r Kl Ki •i»LioTHeeK ' * NATOUBi-lJKE HISTCRie LEIOCH ^.TIONAAL NATUU«H.ST0R.SCH MUBCO- IN' |\« |\/' 7 7496 00020150 7 BIBLIOTHEEK NATIONAAL NATUURMISTORISCH MUSEUM PosTbu« 9517 2300 RA L«1den N«d«rLand ^ THE NATURALIST’S LMRARY. A \ ^ ^ .-^ / ■•'■^ /gs<^' • S' I # I S AiVlLPlfl'ii . fcr7h''Xcii7iniksts lif-'TYirr. THE VSl!i.M2. Stag’ or Ked Deer. Enr\DFRc.n W.H.LIZARS. LOBDOIC ‘v\Ml’EL HIGHLEY 32. FLEET STREET. tU BUN. VV.CrRRY.Il'.V*' .VC? f- i i i I NATURALIST’S LIBRARY MAMMALIA. VOL. III. R U M I N A N T I A. PART I. liY SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BART. F. R. S. E., F. L. S.. &c. &c. EDINBURGH : W. H. LIZARS, 3 ST JAMES’ SQUARE ; S. HIGHLEY, 32 FLEET STREET, LONDON ; AND \V. CURRY JUN. & CO. DUBLIN. 1835 . EDINBURGH, PRINTED BY NEILD & CO. OLD FISHMARKBT. THE NATURAL HISTORY OP THE RUMINATING ANIMALS, containing DEER, ANTELOPES, CAMELS, &c. ILLUSTRATED BV THIRTY-FIVE PLATES ; WITH MEMOIR AND PORTRAIT OP CAJIPER. PART r. BY SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BART. T t R. s, Jli,, F. l, &c. &c* EDINBURGH: W. H. LIZARS, 3 ST JAMES’ SQUARE ; S- HIGHLEY, 32 FLEET STREET, LONDON ; AND W, CURRY JUN, & CO. DUBLIN. 1835 . RDINBURGR, PRINTISD BY NEILL & 00. OLD FISHMARKBT. ADVERTISEMENT, Amongst the volumes in preparation, we are glad to have it in our power to announce one on the or- dinary Cetacea as well as the herbivorous kinds, with the most noted of the Amphibia Nantes, including, besides the Natural History of the Whalebone and Spermaceti Whales, the Grampus, Dolphins, Por- poises, the Dugongs or prototypes of the Mermaids, &c., the Seals and Walrus or Sea-Horse, an account of the capture of these animals in both hemispheres, with the dangers attendant upon this hazardous em- ployment. Every one is aware of the importance and interest of this subject to the zoologist, and we hope to render it equally so to the general reader, especially by means of the Illustrations, in which we shall not fail to introduce portions of Arctic scenery, together with the suitable accessaries of icebergs, and the “ besetment” of ships in the ice. The concluding or second volume of the Rumi- nantia is far advanced, and will make its appearance at the usual interval. It will be embellished with a Portrait and Memoir of John Hunter; and, among other illustrations, well amplified figures of the Goat, the Sheep, the Cow, the Bison, the Musk Ox, the Buffalo, the Wild Cattle of Britain, &c. X ADVERTISEMENT. We are happy in having been able to keep time in our publication of the present volume, devoted to the first portion of the Ruminating Mammalia. It con- tains Tliirty-five Plates, which, with few exceptions, have been engraved from original drawings made ex- pressly for the Naturalist’s Library by Mr Stewart. This gentleman, we trust, our readers will think has executed his department with great taste, evinc- ing also an artist-like knowledge of the anatomy and general habits of the animals, and in a pleasing way introducing the female and young into the groupes where required, to assist in conveying a more perfect idea of the species to the reader. This volume forms the third of the portion of this work devoted to the Natural History of the Mammalia, the first having embraced the Monkeys, and the second the Lions, Tigers, &c. Volumes on Eagles and Hawks, Parrots, British Land and Water Birds, British Quadrupeds, British Moths, Sphinxes, &c. are in a state of for- wardness, and will shortly make their appearance. Our best acknowledgments are due to our nume- rous purchasers for their substantial encouragement of our work, the demand for the last published vo- lume on British Diurnal Lepidoptera (Butterflies) having exceeded that of all its predecessors, which argues well for the evidently growing taste and desire for obtaining information on natural science, to the exclusion of less profitable reading. Two years ago we certainly did not expect, and we venture to remark that no one could have anticipated, a sale ADVERTISEMENT. XI of upwards of 10,000 copies of some of the volumes of this work, so exclusively devoted as it is to a sub- ject which to many persons appeared to be one of very doubtful success when we started it ; and now that it has reached the eleventh volume, it is curious matter of numerical calculation to mention, that we have sold upwards of 60,000 volumes, in which there have been neai-ly 2,400,000 coloured Plates given as Illustrations. Altogether independent of the gratification which these Plates have given to the public, the publication has opened up a source of agreeable, permanent, and profitable employment, to a very numerous class of most deserving and in- dustrious persons in Edinburgh, tvhose rank in so- ciety and whose education precluded them from ap. plying themselves readily to any other occupation than that of colouring. We need hardly assure our readers, that the most strenuous and active exertions will continue to be used to keep up the popularity and interest of the series, which, from the encouragement we have met with, it is evident all classes are beginning to appre- ciate in a proper manner. The usefulness of such Works to the young cannot be too strongly urged ; and we may conclude this short notice by quoting the words of the celebrated Mr Swainson, in his Discourse on the Study of Natural History, in Lard- ners Cyclopaedia: “ Another advantage, almost exclusively belong- ing to the natural sciences, is this, that they carry the mind from the thing made, to Him who made it. xii ADVERTISEMENT. If we contemplate a beautiful painting or an intri- cate piece of mechanism, we are naturally led to admire the artist who produced them, to regard his superiority with respect, and to enquire who and what he is. We mention his name with honour, and take every fitting opportunity of extolling his talents. If such are the effects of contemplating human excellency, how much stronger will he the same train of thought and of feeling in the breast of every good man, when he looks into the wonders of the natural world, and thinks upon the surprising phenomena which it exhibits ! When he sees that this globe is inhabited by incalculable millions of living beings, all different from himself, his pride will be humbled by this conviction, that the earth was not made for him alone. And when he finds that all these beings, however minute, or, to the vulgar eye, contemptible, have their allotted station and hold their distinct course in the great operations of the universe, he is led to enquire into his own nature, and to look towards that Great First Cause, whose bounty created, and whose providence sus- tains, such hosts of creatures. Those pursuits, in short, which are most calculated to expand and ele- vate the mind, are unquestionably the most noble ; and none can be ranked above those which lead us to contemplate the Deity ; to look, in fact, from the effect to the cause ; and to be impressed with en- larged notions of that stupendous power and inef- fable goodness, which pervade all matter and all apace.” CONTENTS OF VOLUME THIRD. Memoir op Camper, .... PAGE 17 Ruminating Animals, .... 83 The Cainels, 100 Bactrian Camel. Camelus Bactria/nus. Plate I. 103 Arabian Camel or Dromedary. C. dromedanus^ .... 104 The Brown Llama. Atmhenia Llama. Plate 11. . 113 The Tliibctian Musk. Moschus moschiferus. Plate III. . 116 The Napu Musk. Moschus Javanims. Plate IV. 119 Deer, . . 122 The Elk or Moose. Alces Americanus. Plate V. 125' The Rein-deer. Rangtfer Tarandus. Plate VI. 133 The Common Fallow-deer. Dama vulgaris. Plate VII. . 152 The Fossil Elk. Cervus gigantevs. Plate VIII. 154 XIV CONTENTS. PAGE Stags, The Wapiti. Cermis Canadensis. Plate IX. . . . 156 Nepaul Stag. Cervus Wallichii. Plate X. . . . 161 The Great Rusa. Husa hippelaphus. Plate XI. . . . 163 The Rusa of Timor. Rusa Permii ? Plate XII. . . . 165 The Spotted Axis., Axis maoulatus. Plate XIII. . , 167 The Brown Porcine Axis. Axis porcinus. Plate XIV 169 The Common Roebuck. Capreolus dorcus. Plate XV. ... 171 The Guazupuco-dcer. Mazama paludosa. Plate XVI. . . . 173 The Guazuti-deer. Mazama campestris. Plate XVII. . 174 SUBULO, The Guazu-pita. Subulo ritfus. Plate XVIII. . ... 173 The Muntjak. Stylocerm Muntjuk. Plate XIX. . . 181 Head arid Horns of the Muntjak. Plate XX. ' 184 Gibaffii).*, jgg The Cameleopard of North Africa. Camelopardalis antiquorum. Plate XXI. 187 Caprid.^;, 190 The Prong-horned Antelope. Dicranocerus furcifer. Plate XXII. . . 1,93 The Takhaitze. Antilope barbata. Plate XXIII. . . 1.9,9 Oryx, 201 The Algazel. Antilope besoartria. Plate XXIV. . . 203 The Addax. Oryx addax. Plate XXV 095 CONTENTS. XV The Kevel. PAGE Gazella kevella. Plate XXVI. The Springer or Springbock. 208 Anlilope euchore. Plate XXVII. Soemmering’s Antelope. •213 Gasella Saemmeringii. Plate XXVIII. The Pallah. 215 A. melampus. Plate XXIX. The Klip Springer. . 217 Oreotragus sallatrix. Plate XXX. The Chickara. 221 Tefracerus chickara. Plate XXXI. The Grim. 224 Cephalophus grimmia. Plate XXXII. 227 Salt’s Antelope. Neotragus Saltiana. Plate XXXIII. 22.') Portrait of Camper, 2 Vignette Title-page. The European Stag, . . 3 In all Thirty-five Plates in this Volume. ,'rS^ L!V t AiEMOIR OF CAMPER. In (liiectirig- the attentiim of our readers to .a sketch of the life of the celebrated Camper, we be- lieve that little is iiecessarj' in the way of explana- tion, far less of apology. It is true, that, by pro- fession, he was not a naturalist, but a physician and anatouiist, and in these respects belonged to a class of men, somewhat numerous, who devote only a share of their attention to the prosecution of zoolo- gical research. But, whilst it must be conceded that such men can bestow only a divided atten- tion on the pursuits of tlie science, it must be allowed, that, from the nature of their early edu- cation, and from the circumstances of their often- times changing and eventful lives, to say nothing of peculiar tastes and original genius, they pos- Rfsss remarkable facilities, such as are seldom en- joyed by more systematic students. It must be admittml also, that the bias of the class of men to whom we now allude, often lies in one particular direction, and that comparative anatomy, and minute structure, and physiological disquisition, are apt to ’•‘■ceivo a somewhat larce share of their regard. But Vl'i.. I'u. I! 18 MEMOIlt OF CAMPEK. this allowed, it ought surely to be reckoned rather as an advantage than as a subject of regret and de- preciation. The mechanism of the Divine Archi- tect which they thus unfold, yields in interest to no natural objects that can be presented to our contem- plation ; while its varied adaptation to purposes as extraordinary and astonishing as they are benevolent and wise, tends not more to exercise the powers of the understanding, than to awaken the best and noblest sentiments of our nature. To any one who doubts the justice of these observations, we recom- mend a perusal of the life of Dr Camper, and an examination of his varied and deeply interesting re- searches. Pf.ter Camper, the subject of this memoir, was born on the 11th of May 1722, at Leyden, where his family had for a long period held distinguished situations in the magistracy. His grandfather exer- cised the profession of medicine ; and his father, Florent Camper, was a Protestant clergyman, who, after discharging his functions for several years in Batavia, the then flourishing capital of the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, returned in 1715 to his native country, where he continued to be highly esteemed, and most intimately connected with Boerhaave, and the other emitient men whose names at that period conferred lustre on the Uni- versity of Leyden. He was also an ardent admirer of the fine arts, associating much with those who MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 19 cultivated them, and was always ready to extend a delicate and generous liberality to such artists as re- quired it. Young Camper was, no doubt, greatly indebted for his success to the fortunate circumstances in which he was placed in early life, being surrounded by men of enlarged and cultivated understandings, eminent for their taste as well as their learning, and having at the same time every incentive to ex- ertion that a careful and judicious education could supply. Nature liad endowed )jim with that in- berent desire of knowledge, that capacity, and ’that t'igour and activity of mind, which, united as they Were with a robust constitution of body, enabled bim to reap the full benefit of his situation. He gave very early promise of those mental faculties which lay the foundation of future eminence ; and bis father discovering with deliglit the early pro- ffltses of genius, judiciously removed whatever might cramp its growth, and avoided imposing upon him Us a task, those instructions which he seemed so u^ell inclined to acquire and pursue as an amuse- ment. His love of knowledge kept pace with his years. Whilst assiduously prosecuting the ordinary pursuits of youth, and contending for the common prizes of the public schools, he found time to attend to the study of di awing, of architecture and perspective : lie had a taste for mensuration, and for turning; and t e manipulation of the difierent tools of these me- 20 IMEMOIK OV CAJTI'EH. clianical arts was afterwards of use to Iiim in the proseeution of liis more important pursnits. In drawing, ho Iiad the able instructions of Le Chevalier Moor and liis son ; and in that art, and also in engraving, which formed another of his fa- vourite amusements, he made extraordinary profi- ciency. Tlirong'hout the whole course of his life, he derived immense advantage from the skill with which lie used the pencil, in delineating every oh- ject in which he was interested, whether among the objects of art or nattne, or the offspring of his own conceptions. The use to which he turned these ac- tiuirements, is calculated to shew in a strong light the importance of the.se arts as branches of early education. He was indebted to L.aborde for Ids first lessons in geometry, and was instructed in natural philoso- phy by Muscbenbroeck ami Gravosande, who were the intimate friends of liis father, and whose names will he ever illustrious in the annals of science. I'rom these pursuits he was led to the studv of me- dicine, of which the elementary branches liave so close an alliance with the physical sciences ; and having entered the University of Leyden, ho be- came the pupil of Gauhius, Von Kooyen, and the elder Albinus, — Boerhaave being at this time inca- pacitated, by the infirmities of age, from continuing his exertions as a public teacher. Camper earned the first fruits of his academical labours, by receiving in 1746, the degree of Doctor in Philosophy and MEMOIll OF CAMPER. 21 Medicine, on which occasion he published two dis- sertations, the one On Vision, and the other On Certain Parts of the Pye, botli of which have been preserved by Haller. In the former, he illustrates and defends Smith’s theory of vision, and in the lat- ter he describes and gives plates of the canal of Pe- tit, in the eyes of several of the lower animals. The acquaintance which Camper had formed with several foreigners of merit, had long inspired him with the desire of travelling, and gratifying his thirst lor knowledge, by visiting dilferent countries, and conversing with men distinguished for their acquire- ments in the several branches of science. But the 'iedining health of his parents, who were now ad- vancing in years, and required the continual presence and kindest attentions of their son, long prevented him from accomplishing his wishes. Their death, however, wdiich happened in 1748, released him fi'om duties which he had the consolation of reflect- ing had been assiduously discharged ; atid he soon after, at the age of twenty-six, embarked for Eng- land. Furnished with the best letters of introduction, he aoon made the acquaintance of many of the most emi- nent scientific men in London, and assiduously attend- ed the courses of instruction which were then deliver- ed. Of the individuals who thus became his masters and future friends, we may mention, among medical men. Dr Mead and the Hunters, Smellie, Pringle, and Pitcairn ; whilst by his intercourse with such men 22 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. as Sir Hans Sloane, Catesby, Hill, and Collinson, his interest in natural history was greatly augment- ed. The various museums of the English capital, also, became the objects of his careful review, and he thus became intimate with Watson, Knight, and Stephens. He studied botany under Elliot, and as- tronomy under Short, and was instructed in the use of the microscope by Baker, who was then applying this instrument witli so much success to objects of natural history. Camper seemed determined to al- low no opportunity of amassing knowledge to escape him, and although his views embraced a wide range of subjects, he was never satisfied with a superficial glance, nor trusted to the reports of others, when there was a possibility of examining with his own eyes. Accordingly, he visited the principal manu- factories, and was indefatigable in collecting instruc- tions from artists of eminence in every department. His eager curiosity even extended to the details of naval architecture, to the study of which he devoted a considerable portion of time. He was in the ha- bit, during all his travels, of making notes of every thing he saw and learned ; and he made sketches on the spot of every object of which a delineation could be useful. After remaining about a year in London, and vi- siting the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, he proceeded to Paris, where he came in contact with Winslow and Astruc, Petit, Ledran and Ques- nay, medical men of first-rate reputation, and with MEMOIR OF CAMPER. •23 Reaumur, Buffon, and Jussieu, no less celebrated among naturalists. After remaining two months in this capital, be proceeded to Lyons and Genera. It was during bis residence in this latter city, that be was appointed Professor of Medicine and Sur- gery at Franeker in Friesland, which induced him without delay to return to his native country. In his journey, he passed through Lausanne, Berne, Baaie, Strasburg, Manheim, and Bonn, where many interesting objects invited his regard. At Baaie, he met the great Bernouilli, and examined the manu- scripts of Erasmus, and the paintings of Holbein. The itinerary which he kept of this journey is a cu- rious and valuable depository, and contains many Useful observations on agriculture and mineralogy, Upon the external forms of the mountain ranges, and the fossils and the petrifactions which they contain. In consequence of severe illness in 1749, Camper Was obligetl to defer entering upon the duties of his uew professorship till the autumn of the following year, when, in conformity with a prevalent custom on these occasions, he pronounced a solemn inaugural discourse, choosing for his subject De Mundo Op- timo — on a better world. At the same time, he Was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of I.on- don. His proximity to England, and still more the great public establishments which there abound, to- gether with the advantage which he had derived from the intercourse with the learned men he had 24 MEMOIR OF CAJIPEU. associated with in London, induced him to revisit tliat capital during the vacation of 17o2. On tliis occasion, he resumed his various pursuits witli re- doubled ardour. Among other objects, his attention was much directed to the method of inoculating for the smallpox, the practice of which was yet contiiied to England. On his return to Franeker, he resumed his lectures, which were every year more numerous- | ly attended, and gained him such increasing cele- ; brity, that he was soon ranked as one of the ablest ! men of science in Holland. In 1755, he was ap- pointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Athenseum at Amsterdam, and came in consequence | to settle in that city, then the seat of opulence and | learning. In 1758, he was appointed Professor of Medicine ; and thus delivered two other inaugural ' discourses, the former on the utility of anatomy in all sciences, and the latter Z)e Carlo in Medicina, In 1756, he married the widow of the burgomaster of Harlingen. After continuing six years in Amsterdam, his avo- cations became so multiplied and so fatiguing, tliat he resolved to change the scene, and, by doing so, to yield to the strong desire which Mrs Camper had j long entertained of retiring into Friesland. He ac- | cordingly resigned his chair at Amsterdam — being ^ allowed, however, to retain the honorary title of Pro- fessor; and, once more, he took up his abode at Klein-Lankum, his country residence near Franeker. His principal work during the time he held the chair MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 25 of the Athensemn, was the first volume of his Dc- monstraiioncs Anatomico-Pathological ; hut the lei- sure he now enjoyed in his retirement, allowed him to devote much more of his time to science, and en- abled him, through the press, to supjily to the public, some of those stores of information he had been so long accumulating. Accordingly, the second vo- lume of the work above named, ami which, we may remark, was most highly esteemed, for the execution both of the pen and the pencil, made its appearance in 1762. He also published, in the Dutch lan- guage, an interesting memoir on an important sur- gical disease frequently occurring in new-born in- fants, another upon The Physical Education of Jn- .fants, and a third, An Anatomical Description of the Organ of Hearing in Fishes. Camper’s son claims the entire merit of this dis- covery in the anatomy of fishes for his father ; but some of our readers will be aware, that of the many discoveries in natural history, the priority and ho- nour of which have been disputed by contending claimants, this is one of the most remarkable. Zoo- logists in Germany and Italy, as well as in Franite, Holland, and England, have asserted their respective pretensions, among whom we shall only name M. Geoffrey and the