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Division of M
Ollusks Section.) Librowy
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
fap
‘
OF
BRITISH SHELLS,
rweLupINe Diviston of MolInake eechonal Librowy
FIGURES anp DESCRIPTIONS
SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,
SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER,
WITH
SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH.
POL. £1T.
By ES DONOVAN, F.L‘S.
AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF
BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &c. &c,
OO"
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, $ AND FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON, No 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD, _ BY EYE AND LAW, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, GLERKENWELL. et CEE
1801.
&)
¥. 3 Sov fre
sat
THE NATURAL HISTORY
OF
BRITISH SHELLS.
PLATE -LXXIII.
MYA MARGARITIFERA.
RIVER PEARL MUSCLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at oneend. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick sone broad tooth, not inserted into the oppofite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND.
gs Pe SYNONYMS. Sheil oblong; thick, and covered with a coarse black epidermis, much decorticated or worn down about the beaks. A large notched conic tooth i in one > valve, and two small ones in the other.
AZ
PLATE LXXIIL.
Mya MARGARITIFERA: testa ovata anterius coarctata, cardinis dente primario conico, natibus decorticatis. enn. mn. Suec. 2130.—Ginel. Linn. Syst. Nat. $219. sp. 4. : Mya nigrescens crassa & ponderosa margaritifera. Margaritifera. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 225. sp. 53. tab. 15. Aig. 3.3 Musculus niger omnium crassissima et ponderosissima testa. Concha longe species. Gesn. K Aldrov. List. App. H. An. Angl. p. V1. tit. 31. 100.1, fig. toe App. H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 1s: tame LODe 1: a Musculus niger omnium longe crassissimus. Conch longe species. Gefn. & Aldr. Hist. Conch. tab. 149. fig. 4. Musculi margaritiferi, Bede Hist. Heclesast. I. 1.¢. 1. Martin’s West. Isles. p.'1. &e. Pearl Muscles. Leigh Lancashire, p. 134.. Mytulus major margaritiferus. Walls Northumb. p. 403. No. 42. Mya margaritifera, Pearl. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 18. tab. 43, fig. 18.
‘* This shell,” says Pennant, ‘is noted for producing quantities of pearl. There have been regular fisheries for the sake of this pre- cious article in several of our rivers. Sixteen have been found in one — | shell. ‘They are the disease of the fifh analogous to the stone in the human body. On being squeezed, they will eject the peu and
/ often cast it spontaneously in the sand of the stream.
“ The Conway was mupes for them in the days of Camden. A | notion also prevails that Sir Richard Wynne, of Gwydir, chamber- “a
PLATE “LXXIII.
Jain to Catherine queen to Charles II. presented her majesty with a pearl (taken in this river) which is to this day honoured with a place in the regal crown. They are called by the Welsh Cregin Diluw, or Deluge Shells, as if left there by the flood.
“The Irt, in Cumberland, was also productive of them. The famous circumnavigator, Sir John Hawkins, had a patent for fishing that river. He had observed pearls plentiful in the straits of Magel- lan, and flattered himself with being enriched by procuring them
within his own island,
“< In the last century, several of great size were gotten in the “ Tiyers in the county of Tyrone and Donegal, in Ireland. One weighed thirty-six carats, was valued at 401. but being foul lost much of its worth. Other single ‘pearis were sold for 41. 10s. and even for 101. The last was sold a second time to lady Glenlealy, who put it into a HeeRiice, and refused 80l. for it from the duchess
of Ormond.”’
‘“ Suetonius reports, that Cesar was induced to undertake his British. expedition for the sake of our pearls; and that they were so large that it was necessary to use the hand to try the weight of a single one*- I imagine Cesar only heard this by report; and that the crystaline balls in old leases, called mineral pearl, were mistaken for
them +.”
“ We believe that Czsar was disappointed of his hope: yet we are
told that he brought home a buckler made with British pearl t, which:
* Sueton. Vit. Ful. Cas. c, Ixiy. + Woodward’s Method of Fossits, 29. part 2. ¢ Plinii, lib. 9. c. 35. Tacit. Vit. Azricie. ; 5 EB 3
PLATE LXxXIll.
he dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of Venus Genetrix. A proper offering to the goddess of beauty, who sprung from the sea. I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithstanding the classics honour our pearl with their notice, yet they report them to be small and ill coloured; an imputation that in general they are still liable to. Pliny says, “ that a red small kind was found about the Thracian Bospho- rus, in a shell called Mya, but does not give it any mark to ascertain
the species.”
The Mya Margaritifera is found only in great rivers, and chiefly in those of the northern parts of Great Britain. Da Costa mentions the Tees, Alne, North and South Tyne, Tweed, Dee, Don, &c. and adds, generally inhabits the deeper parts, as gulphs, whirlpools, &c.
The fishermen in the neighbourhood of the river Conway some- times collect those shells, and extract the pearl, but as they are now become scarce, and the price inconsiderable, the fishery affords them
little encouragement.
het Ty wath
Te wre
/?
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PaAT &.. LAX.
-TROCHUS CINERARIUS. UMBILICAL TOP SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell spiral sub-conic.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Umbilicated or perforated at the base. Not very conic. Five whirls.—Colours various, generally greenish, radiated obliquely with
red or brown.
Trocuus CINERARIUs: testa oblique umbilicata, ovata, anfractibus rotundatis. Lunn. Syst. Nat. p. 1229. No. 590.
Trochus planior umbilicatus, undatim ex fusco perbelle radiatus,
Umaiticatis Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 46. tab. 3. fig. 4. 4.
Trochus planior undatim ex rubro late radiatus. Lust. H. Conch. tab. 641. fig. 32.
Umbilicated Top shell. Dale Harwich. p. 381. No. 4.
Trochus Umbilicaris. Umbilical. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 106. tab. 80. fig. 106.
eee ne ee
A very common species on most of the British shores, A 4
GRR ‘ : i ey 4 \ t
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PLATE LXXV.
HELIX VORTEX.
COMMON WHIRL SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS. "
Shell of five wreaths, horizontal. Somewhat convex on the upper |
side, under side flat, and carinated, or surrounded with a sharp edge.
HELIx VoRTEX: testa carinata; supra concava, aperture ovali plana. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1243. No. 667.
Cochlea testa plana fusca: supra concava, anfractibus quinque, mar- gine acuto. Linn. fn. Suec. I. p. 374. No. 130. 7.11. No. 2172. -
Cochlea exigua, subfusca, altera parte planior, sine limbo, quinque spirarum. Last. H. An. Angl. p. 145. tit. 28. tab. 2. fig. 28.
Cochlea exigua quingue orbium. JLvst. Conch. tab. 138. fig. 43.
Planorbis polygirata minor. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 92. Oe. 6.7. Morton Northampt. p. 417.
Helix vortex, Whirl. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 124. tab. 83. fig. 124.
as ee yee Ea
Ig
t Chates exigua ‘sat sine limbo. Planorbis. Da Costa.
.*,
7 (p. 65. sp. 36. tab. 4. fig.12.
A very common species of aquatic snail in stagnant waters and - rivers. It is flat and thin, and has not a prominent border as in Helix Limbata of Da Costa, or Helix Planorbis of Pennant. vr
A adi ate Baad lies Wi Ley am He ite Wiakke ; ae ptr ene
| t -
ae
PLATE. LXXVI-
BUCCINUM RETICULATUM. RETICULATED WRY MOUTHED WHELK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal slug. Shell spiral, gibbous, aperture oval, ending in 2 short canal. -
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, reticulated, or furrowed transversely and longitudinally.
