285). Fig. 1. an umbel of pistilliferous flowers

(apeialous and without stamens), natural size : fg. 2. a perfect flower,
magnified : fg. 3. transverse section of the ovdiry ; fg. 4. longitudinal
sectioikof tiie same, both magnified.

- 41. CoRNVs PANicuLATA (page 289), with the ripe fruit and separate flowers ; all
of natural size.

42. LoNicERA ciLiATA (pagc 299). A. Flowering branch. B. Branch in fruit.

Fig. 1. stanien : fg. 2. style and stigma : fg. 3. section of the ovary :
fg. 4. berries : fg. 5. seed, natural size ; fg. 6. the same magnified, and
cut lengthwise : fg. 7. embryo.

43. Viburnum pubescens (page 306). Fig. A. fruit, nat. size : fg. 1. corolla

laid open : fg. 2. ovary ; fir. 3. the same laid open : fg. 4. transverse
seciion of the ovary : fg 5. fruit, magnified ; fj. 6. transverse section of
the same : fg. 7. longitudinal seciion of the seed : fg. 8. embryo.

462 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 44. A. Hedyotis ciliolata (page 316). Fig. 1. flower, with the style long and
the stamens exserted ; fig. 2. the same laid open : fig. 3. flower, with the
style short and the stamens somewhat exserted.

44. B. Hedyotis longifolia. Fig. 1. flower, with the style long and the stamens

short ; fig. 2. the same laid open : fig. 3. flower, with the style short and
the stamens somewhat exserted : all magnified.

45. Valeriana sylvatica (page 318). Fig. 1. flower : fig. 2. fruit crowned with

its pappus : fig. 3. one of the plumose awns of the pappus : all magnified.

46. Fedia Fagopyrum (page 319). Fig. 1. corolla, side view '.fig. 2. flower :

fig. 3. stamen : fig. 4. style : fig. 5. fruit ; fig. 8. the same cut across :
fig. 6. seed : fig. 7. embryo.

47. LiATRis spicATA (page 325). Fig. 1. flower : figs. 2., 3. & 4. scales of the

involucre.

48. EuPATORiuM LEUCOLEPis (page 327).

49. Nardosmia palmata (page 331) Fig. 1. an exterior scale of the involucre ;

fig. 2. an interior scale : fig. 3. ray-flower of the fertile plant : fig. 4. an-
other form of the corolla, with the summit 2-lobed : fig. 5. style and its
lobes : fiig. 6. central flower : fig. 7. stamens, style and its lobes : fig. 8.
a single bristle of the pappus : fig. 9. ray-flower of the sterile plant :

fig. 10. portion of the style and its lobes : fig. 1 1 . another ray-flower :

fig. 12. disk-flower.

50. Aster Radula (page 336). Fig. 1. ray-flower : fig. 2. disk-flower : fig. 3.

bristle of the pappus : fig. 4. stamens : fig. 5. style with its lobes and
appendages.

51. Aster spectabilis (page 336). Fig. 1. scale of the involucre : fig. 2. ray-

flower : fig. 3. disk-flower : fig. 4. style and its appendages.

52. Aster ptarmicoides (page 349). Fig. 1. ray-flower : fig. 2. disk-flower :

fiig. 3. style, with its lobes and appendages : fig. 4. one of the bristles of
the pappus : all magnified.

53. SoLiDAGO stricta (page 358). Fig. 1. involucre (the flowers removed) : fig.

2. ray-flower : fig. 3. corolla of the disk : fig. 4. achenium and pappus :
fig. 5. bristle of the pappus : all magnified.

54. SoLiDAGO Ohioensis (page 360). Fig. 1. involucre : fig. 2. ray-flower :

fiig. 3. stamens : fig. 4. style, with its lobes and appendages : fig. 5.
achenium, with the pappus : all magnified.

55. SoLiDAGO NEGLECTA (page 361).

.56. Chrysopsis falcata (page 367). Fig. 1. involucre : fig. 2. ray-flower :
fig. 3. corolla of the disk : fig. 4. fruit and pappus : fig. 5. bristle of the
pappus : all magnified.

57. Coreopsis rosea (page 386). Fig. 1. involucre, nat. size : fig. 2. ray-flower:
fiig. 3. disk-flower : fig. 4. scale of the chafl" : fig. 5. stamens of the ray-
flowers (only four were found) : fig. 6. style with its branches and ap-
pendages : fig. 7. achenium : all magnified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 463

PLATE 58. BiDENS Beckii (page 388). Fig. 1. disk-flower : fig. 2. outer scale of the
involucre ; Jig. 3. inner scale : fig. 4. ray-flower : fig. 5. awn.

59. Cacalia atriplicifolia (page 401). Fig. 1. involucre -.fig. 2. flower, nat.

size : fig. 3. flower, magnified.

60. Arnica mollis (page 403). Fig. 1. ray-flower : fig. 2. disk-flower : fig. 3.

hair of the pappus : all magnified.

61. CiRsiuM ARVENSE (page 407).

62. Lobelia siphilitica (page 424). Fig. a. calyx, magnified.

63. Lobelia inflata (page 425). Fig. 1. transverse section of the capsule :

fig. 2. the same, with the seeds removed, showing the placenta;.

64. Lobelia cardinalis (page 425). Fig. a. capsule, with the adhering calyx

and withered corolla.

65. Specularia perfoliata (page 428). Fig. 1. perfect flower ; fig. 2. the same

with tlie corolla removed ; both magnified : fig. 3. corolla of one of the
early or imperfect flowers, showing the fine minute valvate petals closed
over the stamens ; fig. 4. the same laid open, exhibiting the distinct petals,
minute stamens, and summit of the ovary with its sessile stigma ; both
magnified : figs. 5., 6. & 7. capsules of the imperfect flowers, of the
natural size, crowned with the calyx of 3, 4 and 5 teeth.

66. Rhododendron (Azalea) viscosum (page 439).

67. G.AYLUSSACIA iiiiiTELLA (dumosa), (page 448). Fig. 1. stamen, back view ;

fig. 2. the same, side view : fig. 3. vertical section of the ovary and calyx :
fig. 4 section of the young fruit, showing the ten nucules.

68. Chiogenes HispiDULA (page 450). Fi^-. 1 . flower, nat. size : /^^ 2. stamen,

magnified ; fig. 3. the same, with the stamens and part of the corolla
removed, showing the disk : fig. 4. cross section of the ovary ; fig. 5.
longitudinal section of the same : fig. 6. fruit, nat. size ; fig. 7. the same,
magnified ; fig. 8. longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 9. cross section
of the same : fig. 10. seed : fig. 11. embryo.

69. Pyrola tjliginosa (page 453). Fig. 1. stamen, side view ; fig. 2. the same,

back view : fig. 3. pistil.

70. Chimaphila maculata (page 455). Fig. 1. stamen : fig. 2. oxuxy; fig. 3.

cross section of the same.

71. Monotropa uniflora (page 456). Fig. 1. flower, with the corolla removed.

fig. 2. stamen, magnified : fig. 3. pistil : fig. 4. cross section of the ovary:
fig. 5. ripe capsule and withered stamens.

72. Hypopitiiys lanuginosa, red variety (page 457). Fig. 1. capsule, natural

size : fig. 2. seed, greatly magnified.

INDEX.

, The Orders and Suborders are in large capitals ; the Genera, Tribes and Subtribcs, in email capitals ; the
Species and English names in small roman letters, and all synonyms in italics.

Page.

Abutilon 113

Avicennae 113

Acer.. 134

Canadense 135

dasycarpum 1 36

monlanum . 135

nigrum 136

Pennsylvanicum . 135

Pennsylvanicum . 135

rubrum 137

saccharinum 135

spicatum 135

striatum 135

ACERACE/E -. 134

Achillea 392

Millefolium 392

Aconitine 20

ACONITUM 20

uncinatnm 21

ActjEa 21

alba 22

Americana 21

brachypctala . 21, 22

racemosa 22

rubra 21

spicata 21

AcTiNOMERis 384

alternifolia 384

squarrosa 384

[Flora.]

Paob.