celebrated John Hunter. This is not the place to enter into the examination of such a. controversy ; and we shall only therefore remark, that, unless Mr Hunter can be supposed capable of deliberate falsehood, his claim to priority of disco- 26 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. very is unquestionable ; for, in respect to Camper, it is not stated that he claims to liave made the dis- covery earlier than 1761, while J. Hunter’s words are, “ Before quitting my anatomical pursuits in 1760, 1 had discovered the organ of hearing in fishes, and had the parts exposed and preserved in spirits. In some instances, the canals were injected with co- loured wax, in others with metals, which, when the bone was afterwards corroded, made elegant casts.” Camper’s Essay on the Physical Education oj In- Jants, was occasioned by the subject having been pro- posed as a prize-essay by the Society of Sciences of Haarlem ; and to such challenges we shall find that Camper gave a ready and usually a successful response. Among the points discussed, are the clothing of in- fants, their nourishment, their instruction, and, last- ly, their inoculation, at that time a subject new and much canvassed, and to which our author lent the whole weight of his autliority. When treating of clothing, he alludes to the melancholy fact, of the number of girls in the higher and middling classes of society, who, from diseased spine, grow up deformed, and shews that the deformity is scarcely to be met with among rude nations, or the children of the poor. He inquires into the cause, ant tvas composed, and unwearied perseverance in the '^Incidation of the subject. Wo do not assert that tdl the opinions which it promulgates would now be admitted as correct, but we unhesitatingly affirm, that there is a vast collection of curious and original matter contained in the essay, especially much mi- nute detail in comparative anatomy; and that any '"•e wishing to make himself master of the subject, nnd of the successive steps by which correct views (lave been entertained, would be a great loser if he "eg'fcted to make himself thoroughly acquainted with *'ie labours of Camper. One circumstance is particularly conspicuous in ‘"tr author's work on the Monkey tribe, as indeed it ’ll 111 all his treatises on the different subjects of na- tural history which he undertakes to elucidate, and '’’e shall here take occasion to mention it, once for ” 11 , as a marked characteristic of all his investiga- tions ■ — wc allude to the patient research he inva- iiably displays in investigating what was previously l^nown on the subject, whether contained in the "ritings of the ancient naturalists, such as Aristotle, tjaleii, &C. or found in the works of Eustachius, Ve- salius, and others, who, on the revival of learning, led the way to renewed scientific observation. He t us does much to connect the knowledge of former 30 JMEMOIU OF CAMI’Bill. (lays with the discoveries of his own time, and dis- plays a laudable anxicHy that every valuable fact, once ascertained, shall not be again lost to the ar- chives of science. The introduction to tliis curious work on Mon- keys, is mainly occupied in discussing what spe- cies were known to the ancients ; and in this con- nection he introduces about twelve of them to our notice. This investigation naturally leads our author to an interesting question, viz. How far the an- cients, and especially Galen, in the composition of his great work on anatomy, acquired his Itnowledge directly from the human subject, or how far it was inferred from the structure of the lower animals, especially those most approximating to man, such as the orang-outang. It would occupy too much time to attempt even the shortest analysis of his (ibserva- tions and arguments on this subject, which, how- ever, are extremely pertinent, and such as could not easily be controverted. His conclusion is that Ga- len, the favourite physician of Marcus Aurelius, and probably the most popular, as the most famous phy- sician which Horae ever saw, had never dissected a human subject, and made no use of such dissection in the composition of his works on anatomy, and other departments of medicine which have come down to our times. Tlie body of the work is divided into ten chapters, which treat of the nomenclature of the orang-outang; its classification, involving that of the species most MEMOni OF CAMPER. 37 nearly resembling it ; of tlie organ of voice ; tlien, in tletail, of the internal vi.scera, in Imtli sexes ; then of the skeleton generally, compared with that of man, and with others of the Simiadai; then particularly nf the head, vertebrse, pelvis, and lower and upper extremities. On all these points, the treatise is most •niimte and particular, passing l)y nothing of moment, nr which could throw light on the iteculiar habits of any of the species. ^Ve shall now introduce to the notice of our reader.s a few detached sentences only, concerning a '^ery singular structure in the necks of these animals, n'hich our author seems to have been the first to discover, or, at all events, to investigate and eluci- date in a way at all satisfactory. The novelty of ^'s observations on tbe subject is sufficiently mani- Rested by an anecdote he relates as having occurred in the Royal Menagerie of Petit Loo. On Cam- Pnrs visiting it one day, he found the superinten- dent of the establishment in great dismay, at the audden appearance of an elastic swelling about tbe neck of the. orang-outang, extending along the front nnd sides of the throat, and <]e.scending to nearly the niiddle of the chest. The keeper supposed that it "as the commencement of some alarming malady, nnd the Professor had considertihle difficulty in per- suading him of the contrary. ^ tn my first di.ssection of a monkey at Franeker, n’as not aware of the necessity of studying the parts connected with the organ of voice, because the 38 JIEMOIK OP CASIPER. peculiarities presented in this organ by these ani- mals was not then known, and I Iiad never seen any allusion to it in any work on anatomy. When I went to Amsterdam, I had abundant opportunities of prosecuting my researches in these matters, an*l I then discovered, that, in most of the s|)ecies, there was a ])erfect resemblance in this peculiarity, though there were a few in whom it did not exist. I then, too, found that Galeti’s general description of this organ corresponds neither with what is found in man, nor with that which I am about to mention. Tyson’s mark, also, that the organ of voice in the orang- outang, or pigmy, which he had examined, was ex- actly similar to that of man, only prompted me to renewed research. None of the anatomists of the tu’o last centuries allude to the structure I am about to describe. Buffou does not, nor does Dau- benton, although it is not easy to conceive how it escaped them. “ On opening the throat of an African monkey, I discovered, immediately under the skin, a pouch, which I traced into the bone at the root of the tongue — the os hyoides. It had an oval form, and could easily be inflated with air. I found it com- municated with the throat, by a small chink at the base of the epiglottis. Again, in dissecting a great IMandril, I could discover there was a great cavity in the neck, which could be filled with air, and wliicli tlien sw'elled up above the breast bone. Raising the sitperficial parts with care, I observed this pouch be- MEMOUl OF CABIPER. 39 gnii immediately under the c.hin, and extended to the collar and breast bones, and laterally to the shoul(le|..i,in,]j.s. When inflated with air, it mea- sured seven inches by four. The communicating opening in this animal was between the tongue-hone uiid the pomum Adami. Lastly, in the orang-outang, I earefully raised the superficial parts, occasionally inflating the bag with the blowpipe. Here I found double bag, and an opening for each side : the bag Ui: tended below the upper ])art of the breast-bone, and was in fact covered with the pectoral muscles. Upwards it extended high above the collar-bones, and far back, so as to get beneatli the shoulder- idades. It is here worthy of remark, that, in this third variety, I at last found the exact anatomy de- scribed by Galen in reference to the organs of voice Renerally, applying it to man, and never hinting at the orang at all." Thus, then, in some species of this family, there is no bag, in others two, and some- times three, communicating with the os hyoides. hen this is the case, ho adds, “ the structure bears ^ considerable resemblance to the whistle which hun- ters use in calling their dogs ; for the air compressed i'y the lungs into the cavity of the larynx, is forced violently into the bony case, and from thence for- "'ard by the opening beneath the epiglottis into the 'nouth of the animal, and so to a great distance. U is thus I would account for the extraordinary noise these animals produce, so as to be heard from an im- uiense distance, which Markgraaf and other travel- 40 ME.MOIII OF CAMFEU. levs state to be altogetliei' surprising, anti which Buf- fon has clearly established. Sometimes I have mv- self noticed, that the orang-outang, when enraged, utters hoarse and disagreeable sounds, and some- times, again, peculiar plaintive cries, which, I be- lieve, are produced by this singular apparatus.” This peculiarity of the organ of voice is illustrated by sketches and drawings made by the author him- self at the moment, according to his invariable prac- tice, Of the success and accuracy with which he performed this part of his task, we are able to form a tolerably accurate estimate, by the examination of the folio volume of plates accompanying his works, mostly prepared by liimself, and executed from the originals by the famous Vinkeles : it contains thirty- four plates, and several hundred figures. The in- valuable habit of minute accuracy of observation, derived from his practice of drawing, is well illus- trated by the following observation : “ M. Alla- mand,” he says, “ the illustrious Conservator of the Public Museum at Leyden, having published his work on the orang, sent me a copy of the plate which accompanied it. Upon examination, I found that he had distinctly delineated nails upon the great toes, as did also Mr Edwards, the Librarian of the London College of Physicians, in the work edited by him. On my calling his attention to the fact, M. Allamand immediately corrected his mistake ; and I speedily learned from a friend in the British Museum, that Mr Edwards had been alike incau- MEMOIR OF CAMPF.R. 41 tions and inaccurate.” Camper’s correct observa- tion enabled him to detect another mistake — in some respects of more importance — which had been com- muted by manv naturalists, and which consisted m making the eye of the orang very closely to resemble that of man. On this point, our author observes ; “ The coloured portion of the eye is very large in the orang-outang, as in all monkeys, and in most quadrupeds, so that the white of the eye can- not be seen, and there is a total want of that sweet- ness and vivacity which so peculiarly distinguishes the regard of man. M. de Seve has done the Jocko the Cabinet die Roi at Paris the honour of as- similating him to man in these particulars ; and *lm orang delineated by M. Allamand is not free from the same fault.” Upon another point, he again observes, in a similar strain : “ It is the same with ^^be position of the lower limbs, and the whole gait and bearing of the figure. And udiy, it may be nsked, have Tyson, Buffon, and other naturalists, re- piosented these animals so Idte to man? We unhe- sitatingly answer, to approximate them to the hu- man species — without in the mean while reflecting, *bat, by tlieir authority, they lead others into error. is not therefore only ignorant travellers, and un- mformed amateurs, who, by the wonders they re- count from distant lands, propagate the erroneous "pinion, that there are animals which perfectly re- semble man, if they be not truly of the human race ; but it is the directors of the principal museums in Europe who contribute quite as muc.Ii to this error, 4-2 JIEMOIll OF CAMFEH. !>y the little tare which they exercise in represent- iiiij these animals, and in preparing them for being exhibited in their different collections.” This leads l)im to a disquisition on the best modes of stuffing and preserving animals, by taking casts, 8cc. all of which appear admirable, and being the result of much experience and ingenuity, merits the especial regard of those engaged in such labour. One of the investigatlims which, at this era of his history, most dee|ily interested Camper, related to a remarkable and highly interesting peculiarity in the structure of birds. In all animals, the osseous or bony system subserves two grand purposes. As it includes all the hard and more solid parts of the machine, it s.cX% first, as a substantial framework, to vvhicli the soft parts are attached, and, in conjunc- tion with which, the process of locomotion is ac- complished ; and, secondly, it .affords a covering and defence to the many very delicate internal organs by winch the phenomena of life are maintained. The lungs, again, are those organs by which, in all the higher classes of animals, respiration is performed, the ]iurification of the blood is effected, and the vital heat is preserved. These, in general terms, are the principal functions performed by the osseous and re- spiratory apparatus in man and quadrupeds. Now, up to the period under review, it had not been sus- ])ected that there was any marked peculiarity in the uses to which in birds tliese parts were appropriated. Camper, however, whilst engaged in some minute MEMOn; OF CAJU’EH. 4‘d researches, was led to suspect that tliere was in birds an extraordinary and peculiar connexion be- tween the two systems ; that the air-passages com- mon to all breathing animals, communicated in birds, by free conduits, with nearly the whole osseous structure, filling the interior of all the principal bones " itli air, thus greatly lessening the specific gravity of the animals, and facilitating their elevation into a rarer medium. Camper not only discovered such ^o be the fact, but he found that this valuable and im- portant end was attained Ity variations in the anato- mical structure of birds, so slight that it was not surprising they should have previously eluded ana- toinical observation ; and in this very circumstance be brought to light a remarkable manifestation of the endless resources, the surpassing wisdom, and the infinite power of the Almighty Architect. It appears evident that the Professor assumes to biinself the whole merit of this great discovery in natural history; and yet his claim has been disputed, nnd John Hunter again appears as his competitor. In this instance, however, it is evident that our au- thor had considerable priority, and superior and un- •luestionable right to all the honour, though Mr Hunter, by subsequently going over the same ground, may have somewhat extended the discovery. There la so much naivete and natural feeling in the words m which Camper speaks of his discovery, as well as So much intrinsic interest in the subject itself, that "'e shall quote ids words somewhat freely. 44 MEMOIll OF CAMiMOK. “ When,” says he, “ I examine the internal struc- ture of animaVtj I am forced to admire an observa- tion of the great Galileo — that we are ever meet- ing with new wonders ! Thus was I ravished, and, as I tliiidf, not without reason, at the beautiful dis- covery in birds I made in February 1771, and com- municated immediately to my friends. The hones of the wing, the clavicles, the bones of the chest, the ribs, the vertebra! of the back, and in many also those of the skull, and of the legs, are quite hollow, without marrow, and receive into their cavities, along with the respiration, common air, which renders the birds lighter, and more capable of raising themselves in the air. This is a discovery which is entirely new, and which I made whilst busied about the me- chanism of their respiration. I was aware, accord- ing to the statement of Galileo and Borelli, that the bones of birds are thin and hollow, so aiding them in their flight : the general function of respiration was also so well known, as to require no explana- tion ; but the respiration in the bones of the trunk, wings, and legs, merits a more partietdar detail. “ I call it a discovery, because I and sent a memoir on the subject to the Flavian Society of Rotterdam ; and next year transmitted a paper to L’Academie des Science,!, 'loh afterwards appeared in its Transactions — a proof, as the Professor remarks, lliat at this e[)och no one bad previously known this singular structure. tnost (Sula alia) will present one of tlie eauti.ul illustrations of this curious structure Eu. 48 MEilOlIl Oli’ CA.MI’EK. Other paperH on tim subject were published by him front lime to time t tmd we apprehend, that, on the most critical investigation, no one can deny to him tliat fair fame which he here claims as a discoverer. Along with the memoir just alluded to. Camper transmitted to the Academie des Sciences other pa- pers on natural history. One was on the anato- mical structure of the Percari, a peculiar animal of the hog family; and another on the structure of the Ant-eater (fourmilieij of the Cape of Good Hope, the existence of which had previously been doubted by llufPon. About the same time, he sent to the Society at Haarlem a memoir On the Organ of Idearing in the Whale, and another on the Pot- poise. We have already mentioned, that, when Camper removed to Groningen in 1763, to undertake the^ duties of Professor in the University, he was shortly afterwards appointed to the office of Physician to the City. As many may be unacquainted with the nature of this appointment, inasmuch as notliing si- milar exists in this country, it may be right to re- mark, that in several of the continental states, it has long been the practice for the general government, or the municipal rulers, to select one or more me- dical men of eminence, to whom, in all emergencies affecting the public health, they are in the habit of applying for counsel; and a part of whose duty it is to keep a watchful eye on every thing that en- dangers or threatens the public safety : they con- MEMOIR OF CAMPEK. 49 stitute, in short, a permanent medical police, from whose watclifulnesa ami intelligence much benefit is expected, and, we may add, is not unfrequently de- •ired. It ivas to this honourable office in Gronin- that, as above stated. Camper was appoint- ee, however, was the last man to confine himself *0 the merely prescribed routine of official duty, and therefore no one will be surprised to learn, that, ani- ®ated by those enlarged and benevolent views to which We have already had occasion to advert, he ^^ty speedily exerted himself in the formation of an •"P'l cultural society for the district, the chief object which was to promote experiments and improve- I'^ents in all the various branches of farming and *Jsbandry. In this society he was prevailed upon *0 undertake the laborious duties of secretary ; and W'as not long before his energy and his scientific ''^‘luirements were put into requisition, and in a way w uch did the highest honour to his patriotism. He Was in fact an enthusiastic agriculturist ; and, more *®Pecially in his own department, that which con- ’'firned live stock, their health and their diseases, he ayed a zeal wiiich, so far as our information ex- ^ends, has never been exceeded. As a striking proof Ins zeal, we may mention, that, during tlie exist- ‘^■'ce of cjdilemic disorder which rageil among the he, ill the course of his inquiries into its ria- ^'we, dissected with his own hands more than six *w>died animals which had become its victims. '’OL. Hi. D 60 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. Our author’s investigations regarding this epide- mic, and other matters relating to cattle, are of BO much interest, that our readers, we doubt not, will thank us for the following notices concerning them. The first epidemic disorder among the cattle to which we shall allude, is one which made its appear- ance at Groningen and its neighbourhood in 1768. The visitation proved most disastrous, especially in those rural districts where the inhabitants depended almost wholly on the prosperity of their flocks. In some villages it left not a solitary individual of the race behind ; so that we need not wonder that it excited the most general attention, and created no small panic. In West Friesland, the province in which Groningen is situated, it attacked, according to tables published by order of the Elats de Holland, within the period of six months, upwards of G^jOGO head, in East Friesland 68,000, whilst in Holland proper the num- ber exceeded 153,000: in the three provinces toge- ther, the number attacked amounted to 286,647, of which 208,354 died within six months ! Under these circumstances, many of tlie inhabi- tants of the country, as well as the magistrates of the capital, applied to Camper, and consulted him on the best mode of combating, and, if possible, of extirpating this disorder. This was a sufficient sti- mulus to his zeal, and, availing himself of the occa- sion, he endeavoured, in a variety of ways, to serve his countrymen. He determijied to gratify their MEMOIR OP CAMPER. 