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NWINOSHLINS S3IYVEYEII_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAT a ) Fe n z ee ee) = x = ye = ae z anal "aes = “= ) = e. = a a Oy m7) w ae a O ¥ < oO Zz E Zz ane = > , = > = 2) = n ma 77) . 2 a LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILILILSN) NVINOSHLIW Z2 iJ z Li) z . bs z =. ph pp > : Z oN “ff 2 WAC a YY a WL 3 a Up : 2 N a —p Py > x Division of Mollnske — Sectional Library — a4 st if THE — Gnd NATURAL HISTORY BRITISH SHELLS, | ke Division of Mollusks Sectional Librory FIGURES anv DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN, SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER, WITH SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH. Se VOL, 1 =<3204$ DE Q]r0e By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S. AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &c. &c. ———===>tO-s: = oS S492 e—_ LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AND FOR % F. AND C. RIVINGTON, No 62, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD; BY BYE AND LAW, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, GLERKENWELL, 2a = 1302. ire \ ET tai « Nit’ a Oy nes Dey, at y ‘ee pei i Fy ie. Bh Ve epg oe 0 a Wn ‘ r 1 eae rc z > 4 4 4 ee EE EE ae ery matter thy, THE NATURAL HISTORY or BRITISH SHELLS. PEAT © Cr: MUREX CARINATUS. CARINATED MUREX. GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. ‘The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat produced gutter or canaliculation. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND ; SYNONYMS. Tail patulous: Shell oblong, of six spires, with two smooth spiral ridges; first spire ventricose. Aperture semi-circular. Murex CaRINATUs: testa patulo-subcaudata oblonga: anfractibus sex levibus bicarinatis; primo ventricoso, apertura semicirculari. A 2 PLAT £ ai. Murex carinatus, angulated. With five or six spires, the body ven- tricose: the spites rising into angulated ridges. The aperture semicircular. Length near four inches. From the Portland Cabinet. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. p. 123. sp. 96. ‘The shell figured in. the annexed Plate is unique; it formerly be- longed to the late Duchess of Portland, by whose permission Mr. Pennant described it in the British Zoology. This author has given two figures of it, one in Plate 77, and the other in the Frontispiece of the fourth volume. The existence of this species being only proved by a solitary speci- men, various conjectures have arisen amongst Conchologists respecting it. Some have been inclined to admit it as an undoubted species, and others as a mere accidental variety of growth of the Linnean Murex Antiquus. How far we may be authorized to abide by the former opinion must rest with the critical Naturalist. To argue that it cannot be a distinct species, because only one shell of the kind has been hitherto found, is absurd : since the ex- istence of many other species has been asserted upon the evidence of a single specimen only, and its relation to Murex antiquus 1s not so obvious as might be at first imagined. It certainly approaches it in the general onilme, but the ridges of Murex Antiquus is most com- pletely raised into tubercules, whereas those of Carinatus are per- fectiy smooth and even, nor is there that strict correspondence in the angulations of the contour in general that should induce us to consider it a vatiety of Murex Carinatus. DSI \ PLATE CIX. In deciding a question of some moment to the English Concho- logist, it has been thought advisable to give an additional Plate of Murex Antiquus, by which the difference between the two shells may be more easily discriminated. We must however observe, that the Jatter is not absolutely known as a British shell ; it is a native of the North Seas, and has been supposed ‘to inhabit some of the remote northern islands of the British dominions. ‘The Murex Antiguus of Pennant is a very different shell, and by no means allied to that of Linnzus, whose name it bears. Tt is now uncertain from what part of our coast the Duchess of Portland received this shell; Pennant is silent in this respect, but we cannot dispute that her Grace received it as a British shell, since it was inserted upon her authority in the British Zoology. 110 Siti es ae PLA Peo CX. SOLEN MARGINATUS. MARGINATED RAZOR SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. ‘At the hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in the opposite shell. Animal an ascidia. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell straight, of equal depth, a single tooth in each valve. SoLEN MARGINATUs: testa lineari recta marginata, valvulis un-_ dentatis. Solen Vagina, Sheath, Penn. Br. Zool. p. 83. No. 21, Some Conchologists imagine that Da Costa has confounded this species with his Solen Siliqua, but it is more probable that he had never met with it, or the character of the teeth at the hinge could not have escaped his notice. In its general appearance it is not un- like Solen Siliqua, but has one end marginated, and only a single A4 \ tooth ; in each valve ; on the contrary Solen Siliqua yeh: one valve, and one in the other; the single one b tween the two others when the shell is shut. This is very scarce. Pennant says it inhabits Red Wharf, / —This is not Solen Vagina of Linnzus, as Pennant describes it. OM oe NL Py. ; ; y M \ ) m Shee Von pia t+ pre #9 “Tt Fe iste q three oe PLATE. CX. TROCHUS TERRESTRIS. LAND TOP SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell conic, aperture nearly triangular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Rather conic, whitish, with a spiral brown streak along the middle of the wreaths. - TrocHus TERRESTRIS: testa subconica albida anfractibus linea media fusca. } Trochus Terrestris, Land. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 108. tab. 80. fig. 108. Trochus Terrestris tertius. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 36. C. Pennant describes this new British species of Land ‘Trochus -upon the authority of Mr. Hudson, who discovered it upon the Mountains of Cumberland. Da Costa therefore places it as a distinct species, but “expresses some doubt whether it may not be the same Land Trochus as Dr. Lister found in the moss at the roots of the large trees in Burwell woods, in Lincolnshire, and to which the shell found by Mr. Morton, in Morsley wood, Northamptonshire, bears great afhnity. Dr. Lister’s shell had six or seven wreaths, and Mr. Mor- ton’s only five. Mort, Northampt. ch.'1. p. 415. oy SO PLAT WORT. TURBO DUPLICATUS. TWO RIDGED SCREW SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax: Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell slender, with two sharp prominent spiral ridges. Turso DupLicaTus: spire anfractibus carinis duabus_ acutis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3607. sp. 79. Buccinum crassum, duobus acutis, & inaqualiter altis striis in singulis duodecim minimum spiris donatum. An. Buc- cinum striatum coamve Fab. Columne? Lust H. An. Angl. p. 160. tit. 7. tab. 3. fig. 7. Turbo duplicatus, doubled. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 112. tab. 81. fig. 112. Strombiformis major rubro lutescens aut pullus : anfractibus duabus carinis sive striis acutis insignitis. Bicarinatus. s. Torcular. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 110. 44.— Lob. 6. fig. 5. : PLATE (xi. This species is admitted as a British shell upon the authority of Dr. Lister, who says he had purchased them of the Scarborough fishermen. Dr. Lister had not seen any of them alive, and concludes it must be a pelagian shell, or one of those which live far from the shores. As Pennant had inserted this species in his British Zoology, upon this authority, Da Costa was unwilling to omit it in his Bretesh Conchology, yet he observes, that it is not improbable Dr. Lister was imposed upon by the fishermen, for the shell is generally believed to be anative of the Kast-Indies ; some consider it asa West-Indian, and others as an European species. ‘ ‘ . a PLATE. CXIIL. MYTILUS ANATINUS. SMALL HORSE MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. e The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oval, rather compressed, brittie, margin membranaceous, beaks decorticated. Mytiztus ANATINUs: testa ovali compressiuscula fragilissima mar- gine membranceo, natibus decorticatis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3355. sp. 16. Musculus latus, testa admodum tenui, ex fusco viridescens, interdum rufescens, &c. List. 7. An. dngl. p. 146. tit. 29. tab. 2. fig. 29: Musculus tenuis minor latiusculus. dpp. 7. dn. Angl. p. 10. tit. 30. tab. 1. fig. 2.