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4

THE
NATURALISED FLORA

OF

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

THE

NATURALISED FLORA

OF

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By
J. M. BLACK
LIBRARY

BREW YORE
BOTANIC Ai

With 206 Illustrations by the Author

Adelaide :
PUBLISHED BY J. M. BLACK

1909

OWN Afr
JOS

ADELAIDE:
Hussnry & GILLINGHAM, GENERAL PRINTERS,
106 anv 108, CURRIE STREET.

Al6177.

All rights reserved.

tye
EW Yor

PREFACE.

This is a descriptive and illustrated handbook of the
alien plants naturalised in South Australia and propagat-
ing themselves spontaneously. Such plants form the

‘greater part of our herbage near towns, and many of them

have found their way into the far interior. The list also
includes several ornamental plants which have gone astray
from gardens or hedges, and all the ‘‘noxtous weeds” which
have been proclaimed as such by the Government. The
subject is therefore of some importance, and it is hoped
that this little book imnay be useful and interesting, not
only to students of nature, but to country residents who
may desire some botanical knowledge about the introduced
plants which grow in their fields. No work of this kind
has hitherto appeared in South Australia, or, as far as I
know, in any part of Australia. The late Professor Tate,
in his ‘‘Flora of Extra-tropical South Australia’ (1890),
dealt with only our native plants.

Of the 368 plants here described, the countries of origin
are as follow:—Europe generally (usually including Wes-
tern Asia), 128; Mediterranean region (European and
frequently North African Coasts), 92; most parts of the
globe (cosmopolitan), 60; South Africa, 44; temperate
South America, 15; Asia, 10; temperate North America,
6; Eastern Australia, 6; Western Australia, 1;
Mexico, 3; Abyssinia, 1; Canary Islands, 2. It is notice-
able that the plants which succeed best in the struggle for
life are those which come from lands with climates resemb-
ling our own, such as the Mediterranean region, South
Africa and temperate South America.

4 PREFACE.

The list is the result of several years’ observations in
various parts of the State, but it is doubtless incomplete.
The seeds of new species are accidentally introduced every
now and then, or some garden plant finds the soil and
climate so congenial that it escapes beyond the fenee and
perhaps becomes a nuisance to the agriculturist. This often
occurs in an outlying districl, where the newcomer may
remain localised for a long time. On the other hand, some
of the immigrants here enumerated may not prove able to
maintain themselves.

I wish to express my thanks to Mr. H. H. D. Griffith,
who has assisted me indefatigably in the collection of
specimens.

All the descriptions and drawings have been made from
South Australian specimens. It is hoped that, by means of
the figures and the glossary of scientific terms, even those
previously unacquainted with botany may be able to follow
the descriptions.

In considering the colour of flowers it must be remem-
bered that many are subject to albinism; thus white-
flowered forms of Bartsia latifolia and Echium plantagineum
have been found in South Australia.

The etymology of generic names has been given where-
ever there is a fair degree of certainty on the subject.

Synonyms have been given sparingly, and only where

likely to prove useful.

5, Alfred Street, Norwood,
July, 1909.

GEOSSABRY OF BOTANICAL
TERMS.

Accumbent, the cotyledons of Crucifere when the radicle is
curved against their edges.

Acuminate, tapering suddenly into a point.

Acute, sharp, gradually pointed.

Akene (achene), a dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit.

Alternate, leaves: or flowers inserted at different heights
along the branches; intervening between (in a series of
organs).

Annual, a plant flowering and dying in one year.

Anther, see stamen.

Ascending, spreading horizontally and then becoming erect.

Auricle, ear-shaped lobe at the base of a leaf.

Awn, a fine bristle terminating an organ or inserted on its
back.

Avil, the angle formed by the leaf and the branch.

Axillary, growing in the axil.

Avis, (1) the common peduncle or stem to which the flowers
or the branches of a panicle are attached; (2) the mid-
rib or continuation of the petiole carrying the leaflets
or segments of a leaf (rhachis); (3) the zigzag stalklet
to which the flowers are attached in the spikelets of
grasses (rhachis, rhachilla).

Barbs, branching hairs of a plumose bristle.

Beaded (torulose), a surface with alternate swellings and
depressions.

Berry, a fleshy fruit with the seeds immersed in the pulp.

Biennial, a plant which flowers and dies in the second year.

Bifid, cut in two for about half its length.

Bipinnate, a leaf whose primary divisions (leaflets) are
again pinnate.

Bipinnatifid, a leaf whose primary lobes are again pinnatifid.

Bisexual, a flower with the reproductive organs of both
sexes.

Bract, a little leaf at the base of the peduncles and pedi-
cels, and differing from the other leaves in size or shape.

Bracteate, having bracts.

Bracteole, a little bract on the pedicels or even the calyx,
and differing in size or shape from the bracts.

Bulb, a short thick rootstock in which the bud or buds are
covered by scales.

Calyx, outer envelope of the flower, consisting of free or
united sepals.

6 GLOSSARY.

Campanulate, bellshaped.

Capitate, shaped like a head.

Capsule, a dry fruit usually splitting into pieces called
valves when ripe.
Carpel, a pistil; used especially to describe the pistils of a
compound ovary and the fruits resulting therefrom.
Carpophore, stalklet or axis rising from the receptacle and
supporting certain fruits.

Caruncle, a fleshy appendage of the seed, growing near the
funicle.

Carunculate, with a caruncle.

Cell, (1) a cavity of the ovary and fruit; (2) a pouch of
the anther.

Ciliate, bordered by hairs like eye-lashes.

Claw, narrow lower part of a petal.

Compound, a leaf divided into leaflets; the opposite of
simple.

Compressed, flattened lengthwise, either from side to side
(laterally), or from front to back (dorsally).

Connective, part of the anther which connects the two cells.

Connivent, organs approaching one another at the summit.

Cordate, heartshaped, with the notch below.

Corm, a tuberous, bulblike rootstock, in which the buds
are not covered by scales, or by very thin ones.

Corymb, inflorescence where the branches start from dif-
ferent points, but reach about the same height.

Corymbose, arranged in a corymb.

Corolla, inner envelope of the flower, consisting of free
or united petals.

Cotyledon, see embryo.

Crenate, bordered by blunt or rounded teeth.

Cyme, panicle with usually opposite branches, and in which
the central flower opens first.

Decurrent, leaves whose blade is prolonged downwards along
the stem in the form of wings.

Denticulate, faintly toothed (diminutive of dentate).

Depressed, flattened vertically.

Dichotomous, stem or branches forked once or several times.

Digitate, leaflets or other organs spreading from a com-
mon centre like the fingers of a hand.

Dicecious, plant whose male and female flowers are on dif-
ferent individuals.

Disk, glandular organ crowning the receptacle of certain
flowers.

Divergent, tending in different directions from a common
centre.

Downy (pubescent), beset with short soft hairs.

Drupe, a fleshy indehiscent fruit, in which the outer part
of the pericarp is succulent and the inner part consists of
a bony nutlet (stone or putdmen), containing usually
1 seed (kernel).

GLOSSARY. 7

Embryo, the young plant while still enclosed in the seed,
consisting of the radicle, or base of the future root,
1 or 2 cotyledons, or future seedleaves, and the plumule,
or future bud.

Entire, not toothed or divided; applied mostly to leaves.

Family, a group of genera which resemble each other.

Filament, see stamen.

Filiform, threadlike, very slender.

Follicle, carpel opening only along the inner edge.

Free, not united with any other organ.

Funicle, a little cord by which the ovule is attached to
the placenta.

Genus, group of species which resemble each other.

Giabrous, devoid of hairs.

Glaucous, bluish-green, sea-green.

Globular, rounded like a globe.

Glume, bract enclosing the flowers of Cyperacee and
Gramineae.

Hastate, shaped like the head of a halbert; triangular with
2 spreading lobes at the base.

Herb, plant without a woody stem.

Tlerbaccous, green and more or less succulent.

Incised, deeply and unequally cut into lobes or teeth.

Incumbent, when the radicle in the embryo of Crucifere
is bent over the back of one of the cotyledons.

Indehiscent, a fruit which does not split open at maturity.

Inflorescence, arrangement of the flowers on a plant.

Interrupted, having bare spaces between the parts.

Involucre, a number of bracts surrounding the base of a
flowerhead or of an umbel.

Joint, (1) part of an organ, such as the stem, leaf, or
fruit, which separates from other parts of the organ,
usually at maturity (article); (2) place at which the
articles separate (articulation).

Knotted (torose), a cylindrical fruit which is constricted
at regular intervals; deeply beaded.

Lamina, the upper expanded part of a petal.

TLanceolate, shaped like the head of a lance; tapering at
both ends.

Leaflet, each division of a compound leaf.

Ligule, (1) a small membranous appendage at the summit
of the sheath of grass-leaves; (2) the extended and
usually strap-shaped limb of the corolla in many Com-

posite.
Limb, free and usually spreading part of the calyx or
corolla.

Tinear, long and narrow, with parallel edges.

Lobe, (1) rounded divisions of any organ; (2) broad divi-
sions of a leaf which do not reach the midrib.

Lyrate, a pinnatifid or pinnatisect leaf with a terminal lobe
much larger than the lateral ones.

8 GLOSSARY.

Mealy, covered with a scurfy powder like flour.
Membranous, thin, transparent and flexible, not green.
Midrib, central nerve of a leaf.

Monecious, a plant which has the male and female flowers
on the same individual.

Monopetalous, a corolla whose petals are more or less
united.

Mucronate, terminating abruptly in a_ short, stiff point
called a mucro.

Node, the swollen part of the stem from which leaves or
branches spring; commonly called a ‘‘joint.’’ '

Obcordate, heartshaped with the notch uppermost.

Oblong, much longer than broad, and rounded at both
ends.

Oboval, oval, with the broadest part above the middle.

Opposite, two leaves or other organs rising from the same
level on opposite sides of the stem.

Oval (ovate), eggshaped and broadest below the middle.

Ovary, see pistil.

Ovoid, eggshaped; applied to solid organs such as fruits.

Ovitle, a young seed.

Palmate, leaves with divergent lobes, like the open hand;
almost the same as digitate.

Palmatifid, palmately divided into lobes or segments.

Panicle, an inflorescence where the axis is divided into
branches bearing several flowers.

Papillose, covered with minute protuberances called papille.

Pappus, ring of hairs or scales which represent the limb of
the calyx in many Composite.

Pedicel, stalklet of a flower, when the peduncle bears 2 or
more pedicellate flowers.

Pedicellate, growing on a pedicel.

Peduncle, stalk of a solitary flower, or common stalk of
several pedicellate or sessile flowers.

Pedunculate, growing on a peduncle.

Peltate, leaf whose stalk is attached to the under-surface,
instead of the edge.

Perennial, a plant living several years.

Perianth, the floral envelope in flowers where the calyx or
corolla is wanting, or where the two are indistinguish-
able.

Pericarp, the walls of the fruit, consisting of the ripened
ovary.

Persistant, lasting beyond maturity; the opposite of
deciduous.

Petal, one of the divisions of the corolla, usually consisting
of a blade or lamina and a claw.

Petaloid, resembling a petal.

Petiole, stalk of a leaf.

Petiolule, stalk of a leaflet.

GLOSSARY. 9

Pinnate, a compound leaf whose leaflets are arranged on
each side of the common petiole or axis. Hven-pinnate,
having an equal number of leaflets. Odd-pinnate,
having an odd terminal leaflet.

Pinnatifid, leaf cut into lobes about halfway to the midrib.

Pinnatisect, leaf cut into segments nearly or quite to the
midrib.

Pistil, central and female organ of the flower, consisting of
the ovary, which contains one or more ovules, the
style, which rises from the summit of the ovary, and
the stigma, a glandular termination of the style. In
those cases where the style is absent, the stigma is
sessile on the ovary. It is often sticky or papillose
and receives the pollen from the anthers.

Placenta, part of the ovary to which the ovules are at-
tached by their funicles.

Plumose, furnished with hairs branching or arranged in 2
rows like the barbs of a feather.

Pod, a sort of capsule forming the fruit of Leguminosae
and Cruciferae.