Adenorachis 224

Adenarium 93

peploides 93

Adlumia 47

cirrhosa 47

yEscuLus 138

Hippocastanum . . 138
/Ethusa 274

Cynapium 274

Agathyrsus 419

leucophceus 420

Ageratum 329

altissimum 329

Agrimony 205

Agrimonia 206

Eupatoria 206

Agrostemma 102

Githago 102

Alexanders 270

Alpine Bilberry 443

Alsine 95

glabra 9C

media 97

Michauxii 95

AlsinejE 92

Alth^a 112

officinalis 112

Alum-root 256

Alyssine^ 62 '

59

Paoe.

Alyssum 63

sativum 63

Ambrosia 375

absynihifolia 376

artemisiaefolia 376

integrifolia 375

trifida 375

Amelanchier 225

Canadensis 225

Botryapium 225

ovalis 225

sanguinea 226

American Ipecacuanha . . 20 1
American Pitcher-plant. . 42

Ammannia 228

humiiis 228

ramosior 228

Ammi 266

majus — 266

capillaceus 266

Amfelopsis 148

quinquefolia 148

hederacca 148

Ampelidea- 145

Amphicarpjea 164

monoica 164

sarmentosa 164

AMYGDALE^ 193

ANACARDIACE^ . . 127

466

INDEX.

Page.

Andromeda — 434

baccata 449

calyculata 434

ligfustrina 436

Mariana - 435

paniculata (bis). . 436

polifolia 434

racemosa .- 436

spicata 436

Angelica 275

atropurpurea 276

triquinata 276

hirsuta 277

Anemone 7

aconitifolia 9

cylindrica 8

dichotoma 9

Hepaiica 10

Hudso7iiana 9

lancifolia 7

multifida 9

nemorosa 7

Pennsylvanica . . 9

quinquefolia 7

sanguinea . 9

thaliciroides 24

Virginiana 8

Anemone^.. 5

ANONACE^ 29

Antennaria 397

margaritacea 398

plantaginifolia 398

Anthemis 391

arvensis 39 1

Anychia 105

dichotoma 105

Canadensis . 105

capillacea 105

Apios 161

tuberosa 162

Apple 223

Aquilegia - 19

Canadensis 20

Arabis 53

bulbosa 56

Page.

(Arabis) Canadensis 55

dentata 54

Douglassii 56

falcata - 55

hirsuta 53

Ijevigata 55

lyrata 54

parviflora 60

rhomboidea 56

rotundifolia . . 56, 62

sagittaia 53

Thaliana - 60

tuberosa. 56

Arachis 175

aprica 175

ARALIACEiE 284

Aralia 284

hispida 285

nudicaulis 285

racemosa - 284

Arbutus 430

filiformis 450

ihymifolia 450

Uva-ursi 430

Archangelica 276

atropurpurea 276

hirsuta 277

Archemora — 277

dcnticulala 278

rigida 278

Iricuspidata 278

Arctium 408

Lappa 408

Arctostaphylos 430

Uva-ursi 430

Arenaria 94

Canadensis 106

Caroliniana 95

Groenlandica 95

glabra 96

imbricata 95

lateriflora 96

marina 107

peploides 93

Rafinesquiana 95

Page.

(Arenaria) ntJra 106

serpyllifolia 94

sqnarrosa 95

stricta 95

Arnica 403

mollis 403

Aronia 224

arbutifolia 224

Boiryapium 225

melanocarpa 224

pyrifoUa 224

ovalis 225

sanguinea 226

Arrow-wood 305

Artemisia 394

Canadensis 394

caudata 394

heterophylla 395

peucedanifolia . . 394
vulgaris 395

ASCYRXJM 84

stans 84

hypericoides 85

Aster 334

acuminatus 348

amcenus 347

amplexicaulis 337

amygdaUnus 352

annuus 355

bellidiflorus 345

conyzoides 334

cordifolius 339

cornifolius 352

corymbosus 335

cyaneus 338

diffusus ... 343, 344

divaricatus 352

divergens . . 343, 344

diversifolius 339

dracunculoides . . 345

dumosus 342

dumosus 340, 341

elcgans 336

elodes 346

ericoides 340

INDEX.

467

Pack.

(Aster) flexuosiis 349

foliosus 342

glabellus 340

glaucus 338

grandijlorus 336

Greenii 345

heUropkyllus . . . 339

hirsuticaulis 344

hispidus 347

humilis 352

infirmus 352

junceus 345

lavigatus 338

laevis 338

laxus 346

leucanthemos 345

linariifolius 35 1

linifolius 350

macrophyllus 335

Marilandicus 334

miser 343

multiflorus 341

mutabilis 338

Novoe-Anglicae . . 348

niidiflorus 336

paludosus 346

■paniculaius . 339, 340

parvifcorus 344

patens 337

feiidulus - . . 343, 344

phlogifolius 337

politus 338

folyphyllus 345

prenanthoides 347

ptarmicoldes 349

pulcherrimus . 35 1

puniceus 347

Radula 336

. ., rigidus 351

rubricavlis 338

sagiltifolius 340

sagitlifolius . 339

salicifolius 344

simplex 344

solidaginoides 334

Pace.

(Aster) sparsiflorus . 340, 350

spectabilis 336

spurius. 348

subulalus 350

tcnuifolius . 343 - 345

tenuifolius 340

Tradescanti 342

umbellutus 352

undulatus 338

undulatus . 337

vimineus 343

asterine^e 333

asteroide^e . 332

Astragalus 172

Canadensis 172

Carolinianus 173

Atragene 7

Americana 7

Avens 201

Azalea 438

hispida 439

Lapponica 438

nndiflora . 438

periclymcna 438

periclymenoides. . 438

viscosa 439

Balsam 124, 396

BALSAMINACEiE -. 124

Balsam Tribe 124

Balsam-weed- 125

Baccuaris 368

halimifolia 368

Baneberry 21

Baptisia 187

australis 188

caerulea 188

tinctoria 187

Barbarea 52

vulgaris 52

Barberry 33

Bass-wood 116

BastardVetch 173

Beach Pea 157

Beach Plum 194

Bean Tribe 153

Paob.

Bcarberry 430

Bear Grape 430

Bcdstraw 309

Beggar-ticks 387

Bell-flower 426

Bell-flower Tribe 426

BERBERIDACE^ .. 32

Berberis 32

Berberry 32, 33

Bidens 386

Beckii 388

bipinnata 388

connata 387

ccrnua 387

chrysanthemoides, 388

frondosa 386

peliolata 387

tripartita 387

Biennial Wormwood 393

Bilberry 443, 445

Biotia 335

corymbosa 335

macrophylla 335

Bird Cherry 196

Birdseye Maple 136

Bird's-nest 456

Bird's-nest Tribe _ 456

Bishop's-cap 256

Bitter Cress 56, 57

Bittersweet 140

Bitter-weed 376

Blackberry 113, 215

Black Bilberry 446

Black Cherry 19G

Black Haw 304

Black Mcdick 172

Black Mustard 61

Black Sugar Maple 36

Black Snakeroot 22

Black Thorn 222

Bladder Ketmia 115

Bladder-nut 139

Bland's Grape 146

Blessed Thistle 404

Blood-root 43

468

Page .

Bluebottle 404

Blue Cohosh 33

Blue Huckleberry 444

Bluets 315

Bonilia 209

sylvestris 209

Boneset 329

Botrophis - 22

Bouncing Bet 1 03

Bowman' s-root 200

Brasenia 36

Hydropellis 36

peltata 36

Brathys 88

qidnqvenervia ... 88

Canadensis 89

Breeches-flower 45

Brewster 27

Buckthorn.- --- 143

Buckthorn Tribe 142

Buffalo Clover 169

Bugbane — 22

Bunias - -- 66

edentula 66

Bwjihthalmum 379

heiianlhoides 379

BUPLEURUM 266

rotundifolium — 266

Burdock 408

Bur Marigold 386

Bur-weed 376

Bush Cranberry 307

Bush Honeysuckle 300

Butterbush 313

Buttercups 14

Buttcr-wced 353

Button Snakeroot 325

GABOMBACE^ 36

Cacalia 400

atriplicifolia 401

suaveolcns 401

CACTACE^ 244

Cactus 245

Opuntia 245

Cactus Tribe 244

INDEX.