—App. H. An. Angl. im Gadd; p.. V3) tit; 30. tab: }. fig. 2. Mytuli majores 4 nostratibus. Horse muscles. Jerret. Pin. p. 193. _ Mytilus anatinus Duck. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 79. tab. 68. gD. Mytilus fluviatilis minor. Anatinus, Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 215. ~ sp. 41. tab. 15. fig. 2. PLATE’ Cyan. This species bears much resemblance to Mytilus Cygneus, but differs in being only about half the size, is more compressed and oblong, of a clearer green colour, and the cartilage side extending in a straight line to an acute angle, likea fin, and thence continuing in an oblique line towards the bottom, where it is rounded.—Ex-_ tremely common in rivers and stagnant waters. Pennant’s shell is much broader in proportion than our specimens, o > “PveeR PLATE €XIV. SOLEN ANTIQUATUS. ANTIQUATED SOLEN, OR RAZOR SHELL, GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong ; open at both ends. At the hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double; not inserted in the opposite shell. Animal an Ascidia. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. vi Oval oblong, semipellucid, lower margin sinuous in the middle. Soren CHAMA-SOLEN : testa ovali-oblonga subpellucida, sinuosa, Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 238. sp. 62. Chama angustior, ex altera parte sinuosa.. List. H. Conch. tab, 421, fig. 265. Solen Cultellus, Kidney. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 25. tab. 46. fig. 25. SE This is perhaps the rarest species of the Solen genus found upon the British coasts, and as Pennant observes, seems to connect the Solen with the Mya genera. It borders on the Chama of Da Costa, ae aaa Hi idhice. a! Pennant has mistaken this for a very distinct shell, described 7 Linnzus, under the name of Solen Cultellus. . J en = . s 1 a 2 . t ¥: iS ~ -_ mS Ae P “2 t « 5 ! x ¢ ees . y - 3 ~ = % i - = % a: * . > bes y ‘s x = aa a *~ > t sy . ’ , me > > - ; vs 3 : : = ‘ : a 4 G =] . = F i . “ 2 * 4 ‘ = . ™ z 4 “ a me ac « M s = ‘ . * ‘| ® * ~ - - ’ * - : - c - = . ° 4 . * o . ¥ x ne * Z ’ » ~ ‘ - =) e ae . S he ~~ 3 - _ Y * ; ‘ ee a ye < oo ; y eA ~ J - . a 1 - . ‘ 5 ay f » ' os . - * ye o ty ~ : 4 5 or » a . . = = } : ‘ ’ hy = ” > » Ny . * ‘onl Bh abs: st Ae Ada * 4 ha | q » Y | f “- ; ‘ y { » r t > ‘ ~ ~ * —_— ~< te uf & a ¢ ¥ ‘ 5 bet rt 4 ah ? ae aE eer PLATE 6xw VENUS CANCELLATA. ‘ ‘ MEMBRANACEOUS VENUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Somewhat heart shaped with remote transverse membranaceous ridges ; a cordiform depression on the slope under the beaks. Venus CANCELLATA: testze striis transversis membranaceis remotis, Anocordato. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3270. sp. 8. Pectunculus strigis transversis remotis, acutis, membranaccis, donatus : Membranaceous. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 193. sp. 29. tab. 13. fig. 4. right hand. mite. , _ Da Costa described this shell from a specimen in the collection of the late Dr. Fothergill. It is from the Western coast. The shell figured by Pennant, No. 48. A. Pl. 48, as a Worn _ shell of Venus Erycina, is probably of this species ; for it seems en- tirely destitute of the longitudinal undulations that decussate ‘the. transverse ridges in Venus Erycina. L. Iv. B Baa oe Ay, he i . " eed fg ¥ ‘ yt =" 7 ee ro a > . PLA 1, BO XVI. OSTREA LINEATA. LINEATED SCALLOP. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. The hinge without a tooth, having a small oval cavity. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Valves nearly equal, thin: one white, the other marked with a single purple line down each rib. OsTREA LINEATA: testa subzquivalvi tenui, valva una alba, alte- rius singulis costis linea purpurascenti. Pectunculus, mediocris, fere zequivalvis, tenuis, valva una alba, altera vero cum linea purpurascente in summitate una- quzque coste. Lineatus. Da Costa Br. Conch, p 141. sp. MT ah: v0. fig. 8. ONE This elegant shell seems to be described only by Da Costa; he says he was informed it had been fished up about Weymouth, in Dor- setshire, but had only seen it from Cornwall. We have it from the coast of Devonshire also, from which it appears an inhabitant of the _ western coast in general, though it is very rarely met with. are teh Rae Won A er A baie naa pheclhe Mt ie ee es ee ps 4 « PEATE -GAVIE., | " PHOLAS STRIATA. STRIATED PIDDOCK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with several lesser valves at the hinge. The hinges folded back and con- nected by a cartilage. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell ovate, with numerous striz. PHOLAS STRIATA: testa ovata multifarium striata. Gmel. Linn. | Syst. p. 3215. sp. 3. Act. Angl. 55. t. 1. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 Gualt. Test. t. 105. F. Extremely rare asa British species, and not noticed by either Pennant or Da Costa. In the collection of the Rey. T. Rackett. VOL. IV. Cc : ‘ t a Ss 7, My i ; be ‘ F ay . i on t ata ; a y hy i . 7 ed 4 pe ia ae ah A “ i oy y ig, ye P } ! Grn rd i oH A feta: r ¥ - ; , Das U y J 4 ein \ « Pia? oe y . bigs iT / iy ia Z Pa “ * se OF a , x £" : i i i ; ¥ y r a 2 y ,* : 7 : . « \ me a hk an Te y i / x 7 ' " me - ‘ 5 Pes ‘ . i ra © . ns , . f @ t ys j b Pi Re x . ™ & Be ore . . i) ‘ z ve ee ' § . ‘ Be 43 ed ’ , ; o 4: we ‘ ¢ j a i “ ae . F a) < 7 \ é sy ' y ty ; i . j ‘ 7 ~ - ; om : ‘ . é 3 ‘ a4 \y i “ \ a ‘ - ! t ; ¢ , = “ 4 Bien ot hates ‘ 14 } ‘ i i ASH ue ” x * n ‘ " ‘ 4 bow 1 : i } te we ‘ - “i ; y ; nis ' wy 4 ») fl 7 if > t A 4 \ oe as ; ¥ F , Me, at. 4 -~ : i ‘ ve! ‘ s * ¢ M 7 : St 5 P R/ 5 Pe t X , } wae uae é : ae + . } eo v . . - t 4 # ? > hue i — ia sili Hi ” bee f a 2% xs ts - -.. # © ° ; F 4 P 2 a hia ee 2 : <- - 9 - . G . ve LO Spe Vi \ JER , al cease »* ° 1) ee . ci ve i PLATE. CXXE VENUS UNDATA. WAVED VENUS. GENERIC CHARACTER, Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER ; AND SYNONYMS. Shell orbiculated, convex, thin, transversely marked with very fine striz, and waved at the margin. Venus UnpatTa: testa orbiculata convexa tenui transversim subti- | lissime striata margine undata. Venus Unpata, waved.—With thin, convex, orbiculated shells, of a white colour, tinged with yellow, and marked with thin concentric strig ; waved at the edges. Penn. Brit. Zool, 4. sp. 51. —————————————Ee There can be no doubt that the shell figured and defcribed by Pennant in the fourth volume of his British Zoology, No, 51, is of D4 Shell; the EN of our specimens shine of the size the annexed Plate. This is ‘Venus lactea of Some cabinets, a ¢ sufficien pressive of its colour, but having been before called Undata by Pennant, we thought i it best to retain the neme he had given it. i ThA: fy ta vy ey AG eee ails Se % I hhc) are bah) AY iy, iy Me ve i 2 ¥ / ” ; ‘ rae ty thee oe ; ry \ iv) ! aL V4 i } %y iA 4 tS . ‘ : ay Ai? A ‘ 1 i K + . ; - a a fa it ne 7 “e t ey “is * y y : A 1 u ‘ ray ri ty A a ‘ Ay La eae as » . pethate y i ’ y 4 . ” be , y j ‘ - PLATE CXXIL. MYA OVATA. QVATE MYA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an afcidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth, not -inferted in the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell oblong-ovate; posterior part roundish, and very slightly gaping ; first tooth at the hinge crenulated. MYA OVATA: testa oblonge-ovata, postice rotundata vix hiante, car- dinis dente primario crenulato. —————————— This is the Shell alluded to in the description of Plate 101, under the name of Mya ovata. The difference between it and Mya depressa, 2s before observed, seems to consist in the present being more ovate, ° and not depressed across the middle: nor is the gaping at the broadest end so considerable as in the other. These, we have already remarked, inhabit the same waters as Mya _ depessa, viz. in the New River, near London, and the Froome in : Ces is a thick, ettng oat ah colour, and radiated. —The acnalleat Gove, in t brown coloured specimen of, Mya | « a Mik neon est ot Fee sipedl f va 4 ayia tet Pes BDL ks Y pentd i PLATE CXXIII. TELLINA INZQUISTRIATA. UNEQUALLY-STRIATED TELLEN. GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _ Shell ovate, compressed and rather flattish, rosy, very finely striated transversely: the strize fewer and larger at the anterior end. TELLINA INEZQUISTRIATA: testa ovata compresso-planiuscula rosea subtilissime transversim striata: striis anterius paucioribus majoribusque. TT TS ST ET PL Oe A very rare species of Tellina communicated to Da Costa after his Conchology was published, and therefore not noticed in that work. | It has been found by the late Dr. Pulteney we believe on the coast of Dorsetshire. Bre Om > a aa 7 = 5 » . ~~ ° 7 = > ~y & - 2 > A » * < a = é - - = . , ee 2 F . ~ ' ¥ e x : - fs : x y - ~ aa > ‘3 7 . om a ~ ’ is . al * > 3 - > 2 uf » “ a 3 = + - han . = ‘ ~ sn “ — =e i aia one ~ PLATE. CXXIV. FIG. I. CARDIUM EDULE. COMMON COCKLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Two teeth near the beak; and another remote one, on each side of the shell. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell antiquated: about twenty-six grooves, with obsolete recurved scales. CARDIUM EDULE: testa antiquata; sulcis viginti sex obsolete re- curvato imbricatis. Zannu—Gmel. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3252. sp. 20. fe PeeruncuULUs vuLGARIs, albidus, subrotundus, circiter viginti-sex striis majusculis at planioribus donatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 180. sp. 19. ‘Cardium Edule, Edible Cockle. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 41. tab. 50. fig. 41. | iiddaal PLATE CXXIV. The Common Cockle is abundant on alt sandy shores : they lur in the sand, and their hiding-place is known by a little round depressed spot upon the surface. Cockles are in season from autumn till spring: they are a wholesome and palatable food; and thofe from Selfea, ~ near Chichester, are esteemed the most delicious in England. - These Shells vary a little both in shape and colour: the two fpe- cimens figured on the annexed Plate differ, one being more orbicular than the other. They are generally whitish, sometimes they have a blueish, and sometimes a yellowish tint. FIG. IL. CARDIUM RUSTICUM:? SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell antiquated, with about twenty remote grooves: the interftices rugged. CARDIUM RUSTICUM: testa antiquata: sulcis viginti remotis; in- ” terstitiis rugesis. Gmelin, T.1. p. 6. p. 3252. spi'232 —_——_ Notwithstanding the endless variations to which the shells of the common Cockle are liable, this appears too remote to be admitted as" one of them. It passes for Cardium rusticum with some concholo- gifts, and though it may not strictly agree with that specific descrip-— tion of Gmelin, it approaches nearer to it than to edule. That author PLATE CXXIv. notices the affinity rusticum bears to the other species ; but observes » that the grooves are deeper and the ribs fewer, and more convex in rusticum : he remarks also that the latter has a ridge on the anterior _ margin when the valves are closed, and a narrow depressure behind the beaks, ‘‘ ano evidente, sed angusto,”’ which is not in the other. The grooves in our Shell are not so deep as “ sulcis profundioribus”’ implies, but they are both deeper and wider than in the common sort; the ribs are rather more convex also, fewer in number, and rugged, as Gmelin describes it——The colour exactly corresponds : he says it is sometimes ferruginous, with livid bands and sometimes white, with the anterior part fuscous: another variety of it is white, fasciated with a ferruginous yellowish or blueish colour. : nw i ie q Ne Bisa i ‘ Tyga ie Oia : a ; \ is nea erat 7) ‘ VTS ry a . Me A ho i PAR OS an ea PRATE “CARY: a MACTRA GLAUCA. GLAUCOUS MACTRA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys, Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli- cated, with a little groove on each side; lateral teeth remote. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell ovate, sordid white with brown (or glaucous) rays: very finely ftriated transversely, and wrinkled on the anterior end. Mactra Giauca: testa ovata sordide alba glauco radiata sub- tilissime transversim striata anterius rugosa. Gmel. T.1.p. 6. p. 3260. fp. 20. Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 23. f. 232, 233. . This is a new species as a British shell; and the conchologist is indebted to Miss Pocock for the discovery of it on our coaft. The attention with which this lady has honoured the science has not been rewarded by this new species only: we have been favoured with several others, besides many rare kinds that have been found by VOL, IV. ¥E PLATE CXXV. her on different parts of the sea-coast, and especially on that of Cornwall, as will appear hereafter. A few shells of the species before us were met with by her in the summer of 1801, on Hale sands under Lelant in that county, and it is said by the country people they are at times found on that coaft in some plenty, | Though hitherto unknown as a British shell, it has been before discovered in the Mediterranean sea; for there can be no hesitation in admitting it to be the shell figured by Chemnitz, as above quoted. Gmelin refers to the two figures in that Work, No. 232, and 223, for his species glauca; and the description corresponds in general with them, though not exactly in the colour of the rays.—Gmelin has another species of Mactra, grandis, which we at first suspected to be the same as our shell, It agrees precisely in the colour of the rays, but from the figure in Chemmnitz’s work, quoted by Gmelin for that species, these rays, it appears, are far more minute, than in our shell, and are also decussated by others in a concentric direction ; we~the outline of the latter 1s also different. “4 aay ek PLATE. “GA XY t, MACTRA SUBTRUNCTA. SUBTRUNCATED MACTRA, GENERIC CHARACTER. Animala Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth complicated, with a little groove on each side: lateral teeth remote. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat triangular, whitish, smooth, subtruncated on each side. MACTRA SUBTRUNCATA: testa subtriangularis, albescens, levis lateribus subtruncatis. Trigonella albescens levis, lateribus subtruncatis. Subtruncata. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 198. No. 34. A thick, strong, and heavy shell, of a somewhat triangular shape, and much flattened on each side, obliquely from the beaks: the valves rather convex, the beaks pointed strong, and turned inwards. E 2 The colour is pale or whitish, ise it is externally m merous fine concentric striz. a 1 1 r | Received: from Hampshire and Devonshire ; but not ¢ Found in a fossil state in the sand pits at Woolwich. & Wr ‘ : oe) j AES: b > is 7 y P 4 Fy y a Ta ATA AT a ¥ oie af | . - ea ae i p ba ten ee Pi ‘“ a M oe | ear a4 ie Viterrngca ey kd Rehm Pe tr Bu § Bi Sey wT" a ur " 7 | | | | a _# .* 4 “ PR NRE IT 5 I Oi a ere ‘inns Hie a y Bt ae : Ts: ; ie *< #4 4 : Ma, ra otis By ce : 7 Se Pe aa j PLATE. CXXVvIl. TROCHUS PAPILLOSUS. SHAGREENED TOP SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Pyramidal, umbilicated, red; whorls with several rows of minute granulations. Trocuus PapiLtosus: pyramidalis umbilicatus ruber, series papil~ larum donatus. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 38. No. 20. | Cul de lampe a flammes longitudinales, alternatives blanches et rou~ — ges, a stries granuleuses et umbilique: et cul de Jampe marbré de blanc et de rouge, 4 stries cir- culaires granuleuses et tuberculeuses. D? Avila, cab. 1. 9. 127, 128. Da Costa acquaints us that he received “ some few of these shells, from Cornwall (in a great quantity of others, natives of that coast) by an intelligent gentleman of veracity and curiosity ; but” adds that E3 PLATE CXXVIIL. writer, * must own I have never met with this species since on any other British coasts.” We have since seen it among parcels of shells from the Mediterranean, and also find that it has been discovered by the late Dr. Pultney, on the North shore, Poole ; and at Weymouth.. The specific character of the Gmelinian Trochus Granatum, seems to accord very neatly with our shell *, but it is about twice the size, and inhabits the Southern Ocean ; and it is certainly more pro- bable, as some conchologists have suggested, that it is the varzety of Trochus Zizyphinus, described by Linnzus in the Mus. Regine, as being “ tota pallida, anfractibus basi gibbis, striatis, subtitissime punctis papilloris.”” It differs from Zizyphinus in having the anfrac- tus a little rounded, and the wreaths being encircled with granulated spiralridges. ‘The name Da Costa has already given it, is very ap~ plicable ; and as it has undoubtedly escaped the notice of Gmelin, there can be no impropriety in retaining it.