Pollen, see stamen.

Polypetalous, a corolla formed of several free petals.

Prickle, a sharp excrescence rising from the bark and de-
tachable without tearing the wood.

Procumbent, spreading along the ground, but not so closely
as prostrate.

Proliferous, an organ which produces another like itself.

Prostrate, lying flat along the ground.

Raceme, an undivided aXis Or peduncle bearing pedicellate
flowers.

Radical, springing from the root.

Radicle, see embryo.

Ray, (1) see second definition of ligule; (2) all the ray-
flowers in a Composita which has tubular flowers in
the centre of the head; (3) one of the branches (ped-
uncles) of an umbel.

Receptacle, enlarged summit of the peduncle, bearing a
single flower, or, in the Composite, a dense cluster of
flowers.

Recurved (reflered), curved backwards or downwards.

Rhomboidal, lozenge-shaped.

Rootstock, subterranean part of the stem of herbaceous
perennials, producing roots and sometimes stolons.
Runcinate, a pinnatifid leaf with the lobes pointing towards

the base.

Scarious, almost the same as membranous, but rather stiff.

Seed, a ripened ovule, consisting of two coats, within which
is the embryo only (as in Crucifere), or the embryo
with a supply of albumen (as in Wheat), the albumen
being intended for the nourishment of the growing
embryo.

10 GLOSSARY.

Segment, division of a leaf or perianth, reaching nearly or
quite to the midrib or base, but not separable from the
axis, as leaflets are, without tearing.

Sepal, one of the divisions of the calyx.

Sessile, without any stalk.

Simple, leaf not divided into leaflets, although a simple
leaf may be entire, toothed or lobed; (of other organs)
not lobed, divided or compound.

Sinuate, leaf whose edge consists of shallow, irregular lobes
or teeth, with rounded spaces, called sinuses, between
them.

Spathe, (1) a large bract enclosing the flower-spike (spadizx)
of Aracee; (2) two or more bracts enclosing the flowers
of Tridacee.

Species, a division of the genus, each species possessing
characters which distinguish it from other species of
the same genus, and bearing two names, the first the
generic name, the second the specific one.

Spike, an undivided axis or peduncle bearing sessile flowers.

Spikelet, a small spike of the grass family, bearing one or
several flowers.

Spine (thorn), a sharp point proceeding from the stem or
other organ, and not detachable without tearing.

Spinule, a small spine.

Stamen, male organ of the flower, consisting of a short
or long stalk (sometimes wanting) called the filament,
which supports the anther. The latter is composed of
1 or 2 pouches or cells, containing the pollen, by means
of which the pistil is fertilised.

Stellate hairs, hairs with branches radiating like a star.

Stigma, see pistil.

Stipules, 2 small appendages growing at the base of the
petiole.

Stolon, a creeping runner or sucker growing at the base
of the stem, rooting at intervals and producing new
plants.

Striate, marked with parallel, longitudinal lines.

Style, see pistil.

Sub, a prefix meaning (1) slightly, almost, as in suberect;
(2) wnder, inferior, as in subfamily.

Tomentose, densely covered with short, soft, matted hairs.

Toothed (dentate), notched so as to resemble a row of
teeth.

Trichotomous, stem or branches divided into three, once or
several times.

Trifid, cut into 3 parts.

Truncate, cut off squarely.

Tuber, a swollen, fleshy root or rootstock.

Tubercle, a small wartlike protuberance.

Tuberculate, covered with tubercles.

Tunic, membranous envelope of a bulb.

GLOSSARY. TE

Umbel, inflorescence where the divergent branches or rays
start from the same point.

Undershrub, small shrub whose herbaceous flowering
branches die off in the winter.

Valvate, petals or sepals whose edges, in bud, are contiguous
without overlapping.

Valves, pieces formed by the splitting of the pericarp or
envelope of certain fruits when ripe, and usually equal-
ling the cells in number.

Variety, subdivision of a species.

Versatile, an anther attached by its back to the point of a
filament, so as to swing easily.

Villous, beset with long, soft hairs.

Vitta, linear longitudinal oil vessel in the fruit of some
U mbellifere.

Wheelshaped (rotate), a corolla whose petals or lobes spread
horizontally like a wheel or star.

Whorl, a set_of organs, proceeding from the same node, and
arranged in a circle round the axis.

Whorled (verticillate), arranged in a whorl.

DRYING SPECIMENS, ETC.

Drying specimens. Botanical specimens, whether
for transmission through the post or insertion in a_her-
barium, should be placed between stout blotters (felt-paper
is a cheap and excellent material) with a flat board and a
few bricks or stones on top, and pressed for one to four
weeks, according to the moisture they contain. The _ blot-
ters must be changed as soon as they are damp, or the
specimens will become mouldy. Every specimen must show
flowers and leaves, or fruit and leaves. For mounting,
demy paper, cut into sheets of 16 x 103 itches, gives a
convenient size.

Pronunciation of scientific (Latin or
Latinised) names of plants:

a short asin man or long as in far, according to posi-
tion, never as in mate.

eas in get or as a in gate, never as in me, and never
silent.

land y ds iin marine, never as in mine, my.

u as in full or oo in fool, never as in use, tune or up.

ze, oe, and au are diphthongs, approaching i in fire, oy
in boy, and ou in house, but z and ce may be pronounced
simply as long Latin e.

c and g¢ always hard, like k and g in get.

j like y in young; s always sharp as in base.

ch, ph, th, rh, were originally c, p, t, vr post-aspirated
(somewhat as in blockhouse, uphill, boathook), but may be
pronounced as k, f, th in thin and r.

The stressed or accented syllable is marked in the index
by an acute accent on the vowel.

_Authors’ names.— The names of certain authors,
which recur frequently, have been abbreviated as follows : —

All.—C. Allioni. Mill.—P. Miller.
Benth.—Geo. Bentham. P.B.—Palisot de Beauvois.
DC.—A. P. Candolle, Pers.—C. H. Persoon.
Desf.—R. L. Desfontaines. R. Br.—Robt. Brown.
Gertn.—J. Geertner. Schrad.—H. A. Schrader.
Haw.—A. H. Haworth. Scop.—J. A. Scopoli.

H. B. & K.—Humboldt, Sibth.—J. Sibthorpe.

Bonpland, and Kunth. Sm.—J. KE. Smith.

Jacq.—N. J. von Jacquin. Thunb.—C. P. Thunberg.
L.—Carl von Linné (hin- Willd.—C. L. Willdenow.
nzeus). With.—W. Withering.

KEY TO THE FAMfFLIBS.

A. Flowers complete, having a calyx and
corolla.
B. Corolla of distinct petals (polypetalous).
C. Corolla regular (petals similar in
size and shape).
D. Ovary superior, free from and .
above the base of the calyx.
EH. Ovary or fruit solitary, simple,
containing 1 or more cells.
F. Calyx of 2 sepals.
Petals 4; ovary quite super-

ior; stamens numerous .-- PAPAVERACEA 2
Petals 5; ovary half-superior;
stamens few or numerous ... PORTULACACEH 3

F. Calyx of 4-5 sepals or lobes.
Stamens numerous, united in
- bundles; petals 5; leaves

opposite Re eee see Coe ee Ll YPERIGACE hd.
Stamens few, 2-10.
Trees or shrubs; leaves
pinnate.
Shrubs; - flowers bisexual;
petals 4; stamens 4, in-
side the disk ... ... ... SAPINDACEm 14
Trees; flowers unisexual ;
petals 5; stamens 10,

outside the disk ANACARDIACE® 15

Herbs.
Leaves opposite; sepals
and petals 5; stamens
5-10 : : CARYOPHYLLACEX 7

Leaves alternate or radical.
Leaves of 3 leaflets;
petals 5; stamens 10;
fruit a 5-celled capsule OxaLipacex 12
Leaves not of 3 leaflets;
petals 4; stamens usu-
ally 6; fruit a pod ... Crucirere 4
EK. Ovary or fruit consisting of
several distinct carpels.
Stamens numerous.
Stamens united in a tube round
the style; petals 5 ... ... Matvacem 9
Stamens free; petals 5.
Stamens on the receptacle;
fruit dry; leaves without
atipules ... ... <. «.. --. RANUNCULACES 1

ot:

14 KEY TO FAMILIES.

Stamens on the calyx; fruit
juicy; leaves stipulate
ated, | ate aerated aes (partly)

Stamens 10; sepals and petals
5; carpels whorled round a
central beaked axis baie

D. Ovary inferior, adherent to the
calyx.
Stamens numerous; petals 5;
fruit of 1-3 bony nutlets (partly)
Stamens few, 5-8; herbs.

Petals and stamens 5; fruit of
2 1-seeded carpels; flowers in
an umbel BPS Ga Salers:

Petals 4; stamens 8; fruit a 4-
celled capsule Paci HN Sack 8

C. Corolla irregular (petals dissimilar
in size or shape).
Ovary free, solitary, 1-celled.

Corolla pouched at the base.
Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 6,

in 2 bundles Se ei, Mee

Sepals, petals and stamens 5
Corolla not pouched.

Petals te papilionaceous;
stamens 10; fruit a pod
(partly)

Petals 4-6, deeply cut; stamens
8-25; fruit a capsule open at
top Hoge Ite. “nosy “Sede aca. oct

Ovary adherent; fleshy plants;
petals numerous.

Leaves minute, growing on the
flattened joints or ‘‘plates”’ ;
style 1; fruit a large berry

Leaves conspicuous; styles sev-
eral; fruit a capsule =

B. Corolla of 1 piece, petals united

(monopetalous).

H. Ovary superior, free, either within
the corolla or at the bottom of the
calyx.

I. Stamens 5, united in a tube and
bearing 5 appendages on _ their
backs; leaves opposite; fruit a
large follicle Set wochigrsd Saar Does

I. Stamens free, inserted on the corolla
or united with it.

J. Fruit of 2-4 usually dry carpels,
separating at maturity.
K. Carpels 4.

Stamens 5, alternate with the
lobes of the usually regular
corolla; leaves alternate;
stems cylindrica] (partly)

RosscEx 17

Gerantacezn 10 3€-.

ROSACcEz 17

UMBELLIFERZ 22

ONAGRACEX 18

FUMARIACER 3
VIOLACEE 6

LEGUMINOS® 16

RESEDACE® 5 J

CacTace® 20

FICOIDACE® 21

ASCLEPIADACEE® 32

BoRAGINACE® 36

KEY TO FAMILIES.

Stamens 4, in pairs, rarely 2;
corolla irregular, usually 2-

lipped ;

stems
Fruit
like

leaves opposite ;
quadrangular.

of 4 free carpels,
naked seeds at the

bottom of the calyx; style
rising between them.

Fruit of 4 carpels,

at first

united in an ovoid cap-

sule
top

K. Carpels 2.
Corolla 1-lipped; stamens 4 ...
Corolla

J. Fruit “simple, undivided.

, style rising from the

of the carpels ...

5-lobed; stamens 5

(partly)

L. Fruit a capsule or drupe.
M. Stamens 2.

M. Stamens 4-5.
N.

N.

Trees

regular,

fleshy
Herbs;

regular;

with

corolla
fruit

shrubs ;
4-lobed ;
with few seeds
corolla slightly ir-
fruit capsular
numerous seeds
(partly)

or

Stamens 4, in pairs; corolla
2-lipped or with 4-5 un-
equal lobes (partly)
Stamens not in pairs;
corolla regular or almost
regular.

O. Stamens 5, opposite to the
corolla lobes; style 1

O. Stamens

the

alternate with

corolla lobes.

P. Leaves opposite or all

radical.

Flowers in dense spikes ;

corolla scarious, 4-
lobed; stamens 4;
fruit opening trans-

versely Pept sae
Flowers not in dense
spikes; corolla 5

lobed; stamens 5.

Leaves persistant ; car-

pels; 2t ei:4 2283

Leaves. not persistant ;

carpel 1
P. Leaves alternate or
none; corolla lobes

and stamens 65.