Mouth beset with prominent teeth.
BuccINUM RETICULATUM: testa ovato-oblonga transversim ftriata, longitudinaliter rugosa, apertura’ dentata. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3495. sp.111. Buccinum recurvirostrum cancellatum, columella sinuosa, labro dentato. Reticulatum. Da Cofta. Br. Conch. p. 131. tab. 7. fig. 10. Buccinum brevi rostrum cancellatum, dense sinuosum, labro dentato. List. H. Conch. tab. 966. fig. 21. Buccinum marinum cancellatum. Small latticed Whelke. Petiv. Gaz, tab. 15. fig. 4. |
an oy LBS ‘PLAT |
Very common on several of our sea coasts, especially on
Essex, Kent, ‘Sussex, &c. Also found in Wales and Ireland.
4 f
* >» Porat 4 Fe Shows aah Utah ey
‘fs
PLATE LXXVIL. pe
VENUS ISLANDICA.
THICK VENUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
_Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell strong, thick, heavy, covered with epidermis; space in which
the hinge is inserted gaping. Margin acute and entire, White
within.
Venus IsLANDICA: testa transversim striata rudi, nymphis hiantibus,
ano nullo. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3271. sp. 15.
Pectunculus major crassus, albo castaneus. Crassus, Du Costa Br. Conch. sp. 183. tab. 14. fig. 5.
Concha é maximis, admodum Crassa, rotunda, ex nigro rufescens. List, H. An. Angl. p. \70. tit. 22. tab. 4. fig. 22.
Pectunculus maximus, subfuscus, valde gravis. List. H. Conch. tab. 272. fig. 108. ;
Venus mercenaria. Commercial. Penn. Br. Zool..No. 47. tab. 53. fig. 47.
PLATE LUXXVII.
Chama inzequilatera, levis, crassa, subalbida. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 85. fig. B.
Da Costa notices a material error amongst the synonyms Lin- nzus has given with his description of Venus Mercenaria. The Venus Mercenaria of Linnzus is the shell called North American Clam, and of which the Wampum, or indian money, is made; this is not the species found on our coast and figured by Lister, p. 173. as Linnzus imagined, but a shell altogether distinct; the English species Lister notices, is the true Venus Islandica of the
Linnzan Systema Nature.
This error has misled Pennant, who confounds the North American kind with our species, at least as a variety having a purple tinge within it. Gmelin was aware of this mistake, for in his edition of the Systema Natura, both the plates and descriptions of Pen-
nant and Da Costa are referred to in the synonyms of Venus Islandica.
This shell is perfectly white when fine, and is thickly covered with a fibrous epidermis of a black, or brownish colour. Found on several of our coasts. Da Costa mentions Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dorsetshire, Caernarvonshire, and other shores of Wales. Aberdeenshire, and the islands of Orkney, &c, in Scotland. ;
4 A 4 ) y
pick sre’ & Crag witaes rege
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a
“PLATE LXXVIIL.
ARCA CAUDATA.
TAILED ARK SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER:
Animal Tethys. Shell bivalve equivalve. ‘Teeth of the hinge
numerous, inserted between each other.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Oblong oval, one end rotundated, the other produced or length-
ened out, angulated, and truncated at the end.
ARCA CAUDATA: testa oblongo ovali anterius rotundata posterius
elongata angulata, apice subtruncata.
Very rare, and not hitherto described as a British species. Found on the Kentish coast.
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a
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PLATE LXXIX.
BULLA RESILIENS.
ELASTIC BULLA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-oyal,
Aperture oblong.
Shell oval, pellucid, elastic. Spire somewhat depressed and cana-
liculated, or grooved along the margin.
BuLLA RESILIENs: ovalis, pellucida, vi resiliendi preedita, spira,
subdepressa anfractibus canaliculatus.
This interesting species of Bulla, which has lately been found in Devonshire, and considered as a new discovery, was first in-~ troduced to the notice of English Conchologists by the Rey. Mr. Cordiner. He discovered them some years ago on the shores of Bamff, and sent them, with several others, disposed in a grotto work, as a present to the late Duchess of Portland. Since that time they have been found at Lymington, in Hampshire, by
VOL, Ill, B "1
PLATE LXxXIx.
Mr. Keate; and lastly, during the summer months of 1800, was taken in a moat near Portsmouth, by J. Laskey, Esq. of Cre- diton, who favoured us with some particulars respecting the ani- mal inhabiting it. In a young state, he says, it has the appear- ance of a winged insect, and sports in its watery element with all the liveliness of a butterfly, and formed a pleasing object when kept alive in a glass of sea water. It seems to prefer little pools, or still waters within reach of the tide, to more exposed
situations.
In general the specimens that have been found at Portsmouth are very small, the shell from which the upper figure is copied far exceeding the others in size. This species, though very thin “and brittle, is yet so elastic as to bear much compression with- out injury, and in this respect differs from every other British species of Bulla already known. Amongst the foreign kinds are several elastic kinds; and this very species is found of a much larger size in the Mediterranean Sea.—Independent of its elasticity, the convoluted apex is a material character of this shell, considered
as a British species.
BEATE’ EXxX2k.
TURBO MUSCORUM.
CYLINDRIC, OR MOSS WREATH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Cylindric, pellucid, six spires, separated by a strong furrow, obtuse at the tip. Mouth oval.
Turso Muscorum: testa ovata obtusa pellucida: anfractibus senis secundis, aperture edentula. Gmel. Linn. S yy st. Nat. p. 3611. sp. 94. |
Cochlea testa subpellucida, spiris sex dextrorsis, subcylindracea obtusa, Linn. Faun. Suec. 1. p. 372. No. 1301. 2. No. 2173.
Turbo minimus mucrone obtuso, sive vere cylindraceus. Cylindra- ceus, tab. 5. fig. 16.
Buccinum exiguum subflavum, mucrone obtuso, sive cylindraceum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 121. tit. 6. tab. 2. fig. 6.
Buccinulum minimum ovale. Petwv. Gaz. tab. 35. fig. 6: Morton, Northampt. p. 415.
Turbo Muscorum. Pen. Br. Zool. No, 118. tab. 82. fig. 118?
PLATE LXXx.
Linnzus and Da Costa have described this species with six spires ; | Pennant mentions only four; and we have remarked, that those with —
four spires are more numerous than the others.
It is a small shell, rarely exceeding the size of the smallest figures in the annexed plate; is very transparent, smooth and glossy, but
- under the magnifier exhibits many longitudinal streaks.
This shell inhabits mosses on old walls, thatches, trees, &c. It has | been found by Da Costa in Middlesex and Surry ; by Petiver on the sandy banks of the Thames, at Kingston, in the latter county. Dr. Lister, in plenty at Estrope, in Lincolnshire. Morton, in great plenty in the ground near Morsley Wood, in Northamptonshire; and re- ceived also by Da Costa, from Leeswood, in Flintshire.
Oo
PLATE ‘LXXXI. :
MYTILUS PELLUCIDUS.
PELLUCID MUSCLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. -
The hinge toothless and consists of a longitudinal furrow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
\
Oblong, very pellucid, rayed longitudinallywith purple.
Mytitus PELLuciIDUus: oblonga pellucida longitudinaliter violaceo- radiata.
Mytiztus pettucipus. Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. p. 112. sp. 15.