—It is evidently one of the rarest British species of the Trochus genus. * Testa pyramidali alba coccineo varia basi subconvexa; spirz anfractibus convexis; eingulis granorum moniformibus, primis duobus maximis. Gel. 3584. sp. 108. ¥ fs ; J cod Cis 4 o" Be < - as pis (25 1) Obey * "} NY] Ag) A Ah » F : { . ‘ faa, < - a ») i Lae y + Te Fe oh S a . 9g di adiaath tet tat br eae hae a p J ¢ theo he er i Ue 1. a¥ rials a Paty ty an rime ' 4 *y mr a 4 ¥ 7 , sia | | pene . . vt ‘i : # ‘ * ; ‘ Pa. (ies. Say ta Pate er ae sea eS ak 2 , . ‘ 4 - : ¥ r ra > : i‘ f es if a we i / - a bd * ‘ i % . a ce % i t , Pol ss =: > = ee en } i ; Y ) Paes td ee ; 4 A if wv. y - iy yy i B yf ; , fd : . a " ; BY \ ‘ } i ye if if “ i ¥ ley 2 Ae . { v4 + ; . ; ) z. A ," a: “ Ww tae Ag * ‘ ie =, | ~ Cae } * ‘i x . é , 4 2 »| v vs : ‘ t ae ; ma ; i3 Ag ‘ ye tt e i. 9 iv j jo © - o@ + * _ me *- + « Bo dg ‘ | * i | ee ft ‘ro + p A fae " 13 kk : ‘ PLATE CXXVHUI. HGeusL. MYTILUS EDULIS. COMMON MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER, The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow, - SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell smoothish, violet: valves slightly carinated in front, retuse behind ; beaks pointed. MyTILus EDULIs: testa leviuscula violacea: valvis anterius sub- carinatis posterius retusis, natibus acuminatis, Fn. Seuc. 2156. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1, p. 6. p. 3353. Sp. 11. Mytilus vulgaris. Musculus vulgaris sublevis ex czruleo niger. Common Muscle. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 216. fp. 48. Myrtitus Epvuuis, Edible. Penn. Brit. Zool. T. 4. p. 110. fp. 73. E 4 PLATE CXXVII. Few species of the shell tribe are more generally diffused through- out the European and Indian seas than the Mytilus edulis; and few indeed exhibit such an infinite number of varieties, differing in size, in form, and colour; but which the critical Conchologist will yet perceive cannot with propriety be assigned to any other species. On the Plate annexed to this description, one shell of the shape more uniformly prevalent is figured in its natural state, and another, which, having been divested of the epidermis, displays a beautiful variety of regular purple stripes: an appearance very common in the uncoated shells, and in some sorts observable even when the epi- : dermis is upon them. ‘The upper and lower figures are of two shells, which, we are inclined to think, differ too widely from the common kind to be considered as a variety: the outline appears at the first sight obviously dissimilar ; and the characters in general seem to mark most decidedly another species. They are both worn shells, but which we have compared with perfect specimens of My- tilus ungulatus, and apprehend there can be no doubt that they belong to that species. Within the tropics, the common Muscle is known to attain a much larger size than in northern climates. They are found in im- mense beds, and adhere to other substances, or to one another, by means of a beard of a strong and silky texture, which the fish throws out. The Muscle affords a rich and palatable food; though they are not deemed wholesome by many people, who after eating them are sometimes afflicted with: great swellings and convulsive motions, with eruptive blotches, shortness of breath, and even with delirium, These dreadful effects are usually attributed to some malignant poison _ in the little pea crab which is occasionally found in the Muscle, and Holy os Pag PLATE CXXVIIL. 4. . may be accidentally eaten with it: others think it is in consequence of swallowing the silky byssus, or beard ; and again many deem the Muscle itself poisonous. It is, however, pretty generally agreed, that they affect some constitutions more than others, and that much depends on the state of the body at the time of eating them. The disorder may be cured, or at least its malignity mitigated, by ad- ministering to the affected person a spoonful of vinegar: some re- ‘commend sweet oil, or salt and water. Da Costa observes that su- dorifics, vomits, oils, &c. are the usual remedies; and the Dutch give two spoon’s-full of oil, and one of lemon-juice ; or, in defect of that, a little more vinegar, well shaken together, and swallowed immediately. The Muscle is the prey of many kinds of fishes, and other crea- tures that inhabit the sea. On the coast of Greenland, Fabricius te'ls us, they are so abundant, that the dogs and ravens commonly feed on them; as do also the white game, (Ptarmigan) Eider Duck, and many others. The seed-pearls found in the shell of the Muscle was formerly in some esteem, for medicinal purposes: these, it is well known, are the effects of a disease in the fish, analogous to the stone in the human body. Mr. Pennant informs us, that the finest Muscles on the English coasts (where they are found in great abundance) are those called Hambleton Hookers, from a village in the county of Lancashire. They are taken out of the sea, and placed in the river Wier, within reach of the tide, where they grow very fat and delicious, “PLATE CXXVIt. FIG. II. IL. MYTILUS UNGULATUS. CLAWED MUSCLE, SPECIFIC CHARACTER q AND 4 SYNONYMS, ; ; | Shell smooth, somewhat curved: posterior margin inflected: hinge terminal, bidentated. — } MyTILUs UNGULATUs: testa levi subcurvata: margine posteriori 4 inflexo, cardine terminali bidentato. Zinn.— 4 Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3354, Sp. 12. oa PR BC FRO . \ Several shells of this kind were picked up by Miss Pocock, on the 4 coast of Cornwall. It was before known as an inhabitant of the © Mediterranean, but not as a British species, Fie. If. 11.—Upper and lower Figures. rm" ‘ 4 & a | ¥ : * s i 1 ; ¥ P abs | Ta aa, | Oo | ie ‘ by. : \ hy 1 Te Ree 4 AG \ Re ye y 1 \ : he i a \ \ P fe ; « a n i ’ 4 j . 5 eh) i ey 6 { \ : i ; Ami tek ri ' ¥. ' 5 ‘ Nba! wma t ar . ¥ i t 1 re? 4 Mii ae | 4h, Wha te. hir4e > Wr OE a PLATE CXXIX, PATELLA ALBIDA. WHITISH CHAMBERED PAP-SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Limax: shell univalve, sub-conic without spire, SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell fragile, entire, subrotund, whitish ; vertex somewhat central g r and slightly pointed ; lip within lateral. PATELLA ALBIDA: testa fragilis integerrima subrotunda albida vertice subcentrali submucronato, labio interio laterali. RET STE IETS This rare and nondescript species of Patella was found on the coast of Cornwall, and communicated by the lady who favoured us with Mactra glauca, and Mytilus ungulatus. It differs from any of ‘the described British shells of this genus, in having an inner lip or chamber, such as’ is observed in several of the exotic kinds, belonging to the first section of the genus in Gmelin’s arrangement; ‘* Labiate s. labio interno instructz, testa integra.” {t is an exquisitely delicate shell, and remarkably brittle: there is a specimen of this shell in the collection of William Pilkington, Esq; Whitehall, | TIES A ‘ALLS * Oe te Mi ner ey eng: PLATE CXAXA, VENUS BOREALIS. NORTHERN VENUS. P GENERIC CHARACTER, ‘Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks, SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Shell lentiform, with very remote transverse, erect, membranaceous striz. Venus BorEALIs: testa lentiformi: striis transversis membranaceis erectis remotissimis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3285. sp. 17. i This is a scarce, or very local shell on the British coasts, and seems to agree with the description of the Linnean Venus borealis. The species was unknown to Da Costa, and is different from that which Mr. Penant describes under the same name. PLATE CXR. a ae We first discovered it on the coast of South Wales ; ate that time have received it from Miss Pocock, by whom it was on the coasts of Cornwall in some plenty. (31 . J PLATE CXXXI. HELIX HORTENSIS. GARDEN SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell imperforate, globose; spotted and fasciated with brown: lip - white. “Hexix Hortensts: testa imperforata globosa: labro albo. Mull. Zool. Dan.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T.1. p. 6. : p. 3649. sp. 109. /Cochlea vulgaris fusca, maculata & fasciata. Vuncaris. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 712. sp. 39. ‘Helix Hortensis. Garden Snail. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 129. tab. $4. fig. 129. 3 Hewix Lucorum. Jinn. ee ——————— The Common Garden Snail is, we think, without doubt, the Helix ucorum of Linnens, and most other writers. Gmelin calls it hore PLATE CXRRI tensis, and defines the specific character of lucorum to be “ te: imperforata subrotunda levi fasciata : apertura oblongo fusca.” more generally inhabits the southern parts of Europe; is larger, a whiter than hortensis ; and the lip is brown. This is a most variable species in its colours and markings, and may still be doubted whether hortensis and lucorum be perfectl distinct. They have certainly been confounded by almost eve Conchologist. t On the manners of a creature which is so generally known, a the Common Garden Snail, it is surely needless to enlarge: its modé of courtship is, however, so curiously related, that it should not en tirely escape remark ; and were it not attested by writers of the first” authority, with the reader, we might be guilty of no small degree of scepticism, as to believing it. Each of these animals, it seems, are furnished, ata certain season, with a number of little pointed darts, which are contained within a cavity on the right sidé of the neck. When the Snails approach within two or three inches of each other, a scene of hostility is observed ta com mence: each discharging at, its antagonist these darts, with con- siderable force, at the other; this battle continues till the reservoir be exhausted of these offensive weapons, and then a perfect re conciliation takes place between them. ‘The eggs are about the size of peas, and perfectly round. Snails are used with success in some consumptive cases, and an excellent cement, to fasten china, may be made of the saliva, or hu mours, mixed with quick lime and white of eggs, according to PLATE CXXXI. Lister, &c. It feeds on all kinds of vegetables and fruits, and is con- sequently very destructive in orchards and gardens.. Snails couple about May or June. VOL, Iv. F Mm - ay | TWH ohh nected by a cartilage. f PLATE CXXXII. " PHOLAS CANDIDA. WHITE PIDDOCK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with several lesser valves at the hinge. ‘The hinges folded back and con- \ SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Shell oblong, muricated with striz crossing each other. Puoitas CANDIDA: testa oblonga undique striis decussatis muricata. ~ Mus. Lud. Ulr. 469. n. 1.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. | Jat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3215. sp. 4. Pholas tenuis candidus ovatus decussatim striatus. Candidus. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 246. sp. 66. Concha candida, dupliciter striata et veluti aculeata. Lust. H. An. Angl. p. 193. tit. 39, tab. 5. fig. 39.—Pholas alter. App. H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 37. tab. 2. fig. 4 and 6.—Pholas parvusasper. JZ, onch. tab, 435. fig, 278. | Pholas latus; short Pierce-stone or Pholade. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 79. fig. 11. Pholas candidus. Penn. Brit, Lool. T.4. No, 11. tab, 39. fig. 11. Bese (hians of Dr. Solander) i in not f Oe J , * ‘ & i _ . ~~ @ fs ‘ ~ yy r 4 ‘“ ys a4 x » 4 + 3 Y . aes .f ck Ge par eek Hn 3 i Wal ells bares #3 a thy “i f ‘ vin i Py arg SM AN ee ay el ik , . ; ; i eg bs a anal | ¥ ) 1 4 ee ey we: i! a Ya tc " ti ‘ = ” | teat at ¥ SS ~ a r ; ¥% " ’ Ke? ee, ” : , i A | i i “ : i ? ‘ 9 . ty ' | | ‘ “ ore es t 4 : | ‘ 4 , x | ve ony, ari ‘ ns a : et vAte tA fs y , % oP ae ae iP \ i! i ‘ 3 ye ‘ bd a % j 4 / ed My | ? x Mi | , j By f 4 y i , BOER he ‘ . \ : A ‘ ft 9) ee ‘ r, ; A i f | ; Tt | ia " A s 4 . ¥ cs . ? iw a the eee bz i at : my | a a Ee ee . PLATE CXXXII. SABELLA TUBIFORMIS. , STRAIGHT TUBE SABELLA, OR SAND SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. ~ Animal a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula © behind the head. Shell tubular, and composed chiefly of sand, agglu- tinated to 2 membranaceous tube. »* -SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND ° SYNONYMS, Shell solitary, simple, tube-shaped, straight 3 gradually tapering ; and composed of brownish sand. SABELLA TUBIFORMISs: testa solitaria simplici tubiformi recta sen- sim attenuata: granis arenaceis fuscis. SABELLA GRANULATA. Jinn. 1268 ?—Martini, 4. t. 4. 28 ? SABELLA TUBIFORMIs. TuBE SABELLA. Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. sp. 163. SrrAicuT SaBeLLa. Pult. Hist. Dorset. The Sabella tubiformis of Perinant is believed by some concholo- gists to be the same species as Linnzeus namés granulata, but this must certainly admit of doubt: the latter, from the description, ap- VOL. IV. G PLATE CXXXII. i pears to be slightly incurvated, whilst Pennant’s shell is perfectly | straight ; a difference, perhaps, sufficient to constitute two distinct i species. artint figures a kind of Sabella, which he considers as the S. granulata of Linnzus, and in that figure the curvature at the nairowest end is very apparent: with Martini we consider that as the true Sabella granulata of Linnzus, and not having observed the same character in any Of those shvlle that have occurred to notice on our own coasts, have thought it most adviseable to retain the name Mr. Pennant had previously given it. Ginelin seems to be under some doubts respecting this shell, for he entirely omits the Linnzan granulata among the species of this genus.—Sabella Belgica of Gmelin, which some have conjectured to be the 8. tubiformus of Pennant, is undoubtedly different, ac- cordiag to Klein and Martini. Our shell is of an elegant form and remarkably delicate: it con- sists of two coatings, the mner one of which is composed entirely _ of grains of sand, and the outer one of sand intermixed with little fragments of shells. ‘This kind is local: it is supposed to inhabit deep waters only, and is sometimes found upon the shore after a high sea. wR ©9 ™~ SREP. SPs > PLATE CXXXIV. CHAMA COR. TRE .. (Sa wt PS HEART-SHAPED CHAMA. GENERIC CHARACTER. _ Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, and rather coarse. Hinge with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted into an oblique hollow : ante- rior slope closed. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. - ) Shell subrotund, and smooth: beaks recurved: anterior slope ; gaping. Cama Cor: testa subrotunda levi: natibus recurvatis rima hiante. . Mus. Lud. Ulr. 516. n.88.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. ¢ § T.1. p. 6. p. 3299. sp. 1. cr TE SDDS TUE _ Asan inhabitant of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and Caspian sea, this curious shell has been long since known; but as a British species has not been before described. It was discovered several years ago in the seas about the islands in the North ‘of Scotland, by Mr, _Agneu, Gardener to the late Duchess of Portland; and since that G2 eae PLATE Xxx, » Custom-house, London. ff It is a delicate shell, A a ed prekenial in ‘ile natural size. By some it is called the Bull’s-heart Cockle, b improperly, because it cannot be Litena sim in any manner « Cardium genus. ani x Ke a nf ‘ ns i ‘ wh, f j +h al ay £ iat a a BA) 4 aha See wed 4.* NEY ye a PLATE CXXXV. ARCA LACTEA. MILKY-WHITE ARK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, valves equal. Teeth of the hinge numerous, and inserted between each ther. SPECIFIC CHARACTER Pp AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat rhombic, with obsolete, decussated striz, and _ diaphanous. : ARCA LACTEA: testa subrhomboidea obsolete decussatim striata diaphana. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat..7T. 1. p. 6. p. 3309. sp. 15. é _ ARCA LACTEA: testa subrhomboidea obsolete decussatim striata diaphana, natibus recufvis, margine crenulato. | Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1141. No. 173. Pectunculus exiguus albus, admodum tenuiter striatas. List. A. ( Conch. tab. 235. fig. 69. | “Mytulus Garnseie albus, parvus tenuiter cancellatus. Petw. Gaz. tab. 713. fig. 1. G3 PLATE CXXXV. Arca. Parva alba cancellata. Lactea.. Da Costa Brit. Conch. | p. VT. sp. 14. ) ; Arca crinitTa. Soland. Mus. Portland. Pultney. Nat. Hist. Dorsets. There does certainly exist among conchologists a strange dis- — cordance of opinion, respecting the species. of Arca before us: some believing it to be the very shell which Linnzus described under the name of facfea, and others maintaining the contrary. Dr. Solander, and Dr. Pultney, were persuaded that Linnzus intended a shell in some particulars not unlike this, but specifically different : the same shell in fact which Lister figures No. 67, in his Conchology. The opinions of two such respectable naturalists deserve every considera- tion, but however we may be disposed to abide by their authority in some instances, we cannot, for the following reasons, assent to it in the present. Dr. Pultney premises his description by naming this species Arca crinita, a name which it appears Dr. Solander had previously given to it, in his catalogue of the Portland Museum: he observes very justly, that it is the 4. darbata of Pennant, but not the barbata of Linneus: refers to Da Costa’s figure, Plate 11, fig. 5; and calls it in English the Harry ArK-sHELL. His description is in these words, *¢ A small oblong subrhomboidal shell: in its recent state covered with a brown epidermis. Underneath the shell is minutely striated in the longitudinal direction ; commonly not much. larger. i than a horse-bean. I found one on the North shore at Poole, more : than half an inch long, and sevén-eights wide. It js said to be more frequent on the shores of Guernsey island; but is very rare on “e . PLATE CXXXV. our coasts. This shell has commonly been described as the 4, lactea of Linnzus; but that shell is much larger, aad is strongly striated in a reticulated manner.”’ In the first place, this does not so clearly agree with the Linnean description as might be expected. In the early editions of the Systema Nature, Linnzus expressly describes his shell as being of a subs thombic forin, with obsolete decussating striz, diaphanous, with re- curved beaks, and crenulated margin; and the only alteration in the specific character to the last edition of that work, by Gmedin, is, that the beaks and margins are not méntioned. It hence is evident that Dr. Pultney is mistaken in the Linnzan Jactea, when he says it is strongly striated in a reticulated manner ; for Linnzus exactly de- scribes it as having the reticulating strie obsolete; and notwith- standing that the longitudinal striz in the shell found on our coast are rather prominent in some specimens, they far more frequently appear altogether obsolete, and are decussated by fine transverse stria, precisely as Linnzus mentions. There is another circumstance. equally remarkable, Linnzeus exactly tells us his Zactea is the size of a horse-bean, and Dr. Pultney, after observing that his British shell ertmita “‘ are commonly not much larger than a horse-bean,”’ adds, that the dactea of Linnzus is “ much larger.” That there may have been some erroneous references among authors to the two shells figured by Lister, No. 67 and 69, of which we are not aware, is not impossible, but Gmelin refers to Last. Conch. 69. A. T. Guernsey, for the Linnzan lactea, and that shell clearly corresponds both with our specimen, and the shell described by Linnzus, pectunculus exiguus albus admodum tenuiter striatis, List.——Petiver is equally satisfactory, Mytilus Garnseiz 6 4 PLATE CXXXV: ~ y albus, parvus tenuiter cancellata.’ Da Costa is not so very clear, nor 4 is his figure expressive, because it represents the transverse ridges too 7 : prominent. Chemnitz gives a larger specimen of it than any we q ‘have seen; and notwithstanding his references to Da Costa and ~ others, may not be of the same species. The shell figured by Lister, No. 67, which seems to have occasioned the confusion before alluded to, it should be observed, is described by Gmelin, in these . words: testa subrhomboidea decussatim striata alba: natibus approxi- matis, vulva cordata, Arca reticulata. ~ Fence it is presumed the shell found on our coast ought still to be considered as the Arca lactea of Linnzus, and that the shell — which is strongly striated in a reticulated manner, and sO amuch larger; and has been hitherto regarded by some as that species, was never ~described, or ean noticed by Linnzus. Nothing can be more evident than that this is the opinion of his editor Gmelin, both from his references to the figures of lactea, and by his giving a new name and character to that very shell in Lister which i has been mistaken for it, and which he conceived Linnzcus had omitted. ‘This kind is generally considered as an inhabitant of Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. (oes PLATE. CXXXVI. “* HELIX ARBUSTORUM. SINGLE-STREAK SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated. | SPECIFIC CHARACTER. _ Shell umbilicated, convex, aperture somewhat orbicular, lip reflected, with a single dark spiral band. Hextix ARBUsTORUM: testa umbilicata convexa acuminata, aper- tura suborbiculari bimarginata : antice elongata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1245. No. 680. Cochlea testa utrinque convexa subcinerea : fascia solitaria grisea, labro reflexo. Luann. F'n. Suec.1. p. 370, No. me 1295. Il No. 2184. Cochlea maculata, unica fascia pulla, angustioreque, per medium an- fractus, insignita. ast. HZ. dn. Angl. p. 119. tit. 4. tab. 2. fig. 4. | Cochlea subflava maculata atque unica fascia castanei coloris per me- | dium anfractus, insignita. PAil. Trans.- No. 105. fig. 4. PLATE CXXXVI. Cochlea subumbilicata, maculata, unica fascia angusta, per medium anfractus insignita. UNIFASCIATA, single streak, — Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p.’15. sp. 40. Helis arbustorum. Shrub. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 130. tab. 85. fig. 130. | Like the two species of Helices, nemoralis and hortensis, this shell varies exceedingly in its colours and markings in different shells ; but ~ the single narrow spiral band very uniformly distinguishes it from any other. According to Lister and Petiver, it is found in shady hedges, and is frequent in rushy, moist, or marshy meadows. Da Costa says, it 1s also found in coppices and shrubberies; but, from his own observations, it is not a common kind: we have seen it in woods, though not often. Tt may deserve remark, that this sheil is generally found empty. Muller accounts for this, by acquainting us, that the animal is the prey of young Newts. Sometimes when the animal is living, the shell is of a light chesnut colour, finely marbled, mottled, or-other- wise variegated, with a deep chocolate coloured brown. ™~™ 8] ~s PLATE CXXXVI. OSTREA JACOBAA. PILGRIM OYSTER, OR SCALLOP. GENERIC CHARACTER. . Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, with the valves mostly unequal and slightly eared. Hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and in general lateral transverse furrows. ‘SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shells with fourteen angular and longitudinally striated rays. -OsTREA JAcoB#A: teste radiis quatuordecim angulatis longitudi- naliter striatis.. Leonn.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. $316. sp. 2.. Pecten magnus inzquivalvis operculo fubrufo, fornix vero albus costis angulatis et canaliculatis. Jacobeus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 143. sp. 2. P. Jacopzus Lesser. Penn. Brit. Zool, No. 62. tab. 60. fig. 62. This large and handsome kind of Scallop is rare on the English coasts: in the Mediterranean it is more frequent, and from that PLATE CXXXVInT that circumstance, is supposed to be the same species as was formerly worn by pilgrims, who visited the holy-land. Da Costa received it from Scarborough in Yorkshire, and also from the coasts of Cornwall q and Dorsetshire. Dr. Pultney remarks, that it is rare on the Dorset- — shire coast, but has been fished up at Weymouth and at Poole. The upper valve is of a reddish brown, flat; and rather depressed at the beak : the depression is generally white, and mottled, er other- a wise marked with brown, or dusky red; and often with prettily dis- posed marks, resembling the heads of arrows. The under valve is usually white, or faintly tinged with brown, and has the rays re- ‘markably prominent and angular; a character by which it may be easily distinguished from the Common Scallop, Ostrea maxima, which greatly resembles it, but in which the rays are rounded. A geal ye i ¢ ye" 1% et PLATE .CXXXVIIL. “me VOLUTA TRIPLICATA. THREE PLAITED VOLUTE. GENERIC. CHARACTER. > Animal Limax. Shell spiral, narrow, without a beak : columella or pular, twisted or plaited. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell ovate, smooth and brown: spire rather pointed: whorls six: pillar with three plaits. - VoLUTA TRIPLICATA : testa ovata levi brunnea, spira acutiuscula : anfractibus sex, columella triplicata. Turbo sex anfractibus apertura ovali bidentata. Walker. Test. min. rar. fig. 50? a cE A ER EG LN This curious little Volute has not we believe been entice figured or described by any Author. In its general appearance it approaches pretty nearly to the shell figured by Walker, as above quoted ; but _ if the same, that writer has certainly described it with no very great degree of accuracy ; for he speaks only of two plaits, or teeth in the PLATE CXXXVIIL aperture, and calls it the double-toothed Turbo ; although from its _ plaited pillar, it is evidently a Volute : and the third plait, which with — the two others, characterize the species, is obviously too large to have been overlooked... Da Costa, we are persuaded, thought they were both the same, for in a A/S. note attached to this shell in his collec- tion, he says, ‘ This sheli is figured by Walker,” and certainly no figure in the volume of that Author corresponds with it, except that to which we refer above. Walker speaks of his shell as being very common on the roots of rushes, in marshes, near Faversham: The habitat of our shell we have not been able to ascertain, having never found it in a living state. = PLATE CXXXIX, SABELLA ALVEOLATA. HONEY-COMB SABELLA, OR SAND SHELL, GENERIC CHARACTER,» _. Animal a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head. Shell tubular, and composed chiefly of sand, agglu- tinated to a membranaceous tube. . | % ’ SPECIFIC CHARACTER. AND wd SYNONYMS. Composite, consisting of numerous parallel tubes, with somewhat funnel-shaped aperture. SABELLA ALVEOLATA: testa composita concamerationibus nume- rosis: aperturis sub-infundibuliformibus. | SABELLA ALVEOLATA: testa composita concamerationibus nume~ rosis poro communicantibus. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T.1. p. 6. p. 3749. Sp. 3. SABELLA ALVEOLATA, Honey-coms. Penn. Brit. Zool. Vol. 4. p- 147. sp. 162.—Llls Coral, p. 90. ¢t. 36. PLATE CXXXIX. bitant only of low rocky shores, that lie within reach of the tide at} high water ; and although it is composed entirely of broken shells and | sea sand; and those apparently very slightly agglutinated by the ani- J mals that form and inhabit it, in its native element it acquires a con- | siderable comparative degree of tenacity from the saline particles with — which it is impregnated, and is capable of resisting the reiterated | dashing of the waves without material injury. _ Inthe more sheltered crevices of the rocks, where the animal has ample scope to expand its sandy dwelling secure from mutilation, the upper surface of a mass of these shells has a very elegant appearance ; the whole being beautifully foliated with the single or bipartite funnnel- shaped lip, which each animal forms at the opening of his cell. ‘This appearance is represented in the plate subjoined, and is a circumstance the more deserving attention, because ithas entirely cstaped the notice of Mr. Pennant, and perhaps of every other Naturalist, except Mr. Ellis ; who in his History of Corals, figures it with a foliated surface, under the title of Tubularia arenosa anglica, from a specimen brought from Dieppe. The latter does not however agree precisely in figure with any that have occurred to our notice. Mr. Pennant evidently represents | a poor mutilated fragment, in which the openings of the cells are shewn like so many rounded perforations, in a somewhat uneven sur- face, and is just as it appears in masses on the sea-beach, that have | been trodden under-foot ; or pieces that have been much worn, ang ~ thrown loose upon the shore. | .. These-shells are three or four inches in length, and where they are i found are generally abundant, but they seem to be very local. Mr. 4 ‘Pennant says it is found on the Western coasts of Anglesea, near Cric- XN PLATE CXXXIX. ceth in Caernarvonshire, and near Yarmouth. We have seen it on other parts of the sea coast of North Wales, and in equal plenty on those of South Wales likewise. On the coast of Dorsetshire, according to Dr. Pultney, fragments are found very frequently, but none very perfect. In the History of that County the following ac- count is given of it.—** GREGARIOUs SABELLA. ‘This is composed of a mass of fine sand, and particles of broken and finely comminuted shells, aggregated by vermiform animals of the Nereis genus, each lodged in its separate tube close to, but not interfering with each other, All the tubes end in orifices on the upper or the same surface. I but once saw a mass of this kind, about the size of a large apple, on the beach, a mile east of Weymouth ; but I suspect it is not very un- common, as fragments are very frequent.”’ YOL. Iv, co 5 <1 ~ Ra 27 ie vie aie? 9 Saat > a —s “ay * a, ach? eee br 2 ” ‘ “, a oe? gD . a , PRAY Be OAL: MACTRA HIANS. GAPING, OR OBLONG MACTRA. GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve: valves equal; sides unequal : middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow : lateral teeth remote and inserted into each other. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell oblong, rather arcuated, coarse, gaping anteriorly, and the hinge placed very far back. MAcTRA HIANS; testa oblonga sub-arcuata rudi anticé hiante, car- dine subterminali. | MactTRA HIANS. Soland. Mus. Port. Da Costa and some other Conchologists have very erroneously been led to conclude, that this, and Mactra lutraria, are the same species, although they differ in almost every particular. ‘The pre- sent shell is much wider in proportion to the length than WZ. lutraria ; and of a more incurvated shape: it is also a thicker and coarser shell; and has the hinge placed much further back than in the other species. Dr. Solander, who described it in the catalogue of the Portland Museum, gave it the specific name of hians, from its ten H 2 PLATS). markable gaping at the anterior end, and a name so applicable we thought it best to retain. . The cicatrix of the animal, in this kind, is different from that of — M. lutraria, a circumstance that has not escaped the observation of : Dr. Pultney. ‘This author tells us, the Mactra hians is thrown up ‘in considerable quantities on all the smooth beaches he has seen on the coast of Dorsetshire, particularly on the North shore at Poole, opposite Branksea isle ; and that he has also seen it on the beaches at _ —s Studland, Swanage, and Weymouth. We have observed it, but : not in abundance, on other sea-coasts. PLATE CXLL MYTILUS RUGOSUS. RUGGED MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER, The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell rhombic oval, rugged, obtuse at the ends and antiquated. ' MyTILus ruGosvus: testa rhomboideo-ovali rugosa obtusa antiquata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1156. No. 249. Pholas noster, sive concha intra lapidem quendam cretaceum degens. Dints fh An; Angle p. VUI29. tt 2h, tab. 4. fig 2i. Mytilus parvus rhomboidea-ovalis, subalbescens, rugosus. Rugosus, Rugged, Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 223. sp. 52. The Mytilus rugosus is rather a rare species on our coasts. Lister notes it from Hartlepool in Durham, and Da Costa says on the coast of Yorkshire, about Scarborough, Whitby, &c. It is found in incre- dible abundance, niched or burrowed, in the rocks of lime-stone, &c, H 3 PLATE CXLI. In habit and manners of life this species greatly resembles the | yi lades, each forming for itself a separate apartment within the hard 4 clay, or solid stone: this it pierces when young, and afterwards con- tinues to enlarge the cell as it increases in bulk, without widening the aperture ; so that when full grown, the shell cannot easily be taken whole out of the cell, without breaking the stone in which it is contained, This shell may perhaps be arranged with equal propriety with the Myz as the Mytili, notwithstanding that it is admitted among the latter by most collectors. oy ay ta tie if if we i mi 4a shi iP, oe re wer (W oh ik Ghia be fs ® i a “re 2 : a * eee : «fie meen “Fy ; pr “ RG Wah ve 4 ‘ , / } ¥! , ve ae dean yh ek ‘ ay h rows hee ae aed ‘ othe § ‘ ee i) < Se ala sy i pu* ' e \ f wv ¥ a ‘ > f ’ * * f ' g/t en saa i r £ ; ; ; : fut ‘ Ry I : ¢ h - y : i 4 4 {iby oh ee aM 4 ia Mae ve / . f 4 ? ' q i, ' f. : * ’ 5 4 ! if 4 ‘ : y i . ’ — 5 = = » . * . * r 4 « ¥ 2 7 i A\ . : ° v .