51 *^uiiosity, by (lellveiiiig public kotures on the epi- thereby to combat every injurious prejudice, ®r>d spread that intelligence which could not fail to ® productive of benefit. He also established a new Society, the specific object of which was to promote Experiment and inquiry into the best modes of op- posing ibe dreadful scourge. His course of public ^Ectures was not confined to the mere epidemic, but « took occasion to prefix to it several lectures on 'E- structure of oxen, which was only in keeping many of bis other plans for exciting a taste for Natural history. These lectures were highly popii- E') and excited the keenest interest in all classes of 'E community. They were immediately puldished, End Were speedily translated into German, and so ®P'ead over the Empire, which had too much rea- to feel deeply interested in the subject. The ES'ly lectures were occupied by a regular domonstra- *I>E anatomy of tlie animal, with the physio- Sy> including the phenomena and tlie uses of ru- ^ Aiation, Sic .. ; and the later lectures were dedicated E description of the epidemic itself. This was pursued in his usual regiiliir and ample method, in- th ' history, nature, symptoms, and cure of ^^E disorder. Concerning tlie history, he seems to ^E lansacked the records of history, and supplies Erences and notices from before the Christian era, Eceining those epidemics which, at various periods, tile lower animals. He quoted from E ei Cato s work on agriculture, from Colu- 52 JIEMOIR OF CASIPEIl. niclla, and other of the ancients, and so down to ills own day. From tliis survey, it would appear, tiiat previous epidemics among the cattle had frequently occurred. From 1710 to 1719 there was a great mortality among them all over Europe ; and again, in 1740, when it attracted the attention of such tneu as Laneisi, Haller, and Sauvages, and led to discus- sions in the Memoires de I’ Academic dcs Sciences, and to the introduction of papers in the London idiilosophical Transactions. Concerning its nature, wo shall only observe, that Camper considered it as most allied to the low putrid fever in man. Very many were the disappointments before any thing was discovered which could at all be regaroed as a remedy, for every medicine which was tried proved wholly unavailing. Inoculation for the com- plaint had been recently Introduced into England, but the trials first made in Holland promised very small success ; out of seventeen animals inocu- lated, only three lived ; and it is therefore not sur- prising that the peasantry offered opposition, and in some instances became (juite furious against the ex- periments. By-and-by, however, it was observed that when an animal once recovered, it seldom or never became the subject of a future attack, and this suggested the idea of inoculating only the calves bred from animals that were thus protected. This was done, when, having been sedulously guarded against all exposure, they were in high health, and had underg'one a course of medicine which was sup- MEMOIR OP CAMPER. 53 posed to put them in the best possible condition for Withstanding the disease. Under this plan it was ^ound that tlie vast majority came through the com- plaint, and were never afterwards liable to its inva- sion. But gjyg important result in our au- ^I'ors own words. “ The Iieneficial results are too ^mportant to our farmers that they shonlii ever be 'nduced to give up this easy method of saving '-I'eir stock. They had remarked that calves dropt '>y cows which had undergone the distemper, had in Seneral far less violent attacks as the results of the 'ooculation ; and that they recovered in much gfeater numbers than tlie calves of other cows. Con- then, the experiment to this class, under tliis ‘^ctnbination of circumstances, the disease was so "^*1(1, that tlie fiirmers often doubted if the calves, ^hough inoculated, really underwent the disease. have sometimes myself inoculated between two ^nd three score at a time, and observed the calves disporting themselves gaily in the stable-yard. Those them which were most seriously affected, would Withdraw for a time, but speedily returned, and thus 'ey all passed safely tlirough the disorder, so that ^caicely one in a hundred perished. Sometimes, '"deed, it happened, that when the inoculated dis- ease Was not well marked, or where perhaps the operation had altogether failed, these calves were af- terwards unexpectedly seized with the disorder, and >etame its victims, while feeding with herds which Were infected by it. Tliis liability, alike prejudicial 54 WISJIOIll OF CABIPEB. to the farmer and tlie trader, presently led the way to a double inoculation ; first ere the calf left the cow-house ; and secondly, wlieu it had attained the age of three or four months ; and this was resorted to, not because it was believed that they were twice susceptible of taking the disease by inoculation or otherwise, but that no doubt might possibly remain that they had in reality taken, and so passed through •a. It. Mankind have been in a most especial manner in- debted to the cow, inasmuch as inoculation was su- perseded by vaccination — the security against one of the greatest plagues which was ever indicted up- on our race. Would our modern Jenners be of- fended, if we should venture to hint, that the com- plete success which attended the method of vacci- nation in the case of the cow, miglit, by possibility, supply them with a hint which would afresh remove the alarm, the uncertainty, and the danger which, at the present moment, is experienced on the sub- ject of vaccination? And as we have been thus bold in tendering a hint to the profession of which Camjier was so great an ornament, so we may venture to suggest that his inquiries into another disease to which cattle are subject, may supply to them a piece of useful infor- mation. It is a matter of genera! notoriety, that a wound proceeding from the body of a dead person, is often the most poisonous and deadly of any that can be inflicted. MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 55 It is also, we believe, very well known, that a wound Equally dangerous is occasionally the result of con- tact, not of a human body, but of an animal slaught- ered by the butcher, and exposed in the shambles, ^hen, in this country, an accident happens from this latter cause, it is usually numbered among those ano- ttialoiis occurrences of which no explanation is to be expected. Our indefatigable agriculturist, however, Itas thrown some light on the point, by informing us that the poisonous property resides in the flesh of cattle which have died of a certain disease, of which he gives the symptoms, and supplies the history. “ In some districts of Friesland, for it does not pervade the whole, and these usually low and damp Situations, the disease in question annually occurs epidemically, and under the name of The poison — ■ ( ^fenyn), proves fatal to many cattle. It has also heen observed in Livonia, Finland, and in some parts cf Russia.” According to our author, Van Phelsum the only writer who had previously taken notice it. It is a disease, consequently, which previously had been little known, and the cause of which was ^cty obscure. The first symptoms are loss of appe- tite and diminution of the milk in milch cows ; then the rumination nearly ceases, and sometimes large tumours appear under the skin, which are not, liow- critical, and sometimes disappear. Thisisfol- lowed by a violent but low fever, under which the animal expires. The whole family of black cattle 56 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. ai'o alike subject to this disorder, thongli it does not appear, as has been asserted, to attack either sheep or horses. “ It is certain,” says our author, “ that where the fluids of the animals which hare thus died, are received into the human system, whether by a wound, more or less recent, or sometimes through the skin itself, though wholly unbroken, they pro- duce inflammation and mortification, which frequent- ly ends in death. Thus butchers, cooks, tanners, &c. occasionally fall victims to this disorder.” It is a fresh proof of Camper’s zeal for science, that not- withstanding the hazard he thereby incurred, he made accurate examinations after death, and mi- nutely recorded the morbid appearances he discover- ed in these animals. Nor are these the only valuable contributions which Camper has supplied to the veterinary art. “ In Friesland, the name of Bilzucht is attached to a disease which attacks young calves in all seasons of the year, in winter and summer, in the stable-yards and in the meadows. In a few days, without any previous warning, it produces death. It consists of a swelling, which usually appears on their thighs and haunches, and more rarely on their shoulders. It then very rapidly produces mortification, which is not confined to the swelling, but pervades all the neigh- bouring muscles, and penetrates even to the bone. It is always incurable, and death is thv certain con- sequence. I have dissected the parts after death ; MKMOIR OF CAMPER. 57 they were sphacelated, as the external appearances indicated, but I could discover no cause of disease tn any of the internal viscera.” One other proof of Camper’s zeal as an agricultu- rist, and we have done with him in this useful and honourable character. During some years, the calves which went to pas- l^ure were attacked with cough, &c,, which gradually got Worse, and terminated in destroying the animal "'ith intense suffering. The disease was uniformly fetal. A thousand head w^ere cut off in the neigh- hourhood of Groningen in a short time by this dis- without the cause being discovered, or any efficient remedy suggested. “ To inquire if any thing could be attempted for its removal, I went,” says Camper, “ to visit one of Illy acquaintances, who, of fifty calves, lost, in the ttionth of August, more than thirty, in a meadow "’here they fed along with many cows, heifers, horses, ei'eop, &c. not one of which, however, was affected. Dn the 2d of September, I examined one of the car- trasses, and found the digestive organs were all sound. Dn opening the chest with great care, 1 found it was te free from inflammation. I then removed the tongue and windpipe, and scarcely had I opened the gullet when I discovered millions of worms. They "'ot'e from an inch and a half to two inches long, "'kite and slender. I tracetl them down the wind- P'POj and found myriads of them in the proper sub- stance of the lungs. In another individual, I found 58 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. a great cluster of many niillioiis of these worms, wlhcli obstructed the \viu(l-[)ij)e, and bad cboUed the animal. In all that died from the disease, the cellular membrane of the lungs was filled n ith the wonn.s, while the air-cells were free. Examined through the microscope, the worms were found point- ed at head and tail, and aljout one sixth of an inch in width ; they were also discovered to be viviparous. I have made extensive, though fruitless researches, to find any account of this disease in authors, or any description of the worms in the works of naturalists. Klien, Linnffius, Pallas, and Muller, and all those who write particularly on worms, have confounded them with the Vena medinensis. The appellation gordius has been given to a filiform worm, but in comparing it with tliis pulmonary one, it is evidently distinct. It is singular that Gesner has given to a worm somewhat similar, the name of Wasscr-kalb, at the same time observing, that he does not know its origin. He, however, likewise knew that the calves sometimes swalloweil them with the water wliich they drank, and at the great peril of their lives. Gesner, therefore, knew that there were worms which induced a disease in calves which was frequently mortal.” The celebrated M. Goese, in his admirable essay, Hist. Nat. des Vers lutestin. des Animaux, written several years afterwards, de- nominated this species Les Vers de Camper. “ I lost no time,” he continues, “in stating in the public papers a discovery so important for the couu- MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 59 try) inviting co-operation in my labours, and volun- teering to come and examine the disease in any dis- trict where it might break out. If ever any cases should again occur under my control, Isliould direct the animals to be shut up in huts made for the pur- pose, where, by continual fumigations, they should hreath a medicated air. The subject is important, not to my native country only, but to Europe ; and I Would invite all naturalists, not merely to examine the nature of the disease, but also to inquire into the most effectual and least expensive remedies. I can- not reflect upon the benevolent and humane disposi- tion now so prevalent, without experiencing the liv- liest delight, that there no where exists the people who will not, free from all petty national interest, take their share in this great object, which alike coii- nerns us all.” Camper’s lectures on Cattle, will manifest that our author did not confine his regards to the class of 'ogular students, but was anxious that his fellow-ci- tizens at large should enjoy the benefit of his in- structions ; and numerous were the occasions which ^0 took to manifest this desire. Thus, if anv thing ocurred to prevent the regular demonstrations in the anatomical theatre, or any little incident awak- ®ued public curiosity, such as the capture of a mer- maid or a whale, he readily appeared before bis fel- 0" -citizens, at once to gratify and instruct them ; uud We need scarcely add that these benevolent ef- orts were usually crowned with the moat gratifying 60 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. success. “ How often,” on one occasion he remarks, “ have I made you regardless of the asperities of winter, while your attention has been rivetted when I explained to you the structure of the tortoise, the chamois, or some other and still rarer animal.” One of these occasions occuiTcd during the long continued and severe winter of 1771-2, when Cam- per had recently received from the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, the head of a double-horned rhinoceros. It had readied him, we may remark, at a peculiarly fortunate time ; for many fossil bones and heads of this animal had, from time to time, been found in Siberia, and had been frequently described, whilst no specimen of the animal was contained in any of the European cabinets, nor was there any sa- tisfactory account of a living one ; in fact, it was sup- posed it had become extinct, or was antediluvian. Delighted with his valuable present. Camper opened his class-room to the inhabitants of Groningen, and lectured on the subject, prefacing his instructions with a discourse on the delights of Natural History, and its connexion with belles lettres and antiquities. He then took occasion to congratulate his audience on the benefits which their extended commerce con- ferred on science. He remarked, that their own country, and Europe itself, was too confined for their curiosity, and that the four quarters of the globe were put under requisition for them. “ Visit,” says he, “ our principal towns, and look at the splendid museums supplied from every climate under heaven. MEMOIll OF CASIPER. 61 and you will bo satisfied tliat tbs industrious mer- t'liant knows how to amass treasures which, in his quiet retreat, assist him in admiring the w'onders oi' creation.” The subjects involved in these lectures, nicluding the antique [models, the mosaic of Pales- trina, the statements of Pausanias, and the epigrams uf Martial, were such as he expatiated upon witli delight, and into which vve regret that wo must not follow him. “ Besides all tliis,” he exclaims, “ througli our very love of these delightful studies, we enjov felicity of communicating the discoveries we •nake to thousands of our fellow-men, thus ’ scatter- nig the profusion of our riches without diminishing ’■'le amount of our knowledge or of our enjoy- Wents,” Plis popularity as a lecturer, combined with the general estimation in which he was held, led to the **ulicitation of another class of his fellow-citizens, that J*e Would lecture to them on a very dilferent sub- ject. The requisitionists were the lawyers, the sub- ject, Legal Medicine. This request was made in f773, the last year of his sojourn at Groningen; and Was no sooner made than complied with. The • ourse was attended among others, by most of his colleagues in the University, and also by the Magi- etiates of the City. The most marked tokens of ge- neral approbation were not wanting, and these were n'ei to Camper the richest reward for all bis la- bours. We have still to introduce to the notice of our 62 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. readpra one otlier coui'sc of lecture.'!, on a subject essentially different from any of tlie others to winch we have adverted, viz. On the Connexinn between the Science of Anatomy, and the Arts of Draiuing, Painting and Scidpture. This subject began se- riously to occupy our author’s mind at an early epoch of his history, and continued to interest him till nearly the close of his life. But he shall speak for himself. “ Painting, and whatever relates to the art, has been my favourite amusement from my earliest years ; and as the characteristic differences in men and animals appeared to me one of the most interesting objects in nature, I was disposed to pay them more than or- dinary attention. “ When I copied from the models of the ancient Greeks, or placed before me the beautiful figures of Michael- Angelo, and other celebrated masters of later date, I observed a very groat difference between the face.s of these artists and our own. At sixteen years of age I began to paint in oil, chiefly from the Flemish masters; but as I was already captivated with the superior dignity observable in the antique models, the style of these masters was not agreeable to me. As I advanced in years my attention increased ; and I imagined, that by a single glance, I could distinguish antiques, and fi.x the very period in which they were executed. “ When I gave lectures in the AthoruEum at Am- sterdam, I was fully convinced that the ball of the head, forming the cavity destined to contain the MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 63 >rain, was in genera! very uniform ; and that the po- **'tion of the upper and lower jaivs was tlie manifest cause of the most striking differences. The same ohservation may be extended from quadrupeds down finny race. rile above examination also enabled me to dis- cover whence those changes arose which progres- ^icely take place in oui- features, from infancy to the **>ost advanced age. I was still, however, unable ^o explain in what manner it was that the Greeks ®^ould bav (3 acquired, at a very remote period, the ®'nguia,. and dignified expression they gave to their %ures, atid which 1 liad never seen perfectly equal- 0(1. I perceived, moreover, that in the copies taken om them the facial line did not differ from our own. ‘ Having contemplated the inhahitants of various Nations vvith the greatest attention, I conceived that staking difference was occasioned, not merely by * 10 position of the lower jaw, but also by the quad- cangular form, and by the breadth of the face. On Comparing a great many heads together, 1 also ob- served that a line drawn down the forehead and pass- 'og the upper lip indicated much of the difference in natuial physiognomy. This discovery formed the of my edifice. populous city of Amsterdam afforded me gcoat facilities for further observation, from early in- “Ct y to decrepit old age. By comparing these with eat. h other, my thoughts were directed to the natu- ifferences occasioned by the gradual growth of C4 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. t!ie parts in youth, and tlieir decay in aor, and to his admirers in the Dutch Netherlands, * 6 Work must be highly prized in Britain. Having now endeavoured to convey within our 'outs, and in the fewest possible words, some gene- 'll notion of the objects and plan of this very cele- ated work, we can only select from it a single point on which to insist for a moment longer. It is re- specting that line and angle used by the naturalist, and known by the name of Camper’s angle, from the attention he devoted to it, and the success with 'c I he brouglit it into general notice. Having ^®rved, as a general law, that there is a corre- spondence between the outer table of the cranium, I the brain itself, so that the size of the latter may for inferred from the appearance of the tio*^^*^*' ^'aving also observed from his exaraina- Wa"'* heads of men and animals, that there of tl ^ diversity between the relative bearings 10 fiont part of the cranium and the jaw bones, he ^onominated a line drawn along the frontal bone passing the insertion of the front otlie ’ 'ine ; which again being met by an- ine, extending from the external opening of 68 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. the ear to the same point of tlie upper jaw, formed with the former line an angle, which he called the facial angle; the relative size of which produced the most marked difference in the expression of the coun. tenance, as it was also regarded a gage of the intel- lect of man and heast. His own estimate of the value of this ohservation may be gathered from tlie following quotation. “ I have observed that in quadrupeds, both genus and species may he distinguished by the position of the upper jaw bones immediately before, above, or oblique under the ball of the cranium. I have drawn the heads of many different animals on the same line ; which exhibits an appearance that not only would be of inconceivable service iti natural history, but of the greatest use to the painter.” In another place, he remarks, “ The two extremities of the facial angle are 70 or 100 degrees— from the Negro to the Gre- cian antique ; make it under 70 degrees, and you describe an orang-outang, or an ape : lessen it more, and you have the head of a dog ; increase the niini- rtmm, tmd you form a fowl, a snipe for example, the facial line of which is nearly parallel with the horizon. No space is now left for tlie teeth, and hence they have none. If the projecting part of the forehead be made to exceed 100% the head becomes misdiapen, and assumes the: appearance of hydroce- phalus. It is very surprising that the artists of an- cient Greece should have chosen precisely the wmait- mum ; whilst the best Roman artists have limited MB.MOni OF CAMPER.. 