15

Lagirx 39 +

VERBENACE® 40

SELAGINACE2® 41

BORAGINACE® 36

OLEACE® 30

~~
SCROPHULARIACE 38

SCROPHULABRIACEX 38

PRIMULACEX 29

PLANTAGINACE® 42

APOCYNACE 31

GENTIANACEE 33

16 KEY TO FAMILIES.

Twining plants, often
leafless and with 2
styles; capsule 4-
seeded eave

Plants not twining;
style 1; capsule
many-seeded site
Style simple or 2-

lobed; capsule 2-

celled.
Corolla regular ;
lobes usually

folded in bud ...
Corolla somewhat
irregular; lobes
overlapping in
bud; filaments
woolly (partly)
Style with 3 stigmatic
branches; capsule
3-celled 2

L. Fruit a 1-celled pod; stamens
numerous, united in a tube;
calyx and corolla 5-lobed;
tree... : sate

H. Ovary inferior, adherent to the calyx-
tube and below the corolla; stamens
inserted on the corolla.

Q. Flowers in a head on a common re-
ceptacle, surrounded by a calyx-
like involucre.

Fruit 1-2-seeded, enclosed in a
woody, spiny pericarp; flowers
monoecious... ..._ ... (partly)

Fruit 1-celled, 1- sceded, not ‘enclosed
in a woody pericarp.

Stamens 4; anthers free; leaves
opposite SW Naas? WoO pea
Stamens 5; anthers united in a
tube; leaves rarely opposite

Q. Flowers not clustered in a _ head

on a common receptacle.

R. Leaves opposite or whorled.
Leaves whorled; styles 2; fruit
consisting of 2 globular car-

pels; stems quadrangular

Leaves opposite.

Stamens 1-3, style 1; fruit cap-

sular; herbs ;
Stamens 5; fruit a berry; ‘tree
R. Leaves alternate ; flowers uni-
sexual; stamens 5. fruit fleshy ;
trailing herbs OS. HO
A. Flowers incomplete, without a distinct

calyx and corolla.

CONVOLVULACER 35

SOLANACEA 37
SCROPHULARIACE® 38
POLEMONIACEE® 34

LEGUMINOS& 16

AMBROSIACER 28:

Dipsacea 26

Composit 27 1K

Rupiacex 24

VALERIANACE® 25
CAPRIFOLIACER 23.

CucuRBITACER 19:

KEY TO FAMILIES.

S. Herbaceous or woody plants; leaves
with branching nerves; perianth
usually 4-5-cleft; embryo with 2
cotyledons (Monochlamydee).

T. Trees or shrubs; ovary free.
Flowers in dicecious catkins; fruit 2-
valved : =
Flowers not in catkins.

Leaves toothed, stipulate.

Flowers appearing after’ the
leaves; calyx 5-lobed; fruit a 3-
seeded berry BAN Tt ens ee

Flowers appearing before the
leaves; perianth 4-5-toothed;
fruit dry, 1-seeded : :

Leaves entire, not stipulate ; flowers

unisexual’; fruit a capsule com-

posed of 3 1-seeded carpels (partly)
T. Herbs.
U. Ovary free.

Fruit of 3 1-seeded carpels, not en-
closed in the perianth and pro-
truding from the calyx-like
involucre ie : (partly)

Fruit 1-celled, 1- seeded, usually in-
dehiscent, enclosed in the per-
Sistant perianth.

Leaves stipulate.

Stipules forming a membranous
sheath; flowers mostly _ bi-
sexual; leaves alternate and
entire; stamens 5-8

Stipules free; leaves opposite,
toothed ; flowers unisexual ;
stamens 4-5

Leaves without stipules ; “perianth

segments 3-5; styles 2-3.

Segments herbaceous; fruit in-
dehiscent RS Sempre it ee ep

Segments scarious; fruit in-
dehiscent or circumsciss

U. Ovary adherent to calyx; fruit
with 1-2 seeds enclosed in the
hardened calyx.

Leaves pinnate or palmate; corolla

absent; calyx with 4-8 lobes

(partly)

Leaves ‘simply ‘lobed ; ‘flowers uni-

sexual; calyx absent, corolla 5-

‘toothed piss ad omen (DEG yy

S. Plants almost always herbaceous;
leaves usually with parallel nerves;
perianth usually of 6 segments in 2
rows: cotyledon 1 (Monocotyledons).

V. Perianth of 6 segments, in 2 rows,
all or the inner ones petaloid.. - '

SALICACE.® 49

RHAMNACE 11

ULMACcEz 48

EUPHORBIACE 46

EUPHORBIACE® 46

POLYGONACE® 45

URTICACES 47

CHENOPODIACER 43

AMARANTACER 44

Rosace& 17

AMBROSIACEE 2%

129 ~

’

18 KEY TO FAMILIES.

Ovary free, superior to the perianth.
All the segments petaloid; stamens
6; anthers opening inwards;
fruit a 3-celled capsule ae
Outer segments green; fruit of
several distinct carpels;
aquatic plants Ms
Ovary adherent to the tube of the
perianth, inferior; capsule 3-
celled, with several seeds.
Stamens 3; anthers opening out-
wards EP eae ora Ges «ce
Stamens 6; anthers opeming in-
WATS” accor UES Di suiras aceeetes pee
V. Perianth of herbaceous or scarious
segments or none; ovary free.
Perianth of 6 scarious segments;
stamens 6 or 3; style 1 with 3
filiform stigmas; capsule 3-valved,
many-seeded ee é
Perianth inconspicuous or none.
Flowers moncecious, sessile on a
fleshy axis (spadix), which is
enclosed in a_ large bract
(spathe); leaves broad with
branching nerves; fruit a
berry or capsule ss
Flowers in small, dry spikes, “each
flower enclosed in small bracts
called glumes; leaves narrow ;
fruit dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Stems solid, without nodes; leaf-
sheaths not slit downwards;
flower in the axil of 1 bract ...
Stems hollow and interrupted by
nodes; leaf-sheaths slit down-
wards; flower enclosed in 2
bracts

|+0

Liviacez 50

ALISMACEH 51

IRIDACE® 52 [ lr Be
AMARYLLIDACEE 53 (S a

Juncaces 54 [4

ARACE® 55

CyYPERACEE 56

GRAMINEE 57 Sh

NATURALISED FLORA OF
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

DIVISION 1.—DICOTYLEDONS.

Embryo with 2 cotyledons; stem herbaceous or woody ;
leaves with branching nerves.
Crass 1.—THALAMIFLORZ.

Flowers with 2 envelopes (calyx and corolla); petals
distinct, inserted,, as are also the stamens, upon the re-
ceptacle (thalamus), and not upon the calyx; ovary free.

Family 1.—RANUNCULACEZA.
1. Ranunccxivs. L.
Sepals and petals 5, the petals with a nectar scale at
base; stamens numerous; carpels several, distinct, beaked,

l-seeded, arranged in globular or oblong heads. Flowers
solitary; leaves alternate; herbs.

Carpels covered with sharp points, and with

a stout incurved beak Se) ce ba a TAR pa AL
Carpels with blunt protuberances and a
short beak eae . os a» . trachycarpus 2

1. Ranunculus muricatus, L. Stout, spread-
ing annual, almost glabrous; leaves circular-cordate, with
3 broad incised lobes, the upper-
most leaves narrower; petals
yellow, longer than the recurved
sepals; receptacle globular; car-
pels 8-16, large, compressed, with
a broad, sharp keel and a broad,
curved beak, half the length of
the carpel, whose sides are
covered with spiny tubercles.

Moist places in settled dis-
tricts—Flowers Sept.-Oct.—Me-
diterranean region.

2. R. trachycarpus, Fis-
cher and Meyer. Resembles the
preceding in habit, but is
sprinkled with a few weak hairs;
lower leaves either pinnatisect,
with 3 distant, oval, incised seg-
ments, or palmately 3-lobed as in
R. muricatus; petals small, yel-
low, notched, slightly exceeding
Ranunculus muricatus. the spreading sepals; receptacle

20 2. PAPAVERACE “4.

conical, hairy; carpels 30-40, small, compressed, with a short
beak, the sides covered with small, blunt, wrinkled
tubercles.

Swamps at Murray Bridge; reservoir, Bridgewater.—
Sept.-Dec.—Western Asia.

Family 2..-PAPAVERACEZA.

Capsule swollen and oblong; stigmas several,

radiating ye en eee aa PApaverR 1
Capsule long, linear, 2-valved.
Stigmas 2, capitate; capsule 2-celled ... GLaucium 2
Stigmas 4, awlshaped; capsule l-celled ... ESCHSCHOLTZIA

Papaver, L.

Petals crumpled in bud; stigmas sessile and radiating
from the centre of a disk which crowns the ovary; capsule
l-celled, subdivided into several compartments by as many
partitions and opening under the stigmatic disk. Flowers
solitary on long peduncles; herbs with a milky juice.

Capsule bristly See! cae ered Seoamey ce Oden, il
Capsule glabrous.
Capsule’ subglobullar Vs ee ees cen ee ee eee.
Capsule oblong... .. np coe ian PMMA &

1. Papaver hybridum, L. Rough Poppy. Erect,
more or less villous annual; leaves twice or thrice pinnati-
sect, with linear lanceolate lobes;
petals red, usually with a dark
purple spot at base; filaments
purplish, thickened in the upper
part; anthers violet; stigmatic
rays 6-8, broad, reaching to the
edge of the disk, which is sinu-
ate, but not lobed; capsule
ovoid, studded with stiff, curved
bristles.

Common in _ cultivated fields
and on roadsides.—Sept.-Nov.—
Central and southern Europe;
western Asia.

2. P. Rhoeas. Field Poppy.
Annual, with stiff spreading
hairs; leaves pinnatisect, with
linear-lanceolate, sharply toothed
segments; flowers large, scarlet;
filaments slender; stigmatic rays z
8-14, not reaching the edge of Pdubium
the disk, which has overlapping
lobes; capsule smooth, obovoid or papaver hybridum.
almost globular.

Cultivated and waste land.—Sept.-Nov.—Europe;
western Asia.

3. FUMARIACE 2. 21

3. P. dubium, LL. Long-headed Poppy. Villous
annual, leaves pinnatisect, with broad or narrow, toothed
or. incised segments: peduncles very long, with appressed
hairs, at least in the upper part; flowers large, usually
brick-red; filaments slender; anthers purplish; stigmatic
rays 5-10; disk slightly lobed, lobes not overlapping; cap-
sule smooth, cylindrical-oblong.

Cultivated and waste land.-—Sept.-Nov.—Europe;
western Asia.

2. Guauctum, Geertn.

(From the Latin glaucus, glaucous; alluding to the
colour of the plants.)

1. Glaucium flavum, Crantz (1769). Horned
Poppy. Biennial, with stiff, erect, branching stems;
leaves thick, glaucous, rough
with sealy bristles, radical ones
pinnatifid, with incised _ lobes,
upper leaves oval, stem clasping,
coarsely toothed; flowers large,
yellow, solitary on short thick
peduncles; capsule very long,
linear-cylindrical, with 2. cells
separated by a spongy partition,
and opening from the top
in 2 valves; seeds transversely
wrinkled. G. luteum, Scop.
(1772).

Sea-beach, Port Vincent.—
Sept.-Apl.—Central and_ south-
ern Europe.

Eschscholtzia californica, Cha-
misso, (Californian Poppy), with
glaucous, bipinnatisect leaves
and linear lobes, large yellow or
orange flowers, sepals forming a
hood over the bud, and long
ribbed capsule, is an occasional
escape from gardens.—Coasts of ?
California and Oregon. Claucium flavum.

Family 3.—FUMARIACEA.
1. Fumari, L.

Flowers irregular, the upper petal pouched. Delicate
glabrous herbs, with weak, angular stems.