~~ ‘ ~* if . * P y f A iy i, oi : t to . . S ‘ 4 : airman i ¥ > i , 4 ’ Ws is ¢ . \ bia r ; ‘ . a 4 ’ a ' e A re Birr rat Ps : ‘ i bbidtics , 7 re ~ . > ‘ y 4 q J ¥ — : j 4 * ; ** 54 i t 4 5 ‘ : y ey ' a 3 Nel Reet y rt : # i ns , ¥ i , me ie - if Z , “a d Fix gf hs yoy ‘ : : q 2 phe : r y . : cy , yy ~ » - A ea . a ' vs) ¥ y 1 F r 7, P 4, = : r , » , Fis i PLATE CXLIII. BULLA PATULA. PATULOUS BULLA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, suboval: aper- ture oblong. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND ror) SYNONYMS. Shell ovate, smooth, and somewhat beaked at both ends; that at the base produced and sub-umbilicated : lip entire. BULLA PATULA: testa ovata levi sub-birostri : basi productiori sub- umbilicata, labro integro. Butta PATULA. Open. B. with one one end much produced and * fuciform. ‘The aperture very patulous. Penn. Brit. Zool. V.4, p. 117. sp. 85. Pennant seems to be the only author who has noticed this species. Da Costa imagined, from the description given by that author, that it was of the same kind as that which he inserted in his British eee 4 fy PLATE CXULIIL Conchology, under the name of Bulla, the Bubble (Aperta, Linn.) and refers to the figure in the work of Pennant accordingly ; but in this instance he was much mistaken, for the two shells are per- fectly distinct ; and it appears certain, that the shell described by Da © Costa was as much unknown to Pennant, as that of Pennant was to Da Costa. The shell of the latter is figured in Plate 120 of this work, and the true Bulla patula of the other is figured in the Plate annexed. 3 \ This we apprehend to be one of the rarest of the British shells hitherto discovered ; Pennant notes it from Weymouth, and refers for his specimen to the Portland Cabinet: our shell is from Wey- mouth likewise. \ PLATE CXLIV. NERITA NITIDA. GLOSSY NERIT. GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal Limax. | Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, and rather flat beneath : aperture semi-orbicular, or semi-lunar : pillar lip transverse truncated and flattish. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell smooth, white, and glossy: spire rather pointed: umbilicus half closed. NerRiTA NITIDA testa levi nivea nitida: spira sub-mucronata um- bilico semi-clauso. Among the reserved shells intended by Da Costa for a second edi- tion of his Conchology, we find two specimens of this species of Nerita, with a WS. memorandum, importing that he had received. one of them from Mr. Church, and that the other was in his posses- sion before. On this vague authority, we did not think it incumbent to insert the shell in the present Work, especially since its habitat was bast 4 Nes ee a mie AOA a i i not mentioned ; but the same kind was diocoveaah in Jast summer, upon the coast of Scotland, near Cc 2 Macleay, Esq. and we can no 9 longer, ani insert it doubted British species. . eS : ¥ In the annexed plate it is represented of the atari size. We remarkable little shell, and i is not to the best of 0 our knowledge, # tioned in the work of any author. Coie ae a ae ce ve M . Mp ar “I / nt, - 'p , | 4 S y } as J ie ie ot Ty Ais, 4 A mo ; FxaS a ay shad Rts ibe wh a; 4 i ok oie 4% LN DDE X VOL. IV. LINNHAN ARRANGEMENT. * MULTIVALVIAs Plate. F ige Puotas dactylus, (Da Costa) - Ny - 118 candida * > = ein) LES ees Striata - _ = = 117 BIVALVIA. CONCHE. Mya ovata + - = - - 122 —— glycymeris - > = - = 142 Solen marginatus - - = - - 110 antiquatus - - - - - ‘114 Tellina inzequistriata - - - = 123 Cardium edule - - - - - 124 I rusticum ? - 5) ~ - 124 Mactra glauca - “ 5 - - 125 hians - - > » - 140 — subtruncata - “ = - 126 Venus cancellata - ° - = ni 115 undata - - - ~ - 125 -—— borealis - - - - - 130 Chama cor - - - - - 134 Arca lactea - . - » - 135 Ostrea Jacobea ~ - - = > 137 lineata - * . e . 116 Mytilus edulis -ungulatus HS Wi r itd ’ lS ae 1 ew s _ — anatinus © \ - sy ; ; wip ) Mi -- "4 ee itt ere rugosus = _) } ~ - im 24 y i) as S : iY bh ; HM H ie 4p ey UNIVALVIA. Bulla aperta - ech Nal eal nat | oi) -—— cylindrica - st ph hh ———— patula - - a ohh Volutatriplicata = ae - ~ Murex carinatus « eisahy _ a si antiquus - - = Bs we EB are Hest, Trochus papillogag - 6 2 alk “ ae 9, SRE et eo x {h : PCY (in Ga oe a women ferrestris Ps = ae is oe ER eee cont ie Turbo duplicatus - nae i Sve = _ Helix hortensis (Aspersa Guel 2) oo. mayo - w———— arbustorum - | - i : ay Wiitanitida,) 2) a | , ae Patella albida - bia ye Sabella alveolata =~. Se hs a a an A A ca f bin ( women tubIformis = = a a Bad) Ny ve elias yates hak be INDEX TO VOL. IV. ACCORDING TO HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM BRITANNIE or DA COSTA. Pm ier. UNIVALVA NON TURBINATA. GENUS I. PATELLA. LIMPET, FLITHER, OR PAP SHELL. Plate. Paretya albida = - - - 129 BAR Ti. UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA. GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER. Bulla aperta (Bulla Da Costa) > > - 120 =— cylindfica (Penn.) - - - r 120 —— patula (Penn.) . : - - 143 Fig. UNIVALVIA TURBINATA. i ony Se ‘ fo ; 4 tai S x a GENUS 7. TROCHUS. THE TOP. \ ei ne . AS eal a TERRESTRES. LAND. Plate. ° Figs e e oR Trochus terrestris ~ - es aig Ae rg we re Be : 4 ‘ . “ +” _ a ne * MARINZE. SEA, 7 Trochus papillosus - . 4 4% 5% Gagne ibe Y x a ' GENUS 10. COCHLEA SNAILS. * TERRESTRES. LAND. 4 Cochlea vulgaris = - i) Rae Eanes 13% wee unfaciata fe “ = - 3136 ‘ £ e ‘ eowry_@ be % ie P GENUS 12. STROMBIFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL. ' * MARINA. SEA. e > . ‘eh lyenat ~Strombiformis bicarinatus = - - - oS ; we wn saltie Ae a ‘ ®. P | ORDER 2. cane he ee BIVALVES. GENUS 1. PECTEN ESCALLOP. a Pecten Jacobeus eo m - Nt Oi ie oweeers lincatus = sa i ahh tp ). Sw Rea Flee INDE X, GENUS 5. ARCA, ARKS, OR BOATS, ® MARINZ®. SEA. Plate. Fi if Arca lactea (Da Costa) ° 2 e * 435 GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKLE: *MARINZE. SEA. Cardium vulgare - = = 2 124, a rusticum ? OS - = = 324 GENUS Ill. MYTILUS MUSCLE. ® FLUVIATILES, RIVER. r Mytilus Anatinus - * MARINZE SEA. Mytilus vulgaris - - ° 728 2 —— ungulatus - PART IIL GENUS 13. CHAMA GAPERS. * MARINZE. SEA. Chama magna (hians. Solander) « - VOL. ty. t = 140 Oy Nay Dey Be ae GENUS 14. SOLEN. Solen marginatus ane Chama-Solen Pholas dactylus | candida omcamee Striata oS oo SHEATH OR. RAZOR SHELL. PART IV. MULTIVALVES. GENUS 16. PHOLAS PIDDOCKS. Plate. Fig. IIo 114 1x8 132 317 ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. IV. Plate. Fig: ALBIDA Patella ss = - iN ~ - 129 alveolata, Sabella - 7 a ai 5 139 anatinus, Mytilus - - > a a 113 antiquatus, Solen . = - = - 114 antiquus, Murex » - - - . a19 aperta, Bulla lies - ° - - 120 I arbustorum, Helix - - - ~ - 136 borealis, Venus - > - = - 130 cancellata, Venus = - - - - 115 candida, Pholas_ - - > - - 132 carinatus, Murex = - > - ° 109 cor, Chama o = : e o_ foal 134 cylindrica, Bulla - = - - - 12000 dactylus, Pholas - - - « - «118 duplicatus, Turbo - ~ - > - 112 edule, Cardium . - - - = 124 I edulis, Mytilus - - - - - 128 z glauca, Mactra . = - - - 125 glycymeris, Mya_ - 2 « . - 142 hians, Mactra - - * - - 140 hortensis, Helix - — - - - eae 131 inzquistriata, Tellina - - - = 523 Jacobza, Ostrea > ~ - - “ 137 lactea, Arca - = - oY - 135 lineata, Ostrea - as Spe Ny > . 116 marginatus, Solen_ - . - - - 110 nitida, Nerita > - - - = 144 ovata, Mya « = - * > 322 papillosus, Trochus - Pee Pe mye 127 patula, Bulla ’ - = > = 143 rugosus, Mytilus rusticum, Cardium @triata, Pholas - subtruncata, Mactra terrestris, Trochus triplicata, Voluta — tubiformis, Sabella undata, Venus ° ungulatus, Mytilus A i We Phen A 1) / mie \ J t ai Wi ae ‘ metals iP iy), - « ey wy ae 1) ’ ‘ pee fe | r; ee a ‘ay i af . i ru , | { i ' Y ; ra WY NITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS INSTITUTION Saiuvualy INSTITUTION SaINVUuI- Saluvualt SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN : a i a » Ce = faa , pr. oc Ke rc 8] = es Zu i 4 wi ie a Ee o Te un _ Z q JINOSHLINS S3IYVvy9tI SMITHSONIAN | 2) z ~” z 2) = Laie Ss < ES o “Z = = 5 2 a om os oO ei wn O° wo a w Oo % 2 om O 7 oO Z = Z Ee 4 oi > , , 2 ent 3 wa il NITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI saiyvugli_ Z eh Zz Peg tae ah a 4 vie LA aa oc ( ff; oo | = rm x ° = Wag 5 a SX 2 : A YS ra 0 Wr 2 a | NITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS S31YVY S17. < ‘ 2 it < = %, q rs \ = m= = 2 Sa FZ 3E D8 E Av 2 E Z. 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