69 themselves to the 95t!i degree, wliich is by no means *0 pleasing." In such occupations and labours as these were ten years of Camper’s busy and active life passed amidst a celebrity which was daily increasing. Often used he to say that he considered the years he spent at Groningen, as among the happiest of his life ; and probably he would never have quitted this residence, had not the wishes of his wife, and his own anxiety *0 superintend the education of his children, induced ^■tn to make the sacrifice of his own enjoyments, and once more to remove to the neighbourhood of Franeker, at the academy of which town his sons '^’ere to be placed. In this comparative retirement, being relieved from a variety of public avocations, he rejoiced to find time upon his hand.s, which he might employ in the prosecution of his scientific pursuits. Some years previous to his quitting Groningen, the small-pox had been committing great ravages, and he exerted himself much in endeavours to mitigate the fearful plague. Inoculation was then making its vvay from Ragland over the Continent, and he was among the last to promote its adoption. The early experi- aaents wliich he made in artificially inducing the •lisease, under favoiwable circumstances, shewed him "8 comparative safety, and consequent value ; and he accordingly strongly urged its adoption in a pamphlet, tvhich was speedily translated into German at Leip- 70 MEMOIH OF CAMPER. zig in 1772. It was this same year, that he ob- tained the Gold Medal of the Royal Academy of Toulouse, for his answer to the question, “ What is the best method for Inoculating for the Small-pox ? And now, in 1774, this memoir was published, along with Critical Observations on Van-Sivieteti’s Com- mentaries on Sinall-pox. About this time he also received the prize of the Royal Academy of Lyons, for a work on the Chronic Diseases of the Lungs. To this last Academy, he sent three other commu- nications on professional subjects ; and about the same time published tiiree pamphlets at Leeuwarden, on Suicide, Infanticide, and the Signs of Life or Death in Netv-born Infants. Much about the same time, he received two Gold Medals from L’Academie Royale de Chirnrgerie of Paris, the one for a commu- nication On the Effects, good and bad, of Air in Surgical Diseases ; and the otlier On the Effects of Ointments, SfC. on Wounds. To the Batavian So- ciety at Rotterdam, besides a Surgical Essay, he transmitted a memoir On the Croaking of the Frog; and busied himself during the winter in minutely examining a young elephant which had died in the Menagerie of the Prince of Orange. He imme- diately published a succinct account of this exami- nation in one of the Dutch periodicals, and devoted a considerable portion of time in succeeding years, to the examination of other species of the genus, and in perfecting this treatise ; which was ultimately pub- lished in French by his son, who himself seems MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 71 thoroughly to have studied the subject, and incor- porated his own views, along with tliose of his fa- ther. Our remarks on the important work must neces- sarily be very brief. We must, however, observe, that it is perhaps the most extensive and complete treatise to be found amongst his writings ; it occu- pies the larger half of a common-sized octavo volume, and is illustrated by more than ninety figures, drawn hy himself. He had an opportunity of examining six specimens, and, as usual, he seems to be perfectly familiar with the views entertained by the ancients, as well as those promulgated in more modern times. The work contains ten chapters, including a learned discussion on the species and native habitat of the elephant, and a description of the external form ; the internal parts taken up seriatim ; the soft parts of the liead, including the proboscis, eyes, ears, tongue, throat and brain, also the tusks and teeth, the bones ef the cranium, and finally the vertebrae, and anterior nnd posterior extremities ; all discussed with an en- largement of view, and an accuracy of detail, which leave little to desire. We had intended to introduce many passages cal- culated to exhibit Camper’s acumen and success as a naturalist, but our limited space forbids; and we roust therefore content oui'selves with a few short extracts, taken very much at random. The chapter on the different species is remarkably 72 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. interesting. He remarks, “ The histoiyof the great quadrupeds vvliich are strangers to the temperate zone, especially require revision, and a judicious comparison of former observations ; tlie most inaccu- rate ideas are generally entertained of these colossal animals, and the mechanism of their organs, and the discrimination of the speci ’s is buried in deep ob- scurity. It was reserved for comparative anatomy to draw aside the veil, and point out the differences which distinguisli the living species of the genus, as well as their alliances with those branches of the original stock, of which only fossil debris now re- main. It has usually been supposed that the former were descended from one identical family, and that the latter were peculiar in every respect.” “ Cam- per,” says his son, “ was the first of tiie moderns to point out the distinctive characters of the genus, and he immediately communicated his discoveries to such of his acquaintances as were interested in Na- tural History. ’ He examines how far the tusks constitute a ground of ilistinction ; at the same time stating in which species, wliether Asiatic, African, or fossil, they are found or wanting; and then points out a less equivocal mark, in the minute structure of the great molares, which both Blumenbach and Cu- vier have adopted in their classifications. We may describe this mark in the language of Blumenbach. “ Elephas A.siaticus, dentium molarium corona, lineis undulatis dhtincta. Elephas Africanus, MKMOIR OF CAMPER. 73 dentium molariiim corona, rkomhis didincia ; of which the only accurate translation is to be found in an examination of the plates, or of specimens. The debris of the fossil ele[)hants which are found, whether near the surface, or at greater depths, ac- cording to our author, appear to belong to two dis- tinct species, if not genera ; and, judging from the form of the cranium, and the minute structure of the molares, the one approximates to the Asiatic, and the other to tlie African variety. The former •s the Elephas primngenius of Blumenbach — the mammoth of Russia; and the other is the gigantic Hippopotamus of Buffon and Daubenton — ihe false elephant of Dr William Hunter, — the mastodon of America, which Camper, in 1775, contended was most closely allied with the true elephant. His observations on the bones of the head are also very interesting. “ The cranium considered externally, exhibits a larger volume than the brain '■equires ; but this formation was necessary to aug- ment the surface of the bone which is required for the muscles. It was absolutely necessary that the muscles of the lower jaw, those of the proboscis, and of the neck, should be endowed with great power, or in other words, should consist of many fibres, the attachment of which requires a large surface ; and moreover, they require to be inserted at a convenient distance from the centre of motion of each of these parts. A simple bony covering, similar to that which envelopes the brain of carnivorous animals. 74 MEMOIR OF CAMPER, would never liave fulfilled this double object. That the brain might be packed aright, and to relieve the head of useless weight, we at the same time see that the tables of the cranium are parted asunder by a great number of bony cells, to the distance of many inches. These communicate with the throat, and are filled with air instead of marrow, and are thus analogous to the heads of birds. His remarks on the brain itself, in which he con- tends, in opposition to certain great zoologists, that its size is in keeping with the bulk of the animal, and points out the relative position of the cerebrum and cerebellum ; on the eye, describing the third eyelid, with its peculiar muscles ; on the proboscis, describing its minute structure, its muscles, its uses, in the young, &c. ; on Galen’s statement, that there is a bone in tbe elephant’s heart, one of which he himself possessed ; also on the much disputed point whether it has a gall-bladder or not ; his remarks, we say, on these, and many other analogous points, are at once most minnte and satisfactory. Such was the nature of Camper’s occupations till the beginning of 1776, when he sustained a heavy stroke of affliction in the death of his wife, in whom his affections had been centred during a union of nearly twenty years; and whose domestic virtues and exemplary attention to her children, had secured her the esteem and respect of all who knew her. As the most efflcacious mode of soothing his grief, ho determined to vary the scene, by making an ex- MEMOIR OP CAMPER. 75 cursion ii) tlie neighbouring parts of the Continent. He accordingly visited the cities which offered the greatest attractions ; and after gratifying his taste for painting, by the siglit of the master-pieces of Rubens, V^atidyke, and other masters of the Flemish school at Antwerp, and his taste for Natural History, by examining the beautiful Museums of Prince Charles of Loraine, and Dr Burtin at Brussels, he again re- turned to Franeker, after an absence of two months. This sad loss, however, in his domestic circle, to- gether with his entire freedom from university duty, seems to have revived in him that love of travel which was early manifested, and had now for a long- time been dormant. We accordingly find that a considerable portion of his declining years was spent in this fascinating and improving occupation. Flis former trip was now followed by a second visit to Paris, where he had the honour of being asso- ciated with most of the learned bodies. Here lie was cheered with the society and friendship of such men as Franklin, Diderot, Louis, Tenon, Portal, liaubenton, and Geoftroy; and many an hour w-as spent in the Jardin des Plantes, and other public establishments. During his stay, he read a paper to each of the three great societies, L’Academie des Sciences, de Chirurgeric, et de la Medccine. In 1778, he received a prize from two learned societies at Berlin, for his answer to a prize question proposed by them. He was also elected a member of these bodies ; as also of the Royal Academy of 76 MEMOIR OF CAMPER. Toulouse, and of the Agricultural Society of Rotter- dam. In 1779, the Academy of Dijon conferred its Gold Medal on Camper, for a communication on Specifics ; and he also this year sent a long paper to the Royal Society of London, and published several Essays in the Dutch journals. One of these was on the Rhinoceros, which Professor Pallas inserted in the Commentaries of the Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg ; and the other was on the Rein-deer, of which our space will not allow us to give the ana- lysis which it richly merits. He tljis year visited Hamburgh, Zell, Hanover, Gottingen, and Cassel, and left nothing uncxamined which was wortliy of attention. In the first named of these towns, he visited that Tower which has been made so famous by the astronomical observations of Tycho-Prahe ; at Zel! he became acquainted with the celebrated Zimmerman, and visited the tomb of Liehnitz ; and at Hanover examined the museums of Natural History, founded by Andraaj and Ehel. During his stay at Gottingen, his name was enrolled among the members of the University, and he asso- ciated with such men as Wiesherg and Blumen- bach ; whilst at Ca.ssel, he spent a considerable time with Soemmering. Next ycjtr he renewed, and extended his travels in Germany; and passing through Brunswick, Magde- berg, Brandenburgli, See-, made a considerable stay in Berlin. With this city he was much delighted. MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 77 |•<■joicing in the company of its learned men, of whom Nicolai, Lecat, Bode, and Walther, may be named ; examining- the cabinets of Bloch and Gerhard, and attending the meetings of its several learned Socie- ties, of which he was admitted a member. At Pots- dam, he had the honour of being introduced to the hereditary Prince, who then filled the throne of Prussia, and next day he was admitted to the palace of the great Frederick, who granted him a long au- dience, in which the arts and sciences were particu- larly discussed, and Camper was astonished not more with the extreme afiability of the monarch, than with his extensive knowledge. He also spent two days with Prince Henry, the brother of Frederick, and ever afterwards spoke with delight of the happiness he had experienced in visiting a Court where merit had such easy access to the tlirone, and wliich not only protected learned men, but vouchsafed to them Us bounties and its charms. On his return home. Camper again engaged with his writings and scientific labours. Among these, one of the most remarkable, as shewing the versati- lity of his powers, was “ On tlie best form of shoes," a work which lias been thought worthy of being translated into French. It has been stated, that when Camper was in company with some of his elder pupils, the conversation turned on the heat subjects foi Medical Dissertations, when it was maintained t at they were nearly exhausted. The professor opposed this view', and contended that a subject the 78 MEMOIIl OF CAMPER. least important and most unpromising, sudi as that of making a shoe, would become interesting in able hands. This led to a challenge that he should him- self undertake it, which, being unwilling to decline, he forthwith executed and published. He considered the foot as an anatomist, a painter, a shoemaker, and a shoe wearer (recommending rights and lefts, then little known), and in each of these characters, it will require no words of ours to convince that he could say much to interest and delight. During the summer of 1782, Camper undeitook a journey to Maestricht, Liege, Spa, Aix-la Cha- pelle, and Dusseldorf, and had the pleasure of exa- mining the Natural History Collection of the cele- brated Hoffman. In 1783. he wrote a memoir on the questions. Why is man more subject to disease than other animals ; and are there any hints sup- plied by Comparative anatomy, which would assist in restoring his health ? This was a subject entiiely to his taste. It led him to numerous statements concerning the diseases of animals ; but we have no room for particulars, and can only refer to it m the work published by his son. It was translated into German by Herbell. , . In 1785, Camper was elected a member ot tiie Roval Academie des Sciences of Paris, an honour which, being confined to eight foreigners, was conse- quently of the most flattering description. He this year paid a fourth visit to England, renewing his acquaintance with Sir Joseph Banks, Herschel, the MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 79 Hunteis, Magellan, De Luc, &c. Next year he ti^ansrnitted to the Koyal Society a memoir upon the fossil bones of unknown fishes wl)ich are found on Mount St Pierre, at Maestrieht, a valuable pro- ^ uction, from wliich wo might easily quote many interesting passages, but to which we shall only re- as in the Philosophical Transactions for 1786. He this year also published a short description of the Dugon — the Halicore of Cuvier, belonging to the Older Cetacea^ and of the Siren lacertirui of Linnaeus. Of the former, he says, this very rare animal deserves to be better known, more espe- cially as the great naturalists of the age, Aitedi, Klein, Linnteus, Buffon, Pennant and Brisson, have only thrown us into confusion about it. At the close of these interesting papers, he remarks, “ I am de- ■ghted with this opportunity of describing to my fellow countrymen two fishes which had not pre- viously been accurately described by any naturalist.” About this time, also, he sent to the Natural History ociety of Berlin two memoirs, one On the Classifi- cation of Fishes according^ to the System of Linnaeus; ant another On the Unicorn, which was published in * s transactions. Finally, during the concluding yeais of his life, he transmitted to the Petersburgh following subjects: — On tc ossil Bones of unknown and rare Animals ; ^ n t e Head of the Bisson ; On the Gigantic Head a Buffalo ; On the enormous Teeth of an Ele- 80 MEMOIK OF CAMPEK. phaut ; Oil the Head of certain large Stags ; On the Bones of the Mammoth ; On the Wild Boar of Africa ; and On the Kangaroo. Camper’s journey to England would probably have been the last of bis life, had not tlie serious indispo- sition of one of his sons, who was then at Paris, in- duced him to resort to that capital to administer to his comfort and restoration. On arriving, his fears were most agreeably disappointed ; and he had thus once more the felicity of renewed intercourse with Buffon, Louis, and other friends of his early years. After thus shortly adverting to the principal events of Camper’s active life, and reviewing bis scientific labours, we have still to remark, that these occupa- tions, numerous and important as they were, did not preclude him from taking an active part in the political concerns of his country. In 1762, he was ret\irned as Depute des Eiats by the province of Friesland ; and in 1776, he appeared as deputy for Idaarderadeel. In 1778, he persuaded the ylissem- bly to reject a proposition for the restoration of the maritime dykes of that province, as by much too expensive, if not impossible ; and then, as at various subsequent periods, he published largely on the prin- ciples of the construction and maintenance of these embankments. In 1783, on the recommendation of the Stadtholder, he was nominated a Councillor for the town of Workbeim, which created him a member of the Admiralty of Friesland, In 1787, MEMOIR OF CAMPER. 81 became a member of the Council of State, ami was then of course obliged to reside at the Hague. IJuring the revolution, which immediately after- wards occurred in Holland, he remained firmly at- tached to the party of the Stadtholder, without, however, yielding his unqualified approbation to all Its measures. The triumph of his own party was eyen accompanied with circumstances which gave him much concern, and embittered the latter period of his life. He died of a violent pleurisy, on the 7 ' , ‘I'-xi: 125 THE ELK, OR MOOSE. Alces Americanus. PLATE V. Original of tlie French Canadians — Cerviis Alces, Linnams. Moose Deer, Richards. Fauna B oreali- A meric— h'Ela.a de I’Amerique septentrionale, Fred. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Marmnifires. This splendid animal surpasses all the true Deer in size and strength, being as tall at the shoulders as a horse, and uniting great swiftness with the most patient endurance of fatigue. The Elk has been usually considered as an inha- bitant of the northern parts of both the old and new world ; but, of late, surmises have been made that the animals of the different countries might prove distinct species, and there are some minute distinc- tions which will entitle it to the rank of at least two races or varieties, constant under the modification of climate. In America, lliis animal is at present better known than in Europe. It is much esteemed for food, and, from its extremely wary and attentive nature, the success of a moose-hunter is reckoned one of the greatest trials of skill. The males are said occa- 126 the elk, or moose. sionally to weigh eleven or twelve hundred pounds. The neck is remarkably short and strong, detracting from the elegant deer-like form of the femily; but this form is necessary, to support the weight of the enormous palmated horns, weighing from fifty to sixty pounds, which adorn, perhaps some will say isfigure, the front. Some of the other proiiortions are also rather clumsy, if separated. But if the w lole animal, “ the aggregate of his appearance,” as Mr Smith expresses it, be taken, it will certainly combine with the majestic scenery which surrounds It, and render it a fitting companion to the Ameri- can landscape. “ iho head, measuring above two feet in length, is narrow and clumsily shaped, by the swelling upon the upper part of the nose and nos- trils ; the eye is proportionally small and sunk ; the ears long and hairy, and asinine ; the neck and wi- thers are surmounted by a heavy mane, and the throat is furnished with long coarse hair, and, in the )munger species, encumbered with a pendulous gland : these give altogether an uncouth appearance to the animal. Its body, however, is round, compact, and short ; the tail not more than four inches long ; and the legs, though very long, are remarkablv clean and firm. This length of limbs, and the owrhanging lips, have caused the ancients to fancy that it grazed ivalking backwards. The hair of the animal is coarse and angular, breaking when bent. “ Its movements are rather heavy, and the shoul- ders being higher than the croup, it does not gallop. THE ELK, OK MOOSE. 