This is one of the new species of Mytilus discovered by Pennant on the coast of Anglesea, where he'says, it is “‘ found sometimes in oyster-beds, and sometimes.in trawling over slutchy bottoms,” We dredged up a specimen of it in the straits of Menai, but it was rather less of an oblong form than that described and figured by Pennant; and another similar to it was also found on the Flintshire shores :— both Pennant’s specimen and ours are figured in the annexed plate.
VOL. III. ©
We have lately received a very analogous variety of it from Portsmouth; but those were
growth, having been gathered from the bot to prize ship, soon after its arrival from Malta.
Gi 1 en ra HY bd a LP 3: - S : | | / ) Y @ oe * . ‘a , ; Pe a tietar Mae ae | Seewaue awonced Sova sine , ea Oh Sy. dt : on: bod tM
My
. jek:
y a
PLATE LXXXIL.
MYA DECLIVIS.
SLOPING MYA, OR GAPER«
GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth, not
inserted into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat oval, posterior end obliquely angulated. ‘Tooth ef the hinge thick and scarcely prominent. Mya DECLIvIs: testa subovali, postice oblique subangulata. Car-
dinis dente crasso vix prominente.
Mya Dectivis with a brittle, half transparent shell, with a hinge slightly prominent; less gaping than the truncata ; near the open end sloping downwards. Penn. Br.
Zool. Vol. 4. p. 19. sp. 15.
PLATE LXXXIL
question his Weis in this respect, but must laste % Airs commonly rare in’ cabinets of British Shells, and has not even been noticed, we believe, by any other Author.—Pennant has not
figured i it. ich A ty q 4 a
» ! ;
‘
:
ay
PLATE LAXXIEL
VENUS GRANULATA.
SPECKLED VENUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, and the third divergent from the beaks,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell rotund, sulcated longitudinally and decussated with transverse strie ; margins crenulated. Outside whitish, variegated with livid
and purple spots. Inside violet,
Venus GRANULATA: testa rotundata decuffatim striata, anterius et margine crenulato violacea, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3277. sp, 33,
Venus marica. Born. Mus. Ces. vind. test, t. 4. f. 8.6.
Born has figured and described this shell as Venus Marica, and ta
distinguish it from a Linnean species of the same name some con-
PLATE LXXXIH.
chologists have denominated it Venus Marica spuria. Itis the Venus
granulata of Gmelin, who refers to Born’s figure in the synonyms.
Gmelin describes another shell under the name of Venus Violacea ; which nearly agrees with V. granulata, V. VIOLACEA: testa intus violacea: striis perpendicularibus squamosis, margine denticulato. Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3288. sp. 94. This shell is figured in Laster’s Conch. t. 338. f. 115. and is destitute of those external marks and specklings we have invariably observed on specimens of Venus gra-
nulata.
V. granulata is very rare on our coast. ‘The smallest shell in the annexed plate was found in Cornwall. The large specimen is pro-
bably an old shell of this species.
>
a
PLATE LXXXIV.
HELIX POMATIA.
ITALIAN OR EXOTIC SNAIL.«
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS,
Shell globose, with five spires, and umbilicated; whitish fasciated
with brown. Mouth rather roundish.
He.ix PoMATIA: testa umbilicata subovata obtusa decolore, aper= tura subrotundo-lunata. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3627. sp. 47. Mn. Suec. 1283.
Cochlea magna cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Po-
| MATIA. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p, 67. sp. 38. tab.
4, fig. 14. 14.
Cochlea cinerea, maxima, edulis, cujus os operculo crasso velut
Gypseo per hyemem clauditur. Pomatia. Gesn. de Aquat. pp. 644. 255. i
Cochlea cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Pomatia Gesneri. List. H. Conch. tab. 48. fig. 46.
c 4
PLATE LXXXIV.
Cochlea pomatia edulis Gesneri. List. Exercit. Anat. 1. p. 162. — | tab. 1. Cochlea alba major cum suo operculo. JZerret Pin. p. 207. Morton Northampt. p. 415. | huity Dublin. p. 379. Helix Pomatia, Exotic. . Penn. Br. Zool. No. 128. tab. 84, fig. 128. Pomatia. Argenville Conch. I. tab. 32. fig. 1. p. 383. IL. p. 338. tab.,28. fig. 1. p. 81. tab. 9. fig. 4. Helix testa imperforata globosa rufescente, fasciis obsoletis. Mul. ool. dan. prodr. 2901. Hist. verm. 2. p. 43. n. 243.
Cochlea testa ovata quinque spirarum, pomatia dicta. Linn. Fn.
3 Suec. 1. p. 369. No. 1293. II. No. 2183.
Mar ih berl. Mag. 2. p. 530. tab. 1. fig. 1. et. 3. tab. 2. fig. 13. | Schroet. Erdconch. p. 145. n. 14. 15. tab. 1. fig. 1. ¢! | a Knorr Vergn. 1. tab. 21. fig. 32.
Pennant has named this species of Helix with some propriety the Exotic Snail, for, though it is found at this time in vast abundance in several parts of the country, it is not an indigenous kind. By whom it as first introduced is uncertain; Pennant mentions Sir Kenelm Digby, and Da Costa speaks of Charles Howard, Esq. of the Arundel family. Its history, as related by Da Costa, 1 Is SO very interesting,
that we ‘ghalt give it in the words of 1 its author: a
<« Tt is the largest species of land snail in England, and is found in
hedges and woods. It closes its shell carefully against winter, with a,
PLATE LXXXIV.
white thick cover or operculum, dull and like plaister, and in the closed state it remains till the beginning of April, or warm weather, at which time it loosens the border of the cover, and the animal creeps out of the shell for its necessary occasions. Dr. Lister in- forms us he kept one in his bosom about the beginning of March, when the animal, feeling the warmth, in a few hours disengaged its
cover, and crept out.
«¢ ‘The animal being large, fleshy, and not of an unpleasant taste, has been. used for food in ancient times: it was a favourite dish with ° the Romans, who had their cochlearia, or snail stews, wherein they bred and fattened them. Pliny tells us, that the first inventor of this _ luxury was a Fulvius Harpinus, a little before the civil wars between Czsar and Pompey. Varro has handed down to us a description of the stews, and manner of making them: He says, open places were chose, sutrounded by water, that the snails might not abandon them, and care was taken that the places were not much exposed to the sun, orto thedews. ‘The artificial stews were generally made under rocks or eminences, whose bottoms were watered by lakes or rivers; and if a natural dew or moisture was not found, they formed an artificial one, by bringing a pipe to it bored full of holes, like a watering pot, by which the place was continually sprinkled or moistened. The snails required little attention or food, for as they crawled they found it on the floor or area, and on the walls or sides, if not hindered by the surrounding water. ‘They were fed with bran and sodden lees of wines, or like substances, and a few laurel leaves were thrown
on it,
‘¢ Pliny tells us there were many sorts, as the Whitish from Um-
bria, the large sort from Dalmatia, and the African, dc. ‘This pare
PLATE LXXXIV.
a
ticular kind seems to be that he mentions, 1.8. ¢, 39. They praipi
d gate very much, and their spawn 1g very minute.
_ & Varro is scatcely to be credited, when he says, some would
grow so large, that their shells held ten quarts.
_ «& They were also fed and fattened in large pots or pans,. stuck full of holes to let in the air, and lined with bran and sodden lees, or
vegetabies.