Paob.

Canotus 353

Cakilinejs 65

Cakile 65

Americana 66

edentula 66

mantima 66

Calico-bush 440

Caltha 17

integerrima 17

palustris 17

Cameline^ 63

Camelina 63

sativa 63

Campanula 426

Americana 427

amplezicaulis 428

aparlnoides 427

perfoliata 428

rotundifolia 426

CAMPANULACE^ . 426

Caper Tribe 67

Campion 100

CAPRIFOLIACE^.. 294
CAPPARIDACEjE .. 67

Caprifolium . 296

bracteosum. 298

dioicum 298

flavum 297

Fraseri 297

gratum 297

glaucum 298

parviflorum 298

pubescens 298

sempervirens 298

Caprella 65

Bursa-pastoris 65

Cardamine 56

hirsuta 57

pratensis 57

rhomboidea 56

Pennsylvaiiica . . 57

Virginica 57

Cardinal-flower - 425

Carduus 405

arvensis 407

Pask.

(Carduus) Benedictus 405

discolor . . 406

glutinosus 406

horridulus 407

lanceolatus 405

muticus 406

odoratus 407

pumilus 406

Carpet-weed 104

Carrot 280

CARYOPHYLLACE^; 92

Cashew Tribe 127

Cassandra 434

calyculata ... 434

Cassia 189

Chamsecrista 190

Marilandica 189

nictitans 190

Catchfly 100

Catgut 167

Caulophyllum 33

thalictroides 144

Ceanothus 144

Americanus 144

intermedials 145

ovalis 145

Celandine 44

CELASTRACE^ 139

Celastrus 140

scandens 140

Centadrea 404

Cyanus 404

Cephalanthus 313

occidentalis 313

Cerastium 98

arvcnse 99

connatum 98

elongatum 99

glutinosrim 100

hirsutum 98

longepedunculatum, 100

nutans 100

oblongifolium 99

Pennsylvanicuni . 99
pubescens 99

INDEX.

469

PiGE.

(Cerastium) semidecandrum, 98

ienuifolium 99

viscosum 99

villosum 99

vulgatum 98

vulgatum 99

Cerasus 195

borealis 196

depressa 195

nigra 194

obovata 196

Pennsylvanica 196

pubescens 194

pumila 195

pygmcea 195

serotina 196

serolina 196

Virginiana 19G

Virginiana 197

Cercis 188

Canadensis 1 88

Chcerophylliim 269

Canadense 269

Claytoni 282

Chamomile 391

Charlock 61

Chelidonium 44

majus 44

Cherry 195

Chickweed 97

Chimaphila 455

umbellata 455

corymbosa 455

maculata 455

Chiogenes 450

hispidula 450

Chokeberry 224

Choke Cherry... 196

Chrysa 18

Chrysanthemum 393

leucaiithemum 393

Chrysopsis 367

alba 349

linariifolia 351

felcata 367

[Flora.]

PiOE.

(Chrysopsis) Mariana 368

ClIRYSOSPLENIUM 258

Americanum 258

oppositifolium 259

CiCHORIUM 411

Intybus 411

CicuTA 267

maculata 267

bulbifera 267

CiMICIFUGA 22

racemosa 22

Cinquefoil 206

CiRCjjA 239

alpina 240

Canadensis 239

Lutetiana 239

CiRSIUM 405

arvcnse 407

Bigelovii 406

discolor 406

horridulum 407

lanceolatum 405

muticum 406

pumilum 406

Cissus 148

hederacea 148

CISTACEiE 76

Claytonia 109

Caroliniana 110

spathulafolia 110

spathulata 110

Virginica 110

Cleavers 309

Clematis 5

ochroleuca 6

sericea 6

verticillaris 7

Virginiana 6

Clethra 431

alnifolia 431

Cleome^ 67

Cleome 68

dodecandra 68

viscosa 68

Climbing Fumitory 47

60

Fagi.

Climbing Herapweed 330

Clitoria 163

Mariana 163

Clover... 167

Cnicus 404

arvensis 407

benedictus 405

discolor 406

glutinosus 406

horridultts 407

lanceolatus 405

mulicus 406

pumilus 407

Cnidium. 272

airopurpureum . . 272

Cockle 102

Cocklebur... 376

Cockspur Thorn 22 1

Coffee-tree 191

Coltsfoot 332

Columbine 19

Comaropsis 204

fragarioides 204

Doniana 204

COMARUM 211

palustre 211

COMPOSITiE 321

Composite Tribe 321

CONIOSELINUM 275

Canadensis 275

CoNiUM 282

maculatum 282

Conyza — 334

asteroides 334

camphorata 370

linifolia 334

Marilandica 370

CopTis 18

trifolia 18

Coreopsis 385

aUernifolia 384

aurea 385

procera 384

rosea 386

trichosperma 385

470

PiGE.

CORNACEiE 288

Corncockle -- 102

CoRNCS 288

alba.. 289

alternifolia 288

Canadensis 291

circinata 289

florida 290

lanuginosa 290

paniculata 289

Purshii 289

sanguinea 289

sericea 290

stolonifera 289

tomentulosa 289

CORYDALIS 48

aurea... 48

glauca 48

Cucullaria 45

Canadensis 45

Canadensis 46

formosa 46

fungosa 47

Cotton Rose 399

Cotula 391

Cowbane 267

Cow Parsnep 279

Crab-apple... 223

Craneberry 447

Cranesbill 119

Crantzia 263

lincata 263

CRASSULACEiE 251

CratjEGCs 220

coccinea 221

Crus-galli 221

Jlava 222

glandulosa 221

latifolia 222

lecophaus 222

lucida 221

oxycantha 22 1

punctata 222

pyrifolia 222

racemosa 225

INDEX.

Page.

(Crataegus) tomentosa 222

viridis 221

Creeping; Snowberry 450

Cress 51

Crotalaria 185

sagittalis 185

parviflora .. 186

Crowfoot 11

CRUCIFER^ 49

Cruciferous Tribe 49

Crypta 91

minima 91

Cryptolobus 164

Americanus. 164

sarmentosus 164

Cryptot^nia 269

Canadensis 269

Cuckoo-flower 57

Cucubalus 101

slellatus 101

Cucumber-tree 28

CUCURBIT ACEtE .. 249

Cudweed 395

CUPHEA 230

viscosissima 230

Curled Maple 136

Currant Tribe 246

Currant 246

Cyamus 38

flavicomus 38

luteus 38

Cylactis 214

montana 214

Cynthia 410

amplexicaulis 410

GriffUksii 410

Virginica 410

Virginicum, bis . . 410

Dalibarda 212

fragarioides 204

repens 213

violceoides 213

Daisy 355, 393

Dandelion 418

Datisca 128

Paoz.

Datisca hirta 128

Daucus 280

Carota 280

Decachana 448

Decamerium , ._ .. 448

dumosum 448

hirtellum 448

frondosum 449

resinosum 449

Decodon 229

verticillatum 229

Deerberry 446

Deer-grass 227

Delphinium 20

Consolida 20

Dentaria 58

concaienaia. 58

diphylla 58

laciniata 58

maxima 59

Desmodium 175

acuminatum 176

Aikinianum 177

Booltii 178

bracteosum 178

Canadense 177

canescens 177

ciliare 180

cuspidatum 1 78

Dillenii 178

Marilandicum 179

Marilandicum 177

nudiflorum 176

paniculatum 180

rigidum 180

rotundifoliura 181

viridiflorum 179

viridijlorum 177

Dewberry 216

Dicentra. - 45

Cucullaria 45

Canadensis 46

eximia 46

Diclyira 45

Cucullaria 45

INDEX.

471

Page.