127 l)Ut shuffles or ambles along, its joints cracking at every step with a sound heard to some distance. In- creasing its speed, the hind feet straddle, to avoid treading on its fore heels, tossing the head and shoulders like a horse about to break from a trot to a gallop. It does not leap, but steps without effort over a fallen tree, a gate, or split-fence. During its progress, it holds the nape up, so as to lay the horns horizontally back. The form of the upper lip is perhaps one of the most marked characters of the animal, and, as we shall presently see, is undoubtedly an organ of pre- hension, necessary for its mode of life, in which it is assisted by the lengthened tongue, possessing great flexibility. The upper lip, like most of the stags, is not finisl.ed hy a naked muzzle ; it is entirely co- vered with hair, and has only in the centie a small space entirely naked, and without glands. Ihe edges of the lips, on the contrary, are covered with glands, and, towards their commissures, have nume- rous fleshy appendages, of four or five lines in depth, and almost like tentacula. In its winter dress, the Elk is of a brownish-black, almost inclining to the latter colour, with the excep- tion of the limbs, which are greyish-yellow or fawn colour. The mane is of a fawn colour : the sides of the head of a clear tlull greyish-brown. In this state it is represented in the accompanying Plate. In the dress of summer, it is always of a browner tint. During the second year, the horns 128 THE ELK, Olt MOOSE. are only about, seven or eight iiicbes in length. Du- ring the third year, or the second of the horns, in the animal kept alive in Paris, they oidy reached the length of sixteen or eighteen indies, and had not commenced to palmate. This might be influenced by confinement. According to Hamilton Smith, the incipient horns appear the first year to the length of an inch ; the second they rise to a foot ; the third they are forked ; the fourth they first assume six snags, and are somewhat flattened ; the fifth year the blade is still small, but the expansion from that time forward is uniform. The snags sometimes amount to twenty-eight. The Elk, according to most writers, and the more accurate accounts we have received, is not grega- rious, one or two being only seen together, except during the breeding -season. During summer, they frequent the lower countries, near the borders of the lakes, where they find a refuge in the waters from the tormenting stings of the mosquitoes ; and during the rutting season, the fringed hanks and beautiful wood- ed islands afford cover and shelter to the gravid fe- male or the young. To these retreats the does retire at this important season, the beginning of September, where they are sought out by the adult males, who drive away the younger, and keep off all intruders. In winter, again, they frequent the wooded hills, find- ing both shelter and food when the ground has re- ceived its winter covering. Their necks are so short, and the legs so long, that they are unable to feed on THE ELK, Oil MOOSE. 129 the low herbage like cattle, hut crop the tops of the higher plants and low brushwood, or reach and pull down the branches of trees ; for, as Frederic Cuvier observes, their upper lip is a true organ of prehension, and that the whole of the manners of the animal, which he was enabled to study in confinement, plainly indicated the adaptation of its form to an abode in forests, and to a sustenance on the foliage of trees. The same animal, when wishing to graze, reached the ground with its muzzle with extreme difficulty, and often on such occasions fed leaning on its knees. During winter, the shoots of the willow, birch, and red willow, are among their favourite food; and Dr Richardson, on the authority of Lewis and Clark, notices the Guallheria Shallon as much sought af- ter to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains. During winter, it is a favourite object of the chase, particularly among the Cree Indians, who account themselves the most dexterous in this pursuit. In winter, the hunter tracks the Moose by its footmarks in the snow, and it is necessary he should keep con- stantly to leewai-d in the chase, and make his advance with the utmost caution ; for the rustling of a wi- thered leaf, or the cracking of a rotten twig, is suffi- cient to alarm the watchful beast. The difficulty of approach is increased by a habit which the Moose Deer has, of making a daily sharp turn in its route, and choosing a place of repose a#near some part of its path that it can hear the least noise made by any one that attempts to reach it. To avoid this, the VOL. III. K 130 THE EI-K, OR MOOSE. judicious hunter, instead of walking in tlie animal’s footsteps, forms his judgment, from the appearance of the country, of the direction it is likely to liave taken, and makes a circuit to the leeward, until he again finds tlie tract. This manoeuvre is repeated, until he discovers, by the softness of the snow in the footmarks, and other signs, that he is very near the chase. He then disencumbers himself of every thing that might embarrass his motions, and makes his approach in the most cautious manner. If he gets close to the animal’s lair without being seen, it is usual for him to break a small twig, which alann- ing the Moose, it instantly starts up ; but not fully aware of the danger, squats on its hams. In this posture, it presents the fairest mark, and tlie hunter's shot seldom fails to take effect in a mortal part.” At other times, in winter, when the snow is very deep, they are hunted and run down on snow-shoes, and in this chase the endurance of the animal is re- markable. During the rutting season, the Moose lays aside all his timidity and wariness, attacking every animal, and even man, if he comes in the way. At this period, they are attracted by the hunters within shot by “ scraping on the blade-bone of a deer, and, by whistling, which, deceiving the male, he blindly has- tens to the spot, to assail his supposed rival. If the hunter fails to give it a mortal wound as it ap- proaches, he shelters himself from its fury behind a tree ; and 1 have heard of several instances in which THE ELK, 014 MOOSE. 131 tlie enraged animal has completely stripped the bark from the trunk of a tree hy striking with its fore feet.” According to Say, at other limes, when wounded, he is also dangerous. His hunters wound- ed an animal, which fled to a thicket, where it was pursued hy the party. “ The noble animal finding his pursuers at his heels, turned on the foremost, xvho only saved himself by springing into a diicket, which the Elk could not penetrate.” In this case, his horns become his greatest foe, for he soon be- came entangled, and fell an easy victim : his head was enveloped in such a quantity of Cissus, Smilax, and other twiggy vines, that scarcely the tips of his horns could be seen. In Europe, the Elk is less accurately known, ana although, as we observed, surmises of a difterence in the species have been raised, yet nothing definite has been discovered, and the correct characters, from European specimens, have not yet been published. It is said to be found in a part of Prussia, Poland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Lapland, and Russia ; and in Asia, to spread from the thirty-fifth to the fiftieth degrees. In Sweden, the powers of this animal were made subservient to public utility. In the reign of Charles IX., Elks were made use of for the purpose of conveying couriers, and were capable of accom plishing 36 Swedish (about 234 English) mi es ui a day, when attached to a sledge. Dorelli, a Sw-edish gentleman, recommends them 132 THE ELK, OR MOOSE. to be used in tlie time of war, to be employed as flying artillery, to reconnoitre, and cany dispatches. This is the only animal which will rank in sub- genus Alces, though, to another animal, known only by the horns, the name of coronaiui has been ap- plied by Cuvier. They are in the Paris Museum, bear sixteen snags, but are scarcely a foot in length : they stand about three inches asunder, and more on the forehead than in the common Elk ; and Mr Smith thinks' they must have been borne by an ani- mal not larger than the fallow-deer, and states his opinion that it may prove to be the Kistuke or little Elk of the Rocky Mountain Indians. The next form is now known by the subgeneric title of Unn- PLATE «• 133 THE REIN-DEER. Jlangifer iarandus. PLATE VI. Cervus tarandus, Linnaus and Authors. As with the moose or elk, we shall consulej the history of the Rein-Deer separately, as an mhabUant o the Old and New World. In both he fills a vevy ilportant part in the eeono.ny of the native tnb ; but it is marked with this peculiarity, ^ one he is hunted in a state of nature, while m he other the greater proportion of the race is ua( er le ;:;danceLd protection of man, and is con.der^d as part of the riches and private property of the n- divWuals. Also as with the animal above alluded to, they present varieties in the different countries, which have yet been not defined, and which may ul- timately lead to a distinction of the species whml^ inhabit the two continents. We shall fiist the rein-deer in America. n or,r Sav The works of Hearne, Hutchins, Pennant, y, and more lately of Dr Richardson, have given many details regarding this animal. It inha its a grea range of country, nearly as far south as anat a, an 134 THE UEIS'-DEER. extending norih farther than any other deer. Two varieties at least exist, named by Dr Rieliardson, the Barren-ground Caribou, and the Woodland Ca- ribou. The latter is the smallest in size, is less es- teemed, and in every way reekoned inferior to the other. It inhabits a limited track of country, a stripe of low primitive rocks, well clothed with woods, about one hundred miles wide, and extending, at thi; distance of eighty or a hundred miles from the shores of Hudson’s Bay, from Athapascow Lake to Lake Superior ; and it is curious, tliat the woodland cari- l/on migrates or travels to the southward in the spring — a direction opposite to that of those inha- biting the barren grounds. This' animal requires in- vestigation. A naturalist has yet not had an oppor- tunity ; and it is much more than probable that it may turn out to be distinct from either the other in- habitants of America or those of Europe. Horns of another allied deer are described by Major Smith, under the title of C. coronatus. The honis of this variety are known to differ from the others. * The barren-ground caribou of Dr Richardson is distributed over the fur countries, and passes the summer on the shores of the Arctic Sea. This is an animal of a small size, weighing, when in good condition, and without the offal, from 90 to 130 lb. During summer tliey migrate to the coast, and feed on the young shoots of the grasses which commence to spring up in the sheltered arctic valleys. They • Rich. Faun. Amcric. i. 2J0. the rein-deer. 135 calf after their arrival on the coast. In September they commence their return to the woods, where they spend the winter, and find a sustenance from the usnem, alectori®, and the other tree lichens, or on the cetrariffi and cenomyces which clothe the rocks and ground. In a wild state, this animal is no less necessary for the support of the native tribes, than it is to the Laplanders in Europe. “ The Chepew- yans, the Copper Indians, the Dogribs, and Hare Indians of Great Bear Lake,” Dr Richardson re- marks, “ would be totally unable to inhabit these frozen grounds, were it not for the immense herds of deer that exists there. Of the caribou horns they form their fish-spears and hooks ; and, previous to the introduction of European iron, ice-clusels and various other utensils were also made of them. 1 e liide, dressed with the fur, is excellent for winter clothing, and supplies the place of both blanket and feather-bed to the inhabitant of the arctic wilds. It also forms a soft and pliable leather, adapted for mocassins and summer clothing ; or, when sixty oi seventy skins are sewed together, they make a Umt sufficient for the residence of a large family. Ibe shin-bone of the deer, split so as to present a sharp edge, is the knife that is used to remove the hair in the process of making the leather. The undressed hide, after the hair is taken off, is cut into thongs of various thickness, which are twisted into deer-snares, bow-stringK, not-lineSj and in fact supply all t le pur poses of rope. The finer thongs are used in the ma- 136 THE REIN-DEER. nufacture of fishing-iiets, or in making snoiv-slioes ; wliile the tendons of the dorsal muscles are split in- to fine and excellent sewing thread.” To the Canadian voyager the venison is an im- portant article. By the natives the whole animal almost is consumed, every part of the interior being eaten ; but it is from a mixture of the meat and fat of this animal, that the composition named pemmi- can is made. If kept dry, it may be preserved for three or four years, and, containing much nourishment in small bulk, is well fitted for extensive journeys, as has already been proved by its utility in the ar- duous arctic expeditions of our countrymen. An- other mixture of pounded deer’s meat and fish, or fish-roe, is made, which is either eaten raw, or made into soup ; it is called Thucchawgan. * Excellent and appropriate winter dresses are also made of the skins, by both natives and Europeans, which exclude the cold in a way hardly to be cre- dited. This, however, will be better exemplified when we notice the Rein-Deer of Lapland. To the European the gun is an indispensable ac- companiment of the chase ; but for the native tribes, necessity has been fertile in expedients to kill or captuie them. They are said to be the most easy of approach of all the North American deer; and a single family of Indians will sometimes destroy two or three hundred in a few weeks. They are taken by snares, or shot with the bow and arrow, being ap- * Rickardaon. THE REIN-DEER. 137 proached by stealth, or driven into the passes, where an ambuscade lies in wait for them ; or, as they freely take to the waters of rivers and lakes, they are easily overtaken in the canoes, and speaied. The Esquimaux also shoot them with arrows, and exhibit great patience in waylaying their prey. They are so inquisitive as to examine any object with which they are unaccustomed ; and to this the hun- ter trusts ; or, creeping heliind any object of partial concealment, he imitates the bellow of the animal, having his deer-skin coat and hood down over his bead. In both cases he is generally successful, and rarely shoots before the animal reaches a distance of tw'elve paces. The moat ingenious method of tak- ing them is, however, noticed by Dr llichardson, as practised by the inhabitants to the southward ot Chesterfield’s Inlet. It is by a trap made of snow and ice. “ The sides of the trap are built of slabs of snow, cut as if for a snow-house. An inclined plane of snow leads to the entrance of the pit, which is about five feet deep, and of sufficient dimensions to contain two or three large deers. The pit is co- vered with a large thin slab of snow, w'hich the ani- mal is enticed to tread upon, by a quantity of the lichens on which it feeds being placed conspicuous- ly on an eminence, beyond the opening. The exte- rior of the trap is banked up with snow, so as to re- semble a natural hillock, and care is taken to render it so steep on all sides but one, that the deer must pass over the mouth of the trap before it can reach VOL. HI. I- 138 THE EEIN-DEER. the bait. The slab is sufficiently strong to bear the weight of a deer, until it has passed the middle, when it revolves on two short axles of wood, preci- pitates the deer into the trap, and returns to its place again, in consequence of the lower end being heavier than the other.” Hearne describes another method still, by which these important animals are brought within reach of the more imperfect weapons of the Indians, — that of diiving into a pound, as is also done with the wild buffalo ; the principle is the same. A fence, or the appearance of it, is placed in tlie form of an angle, the entrance being wide, into which, when the herds enter, they are impelled forward by noise behind, until they are gradually enclosed in the centre fold. In the present instance, the centre pound or fold is sometimes a mile in circumference, and is intersect- ed with brush and fences, in which snares made of thongs of rein-deer skins are fixed, and in which, when entangled, they are easily speared. In Europe, the rein-deer inhabits the more north- ern countries, Siberia, Lapland, Finmark, and Swe- den ; hut is not, we believe, known to the south of the Baltic Sea. It also extends beyond tlie Asiatic boundary, and among some tribes is used as a beast of burden. In Iceland it has been for some time in- troduced. In none of these countries is it so much esteemed as in Lapland. It there becomes the sole wealth of the people, being every necessaiy they re- quire ; its care, food, and dressing occupying by far the rein-deer. 139 tl.e greatest and most valuable portion of tbeir tune The movements of the Laplander, and Ins habits of life, may indeed in reality be said to be under t control of his deer. He must follow them during summer in search of adequate pastures and a tend to their migrations to the coast; while rnumte , many a dreary hour is spent in the snowdrift in look- ing after the safety of his -herd. , f Independent of the indispensable utility for food and clothing, the rein-deer is also used to transport merchandise, as a courier, where dispatch is needed and for general travelling. Sometimes they are even Led to Lough and harrow, and in winter are em. f„a*r ''X* assistance, in a sledge, oi, as but before adverting to this conveyance, novel European visitor, we shall notice the speed with which the animal can travel. i i on.1 According to the best authorities, one hundred and fifty miles was performed with one deer in twenty- four hours, and once by two merchants across the mountains in nineteen hours, while the same distance has been performed with three deer in thirtee hours. But the greatest recorded instance of the speed of this animal, is that of the deer, o " portrait, together with that of its driver, is preserved L the LlaL of Drottingholm. In consequence of • Capel Brooke, p. 83 . 140 THE KEIX-DEEtS. the Norwegians making a sudden irruption into tlie Swedish territories, an officer was despatched, witii a sledge and single deer, to convey the intelligence to Stockholm. The distance, 124 Swedish, or 800 English miles, was performed in forty-eight liours ; but the deer dropped down lifeless on its arrival. * This relation of speed is always spoken of as a cer- tainly authenticated feet ; but we cannot help sus- pecting that there is some error in the time ; both the time and distance appear incredible ; and, at all events, it will prove the exception to the general rate of speed. Sir Aithur de Capel Brooke observed, that a deer can easily trot ten miles, and perhaps gallop nearly double the space in an hour, if put to extreme speed ; but he would be unable to keep it up longer. That traveller has also given the details of a race, in- stituted for the purpose of ascertaining the compara- tive speed ; and, as the details are short and simple, we shall insert them : — Four deer were used ; the first accomplished 5397 Paris feet in six minutes ; the second performed the same distance in seven minutes thirty seconds ; the others were distanced. This race was performed while the snow was deep, and consequently a considerable impediment to the running. Another experiment was afterwards tried on more favourable ground. The first deer per- formed 3089 feet 8 inches in two minutes, being at the rate of nearly nineteen miles in an hour, and Capel Brooke, p. 10.5. THE RKIN-DEEK. 141 thus accomplishing 25 feet 8 inches in eveiy se- cond.* . ^ To give some idea of travelling in Lapland witn these useful creatures, we have abridged an account of a journey performed by Sir Arthur de Capel BrooUc in that country, and can recommend the perusal of his “ Winter in Lapland,” as a work of much inte- rest, and containing one of the best histories of the domestic condition of the rein-deer. The party of which Sir Arthur formed a part, were about to travel from Alten to Stockholm in sledges. They leave Alten ; but, at a distance of some miles, find themselves stopped by one of the streams being still unfrozen. Some of the party, among whom was our traveller, return to ten to pass the night, while others take up their quarters in the cottage of a Finlander, where the rendezvous was to take place again early next morning. About nine o’clock the journey was to be again commenced. “ The morning was cold and stormy ; I was jaded, miserably tired for want of rest, and just on the point of being tied to the tail of a wild deer, and dragged at random in the dark, in a kind of cock-boat, some hundred miles across the trackless snows of Laplant . Our pulks were ranged together in close order , an( the wappus or guide having performed the last oflice for us, by tying each of us in as fast as possible, ami giving us the rein, jumped into his own, and then • Capol Brooke, p. 107- 142 THE REIN-DEER. slightly touching the deer with his thong, the whole of them started off like lightning. “ The want of light rendered it difficult to distin- guish the direction which we were going in, and I therefore left it entirely to my deer to follow the rest of the herd, which he did with the greatest ra- pidity, whirling the pnlk behind him. 1 soon found how totally impossible it was to pre.serve the balance necessary to prevent its overturning, owing to the rate we were going at, and roughness of the surface in parts where the snow had drifted away, the pulk frequently making a sudden bound of some hundred yards, when the deer was proceeding tiown a smooth slippery declivity. In the space of the first two hun- dred yards I was prostrate in the snow several times, the pulk righting again by my suddenly throwing my weight on the opposite side. My attention was too deeply engrossed by my own situation, to ob- serve particularly that of my fellow-travellers, or to be able to assist them. The deer apjieared at first setting off, to be running away in all directions, and with their drivers alternately sprawling in the snow. As I passed Mr Heinchen’s deer at full speed, I ob- served, to my great wonder, the former turned com- pletely over in his pulk, without appearing to sus- tain any damage, or his deer at all to relax its pace. My turn was now arrived ; and as we were descend- ing a tiifling declivity, and about to enter the fir fo- rest, a sudden jerk threw the pulk so completely on its broadside, that I was unable to recover it, and I THE IlEIN-DEER. 143 was dragged in tliis manner for a consideralde dis- tance, reclining on my right aide, and ploughing up the snow, which formed a cloud around me, from the quick motion of the vehicle. To render my si- tuation more helpless, on losing my balance I had lost also the rein ; and though I saw it dancing m the snow within an inch of my hands, I was unable, from the position I lay in, to recover it. Notwith- standing the great increase of the weight, the deer relaxed but little of his speed, making greater exer- tions the more he felt the impediment. The depth of the snow, however, in parts, exhausted the animal, and he at length stopped for an instant, breathless, and turned round to gaze upon his unfortunate mas- ter. I began to fear I was now going to receive some punishment for my awkwardness; but after