_« They are yet used as food in several parts of Europe, more es- pecially during Lent, and are preserved in ftews or escargotoires, now a large place boarded in, and the floor covered with herbs,
wherein they nestle and feed.
“‘ In Italy, in many places, they are sold in the markets, and are
called Bavoli, Martinacct and Gallinelle ; in many provinces of France, as Narbonne, Franche Comté, &c. and even in Paris. They.
boil them, says Lister, in river water, and seasoning them with salt, pepper, and oil, make a hearty repast.
« This is not indigenous, or originally a native of these kingdoms, but a naturalized species, that has throve so well, as now to be found in very great quantities. It was first imported to us from Italy about the middle of last century, by a scavoir vivre, or epicure, as an article of food. Mr. Aubrey informs us, it was a Charles Howard, Esq. of the Arundel family, who, on that account, scattered and dispersed those snails all over the downs, and in the woods, &c. at Albury, an ancient seat of that noble family, near Ashted, Boxhill, Dorking, and Ebbisham, or Epsom, in Surrey, where they have thriven so
much that all that part of the county, even to the confines of Sussex,
~
PLATE LXXXIV.
abounds with them ; insomuch that they are a nuisance, and far sur-
pass in number the common, or any other species of English snails.
The Epicures, or scavoir vivre, of those days, followed this luxu- rious folly, and the snails were scattered or dispersed throughout the kingdom, but not with equal success; neither have records trans- mitted to posterity the fame of those worthies equal to the Roman Fulvius Harpinus, except of two, the one Sir Kenelm Digby, who dispersed them about Gothurst the seat of that family (now of the Wrights) near Newport Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire, where probably they did not thrive much, as they were not frequent thereabout : the other worthy was a lord Hatton, recorded by Mr. Morton, who scattered them in the coppices at his seat at Kirby, in Northampton-
shire, where they did not succeed.
« Dr. Lister found them about Puckeridge and Ware, in Hert- fordshire ; and observes, they are abundant in the Southern parts,
but are not found in the northern parts of this island.
*¢ In Surry, as before mentioned, they abound; in several other counties they are not uncommon, as in Oxfordshire, especially about Woodstock and Bladen; in Gloucefterflire, in Chedworth parish, and about Frog Mill, in Dorsetshire, &c. but I have never heard
that they are yet met with in any of the northern counties.”
yy fe et ,3
i “petal bhi sn
dg ‘ , aie | % “ ‘ Vines ’ ty \ I w
OQ
PLATE LXXXV.
MYA ARENARIA.
SAND GAPER.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in-
serted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell rather ovated, one end rounded, the other narrow and gaping’. Hinge, in one valve a hollow cavity, near which a broad, erect, rounded
tooth of the opposite valve is received.
Mya ARENARIA: testa ovata posterius rotundata, cardinis dente an- trorsum porrecto rotundato denticuloque lateral. Lin, Faun. Suec. 2121.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. _ 3218. 303. sp. 2. Mya Arenaria, Sand. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 19.7’. 42. 16. ‘(Chamz media ovata fusca. Arenaria. Da Cofia. Br. Conch. p. 232. sp. 56. | Mya Arenaria. Bast. opusc. subs. 2. p. 69.4.7. fig. 1-3.
This species is similar in its dierent appearance to the Mactra Lu traria; yet it may be immediately distinguished from mab by ‘th : singular structure of the hinge. The large, erect, plate-like tooth : common to the Mya genus, is particularly characteristic in this
species.
Da Costa received it from the Isle of Wight, near Newport, — and from Bigbury-Bay, near Faversham; but observes, it is nota com mon shell,
tale /
PLATE LXAXXVI.
MUREX DECOLLATUS. SHORTENED MUREX, OR ROCK SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough, the aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat
produced gutter or canaliculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Murex DeEcoLiatus: testa ventricosa levi, patulo-subcaudata, spira in capitulum desinente.
Somewhat ventricose, smooth, mouth produced. Spire terminated in a capitulum or knob.
Morex Decotratus. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. p.125. sp. 102. En
Pennant offers his Murex Decollatus as a species with doubts. It has certainly the appearance of a shell much mutilated, or of extraor- dinary growth; but as all the specimens we have examined exhibit the Same appearance, we have ventured to assign it a new character, and
fank it as a distinct species.
It is a rare shell on the British shores, said to have been found on |
those of Cornwall and Devonshire.
‘
ENE anc sal 2 fH) Ions wish vb ty
iy
P
PLATE LXXXVII.
HELIX VIVIPARA.
VIVIPAROUS SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell suboval, obtuse, spires ventricose or swelled, umbilicated.
Olive, girdied with three brown lines.
HELIx vIVIPARA: testa imperforata subovata obtusa cornea: cin- gulis fuscatis, apertura suborbiculari J’n. Su. 2185.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3646. sp. 105.
Cochlea testa oblongiuscula obtusa anfractibus teretibus, lineis tri- bus lividis. Fn. Suec. J. p. 375. No. 1312.
Cochlea maxima fusca sive nigricans, fasciata. Last. H. dn. Angi. p-133. tit. 18. tah. 2. fig. 18.
Cochlea fasciata ore ad amussim rotundo. Phil. Trans. No. 105. fig. 171.—Cochlea maxima viridescens fasciata vivipara. List. Evercit. Anat.2. p. 17. tab. 2.
_C. vivipara fasciata fluviatilis. ast. H. Conch. tab. 126. fig. 26.—
C. vivipara altera nostras testa tenuiori fluvii
“Cham. Jb. Mant. tab. 1055. fig. C.
VOL. III, dD
PLATE LUXXXVIL.
Helix vivipara, viviparous. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 132. tab. 84. fig. 132. | ae
Cochlea fusco viridescens trifasciata. Vivipara. Da Costa. Br. ) Conch. p. 81. sp. 44.°
=
rE — . ; s ‘é
‘Uhis kind is found in abundance in all rivers and stagnant waters. : The river kind seems to vary in some respects from the other ; the 7 4 K
shells are more opake, and the colours are brighter than in those
which inhabit the stagnant water. iG Se
S|
The animal has a head not unlike that of a Bull, from which cir-—
’ %
cumstance the Swedes, according to Linnzeus, call it the Bull-head, |
and some French authors, limagon a tete de beuf, for the same — reason. It feeds on Duck Weed. i
‘
Sa hae a aeelt
\ q 4 we i - iA PR. ’ + ; a p bs 7 ‘ b if hab fie J : . 7 | ' . \ 4 hr * * iB 1 , ' , E ~ i ; ’ ‘ . , ay, ‘ nA zat ¢ j 4 ahi Lael oc Wy . . i } iy f 1 preies ; ) “ al i . ; x f ; { ‘ Y 16 Aud ABA « 1 Dies { ie ht ‘ x ; ‘ : am yet } 4 Ay ; Tames : ou) aN aK ; - ’ } re ‘ s i! Ss i aN 2 . ‘ iy p ‘ Ay! [ | ¢ \ ral H . ‘ 4 , et } é ) ‘ - \ 1 | ’ , r J ‘ ' ay \ ‘
ey emma ox Spon PGES erate perce y A
PLATE LXXXVII. BULLA HYDATIS.,
PINNACE DIPPER, OR BUBBLE SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-oval. _ Aperture oblong. i‘
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong-oval; fragile, pellucid, finely striated longitadinally, base deeply umbilicated. Buria Hyparis: testa rotundata pellucida longitudinaliter substri- ata: vertice umbilicato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1183. No. 377.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3424. sp. 9. Nux Marina umbilicata, minutissime per longitudinem striata, sub- rotunda, ore admodum patulo, tenius, fragilis cane dida, Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 13. fig. D. D. Chemn. 9. t. 118. f. 1019. Bulles d’cau blanches, papyracées. Tonnes 4 bouche entiere. D’ Avila Cab. p. 207. No. 389. Bulla Ovalis, fragilis et pellucida, Naviacula. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 28. sp. 15,.—Tab. 1. fig. 10. VOL. TI. ,
PLATE LXXXVIIL
Da Costa observes, that all the shells he had seen of this spe were fished up at, or near, Weymouth in Dorsetshire; and conclud that it is rare in our seas, having never heard of it on any other Bri- tish coast. We, believe with Da Costa, it is local; oe it pro- bably inhabits other antes of our coasts. |
We have been lately favoured ei sevetal shells of the Bulla | genus from, Portsmouth, which some Conchologists have thought 2 new species, and named Citrina; they do mot, certainly, differ spe- cifically from the shell in Da Costa’s collection, which he calls — Bulla Naviacula, (Hydatis of Linnzus) as will appear evident from |
the specimens figured in the annexed plate. ey, AG
Fig. 2, a specimen — Fig. 3,
Fig. 1.—Bulla Naviacula (Hydatis Linn.) fromm Portsmouth of a paler colour than Da Costa’s shell.