Didytra Canadensis 45

eximia, (bis) 46

formosa 46

Dielytra 45

DICOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS, 1

DiERVILLA 300

Canadensis 301

humilis 301

lutea 301

Tournefortii 301

trifida.- 301

Diplostephium 348

acuminatum 348

linariifolium 35 1

cornifolium 351

umbellalam 352

DiPLopAPPus 350

albus 349

amygdalinus 352

cornifolius 351

linariifolius 351

Marianus . 368

rigidus 351

umbellatus 352

DIPSACEiE 320

DiPSAcns 320

sylvestris 320

DlSCOPLECRA -- 265

capillacea 266

Dcelingeria 349

cornifolia 351

plarmicoides 349

umbellala 352

Dogwood Tribe 288

Dolichos 160

polystachya 160

angulosus . 1 60

Draba 62

arabiscens 62

Caroliniana 62

hispidula 62

incana 62

vema 63

Drepanospron 160

Vic.r..

DROSERACE^ 81

Drosera 81

Americana . 82

filiformjs 82

foliosa 82

intermedia 82

longifolia 82

rotundifolia 81

tenuifolia 82

Dutchman's Breeches 45

Dwarf DandeHon 309

Dwarf Laurel 441

Dwarf Risk 315

ECHINOCYSTIS 250

lobata 250

Eglantine -.. 220

ELATINACEjE 91

Elatine 91

Americana 91

minima 91

Elder -. 302

Elecampane 370

Elodea 90

campanulata 90

Drummondii . 90

Fraseri 90

Virginica 90

Enchanter's Nightshade . 239

EpiGiEA 432

repens 432

Epilobium-. -- 231

angustifolium 231

alpinum -- 232

coloratum 232

lineare.. 233

molle 233

oligaiithum 233

palustre 233

rosmarinifolium . 233

spicatum 23 1

squamatum .- 233

sirictum 233

tetragonum 232

Erechtites -. 400

elon^ata 400

(Erechtites) hieracifolius. 400

hieracifolia 400

praalta 400

ERICACEiE 429

Erigema 283

bulbosa 283

Erigeron 353

ambiguum 355

annuum 355

bellidifolium 354

eamphoratum^ ... 370

Canadense 353

heterophyllum 355

integrifolium 355

nervosum 355

Philadelphieum . 355

pulchellum 354

purpureum 354

pusillum 353

spathulatum 355

strigosum 355

strigosum 355

Erodidm 121

cicutarium 121

Erophila 63

Americana 63

vulgaris 63

Erysimum 60

Bar bar ea 52

officinale 59

cheiranthoides 60

parvijlorum 60

Eubotrys — 436

racemosa 436

Eucephalus 349

albus 349

EOONYMUS 141

atropurpureus 142

Americanus 142

obovatus 142

EUPATORIACE^ .. 323

eupatorium 326

ageratoides 329

amanum 327

■ angustifolium 326

472

Pace.

(Eupatorium) aromaticum, 330

ceanothifolium 330

connaium 329

cordaium 330

dubium — 326

falcatum, 326

lanceolatum 328

leucolepis 327

maculalum 326

Marnibium 328

melissoides 330

perfo] latum 329

punctatum 326

pubescens 328

purpureum 326

rotundifolium 328

scandens 330

sessilifolium 328

ternifoUum 326

teucrifolium 327

truncatum 328

trifoliatum 327

urticifolium 329

verbenafolium . . 328

verticillatum 326

Eiiryhia -- 335

corymbosa 335

macrophylla — . 335

ECSPIR.EA 198

Euthamia 366

graminifolia 366

tenuifolia 367

Evening Primrose Tribe, 231

Evening Primrose 234

Fagopyrum 319

False Huckleberry 448

False Loosestrife 237

False Mermaid 126

False Mermaid Tribe ... 126

False Sanicle 256

False Sunflower 389

Fedia 319

Fever-root.- 301

FiLAGO 399

Germanica 399

INDEX.

Pace.

Fireweed 419

Fivefinger 208

Flax 118

Flax Tribe 117

Fleabane . 353

Fl(erkea 126

proserpinacoides . 127

palustris 127

uliginosa 127

FLOWERING PLANTS, 1

Fcetid Chamomile 390

Fool's Parsley 274

Fragaria 211

Canadensis 211

vesca 212

Virginiana 211

Fox Grape 146

French Pink 404

Frost Grape 147

Frostweed 77

Frostwort 77

FUMARIAGE.E 45

Fdmaria..., 49

aurea 48

Cucullaria 45

eximia 46

formosa.. 46

fungosa 47

glauca 48

media 49

officinalis 49

recta 47

sempervirens 48

Fumitory 49

Fumitory Tribe 45

Galatherium . 418

integrifolium 418

salicifolium 418

sanguineum 418

Galactia 162

glabella 162

Galium 309

Aparinc 309

asprellum 310

Bermudianum — 312

Page.

(Galium) boreale 312

brachiaium 312

circsezans 312

circxoides 312

Claytoni 310

cuspidatum 311

obtMSum 310

Pennsylvanicum . 311

pilosum 311

septentrionale 312

stricium 312

suaveolen% 311

tinctorium 310

trifidum 310

triflorum 311

Galega 167

Virginiana 167

GauUheria 433

procumbens 433

hispidula 450

serpyllifolia 450

Gatjra 236

biennis 236

Gaylussacia 448

dumosa 448

frondosa 449

resinosa 449

Gautiera 433

procumbens 433

Genista 185

tinctoria 185

GERANIACE^ 119

Geranium 119

Carolinianum 120

cictitamim 121

maculatum 119

pusillum 120

Robertianum 121

Giant Bird's-nest 458

Geranium Tribe 119

Geum 201

agrimonioides 209

Canadense 202

ranunculoides 202

rivals 203

PiOE.

(Geum) strictum 202

triflorum 203

Virginianum 202

GlLLENIA... -. 200

trifoliata 200

stipulacca 201

Ginseng 286

Gleditschia 192

triacanthus 192

Globe-flower 18

Glycine 101, 164

Apios 161

bracleata 164

comosa 164

monoica 164

pedancularis 161

regular is 162

sarmentosa 164

Gnaphalium 395

Americanum 397

decurrens 396

dioicurn [3 398

Gerraanicum 399

margaritaceum. - 398

obtusifolium 396

plantagineum 398

planlaginifolium. 398

polycephalum 396

spatulatum 397

P ennsylvanicum . 397

purpureum 307

uliginosum 397

Goat's Rue 167

Gold of Pleasure 63

Goldenrod 356

Golden Saxifrage 258

Goldthread.. --- 18

Gooseberry 246

Gourd Tribe 249

Grass of Parnassus 83

Gravel-plant 432

Great Burnet 205

Great Laurel 437

Great Water-lily 37

Greenweed 185

[Flora.]

INDEX.

ViGT..

GROSSULACEiE 246

Grossularia 246

Ground Laurel 432

Groundnut 161

Groundsel 401

Groundsel-bush 309

Guelder Rose 303

Guilandina 191

dioica 191

Gymnocladus 191

Canadensis . 191

FLVLORAGEiE 240

HAMAMELACEiE .. 259

Hamamelis 260

macrophylla . 260

Virginica 260

Hardback 199

Hard Maple 135

Harebell 426

Harpalyce 415

alba 415

Hawkweed 412

Hawthorn 221

Heath Tribe... 429

Hedge Mustard 59

Hedyotis 315

ciliolata 310

CEeruIea 315

longifolia 316

glomerata 317

Hedysarum 175

acuminatum 176

Aikini 177

bracteosum 178

Canadense 177

canescens 177

ciliare 180

cuspidaium 178

divergens 183

frutescens 184

hirtum 184

Marilandicum -. 184

midijlorum 176

oblusum 179

paniculatum 181

61

473

Tint.

Hedysarum prosiratum. . 182

repens 182

reticulatum 183

rigidum 180

rolundifolium. 181

violaceum .. 183

viridiflorum, 177, 179

Hellebore 19

Heliantheje 378

Helianthemum 77

Canadense 77

corymbosum 77

ramulijlorum 77

rosmarinifolium . 77

Helianthus 381

allissimus . . 381, 382

decapetalus 382

divaricatus 383

frondosus 382

giganteus -- 381

lavis 379

macrophyllus 382

multifiorus 382

strumosus 382

struviosus 382

tenuifolius 382

truncatus 383

tubcrosus 383

Heleastrum 349

album 349

Helenium 389

autumnale 389

Heliopsis 378

liEvis 379

Helleborus 19

trifolius 18

viridis 19

Hempweed 326

Hepatica 10

acutiloba 10

Americana ^-- - 10
triloba 10

Heraclecm 279

lanatum 279

Herba Impia 399

474

Paoe.