resting a moment, he again proceeded. In the mean time, 1 had been enabled to recover the rein, as we as to place myself once more in an upright posture, and we continued our way at increased speed. This accident, however, threw our traveller be- hind, and he did not overtake the party until a halt had been called to collect the stragglers, and we find them now upon the banks of the Aiby El v a stream which was still open in the centre, and which they were obliged to cross. This was managed as lol- The Laplanders, to whom these obstacles are trifles, prepared without hesitation to leap each deer with its driver and sledge over together. This seemed 144 THE REIN-DEEH. no less difficult tlian liazardous ; indeed it appeared ((uite impracticable, from the width of the unfrozen part, which was about seven feet, and in the centre of the stream. The whole breadth of the Aiby Elv here might perhaps be twenty feet, and on each side there ivas a short precipitous bank, the apace be- tween that on ivhich we were and the open part, being about six or seven feet, the ice of which ap- peared firm and thick. “ The wappus now gutting out of his pulk, sta- tioned himself near the open part; and the sledges then advancing, each deer was urged forward by his driver to the utmost of his speed, descending the de- clivity at full gallop. Nothing less than such an im- petus could have carried us across, from the heavy load of tlie sledge and driver. Tlie natural force which its own weight gave it, being thus so greatly increased by the speed of the deer, and the icy smoothness of the bank, it made of itself so great a bound on coming to the open space, as in most in- stances to gain the firm part of the opposite ice, and by the strength of the deer was dragged up the oji- posite side. The first three or four took their leaps in fine style, carrying their drivers completely and safely over. The one immediately before me failed in the latter respect ; for though it cleared the open part, yet the sledge, horn its w'uight or some other cause, not making a sufficient bound, the fore part of it alone reached the firm ice, and the hinder, with its driver, was consequently immersed in the water, till the deer, by main strengtl), extricated it from its the rein-deek. 145 awkward situation. I relied greatly on mine, from its size, and fortunately was not disappointed, as it conveyed me safely across, both deer and sledge clearing the entire space. At night the party, twenty-three in number, halt- ed in a birch thicket at the base of the Finmark or Lapland Alps. The weather changes to a storm of wind and snow, but after much consultation, it is determined to proceed and attempt the crossing of the Solivara Mountains. The ascent was very te- dious from the steepness and the newly fallen snow, and the weather came on so thick, that the guide thought it advisable not to attempt crossing the sum- niit. In the course of an hour, however, the fog cleared away, and it was determined again to pro- ceed, after a short halt, to recruit the strength of the iaded deer. “ Our halt scarcely exceeded a quarter ot an hour ; but, before the expiration of this, our twilight had failed us, and the arch of heaven was studded with twinkling lights. We had no time to lose ; for we had yet many a weary stretch of mountain, be- fore we should arrive at any place that would afford us wood for our night’s bivouac. The evening star, which shone brightly, cheered our lonely way, as we glided along the frozen top of the Solivara, the ng - est of the Finmark Alps. The snow on its bleak surface was hard as adamant, and our deer, re by the rest they had made, flew swiftly along. e had at this time accomplished about half the distance von. III. 146 THE REIN-DEER, to the commencement of the descent on the opposite side of tlie mountains. Hitherto we had considered ourselves fortunate in the clearness of the weather, but we were now about to experience a striking re- verse. Our guides, with the usual caution of these people when crossing the mountains, on looking to the westward, discovered a small misty apitearance, which slightly obscured that quarter, and seemed to be approaching us. I probably never w'ould have discovered it myself. The Laplanders, however, know too w’oll by experience what these mists por- tend, and are too fully aware of the danger of meet- ing tvith them, not to keep a constant look-out. In an instant wc were in confusion, our guide quickly made known the approach of our enemy in the rear, and the immediate necessity there was of pushing forw'ard at the utmost speed to which we could put the deer. “ The guide coming to me, and whispering in my ear with a seeming mystery, gave me a piece of ad- vice of some importance. The fog, said he with earnestness, would shortly overtake us, and when that hap[)ened, he briefly counselled me to halloo on my deer as fast as it could gallop, — to mind no other person, and never to be in the rear. My deer, in- deed, was one of tlie best and fleetest of the herd, and I was now so expert in the management of both animal and pulk, that I felt tolerably confident I should not he the hindmost, except some accident occun-ed. Fastening, therefore, the end of the rein the BEIN-DEER. 147 tightly round my arm, to prevent dropping it, I fol- lowed the example of my wappus, of the animal to increase its speed. The whole party did the same, and redoubled their swiftness Two stars in the south-east had hitherto served as steering points ; all around us, however, became quickly obscured. The fog overtook us in oui ca- Lr, and in a few minutes the heavenly bodies were no longer visible. Our confusion was now greatly increased ; we were suddenly enveloped in a dense mist, and were unable to discern our nearest neigh- bours. Our speed, notwithstanding, was unrelaxed, and it was a complete helter-skelter race in the dark, every one minding himself. The utility of the deer s bells was here fuhy shewn, since without them half our party would probably have been bst. “ In this manner we scampered along the top the Solivara, bewildered and dreading lest the mist should be succeeded by the snow-drift. By the i - clination of the ground, our foremost guide perceived we were now coming to the descent of the lange, and for the first time was sensible, that the darkness had brought us into a part of the mountains with which he was unacquainted. Tins unpleasant in e li-rence made us proceed step by step with the ut- m°ost caution, till we found our progress suddenly arrested. The foremost deer had reached the b of a precipice, and had stopped from instinct. VA e had fortunately relaxed from our usual pace, or the whole party would have been over. We now turned 148 THE REIN-DEER. in a different direction, to endeavour to find a part where the descent was more gradual. This was not easy, on account of the darkness, and every step was pregnant with danger. In a few minutes I heard a confused noise among the foremost sledges, and had little time for preparation, when I found myself sud- denly descending a precipitous part of the mountain. The surface was smooth as glass, and both deer and sledge glided down like lightning. It was in vain to attempt to stop the latter. The velocity it ac- quired in a few yards, from the weight alone, was so great, that it quickly overtook the animal that drew it. His legs being now hampered by the traces be- tween them, the deer in consequence fell, and the pulk swinging round in a different direction, came on its side, and in an instant rolled like a ball. In this manner it continued its descent, and dragged the deer along with it. The surface of the snow was fortunately smooth, and I rolled along with the pulk with comparative ease ; the lowness of it gi-eatly in- creasing the facility with which it performed its evo- lutions, while the quickness with which it took place, made me hardly sensible of it. During this time the situation of the other sledges was similar to my own, and the cry of Wappus! was now heard from all quarters to obtain assistance. The guide, as soon as he could extricate himself, came to our aid, setting the deer again on their legs. We now collected at the bottom, in a state of alarm naturally created by this sudden and unexpected de- THE REIN-DEER. 149 scent. The damage sustained, however, was trifling, “I! ,i.gala, » r*», » «» l..d .!.« !».. '’"•rhe.e .ketche. from Sir Arthur’, work rrlll .em to depict travelling in Lapland with rem-deer. i party arrive in safety at their destination, after many Llventures of a similar kind, which our limits will not permit us to insert. No other conveyance at niiany seasons could traverse that country, and no anima but the rein-deer could serve the same purposes , and though not affording the luxury and certainty of time of British travelling, there must be much spir. - ing incitement after the management of the pulk "““tin-d^r »«d for .ra.dli.g ™ .to k.^ by persons, and let out for that purpose, their owners gLerally accompanying any distant ““ Ling as guides. A Lapland family g-erally po sesses a herd of fifty to five hundred head . thos with less than a hundred, however, are only a enjoy a precarious living, and two geneLly join their wealth ; while with five hundre a man can support his family with curd, cheese, and milk during summer, and in winter can kill dee • To kill venison is looked upon as independence one possessing a herd of a thousand of as a rich man, and a few individuals are sau to possess the extravagant wealth of from teen dred to two thousand. . The food of the rein-deer in Europe during sum- 150 THE REIN-DEEIi. mer, is the young shoots of the birch and willow, with a variety of mountain pasture and shrubs. During summer a migration to tlie coast appears es- sential to their health ; and when in a state of domes- tication, this is yearly observed by the family of the Laplander migrating with his herds, for a sojourn of some montlis to the vicinity of the sea. In winter, the food consists in a great part of various lichens, but principally the rein-deer moss as it is called, Cenomyce rangiferina. In seeking for this, they use their broad hoofs, and sometimes the horns, to remove the snow, and the sense which the animal possesses to search for the plant, and to know the part of the ground where it grows, under a deep covering of snow, is extremely fine. “ The natural quickness in this respect,” says Broke, “ is amazing. When a halt with the sledges was made, they quickly set themselves to uncover the moss, but if the stop- page happened to be on a lake, the attempt was never made, though the snow, as in the other case, was some feet in dej)th above the ice.” * There is a singular propensity in the rein-deer to feed on the lemmings, which they seize and devour with a sort of unrestrainable jtaasion. During the migrations of these little animals, the herdsman is frequently unable to keep his deer together, they dis- perse so widely and eagerly in search of them. Several attempts have been made to introduce the Sir A. C. Brooke, p. 502. the kein-deek. 151 rein-deer into this country, but yet without success, chiefly, it appears, from the improper selection of a place to which they might retire on their first land- ing. Following the rein-deer, we advance to another series of animals, where the horns still retain a pal- mated form, but they have been arranged in a divi- sion or subgenus, fr om the circumstance of the base arising from the burr being rounded, the horns as- suming the palmated form only at the top ; it has also no canine teeth, and the muzzle is completely formed. It has been denominated Damn, and will be illustrated by 152 THE COMMON FALLOW-DEER. Dama vulgaris. — Gesner. . PLATE VII. Dama vulgaris, Gesner — Cervus Dama, Auciorum—Fal- low-Deer of Pennant, Shaw, Bewick, ^c. This beautiful and common adornment of our English parks is now scarcely to be met with in a truly wild state. There are a few places where the enclosures have, through time, been broken down, and the deer run at large without food or shelter in winter, and from thence they have occasionally straye'jvv vnnj/H :^n.l. r I 169 THE BROWN PORCINE AXIS. A.iis porcinus. PLATE XIV. Porcine Deer, Pennant, Quadrup Cerf cochon, M. ^ F- Fred. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. This appears undoubtedly to be tbe animal fi- g’ured and referred to by Pennant in his History of Quadrupeds, from a specimen sent to Lord Clive from Bengal, and named, from its thickness and clumsy body, “• Hog Deer.” A more modern and accurate figure has been given of an animal in the 1 arisian Menagerie, iti the Maminiferes of Frederic Cuvier, and tvbich seems to have been similar to that which supplied Mr Pennant’s description. It is nearly of the size of the Spotted Axis, and is re- markable for the rounded outline of the head, and the heavy and awkward proportions of the body. 1 he horns in this figure are slender, with a single short antler at the base, and the fork at the tip slightly developed. The colour is entirely of a yel- lowish-brown, slightly paler on the lower parts. The insides of the limbs are white, and around the eyes, with the hinder parts of the cheeks, are yellowish. VOL. HI. p THE BROWN PORCINE AXIS. 170 It inhabits the jungles of India, and, notwithstand- ing its form, is extremely active. This animal, with the preceding, seems to go un- der the name of Hog-deer, and appears to be one of the species which arc most frequently hunted on horseback or with greyliounds. It appears to be a variety of eitl.er this or the Spotted Axis winch is introduced by Colonel Williamson m Ins Oriental Field Sports as by far the most abundant species m the jungles. His figures vary from either in having a single row only of white spots along each side of the back, and the form of the animal and of its hoims ; while the power it is described to possess when irn- tated, would lead us to believe that it is more neaily allied to the preceding, if it should not tuni out to be an animal distinct from both. It evidently be- longs to the present group, and a short notice ot some of the Colonel’s observations may tend to throw light on the habits of the Axine Deer. Succeeding these have been placed the Capreo line group, varying slightly in form, m the branch- ing of the horns, and in the want of a lachrymal sinus. It will be seen in f 171 THE COMMON ROEBUCK. Capreolus dorcus, Gesner. PLATE XV. Cervus capreolus of Authors — Chevreuil, Buffon Roe or Roebuck of English writers. The common Roe or Roebuck is one of the most elegant of our native deer, and fonns a most appro- priate and beautiful object in tlie woods and copses of the Scotch Highlands. In Scotland, north of the Forth, it is every where abundant, where rock and wood abounds ; so much so, as in some places to be condemned to extirpation, from the damage done to the young wood. It delights in what may bo called the lower coverts, the civilised woods, and leaves those of sterner character, more solitary and wild, to be frequented by that pride of the north, the Stag or Red Deer. South of the Forth, it is very rare, one or two wilder parks only possessing a few ; but frequent traces of its former abundance is found in the border counties, remains and skeletons being almost yearly disinterred from most of the larger peat-mosses : in the rugged woods of Westmore- land and Cumberland it still abounds. On the con- 172 THE COMMON ROEBUCK. tinent of Europe it is common in many districts suited for it, Germany and Silesia, &c. ; and it ex- tends across the Asiatic boundary. Another animal is mentioned as belonging to this group, the Tartarian Roe, C. ’pygo-rgus, found in Russia and Siberia. It is larger than the common roe, brown, with the under parts yellowish. It is a species yet little known. The next Deer in our arrangement is the Maza- mine group, formed of the subgenus Mazama, H. Smith, and wliich will be represented by r ' I ■SV. , .-,,•'54^ r.,> " -■■; ' b ■ :vifif ■ . 173 THE GUAZCrPUCO-DEER. Mazama paludosa. — H. Smith. PLATE XVI. Eel Giiazu-pucrS, Azara, Apuntamienlos, i. p. 3.1, No. 4 Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mammalogie, p. 443. — Guazu- puco-deer, Griffith's Cuv. iv. 134 — Cervus paludosus, Lichtenstein, Saugethiere, pi. xvii. This deer, with the following, seems first to have been noticed in the works of Azara. They were ^ afterivards introduced in the Mammalogy of Desma- rest ; and we have a figure of our present species in Griffith's translation of Cuvier, taken from a spe- cimen exhibited in London. Later still (in 1829), it is described and figured in Lichtenstein’s Sauge- thiere, which has supplied the material for our illus- trations. It is nearly as large as the European stag. The muzzle is large. The general colour is a red- dish-hay, except the insides of the ears, the lower part of the breast, and inside of the limbs, which are white. The forehead and face is marked with a dark broad stripe, which runs irregularly down on each side of the lips, and is relieved by a paler tint on the eyebrows and cheeks. It inhabits the lower districts of Paraguay. 174 THE GUAZUTI-DEER. Mazwma campestris Smith. PLATE XVIL Del Guazuti, Azara, Apvntamientos, p. 41. No. 5 Cerviis campestris, Desm. Mammuloffie, 444 — Griffith's Cnv. It. p. 136 — Lichtenstein, Saugethiere, pi. xix., male, female, and young. This is another of the beautiful South American deer, recorded in the works of Azai a, hut which for long after remained in comparative obscurity, and is now rarely met with in a collection. A figure is given by Major Smith, from a specimen e.xhibited in Lon- don, under the name of Cushetu ; but we have again recourse to the plate of Lichtenstein, of a later date, for the accompanying illustration. It is not nearly so l^ge as the former, standing only about two feet SIX inches high at the shoulder. The horns are more slender, also, about a foot in length, and with gene- rally two snags. It inhabits the open plains, instead of the foiests or thickets, and pos.sesses great swift- ness, so much so, that Azara mentions a horse can- not overtake it. According to the same author, 'the flesh of the young is delicate, but that of the adult PLATE f^i: t .1 H ■ r, I t ■ L I I I * A f i THE GUAZUTI-DEEa. 175 strongly flaroai ed. A slice of tlieir flesh applied to the wound is said to cure the bite of poisonous ser- pents. It sometimes varies to nearly white. 1 his group contains also several other South Ame- rican species, which are 5 -et in such obscurity as to render it uncertain whether they will all rank as dif- ferent animals, or only as varieties or different states, from the influence of the season on the colour of their hair. M. Mexicanus and nemoralis stand in our systems as separate. Two others, found in North America, are better known, and may be short- ly noticed. The first, the black-tailed or mule-deer, Cervus macrotis. Say, seems to inhabit the whole ex- tent of the plains of the Missouri, Saskatchewan, and Columbia. This species being of little inte- rest, either as an article of food to the natives, or of profit to the traders, those of North America re- mained in uncertainty till the observations of Say and Dr Richardson have in a great measure lemoved it. The following description is that of Mr Say, from specimens killed daring the expedition to the rocky mountains.* The antlers slightly grooved, a small branch near the base ; near the midtile of the entire length, they bifurcate equally, and each of these processes divides again near the extremity. Tlie ears are very long, nearly half the length of the whole antler ; the hair coarse and compressed, and undulated, light red- dish-brown above ; sides of the head, and hair on * Expodit. ii. p. 88. 176 THE GUAZUTI-DEER. the fore portion of the mane above, dull cinereous, the back intermixed with blackish-tipped hairs, wliich form a distinct line on the neck near the head ; tail jiale reddish black at the tip. Dr Kichardson’s specimen stood about two feet six inches high at the fore shoulder, and the horns wanted the small basal process which existed in Say’s specimen. The other species alluded to is the Virginian deer, yiazama Virginiana, H. Smith, and which that author takes as typical of his sub-genus, having “ The light and elegant form ; a long tapering nose ; the horns reclining on the head, and turned outwards, and then with a very decided curve, pointing their (■xtreniities forward; the horns with a general ten- dency to flatten ; a small suboibital pore like a fold, and no canines.” 177 SUBULO. The next form we have to notice is what Major Smith has named the Brockets, from their having liorns, during all their ages, similar to those of a deer of the first year — a single straight and round horn ; and hence also bis generic title of Subulo. They inhabit South America, are of middling size, have a small muzzle, a lachrymal sinus, and a tail of mo- derate length. They inhabit the woods and jungle. The first species is VOL. HI. o 178 TPIE GUAZU-riTA. Subulo ruftis Smith. PLATE XVIII. ^ Del Guazu-pita, Azara^ Apuntamienios^ i. p. 51 Cervus rufus, F. Cuvier and Desmarest The Pita Brochet, Su- bulo rufus. II. Smith ; Griff. Cuv. iv. p. 140.— LicA*'?!- steiii, Saagethiere, pi. xx., male, female, and young. First noticed by Azara, and named Iiy him as above, from the red colouring of the hair. They in- habit the low, moist woods, and are polygamous ; hence ten females are generally seen for one male, •which gave ri.se to the idea that South America pos- sessed deer without lionis at all. They are very fleet for a short time, but are easily tired and over- taken by dogs, and are sometimes taken with the lasso and balls. The height at the shoulders is about twenty-nine inches. The general colour of the body is a reddish- brown. The inside of the ears is whitish, the hairs very short. The same whitish colour surrounds the lips, the lower part of the head, and of the tail, the hinder part of the belly, the buttocks, and the inside of the fore legs, reaching to the knees. The females want the horns entirely, are nearly of the same red- I PLATE 18. THE GUAZU-Prv.4. 