4. old shells found on the mud and clay of the shore.
PLATE LXXXIX.
MYA OVALIS.
OVAL GAPER.
+ GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal ascidia- Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. | The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in- serted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell rather an oblong oval, with a large longitudinal crenulated
tooth in one valve, and two in the other.
Mya ovALIs: testa oblongo-ovali cardinis dente primario crenulato longitudinali: alterius duplicato.
Mususculus angustior, ex flavo viri descens, validus, umbonibus acutis, valvarum cardinibus velut pinnis donatis, sinuosis;
, List. Angl. t. 2. f. 30. Long thick horse Muscle. Petiw. Gaz. tab. 93. fig. 9 “Mya pictorum. Penn. Br. Zool. 43. fig: V1. E 2
PLATE LXXXIX.
Mya minor ex flavo viridescens. Picrorum Da Costa. Br. p. 228. tab. 14. fig. 4. 4.
satan
Pennant and Da Costa have erroneously given this as the Mya 4 pictorum of Linnzus, from which it differs in several respects. The i Mya pictorum is much more ovate, or egg-shaped, as Linnzus ex- | presses it, and thinner than the present shell, which is of a lengthened, 4 or rather oblong form, and remarkably thick, though semi-transparent. In adopting a new specific name that of oblonga would have been preferred, had it not been pre-engaged by Gmelin to a totally distinct apecies. :
This species is common in rivers and fresh waters, and sometimes produce little pearls.
ry
ak’. har
Pye? h
phys!
ca Ny y hy 4 j fi p,
( |
PLATE XcC.
TURBO LACTEUS.
SMALL TURBO.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Animal Limax.. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Apers
{ure somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS. Shell taper, with many longitudinal, elevated striz, or ridges,
TurBo LAcTEvs: testa turrita: strius longitudinalibus elevatis con- ¢ fertis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1238. No. 634. Turbo parvus interdum lacteus, interdum violaceus aut fuscus, costis
longitudinalibus confertus. Parvus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 104. sp. 61.
Ms
Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devonshire, and Guernsey.—
is is a minute and scarce British species; the smallest figures in Be ‘
e annexed plate denote the natural size,
E 3
PLATE XC.
Some specimens are pure white, mein beautifully fei with L purple; and the most perfect white and brow. ‘The mouth is round, surrounded on the outside by a thick prominent - border. It has 1 oJ umbilicus. The shell consists of five spires, gradually tapering to acute point; and separated by a ‘depression. ~The seep cba ribs
are thick and prominent.
* ‘f ° if » ’ é , i mar, ’ a? pe a a er dr a a ar p Pecan ee pte iv aes Gon : rey | o . . + id ; ‘ * : ee ee by. yar \ bie 4 ‘ Be At . bh ; ue ee i ’ i Re an ne aa 4 Ppl a RPA ARC Ai 4 i, f hs ‘ ‘ { ; \ i ' bi)
Leorabgey ade: ‘eB
Z " /
(pag, él ny eae
orm. PEATE . XCT.
MUREX COSTATUS
RIBBED MUREX.
* GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pros duced gutter or canaliculation.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Oblong, spires six, tapering, with eight longitudinal ribs,
Buccinum canaliculatum parvum, anfractibus costis longitudinalibus distinctis. Costatum. Da Costa, Tab. 8. jig. 4-
Murex cosTaTus. Ribbed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 100. tab. 79.
fig. 1.4.
This elegant little shell was first discovered by Mr. Pennant, on the coast of Anglesea, and described under the name of Murex Cos- fatus. In retaining this name it will be proper to observe, that | Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Nature, has another shell
E 4
Da Costa received this s evonshire. Pennant says it i
“e (ht) sobs Tan F
t ? » ave Li 2 hae & > e's ; tied ‘ v ‘ ; 7 m° 7
*
th ee Re ee ae
PLATE XCIl,
: _ MYA TRUNCTATA.
. : ) i TRUNCATED GAPER,
e
; GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia, Shell bivalve, gaping at oneend. ‘The iam r the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not
Sorrel into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER -
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell roundish, one end trunctated or abrupt. Tooth projecting
>
obtuse.
Bir, TRUNCTATA: testa ovata posterius trunctata, cardinis dente
| antrorsum porrecto obtussissimo. Linn. a. Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. I. fig. 6. p. 3217.
Boncha levis, altera tantum parte clusilis, apophysi admodum pro minente lataque predita. List. H. An. Angl. | p. 191, tt. 36. tab. 5. fig. 36. |
yay AN PM i, ie
Common on orany of the British shores. | « + i ABAD COP IMYAE Sor ey ihe ry . ae a oils Hy PEERY ; ey 8 ty Bs Bae g Ha bhi ! \ EY rae . arid ow aloe See We Adee gies ss as (CRE ee Ne w ania PA =e © ae ie) TED ° - TITVASAWO: CITI MGR ] E 2 | Ps, Sea ft Fé)
< ~0
Shion timo ays TO ola AS aae vaabonot Ned bh . , ry ae
z Shieh ewmiiies listen anno sare so) 5 A a ;
-
% 4. Jommieziazatdo ois i rmerenrRe ce | WE 4.8 2 oA A AA ag Js oP worry sevshornbs i imgclqogs Reh fais ig ms iver @ he ae rt a ah Aen. ribet oupenol sseonien
is
A
¥
ee uneee | T
PLATE XCIIL
HELIX TENTACULATA.’
KERNEL, OR OLIVE WATER SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell without umbilicus, sub-conic, five spires. Aperture rather oval.
a
HELIx TENTACULATA: testa imperforata ovata obtusa impura, aper- ture subovata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1249. n. 197. :
Cochlea parva pellucida, operculo testaceo cochleatoque clausa. Lust. HT. Conch. tab. 132. fig. 32.
Cochleola oblonga fluviatilis, common small river snail. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 18. fig. 8.—Small fresh water turbo with five wreaths. Wallis Northumb. p. 370.