Herb Robert 121

Heth 431

Heuchera 256

Americana 256

Cortusa 256

viscida 256

Hezameria 250

Hibiscus 114

clypeatus 114

Moscheutos 115

pallidus 115

palustris 115

Trionum 115

Virginicus 114

HiERACItJM 412

Canadense 412

fasciculaium 412

Gronovii 413

Gronovii (3 413

Kalmii 412

macrophyllum — 412
Marianum, bis - . 413

paniculatum 414

scabrutn 412

vetiosum 414

virgatum 412

High-belia 424

High Cranberry 307

HIPPOCASTANACEjE,

138

HiPPURis 244

vulgaris 244

Hobblebush 308

Hog-apple 35

Hog-nut 164

Hog-wecd 376

HONCKENYA 93

pcploides 93

Honewort 269

Honey Locust 192

Honeysuckle 296

Honeysuckle Tribe 294

Hop Clover 170

Horse Chestnut 138

Horse Gentian 301

INDEX.

Paoe.

Horse-weed 353

Houseleek Tribe 25 1

Housionia 315

angustifolia 317

auricularia 316

ciliolata 316

ccerulea 216

Linruei 316

longifolia 317

serpyllifolia 316

Huckleberry 443

HUDSONIA 80

ericoides 80

tomentosa 80

Huntsman' s-cup 42

Hydrastide^ 26

Hydrastis 26

Canadensis 26

Hydrocotyle 262

Americana 262

ambigua 283

bipinnata 283

composila 283

lineata 263

umbellata 262

umbellata 263

Hyoseris 410

amplexicaulis 410

prenanthoides 310

Virginica 410

HYPERICACE^ 84

Hypericum 85

amplexicaule 85

ascyr aides 85

campanulatu7n - - 90

Canadense 89

corymbosum 87

elliplicum 88

Kalmianum 86

macrocarpon 85

maculatum 87

micranthum 87

mutilum 88

nudicaule 89

parviflorum 88

Paoe.

(Hypericum) perforatum- 86

punctatum 87

pyramidatum 85

quinquenervium - 88

spharocarpum 88

Sarothra 89

Yirginicuni 90

Hypopithys 457

Europaa 457

lanuginosa 457

ILLECEBRACE^..- 104

Impatiens 124

bijiora 125

fulva 125

maculata ..-- 125

nolitangerc 125

pallida 125

Imperatoria 276

lucida 276

Indian Chickweed 103

Indian Currant 296

Indian Fig 245

Indian Mallow 103

InJian Physic 200

Indian Pipe 456

Indian Plantain 401

Indian Tobacco 425

Inula 370

falcata 367

Helenium 370

Mariana 368

lonidium 76

SprengelcB 76

Iron-weed 322

Isnardia 238

allernifolia 238

asccndens 239

palustris 238

sphmrocarpa 238

IvA 374

frutescens 374

Jeffersonia 34

Bartonis 34

bitiata 34

diphylla 34

PAor.

Jewel-weed 125

Joe Pye Weed 326

Judas-tree 188

Kalmia 440

anguslifoHa 441

glauca 441

latifolia 440

polifolia 441

rosmarinifolia 441

Kidney bean 159

Knawel Tribe 107

Knotgrass 104

Kricia 409

amplexicaulis 410

Virginica 409

Labrador Tea 442

Lacthca 418

elongata 418

hirsuia 418

inlegrifolia 418

longifolia 418

sagitlifolia 418

villosa 419

Lactuce^ 412

Lady's-slipper 124

Lambkill 441

Lappa 408

major 408

Larkspur 20

Lasierpa 450

hispidula.. 450

Lasiorhegma 190

Lathyrcs 157

glaucifolius 157

maritimus 157

myrtifolius 158

ochroleucus 157

palustris 158

pisiformis, his 157

slipulaceus 158

venosus 157

Laurel 440

Leaf-cup 371

Lechea 78

Drummondii 78

INDEX.

Pior.

(Lechea) major 78

major 77

minor 79

minor 78

racemulosa 79

tenuifolia 79

thymifolia 79

ihymifolia 79

villosa 78

Ledum 442

latifolium 442

palustre 442

LEGUiWINOS^ 153

Leontice 33

Leontodon 418

Taraxacum 418

Lepachys 380

angustifolia 381

pinnata 381

Lepidium 64

campcstre 64

Virginicum 65

Lespedeza 181

angustifolia 184

capitata 184

divergens 183

frulescens.. 183, 184

fruticosa 184

hirta 183

polyslachya 183

procumbens 1 82

repcns 182

reticulata 183

sessiliflora 183

villosa 184

violacea 183

Lettuce -.. 418

LEUCANTHEMnjI 392

vulgare 393

Leucothoe 435

Mariana 435

LiATRis 324

aspera 325

cylindrica 324

fiexuosa . 324

475

P»OI.

(Liatris) helerophijlla 325

macrostachya 325

scariosa 325

spliteroidea 325

spicala 325

squarrulosa 325

slricla 324

Life-everlasting.. 396

Life-root 402

LIGULIFLOR.I; 409

Ligusticum 273

barbinode 273

LIMNANTHACEiE-- 126
LINACEjE 117

LiNDM 118

usitatissimum 118

Virginianum 118

Linden Tribe 116

LiNN^A 294

borealis 295

Lion's-foot 415

LiRIODENDRON 28

Tulipifera 28

Live-forever 252

Lobadium 131

aromaiicum 131

Lobelia 422

cardinalis 425-

Clayloniana 423

Dortmanna 424

Goodenioides 423

gracilis 423

inflata 423

Kalmii 422

Kalmii /3 423

leptostachys 423

Nuttallii 423

siphilitica 424

spicata 423

LOBELIACEiE. 422

Lobelia Tribe . - 421

Locust 165

LOMENTACE^ 65

Lonicera 296

caerulea 299

476

Page.

(Lonicera) Canadensis . . 299

ciliata 299

ciliata 407

Diervilla 301

dioica 298

flava 297

Goldii 298

grata - 297

hirsuta 298

oblongifolia 300

parviflora 298

pubescens 298

sempervirens 296

symphoricarpus . . 296

villosa 298, 300

Loosestrife Tribe 227

Low-belia.. 424

Lucerne.- -- 171

LuDwiGiA - 237

alternifolia 237

macrocarpa 237

nitida 239

palustris - 238

ramosissima 237

sphaerocarpa 238

Lupine 186

LuPiNUs 186

perennis 186

Lussacia 448

Lychnis 102

Githago..- 102

Lyonia - 435

liguslrina 436

Mariana 435

paniculata 436

LYTHRACE^ 227

Lythrum.- 229

hyssopifolia 229

hyssopifolium 229

verticillatum 229

Macrotys 22

Madder Tribe 309

MAGNOLIACEiE ... 27

Magnolia 27

acuminata 28

INDEX.

Page.

(Magnolia) glauca 27

Iripetala 28

Umbrella. 28

Mallow Ill

Mallow Rose 115

Mallow Tribe Ill

Mains 223

Coronaria 223

Malva 111

rotundifolia Ill

sylvestris 1 12

MALVAGE^ 111

Mandrake 35

iMaple 134

Maple Tribe 134

Marestail 244

Marsh Cinquefoil 210

Marsh Cress 51

Marsh Elder 374

Marsh Fleabane 369

Marshmallow 112

Marsh Marigold 17

Marsh Pennywort 262

Maruta 390

Gotula 391

May-apple 35

Mayweed 391

Meadow Beauty 227

Meadow Parsnep 270

Meadow Rue 23

Medicago 171

sativa 171

lupulina 172

Virginica 183

MELASTOMACE^.. 226

Melilot... 170

Melilotcs 170

leucantha 171

officinalis.. 170

vulgaris ... 170, 171
MENISPERMAGE/E. 31

Mf.nispermum 31

Canadense 31

Virginicum 31

Mcrmaid-weed 240

Page.