179 tlisli tint, with a wliite spot above the nose and on tlie upper lip. Another species mentioned by Azara, and enter- ing this division, is the Guazu-bira, the Bira Roe of Major Smiili, and the Cervus neinorivagus of Lich- tenstein. This pretty deer inhabits the woody parts of the same country with tlie former, and also owes its first notice to Azara. It is about twenty-six inches in length. The aspect of the animal is said to be less deer-like than the preceding, and to approach •oniewhat to some of the sheep. The ears are more rounded at the extremity, and the lachrymal sinus is nearly imperceptible. The lower part of the head and lips are whitish ; around the eyes, the inside of the fore legs, and from the lower part of the breast to the buttocks, is of a whitish cinnamon colour. The whole neck, and all the other jtarts of the ani- mal, are of a brownish shade, approaching to greyish, from each hair having a delicate tip of white. The horns are short and simple. To these Major Smith adds another animal, from the collection of Prince Maximilian of Neuweid, very similar to the first, but about six inches lower at the shoulder. He has given it the title of Apara Brochet, Cervus (subulo) siwplicicornis. The next animals are now known under the title of Muntjak, and have been placed by Major Smith, apparently with propriety, at the conclusion of the true deer, fi-om the remarkable structure of the horns, 180 THE JICNTJAK. tlie deciduous part being placed at the extremity of a lengthened pedicle, or, as it were, surmounting a fixed horn. He has termed the subgenus Stylocerus, and characterized it, “ Horns small, with only one anterior snag, standing upon elevated pedicles ; long canines in most males, deep suborbital sinus, a small muzzle.” They have yet been found only in India, and her islands. The first to be noticed is 181 THE MUNTJAK. Slylocerus Muntjak. Smith. PLATE XIX. Eib-faced Deer, Pennant, Quad.— Cervws muntjak, Desm. Mammalogie ; llorsf. Zool. Researches in Java Styloce- rus muntjak, II. Smith; Griff. Cuvier, iv. 143, and Sy- nopsis. The Muntjak, or Sumatra Roe, as it is occasional- ly termed, is at present best known by the figure and description of Dr Horsfield, which appeared some years since in that naturalist’s “Zoological Researches Ju Java.” It is a native of many of the eastern islands, and while it resembles the roe of Europe in its general shape, an animal in full health and vigour is nearly one-fifth larger. They have the same ele- gance of appearance, the same springy liglitness in their bounds, and, by native poets of both coun- tries, have been employed as emblems of softness, timidity, or speed. The height at the shoulders of Dr Horsfield’s ani- mal, is about two feet two inches, and that gentle- man s description is nearly as follows. “ The face affords a peculiar character of the Cervus muntjak ; It differs in a small degree in the living animal, and 182 THE MUNTJAK. in prepnred specimens found in collections. In the former, there exists two rough folds of tlie skin, which are considerably disteiided and elevated ; they are separated about an inch and a lialf above, and, fol- lowing the direction of the prominent sides of the forehead, they unite below, so as to mark the f.ice with the letter V. In the dried subject the folds are contracted, and three distinct ribs appear, which have suggested to Pennant the name of llib-faced Deer. “ A few straggling delicate bristles are scattered over the face, near the nostrils, and over the lower lip anti chin. The ears are of moderate size, erect, oval, and internally bordered with a series of beauti- ful white hairs. The face is marked with two black lines, following the direction of the lateral ridges, and continued along the pedestals to the coronal margins, by which they are terminated. The colour of our animal is a reddish-brown, but it differs in difl'erent parts in its intensity. The specimens belonging to the Museum of the India House have a reddish- brown tint, inclining to fulvous. The inside of the thighs, region of the pubes, and the under side of the tail, are white. The lower part of the thighs and the legs are dark brown, slialitly variegated with grey ; hut a streak of redtli.di-brown extends along the legs, ])osteriorly, towards the tarsus, where it becomes dark and blackish. The colour of the Muntjak varies at difl'erent periods of the year. The female also, at least in Java, is darker than the male.” THE MDNT.TAK. 183 But it is in the horns that we see the most re- markable form and the charaeter of the subgenus of Smith. “ In the adult kidang in a perfect state, they consist of one principal hranch, with a smaller additional antler, rising on the same base from the co- ronal margin of the pedestal, and projecting forward and inward. The latter is simple, very abort, and, from the common base, one inch and a half in lemrth. The principal branch in the adult animal, is four inches and a h..!fi and measured along the curve five inches long. It risi's for the space of two inches nearly erect, then forms a slight curve outward and forward, and, finally, bending suddenly backward and inward, nearly at a right angle, forms a hook with an acute termination, the curve of which va- ries indifferent individuals.” The base of the horns is finished by a lubercnlated burr, hut which is nearly concealed by the hair, which terminates the pedestals. The pedestals commence, as it were, 'vith the ridges which are apparent on the face, which gradually diverge atul follow tlie outline of the skull. “ Thus they continue gradually increasing in size, until they have passed the orbits of the eye, where they enlarge by a lateral swelling, constituting an outer and inferior margin. Their form here is irregularly angular, being Itroader above, and having an even outer and inferior margin. They diverge now more abruptly from each other in a lateral di- rection, but in their ascent preserve the obliquity of the line bounding the skull above. Having passed 184 THE MUNTJAK. the limits of the skull, they assume a cylindrical, soroevihat compressed form, and constitute, on each side, a pedestal three inches in length, which, in its whole extent, is covered with integuments and hair, and at the extremity is crowned with a notched margin or burr supporting the hairs.” It has been observed by some naturalists, that we remain in uncertainty whether the Muntjak sheds its horns only once, or yearly. If the former were the case, it would shew^ a beautiful gradation of structure between the true deer with deciduous horns, and those animals where they rise from the bone of the forehead and are persistent. This will be better understood by looking at the annexed figures of the head and horns, from Horsfield's Illustrations — See Plate XX. The most favourite haunts of the Munijak in Java, are the moderately elevated grounds, diversi- fied by ridges and valleys, tending towards the ac- clivities of the more considerable mountains, or ap- proaching the confine of extensive forests. Sac- charum spicaium and Phyllanthus emblica are among the most abundant plants in these districts, and con- stitute its principal food, together with several other malvaceous plants, which are also greedily eaten. The Muntjak is often hunted by the Europeans and natives of rank. When started, its flight is very swift, and, taking a circular course, it generally returns to the spot whence it was raised. If the pursuit be con- tinued, it thrusts its head into a thicket, and remains PLATE 20. i FRONT VIEW OF Tin: HEAP of the MUNTJAK . 'Sorsfield. THE MUNTJAK. 186 fixed and motionless, as in a place of security, re- gardless of the approach of sportsmen. It is hunted with pariah dogs, which are kept in large packs, and trained for tfie purpose, and, when l)rougl)t to hay, makes a most vigorous resistance, often fatally wounding the dogs with its tusks, teaiing the neck and breast, and laying open the belly. At other times, a wide district is surrounded as in the Nor- wegian skaals, and the game driven to a centre. Hojses are trained to the chase, and the sportsman endeavours to overtake the animal, and kill it by a stroke of a sword. Tlie rider is mounted on the naked back, and pursues with a frantic impetuosity, while the aged delight to recount the dangers and incidents of the chases long bygone. This animal is also taken with nooses and a variety of snares, and seems to be nearly equally persecuted by man and the beast of prey. Major Smith notices four other species, which he refers to this group. They are all, however, com- paiatively yet unknown. They are, S. PhiUippinus (C. PhiUippinus, Desmarest), S. siibcornutus, S. au- reus, and S. moschatus, or Nepaul Muntjak. VOL. HI. R 180 GIRAFFJD^. Following the Muntjaks, have been placed those extraordinary animals the Giraffes, from the circum- stance that they possess tlie two bony elongations from the skull, covered with hair, and which, in the skeleton, appear like the bony core of horns, but which in the living animal are only surmounted witli some stiff bristly hairs, standing erect. r am!:i.i;()1‘ari) of Noirrii Africa. 1 ’'‘■■'rK 21. 187 THE CAMELEOPAllD OF NORTH AFRICA. Cameleopardalis antiquorum. ^ PLATE XXI. Modern zoologists have considered that the nor- thern and southern regions of Africa possessed sepa- rate species of this extraordinary animal, and have lately appropriated to that of the north the title of “ C. antiquorum" as being the animal known to the an- cient Greeks and Romans, and to the old Egyptians, as proved by the appearance of the creature on the. sculpture of the latter, and by the histories of the former, which we have handed down with apparent authenticity. We are ignorant, however, yet how far the limits of each extend, but know that one or other of them range from the most southern extre- mity of the Cape to the very north ; — not very un- common in the more unexplored regions, but rapidly decreasing wherever a commencing civilization has begun to plant her steps. The present figure is that of an animal from the north, taken in the vicinity of Senaar and Darfour ; and the woodcut at the commencement of the de- scription is also from the northern animals described by Ruppel ; and as it is in this organ that the princi- 188 the cameleopard. pal specific distinctions appear, it may serve for com- parison with those from the southern part of the con- tinent. In both species, the immense length of neck, and the disproportional height of the fore-quarter, com- pared with the hinder, are the appearances which first strike an observer as unwieldy, clumsy, and un- fitted for an active life. The food, however, is de- rived in a great measure from the foliage of trees, particularly a species of Acacia (/Acacia Giraffce, Burch.). It seizes the herbage or foliage with its tongue, which is long and narrow, and which rolls round the object with a considerable degree of plia- bility, using it as a prehensile organ, and one beau- tifully fitted as an accessory to the other parts of its structure. The perfection of its form enables it to reach the exalted branches, which are uncropped, from being above the height of ordinary animals ; and, on the other hand, a shorter neck would not have allowed it easily to reach the earth, in districts where wood was more uiifrequent. Its pace is an amble, and, when put in motion, it is capable of considerable speed, according to Major Denham, such as to keep a horse at a pretty smart gallop. It occasionally falls a prey to the lion, the only beast of prey which dares to attack it; but the powerful strokes of both the fore and hinil feet are sometimes an equal match in open combat. The leight of the Giraffe is from fifteen to twenty-one feet The general colour is yellowish-white, patched over THt CAMELEOPAKD. 189 with large square and irreguiariy formed sjtots, of a yellowish-brown or fawn colour, divided from each other by a narrow stripe of the pale ground colour, and represented among the antelopes by the appearance of the Trngelapkus scripta, and one or two others. The head is adorned with three prolongations of the bone, two of which, in the usual place of horns, are generally described as such. They are covered with a velvety skin similar to those of the deciduous horned deer at their first growth, but which does not fall off, and at the tip they are surmounted by some strong bristly hairs. In the adult, the internal structure is hard and solid ; but in the young, Geoflroy St Hi- laire observed the appearance of a cellular cetitre, nourished by vessels. The third protuberance is in the centre of the skull, and appears as a rounded knob, and is of a very spongy texture. The Ca- meleopard was seen by Denham and Clapperton in parties of five or six on the borders of Lake Tchad, and also met with and described by Kuppel in his Travels in North Africa; while those of the south are frequently mentioned in the Travels of Le Vail- lant and Burchell. In a state of nature they are timorous, and flee immediately from dimger, but in a state of domesti- cation lose a great part of their timidity, become mild and docile, know their keeper, and take from the hand what is offered to them. 190 CAPRIDJ3. Fiom an animal of so extraordinary form as that we hare been just considering’, we proceed to the fourth great family of the Rumhiantia, placed by Major Smith under the title of Capridcc ; but there is an evident gap of connexion on both sides of the Giraffe, which will undoubtedly yet be filled by the discovery of some animal of this oi-der in the interior of Africa, traces or hints of something allied having been already given by several travellers in that fatal, but yet almost unexplored, interior. The Capridae contain animals still possessing great grace and swift- ness, and gentle dispositions, and many of great uti- lity to man in a domesticated state. Their great distinction from the Cervine or Deer Group, is in the horns being persistent. Interiorly, they are a pro- longation of the bone of the skull, of a very cellular texture, and nourished by appropriate vessels and nerves, while the external covering is the substance called horn, covering the other like a sheath, and also nourished from the root. The horns scarcely evei divaricate, or run into antlers, one animal where there is an exception being placed at the commence- ment of the Family. The character of the horn in THE CAPllID^. 191 this is in other respects maintained, a single strong prong jutting from it at the base, and shewing a mo- dification of structure which, if not known to exist, would certainly have been surmised. The horns in the other species sometimes approach to a flattened form, are sometimes bent in abrupt knees, or sudden liooks ; but the general form is rounded, or spirally twisted, almost always inclining- backwards. The first section of the Capridm will be composed of the antelopes, forming a subfamily Antelopina, and containing by far the greater proportion of the whole. By Major Smith it has also been divided into subgenera, which we shall notice in succession, but in the present volume will be able only to review a portion of them. In their general characters they continue the deer- like form, and only in some of the concluding forms resemble in appearance the succeeding groups of the sheep and goats, while a few indicate the peculiari- ties of the next or Bovine Family. The hair con- tinues also the quality of that of the deer. The tail is in general somewhat lengthened. The horns are not confined to the males only, though in the other sex they are generally less developed. The greatest part of them are gregarious, and form one of the most beautiful and interesting objects in the African desert. They are easily alarmed, and dart suddenly off on observing the cause of their distrust ; but, pos- sessing a great share of curiosity, make sudden wheels, and stop to inspect the intruders, without, 192 THE CAPRID^E. howfiver, allowing them to approach within the reach of harm. In India they hold various stations in the mythology of the Hindu, and in the superstitions of other sects. Their flesh is, however, generally paten, that of many of them much esteemed. They form a great portioei of the food of the larger carni- vora. Ihe first animal to he noticed is VLATV. ; I 193 THE I’BONG-HORXKD ANTELOPE. Dkrumcsrus farcifer — Smith. PLATE XXII. Antilocapra American ortl, Journal de Physique — Antilope furcifer, Smithy Linn. Trans, xiii — Richards. Faun. Bo- reali-Americana Dicranocerus furcifer, Smith in Griff. Cur. iv. L'lT, and Synoji. This animal retains tlie cervine form, more than any of the other antelopes. The character of the hairing, the short tail, and light coloured di.sk upon the buttocks, combined with the slight [lahnalion and prong of the horns, all contribute to keep up the resemblance ; and in addition, the structure is also more allied to the deer. The prong-horned antelope is found in the noitli- west territory of the United States. It is a common animal on the plains lying betwixt the Saskatchewan and .Missouri, and is also met tvith on the plains of the Columbia. Tlieir most northerly range, accitfd- inir to Dr Richardson, is about laL bS“, on the banks .\\ Pl.ATK 205 THE ADDAX, i f Oryx aidax Smith. PLATE XXV. Oryx addax, H. Smith in Griff. Cuv. iv. p. 193. and Synops. — Fred: Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Antilope ad- dax, Jiiese in Nordlichen Afrika. — Ruppel, tab. 7. The di.stinctions, or rather rarlations, between this fine animal and the true Oryxes, are, in “ having the croup somewhat more elevated than the shoulders, a lengthened mane on the neck, and a tuft of hair be- low the throat.” The spiral twisting of the horns will also be seen to vary from those of the animal on our last plate, where they are nearly straight. Ac- cording to Ruppel, the Addax is found in Nubia, and extends over the whole of the desert, which they are enabled to traverse from their fleetness, assisted by their wide-spreading hoofs, which do not sink in the running sands, nor clog their pro- gress. In the plate of this animal given by Ruppel, which has served for our copy, the whole body and limbs are white, the head and neck of a greyish-brown, marked across the forehead and in front of the eyes with a white band, broadest at the ends as they fall upon the cheeks. The hair between the horns on 206 THE ADD AX. the crown and below the throat, are larger and darker, approaching to chestnut; the tip of the tail the same colour, and the black hoofs are all the other contrast to the prevailing tint of white. The horns are above two feet in length, black, spirally twisted, and ringed on the forward aspect. The height of this animal at the shoulder is fully three feet. At some seasons the colour of the animal is a dull grey, as represented in the reclining animal. The only other animal probably belonging to the Oryxes, is the 0. kemas of Smith, of which scarcely any thing is known except the horns, which are figured by the Major. The hair is said to be long and ample, a variation fi-om all the others which are natives of the Tropics, and it is supposed that it is an inhabi- tant of Alpine India, and that it might be the uni- corn of the ancient Persians. Our next group is ot very beautiful form, and one often alluded to by the Eastern poets, as representing a light and airy carriage, and an expression of mild- ness and beauty. The Gazelles have the horns com- mon to both sexes. They are often of a lyrate form, and either annulated or striated, and the bony core is solid. They have a small lachrymal sinus, often tufts the addax. 207 upon the knees, arul dark hands upon the sides i hey are gregarious, inhabit the plains, and rarely approach the covered or uooded countries, are wary and timid, and are extremely swift. It is to these animals that the well known name of Gazal belongs, the Barbary Antelope, Gazal of the Aiabs, and Gazdla BorcaiiH,( Smith and Lichten- stem. 1 his animal has often been confounded in its synonymes with the Corinna Antelope and Kevel of our next plate, but appears local, to a certain degree in Its distribution, being nearly conBned to the north side of the Atlas Mountains, and found in Egyut Arabia, and Southern Persia. ’ 208 THE KEVEL. Icazella Jcevella Smith. i PLATE XXVI. Antilope kevella, Le Kovel, Biiffon, &c — Le Kevel, male Fred. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. This animal is found in great herds in Cen- tral Africa, extending beyond the river Congo, and as far south as the plains of Caffraria. That figured by Frederic Cuvier, and whose plate we have now used, was from Senegal. It was tame and familiar with those whom it know, the colour entirely of a reddish fawn, white on the belly, insides of the legs, and insides of the ears. A dark, nearly black band divides the reddish colour from the white of the lower jiarts, and end of the tail for nearly half its length was of the same colour. The eye, sun'ounded by a white circle, is broader than in G. dorcas ; it extends also forward, and the under lip is of the same colour. This animal also differs in the horns being more ro- bust and longer. The next doubtful species, the Korin of Adanson, is scarcely authenticated now, and if such an ani- mal or distinct variety exists, it is found in the very interior of Africa, bordering on the Sahara. These PLATE 2G. J I } THE m’hOKB. 209 three animals are exactly in the same state as other three of the same group, which we shall next no- tice. There is an uncertainty whether they are distinct or only local varieties, or races of the same, and until authentic specimens of each from the dif- ferent countries can be procured and compared, they will remain so. The other three which we al- luded to, may be noticed under the M’horr Antelope of Mr Rennet, the Nanguer of F. Cuvier and Ruppel, and the Addra. These have been brought from va- rious districts of Africa, and are closely allied in form and colour. Mr Rennet thus describes the Ga- zella M’horr;— “ The form of the M’horr is light and elegant; its neck is long and slender; its tail of mo- •lerate length ; its limbs extremely slender and deli- cate, and its hoofs short, pointed, and form a rather acute angle at their anterior margin. The head tapers uniformly with a face moderately prolonged, suborbi- tal sinus of small extent, and its naked muzzle limit- ed to a narrow border round the nostrils, which is prolonged in a middle line as far as the margin of the upper lip. The horns are black, imbedded at their base in long hairs, and marked in this individual with eight complete, rather distinct, well defined rings, and one or two incomplete ones, which occupy about two-thirds of their entire length, the remainder to- wards the points being perfectly smooth and shin- ing.