Turbo imperforatus parvus subrufus, levis, quinque spirarum. Nu-
cleus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 91. sp. 50.
fnhabits most rivers and stagnant waters, = fe
* , ' a ae | : sl : ‘ f ‘
s* € . A , . ’ a ; « J A « . - 7 i ox . . if ‘ remy me eyo Kas Ne > Sa- s Wc , —: > x * so y _ ya > ™- 4 y at Ra erpcerr ety ee tay ‘ é of ; r - Hake i ’ . r an F sy i] ‘ P « os . kW * * y LA ey ® & ‘ oN 7 p yy q AY ist BR Nhe *
oh va AG, o eee Baia See ee
i “ee 4 + 2 oe
et ¥ A hey)? oa Pi): gt NS Yh
M
res. en
mide 200
A. ua
SueN Ta ties of
onl x a
as Pree Sean
. - | PLATE XcIivVv.
STROMBUS COSTATUS.
RIBBED STROMBUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER:
Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. Aperture dilated, lip ex- -panding, produced into a groove.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER . an
A Li ecvardiine,
_ Shell small, brown, taper, spires swelled, and wrought with pros minent longitudinal ribs.
ombiformis parvus fuscis, anfractibus costis elatis longitudinalibus
insignitis.
DostaTtus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 118. sp. 71. | :
Da Costa, who is the only author that describes this curious shell,
it is found on the coasts of Cornwall. }
. *
5 As
7
1 i cane soft beyond
lode cxotign gian endian det ‘poate
yr
=a! ra
ee ee
yyy (\ Ou “in
PLATE XC¥.
SERPULA VERMICULARIS. COMMON SERPULA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
4 Animal a terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to ’ other bodies, as shells, stones, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell round, cylindrical, or scarcely tapering, curved and wrinkled.
$SrexPvuLa VERMICULARIs: testa tereti subulata curvata rugosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. a Gmel. T. 1. fig. 4. p. 3743. —Dentalium testa cylindracea inzquali flexuosz
contorta. Lin. Fn. Sv. I. p- 380. No. 1328.
ubuli in quibus vermes. Worm Shells. Merret, Pin. p. 194.
‘SERPULA VERMICULARIs. Worm. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 157.
: tab. 91. fig. 159.
Serpulez vermicularis, common. Da Costa Br. Conch. p.18. sp. 9.
—Tab. 2. fig. 5.
_ Thosé shells are extremely frequent on all the British coasts, either
in groupes attached to stones, shells and marine exuviz, or in single
POO. IRN 3 ea a aay "3a : A «tS . ‘ Cara
oy Y
i
7
iletached shells, assuming sometimes the appearance ¢ ‘ rbinat tnivalve. ; PR
f : \ a 3 “) ‘ ws J
werd
The colour is in general white: an elegant variety, deeply ir re with red, as represented in the annexed plate, was dredged u Zz Brighton, and communicated by Mr. P. Munn, of Bondestreet. oy
‘ ’ .
“ar
PLATE XCVI.
TELLINA CORNEA.
HORNY TELLEN.
/
GENERIC CHARACTER,
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER t AND
SYNONYMS.
Subglobose, glabrous, horn colour, with a transverse furrow.
TeciinaA Cornea: concha testa subglobosa glabra cornei coloris : sulco transversali. Zn.
Musculus exiguus, pisi magnitudine, rotundus subflavus, ipsis valva- rum oris albidis. List. H. An. Angl. p. 150. ti. 31. tad. 2, fe, 31. :
Pectunculus fluviatilis nostras nuciformis. Petiv. Mus. p. 86. No. 831. |
Musculus fluviatilis, equilaterus, levis rotundus, pisiformis, ex rubro
flavescens, ipsis valvarum oris albidis. Gualt. J.
Conch. tab. 7. fig. C.
VOL. III. F f
a
a ‘
PLATE XCVL
C. Parvum globosum viride-fuscum. Nux. Da Costa Br. Ys ; V7: (ae Tellina Cornea. Horny. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 36. tab. 49. fig. 39.
‘ 7
| | Da Costa observes, that Linnzus has placed this shell very impto- perly in the Tellina genus, as it does not agree with his own defini- — tion of that genus, and remarks that its habit, shape, convexity, &c. brings it nearer to the Cardium than any other kind.—It still remains — a Tellina in the last edition of the Systema Nature by Gmelin, and q we are not disposed in the present instance to deviate from that —
authority. sad
This, and the Tellina rivalis described by Dr. Maton, in the Lin- ~ nzean Transactions, are very analogous, though evidently two distinct species, as we have before noticed in our description of the latter, : Plate 62.—Tellina Cornea, according to Geoffroy, is a viviparous ani-
mal, and is found in great plenty in most rivers and stagnant waters.
i uA
aye ay '
oo were
>
Peat XCVitL
TELLINA FABULA.
SEMI-STRIATED TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS,
Shell ovate, compressed, inflected, or rather produced at one end. One valve smooth, the other marked with numerous oblique reflected
striz.
TELLINA FABULA: testa ovata compressa inflexa anterius subros- trata: valva altera levi, altera oblique substriata : striis reflexis.—Gronov. Zooph. tab. 13. fig. 9. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. J. p. 6. p. 3239. sp. 61.
We discovered this very unusual species on the sands opposite to
Caldy Island, about two miles beyond Tenby, Pembrokeshire. It is
noticed by Gronovius and Gmelin as a a Norwepil we ] ve shell, and is said to have been found on the coast of De D the late Dr. Pultney ; but has 1 never been before descrit ribed
species. i Vent a :
The smallest figures represent the natural size.
PLATE XCVIII. TELLINA FAUSTA.
GENERIC, CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
4
Somewhat triangular with many obsolete minute transverse striz:
TELLINA FAUSTA: testa subtriangulari, strits transversis minutissi-
mis obsoletis. Tellina fausta. Soland. Ms.—List. Conch. t. 388. f. 235.
An extremely scarce British species, and not mentioned by either :
Penant, or Da Costa.
This shell is generally of a pale cream colour on the outside, and
beautifully tinged with yellow within.
VOL, fll. G
+a era ee a 4 pect So ee ‘
-
— DONO tgs as
PLATE XCE HELIX CONTORTA. THICK RIVER CHEESE SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell thick, umbilicated, flattish. Aperture narrow and crescent-
shaped. :
Hexix ConTortTa: testa subumbilicata plana utrinque zquali: apertura lineari arcuata. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p- 3624.
Planorbis minima crassa Tiney many-circled, thick, river cheese shell. Pettv. Gaz. tab. 92. fig. 8.
Planorbis minima crassa, utrinque umbilicata, anfractibus subde- pressis. Crassa. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 66. sp. 371. Tab. 4. fig. 11.
G2
*
This aquatic snail is rather scarce ; it has been lz Thames, near Greenwich. Petiver says his were found in
_ lets about coin. House, rer ws cy Da Costa mistook this for the Helix comple of inna ‘eet evidently the Helix contorta of that author, who 7
scribes it in the rome Suecica.
s) o ae
PLATE C., SERPULA GRANULATA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to
other bodies, as shells, stones, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell roundish, spiral, glomerate: three elevated ridges on the upper side.
SERPULA GRANULATA: testa tereti spirali glomerata ; latere supe- riore sulcis tribus elevatis. Gmel. Syst. T. Z.— p. 6. p. 37141. sp. 9.
This singular species has not been before noticed as an English Shell. We found it intermixed with Lepas Intertexta on the shell of the common Lobster. Linnzus says it is found in the North Seas
in large masses, adhering to stones, and shells.