Mespilus 221

arborea 225

arbutifolia 224

Canadensis 225

Crus-galli 22 1

cuneifolia 222

lucida 22 1

punctata 222

pyrifolia 222

Micropetalum 97

gramineum 97

lajiceolatum 98

MiKANIA 330

scandens 330

Milk Pea 162

Milk Vetch... 172

Milk-vine 162

Milkwort 149

Milkwort Tribe. 149

Milne's tomato pill 29

MiTCHELLA 314

repens 314

MiTELLA 256

cordifolia 257

diphylla 257

nuda 257

prostrata 257

reniformis 257

Mithridate Mustard 64

Mitrewort 257

Modesty 266

MCEHRINGIA 96

lateriflora 96

MOLLUGINE^ 103

MOLLUGO 103

verticillata 104

Momordica 250

echinata 250

Moneses 454

grandiflora 454

Monkshood 21

MONOTROPA 456

Hypopilhys 457

lanuginosa 457

Morisoniana 457

INDEX.

477

Faoe.

(Monotropa) procera 458

unifiora 456

MONOTROPE* 456

Moonseed 31

Mooscwood 135

Mountain Ash 224

Mountain Maple 135

Mouse-ear Chickweed . . 98

Mouse-car Cress 60

Mugwort 395

MULOEDICM 419

acuminatum 419

leucophoeum 420

Mustard 61

Myagrum 63

sativum 63

Myriophyllum 241

ambiguum 243

capillaceuni 243

heterophy Hum 242

procumhens 243

spicatum 242

tenellum 243

verticillatum 242

Myrrhis 281

Canadensis 269

Claytoni 281

longistylis 281

Nabalus 415

albus 415

altissimus 416

Boottii 417

cordatus 416

Fraseri 416

integrifolius 416

nanus 417

serpentarius 415

serpentarius (3. ._ 416

trilobatus 416

Nandine^ 33

Nardosmia 331

Hookeriana 331

palmata 331

speciosa 331

Nasaa 229

[Flora. J

Pace.

Nasaa verticillata 229

Nasturtium 51

hispidum 51

natans 52

palustre 51

Nectris 127

pinnata 127

NELUMBIACEiE 37

Nelumbium 37

luteum 37

Newcastle Thorn 221

New- Jersey Tea 144

Nonesuch 172

Nuphar 39

ad vena 40

Kalmiana 40

lutea 39

NYMPHiEA 39

advena 40

alba 39

Kalmiana 40

lulea 39

minor 39

Ndumbo 38

odorata 39

NYMPH^ACE^ ... 38

CEnanthe 278

ambigua 278

rigida 278

CEnothera 234

ambigua 235

biennis 234

chrysantha 235

cruciata 234

fruticosa 234

grandijlora 234

hybrida 235

incana 235

linearis 235

muricata 234

parvijlora 234

pumila 236

pusilla 236

Oldenlandia 317

glomeraia 317

62

P»GE.

Oldenlandia uniflora 317

Oil of wintergrccn 433

ON AGRACEiE 23 1

Opuntia 245

vulgaris 245

Orange-root 26

Orchidocarpum 30

arietinum 30

Orpine 252

Osmorhiza 281

brevistylis 282

longistylis 281

0XALIDACE./E 122

OXALIS 122

Acetosella 122

Americanum 122

Dillenii 123

recurva 123

stricta 123

violacea 123

Oxeye 378

O.TCye Daisy 392

Oxycoccus 447

hispidulus 450

macTocarpus 447

palustris 447

vulgaris 447

Oxytripolium 349

Panax 286

quinquefolium 286

trifolium 287

PAPAVERACEiE ... 43

Papuw 30

Pappoose-root 33

Parnassia 83

Americana 83

Caroliniana 83

■ovala S3

palustris 83

PARNASSIEiE 83

Parsnep 278

Pastinaca 277

ambigua 278

rigida 278

sativa 278

478

PiOE.

(Pastinaca) triquinata . . 277

Patridge-berry 314, 433

Patridge Pea 190

Pear 223

Pearlwort 93

Pencil-flower 174

Penny Cress 64

Peplis 91

Americana 91

Pepper-root 58

Pepperwort 64

Penthorum 253

sedoides 253

Pernettya 451

Phaca 173

neglecta 173

Phalackroloma 355

obtusifolium 355

Phalerocarpus 450

serpyllifolia 450

Phaseolus 160

diversifolius 160

helvolus 161

macrostachyos 160

paniculatus 160

peduncularis 161

perennis 160

vexillatus 161

Physocarpus 198

Picrococcus 446

Pink Tribe 92

Pinweed 78

Pipsissewa 455

Pisum 157

maritimum 157

Pliyopsis 367

falcata 367

Ploughman's Spikenard . 368

Pluchea 369

camphorata 369

Marilandica 370

Podalyria 187

tincioria 187

Podophyllum 35

pcltatum 35

INDEX.

PjOF,.

Poison Elder 130

Poison Hemlock 282

Poison Sumach 130

POLANISIA 67

graveolens 67

POLYGALA 149

ambigua 151

brevifolia 150

cruciala 150

cuspidata 150

paucifolia 152

polygama 152

purpurea .. 150, 152

rubella 152

sanguinea 149

Senega 151

uniflora 152

verticillata 150

POLYGALACEiE ... 149

POLYMNIA 371

Canadensis 371

Uvedalia 372

POME^ 220

Pond Dogwood... 313

Poor Robert's Plantain. . 354

Poppy Tribe 43

Porcelia 30

triloba 30

PORTULACA 109

oleracea 109

PORTULACACE^-. 108

POTENTILLA 207

Anserina 210

argentea 209

arguta 209

Canadensis 208

Comarum . . 211

confertiflora 209

Jloribnnda 210

fruticosa 210

Norvegica 207

palustris 211

Pennsylvaiiica . . 209

pumila 208

sarmentosa 208

P&GE.

(Potentilla) simplex 208

tridentata 207

Prenanihes 415

alba 415, 416

alba, (5. nana 417

aliissima 416

cordaia 416

delloidea 416

rubicunda . . 415, 416

Serpentaria 415

suavis 415

Prickly Ash .- 132

Prickly Pear 245

Prince's-pine 455

Proserpinaca 240

palustris 241

pectinacea 241

Prunus 194

acuminata 195

borealis 196

depressa 195

lanceolata 196

littoralis 194

maritima 194

obovata 196

Pennsylvanica . . 196

pubescens 194

pygmcea 195

rubra 196

serotina 196, 197

spha!rocarpa 194

Susquehanna 195

Virglniana, 196, 197

Ptelea 133

trifoliata 133

Pterospora 458

Andromcdea 458

Purple Avens 203

Purple Loosestrife 229

Purselnne 109

Pursclano Tribe 103

Pyrola 451

asarifolia 452

chlorantha 453

eUiptica 452

(Pyrola) maculata 456

rotundifolia 451

secunda 451

uliginosa 453

umbellala 455

uniflora 454

PYROLACE^ 451

Pyrus 223

Americana 224

arbutifolia 224

Botryapiun 225

coronaria 223

floribunda 224

grandijlora . 224

melanocarpa 224

ovalis 225

sanguinea 225

Q.ucen-of-the-meadow 198

Queria 105

Canadensis 105

Rabbit' s-foot 168

Radish 66

Rag-weed 375

RANUNCULACE.E . 5

Ranunculus 11

abortivus 13

acris 14

aquatilis 11

bulbosus 16

Canadensis .. 16

Clintonii 15

Cymbalaria 12

delphinifolius 14

fascicularis 15

filiformis .... 12

Flammula 11

fluvialilis 14

intermedins 15

lacuslris 14

Marilandicus 15

muUifidus 14

nilidus 15

Pennsylvanicus . . 15

Purshii 14

pusillus 12

INDEX.

rAOE.

