MARY D. ROGICK u. /^c. ..^--si ^ /^^'^^^ ''^'- U. ( ROGICK COLLECTION r/,Al.> . . i^oGlCK M €- Natural ^ifitorji ^f ^ittirria* PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF VICTOEIA; FIGORES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADS XVI. FEEDERICK McCOY, C.M.G.,M.A.,Sc.D. Cantab. J.E.S., BONOIUBT UEUBER OP THE CAUBKtDGE PHILOSOPHICAL 80CIETT ; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL 80CIETT OP NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MESIBER OP THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; BONORABT MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SODTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBDRGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. ADTBOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " '* SYNOPSIS OF THE SILDRIAN FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "contributions TO BRITISH PAUEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S "BEITlSa PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" " PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC. PHOFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVEKSITT. GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OP MELBOURNE, ETC. MELBOURNE : BY AUTHORITY : HOBT. 8. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PBINTER. LONDON ; TBiJBNEE AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE UILL. UDCCCLXXXVIII. ADVERTISEMENT. It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken, by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and interesting to the general pubhc, and contribute to the advancement of science. As the geological and botanical investigations have already approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it has been decided now to commence the publication of the third branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or indigenous members of the thfferent classes of the animal kingdom. The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary prehminary to the publication to have a large number of di-a wings made, as opportunity arose, fi'om the living or fi-esh examples of many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or preliminary issue, in the form' of Decades, or numbers of ten plates, each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be pubUshed, of such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume to be published for each class when it approaches completion. Natural gistarn af Wutam. PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF YICTORIA; FIGURES AND DESCEIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE XVI. FEEDERICK McCOY, C.M.G., M.A.,Sc. D.Cantab., F.R.S., HONORARY MEHIBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETT ; HONORAKY ACTIVE MEMBER OP THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETT OF LOiNDON ; HONORARY MESIBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETT OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. AtrrnoR of " synopsis of the carboniferous limestonk fossils of Ireland ; " " synopsis of the selurian fossils of IRELAND;" "contributions TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S ^ "BRITISH PAL.ff:oZ01C ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" " PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," KTC. PROFESSOR OP NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OP MELBOURNE, ETC. MELBOURlSrE : BY AUTHORITY : EOBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. LONDON : TRDBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATEH LL. M DCCC LXXXVUI. PEEFACE. This sixteenth Decade gives an illustration, of the natural colors of life, of the beautiful species of Monitor Lizard, M. Gouldi, from the warmer latitudes of the colony, allied to the large Lace Lizard, or so-called Iguana, Hydrosaurus varnis, figured on our Plate 41, of the districts neai'er the Southern coast. The next two plates illustrate two genera {Pygojyus and Debna) of those extraordinary Snake-shaped Lizards without feet, popularly supposed, both by the aborigines and settlers, to be highly poisonous snakes, although perfectly harmless. Plate 154 gives a figm-e from the recent specimen, of the natural colors, of the rare gigantic Mackerel, the Cyhium Commersoni, of which only one example has been found on our coast. The next plate illustrates another fine species of large, food fish, one of the Pelamyds^ nearly allied to one from Japan, but which I have named Pelamys Schlegeli, to recall that fact, and on account of differences which I have published. The next three plates illustrate rare and interesting Polyzoa from our coast, the specimens and descriptions of which Mr. MacGillivray has given for the Museum and this work. Plate 159 illustrates the common Sydney Craw-fish, Palinurus Hiic/eli, showing the colors of life for the first time ; one of the rarest Crustacea of our coast. This is replaced in Victoria by the Southern Spiny Lobster or " Common Melbourne Craw-fish," PREFACE. Palinurus Lalandi, figured in our fifteenth Decade, which, I have no doubt, is identical with the species of the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand, but not recorded from New South Wales or any place much north of Victoria. By comparison with South African specimens, I have confirmed my previously published opinion of the identity of the South African and Victorian sptecies. The last plate illustrates, what I believe to be, a local variety of the " Murray Spiny Lobster " or large Murray Cray-fish, Astacopsis serratus^ found abundantly in the Yarra and the streams flowing into it. I have given the name Yarraensis to this variety, which, from its small size and bright blue color, is very unlike the large northern Murray form, the illustration being desirable, as the majority of the fishes and otlier inhabitants of the Murray are different from those found in the rivers running south- wards, as the Yarra does. The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some special interest, and of which good figures do not exist, or are not easily accessible. Frederick McCoy. 22nd June, 1888.* * Pressure of other business at the Government Printing- Office, and the removal to new building, have delayed the publication of this Decade. • Fl./dy ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (li£p tiles) DTWiUitlciUlh. PrifM^CyHrtJ* SUam, Utiw. ticYt,frtniuy OflfUe Zoologt,.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. iBeptiks. Plate 151. MONITOR GOULDI (Gray). Gould's Monitor Lizard. [Genus MONITOR (Gray). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order Sauria. Section Squamata. Sub-order Leptoglossa;. Tribe Cyclosaura. FamOy Monitorida;.) Gen. Char. — Body fusiform, covered with small, quadrate scales in small, transverse bands on back and belly, tubercular, each on upper surface surrounded with rows of small granules ; one small, transverse fold at base of neck, in front of shoulders ; tail long, tapering, com- pressed, with whorls of small scales, and a double scaly keel above. Head moderate, covered with very small, polygonal plates ; tongue very long, narrow, slender, flattened, deeply forked, with two horny, cylindrical tips at distal end, and lodged in a cylindrical sheath at base ; eyes diurnal, pupil circular, with two valvular eye-lids ; scales over the eye equal ; ear-drums large, with simple edges; legs strong, for walking; toes, five on each foot, elongate, unequal, com- pressed, strong, with large curved claws ; thighs without pores ; no preanal pores ; nostrils about half-way between tip of snout and front edge of eye. Teeth compressed, pointed, distant, smooth, anchylosed to inner edge of jaw-bones by outer surface.] Description. — Body elono'ate, ovate, slightly depressed; neck long, cylindrical. Head ovate, flattened and subtriang-ular above; sides in front of eye flattened, vertical, nearly at rig-ht angles with upper surface, tapering with straight sides to narrow rounded muzzle. Nostrils longitudinally triangular, hind edge slightlv nearer to tip of snout than to eye ; plates on eye-lids, sides, and top of head, very small, sub-equal, polygonal, smooth ; vertex plate* rounded, about three times the length of adjacent plates. Tail about one-third longer than the body, moderately compressed laterally ; double keel formed of two rows of triangular scales, commencing nearly at base, greatest height at about one-fourth the length of the tail from the base, each scale a little longer than its vertical, highest posterior end, and having other scales on the sides, gradually passing into the size and shape of the ordinary scales of the sides of the tail. Teeth small, smooth, compressed, the sharp anterior and posterior edges nearly smooth, moderately arched backwards, far apart, about six in upper and about four or five in lower jaw. Scales of upper surface of neck, body, and limbs formed of a convex, longitudinally oval, tubercle in middle, surrounded by several rows of small grantdes ; more elongate, keeled, and triangular on tail, with the rows of granules chiefly towards the distal end; on belly, flat, oblong, a little longer than wide, with about one row of small granules round each. Color: Above, brownish-black, with seventeen or eighteen transverse rows of irregular, rounded or quadrate, pale-yellow spots, about from three to ten scales long, ocellated or with black centres over shoulders and on sides, plain on middle of back, more definite and rounded on upper sides of limbs. About 23 narrow, transverse, yellow bands on tail, from one to three scales wide, the black intervals from five to ten scales wide, terminal fourth of tail plain pale-yellow ; under-side of neck, belly, tail, and limbs pale-yellow, with small, scattered, quadrate, black spots ; throat clouded with pale-blue, without black spots; top of head plain brownish-black; sides of head mottled, yellow and black ; yellow on upper eye-lid extending back- wards as a distinct narrow streak beyond and above the ear; yellow of lower eye-lid extending as a broader, distinct, narrow streak over top of ear nearly to shoulder ; * Probably indicating the position of the " Pineal Eye." Vol. it.— Decadb XVI.— 23. [ 195 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {_Reptilet. nape black, slig^litlj'' freckled with small yellow spots. Iris orange. Tono;ue duU- blackisb-blue or lead-color; sheath and base cream-color, like interior of mouth. Toes strong', the scales arrang-ed in transverse, angular, prominent ridges below; soles with small, g'ranular scales irregularly disposed; claws very large, strong, curved downwards, pointed. Measdbbments or Ayebaqb Specimen. Total length Length of tail ,, of head ... „ of gape ... „ from tip of muzzle to anterior edge of nostril „ from tip of muzzle to anterior edge of orbit ... „ from tip of muzzle to ear ... Diameter of orbit Width of forehead between eyes Length from tip of snout to shoulder „ of inner toe of anterior foot „ of claw of ditto ... „ of second toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of third toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of fourth toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of fifth toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ from shoulder to base of third claw Girth of body Length from tip of snout to hind leg „ of hind leg to base of third claw „ of inner toe of hind foot ... ,, of claw of ditto ... „ of second toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of third toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of fourth, or longest, toe ... „ of claw of ditto ... „ of outer or hind toe „ of claw of ditto ... „ of largest teeth, about middle of jaw Height of scales of keels on back of tail Granular scales in middle of back in longitudinal space of 6 lines „ „ „ transverse „ Flat scales in middle of belly in longitudinal space of 6 lines „ „ „ transverse „ Feet , Im. Une«. 3 1 0 I 10 0 0 2 6 0 1 11 0 0 5^ 0 1 34 u 2 5 0 (1 5 0 1 0 0 6 6 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 11 9 0 0 6 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 3 9 0 11 0 1 2 6 0 4 8. 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 (1 6 0 0 11 0 0 6 0 1 4 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 55 0 0 1^, 0 0 1 • ... Nine ... Eight ... Six ... Nine Reference. — Gray, Cat., p. 12; = Hydrosaurus Gouldi (Gray), Ann. Nat. Hist., i., p. 394; and in Grey, Travels, v. 2,'p. 422; and Er. and Ter. Rept., t 3. This is a smaller, much more beautiful, and rarer Lizard than the Lace Lizard, or so-called Iguana or Coast Lizard (figured on our Plate 41), and is only found in the north-west part of the colony, in the hot mallee-scrub country, where it is common, far away from water, running swiftly about the herbage, and sheltering in holes in the ground. When kept in confinement it does not [ 196] Zoology.'] NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IReptiles. attempt to bite, but hisses loudly wlieu much vexed ; at other times giving a geutle snuffling soi't of cough, such as babies emit before they are weaned. Like many other Lizards, the skin forms longitudinal wrinkles along the sides when quiet, but when irritated it inflates the skin of the body, swelling to a considerably larger size than before, and then the wnukles disappear. In habits this Lizard is much less arboreal, as Mr. Kershaw informs me, than the Hydrosaicrus varius, or Lace Lizard, the latter always endeavouring to escape up a tree when alarmed, while the present species keeps on the ground and escapes into holes in the earth. The Hych'osaurus is a good swimmer, but this Monitor is most common in waterless districts. It is much less timid or inclined to escape, and is much less vicious in the use of its teeth than the Lace Lizard. M. Boulanger merges the sub- genera Hydrosaurus and Monitor in Varanus, but the difference in habit seems to give additional importance to the small structural differences, and I therefore prefer to retain them for the present. The specimen figured is from Kewell, north of Murtoa, near Horsham, one of several obtained through the good offices of Mr. Jos. Hill, of that district. Explanation of Fioubbs. Plate 151. — Fig. 1, average specimen, half natural size. Fig. la, top view of head, natural size, showing the small, rounded vertex plate, small plates of crown of head, and still smaller ones over orbit. Fig. \b. side view of head, natural size. Fig, Ic, under-side of anterior foot, natural size, to show granular palm, and prominent, transverse ridges of scales on toes. Fig. \d, tongue, natural size, with sheath at base. Fig. le, scales of belly, magnified four diameters. Fig. 1/, scales of back, magnified four diameters. Fig. Ig, scales of tail, magnified four diameters. Fig l/», teeth, magnified five diameters. Frederick McCoy. [197 ] /^^ F1152 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA HT WdJ, dbhtK Steam Iii^ Oiryt- PrtnitTia Office Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Reptiles. Plate 152, and Plate 153 Fig. 2. PYGOPUS LEPIDOPUS (Lacep. sp.). The Pygopus. [Genus PYGOPUS (Pitzinger) = BIPES (Cut.) = HYSTEROPUS (Ddm. and Bib.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class EeptUia. Order Sauria. Sub-order Leptoglossse. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Pygopidas.) Gen. Char. — Body sn.ike-like, long, slender, cylindrical, tapering. Anterior legs none ; posterior legs represented by a flat, elong.ate, ovate, scaly appendage on each side of base of tail, not divided into toes externally, but containing four rows of toe-bones. Pre-anal pores distinct, large, numerous. Head short, truncate, rounded. Plates : of head large ; rostral plate large. Nostrils lateral, circular, in lower angle of transverse baud-like nasjil plate ; two or more pairs of supra-nns.al or fronto-nasal plates, like the nasals, over them ; inter-nasal or pre-frontal plate large, with elongate frontal pl.ate behind it ; two large parietal plates and one small occipit.al plate behind the posterior ends of the parietal plates ; two or three supra- ocular, or temporal, plates on each side. Ears : drums exposed, ovate, distinct, oblique. Pupil nearly circular, very broad, oval, erect. Eye-lids circular, rudimentary, scaly, immovable. Teeth conical, pleurodont, simple in jaws, none on palate, whicli has a wide longitudinal furrow. Tongue broad, flat, thin, scaly in front, velvety behind, rounded and notched at tip. Scales of back sub-hexagonal, keeled ; ventral shields hexagonal, broad, two middle rows broadest ; sub- caudal plates broad, in tliree rows, the middle one broadest. Scales of throat small.' Parietal bones separate, premaxillary single, produced backwards between the nasals. Orbit separated from frontal by junction of pre- and post-orbitals. Australia.] Description. — Head sub-trigonal, narrow and rounded in front; eye a little nearer tip of snout than ear; canthus rostralis obtuse ; rostral plate large, about twice and a half as wide as long, varying from pentagonal, where the middle of the upper edge is raised in an angle between the nasals, to quadrangular where the upper edge is straight; two transversely oblong nasal plates and two pairs of nearly similar supra-nasal plate.s over them; nostrils round, in lower outer angle of nasals, surrounded by first labial, nasal, and freno-nasal; two or three rows of irregular polygonal plates on frenal region between nostril and eye; one (or two) small fronto-nasal plates on each side in front of temporal plate; temporal, or supra- ocular, plates three, the anterior largest, and posterior smallest; inter-nasal or anterior frontal large, heptagonal, a little wider than long, and wider than the frontal, with which its posterior edge forms a transverse suture, length about equal to the two supra-nasals; frontal sub-pentagonal, widest in front, sides indented by the temporal plates, about two-thirds the width of anterior fi-ontal, and about one-third longer than wide ; parietal plates forming nearly an equilateral triangle, notched in front for posterior end of frontal, and behind for a very small occipital. (Sometimes a narrow, posterior pair of parietal-like plates, as in Plate 153, Fig. 2b.) Chin-plate large, as wide as the rostral ; seven sub-equal, oblong upper labial plates (separated from orbit by a row of small plates), the first (Plate 153, Fig. 2a), or first and second (Plate 152, Fig. \h), extending downwards on side of chin. Eye-lids with two rows of very small scales. Pre-anal pores sub-tubular, usually six (five to seven) on each side of a triangle in front of five to ten large, irregular unequal, pre-anal, plates. Scales of back flat, sub-hexagonal, each with a very narrow, sharply defined, thread- [199] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_ReptiUt. like keel, about one-seventli the width of the scale, in twelve rows at middle of body, keeled, and eleven rows without keels on sides and belly; keels of body continuous, of tail alternate; number of abdominal plates from throat to vent usually about ?8 or 80. Posterior le^'-lobes broad, rounded at tip, with four rows of scales on outer side, the length about four-fifths the length of head in males, or equal to nearly five of the scales of the sides in front ; twice as long as wide ; only as long as from tip of snout to anterior edge of eye in females. Colors: Very variable; ground color whitish below, lavender-blue above, with a brown tinge often on the outer skin; some specimens (as our Plate 153, Pig. 2) have only a few, irregular, dark specks or none on the sides and upper surface, and the under-side plain-yellowish- white; while others (as our Plate 152, Fig. 1) have a long, divided, black, white-edged patch on the top of the head, continued along midline of back as a series of oblong, black spots with narrow white edges, and one or two lines of similar, oblong, quad- rangular, black, white-edged spots on each side, and the whole under surface netted or marbled with the lavender-blue of the back. I have one specimen with the former coloring on the anterior half of the body and the rows of white-edged black spots on the hinder half, and there are many subordinate variations of each, showing clearly that the specimens, apparently so diiferent in this respect, do not diflfer in any other. A black vertical spot from the eye across both lips is the most constant. Measurements: From tip of snovit to base of tail, 6 ins. 6 lines; from base of tail to tip of tail, ] ft. 4 ins. C lines ; length of head from tip of snout to ear, 8 lines ; length of leg-flap, 5^ lines, width, 2 lines. Reference. =i?i;;es lepidojjodus, Laceji. Annal. du Muse. d'Hist. Nat., v. 4, t. 45, f. 1; =^ Pygopus lepidopui, Merrem. Tent., p. 11; = Hysteropus Novce Hollandice, Dum. et Bib. Erpt. Gen., v. 5, p. 828, t. b5+Pygopics aquamiceps, Gray Cat. Liz., p. 68, Er. and Ter. t. 8, Fig. 3. These curious creatures are more like snakes than lizards in appearance, from the form of the body, absence of true feet, and having scales above, and larger abdominal and sub-caudal shields below. The resemblance to snakes rather than to lizards is anatomically suggested by the simplicity of the lower jaw bones on each side ; the angular, supra-angular, and articular bones being anchylosed. The transverse row of pre-anal pores is like that in the Amphisbence. The two sides of the lower jaw being fixed in front, the external ears, eye-lids, and other structural characters show that they have no affinity with snakes, but are true lizards. The spotted specimens often agree in coloring and marking with Dr. Gray's illustration of Lialis B^irtoni, and the plainer ones agree with his P. squamiceps and Dumeril's figure in coloring ; but there are many intermediate specimens, clearly proving the character to be of no specific value ; in some specimens, several of the oblong spots are confluent, forming short streaks. [ 200 ] Zoologt/.-i NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles. The scales and plates of the head are so variable that I have no doubt Dr. Gitnther is right in uniting Dr. Gray's P. squamiceps to P. lepidopus. I have several specimens with one small plate between the inner ends of the posterior supra-nasals, as in our Plate 152, Fig. la, and some in which there are two, one between the anterior supra-nasals and one between the posterior supra-nasals ; and one specimen with three in a median row, from one being between the nasals also ; and in another the supra-nasal plates are each doubled ; while the greater number of specimens have no intercalated plates in midline, and only the normal number of plates, as in our figure, Plate 153, Fig. 2h. In one specimen there are two, small inter-parietal plates between the anterior ends of the parietals ; in another of the var. squamiceios there are two fronto- nasals on each side, as well as three pairs of supra-nasals and four intercalary plates in midline between the inner ends of them and the nasals. The original figure of Lacepede in the Annals du Museum shows the leg-flaps nearly in the middle of the length, and Gray's P. squamiceps has the tail only half the length of the anterior ■ part, while in Dumeril and Bibron's figure the tail is twice and a half as long as the part before the flaps, as in our figure, Plate 152, Fig. 1. This latter is the correct proportion of the perfect animal, but, like the English Slow-worm, it is so fragile during life that it easily loses a portion of the hinder part of the body ; which lost part is reproduced quickly, but in such a way that the cautious observer can easily see when he is dealing with an individual specimen to which such a common accident has happened, by noting some slight difi^erence in color and the texture of the scales, accompanied by a greater or less diminution of size from the true proportion. This may be clearly seen in Lac^pede's figure (although he does not seem to have noticed it), in which the engraver has suddenly stopped the lines representing the keels of the scales at a point where, no doubt, the fracture took place, and beyond which the tail is a re-grown one of less than the original length. Similarly, the lithographer in Gray's figure of the very short-tailed P. squamicejys, clearly shows, by the difference of treat- ment, where the new growth has reproduced the tail so much too [ 201 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles. short — again not noticed by the author. Our figure of tlie plain- colored variety on Plate 153, Fig. 2, also shows a slight difference of color and characters of the scales where a fracture during life and reproduction gives apparently yet another proportional length of tail. Common, particularly in the warmer northern part of the colony. Explanation op Figures. Plate 152. — Fig. 1, fine, perfect, male average specimen, n.atural size. Fig. la, top of head, magnified tveo diameters, to show the form and proportion of cephalic plates (with one abnormal median plate between the inner ends of the posterior supra-n.asals). Fig. \h, side view of head, magnified two diameters, showing the side plates of head, the ear, and the keeled scales of the upper surfiice, and smooth scales of lowtr side. Fig. Ic, under-side of head, magni- fied two diameters. Fig. Id, side view of snout, magnified four diameters, to show more clearly the relative position of nostril and surrounding plates. Fig. le, front view of head, niiignified two diameters, showing the rostral and mental plates. Fig. If, scaly eye-lid and plates about orbit, magnified four diameters. Fig. It/, Sub-caudal scales of middle and adjacent rows, magnified three diameters. Fig. lA, scales of back, to show the narrow, definite, thread-like keel, magnified three diameters. Fig. li, under-side of end of abdomen and base of tail, magnified two diameters, to show pre-anal pores .and adj.acent scales. Fig. I^, side view of same part, magnified two diameters, to show scaling of posterior feet. Fig. 1/, under-side of extremity of tail, magnified two diameters. Flate 163. — Fig. 2, female, variety, with plain coloring, natural size (the shortness of the tail being due to its having been reproduced after fracture). Fig. 2a, side view of head, magnified two diameters. Fig. 24, top of head, showing some irregular variations in size and shape of plates, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2c, front view of head, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2(1, side of snout, magnified four diameters. Fig. 2e, scaly eye-lid and adjacent pliites, magnified four diameters. Fig. 2/, pre-anal pores, with shorter foot-flaps and adjacent scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2(i, .sub-caudal scales, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2/i, dorsal scales, with narrow, definite, thread-like keel, magnified three diameters. Frederick McCoy. [ 202 ] Pl.153 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA f Reptiles^ jy'WUJ-rUl.^ldK fl-of if^Oy lij-ex' St&ojn, hOw Gevv. Prmti/w Oflu Zoology.} NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTOEIA. IBeptiUs. Plate 153, Fig. 1. DELMA FRAZERI (Gray). Frazer's Delma. [Genus DELMA (Gray). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Eeptilia. Order Sauria. Sub-order LeptoglossEe. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Pygopidse.) Gen. Char. — Body long, slender, tapering, snake-Uke ; anterior limbs none ; posterior limbs formed of small, flat, scaly, undivided flaps, one on each side of base of tail ; pre-anal pores none ; head small, orate, with large symmetrical plates ; rostral plate large ; nostril in hind outer corner of transversely oblong nasal plate on each side ; two pairs of transversely oblong supra-nasal, or fronto-nasal, plates, like the nasals; inter-nasal, or pre-frontal, plate large, heptagonal ; frontal moderate, heptagonal, pointed behind ; a pair of large parietal plates behind the frontal, and a small occipital between their posterior ends. Ears ovate, open, distinct, with simple edges. Scales hexagonal, smooth, unkeeled, small above ; two rows, wider, along belly, one row of wider ones under middle of taU ; eyes round, with circular, scaly, imperfect, immovable eye-lids ; pupil nearly circular, broad-oval, erect. Parietal bones separate. Australia.] Description. — Body and tail sub-cylindrical, very slig-htly flattened below, gradually tapering to a slender posterior point. Head semi-oval or sub-trigonal, sides nearly straight, converging to a bluntly-rounded, narrow muzzle, the tip of which measures to front edge of eye about as much as from posterior edge of eye to anterior edge of ear; rostral plate large, pentagonal, twice as wide as high; nasals small, transverse, quadrate, oblong, their inner ends touch, the outer end pierced by the large nostril, which is surrounded also by the first upper labial and the freno-nasal plate; naso-rostral plates transverselj^ quadrate, inner ends touching, smaller than the nasals ; fronto-nasals large, pentagonal, touching along inner edge, having freno-nasal and naso-rostral along longest front edge ; inner posterior edge touching front edge on each side of inter-nasal; posterior outer edge touching a large ant-ocular or loreal plate in front of the two temporal plates ; smallest outer edge touching the first of the three small frenal plates extending over the labials from the fi-eno-nasal to a group of three or four small plates in front of the eye; inter-nasal or pre-frontal plate large, heptagonal, about as broad as long ; frontal heptagonal, a little narrower and shorter than the pre-frontal, about one-third longer than wide, hind angle between parietals ; two parietal plates, small, sub-pentagonal, inner edges in contact; straight, pointed posterior ends with a very small occipital plate between them; a large plate-like scale usually on each side of posterior lateral edge of parietal; upper labials five, fourth, under the eye, longest; lower labials four, first meeting under the chin behind the large trigonal mental plate; second very large, nearly meeting under throat, others small. Ear large, longitudinally-oval, slightly oblique, open, simple edged. Eye-lids covered with three rows of minute scales. Hind leg-flap small, as long as four scales of back at base, or equal to^ space from snout to orbit in males, shorter in females, covered with three rows of small scales, four in the middle row, placed at a distance from the ear of 65 rows of back scales. Scales of back small, sub-hexagonal, as broad as long, in fourteen to sixteen rows ; belly, with two rows of from 50 to 60 pairs of larger hexagonal plates in middle, about twice as wide as long; three large pre-anal plates in a transverse row, middle one smallest ; plates of under-side of tail in three rows of transversely hexagonal scales, middle row largest, nearly twice as wide as long near base, gradually becoming smaller, less transverse and irregularly arranged towards the Vol. II.— Decadb XVI.-2A. [ 203 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IReptiles. posterior end of tail. Color: Some specimens uniform lioht-greyisli-brown, paler below; others have black, transverse patches on the snout, the middle of head coming down as a narrow, triangular mark through the eye on each cheek, and others have, in addition, a very variable number of fainter, triangular spots extend- ing along the side where the back and belly scales meet, for a greater or less distance. Measurements: Tip of snout to base of leg-flaps, 3 in. 10 lines; tail, 12 in. 9 lines; tip of snout to ear, 5 lines; diameter at middle of body, 85 lines; number of scales on middle of back in half-an-inch, 10. Reference. — Gray, in Grey Trav. Anstral., v. 2, p. 427, t. 4, f. 3; = Delma Grayi, Smith 111. Zool. S. Africa Rept., t. 76, f. 2 ; ? = D. Molleri Liitken Vidensk. Meddel 1862, p. 296, 1. 1. f. 2. This genus maiuly differs from Pygopus in the smooth, unkeeled scales of the body, and in the absence of the transverse row of pre-anal pores. The £aps representing the hind hmbs are smaller than in that genus. The original figure by Dr. Gray in Capt. Grey's Travels is much too short, the individual figured ha\'ing obviously been broken during life, and the tail end re-grown of smaller dimensions than natural, as is very commonly seen ; the apparently excessive length of Smith's figure being due to the specimen having escaped mutilation. I have no doubt that Dr Giinther is quite correct in suggesting the specific identity of Gray's and Smith's species, the latter being really an Australian, and not an African, form. The. greater number of the specimens found near Melbourne are of the plain uniform coloring of our figure, but I have a few with dark markings on the head and sides of neck depicted by Gray and Smith, diftering in no other respect fi'om the plain ones. One specimen in the Museum; from Newington station, in the Wimmera district, presented by Mr. Forster, of Stawell, has grown two tails, forking out fi-om the place of previous fracture. EXPLAKATION OF FiGUKES. Plate 153. — Fig. 1, average specimen of plain colored variety, natural size. Fig. la, top of head, magnified two diameters, to show form of plates (large scale outside parietals divided on one side). Fig. \h, side view of head and neck, showing ear, magnified two diameters. Fig. Ic, portion of side view of head, magnified four diameters, to show more clearly the scaly eye-lid, the large fourth lahi.al, under the eye, the large loreal or ant-ocular plate, and other plates on the side of the head more clearly. Fig. \d, front view of head, m.agnified two diameters, to show the rostral and mental plates, and the downward prolongation of the first and second lower labials. Fig. le, pUates of under-side of belly, magnified two diameters, showing the two njedian rows wider than the two lateral ones. Fig. I/, scales of back, magnified two diameters. Fig. Ig. side view of posterior end of body and anterior end of tail, to show leg-flaps, magnified two diameters. Fig. \h, same part of body, magnified two di.ameters, viewed from below, showing the pre-aual plates with four rows of abdominal and three rows of sub-caudal plates, with their relative sizes, magnified two diameters. FjlEDEEICK McCOT. [ 204 ] PI. 154 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Fislies) AJarl/toianiBH del tt Ltk. hfifH^Oj^ dirta*- Sltm^. hOw (itn'Pnnivw Of^ Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. Plate ]54. CYBIUM COMMERSONI (Lacep. sp.). Commeeson's Mackerel. [Genus CYBIUM (Cutier). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Order Acan- thopterygii. Family Scomberidse.J Gen. CAar.— Body elongate, fusiform, moderately slender ; cleft of the- mouth wide First dorsal long, with rather feebly developed spines, reaching nearly to the second dorsal ; seven or more tinlets be'liind the dorsal ; anal fin resembling the second dorsal in size, shape, and position, and with a similar number of tinlets behind it ; caudal iin moderate, forked, a strong prominent keel on each side the base of tail. Greater portion of body naked, or with very small scales, not forming distinct corselet. Teeth large, compressed, with cutting edges, lancet- shaped, on edge of both jaws, small villiform teeth on the vomer and palatine bones, similar patch on tongue. Seven branchiostegal rays. An air bladder. Indian and Atlantic Oceans.] D. 16 + D. 1 -H6 + X.; p. 24; V. 1 + 5 ; A. 1 + 16 + IX.; C|f ; L.l. 265. Description. — Height of the body at end of spinous dor.'^al 6| times in total length, excluding- caudal. Length of the head five times in total length, excluding caudal. Greatest depth of head rather more than three-fifths of its length. Diameter of eye rather more than one-seventh the length of the head, nearer to the snout than to hind edge of operculum. Profile of upper part of head nearly straight, eloping, surface slightly convex and smooth. Snout pointed in front, lower jaw less acute, but slightly longer, than the upper. Cleft of mouth extending to vertical of hind edge of eye. Twenty-seven sub-equal, slightly irregular, triangular teeth on each side in upper jaw, a little longer than wide. About 16, much larger and longer, in lower jaw. A few rows of scales above the pectoral, behind the bead, and along the base of the first and second dorsals. Pectoral fin narrow, falcate, pointed, one-eighth the total length, excluding caudal. Ventral one-thiid the length of the pectoral, of one spinous and five branched rays. First dorsal com- mencing over base of pectoral, and extending to within a short space of the second dorsal. Second dorsal twice as high as the first, falcate, little longer than high. Anal nearly equal in size and shape to the second dorsal, its front edge a little in front of verticar from middle of second dorsal. Ten finlets behind second dorsal, and nine similar ones behind anal. Lobes of the caudal nearly equal, long and narrow. Lateral line from bead slightly undulated to vertical from bind end of second dorsal, suddenly descending from thence and re.^uming the longitudinal direction from vertical of second finlet nearly in the middle of the body to the large prominent median keel at base of tail ; two small curved ridges, one above and one below median keel. Color: Upper part of back purplish-blue, fading into silvery- white on lower part of sides and belly. The sides and belly marked with numerous irregular, nearly vertical, stripes and spots of a dark brownish-purple. Anterior dorsal purplish. Venti-als whitish. Pectoral, second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins bluish-black with a brown tinge. Base of pectoral whitish. Lis golden-bronze. [ 205 ] Zoology.'] NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. l^Fishea. Ft. ins. lines 3 4 3 0 8 0 0 7 2 0 1 9 0 8 6 0 10 2 0 3 7 0 1 10 0 5 9 0 2 0 Mejisukements. Totallength, excludiug caudal ... ... ... Length from tip of snout to posterior edge of operculum Greatest depth at vent Height of first dorsal Length from tip of snout to origin of first dorsal Length of first dorsal Height of second dorsal Length of first ray of Tentrals „ of lobes of caudal ... „ of base of same Reference. — Scomber Commersoni LacepMe, Shaw Zool. Fish, v. 4, t. 85 = Cybiuni, id., Cuv. and Val. Poiss., v. 8, p. 165. The specimen figured is the only example of this fine fish which has been observed on our coast ; it was caught near QueensclifF in March, 1887. The example was quite fresh when our drawing was made, and the vertical stripes and spots were as distinct as shown, but Dr. Day in his " Fishes of Malabar " says they only appear after death. The body seems smooth and naked, the scales ai'e so very minute (about ten in space of one line). I have counted the mucous pores as scales along the lateral line. The two or three rows of larger scales above the base of the pectoral fin behind the head are very conspicuous, but do not form a corse- let. The villiform teeth forming patches on the vomer, palatines, and tongue are very minute. Explanation of FiGTrRES. Plate 154. — Fig. 1, side view, one-fifth natural size. Fig. la, mouth, one-half natural size, showing the large teeth on edge of jaws and patches of minute teeth on vomer and palatine bones above and on the tongue below. Figs. 16 and le, scales from lateral line, about the middle of length, magnified four diameters. Fig. i.d, form of section behind pectoral. Fig. le, sectional origin of caudal fin, to show lateral keels, Frederick McCot. [ 206 ] ^ n.i55 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA AJari^lomsn- del, d luk- hnt M^ Cay dirac^ Steam. luJw Otn^'fraduui U'lUx Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Fishu. Plate 155. PELAMYS SCHLEGELI (McCoy). The Melbourne Pelamyd. Genus PELAMYS (Cnv.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygia. Family Scomberidas.) Gen. Char.— Body elongate, ovate; cleft of mouth large; teeth large, compressed, irregular on jaws, smaller rows on palatine bones, none on Tomer. First dorsal continuous, with moderately small spines reaching to the second dorsal, which is small ; anal small, resembling the second dorsal ; seven to nine dorsal finlets, and six or more anal finlets ; caudal deeply forked ; pectoral pointed ; ventrals small. Thoracic scales forming a distinct corselet ; a prominent longitudinal keel on each side of tail. Seven branchiostegal rays. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages branched.] D. 19 + D. 2 + 12 -f VIII; A. 2 + 11+ VI; V. 1 + 5; P. 25; C.^? Description. — Greatest height of body about ih in the leng-th of body without caudal fin, or five times, including it. Length of head one-fourth of total_ length. Diameter of eye twice in length of muzzle, and three times to edge of operculum behind; slightly less than one-sixth the length of the head. The posterior end of maxillary does not quite reach the vertical of posterior edge of eye. Nine compressed, slightly inarched teeth on dentary bone, and two large ones on each side of front of lower jaw. The row of small palatine teeth, about fourteen on each side. Teeth of upper jaw much smaller than those of lower jaw. Pre-operculum with numerous thick, wavy longitudinal ridges ; corselet not exceeding the tip of the pectoral in length. Lateral line with an upward, angular flexure under the sixth ray of dorsal, thence with slight undulations, largest under anal, to keel at middle of side of tail. Pectoral triangular, moderately pointed, rather less than one-eighth the length of the body, reaching as far as eighth spine of dorsal. Ventrals small, with a pointed scale at inner base of each. First dorsal commencing over anterior base of pectoral, second and third rays longest, gradually decreasing to anterior base of second dorsal. The last ray of the dorsal as counted above resembles one of the succeeding pinnides. Color : Back purplisb-lavender-grey, becoming paler and silvery on sides of head; body, and belly, with about eleven longitudinal dark streaks running nearly lengthwise; five under second dorsal and dorsal finlets, turning upwards obliquely to dorsal edge. Fms with blackish membranes and lighter rays ; the edges of the second dorsal, anal, and tips of the caudal lobes slightly yellowish. Iris pale-yellow. Measurements: Total length from tip of snout to end of body, excluding caudal fin, 1 ft. 8 in. Proportional measurements to length as 100 : Depth of body, -^ ; from tip of snout to end of operculirm, -^ ; to anterior edge of orbit, ^^0 > to posterior edge of orbit, j^^% ; to end of maxillary, -^-§1 ; to base of first dorsal, f-^-g ; to base of ventral, -^j^g ; to base of pectoral, 1%% ; to end of corselet, f'xnr 5 ^° ^°^^ ^^' tW ! to second dorsal, -1%% ; highest spine of first dorsal, ~^j; ; length of pectoral, j^yu > longest ventral ray, y^^; longest ray of second dorsal, yf^; longest ray of anal, ^-§5 ; longest ray of caudal lobes, ■^. Twelve scales in three lines under middle of first dorsal. [ 207 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [KsAm. The Pelamyds differ from the Tunnies chiefly in their larger teeth. The beautiful species here figured does not agree exactly with any of those previously known. Its fin-rays are fewer .than in P. sarda, and the color streaks are less oblique and more over the sides and belly, and the pectoral fin is larger. The P. orientalis of Japan, which approaches it in many respects, has, according to Schlegel's figure, a more flexuous lateral line and smaller pectoral (its length going about eight and a half in length of body, instead of considerably less than one-eighth, as in our example). The figure agi'ees with ours in having six anal pinnules, instead of eight, as described. (Dr. Giiuther gives nine, I suppose, by error, as he does not seem to have a specimen.) The longitudinal streaks in ours are more numerous, and extend more over belly, and do not conform so nearly to line of back. In all other respects, except one more ray in the first dorsal, the coincidence is so near that I think it may possibly be a vaiiety ; but as the species of Pelamys and Thynnus are so nearly allied, I think it best to give a separate specific name. The P. Australis of Mr. Macleay, as described, differs in its longer snout as compared with diameter of eye, the greater backward extension of the maxillary, and fewer longitudinal streaks, as well as fewer anal fin rays. The only specimen seen of this fish was caught in Port Phillip Bay on 19th of January, 1877. Explanation or Fiotoes. Plate 155. — Fig. 1, side view, about one-third natural size. Fig. la, side view of mouth, natural size, showing approximate number and size of teeth in upper and lower jaw. Fig. IJ, one side of lower jaw, viewed from above, natural size. Fig. Ic, one side of upper jaw, viewed from below, showing the small teeth on edge, the row on palatine bone, and two minute teeth, directed forwards, on vomer, natural size. Fig. 1(/, the two vomerine teeth, magnified. Fig. le, scales from above lateral line near middle of fish, natural size Fig. 1/, ditto, magnified four diameters. Fig. Ig, section at base of tail, to show lateral ridges. Frederick McCoy. [ 208 ] PL 156 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA fPohrxoa) ■" R Mac CiilivTi^ del Prof H'Oy diraf S^tant luJuj.Ctr/t'.Pr-uUvt^ 0/fu» ZooJog!/.-\ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 156, Figs. 1 and 2. LAGENIPORA TUBERCULATA (McG.)- [Genus LAGENIPORA (Hincks). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Celleporidse.) Gen. Char, — Zoarium encrusting ; zooecia flask-shaped ; mouth sub-circular, without a sinus.] Description. — Zooecia large, flask-shaped, erect or semi-erect, surface studded with large, hollow, pointed, entire, or perforated tubercles ; mouth rounded or oval, with a thickened projecting, peristome. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1882. Port Phillip Heads. In this species tlie zooecia are very large and covered with numerous raised tubercles, which are entire and pointed, or not so prominent and perforated. These perforations do not seem to be, as I at first supposed, caused by attrition, as in some cases the margins are unequal, thick, and lip-like. The peristome is much produced, cylindrical, rough, with small granulations, and the circular or oval mouth has a thickened margin. I have not seen avicularia or ooecia. Explanation op Figures. Plate 156. — Fig. 1, three zocecia, showing pointed entire tubercles, and others open, less prominent, and almost pore-like. Fig. 2, a single zooecium viewed laterally, to show the peristome. Plate 156, Fig. 3. LAGENIPORA NITENS (McG.). Description.- — Zooecia oblique or decumbent at the edge of the zoarium, more erect towards the centre, smooth ; mouth in the marginal zooecia with a tubular peristome, separated by a narrow, constricting collar; orifice with a spinous process on each side, between which is a small avicularium, carried in a semi-spiral tube, widened above and ending in a clavate projection ; mouths of other zooecia circular or sub-circular, with a small oval avicularium on one side ; vicarious avicularia broadly spatulate. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov. 1886. [ 209 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Of this interesting species I have only seen the minute specimen figured, and other examples are much to be desired for more complete examination. In the simplest zooecia there is no peristome, and there is a small avicularium at one side of the mouth. The marginal zooecia have a projecting cylindrical peristome, produced to a point at each side, and having between these a minute avicularium on a semi-spiral tube, as is found in Lehjthopora hystrix. In the absence of other specimens, it is difficult to say whether the avicularium of the simple mouth is carried up on the peristome of the others or whether the marginal zooecia with the constricted peristomes are not rather comparable to the young zooecia of some of the smaller Cellej^orce, and the simpler zooecia in reality older. It undoubtedly belongs to the same genus as Mr. Hincks' Madeiran Phylactella lucida, after- wards referred to Lagenipora, and his L. spinulosa from Queen Charlotte Island.* It is, I think, probable that L. tuherculata and L. nitens will require to be referred to different genera. Explanation op ricuBES. Plate 156. — Pig. 3, zooecia, showing the tubular constricted peristomes, with the semi- spiral aviculifcrous tubes. Fig. .3n, zooecia without peristome, but with an avicularium at the side of the mouth. Fig. 36, vicarious avicularium. Plate 156, Figs. 4-10. LEKYTHOPORA HYSTRIX (McG.). [Genus LEKYTnOPORA (McG.). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family CellcporidaB.) Gen. Char. — Zocecia flask-shaped or elongated, oblique or erect, crowded ; primary mouth with a notch in the lower lip and a small avicularium at one side ; secondary mouth with the peristome produced into a long, tubular orifice, on one side of the margin of which is the avicularium, connected with its original position by a minute semi-spiral tube ; ooecia projecting from the front of the zooecia below the mouth, covered by a chitinous or sub-calcareous plate.] Description. — The same as tltat of the genus. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Oct. 1882. • Ann. and Mag. Nat. History, Jan. 1884. [210] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyxoa. Port Phillip Heads. This species is not uncommon at Port Phillip Heads, and is found growing on Adeonella and allied polyzoa. The zoai'ium attains a height of three-fourths of an inch, and is simple or more usually branched. The zooecia are very much confused, flask- shaped, oblique or erect, the surface smooth, rough or pitted. It is extremely difficult to see the primary mouth, owing to the rapid development of the peristome. It is lofty, with a sinus in the lower \\^. The peristome is produced into a long, nearly cylindrical tube, carrying a horizontal avicularium on one side, situated on the summit of a minute semi-spiral tube. The avicularium seems to be originally situated at the sides of the primary mouth immediately after the commencement of the development of the peristome, and, as the peristome grows, it is carried upwards in a semi-spiral manner. This oral avicularium is frequently absent. In some specimens there are numerous large, spatulate, vicarious avicularia. The ooecium is very peculiar, being situated below the mouth, and the front being deficient in calcareous matter and closed by a convex, lens- shaped, thick, chitinous membrane. This membrane is smooth or faintly perforated or, when older, occasionally sub-calcareous and cribriform. EXFLA.NATION OF FlQURES. Plate 156. — Fig. 4, branch of an Adeonella with several zoaria of Lehythopora growing on it, natural size. Fig. 5, another zoariura, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion of the same, magnified, showing zooecia with peristomes and ooecia. Fig. 5b, lateral view of single zooecium from the same, showing the peristome, semi-spiral aviculiferous tube, and profile of ocecium. Fig. 5c, another zooecium, to show the shape of the membranous front of the ooecium. Fig. 6, orifice of peristome from another specimen, with the oral avicularium. Fig. 7, primary mouth, seen vertically. Fig. 8, outline of a peristome, with avicularium and top of tube. Fig. 9, to show the commencement of formation of an ocecium. Fig. 10, an operculum. Plate 156, Figs. 11-13. PCECILOPORA ANOMOLA (McG.). [Genus PCECILOPORA (McG.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infuudibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Celleporida;.) Ge)i. Char. — Zoarium erect, bilaminate, branched. Zooecia indistinct ; primary month with a sinus in lower lip ; peristome commencing as an elevated point with a small avicularium on the summit, finally becoming a tumid, sub-circular ring. Ooecia immersed, covered by a perforated plate.] Vol. II.-DBOiDB XVI.-21. [ 211 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poli/zoa. Description. — That of the genus. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1886. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Of this very curious species I have only one good specimen, for which I am indebted to Mr. Wilson, and two or three imperfect fragments. The zoarium is small, branched, bilaminate. The youngest zooecia, and those at the margins of the branches, have one side produced into a long point, with a small avicularium on the inner surface at the summit. As growth advances, the summit disappears, and the mouth becomes svirrounded by a tumid peristome, with the avicularium usually on the outer part of the ring. The pointed process, with its surmounting avicularium, seems to be formed befoi-e the operculum, as in the zooecia sho^ving these parts it cannot be detected. In a few older zooecia, where the peristome is developed into a thick, circular ring, the internal mouth can be seen with a sinus on its superioi- lip, that is, towards the uppe7- end of the branches. On the basal side of the mouth is a perforated plate, covering the ooecium. In young zooecia the ooecium appears first as a cupped elevation, which becomes covered by a perforated plate, and gradually sinks into the substance of the zooecium. The most curious circumstance is that, although the ooecium appears to be below the mouth, it is really above it, owing to the peculiar reversal of the mouth. Pcecilopora is allied to Leki/thopora, but differs in the absence of the long, tubular peristome, and in the mature ooecia being immersed. Explanation op Fiquhes. Plate 156. — Fig. 11, specimen, natural size. Fig. 11a, portion from tiie growing edge, magnified. Fig. Hj, portion from the extremity of a brancli, magnified, one of tlie zooecia allowing tlie internal or primary mouth. Fig. lie, another portion, showing the growth of the ocecium. I am indebted to Mr. MacGillivray for the specimens and descriptions of the above Polyzoa. Frederick McCoy. [ 212 ] 4 /57 /'//■'}■/ ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (FoLvioa ) .^^'^W' ^-^^CiO^r^-: d^ t. s4:' ] ¥ B Mac Gilhiria del- J Itipferhth Pref If'Coy HrrxP ^tt*invltiho.ijo^i ^-mU!ri^ 1 Zoology.} NATUEAL HISTOKY OF' VICTORIA. \_Po!i/zoa, Plate 157, Fia. 1. ' FASCICULIPORA GRACILIS (McG.). [Genus FASCICULIPORA (D'Orbignt). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cyclostomata. Family Frondiporidae.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium erect, simple or branched or lobate. Zooecia opening only at the extremities of the branches or also (in F. bellis) in one or more regular series below the ex- tremity.] Description. — Zoarium small. Zooecia in somewhat flattened bundles, very .long, slender, usually distinct and free at the extremity, surface thickly punctate, except the part immediately below the mouth, which is smooth or transversely wrinkled. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1882. Port Phillip Heads. A small species, consisting of simple or divided bundles of long, slender zooecia of a glassy appearance. The extremities usually project and are free, and the mouth is circular. The zooecia at the surface of the bundles are separated by distinct grooves, and are thickly marked, except immediately below the mouth, with small, raised, white puncta. The ooecia in this, as in the other species of the genus, are unknown. Explanation of Fiqukes. Plate 157. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, the same, magnified. Plate 157, Fig. 2. FASCICULIPORA BELLIS (McG.).. Description. — Zooecia in small, erect bundles, mostly opening at the summit by prismatic orifices; one or two series opening lower down, the upper of these frequently separated, and their orifices reaching to the same level as those of the chief mass of the bundles ; surface minutely punctate. Reference.— P, H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1883. C 213 ] Zoologi/.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Port Phillip Heads. A small and very beautiful species, of whicli I have only seen one specimen. In this there are six or seven bundles of zooecia spread over a small calcareous nodule and connected by a cal- careous punctate or perforated crust. When viewed vertically, they suggest a resemblance to a composite flower on the end of its pedicle. Explanation of Figubes. Plate 157. — Fig, 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2(i, bundle, Tiewed sideways, magnified. Fig. 2b, upper extremity of same, seen vertically. Plate 15?, Fio. 3. FASCICULIPORA FRUTICOSA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium branched, the main branches mostly horizontal, with numerous short branches turned upwards, the scondary branches consisting' of bundles of zooecia, all opening by closely packed prismatic orifices ; surface punctate, faintly sulcate longitudinally and (especially in older parts and on the back) transversely corrugated. Reference. — P. H. MaQGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1883. Port Phillip Heads. Distinguished from F. o'amosa by the much smaller number of zooecia in the narrower Ijranches. Some of my specimens form dense, shrub-like tufts an inch in diameter. Explanation op FioubSs. Plaib 157.— Fig. 8, specimen, natural size. Fig. 8a, portion of the saroe, magnified. [214] Zoologi/.'\ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polt/zoa. Plate 157, Fig. 4. FASCICULIPORA RAMOSA (D'Orbigny). Description. — Of this I have only seen the portion figured, which is perhaps not sufficient for certain identification. It consists of a short, thick, obscurely bilobed, densely packed bundle of zooecia, all opening- on the summit. The zocecia ■ are not separated on the surface, which is closely transversely rugose and thickly punctate. The zocecia open on the surface by prismatic orifices, none of which are produced. Reference. — Busk, Cat. Pol. Brit. Mas., pt. iii., p. 37, pi. xxxiii., fig. 2. Portland ; Mr. Maplestone. Explanation of Figurbs. Plate 157. — Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, the same, magnified. Mr. MacGillivray has contributed the specimens and descriptions of the Fasciculijoorce on this plate. Frederick McCoy. [215] /^ PI .IS8 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ( FoLyxuw) P U UarmiaTcy cU .' Bifprr luh. frofUOOy liirc^ StRom, hSw .Offti Prmlxn^ Oflicf Zoofoffj/.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Polyzoa, Plate 158, Fig. 1. FAECIMINARIA ACULEATA (Busk). [Genus FARCIMINARIA (BnsK). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Farciminariidae.) Gen. CAar.— Zooeoia oblong, elongated, closely contiguous, depressed in front, with raised margins ; mouth close to the summit. Avicularia, when present, sessile or sub-immersed at the bottom or on the front of the zooecia. Ooecia prominent, superior.] Description. — Zooecia very much elongated, narrow, separated by distinct, raised margins ; a close series of single or furcate aculeate spines, directed upwards and inwards, along the margin. Ooecia large, galeate, with several large, aculeate spines. No avicularia. Reference. — Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus., pt. i., p. 33, pi. Ixiv., figs. 4, 5j pi. ixv. (bis), fig. 6. Port Phillip Heads. Distinguished from the other species by the long, narrow, zooecia, the marginal aculeate spines, and the aculeate spines on the ooecium. Explanation of Figfees. Plaib 158. — Fig, 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, portion of same, magnified. Plate 158, Figs. 2-4. FARCIMINARIA UNCINATA (Hincks). Description. — Zooecia elongated, wide and rounded above, contracting inferiorly, separated by slightly raised margins; frequently a small, incurved, uncinate spine towards the base ; an uncinate process from the front of the zooecium on each side, below or opposite the mouth. Ooecia large, unarmed. Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1884. [ 217 ] Zoologi,.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Port Phillip Heads. In this species the zocecia are much wider above, contracting below. There is frequently, but not always, an incurved spine on each side towards the lower part. The front of the zooecium is obscurely divided into three parts : the central, the same width as the mouth, is faintly lined transversely at its upper part ; the two lateral, immediately below or opposite the mouth, give origin to a process terminating in a chitinous spine. I "have examined only a few dried specimens, and from these it is impossible to say whether there is any real division of the body-cavity. Mr. Hincks describes and figures the oral uncinate spines as arising from sack-like structures, but the appearance is probably owing to his having examined old, dried and shrivelled specimens. The minute disks on the fi'ont of the zooecia mentioned by him also only occur in old specimens, and are similar to the markings seen under similar circumstances in many other polyzoa. Explanation of Figtiees. Plate 158. — Fig. 2, specimen natural size. Fig. 2a, portion of same, magnified. Fig. 3, portion of branch of another specimen. Fig. 4, two zooecia, the upper surmounted by an ooBcium. Plate 158, Fia. 5. FARCIMINARIA SIMPLEX (McG.). Description. — Zooecia much elongated, narrow, but wider above, separated by raised, slightly crenulated, or smooth margins ; no spines nor avicularia. Ooecia very large. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. See. Vict., Nov. 1885. Port Phillip Heads. This species differs from the others in the absence of avicularia and of spines or processes of any sort on the separating margins of the zooecia. The ooecium is of great size. It is smooth, [ 218 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Polyzoa. globular, but when dried becomes wrinkled and has a depression round the upper edge and sides, omng to the shrivelling of the delicate outer envelope, M'hich seems to be separated by some distance from the inner part. In the Challenger Poljzoa, Mr. Busk describes eight species of Farciminaria, and sajs that "the genus may be regarded emphatically as abyssal ; the mean depth at which the species hei-e enumerated occurred being not less than 1,500 to 1,600 fathoms, or fi*om 450 to 2,750 fathoms." F. Brasiliensis was, however, found at from 32 to 400 fathoms. The three species here recorded were dredged from a depth of 10 to 15 fathoms, so that the genus cannot by any means be considered as abyssal, a fact which Mr. Busk would no doubt have ascertained if the dredgiugs of the Challengei^ had not been almost exclusively confined to deeper waters. Explanation of Figubes, Plate 158. — Fig. 5, branch of specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion of same, magnified, showing a shrunken ooecium. Fig. 5a, another portion, in outline. Plate 158, Figs. 6-8. BRACEBRIDGIA PYRIFORMIS (Busk, sp.). [Genus BRACEBRIDGIA (McG.). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibiilata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Escharidse.) Gen. CAar.— Zoarium encrusting, or erect and bilaminate. Zooecia distinct, entire ; mouth sub-circular, with an internal denticle ; peristome raised, thick, vicarious avicularia on the free margins of the branches, the triangular mandibles with a projecting articular process at each lower angle.] Description. — Zoarium usually consisting- of flat bilaminate branches with lateral lobes, the branches more or less twisted on themselves. Zooecia .pyriform, separated by deep grooves ; mouth sub-circular, with a broad denticle internally, and occasionally a small apiculate process on the lower lip ; an elevated ridge round the mouth, the two sides meeting- below the lower lip and continuing- down the zooecium as a central elevation ; surface smooth or minutely granular. On the free edge ot the lobate branches is a single row of aviculiferous cells. Reference. — Mucronella pyriformis, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 155, pi. XX., fig. 5; Bracehridgia pyriformis, MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov. looo. Vol. II.— Decade XVI.— 2*. [ 219 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPoli/zoa. This seemingly common species, whicli I have dedicated generically to my friend Mr. J. Bracehridge Wilson, was first described by Mr. Busk and doubtfully referred to Mucronella. It attains a height of one or two inches. In the younger parts of the zoarium the zooecia are veiy distinct, but, as age advances, the divisions between them become much fainter, the zooecia them- selves are squarer, and the mouth appears as a circular opening surrounded by a tumid border. Many of the zooecia are then also closed. On the free edges of the lobate branches, in most speci- mens, there is a single row of avicularian cells, the triangular mandibles of the avicularia having projecting articular processes at the lower angles One very young specimen (Fig. 7) rises as a small bifid lobe from an encrusting base. Towards the edge of the encrusting part many of the zooecia are closed or not properly formed, while, both external and internal to these, are some in which the mouths have clear, narrowly elevated margins, with an apiculate mucro below and, in a few, a broadly elliptical avicularium across the front of the lower lip. Explanation of Figures. Plate 158. — Fig. 6, specimen, natural size. Fig. 6a, portion towards the periphery, showing normal zooecia. Fig. 66, two aTicularian cells from the margin of a lobe. Fig. 6c, older zooecia towards the base of the specimen, two completely closed. Fig. 7, young specimen, growing from an encrusting base, natural size. Fig. 7a, two zooecia from encrusting part, showing apiculate process and oral avicularium. Fig. 8, opercula and mandible of avicularium from edge of a lobe. Mr. MacGillivray has kindly contributed the specimens and descriptions of the above species of the genera Farciminaria and Bracehi'idgia. Frederick McCot, [ 220 ] -1 PI. 153 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA / CruslaoeaA ^^^^^ STVMdMlatblk. Prof M^ Coy cUrej>^ Steanv luhc .Goyt. Pft/Utn^ OfOxe Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Crustacea. Plate 159. PALINURUS HUGELI (Heller). Sydney Craw-eish, or Spiny Lobster. Genus PALINURUS (Fab.). (First section, with rostrum.) (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Crustacea. Order Decapoda. Section lilacrura. Tribe Astacidea. Family Palinuridae.) Gen. Char. — Carapace sub-cylindrical, broadly rounded on sides, with a small rostrum. Antennary segment very narrow above. Antenna; without basal scales, nearly in contact at base, covering the inner antennae ; basal joints long, sub-cylindrical ; flagella of inner antennae very short ; anterior legs monodactyle ; sternum trigonal. Description. — Carapace semi-fusiform, narrowed in front, convex above; upper surface and upper half of sides covered with large sub-cylindrical tubercles, directed forwards and upwards, and each terminated with a small sharp spine ; a wide, smooth, transverse sulcus a little in advance of the hind margin, behind which the one or two rows of spines are smaller; rostrum strong, conical, sharp-pointed, slightly compressed, smooth, extending forwards more than half its length in advance of front; upper edge straight, horizontal, or very slightly inclined upwards; a small compressed spine in front of orbit on each side of base of rostrum ; supra-ocular spines large, shorter than rostrum, smooth, compressed, sharp-pointed, diverging forwards, upwards and outwards ; infra-ocular spine on lower front edge of carapace from hepatic region, rather smaller than the rostrum ; the spinose tubercles cease at a line extending from the anterior lateral angle of the carapace to the posterior lateral angle, and below this level the sides of the carapace are smooth or with microscopic granules. Anterior legs slender, penultimate joint with one small spine, at one-third its length from base on inner side ; third joint compressed to inner ridge, which has one strong spine near anterior edge, and one smaller a little in front of posterior edge ; upper or dorsal ridge of all the legs ending in a short spine in front, and with a smaller one at outer fi-ont edge ; legs otherwise nearly smooth. Abdominal segments nearly uniformly arched and convex, nearly smooth, with very fine, irregular granules and puncta, the posterior edge of sixth segment fringed with small spinous tubercles directed backwards, lateral spinose ends of all-iut first segment with seven or eight serratures gradually diminishing in size on hinder edge ; telson oblong, rounded at end, with longitudinal rows of spinose tubercles, lateral lobes of tail with rows of very much smaller spines on outer basal half Color: Upper surface of carapace and abdomen dark olive-brown ; smooth sides of thorax and lateral spines of abdomen rich reddish-chestnut, with few small, scattered, cream- colored spots ; a very conspicuous, cream-colored, narrow line extends from the anterior to the posterior lateral angle of carapace, a little below the level at which the spinous tuberculation of back ceases, and a similar one, at right angles to its anterior third, joins similarly colored lower edge; spines, terminating tubercles of back, and antennae, black, with cream-color bases ; antennae and legs reddish-chestnut- brown, legs sparingly flecked with cream-color ; five lobes of tail rich dull-brownish- orange in middle, with blackish borders. Measurements: Total length from tip of [ 221 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Crustacea. snout to end of tail-flap, 1 ft. Proportional measurements to total length as 100: Length of thorax from tip of rostrum, -^■^^■, length of abdomen to penultinaate joint of abdomen, ^^^ ; greatest width of thorax behind middle, y%\ ; width of anterior third, -i%V ; depth of thorax, -^^-^ ; greatest width of abdomen, y%% ; length of telson, To^j greatest width of telson at anterior end, ■^^■, greatest width of telson near posterior end, -^^^ ; length of first three joints of outer antennae, -1%"^ ; width of ditto, xDiy; length of flagella of outer antennae, yV^ 5 length of rostrum, y-gj- ; length of supra-orbital spines, y-^^; length of first joint of inner antennae, y W ; second joint, yf ^ ; third joint, yj^ ; flagella, y^^^^^j ; length of first pair of legs, ^^j^ ; second pair, iVjr ; third pair, yVij ; fourth pair, y-*|j\ ; fifth pair, -^^ ; greatest width of first leg- (behind middle of penultimate joint), y^^y. Reference. — Heller, Sitzungsbericht der Wiener Akad. der Wissenschaften, V. 45, p. 393, and Reise der Novara Crust., p. 96, t. viii. ; ? = P. tumidus (Kirk), Tr. N.Z. S., V. xii., p. 314. This species, which is the Common Sydney Craw-fish, is easily distinguished fi-om the southern one, the P. Lalandi* which is the Common Melbourne Craw-fish, by its nearly smooth abdomen, larger rostrum, smaller anterior legs, and different colors. It has not been figured of the colors of life before. It is so rare south of N. S. Wales that I have only seen one (now in the Museum and figui'ed on our plate), and heard of another, caught on the Victorian coast, near Port Phillip Heads ; and I have a single specimen from Tasmania, where, as in Victoria, the P. Lalandi abounds, whUe this is extremely rare. I have little doubt the gigantic specimen described by Mr. Kirk, from the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, under the name P. tumidus.^ is only a very old and full-grown example of the same species, the size being double that •Note. — Since the publication of the figures and description of P. Lalandi in our Decade XV., I have received several speciuieus from the Cape of Good Hope through the kindness of Mr. Trinien, of the South African Museum, Cape Town, fully bearing out the remarks I have made as to the identity of our Melbourne Craw-flsh and the S. African one. Some of tlie specimens are very old and large, equalling our largest e.KampIes, and in these there is great Irregularity in the tumidity of the branchial regions and consequent width of middle of carapace: the most extreme case of this was owing to a diseased condition due to the growth of multitudes of Mussel shells {MijlUus) on the gills. The healtliy ones had the same proportion as I have figured for our common Melbourne species, which also varies In this respect. I should have dj'awn attention to the fact that, although in most specimens the color of the abdomen ia almost uniform, yet in many examples there are whitish, irregular, dendritic, oblique markings on the lateral portions of each segment, and five, diverging, longitudinal ones on tail-flaps. These are rather more distinct on the Cape specimens ; but perfectly idendicai markings are to be found on many of the Melbourne ones, as well as occasional whitish rings on the antenute, irregularly varying in position and width. Since the foregoing portion of this note was in type, I have received a copy from my friend, Professor Parker, of his paper from the Transactions of the N.Z. Institute, Vol. XIX., on the identity of the specimens referred to P. Lalandi from New Zeabuul by Hutton, and by Miers, with those referred by the saniQ authors to Hutton's second species (/•. Eilieardsi) from the same locality, and it is satisfactory to find that we have Independently made nearly similar observations. Professor Parker, having also got specimens from the Cape of Good Hope of the true P. Lalandi, thinks he llnds a cliaracter to distinguish them from our Southern Australasian species, to which he provisionally continues the name /*. Ediriirdsi. This is a couple of rows of tubercles on the anterior portion of the first abdominal segment, in front of the transverse furrow. I have never seen this extraordinary character in our Victorian specimens; but, on the otlii-r band, one of our Cape specimens is almosl without litem, and Protessor Parker notes one or two tubercles in this position in one of his New Zealand specimens. So, clearly, this character cannot separate the species. The second difference relied on by Professor Parker is the third abdominal segment having only one row of tubercles behind the transverse groove. In the New Zealand specimens, but two or three rows in his Cape ones. One of my Cape specimens fias only one row, as In our ordinary Uobson's Bay examples, and I find our species occasionally exhibiting as many rows of tubercles in f^out of the groove as the Cape ones, [ 222 ] Zoologt/.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ICrustacea. of our examples, accounting for the greater development of the spines on the inner edge of the second, third, and fifth joints of the first pair of legs in his figure. Explanation of Figures lorsal front leg, half natural size. Frederick McCoy Plate 159. — Fig. 1, dorsal view of Immature specimen, half the natural size. Fig. la, half of third abdominal segment, natural size. Fig. 16, straight rostrum, natural size. Fig. Ic, t leer, half natural size. [ 223 ] R160. ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ( CrastacozyJ v 'J. J vm, jiitt, hik. VrcF M"^ Gjy direaif Sttan Ui/w ixr/^Frwiay OfHa I Zoologt/.'i NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {_Crustacea. Plate 160. ASTACOPSIS SERRATUS (Shaw sp.), VAR. YARRAENSIS (McCoy). The Yarra Spiny Cray-fish. [Genus ASTACOPSIS (Hnx.). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Crustacea. Order Decapoda. Section Macrura. Tribe Astacidea. Family Astacidae. Sub-family Farastacinse.) Gen. Char. — Epistome long, flat. Antennoe with base fixed by edge of carapace ; scale small ; thoracic sterna narrow from the approximation of the large basal joints of the legs ; twenty-OQe gills and one rudiment. Podobranchi« six, destitute of upper posterior lamellae and without dilatation of stem, and on first jaw-foot an epipodite with rudimentary branchial fila- ments ; no podobranchioe on last pair of thoracic legs ; six anterior arthrobranchise on arthrodial membrane of second jaw-foot to penultimate leg ; five posterinr arthrobranchiaj on arthrodial membrane from third jaw-foot to penultimate pair of legs ; four pleurobranchise on epimera of four last thoracic joints. Australia.] Six months after I published in the Second Decade the illustra- tion of the Murray Cray-fish (A. serrahis), and about a month after I published in the Third Decade the account of the Yabber Cray-fish (A. bicarinatus), there was published the number of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London containing Professor Huxley's remai'kable paper on the classification and distribution of the Cray-fish, and I gladly recognise the internal anatomical peculiarity of the Australian Cray-fishes which he has pointed out, characterising his family ParastacidcB, peculiar to the Southern Hemisphere, and differing from those of the other half of the world in the podobranchiaj having no lamina, and in the first joint of the abdomen being destitute of appendages in both sexes. In these the anterior edge of the carapace overlaps and fixes the basal joint of the antennge, and the posterior thoracic sterna are very narrow ; the coxopodites of the posterior thoracic legs are large and approximate in the midline, and the rostrum and anten- nary scale short, and the telson, or last joint of the abdomen, is never divided by a transverse joint ; the podobranchise of the first jaw-foot or maxillipede is like an epipodite, but has some branchial filaments not present in the Potamobiidce. The branchial filaments of the podobranchia and the coxopoditic set£e have hooked tips generally, not found in the northern family. {: 225 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. lOrustacea. The two Cray-fisli, A. serratus and A. hicarinatus^ which I have figured in this work, differ from the Madagascar genus, Astacoides, to which I, with all the best continental writers, had referred them, in the larger number of the gills (Astacopsis having twenty- one and a rudiment, Astacoides only twelve fully developed). Placing A. serratus in the genus Astacopsis, which Professor Huxley has proposed, and which is entirely peculiar to Austraha, the A. hicarinatus may be referred to a" section of Astacopsis forming the sub-genus Chceraps of Erickson (if he be assumed to be wrong in saying the fifth legs have no gills), as, in our speci- mens, the gills in number, structure, and position are, as Huxley pointed out, like Astacopsis., but the podobranchias diflfering in having the inner anterior edge of the stem widened into an ala, covered with branchial filaments. The old family, AstacidcB., is divided from Professor Huxley's observation into two groups, one inhabiting the Northern Hemi- sphere, for which the name Potamobiidce has been suggested, including the genera Astacus and Camhai-us, in which the gUls from the first joint, or coxfe, of the five thoracic legs on each side have the upper part of the stem dilated posterioi-ly into a broad double, plaited lamina, and that of the adjacent jaw-foot is reduced to an epipodite without branchial filaments, none of the branchial filaments or setfe ending in hooks ; the first abdominal segment always with appendages in the male, or in both sexes ; those of the four following joints small ; the telson, or middle piece of the tail- fin, divided transversely by a more or less perfect joint. The second group, named Parastacidce, confined to the Southern Hemisphere, containing the genera Astacoides, Astacopsis, ChcBvaps, EngiBus, and Parastacus, is distinguished by the absence of the upper posterior laminae to the podobranchiae : having branchial filaments on the epipodite of the hind jaw-foot. The filaments of the podobranchiaj mostly end in hooked spines, as well as the setsB at their base and stems ; the telson is not divided by a trans- verse sutm-e ; the first abdominal segment has no appendages in either sex, and those of the four following segments are large. [ 226 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea. Our plate 160 illustrates a remarkable variety of the typical A. serratus of tlie MiuTay, common iu the Yarra and its numerous affluents flowing southwards into the sea of the south coast of the colony ; and as very few of the inhabitants of these river systems are identical (most of the species and many of the genera being dissimilar), this form is worthy of special note. It is usually less than half the size of the Murray individuals, being usually only five inches and rarely six inches long ; it further differs in the whole thorax and abdomen above being of an intense Prussian- blue color, the spines, chelfe, and under surface ivory-white, with the membrane of the joints red. All the proportions and the nimiber and disposition of the spines seem to me to agree so closely with the large pale Murray form, that, although so unlike at first glance, I have no doubt the southern race is merely a variety, which, for convenience of reference, may be distinguished by the name of the river in which it is chiefly found, fi'om its mouth at Melbourne to its highest branches. The colors of those from the Watts River are particularly intense. Explanation of Fioitees. Plate 160. — Fig. 1, male specimen, yiewed from above, natural size. Fig la, same, riewed from below, showing the male openings in the base of the bind pair of legs, and the absence of appendages to the first abdominal segment. Fig. 16, side view of same. Fig. le, top of head, magnified two diameters, to show details of rostrum. Fig. \d, side view of portion of head, magnified two diameters, to show proportional dimensions of rostrum, antennary scale, and basal joints of antennae. Fig. Ic, one of the abdominal appendages, magnified three diameters. Note.— The color of the under surface, and chelse and spines of upper surface, are rather too dark, and should be oJ an Ivory-white with a slighter Drown tinge. ^ Frederick McCoy. YOL. 11.— DzciDl XVI.— 2! [ 227 ] CONTEOTS OF DECADES. N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne. DECADE I. Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.). Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superhus, Giinth.). Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.). Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australis, Giinth.). Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.). Plate 6. — The Kuniu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.). Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy). Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd-.). The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarinae, Scott). The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.). Plate 9. — Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.). Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.). DECADE II. Plate 11. — The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake (Hoplocephalus corouoides, Giinth.). Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.). Plate 13. — The Carpet Sn.ake (Morelia variegata. Gray). Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (L.ates colonorum, Giinth.). Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.). Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cuv. sp.). Adult. Plate 1 7. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring. Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.). Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotclla call.arias, Giinth.). Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.). DECADE III. Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonys, de Blainv. sp.). Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novaj Zealandife, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.). The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy). The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy). Plate 24. — Catenicella margiiritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). — C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.). — C. cribraria (Busk).— C. .alata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. lorica (Busk). — C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. perforata (Busk). — C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). — C. Hannafordi (McG.). — C. crystallina (Wyy. Thomson). — C. carin.ata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk). — C. geminata (Wyr. Thomson). — C. cornuta (Busk).— C. intermedia (McG.) Plate 25. — Membranipora menibrauacea (Linn. sp.). — M. perforata (McG.). — M. ciliata (McG.). — M. mamillaris (McG.). — M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis (Busk). Plate 26. — Membr.inipora dispar (McG.). — M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn, sp.).— M. Rosselii (Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.). Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Austr.alis, Cast.). The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy). Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche). Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacopsis bicarinatus, Gray sp.). Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schaet.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE IV. Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furiua-Snake, Furina bicucullata (McCoy). Plate 33. — The Banded Eed Gurnet-Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.). Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.). Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (And.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium (McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.). Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (And.). — L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (And. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.). Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.).— L. canaliculata (McG.).— L. larvalis (McG,).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. EUerii (McG.). Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma (McG.).— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L. pellu- cida (McG.). Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.).-^C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa (McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.). Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.). The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.). DECADE V. Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.). Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, GUnth.). — The Common Sand- Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray). Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus [Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.). Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cut.). — The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.). Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). — C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. pisciformis (Busk). Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.). — Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia bicornis (Wyr. Thomson). Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. MoGil.). Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ).— E. gracilis (Lamx.). — E. platalea (Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata (P. McGil.). Plate 49. — Cellaria flstulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis (Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk). Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada moerens, Germ.). — The Great Green Cicada (Cyclochila Australasiae, DonoT. sp.). DECADE VI. Plate 51. — The Victorian Rhodona (Rhodona Officeri, McCoy). Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vermicella annulata, Gray). Plate 53.— The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (l{.auoidea aurea, Less. sp.). Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.). Plate 56. — The Hammer-beaded Shark (Zyga;na malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw- Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, GUnth.). Plate 57. — Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. dc4icatula (Busk). Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk).— Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom- son).—M. cervicornis (McGil.) — M. tricellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 59 — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turbinata (McGil.). — Stirparia .annulata (Map.).— Bugula neritiua (Linn.). Flatb 60, — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petraha undata (McGil.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE VII. Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.). Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus. Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay). Plate 64.— The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Kaf.).— The Australian Tope Shark (Galeus Australis, Macleay). Plate 65.— The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse (Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.) Plate 66.— Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.)— (Var. aTlcularis, P. McGill.) Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.). Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.).— I. radians (Lamk.). Plates 69-70.— The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy). DECADE VIII. Plate 71. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 72. — The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.). Plate 73. — The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.). Plate 74. — The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Miill. and Hen.). Plate 75. — The Picked Dog-Pish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.). Plates 76-77.— The Austrahan Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 78.— Bugula robusta (P. McGil.).— B. cucullata (Busk).— B. dentata (Lamx.).— B. avicularia (PaU.). Plate 79. — The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens. Leach sp.). Plate 80. — The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray). DECADE IX. Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray)— (Var. Howitti, McCoy). Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cut. sp.). Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.). Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cut. and Val. sp.). Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.). Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias Tulpes^ Linn. sp.). Plate 89.— Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.).— C. amphora (Busk).— C. Wilsoni (P. McG.).— C pul- chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.). Plate 90.— Catenicella fusca (P. McG.).— C. \imbonata (Busk).— C. cornuta (Busk). DECADE X. Plate 91. — Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy). Plates 92-93.— The Long-necked RiTer Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.). Plate 94. — Opercula of Hetepora. Plate 95.— Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.). — E. aTicuIaris (P. McGil.). — R. fissa (P. McGil.) Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.) J. ±Ja.i.tu tf\j. Alt tC^JWiap UlUlllllJ.^Ldf y_A , J.IA»JVJll. J. Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).— R. fonnosa (P. McGil.).— R. carinata (P. McGil.). Plate 98.— Retepora Phoenicea (Busk).— R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.). ■D, .™n„ T3.. ulata (P. McGil.).— R. tessellata (Hincks).— R. ser tubaria (Lam.). The/oregoing ten Decades form Vol. I. Plate 99.— Retepora granulata (P. McGil.). — R. tessellata (Hincks).— R. serrata (P. McGil.). Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XI. Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.). Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-bacli, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray). Plate 103. — The Blaclcish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.). Plate 104.^The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linu. sp.). Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (JIcG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora dentata (McG.)— U. nana (McG.). Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum (Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). — Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Biflustra papulifera (McG.).~B. bimamillata (McG.). Plate 107. — Cateuicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium ponderosum (Goldstein sp.). Plate 108. — Calpidium oruatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dsedala (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.). Plate 110. — The Australian Yellovv-winged Locust (CEdipoda musica, Fab. sp.). Plate 111. Plate 112, Plate 113. Plate 114. Plate 115. Plate 116 Plate 117. Plate 118. Plate 119, Plate 120. DECADE XII. -The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.). -The Southern Chimajra (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.). -The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Sh.ark (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.). -The Australian Kough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw). -The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, GUnth.). -Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucnmella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. Isris (P. McG.). — M. Tultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.). -Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). — B. radicifera (Hincks .sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.). -Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.). -The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.). -The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata, Serv.). Plate 121. Plate 122. Plate 123. Plate 124. Plate 125. Plate 126. Plate 127. Plate 128, Plate 129. Plate 130. DECADE XIII. -The Bearded Lizard (Grammatophora barbata, Kaup). -The Southern Silver .Ribbon-fish (Trachypterus toeuia, Bloch). -The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironcctcs bifurcatus, McCoy). -Brown's Tooth-brush Leather- jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.). -The Horse-shoe-marked Leatlier-jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., sp.). -Maplestonia cirrata (P. McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S. obtecta (Haswell). — S. cervicornis ^Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thorn.). -Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M. pectinata (P. McG.). — M. serrata (P. McG.). — M. ciliata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum albispinum (P. McG ). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.). -Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.). — C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk). -The Netted Acripeza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin). -The Broad-Btyled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XIV. Plate 131. — The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and Gaim. sp.). Plate 132. — The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory). — The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus marmoratus, Gray). Plate 133. — Ray's Sea Bream (Brama Rayi, Bloch). Plate 134. — Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Labrichthys Bleekeri, Cast.). Plate 135. — The Black-firmed Half-beak, or Sea Gar-fish (Hemiramphua intermedius, Cant.). — The Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Forsteri, Cur. and Val.). Plate 136. — Caberea rudis (Busk). — C. grandis (Hincks). — Canda arachnoides (Lamx.). — C. tenuis (P. McG.). Plate 137. — Caberea Darwinii (Busk). — C. glabra (P. McG.) — ^tea dilatata (Busk). — ^. anguina (Linn. sp.). Plate 138. — Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.). — S. triangula (Hincks). — S. da;dala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks).— S. Ridleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach- noides (P. McG.). — S. cryptostoma (P. McG.). — Gemellipora striatula (Smitt). Plate 139. — The Dusky Flat-borned Locust (Opsomala sordida, Aud. Serv.). The Pedestrian Mid- Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson). Platb 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach). DECADE XV. Plate 141. — The Spiny-ridged Lizard (Egernia Cunningham!, Gray). Plate 142. — The Brown Pseudechys (Pseudechys Australis, Gray). Plate 143. — Peron's Leatherjacket (Monacanthus Peronii, HoUard). Plate 144. — The Spinous Shark (Echinorhinus spinosus, Lin. sp.). Plate 145. — Banks' Oar-Fish (Regalecus Banksi, Cuv. sp.) Plate 146. — Catenicella gemella (McG.). — C. urnula (McG.). — C. gracilenta (McG.).— C. renusta (McG.). — Claviporella pulchra (McG.). — C. imperforata (McG.). Plate 147. — Diastopora cristata (McG.).— D. capitata (McG.). — D. bicolor (McG.). — D. sarniensia (Gorman). — D. patina (Lara. sp.). Plate 148. — Cellepora meg.asoma (McG.). — C. costata (McG.). — C. rota (McG.). — C. costazei, var. (Audouin). — C. platalea (McG.). — C. glomerata (McG.). — C. vitrea (McG.). — C. tiara (McG.).— C. benemunita (McG.). Plates 149, 160.— Southern Spiny Lobster, Melbourne Craw-fish (Palinurus Lalandi, Lam. MSS.). DECADE XVI. Plate 161. — Gould's Monitor Lizard (Monitor Gouldi, Gray). Plates 152, 163. — The Pygopus (Pygopus lepidopus, Lacep. sp.). — Frazer's Delma (Delma Frazeri, Gray). Plate 154. — Commerson's Mackerel (Cybium Commersoni, Lacep, sp.). Plate 155. — The Melbourne Pelamyde (Pelamys Schlegeli, McCoy). Plate 156. — Lagenipora tuberculata (McG.). — "L. nitens (McG.). — Lekythopora hystrix (McG.). — Poecilopora anomala (McG.) Plate 157. — Fasciculipora gracilis (McG.). — F. bellis (McG.). — F. fruticosa (McG.). — F. ramosa (D'Orbigny). Plate 158. — Farciminaria aculeata (Busk). — F. uncinata (Hincks). — F. simplex (McG.). — Brace- bridgia pyriformis (Busk sp.), Plate 159. — Sydney Craw-fish or Spiny Lobster (Pahnurus HUgeli, Heller). Plate 160. — The Yarra Spiny Cray-fish (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.). var. Yarraensis (McCov.), ^ Jl CONTENTS OF DECADE XYL N.B, — The originals o{ all the Figures are In the National Museum, Melbourne. Plate 151. — Gould's Monitor Lizard (Monitor Gouldi, Gray), Plates 1.'j2, 1.53. — The Pygopus (Pygopus lepidopus, Lacep, sp.). — Frazer's Delma (Delma Frazeri, Gray). Plate 154. — Commerson's Mackerel (Cybium Commersoni, Lacep, sp.). Plate 155. — The Melbourne Pelaymd (Pelamys Schlegeli, McCoy). ,Plate 156.— Lagenipora tuberculata (McG.).— L. nitens (McG.).— Lekypothora hystrix (MoG.). Poecilopora anomala (McG.). Plate 157.— Fasciculipora gracilis (McG.).— F. bellis (McG.).— F. fruticosa (McG.).— F. ramosa (d'Orbigny). Plate 158. — Farciminaria aculeata (Busk). — F. uncinata (Hiucks). — F. simplex (McG.). — Brace- bridgia pyriformis (Busk sp.). Plate 159. — Sydney Craw-fish or Spiny Lobster (Palinurna Hiigeli, Heller). Plate 160. — The Yarra Spiny Cray -fish (Astacopsis aerratus, Shaw sp.) Tar. Yarraensis (McCoy). ^1'/ ROGIC'< ^atttral listorg sf Wittavm. PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF YICTORIA; FIGURES AND DESCEIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE ZVII. FREDERICK McCOY, C.M.(l.,M.A.,Sc.D. Cantab., F.R.S, HONOBART MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAI, SOCIETY; HONORART ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL 80CIETT OF NATI'RALISTS OF MOSCOW ; COBRESPOSIDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAI, 80CIETT OF LONDON : BONORART MEMBER OF THE ROIAL 80CIETI OF NEW SODTH WALES; BONOiURT MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ; HONORARY FELLOW OP THE GEOLOOICAL SOCIETI OF EDISBCROH ; HONORAKT MEMBER OP THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JIANCHESTER, ^^ ETC., ETC., ETC. ABTBOR OF "SYNOPSIS OP THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OP IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OP IRELAND ; CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OP BEDOWICK AND MCCOY'S BEIIISB PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS ; " " PRODROMUS OP THE PA1«<)ST0L0GY OF VICTORU," ETC PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIESOE IN THE MELBOCIiXE CNIVERSITT. GOTEBNMENI PAI,«)NTOLOGIST, AND DIEECTOR 01' THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC. MELBOURNE : BT AUTHORITT : EOBT. 8. BRAIN, OOYEBNMENT PRINTER. LONDON ; TBCBNEB AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. M DOCC Lxzxvni. 3^^ ADVERTISEMENT. It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken, by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and interesting to the general pubUc, and contribute to the advancement of science. As the geological and botanical investigations have already approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it has been decided now to commence the publication of the third branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom. The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their natiiral appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had only been described fi'om preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates, each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting for the comj)letion of any one branch. The many good observers in the country will thus have the means of accm-ately identifying various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume to be published for each class when it approaches completion. ^attird Mhtm% 4 ^utmin. PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF YICTORIA; FIGUEES AND DESCEIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE ZVII. FEEDERICK McCOY, C.M.G.,M.A.,Sc.D. Cantab., F.E.S., HONORAST MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCtETT ; HONORARY ACTITE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; BOMORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SODTH WALES; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND institute; honorary fellow of THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL 80CIETT OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PAUEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND UCCOY'S " BHITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" " PROD ROM US OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORU," ETC. PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC. ArELBOLTRNE : BT AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. LONDON ; TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. MbCCCLXXXVIlI. PEEFACE. In the first and second plates of this Seventeenth Decade, detailed figui-es, of the colours of life, are given for the first time of species of three more genera, Lialis, Ajirasia, and Pseiulodehna, of the snake-like group of Lizards so singularly abundant in Australia. The third plate gives figures of the colours of life, also for the first time, of one of the magnificently coloured " Parrot Fishes " of our coasts, the Labrichthys laticlavius. The fourth plate figures for the first time of the living colours a most beautiful new species of that splendidly coloured group of fishes popularly called " Wrasses " in England, the Heteroscarus Macleayi (McCoy). The four following plates illustrate the details of further species of the genus Cellepora^ so important to the geologist investigating om- Tertiary rocks, as well as to the zoologist, from the specimens and descriptions presented by Mr. MacgUlivray. Plates 169 and 170 give detailed figures of a new species of Squid, or Cuttlefish (0. Goiddi, McCoy), of the interesting genus Ommastrephes^ having a cone at the end of its internal dorsal pen. PREFACE. The succeeding Decades will illusti-ate as many diflFerent genera as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some special interest and of which good figures do not exist, or are not easily accessible. Frederick McCoy. 10th October, 1888. PllGl ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Reptiles J ii "j J Wild dri. tt kth VrarU'C^ dirat SffojTL Ultio OtK^ ?nT0jrnj Dffira Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ' [Reptiles. Plate 161. LIALIS BURTONI (Gray). Burton's Lialis. [Genus LIALIS (Gray). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order Sauria. Sub-order LeptoglossK. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Pygopidae.) Oen. Char. — Body snake-like, very long, cylindrical, tapering. Head pointed, parietal bones united into a single one ; teeth sharp, directed backwards, swollen at base ; top of head covered with small, scale-like plates ; external ear-opening obliquely oval ; tongue elongate, tapering, bifid 5 scale-like rudiments of hind limbs very small. Scales soft, smooth, imbricating ; two median abdominal rows and one median sub-caudal row larger than the others. Preanal pores few. Australia and Islands to N.E.] Description. — Body and tail sub-cylindrical, very gradually tapering'; tail, when perfect, exceeding the head and body in length. Head long, tapering, with straight sides, to a narrow, obtusely rounded tip; from tip of snout to anterior margin of eye equal to distance from anterior margin of eye to ear in some specimens, but only equals from posterior margin of eye to ear in others ; a narrow, projecting angular ridge from nostril over eye to a little beyond ear, separating the flattened top of the head from the slightly concave cheeks; two rows of scales on prominent margin of lower lip continued some variable distance along sides of body, forming a perceptible ridge ; approximate half of scales of each row usually coloured white with a dark outline, giving the erroneous appearance of two rows of scales smaller than the adjacent ones. Numerous small plates of top of head variable in size, shape and number ; rostral plate bent under, so that the mouth opens behind front edge of snout, about four times wider than high ; about 17 small upper labials. Nostril large, in posterior edge of a swollen nasal plate, with one or two post-nasal plates ; loreal plates of cheek, between nostril and eye, very small, numerous, scale- like; eye small, separated from labials by two or three rows of loreal scales, with a narrow, circular, immovable eyelid, with one or two rows of minute scales ; chin plate very large, sub-pentagonal ; a row of seven or eight large, paddle-shaped plates, each with an abruptly narrowed posterior extension, separated from the lower labials by a row of very small, longitudinally oblong scales. Nineteen or twenty- one rows of scales round middle of body. Hind limbs extremely small, apparently covered by two or three scales, scarcely difiering from the lateral ones of the body, which they follow. Preanal pores two on each side, large, notching posterior edge of the scales; about eighty pairs of enlarged median abdominal plates. Colour: Some specimens (as our figure 1) pale greyish-brown, lighter above, darker below, darkest on the cheeks, with a narrow white band from lower lip a variable distance along sides of body, usually edged with a very fine dark line; a similar white streak from nostril, running along angle over eye and ear a short distance along neck, and with a small, dark dot in centre of each scale of back (var. L. punctulata) ; others of richer brown, darker below, with about eight rows of large white spots on under side, and five or seven narrow, dark streaks along back, the middle one opening out into two on head, uniting again on snout (var. L. Burtoni) ; other specimens have dark, vertical markings on cheeks, and larger and darker triangular patches on Vol. II.— Decade XVII.