Go
-
Nv
we es
a f
ya
4 a> .«
Pik) Ee Cr. MYA DEPRESSA.
DEPRESSED MYA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at oneend. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth,
not inserted into the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Somewhat ovate, anterior part rather wedge-shaped and sloping : a slight depression across the middle ; posterior part roundish, gaping.
Teeth at the hinge crenulated.
Mya Depressa: testa subovata, antice sub-cuneiformi declivi, medio depressa, postice rotundata hiante, cardinis dente
crenulato.
After comparing the numerous kinds of fresh water Myz found in different parts of the kingdom, the conchologist will perhaps be sur- prized at the small number we shall venture to admit as distinct species. The varieties of those Shells seem endless, and it may be
G 4
ve
PLATE: C1.
doubted whether they are not in general indebted to age, accident, of the peculiar qualities of the waters they inhabit, for those variations 12 general appearance that have been too frequently mistaken for cha- racteristic differences of species.
As the Myz' will fall under consideration more fully hereafter, we
shall for the-present confine our remarks to the shell before us, and —
its very analogous kind, the Mya ovata of Dr. Solander. —
This has been considered by some as a mere variety of ovata, and we confess our opinion is still wavering im assigning it a name and character as a new species. The Mya ovata has been lately found in the river Froome in Somersetshire, and likewise in the New River near London. What are usually deemed its varieties are numerous, but none of them can, we believe, be considered as distinct species, except the present, which is certainly the most remote of any, if it is
really a Variety of that species. ‘The Mya ovata, in all its gradations,
seems somewhat more ventricose and ovate in its contour, than this
Shell; and though the variations of the latter are considerable, we have generally observed a slight depression, across the middle, which causes the narrowest end to be rather flattened throughout, and it is also rather more cuneiform or wedge-shaped at this end than Mya ovata: to this we might perhaps add, with some propriety, that the gaping beyond the hinge at the broadest end, 1s wider than
in Mya ovata.
Whether this difference is actually sufficient td form a distinct specific character, and whether it 1s constant in other shells of this kind, still
remains in some degree of uncertainty. Both this and the Mya ovata
inhabit the same waters, for we have seen several specimens from the —
a >
PLATE CL
tiver Froome, where it is known the Mya ovata is also found ; and as to colour, it is no criterion: both kinds are greenish, radiated with yellow, and are more or less vivid in different shells: they are seldom higher in colour than the specimen we have figured ; some are more
of an olive colour, and others are deeply tinged with brown.
PLATE CII, TURBO FONTINALIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
sgmewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell umbilicated, subconic, wreaths ventricose, smooth.
Turso FonTINALIs: testa umbilicata subconica anfractibus ven-
tricosis lzevibus.
Not described by Pennant or Da Costa. Lives in clear fresh waters,
re hee moe 4 CSUPy OVA ERO GG
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PLAT £ °oCiE
TELLINA RIGIDA. |
FLAT AND RIDGED TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally
sloping on one side.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER” AND
SYNONYMS.
Somewhat depressed, subrotund, thick, with numerous transverse — thread-like ridges, and a still deeper longitudinal depression near the
_ posterior end.
TELLINA RIGIDA: testa subdepressa subrotunda crassa transversim confertissime striata, postice longitudinaliter ma- gis depressa.
‘Tellina crassa. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 87. sp. 23?
Pectunculus depressior subrotundus, dense et transversim strigatus. Depressior. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 194. sp. 30, Tab. 13. fig. 4.
Da Costa, whio appears to be the only author that describes this
shell, says he received it from the coaft of Cornwall. ,
PLATE Cll.
_ This is a thick and heavy shell, though rather sides nearly similar, and the beaks almost central.
; specimens are beautifully radiated with pale pink ; the inside is re. markably glossy and finely tinged with yellow, red and orange. ,
18
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ay ;
104 . ' ; a
i ; - é ‘ : , ’ . ] ) | . ) —— a=
a s gles.
Buccinum crassum
E |
#
PLATE CIV.
BUCCINUM UNDATUM.
WAVED, OR COMMON WHELKE,
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Aperture oval, ending in a short canal.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong, coarse, transversely striated, with many curved
BuccINUM UNDATUM: testa oblonga rudi transversim striata; an-
fractibus curvato-multangulis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 3. p. 3492. sp. 93.—F aun. Suec. 2263. ya y rufescens, striatum et undatum. Just. H. An. Angl. p. 156. tit. 2. tab. 3.. fig. 2.—Et Bucc? tenue, leve, striatum et undatum. Jd. p. 157. tit. 3. tab. 3. fig. 3.—Bucc. brevi rostrum tenu- iter striatum, pluribus undatis sinubus distinctum. Last. H. Conch. tab. 962. fig. 14.—Et Bucc. brevi rostrum magnum, tenue, leviter striatum. Ld. tab. 962. fig. 15, 15. a—Id, Exerc. Anat. Alt. p. 68.
PLATE Ci. re
Rough, and our most common whelke. Dale Harw. p. No. 3. 4. Buccinum undatum, waved, Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 90. pl. 13. Buccinum striatum, striated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 91. pl. "4. Beccinum canaliculatum medium vulgare rufescens striatum, pl bus costis undatis distinctum. Vulgare Da Cost Br. Conch. p. 122. sp. 13, tab. 6. fig. 6. 6.
=" — _.
~
This is the common Whelke of English conchologists, and is some= times brought to the markets as an article of food. The brown on are this common sort, for as Linnzus observes, those that are brown fasciated with white or blue are scarce ; the former of those varieties.
1s figured in the annexed plate.
2
Lister, Pennant and other authors have considered the striated va
riety of this Shell as a distinct species; it is certainly destitute of those prominent ribs or knobs which is so conspicuous in this Shell in ge~ neral, but the transitions from the striated kind to those with knobs is SO gradual and easy to be traced that we must coincide with Lin-
naeus and Da Costa who admit them barely as varieties.
= 5 Ps
a
Axe
OM
‘RPuAFE, CV. HELIX LEVIGATA.
SMOOTH SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER-
Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Imperforate, pellucid, roundish, of two wreaths: the first very Jarge, the second small, obtuse, and placed laterally. Heix L2vicaTa: testa imperforata obovata obtusissima pellucida levissima. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. I. p. 6. Pp. 3663. sp. 148. Helix laevigata. Smoothed. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. t. 86. f. 139. Testa M. rar. f.11. Chemn. f. 1590. 9.
A rare Shell, found on the Kentish coast, and on the beach at Stud- land, Dorsetshire. Communicated by the Rev. T. Rackett.
Pennant considers this as a fresh water Shell, saying it inhabits ponds. Gmelin is silent respecting its habitation.
VOL, Ill. H
ns gee jee thm gia
PLATE. €Vk: MACTRA STULTORUM.
RAYED MACTRA. é
\
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth com-
plicated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote.
SPECIFIC ‘CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell semi-transparent, smooth, with faint radiations; within pur- plish. Mactra STULTORUM: testa subdiaphana levi obsolete radiata, intus purpurascente, vulva gibba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. TT. Aepierp: 3258..sp. 11: Pectunculus triquetrus ex flavo radiatus. Last. H. Conch. tab. 251.
jig. 35.
_ Mactra stultorum, Simpleton. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 42. tab. 52. fig. 42.
Trigonella tenuis admodum concava ferrugineo-cinerea radiata. Ra- diata. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 196. sp. 32.— Ram, 12. fig, 3) 3.