Flowers rather large; leaf segments broad /. officinalis 1
Flowers very small; leaf sesments narrow F. parviflora 2

_ 1. Fumaria officinalis, L. Fumitory. Luxuriant
climbing or spreading annual; leaves twice or thrice pin-
natisect, segments oboval, lobed, both segments and lobes

22 4. CRUCIFER 2.

arranged in 3’s; flowers white, pink or red 6-12 mm. (under
+ in.) long, in loose racemes; sepals oval about as broad
as the corolla, and from 4 to } as long; bracts usually

shorter than the pedicel; ripe

fruit globular, often mucronate.
Divided by some botanists into
several species. The forms most =
|

common here have white or pink

|
c
flowers, sepals half as long as os
corolla and pedicels recurved in f 3
fruit (F. capreolata, L.), or a Vals
purplish flowers, sepals about oy
one-third as long as corolla, and \

straight pedicels (F. muralis,

Sonder). Oj / Pes

Cultivated land, and known - |
as Pinkweed near Adelaide.
May - Oct.—Europe; temperate

Asia.

2. F. parviflora, Lamarck. :
Small-flowered F. Branching =
annual; leaves with narrow- Fparviftora

linear segments; flowers whitish

with green tips, 3-4 mm. (under

4 in.) long; sepals very smal] Fumaria officinalis.
and narrower than pedicels; ripe

fruit globular, finely tuberculate, with 2 small pits on top.

Cultivated land.—-Oct.-Nov.—Warm countries.

Family 4..-CRUCIFERZA.

Petals 4, in the form of a cross (hence the name of the
family); stamens 6, 4 large and 2 shorter, or sometimes
wanting; fruit a pod, sometimes long and linear (silic),
sometimes short and broad (silicule) opening from base to
summit in 2 valves, which are separated by the thin parti-
tion bearing the seeds, or in a few genera the pod does
not open. Flowers in simple terminal racemes which
lengthen after flowering; leaves alternate or all radical;
herbs.

To ascertain the genus to which doubtful specimens
belong, it is sometimes necessary to soften the seed in hot
water, detach the skin, and examine the embryo to see the
relative positions of the cotyledons and radicle.

A. Pod at least 3 times as long as broad,
opening by valves.
B. Stigma 2-lobed; pod subcylindrical .... Marrutora 1
B. Stigma entire, or slightly notched.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
Pod 1-nerved, straight ... ... ... ... DIPLOTAXIS 2

4. CRUCIFER2. 23

Pod without conspicuous nerves,

slightly curved ... 1 «. ».. NASTURTIUM 3
Seeds in 1 row in each cell.
Pod quadrangular, 1-nerved . ... BARBAREA 4
Pod cylindrical, usually 3-nerved.
Pod without beak; seeds oblong ... Sisymprium 5

Pod long-beaked; seeds elobular.
Sepals spreading; seeds biting;

green plants Teo Eee Cae SINARIS 6
Sepals suberect; seeds mild; glau-
cous plants... . = +. BRASSICA

A. Pod not twice as long as broad, ‘open-
ing by valves, compressed laterally,
partition narrow, at right angles to the

valves. .
Cells 1-seeded Stat ae ee ee io.) See OMPTO TUM i
Cells several-seeded ... . CAPSELLA 8
A. Pod indehiscent, usually “with transverse
partitions.
Pod laterally compressed, resembling that .
of Lepidium ... ... Bh ees ae) to SENEBIERAS

Pod cylindrical or conical.
Pod of 2 superposed 1-seeded joints.
Upper joint with a blunt beak; mari-
time plant _... CaKkILe 10
Upper joint with a pointed beak; ‘weed Rapistrum 11
Pod with a long beak and several seeds RapHants 12

1. Marrarona, R. Br.

(Named after Matthioli, an Italian botanist of the 16th
century.)

Sepals erect, lateral ones pouched at base; pod long,
linear, valves I-nerved; seeds numerous, compressed,
winged, in 1 row; cotyledons accumbent. White-tomentose
plants, with stellate hairs.

Pod compressed: leaves entire Seats toe) ecoeiee conicamanl:
Pod cylindrical, 2-horned; leaves pinnatifid M. bicornis 2

1. Matthiola incana, R. Br. Autumnal Stock.
Biennial or perennial; stem woody and bare at base; leaves
oblong, tapering at base, entire; flowers large, purple; pods
erect.

An escape from gardens on sandhills near Brighton.—
Aug.-Nov.—Mediterranean region and sea-coasts of western
Europe.

2. M. bicornis, DC. Two-horned Stock. Annual or
biennial, with long taproot; lower leaves pinnatifid with
a long terminal lobe, the upper ones linear, entire or
toothed; flowers large, violet, opening and fragrant at
night; pod cylindrical, beaded, slender, spreading, termin-
ating in 2 horns.

24 4. CRUCIFER.

) near Gladstone, where it is
known as Pinkie.—All the year.
@ —Eastern Mediterranean region.

2. Drenoraxts, DC.

(Greek diplos, double, tavis,
row; seeds arranged in 2
rows in each cell.)
Sepals equal at base; pod
linear, compressed, valves _ 1-
nerved, beak short, conical; seeds
numerous, ovoid- compressed, in
2 rows; cotyledons incumbent

and folded over the radicle.

: An escape in cultivated land

Stem leafy in lower
half -i.. <.: ... i... Datenwejaiea
Stem leafy only at base D. muralis2

1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia,

DC. Wall Rocket. Glabrous per-

Matthiola bicornis. Cnnial; stem woody at base,

erect, leafy; lower leaves pin-

natifid with linear lobes, the upper ones narrow, entire

or toothed; sepals spreading; petals yellow; fruiting pedi-

cels spreading, usually about half .as long as the pod, but
sometimes nearly as long. Brassica tenuifolia, Boissier.

Port Lincoln; Murray Bridge (J. H. Maiden).—Most of

the year.—Europe; western Asia, usually growing there

on old walls and ruins.

Dr. D. muralis, DC. Sand
Rocket. Almost glabrous annual
or biennial; stems slender, as-
cending, almost leafless; leaves
mostly in a radical rosette, pin-
natifid or sinuate-toothed, smell-
ing unpleasantly when crushed ;
sepals erect; petals yellow:
fruiting pedicels about one-third
as long as the pods, which are
smaller than in the preceding.
Brassica muralis, Boissier.

Roadsides and cultivated land.

—All the year.—Europe.

3. Nasturtium, R. Br.

(From the Latin nasus tortus,
twisted nose; alluding to the
biting taste of cress.)

1. Nasturtium officin-
ale, R. Br. JWater Cress. Per- Diptotaxis muralis.

4. CRUCIFER.

ennial, with biting taste; stem
creeping, thick, hollow, branch-
ing; leaves pinnatisect, the
terminal lobe usually larger and
rounded, but sometimes — all
oblong; sepals equal at base;
petals white; pod short, cylindri-
cal-compressed, spreading, rather
longer than the pedicels, valves
convex, without prominent
nerves; seeds ovoid, net - veined
under the lens, in 2 rows; coty-
ledons accumbent.

Along creeks in moist districts.

—Sept.-Apl.— Europe; temperate
>

Asia.

4, Barparea, Beckmann.

(From the old botanical name
of B. vulgaris, “Herb of

St. Barbara.’’)

ie Barbarea przecox, Nasturtium officinale.

R. Br. ~Early Winter

Barbarea przcox.

Cress.

Stout edible biennial with erect
angular stems; radical leaves
lyrate, the upper ones pinnatifid,
with iinear lateral lobes, auricled
and stem-clasping; flowers large,
yellow; sepals erect; pods numer-
ous, linear, stiff, subquadrangu-
lar, almost erect on short pedicels
about as thick as the pod; valves
prominently 1l-nerved; seeds
numerous, tubereculate; coty-
ledons accumbent.

Near market gardens, Bridge-
water. — Sept.-Dec. — Western
Europe.

5. SisyMBRIuM, L.

Sepals erect, equal at base;
pods linear, nearly cylindrical;
seeds small, numerous, in 1 row;
cotyledons incumbent, but not
folded together.

Pods short, appressed to stem Hae Te Saafucmates

Pods long, spreading

S. orientale 2

26 4. CRUCIFER.

1. Sisymbrium officin-
ale, L. Hedge Mustard. Erect,
downy annual; branches rigid,
spreading horizontally; leaves
stalked, the lower ones runcinate,
the upper hastate; flowers small,
pale-yellow; pods short, awl-
shaped, almost sessile, appressed,
valves 3-nerved; seeds’ lght-
brown, obliquely truncate.

Roadsides and cultivated land.
—Sept.-Dec.—Europe; western
Asia.

2. S. orientale, L. Oriental
Rocket. Erect, villous annual or
biennial ; leaves stalked, lyrate or
runcinate, the middle ones with
a terminal lobe, which is very
long and hastate, all the lobes
with small, spreading or erect
auricles on the lower side of the Sisymbrium officinale.
base; the uppermost leaves lan-
ceolate, entire; flowers small,
pale-yellow, sometimes exceeded
by the young pods below them;
pods long, very slender, curved,
on short pedicels almost as thick
as the pod, ascending or spread-
ing, valves 3-nerved: seeds ob-
long. S. Columne, Jacq.

Roadsides and waste places.—
July-Nov.—Central and southern
Kurope.

6. Srnaris, L.

(From sinapi, the Greek name

for mustard.)

Sepals spreading, equal at
base; pod subcylindrical with
a conical beak; seeds in 1 row,
with a biting flavour; flowers
yellow; cotyledons of Diplo-
Sisymbrium orientale. [fi7/s.

Beak shorter than pod... ... ... .. «. &. arvensis 1
Beak longer than pod Lids) ee) 5 ae geen Sa 0 pees

1. Sinapis arvensis, L. Charlock, Wild Mus-
tard. Dull-green, rough-villous annual; stem erect with

4, CRUCIFER2. 27

stiff, spreading branches; lower leaves lyrate, the upper
ones sessile. oval to lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed; flowers bright-
yellow; fruiting pedicels thick,
much shorter than the pods; pods
almost erect, beaded, hairy or
glabrous, valves prominently 3- (\\%
nerved; beak stout, conical, ~
nearly as long as_ the valves:
seeds 3-11, globular, smooth, red-
dish-brown, the beak usually con-
taining one. Brassica Sinapi-
strum, Boissier.

Cultivated land.—Aug.-Dec.—
Europe; western Asia.

9. S. alba, L: White Mus-
tard. Rough-villous annual;
leaves all stalked and _ lyrate;
fruiting pedicels spreading, as
long as the 3-nerved pods, which 2s 4

are spreading, beaded, covered A leall cele , NO
with soft, white hairs; beak flat- Sinapis arvensis.
tened, curved, longer than the

valves ; seeds 4-6, usually 1 in the beak. Brassica alba,
Baicier:

Cultivated as fodder, and spontaneous in_ places.—
Aug.-Nov.—Kurope; western Asia.

Brassica oleracea, lL. (Cabbage), with thick, glabrous,
glaucous leaves, the upper ones sessile, but not auricled;
B. Rapa, L. (Turnip), with green, rough-hairy radical leav es
and glaucous upper leaves, ‘clasping the stem with auricles ;
and B. Napus, L. (Rape), With similar upper leaves and all
leaves glaucous and glabrous, are sometimes spontaneous in
or near cultivated land. All have yellow flowers, cylindrical
pods with a beak much shorter than the valves, and the
cotyledons of Diplotaxis.—Europe.

7. Lerrpium, L.

(Diminutive of the Greek lepis, a see alluding to the
shape of the pod.)

1. Lepidium Draba, L. Hoary Cress. Whitish-
downy perennial; stems stiff, branching above; leaves ob-
long, sinuate- toothed, the lower ones “stalked, ’ the upper
ones stem-clasping and. auricled; flowers white, numerous,
in a flat-topped panicle; fruiting pedicels 2-4 times as long
as the pods, which are cordate, broader than long, glabrous;
style persistant and conspicuous; seeds 1 in each cell; coty-
ledons incumbent.

28 4. CRUCIFER “2.

_Roadsides in moist places.—
Sept. - Oct.—Europe ; western
Asia.

L. ruderale, L. (Narrow-leaved
Cress), found in all temperate
climates and native to South
Australia, often appears in crops
in the northern areas, growing
as high as the wheat. It has long
racemes of oval pods, notched at
the summit.

8. Capsetia, Medikus.

(Diminutive from Latin capsa, a
box ; alluding to the shape of
the pod.)