— 2 m. [ 229 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. lUeptiles. sides of lower jaws; some (as our fig-ure 2) have the back plain, dotted, without streaks, as in the type L. punctulata, but with the large, white spots below, as in the typical L. Burtoni. Measurements : Tip of snout to base of leg-flaps, 6 in,; tail, 6 in. 6 lines; tip of snout to anterior edge of eye, 4 lines; tip of snout to ear, 85 lines ; diameter of middle of body, 3^ lines. References. — Lialis Burtoni, Gray, Cat. B. M. Lizards, p. 69 ; Ereb. and Ter., p. 5, t. 8, f. 2 ; Grey's Trav. Austr., v. 2, p. 437, t. 3, f. 1 + L. hicatenata, Gray I.e. + L. punctulata, Gray I.e. + L. leptorhyncha, Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1873, p. 605. The genus Lialis I think, with Mr. Boulanger, contains only one species at present known, varying greatly in colour and slightly in the proportional length of the snout, which characters have been relied on by Gray and Peters in naming the supposed different species indicated in the synonyms. These lizards are even more like snakes than the Pt/gojyus, from the almost imperceptible smallness of the rudiments of the hind limbs, scarcely larger or longer than an ordinary adjacent scale, and the immovable eyelids. The external open ear, however, and fleshy tongue indicate at a glance the true afiinity to be with the lizards and not the snakes. The curious character of the single (coalesced pair) parietal bone in the skull, and also the sharp recurved teeth with swollen base, so different from others of the Pygopidce^ almost warrant the adoption of Gray's family Lialisidw for the genus, which apjiroaches the Varanidce in this and in the premaxillary being single and produced backwards between the nasals. Our figure 1 gives the typical colouring of the variety named L. punctulata by Gray, in which a very distinct white labial band extends along the lower lip, and runs a vai'iable length along each side of the body, separating a darker greyish brown under side from a much lightex', greyish brown upper side, and with a shorter narrow white band from nostril over eye beyond the ear ; the cheek between these lines darker than any other part of the surface ; most of the scales of the back with a small dai'k dot near middle. Our figure 2 shows the colouring half-way between that species and L. Burtoni, from Trinity Bay, having longitudinal dark streaks on top of head, and the large conspicuous Avhite spots on dark greyish-brown under side, and vertical dark patches on side of cheeks and lower jaw, as in L. Burtoni, but with the lighter, plain, unstreaked upper [ 230 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. llieptiles. side, with a small dot in centre of each scale, as in L. punctulata. Other specimens in the Museum Collection have the five longi- tucUnal brown streaks and rows of dark and light spots on whole of upper surface, as in the typical L. Burtoni, with rows of con- spicuous white spots on darker under surface. All the varieties have the curious and most unusual colouring of the dai'ker surface being below, instead of above, as usual. The specimens found in Victoria, measured above, are smaller than those generally of warmer latitudes ; but I have a specimen in the Museum from Duke of York Island, of the size, shape, and colouring of our figure 1. Not very uncommon in the Mallee Scrub and other warmer parts of Victoria. Explanation of Figures. Plate 161. — Fig. 1, plain coloured .specimen of the variety named L. jninctulata, waXuraX size. Fig. la, under side of head, magnified three diameters, to show the large chin plate and lateral rows of paddle-shaped plates. Fig. 16, top of head, magnified three diameters, showing plates of head. Fig. Ic, side view of head, magnified three diameters, showing large nasal plate, very numerous scale-plates of loreal region, eye with scaly lid, and ear. Fig. \d, front view of tip of snout, magnified five diameters, showing wide rostral, inflected below, and edge of chin plate. Fig. l6, side view of snout, magnified five diameters, showing large nasal with two post-nasal plates. Fig. 1/, posterior end of body and anterior end of tail, magnified three diameters, showing two rows of large abdominal and one row of large sub-caudal plates, four preanal pores, and the minute leg-flaps. Fig. Ir/, side view of middle of body, magnified two diameters, showing upper dotted and lower plain scales. Fig. \h, lower surface of body, magnified two diameters, showing proportion of two median rows of larger plates. Fig. li, scales of back, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2, variety, with conspicuous white spots, as in the type L. Burtoni, but without back streaks, natural size. Fig. 2a, lower side of head and part of body, to show disposition of large white and some dark spots, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2b, top of head, magnified three diameters, showing dark marks, longitudinal streaks (not found farther back on this specimen). Fig. 2c, side view of head, magnified three diameters, showing vertical dark marks and traces of longitudinal dark streaks. Fig. 2d, tip of snout, front view, magnified five diameters. Fig. 2e, side view of snout, magnified five diameters, showing nasal plates, with only one post-nasal. Fig. 2/, view of preanal pores and small leg flaps, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2g, scales of back unstreaked and dotted, as in L. punctidata, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2%, side view, magnified three diameters, showing relation of upper and under scales, with leg-fiaps and preanal pores. Feederick McCoy. [231 ] tul^ puea ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Reptdes) 1^ \ V^JJWiUMtt hjOu Prof M^ Ccv diretrf ^eam, hiha Get- Fnniir^ Offux Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles. Plate 162, Fig. 1. APRASIA PULCHELLA (Gray). The Lined Aprasia. [Genus APRASIA (Grat). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class ReptiUa. Order Sauria. Sub-order Leptoglossae. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Pygopidae.) Gen. Char. — Body and tail long and slender, cylindrical, tapering, vermiform ; destitute of anterior limbs, posterior ones forming a very minute flap on each side of base of tail ; covered with smooth, hexagonal scales, those below only slightly wider than those above. Head small, semi-elliptically rounded in front, cheeks vertical, muzzle projecting beyond lower jaw in front; one pair of large, quadrate nasal plates ; one pair of freno-nasal large shields, covering the cheeks ; one large, hexagonal vertex plate or pre-frontal ; a pair of small superciliary plates on each side ; rostral plate large ; labial plates large, few ; nostrils very small, near suture, between the tip of the front upper labial and the square nasal plate ; vertex plate large, hexagonal ; no parietal shields ; eyes with a circular eyelid of a marginal series of small scales ; pupil round; external ears none, the aperture being covered by the scales. Tongue rounded and slightly notched at tip. Parietal bones separate. Teeth small, blunt, with cylindrical base, pleurodont. Preanal pores none. Australia.] Description. — Head scarcely wider than neck, semi-elliptical, pointed in front; rostral plate long-, narrow, lower two-thirds nearly parallel-.sided ; the pointed upper-third end bent over to appear on upper surface of head, between the nasal plates, separating- them nearly to their posterior margin ; nasals larg-e, quad- rate, joining- by a small portion of posterior inner edge above, with the nostrils pierced in the anterior outer angle, close to suture of first upper labial plate, which is small and quadrate; second labial plate about as long- as the first, but rising- higher to join the outer side of the freno-nasal ; third upper labial smaller than second and indented above by the eye; fourth labial rising- to nearly middle of eye behind. Prefrontal or freno-nasals hexagonal, larger than the nasals, joining- in mid-line above, joining- by one of their anterior edges to posterior edg-e of the nasal, joining- vertex by inner posterior side, and joining- temporal plate by middle posterior edge, joining small frenal or antocular plate by outer posterior side. Vertical pre- orbital or frenal plate in front of eye, three times higher than long. Vertex or fi'ontal plate very large, hexagonal ; no parietal nor occipital plates. Supra-orbital plates large, extending- fi-om long side of vertex plate to eye-lid outside, and prefrontal in front, and body scale behind. Mental plate large; first lower labials very large, reaching- from mental to vertical from middle of eye, bent under the chin, and separate b}' a small hexagonal plate behind the mental. Scales of throat small, hexagonal. Twelve rows of hexagonal, smooth scales round the body, two middle belly rows larger and wider than the others. Three large preanal scales, with very minute rudimentary leg-flaps on each side, covered with two rows of three minute scales each, and slightly exceeding one of the back scales in length ; circular eje-lid of one row of scales. Colour : Dull brownish yellow above, paler below, with six to nine longitudinal, narrow, dark-brown streaks, sometimes forming dots on the outer row on each side, the next inner streak strongest and going through the eye ; rarely, a ninth, central, small, dotted streak on back. Length of head, 3 lines ; from tip of snout to base of tail, 4 inches ; diameter of middle of body, 2 lines. [ 233 ] Zoobgy.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles. Reference. — Gray, Grey Jour. Exp. Aust., v. 2, p. 438, t. 4, f. 2 = A. octolineata, (Peters) Monatsberichte der Konigliclien Preuss. Akad. der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin, 1863, p. 233. This beautiful little creature has the shark-shaped head of the Blind Worms or Worm Snakes, the front of the snout and curved rostral plate projecting in front of the mouth, probably to facilitate burrowing in the ground. In the situation of the hind leg-flaps of Pijgoptis and Delma there is a ver}'' minute triangular group of about three scales, much smaller than the others, and resting in a depression, no doubt representing the leg-flaps of those genera, and which has been overlooked • by the older writers, although noticed by Mr. Boulanger. The absence of the external ear aperture also shows an approach to the Worm Snakes. The eyelids, however, and fixed jaws indicate their true afiinities with the Lizards, from which, however, they depart more than any other form known. I have no doubt that Dr. Giinther is correct in refering the A. octolineata of Professor Peters to this same species, as I find the streaks vary from six to nine, and the normal number of rows of scales for the present species is twelve. The first Victorian specimen I have seen was presented to the Museum by my former pupil. Dr. E. Hearn, from Lake Wallace, where it had been turned up by the plough in a field. Subse- quently I received another from Mr. Goldstein, who found it at Portland in April 1879. Explanation of Figures. Plate 162. — Fig. 1, average specimen, natural size, but the tail shorter than its proper proportion, from haTing been lost and re-grown. Fig. la, top of head and neck, magnified five diameters, to show plates of top of head ; showing also the unusual middle streak for a short distance in tliis specimen. Fig. li, side view of head, magnified five diameters, to show the scaly eyelid, pre-ocular or frenal plate, edge of supra-ocular plate, freno-nasal, nasal and labials. Fig. Ic, under side, to show large chin plate and post-mental plate, and enlarged first labial. Fig. \d, front view of snout, to show relation of rostral to adjacent plates. Fig. le, top of middle of body. Fig. 1/, side view of b>ase of tail, showing dorsal and ventral scales and minute leg-flaps, magnified five diameters. Fig. Iq, same, viewed from below, showing large preanal scales. Fig. \h, leg-flap, more highly magnified. Frederick McCoy. [234] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IReptiles. Plate 162, Fig. 2. PSEUDODELMA IMPAR (Fischer). Fischer's False Deljia. [Genus PSEUDODELMA (Fischer). Sub-kiugdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order Sauria. Sub-order Leptoglossae. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Pygopidse.) Oen. Char, — Body and tail very slender, gradually tapering. Head moderate, tapering to bluntly rounded snout. Gape wide. Only one pair of plates, meeting In middle, between nas.als and prefrontal plate. Nostrils large, near anterior edge of nasals, which meet above ; ear- opening oblique, moderately large. Eye with rudimentary scaly eyelid. Teeth very smiill, numerous, blunt. Scales of body in longitudinal rows, until a little beyond base of tail, beyond which the lateral rows extend abruptly, obliquely upwards and backwards from middle sub- caudal row. No preanal pores ; two or three enlarged preanal scales. Posterior leg-flaps very small, of two rows of scales. Australia.] Description. — Head narrow, semi-oval, bluntly rounded in front. Teeth very numerous, very minute, blunt. Tong-ue flat, scaly, deeply notched at tip. Rostral large, pentagonal or nearly triangular, about twice as wide as high, separating the nasal plates, except at their posterior superior angles. Nasal plates large, sub- trigonal or tetragonal, with a large nostril pierced near middle, meeting on the mid-line above, behind the apex of the rostral plate, and .prolonged bnckwards nearly as far as posterior edge of first labial below. Fronto-nasal plates large, quad- rangular, meeting by longest side in middle of top of head, acutely pointed in front, obtusely pointed behind, a narrow portion bent down on cheek, touching the first of a series of six small plates over the second, third, and fourth labials, extending from the nasal to the eye. One large, quadrate, antocular plate joining posterior edge of naso-rostral on each side. Pre-frontal or inter-nasal plate large, heptagonal, nearly as broad as long. Frontal plate heptagonal, longer than wide, acutely pointed behind. Parietals large, with a band-like plate on outer posterior side of each, with or without a small occipital plate between their posterior ends. Two rows of minute scales round the orbit, and three vertical rows of slightly larger vertical scales in front of it. Three supra-ocular plates joining two large temporal plates by their upper edges. Upper labials seven, the fourth longer, but less deep, than the others, underlying the eye, from which it is separated by a row of four or five small scales, the anterior one of which supports the posterior two out of the three vertical rows of small scales in front of the orbit. Chin plate moderate, rhombic. Lower labials three, the first meeting below, behind the chin plate; second largest also prolonged under sides of jaw, but not meeting in the middle; third twice the length, but only one-fourth the depth of the other two. Body scales hexagonal, imbricating, very smooth and glossy; two middle ventral rows wider than long; length and width of the others more nearly equal ; fourteen or fifteen rows of scales round the middle of body (the middle row, when fifteen appear, being frequently absent for 'distances of sis or seven scales long, and re-appearing; when absent, leaving only fourteen rows round the body). Leg-flaps covered with two rows of three scales each, the whole being double the length of the enlarged preanal scales, or nearly as long as three of the lateral scales. Scales on back of base of tail in longitudinal rows as far as about the twelfth scale, beyond which the lateral rows extend obliquely upwards and backwards, from the three larger inferior shields to the one or two irregular dorsal rows in middle of tail; about fifty-one pairs of large abdominal scales from hinder part of throat to vent, and about one hundred and twenty-six transversely enlarged, hexagonal plates in median row beneath tail. [235] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles. Colour: Above g-reyish-olive, fading- to g-reyish-wliite below; top of head dark- brown; two or three scales wide of middle of back and tail plain; on each side, three narrow white lines, with dark-brown bands of transverse spots between them, forming- three or four longitudinal lines of narrow lig'ht, and dark broad, stripes on each side, running straight from head, longitudinally, as far as twelve scales beyond the vent, where they turn abruptly, obliquely upwards and backwards in accord with the change of direction at this point of the lateral caudal scales. Measureinents : Snout to base of tail, 3 in.; tail, 6 in.; diameter of body at middle, 3 lines; length of leg-flap, 1^ lines ; snout to ear, 4 lines; snout to eye, \\ lines. Reference. — Archiv. fiir Naturgeschicte 1882, p. 287. This genus differs from Delma in the more simply plated head, arising from only one pair, instead of two pairs, of large plates intervening between the nasals and iuter-nasal or pre-frontal ; and, further, by the singular, oblique direction of the lateral rows of scales on the sides of the tail. The instability of the median dorsal row of scales, which I have noted, is a curious character, giving in some parts an odd number of rows of body scales, and, in the other adjacent parts, an even nvimber. Fischer's figure in the Archiv. fiir Naturgeschicte, of the natural size, is very inexact, and, especially, the leg-flap's are represented as far too long. He is also certainly in error in supposing the teeth to be absent, as I find they are very numerous and blunt, but, of course, very minute and not easy to see. Not very uncommon near Melbourne. The specimen figured was presented by D. Kei'shaw, who found it under stones, near junction of Yarra and Merri Creek. Explanation of Figubes. Plate 162. — Fig. 2, aver.age specimen, natural size. Fig. 'la, under side of head and neck, magnified three diameters, showing large labials, small throat scales, and suddenly enlarging two rows of scales of belly. Fig. 26, side view of head and necli, enlarged thi'ee times, showing characteristic plates. Fig. 2c, top of head and neck, magnified three diameters, sliowing head plates, and tlie median dorsal row of scales following occipital scale, tlien absent, then re- appearing for three scales, and then being absent for hinder portion as far as figured. Fig. 2(/, front view of snout, magnified tliree diameters, sliowing form of rostral and mental plates. Fig. 2f. three preanal scales and minute leg-flaps, natural size, from below. Fig. 2/", side view of leg-flap and adjacent scales, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2.(/. leg-flap, magnified. Fig. 2/t, under side of last abdominal, enlarged preanal scales and sub-caudal scales, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2i, upper side of middle of back. Fig. 2,1', side view of anterior part of tail, showing change from longitudinal to oblique rows of scales, magnified three diameters. Fig. 21, upper side of middle of tail, magnified three diameters. Frederick McCoy. [ 236 ] /(.I? Pl.163 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (IishesJ A JiurOujtam^'* >ioi tt UtA/ hoTid'^Orf (hrtat Smn. kthi ixrvPn/:tuty O^fia Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OK VICTORIA. IFishea. Plate 163. LABRICHTHYS LATICLAVIUS (Rich, sp.). The Broad-striped, or Senator, Parrot-eish. [Genus LABRICHTHYS (Blebkee). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygii. Sub- order Pharyngognathi. Family Labrid*,) Gen. Char. — Body moderately compressed, oblong ; snout narrow, projecting ; scales large ; operculum scaly, cheeks more or less scaly ; preoperculum not serrated. Lateral line con- tinuous. Teeth sharp, conical, in one or two rows in upper jaw, usually 1 or 2 large canine teeth on each side in front, and often a large, conical, posterior canine tooth at angle of mouth in upper jaw. Fins, 9 spinous and 11 branched rays in dorsal, and 3 spinous and 10 branched in anal. Pacific and Indian Archipelago.] D. 9 -f 11 ; V. 1 + 5j P. 12; A. 3 + 10; L. lat. 26^. Description. — Body moderately slender, depth about 3£ in total length, including- caudal. Head with convex profile, small, about one-fourth of total leng-th, including caudal ; top of head and cheeks set with coarse, perforated granules, scattered above, but running into nearly vertical, branched ridges below; a sub- vertical row of 6 or 7 large scales, rather nearer the edge of the preoperculum than the ej-e, extending from about the level of top of e3'e, curving forward below to about level of corner of mouth ; a row of 13 rapidly decreasing, conical teeth in upper jaw, the first (or canines) twice as large as the next; a conical canine, nearly as large as the front one, projecting outwards and forwards from corner of mouth ; a second row of smaller and more numerous teeth within the outer row ; a similar row of eleven decreasing from the large front canine in lower jaw ; two vertical rows of large, rounded scales on anterior part of operculum, with one or two forming an imperfect third row; posterior membranous margin of operculum forming a nariow, rounded, smooth lobe, forming two sides of an isosceles triangle from upper junction ; gill-opening large, curved. Scales of body large, rounded, thin-edged, with fine, granular, flexous, radiating strice, strongest at middle; those of lateral line with from 4 to 8 flexuous, dicbotomous, branching tubes, set with porous granules, the five last running to middle of tail from level of last dorsal ray, one scale's width lower than anterior ones; 26 scales along lateral line, 3 above and 10 below.; no scales on dorsal fin. Fins'.- Spinous part of dorsal of 9 spines, slightly less elevated than the posterior portion, of 11 branched rays; ventral rhomboidal, acuteW pointed, from second branched ray being longest, 1 spinous and 5 branched rays ; pectoral obtusely rounded, of 12 rays; anal of 3 short spinous, and 10 longer, branched, rays slightly increasing, so that the last is longest; caudal sub-truncate, obtusely rounded. Colour: Body, back and cheeks rich sap-green, with 3 broad, bright, purplish, chestnut madder bands, one from temple behind the eye to the end of the caudal ; a second, wider, from angle of operculum joins the upper one about 3 rays from vertical of end of dorsal; and a third, broadest, occupies the lower part of body over anal and low^er portion of tail, connected with the middle one by a large blotch of same colour at anterior portion of anal ; each of these stripes is edged by a narrow interrupted line of ultramarine-blue. Throat and belly in front of anal purplish-white, with longitudinal, broken, flexuous lines of pale yellow and blue; head with long, flexuous Vol. II.— Decade XVII.— 2)i. [ 237 ] Zoology.'] NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Fishti. blue lines radiating from the eye, the intervening spaces varying irregularly, either the green or purple of the body in different specimens; dorsal fin sap-green at base, irregu- larly clouded with reddish and pale blue; a definite, narrow, continuous edging of bright blue, and numerous, ultramarine-blue, round spots on membrane of hinder part of dorsal in most specimens, in some specimens pale purple with narrow blue edge, without spots, but clouded with blue in front, and dull red behind ; anal sap-green at base with a blue basal line, the marginal half dark-purplish with a narrow blue line between it and the green, and a bright blue, nan-ow edge and numerous round, blue spots on membranes ; caudal with green of body extending along upper edge and middle, as narrow bands ; rest of membrane of the purplish tint of body stripes, with a broad, darker band at posterior third; rays and round spots on membrane bright blue (in some specimens these blue spots extend over lower, body purplish, stripe to anterior end of anal fin) ; pectoral fin bluish-green at base, the rest of the membrane colourless, but the rays dark-greenish, except a broad margin of ends of branched rays, red; ventral nearly colourless, tinged with pale purplish and bluish. Iris with orange, round pupil, with blue and green circles in middle, and outer orange circle. Length, 11 in. 7 lines; snout to orbit, 10 .ines; snout to end of operculum, 2 in. 10 lines; snout to front of dorsal, 3 in.; depth of body, 3 in.; height of middle of dorsal, 1 in. ; length of ventral, 1 in. 5 lines. Reference.— Zool. Proc. 1840 : Er. and Ter., Fish, p. 128, t. 56, f 3-6. This is one of the most beautiful of all the Wrasses, called Parrot-fishes in Australia, and varies considerably in the extent of the blue spotting of the fins and in the intensity and extent of the body colours. I have not seen any vermilion line indicated in some of the second-hand, published descriptions of the colom'ing, and think the parts so named are always blue. Not very uncommon in Hobson's Bay. Our specimens were got in February, August, and September. It has not been figured of the natural colours before. Explanation of Figures. Plate 163. — Fig. 1, average specimen, two-thirds of natural size. Fig. la, outline, to show granules, row of scales on cheek, and two rows with imperfect third row of large scales of oper- culum. Fig. 16, teeth of upper and lower jaws, twice natural size, showing .anterior large canines, and the posterior canines of upper jaw. Fig \c, inner row of teeth in upper jaw, four times the natural size. Fig. Id, scale from above lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. le, scale from lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. 2, dorsal fin of another specimen. Frederick McCoy. [ 238 J )(^H Pl.i64 ;OOLOCY OF VICTORIA (Fishes) A BtiH/u.ti^mew tun et deL hf/M^Oy (izrrft^ Stej/n bih/^ &r-* himm^ QfKcA Zoohgy.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ^Fishes. Plate 164. HETEROSCARUS MACLEAYI (McCoy). Macleay's Wrasse. [Genus HETEROSCARUS (Castlenau.) (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub- class Teleostei. Order Acanthopterygii. Sub-order Pharyngognathi. Family Labridas.) Oen. Cliar. — Upper jaw longer than the lower ; teeth united together, forming a sharp cutting edge on both sides, with a distinct median suture in upper jaw ; indistinct or none in lower jaw. Scales large ; 14 to 16 spinous rays in dorsal ; head without scales, granular and porous ; cheeks with imbedded, impressed non-imbricating scales ; large scales on operculum ; lateral line continuous. Australia.] D. 16 -f 8; A. 2 + 13; C. 14; P. 13; V. 1 -l- 4; L. lat. 33^^. Description. — Body oblong', compressed, heig'ht twice and two-thirds in total length (without caudal); length of head nearly three times in same length; thickness twice and a half in depth. Head semi-oval ; upper pair of anchylosed sets of teeth overlapping; the under pair ; angle of mouth not reaching' level of anterior edge of orbit. Three rows of large scales on the operculum; edge of operculum mem- branous and smooth, except at angle, which is striated ; anterior part granular and porous ; margin of preoperculura striated, edge serrated ; all the pieces of the head with irregular, coarse granules ; forehead between the eyes very slightly convex. Fins : Dorsal commencing at back of head, of 16 spinous and 8 jointed, branched ra3's, first four rays longest and terminating in long, very slender, flexuous filaments; jointed rays longer than immediately preceding spinous rays. Anal commencing under about the tenth dorsal ray, of 2 spinous and 13 jointed branched rays, termi- nating slightly behind the dorsal; caudal of 14 ray.s (shape uncertain). Ventrals ovate, of 1 spine and 4 branched rays. Pectoral large, ovate, of 13 raj-s. Scales: Large, rhombic, with concentric wrinkles of growth and very fine, longitudinal, rough flexuous striae, serrating the posterior edge ; 33 along lateral line ; 5 above lateral line at middle of body and 10 below. Colour: Head clouded with indian-red and olive-green, passing to yellow ochre on throat ; one narrow band of ultramarine-blue, edged with blackish-blue, extends with an uj)ward curve from middle of lip, touching- bottom of orbit, and extending straight towards upper base of pectoral, but not extending beyond the granular part of head on to the scales of operculum, which are dull indian-red ; another, similar, blue streak goes from angle of mouth, a little beyond vertical of posterior edge of orbit, with a few, irregular, broken streaks or spots, to beyond edge of preoperculum ; a third, similar streak extends backwards from middle of posterior edge of orbit to end of granular surface ; one or two elongate, similar spots between this upper and the middle streak. Body with three broad, longitudinal stripes of rich indian-yellow, the spaces between which, and also the back, of a rich, reddish, purple, bfown, madder colour (like lees of red wine), these three lateral stripes broken into spots at their posterior end, clouded on the back, and spotted with green ; belly and end of tail sap green ; all the fin rays green, except the pectoral, which has them orange-yellow with colourless membrane; ventrals greenish at base and margin, with a broad intermediate band of dark green beyond middle, edged with narrow margins of opal blue, like streaks of head ; anal green at base, then dull orange, which is also at margin ; a broad intermediate band [ 239 ] ns. lines 9 3 0 9 3 0 2 6 2 5 3 4 5 6 7 6 3 6 2 0 0 9 9 9 7 0 6 0 6 0 9 Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. of dull reddish colour of body, edg-ed above and below with narrow peach-blossom colour, breaking into some small spots at posterior end. Anterior part of dorsal dull orang-e-yellow at margin, pinkish and purple below, with a narrow band of peach- blossom colour edged with purple below the margin ; posterior portion greenish at base, irregularly blotched with dark red; all the rays dull green. Iris dull orange. Measurements. . Length from tip of snout to base of caudal ... anterior edge of orbit ... end of operculum base of pectoral first dorsal spine base of ventral first spine of anal last ray of dorsal Depth of body Length of 1st dorsal spine „ filaments beyond ditto ... „ last ray of dorsal „ pectoral „ ventral „ first spine of anal „ last ray of anal ... Diameter of eye ... Space between eyes Three scales in a space of six lines at middle of body. The Heteroscari are among the rarest and most beautiful of the Victorian " Wrasses," as somewhat similar fishes are popularly called in England. The present species, like the H. filamentosus (Cast.), has very long flexible filaments terminating the four first dorsal spines, but it differs from it and the other known species, in the number of the fin rays, number of the scales, and in the colouring. The lower jaw group of anchylosed teeth is not so distinctly divided as the upper, but still has a distinct suture near the margin, although becoming a mere shallow groove towards the base. The form of the posterior edge of tail is uncertain from having been broken in the figured specimen, but was probably slightly notched like the other species. I have only seen one specimen, the one figured, from Portland. Explanation op Figures. Plate 164. — Fig. I, side view, three-fourths natural size. Fig. In, outline of head, to show pitting and grjinulation of anterior part, the strialion and serration of margin of preoporculum, and the rows of large scales on posterior part of operculum, natural size. Fig. l/<. front view of head, showing anchylosed teeth, ii.itural size (the lower suture sTioukl be a little longer). Fig. \c, inside view of front edge of upper jaws, showing the ancliylosed teeth united into two pieces, divided by the median suture, magnified two diameters. Fig. 1(/, scale from base of anal fin, twice the natural size. Fig. \e, scale from above lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. 1/, scale from lateral line, twice the natural size. Frederick McCoy. [ 240 ] ll^b P11G5 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (folyzoa-) J Hipper hih. hof M"-' Ccy direcrt- Steam. kUv> Oov^Pnnimy 0/^ Zoohgt/.l NATUBAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPoli/zoa. Plate 165, Fig. 1. CELLEPORA SIMPLEX (McG.). [Genus CELLEPORA (Fabricids). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Celleporidse.) Gen. Char. — Zoarlum crustaceous, adnate or gloraerulous, or foliaceous and partly free, or massive or ramose. Zooecia erect and confused in the central parts, decumbent at the growing edges ; lower lip straight or nearly so and entire ; one or more rostral processes, usually bearing avicularia, in the neighbourhood of the mouth, but sometimes absent ; usually numerous vicarious avicularia of various forms, frequently raised on calcareous elevations.*] Description. — Zoarium encrusting' or adnate. Zocscia large, nearly vertical, slightly projecting; mouth very large, semi-circular above, with a wide, very slightly arched lower lip; occasionally a slightly elevated, broad mucro below the mouth, with a small triangular avicularium having a smooth or serrated beak, or replaced by a large, broad avicularium ; in some young zooecia, a short, articulated spine on each side of the mouth. Vicarious avicularia with moderate sized, broadly ligulate mandibles. Port Phillip Heads. The specimen from which the figures have been taken is re- cumbent, measures A^ by 3 in., and numerous layers have been superposed on the upper surface until at one part the thickness is nearly half an inch. Below the mouth is sometimes a mucro with a small avicularium, or an avicularium of much larger size without a mucro, as m the figure. The colour is brown. Explanation op Figures. Plate 165. — Fig. 1, showing zooecia with large avicularia below the mouth, and vicarious avicularia. Fig. la, single zooecium near growing edge, showing mucro and articulated spines. Plate 168. — Fig. 7, Chitinous parts. Plate 165, Fig. 2. CELLEPORA DIADEMA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium small, adnate, yellow. Zooecia short, nearly horizontal at the growing edge, more vertical internally ; mouth sub-circular; in many of the younger zooecia a sub-oral columnar mucro, carrying on its apex a small avicularium * The genus Cellepora has been diyided into the sections kotostomata and schizostomata, the first with the lower lip entire, and the inferior edge of the operculum straight, the second with the lip fit-sured, and the operculum with a corresponding rounded or tongue-shaped prucess. It seems to me that these distinctions ought to be considered generic, as In other similar groups; and I would retain the name of Cellepora for the former and propose that of Sckismopora for the latter. The Cellejmrce are usually of large size, massive, decumbent or erect, or bilarainate and variously branched. The Schismoporce, on the contrary, are mostly of smalt size, although occasionally large, as S. megasoma and S, (Cellepora) EytomiisU (Busk), and are frequently glomerular. [241 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poli/zoa. with a serrated beak ; older zocecia, especially the fertile, with the peristome of the lower lip produced forwards and frequently with a short columnar process, sur- mounted by an oval avicularium. Ooecia g-lobular, reclinate, with a semi-circular area in front, bounded by a narrow raised line, along- the margin of which is a series of short, concentric, triangular marks. Scattered vicarious avicularia with spatulate mandibles. Port Phillip Heads, a single specimen, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. The aviculiferous process iu the young marginal zooBcia has considerable resemblance to the semi-spiral tube in Lagenipora nitens, which possibly ought to be referred to this genus. Explanation of Fiqdres. Plate 165. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, young zooecia. Fig. 2b, older zooecia and ooecia. Fig. 2c, ooecium and vicarious avicularium. Plate 165, Fig. 3. CELLEPORA SPICATA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium forming bilaminate folds. Zocecia at the growing margin nearly horizontal, oval or bariel-shaped, smooth or very minutely and sparsely granular; mouth semi-circular, nearly straight below j a long, sharply conical rostrum projecting from one side of the lower lip, with a small avicularium overhanging a notch at the base. In older parts the zooecia nearly vertical, very much confused; a short pre-oral rostrum with basal avicularium; sometimes a long, trumpet-shaped rostrum, surmounted by an avicularium, from the side of the mouth ; occasionally more than one rostrum and sometimes the mouth unarmed, semicircular or oval, and with the part below the lower lip thin and projecting. Ooecia cucullate, sub-immersed, smooth, a conical rostrum rising from a thickened base on the anterior surface over the middle of the marginal lip, with a small avicularium (frequently absent) at the base. Port Phillip Heads. Explanation or Fiodrbs. pLATK 165. — Fig. .3, zooecia from growing edge. Figs. 3a and 5b, zooecia and ooecia from the central parts. Fig. 3c, vicarious avicularium. Plate 168. — Fig. 8, opercula. C 242 ] I Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {_PoIyzoa. Plate 165, Fig. 4. CELLEPORA CIDARIS (McG.). Description. — Zoarium adnate. ZocBcia ovate, very irregularly arranged; surface finely granular; mouth straight below; below the mouth, at one side, a horizontal elevation, at the inner extremity of which is an avicularium with a small semicircular mandible and serrated beak. At the front of or between the zooecia are numerous tall, stout, hollow, erect, acuminate or blunt processes, thickly and strongly granular or tubercular on the surface. Ocecia of moderate size, globular, sub-immersed. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Explanation op Figorks. Plate 165. — Fig. 4, portion magnified, sliowing the large processes, several of which have been broken across. Fig. 4rt, single young zooecium. Plate 165, Fig. 5. CELLEPORA BISPINATA (Busk). Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia long, distinct at the growing edge, irregularly heaped and confused in other parts, ovate, granular; mouth at first with a straight lower lip, beneath which is subsequently developed a small or, occasionally, a large blunt mucro, on the inner surface of which is situated a small avicularium with the rounded mandible pointed downwards; a long, stout, articulated spine on each side of the mouth above. Ocecia sub-globular, granular. Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol., pt. ii., p. 87, pi. czx., figs. 1, 2. Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Warruambool, Mr. Watts. There can, I think, be no doubt that this is the species described by Busk, and that it has no connection with the Discopora alhirostris of Smitt, as supposed by that author, from which it is readily distinguished by the oral spines being distinctly articulated, and by the rostrum being short and blunt. Explanation of Fiouees. Plate 165. — Fig. 5, specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion from growing edge of same, magnified. Fig. 56, portion from older part, showing also a commencing and fully formed ooecium. Plate 168.— Fig. 9, operculum, [243] PUf>6 ZOOLOGY OF VICTO R lA fPoIyzoa-J J Ripper Uih, I'rof hi^ Ory dirca:^ Stiam. Uiha Gtr/^fnnUng Offict i Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 166, Fig. 1. CELLEPORA VERRUCOSA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium expanded, adherent or partially free; surface nodulated, and covered with narrowish verrucose elevations ; colour brown. Marginal zooecia recumbent, elongated, smooth, distinct at the extreme margin, farther back with the edges fused together ; primary mouth arched above, straight below, with two short, stout, rigid spines ; subsequently the sub-oral portion of the zooecium largely pro- jecting, and a long thin pre-oral rostrum becoming developed to one side of the lower lip, having a deep notch at its base, with an avicularium with oval mandible mostly turned inwards; in older parts of the zoarium the zooecia more vertical and confused, the lower lip with a row of serrated denticles internally. Ooecia globose, not very prominent. Vicarious avicularia on stout, columnar elevations, with large spatulate mandibles and usually serrated beaks. Portland, Mr. Maplestone. The only specimen I have seen measures 5^ by 3 mches, and is of a light brown colour. It is thick, from the superposition of several layers. The surface is covered with verrucose ridges and separate verrucose or mamilliform elevations. The mouth of the fully formed zooecium is usually smooth and slightly hollowed below, and there is internally a row of simple or serrated denticles, usually obscured by the peristome. The oral rostrum fi'equently has a serrated projection about half-way towards the summit, probably concealing an avicularium. The vicarious avicularia are of large size, usually elevated on thick columns, with long, broadly ligulate or spatulate mandibles closing on strongly serrated beaks. The ooecia are rounded and occasionally have a conical spine, with or without an avicularium at its base, on the anterior surface. An inspection of the figures, from different parts of the same specimen, well illustrates the protean characters which may be found in a single species of this difficult genus. The serrated denticles inside the lower lip are usually concealed by the growth VOI..II.— Decade XVII.— 2 0. [ 245 ] Zoology.2 NATURAL HISTORY OP VICTORIA. [Po/j/zoa. of tlie peristome, and tlius seem to be absent. Of the large vicarious avicularia, also, some have the beaks smooth, while others have them strongly serrated. Explanation op Figukes. Plate 166. — Fig. 1, zocBCia at growing edge. Fig. la, a portion farther back, showing oral processes and a yicarious avicularium with strongly serrated beak. Figs. 16 and Ic, other portions showing denticulate mouths of zooecia and ooecia. Fig. Id, two ooecia with anterior rostra. Figs, le and If, vicarious avicularia with smooth rostra. Plate 168. — Fig. 15, chitinous parts. Plate 166, Fig. 2, CELLEPOEA FOLIATA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium large, base broad and loosely adnate, raised into irregular, thick, erect, bilaminate lobes, anastomosing and frequently perforated at the base ; edges irregular and surface verrucose or irregularly mamillated. Marginal zooecia nearly horizontal, rather short; older zooecia vertical, confused, close; mouth deep, straight or slightly hollowed below; operculum light coloured; pre-oral rostrum, on younger zooecia, with a small, overhanging avicularium with denticulate beak, produced into a moderate sized conical process. Vicarious avicularia with ligulate or long triangular mandibles, and usually uncinate and denticulate beaks ; occasionally an avicularium with a very narrow mandible situated on the summit of a tall, thick column. Portland, Mr. Maplestone. The specimen I have measures 7 inches by 4, and the height of the highest foliations is 3 inches. It is of an ashy-grey colour. The base is broad and almost entirely covered by the thick, erect lobes which run in a sub-parallel direction across the zoarium. These are more numerous and of much greater size and thickness than in C. prolifera, from which also it differs somewhat in the structure of the operculum. Explanation of Figukes. Plate 166. — Fig. 2, young marginal zooecia. Fig. 2a, zooecia from older part of same specimen, showing also growing ooecia, sessile vicarious avicularia, and small avicularium on thick column. Plate 168.— Fig. 10, operculum. [246] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Peli/zod. Plate 166, Fig. 3. CELLEPORA INTERMEDIA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium loosely adnate or partly free. Zooecia large, confused, oblique or nearly horizontal, faintly g-ranular; mouth large, straight below; rostrum usually wanting, but in some zooecia existing as a small elevation below the mouth, with a conspicuous avicularium on the side. Ooecia small, globular, sub-immersed, faintly granular. Vicarious avicularia scattered irregularly, with large spoon-shaped mandibles. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1868. QueensclifF. Explanation of Figures. Plate 166. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion magnified. Plate 166, Fm. 4. CELLEPORA PROLIFERA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium expanded, loosely adnate, surface verrucosa and raised into thin, bilaminate, ligulate or wider ridges expanding upwards. Marginal zooecia horizontal, barrel-shaped; central zooecia confused, immersed; mouth nearly straight below; pre-oral rostrum with a small avicularium at one side of a sinus of the peristome, and a very short, conical process ; this process frequently absent, and the avicularium then situated on one side of the oral sinus. Ooecia globular, smooth or finely granular. Portland, Mr. Maplestone. Of a reddish or yellowish-brown colour. The largest speci- men I have examined measures 6 by 4i inches in diameter. It occurs as a comparatively thin, loosely adnate crust, covered with rounded mamillary projections. These projections usually expand upwards, the sides anastomosing with others so as fre- quently to leave spaces bridged over by their junction. Explanation or Figukes. Plate 166. — Fig. 4, growing edge, magnified. Figs. 4a and 46, other portions of the same specimen. Plate 168. — Fig. 11, opercula. C 247 ] n isr & \ ^1 %c.i'«3'^ iSl li ^^y .^-a wm^ ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ( FoLyxocb) fc/) ^ !» -c ■ V h s 1!*^ P fj^ ■"■^ ;-«^^ P ff JtfacSJb^iy d^ J A^^ff biA Ajf jr=<^ ■!»«* J-ftau^ hOt CA /^/.™ O*""" Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. iPolyzoa. Plate 167, Fig. 1. CELLEPORA ALBIROSTRIS (Smitt). Description. — Zoarium encrusting', or adnate, or partly free, of a white or greyish-brown colour. Marginal zooecia horizontal^ ovate, distinct, smooth ; mouth lofty, arched above, straight below ; at first plain, but subsequently a transverse process originating from one side below the mouth, carrying a small avicularium at its inner end, external to which it gives rise to a conical spine which is at first short, but with growth attaining a considerable height, and frequently with the adjacent part of the zooecium enlarged ; older zooecia more erect and confused, but with the same structure. Ooecia sub-globose. Vicarious avicularia on calcareous elevations, with large, broadly ligulate mandibles closing on serrated beaks. References. — Discopora albirostris, Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, pt. ii., p. 70, pi. xii., figs. 234-239 = Gellepora albirostris, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 193, pi. xxxiv., fig. 7, and pi. xxxv., fig. 3. Port Phillip Heads. I have considerable doubt whether this is identical with Smitt's and Busk's species. All my specimens are encrusting or fixed to roots of LaminaricB. None of them show the two long, slender, rigid, oral spines figured by Smitt and Busk, but the former remarks that they are sometimes wanting. The pre-oral rostra are also thicker. The opercula are usually, as mentioned by these authors, of a dark colour, and contrast strongly with that of the zoarium. The shape, however, differs from Busk's figures. Explanation op Figures. Plate 167. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, zooecia, from the growing margin, magnified. Fig, \b, two zooecia and small vicarious avicularium. Fig. Ic, vicarious avicu- larium, mouth of zocecium, and several pre-oral rostra from others. Fig. Id, zooecia and ooecium, from central part. Plate 168. — Fig. 12, operculum. Plate 167, Fig 2. CELLEPORA FUSCA (Busk). Description. — Zoarium, very much lobed, the lobe bilaminate, narrowed at the base and wider above. Marginal zooecia ovate, distinct, smooth; primary mouth entire, but becoming notched fi:om the growth of a transverse process having a [ 249 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. small avicularium, with a rounded mandible and serrated beak overlooking the notch, and a conical rostrum posteriorly. Vicarious avicularia large, on the side of thick calcareous elevations ; mandible large, broadly ligulate, and closing on strongly serrated beaks. Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol., pt. ii., p. 88, pi. cxix., ^g. 2, and pi. cxx., fig. 6. Portland, Mr. Maplestone. The specimen figured forms a laminated mass, 1^ by 2 inches, and is growing on a branch of a slender dark alga. Explanation of Figures. Plate 167. — Fig. 2, portion from the growing edge. Fig. 2a, more central portion, showing also two large aricularia. Plate 16S. — Fig. 16, chitinous parts. Plate 167, Fig 3. CELLEPORA LIE AT A (McG.). Description. — Zoarium flat and adherent, or loosely adnate, or encircling stems of algse or zoophytes, raised into usually regular sharp ridges, with deep furrows between ; the extreme summits of the ridges forming* a sort of crimped edge. Zooecia towards the summits of the ridges elongated ; mouth elongated, two spines (usually absent) above, a rostrum on each side, one very large and produced into a long, tapering process, and having towards its base an overhanging avicularium ; the other rostrum (frequently absent) smaller, and usually with a similar avicularium; zooecia in the furrows confused, nearly vertical, thicker, and having usually only one rostrum, with an overhanging avicularium. Port Phillip Heads. This species is usually readily distinguished by the manner in which the zooecia are disposed in sharp ridges, separated by deep furrows. In some specimens, however, especially those not encircling other objects, but flat and adherent or adnate, the ridges are short, interrupted, not so high, and more resembling the eleva- tions of C. mamillata. The extreme summits are produced into a thin, frilled, sharp edge, as occurs in Densipora cornigata, to which the mode of growth in many specimens is remarkably similar. It is allied to C. albirostris. Explanation of Figures. Plate 167. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, side view of the edge of one of the ridges, magnified. Fig. 3ft, zooecia, from a furrow. Plate 168. — Fig. 14, operculum. [ 250 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \^Polyzoa. Plate 167, Fio. 4. CELLEPORA MAGNIROSTRIS (McG.). Description. — Zoarium small, encrusting, or partially free. Zoeecia large, ovate, distinct, separated by deep grooves, surface granular; mouth straight or slightly sinuous below; immediately below the lip an irregular thickened band, with a small elevation in the middle (possibly an aborted avicularium) ; a long, articulated spine (frequently absent) on each side of the mouth. Ocecia globose, smooth. Numerous scattered, vicarious, much raised avicularia, the rostrum with a smooth or serrated margin, and the mandible crossed by a triangular chitinous band. Port Phillip Heads. Evidently allied to C. hispinata, but differing in the absence of distinct rostrum with avicularium, and the structure of the large vicarious avicularia. In the figured specimen the ooecium is smooth, and surrounded by a distinct rim ; in other and probably older specimens there is no rim. Explanation of Figukes. Plate 167. — Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, portion magnified, allowing zooecia, ooecium, and large avicularium. The avicularia are usually broader below the sharper point, so as to have a hastate shape. Plate 168. — Fig. 17, operculum. My friend Mr. MacGUlivray has presented all the type specimens and descriptions of the species of the very important and difficult genus Cellepora., represented on plates 165 to 168, and made the drawings for the lithographer, so as to insure the accuracy which can scarcely be got by the aid of the most skilful artist other than the naturalist actually defining the species ; and the Museum and this work are very greatly indebted to him for the complete illustrations of those Polyzoa, which could not otherwise have been presented to the public. Frederick McCot. [251] PI.J68 ZOOLOGY OF VICTO R lA {FoTyzo€b) ■B M Macpdlivray del J Rtpptr htk. Trof M^ Cav do-ea:' Stean ktho bav' tnnlm^ Office Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/yzoo, Plate 168. CHITINOUS PARTS OF SPECIES OF CELLEPORA. Fig. 1, C. "GLOMERATA. 2, C. PLATALEA. 3, C. COSTATA. 4, C. MEGASOMA. 5, C. viTREA. (The specimen from which these chitinous parts were taken differs in some respects from that figm'ed.) 6, C. TIARA. The foregoing sjDecies heloug to the proposed new genus Schismopora. Fig. 7, C. simplex. 8,- C. SPICATA. 9, C. BISPINATA. 10, C. FOLIATA. 11, C. PROLIFERA. 12, C. ALBIROSTRIS. 13, C. SERRATIROSTRIS. 14, C. LIRATA. 15, C. VERRUCOSA. 16, C. FUSCA. 17, C. MAGNIROSTRIS. Vol. II.— Decade XVII.-2fi. [ 253 ] %1 PU69 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA {MoUusccu) S'JJWUiiUti, Uik, hoTU'Or,- d^ari- Steam, hiha GiN''hwtB^ OfKct i7' P1170 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (MoUusccl) i (1 -■<. jd •''-Jsi. S'JJWUiU a UA. TroTU'Cc) dma' Sf'-a/n Ulho (irv^?nniin^ Of/ue Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. iMoUusca. Plates 1G9 and 170. OMMASTREPHES GOULDI (McCoy). Gould's Squid. [Genus OMMASTREPHES (D'Okb.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Sub-class Antipedla, Order Sepliinia. Family Onychoteuthidae.) Oen. Char. —Head short, depressed, cylindrical, suddenly narrowed behind the eyes ; eyes large, lateral, without skin covering, with a transversely oval external opening, having a large sinus in upper edge; buccal membrane large, 7-Iobed, without suckers. Body elongate, cylin- drical, tapering abruptly behind, truncated in front ; cartilages on base of siphon contracted, and with a tubercle on each side below, forming a triangle, with a narrow internal cavity above, and a wide transverse one below, into which corresponding hard tubercles from inner sides of mantle fit, and extending into a transverse ridge towards each other; two longitudinal ridges on nape, with concavity between, on a hard oblong plate, fitting into corresponding parts on inside of mantle ; three longitudinal keels on each side of narrowed posterior portion of head, one con- taining the opening of the e.ar. Two large aquiferous openings, bei ween the 3rd and 4tb pair of sessile arms, outside the tentacular long arms ; four buccal cavities, two between the 1st and 2nd pair of sessile arms, and two between the 3rd and 4th pairs. Two anal cavities, one on each side of base of siphon. Siphon lodged in hollow in he.ad, with a valve, and supported by four ligaments, two inner ones thin, two outer thicker. Suckers pedunculated, with very oblique, toothed, corneous margins ; two rows on sessile arms, with toeth on upper edge, and four rows on distal end of long pair, with teetli all round larger ones. Long tentacular arms not retractile, only moderately dilated towards distal end, with a small membranous crest on midline of back, and a membranous margin outside the four rows of suckers ; the two inner rows of suckers very large, two outer rows very small. A connecting membrane between the 3rd and 4th pair of arms only. Fins terminal, rliorahoidal. Internal dorsal pen narrow, sliglitly widened in front, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, which slightly dilates and ends in a simple conical cavity ; the margins and midline are thickened ridges.] Description. — Body long-, cylindrical for half its length, or nearly to origin of fin, and thence rapidly and abruptly tapering to posterior end. Fin slightly obtuse; lateral angles 100°, about |ths the length of body to edge of mantle. Sessile arms, 2nd pair equalling the 3rd, 1st pair equalling the 4th ; dorsal and ventral pairs equal, and smaller than the second and third pairs, which are equal to each other ; third pair compressed, triangular in section, wider and more compressed than the others, with a membranous border (three lines wide) on ventral edge, and one-half the width on the other edge ; the other arms without membranous borders. Suckers in two rows, with 9 to 11 teeth on higher part of oblique edge, lower part of edge smooth. Two tentacular arms as long as body, lanceolate and slightly dilated towards distal end, tapering to extremity, with a prominent membranous keel on back of distal portion ; suckers of two large, middle rows, with 15 teeth all round each; small suckers of two outer rows with HO teeth, smaller on lower edge ; apical inch and half with ■! rows of small, sub-equal suckers, then 3 inches on which the 8 suckers of each middle row are very much larger than the rest, and then for 2 inches the suckers are small, sub-equal, and in two rows only. Internal pen as long as mantle, acutely angular (at 50') at widest anterior end, which, in figured specimen, is 6 lines wide, gradually tapering to 1 line wide at 9 inches from tip; then widening again in middle of [ 255 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IMoUusca. posterior two inches, tapering to posterior end, where sides join to form posterior hollow cone, 6 lines long. A supplementarj' piece of same consistence as pen, and of the same size and shape at anterior end, is attached to anterior end of pen, graduallj' tapering thence to a narrow posterior end at 1 in. 9 Hnes long ; mid-rib and lateral ribs as in pen. Colour: General line of back pale purplish-red from minute chromatophore spots of two sizes ; a narrow, definite, dark-purplish band along middle of whole length of body, a wide triangular patch of same colour on each side of head, the base at edge of eye; and a narrow band of same colour along back of each sessile arm; underside similarly dotted with redder and paler spots; suckers and siphon white. Besides the dots, the whole body gleams with the most beautiful, iridescent, opaline, delicate tints of blue, green, and pink ; the same colours being stronger round the eye, the centre of which is dark-brown. 