(Ranunculus) recurvatus. 16

repens 14

rcplans 11, 12

scclcratus 13

Raphane^ 65

Raphanus 66

Raphanistrum 66

Raspberry.. 213

Ralllebox - 185

Raltlesnake-root 415

Redbud 188

Red Clover 167

Red Maple 137

Red Plum 194

Red Puccoon 43

Redrod 290

Red-root 43, 145

RHAMNACE^ 142

Rhamnus 143

alnifoliiis 143

catharticus 143

franguloides . 143

Rheumatism-root 34

Rhexia 227

Virginica 227

Rhododendron 437

hispidum 439

Lapponicum 438

maximum 437

nudiflorum 439

Rhodora 440

Canadensis 440

Rhus 128

aromatica 131

Canadense. . 128, 131

Caroliniana 129

Copallina 129

elegans 129

glabra 129

radicans 130

suaveolens 131

Toxicodendron .. 130

typhina 128

venenata 130

Vernix 130

479

PiGE.

(Rhus) Virginicum 129

viridiflora 128

Ribes -- 246

Cynosbati 246

floridum 218

glandulcsum 248

gracile 246, 247

lacustre 247

nigrum li 248

oxycanihioides . . 247
Pennsylvanicum - 248

prostratum 248

recurvaium . 248

rotundifolium 247

trijlorum 247

Robinia 165

Pseudaoacia 165

Rock-rose 77

Rock-rose Tribe 76

Rosa 218

blanda -.. 219

Carolina 218

Carolina 219

Carol iniana 218

corymbosa 218

fraxinifolia 219

gemella 219

lucida 218

farvifiora 219

Pensylvanica, 218, 219

Rapa 219

rubiginosa 220

suaveolens 220

ROSACEiE 193

Roscyna 85

Americana 85

Rose 218

Rose-bay 437

Rose Campion 102

RUBIACEiE 309

RuBus 213

Canadensis 216

Canadensis 214

cuneifolius 217

Dalibarda 213

480

Paof..

(Ruhus) flagellaris 216

frondosus 215

hispidus 217

Idceus 214

ohovalis 217

obovatus 217

occidentalis 215

odoratus 213

parvifolius 217

Pennsylvanicus. - 214

procumbens 216

saxaiilis 214

sempervirens 217

setosus . 217

strigosus-- 214

triflorus - 214

villosus — 215

RUDBECKIA 379

digitata- - - 381

hirta .- 379

laciniata 380

opposilifolia 379

pinnata 381

serotina 380

iomenlosa - 381

Sacred-bean 37

Sacred-bean Tribe 37

Sagina 93

apetala 94

procumbens 93

Sambucus 302

Canadensis 303

pubens 302

pubescens 302

racemosa 302

Sand-cherry 195

Sand-plum 194

Sandwort 94

Sanguinaria 43

Canadensis 43

Sanouisorba 205

Canadensis 205

media 205

Sanicle 264

Sanicula 264

INDEX.

PiGE.

(Sanicula) Canadensis .. 265

Marilandica 264

Saponaria 103

noctiflora 101

officinalis 103

Vaccaria 103

Saroihra geiitianoides - - 89

Sarracenia - 41

hcUrophylla 41

purpurea 41

SARRACENIA CEiE - 41

Saxifraga 254

elongaia 255

nivalis 255

Pennsylvanica 255

vernalis 255

Virginianus 255

SAXIFRAGACE^ .. 254

Saxifrage Tribe 254

Scabious Tribe 320

SCLERANTHACE^, 107

SCLERANTHUS 108

annuus - 108

Scurvy-grass - 52

Sea Chickvveed — 93

Sea Rocket 66

Sedum 252

telephioides 252

Telcphium 252

Senecio 402

at riplicif alius — 401

aureus - 402

Balsamitm 402

ciliatus 353

hieracifolius 400

obovatus 402

suaveolens 401

vulgaris 402

Senecionide^ - 371

Senega Snakcroot 151

Sensitive Pea --- 190

Sericocarpus 333

conyzoides 333

solidaginoides 334

Serraiula 323

Page.

Serraiula glauca 323

Noveboracensis . . 323

scariosa 325

spicata 325

Service-tree 225

Sheep Laurel 441

Sheep Poison. 441

Shepherd's-purse 65

Shinleaf 451

Shrubby Bittersweet 140

Shrubby Cinquefoil 210

Shrubby Trefoil 133

Sicklepod 55

SicYos 249

acuius 249

angulatus 249

SiDA 113

Abutilo/i 113

spinosa 113

Sidesaddle-flower 41

Sieversia 203

rosea 204

triflora 204

SiLENE 100

Antirrhina 101

noctiflora 101

Pennsylvanica .. 101

plalypetala 102

stellata 100

Virginica 102

Virginica 102

SlLENE^ 100

SlLICULOS^ 61

SiLiauos^ 50

SiLPHIUM 373

atropurpureujii - . 373

helianthoides 379

ternalum 373

trifoliatum 373

Silver-Ieavcd Maple 136

Silverweed 210

SiNAPis 61

arvensis 61

nigra 61

Single-seeded Cucumber . 249

INDEX.

481

r»o>;.

Sison 266

aureus 271, 272

bulboium 283

Canadense. 269

capillaceus 256

integerrimus 271

marginalus 278

SlSYMBRE^ 59

Sisymbrium 59

arabidoides 54

dentalum 54

officinale 59

Thaliana 60

SiUM 268

Canadense 269

denliculalum 278

latifolium 268

lineare 268

rigidius 278

ienuifolium 269

tricuspidatnm 278

Sloe 304

Smyrnium 270

atropurpureum . - 272

aureum 271, 273

barbinode 273

cordala 270

integerrimnm 27 1

trifolialum, 270

Snap-weed 12

Sneeze-weed 389

Snowberry 295

Soapwort 103

SOLEA 75

concolor 76

SOLIDAGO 356

alussiraa 363

arguta 362

arguta 362

aspera 363

asperata 361

axillaris -. 358

bicolor 356

caesia 350

Canadensis 365

[Flora.J

PiOL.

(Solidago) ciliare 362

cinarescens 364

confertijlora. 356

flexicaulis 358

gigantea 366

giganlea 365

graminifolia 366

grandiflora 359

hispida 364

humilis 363

lavigata 360

lanccolata 366

lanceolala ^. 367

latifolia 356

limonifolia 360

livida 358

Muhlenbergii 362

noglccta 361

nemoralis 364

nutans. 365

odora 364

Ohioensis 360

patula 301

procera 365

relrorsa 364

rigida 359

Tugosa 363

sempervirens 360

serotina 365

serotina 366

squarrosa 356

stricta 366

tenuifolia 366

ulmifolia 363

Virga-aurea 359

SoNCHOS 420

acuminatus 419

acuminatus 420

alpinus 420

arvcnsis 421

asper 421

Canadensis 420

Carolinianus 421

ciliattis 420

fallax 421

63*

Paoe.

(Sonchus) Floridanus, 419, 420

oleraccus 420

oleraceus fS. 421

pallidus 420

spicalus 420

spinosus 421

spinulosus 421

Sorbus 224

Americana 224

aucuparia 224

Sophora 188

australis 188

alba 188

Sowthistle 420

Spanish Needles 389

Spearwort 11

Specularia 428

pcrfoliata 428

Speroula 106

arvensis 106

Canadensis 106

rubra 106

Spergularia 106

arvensis 106

rubra 106

Spergulastrum 97

gramineum 97

lanceolatum 98

Sperodle^ — 106

SVIRMK -- 198

Aruncus 199

opiilifolia 193

salicifolia 198

stipulacea 201

slipulata 201

tomentosa 199

trifoliata 200

Spikenard 284

Spindle-tree 141

Spindle-tree Tribe 139

Spring Beauty 109

Spring Cress 56

Spotted Wintergrceu 455

Spurrey 106

Squaw Huckleberry 446

482

Page.

Squaw-root -- 302

Squirrel-corn.- - 46

St. John's-wort 84

St. Peter' s-wort 84

Stagshorn Sumach 128

Staphylea 139

trifolia 139

Star Thistle 404

Steeple-bush 199

Stellaria 97

borealis 98

graminea 97

Granlandica 96

lanceolata 98

longifolia.' 97

media 97

Stenactis 355

ambigua 355

annua 355

Beyrichii 355

strigosa 355

Slenotheca 413

Mariana 413

venosa 414

Sticktight 389

Stinking Ash 133

Stitchwort 97

Stone Clover 168

Stonecrop 252

Storksbill 121

Strawberry 211

Strawberry-tree 142

Striped Maple 135

Stylosanthes 174

elatior 174

hispida 175

Sugar Maple 135

Sumach 128

Summer Grape 146

Sundew 81

Sundew Tribe 81

Sundrops 234

Sunflower 381

Swamp Dogwood 123

Swamp Huckleberry 445

INDEX.