1. Capsella Bursa-pas-
toris, Meench. Shepherd’s
Purse. Downy annual, with
tapering root; radical leaves in a
rosette, toothed, pinnatifid or al-
most entire, upper leaves clasp-

Lepidium Draba.

Fa

ing the erect stem with short
auricles; flowers small, white;
fruiting raceme long and _ loose,
with spreading pedicels longer
than the pods, which are triangu-
lar - compressed, truncate and
notched at top; style very short ;
seeds 10-15 in each cell; coty-
ledons incumbent.

Waste _places.—Aug.-Oct.—In
all countries outside the tropics.
9. SeneBIERA, Poiret.

(After Senebier, a botanist of
Geneva.)

Pod almost circular, _com-

. pressed, wrinkled, with 2 in-

dehiscent 1-seeded_ cells; coty-
ledons incumbent. Flowers white,
in short racemes, opposite the

Capsella Bursa-pastoris. leaves.

Fruiting racemes long; pod slightly wrinkled S. pinnatifida 1
Fruiting racemes short; pod coarsely wrinkled S. Coronopus 2

1. Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. (1799). Lesser

Swine-cress.

Ill-smelling annual, with prostrate or ascend-

ing, villous stems; leaves pinnatisect, with entire or in-

4. CRUCIFER. 29

cised segments; petals shorter than sepals, sometimes none;
fruiting raceme longer than the leaf, with slender, spread-
ing pedicels longer than the pod, which is only 2 mm.
(j; in.) broad, notched at
summit and base, and consists
of 2 ovoid, l-seeded valves or
nutlets, wrinkled and separating

when ripe. S. didyma. Pers.
(1807).

Waste places.—Sept. - Jan.—
Temperate South America ;

naturalised in Europe.

2. S$. Coronopus, Poiret.
Glabrous, light-green, prostrate
annual; leaves resembling those
of the preceding; petals longer
than sepals; fruiting raceme
shorter than the leaf, with thick,
very short pedicels; pod 4 mm.
broad, notched at base and
rounded at summit, deeply
wrinkled; valves usually remain-

ing united when ripe. a

Roadside’, Mount Gambier.—
Oct. - Feb. — Almost cosmopoli- senebiera pinnatifida.
tan.

10. Caxine, Adanson.
(From qdqulleh, the Arabic name of the plant.)

1, Cakile maritima, Scop.
Sea Rocket. Maritime glabrous
annual, with procumbent bran-
ches from near the base; leaves
fleshy, oblanceolate, entire or
with a few distant blunt teeth;
flowers pink, rather large; sepals
erect, 2 lateral ones pouched at
base; fruiting pedicels thick, as
long as the lower joint of the pod
which is hard, indehiscent, an
consists of 2 joints, the upper one
mitre-shaped, deciduous, with 1
erect seed, the lower one oblong,
persistant, with 2 small teeth on
the truncate summit, and 1
hanging seed, or sometimes
sterile; both joints 3-nerved on
each side; cotyledons accumbent.

Sea-coast near Adelaide and on
Kangaroo Island. Accepted by
Cakile maritima. some botanists as native, but not

30 4. CRUCIFER2.

recorded in Australia until 1869, when it was found on the
shores of Port Phillip Bay and French Island.—Nov.-Apl.—
Sea-coast of Europe and western Asia.

11. Raristrum, Desvaux.
(Diminutive of rapa; Brassica Rapa is Turnip.)

1. Rapistrum rugosum, All. Downy or almost
glabrous, erect annual. often over 1 m. (3 ft.) high; branches
stiff, erect or spreading horizon-
tally; lower leaves lyrate, the
upper ones sessile, lanceolate,
coarsely toothed; flowers pale-
yellow; sepals erect, lateral ones
pouched at base; fruiting ra-
cemes long, narrow, the pedicels
appressed or spreading slightly,
about as long as the lower joint
of the fruit; pod tough, downy,
of 2 indehiscent joints, the upper
one globular, wrinkled length-
wise, with 1 erect seed, the lower
joint cylindrical, with one hang-
ing seed, or sterile; beak awl-
shaped, as long as, or slightly
longer than, the upper joint;
cotyledons of Diplotaxis.

Wheatfields; sometimes called
Giant Mustard or Turnip-weed
by farmers.—Oct.-Dec.—Central
and southern Europe. Rapistrum rugesum.

12. RapHanus, L.

Sepals erect, the lateral ones pouched at base; pod
long, cylindrical, indehiscent, filled with a spongy tissue
between the globular seeds, and terminating in a long,
conical beak ; cotyledons of Diplotasis.

Pod jointed, strongly nerved ... ... ... .. R. Raphanistrum 1
Pod not jointed, swollen, smooth ... ... ... 2. sativus 2

1. Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish,
White Charlock. Annual or biennial, almost glabrous,
branching, with a tough, slender taproot; lower leaves
lyrate, the middle ones oblong, coarsely toothed, the upper-
most narrow and often entire; petals white, with violet
veins, or sometimes yellow; pods suberect, knotted between
the seeds, with raised longitudinal nerves and separating
into joints when ripe.

5. RESEDACE. 6. VIOLACEA. 31

Cultivated land near Adelaide.
Oct.-Dec.—Almost all temperate
countries.

2. R. sativus, L. Radish.
Root annual or biennial, swollen
and fleshy; leaves like those of
the preceding; flowers white or
pink; pods thick and _ swollen,
smooth or faintly grooved when
ripe, somewhat beaded and
tapering into a long thick
beak.

Subspontaneous near market
gardens.—Oct.-Dec.—Not found
anywhere in an aboriginally wild
state, and perhaps a form of the
preceding species, modified by
long cultivation.

Family 5.—-RESEDACEA.

1. Resrepa, L.
1. Reseda alba, L. White Raphanus Raphanistrum.
Mignonette. Erect, glabrous,

robust annual or biennial; leaves pinnatisect, with unequal,
linear, wavy segments; flowers white, in long dense
racemes; sepals 5, rarely 6; petals as many, 3-cleft; stamens
10-20, inserted on a fleshy disk; capsule erect, oblong, with
4, or sometimes 3, small teeth.

A roadside weed near Kingscote, Kangaroo Island (J.
H. Maiden).—Oct.-Jan.—Mediterranean region.

Family 6._VIOLACEZA.

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet), a well-known garden
plant, is spreading spontaneously in Long Gully, National
Park, Belair.

Family 7.—CARYOPHYLLACEA.

Sepals persistant, usually 5, free or united in a tubu-
lar calyx; petals usually 5, alternate with the sepals, and
often with 2 scales at the base of the lamina, forming a
sort of crown; stamens usually 10, sometimes 5; styles 2-5,
stigmatic all the way; fruit a l-celled capsule, opening by
3-10 teeth or valves; seeds small, numerous, attached to
a free central column (placenta). Herbs, with opposite,
entire leaves springing from the swollen nodes.

Sepals united in a toothed calyx.

Styles 3-5.
Styles 3; capsule 6-toothed ... ...... SMLeNE 1
Styles 5; capsule 5-toothed oe eS VGHNIS
Styles 2; capsule 4-toothed ... ...... ... SAPONARIA 2

Sepals free.
Leaves stipulate.
Cc

32 7. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

Styles 5; capsule 5-valved ... ... ... SPERGULA 3
Styles 3; capsule 3-valved ... ... ... SPERGULARIA

Leaves without stipules,
Petals bifid.
Styles 5; capsule 10-toothed ... .. CeERASTIUM 4
Styles 3; capsule 6-toothed ... .... ... STELLARIA 5
Petals entire; styles 3; capsule 6-toothed ARENARIA 6

1. Srmene, L.

Calyx inflated, many-nerved
Calyx not inflated, 10-nerved.

S. Cucubalus 1

Annuals.
Fruiting calyx oblong ... ... «. -. --. S. nocturnasse
Fruiting calyx ovoid ... ... ... ... .. WS. gallica 3
Perennial; dwarf; calyx clubshaped ... ... S. Schafta 4

1. Silene Cucubalus, Wibel (1799). Bladder
Campion. Glabrous, glaucous perennial; leaves lanceolate,
lower ones tapering at base; flowers white, drooping, in
forked cymes; calyx bladdery, subglobular. 20-nerved, net-
veined, with broad triangular teeth; petals cut almost to
the claw into 2 lobes, with 2 wings or scales at the throat;
capsule enclosed ,in the calyx, ovoid, twice as long as the
carpophore. WS. inflata, Sm. (1800).

An escape from gardens: roadsides, Mount Lofty
Range; Mount Gambier.—Sept.-Dec.—Kurope; western Asia.

2. S. nocturna, L. Erect, glandular-hairy annual;
lower leaves oblong-spoonshaped, upper ones lanceolate, ses-
sile, ciliate with long hairs near the base; flowers pink,
almost erect, in l-sided racemes; fruiting calyx oblong,
with 10 branching nerves and short lanceolate teeth; petals
narrow, deeply _ bifid, scales
small; filaments glabrous; cap-
sule oblong, about 6 times as long
as the carpophore.

Waste places or pasture.—
Sept. - Nov.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

3. S. gallica, L. French
Catchfly.—Glandular-villous an-
nual, often very sticky; stems
erect or ascending, purplish;
lower leaves oblong-spoonshaped,
upper ones linear - lanceolate ;
flowers in almost l-sided racemes ;
fruiting calyx ovoid, contracted
at top, very hairy, 10-nerved,
with awlshaped teeth; petals
usually entire, pink, white, or
with a dark-red blotch on each
lamina (S. quinquevulnera, L.);
filaments hairy in the lower half ;
capsule ovoid, with very short
carpophore. Silene gallica.

7. CARYOPHYLLACE. 33

Pasture and cultivated land.—Aug.-Dec.—Europe; wes-
tern Asia; naturalised in most countries.

4. S. Schafta, Gmelin. Dwarf, glandular-downy
perennial; stems short, ascending; leaves oboval, acuminate ;
flowers rather large, pink, erect, terminal, with 1 or ae
lateral: calyx long, clubshaped, 10-nerved; petals entire,
with 2 blunt scales; carpophore very long.

Sandy patches, Seaview Road, Port Victor.—Aug.-Oct.
—Western Asia.

Lychnis Githaygo, Scop. (Corn Cockle), a cornfield weed
in most parts of the world and in the eastern States of
Australia, probably exists here also, but I have seen no
specimens. It is a tall, silky-villous annual, with long,
narrow leaves and showy red flowers, the green, linear
calyx-lobes being longer than the petals.—Europe and wes-
tern Asia. ‘

2. Saponartia, L.

(From the Latin sapo, soap; ..,
alluding to the soapy juice
of SN. officinalis,. L.)

1. Saponaria Vaccaria,
L. Soapwort. Glabrous, glaucous
annual; stem stout, erect,
branching above; leaves sessile,
oblong-oval to oblong-lanceolate ;
flowers pink, long-stalked, in a
loose corymbose panicle, calyx
ovoid, contracted at top, with 5
green, winged angles and pink
triangular teeth; lamina of petals
notched, without scales; capsule
ovoid, with short teeth and a
very short carpophore.

Crops; called Nancy in the
northern agricultural areas.—
Dec.-Feb.—Central and southern
Europe. Saponaria Vaccaria.

3. Spereuna, L.

1. Spergula arvensis, L. Corn Spurry. Glan-
dular-downy or almost glabrous annual, branching from the
base into erect stems; leaves linear, unequal, grooved
beneath, in 2 opposite. clusters and apparently whorled ;
stipules broad; flowers white, in irregular cymes; fruiting
pedicels bent downwards; petals entire, shorter than sepals ;
capsule ovoid a little longer than the calyx; seeds with a
narrow border.

34 7. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

Cultivated land, Bridgewater.
—Sept.-Dec.—Almost cosmopoli-
tan.

Spergularia rubra, Pers., Sand
Spurry, with short pedicels, cap-
sule equalling calyx and tuber-
culate seeds, is a common road-
side weed. S. media, Pers., with
long pedicels, capsule exceeding
calyx, and winged seeds, is
usually found near the sea-coast.
Both have linear leaves, are
almost world-wide in their distri-
bution, and are considered indi-
genous to Australia. They are
very variable plants, and pro-
bably many of our specimens are

introduced.