* The coioar of the upper parts is a deep fulvous or In a living specimen the number of rings is eleven •210 THU M'hORH. (lull bay, which extends about two-tliiids down the sides, where it terminates abruptly in the white of the belly. It is continued along the middle of the batJt to within a short distance of the tail, and is rounded posteriorly. From the hinder part of the sides the deep colour is continued in a broad and somewhat triangular patch upon the haunches, where it proceeds in a narrowiiig stripe down the middle of th.e outside of the legs as far as the neck, on which it extends rather broadly backwards, and below which the stripe crosses oblitpiely and gradually towards the front of the limb, terminating a short distance above the hoofs, and occupying at its termination the ante- rior outer part of the fetlock. Throughout this course, the separation of the fulvous colour from tlie pure white immediately adjoining it, is strongly de- fined. The deep fulvous colour of the upper surface ex- tends over the whole neck both above and below, and huicomes fainter on the liead, passing up the cheeks, and fading away under the eyes. Between the ears and behind the horns it is tinged with blackish er ii'Mi-grey. A remarkable white patch is seated about half way down in front of the neck. The whole of the lower paits of the sides and un- der surface, with the inner, the hinder, and the ante- rior surfaces of the limbs, are pure white. The white of the hinder part of the posterior limbs extends up- wards for about four inches above the tail, including the tail and whole rump, and is prolonged forwards on eacli haunch, in a broad streak about five inches j'flB m’hORB. ;S!n in length. The length of this animal from the nose to the base of the tail is 4 feet 2 inches, height at the slioulder 2 feet 6 inches. Another specimen was 5 feet 1 inch long, and at the shoulders 2 feet 11 inches high.” In the colouring of these three animals, » the dor- sal fawn of the Nanguer extends along the back and sides, nearly as tar backwards and downwards as in the M’horr; while in the young, as well as adult Addra, it gradually becomes narrowei- and fainter as it passes backwards from the lower part of the neck, leaving not only the haunches and the crupper, but also the greater part of the sides, white. In M. Ruppel’s work there is also figured and describ- ed a short longitudinal fawn-coloured streak on the haunches, which is equally wanting in the Nanguer and M'horr. In the former of these the haunches are wholly unmarked, the dorsal colour being cut off posteriorly in nearly a straight line, extending from the back downwards ; while in the latter, as we have seen, they are nearly covei'ed by a broad somewhat triangular patch continued from the sides, extending down the hinder leg, and bounded above by a white streak, which is continuous with the white of the crupper." Ihe M'horr is found in Western Africa, in theter- litorics of the Sheikh of Wedroow ; the Nanguer in Senegal ; and the Addra in Nubia and Kerdofon. rile first is esteemed rare by the natives, and much sought after in producing the bezoars. Tlie Broad-hoofed Antelope, G. mytilopes, Smitli 212 THE KEVEL. is another animal belonging to this group, not much known, but would be distinguished by its heavier make and the broad form of the hoofs. It is under- stood to be found in Western Africa. Another very- elegant animal is the Antilope euchore or Springer, the Springbock of the Dutch colonists, represented on our next plate, NjottfjxiHjs ao a-ifmijt.is •iia 213 THE SPRINGER OR SPRINGBOCK. Antilope euchorc. PLATE XXVII. Antilope euchorc of Springbock of the Dutch Colonists. “ This is one of the most beautiful of the Antelopes of Southern Afi-ica, and is certainly one of the most numerous. The plain afforded no other object to fix the attention, and even if it had presented many, I should not readily have ceased admiring these elegant animals, or have been diverted from watching their manners. It was only occasionally that they took those remarkable leaps which have been the origin of their name ; but when moving or grazing at leisure, they walked or trotted like other Antelopes, or as the common deer. When pursued or hastening their pace, they frequently took an extraordinary bound, rising with curved or elevated backs, generally to the height of eight feet, and appearing as if about to take flight. Some of the herds moved by us almost with- in musket-shot; and I observed that, in crossing the beaten road, the greater number cleared it by one of those flying leaps.” Two thousand of this beautiful creature were conjectured to form the above mentioned 214 THE SPRINGER OJt SPRINOBOCK. flock described by Mr Burcliell, and their numbers everywhere met with is immense; but Pringle agrdn observes, that, on the banks of the little Fish River, “ so numerous were these lierds, that they literally speckled the face of the country as far as the eye could reach, insomuch that we calculated we had sometimes within view not less than 20,000 of these beautiful animals.” The general colour of the Springbock is fulvous brown, beneath white, hut the colours are distinctly separated by a dark brown band upon the flanks ; but the most curious appeaiance in the structure of the animal, is two folds of skin ascending from the root of the tail, and terminating upon the croup. They dilate when the animal is bounding, and expose a large triangular space (otherwise concealed) of pure white-coloured hair, edged by two dark-coloured streaks. It is this animal whicli commits so much damage during the passage of its vast migratory herds ; while at the same time it affords a most ample sustenance to the African beasts of prey. Plate Twenty-eigdit exhibits another animal belong- ing apparently to this group, inhabiting Northern Af- rica. l.iWiiK "d,liVrj.iXY S^INIMHIVKHJS I 1 1 4 • ■I •iJ •( J 1 215 SffiMMERING’S ANTELOPE. Gcesella Smmmeringii. PLATE XXVIII. Antilope Sccmmexmg^i, RuppeVs Afrika Zool. Atlas, fol. IP, A VERY beautiful and delicately coloured animal, standing about two feet seven inches high at the shoulder, and in length about four feet and a half. The colour of the upper parts, outsides of the ears and legs, a delicate reddish-grey isabella colour; the lower parts, insides of the limbs and buttocks, pure white. The forehead extending along the ridge of the nose, deep brownish-black, with a pale line above each eye, and a darker streak from the lower ' angle of the eye to the nostril. Inhabits north eastern Africa. Another series of Antelopes have received from Major Smith the title of “ The Antelopine Group and that naturalist retains also the generic title of “ Antelope.” They are much allied to the last, but differing in some lesser modifications of form, as in the horns being scarcely ever lyrate, having no dark bands on the sides, &c. ; they are more decidedly 216 scemmering’s antelope. distinguished by the males only being furnished with horns. Tlie females are nearly coloured like the males, but generally paler. The ears in both sexes are longer than usual. The species which most naturally occurs first, is 217 THE PALLAH. A. melampus — Desmarbst. PLATE XXIX. Pallah, Hamell's African Scenery. ~k. melampus, Detma- rest.^k. Pallah, Cuvier. In this graceful animal we see the horns slill re- taining a lyrate form. It inhabits the interior of Caffraria, and Booshowana country; according to Daniell, appearing only in flocks of a few together. It is easily tamed, but extremely timid, and possesses great swiftness. At the shoulder it is about three feet high, and in length about five. The general colour of the upper parts of the body is a reddish or yellow- ish-brown, sometimes with a streak of a deeper tint along the back. The breast, belly, buttocks, insides of the legs, are white ; around the muzzle, and above the eyes, is white, or very light coloured fawn ; and above the spurious hoof on each leg, there is a spot of black, more or less conspicuous. Another animal belonging to this group, has been named by Major Smith, A. adenota, from the cir- VOL. III. X 218 THE COMMON ANTELOPE. cumstance of its having a small gland or tubercle on the loins, about equidistant between the hips and the root of the tail. Major Smith does not, however, surmise what purpose this would serve. The s])eci- raens to which the name was applied, were part of the collection in Exeter Change, and stood about twenty-six inches high. The general colour a fulvous bay. The belly and inside of the limbs white. They were brought From the west coast of Africa. The Saiga, A. coins, Smith, is a European animal very little known. The collections of Petereburgh and Vienna, according to Major Smith, being the only museums, in 18:27, where entire specimens of this animal were preserved. It is a large animal, nearly equal to the size of the fallow-deer, but more clumsily made ; the horns intermediate between the lyrato form and the twisted appearance of the com- mon Antelope. The colour in summer a grey dun, with a dark stripe down the back. The under parts whitish. It is found on the shores of the Danube, the Carpathian range, Caucasian Mountains, and the Altaic Chain. It is migratory, and said to assemble in troops of ten thousand (singular that our informa- tion is so scanty regarding them). It is also said to be easily tamed, and become gentle. The horns are used by the Chinese for their lanterns. The last animal, but that most typical of the group, is the Common Antelope, A. cervicapra. A native of India, and celebrated for the religious superstition in which it is held by the natives, being consecrated to some of their deities, and alone permitted to be THE COMMON ANTELOPE. 219 eaten i n sorae of the religious cc'ieinonies of the Brah- mins. It is found abundantly over the whole Indian Peninsula, and is extremely graceful, and swift. “ It is pleasing to see a herd of antelopes, consisting per- haps of fifty or sixty does, and led by a fine dark co- loured buck, bounding over a plain. The height and distance taken at each bound, is wonderful ; they often vault at least twelve feet high, and over twenty- five or thirty feet of ground. It is folly to slip grey- hounds after Antelopes. Instances have been known of their being run down, but few dogs have survived the exertion.” “ The best method of shooting Antelopes, is to get a pair of very quiet bullocks, and walk between them, under the guidance of a native, who should hold a plough. The antelopes, to whom this sight is perfectly familiar, will, by this device, await with seeming confidence, and enable the sportsman to ap- proach sufficiently near to get a good shot.”* The young are of a pale fulvous colour, which darkens with age to a sepia brown, sometimes to deep black, the centre of the flank becoming darker, and shewing a streak, as in some of the gazelles. Ihe lower parts anti insides of the legs are white, and the nose, around the orbits and the throat, is often of the same colour. The horns are spirally twisted, and are sometimes two feet in length. Major Smith’s next group is formed of animals having the horns in a great measure bending forward. • Williamson's Oriental Field Sports, ii. 226. 220 THE COMMON ANTELOPE. The appearance a little more sheep-like, the propor- tions not so fine ; the hair thicker and longtT ; live in pairs, and frequent rocky districts. The title of Redunca has been given to the suhgenus, but tve have been unable to procure a figure of any species, of which four or five have been describe.l. A. villosa will be an example of it. The next animal, of which alone the subgenus Oreotragus has been made, is a remarkable form ; it is ‘II IS PLATE 30 f r I f> -f," «> ' 221 THE KLIP SPRINGER. Oreotragus saltatrix. PLATE XXX. Klip Springer, BanielVs A frican Scenery lA. oreotragus, Smith. This animal deliglits in the most precipitous rocks and precipices, where man or dog can scai'cely follow. They are said to delight in perching upon the highest pinnacles ; and in their general character have more of the habits of the ibex or goats than of the antelope. It is an animal of about twenty-two inches in height. The colour of Daniell’s figure is of a yellowish grey, and Major Smith desciibes the hair as of three colours, ashy at the root, browu in the middle, and yellow at the point, producing the singu- lar effect of a lively olive-green. The liair itself is hard, flat, spiral, flexible, and erect upon the skin, and forms a natural elastic pad to protect the body from bruises. The horns are about five inches in length, pointed and black, and aiiulated at the base. They are wanting in the female. Klip Springers were- for- merly abundant in the colony of Cape, but have lately much decreased, the venison being in high reputation, itiKl the hair being much sought after to stuff saddles. •222 THE GRYSBACK, &.C. Of the next animals, Major Smith makes another section, “ The Tragulinn group,” and describes four species, of none of wiiichwe have been able to obtain any figure. The animals are all'small, stand high upon tlieir legs, and nearly want the fail, and the horns are short, round, and simple. The Grysback, Tragulut grisca, Smith, is one of the most frequent, but like many others of the. African antelopes, the colonial name is often applied to several of the allietl species. It is about nineteen inches high at the shoulder, and is generally of a chestnut-red, paler on the under parts of the body. It inhabits the mountains, and is very swift and vigilant. The Bleekbock, T. pallida, is another, but considered by some as only a pale coloured variety of the last. Major Smith is of a different opinion, considering the form somewhat different ; and it varies also, as inhabiting the plains covered with bushes. Another animal has been named and characterised as a subgenua, from the horns alone, specimens of which are in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. They were brought from India, and Major Smith considers them so distinct, as to leave little doubt of the animal to which they belong being different from any of those forming his “ Tra- galine Group.” He has named it Raphicerus su- Indata, or Awl-Hortied Antelope, distinct from the U. aculicornii, which was previously described from specimens in the same collection. Our next group presents a very remarkable con- TUiJ GUYSBACK, &C, 223 figuration, in the animals belonging to it possessing lour horns. It has been named as a subgenus Telra- ccrtts. It appears that there is a possibility of two species with four horns existing, in the one perfectly smooth, in tlie other, rugged at the base ; the niate- lials, however, for establishing the latter, are imper- fect ; and, at present, wo shall confine ourselves to that first described by General Hardwicke. 2-24 THE CHICKARA. Telracerus chickara Leach. PLATE XXXI. Antilope chickara, Ilardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. — S‘.>0 — Tetraeerus chickara, Major Smith, Griffith's Cu- vier, iv. p. 254. This animal is about twenty inches and a half in height at the shoulder, and about thirty-three inches ill length, The horns are black and perfectly smooth, and about three inches in length ; in front of these the true horns, between the eyes, arise other two liorns, about three quarters of an inch in length, and an inch and a half in circumference at the base, thence suddenly tapering to a point. The general colour of the animal is ati uniform bright bay ; on all the upper p.arts, and on the chin, the under line of the neck, the abdomen, the inner sides of the thighs, and under the tail, are inclined to white, more or less mixed with sandy coloured hairs. The female is lighter, and without horns. These animals were kept in confinement by Ge- neral Hardwicke, and produced young in his posses- sion, two at a birth, a male and female. The male, in the rutting season, becomes exceed- PLATE 51. . i -' r I. THE CHICKARA. 225 iiigly wild and iniscliievons ; and althoiigli partly do- mesticated, continued dangeioua, running at every animal vvitliiu its reach, wheilier deer, goat, or man. Even the feeder could only approach him on the verge « of the circle, to which the l ope he was tied witli al- lowed him to reach. It iidiabits the forests and hilly tracts along the western provinces of Bengal, Behor, and Orissa ; and is extremely wild and agile. The other species if found to be distinct, will stand as T. quadricornes. The next group, The Ceplmlophine Group” of Major Smith, extend over southern Africa. They still contain animals of inconsiderable size, though some are large, and frequent bushes and low covers. They possess a curious manner of standing upon their hind legs to look out for danger (a habit we find in thy hare and some of the Rodentia), and of even leaping into the air to overlook the surrounding vegetation. The horns are short and small, and they are all dis- tinguished by a tuft of hair rising from the forehead, and by a pouch or sack opening between the orbits and the nostrils. The largest of the group is the Bush Antelojie, C. sylvimltrix, standing nearly three feet high. It is more clumsily made, and not so fleet as the other antelopes. The horns short and bending backwards. The colour ])rincipally of a dark brown, paler on the neck and flanks, greyish on the thighs and buttocks, almost yellow on the throat, and isabella colour along the spine, widening over the loins, where the hair VOL. III. T 226 THE BUSH ANTELOPE. lengthens to two inches. It inhabits the vicinity of Sierra Leone, and is esteemed for its venison. Another animal is closely allied to this, C. platous, Broad-Eared Antelope ; but, for n-ant of materials. Major Smith has provisionally kept them distinct. A more remarkable antelope is what that naturalist describes under the title of C. quadriscopa, or Four Tufted Antelope, from a specimen which was exhi- bited in Exeter Change, and so named from brushes or tufts of a dark coloured hair being on each of the knees. The general colour was of a sepia grey ; beneath whitish, the size about that of a roebuck ; it was brought from Bengal. Burchell’s Antelope, and the Duiher Buck of the colonists, will also be placed here, and an example of an animal of the same form, but much less size, will be seen in PLATE 52 . 227 THE GRIM. Cephalophus grimmia. PLATE XXXII. " Le Grim, Fred. Cntier, Hid. Naturelle des Mammifires— Antilope grimmia, Pallas's Spicil. Zool. p. 35, t. iii. The earliest atithentic description of the Grim, is in Pallas’s S[)icilegia Zoologica, described from two living males ; a female had also been attempted to be brought to Europe, but liad died on the passage ; she was said to he destitute of liorns, but the circum- stance was not authenticated. They are described as timid hut most agile creatures. They were fed on bread or chopped carrots, and were very fond of potatoes. The entire length of tlie animal two feet seven inches ; its height in front one foot five inches. Horns two inches nine lines, lliitk in proportion, black and straight, longitudinally striated, and annulated at the base with about four rings. In Frederic Cuvier’s plate anil description, which we have used for our illustration, this little animal is represented as about twenty-six inches high. The proportions of its head and body are rather heavy, but its agility is great, and is displayed in the fineness of the form of its 228 THE GRIM. limbs. The body is covered with a yellowish co- loured hair, except along the back, where the hairs are of a rich grey. The end of the muzzle, with the extremity of the lower jaw, and the edge of tiie up- per lip, is white ; b:‘tween the nostrils and the eyes appear two dark streaks, whence issues a dark co- loured secretion from a suborbital, .sinus, which the animal appears always anxious to express by rubbing against every convenient substance. The horns were three inches in height, but did not appear to have reached thetr full 'developmeht. The specimen wa.s brought from Senegal. The last form wliich we shall be enabled to notice in the Hunts of the present volume, is composed of’ very diminutive animals, inhabiting central and southern Africa, Neotragus of IMajor Smith. The best known species will be the Aniilope pygmea of Dr Shawy tli.“ Gnevi of Frederic Cuvier. It is scarcely a foot in height, delicately formed, and pos.sesses gfcat agi- lity. The colour is a reddish grey on the upper parts and sides, almost white on the neck and bellv. Fre- diM-ic Cuvier has given a figure of a female guevi, in which short and stumpy horns are exhibited, a cir- cumstance which is at variance with the characters given by Major Smith to Neotragus. We shall iU lustrate the group by PLATE 33. i ! 229 SALT’S ANTELOPE. Neotragui SalHana. PLATE XXXIIL Antilope Saltiana, Blainville, Ruppel, Atlas Zuder Reise im Nordliken Afrika, t. 21 — Neotragus Madoka, Major Smithy Griffiih'’s Cuvier, This beautiful animal was first noticed by M. de Blainville, from imperfect specimens brought from Abyssinia by the Britisli Consul, Mr Salt, and named in honour of that enlightened individual. M. Ed. liuppel has, however, since published figures of both sexes in his Zoological Atlas of Northern Africa, which we have used for our illustrations. The height at the shoulder is only about thirteen inches, and the whole form of the limbs is of great delicacy. The fore- head, where the hair is lengthened back, and outside of tbe limbs, are of a reddish-brown ; the outsides of the forelegs spotted with whitish. Tlie neck and sides are grey, and the lower parts are nearly pure white. 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