PiOB.

Swamp Laurel 441

Swamp Maple 137

Swamp Willow-herb 229

Sweating-weed 114

Sweet Bay 27

Sweet Brier... 220

Sweet Cicely 281

Sweet Coltsfoot 331

Sweet Locust-. 192

Sweet Pepperbush 431

Sweet Scabious 355

Symphoria 295

glomerata 290

raccmosa 295

Tanacetum 393

vulgare 393

Tansey 393

Taraxacum 417

Dens-leonis 418

Tare 156

Teabcrry 433

Teasel 320

Tephrosia 166

Virginiana 167

Thalictrum 23

anemonoides 24

Cornuti 23

corynellum 24

dioicum 23

lavigalum 23

polygamum 24

fubescens 24

revoluium 24

rugosum 24

Thapsia 273

trifoliata 273

Thaspium 272

atropurpureum . . 272

aurcum 273

aureum 271

barbinode 273

cordalum .. 270, 272

Thimble-berry 215

Thimble-weeJ 8

Thlaspide^; 64

PiOE.

Thlaspi 64

arvense 64

Bursa-pasloris .. 65

campesire 64

Thorn-tree 220

Thoroughwort 266, 329

Tiarella.. 258

cordifolia 258

Tickseed Sunflower 385

TlLlACEiE 116

TiLIA .-. 116

Americana 116

Canadensis 116

glabra 116

TiLLiEA 251

ascendens 251

simple.x 25 1

Tobacco-pipe 456

Toothwort 58

Touch-me-not 125

Tower Mustard 53

Trailing Arbutus 432

Treacle Mustard 60

Trichospcrma 152

Tripolium 350

Jlexuosum 350

subulatum 350

Trifolium 167

agrarium 1 70

biflorum 175

officinale 170

Pe7iiisylvanicum . 169

pratense 168

reflexura 169

repens 169

Triosieospermum 302

Triosteum 301

majus 302

perfoliatum 301

Trollius 18

Americana 18

laxus 18

Troximon Virginicum.. 410
Trumpet Honeysuckle . . 296
Tulip-tree 28

INDEX.

483

Pace.

Turkey Corn - 46

Turkey-pod 55

Turpinia -. — 131

TURRITIS 53

glabra 53

hirsuta 53

stricta 53

TUSSILAGO 332

Farfara - 332

palmata 331

Twin-flower 295

Twin-leaf -- 24

UMBELLIFER^ 261

Universe 431

Uraspermum 281

Clayioni 281

hirsutum 281

UVARIA 30

triloba 30

Vaccineje 443

Vaccinium 443

album 447

Canadcnse 446

corymbosum 445

decamerocarpum . 449
dissomorphum,4i5, 446

dumosum 448

elevatum 447

frondosum 449

fuscatum 445

gaultherioides 443

glaucum .- 449

hirtellum 448

hispidulum 450

ligustrinum 436

macrocarpon 447

parviflorum 449

Pennsylvanicum . 444
Pennsylvanicum . 444

pubescens 443

resinnsum 449

stamineum 440

stamineus 416

tenellum 445

uliginosum 443

PiOE.

(Vaccinium) vacillans — 444

veiiusium 446

virgatum . . 444, 445

Valerian 318

Valeriana 318

dioica 318

sylvatica 318

syh-atica 318

VALERIANACEiE-- 318

Velvet-leaf 113

Venetian Mallow 115

Verbedna Coreopsis 384

Vernonia 322

Noveboracensis. . 323

prctalta 323

Vetch 154, 156

Viburnum 303

acerifolium 306

cassinoides 304

dcntatum 305

grandifolium 308

Lantana 308

lantanoides 308

Lentago 305

nudum -. 304

opuloides . - 307

Opulus 307

Oxycoccus (bis) . . 307

pauciflorum 307

prunifolium 304

pubescens 306

pyrifolium 304

Rafinesqidanum . 3d6

srjuamatum 304

tomeniosum 306

Irilobum 307

villosum 306

Vicia --- 154

Americana 154

Cracca 155

Mitchilli 156

saliva 156

tetrasperma 155

Vine 145

Vine Tribe 145

Paob.

Viola 69

affmis 70

Alleghaniensis . . 71

arvensis 75

asarifolia. - 73

bicolor 78

blanda - 72

Canadensis. 75

concolor 76

cucullata 70

debilis 73

digilata 69

eriocarpa 74

Jlabellifolia 69

heterophylla 70

lanceolata 72

Lewisiana 73

Muhlenbergii 73

Muhlenbergiana - 73

obliqua 70

ochroleuca 73

ovala 71

palmata 69

papilionacea . 70

pcdata 69

Pennsylvanica . . 74

primula;folia 72

primulifolia . 71

pubescens 74

punctata 73

rostrata 73

repens 73

rotundifolia 71

sagittata 71

scabriuicnla 74

Selkirkii 70

striata 73

stricta 75

tenella 75

tricolor 75

uliginosa 73

VIOLACEiE 68

Violet 75

Violet Tribe 68

Virginian Creeper 148

484

Page.

Virginian Stonecrop 253

Virgiu's-bower 5

VITACE^ 145

ViTis 145

aestivalis 146

cordifolia 147

hederacea 148

Labrusca 146

guinguefolia 148

riparia 147

vulpina 147

Waldsteinia 204

fragarioides 204

Wall Cress... 53, 60

Warneria Canadensis . . 26

Water Avens 203

Water Gladiole 424

Water Hemlock 267

Water Marigold 388

Water Milfoil 241

Water Parsuep 268

Water-shield 36

Water-shield Tribe 36

Water-target 36

Waterwort 71

Waxwork 149

White Cohosh 22

White Lettuce 415

White Maple. 136

White Poplar 29

White Snakeroot 329

White Thorn 221

White-weed 393

Whitewood 116

Whortleberry Tribe 443

INDEX.

PiOE.

Wild Balsam-apple 250

Wild Chamomile 391

Wild Cherry 196

Wild Curcuma 26

Wild Elder 285

Wild Flax 63, 118

Wild Honeysuckle 384

Wild Indigo 187

Wild Lettuce 419

Wild Liquorice 312

Wild Mustard 61

Wild Peppergrass 65

Wild Pink 101

Wild Radish 66

Wild Rosemary 434

Wild Sarsaparilla 285

Wild Senna 189

Wild Sensitive Plant ... 190

Wild Tansey 210

Wild Teasel 320

Wild Wormwood 394

Willow-herb 231

Windflowor 7

Winter Cress 52

Winter Grape 147

Wintergreen 451

Wintergreen Tribe 351

Witch Hazel 260

Wood-sorrel 122

Wood-sorrel Tribe 122

Woodwaxen 185

Wolfsbane 20

Wormwood 393, 394

Xanthidm 376

echinatum 377

Paoe.

(Xanthium) macrocarpon, 377

maculatum 377

orientale 377

spinosum 377

strumarium 376

XANTHOXYLACEiE, 132

Xylosteum 299, 447

ciliatum 299

oblongifolium 300

Solonis 299

tartaricum 299

villosum 299

Yarrow 392

Yellow Clover 170

Yellow Plum 194

Yellow Poplar 29

Yellow Puccoon 26

Yellow Rocket 52

Yellow-root 25, 26

Zanthorhiza 25

apiifolia 25

simplicissima 25

Zanthoxylum 132

Americanum 132

Clava-Herculis.. 132

fraxineum 133

mile 133

ramiflorutn 133

iricarpum 133

Zenobia 436

racemosa.. 436

Zizia 270

aurea 271

cordata 270

integerrima 27 1

END OF VOLUME I.

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BINDING SECT. JUL 1 0 1969

OH Natural history of New York

105

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V.6

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