4. Cerastium, L.

(From the Greek keras, a horn;
alluding to the shape of the

capsule.)

Spergula arvensis.

]. Cerastium vulgatum,

Cerastium vulgatum.

L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Annual
or sometimes biennial; downy
with spreading, simple, or glan-
dular hairs; stems erect or
ascending; radical leaves small,
stalked, stem-leaves sessile, oval
to oblong; flowers white in
forked cymes; petals notched,
about as long as the sepals,
sometimes wanting ; capsule
evlindrical, exceeding the calyx
more or less; styles sometimes 3
or 4, in which case the teeth of
the capsule are 6 or 8.

Of this little weed Bentham
says (Brit. Fl., 71):—‘‘Its pro-
tean forms have much puzzled
the botanists of many countries
to distinguish them into from 2
or 3 to 20 or 30 supposed
species.” The most common
form near Adelaide is covered
with spreading hairs; leaves
broad-oval, blunt; flowers in

compact cymes; petals ciliate at base, equalling or slightly
exceeding the sepals; pedicels shorter than sepals; cap-
sule straight, nearly twice as long as the calyx (C. glomer-

atum, Thuillier).

8. PORTULACACEZ.

35

Pasture and cultivated land.—July.-Jan.—Almost cos-

mopolitan.

5. Sretvarra, L.
(From the Latin sfella, a star; alluding to the radiating

petals.)

1. Stellaria media, Cy-
rillo. Chickweed. Weak annual;
stems branching, ascending, with
a line of white hairs on one side
leading down from the junction
of the leaves and alternating at
each node; leaves oval-acuminate,
the lower ones with hairy
petioles, the upper ones sessile;
flowers small, ‘white, on long
downy pedicels, in loose, leafy

cymes; petals deeply

shorter than sepals; stamens 3-5;

capsule a_ little longer
calyx.

Usually in moist places.—July-
Dec.—-Almost cosmopolitan.

6. Argenarta, L.

(From the Latin arena, sand.)

2-cleft,

than

l. Arenaria_ serpylli-
folia, LL. Thyme-leaved Sand- Stellaria media.

wort. Small, slender,

Arenaria serpyllifolia.

downy
annual; leaves sessile, oval-acute,
spreading; flowers white in
forked, leafy cymes; pedicels
slender, about twice as long as
the calyx; petals entire, shorter
than sepals: styles 3, sometimes
4; capsule ovoid; seeds finely
tuberculate.

Sandhills near Glenelg and
Brighton.—Sept. - Nov.—Almost
cosmopolitan.

Family 8.-PORTULACACEA.

1. Portunaca, L.

1. Portulaca oleracea,
L. Purslane. Succulent prostrate
annual; leaves oboval - oblong,
thick, shining; flowers small,
yellow, sessile, axillary; sepals 2,
keeied, closing over the fruit, but
finally deciduous; petals 4-6;
stamens 10-12; — style-branches
4-6; ovary adherent at _ base;

36 9. MALVACE2.

capsule opening by a lid and containing numerous black
seeds.

A native of our dry interior,
as well as of other warm coun-
tries; a common weed of culti-
vation near Adelaide, and in
such localities probably intro-
duced from abroad. — Dec.-
March.

Family 9.—MALVACEA.

Calyx persistant, 5-lobed, usn-
ally with 38 or more bracts at
base; petals 5, twisted in bud,
cohering at base; stamens numer-
ous, united by the filaments in
a tube surrounding the ovary;
anthers 1-celled: styles united in
the lower part, with stigmas
equalling the carpels in number;
ovary many-celled; fruit usually
composed of several free carpels.
Leaves stalked, alternate, palm-
ately veined and stipulate. Portulaca oleracea.

Carpels 1-seeded; stigmas decurrent along
style-branches.

Calyciner bracts: distimct) a. asitss mie retain HA Aue!
Calycine bracts united at base LAVATERA
Carpels 2-seeded; stigmas terminal Pee ee MO DIOuAm ES

1. Manuva, L.

Involucre of 3 separate bracts attached to the calyx;
carpels in a depressed ring round a central axis.

Bracts oval; corolla twice as long as calyx MW. niewensis 1
Bracts linear; corolla scarcely exceeding calyx M. parviflora 2

1. Malwa niczeensis, All. Mallow of Nice.
Annual with soft spreading hairs seated on tubercles; stems
stout or ascending; leaves almost circular in outline, with
5-7 rounded, crenate, more or less deeply-cut lobes; flowers
small, light-purple, in axillary clusters on unequal pedi-
cels; bracts oval, attached halfway up the calyx; calyx-
lobes broad-oval, ciliate, almost concealing the ripe carpels;
petals twice as long as calyx, notched, ciliate on the claws;
carpels 8-10, glabrous or slightly downy, wrinkled and _ net-
ted on the back, the sides almost smooth and radially
lined.

Roadsides and waste places.—Aug.-Nov.—Mediter-
ranean region.

9. MALVACE. 37

2. M. parviflora, L. Small-flowered Mallow. An-
nual, almost glabrous, except for the downy petioles; stem
with spreading branches; leaves like the preceding, but
more deeply cordate; flowers small, pink or almost white,
in axillary clusters; bracts linear, rising from the base of
the calyx: calyx-lobes broad, ciliate, enlarged and spreading
outwards in fruit; petals scarcely
longer than calyx, with glabrous
claws; carpels 8-12, glabrous or
downy, sharply wrinkled on
back and toothed on the edges,
so that the fruit has prickly
ridges between the carpels.

Roadsides and waste places.—
Apl. - Nov.—Mediterranean re-
gion.

These two species are much
alike and are both commonly
called Marsh Mallow in South
Australia—a misnomer, as the )
true Marsh Mallow is a large- &
flowered European plant belong-
ing to another genus of Jal-
race (Althea officinalis, L.).

Two biennial Lavateras, with
flowers in axillary clusters and
mallow-like leaves, have estab-
lished themselves more or less. Maliva parviflora.

L. arborea, L. (Tree Mallow), is

tall, with a somewhat woody base, purple flowers, broad
spreading bracts longer than the calyx, and wrinkled car-
pels with raised edges. JL. cretica, L., is a smaller plant,
with pale lilac flowers, oval bracts shorter than the calyx,
whose lobes are abruptly acuminate, carpels almost smooth,
rounded across the back and with blunt edges.—Sept.-Oct.—
Mediterranean region.

2. Moptota, Mcench.

{From the Latin modiolus, the nave of a wheel; alluding to
the shape of the fruit.)

1. Modiola multifida, Mcnch. Perennial, thinly
beset with stellate hairs; stems ascending, rooting at the
nodes; leaves circular, cut into 5-7 crenate lobes; flowers
small, red, solitary, on long axillary peduncles; bracts 3,
lanceolate, attached to the peduncle just below the calyx,
which ‘is villous, with triangular lobes; petals slightly ex-
ceeding calyx, ciliate on the claw; ovary densely villous;
carpels about 20, opening by a slit in the upper half,
grooved, villous and 2-awned on the back, glabrous and
transversely wrinkled below, divided by an incomplete par-
tition into 2 spurious cells placed one above the other
and each containing | seed. M. caroliniana, G. Don.

38 10. GERANIACE 2.

Willunga ; Myponga ;
Mount Gambier. — Nov.-
Feb. —- Temperate South
America.

Family 10.—
GERANIACEA.

Calyx persistant, of 5
distinct sepals, enlarged
in fruit; petals 5, alter-
nate with 5 nectar-glands ;
stamens 10, free, in 2 rows,
the 5 outer ones shorter and
often sterile; ovary of 5
carpels, whorled round a
central axis and_ pro-
duced upwards in a beak
consisting of the united
styles and awns of the ear-
pels; thé beak lengthens
after flowering, and at
maturity the carpels, with
their awns, separate elastic- Modiola -multitidas
ally from the persistant
central axis; carpels l-seeded, opening along the inner
face; leaves stipulate.

Petals equal.
Fertile stamens 10; awns glabrous inside GERANIUM 1

Fertile stamens 5; awns hairy inside ... Eropium 2
Petals unequal; calyx spurred ss. see oe. PELARGONIUM 6

1. Geranium, L.
(From the Greek geranos, a
crane; the fruit resembles a
erane’s head and bill.)

1. Geranium molle, lL.
Dove’s-foot Geranium. Slender
annual covered with soft, spread-
ing hairs; stems prostrate or
ascending; leaves circular, the
lower ones long-stalked, palm-
ately divided to about the middle
into 5-7 oboval, incised lobes,
upper leaves more deeply cut;
peduncles usually shorter than
the petioles, bearing 2 flowers
on long slender pedicels; petals
reddish-purple, deeply notched,
exceeding the calyx, ciliate at
base; anthers blue, filaments
widened below, glabrous; beak Geraniom umole.
short; carpels wrinkled trans-

10. GERANTACE 2. 39

versely, and curling upwards on the elastic awn when ripe.

Moist places: Adelaide; Mount Lofty Range; Mount
Gambier.—Sept.-Jan.—Europe; western Asia.

2. Eropium, L’Héritier.

(From the Greek erddios, heron; resemblance of the fruit
to a heron’s bill.)

Two outer sepals 5-nerved, 3 inner ones 3-nerved, with
broad scarious edges; 5 outer stamens scalelike, without
anthers, filaments dilated in lower part; carpels obcont-
eal, villous; awns with long silky hairs on the inner side,
separating upwards from the axis and_ twisting
spirally.

Leaves pinnatifid

2a Weerg ea kee E. Botrys 1
Leaves pinnatisect (segments frec).

Segments with toothed lobes... ... ... BE. moschatum 2
Segments deeply pinnatifid ... ... ... ... HE. cieutarium 3

1. Erodium Botrys, Ber-
toloni. Annual, with prostrate
or ascending stems beset with
long, white, recurved hairs;
leaves oval-oblong, the radical
ones long-stalked, pinnatifid with
coarsely toothed lobes, the upper
ones with narrow, incised lobes;
stipules oval-ciliate; peduncles
erect, glandular-hairy, longer
than the leaf, bearing an umbel
of 1-4 flowers; petals erect, purp-
lish, with 3 dark veins, half as
long again as the calyx; filaments
toothed or not; beak 7-10 cm.
(24-4 in.) long.

Common in_ pasture.—Aug.-
Qct.—Mediterranean region.

2. E. moschatum, L’Her:-.
tier. Musk Erodiwm. Annual or
biennial, more or less glandular-
hairy, smelling slightly of musk ;
stems stout, prostrate or ascend-
ing; leaves long, pinnatisect, the
segments distant, oval, sometimes
minutely stalked, coarsely toothed or lobed; stipules oval,
conspicuous; flowers pale-purple, 1-9 in umbels on long
peduncles which are sometimes radical; petals rather longer
than calyx and ciliate on the claw; filaments of fertile
stamens 2-toothed near the base; beak 3-4 em. (about 14
in.) long.

Erodium Botrys.

40 10. GERANIACEZ.

Roadsides, pasture and cul-
tivated land.—July - Nov.—
Central and southern Europe;
western Asia.

3. E. cicutarium,
LHéritier. Common Erodium.
Smaller plant than the _pre-
ceding. the leaves pinnatisect,
with oblong pinnatifid lobes;
flowers pink or purplish, 2-8
in umbels on erect, radical, or
axillary peduncles: petals
rather unequal, spreading;
longer than the calyx, ciliate
on the claw; filaments not
toothed ; beak 2-4 em. (3-14 in.)
long.

Pasture, cultivated land,
sandy soil near sea. This and
the preceding are often called
“Wild Geranium.’’ Var. macu-
latum, Black, a dwart form

Erodiumumo-schatuanmt with white petals, two of

which are red-spotted, is
found in the Mount Lofty Range.Aug.-Oct.—Almost all
temperate countries.

3. Pretarconium, L’Heéritier.

(From the Greek pelargos, a stork; alluding to the beak of
the fruit.)