HZ
PLATE CVI.
This Shell, we observed in plenty, on the sandy shores of South Wales, and particularly on those of Pembrokeshire. It is also found on the western coasts ; at Highlake in Cheshire, near Liverpool ; at the mouth of the river Mersey; and on the coast of Aberdeenshire
and other shores of Scotland.
The general colour of the outside is a kind of milky white, deli- cately radiated with brown ; within, the young shells are tinged with
reddish brown, the old ones with violet.
—_
ee a
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*
10'7
PLATE CVI.
FIG. I.
CARDIUM ECHINATUM.
- THORNY COCKLE.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Two teeth near the beak; and another remote one, on each side
of the Shell.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND |
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat heart shaped, ribs prominent with a carinated ridge
beset with spines along the middle.
CaRDIUM ECHINATUM: testa subcordata sulcata: costis carinatis aculeatis. Linn. Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. Z. p. 6. p. 3247. sp. 8.
Pectunculus orbicularis fuscus, striis mediis muricatis. Zzst. H. Conch. tab. 324. fig. 161.
Cardium Echinatum. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 38.
Cardium orbiculare, costis circiter viginti echinatis, spinis hamatis. Echinatum. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 176. Lab. 14. fig. 2.
PLATE “YVa.
Dead and worn Shells of this species are found on several of the
British coasts in plenty.
It is an elegant shell though the colours are in general obscure :
within it is white, without of a pale brown sometimes marked with
transverse bands of rust colour.
FIG. IL.
CARDIUM TUBERCULATUM.
TUBERCULATED COCKLE.
SPECIFIC ‘CHARACTER
AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ribs obtuse, knotty, transversely striated.
CARDIUM TUBERCULATUM : testa subcordata: sulcis obtusis no-
dosis transversim striatis. Linn. Gmel. Syst. x
L: pp 6. Dy 2248, sp. AL.
5
a tc
cS
Gmelin mentions several varieties of this species. It has been
sometimes considered as the Cardium rusticum.
Found on the coast of Dorsetshire, is scarce, and not before de- scribed as a British Shell. |
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PLATE CVIII.
MYA DUBIA.
DUBIOUS MYA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not
inserted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND
SYNONYMS.
Shell fragile, brown, bottom widely gaping; rudiment of a tooth in one valve only. Mya Dusia: testa fragili fusca subtus valde hiante valva una eden- tula altera rudimento dentis. -
Mya dubia. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 82. 19.
Pennant, who seems to be the only author that describes this shell,
says it has the rudiment of a tooth within one shell; with an oval
of a Pigleehia « nut.
mouth.
- This Shell is rare, Pennant notes his from the Pi
r, i =
4 £ ’
LINNAN ARRANGEMENT.
Mya margaritifera
Mya declivis
amee= arenaria - =——— ovalis = =—— dubia 2
== truncata
=—— depressa = Tellina fausta - cornea
a————= fabula
rigida Cardium tuberculatum Echinatum Mactra stultorum Venus islandica oe Pranulata
Arca caudata
Mytilus pellucidus Buila resiliens - =——— hydatis Buccinum undatum reticulatum
LN. D-E X
ue)
VOL. IIL.
BIVALVIA: CONCH.
Plate.
Fig.
Strombus costatus Murex costatus = »——— decollatus
_ Trochus cinerarius — ~ Turbo muscorum mae fontinalis a nomen lacteus - Helix vortex - —— pomatia = - — tentacula i a—— levigata | =
2
mae Vivipara - wee CONtOrta = Serpula vermicularis —— granulata - RRO 2 DO ee ade ae
P ; ’ 3 i t - pn de | % — : 7 | ‘ \ . - £ whe , a. 2 > ea! ht ae eh 7 2 a
. | lal on, cividied agit < > f ay manor
.
iNDexX TO. VOL. Tyr
ACCORDING TO
HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM BRITANNIZ or DA COSTA.
PAST vi. GENUS 2.
* MARINE. SEA.
Plate. Fig Srrpu.a vermicularis - ~ ~ 95 PAK. 1. UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA. GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER. Bulla Hydatis a = rd s 83
meee resiliens = e ee as %: 79
ty NyD weeXx.
PAR Teal. ;
UNIVALVIA TURBINATA.
GENUS %. TROCHUS TOP SHELL. |
* MARINZE. SEA.
Plate. Fige ‘Trochus cinerarius (umbilicalis} Sag, sae a "14
GENUS 9. HELIX.
** FLUVIATILES, RIVER.
Helix vortex “ “ = 2 7 75 ame Cassa: © =? a 3 det 99
GENUS 10. COCHLEA SNATLS.
* TERRESTRES. LAND.
Cochlea pomatia * - Ds e Sq
Cachlea vivipara e « « ° ° 87
MARINE. SEA.
Cochlea levigata. an aie i ys 105 «
EN DEX.
GENUS 11. TURBO.
* TERRESTRES. LAND... Plate. Fig.
Turbo muscorum = - - x - Te)
——«- parvus (lacteus) - - - - - go ** FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
Tuybo Nucleus (tentaculata) 2 - oh 3h 93
fontinalis - = - = - 102
GENUS 13. BUCCINA CANALICULATA. GUTTERED WHELKS.
* MARINE. SEA. .
Buccinum vulgare s - 2 104
=———— costatum >
GENUS 14. BUCCINA RECURVIROSTRA. WRY-MOUTHED
WHELKS. Buccinum reticulatum - > 2 - 76 LS SS ee a US ee ORDER 2. BIVALVES,
GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKLE.
* FLUVIATILES, RIVER.
Cardium nvux x - -
}
4 MARINAE, SEA. Mi wre: eK a poe) f y Pr ivr - e B | = .
Cardium Echinatum,
\
Liane AOE ial SH RAL aes Gah, . * ia : f % a 4
‘ ‘nf
_ GENUS 7. PECTUNCULUS..
bo
Oa MARINE.
YA Pectunculus crassus = ee depressior =
?
x
GENUS 8. TRIGONELLA.
MARINZE. SEA.
ws
. Trigonella radiata —
GENUS 12. MYA.
* FLUVIATILES. RIVER.
Mya margaritifera a te, = 4 om arnearia se =i seh li —— truncata
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III.
ARENARIA, Mya a
Caudata, Arca -
Cinerarius, Trochus -
Contorta, Helix > Cornea, Tellina - Costatus, Murex 2 Strombus
Declivis, Mya > i Decollatus, Murex - Depressa Mya = - Dubia Mya > - Echinatum, Cardium > Fabula, Tellina - Fausta, Tellina > Fontinalis, Turbo = Granulata, Venus - — Serpulg - Hydatis, Bulla * Islandica, Venus a
Lacteus, Turbo « Levigata, Helix = Margaritifera, Mya - Mufcorum, Turbo ” Ovalis, Mya - Pellucidus, Mytilus = Pomatia Helix m Resiliens, Bulla - Reticulatum, Buccinum Rigida, Tellina -
Plate. 35 78 74
99 96 ro 94 $2 $6 IOKr 108
107
102
~ YOO
105
Fig:
[eeu . tt
Stultorum, Mactra
Tentaculata, Helix = == ae. 4 _, Truncata, Mya me -l' Vuela aie Paes beh)” --— "Puberculatum, Cardium + hi ee c in
Vermicularis, Serpula ° - "1 etal - Vivipara, Helix ne ee Vortex, Helix ° iS i Sane Undatum, Buccinum s 2 a oh At
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