3Ieasurements : Length from base of sessile arms to posterior tip, 13 ins. Proportional measurements to this, a.s 100 : Width of body at middle, ^^V ; at upper edge of fin, ly,; ; at middle of fin, -Z^; width from lateral angle of one fin to the other, -[^; length of tentacular arms, t^; length of sessile arms, 1st dorsal pair ^-^j^, 2nd pair yV^, 3rd pair -^^ to -^^, 4th or ventral pair -pfoj width of head, ^^; greatest longitudinal extent of fin, yYo; length of body from edge of mantle to posterior end, -y^. The present species agrees with the Loligo (Ominastrephes) equipoda of Ruppel in having the sessile arms of two sizes only, hut has larger fins. It nearly resembles the 0. insignis of Gould in shape, hut the relative lengths of the sessile arms distinguish it, as well as the obtuse angles of the fins, &c. I suppose the pen described and figured by Gould for 0. insignis must be imperfect behind and must have lost its generic cone ; also the replacement of the suckers by tubercles on liases of two of the arms in some specimens is, I suppose, accidental. The 0. Sloani (Gray) is stated to have the sessile arms compressed, the third pair acutely finned, with a narrow-rayed membrane on inner edge only of ventral side ; the seventh pair of central series of suckers on tentacular arms largest, in which respect it diifers from the present species. The Cuttlefishes forming the genus Ommastrephes are distin- guished from the Loligo., vdih which they were formerly confounded, by the eyes not being covered by skin ; by the lachrymal sinus in upper edge of eyelid ; by the four, instead of six, Ijuccal cavities ; the hollow in head for siphon, and its having four, instead of two, suspenders ; the tentacular arms not being retractile, &c., and the narrow pen with conical cup at posterior end; the want of suckers on buccal membrane ; and the lateral openings on base of siphon. They are all gregarious, inhabiting the mid-ocean, where they form the food of whales, porpoises, albatross, petrels, &c. [ 256 ] Zoohgi/.'i NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Molhtsca. Explanation of Fiqukes. Plate 169. — Fig. 1, Tentral view, half natural size. Fig. la, one of tlie long arms, natural size. Fig. 16, smaller external pedunculated cups of outer rows of long arm, magnified two diameters, side view. Fig. Ic. ditto, front Tiew. Fig. Irf, larger cup of long arm, front view, magnified two diameters. Fig. le, outer side view of ditto, with two small cups, to show relative size, magnified two diameters. Figs. 1/and 1;/, front and side view of suckers of ordinary arms, magnified two diameters. Fig, \h, section of one of ventr.al pair of arms, about middle, natural size. Fig. li, section of club of long arms, natural size. Fig. Ik, section of broad arms, natural size. Fig. U, section of next pair, from near middle, natural size. Fig. Ira, section of middle of dorsal pair, natural size. Fig. Ik, ear, magnified two diameters. PL.iTE 170. — Fig. 1, dorsal view, half natural size. Fig. la, mouth, half natural size. Fig. 16, siphonal tube with valve, seen from above, half natural size. Fig. Ic, ditto, side view, showing ligament and button. Fig. Id, dorsal fastening, natural size. Fig. le, eye, natural size. Fig. 1/, pen, half natural size. Fig. Ig, ditto, posterior cone, natural size. Fig. }h, ditto, side view. Fig. li, piece opposed to upper end of pen, half natural size. Frederick McCoy. [257 J CONTENTS OF DECADES. N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne. DECADE I. Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseud 3chys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.). Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Gunth.). I'late 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.). Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (C'hrysophrys Australis, Giinth.). Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.). Plate 6. — The Kumu Gurnard (Trivia Kumu, Lesson and Gam.). Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy). Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.). The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarins, Scott). The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.). Plate 9. — Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.). Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.). DECADE II. Plate 11. — The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake (Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.). Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Anttirctica, Shaw sp.). Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata. Gray). Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.). Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.). Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus. Cuv. sp.). Adult. Plate 1 7. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring. Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.). Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.). Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.). DECADE III. Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainr. sp.). Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novae Zealandise, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia supercilios.a, Pisch.). The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy). The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorbyncha, McCoy). Plate 24. — Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk), — C. ventricosa (Busk). — C. hastata (Busk.) — C. rufa (McG.). — C. cribraria (Busk). — C. alata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. lorica (Busk). — C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. perforata (Busk). — C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). — C. Hannafordi (McG.).— C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson). — C. carinata (Busk).- — C. aurita (Busk). — C. geminata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. cornuta (Busk). — C. intermedia (McG.) Plate 25. — Membranipora membranacea (Linn. sp.). — M. perforata (McG.). — M. ciliata (McG.). — M. mamillaris (McG.). — M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis (Busk). Plate 26. — Membranipora dispar (McG.). — M. Woodsii (McG.). — M. lineata (Linn. sp.). — M. Rosselii (Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.). Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.). The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy). Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche). Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacopsis bicarinatus, Gray sp.). Plate 30. — The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schaet.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE IV. Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furma-Snake, Furina bicucuUata (McCoy). Plate 33. — The Banded Red Gurnet-Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.). Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.). Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (And.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium (McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.). Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (Aud.). — L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.). Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculata (McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii (McG.). Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. escavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma (McG.).— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L.pellu- clda (McG.). Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa (McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.). Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.). The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.). DECADE V. Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus rarius, Shaw sp.). Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Giinth.). — The Common Sand- Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray). Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus [Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.). Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cuv.).— The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.). Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C". dissimilis (Busk). — C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. pisciformis (Busk). Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. MoGil.). — Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — CalweUia bicornis (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.). Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ). — E. gracilis (Lamx.).— E. platalea (Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGU.). — Caleschara denticulata (P. McGil.). Plate 49.- Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.).— C. hirsuta (P. McGil.).— C. tenuirostris (Busk.).— C. gracilis (Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk). Plate 50.— The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada moerens, Germ.).— The Great Green Cicada (Cyclochila Australasise, Donov. sp.). DECADE VI. Plate 51. — The Victorian Ehodona (Rhodona OiBceri, McCoy). Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vcrmicella annulata. Gray). Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Rauoidea aurea, Less. sp.). Plates 64-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.). Plate 56. — The Hammer-headed Shark (Zyga^na malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw- Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Giinth.). Plate 57. — Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk). Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk). — Menipea crystallina (Gr.ny sp.). — M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom- son).— M. cervicornis (McGil.) — M. trieellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 59 — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turbinata (McGil.). — Stirparia annulata (Map.).— Bugula ncritina (Linn.). Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petralia undata (McGil.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE VII. Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.). Plate 62. — The same seated ih its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus. Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatls Australis, Macleay). Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.). — The Australian Tope Shark (Galeus Australis, Macleay). Plate 65. — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyilopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse (Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.) Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.) — (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.). Plate 67.— D. Wilsoni (P. McGiU.). Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.). — L radians (Lamk.). Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy). DECADE VIII. Plate 71. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 72. — The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.). Plate 73. — The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.). Plate 74. — The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.). Plate 75. — The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.). Plates 76-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 78. — Bugula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucuUata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia (PaU.). Plate 79. — The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens. Leach sp.). Plate 80. — The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray). DECADE IX. Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy). Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cut. sp.). Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus. Rich. sp.). Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cuv. and Val. sp.). Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.). Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias rulpes, Linn. sp.). Plate 89. — Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.). — C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.). — C. pul- chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.). Plate 90. — Catenicella fusca (P. McG.). — C. umbonata (Busk). — C. cornuta (Busk). DECADE X. Plate 91. — Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy). Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.). Plate 94. — Opercula of Retepora. Plate 95. — Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.). — R. avicularis (P. McGil.). — R. fissa (P. McGil). Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.). Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.). — R. formosa (P. McGil.). — R. earinata (P. McGil.). Plate 98. — Retepora Phoenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.). Plate 99. — Retepora granulata (P. JIcGil.). — R. tessellata (Hincks). — R. serrata (P. McGil.). Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.). The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. 1. CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XI. Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.). Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray). Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.). Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus niaximus, Linn. sp,). Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora dentata (McG.) — U. nana (McG.). Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hinoks). — A. -Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum (Hineks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). — Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellaua (McG.). — Biflustra papulifera (McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.). Platb 107. — Cateuicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium ponderosum (Goldstein sp.). Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk).— Chlidouia dfedala (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Sery.). Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow- winged Locust (ffidipoda musica, Fab. sp.). DECADE XII. Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.). Plate 112. — The Southern Chimasra (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.). Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontns Phillipi, Lacep. sp.). Plate 114. — The Australian Rough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw). Plate 115. — The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Giiuth.). Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. Isevis (P. McG.). — M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.). Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). — B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.). Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.). Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.). Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata, Serv.). DECADE XIII. Plate 121. — The Bearded Lizard (Grammatophora barbata, Kaup). Plate 122. — The Southern Silyer Ribbon-iish (Trachypterus toenia, Bloch). Plate 123. — The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectes bifurcatus, McCoy). Plate 124. — Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.). Plate 125. — The Horse-shoe-m.arked Leather-jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Galm., sp.). Plate 126. — Maplestonia cirr.ata (P. McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S. obtecta (Haswell). — S. cervicornis (Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thom.). Plate 127. — Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — il. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M. peetinata (P. McG.).— M. serrata (P. McG).— M. ciliata (P. McG.).— Amphiblestrum albispinum (P. McO). — Membranipora spinpsa (Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 128. — Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.).— C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk). Plate 129. — The Netted Acripcza (Acripeza reticulata, Gucrin). Plate 13U. — The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XIV. Plate 131. — The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and Gaim. sp.). Plate 132.— The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory).— The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus marmoratus, Gray). Plate 133.— Ray's Sea Bream (Brama Kayi, Bloch). Plate 134.— Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Labrichthys Bleekeri, Cast.). Plate 135.— The Black-finned Half-beak, or Sea Gar-'fish (Hemiramphus intermedins, Cant.). — The Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Forsteri, Cur. and Val). Plate 136.— Caberea rudis (Busk).— C. grandis (Hincks). — Cauda arachnoides (Lamx.).— C. tenuis (P. McG.). Plate 137.— Caberea Darwinii (Busk).— C. glabra (P. McG.)— ^tea dilatata (Busk).— ^. anguina (Linn. sp.). Plate 138.— Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.).— S. triangula (Hincks). — S. daidala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks).— S. Ridleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach- noides (P. McG.).— S. cryptostoma (P. McG.).— Gemellipora striatula (Smitt). Plate 139.— The Dusky Flat-horned Locust (Opsomala sordida. And. Serv.). The Pedestrian Mid- Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson). Plate 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach). DECADE XV. Plate 141. — The Spiny-ridged Lizard (Egernia Cunninghami, Gray). Plate 142. — The Brown Pseudechys (Pseudechys Australis, Gray). Plate 143. — Peron's Leatherjacket (Monacanthus Peronii, Hollard). Plate 144. — The Spinous Shark (Echinorhinus spinosus, Lin. sp.). Plate 145. — Banks' Oar -Fish (Regalecus Banksi, Cut. sp.) Plate 146. — Catenicella gemella (McG.). — C. urnula (McG.). — C. gracilenta (McG.).— C. venusta (McG.). — Claviporella pulchra (McG.). — C. imperforata (McG.). Plate 147. — ^Diastopora eristata (McG.).— D. capitata (McG.). — D. bicolor (McG.). — D. sarniensis (Norman). — D. patina (Lam. sp.). Plate 148. — Cellepora megasoma (McG.). — C. costata (McG.).— C. rota (McG.). — C. costazei, var. (Audouin). — C. platalea (McG.). — C. glomerata (McG.). — C. Titrea (McG.). — C. tiara (McG.).— C. beuemunita (McG.). Plates 149, 150.— Southern Spiny Lobster, Melbourne Craw-flsh (Palinurus Lalandi, Lam. MSS.). DECADE XVI. Plate 151. — Gould's Monitor Lizard (Monitor Gouldi, Gray). Plates 152, 153. — The Pygopus (Pygopus lepidopus, Lacep. sp.). — Frazer's Delma CDelma Frazeri, Gray). Plate 154. — Commerson's Mackerel (Cybium Commersoni, Lacep. sp.). Plate 155. — The Melbourne Pelamyde (Pelarays Schlegeli, McCoy). Plate 156.— Lagenipora tuberculata (McG.).— L. nitens (McG.).— Lekythopora hystrix (McG.). — Pcecilopora anomala (JIcG.) Plate 157.— Fasciculipora gracilis (McG.).— F. bellis (McG.).— F. fruticosa (McG.).— F. ramosa (D'Orbigny). Plate 158. — Farciminaria aculeata (Busk).— F. uncinata (Hincks).— F. simplex (McG.).— Brace- bridgia pyriformis (Busk sp.). Plate 159. — Sydney Craw-fish or Spiny Lobster (Palinurus Hiigeli, Heller). Plate 160.— The Yarra Spiny Cray-fish (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.). var. Tarraensis (McCoy.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XVII. Plate 161. — Burton's Lialis (Lialis Burtoni, Gray). Plate 162. — The Lined Aprasia (Aprasia pulchella, Gray), Fischer's False Delma (Pseudodelma impar, Fischer). Plate 163. — The Broad-striped or Senator Parrot-fish (Labrichthys laticlavius, Ricji, sp.). Plate 164. — Macleay's Wrasse (Heteroscarus Macleayi, McC'jy). Plate 165.— Cellopora simplex (McG.). — C. diadema (McG.). — C. spicata (McG.). — C. cidaris (McG.). — C. bispinata (Busk). Plate 166. — Cellepora verrucosa (McG.). — C. foliata (McG.). — C. intermedia (McG.). — C. prolifera (McG.). Plate 167. — C. albirostris (Sinitt). — C. fusca (McG.). — C. lirata (McG.).— C. mslgmrostris (McG.). Plate 168. — Chitinous parts of opercula of Cellepora and Schismopora: C. glomerata, C. platalea, C. costata, C. megasoma, C. vitrea, C. tiara, C. simplex, C. spicata, C. bispinata, C. foliata, C. prolifera, C. albirostris, C. serratirostris, C. lirata, C. verrucosa, C. fusca, C. magni- rostris. Plates 169, 170. — Gould's Sijuid (Ommastrephes Gouldi, McCoy). CONTENTS OF DECADE XYIL N.B. — The origiiMila of all tlic Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne. Plate 161. — Burton's Lialis (Lialis Burtoni, Gray). Plate 162. — The Liued Aprasia (Aprasia pulchella, Gray), Fischer's False Delma (Pseudodelma impar, Fisclier). Plate 163. — The Broad-striped or Senator Parrot-flsh (Labrichthys laticlarins, Kidi, sp.). Plate 164. — Macleay's Wrasse (Heteroscarus Macleayi, McCoy). /^ Plate 165.— Cellepora simplex (McG.).— C. diadema (McG.), — C. spicata (M(5G.).— C. cidaris (McG.). — C. bispinata (Busk). Plate 166. — Cellepora Terrucosa (McG.). — G. foliata (McG.). — C. intermedia (McG.). — C. proUfera (McG.). '.Plate 167. — C. albirostris (Smitt).— C. fusca (McG.).— C. lirata (McG.).— C. magnirostris (McG.). Plate 168. — Chitinous parts of opercula of Cellepora and Schismopora: C. glomerata, C. platalea, C. costata, C. megasoma, C. vitrea, C. tiara, C. simplex, C. spicata, C'. bispinata, C. foliata, C. prolifera, C. albirostris, C. serratirostris, C. lirata, C. verrucosa, 0. fusca, C. magni- rostris. Plates 169, 170. — Gould's Squid (Ommastreplics Gouldi, McCoy). q. ^^ — ' yj—c/ -c /I PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA; FIGUEES AND DESCEIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE XVIII. FEEDERICK McCOY, C.M.G., M.A.,Sc. D.Cantab., F.R.S., HONOBART MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OP THE UIPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATCRALISTS OF MOSCOW; CORRESPOKDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY MESIBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THB GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. ADTHOH OP "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONK FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF IBELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALAEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND JIcCOY'S " BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKB AND FOSSILS ; " " PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC. PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCJE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC, MELBOURNE : BT AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVKRNMEUT PRINTER. LONDON . TJt'cBNEB AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. UDCGCLXXXIX. rP^- - -^ ij ADVERTISEMENT. It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken, by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and interesting to the general pubhc, and contribute to the advancement of science. As the geological and botanical investigations have already approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it has been decided now to commence the pubhcation of the third branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom. The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary preHminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates, each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be pubhshed, of such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers in the country will thus have the means of accui-atelj^ identifying various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figui-es and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume to be published for each class when it approaches completion. 4 i Ilatitral Sifitorn 4 §ittijriH. PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA; FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE ZVIII. FEEDERICK McCOY. C.M.G., M.A., ScD. Cantab, F.R.S., UONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORART AC'n\'B MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONTUNG MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC, AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OP IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALJ^ONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND McCOY'S "BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC. PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC, MELBOURNE : BY AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. LONDON : TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. M DCCC LXXXIX. PEEFACE. The first plate in this Eighteenth Decade represents a newly- discovered, third species of Blue-tongued Lizard, Cyclodus occipitalis, very rare in Victoria, the only examples I have seen being from the North-Western District ; remarkable for the great number and size of the occipital plates on the back part of the head. The second plate shows one of the largest and most con- spicuously coloured of our food fishes, the true Yellow-Tail, Seriola Lalandi. The third and fourth plates show two ot the many varieties of another of our large and often beautifully-coloured food fishes, the Chilodactylus carponemus, not figured of the natviral tints before. The next four plates continue our illustrations of Victorian Polyzoa, through the kindness of Mr. MacGillivray, whose ex- tensive collection is given with the descriptions for the National Museum and this work. PREFACE. Plates 179 and 180 give for the first time complete figures of the living colours, of both sexes, of the Great Red King- Crab of the Colonists, Pseudocarcinus gigas, which greatly exceeds in size and brilliancy of colour any other species of the family Canceridce. The succeeding Decades mil illustrate as many different genera as possible, and deal first, usually, with species of some special interest and of which good figures do not exist or are not easily accessible, Frederick McCoy. 25th May, 1889. '-Tf pini ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ('Peptilfs} D'JJV/iUdjtleb btk, Frt>rM'CS. Lalandi, which he traced by specimens across the Atlantic at St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope. It is certain also that Count Castlenau's S. grandis of the Melbourne fish shops is the [ 264 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. same species, the difference he gives in numliev of the rays of the dorsal and aual fins lieing simply inexpHcable. The numbers of the tin rays and spines, as I give them, have been tested on great numbers of specuiieus. The bright yellow of the tail, as in our figure, is generally very conspicuous, and as I give it ; but in many specimens the base is of a darker brownish hue, and some- times, although rarely, the fin assumes a brownish olive tint. The bright gamboge yellow is, however, the striking, usual, charac- teristic colour. The yellow band passing through the eye along the sides to the tail, although generally very conspicuous, is occasionally duller or more obscure in some specimens. About three feet long is the average size ; but specimens occasionally occur four feet in length, and I have heard of some weighing 90lbs. The air bladder is large, with two small lateral lobes in front. Explanation of FiGtiBES. Plate 172. — Fig. 1, arerage specimen, one-fourth the natural size. Fig. la, head (striation and serration of preoperculum much too coarse). Fig. 16, teeth of jaws, vomer and palatine, three-fifths the natm'al size. Fig. \c, teeth on upper jaw and tongue. Fig. \d, scale of sides, magnified four diameters (the concentric lines and margin on the posterior portion should be slightly more undulated). Fig. le. scale from lateral line, magnified four diameters. Fig. 1/, section of pedicle of tail, to show the keels. Frederick McCoy. [ 265 ] ri m ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (FisTits) ASarAalamti^ del et luk- hofii'^Cav Oirarf Au/%. luAe um'fnniiy O^Hcm PL 174-. ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (lishes) A-Barikci^yw' dA ft luk/ IrofM^ til junrf Stian UAa iJw^hvUa^ Of/ia Zooloyv.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Finhet. Plates 173 and 174. CHILODACTYLUS CARPONEMUS (Cuv. and Val.). The Long-fingered Chilodactylus. [Genus CHILODACTYLUS (Cdv.). (Sub kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostca. Order Acanthoptcrygii. Family Cirrliitidae). Geu. Char. — Oval, compressed ; moutli small. One dorsal fin, with 16 to 10 spines ; anal fin of moderate length ; ventrals under about the middle of pectorals ; caudal forked ; lower rays of pectoral unbrauched, one or more prolonged beyond the membrane. Teeth in villiform bands on the jaws, outer row largest, but no canines ; no teeth on the vomer or palatine bones. Pre- orbital and ])reoporculum entire. Scales of moderate size, cycloid. Cheeks and opercular pieces scaly. Five or si.x branchiostegal rays. Air-bladder usually with many lobes. Temperate regions of Pacific and ludiau Oceans.] B. 6*; D. 17 + 32t; C. 17; A. 3 + 19; V. 1 + 5; P. 15; L. 1. GG}^. Description. — Ovate, dorsal and ventral lines moderately convex, tapering rapidh' to near ba.se of tail ; seven lower rays of pectoral simple, also the upper two ; sixth pectoral ray from bottom longest, reaching horizontally to posterior edge of row of scales running to eleventh ray of anal ; fifth ray from bottom also elongate, but not reaching beyond the row of scales which forms anterior side of anus. Length of head 4^ in total length including lower lobe of caudal ; greatest dejith 3^ in same total length. Diameter of eye half the length of snout, 4^ in length of head. Outer row of teeth strong and blunt, inner rows more slender and arched. Fifth and sixth dorsal rays longest; first dorsal moderatel}- arched, outline only slightly rising to second dorsal, the rays of which are more nearly equal. First ray of anal half the length of second or third; all of them rather slender, second thickest. Scales on plates of head small, about three rows of very small scales on edges of channel into which the dorsal fins may be depressed. Colour.- Bluish slate gre}', fading to white on lower edge of jaw and, belly, and brighter blue on top of head and snout. Numerous narrow, flexuous, bright yellow lines radiate from the upper three-fourths of the orbit, branching as they pass over the front ; three of the branches running as narrow yellow lines below the base of dorsal. All the fin rays of the slate colour of the body, those of the pectoral palest, nearly white, and the branched rays of the dorsal with three rows of yellow spots ; membrane greyish, almost colourless, except the caudal, which is nearly as dark as the body. Iris orange-yellow; lips pink. Measurements : Length from tip of snout to base of caudal, 2 ft. 4 ins. Proportional measurements to length of body, as 100: Tip of snout to edge of operculum, -i%V; to anterior edge of orbit, -[-5%; diameter of orbit, -,;,-„ ; longest (third) branched ray of pectoral, ,%'jj; longest simple ray of pectoral, ^^j'^; next below, ■f^)^; next below, iVV; greatest length of ventral, j/ij; greatest height of spinous dorsal, -j-J^; greatest height of branched dorsal, -yfj,^; length of upper lobe of caudal, -i^^; lower lobe of caudal, ,-g"^; depth of body, -^'jP^. (I think the shortness of the u{)per lobe of the tail in this specimen, the figured one, must be an accidental individual peculiarity). Reference. — Hist. Poiss., v. 5, p. 3G2, t. 128. * Five long and a short anterior one. t Last two with one base. Vet. II.-Decade .\VIII.-2r. [ 267 ] Zoolngy.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IFIshes. This lar^e and beautiful food-fish has not been figured of the colours of life before, and I find the markings variable in difix?rent individuals ; they disappear in spirit and stuffed specimens completely. Rare in Hobson's Bay or at the Heads ; the specimen figured was caught in July, 1874. Explanation of Figures. Plate 173. — Fig. 1, specimen, with lineated back, and with probably Injured upper lobe of tail, about one-third of natural size. Fig. la, teeth of upper jaw, natural size. Fig. 1ft, teeth of lower jaw, natural size. Fig. Ic, scale from middle of body, twice the natural size. Fig. Id, scale from lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. le, form of section of middle of body. Fig. If, section of pedicle of tail. Plate 174. CHILODACTYLUS CARPONEMUS (Cuv. and Yal.) var. D. 17 + 33; P. 15; V. 1 +5; A. 3 + 18; C. f, L. 1. 62x\ (5 large, 3 small). Description. — Sixth pectoral ray from bottom reaching- horizontally to posterior edge of row of scales runuing to eighth ray of anal. First anal spine about half the length of the second, which is considerably thicker; third spine about as long as the second. Colotir: Cheeks and sides of upper half of back pale purplish-grey, with yellowish-brown bronze reflections, and with the edges of the scales bright blue, fading to white on lower half of body and belly. Front of head from snout to dorsal fin bright ultramarine blue and rich opaline purple, with numerous greenish-j'ellow undulating bands radiating in pairs from upper three-fourths of eye, widening as they cross over the front; binder ones only reaching edge of preoperculum (in another specimen they reach to edge of operculum), interrupted between the eyes. Middle of cheeks greenish ; throat purplish ; lower portion of opercular pieces and cbin whitish; fin rays blue, those of the branched dorsal with two rows of yellow spots. Membrane of spinous dorsal, pectoral, and ventral, pale-purplish, nearly colourless. Membrane of branched dorsal, and anal, pale-greenish, obscurelj' clouded with blue, orange, and yellow; rays blue; a bright hlue band at base on both rays and membrane; a pair of broad yellow lines (united posteriorly) run along base of branched dorsal. Membrane of caudal yellowish-olive, the upper and lower rays bright blue, a duller hlue on middle rays and narrow posterior edge. Iris yellow. Lips pink; inside of mouth black. Measurements : Length from tip of snout to base of caudal, 2 ft. 2| ins. Proportional measurements to length of bodj', as 100 : Tip of snout to edge of operculum, -^{^ ; to anterior edge of orbit, -^^^^^ ; diameter of orbit, Tojj; longest (third) branched ray of pectoral, -j"/^ ; longest simple ray of pectoral, x^-^; next ditto, ■!%";; next below, -iVtt ; greatest length of ventral, iVV ! greatest height of spinous dorsal, -j-J,,; greatest height of branched dorsal, xhsi length of upper lobe of caudal, xi^) lower lobe of caudal, -^-tj\; depth of body, ■^^. [ 268 ] Zoology.^ NATUBAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IFishes. I believe the fish figured on this plate to be only a variety of that represented on Plate 173. The specimen figured was caught at Port Phillip Heads in December, 1884. Explanation of Figdres. Plate 174. — Fig. 1, specimen, with plain back, and form of perfect caudal, about one-third the natural size. Fig. la, top of head to show pattern of the lineations. Fig. 16, teeth of upper and lower jaws. Fig. Ic, scale from below lateral line, magnified two diameters. Fig. Irf, tubular scale from lateral line, magnified two diameters. Fig, Ic, scale from above lateral line, magnified two diameters. Frederick McCoy. [ 269 ] Fl .175 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (lolyzuaj (•)■ h r /^Jilk; ■:<' ^^ .^m^ f. 2.-vi. 3 TrcJ'M'- Coj Jatox^ J Ripptr hih Sua/^. hl^ ihv' ?nnivui Ofhi:a Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/yiofl. Plate 175, Fig. 1. TESSARADOMA MAGNIROSTRIS (McG.). [Genus TESSARADOMA (Norman). (Sub-kingdom Moliusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Microporellidse.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, or foliaceous and unilaminate, or erect and ramose. ZocEcium with the peristome produced and turned forwards in a tubular or subtubular manner; a median, tubular, zooecial pore.] Description. — Zoarium hemescharine, laro;e, thick. Zooecia large, indistinct, smooth when the thick epitheca is entire, with larg'e perforations when this is removed ; zooecial pore rounded, elevated, hetween the mouth and the middle of the zoceciura ; mouth larg-e, nearly straight below, arched above, peristome raised. On each side of the zooecium, below the mouth, a large avicularium with the long, pointed mandible directed transversely outwards. References. — Lepralia magnirostris, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July, 1882 ; Porina magnirostris, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., October, 1884. Port Phillip Heads. Forms a thick hemescharine zoarium, the layers being occa- sionally folded and united back to back. The zocecia are large and very indistinct. The whole surface is covered by a thick epitheca on which the only mark seen is the tubular opening of the zooecial pore. When the epitheca is removed, the surface is seen to be covered with large perforations. In old specimens these may be filled in, or even become tubercular from the heaping up of calcareous matter. I have not seen ooecia. I have elsewhere shown that the name Porina, originally pro- posed by D'Orbigny (Paleontologie Francaise, v. 432) to include, amongst living forms, P. Africana (D'Orb. ) and. Eschara gracilis (Milne-Edwards), ought to be retained for those agreeing with Milne-Edwards' species in the possession of an external or adventitious pore formed by the growth of the peristome and, therefore, opening externally to the true mouth. Tessaradoma proposed by Norman for another species previously described by Busk as Onchopora horealis and by Sars as Qvadricellaria, clearly [ 271 ] Zoology.^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. belongs to those species agreeing with his type and the present in having, among other characters, a true zooecial pore. Explanation of Figubes. Plate 175. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, two zooecia covered by the epitheca. Fig. 1 6, zooecium denuded of the epitheca. Plate 175, Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. MICROPORELLA DIADEM A (McG.). VARIETIES LUNIPUNCTA, LONGISPINA, LATA, AND CANALICULATA. [Genus MICKOPORELLA (IIincks). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. .Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family MicroporellidEe.) Gen. Char. — Mouth arched above, straight below, peristome not raised ; a single zooecial pore or a perforated plate below the mouth. Ooecia external. ] The ordinary form of this common and beautiful species has been already figured in Plate 37, fig. 6, and described. It is sub- ject to considerable variation, principally in the markings of the surfece, the size and form of the zocecial pore, as well as the spines and ooecium. Lepralia lunata (Plate 36, fig. 8) is also referable to the same species. Mr. Waters considers M. diadema as a form of the fossil Eschara decorata of Reuss, a determination with which I cannot agi'ee. The following varieties are worthy of distinction : — Variety hiiu'jntncta (McG.). Zooecia broad, smooth and slightly grooved at the edge. Zooecial pore a narrow lunate slit, equalling the mouth in width. Avicularia large, below the pore, with the mandible pointed upwards and outwards. Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884. Variety longispina (McG.). Zooecia broad, slightly calcareous, grooved at the edges ; oral spines large, long, the lower on one or both sides of enormous length, antenniform, and articulated out- side the peristome. Zooecial pore round, oval or semicircular, of moderate or ratlier small size. Avicularia opposite the pore, pointing downwards and outwards. Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884. [ 272 ] Zoology.'\ NATUKAX, HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. Variety lata (McG.). Zooecia broad, flat, smooth except faint ffroovins: at the eda-es. Zooecial pore of moderate size, semilunar. Avicidaria generally situated above the level of the pore, sometimes by the side of the mouth, the long slender mandible mostly directed downwards. Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884. Variety canalicidata (McG.). Zooecia very calcareous, edges deeply grooved, the intervening divisions and margins very cal- careous ; the grooves converging towards the central part, which is mai-ked otf by a heaped-up calcareous ridge. Zooecial pore ot moderate size, circular. Avicularia large, usually on one side only of the pore, with the mandible directed outwards. In the ooecia the band is smooth and a series of deep grooves, separated by calcareous ridges, converge to the centre, which is raised. In young specimens, the deposition of calcareous matter is very much smaller and the markings proportionately less distinct, but the form as figm*ed is very soon assumed. It is that which I previously described as Lepralia canalicidata, (Plate 37, fig. 4), but an examination of numerous specimens has satisfied me that, however distinct in appearance at first sight, it ought properly to be ranked merely as a variety of M. diadema. Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884. Explanation of Figures. Plate 175. — Fig, 2. Microporella diadema, variety lunipuncta. Fig. 3, variety longispina. Fig. 4, variety lata. Fig. 5, variety canalicidata. Plate 175, Fig. 6. MICROPORELLA RENIPUNCTA (McG.). Description. — Zooecia ovate, distinct, smooth or faintly areolated at the margins; mouth straig-ht below, arched above, with three or four spines; a laro-e reniform, punctate plate, covering a zooecial pore below the mouth. An avicularium, with sharp pointed mandible, situated transversely between the pore and the mouth. Ocecia large, prominent, traversed by a thickened ridge separating an inferior area which is smooth or marked with radiating lines. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July, 1882. [ 273 ] Zoologt/.-\ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Port Phillip Heads. Readilj distinguished by the reniform, usually bulging plate covering the zooecial pore, the transverse avicularium (occasionally wanting), and the structure of the zooecium. In a variety of M. ciliata from California the round zooecial pore is closed by a finely cribriform plate. Explanation or Figure. Plate 175. — Fig 6, portion of specimen, magnified. Plate 176, Fig. 7. MICROPORELLA SCANDENS (McG.). Description. — Zocscia pyiiform, smooth ; mouth straight below, arched above; four or six long', articulated oral spines; zooecial pore small and lunate. Ooecia larg-e, rounded, upper edge, where adpressed to the zocecium above, slightly dentate. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884. Port Phillip Heads. I have only seen a single small specimen, consisting of a chain of eight zocecia, four surmounted by ooecia, running up a twig of Biccllaria grandis. The habit of growth is not likely to be constant, but it seems to lie a distinct species from any other described form. Explanation of Figure. Plate 175. — Fig. 7, portion of specimen, magnified. Plate 175, Figs. 8 and 9. MICROPORELLA CILIATA (Linn. sp.). VARIETIES SPICATA AND PERSONATA. The cosmopolitan Micropo7-ella ciliata, already figured in Plate 37, fig. 1, is a very variable species, but can always be distinguished by the form of the mouth, the suboral pore, and lateral avicularia. These last vary much. In Australian specimens [ 274 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. XPolyzoa. they have usually the rostrum very small, and a very long, vibraculoid, setiform mandible, but in others the avicularium is large, the mandible being broad, short and triangular. The following varieties are figured : — Variety spicata (McG.). Zooecia finely granular, a stout conical process from the front of the zooecium, below the pore which it conceals, directed upwards ; avicularium Avith long vibraculoid mandible. Ooecia prominent, granular. This resembles a figure given by Hincks as var. Californica., but Busk (Q. J. Mic. Sc, iv. 310) does not describe the peculiar process in his L. californica which undoubtedly is also a variety of M. ciliata. Variety p)^'>'sonata (Busk). An extension of the sides of the ooecium across the lower lip of the fertile zooecia. The zooecial pore seems to be sometimes external to this hood or pouch and sometimes enclosed within it. Avicularian mandible Ions: and vibraculoid. It has been described by Busk (Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol., pt. ii., p. 74, pi. xc, fi^s. 2, 3, 4 ; and Cliallenger Pol., pt. i., p. 137) as a distinct species, in consequence of the peculiar growth of the ooecium, a structui'e which occurs in several other species, not only of this genus. Hincks has rightly (Brit. Mar. Pol.) described it as a variety. Explanation of FienRES. Plate 1 75. — Fig. 8, Microporella ciliata, variety spicata. Fig. 9, variety personata. Plate 175, Figs. 10 and 11. MICROPORELLA MALUSII (Audouin sp.). VARIETIES PERSONATA AND THYREOPHOEA. This species has been already figured (PI. 36, fig. 7) and described, but the following varieties require notice : — Variety personata (McG.). Zooecia elongated, smooth, with very few stellate pvincta ; zooecial pore large, transverse, Ooecia Vol. ii.- Decade XVIII.— 2s. [ 275 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. large, granular, with a hooded extension across lower lip of fertile zooecium, the lower part frequently obscuring the pore which is external to it. Variety thyreophora (Busk). Zooecium with a scutiform area of variable size marked off in front, usually a row of stellate puncta on each side of this area and a transverse row immediately below the lower lip ; occasionally a double row on each side of the area ; the lower part of the zooecium without puncta. Ocecia usually large and entire, but at other times of moderate size and dentate, as in the figure. It. is described as a distinct species by Busk (Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, v. 172, pi. xv., figs. 4, 5) and as a variety by Hincks (Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 212). Explanation of Figures. Plate 175. — Fig. 10, Microporella Malusii, yarietj personata. Fig. II, variety thyreophora. Plate 175, Fio. 12. ESCHARIPORA STELLATA (Smitt). [Genus ESCHARIPORA (Smitt). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Microporellidse.) Gen. Char, — Zoarium encrusting. Mouth arched above, straiglit below ; several stellate zooecial pores on the front of the zooecia. Avicularian mandibles without projecting articular processes.] Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia distinct, broadly oval; surface with numerous stellate zocecial pores; mouth nearly straight below, thickened and arched above. A sessile avicularium at each angle of the mouth, the mandible directed upwards and inwards ; usually a third avicularium above the mouth with the mandible directed downwards. References. — Escharipora stellata, Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, pt. ii., p. 26., pi. vi., fig. 130-133; Microporella stellata, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July, 1880. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Forms very pretty silvery zoaria. The pores in youug specimens pierce the centres of thin rounded eminences. As age advances the pores become depressed owing to the deposition of calcareous matter between them. The supra-oral avicularium is not always present. I have not seen ooecia. [ 276 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Smitt first proposed the genus Escharipora for species of CrihrUina (Gray) which he again referred back to that genus in the Floridan Bryozoa. He there retains Escharipora for the present and another species, E. mucronata^ which he doubtfully phaces with it, referring also to the same genus Eschara lichenoides (Busk, not M. Edwards) and E. distoma. At present, at any rate, I think it is better to keep this species under Escharipora, of which it may be taken as the type. It forms the transition between 31icroporeUa and Adeona and AdeoneUopsis (McG.). The avicu- larian mandibles have no projecting articular processes as are found in Adeonellopsis, but not, so for as I am aware, in the true Micro- porellcB. These processes are not, however, as Busk supposed, confined to the Adeona group. I cannot agree with those authors who would unite Adeona and Adeonellopsis with Microporella for the sole reason of the jiresence of zooecial pores, as, besides the multiple or simple presence of these pores, there are other important differences which will be discussed when describing Ad,eonellopsis. Explanation of Figure. Plate 175. — Fig. 12, Group of zocEcia before calcification -has so far advanced as to cause depression of tbe zooecia. The specimens and descriptions of the species figured in this plate have been contributed by Mr. MacGillivray. Frederick McCoy. [ 277 ] HI. .176 ZOOLOGY OF VICTO fi :A ^sLsii'v/, {^ ^^Pii t r ^^-.^.c-^ J Hifipv iitk. FroCM'^OTy di^ta* StMTi Uifia Cnrf^fnnbnf Cfda, Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. Plate 176, Fig. 1. STOMATOPORA GEMINATA (McG.). [Genus STOMATOPORA (Bronn). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cyclostomata. Family Tubuliporidae.) Oen. Char. — Zoarium adnata, simple or irregularly branched ; branches linear or ligulate. ZocEcia in single series or in more or less regular transverse rows.] Description. — Zoarium branched ; branches obscurely concentrically rug'ose ; surface with numerous small, brown, white-bordered puncta or pores. Zocecia separated by shallow sulci, opening in pairs or triplets; mouths projecting', turned rectangularly forwards, and closely united together laterally throughout their length. Pt. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., March 1886. Explanation of FiGnsE. Plate 176. — Fig. 1, specimen magnified. , Plate 176, Fig. 2. FLOSCULIPORA PYGM^A (McG.). [Genus FLOSCULIPORA (McG.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cyclostomata. Family Discoporellidje.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium small, pedunculate, the peduncle consisting of smooth tubes or ridges, with interrening cancelli towards the upper part. Zooecia opening on the expanded summit, the peristome produced, dimidiate or lacerated, with numerous intermediate cancelli.] Description. — Peduncle composed of polished tubes, close together below, but separated above by intervening cancelli. Zocecia in distinct series at the margin, but confused towards the centre ; peristome of the external produced, dimidiate, bifid or lacerated, of the internal very little developed and frequently represented by a small spinous process. Cancelli between the rows of zocecia, externally large, towards the centre small and much resembling the zocecia. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, July 1886. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. . This exquisite little species forms tufts about ^V of ^i mch high, and resembles a microscopic bouquet of flowers. It is attached to the zocecia of Catenicella. The external zooecia are very distinct, those on the outside continuous with the outer tubes of the stem. No doubt the whole peduncle is composed of the lower tubular parts of the zooecia. Explanation of Figures. Plate 176. — Fig. '2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, the same, magnified. [ 279 ] Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Potyzoa. Plate 176, Fig. 3. LICHENOPORA MAGNIFICA (McG.). [Genus LICHENOPORA (Depranc). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cyclostomata. Family DiscoporellidEe.) Oen. Char. — Zoarium adnate or partially free, frequently discoid or cupped, usually growing on a basal lamina, with a thin external margin. Zooecia partially free, disposed irregularly or in radiating series, with the intermediate surface cancellated, the cancelli, however, sometimes very obscure or almost wanting ; peristome usually lacerated or pointed to one side.] Description. — Zoarium encrusting, thick, raised into irregular mounds. Zooecia frequently closed by a membrane a short way down, either entire or with a circular aperture in the centre ; orifice very irreg'ular in size, usually oval, with the peristome produced on one side into a thick, spout-like, nearly erect projection, or sometimes divided. The zooecia in many parts arrang'ed on slightly elevated ridg-es, radiating- from a depressed central portion; in the lower and intervening- zooecia the peristome slig-htly developed, althoug-h often divided into two or three narrow processes ; those on the ridg-es with the spout-like peristome entire or with small secondary processes on the sides, always pointing- towards the central depression. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1886. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson. The largest specimen I have seen spreads as an encrusting layer over a calcareous mass, composed of Cellepores and other polyzoa, and covers an extent of upwards of six inches. The whole is covered with large, irregular elevations, which are again nodulated. These large elevations are in part caused by the elevation of the calcareous zoophytal mass on which it grows, but several of the nodules, having a diameter of a quarter of an inch or more, are entirely of this species, and in parts the continuous layer is of an equal thickness. As in other species, the zoarium extends by a basis or lamina, on which the cells are developed. The zooecia are allied to those of L. (Discoporella) j^^'istis, of Avhich it may possibly prove to be a variety. The zooecia between the rays and generally over the zoariiun have the peristome not pz'oduced, or but slightly, and divided into two or three sharp processes. Those on the ridges have it produced on one side into a stout, spout-like process directed towards the centre of the elevation. Explanation op Figures. Plate 176. — Fig. 3, portion, natural size, showing groups of radiating ridges. Fig. 3o, small portion, magnified, showing two ridges and the iuterveaing depressed portion. [ 280 Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Polyzoa. Plate 176, Fig. 4. LICHENOPORA BULL ATA (McG.). Description. — Zoarium encrusting-, thick, irregular. Zooecia irregular in shape and size, prismatic, with rounded angles ; walls thick, with numerous internal, minute, sharp spines. The zooecia at the edges of the ooecia with an elongated peristome on one side, spout-like or divided, directed towards the elevation. Ooecia scattered over the zoarium, large, buUate, minutely punctate or perforated, the zooecia underneath closed by a minutely punctate membrane or plate. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1886. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson ; Warruambool, Mr. Watts ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone. In these two species the cancelli are very obscure or absent ; there are smaller apertures of which it is difficult to say whether they are really cancelli or aborted zooecia. This subject, as well as the relations and differences between the Tubuliporidte and Discoporellidie, will be recurred to when describing the other species. The generic name Lichenopora, having priority over that of Discoporella, ought to be retained. EXTLANATION OF FlGtTRES. Plate 176. — Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, portion magnified, showing an ooecium which has been opened to expose the orifices of the subjacent zooecia. Fig. 46 and 4c, zooecia from other parts of the same. The specimens figured on this plate have been presented to the National Museum, and the descriptions to this work, by Mr. MacGillivray. Frkderick McCoy. [281 ] xn if je^oa.c^'v--'--**- PI. 177 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Fo'b/zocL) PinfH'Cjf dmrt- I btlw /«»'< fnnhiui 0/^a Zoology.^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Pohjtoa. Plate 177, Figs. 1 and 2. CRASPEDOZOUM LIGULATUM (McG.). [Genus CRASPEDOZOUM (McG.). (Sub-kingdom Mollussa. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Flustridae.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium erect, in ligulate divisions, uni- or bi-Iaminate, each branch bordered throughout its whole extent by a bundle of r.adical fibres springing from the bases of the lateral zooecia. Zooecia quadrate, aperture partly filled in by a thickened lamina. Ooecia external.] Description. — Zoarium unilaminate, erect, dichotomously divided into narrow ligulate lobes. Zooecia ovate, aperture partly filled in by a finely granulated thickened lamina ; a sharp spine on each .side above. A sing-le avicularium on an eminence at the ba.se of the zooecia. Posteriori}' the outlines of the zocecia irregu- larly rhomboidal. Ooecia mitriform, thickened at the upper margin, leaving a depressed area in front. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1885. Port Phillip Heads. Explanation of Figukes. Plate 177. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, anterior surface of portion of a branch of the same, magnified. Fig. li, posterior surface of the same. Fig. 2, small portion of another specimen showing the ooscia. Plate 177, Fig. 3. CRASPEDOZOUM SPICATUM (McG.). Description. — Zoarium unilaminate, erect, dichotomously divided into narrow ligulate lobes. Zocecia ovate, margins granular and lower part of aperture filled in by a thickened granular lamina; an erect spine at each side superiorly, and in the marginal zooecia an additional longer spine below the usual one at the outer angle. A sessile avicularium on an umbonate eminence frequently at one side of the base of the zooecia, but often absent. Ocecia mitriform, produced upwards into a prominent apiculate spine ; anterior area very small. Posteriorly the zocecia elon- gated, straight above, constricted in the middle. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1885. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Explanation op Figures. Pl.\te 177. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion of same, magnified, anterior view. Fig. 3ft, posterior view. Vol.. II.— Dkade XVIII.— 2(. [ 283 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. Plate 177, Figs. 4 and 5. CRASPEDOZOUM ROBORATUM (Hincks, sp.). Description. — Zoarium bilaminate, divided into flat, broadly-ligulate lobes. Zooecia quadrate ; aperture occupying' greater part of the front, the sides and base part!}' filled in by a sloping, thickened, granular lamina; a single erect spine on each side above. On each side at the base of the zooecia, except the marginal, a sessile avicularium on a rounded elevation, with the mandible directed obliquely outwards ; the marginal cells with only a single avicularium. Ooecia somewhat mitriform, the upper rim thickened, leaving a depressed area inferiorly. References. — Membranipora rohorata, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1881; Flustra menihraniporides, Busk, " CfiaUenger" Polyzoa, pt. i, p. 54, pi. xxxii., fig. 7. Port Phillip Heads. These three forms constitute a well marked group, for which 1 have proposed the name Cras2}edozoum. It is allied to Flustra and Membra^iijMra, or more projDerly to Biflustra, in the structure of the zooecia, and to the first named in the lobulate and erect habit of growth. C. roboratum and C. Ugulatum are much allied, and farther observation may show that they ought to be ranked as varieties of one species. In C. Ugulatum the lobes, besides being unilaminate are much narrower, the zooecia are narrower, and there is usually only a single avicularium at the base of each, while in C. roboratum the lobes are broader, with about double the series of zooecia, and there are two avicularia on the zooecia, except in the marginal where there is only one. C. spicatum is quite distinct ; the zooecia are not so calcareous, there is a larger filling in of the aperture, there is a single, frequently lateral aviculai'ium similar to that of Cauda, a second larger spine at the outer angle of the marginal zooecia, and the posterior aspect of the zooecia is of an entirely different shape. The ooecia also differ markedly in being produced upwards into a sharp apiculate point or spike, and the anterior depressed area is very small. Explanation of Figures. Plate 177. — Fig. 4, portion of specimen, natural size. Fig. 5, another specimen, natural size. Fig. 6a, portion of same, magnified. [ 284 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 177, Fig. 6. MENIPEA FUNICULATA (McG.). [Genus MENIPEA (Lasix.). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun- dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Cellularidse.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium articulate or (in one species) continuous. Zooecia bi-raultiserial, oblong, imperforate behind. A sessile, lateral avicularium (frequently absent), and one or two sessile avicularia (also frequently absent) on the front of the zooecia. No vibracula.J Description. — Zoarium continuous, dichotomously branched; branches narrow, bordered by radical fibres springing- from the lower part of the back of the cells. Zooecia multiserial, elongated, aperture large, elliptical, with a slightly thickened margin, and overlapped by a large sacculated fornix ; the marginal zooecia with three spines at the outer angle and one at the inner; the central with a single spine at each side. A sessile avicularium (usually al)sent) attached to the upper and outer angle of the lateral zooecia ; a sessile avicularium on the front of each zooecium, except the marginal, usually close to the peduncle of the fornix of the adjoining zooecium. Zooecia posteriorly quadrate, smooth or faintly longitudinally sulcate. Ocecia prominent, rounded, smooth. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov. 1885; ? M. bene- munita, Busk, Challenger, Pol., pt. i., p. 19, pi. iv., fig. 4. Port Phillip Heads. DiiFers from the other species of Menipea in the zoarium being continuous and in the margin of radical fibres. Explanation of Fioures. Plate 177. — Fig. 6, specimen, natural size. Fig. 6a, anterior view of portion of same. Fig. 66, posterior view, showing attachment of radical fibres. I am indebted for the specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa on this plate to Mr. MacGillivray. Frederick McCoy. [ 285 ] ■in PU78 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Folyioa^) i^ It Ma^iUi;^ray dtL J Rifipo- htkj hofM'^Ccy cUmrt Sttarx UUu> uav'- Fnniini/ Qf^ Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Potyzoa. Plate 178, Fig. 1. tETEA recta (Hincks). [Genus jETEA (Xamx.). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family JEteidse.) Gen. Char. — Zocecia arising from a creeping or partially free stolon which is dilated at intervals, tubular, with a subterminal membranous aperture. No avicularia or ooecia.] Description. — ZocBcia rising from large inflations of a creeping stolon, erect, truncated, upper portion straight and not enlarged; aperture long, lateral; lower part of zooecium finely ringed, the rings ceasing immediately above the commence- ment of the aperture, the upper part being finely punctate. Reference. — Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, p. 6, pi. i., figs. 6 and 7. Port Phillip Heads. Readily distinguished from the other species by the erect, straight habit, the truncated extremity, the upper part being scarcely if at all dilated, and the length of the aperture, which is about a third of that of the whole zooecium. I see no reason for considering this as a variety of ^. anguina, as has been done by some writers. Explanation of Figure. Plate 178. — Fig. 1, specimen, magnified, showing stolon and zocecia. Plate 178, Figs. 2 and 3. SCRUPARIA CHELATA (Linn. sp.). [Genus SCRUPARIA (Oken). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun- dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Eucrateida;.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium composed of tufts springing from a creeping, adherent base ; branches originating from the front of a zooecium, below the aperture. Each zocBcium arising from the preceding by an articulated tube at the upper and posterior part.] Description — Zocecia glassy, horn-shaped, very narrow below and widened above, aperture very Lirge, oblique, truncated above, with a distinct raised, smooth margin, usually an aborted zooecium below the aperture. Reference. — Scruparia chelata, Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol., pt. i., p. 29, pi. xvii., fig. 2 ; Eucralea chelata, Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 14, pi. i., fig. 3 ; pi. ii., figs. 4-8; pi. iii., figs. 9-12. [ 287 ] Zoology/.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Port Phillip Heads, on algge and zoophytes. The branches of this elegant little species usually spring fi-om dilatations of a slender creeping stolon very similar to that of ^tea ; at other times, instead of dilatations, there are decumbent zooecia connected by a creeping annulated tube, a branch rising from below the aperture. They also sometimes arise directly from the primary cell which is short, circular, and with a rounded aperture occupying the whole of the contracted summit. The zooecia are much elongated, attenuated below, each giving origin by its summit to another connected by a short annulated tube. The secondary branches are few and originate from the front of the zooecia just below the aperture. When there are no branches there is usually an aborted stem of a zoojcium. I have not seen the ooecia, Mr. Hincks describes them as mitriform, somewhat pointed above, with a keel down the centre, borne below the aperture on an imperfectly developed cell. Explanation of Figdrbs. Plate 178. — ^Fig. 2, portion of a branch, magnified. Fig. 2a, portion of creeping stolon of same. Fig. 3, portion of another specimen, seen from above. Plate 178, Figs. 4 and 5. RHABDOZOUM WILSONI (Hincks). [Genus RHABDOZOUM (Hincks). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostoraata. Family Rhabdozoida;.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium phytoid, erect, consisting of celliferous, cylindrical, bifid or trifid shoots, attached by numerous radical fibres springing from the sides ; straight hollow chitinous rods springing from the sides of the primary shoots and supporting on their summits other celliferous branches. Zooecia pyriform, with a consider.able oblique aperture, arranged in longitudinal series round an imaginary axis. Avicularia sessile.] Description. — Zoarium consisting- of brandies supported on transparent, hollow cbitinous rods, spring-ing from the sides of celliferous shoots attached by bundles of radical fibres ; each rod spirally twisted, slightly at its commencement and more strongly at its upper extremitj' where it is enlarged into a disc or sort of calyx, surmounted bj' a circle of long, spreading and incurved glassy spines; each calyx giving origin to a short branch which immediatel}' divides into usually three. Zooecia pj'riform, slightly turned forwards above, each connected with the preceding immediately behind its upper extremity, arranged in parallel longitudinal series round the axis ; immediately below the aperture a transverse row of two or three [ 288 ] Zoology.-] NATDliAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. long^, glassy, hollow spines, articulated to bulbous processes, spreading- outwards and curving upwards ; in many zooecia a sessile avicularium in the place of these spines, with tlae sharp beak and triangular mandible directed forwards. Ooecia rounded, terminal. Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1882. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. This cui-iovis and beautifid species forms small, phytoid, branching tufts, attaining a height of an inch or upwards. The basal shoots consist of cylinders of zooecia and are bi- or tri- furcate. They are attached by a mass of radical fibres springing fi'om the surface of the zooecia. Besides these radical fibres, a few (2 to 7) hollow, chitinous rods arise from the sides of the shoots and are directed upwards. They are beautifully transparent, glassy, and strongly convoluted towards the summit. The summit is expanded into a small disc fringed by a row of long, hollow, articulated spines. Above the expansion a short celliferous branch rises, almost immediately dividing into three, one or more of which may again bifurcate. The zooecia are arranged in linear series round the axis in such a manner that their apertures form a spiral. The zooecia immediately succeeding the rods have usually a larger number (3 or 4) of spines than the others. The rods are of considerable length, sometunes more than half as long as the supported branches. The radical fibres proper are of the usual brownish appearance, waving and forming bundles, they are fixed to the supporting body by rosettes. Explanation of Figures. Plate 178. — Fipr. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, portion of same, magnified ; this was not very perfect and does not properly sliow the expanded upper parts of the rods. Fig. 5a, portion of a branch more higlily magnified, showing zooecia with their spines and avicularia. Fig. 5, small portion from another specimen, to show the ooecia. Plate 178, Fig. 6. FARCIMIA APPENDICULATA (Hincks). [Genus FARCIMIA (Pourtales). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order In- fundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata Family Cellulariidae.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium calcareous, erect, branching ; stems and branches composed of segments united by corneous joints. Zooecia arranged in series round an imaginary axis, with elevated margins and depressed area, which is more or less covered in with membrane.] , [ 289 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORLA.. \_Polyzoa. Description. — Zoarium dichotomously branched, the internodes short and connected by double tubes. Zocecia arranged round the axis in four series, three or four in each series, alternate, elliptical or ovate, with the sides raised into a thin margin ; aperture occupied by a thin membrane which is thickened for a small space inferiorly. A subimmersed avicularium on either side of the zocecia, those of the adjacent series occupying- a separate tract; the anterior surface bounded by a thickened margin, the intermediate part being occupied by a membrane ; at the summit a small beak, with sharp, curved point, the mandible pointing outwards. Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1883. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. The structure of the zooecia of Farcimia undoubtedly places it among the Cellulariidce. The avicularia are comparable, as pointed out by Mr. Hincks, to those of Scrupoc€lla7'ia, from which they differ in having the free side occupied by a membrane and bounded by a thickened band ; the beak and mandible are very small. Frequently a peculiar narrow, membranous appendage, terminating in a hard, sharp point, springs from the side of the avicularium. Explanation op Figures. Plate 178. — Fig. 6, portion of specimen, natural size. Fig. 6a, internode, magnified. Fig. 66, appendage of avicularium. Plate 178, Fig. 7. CATENICELLA RINGENS (Busk). [Genus CATENICELLA (Blainville). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infuudibulata. Sub-order Chellostomata. Family CateuicelUdEe.) Gen. C/iar.— -Branches originating from the summits of eacli of a geminate pair, or rarely from the sides of ordinary zooecia. Zooecia in single series, but at a bifurcation geminate, or each internode consisting of a geminate pair ; mouth with simple margins, straight or hollowed and entire below, or with a small rounded notch.] Description. — Zoarium dichotomously branched. Zooecia broadly ovate, smooth and shining; a broad anterior vitta on each side extending from the base to near the level of the mouth ; a large, lateral process, slightly turned forwards, on each side, with a widely gaping avicularium and a round mark at the base; mouth lofty, slightly hollowed below. Posterior surface smooth. Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol., pt. i., p. 10, pi. viii., figs. 3 and 4. [ 290 ] Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Po)t Phillip Heads, seemingly very rare. Easily distinguislied by the smooth zooecia, the anterior vittte and the large gaping avicularia. The lateral process on one side is frequently larger. Explanation of Figures. Plate ITS. — Fig. 7, anterior surface of portion of branch. Fig. 7a, posterior surface of ame. Plate 178, Fig. 8. DIMETOPIA HIRTA (McG.). [Genus DIMETOPIA (Busk). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun- dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Eucrateida;.) Gen. Char. — Zooecia arranged in pairs united back to back, each pair looking at right angles to that below ; at a bifurcation the zooecia of a pair disjunct, and each giving rise to the first pair of a branch.] Description. — Zooecia with the aperture very oblique, narrowed below, slightly arched above, marg-in thickened ; 3 to 5 stiif spines articulated above, 3 or 4 very long, submarginal on each side, the uppermost generally a little farther back and directed more posteriorly, usually 2 spines below. Ooecia globular, surmounting the zooecia. Reference.— P. H. McGillivruy, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1885. Port Phillip Heads. Nearly allied to D. cornuta, from which it is distinguished by the diffei'ence in numlier and arrangement of the spines. Of these there are usually 3 short and straight, directed upwards ; on each side there are 3 or 4 very long, articulated immechately beyond the margin, the uppermost being situated a little posteriorly and directed more backwards ; there is a single one or occasionally two below. The ocecium is globular, surmounting a zooecium, and in the specimen figured it is embraced by two long spines, one on each side. I am not certain that this arrangement is constant. Explanation of Figure. Plate 178. — Fig. 8, portion of branch, magnified. The specimens and descriptions of the interesting Polyzoa on this plate are from Mr. McGillivray. Frederick McCoy. Vol. II.— Decade XTIII.-2i(. [091 ] PL.n9 ZOOLOGY OF VICTOR lA {Cnistaxccb ) D'J.JWMJtlil kih horn' Cm aUrari Steam Ulh£ Gav''FTvtim^ Offu^ Pl.lSO ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Crasta^eoy), VJ.JWUd,dciri iit /V.y' M"^ icy duvr^ SUajt luh£ tjov'- ^miat^ OKa Zoology.^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea, Plates 179 and 180. PSEUDOCARCINUS GIGAS (Lam. sp.). The Great Red King-Crab. [Genus PSEUDOCARCINUS (Milne-Edwards). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Crustacea. Section Podophthalmata. Order Decapoda. Tribe Bracliyura. Family CanceridEe.) Oen. Char. — Carapace gently arched in front half, narrowed and truncated behind ; wider than long, moderately depressed, the various regions and subregions elevated and embossed ; front nearly horizontal, lateral anterior margins moderately curved, armed with projections or teeth ; posterior lateral margins straight, converging ; hind margin narrow, straight ; basal joint of the external antennse very small ; second joint scarcely reaching the front ; third joint lodged in the orbital hiatus, but not filling it, so that the antennary fossa is not completely separated from the orbit ; prelabial space not channelled ; first pair of legs, especially in the male, forming very large pincers, the fingers of which are equally rounded and obtuse to the tip, unequal, and armed with very large, bluntly rounded tubercles, fewer and of greater size on the right claw,* which greatly exceeds the left in size. Hinder feet moderately long, simply pointed ; abdomen of the male and female divided into seven distinct segments. Indian Ocean.] Description. — Carapace slightly convex, anterior half tumid, posterior halt more flattened, and bent downwards at an angle of about 145° from the anterior half ; the protogastric, epibranchial, and metagastric regions tumid and bounded by broad deep furrows ; the cardiac region is bounded by two furrows deeper and more angular than the rest, extending nearly to the hind margin ; upper surface smooth as far as posterior margin of epibranchial and metagastric regions, behind which the surfaces of the cardiac and mesobranchial and metabranchial regions are rough with scattered conical tubercles of very irregular size. Fiont between the orbits forming four projecting lobes, between which the middle sinus is smaller than the other two ; posterior superior external margin of each orbit incised by two deep parallel fissures ; fir.st joint of outer antennae very small ; second joint reaching lower edge of orbit ; fourth, half the length of third joint and reaching edge of front ; flagellum little larger than anterior lateral portion of the carapace, with about eleven irregular, conical tubercles and divided into four lobes by small indentations on upper surface, but long narrow slits below, each lobe with two or three of the spines. Anterior legs or chelee very large, the right much larger than the leftf; movable finger (dactylopodite) rounded, moderately compressed, abruptly incurved at the obtuse tip ; a little shorter than the fixed finger, with three elongate, large, slightly compressed teeth on the basal half of the inner margin, the anterior smallest, posterior largest, a very slight angular projection at about one-fourth the length from the tip ; fixed finger slightly longer than the movable one, a little broader and more compressed, but similarly abruptly incurved at the blunt apex ; inner margin with three very large, rounded tubercles on basal half, the middle one largest, and a slight compressed one about one-third from the tip ; hand (propodite) very broad, rounded externally, moderately convex on inner and outer sides; carpus (carpopodite) with two strong spines on upper inner margin, which has also three or four slight blunt tubercles near its base ; next joint (mero- podite) trigonal, with the upper, sharp, angular margin with an irregular row of nine or ten blunt tubercles ; four posterior pairs of legs, with the terminal joints • Reversed in our plate. t Reversed in the lithographing of our plate. [ 293 ] Zoology. 1 NATURAL fflSTORY OF VICTORIA. lOrustacea. (dactylopodites) simply pointed, villous ; the next two joints (propodites and carpo- dites) also villous, the pile forming a close covering- on upper margin, but forming a netting to bare spaces on the sides; next joints (meropodites, ischiopodites, basipodites, and coxapodites) nearly naked, but with a row of five to seven irregular, conical tubercles on upper angle, and with one smaller tubercle at middle of upper distal margin, vi'ith a few minute tubercles on each side of meropodites. Colour: All the underside of body, three basal joints of chelfe, and underside, outerside, and most of innerside of chelas, including base of pincers, and four hind legs, yellowish cream colour ; upper surface of carapace scarlet ; upper surface of carpus scarlet, mottled on the sides, with the ground cream colour; upper portion and variable portion of sides of hand mottled scarlet, and the ground cream colour ; velvety, close, pilose covering of last joint, and upper edge of the penultimate and antepenultimate joints and the netted pattern on their sides formed by villous lines on the four posterior pairs of legs, of rich dark brown. Two fingers of chelte rich purplish black. Measurements of Male : Width ot'carapace, 11 ins. 6 lines; length from front to posterior edge, 9 ins.; greatest depth, 5 ins. ; length of abdomen, 1 in. 8 lines; greatest width at third segment, 9 lines; length of basal joint (coxa or coxapodite) of chelae, 1 in.; second joint (or basipodite), 7 lines; third joint (ischium orischiopodite), 2 ins.; fourth joint (merus or meropodite), 4 ins. 6 lines; fifth joint, carpus (carpodite), 3 ins. 9 lines long, 3 ins. 7 lines wide at distal end; sixth joint (propodos or propodite), 1 ft. 3 ins. from base to tip of fixed finger, 5 ins. 6 lines to base of movable finger, 5 ins. 41ines wide at distal end, and 3 ins. thick ; seventh joint or movable finger (dactylopodite), 10 ins. ; width at base, 2 ins. 3 lines; terminal joint (dactylopodite) of first pair of legs, 2 ins. 9 lines ; penultimate joint (propodite), 2 ins. 6 lines ; antepenultimate (carpodite), 2 ins. 3 lines ; pre- ceding joint (meropodite), 4 ins. 6 lines ; next joint (ischiopodite), 1 in. ; basal joint (coxapodite), 1 in. Female: Much smaller than male, and with all the regions of the carapace set with irregularly sized and spaced conical tubercles about their middles, the boundaries of each region and subregion being smooth. Anterior chela? very much smaller than in the male, and more nearly equal to each other, and the fingers of the pincers much shorter and tuberculated from base nearly to apex. In addition to the spines on the carpus and other portions of the legs, as in the male, the hand has three or four large conical spines near base of upper rounded margin, and an irregularly scattered and sized series of smaller conical tubercles thence to base of movable finger (dactylopodite). About five large blunt tubercles on inner edge of movable finger, extending from base nearly to the tip, and four rather larger on corresponding intervals of fixed finger on right hand. On left, or smaller, chelte the fixed finger is much more compressed on inner edge, and the four or five tubercles still more compressed and less prominent than on the right. Inner edge of fixed finger much more compressed and with proportionately much smaller, more compressed, and less prominent tubercles than on right side. Abdo- men enormously large, of seven very distinct segments. Measurements: Length of carapace from front to posterior margin, 8 ins. 6 lines; greatest width, 10 ins. 6 lines; length of abdomen, 8 ins. ; greatest width (at sixth segment), 4 ins. 2 lines ; length of right hand from carpus to tip of fixed finger, 6 ins. 6 lines ; length of movable finger, 3 ins. 2 lines ; greatest width of hand at base of movable finger, 3 ins. Reference. — r=Cancer gigas, Lam., Hist, des An. sans vert, v. 5, p. 272; Milne-Ed. Hist. Nat. des Crust., v. 1, p. 409. This gigantic and beautifully coloured crab is now figured entire and of the colours of life for the first time. It is not uncommon at the western extremity of the coast-line of the colony, particularly [ 294 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ICrustacea. about Portland, from whence examples are often brought to the fish-market. The small female with the much smaller claws seems more common than the great male with its immense powerful pincers. Explanation of Figures. Plate 179. — Fig. 1, female, about one third natural size. Fig la, abdomen of female, one- third the natural size. Fig. li,antennules, or inner antennae, movable portion without great fixed base, twice the natural size. Fig Ic, antennae, or outer antenna, without the small basal joint, twice the natural size. Fig. Ig, mandible and first and second maxillipedes, natural size. Fig. Id, third or external maxillipede, natural size. Fig. 2, abdomen of male, one-third natural size. Plate 180 — Fig. 1, male, about one-third natural size. (^For abdomen, see pi. 179, f. 2). Frederick McCoy. [ 295 ] CONTENTS OF DECADES. N.B.— The originals of all the Figures aie in the National Museum, Melbourne. DECADE I, Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.). Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Gunth.). Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.). Platb 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australls, Giinth.). Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.). Plate 6. — The Kumu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.). Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy). Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.). The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarins, Scott). The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.). Plate 9. — Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.). Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.). DECADE II. Plate 11. — The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake (Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.). Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.). Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray). Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.). Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacopsis serratus. Shaw sp.). Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cut. sp.). Adult. Plate 17. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring. Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.). Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.). Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.). DECADE III. Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.). Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novae Zealandise, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.). The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy). The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy). Plate 24. — Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). — C. hastata(Busk.) — C. rufa (McG.). — C. cribraria (Busk). — C. alata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. lorica (Busk). — C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. perforata (Busk). — C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).— -C. Hannafordi (McG.). — C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson). — C. carinata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk). — C. geminata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. cornuta (Busk). — C. intermedia (McG.) Plate 25. — Membranipora membranacea (Linn. sp.). — M. perforata (McG.). — M. ciliata (McG.). — M. mamillaris (McG.). — M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis (Busk). Plate 26. — Membranipora dispar (McG.). — M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn. sp.). — M. Rosselii (Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.). Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.). The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy). Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche). Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacopsis bicarinatus. Gray sp.). Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schsef.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE IV. Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furina bicucuUata (McCoy). Plate 33. — The Banded Red Gurnet- Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.). Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.). Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium (McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. M.apIestonei (McG.). Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Broguiartii (Aud.). — L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp,). — L. lunata (McG.). Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculata (McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii (McG.). Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. yitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma (McG.)— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L. pellu- cida (McG.). Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa (McG.).— C, tenuis (McG.). Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.). The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.). DECADE V. Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.). Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Giinth,). — The Common Sand- Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray). Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus [Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.). Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cut.). — The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.). Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). — C. indivisa (Busk).^C. elegans (Busk).— C. pisciformis (Busk). Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.). — Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — CalweUia bicornis (Wyv. Thomson). Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.). Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ). — E. gracilis (Lamx.). — E. platalea (Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata (P. McGil.). Plate 49. — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis (Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk). Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada moerens, Germ.). — The Great Green Cicada (Cyclochila Australasise, Donov. sp.). DECADE VI. Plate 51. — The Victorian Rhodona (Rhodona Officer!, McCoy). Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Verraicella annulata, Gray). Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Rauoidea aurea, Less. sp.). Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aiilopus purpurisatus. Rich.). Plate 56. — The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygtena malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw- Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Giinth.). Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk). Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk).— Mcnipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom- son).— M. ceryicornis (McGil.) — M. triccUata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). Plvte 59 — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk), — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turbinata (McGil.). — Stirparia annulata (Map.),— Bugula neritina (Linn.). Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petraha undata (McGil.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE VII. Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meuseh.). Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus. Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle- Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay). Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.). — The Australian Tope Shark (Galeus Australis, Jiacleay). Plate 65. — The Leafy Sea-Bragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse (Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.) Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.) — (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.). Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.). Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — X. contorta (P. McGill.). — I. radians (Lamk.). Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy). DECADE VIII. Plate 71. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.). Plate 72. — The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.). Plate 73. — The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.). Plate 74. — The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Miill. and Hen.). Plate 75. — The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.). Plates 76-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 78. — Bugula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia (Pall.). Plate 79. — The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.). Plate 80. — The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon. Gray). DECADE IX. Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy). Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cuv. sp.). Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates anibiguus. Rich. sp.). Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (t)ligorus Macquariensis, Cut. and Val. sp.). Plate 87. — The Australian Sniooth-Houud (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giiuth.). Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.). Plate 89.— Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.) — C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.). — C. pul- chella (Map.),— C. utriculus (P. McG.). Plate 90.— Catenicella fusca (P. McG.).— C. umbonata (Busk).— C. cornuta (Busk). DECADE X. Plate 91.— Gymnohelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy). Plates 92-93 — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicoUis, Shaw sp.). Plate 94. — Opercula of Hetepora. Plate 95.— Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.).— R. avicularis (P. McGil.).— R. fissa (P. McGil.). Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.). Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).— R. formosa (P. McGil.).— R. carinata (P. McGil.). Plate 98. — Retepora Phoenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGll.). Plate 99.— Retepora granulata (P. McGil). — R. tessellata (Hincks).— R. serrata (P. McGil.). Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.). The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. J. CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XI. Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.). Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray). Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.). Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus niaximus, Linn. sp.). Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipord dentata (McG.)— U. nana (McG.). Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingil (Busk). — A. permunitum (Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. oatenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). — Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Biflustra papuliiera (McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.). Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium ponderosum (Goldstein sp.). Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dasdala (Wyy. Thomson). Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serr.). Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow- winged Locust (CEdipoda musica, Fab. sp.). DECADE XII. Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.). Plate 112. — The Southern Chimajra (C.illorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.). Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shiirk (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.). Plate 114. — The Australian Hough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw). Plate 115. — The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Giinth.). Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. Isevis (P. McG.). — M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.). Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. eostiita (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). — B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.). Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.). Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptcra valida. Walk.). Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Pliaueroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata, Serv.). DECADE XIII. Plate 121. — The Bearded Lizard (Grjimmatophora barbat,a, Kaup). Plate 122, — The Southern Silver Ribbon-fish (Trachvpterus toenia, Bloch). Plate 123. — The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectcs blfurc.atus, McCoy). Plate 124. — Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.). Plate 125. — The Horse-shoe-marked Leather-jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., sp.). Plate 126. — Maplestoniacirriita(P.McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma(Busk). — S. obtecta(Haswell). — S. cervicornis i^Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thom.). Plate 127. — Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M. pectinata (P. McG.).— M. serrata (P. McG.).— M. cili.ata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum albispinum (P. McG ). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.). Plate 128.— Cellepora spcciosa (P. McG.).— C. serriitirostris (P. McG.).— C. tridenticulata (Busk). Plate 129. — The Netted Acripcza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin). Plate 130. — The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serr.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XIV. Plate 131. — The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and Gaim. sp.) Plate 132.— The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory).— The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus marmoratus, Gray). Plate 133.— Ray's Sea Bream (BramaRayi, Bloch). Plate 134. — Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Labrichtliys Bleekeri, Cast.). Plate 135. — The Black-fiuued Half-beak, or Sea Gar-fish (Hemlramphus intermedius, Cant.). — The Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Forsteri, Cut. and Val). Plate 136. — Caberea rudis (Busk). — C. grandis (Hincks). — Canda arachnoides (Lamx.). — C. tenuis (P. McG.). Plate 137. — Caberea Darwinii (Busk). — C. glabra (P. McG.) — ^^tea dilatata (Busk). — JE. anguina (Linn. sp.). Plate 138. — Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.). — S. triangula (Hincks). — S. dajdala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks).- S. IJidleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach- noides (P. McG.). — S. cryptostoma (P. McG.). — Gemellipora striatula (Smitt). Plate 139. — The Dusky Flat-horned Locust (Opsomala sordida, Aud. Serv.). The Pedestrian Mid- Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson). Platb 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach). DECADE XV. Plate 141. — The Spiny-ridged Lizard (Egernia Cunninghami, Gray). Plate 142. — The Brown Pseudechys (Pseudechys Australis, Gray). Plate 143. — Peron's Leatherjacket (Monacanthus Peronii, HoUard). Plate 144. — The Spinous Shark (Echinorhinus spinosus, Lin. sp.). Plate 145. — Banks' Oar-Fish (Kegalecus Banksi, Cuv. sp.) Plate 146. — Catenicella geraella (McG.). — C. urnula (McG.).— C. gracilenta (McG.).— C. venusta (McG.). — Claviporella pulchra (McG.). — C. imperforata (McG.). Plate 147. — Diastopora cristata (McG.).— D. capitata (McG.). — D. bicolor (McG.). — D. sarniensis (Norman). — D. patina (Lam. sp.). Plate 148. — Cellepora megasoma (McG.). — C. costata (McG.).-C. rota (McG.). — C. costazei, var. (Audouin). — C. platalea (McG.). — C. glomerata (McG.). — C. vitrea (McG.). — C. tiara (McG.).— C. benemunita (McG.). Plates 149, 150.— Southern Spiny Lobster, Melbourne Craw-flsh (Pallnurus Lalandi, Lam. MSS.). DECADE XVI. Plate 151. — Gould's Monitor Lizard (Monitor Gouldi, Gray). Plates 152, 153. — The Pygopus (Pygopus lepidopus, Lacep. sp.). — Frazer's Delma (Delma Frazeri, Gray). Plate 154. — Commerson's Mackerel (Cybium Commersoni, Lacep. sp.). Plate 155. — The Melbourne Pelamyde (Pelamys Schlegeli, McCoy). Plate 156. — Lagenipora tuberculata (McG.). — L. nitens (McG.). — Lekythopora hystrix (McG.). — Poecilopora anomala (McG.) Plate 157. — Fasciculipora gracilis (McG.). — F. bellis (McG.). — F. fruticoaa (McG.). — F. ramos* (D'Orbigny). Plate 158. — Farciminaria aculeata (Busk). — F. uncinata (Hincks). — F. simplex (McG.). — Brace- bridgia pyriformis (Busk sp.), Plate 159. — Sydney Craw-fish or Spiny Lobster (Palinurus Hiigeli, Heller). Plate 160. — The Yarra Spiny Cray-fish (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.). var. Yarraensis (McCoy.). CONTENTS OF DECADES. DECADE XVII. Plate 161. — * Burton's Lialis (Lialis Burtoni, Gray). Plate 162.— The Lined Aprasia (Aprasia pulchella, Gray), Fischer's False Delma (Pseudodelma impar, Fischer). Plate 163. — The Broad-striped or Senator Parrot-fish (Labrichthys laticlavius, Rich, sp.). Plate 164, — Macleay's Wrasse (Heteroscarus Macleayi, McCoy). Plate 16,5. — Cellepora simplex (McG.). — C. diadema (McG.). — C. spicata (McG.).— C. cidaris (McG.).— C. bispinata (Busk). Plate 166. — Cellepora verrucosa (McG.I. — C. foliata (McG.).— C. intermedia (McG.). — C. prolifera (McG.). Plate 167.— C. albirostris (Smitt).— C. fusca (McG.).— C. lirata (McG.).— C. magnirostris (McG.). Pl.ite 168. — Chitinous parts of opercula of Cellepora and Schismopora : C. glomerata, C. platalea, C. costata, C. megasoma, C. vitrea, C. tiara, C. simplex, C. spicata, C. bispinata, C. foliata, C. prolifera, C. albirostris, C. serratirostris, C. lirata, C. verrucosa, C. fusca, C. magni- rostris. Plates 169, 170. — Gould's Squid (Ommastrephes Gouldi, McCoy). * The numbers at corner of Plates 161 and 162 have been accidently transposed. DECADE XVIII. Plate 171. — The Broad-Banded or Occipital Blue-Tongue Lizard (Cyclodus occipitalis, Peters). Plate 172.— The Yellow-Tail (Seriola Lalandi, Cuv. and Val.). Plate 17.3. — The Long-Fingered Chilotlactylus (Chilodactylus carponemus, Cuv. and VaL). Plate 174. — The Long-Fingered Chilodactylus (Chilodactylus carponemus. Cuv. and Val). — Var. Plate 175. — Tessaradoma magnirostris (McG.). — Microporella liiadema (McG). — Vars. lunipuncta, longispina, lata, canaliculata. — M. renipuncta (McG.). — M. scandens (McG.). — M. ciliata (Linn. sp.). — Vars. spicata, personata. — M. Malusii (Audouin, sp.). — Vars. personata, thyreophora. — Escharipora stellata (Smitt). Plate 176. — Stomatopora geminata (McG.).— FloscuUpora pygmaea (McG.). — Lichenopora magniflca (McG.).— L. bullata (McG.). Plate 177.— Craspedozoum ligulatum (McG.). — C. spicatum (McG.).— C. roboratum (Hincks, sp.). — Menipea funiculata (McG.). Plate 178.— ^tea recta (Hincks) —Scruparia chelata (Linn. sp.). — Khsibdozoum Wilsoni (Hincks). — Farcimia appendiculata (Ilincks). — Catenicella ringens (Busk). — Uimetopia hirta (McG.). Plate 179. — The Great Red King-Crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas. Lam. sp.). — Female and details of mouth, &c. Plate 180. — The Great Red King-Crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas. Lam. sp.). — Male. CONTENTS OF DECADE XYIIL N.r..— The oriyinatfi of all the Figures are in thd National Mu«cuin, Melbounic. Plate 171. — The Broad-Bandetl or Occipital Blue-Tongue Lizard (Cyclodus occipitalis, Peters). Plate 172.— The Yellow -Tail (Seriola Lalandi, Cuv. and Val.). Plate 173. — The Long-Fingered Chilodactylus (Chilodactylus carpouemus, Cuv. ami Val.). Platk 174. — The Long-Fingered Chilodactylus (Chilodactylus carponemus, Ciiv. and Val.). — Var. -Plate 175. — Tessaradoma magnirostris (McG.). — Microporella diadema (McG.). — Vars. lunipnncta, Inngispina, lata, canaliculata. — M. renipuiicta (McG.). — M. scandens (McG.). — M. ciliata (Linn. sp.). — Vars. spicata, jiersonata. — M. Malusii (Audouiu, sp.). — Vars. personata, thyreophora. — Escharipora stellata (Smitt). Plate 176. — Stomatopora geniinata (McG.) — Flosculipora pygmsea (McG.). — Lichenopora magnifica (McG ).— L. bullala (McG.). • 1'l.\te 177. — Craspedozoum ligulatum (McG.). — t. .'•picatum (McG.). — C. roboratum (Hincks, sp.) — Menipea fuiiiculala (McG.). V Plate 178. — ^tca recta (Ilincks) — Rcruparia <-holata (Linn. sp.). — K'liahdozoum Wilsoni (Hincks). — ,, ■ Farcimia iippeiuiiculata (Iliucks;. — Catenicella ringeiis (Busk). — Dimctopia liirta (McG.). Plate 179. — The Great Red King-Crab (Pseudocarcimis gigas, Lam. sp.). — Female and details of inoutli, &c. Plate 180. — The (ireat Red King-Crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas, Lam. sp.). — Male. I Rf^P^- pncrC' ■^ Itatural Si^t^rn af firtoriE. PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF YICTOEIA; FIGUEES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE ZIZ. FEEDEEICK McCOY, C.M.G., M.A., Sc. D. Cantab, r.E.S., UONORART IIKMBGR OF TUE CAUBRIDOE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIBTT ; BOKORART ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATI'RALISTS OF MOSCOW; CORRBSPOSDING MEMBER OF THF, ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SEW SOl'TH WALES ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. AUTHOR OP "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND McCOY'S "BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF "VICTORIA," ETC. PBOFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALi:OKTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNB, ETC. MELBOURNE: BY AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. LONDON : TRIJBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. H DCCC LXXXIX. ADVERTISEMENT. It having been considered desiral)le to ascertain accurately the natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken, by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement of science. As the geological and botanical investigations have already approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it has been decided now to commence the publication of the thii-d branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom. The Fauna not being so well knoAvn as the Flora, it was a necessary preliminary to the publication to have a large number of di'awings made, as opportunity arose, fi-oni the living or fresh examples of many species of reptiles, fish, and tlie lower animals, which lose their natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had only been described from preserved specimens. A Frodromus, or preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or immbers of ten plates, each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and sent to the National Museum, where the originals of aU the figures and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume to be published for each class when it approaches completion. patunil gistary of f ictoriir. I PRODROMUS ZOOLOGY OF YICTORIi; FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS. DECADE XIX. FREDERICK IcCOY, C.M.G., M.A., Sc. D. Cantab., F.R.S., HONORARY MKMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAI, SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ; UUNURARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, ETC., ETC., ETC. AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF TDE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF IREL.AND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MlCOY'S "BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" " PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC. PROFESSOR OP NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY. GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OP MELBOURNE, ETC. MELBOURNE: BT AUTHORITY : ROET. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. LONDON : TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDO \.TE HILL. H DCCC LXXXIX. Ibi>1 PEEFACE. The first plate in this Nineteenth Decade represents one of the most cimous of the small Lizards of the Colony, remarkable for the entire absence of external ear-drums, the Tympano- cryptis lineata. The second plate figures for the first time the natural colours of life of one of the largest of the so-called Whiting, amongst our best food fishes, the Sillago ciliata. The third plate represents the Skipjack of all English-speaking- fishermen, the Temnodon saltator, remarkable for its almost world-wide distribution, and which is common in our Bay and fish shops most months of the year. The fourth plate represents, for the first time of the natural colours, another of our very common food fishes, popularly called Roughy, the Arripis Georgianus. The next three plates are devoted to illustrations of Mr. MacGillivray's contributions of specimens to the Museum, and descriptions of our Victorian Polyzoa. Plate 188 represents, the so-called Cuttle-fish bone of our commonest species of Sepia, not, however, figured before, the Sepia apama. PREFACE. And the last two plates represent, of the colours of life, the details of the soft parts of the Cuttle-fish from which the bone, figured on plate 188, was extracted, also uufigured before. The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera as possible, and deal first, usually, with species of some special interest, and of which good figures do not exist, or are not easily accessible. Frederick McCoy. 2nd July, 1889. /'' TLISI ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA I ReptiLes) JJ' if'UJ. IclUilk ITE-.U.-Ctr' iK\ c asx'/l ii&w I Ji'^PriJUui^ Orfitr Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [ReptiUs. Plate 181. TYMPANOCRYPTIS LINE AT A (Peters). The White-streaked Earless Lizard. [Genus TYMPANOCRYPTIS (Peters). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class ReptiUa. Order Sauria. Sub-order Pachyglossa». Tribe Strobilosaura. Family Agamidje.) Gen. Char. — Head short, rounded ; no external ear drum. Body broad, depressed ; tail long, tapering, round. Scales of back irregularly flat, scale-shaped, or spinose; no dorsal crest. No gular sack ; a strong transverse gular fold ; one preanal pore on each side, sometimes absent in female ; no femoral pores. Australia.] Description. — Body short, thick, fusiform ; tail little long-er than the head and body. When the hind leg is drawn forward along' the side, the longest toe reaches the shoulder. Hea'd short, lilunt, semioval, with a convex profile arched downwards from the occiput; nostril in a large nasal plate, a little nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout. Scales of head irregular in size and shape, very strongly keeled ; those of back strongly keeled, chiefly small and rhombic, but with numerous larger, conical, compressed, arched, spinose scales, very irregularly scattered, not forming distinct continuous keels, except one from end of mouth to shoulder, and a shorter and less distinct one over its hinder half; a strong ridge- like fold from axil to thigh on each side ; scales of throat, belly, and underside of thighs rhombic, posterior angle prominent and middle slightly convex but not dis- tinctly keeled ; scales of upper and under sides of tail very strongly keeled, forming continuous ridges. Colour : Pale brown above, ashy white below ; head, two rows of large quadrate spots along back, and transverse bands on upper surface of legs and thighs and across the tail, of dark rich chocolate-brown, becoming paler on posterior half of tail, and forming ashy brown, irregular, transverse bands on sides; five narrow white lines, one in middle of back from occiput to base of tail, one on each side (often interrupted) from head to anterior third of tail, and one on each side, coinciding with the prominent lateral fold from axil to thigh ; a conspicuous, narrow, whitish, open chevron mark crosses the head from a little behind middle of each eye, with a round white spot in front of it, and one smaller near tip of snout and one on each side ; a few irregular whitish marks on sides and back of head. Throat strongly mottled with broad, irregularly flexuous, longitudinal, bla'ckish bands; belly more faintly mottled or plain ashy white. Measurements: Total length, 4 in. 8 lines ; length of head, 6^ lines ; width of head, 6 lines ; width of body, 7 lines; length of body, 1 in. 8 lines; length of tail, 2 in. 5^ lines; length of fore limb, 11 lines; length of hind limb, 1 in. 3 lines; from axil to thigh, 1 in. 1 line. Reference. — Peters Monats Bericht. Berlin Akad., 1863, p. 230. The species of Tympanocryptis are remarkably distinguislied from all of the genus Grammatophora or Amp)Mholurus by the ear- openings being absent or entirely concealed by being covered over by the ordinary scales of the adjacent parts of the head. The Vol, II.— Decade Xl.y.— 2b. ' [ 297 ] Zoology.] NATtTRAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Beptiles. present species, at first glance, resembles the young of the G. muri- c'ata or "Blood-sucker" of colonists, figured on our plate 111, so much as to be easily mistaken for it. The absence of the large distinct external tympanum easily distinguishes it, however, as well as the shorter blunter head ; the large pointed scales being irregularly scattered instead of forming distinct median and lateral keels, and the absence of femoral poi*es on the underside of the thigh are also ready distinctions. Most specimens have no pre'anal pores, but occasionally there is one large, prominent preanal pore on each side, as in the genus Diporophora (which, however, has distinct external ear-drums)-. The habits of this little Lizard are entirely different from those of the G. muricata, never ascending trees or bushes like that creature, but inhabiting stony plains and ^retreating into small holes, like those of the " Trap-door Spider," in the ground when alarmed. Not very uncommon at Essendon and plains near Sunbury, &c., to the north of Melbourne. This interesting rejitile has not been figured before. Explanation of Figures. Plate 181. — Fip;. 1, avprage specimen, natural size, side view. Fip;. la, head, viewed from top, magnified two diameters. Fig. li, liead and neck, side view, showinf; absence of ears, magnified two diameters. Fig. Ic, front view, showing large chin plate, raagnilied two diameters. Figs. \d, Ic, underside of foot, magnified two diameters. Fig. ]/. preanal pores, magnified three diameters. Fig. 1;/, scales of neck, magnified three diameters to show spines. Fig. lA, spinose scales of dorsal portion of side and sniootli scales of ventral portion of side, magnified three diameters. Fig 2, another specimen, viewed from above. Fig. 3, young, short- tailed specimen, about entering hole. Frederick McCoy. [ 398 ] %i^ Pl.Vil ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA [Fishes) A JiitrOiolon-x^ 4fh et Uh hr\i' M' Cffjf eUrta' SteOfin. biko Om^hvHuut OfKot Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. Plate 182. SILL AGO CILIATA (Cuv. and Val.). The Plain Whiting. [Genus SILLAGO (Covier). (Sub -kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acauthopterygii. Family Tracbinidse.) Gen. Char. — Body elongate, subcylindrical, moderately compressed ; bead conical ; moutb small, with tbick lips ; upper jaw a little longer than the lower, protrusile ; eyes lateral and a little upwards ; teeth in cardiforra patches on jaws (outer row sometimes longer) and vomer, none on palatines. Operculum witli a sharp posterior spine ; preopercula serrated, approaching each other below. Br.anchiostegal riiys six. Scales of moderate size, ctenoid. Two contiguous dors.als, the first high, of nine to twelve slender spines, the liinder longer but lower. Fectonals moderate ; ventrals thoracic, of one spine and five rays ; anal like second dorsal. Bones of head with wide muciferous ducts. Fseudobranchia;. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric csca few. Red Sea to S. Australia.] D. 11 -1- 1/17 ; A. 2 -h 16 ; P. 15 ; V. 1 -I- 5 ; C. 19 ; L.l. 70 ^% (about fourteen rows of additional minute scales on caudal fin). Description. — Greatest depth over middle of pectoral in front of dorsal; declining- thence with slight convexity to the thick compressed pedicle of tail; more convexly arched to eye, from whence the profile of the conical compressed head is nearly straight in its downward slope to the very small protrusile mouth, with thick tieshj' lips ; smooth portion of head from eye to maxillary on side with wide shallow muciferous openings and channels; space on top of head nearly flat, very slightly convex, covered with large scales nearly half-way from eye to snout; cheeks, operculum, and preoperculum covered with scales larg-er than on top of head; posterior vertical and horizontal edge of preoperculum serrated ; operculum with one, angular, flat spine a little above base of pectoral. Teeth.- About twelve rows of minute, within the outer row of larger, ones on jaws. Fins : First dorsal hig'h, of eleven slender spines, second longest ; interval between dorsals less than between spines of first dorsal ; second dorsal lower than the first, declining gradually from the first branched ray, which is longer than the spine, to the posterior end ; caudal concave, with thick branched rays ; anal similar in shape to second dorsal, but shorter and less deep; pectoral moderate, triangular; ventrals a little behind base of pectorals. A row of small, oblong, transverse scales behind each spine and ray of dorsal and anal fins. Colour : Back dark brownish-olive with bluish and green reflections, brighest on nape ; pale-brownish on sides, fading into pearly- white along belly and underside of tail; head purplish-brownish; iris white, with yellow border; caudal fin dark brownish-olive, rays lighter, membrane spotted with black, posterior edge and lower edge darkest ; first dorsal nearly colourless, with faint blackish clouds ; second dorsal with six to nine rows of narrow, transverse (fore and aft), oblong, brown marks, with rather wider pale intervals on the membranes ; pectoral pale-yellowish, nearly colourless, with a large purplish-black spot at its base. Ventral and anal fins bright rich kings-yellow. Measiirements : Length of figured specimen, 1 ft. 6 in. 6 Hnes. Comparative measurements to length, as 100 : — Tip of snout (protruded) to anterior edge of eye, •^^■, to posterior edge of eye, xws'j to ^''^t ray of dorsal, y^j^^ ; to edge of operculum, Y\yis '■, to first ray of second dorsal, /j-j ; to base of pectoral, ii^; to first ray of ventral, xVtt j ^^ fi''st ray of anal, Z/^; to last [ 299 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. iFishes. ray of dorsal, tVo? 'o list ray of anal, y,;V; space between eyes, xrjy; leng'th of caudal fin, ~i^q; greatest height of first dorsid, Vifo j greatest height .of second dorsal, iJ},5 ; greatest depth of anal, , Ju ; first ray of ventral, ,Vi; ; length of pectoral, I'iro- Five scales in length of 1 inch at middle of body ; four in same space vertically. Reference. — Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v. 3, p. 415. This is a rare fish in Victoria, sometimes named " Sydney Whiting" by fish dealers, who call all the species of Sillago " Whiting," not from any identity of the external characters, but from the similarity of the delicate white flesh, which is so good as to be welcome at the best tables. The popular name of " Plain Whiting " is appropriate, as it has none of the spots or stripes of the other species. iSJot figured before. Explanation of Figores. Plate 182. — Fig 1, side view, about half the natural size. Fig. la, upper jaw, outer row of conical teeth and inner row.s of minute cardiforni teeth on sides of jaw, and patch of cardiform teeth on vomer. Fig. 16, teelli of lower jaw. Fig. Ic, spine and two rays of second dorsiil, to show the row of small si^ales behind each, natural size. Fig. It/, scale from above lateral line, twice tlie natural size. Fig. le, scale of later.il line, twice the natural size. Fig. 1/, scale from back of rays of dorsal fin, magnified four diameters. Fig. Ig, section of pedicle of tail. Fig. \h, section behind pectoral. Frederick McCoy. [ 800 ] % % Pi 183 ZOOLOGY OF VICTOR lA A£arOu}iom£?'i d/t greatest height, xf^ ; length of caudal at ends, x\/*^; length of caudal in middle, i^^j; length of anal, x'(7w j greatest height of first branched rays, ^ws- Number of scales in ^ in. near middle of side, three. References. — = Gasterosteus saltatrix, Lin. Syst. Nat., p. 421 ; =^Chilodipterus heptacaiithus, Lacep 3, p. 542, t. 21, f. 3 ; = Temnodon hepiacanthus, Quoy and Gaim. Vdv. Freyc, Zool., t. 61, f 2, p. 400 ; = Scomber- plunibeus, Mitchel, L. and P. S. N.'York, V. 1, p. 424, t. 4, fig. 1 ; De Kay, Fish, F., N. York, p. 130, t. 26, f 81. This is certainly identical with the " Skipjack " of English- speaking fishermen in Carolina and S. Africa, as well as various parts of Australia, and is the famous " Blue Fish " of the coasts of New York. Like De Kay, several observers have not found the eighth ray spoken of by Cuvier in the first dorsal, probably from looking at the wrong end ; it is very minute and behind the last spine. The two minute spines concealed in the skin in front of the anal fin are ceitaiuly absent in most specimens but very distinct in young ones, and perhaps may be a sexual character. It is by some oversight, I suppose, that Dr. Guntber and Sir W. Macleay in their Catalogues state the scales to be cycloid ; they are certainly ctenoid. I only find seven rays to dorsal in most large specimens such as that here figured, not eight as in Gunther's and Macleay's woi-ks, agreeing thus with Quoy and Gaimard and with De Kay; but in small specimens the eighth may usually be found, as in our figure 3. The row of small conical teeth inside the outer row of large ones in the upper jaw I find constant, but they seem to have been overlooked by most observers, except Quoy and Gaimard and Cuvier and Valenciennes. One of the commonest of the food fishes supplied to the market of Melbourne from all the neighbouring coasts, usually about a [ 3oa J Zoohgii.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. foot long, but occasionally more than double that size, and I have seen one caught in June, 1888, 3 ft. 2^ in. long. It is moderately good for the table. Explanation or PiotrHES. Plate 183. — Fig. 1, average specimen, half the natural size ; eighth dorsal spine is absent. Fig. lo, mouth, natural size, showing outer row of conical teeth, smaller inner I'ow on upper jaw, with cardiform patches on hinder edges of upper jaw, pabitine bones, vomer, and base of tongue. Fig. lb. scale, twice the natural size, from below lateral line. Fig. Ic, scale from lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. Id, scale from above lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. le, section behind pectoral. Fig. 1/, section of pedicle of tail. Fig. 2, anal from another specimen, showing two additional short spines in front. Fig. 3, first dorsal fin, showing eight rays, from another specimen. Frederick McCoy. C 303] ^^ PI 184f ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Iishesj A ^ariAiiicne^ AiL tt hih^ IrofH^Cey dirarf- Steam Utho Ocv' fnniai^ Dffir^ Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. Plate 184. ARRIPIS GEORGIANUS (Cuv. and Val.). The Roughy. [Genus ARRIPIS (.Tentns). .(Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acanthoptervgii. Family Fercidie.) Oen. Char. — Form moderately elongate, fusiform. Branchiostegal rays seven. Gill open- ings Large. All the teeth villifcirm ; numerous rows of teeth on the palatine bones and on the vomer. Tongue smooth. One dorsal fin, witli nine slender spines and several branched rays ; anal fin with three spines and sever.al branched rays ; caudal fin deeply forked ; pectoral small ; Tentrals a little behind base of pectorals. Operculum with one or two spines at upper posterior edge. Freoperculura denticulated on basal and ascending edge. Infraorbital bone slightly denticulated. JIaxillary bone with scales. Scales very finely ciliated at posterior edge ; anterior fan of diverging ridges nearly or quite obsolete, replaced by fine close striae, parallel to the anterior truncated margin. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages numerous. Confined to Australia.] D. 9.14; A. 3.10; V. 1.5; P. IG; C. 18; L.l. 54t«V (seven or eight rows of small scales, beyond those fifty-four of lateral line, on tail). Description. — General form of the body fusiform, moderately compressed, the curve of the back much less convex than that of the ventral outline. Height of body from 4 (at base of ventrals) to 3,^ (at greatest depth, opposite eighth spine) in large, or 4i in small specimens, in total lengtb, including caudal fin ; thickness rather less than half the depth; length of head about 5 to 5i in total length; diameter of eye about one-quarter the length of head in largest specimens, one-third in small ones. Fourth dorsal spine longest. The two spines of the operculum are very visible in small specimens of the ordinary dimensions of 9 inches, both standing out as smooth angular projections, the lower a little more acute than the upper; but the upper one is scarcely visible in the very large specimen measured below, being in it, and all approaching it in size, broad, longitudinally ridged, and so obtuse as to lose the spine-like character of the young. One to two rows of scales on maxillary bone; lower and ascending edge of preoperculum distinctly- serrated in the small specimens; but almost smooth in the very large. Lower edge of suborbital bone from anterior half of lower edge of orbit to snout with coarse sulci extending downwards and backwards, rougbly serrating the lower edge, especially in small specimens. Snout short, obtuse; the lower jaw very slightly longer than tbe upper. Scales very finely serrated on posterior margin; the anterior portion marked with vertical lines of growth, and quite without raiiiating fan-like ridges. Lateral line about one- quarter of depth of body below dorsal profile. Colour: Top of head dark-olive to level of eye, with a paler extension round the eye. Top of snout of both jaws, blackish. Back dark olive -grey' with bronze and steel-blue reflections. Sides gradually getting lighter to ventral edge; rather more than one-third of each scale in the longitudinal rows darker and more olive than the lighter greyer interval, forming sixteen or seventeen longitudinal stripes, fainter towards the belly. Cheeks pearly, with bronze reflections on operculum, the upper posterior edge and a spot about middle of anterior edge, darker; throat and maxillar}' white; iris bronze, j'ellowish, and green. Fins: Light-grey, speckled with black ; dorsal and anal flecked with blackish; an imperfect, narrow, blackish edge to dorsal; ventral nearly colourless; caudal darkest, blackish-olive, with the posterior margin and tips black; pectoral dark, but less so than caudal. Measurements: Very Vol. II.— Decate XIX.— 2«. [ 305 ] P.S. — By a mishap plate IS4 has been spoiled at the last moment. The belly of the fish should be white, with a slight pearly-purple tinge. The latter color has been printed full strength, unfortunately, but the reader must suppose it to be absent, like lower part of tail. Zoologi/.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Fhhes. large specimen: 1 foot 4 in. 3 lines from snout to tip of caudal fin. Proportional measurements to this length, as 100: length of head, y^'V? snout to eye, xsu; diameter of eye, -y^; space between eyes, ygij; greatest depth of body, yVui snout to origin of dorsal, yV^j; length of dorsal, j*/^^; height of fourth spine, -^^-^jj ; length of caudal lobes, ~^^j^; ditto in middle, yg^; length of pectoral, y'/jj; snnut to ventral, y^ij, snout to anal, y%%; length of ventral, ~^% ; length of third anal spine, y^^; first anal branched ray, yjf%; length of base of anal, y^^-. Average-sized specimen: from snout to tip of caudal fin, 9 in. 3 lines. Proportional rneasurements to this length, as 100: length of head, y-^"ij; snout to eye, y^,, ; diameter of eye, y^jj; space between eyes, yj^; greatest depth of body, -yo%j snout to origin of dorsal, j-,fjy; length of dorsal, y^^^y; height of fourth spine, yy\j; length of caudal lobes, y^g ; ditto in middle, tJ^-; length of pectoral, y tni" ! snout to ventral, y-j/'j,-; snout to anal. y'^f^; length of ventral, y^^; length of third anal spine, y^jj; first anal branched ray, y^; length of base of anal, y^g-^. References. — Rich., E. and T., p. 117, t. 54, f. 3 to Q; zzC'entropr isles Georgianus, C. and V., Hist. Nat. des Poiss. v. 7., p. 451. The uame Rougliy is popularly given in Victoria to this fish from the remarkable roughness to the -touch which the serration of the posterior edge of each of the very lai'ge scales gives the sui'fiice, although it is really as fine as I figure it. It is somewhat like the Skipjack in usual size, shape, and colour, although the two fish may be distinguished at a glance by the continuity of the spinous and branched rays of the dorsal in the Rougli}^, and the two portions forming distinct fins in the Skipjack, in which also the large teeth of the jaw show the generic difl^erence at once. The outer rows of teeth are I'ather smaller than the others in the Roughy or A . Georgianus. The very large specimen figured has (as usual) the head and eye smaller in proportion than in the small, usual size, and in it the two spines on posterior edge of operculum are much less marked, the upper one much broader and divided by ridges, and the serration of the preoperculum obsolete. Not figured of the colours of life before. Explanation of Figures. Plate 184. — Fig. 1, very large specimen (over 16 inclies long), about one-half n.atural size. Fig. la, mouth, natural size, showing cardifornj teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatine bones, and sniootli tongue. Fig, lA, scale from lateral line, m.agnified two diameters. Fig. \c. scale from below lateral line, magnified two diameters, showing serrated posterior edge, and absence of fan on anterior covered portion. Fig. 1(/, scales from middle of body, one and a half times the natural size, to show colouring. Fig. le, scales from nape, twice the natural size, to show colouring. Fig. 1/, section behind pectoral. Fig. 1^, section of pedicle of tail. Fig. 2, head of smaller specimen (9 inches long), natural size, to show the two distinct spines on operculum at that size. Frederick McCoy. [ 306 ] li < n.is5 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Tolyzocb) ^ ¥■ frofM'^Coy du-eat- Steam, luhe ('wn'^ Jhnhnf OffuA Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Pohjzoa. Plate 185, Fig. 1. AMATHIA BICORNIS (Tenison- Woods). [Genus AMATHIA (Lamouroux) = SEKIALARIA (Lamakck). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Iiifundibulata. Sub-order Ctenostomata. Family Vesiculariidas. ) Gen. Char. — Zoarinm radicate, erect or creeping, with free filiform dichotomous branches. Zooecia sub-tubular, connate, in two parallel rows, continuous or in distinct groups which are placed on one or two sides of the branches or wound spirally, partially or wholly, round them.] Description. — Zooecia of moderate height, deeply hollowed above (when dry), with a long- hollow process on each side at the summit, arranged in close spiral clusters of about two whirls, the basal clear parts of the internodes being- about the same length as the clusters. References. — Serialaria spiralis, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877, p. 84; Amathia bicornis, Tenison-Woods, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., June, 1879. Port Phillip Heads. Forms dense masses of a brownish colour, the largest I have being about an inch and a half in each direction. The close double spiral clusters, separated by clear portions of the branches of about the same length, with the peculiar hollow processes from the summits of the zooecia, are sufficiently distinctive. Explanation of FiGtrKEs. .Plate 185. — Fig. 1, part of specimen, natural size. Fig. la, small portion of same, magnified. Fig. 26, two zooecia, more highly magnified. Plate 185, Fig. 2. AMATHIA SPIRALIS (Lamx). Description. — Zoaiium formiag large tufts of dichotomously divided branches. Zooecia very long and narrow, arranged in a continuous spiral round the branches, interrupted only at the bifurcations. Reference. — Lamouroux, Hist, des Polyp. Corall. Flex., p. 161, pi. iv., fig. 2. [ 307 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPoli/soa. Port Phillip Heads. This species occurs in tufts several- inches in height. The zooecia form a continuous spiral round the branches, interrupted only at the bifurcations. They are separated by deep grooves, but in dried specimens, as in that figured, they become depressed and the partitions appear as prominent ridges. The united separating walls of contiguous zocecia project upwards as blunt points (more prominent when dried). It is at once distinguished from the other species, by its stoutness, the uniform length of the zooecia and the closeness of the spiral entirely concealing the branches except at the bifurcations. There can be no doubt that this is Lamouroux's species. That described and figured by Busk as A. spiralis in the " Cliallenger" Polyzoa is quite different. Explanation of Figures. Plate 185. — Fig, 2, branch, natural size. Fig. 2a, portion of same (dried), magnified. Plate 185, Fm. 3. AMATHIA TORTUOSA (Tenison-Woods). Description. — Zoarium slender, stragg-ling, of a dull olive colour; branches clear and glassy. Zocecia slender, of moderate height, arranged in long spiral clusters extending from two-thirds to more than a complete turn round the axis, and leaving a clear space at the base of the internode. References. — A. tortuosa, Tenison-Woods, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1879. A. connexa, Busk, '^Challenger" Polyzoa, pt. ii., p. 36, pi. vi., fig 3. Port Phillip Heads ; Sealers' Cove, Baron von Mueller. I believe that this is the species intended by Mr. Woods, although it does not quite agree with his figure and description. Mr. Busk, however, was doubtful as to the identification and named this A. connexa, considering another allied species, which he describes and figures, to be the true A. tortuosa. [ 308 ] ZooIogy.-\ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/^joa. The branches are coloui-less, very clear, and glassy. The zooecia are of moderate height, of nearly uniform size, although usually rather shorter distally, and are arranged in an open spiral forming a nearly complete turn. The figure, taken from a dried specimen, does not show the characters so satisfactorily as one preserved in spirit, and I shall therefore give a fresh one when figuring the remaining species of the genus. * Explanation of Figures. Plate 185. — Fig. 3, portion of specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion of same, magnified. Plate 185, Fig. 4. AMATHIA INARMATA (McG.). Description. — Zooecia arranged in unilateral biserial g^roups of 4-9 pairs, occupying- nearly the whole leng-th of the internodes which are slightly arcuate, of moderate heig;ht, slightly diminishing; towards the distal extremity. Reference,— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov., 1886. Port Phillip Heads. This is considered by Kirkpatrick (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1888) to be the A. biseriata of Krauss. I have not seen Krauss's work (Corallinen und Zoophyten der Sudsee), and therefore cannot say whether this identification is correct. South African specimens, however, which I have received from Dr. Pergens as A. biseriata are certainly diflferent. The extent of internode occupied by the clusters varies, these sometimes extending almost the whole length, at other times a considerable portion at the base being bare. Explanation of FionKES. Plate 185. — Fig. 4, portion of specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, part of same, magnified. [ 309 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 185, Fig. 5. AMATHIA AUSTRALIS (Tenison- Woods). Description. — Zooecia arrang-ed in stmigbt unilateral clusters of 5-7 sub- alternate pairs, of nearly uniform thickness, diminishing' in heig'ht from the proximal to the distal; the terminal clusters having beyond the distal zocEcia a pair of large, confervoid, and frequently branched processes; a similar process often replacing- a branch at a bifurcation. References. — Serialaria Australis, Tenison- Woods., Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877; Amathia Australis, T.-Woods, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1879. Port Phillip Heads. Occurs iu loose tufts several inches in height. The zooecia usually diminish iu height fi'om the proximal to the distal, but are occasionally nearly equal throughout the clusters. At a bifurcation one branch is frequently represented by a confervoid filament similar to those at the extremities of the terminal clusters. This species is probably the A. cornuta of Lamouroux. His figure, however, represents the zooecia as increasing in height from the proxuiial to the distal, and as there is, therefore, some doubt about the determination, it is better to adopt Mr. Tenison- AVoods' name. Explanation of Figures. Plate 185. — Fig. 5, portion of specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, part of same, magnified. The specimens and descriptions illustrated by this plate are from Mr. MacGilhvray. Frederick McCoy. [ 310 ] PLJ86 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Tolyzocu) hvfM'Cc) dira<- Sban. Uihe Cm^rnnby OfKa Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Polyzoa. Plate 186, Fig. 1. SCHIZOPORELLA ROSTRATA (McG.) [Genus SCHIZOPORELLA (Hinck.s). (Sub-kingdom Jlollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cbeilostoniata. Family Escharidse). Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, or erect .ind fnliaceous. or columnar and hranobed. Zooecia closely adherent to each other ; lower lip with a distinct notch or sinus ; no true peristome ] Deschiption. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia rhoraboidal, separated by narrow, .sharply-raised marg-ins, very slightly convex or nearly flat, silvery, with numerous faintly-bordered pores; mouth with a wide shallow sinus in the lower lip and a minute denticle on each side internally; an elevated process immediately below the lower lip, on the inner aspect of which is an avicidarium with the triang-ular mandible pointed upwards. Ooecia large, globular, surface punctate or obscurely perforated. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov., 1886. Port Phillip Heads, Mi\ J. Bracebridge Wilson. Explanation of Figures. Plate 186. — Fig. I, two young zooecia. Fig. la, another portion from same specimen, showing older zooecia and ooecia. Plate 186, Fig. 2. SCHIZOPORELLA WOOSTERI (McG.). Description. — Zocecia broad, subquadrate, separated by distinct raised margins, surface granulated; mouth subcircujar, with a wide rounded sintis below. An avicularium, with semicircular mandible, on each side of the mouth at the upper angles of the zooecia. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., July, 18S6. QueensclifF, Mr, Wooster. Explanation op FionEE. Plate 186. — Fig. 2, small portion of specimen, magnified. [ 311 J Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Plate 186, Fig. 3. SCHIZOPORELLA PULCHERRIMA (McG.). Description. — Zooecia separated by narrow raised lines, broad and nearly flat, surface liyaline, traversed by faint lines converg-ing from minute pores or depressions at the marg-ins ; mouth very wide, edg-e thickened, contracted towards the base, and the lower lip forming a shallow sinus or nearly straigiit. A broadly elliptical avicularium placed obliquely on each side of the mouth. Reference —P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads. The only specimen I have seen is in the hemeschara form. It is not complete, measures three-eighths of an inch across, and is remarkable for the small amount of calcareous matter, being very thin and translucent. Explanation op Figtire. Plate 186. — Fig. 3, portion of specimen, magnified. The middle zooecium is probably formed by the fusion of two. Plate 186, Fig. 4. SCHIZOPORELLA LATISINUATA (Hincks). Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia large, broad, ."separated by raised thickened margins, surface ])unctate and perforated — when recent, covered by a delicate epitheca; mouth arched above, with a wide notch beneath, not contracted at its opening; edge of mouth slightly thickened. Ooecia large, globose, granular, or perforated, frequently personate. Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug^., 1882. Port Phillip Heads. The form of the mouth in the figured specimen diflfers some- what from that given by Mr. Hiucks, the sinus in the lower lip being narrower and deeper, and the border of the mouth thinner. [312] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ^Polyzoa. In other specimens, liowever, it is much shallower and scarcely distinguishable. The separating margins at their junctions with the sides of the mouth occasionally rise to form an acute angle projecting forwards.* Explanation of FionRE. Plate 186. — Fig. i, portion of specimen, magnified. Plate 186, Fig. 5. SCHIZOPORELLA BITURRITA (Hincks). Description. — Zoarium thick, encrusting" alg-ae. Zooecia confused, indistinct, laro-e, oblong-; surface granular and perforated; mouth very large, with a deep, wide, rather pointed sinus in the lower lip. A large triangular avicularium on the inner side of a thick calcareous process on either side of the mouth. Ooecia large, conical, surmounted by a thick, prominent umbo ; surface strongly granular and perforated. Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1884. Port Phillip Heads. This very peculiar and striking species is readily distinguished. It forms thick, calcareous layers, usually surrounding the stems of small dark algfe. The zooecia are very indistinct, little prominent except unmediately below the mouth. The surface is covered with granulations and pores. The mouth is very large aud wide, with a broad sinus in the lower lip. On each side of the mouth is a stout, calcareous process, on the inner aspect of which is a large, triangular avicularium with the mandible pointed upwards. The upper part of this process is mamilliform and nearly smooth, the lower part granular. The ooecia are very large, mamilliform, sui'mounted by a nearly smooth, blunt umbo ; the remainder covered with large granulations aud round jjores. These granu- lations and pores are arranged in more or less radiating and concentric series. Explanation of Figukes. Plate 186. — Fig. 5, specimen, natural .size. Fig. 5a, two zooecia and ooecia, magnified. Fig. fib, ooecium and oral avicularium seen in profile. "Since the above was printed I have received specimens precisely agreeing with Hincks' figure and description, and differing a good deal in tlie moutli from those previously examined by me. I will give a figure, with description, in another plate. It may be doubted whether the present shoxild not be considered a distinct species. Vol. II.— Dbcade XIX.-2!/.' [ 313 ] Zooloyy.l NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Plate 186, Fig. 6. SCHIZOPORELLA PACHNOIDES (McG.) Description. — Zoariiim encnistin"-. Zooeoia elongated, irreg-iilar in shape, separated bj' distinct g'l-ooves with an elevated line at the bottom ; surface covered with small elevations, or, from the opening of these, white-bordered pores ; mouth lofty, horse-shoe shaped, with a wide, deep sinus in the lower lip ; margin thickened, especially below; upper border becoming thickened and raised with age. An avicularium, with the triangular mandible pointed straight or obliquely downward's, on a slight elevation below the mouth. Ooecia of moderate size, rounded, finely granular. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov., 1886. Port Phillip Heads. Explanation of Fiouees. Plate 186. — Fig. 6, group of zooecia, maguified. Fig. 6a, single zooecium. Plate 186, Figs. 7-9. SCHIZOPORELLA HYALINA (Linn. sp.). Description. — Zoarium thin and silvery. Zooecia in more or less radiating lines, closely united or separated by punctures, elongated, smooth, or transversely rugose; mouth subcircular, lower lip entire or with a sinus. Ooecia large, globose, smooth, vertically carinate, or umbouate, or granular, or perforated. References. — ScJiizoporella hyalina, Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 271, jil. xviii., figs. 8-10; pi. xlv., fig. 2. Lepralia hyalina, Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Pol. pt. ii., p. 84 ; pis. Ixxsii., xcv., ci. On algae, sliells, and stones, common. This cosmopolitan species usnally occurs in small circular colonies on algaj or shells. The zooecia are thin and hyaline, arranged in irregularly radiating lines, either closely united or separated by intervening perforated spaces, the parts between the perforations being hollow or tubular. They are generally much [314 J Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poh/zoa. elongated and transversely I'ugose. Sometimes, however, they are quite smooth. The mouth varies considerably, being either subcircular and entire or with a sinus in the lower lip. The part immediately below the mouth is frequently produced upwards and forwards into a transverse umbo obscuring the lower lip. The ooecia also vary very much. They are crowded towards the centre of the zoarium where they frequently present somewhat the appearance of a Cellepore. The ovicelligerous zocecia, as pointed out by Mr Hincks, are mostly small and aborted. The following varieties have been distinguished : — Var. o: cornuta. — A stout tubular process on each side of the mouth. Var. j3: incrassata. — Walls thickened and opaque. Var. y : tuberculata. — A number of tubercles on the front of the zooecia, and often a strongly developed umbo below the orifice. Var. S: pellucida. — Described and figured in Plate 38, fig. 9, of the present work as Lepralia pellucida. Zooecia very thin and pellucid, mouth small . and sinuated. Ooecia smooth and carinate. There is some difference of opinion as to the generic position of the species, it presenting several of the characters of Cliorizo- 2)ora. Schizoporella, however, seems to be its proper place. Explanation op Figures. Plate 186. — Fig. 7, single zooecium. showing a sinus in the lower lip. Fig. 8, group of zooecia from another colony. Fig. 9, part of a colony, showing zooecia with the lower lip entire or sinuated, anH ooecia variously smooth, umhouate, and perforate. I am indebted to my friend Mr. MacGillivray for the specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa on this plate. Frederick McCoy. [ 315 ] ly. 9, 7 Pl.lSl ZOOLOGY OF VICTO RIA {Tolyzoa^) 1 R Mayillixro) ill J Sifper hlk- T^nTH'Ca) dira-^ Stavn Jufu Im^hvdaw Offix Zoology.-} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. Plate 187, Figs. 1-3. MEMBRANIPORELLA DLSTANS (McG.). [Genus MEMBRANIPORELLA (Smitt). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Older Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family CribrilinidEe.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium adnate or foliaceous. Zooecia coDtiguous or disjunct ; front closed by a series of flattened, more or less consolidated, calcareous ribs.] Description. — Zocecia contiguous or separated, oval or elongated; ribs 8-11 • on each side, a thin raised line down the centre marking- the suture of the opposite ribs; mouth with 2-6 thick, articulated spines. Oojcia rounded, with a depressed area separated by a thick margin. E.EFERENCE. — P. H. MacGilllvraj, Trans. Roy. See. Vict., July, 1882. Port Phillip Heads ; Warrnambool, Mr. H. Watts. In young specimens the ribs are seen to bifurcate at the inner extremities. At first they are separated by considerable intervals, but, as growth and calcification advance, they become almost contiguous. The oral spines are thick and occasionally almost pod-like, the first pair frequently lai'ger. The ocecium has a large depressed area in front bounded by a thickened ridge. The ovicelligerous ceils have one pair of spines. In the first specimen described the zooecia are separated by considerable distances, but in others they are closely adjunct, although with a tendency to spread at the edges of the zoarium. It is allied to the European M. nitida,, from which it diflfers in the stouter spines and, especially, in the structure of the ooecia. There ai'e no avicularia in my specimens. Explanation of Figures. Plate IS". — Figs, 1 and 1«. zooecia from the disjunct form, young. Fig. 2, zooecia and ooecia from an older and more calcified specimen. Fig. 2a, single ooecium. Plate 187, Figs. 3 and 4. CRIBRILINA RADIATA (Moll. sp.). [Genus CRIBRILINA (Hincks). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun- dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Familj- CribriUnidae.) Qen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, or adnate, or erect. Front of zooecia with radiating furrows occupied by regular series of perforations, or irregularly pierced by lai'ge, more or less rounded foramina ; mouth semicircular or subcircular, entire below.] [317 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. Description. — Zoarium crustaceous. Zooecia closely adjunct or slightly separated and connected by an intervening- hasis, rounded or ovate ; front occupied by 6-10 ribs on each side radiating from a smooth or ridged central spot or line, the intervening sulci jiiercod by a row of small round foramina; a triangular smooth space below the mouth usually bounded by a raised margin and with a small per- foration at the lower part; mouth semicircular, with 4-0 spines on the upper margin and frequently a thin setiform spine on each side below the angle. Ofccia globular, smooth, with a vertical ridge or umbo. Referencb. — C. rndinla (including vnnominata), Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, p. 185, pi. xxxvi., figs. 1-9. Port Pliillip Heads, on shells and calcareous nodules. This beautiful species is suliject to considerable variation. The zoa'cia are usually ovate or nearly round, sometimes they are narrower and ])roduced below, or they may be very broad. The centre is usually raised into a ridge or keel, terminating above in an unil)o ; sometimes, however, it is smooth. The aperture in the triangular smooth space below the mouth is by no meang constant and the bounding ridge is frequently absent, as are also the setiform spines. The extent and prominence of the ooecial ridge varies. Avicularia are rarely (in Australian specimens) developed between the zoa?cia. There is no doubt that Mr. Hincks is right in uniting C. radiata and innominata. Explanation of Figures. Plate 187. — Fig. 3, small group of zouniii, with (lie ribs very prominont and showing the setiform .spines. Fig. 4, three zoteeia, from another s])ccimcn, sliglitly separated from eiich other. Plate 187, Fig. 5. CRIBMLTNA SETIROSTRIS (McG.). Description. — Zoarium crustaceous. Zooocia distinct, elongated, surface with numerous round or ])yriform ibraminii, frequently arranged in irregular single or double transverse rows; mouth arched above, straight below, margin thickened and [318] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. frequently produced into a slinr[) point at the centre of tiio lower lip. An avicularium at the base of the zocccium, with a very long setiform mandible directed up one side of the cell. Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc, Vict., Oct., 188'3, Port Phillip Heads. This species may be at once recognised by the peculiar avicu- laria with the long setiform mandibles. ExrLANATioN Or Figure. Plate 1S7. — Fig. 5, {jroup of zou>cia. In all the lower lij) is smootli, but the peristome is very frequently produced into a short, sharp, central process. Plate 187, Fia. 6. CRIBRILINA MONOCEROS (Busk). Description. — Zoarium adherent or hemescharine. Zooocia with larj^e for- amina, the Hiarn'ins of which are thickened; mouth large, the peristome of tlie lower lip raised into a central jwinted process; occasionally two or three thin and furcate spines on the upper margin of the nioutii ; a thick oral spine on one side of the mouth, within the peristome. Otccia subimmersed, smooth, or with slight radiating ridges, and frequently with two or more avicularia on elevations. Avicularia absent, or numerous and very variable ; in some specimens scattered and usually close to the sides of the zocccia, with sharp or blunt mandibles; in others very large, with large acute or spatulato mandibles ; they are also found sessile on eminences round the mouth, and one occasionally surmounts the inucronate elevation of the lower lip. References. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Mar. Pol. pt. ii., p. 72, pi. xciii., figs. 5, 0; MacGillivray, Prd. Zool. Vict., pi. xxxv. Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Warrnambool, Mr. Watts. Two distinct species seem to have been confounded under this name, and I therefore give an amended description and an additional figure of the true C. monoceros — that of Busk in the British Museum Catalogue and myself in this work. Explanation of Figtjkb. Plate; 1S7. — Fig. 6, zocecia and ocecia, showing the intra-peristoinial spine. [ 319] Zoology.1 NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPohjzoa. Plate 187, Fig. 7. CRIBRILINA ACANTHOCEROS (McG.)- Description. — Zoarium adherent. Zocecia with large foramina; mouth large, lower lip straight, without mucro; a large spine, very long, and with sharp secondary spines or prickles directed upwards, immediately below the lip and to one side. Oa3cia subimmersed, usually with a small mitriform smooth space below, and several large perforations round the upper margin. Frequently a large avicularium, with triangular mandible, at each side of the mouth towards the angle. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict, July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone. This differs from C. monoceros in the follomng points : — The lower lip is straight and the peristome is not developed into a mucro ; the ocecium is somewhat different ; and especially the situation of the azygos oral spine is different. In C. monoceros it is always situated at one side of the mou.th, close to the margin above the angle and is enclosed within the peristome when that is developed. In C. acanthoceros the spine, besides being very long and furnished with the peculiar armature, is situated below the lower lip, and if a peristome should be developed, which I have never seen, would be outside it. Explanation of FionRE. Plate 187. — Fig. 7, two zocecia, showing oral spines and avicularia. Plate 187, Figs. 8 and 0. HIPPOTHOA DIVARICATA (Busk). [Genus HIPPOTHOA (LAMOURonx). (Sub-kingdom llollusca. Infundibulata. Sub-order Clieilostomata. Family Esch.arida;.) Class Polyzoa. Order Gtn. Char. — Zoarium aduate. Zocecia distant, connected by creeping tubes so as to form linear series, or partly clustered in small patches; mouth with a sinus in the lower lip.] Description. — Zocecia connected by short thick tubes, pyriform, usually carinate, smooth or finely striated, or transversely annulated or corrugated ; mouth with a slight notch in tlie lower lip. Oa-cium surmounting a zooecium, rounded, smooth, or slightly carinate, or with a rounded umbo. [ 320 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. References. — H. divaricala. Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Pol., pt. i., p. 30, pi. xviii., fij^s. 3, 4- ; Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 288, pi. xliv., fig's. 1-4 ; and pi. i., fig. 2 ; //. palagonica, Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Slar. Pol., pt. i., p. 30, pi. xvii., fig-. 1. Hobson's Bay and Port Phillip Heads, on algse, shells, and zoophytes. Usually occurs in slender, silvery, dendritic colonies, the zooecia being connected by short, rather thick fibres, originating from the summits or sides of the zooecia in irresrular numbers (usually one or two) and occasionally branching from other tubes. The tubes or fibres are smooth or annulated. Their lena:th varies very much, Ijeing sometimes considerably longer than the zooecia, . at other times shoi-t and scarcely apparent, the result being in the so-called variety conferta almost as close an aggregation as in a Lepralia^ but with a tendency to branch off at the edges. The mouth is expanded above, narrowed below, and has usually a shallow sinus in the lower lip. The ooecium is round or globular, the zooecium which it surmounts usually smaller than the normal, and frequently originating directly from the side of another. The ooecium also frequently has a round boss or umbo in front. The roughly annulated form is Busk's H. patagonica. Explanation of Figdkes. Plate 18T. — Fig. 8, portion of a specimen with the zooecia transversely striated and carinate. Fig. 8a, zooecium and ocecium from the same. Fig. 9, portion of another specimen, with zooecia mostly annulated and those bearing ooecia arising from the sides of ordinary zooecia, connecting fibres of considerable length. Plate 187, Figs. 10-13. HIPPOTHOA DISTANS (McG.). Description. — Zooecia connected by very long, slender threads, small, elongated, smooth, finely striated, or faintly annulated; anterior surface rounded or carinate; mouth subcircular, or wider above and narrowing downward^ into a shallow sinu.t, peristome distinctly thickened. Ooecia globular, terminal, smooth, or umbonate. References. — H. distans, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1868; H.jiageUum, Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 293, pi. xliv., figs. 5—7; Busk, Chall. Pol., pt. i., p. 4, pi. xxxiii., fig. 7. Yoii. II.— Dbcadb XIS.-2Z. [ 321 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Hobson's Bay and Port Phillip Heads, on algfe shells and zoophytes, probably common in other localities also. Differs from H. divaricata in the zooecia beina; much smaller and narrower and the connecting tulies being very long and slender. The zooecia are usually much elongated, narrow, and smooth, or very fiiiutly striated, and are frequently carinate. The anterior extremity of the zooecium sometimes projects slightly forwards. The mouth is small, narrowed below into an inconspicuous sinus and has a narrow peristome. In addition to the fibres from the end, very frequently one arises from each side of a zooecium. This species and H. divaricata are very closely allied, differing chiefly in the zooecia of the present species being much smaller, narrower, and more elongated, and in the connecting tubes being very long and thin. The ooecium is similar to that of //. divari- cata^ except that it is smaller. There can be no doubt that H. flagellum of Manzoni, Hincks in British Marine Polyzoa, and Busk in the " Challenger " Polyzoa, is the same as the present species, an identification which has already been made by Hincks. Both Hincks and Busk describe and figure the zooecia as smooth and destitute of carina, but in Mauzoni's figure of H. flagellum they are distinctly carinate. Explanation of FionRES. Plate 187. — Fig. 10, portion of specimen on shell. Figs. 11, 12, and 13, zooecia from another specimen on an alga. One zocecium is very sharply carinate, another strongly annulate, whilst the ovicelligerous one is nearly smooth. Plate 187, Fio. 14. ELECTRA AMPLECTENS (Hincks sr.). [Genus ELECTRA (Lamouroux). (Sub-ldngdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. OrJer In- fundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family MenibraniporidiB.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, or filiform and erect, or foliaccous. Zooecia elongated, narrow below, closely adherent together, lower part convex ; area oval or rounded, occupying the whole width of the zooecium above, deep, with thiclcened margins ; one or more large, whip- lilce spines (occasionally replaced by an avicularium) below tlic margin of the area, and a variable number of short, sharp .spines on its circumference.] [ 322 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Description. — Zoaiium encrusting-. Zooecia arranged in single, bifurcating series, pj-riform, with smooth surface ; aperture oval, occupying more than half the front of the zooecium and with a slightly thickened margin, covered with a thin membrane; two thin spines above at the upper extremity of the zooecium and two, or usually three, short, sharp spines on each side of the aperture ; a long, flexible spine immediately below the lower edge of the aperture. Ooecia situated above a zooecium at the bifurcation of a branch, oval, the front surface covered by a series of slender, converging ribs connected by a thin membrane and bounded by a narrow calcareous line, beyond which is a smooth part. Reference. — Membranipoi-a aniplectens, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, Aug., 1881. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. I have only seen one not very good specimen on a piece of alga, covered also with Schizoporella liualina. It is allied to E. joilosa-, but is veiy much smaller. The ooecium is very peculiar. The front wall is covered by a series of slender, white ribs converging to a short line in the lower part. The ribs are bounded externally by a narrow calcareous rim and are connected by a thin membrane which is frequently slightly deficient at the margin. Beyond the ribbed part is a narrow smooth portion. EXPLASATIOX OF FlGUKES. Plate IS". — Fig. 14, small portion of a, specimen. The zooecium of the commencing branch at one side of the bifurcation below the ouecium is deficient. Fig. 14a, another portion of tlie same specimen, showing three zooecia and an oa>cium, more highly magnified to show the structure of the latter. Mr. MacGrillivray has contributed the specimens and descriptions for this plate. Frederick McCoy. [ 323 ] PL188 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ( MoV.u sea ) B'-WxU.iJ.lUih, Frct~ M^Ccy. dzrar* Shitun.luheGm'-PruUin^ 00: 1 /■& 7 PUS 9 ZOOLOCr OF VICTORIA (MoUii,sca) S' urOidtliheA PI 190 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (MoXl\i,sca,) S'^Wtld (UlLhih. PmfJfCy.iira' •tAjm UOu. ij. Tribe oLsosaura My ScinS] in frn^?" ZlZ.VF'"^^ .^''^°T' ^^'l ^""'^ed, tapering. Head subquadrate, obtusely pointed nf r,=i T , "T' ^"'"'SnluT or hexagonal from truncation of the angles nostril in middle of nasal plate, without posterior groove ; no supranasal plates , frontal oblong hexagonal ?±'' '°°!W'''' r'"' ''"'P triangular notch ; fronto-parietal plateL two, separate f' lower°eyel d nn .f h 7 , '?'",' ; ears small, lobed in front. Limbs moderate ; five simple, comprlssed toe^ two mL?P ,;rp '' °^ ^""^ ^°n ^r'^''"^ "'^"^ '°''' °^ •=°°'<=^1 g'^*°»'e^- Sea es smoo h tl in ti\o middle preanal ones, usually larger than the adjoining ones.] Description.