1. Pelargonium grave-
olens, Aiton. Rose Geranium.
Rough-villous, much-branched,
lemon -scented perennial with
shrubby stem; leaves semicircu-
lar in outline, stalked, deeply
palmatifid, with 5-7 oblong pin-
natifid lobes, with recurved
edges; stipules oval-acuminate,
cordate at base; umbels 4-12-
flowered, on long peduncles; calyx
with a short tube or spur running
down the pedicel; petals pink,
nearly twice as long as calyx,
the 2 upper ones larger and
streaked with crimson; stamens
10, of which 7 are fertile, fila-
ments united in a tube at base;
beak short, awns bearded inside.

Pasture: Happy Valley; Port
Victor. — Aug. - Dec. — South
Africa. Pelargonium graveolens.

1i. HYPERICACE2. 12. OXALIDACEX. 41

Family 11.—HYPERICACEZA.
1. Hypericum, L.

1. Hypericum perfora3-
tum, L. St. John’s Wort.
Glabrous perennial, with erect
stems marked by 2 opposite lon-
gitudinal lines; leaves opposite
sessile, oblong, blunt, with trans-
parent dots; flowers bright-
yellow, in a_ broad _ panicle;
sepals 5, black-dotted near the
top; petals twice as long as the
ealyx, oblique, with black dots
along the edges; anthers with a
dark spot on the, back; styles 3,
rarely 2; capsule ovoid, twice as
long as the calyx, 3-celled; seeds
numerous.

Roadsides and pasture: Be-
lair, Blackwood.—Nov. - Jan.—
Europe; western Asia.
Family 12.—OXALIDACEZ.. Hypericum perforatum.

i Oxarnis, DL.
(Greek oxys, sharp or sour; taste of the leaves.)
Sepals and petals 5, the latter partially united towards
base; stamens 10, united at base, 5 inner ones longer;
styles 5; capsule with 5 many-seeded cells.
Flowers umbelled; leaflets notched ... ... O. cernua I
Flowers solitary; leaflets entire ... ... ... 0. variabilis 2

1. Oxalis cernua, Thunb.
Soursob. Stemless, almost glab-
rous perennial; rootstock fleshy,
tapering, producing bulblets and
spindle-shaped tubers; bulb ovoid,
with smooth brown tunic; leaves
all radical, longstalked, of 3
obecordate leaflets, the lateral
ones with unequal lobes; fiowers
large, vellow, drooping, in umbels
of 3-16, on radical peduncles
longer than the leaves; sepals
lanceolate, downy, with 2 small
orange-colored swellings at the
tip; petals connected at base, 3
times as long as calyx; the 5 long
stamens toothed.

Introduced as an ornamental]
plant in early colonial days, and
now very common.—June-Oct.—
South Africa.

2. ©. wariabilis, Jacq.
Oxalis cernua. More or less downy, stemless;

42 13. RHAMNACEA, 14. SAPINDACE.

bulb blackish, ovoid: leaves all radical, stalked, leaflets
nearly circular, ciliate, dotted, sometimes purplish below,
the middle one largest and wedgeshaped at base; flowers
large, solitary, on peduncles as long as or rather longer
than the leaves, and with 2 small bracts below the middle;
petals pink to purple in upper part, yellow in lower part
(var. rubra, Jacq.), 4 times as long as the lanceolate sepals,
connected at base; long stamens toothed.

he Pasture, Mount Lofty Range.—June-Oct.—South
Africa.

Family 13.—RHAMNACEZ.

1. RHamnvs, L.

1. Rnamnus Alaternus,
L. Buckthorn. Glabrous shrub,
with spreading, thornless bran-
ches; leaves persistant, leathery,
alternate, oval-acute, with a
horny edge and short teeth;
stipules sinall, deciduous; flowers
dicecious, greenish, in awxillary
racemes on short pedicels with a
bracteole at base; calyx with 5
deciduous lobes; petals none;
fruit a small black berry - like
drupe, globular or ovoid, con-
taining 3 bony, 1-seeded nutlets ;
seed with an open furrow on the
back.

A favourite hedge-plant, gone
wild on Black Hill, and near the
sea.—Fl. Aug.-Sept.; fr. Dec.-
Jan.—-Mediterranean region. Rhamnus Alaternus.

Family 14.. SAPINDACEZA.
1. Menianruus, L.

(Greek meli, honey, and anthos, flower; the blossoms are
sought by bees.)

1. Melianthus comosus, Vahi. Small, downy
shrub; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, leaflets 9-11, oblong-
lanceolate, deeply and regularly toothed, green with minute
stellate hairs above, grey-tomentose beneath, axis winged
between the leaflets; stipules long, awlshaped, free; flowers
drooping, in -spreading racemes; bracts oval-acuminate,
longer than the pedicel; calyx greenish and pink, con-
spicuously BuRohEd at base, the 2 upper segments broad-
oval with a dark-red spot at the base inside, the other 3
segments lanceolate, shorter; petals 4, with red, oblanceolate
laminas and hairy linear claws, which are connected at the
summit by a woolly growth; stamens 4, in pairs; ovary
downy, 4-celled, 4-lobed; fruit a globular, membranous,

15. ANACARDIACEZ. 43

stellate - downy, netveined
capsule, 25-30 mm. (1-14
in.) long, opening at the
summit by the inner edges,
valves 4, rounded at top
and compressed so as to
make the capsule appear
4-winged ; seeds black, shin-
ing, usually 1 in each
cell.

Near Cape Jervis; Water-
fall Gully.—Sept.-Nov.—
South Africa.

Mo major, li., a tall
glabrous shrub, also from
South Africa, with larger
leaflets, flowers in a dense,
erect raceme, stipules uni-
ted, and _ capsule - valves
acute at the summit, is
grown in gardens, but
does not appear to have
gone wild. .

Family 15.

Melianthus comoesus.
ANACARDIACEZA.
1. Scuinus, L.

1. Schinus Molle, L.

Pepper-tree. A large aromatic,
evergreen tree with drooping
branchlets; leaves alternate, pin-
nate, of 3-17 linear-lanceolate
sessile leaflets, alternate or rarely
opposite; flowers small, white,
dicecious, in long, bracteate,
drooping panicles; calyx 5-lobed,
exceeded by the 5 oval petals;
stamens 10, inserted outside a
ring-shaped, 10-toothed = disk ;
styles 3, short; fruit a depressed-
globular, red drupe, the size of a
peppercorn, and containing a
bony nutlet.

All the South Australian speci-

mens seem to belong to the var.
Areira, DC., with entire leaflets,
but seedlings and shoots from
polled trees show the toothed
leaves of the type.

Cultivated all over the State,

Schinus Molle. and often spontaneous from seed.

44 16. LEGUMINOS 4h.

—Most of the year.—South America, where it is commonly
known by its Indian name of Aguaribay. “Tt secretes a
peculiar resin of strong and agreeable odour, which is known
in Europe by the name of American mastic, and is employed
as a purgative. The bark and leaves are used as a remedy
for ulcers and wounds, and the leaves yield a yellow dye.’’
—Arechavaleta, Fl. Uruguaya, 295.

Cuass 2.—CALYCIFLOR ”®.

Flowers with 2 floral envelopes (calyx and _ corolla) ;
petals distinct, inserted, as are also the stamens, upon the
calyx, which is sometimes free and sometimes adherent to
the ovary.

Family 16.—LEGUMINOSAZA.
Subfamily 1.—-Parinionacua.

Flowers irregular ; calyx of 5 divisions and often 2-lipped ;
corolla supposed to resemble a butterfly (papilio), consisting
of 5 unequal petals, the upper one (standard) the largest
and placed outside the others in bud, the two lateral ones
(wings) equal, and the 2 lower ones usually united by the
outer edge in a keel; stamens 10, either all united in a tube
round the ovary, or 9 united in a tube split on the inner
side and 1 free, or all free (in some Australian genera) ;
Se eae stigma 1; fruit a pod (legumen) with 1 cell and
2 valves.

A. Leaves simple or of 3 leaflets.
B. Stamens all united in a tube; shrubs.
Calyx with 1 or 2 lips slit to the base;
leaves simple.

Calyx 2-lipped; pod short ... ... ... Utex 1
Calyx 1-lipped; pod long... ... ... Spartium 2
Calyx with 2 lips not slit to the base;
leaves simple or of 3 leaflets ... ... Cytisus 3
B. Stamens 9 united, 1 free; leaflets 3:
herbs.

Stipules leaflike, free; pod usually long Lorus
Stipules not leafy, adherent to petiole.
Pod enclosed in the calyx; flowers
usually in heads ... Rak Die tease
Pod exceeding the calyx; flowers
usually in racemes or umbels.
Flowers in long racemes; pod short,
straight, 1-2-seeded tate seh eee IMERRIOTUS DS
Flowers in short racemes or umbels;
pod spirally twisted, with several
BEOUS lassen eee a EE DLCAGOMRO)
A. Leaves pinnate or digitate; style curved
upwards.
C. Leaves even-pinnate, ending in a ten-
dril; stamens united or upper one
free.

TriroLtium 4

16. LEGUMINOS 2. 45

Stipules smaller than leaflets.
Style bearded on the outer side,
downy all round ...

or
Victa 7

Style flattened from front to back,

downy on the inner side ...

LatHyrus 8

Stipules larger than leaflets, toothed
near base; style compressed later-
ally at summit, bearded on the inner

edge Se ey a nen ins tone
C. Leaves digitate; stamens united

PIsuM
Lupinus 9

Subfamily 2.—C msanpPiIniem.

ind

Flowers slightly irregular; sepals and petals 5, the
upper petal placed inside the others in bud.

Stamens 10, all free

C.®SALPINIA

Subfamily 3.—Mimosem.

Flowers regular; sepals and petals 4-5; stamens usually

numerous.

Stamens united in a tube

lie Oise Bp

|]. Ulex europezeus, Il.
Furze. Erect, villous shrub,
with many rigid, dark-green,
ribbed branches, the short ones
ending in stiff spines; leaves
small, stiff, linear-lanceolate,
channeled above, ending in a
short spine; flowers fragrant,
bright-yellow, usually solitary,
on short axillary peduncles; calyx
villous with brown, spreading
hairs, the upper lip with 2 small
teeth, the lower with 3; pod
swollen, oblong, densely villous,
black when ripe, a little longer
than the calyx, with 2-6 carun-
culate seeds.

Planted as a hedge, and spon-
taneous in many _ places.—-Most
of the year.—Sandy and _ stony
places in western EKurope.

2. Spartium, L.

1. Spartium junceum, L.

ALBIZZIA 9

Ulex europzeus.

Spanish Broom. Tall

shrub, with slender, cylindrical, rushlike branches, green,
finely striate and glabrous; leaves few, oblong-lanceolate,
entire, glabrous above, appressed-downy below; flowers

46 16. LEGUMINOS.

large, yellow, scented, in long,
loose, terminal racemes; calyx
searious, split to the base on the
upper side, so as to form one lip
with 5 small teeth; bracts and
bracteoles very deciduous; keel
with a curved beak; pod long,
compressed, linear, black, and
almost glabrous when ripe, with
12-18 seeds.

Roadsides: Grange; Coroman-
del Valley; Waterfall Gully.—
Oct. - Dee.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion; naturalised in California
and South America. Called
Genét d’Espagne in France and
Retama de olor in Spain.

3. Cytisus, L.

Upper lip of calyx 2-toothed or
2-lobed, lower lip 3-toothed; pod
longer than the calyx, compress- : f
ed; seeds carunculate. Spartium junceum.

Flowers in loose, leafy racemes.
Style coiled into a circle; flowers yellow C. secoparius 1
Style merely incurved; flowers white ... C. albus 2
Flowers in terminal racemes or umbels.
Flowers yellow, on short pedicels, in com-
pact, headlike racemes.

Calyx short, campanulate ... ... ... ... C. canariensis 3
Calyx. loness tubular) itn 0 cs) cea Oe eeruunolieseas
Flowers white, on long pedicels, in loose
umbelsier ce) eae ceal Wek Gea eet) ee Gompnoluienmeme
1. Cytisus scoparius, Link. Common Broom.