— Profile of head flat from hind margin to hind edge of eye, thence abruptly arched to obtuse snout ; no groove behind nostril, but a sli-ht vertical groove from it to lower edge of nasal plate ; rostral hexagonal, vertical apex touchino- prefrontal or internasal plate separating the nasals; prefrontal transversely rhombic" wider than long, about equalling rostral in length, touching first of a row of four trenal plates by each lateral angle; fronto-nasals hexagonal, slightly shorter than prefrontal, he two lender edo-es of which they join, meeting in the middle, separat- ing the prefrontal by half Its length from the frontal; frontal quadrangular, obtuse- angled in front, tapering to a point behind, not twice as long as wide, a little longer than the fronto-parietals; parietals and interparietal of moderate size; four occipital plates the inner pair larger than the outer one, on each side, behind the parietals; fifth and parts of fourth and sixth labials below eye; three laro-e temporals; six supraoculars, third largest; eight to ten superciliary plates; four oreal plates Ear-opening a little smaller than eye. Scales of side a little smaller than those of back and belly, forty round middle of body, smooth, those of belly with three faint longitudinal striae; central preanal scales not perceptibly larger than the others. Limbs moderate, with slender toes, the hinder part of sole studded with blunt conical tubercles. Colour: Very pale yellowish-brown above and on under- side of tail and legs ; sides and belly bluish from side of head to base of tail; edg-es of eyelids and lobes on front edge of ear pure white; nape with five broad, black, and SIX whitish, longitudinal stripes; the middle black one disappears over the shoulder letting the two next whitish stripes coalesce to form a broad, distinct, light stripe down middle of back; the two next black stripes on each side coalesce to form two broad, very conspicuous, longitudinal stripes, one on each side of midline of back the intervening light streak on each side of nape continued as a row of round or kidney-shaped, light, very conspicuous spots in middle of broad black stripes (some- times double, and sometimes breaking into a short row of two or three small spots); the black bands of the back are continued on the tail as rows of irregular black spots farst seven, then, about halfway, three, and disappearing towards end of tail; a broad, distinct, whitish band, like median dorsal one, on each side boundino- the b ack one; and outside this on each side the marking is very variable, alw^ays a bluish-grey ground, with black markings either irregular marbling or defining- one or two rows of rounded light spots; chin, lips, and cheeks whitish with S few irregular, longitudinal dark markings on cheek, lips, and temple, and occasional Vol. II.— Dkcabe XX,-3ff. [ 309 I Zoology.l NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Reptiles. spots and dark edges to head plates; upper side of limbs with interrupted dark longitudinal dashes, or occasionally with round light spots irregularly edged with dark. Measurements of rather small specimen figured: — Total length, 6 inches; tail, 3 in. 3 lines; length of head, Q\ lines; width of head, 5 lines; width of middle of body, 5 lines; tip of snout to axil of fore limb, 1 inch; axil to front base of hind limb, 1 in. 5 lines; length of fore limb to tip of longest finger, 8 lines; length of hind limb to tip of longest toe,. 11^ lines; diameter of orbit, 1| lines. Reference. — ^Scincus Whitii, Lacepede, An. Mus., v. 4, p. 192; Quoy and Gaim, Uranie, t. 42, f. 2 ; = Hinulia id., Gray Zool. E. and T. Rept. ; = Tiliqua leueopsis, Gray An. N. H. 1838, p. 291 ;=:Lyffosoma niolinigera, Dum. and Bib. Erpt., V. 5, p. '736. This is one of tlie most elegantly marked, but most variable of the small Lizards common in Victoria. The two white spotted broad, black, longitudinal stripes on the back are the most constant of the markings, but the markings of the sides vary greatly, some- times presenting two or three rows of round whitish spots, margined irregularly with black ; more commonly the sides show only a number of black spots of very irregular size and shape. I have seen one specimen with four irregular rows of white, black-edged spots on each side of the dorsal pair, and extending faintly on to the throat. The two pairs of occipital or nuchal jilates are sometimes united into one pair, occupying the same space. This Lizard, like other species of Hinulia., does not climb trees or bushes like the so-called Bloodsucker { Gramma fojyhora), but keeps on the ground under logs and stones, darting rapidly through the herbage when disturbed. The specimen figured is rather less than the average size. From Prahran, near Melbourne. It occasionally reaches a length of 1 ft. 2 in. Explanation op Figures. Plate 191. — Fig. 1, rather small specimen, natural size. Fig. la, top of head, to show form of cephalic plates, magnified two diameters (fronto-parictals irregularly divided into two on one Bide and three on the other). Fig. lb, underside, to show chin plates and abdominal scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. Ir, side view of head to eardrum, magnified two diameters. Fig. \rl, front view of head, showing form of rostral and adjacent plates. Fig. It, eye, magnified four diameters, showing scaly lower eyelid and superciliary plates. Fig I/, underside of hind foot, to show conical tubercles of sole or palm, magnified two diameters, i'ig. Ir/, underside of .anterior foot, showing tubercles of sole or palm, magnified two diameters. Fig. ! h, preanal scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. 1«. abdominal scales, to show faint stria;, magnified two diameters. Fig. U-, portion of back, to show distribution of colouring on median light stripe, and two broad iiarli oues, magnified two diameters. [ 330 ] - Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. lEeptiles. Plate 191, Fio. 2. HINULIA QUOYI (Dum. and Bib.). Quoy's Hinulia Lizard. Description. — Moderately slender ; back broad, flattened; head broad, triangu- lar, obtusel}' pointed ; tail compressed in middle portion, rounded above and below. Head plates: Nostril near lower edg'e of nasal, with slig'ht indication of vertical sulcus, not meeting above ; rostral hexagonal, moderate, curved round obtusely rounded tip of snout, joining' prefrontal or internasal by moderately broad suture, separating- nasals; prefrontal broader than long-, scarcely touching- anterior acute angle of frontal; frenonasals just touching- by points of inner ang-les, or nearly so; frontal quadrang-ular, acute-angled in front, posterior end very acute-angled, long-, narrow to hind apex, lateral sides touching- the first, second, and part of third supra- oculars, as long- as f'ronto-parietals and interparietal taken together; fourth supra- oculars larg-e, with a very small fifth posterior one ; nine supraciliaries, the sixth and seventh largest; three larg-e temporal plates on each outer side of parietals; a row of three pairs of nuchal or oceipital plates, long-er than wide, inner pair largest; parietals very larg-e, sometimes touching- behind end of interparietal ; seven upper labials, sixth and seventh largest, fifth and sixth under the eye ; five loreals; ear-opening- nearly as large as eye, with very slight indication of four lobules within anterior edg-e, smaller than adjacent scales. Legs rather long; longest hind toe, if di'awn up to side of body and fore leg- drawn down, reaches to wrist of fore leg; from tip of snout to shoulder about once and a half in space from axil of arm to groin on front edge of hind limbs. Tail about twice as long- as head and body (too short, from re-growth, in specimen figured). Scales: Forty round middle of body, ventral scales smooth and slightly larger than the dorsal ones, which are very faintly marked watli three or five longitudinal striee ; scales of sides much smaller than those of upper or undersides. Three pairs of large preanal scales, long-er than wide, middle much largest. Toes compressed, subdigital plates divided by longitudinal grooves, twenty-four under longest or fourth toe. Colour: Pale greenish olive-brown on upper surface; underside and end of tail yellowish-white; sides pale greyish-blue ; a broad band along- each side at turn of back of irregular, vertical, broad, dark-brown streaks, with zig-zag edges and irregularly connected ; upper side of limbs with numerous, irregular, transverse, zig-zag, dark-brown markings ; middle of back, top of head, and sides of tail with a lew small, quadrate, dark-brown specks ; sometimes a few dark specks on throat and belly, occasionally but rarely forming- lines of dark spots fi-om throat to preanal scales. Measurements : Length of head, 8 lines ; width of head, 6 lines ; length of head and body from tip of snout to end of preanal scales, 2 in. 8 lines ; width of middle of bodj', 6 lines ; length of anterior limb, 8 lines; length of posterior limb, 1 in. 1 line. References. — =^Lygosoma Quoyi, Dum. and Bib., Erpt. v. 5, p. 728; =Hinulia gastrosticta, GUnther, Ereb. and Ter. Rept., p. 11; Quoy and Gaim., Voy. Urainie, Zool., t. 42, fig. 1. This is a mucli broader Lizard, with wider back, than the H. tenuis or H. elegans., and has more numerous rows of scales round the middle of the body. [ 331 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IBeptites. It has the same habits as the Hinidia Whitei, running rapidly through the scanty herbage, and hiding under logs and stones. The specimen figured is from the Dandenong Ranges, near Melbourne ; common near Sunbury. Explanation of Figures. Plate 191. — Fig. 2, rather small specimen, natural size (tail re-grown, shorter than projier length). Fig. 2a., top of head, magnified two diameters. Fig. 26, side view of head and neck, showing plates and slight trace of anterior lobules inside anterior edge of ear. Fig. 2c, throat, magnified two diameters, showing large gular plates. Fig. 2d, front view of head, mngnificd two diameters. Fig. 2e, eye, magnified four diameters, showing supra-oculars, superciliaries, scaly lower eyelid, and upper labials, in relation to eye. Fig. 2/', preanal scales and abdominal and subcaudal scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2;/, dorsal scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2h, lower side of fore foot, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2i, lower side of hind foot, magnified two diameters, to show granules on sole and subdigital scales. Frederick McCoy. [ 332 ") 11 1/ P119Z ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA JS(uiJjjo1omit».cUlx.b^i J'ToCH'Coyim:^ SUanbOio Gay^hvdJAgOffioi, Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY' OF VICTORIA. {_Fishes. Plate 192. CALLIONYMUS CALAUROPOMUS (Rich.). The Crook-spined Dragonet. [Genus CALLIONYMUS (Lin.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acantliopterygii. Family Gobiidas.) Gen. Char. — Head trigonal, depressed, cleft of mouth narrow, nearly horizontal, upper jaw very protractile ; eyes moderate, high on sides of head, directed outwards and upwards ; teeth small, forming villiform patches on premaxillaries and lower jaws, none on palate nor vomer; a very large cylindrical spine extending from angle of preoperculum. Anterior part of body depressed, middle and hinder part usually moderately compressed. Skin smooth, without conspicuous scales. Dorsal fins two, anterior small, with three or four flexible spines. Ventrals large, very wide apart, of one spine and five many-branched rays. Gill-opening very small, usually reduced to an oval hole at upper edge of operculum. Branchiostegals six. No air- bladder. Pseudobranchiae. A slit behind fourth gill.] D. 4 -f 8; A. 7; C. 10; P. 20; V. 1 -f 5. L.l. 232. Description. — Head broad, trigonal, compressed in front of the eye, with the profile very tumid and arching- rapidly from middle of eye to edg-e of upper lip, the cleft of the mouth being horizontal when closed, but directed forwards and down- wards when protruded. Orbits ovate, longer than wide, wider behind than in front, and deeply notching- the forehead; the space between the eyes half the longitudinal diameter of orbit. Cheeks behind and below the eyes very tumid, arching outwards abruptly from the compressed rostral portion, and extending with lower edge of preoperculum into the very long- preopercular spine, which is bifid at the rounded posterior end; the posterior spine directed upwards, the other hooked forwards and upwards. Operculum depressed, with a narrow, rounded posterior lobe, above which is the large, oval, branchial opening, about half the vertical diameter of the eye in length. Body broader than deep; sides very tumid but arching- on upper side downwards into a deep wide sulcus, in which the dorsal fin is placed, and similarly arching- on under side upwards into a wide, deep channel, in which the anal fin is lodged. A longitudinal narrow depression along- the middle of sides. Wide space between pectorals and ventrals flat. First dorsal of four spines; the first about one-third longer than the second; second and third nearly equal; fourth a little shorter than the third; first branched ray one- third longer than the first spinous ray. Pectoral rhombic, obtusely pointed a little below middle, where the raj's are longest. Caudal large, ovate, with the four middle rays prolonged to double the length of the others ; the two branches of each uniting- beyond the membrane into a single filament. In the young- males figured these four rays are shorter, according- to age, and in the female their branches are not united into prolonged filaments, but the posterior edge of the caudal fin is broadly rounded. Teeth: Minute, sharp-pointed, in several rows on jaws. Lateral line crossing- the nape a little in front of the gill-openings, round which on each side it curves downwards abruptly to about level of middle of g-ill-opening-; thence arches with slight, irregular undulations to the hollow midline of sides under about the eighth branched ray of dorsal ; and bifurcating at the base of caudal fin, one branch running along the fifth and another along- the sixth ray. Skin: Naked, glossy, [ 333 ] Zoohgy.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. without scales, conical papilla in front of anal opening- large. Colour: Male : Back and snout pale gTsenish-brown, faintly mottled with pale pink; sides of head pale purplish-carmine, with narrow branching- lines of yellow; sides of body from lateral line paler carmine than sides of head, with a few longitudinal narrow 3'ellow lines; a dark-purplish blotch at base of pectoral. Pectoral with nearly colourless membrane, yellowish above, and upper rays yellow and reddish- purple, spotted. First dorsal with orange-red rays and two large dark-purple blotches on membrane behind second and third rays; membrane behind first ray yellowish-orange. Second dorsal with rays and membrane clouded irregularly with greenish-yellow and purple, and, near the edge, with peach-blossom pink, and yellow longitudinal lines. Caudal with upper rays brown ; membrane pale greenish-yellow with definite, narrow, longitudinal lines of bright peach- blossom colour; lower one or two rays and membrane dark purplish-slate colour; a few oval spots of opaline bluish-purple at base of tail. Pectoral fin with posterior rays and membrane variegated with pinkish-purple and yellow, the purple becoming- dark purplish-slate colour near edge and on front two rays and membrane. Anal pale purplish slate grey. Underside of body pale purplish-white. Iris greenish- bronze. Female : dull bronzy-brown above, passing- into whitish on belly, throat, and lower part of cheeks, the white and brown joining by an irregular mottling- or network of the dark colour enclosing- spaces of the lighter along the sides of body and cheeks. First dorsal usually purplish, with a few pale pink spots on the rays. Ventrals pale brown, with purplish membranes towards margin. Pectorals nearly colourless, with brownish rays. Second dorsal and anal irregularly clouded with blackish-purple; the rays and membrane otherwise yellowish. Caudal brownish, with lighter rays, and a dark blackish-purple patch formed by the membranes of the three lower spaces. Measurements.- Length of rather large specimen from tip of snout to base of caudal, 8 in. 3 lines. Pi-oportional measurements to this, as 100: Tip of snout to anterior edge of orbit, -j^^; to posterior edge of orbit, yw^; to tip of preopercular spine, xViTj to posterior lobed edge of operculum, -fVwj 'o anterior edge of gill-opening-, ^y^ ; to base of pectoral, y/u; to base of ventral, -ycutj to first spine of dorsal, -nfu J to first dorsal branched ray, tVVJ to last ra}' of dorsal, ttmJ; to first ray of anal, -nfij; length of middle elongate rays of caudal, /(fl^; lateral rays of caudal, f^f^ ; longest pectoral ray, -f^ ; longest venti-al ray, -finj > ^''st spine of doi'sal, -jL^ ; first branched ray of dorsal, -j%% ; greatest width of head at base of preopercular spine, tyVj depth of head at same point, -niV> depth of body about middle of length, under sixth branched ray of dorsal, y\j% ; thickness, yVV- Reference. — Er. and Ter., Fish, t. 7, f. i and 5, p. 10. This extremely beautiful sjiecies of CaUionymus, or Dragonet, as such fishes are called in England, is very variable in the brilliant colouring of the male; the dull-coloured female being more uniform and devoid of the brilliant tints of the male. The female is easily distinguished by the dullness" of the colouring and the simple rounded posterior edge of the caudal fin, wanting the extreme elongation of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh rays, Avhich in the old males are so conspicuous by the union of the branches into simple extended filaments. The anal papilla is verj^ short and inconspicuous in the female. The elongation of the [ 334 ] Zoology.-] NATIJEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Fishes. anterior dorsal spines is not a marked sexual distinction in this species, and I feel sure that Dr. Giinther's suggestion that this species may be the female of C. altevelis (Schlegel), of Japan, is not correct. Our two figures are of immature males, intermediate in elongation of the middle caudal rays between the adult male described and the female. Not very imcommon in Hobson's Bay. Not figured of the colours of Ufe before. Explanation of Figuees. Plate 192. — Fig. 1, young male, two-thirds natural size. Fig. la, lower jaw and teeth, twice the natural size. Fig. 16, upper jaw and teeth, twice the natural size. Fig. \c, section of body in front of ventrals. Fig. Id, section of body behind dorsal. Fig. le, section of end of pedicle of tail. Fig. 2, younger male. Frederick McCoy. [ 335 3 Pi 193 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA ■FusheASj jLBi'fthoUimeM dti tlUk ■••r-/V'^ii)KijTBX' SUoTt hthaGw'-Fnntut^OT'f-t Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Fishes. Plate 193. NEOSEBASTES SCORP^NOIDES (Guich.). The Spotted Red Gurnet-Perch. [Genus NEOSEBASTES (Guichenot). (Sub-kingdom Vetebrata. Class Pisces. Sub- class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygii. Family Scorpsenidas.)' Oen. Char. — Resembling Sebastes, but no scales on vertical fins, and having lower rays of pectoral branched and not elongated. Head large, spinous, and tuberculated, but less so than in Scor2}(ena; head and body entirely covered with rough scales ; no fleshy filaments from head. One dorsal ; seven branchiostegal rays. Teeth in villiform bands on jaw, vomer, and palatines.] D. 13 + 8*; A. 3 + 6; V. 1 + 5; P. 22; C. lof. L.l. i8^% under third dorsal spine; ^ about middle of body under eighth dorsal spine. Description. — Form: Ovate, moderately elongate and compressed, profile of head sloping rapidly from second spine of dorsal (corresponding to the greatest depth) to snout, broken by the projection of nearly one-third the diameter of the very large oval eye; the ocular projections slope to a very deep, smooth channel between the eyes. Gape slightly oblique; lower jaw slightly projecting in front of upper when mouth closed, with a conspicuous Icnob under its symphysis, and a large rounded pore on each side. Nostrils large; a strong spine near inner margin of anterior one. Superciliary ridge with three, gradually increasing, compressed spines, the posterior one largest. A slight, transverse, smooth furrow behind the eyes. One long, ridge-Hke, compressed spine, increasing in height to posterior end on each side of nape, beginning in line with posterior edge of orbit; a similar spine, compressed, ridge-like, with two posterior points on stay from edge of orbit to edge of preoperculum ; two similar, compressed, spinous ridges in one line, each with two compressed spinous points, near posterior end, extending from anterior fourth of orbit longitudinally nearly to edge of preoperculum on suborbital; one-fifth the diameter of the orbit below its edge. Preoperculum extending in a large com- pressed spine, continuing its angle near to edge of operculum a little above base of pectoral; a smaller sharp spine below; and three broad, triangular, lobe-like spines at equidistant intervals extended to its lower edge. Operculum with a strong, ridged spine extending upwards and backwards along upper arched edge; a second, longer, ridged spine in a line from middle of eye, directed backwards, nearly reaching edge of operculum. The lachrymal bone or preorbital at lower edge has a broad, trisulcate, three-pointed spine in front overlapping the intermaxillary bone, and four sharp, conical spines behind directed downwards and backwards at upper edge of maxillary. Greatest depth between second and third spines of dorsal, equal to about one-third the length of the body without the caudal fin; thickness of the body about two-thirds the depth; length of the head about two and two-thirds in total length, excluding caudal fin; length of head about one-sixth more than the depth of the body ; profile of back sloping with slight convexity to end of dorsal, moderately constricted thence to caudal fin; ventral profile more convex to origin of anal, * It is, no doubt, by slip of the pen tbat M. Guichenot puts IS as the number of soft rays in the doisal. Vol. II.— Decade XX— 36. [ 337 ] Zoohgy.1 NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. thence tapering in nearly straight line to base of caudal fin. Orbit very large, a little less than one-third the length of the head, and slightly less than its own diameter from tip of snout; space between middle of orbits less than the diameter of orbit. Upper edge of dorsal moderately arched for the first five spines, sloping straightly thence to the twelfth; thirteenth on front part of branched rays, double the length of the twelfth, half the length of the following branched ray; first spine of dorsal slightly sigmoid, two-thirds the length of the second, the third being- longest. Pectoral: Upper rays longest, reaching to base of anal; lower rays branched, the lowest one nearly or quite simple, border of fin convex posteriorly, base under third dorsal spine. Scales: Moderate, rounded, covering the whole of the head (except the interorbital groove and a small similar one in front of dorsal and transverse sulcus behind ej'es) to tip of snout, very rough to the touch, strongly ctenoid on posterior, semicircular margin, and covered with minute, spinulose granules. Lateral line arched and one-eighth of depth from dorsal edge from origin to about under eighth dorsal spine, thence nearly straight to middle of caudal; about one-fourtli the depth from dorsal edge about middle of body. Total length from tip of snout to end of caudal fin of large sjiecimen, 10 in. G lines. Proportional measure- ments to this, as 100: Tip of snout to front edge of orbit, yj,y; diameter of orbit, TBU; ^° snd of maxillary, -x^u) to end of preopercular spine, ^^a; to posterior edge of operculum, Yg'g; to upper base of pectoral, y-jj'ij ; to base of first dorsal spine, y-j^; to base of first branched dorsal spine, ,5^; to first anal spine, j^^jj ; length of second branched ray of dorsal, y\fij ; depth of body, YVo > thickness, y-jj% ; length of first dorsal spine, yV„ ; of second, y^^; of third, i-y^,, ; length of pectoral, y-o''oj length of caudal fin, y-^jjj; first anal spine, -[-J^j; second anal spine, iVV; third anal spine, -,\ny; second branched ray, i^V- Six scales in six lines at middle of body. Colour: Upper part of back and head rich purplish, fading into white on lower edge of belly, with several obscure, longitudinal rows of large, roundish, indefinite, rosy-red spots. Cheeks and lower part of head bright red; pectorals greenish in some, yellowish in others, with a dark, purplish posterior margin. Six or seven concentric rows of red spots on ra3'S with occasionally darker spots between them on membranes. Ventrals with rays red, membrane verj' pale purplish. Spinous portion of dorsal witii the membrane obliquely streaked with pale purplish and obscure, scattered, irregular cloudy spots; branched portion of dorsal with greenish membrane and five or six transverse rows of red spots on rays. Caudal fin with basal half yellowish on mem- brane, but distal half dark purphsh, with a narrow, lighter, posterior edge, the rays transversely banded with six or seven rows of dull red spots. Anal with nearly colourless, purplish membrane and irregular spots on the reddish rays. Iris yellow, with red imperfect circles. Reference. — Guichenot, Mem. de la Soc. Imper. des Sc. Nat. de Cherbourg, V. Vti ("Jnd ser., v. 3), p. 83. This very common fish in the Melbourne markets in M-inter is confounded by fishermen and dealers with the Banded Ked Gurnet- Perch (Sebastes percoides) — (figured on our plate 33, of the Fourth Decade) — under the name of Red Gurnet. It is easily distinguished by wanting the vertical or transverse dark bauds, and even generically by the lower rays of the pectoral fins being branched like the others, while in the Sebastes several of the lower rays are unbranched and extended beyond the membrane. [ 338 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Fishes. Now figured foi' the first time, although so abundant on our coasts and in the markets. Explanation of Fighbes. Plate 193. — Fisr. 1, average specimen, about two-thirds natural size. Fig. la, upper view of head, about two-thirds the natural size. Fig. 16, teeth of upper jaw, vomer, and palate, natural size. Fis;. Ic, teeth of lower jaw, natui-al size. Fig. Id, scale above lateral line, magnified three diameters. Fig. le, scale of lateral line, magnified three diameters. Fig. If, section at base of pectoral. Fig. \ij, section of pedicle of tail. Frederick McCoy. [ 339 ] /^y piiai ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA 8 CO^ J Bartholomfm tUllh^ ?rofM?Coy.dtrBx* ^team. UtiiaGor^'PrOUuiq Ofhi^ Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes. Plate 194. TRACHINOPS CAUDIMACULATUS (McCoy). The Blotch-tailed Trachinops. [Genus TRACHINOPS (Gunth.). ( Sub-kingdom Yertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygii. Family Nanclidaj. Sub-family Plcsiopiua.) Ge?^. Char. — Body oblong, moderately compressed ; mouth obtusely rounded, not protractile; none of the plates of the head serrated. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatine bones. Tongue smooth; scales of moderate size, rounded, ctenoid .it margin,* lateral line interrupted near end of dorsal fin. Dors.al and anal fins long; fourteen spines in dorsal, three in anal ; ventral fins thoi'acic, with one spine and four branched rays, not elongate; caudal fin pointed, with the middle rays prolonged in fil.aments. Five brancliiostegals ; gills three and a half; pseudo- branchia}; gill-membrane not united below the throat; pyloric appendages few. Australia.] D. 14 + 17; A. 3 + IG; P. 16; V. I + i; C. 24; L.l. 45 + 12. Description. — Oblong, narrow, moderately compressed ; length of head slightly greater than the depth of the body, and slightly more than four times in total length, excluding caudal fin; the depth of the body diminishes little till beyond the dorsal and anal fins, greatest deptii near end of pectoral fin about one-fifth of total length, excluding caudal ; interorbital space convex, smooth, without scales, less than diameter of orbit, with a few rows of large, prominent pores; snout obtuse, about one- half diameter of orbit; cleft of mouth wide, oblique; maxillary extending a little beyond middle of eye ; lower jaw slightly longer than upper one. Teeth small, pointed along the jaws, three or four larger than the rest on each side near the front; two rows forming a long patch on each palate bone, and two rows forming a short, transverse, arched patch on the vomer, nearly joining ends of palatine patches. Gill-openings wide. Scales on cheeks and operculum moderate, tliose on nape between anterior ends of lateral lines and over lateral line at base of dorsal very small. Lateral line is in two disconnected portions, one of forty-five tubular scales, rising fi'om head to close below dorsal, extending to the thirty-fifth row of scales, where that fin ends; the posterior portion of twelve similar scales occupies the middle of the sides of the tail on the twelve posterior rows of scales; three rows of scales having both the overla])ping portions of the interrupted lateral line. Scales of body of moderate size, roundea, finely serrated at posterior edge; along lateral line about forty-seven, two small scales above and seventeen large below it at vertical of base of pectoral. Fins: Pectoral fin of sixteen branched rays, oval, about one-fifth shorter than head. Ventral of one spine and four branched rays, about one-fifth shorter than the pectoral, a little in front of which it arises. Dorsal of fourteen spines and seventeen jointed rays, low to end of spinous portion, then higher to near the end which is rounded by a shortening of the three last rays ; greatest depth of soft dorsal a little less than deptii of body at base ; spinous portion rather less than half the depth of body at base. Anal fin of three spines and sixteen soft rays, not so deep as soft dorsal. Caudal of twenty-four rays, angularly pointed behind, the three middle rays extending as filaments one-quarter longer than the rest of the fin. Colour: Back dark-brown, becoming lighter and purplish on sides ; scales minutely dotted with black; a large, blackish blotch at base of tail, from which five or six middle rays * See remarks further on. [341 ] Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ^Fishes. carry tlie blackish colour through the middle of the fin to the two extended filaments ; the rest of the fin and the soft dorsal pale orang-e; anterior part of dorsal, anal, pectoral, and ventral, as well as throat and hell}^, whitish; iris silver bluish-white. Length from snout to base of caudal (excluding fin) 2 in. 1 line; proportional length of head, y-/^; length of snout, ~[%^; diameter of orbit, ^gij; interorbital space, i^ij; length of pectoral, y>,",^; ventrals, ■^~^; snout to origin of dorsal, y-5%^; to end of dorsal, i",',-, ; length of caudal, without filaments, -{^^•, filaments, xlij; greatest depth of body about middle, ^i^^; depth of tail, jj-^; thickness of middle of body, tSj. This little fisli Created a great sensation by appearing in large numbers about the middle of October, 1884, at the piers at Williamstown, in Hobson's Bay, and, being reported to the Com- missioner of Customs as the young of the Californian Salmon, were sent to me as an important matter to be determined. Even the Acanthopterygious character of the dorsal fin, one might have supposed, would have prevented any one acquainted with fish from confounding this with any sort of Salmon. The Inspectors of Fisheries and others dealing officially mth the fishes of our waters are greatly retarded in their business for want of recognisable figures of most of the native sorts, many of which, like the present species, have never been figured. The illustrations of the natural colours of the living fishes which I expect to present in these Decades will, I hope, diminish the difficulty of recognising them in future, and enable observations on habits, migrations, and times and places of breeding of the different sorts to be attributed correctly to the definitely-named and classified species. This is the second species of Trachinops known, and is easily distinguished from the Sydney T. tceniatus (Giinth.) by the darkness of the back, without the light longitudinal band of that species ; which also has much more prolonged central filaments of the caudal fin, a much lower dorsal fin, and more numerous scales along the lateral line than in the present one. The lateral line rises from the upper end of the gill-opcniug to the anterior end of the dorsal ; the triangular space on nape between these deflected ends of the two lateral lines being covered with very much smaller scales than those of the body ; the lateral line, of strongly keeled tubular scales, runs along the base of the dorsal fin, separated from it by two rows only of the minute scales such as are above their anterior ends on the nape. [ 342 J Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fw/ifs. Dr. Glinther in establishing the genus Trachinops for the Sydney T. tccniatus gives " scales cycloid " as one of the generic characters ; but Prof Kner describing the same species (Reise der Novara ZooL, Theil, Fische, p. 216) says, "Die Schuppen sind von miissiger Grosse, weich, und am ganzen Vorderrumpfe glattrandig, gegen den Schwanz aber zeigen sie den Bau ctenoider Schuppen, am festsitzenden Eude eiuen Fiicher von 10-12 RacUen und gegen das freie Ende coucentrische Furchen und ein feiues Netz mit sich bildeuden Kurtzen Spitzen in mehreren Reihen, die am freien Rande zu langern wimpern-ahnlich Zahnchen werden," and these remarks apply so well, as far as the hinder portion of the body goes, that I have altered the generic character for both species to "scales ctenoid." In the present species, I think all the large scales are ctenoid. Found occasionally in abundance about the piers in Hobson's Bay. Not figm-ed before. Explanation of riGDKE. Plate 19-t. — Fijj. 1, side view, natural size, of adult specimen, of the natural colours. Fig. la, same, magnified three diameters (upper part of lateral line at base of dorsal somewhat obscured by the shading). Fig. li, top of head, magnified four diameters, to show scaleless interorbital portion, with large pores, and small scales on nape, and midline of back between ends of anterior portions of lateral line. Fig. Ic, side view of head, magnified four diameters, showing the relations of scales, pores, and origin of lateral line. Fig. Id, teeth of upper and lower jaws, vomer and palatine bones, and smooth tongue, magnified six diameters. Fig. le, side view of teeth of jaws, showing the increased size of some of thera near the anterior end, magnified six diameters. Fig. 1/, isthmus, lower jaws, gill rays, and pseudobranchia;, magnified three diameters. Fig. lij, portion of gills, side view, magnified seven diameters. Fig. l/i, front view of head, showing convexity of interorbital space, magnified four diameters. Fig. li. section of body behind base of pectorals, magnified three diameters. Fig. Ik; section of pedicle of tail, magnified three diameters. Fig. 11, scale from upper lateral line, magnified sLx diameters. Fig. Ira, scale from middle of body, magnified six diameters. Fig. In, scale fi-om nape of neck, magnified six diameters. Frederick McCoy. [343] i*^ V^-«— V PI Ids ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA iPo1yT,oau) SnfWCcydJra'' SteanhiiiaGov^PrinUngOffi/x Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/^m«. Plate 195, Figs. 1 and 3. STIRPARIA GLABRA (Hincks). [Genus STIRPARIA (Goldstein). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Chcilostomata. Family liicclliiriidii!.) Gvii. Cliar. — Zoarium consisting of tufts of cclliferous branches attached to annulatod or segmented, articuhitud stems. Zooceia biscrial, turbinate; aperture opening upwards and forwards, and furnished with marginal or sub-marginal spines.] Description. — Zoarium erect, branched, branches calcareous, divided into usually alternately longer and shorter internodes, distinctly articulated together. Zooecia in flabellatcly branched clusters, articulated to one side of the upper extremity of an internode, commencing by a turbinate zooecium from which two others arise, giving' origin to dichotomously divitling branches; zocecia alternate, in two con- tinuous series", united .side to side, narrowed below and expnnded above, the outer angle frequently acuminate; aperture occupying rather less than the upper half of the front of the cell, the margin slightly thickened; three or four long, curved, hollow spines articulated below the margin posteriorly, and frequently a single spine anteriorly from the side of the aperture lower down. A minute capitate avicularium on the edge of the aperture below. References. — Stirparia glabra, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, March, 1883; Bicellaria glabra, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, Part I., p. 35, pi. vi., fig. 1. Lome, a single specimea, Mr. Woostev. Forms tufts, two or three inches high, attached by slender radical fibres. The stem and branches are calcareous, divided into usually alternately longer and shorter portions distinctly articulated together, the internodes enlarged at their rounded extremities, and generally having a furrow caused by a deficiency of calcareous matter on two sides. The clusters of zooceia originate from the upper ends of the larger internodes. The first cell is turl)inate, with about six long spines, and is articulated to a hollow in the internode. Many of the shorter internodes are barren, but have a small opening similar to those to which the zooecial clusters are articulated. The figures and description are taken ft'om South Australian specimens, the only Victorian specimen I have seen being a small, unperfect fragment. It occurs also in Western Australia. Explanation of Fighres. Plate 195. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig 2, portion of another specimen, magnified. Fig. 2a, basal part of zooecial tuft of same, more highly magnified. Vol. n.— Decade XX.— Sc. [ 345 ] Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 195, Fig. 3. BEANIA INTERMEDIA (Hincks, sp.). [Genus BEANIA (.Johnston). (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun-r dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Taiuily Bicetlariida;.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium creeping or loosely adnate. Zooecia disjunct, connected by (usually) corneous tubes, erect or decumbent, ovate or boat-shaped, entirely open in front and filled in by a thin membrane. Usually a capitate, pedunculate avicularium, perfect, aborted, or altered in form, on one or both sides towards the upper extremity, in some species absent.] Description. — Zooecia much elongated, narrow, sub-erect, anterior extremity rounded, posterior narrow, two short spines or denticles above, and one longer on each side; a capitate avicularium on each side above the lower spine. Each zooeciiim connected with one in front bj- a considerable tube arising- from the back and with one on each side by a tube near the posterior extremity. Posterior surface smooth. Reference. — Diachoris intermedia, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. The ouly specimen I have examined is not in very good con- dition, but there can be no doubt of its identity with Hincks' species. The points of origin of the lateral connecting tubes seem to vary. In my specimen they are mostly near the posterior extremity, while Hincks describes them as being a little above the middle ; in one of the figured zooecia it will be seen that they are not opposite, one being much farther forward than the other. ExrLANATION OF FIGURES. Plate 195. — Fig. 3, anterior view of part of zoarium, magnified. Fig. 3o, lateral view of two zooecia. Plate 195, Fig. 4. BEANIA CONFERTA (McG.). Description. — Zooecia large, each connected with six others by very short tubes ; six large, articulated spines above, of which two from the summit project nearly directly forward, a similar jiair (one on each side) originating a little farther back point in the same direction, and the third pair, arising opposite the lower edge of the mouth, project upwards and forwards and are curved inwards at their bases ; on each side of the aperture a double row of long, stout spines, the outer directed forwards [ 346 ] Zoology.-] ' NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [^Polyzoa. and outwards, and the inner alternating- with these, arching- closely over the front of the cell and meeting- in the mesial line. Dorsal surface smooth, g-lassy ; in many, especially the marginal cells, a round mark on each side towards the base, probably indicating- the attachment of a radical fibre. No avicularia. Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Brace- bridge Wilson. This species is readily distinguished from the other Australian forms by the closeness of the cells, the six large spines at the anterior extremity, and the absence of avicularia. The peculiar arrangement of the marginal spines, directed alternately outwards and inwards, is not constant, but when present is very striking. It is closely allied to the form described, from Algiers, by Mr. Hincks (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1881) as Diachoris hirtissima, var. robusta, from which it differs in having two instead of three superior spines and in the total absence of avicularia. Explanation op Figure. Plate 195. — Fig. 4, single zooecium, magnified. Plate 195, Fig. 5. BEANIA WILSONI (McG.). DESCRiPTiON.-^Zooecia connected with six others by long- corneous tubes, sub- erect; two or three short, straight, slender spine.s, and one or two sharp, incurved spines on the margin _ on each side. Posterior surface smooth. A large capitate avicularium articulated at the upper part of the zooecium on each side. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tran. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov., 1884, Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Evidently closely allied to the South African Diachoris distans of Hincks, fi'om which it differs in having avicularia on both sides, and in the absence of the round marks of the radical tubes posteriorly. Explanation of Figukes. Plate 195. — Fig. 5, group of zooecia, anterior view, magnified. Fig. 5a, posterior view of single zooecium'. [ 347 ] Zoohgy.l NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa. Plate 195, Figs. 6 and 7. VERRUCULARIA DICHOTOMA (Busk, sp.). [Genus VERRUCULARIA (von Sure). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order lufundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Farciminariidae.) Gen. Char. — Zooecia elliptical or rounded, convex, bordered by a narrow chitinous line, alternate in longitudinal series, separated laterally by an intercellular substance. Mouth a little below the summit. No avicularia.] . Description. — Zoarium membranous, consisting- of bi- or trichotomously divided branches. Zooecia arranged around an imaginary axis, alternate in longitudinal series separated by a smooth intercellular space, elliptical or ovate, separated from those of the same series by a narrow quadrate space ; each zooecium surrounded by a narrow chitinous rim, a similar line also on each side of the spaces joining those of a series; mouth above the middle of the zooecium, rounded, the lower lip forming a projecting membranous valve. References. — Farciminaria dichotoma, Busk. Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc, New Ser. i. 155. Flustrella dichotovia, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1884. Port Phillip Heads. This species has a close affinity in its structure to Flustrella, but I cannot agree with Hincks in referring it to that ctenostomatous genus. It, however, undoubtedly forms a close connecting link between the two sub-orders. It seems to me that, notwithstanding the absence of avicularia and ooecia and the structure of the mouth, it ought more properly to be referred, as has been done by Busk, to a family of Cheilostomata along with Farciminaria. It occui's in tufts, one or two inches high, consisting of numerous di- or trichotomously divided cyUndrical branches. The zoojcia are arranged in usually six longitudinal series, separated from each other by a continuous intercellular substance ; each zooecium is surrounded by a narrow chitinous line, a similar line also bounding the space by which the cells of a series are sepai'ated from each other. They are convex ; the mouth 'projects, the lower lip forming a nearly quadi-ate flap with a narrow thickened chitinous rim. [ 348 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [_Polyzoa. Von Suhr, in founding the genus, placed it among the algae, but the eiToneous interpretation of its structure is no reason, as already stated by Busk, for not adopting his name. Explanation or Figures. Plate 195. — Fig. 6, specimen, natural size. Fig. 7, portion of branch of another specimen, magnified. Fig. 'a, single zooecium of same, more highly magnified. The specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa illustrated by this plate ai'e from Mr. MacGillivray. Frederick McCoy. [ 349 ] P119G ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Polyjoiv) J'&fiperlufv FrorSeCoyJiraf' Sieamb&oGovPPraiJviffOffvx Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IPolyzoa. Plate 196, Fio. 1. THAIROPORA ARMATA (McG.). [Genus TIIAIROPoRA (McG.)- (Sub-kingdom MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Microporidae.) Gere. Char. — Zooecia calcareous, traversed by bands or transverse fissures and covered with a continuous epitheca ; mouth arched, higher than broad, lower margin of operculum hollowed : a stout, unarticulated, mamillate or buUate process in a separate tract on each side of the mouth. Avicularia at the base of or replacing zooecia, mandible strengthened by a stirrup- shaped thickened chitinous band.] Description. — Zooecia quadrate, alternate, of a'whitish colour, calcareous layer granular or perforate, with few indistinct lines; epitheca rather thin. Oral processes large, of equal size. Avicularian mandibles broadly lanceolate, directed upwards, strengthening band produced upwards from the junction of the lateral branches and with a broad membranous band on either side. Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec, 1881. Queenscliff. Explanation of Figure. Plate 196. — Fig. I, group of zoreoia magnified, showing two avicularia. Plate 196, Fig. 2, THAIROPORA MAMILLARIS (Lamx. sp.). Description. — Zooecia quadrate, alternate; calcareous lamina very thin, with few lines ; epitheca thick, brown or purple. Mouth with the oral processes of moderate size, equal or occasionally one larger. Avicularian mandibles elongated, branches of strengthening band meeting at an acute angle and produced into a vertical process, without membranous margins. Reference. — Prod. Zool. Vict., pi. 25, fig. 4. This species has ah-eady been described as Memhranvpora mamillaris and figiu'ed on plate .25, but a fresh figure is now given to better show the differences between it and T. armata, from which it is readily distinguished by its purplish or dark brown colour, the thicker epitheca, and especially by the different form of the stirrup-shaped support of the avicularian- mandible which has no membranous margin. Explanation op Figbee, Plate 196.— Fig. 2, Two zooecia and avicularium. [ 351 ] Zoologi/.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/yzoo. Plate 196, Fig. 3. THAIROPOKA JERVOISII (Hincks sp.). Description. — ZocBcia larg-e, alternate; calcareous lamina tliick, finely granular or punctate, usually traversed by two prominent raised lines crossing- the zocecia and connected in the centre by a similar vertical line, or by two from one side meeting' about the centre and continued as a single line across the remainder of the zooecium. Mouth large, lofty, oral processes large mamilliform. Avicularian mandible broadly triangular, the lateral branches 'not produced and with a very narrow membranous fringe. Reference. — Steganoporella Jervoisii, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1880; Thairopora Jervoisii, MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July, 1886. Sorrento, Rev. Dr. Porter. Of this species I have only a single Victorian specimen, l)iit I have received several from South Australia. It differs from T. armata and mamillaris in the greater size of the zooecia, the strong hand on the calcareous lamina, and the different structure of the avicularian mandible. The avicularia seem to he very rare and are present on only one of my specimens which I unfortunately did not receive until after the plate was lithographed. As far as I can make out from an examination in situ there is an extremely narrow scarcely perceptible fringe. Almost all the specimens are destitute of the epitheca, but in one it appears in parts as a thin silvery layer. None of my specimens have the lateral foramina described and figured by Mr. Hincks, in consequence of which he referred it to the genus Steganoporella. although he subsequently (Ann. and Mag., 1887) mentions it as a Micropora. The genus Thairopora as first proposed by me was differen- tiated from Memhranipora by the presence of a complete articulated operculum. Subsequent examination has shown, however, that the front wall is not membranous, but consists of a calcareous layer .covered by a *chitinous epitheca. The calcareous lamina is very thin in T. mamillaris^ but of considerable thickness in the others. In T. mamillaris, armata, and Jervoisii [ 352 ] Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poli/zoa. it is also traversed by various tliickened lines or bands, much less prominent in the fii'st. In T. Woodsii and disjMr it is crossed, a little below the mouth, by a transverse or oblique fissure, the edges of which are finely denticulated. The true Micropor(s, to which the genus- is most nearly allied, agree in having a calcareous anterior wall covered by a thick epitheca, with the lower margin of the oral aperture thickened and the lip formed by a complete articulated flap. The form of the mouth, however, is quite different ; in Thairopora it is very much loftier and narrower and always has a thick, calcareous, sessile, mamilliform or bullate process in a separate space on each side, frequently differing in size ; while in Microjfora the mouth is wider than high, and there are either no oi'al processes or they are slender articulated spines. The peculiar dividing lines or fissures on the calcareous front walls are quite different fi'om anything seen in Micropora. I am not sure that it would not be advisable to separate the species Avith the transverse fissures as a distinct genus. A similar division exists also in Diploporella cincta, which also agrees in the form of the mouth and operculum and the pi'esence of the thick sessile oral pi'ocesses. The structure of the zooecium, however, is otherwise so distinct as to leave no doubt of the propriety of referring it to a distinct genus. Plate 196, Figs. 4, 5, and 6. MICROPORA CORIACEA (Esper. sp.). [Genus MICROPORA (Hincks). Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Microporidse.) Oen. Char. — Zooecia with the front wall calcareous, covered with a thick epitheca; no transverse bands or fissures, but frequently several large perforations. Mouth with lower lip straight and thickened, wider than high ; lower edge of operculum straight ; oral spines either wanting or slender and articulated. Ooecia external. Avicularia at the base of zooecia.] Vol. II— Decade .XX.— 3(i. [ 353 1 Zoology.'i NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Po/yzoa. Description. — Zocecia ovate or quadrate; separating margins thick and prominent, frequently raised into a clavate process on each side of the mouth ; surface smooth, g-ranular or punctate, frequently with a distinct round foramen on each side. Mouth arched above, lower lip thickened and usually finely crenulated. Ooecia large, convex, prominent or subiuimersed, smooth, or tubercular, or umbonate, or slightly carinate. Avicularia small, with triangular mandibles, situated on separate tracts at the bases of zocecia. References. — Memhranipora coriacea, Busk., Brit. ilus. Cat. Mar. PoL, ii., 67, pi. Ixxiii., figs. 4-5; Micropora coriacea, Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 174, pi. xxiii, figs. 5-7. Common on shells aud stones. This species varies a good deal. The anterior surface is smooth or granular and frequently has a large round pore on each side, genei-ally toAvards the mouth. The separating margins are occasionally (in European specimens usually) raised into a small clavate boss on each side of the mouth. The ooecia are mostly subimmersed, but are sometimes quite prominent. A very marked variety which I have described (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1886) as angusta is not uncommon. The zooecia are very long and narrow, quach'ate ; the margins very prominent and crenulated ; the surface granular. There are no distinct foramina, but a depression in some cases gives an obscure appear- ance of such. The lower lip is thick and pouting. The ooecia are sub-immersed, usually without any elevation but occasionally with a slight knob or ridge. The whole zoarium is silvery and frec[uently only loosely adnate. Steganojjorella dongata (Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1880) fi*om Afi-ica very much resembles this form. Mr. Waters also (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1889) refers some specimens from Port Jackson to the same species as Micropora dongata, stating that in examin- ing a series there is little dift'ereuce between it and 31. coriacea. He also mentious that in some of the zooecia the marginal openings (opesiules of JuUien) are not to be seen while in others there are more than one on each side. Explanation of Figures. Platk 19G. — Fig. 4, group of zoa'cia friim a colony wiih the anterior surface nearly smooth, the lateral pores large, the margins not raised at the oral apertures and the ooecia prominent. Fig. 5, part of another colony, having the surface granular and punctate, the margins forming clavate knobs and the ootcia umbonate. Fig. (>. var. aixjiista, showing the elongated quadrate zooecia, the thick crenulated margins, the pouting mouth, aud subimmersed occcia. [354] Zoology.^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pul^zua. Plate 196, Figs. 7-10. RHYNCHOPORA BISPINOSA (Johnston sp.). [Genus RHTNCHOPORA (Hincks). (Sub-kingdom MoIIusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Escharidae.) Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia closely adherent to each other. Primary mouth transversely elongated, straight, or with a slight sinus in the lower lip ; secondary mouth with a prominent mucro on the lower margin, and an uncinate process immediately above it within the mouth.] Description. — Zoarium encrusting'. Zocecia when young' ovate or pyriform, distinct, and horizontal ; when older becoming' small, confused and indi.stinct; sometimes perforated at the marg-ins; surface usually smooth but occasionallj' rough or tubercular. Primary mouth transversely elliptical, ivith a very slight sinus in the lower lip and two straight, articulated spines (mostly absent) above. Secondary mouth rounded, with an uncinate process within towards one side; a transverse suboral avicularium, with pointed mandible on the anterior part of a mound-like elevation, or a prominent mucro. Other smaller avicularia on elevations on the front of the zooecia. Ooecia prominent in the younger parts, but becoming subimmersed or immersed in the older, with the orifice closed by a calcareous operculum. Reference. — Rhynchopora hisinnosa, Hincks, Brit. Marine Polj'zoa, p. 385; pi. xl., figs. 1-5. Port Phillip Heads. This peculiar species is exceedingly variable. The oral spines are very rarely present. As growth proceeds in the young cells an uncinate or anvil-shaped process is developed towards one side of the mouth and usually a smaller more erect process from the othei', the two frequently forming a complete or neai-ly closed round opening. Below or on the fi'ont of the uncinate process a large transverse avicularium is formed on a mound-like elevation, or in its place a prominent rostrum, or very rarely both. In many specimens no avicularia are found. In the usual condition of the older parts, the zooecia are smaller, indistinct, with the mouth large, roundish, and the lower edge with a large transverse avicularium obscuring the parts within. In many zooecia, especially the older, there are one or more smaller horizontal avicularia on large elevations. These, however, as well as the oral are not in- frequently altogether absent. The peristome may be produced into one or more processes on either side. The suboral rostrum [ 355 ] Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa. also varies very much, being of moderate size and smootli, or large and granular or tubercular. The zooecia are usually smooth, but may be covered with large granulations, and the margin has frequently a row of perforations. The ocecia are at first prominent, but become immersed with age. In the older ones the opening is closed by a thick operculum, which may be smooth or faintly granular or lined. When deeply immersed the operculum is nearly vertical. I have several specimens on shell from shallow water which I was at one time inclined to consider as a distinct species. It may be called var. delicatula. All the zooecia are horizontal. The uncinate and opposite oral processes unite or nearly so, and a roimd elevation is formed on the base of the former. Two glassy elevations first appear below the mouth followed by others over the surface of the older zooecia. There are few or no avicularia. The ooecia are prominent, smooth, or with a slight umbo, and the opening is small and has no apparent operculum. Explanation of Figures. Plate 195. — Fig. 7, usual appearance of older colonies, showing confusion of cells and oral and zocecial aricularia. Fig. 8, group of young cells from growing edge of another colony. Fig. 9, marginiil zooecia from edge of specimen of var. drlicatula, showing primary mouth, uncinate and oral processes, uncinate process with rostral elevation, and two elevations on front of zocEcia. Fig. 10, single oral opening from another specimen. Plate 196, Figs. 11-14. RHYNCHOPORA LONGIROSTRIS (Hincks). Description. — Zoarium adherent. Zooecia wlien young, large, ovate or pyri- form, distinct, frequently separated by rows of pores, smooth at the extreme edg-es of the colony but becoming slightly granular farther back; primary mouth transversely elliptical, without sinus; when old indistinct, granular, mouth quadrate, an uncinate process to one side of the lower lip with the sharp point directed nearly across to the other side; below the uncinate process is a small avicularium with broadly triangular mandible on an elevation, which also is frequently developed into a mucro. Numerous large avicularia on the front of the zooecia with long, ligulate mandibles pointing downwards. Ooecia immersed, smooth or slightly granular, with a calcareous operculum. References. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1881; Ji. profunda, MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Oct., 1881. [ 356 ] Zoo/oyi/.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Puiyzoii. Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Wan*nambool, Mr. Watts. In many of the younger zooecia the oral avicvilaria are not developed. The extreme marginal zooecia, l^efore the formation of the uncinate processes, are smooth, those behind are granular. Tu the fully formed zooecia the surface is glistening and granular. The mouth is irregularly quadrate, the elevation on the upper side of which the avicularium is situated is sometimes scarcely apparent, at other times, as in the figure, it is of considerable size. It may rise into a mucro, in some specimens becoming developed to such an extent as to obscure every other part. The peristome may have one or more small pointed processes. The zooecial avicularia are usually as figured, but occasionally they are extremely narrow, or may be as small as in R. bispinosa. The form which I described as H. profunda, I now believe to be a mere variety of the present, in which the calcareous matter is so much developed that the mouth, with the large uncinate process, hes very deep, and the surface is vexy roughly granular or nodular. Explanation of Figdees. Plate 196. — Fig. 11, portion of a fully developed specimen. Fig. 12, two marginal zocEcia from another specimen. Fig. 13, young zooecia from var.yrq/irada, Fig. 13a, and 136, portion of same specimen, showing fully formed zooecia. Fig. 14, portion of specimen with excessive growth of mucros. Mr. MacGillivray has furnished the specimens and descriptions for this plate. Frederick McCot. [357] 111 PL197 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (InsacLs) JLB&rtko Icncw, d*i ^rcfitrCay,(U.rfxt StetmU^ Guv^PriAitK^OFfijco Zooloff!/.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects. Plate 1'J7. CHELEPTERYX COLLESI (Gray). [Genus CHELEPTERYX (Gray) =r MEGETHNA (Walk.). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Insecta. Order Lepidoptera. Section Heterocera. Tribe Bombyces. Family Liparidae.) Ge7i. Char. — Male: Body yery tliick. Antennae much longer than thorax, slender; bipectinate in both sexes ; the incurved pectens deflexed, of the male long, of the female much shorter. Proboscis or maxillEe obsolete. Palpi stout, short, porrect, hairy, and obtuse ; first joint very short, third joint minute, conical. Head, thorax, and abdomen and base of wings pilose, thickly clothed with long fine hairs, longest at tip of abdomen. Abdomen as long as hind wings, Wings long, broad, entire ; anterior ones subtriangular ; anterior margin much longer than the others, straight near base, gently convex on distal half ; outer margin oblique in males, concave in the middle ; in females nearly straight, inner angle much rounded, tips nearly rectangular, rounded ; posterior wings with anterior margin reaching considerably beyond the posterior portion of anterior wings, posterior edge rounded, but concave near falcate apex ; surface of wings covered with hairy scales, slightly diaphanous and with two clear spots near apex of anterior pair ; discoidal cell of posterior wings closed. Legs stout, femora densely furred, anterior tibise tufted below ; long slender spines at apex of four posterior tibiaa, two on second pair, four on hind pair. Female: Size much larger than male. Palpi more slender than in male, third joint elongate, about half the length of second. Antennse bipectinate, but pectens much shorter than in male. Larva with sixteen legs, and rows of tubercles set with long stinging hairs. Pupce in cocoon. Australia.] Description. — Male: Usual width of Victorian specimen from tip to tip of expanded wing-s, 5 inches 8 lines. Base, anterior margin, and posterior angie greyish brown, upper portion of outer margin dark brown, middle portion of wing reddish chesnut brown ; a branched pair of narrow, undulating, blackish-brown streaks uniting before reaching inner edge on basal third of wing, a broader less definite one crosses middle of reddish third, and a third narrower one scalloped between the veins forms outer boundary of reddish portion ; be3fond which is an irregular, broad, gre3'isb, scalloped band ; two oval, talc-like, white, translucent spots near apex in dark-brown outer border between the second, third, and fourth nerves; a small, light, roundish spot about middle of length and one-fourth of width from anterior edge; posterior wings very dark rich chocolate brown, with a broad, indefinite, lighter band beyond the middle, and an indistinct row of yellowish spots on the veins ; the dark colour scalloped between the veins and bordered by a rich brownish yellow, narrow line, be3'ond which a broad band of rich greyish brown forms the posterior margin. Body brown, darkest on front of thorax, lightest towards tip of abdomen. Underside of both wings rich, minutely speckled, brownish grey with two undulated, narrow, dark streaks crossing them a little outside the middle, within which is a large, rich blackish brown, triangular space within a light grey anterior margin, and containing a light angular spot near outer edge, and the median spot, which is more conspicuous than on upper side ; head, antennte and legs dark brown, tuft under anterior tibiae bright glossy brownish yellow ; under side of thorax and abdomen pale yellowish buff or fawn colour. Female: About 6 inches from tip to tip. Much duller and lighter than the male, with nearly similar markings of pale cold sepia brown and minutely speckled brownish ash}' grej'; the veins on posterior wings ochraceous near outer margin; median spot and two translucent talc spots near tips more conspicuous than in male; under"side marked like male but paler, and with the central and angular light spots near outer edge of dark triangular basal half more conspicuous. Larvm: about 4 to 5 inches long, covered with close set, glossy coating of fine depressed hair of a black colour, with narrow, transverse, whitish bands, and eight longitudinal rows of large yellow tubercles (the second and third segments having an additional pair in front of the [ 359 ] Zoology. 1 NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Insects. others), and the first segment having a raised yellow band across the back with a tubercle at each end, all set with very long stiif, rough, stinging bristles, the anterior and posterior ends have most of the black stinging bristles, and they are mixed with long white hairs there and over the legs; legs, head, and last segment and two raised bands between the legs, yellow. Pupa rich reddish chocolate brown ; about 2 inches long and 8 lines wide, terminated with a bunch of short bristles at posterior end. Cocoon about 4 inches long, and 1 inch wide, fusiform, longi- tudinally furrowed, of dull brownish-white tough silk, set with the stinging hairs of the larva. References. — Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., v. 1, p. 122; = Saturnia Laplacei, Feisthamel Voy. de la Favorite, t. 8, 9; = Festra affabricata, Wallengren Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. Of all the Bombyces, or full-bodied Moths, this is the most striking from its great size and brilliant colouring. The Victorian specimens are a little smaller and duller than those of New South Wales, where it is eveii more abundant than with us. The larvae feed on the leaves of different so-called Gum-trees, or species of Eucalyptus, particularly young ones of 10 to 15 feet high, and not on the very large ones as a rule. They are common from October to the end of the year, reaching their adult length and assuming the pupa state towards the end of December, weaving the large, tough, silk cocoon in crevices of the bark or under the loose bark of Gum-trees. The stinging spines or bristles with which the larva is covered pierce the skin of the hands very readily, producing a very unpleasant irritation, and it weaves them into the outer surface of the cocoon at the end of its larval life, continuing this offensive and defensive provision to the cocoon for the pupa stage. The perfect insect or imago comes out in March and April. In Victoria this fine insect is chiefly found in Gippsland, where so many other New South Wales animals seem to extend south along the ranges ; it is common at Mordialloc and Brighton, near Melbourne, but Mr. Kershaw informs me that it has not occurred to him when collecting in any of the northern and western parts of the colony. Explanation of FicnKEs. Plate 1S)7. — Fig. 1, male, natural size. Fig. la, bipectiuatc antenna;, magnified. Fig. 2, female, natur.al size. Fig. 2a, bipectinate antcnu.-e, maguitied. Fig. ;{, larva;, natural size, side view. Fig. 3a, hind segments of larva;, viewed from above. Fig. 3i, head and anterior segments, viewed from above. Fig. 4, pupa, natural size. Fig. 5, cocoon, natural size. Frederick McCoy. [ 360 ] IfO P1188 ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA (Insects) hvfiPt'w Jtrgrt 5<«ni Wno (m'l^iiiny Offu^ Zoology.-^ NATUllAI. HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {_Imects. Plate 198, Figs. 1-4. PYRAMEIS ITEA (Fabr.). Australian Admiral Butterfly. [Genus PYRAMEIS (IIubn.) :«/(> Cyclochila. Australian Admiral Butterfly, II., 198. ,, Aulopus, I., 54, 55. ,, Bream, I., 4. ,, Fur-iSeal or Sea-Beai-, ,, Giant Earth-worm, I. Rock Cod, I., 20. „ Uockling, I., 27. Rough Fish, II., 114. ,, Saw-Fish, Common, I., 56. ,, Seal, Sea-Bear, or Fur- I., 31, ,, Smooth-Hound, I., 87.. ,, Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish, I., „ Tope Shark, I., 64. ,, Worm-Snake, Blackish, ,, Yellow- winged Locust, Australis, Amathia, II., 185. ,, Cellaria, I., 49; vide C. fiMidosa, var. Australis. AunlralU, Ohimtwa, II., hynchus Antarcticus. Australis, Chrysophrys, I., ,, Galeus, I., 64. I., 31, 71. 71. 76, 7 II., 103. II., 110. 112: ride Callor- Australis, Genypterus, I., 27. ,, Ori/llus, II., 140; j'Jrfe Tropinotus. ,, (var.) Cellaria ^fixtulosa, I., 49; vide C. Australis. Australis, Hydraspis, I. , 82, 83 ; vide Chelyihys Macqiiaria. Australis, Idmonea, I., 68. ,, Megascolides, I., 7. Myliobatis, I., 63. ,, A^fy'o, II., 142 : cjrfe Pseudcchys. ,, Pseudechys, II., 142. . ,, Sepioteuthis, I., 76, 77. ,, Serialaria, II., 185; ride Amathia. „ Trachichthys, II., 114. Tropinotus, II., 140. avicularia, Bugula, I., 78. avicularis (var.), albida, Adeona, I., 66; vide Dictyopora. „ (var.) albida, Dictyopora, I., 66; I'ide Adeona. ,, Retepora, I., 94, 95. B. Baker, Sergeant, I., 54, 55. Batistes hippocrepis, II., 125; i'ide Monacan- thus. Banded, or Occipital Blue-tongue Lizard, Broad-, II, 171. Banded Red Gurnet-Perch, I., 33. Banksi, Gymnetrus, II., 145; vide Regalecus. Banksi, Regalecus, II., 145. Banks' Oar-Fish, II., 145. barbata, Grammatophoia, II., 121. barbatus, Crossorhinus, I., 43. ,, Pseudophysis, I., 20. ,, S ., Large Melbourne Sepia, or, XL, 188, 189, 190. ,, Dog-, Picked, I., 75. „ Elephant, IL, 112. ,, Gar-, Black-finned Half-beak, or Sea, II. , 135. ,, Oar-, Banks', II. , 145. „ Parrot-, Bleeker's, IL, 134. )) „ Broad-striped, or Senator, IL, 163. ,, Ribbon-, Southern Silver, II. , 122. ,, Rough-, Australian, II. , 114. ,, Saw-, Common Australian, I., 56. ,, Star-, Eight-rayed Cushion, II. , 200. ,, ,, Gunns Cushion, IL, 200. ,, ,, Twelve-plated Shield, IL, 200. „ Toad-, Two-pronged, II. , 123. ,, Yarra Spiny Cray-, II. , 160. fissa, Retepora, I., 94, 95. Jishdosa, var. Australis, Cellaria, I., 49; vide C. Australis. flagellum, Electra, II. , 106. flagellum, Hippothoa, II. , 187; vide H. distans. flagellum, Hoplocephalus, I., 11. ,, Memhranipora, IL, 106 ; vide Electra. Flat-horned Locust, Dusky, II. , 139. flavigularis, Cyclodus, I., 72; vide C. gigas. Flemingii, Amphiblestrum, II. , 106. florea, Spiralaria, I., 46. Flosculipora pygma;a, II. , 176. Flustra denticulata, I., 45. Fluslra Lacroixii, I., 26; inde Membranipora. „ lineata, I., 26; IL, 127; vide Membra- nipora pyrula. „ membranacea, I. , 25 ; vide Membranipora. „ memhraniporides, II., m ; vide Cia,sj)e- dozoum roboratum. „ pilosa, I. , 25 ; vide Electra. Flustrella dichotoma, IL, 195 ; I'ide Verrucularia. foliacea, Hornera, II. , US. ,, Retihornera, IL, 118; J>ide Hornera. foliata, Cellepora, II. , 166, 168. foliatus, Phyllopteryx, I., 65. Alphabetical Index. foliatus, Syngnathu.i, I., 65; ride Phyllopteryx. formosa, Catenicella, I., 24. „ Ketepora, I., 94,97. Forsteri, Scomberesox saurus, vai\, II., 135. fragilis, Biflustra, I., 57; I'ide B. perfragilis. Frazeri, Delma, II., 153. Frazer's Delma, II., 153. Frog, Common Sand-, I., 42. ,, Green and Golden Bell-, I., 53. ,, Spotted Marsh-, I., 42. fmticosa, Fasciculipora, II., 157. funiculata, Menipea, II., 177. Furina bicucuUata, I., 32. Fui-ina-Snake, Two-hooded, I., 32. Fur-Seal or Sea-Bear, I., 31, 71. fusca, Catenicella, I., 90. ,, Cellepora, II., 167, 168. Gadopsis gibbosus, I. , 27. ,, gracilis, I., 27. Galens Australis, I. , 64. Gar-Fish, Black-finned Half- beak, or Sea, II., 135 GasterosteAin saltairix, II., 183; vide Temnodon saltator. gastroslicta, HLnulia, II., 191; vide H. Quoyi. Gecko, Marbled, II., 132. ,, Thick-tailed, II., 132. gemella, Catenicella, II., 146. Gemellipora sti'iatula, II., 13S. geminata, GateniceUa, I., 24; ride Claviporella. ,, Claviporella, I., 24; vide Catenicella. ,, .Stomatopora, II., 176. Genypterus Australis, I., 27. ,, blacodes (?), I., 27; I'ide G. Australis. ,, tigerinus, I., 27; i'ide G. Australis. Georgianus, Arripis, II., 184. ,, Centropristes, II., 184; vide Arripis. Giant Earth-Worm, Australian, I., 7. Gibbose Blackfish, I., 27. gibbosus, Gadopsis, I., 27. gigas, Cancer, II., 179, 180 ; ride Pseudocarcinus. ,, Cyclodus, I., 72. ,, Pseudocarcinus, II., 179, 180. ,, Scincus, I., 72; vide Cyclodus. Gippslandica, Perichseta, I., 7. Gippsland Perch, I., 14. ,, Water-Lizard, I., 81. Girella simplex, I., 73. glabra, Bicellaria, II., 195; vide Stirparia. ,, Caberea, II., 137- ,, Stirparia, II., 195. Olesne, Regalecus, II., 145; vide R. Banksi. glomerata, Cellepora, II., 148, 168; vide Schis- mopora. ,, Schismopora, II., 148, 168; vide Cel- lepora. glycine, Agarista, I. , 8. ,, P/ialcenoides, I., 8; vide Agarista. Goat Moth, Large Wattle, I., 30. Golden Bell-Frog, Green and, I., 53. ,, Perch, Murray, I., 84. Goniocidaris tubaria, I., 100. Gouldi, llydrosaurus, II., 151; n'rfe Monitor. ,, Monitor, 11., 151. Gouldi, Ommastrephes, II., 169, 170. Gould's Monitor Lizard, II., 151. ,, Squid, II., 169, 170. gracilenta, Catenicella, II., 146. gracilis, Cellaria, I., 49. ,, Eschara, I., 48; vide Porina. ,, Fasciculipora, II., 157. ,, Gadopsis, I., 27. , , Porina, I. , 48 ; vide Eschara. , , Salicornaria, I. , 49 ; i'ide Cellaria. Grammatophora barbata, II., 121. ,, muricata, II., 111. ,, vide Aniphibolarus. grandis, Bicellaria, I., 59. ,, Caberea, II., 136. grandis, Seriola, II., 172; vide S. Lalandi. granulata, Retepora, I., 94, 99. Grasshopper, Great Green Gum-tree, II., 109. ,, Smaller Green Gum-tree. II., 119. Thii-ty-two Spotted, II., 120. Grayi, Debna, II., 153; vide D. Frazeri. Great Black, or Manna Cicada, I. , 50. , , Green Cicada, I. , 50. ,, Green Gum-tree Grasshopper, II., 109. „ Red King-Crab, II., 179, 180. Green and Golden Bell-Frog, I., 53. ,, Cicada, Great, I. 50. ,, Cicada, .Great Black or Manna, I., 50. ,, Gum-tree Grasshopper, Great, II., 109. ,, Gum-tree Grasshopper, Smaller, U., 119. Grilli, Gymnelrus, II., 145; vide Regalecus Banksi. grisea, Adeona, I. , 66 ; vide Dictyopora. ,, Dictyopora,!., 66; vide Adeona,. Gj-j/^^to- Australis, II., 140; iv'rfe Tropinotus. ,, musicii.':, II., 110; ride (Edipoda musica. ,, pictus, II., 110; vide ffidipoda musica. Orystes Macquariensis, I. , 85, 86 ; ride Oligorus. Peeli, I., 85, 86; vide Oligorus Mac- quariensis. Gum-tree Grasshopper, Great Green, II., 109. ,, ,, Smaller Green, II., 119. (rjoijicn, Cetorhinus, II., 104; i-tde C. maximus. Gunni, Asterina, II., 200. Gunn's Cushion Star-fish, II., 200. Gui-nard, Spiny-sided Butterfly, I. , 5. ,, Kumu, I., 6. Gurnet-Perch, Banded Red, I., 33. Spotted Red, II., 193. Oymnetrus Banksi, II., 145; vide Regalecus. ,, Crilli,\l.,\i5; c/rfe Regalecus Banksi. ,, Hawhnsi, II., 145; vide Regalecus Banksi. Gymuobelideus Leadbeateri, I., 91. H. Half-beak or Sea Garfish, Black-finned, II., 135. Hammer-lieaded Shark, I., 56. Hannafordi, Catenicella, I., 24. Harpalyce, Papilio, I., 9; vide Pieris (Thyca) Pieris (Thyca), I., 9. Hassallii, Cellepora, II., 148; vide Schismopora Costazei. hastata, Catenicella, I., 24. Hawkinsi, Oymnetrus, II., 145; vide Regalecus Banksi. Alphabetical Index. Hemiramphus intermedius, II., 135. „ melanochir, U., 135; vide H. in- termedius. heptacanlhiis, ChilocUpterus. II., 183; vide Tem- nodon saltator. Temnodon, II., 183; vide T. sal- tator. (Heptanchus) Notidanus Indicus, I., 43 Heterodoutus Phillipi, 11., 113. Heteroscarus Macleayi, II., 164. heteruru.s, Amphiholurm, I., SI; vide Physig- nathus Lesueri, var. Howitti. Hiantopora ferox, I. , 38 ; vide Lepralia. Kmuha. gastrodicta, II., 191; videB.. Qiioyi. ,, Lizard, Quoy's, II., 191. .> i> White's, 11., 191. Quoyi, II., 191. ,, Whitei, II., 191. Hippocampus breviceps, I. , 65. hippocrepis, Ba/ls/es, II., 125; vide Monacanthus. ,, Monacanthus, II., 125. Hippot/ioa ca,ten\ilaTia., II., 106; (•j'rfe Pyripora. ,, crassa, II., 106,- vide Pyripora. Hippothoa distans, II., 187. ,, divaricata, II., 187. flagellum, II., 187; vide H. distans. „ Patagonica, II., 187; vide H. divari- cata. hu-suta, Cellaria, I., 49. Onchopora, I. , 49 ; vide Tubucellaria. ,., Sabcornaria,!., 4Q; nrfe Cellaria. ,, Tubucellaria, I., 49. hirta, Dimetopia, II., 178. Homtanu.t, Cetorhinus, II., 104; vide C. maxi- mu3. Hooded Furina-Snake, Two-, I., 32. Hoplocephalus coronoides, I., 11. ,1 curtus, I., 3. ,, fiagellum, I., 11. ,, superbus, I., 2. Hornera foliacea, II., 118. ,, robusta, II., 118. Horse Mackerel, I., 18. Horse-shoe-marked Leather-Jacket, II l^s Horse, Sea-, Short-headed L, 65. Hound, Australian Smooth-, I., 87. Howitti, Physignathus Lesueri, va,v., I., 81 Hugeli, Palinurus, IL, 159. hyalina, Lepralia, I., 38; IL, 186; rjrfe Schizo- porella hyalina, var. pellucida. ,> var. pellucida, Schizoporella, I., 38; II., ISd; vide Lepralia hyalini),. Hydraspis Amtra/is, I., 82, 83; wrfe Chelymys Macquaria. Hydrosaurus Gouldi, II. , 151; vide Monitor. Hydrosaurus varius, I., 41. Hyla Jacksoniensis, L, 53; ride Ranoidea aurea Hysteropus Nova; HoUandiie,ll., 152, 153; vide Pygopus lepidopus. hyatrix, Lekythopora, II. , 156. I. Ibacus Crab, P^ron's, II. , 199. „ incistis, IL, 199; videl. Peronii. ,, Peronii, IL, 199. Idmonea Auatralis, I., 68. Idraonea Milneana, I. , 68. ,, radians, I., 68. ignobilis, Entometa, L, 40. Iguana, I., 41. impar, Pseudodelma, II. , 162. imperforata, Claviporella, II. , 146. iuarmata, Amathia, II. , 185. ,, , Membranipora, IL, 127. indsus, Ibacus, II. , 199; inde I. Peronii. incrassata, var., Schizoporella, II. , 186; vide S. hyalina. Indicus, Notidanus (Heptanchus), I., 43. indivisa, Carbasea, I., 45. innominata, Cribrilina, II. , 187; vide C. radiata. mtermedia, Beania, II., 195. ,, Catenicella, I., 24, 89. „ Cellepora, II. , 166. ,, -D''«c/(oW.s, IL, 195; I'fWe Beania. mtermedius, Hemiramphus, IL, 135. iodomus, Tropidoderus, I., 69, 70. iris ij), Trachypterus, II. , 122; vide T. ta;nia. Lftiiirus Lesueri, I., 81; i-ide Physignathus Itea, Pyrameis, II. , 198. Jaeksoniensift, Agama, IL, 111 ; vide Grammato- phora muricata. • ' > Hyla, I. , 53 ; vide Ranoidea aurea. ,, Ranoidea, I., 53; vide R. aurea. Jervoisu, Steganoporella, IL, 196; vide Thairo- pora. ,, Thairopora, II., 196. Jew Lizard, II., 121. K. Keel -backed Locust, Cinnamon, II. , 140. Kershawi, Cynthia, II. , 198; vide Pyrameis. ,, Pyrameis, IL, 198. King-Crab, Great Red, IL, 179, 180. Kumu Gurnard, I., 6. „ Trigla, L,6. L. Labrichthys Bleekeri, IL, 134. ,, laticlavius, II., l63. Lace Lizard, I., 41. Lacerla muricata, IL, 111 ; vide Grammatophora. ,, sincokles, I., 12; vide Cyclodus gigas. ,, . I'ai-i'a, I., 41; mrfe Hydrosaurus varius. Lacroixu (?), Flustra, I., 26; vide Membrani- pora id.' ,, Membranipora, I., 26. Isvis, Catenicella, var., I., 24; vide C. plagios- toma. ,, Mucronella, IL, 116. Lagenipora nitens, II. , 156. ,, tuberculata, II. , 156. Lalandi, Palinurus, II. , 149, 150. ,, Seriola, II. , 172. lamia, Carcharodon, I., 74; vide C. Rondeletii Lanioperca mordax, II. , 115. Laplacei, Saiurnia, II. , 197; vide Chelepteryx Collesi. Alphabetical Index. Large Melbourne Sepia, or Cuttle -Fish, II., 188, 189, 190. ,, Pink-winged Phaama, I., 80. ,, Wattle Goat-Moth, I., 30. larvalis, Lepralia, I., 37; vide Porina. ,, Porina, I., 37; vide Lepralia. lata, var. diadema, Microporella, II., 175. ,, Schizoporella, II., 138. Lates colonorum, I., 14. ,, antarcticus, I., 14. laticlavius, Labrichthys, II., 163. latisinuata, Schizoporella, II., 186. latistylus, Mantis, II., 1.30. (laxa, var. ) Ketepora porccUana, I. , 94, 95. Leadbeateri, Gymnobelideus, I., 91. Leafy Sea-Dragon, I., G.'i. Leather- Jacket, Brown's Tooth-brush, II., 124. ,, Horse-shoe-marked, II., 125. Pi^ron's, II., 143. Leathery Turtle, or Luth, II., 101. Lekythopora hystrix, II., 156. Leopard Seal, Sea-, I., 21. lepidopodiui, Bipes, II., 152, 153; vide Pygopus lepidopus. lepidopus, Pygopus, II., 152, 153. Lepidotrigla Vanessa, I. , 5. Lepralia anceps, I., 35. Lepralia Botryoides, I., 38; ride Schizoporella. ,, Brogniartii, I , 36; ride Chorizopora. „ canaliculata, 1 , 37 ; II , 175; vide Micro- porella diadema, var. canaliculata. ,, Cecilii, I. , 35; ci'rft Schizoporella. ,, (CeWe^oj-a) megasoma, I., 38; II., 148, 168; OT'rfe .Schisuiopora. „ „ tiara, II., 148, 168; vide Schismopora. vitrea, L, 38; IL, 148, 168; vide Schismopora. Lepralia, cheilodon, I., 37. Lepralia ciliata, I., 37; H., 175; vide Micro- porella. , , circinata, I. , 35 ; vide Schizoporella. ,, cri/slalliiia, I., 35; vide Schizoporella Cecilii, I., 35. ,, diadema, I., 37; IL, 175; vide Micro- porella. ,, diaphana, I., 35; vide Mncronella. Lepralia elegans, I. , 36. Lepralia EUerii, I. , 37 ; vide Mucronella. „ excavata, I., 38 ; iv'rfe Mucronella. ,, ferox, I., 38 ; ride Hiantopora. ,, hyalina, I., 38; II. ,186: niV/p Schizo- porella hyalina, var. pellucida. ,, larvalis, I., 37 ; vide I'orina. ,, longipora, II., 116; )'((/e Cyclicopora. ,, lunata, I., 36; II., 175; vide Micro- porella diadema. ,, magnirostris, II. , 175; vide Tessara- doma. ,, Malusii, I., 36; II., 175; vide Micro- porella. ,, Maplestonci, I., 35; I'iV/e Schizoporella. „ marsupium, I., 35; vide Porella. ,, monoceros, L, 38; IL, 187; vide Cribrilina. ,, mucronata, I., 48; vide A deonellopais (Eschara). Lepralia Pallasiana, I., 36; vide L. pertu.ia. Lepralia papillifera, I. , 37 ; vide Porella. ,, pellucida, I., 38; IL, 186; ci'de Schizo- porella hyalina, var. pellucida. Lepralia /ifWH.vn, I., ,36; vide L. Pallasiana. ,, quadrata, I., 48; vide Enchara. Lepralia schizostoma, I , 38; mfe Schizoporella. ,, striatula, II., 138; vide Gemellipora. ,, subimmersa, I. , 35; t'fVfc Schizoporella. ,, trifoliuni, I., 37 ; ride Amphiblestrum. ,, vittata, I. 36; jv'rfe Chorizopora. leptonyx, Phoca, I., 21; vide Stenorhyhchus. ,, Stenorhynchns, I., 21. leptorhyncha, Lialis, II. , 161 ; vide L. Burtoni. Lesueri, Physignathus, vai\ Howitti, I., 81. ,, Ixfivruji, 1., Si; )7(/e Physignathus. ,, Lo/ihnra, I., 81 ; vide Physignathus. lencop.v'.'i, 7'iliqua, II., 191; n'de Huiulia Whitei. Lewini, Agarista, I., 8. Lewin's Day-Moth, I.. 8. Lialis hicafviiata, II., 161 ; vide L. Burtoni. ,, Burtoni, II., 161. ,, Burton's, II., 161. ,, ieptorhyncha, II., 161 ; vide L. Burtoni. ,, Lizard, Burton's, II. , 161. ,, punetulata. II., 161 ; vide L. Burtoni. Lichenopora buUata, II. , 176. ,, niagnifica, II. , 176. Lictoi» Case- Moth. I., 40. ligulatum, Craspedozoum, II. , 177. Limnodynastes dorsalis, I. , 42. ,, Tasmanieusis, I., 42. lineala Membranipora, I., 26; II. , 127; vide M. pyrula. „ Flnslra, I., 26; IL, 127; vide Mem- branipora pyrula. lineata, Tympauocryptis, II., 181. Ling, Australian Rock, I., 27. Lined Aprasia Lizard, II. , 162. liiHO-ipittatus, Monacantlms, IL, 124; vide M. Browni. lipped Snake, White-, I., U. lirata, Cellepora, II., 167, 168. Little Whip-Snake, L, 11. Lizard, Aprasia, Lined, II., 162. „ Bearded, II., 121. ,, Blood-sucker, II. , 111. ,, Blue-tongue, Sleepy or Northern, I., 72. ,, ,, Southern or Blotched, II. , 131. ,, Broad-banded or Occipifcil Blue-tongue, II., 171. ,, Burton's Lialis, II. , 161. ,, Dclnia, Fischer's False, IL, 162. ,, ,, Iguana, I., 41. ,, Gippslanil Water Lizard, I., 81. ,, Gould's Mouitor, II., 151. ,, Hinulia, Quoy's, II., 191. White's, IL, 191. ,, ,, Frazer's, IL, 153. ,, Iguana, I., 41. „ Jew, IL, 121. ,, Lace, I., 41. ,, Lined Aprasia, II., 162. ,, Monitor, Gould's, II., 151. ,, Miiricaled, II. , 111; vide Blood-sucker. ,, Northern Blue-tougued, I., 72. Alphabetical Index. Lizard, Pygopus, 11, 152,' 153. ,, Quoy's Himilia, II., 191. „ Shmgle-back, Rugged Stump-tail, or, ,, Sleepy, Northern Blue-tongue, or, I., 72. >• >> Southern Blotched Blue-tont^ue or, II., 1.31. ° ' „ Southern, or Blotched Blue-tonsue II., 1.31. * ' >> Spiny-ridged, II., 141. „ Stump-tail, Kugged, or Shingle Back, ., Water-, Gippsland, I., 81. ,, White's Hinulia Lizard, IL, 191. ,, White-streaked Earless, II., 181 hhatm, SqimliLs L, 43; vich Crossorhinus bar- batus. Lobster, Murray, I., 15. ), Southern Rock, 11., 149, 150. „ Southern Spiny (Melbourne Craw-fish) IL, 149, 150. '' Sydney Spiny, or Sydney Craw-fish, IL, 159. Locust, Australian Yellow- winged, IL, 110. ,, Cinnamon Keel-backed, II. , 140. ,, Dusky Flat-horned, II. , 139. ,, Pedestrian Mid-eyed, II. , 139. Locusta vigentissima, II. , 109. Long-fingered Chilodactylus, II., 173, 174 longicoUis, Chelodina, I., 92, 93. Tcsludo, I., 92. 93 ; vide Chelodina. longipora, Cyclicopora, II. , 116. ,, .-^<7''-«^«,n., 116; iw/e Cyclicopora. longirostris, Rhyuchopora, II. , 196. (longispina. var.), diadema, Microporella, II , 175 Long-necked River Tortoise, I., 92 93 Long-tailed Shark, Thresher or, I., 88 Long-toothed Bull Shark, or Shovel-nosed Shark, L, 64. Lophura, Istiurm, I., 81; vide Physignathus Lesueri, var. Howitti. Lesueri, I., 81; vide Physignathus Lesueri, var. Howitti. Loranthus Day-Moth, I., 8. lorica, Cateuicella, L, 24. Lotella eallarias, I. 19. lucida, Callj/mmophom, II. , 105; vide Urceoli- pora nana. Ludrick, I., 7,3. lunata, Lepralia, I., 36; II. , 175; vide Micro- porella diadema. lunata (var. ), Retepora monilifera, form munita, !•, 94, 96. (lunipuncta, var.), diadema, Microporella, II 1/5. ■' Luth, or Leathery Turtle, IL, 101. Lycjosoma molininera, IL, 191; vide Hinulia Whitei. „ Quoyi, IL, 191, OTcic Hinulia. lyra, Te.'iludo, II. , 101; vide Sphargis coriacea. M. Maccoyi Thynnus, L, 44; vide T. thynnus. Mackerel, Commerson's, IL, 154. ,, Horse, I., 18. ,, Southern, I., 28. Macquaria, Chelymys, I., 82, 83. Emy.H, I., 82, 83; ride Chelymys „ , •P''«ichara). Mucronclla diaphana, I., 35; ride Lepralia. „ Ellerii, I., 37; vide Lepralia. ,, excavata, I.. 38 ; vide Lepralia. lanis, II., UG. ,, 7>iit>ula, II,, 116; tn'de M. tricuspis. Mucroneila pyrifovmis, II., 158; vide Brace- bridgia. Mucroneila tricuspis, 11., 116. „ vultur, II., 116. MiUleri, Ditiolestef, II., 115; vide Lanioperca mordax. multiradiata, Xeosphyrana, II., 115; ride Lanioperca mordax. mimita (form), Retepora monilifera, var. acuti rostris, I., 94, 96. ,, (form), Retepora (monilifera, var. lunata) I., 94, 96. munita, Mucroneila, II., 116; vide M. tricuspis muricata, Grammatophora, II., 111. ,, Lat-erta, II., Ill; tnde Grammato phora. Muricatcd Lizard, II., Ill; vide Grammato phora murica'ta. Murray Cod-Perch, I., 85, 86. „ Golden Perch, I., 84. ,, Lobster, I., 15. ,, Tortoise, I., 82, 83. musica, ffidipoda, II., 110. mu>iicu<:, Oryl/iDi, II., 110 ; vide Olldipoda musica. Mustelus Aiitarcticus. I., 87. Myliobatis Australis, I., 63. N. A'^o/o Australis, II., 142: ride Pseudechys. ,, ciirta, I., 3 ; vide Hoploceplialus curtus. nana, Urceolipora, II., 105. Nautilus, Paper, or Tuberculated Argonaut, L, 61, 62. Nellia oculata, I., 49. Neosebastes scorpseuoides, II., 193. ^ieosphijnriia miil/iradiala, II., 115; vide Lani- operca mordax. neritina, Bugula, I., 59. Netted Acripeza, 11., 129. nigrcscens, Ani/ios, II., 103; t'« ,, ,, form munita, var. lunata, I., 94. ,, ,, , ,, var. sinuata, L, 94. ,, ,, ,, form umbonata, L,94. ,, ,, Phcenicea, I., 94. ,, ,, porcellana, I., 94. >, ,, ,, var. laxa, I.,94. ,, ,, scrrata, L, 94. ,, ,, tesscUata, L, 94. Opsomala sordida, II. , 1.30. ornatum, Calpidium, II., 108. ornithorhyuclnis, Scrupocellaria, II. , 126. oryzata, Argonauta, I., 61, 62. Otaria cinerea, I., 31, 71; vide Euotaria. Alphabetical Index. pachnoidea, Schizoporella, II., 186. Painted-Lady Butterfly, Blue-spotted, II., 198. Palinurus Edwardsi, II., 149, 150; vide P. Lalandi. „ Hugeli, II., 159. Lalandi, II., 149, 150. „ Paidensis, II., 149, 150; vide P. Lalandi. ,, tumidiis, II., 1.59 ; vide P. Hiigeli. Pallasiana, Lepralla, I., 36 ; vide L. pertuna. Paper-Nautilus, Tuberculated Argonaut, or, L, 61, 62. Papilio Aganippe, I., 10; vide Pieris (Thyca). ,, Harpalyce, I., 9; iride Pieris (Thyca). papillifera, Lepralia, I., 37; vide Porella. ,, Porella, I., 37; vide Lepralia. papulifera, Biflustra, II., 106. ,, Membranipora, II., 106; vide Bi- flustra. Parraularia obliqua, I., 48 ; vide Esckara. Parrot-fish, Bleeker's, II., 134. „ Broad-striped, or Senator, II., 163. Patagonica, Hippothoa, II. , 187 ; vide H. divari- cata. patellaria, DiacJioris, II., 117; vide Amphi- blestrum patellarium. ,, Membraniporayn.jWJ ; CTdeAmphi- blestrum patellarium. , , Mollia, II. , 1 1 7 ; vide Amphiblestrum patellarium. patellarium, Amphiblestrum, II., 117. patina, Diastopora, II., 147. Paidensis, Palinurus, II., 149, 150; mde P. Lalandi. pectinata, Membranipora, II., 127. Pedestrian Mid-eyed Locust, II., 139. pedestris, Mesops, II., 139. Peeli, Grysles, I., 85, 86; vide Oligorus Mac- quariensis. Pelamyd, Melbourne, II., 155. Pelamys Schlegeli, II., 155. pellucida, hyalina var., Schi2oporeUa, I., 38; II., 186; I'j'de Lepralia. ,, Lepralia, hyalina var., I., 38; II., 186; vide Schizoporella. Pentagonaster (Tosia) aurata, II., 200. Perca marginata, I., 16, 17; vide Arripis truttaceus. „ trii-lla, I., 16, 17; cide Arripia truttaceus. Perch, Banded Red Gurnet-, I., 33. ,, Gippsland, I., 14. „ Murray Cod-, L, 85,.86. ,, ,, Golden, I., 84. „ Spotted Red Gurnet-, II., 193. percoides, Scorpcena, I. , 33 ; vide Sebastcs. ,, Sebastes, I., 33. perforata, Catenicella, I., 24. , , Membranipora, I. , 25, 36 ; vide Micro- pora. ,, Micropora, I., 25, 36; vide Mem- branipora id. perfragilis, Biflustra, I., 57. Perichasta Gippslandica, I. , 7. permunila, Membranipora,\\., 106; mde Amphi- blestrum permunftum. permunitum Amphiblestrum, II., 106. Perouii, Ibacus, II., 199. ,, Monacanthus, II., 143. P^ron's Ibacus Crab, II., 199. ,, Leather-jacket, II., 143. (personata, var.) Microporella ciliata, I., 37; IL, 175. ,, ,, Microporella Malusii, II., 175; vide Lepralia. perlusa, Lepralia, I., 36; vide L. Pallasiana. Petralia undata, I., 60. Pha/anoides glycine, I. , 8 ; vide Agarista. Phaneroptera (Ephippitytha) trigintiduogut- tata, II., 120. ,, valida, II., 119. Phasma, Red-shouldered, I., 69, 70. ,, Large Pink-winged, I., 80. Phasma violascens, I., 79 ; vide Acrophylla. Phasma, Violet-shouldered, I., 69, 70. ,, Violet- winged, I., 79. Phillipi, Ceslracioii, II., 113; vide Heterodontus. ,, Heterodontus, II. , 113. ,, Sijiialns, II. , 113; vide Heterodontus. Phoca leptonyx, I., 21 ; vide Stenorhynchus. Phojnicea, Retepora, I., 94, 98. Phylloptery.x altus, I., 65. ,, foliatus, I., 65. Phyllurus Miliusii, II., 132. Physiguathus Lesueri, var. Howitti, I., 81. Picked Dog-Fish, L, 75. picfus, Gryllus, II., 110; i-ide ffidipoda musica. Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe, I., 10. ,, ,, Harpalyce, I., 9. Pike, Saury, II., 135. ,, Skipjack, II., 115. pilosa, Electra, I. , 25 ; vide Membranipora. ,, Flmira, I., 25; vide Electra. ,, Membranipora, I., 25; vide Electra. Pink-winged Phasma, Large, I., 80. pisciformis, Carbasea, I., 45. plagiostoma, Catenicella, I., 24. ,, ,, var. lajvis, I., 24. • ,, ,, var. setigera, I., 24. Plain Whiting, II. , 182. platalea, Adeonella, I., 48 ; vide Eschara. „ Cel/cpora, II., 148, 168; vide Schismo- pora. „ Eschara, I., 48; wde Adeonella. „ Schismopora, II., 148, 168; vide Cello- pora. Platemys, Macquaria, I., 82, 83; vide Chelymys. plumbeiis. Scomber, II., 183; vide Temnodon saltator. pneumatophorus, Scomber, I., 28. Podacauthus typhou, I., 80. Pivcilopora anomala, II. , 156. polita, Membranipora, II., 106; vide Fynpora. ,, Pyripora, II., 106. ■ponderosa, Catenicella, II., 107; vide Calpidium ponderosum. ponderoaum, Calpidium, II., 107. IMrcata, Dermatochtlijs, II., 101; vide Sphargia coriacea. porcellana, Bathypora, II., 106; vide B. nitens. ,, Membranijiora, II., 106; OT'rfe Bathy- pora. porcellana Retepora, I., 94, 95. Alphabetical Index. porcellana, Retepora, var. laxa, I., 94, 95. Porella niaisupium, I., 35; vide Lejiralla. ,, papilliiera, I., 37: vide Lepralia. Porina gracilis, I., 48; vide Eschara. „ larvalis, I., 37 ; vide Lepralia. Porina magniiostris, 11., 175; ride Tessai-a- doma. porphyriacus Coluber, I. , 1 ; mde Pseudechys. ,, Pseudechys, I., 1. Port Jackson, orBuU-ilog Shark, II., 103. PotamobiiiJi serratus, I., 15; ride Astacopsis. lyralonga, Cyelicopora, II., 116; vide C. longi- pora. Prlstiophorus nudipinuis, I. , 56. profunda, Rhynchopora, II., 196; ride R. longi- rostris. prolifera, Cellepora, II., 166, 168. pronged Toad -fish. Two-, II., 123. Pseudechys Australis, II., 142. ,, Snake, Brown, II., 142. ,, porphyriacus, I., 1. Pseudocarcinus gigas, II., 179, 180. Pseudodelma impar, II. , 1 62. Psettdoelajis superciliosus, I., 23; vide Diemenia superciliosa. Pseudophysis barbatus, I. , 20. pulchella, Apratia, II., 162. ,, Catenicella, I., 89. pulcherrima, Schizoporella, II., 186. pulchra, Claviporella, II., 146. punctigera, Schizoporella, II., 138. punctigerum, Amphiblestrum, II., 106. pnncfidala, Lialis, 11., 161; vide L. Burtoui. purpurisatus, Aulopus, I., 54, 55. pusilla, Catenicellopsis, II., 107. pygma;a, Flosculipora, II., 176. Pygopus lepidopus, II., 152, 153. „ Lizard, II., 152, 153. „ squamieeps, II., 152, 153; vide P. lepi- dopus. Pyrameis Kershawi, II. 198. Itea, II., 198. pyriformis, Bracebridgia, II., 158. ,, Mueronella, II., 158; vide Brace- bridgia. Pyripora catenularia, II. , 106. ,, craasa, II., 106. ,, polita, II., 106. pyrula, Membranipora, I., 26; 11., 127; vide M. lineata. Q. quadrata, Eschara, I., 48; vide Lepralia. ,, Lepralia, I., 48; vide Eschara. Quoy's Hinulia Lizard, II., 191. Quoyi, Hinulia, U., 191. ,, Lygosoma, II., 191 ; vide llinulia. R. radians, Idmonea", I., 68. radiata, Cribrilina, II., 187. radicifera, Beania, II., 117. ,, Memhranii>ora,l\., 117; wVZe Beania. ramosa, Fasciculipora, II., 157. Eana aurea, I. , 53 ; vide Ranoldea. Ranoidea aurea, I., 53. ,, Jaeh-ioniensis, I., 53; ride R. aurea. raricyathtts. Octopus, I., 61, 62; vide Argonauta oryzata. ,, Ocytlioc, I., 61, 62; vide Argonaut oryzata. Ray, Eagle-, Blue-spotted, I., 63. Rayi, Brama, II., 133. Ray's Sea-Bream, II., 133. recta, ^Etea, II., 178. Red fiumet-Perch, Banded, I., 33. ,, Spotted, II., 19.3. Red King Crab, Great, II., 179, 180. Red-shouldered Phasma, I., 69, 70. Regalecus Banksi, II., 145. ,, Glesne, II., 145; vide R. Banksi. renipuncta, Microporella, II., 175. Retepora aurantiaca, I., 94, 98. ,, ^vicularis, I., 94, 95. ,, carinata, I., 94, 97 .• fissa, I., 94, 95. ,, formosa, I., 94, 97. ,, granulata, I., 94, 99. ,, laxa (var.), porcellana, I., 94, 95. ,, mors!jy«ara, IL, 112. „ Mackerel, L, 28. ,, Rock Lobster, II., ,, Silver Ribbon-fish, ,, Spiny Lobster, II., speciosa, Cellepora, II. , 128. Sphargis coriacea, II. , 101. ,, mercnriali-s, II. , 101 ; ,, merctirii, II., 101 ; ride S. coriacea. ,, tuberculata, II., 101; vide S. coriacea. spicata, Cellepora, II., 165, 168. ,, Dimetopia, I., 46. (spicata, var.) ciliata. Microporella, I., 37; II. , 175; vide Lepralia. spieatum, Craspedozoum, IL, 177. spinifer, Astacoides, I., 15; vide A. serratiis. spinigera, Beania, I. . 46 ; inde Diachori.s. „ Diachoris, I., 46; ride Beania. spinosa, Membranipora, II. , 127. spinosus, Echinorhinus, II. , 144. ,, Squalii-^, II. , 144; fj'rfe Echinorhinus. Spinous Shark, IL, 144. ,, Lobster, Southern, IL, 149, 150. Spiny Cray-fish, Yarra, II., 160. „ Lobster, Southern, or Melbourne Craw- fish, n., 149, 150. ,, ,, Sydney (.Sydnej' Craw-fish), II. , 159. ,, Ridged Lizard, II., 141. ,, Sided Butterfly-Gurnard, I., 5. Spiralaria florea, I., 46. spiralis, Amathia, II. , 185. spiralis, Serialaria, II., 185; vide Amathia bi- coniis. Spotted Eagle-Ray, Blue-, I., 63. ,, Grasshopper, Thirty-two, II., 120. ,, Marsh-Frog, I., 42. „ Painted-Lady Butterfly, Blue-, 11, 198. Red Gurnet-Perch, IL, 193. Squalus acanthias, I. , 75 ; vide Acanthias ■\Tilgaris. ,, appendiculaliis, I., 43; inde Crossor- hinus barbatus. ,, barbatus, I., 43; vide Croseorhinus. Alphabetical Index. Squahts lohatus, I. , 43 ; inde Crossorhinus bar- batus. ,, maximus, II., 104; mVie Cetorhinus. ,, Phillipi, II., 113; vide Heterodontus. ,, spinosus, II., 144; «j& Echinorhinus. , , squatina, I. , 34 ; vide Rhina. ,, vulpes, I., 88 ; vide Alopecias. ,, zyi/ana, I., 56 ; vide Zygsena malleus. sqnamiceps, Pygopus, II., 152, 153; -vide P. lepidopus. squatina, Rhina, I., 34. ,, Sijualttn, I., 34 ; vide Rhina. Squid, Gould's, II., 169, 170. Star-fish, Eight-rayed Cusliion, II., 200. ,, C4unn's Cusliion, II., 200. Twelve-plated Shield, II., 200. Steganoporella elerjans, I. , 60 ; vide S. magnila- bris. Sler/anoporeUa Jervoisii. 11., 196; vide Thairopora. Steganoporella niagnilabris, I., 60. stellata, Escharipora, II., 175. ,, Microporella, II., 175; vide Escharipora. Stenorhynchus leptonyx, I., 21. Stirparia annulata, I. , 59. ,, glabra, II., 195. Stomatopora geniinata, II., 176. Streaked Earless Lizard, White-, II., 181. striatula, (Jemellipora, II., 138. ,, Lepralia, II., 138; i^irfe Gemellipora. Striped Parrot-fish, Broad-, or Senator, II., 163. Stump-tail, or Shingle-back Lizard, Rugged, II., 102. subimmersa, Lepralia, I. , 35 ; vide Schizoporella. ,, Schizoporella, I., 35 ; ride Lepralia. subsinuata, Schizoporella, II., 138. superbus, Hoplocephalus, I., 2. superciliosa, Diemenia, I., 23. supercilioKux, Psetidoelaps, I. , 23 ; vide Diemenia superciliosa. Sydney Craw-fish or Spiny Lobster, II., 159. Syngnalhus foliatus, I., 65 ; vide Phyllopteryx. ,, /(vitiolatiix, I., 65; vide Phyllop- teryx foliatus. tsnia, Trachypterus, II., 122. t^niolatus, Syngnathus, I. , 65 ; vide Phyllop- teryx foliatus. Tastnanicus, Centropri.ites, I., 16, 17; vide Arripis truttaceus. Tasmaneiix, Callorhynchus, II., 112; vide C. Antarcticus. Tasmaniensis, Liranodynastes, I., 42. taurus, Carcharian, I., 64; vide Odontaspis. ,, Odontaspis, I., 64. Temnodon heptacanthtiji, II., 183 ; vide T. saltator. ,, saltator, II., 183. tenuirostris, Cellaria, I., 49. ,, Salieonmria, 1; 49 ; ride Cellaria. tenuis, Canda, II., 136. ,, Crisia, I., 39. Tessaradoma maguirostris, II., 175. tessellata, Retepora, I., 94, 99. Teatvdo coriacea, II., 101 ; vide Sphargis. Tcstudo longicollis, I., 92, 93 ; vide Chelodina. ,, Lyra, II., 101 ; vide Sphargis coi-iacea. TeUir/onia Australasiie, I., 50; vide Cyclochila. Thairopora armata, II., 196. , , dispar, I. , 26 ; vide Membranipora. „ Jervoisii, II., 196. ,, mamillaris, I., 25; 11., 196; vide Membranipora. ,, Woodsii, I., 26 ; vide Memhranipora, Thersites allivelis, I., 44; vide T. atun. ,, atuu, I., 44. Thick-tailed Gecko, IL, 132. Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper, II., 120. Thresher or Long- tailed Shark, I., 88. (Thyca) Pieris Aganippe, I., 10. ,, ,, Harpalyce, I., 9. Thynnus Macroyi, I. , 44 ; vide T. thynnus. , , Scomber, I. , 44 ; vide Thynuus. ,, thynnus, I., 44. ,, vulgaris, I., 44; T. thynnus. {thyreophora, var.), Malusii, Microporella, II. , 175 ; I'i'rfe Lepralia. tiara, Oellepora, II., 148. 168 ; vide Schiamopora. ,, Schismopora, II., 148, 168; vide Cellepora. tiijerinu.^, Genypterus, I., 27 ; vide G. Australis. Tiger Snake, I., 3. Tiliijua leuropsi-i, II., 191 ; vide Hinulia Whitei. Toad-fish, Two-pronged, II. , 123. Tooth-brush Leather-jacket, Brown's, II., 124. Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish, I., 76, 77. Tope Shark, Australian, I., 64. Tortoise, Long-necked River, I., 92, 93. Murray, I. 82, 83. tortuosa, Amathia, II. , 185. (Tosia) Pent.agonaster aurata, II., 200. Traehichthys Australis, II., 114. Trachinops, Blotch-tailed, II., 194. ,, caudimaculatus, II. , 194. trachurus, Caranx, I., 18; vide Trachurus trachurus. ,, Scomber, I., 18; vide Trachurus trachurus. Trachurus trachurus, I., 18. Trachydosaurus rugosus, II., 102. Trachypterus /a/a-, II. , 122: ride T. tivnia. iria, (?) II., 122 ; vide T. tajnia. tajnia, II. , 122. triangula, Schizoporella, II., 138. tricellata, Menipca, I., 58. tricuspis, Mucronella, II., 116. tridenticulata, Cellepora, II., 128. trifolium, Amphiblestrum, I., 37; vide Lepralia. ,, Lepralia, \ ,'i~; r/f/e Amphiblestrum. trigintiduoguttata, Phancroptera (Ephip- pitytha), II., 120. Trigla kumu, I., 6. Tropidoderus iodomus. I., 69, 70. ,, rhodomus, I., 69, 70. Tropinotus Australis, II., 140. , , cimiamomcu-f, II. , 140 ; vide T. Australis. Trout, Salmon, I., 16, 17. Irulta, Perca, I., 16, 17 ; vide Arripis truttaceus. truttaceus, Arripis, I., 16, 17. ,, Centroprisics, I. , 16, 17 ; vide Arripis. tuba, Bicellaria, I., 59. tubaria, Cidarites, I., 100; virfe Goniocidaris. Alphabetical Index. tubaria, Goniocidaris, I., 100. tuhercnlata, Argouauta, I., 61, 62; vide A. oryzata. tuberculata, Lageiiipora, 11., 156. „ var., Schizoporella, II., 186; vide S. hyaliiia. tuberculata, Sphargis, II,, 101 ; vide S. coriacea. Tuberculated Ai-gonaut, or Paper Nautilus, I., 61, 62. tiiheirulosa. Argonauta, I., 61, 62 ; vide A. oryzata. Tubucellaria cereoides, II. , 105. ,, hirsuta, I.', 49. tumidus, Palinurus, II., 159; vide P. Hiigeli. Tuuny, I., 44. turbinata, Bicellaria, I., 59. Turtle, Leathery, or Luth, II., 101. Twelve-plated Sliield Star, II., 200. Two-hooded Furiua-Suake, I., 32. Two-pronged Toad-fish, II., 123. Tympanocryptis lineata, II., 181. Typhlops nigrescens, II., 103. , , RUppelli, II. , 103 ; vide T. nigrescens. typhon, Podacanthus, I., 80. U. umbonatiun, Amphiblestrum, I. , 25 ; vide Mem- branipora urn bonala. umbonata, Catenicella, I. , 90. umbotiata, Memliranipora, I., 25; vide Amphi- blestrum umbonatum. ,, (form) Retepora monilifera, I., 94, 97. uncinata, Farciminaria, II., 158. undata, Petralia, I., 60. Urceolipora dentata, II. , 105. ,; nana, II., 105. urnula, Catenicella, IL, 146. utriculus, Catenicella, I., 89. V. valida, Phaneroptera, II., 119. Vanessa, Lepidotrigla, I., 5. variabilis, Ainterius, II., 125; vide Monaoanthus hippocrepis. varia, Lacerta, I., 41 ; vide Hydrosaurus varius. variegata, Morelia, I., 13. varius, Hydrosaurus, I., 41. ,, Yellow-sided Dolphin, I., 21. ventricosa, CateniceOa, I., 24. venusta, Catenicella, II., 146. Vermicella annulata, I., 52. verrucosa, Cellepora, II., 166, 168. Verrucularia dichotoma, II., 195. verus, Carchariaa, I., 74; vide Carcharodon Rondeletii. Victorian Rhodona, I., 51. vigentissima, Locusta, II., 109. Vine Day-Moth, I., 8. violascens, Acrophylla, I., 79. violascens, Phanma, I., 79; vide Acrophylla. Violet-sliouldered Phasnia, I., 69, 70. Violot-winged I'hasnia, I., 79. Vipera acaidkophi.-i, I., 12; vide Acanthophis autarctica. vitrea, Cellepora, I., 38; U., 148, 168; vide Schjsmopora. ,, Schismopora, I., 38; II. , 148, 168; vide Cellepora. vittata, Chorizopora, I. , 36 ; vide Lepralia. ,, Le^iralia, I., 36; wde Chorizopora. vulgaris, Acanthias, I., 75. vuii/aria, Thynnus, I., 44; vide T. thynuus. vulpes. Alopecias, I., 88. ,, Sipmius, I., 88; vide Alopecias. vultur, Mucronella, II., 116. w. Water Lizard, Gippsland, I., 81. Wattle Goat- Moth, Large, I., 30. Whip-Snake, Little, I., 11. Whitei, Hinulia, IL, 191. Whitei Seincus, II. , 191 ; vide Hinulia. White-lipped Snake, I., 11. Wliite-rhiged Snake, Black and, I., 52. White Shark, I., 74. White's Hinulia Lizard, II. , 191. White-streaked Earless Lizard, IL, 181. Whiting, Plain, II., 182. Wilsoni, Adeona, I. , 67 ; vide Dictyopora. „ Beauia, II. , 195. ,, Catenicella, I., 89. ,, Dictyop/ora, I., 67; vide Adeona. ,, Rhabdozoum, II. , 178. Woodsii, Mlembranipora, I., 26; vide Thairo- pora. ,, Thairopora, I., 26; vide Memhrani- pora. Woosteri, Schizoporella, II. , 186. Worm, Earth-, Australian Giant, I., 7. Worm-Snake, Blackish Australian, II., 103. Wrasse, Macleay's, II. , 164. Yabbie or Yabber Crayfish, I. , 29. Yarra Blackfish, I., 27. Yarraensis, Astacopsis serratus, var., II., 160. Yarra Spiny Crayfish, II. , 160. Yellow-sided Dolphin, I., 22. Yellow-Tail, II. , 172. Yellow- winged Locust, Australian, II. , 110. z. Zealandias, Novse-, Delphinus, I., 22. Zeuzera (Eudoxyla) eucalypti, I., 30. Zygaana malleus, I., 56. zyycena, Sqitalua, I., 56; vide Zygsena malleus. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Plate 7. — My friend Professor Spencer, in publishing a paper on the anatomy of Megascolides, says I have referred it to the wrong Family. As he did not state what was the right Family, I made inquiry and found he had taken Perrier's artificial divisions of Earth-worms (into those having the male genital openings in front of, upon, or behind the clitellum) for Families. Some of the Family Liimbficidce have these openings in one relative position and some in the other ; the one artificial character not outweighing the many structural characters indicating the Family. Plates 15, 29, 160. — For Aslacoides, read Astacopsis. Plates 16-17. — References: — For ? Perca trutta (Cuv. and Val.), Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v. 4, p. 54, read vol. 2; add Perca marginata (Cuv. and Val.), Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v. 2., p. 53. Plate 42. — For Lymnodynastes, read Limnodyimstes. Plate 51. — Rhodona Ojjiceri is referred to E. punctata vittatum (C4unth. ), of Queensland, by Mr. Boulenger, but the description in the Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, for July, 1S67, diflfers in several particulars. Plate 87. — Explanation of Figures: — Fig. 2, side view of snout, &c., should be: side view of female, &c. Figs. Ic and Id should be Figs. 2c and 2d. Plate 109. — Footnote : — For large antennse, read inner antennae. Plate 112. — In last line of Reference: — For page 696, read page 174. Plate 122. — For Tfachypterus tcenia read T. Ueiiia. Plate 139. — {Mesojys pedestris). Add Reference : Erichson, Wiegmann Ai'chiv fiir Naturgeschicte, 1842, p. 250, t. 5. f. 10. Plates 161-2. — The numbers at corners of these plates have been accidentally transposed. That marked 161 should be 162. Plate 187.— For Figs. 1-3 read Figs. 1-2. NOTE FROM MR. MACGILLIVRAY ON CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE OF POLYZOA ADOPTED IN THE ALPHABETICAL INDEX. It has become necessary to alter the generic positions of a considerable number of species, mostly described in the earlier Decades, in consequence of the dismemberment of the old genera Mtmbrani- pora, Lepralia, EscJiara, and one or two others. Definitions of the new genera, with some remarks on the characters which are now considered of chief importance in the systematic arrangement of the Polyzoa, will be found in my Catalogue, printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria for 1886. The alterations indicated are : — Membranipora pilosa, to be included in Electra, Lamx. ; M. ciliaia, umhonata, cervicomis, and Lepralia trifolium in Amphihleslrum, Gray ; M. mamillaritt, dispar, and Woodsii, in Thairopora, McG. ; M. perforata in 3Hcropora, Hincks ; Lepralia monoceron in CribrUma, Gray ; L. ferox in Hiantopora, McG. ; L. JUahiaii, ciliata, diadema, and eanalkulata, in Microjwrella, Hincks, the last as a variety of diadema; Eschara mucronata in Adeone/lopsis, McG.; L. circinata, Cec'dii, subimmersa, Maplestonei, rilrea, schizostoma, botryoides, and pellucida, in Schizo- porel/a, Hincks, pellucida as a variety of hyalina; Eschara obliqua in Parmularla, Busk, MSS. ; Eschara quadrata in Lepralia; L. vUtata and Brogniartii in Chorizopora, Hincks ; L. marsiipimn and papi/lifera in Porella, Gray ; Eschara dispar and platalea in Adeoiiella, Busk ; L. larralis and Eschara gracilis in Porina, d'Orb. ; L. dlajihana, Ellerii, and excavala, in MucroneUa, Hincks. Besides these alterations, Catenicella aiirila and yeniinata are to be referred 'to Clanporella, McG. ; Caleiiicellopsis ddicalula to Catenicella; Diachoris magellanica and spinigera to Beania, as I cannot see any sutficient distinction between these genera. Carbasea ejiiscopalis is included in the genus Euthyris, Hincks. Dirty opora differs from Adeona only in the fenestration of the zoarium, a character which, although valid when the genus was proposed, cannot now be considered of sutMcient importance for the foundation of a genus ; the species must therefore go with Adeona. Celte/iora (Lepralia), mcgasoma, costata, rota, costazei, jilatalea, vitrea, henemunila, gloinerata, tiara, have been separated from CMepora to form the genus Schismopora, McG. • Chlidonia dcedala proves to be, as suggested in my description, in no way diffei-ent from the European C. Cordieri, Aud. sp. Cellaria Jtslulosa, var. AuMralis, must rank as a separate species. Membranipora lineata is not that species, but M. pyrula, Hincks ; so also M. Jiofsellli must be altered to Amphiblestrum hursarium, MoG. I doubt M. Lacroixii being identical with the European species. Lepralia pertuna should be L. Pallasiana, Moll. Retepora porcetlana, var. laxa, has since been described in the "Challenger" Memoir as R. producta. Busk. Bathypora porcellana was previously described by Hincks as Membranipora nUens, and bis specific name must consequently be adopted. By Authority : Robt. S. Brain, Oovernment Printer, Melbourne. CONTENTS OF DECADE XX. N.B.— The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne. Plate 191.— White's Hinulia Lizard (Hinulia Whitei, Lacep. sp.). — Quoy's Hinulia lizard (Hinulia Quoyi, Dum. and Bib.). Plate 192. — The Crook-spined Dragonet (Callionynius calauropomus, Rich.). Plate 193. — The Spotted Red Gurnet-Perch (Neosebastes scorpeenoides, Gviich.). Plate 194. — The Blotch-tailed Trachinops (Trachinops caudimaculatus, McCoy). Plate 195. — Stirparia glabra (Hincks). — Beania intermedia (llincks sp.). — B. cooferta (McG.^n- B. Wilsoni (McG.). — Verrucularia dichotoma (Busk sp.). Plate 196. — Thairopora arniata (McG.). — T. mamillaris (Lamx. sp.).— T. Jerroisii (Hincks sp.).— Micropora coriacca (Esper. sp.). — Rhynchopora bispinosa (Johnstone sp.). — R. longl- rostris (Hincks). Plate 197. — Chelepteryx CoUesi (Gray). Plate 19S.— The Blue-spotted Painted-Lady Butterfly (Pyrameis Eersbawi, McCoy). — Australian Admiral Butterfly (Pyrameis Ilea, Fabr.). Plate 199. — Peron's Ibacus Crab (Ibacus Peronii, Leach). Plate 'JOO. — The Eight-rayed Cushion Starfish (Asterina calcar, Lam., restricted by Gray). — Gunn's Cushion Starfish (Asterina Gunni, Gray).— The Twelve-plated Shield-Star (Pentago- naster (Tosia) aurata, Gray). JM lyjjb o> . iu 'X-CT"'-^^