Erect shrub, with long dark-green, wiry, angular branches,
often almost leafless; lower leaves broadly stalked, leaflets
silky-downy below; upper leaves sessile, oval, simple; flowers
large, yellow, usually solitary in the axil, forming leafy
racemes; calyx glabrous, teeth very small; style long,
curved into a circle, enlarged under the stigma; pod 4-5
em. (14-2 in.) long, oblong, very flat, black when ripe, long-
haired on the edges, containing 6-15 shining seeds.

Gullies and creeks, Mount Lofty Range.—Aug.-Nov.—
Europe.

2.C. aibus, Link. White Broom. Slender under-
shrub; branches grooved; leaflets 1-3, small, lanceolate,
clustered, with incurved edges, covered with a_ grey-silky
down; flowers white, in axillary clusters of 2-4; calyx downy,
scarious in the upper part, teeth very small; bracteoles min-
ute; pod 2-3 em. (about 1 in.) long, flat, linear-oblong, downy
with appressed hairs, edges thickened, bearing 1-5 seeds.

Roadsides, Belair.—Sept.-Nov.—Spain, North Africa.

16. LEGUMINOS 4. AT

3. C. canariensis, Steudel.
Canary Broom. Erect, downy,
and villous undershrub; branches
grooved; leaves on short petioles
and leaflets on short petiolules;
flowers yellow, solitary, axillary,
usually towards the ends of short
branchlets, but the terminal °
flowers appear as a dense raceme
or head owing to the abortion
of their leaves; calyx downy,
teeth conspicuous; bracteoles
linear; pod 20-25 mm. (3-1 in.)
long, linear-oblong, villous, with
4-6 seeds.

Roadsides and guilies, Mount
Lofty Range, even penetrating
into the scrub.—Aug. - Feb.—
Canary Islands.

4. C. linifolius, Lamarck.
Erect undershrub; branches stiff,
grooved, white-downy; leaves
rather large, sessile, tough, with
recurved edges, silky-downy below; flowers yellow, 3-8 in
dense terminal racemes, leafy at base, calyx tubular, silky,
with divergent lips, the upper one divided almost to the
base into 2 lanceolate teeth, the upper one trifid ; bracteoles
linear, attached at base of calyx; pod 15-20 mm. (2 in.)
long, linear-oblong, villous, containing 2-4 seeds.

Waterfall Gully.—July-Nov.—Spain; North Africa.

5. C. proliferus, L. Tayosaste. Shrub or small
tree, with long, slender, drooping, white-downy branchlets;
leaves on short broad petioles, leafiets lanceolate, green
and glabrous above, downy below; flowers white, on long
downy pedicels in umbel-like clusters of 3-8, mostly at the
ends of short lateral branches; calyx tubular, downy, with
2 long, linear bracteoles attached below its base; pod downy,
several-seeded.

Grown as a hedge, and recommended as a_ fodder
plant; spontaneous in places.—July-Oct.—Canary Islands.

Lotus Tetragonolobus, LL. (Winged Pea), a softly villous
annual, with solitary or twin flowers of a rich purple, and
a long, quadrangular, 4-winged pod, is a garden escape in
places in the Mount Lofty Range.—Mediterranean region.
IL. corniculatus, L. (Bird’s-foot Trefoil), has appeared near
Murray Bridge in a very villous form, suggesting its in-
troduction from Europe, as the forms of this species con-
sidered native to Australia are glabrous or almost so. It
has 3-10 yellow flowers in umbels on very long peduncles;
pods linear-cylindrical, not winged; perennial.

D

Cytisus canariensis.

48 16. LEGUMINOS 2.

4. Trirotium, L.
(Latin prefix tri, three, and foliwm, a leaf.)

Petals narrow, persistant after withering, usually
united together and attached to the staminal tube by their
claws ; pod very small, enclosed in the persistant calyx or
corolla, usually indehiscent, with few seeds; flowers small,
in heads; leaves of 3 leaflets; stipules united to the petiole
by their base.

Flowers yellow; pod 1-seeded, on a_ short
carpophore,
Flowers 30-50 in dense ovoid heads; stand-
ard furrowed 2... 0 i. cls see PO procumoaism
Flowers fewer, in loose globular heads;
standard scarcely furrowed.
Flowers 5-15 in head; pedicels shorter

than calyx-tube oe pe ae ee IND 2
Flowers 2-8 in head; pedicels longer
than @calyx-tubehere: aan ss.) eed en) on edly efulehonmuema

Flowers pink or white.
Calyx inflated after flowering; pod 1-
seeded, sessile.
Creeping perennial ses, ees) bh ode) Mech Ln LOURET UAT
Small “anmnual a1. s:. <.. <a b.- les)... L2 domventasunes
Calyx not inflated.
Calyx and whole plant glabrous; pod
2-4-seeded.
Perennial; heads pedunculate ... ... JZ. repens 6
Annual; heads sessile ... ... ... ... JZ’. glomeratum 7
Calyx hairy or ciliate on teeth; pod
1-seeded.
Flowers few in head; trailing peduncles
recurved ... .. 7. subterrancum 8
Flowers numerous in “head; peduncles
not recurved.
Perennial; heads very large.
Calyx-tube subglabrous, throat vil-

Gir ere siooy. Wace oaehel te stoned ls MITE CURLS
Calyx-tube villous, throat glabrous 7’. pratense 10
Annuals.
Heads sessile; calyx hairy, with
suberect teeth tee hee. eo eee EL Un ae eT ele

Heads pedunculate.
Corolla shorter than the plumose

calyx-teeth) is.) ccs ce ct) ee anvensemne
Corolla equalling or exceeding
calyx.
leaflets oboval ... ... ... ... WZ. wmearnatum 1s
Leaflets linear sus eee, wwe wes Lie, ONG USEUOLUOT ees

1. Trifolium procumbens, L. Hop Clover.
Glabrous or downy annual, with a simple erect stem, or
with branches ascending from near the base ; leaflets oboval,
wedgeshaped at base, denticulate, the middle one on a
much longer petiolule ‘than the lateral ones; stipules ob-

16. LEGUMINOSZ. 49

liquely triangular, ciliate, shorter than the petiole; flowers
golden-yellow, usually about 50, in a dense ovoid head on
a peduncle shorter or as long as the leaf; calyx-teeth un-
equal; standard broad-oboval, becoming brown, furrowed,
and turned down lke a spoon
over the divergent wings and
pod. 7. campestre, Schreber.

Owing to a difference between
the named specimens in the
Linnzan herbarium and the de-
scription in the Species plant-
arum, some botanists have con-
sidered this to be T. agrarium,
L., which is, however, a some-
what different species with sessile
leaflets.

Pasture.—Sept.-Nov.—Europe ;
western Asia.

2. T. dubium, Sibth. (1794).
Lesser Clover. A more slender
plant than the preceding, to
which it is closely allied; stipule
of upper leaves about as long as
petiole; heads smaller and looser,
with 5-15 flowers; peduncles much Trifolium procumbens.
longer than the leaf; pedicels
shorter than calyx-tube; standard pale-yellow, only faintly
striated in fruiting; wings not divergent. T. minus, Rel-
han (1802).

Pasture and gullies.—Sept.-Jan.—Europe.

3. T. filiforme, L. Slender Clover. Still more
slender and procumbent than the preceding; petiolules
almost equal; stipules of upper leaves longer than petiole ;
flowers 2-8, distinct in small loose heads; peduncles filiform,
much longer than leaf; pedicels as long as, or longer than,
calyx-tube.

Moist spots, Mylor, Bridgewater.—Oct.-Dec.— Western
and southern Europe.

4. T. fragiferum, L. Strawberry Clover. Peren-
nial, with the creeping stems, foliage and long peduncles
of T. repens; flowers pink, almost sessile, in dense globular
heads; bracteoles large, united in an involucre equalling
the calyxes; calyx villous, 2-lipped, the upper lip inflated
after flowering into a netveined, membranous bladder, its
2 sharp teeth protruding over those of the lower lip; the
ene head, composed of, these calyxes, resembles a straw-

erry.

Pasture, Mount Lofty Range.—Dec. - May.—Europe;
western Asia,

5. T. tomentosum, L. Woolly Clover. Procum-
bent annual, usually small, glabrous except the calyx;

50 16. LEGUMINOS 44.

leaflets oboval, finely nerved, denticulate; flowers very
small, pink, almost sessile, in heads which become dense,
globular and tomentose; peduncles axillary, shorter than
the leaf; calyx resembling and undergoing the same changes
as the preceding, but the upper lip is swollen into a globu-
lar shape, and the 2 teeth are hidden among the cottony
down which covers it.

_ Roadsides, pasture.—Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

6. T. repens, L. White Clover. Glabrous peren-
nial with prostrate, rooting stems; leaves long-stalked,
with broad-oval, denticulate leafiets, often with a white
horse-shoe in the centre; stipules lanceolate, long-pointed ;
flowers white, tinged with pink, pedicellate, recurved after
flowering, numerous in a globular head on axillary peduncles
usually longer than the leaf; calyx-teeth unequal; standard
twice as long as calyx; pod protruding from the calyx,
3-4-seeded.

Generally accepted as the national emblem of ireland,
although the original Shamrock was probably Oxvalis aceto-
sella, L. (Wood Sorrel). A garden form has leaflets with
dark-purple centre.

Pasture.—Oct.-Apl.—Kurope; Asia.

7. T. glomeratum, L.
Clustered Clover. Glabrous, pro-
strate annual; leaflets oboval,
denticulate; stipules broadly
triangular, long-pointed; flowers
small, pink, numerous, sessile,
in distant, globular, axillary,
sessile heads; calyx conspicuousl
10-neryed, teeth equal, ova
acuminate, stiff and recurved in
fruit; standard longer than the

calyx; pod enclosed, 1-2-seeded.
Pasture.—Oct. - Dec.—Western
and southern Europe.

8. T. subterraneum, L. ‘
Subterranean Clover. Slender, — subtermneum, medium. striatum.
prostrate, softly villous annual; : 3
leaves long-stalked, obcordate, y
faintly denticulate at summit;
stipules oval-acute; flowers pink- oS
ish, fertile ones usually 3 to- atvense. tnrcamatum. angustifolium.
gether, Sapa a eagle ae
the axillar uncles, which. Bed
turn downwards towards the Triton:
ground after flowering, the fer- a.
tile flowers having their bases surrounded by several rigid,
5-toothed barren calyxes, which begin to grow only after the
flowering is over; fertile calyx with a cylindrical glabrous

16. LEGUMINOSZ. 51

tube, red in the upper part, teeth equal, awlshaped, ciliate,
as long as the tube; standard twice as long as
calyx.

Pasture, Mount Lofty Range.— Oct.-Dec.—Centrai and
southern Europe.

9. T. medium, L. Mammoth Clover. Somewhat
villous perennial, with ascending stems; leaves all stalked,
the uppermost opposite, leaflets oblong, almost entire;
stipules large, veined, acuminate; flowers purplish, in large,
showy, subglobular, ‘terminal heads on downy peduncles;
calyx- tube 10-nerv ed, almost glabrous outside, with a ring of
long hairs in the open throat, teeth aw Ishaped, ciliate, the
lowest longer than the others.

Cultivated and spontaneous in places in Mount Lofty
Range.—Oct.-Jan.—Europe, western Asia.

10. T. pratense, L. Red Clover. Closely related
to the preceding, but has rather smaller, subsessile heads ;
uppermost leaves almost sessile; stipules broader ; calyx-tube
es outside, the thoat clabrous and with a hardened ring
inside

Same localities as the preceding.

1l. T. striatum, L. Knotted Clover. Ascending,
silky-villous annual; leaflets oboval or oblong; stipules broad,
abruptly ending in a fine point; flowers small, pink, in ove oid
or oblong, sessile, axillary and terminal heads; calyx-tube
villous, ovoid, swollen in fruit. with 10 prominent nerves
and spreading-erect, stiff awlshaped teeth, nearly equal to
each other and almost as long as the tube; corolla about as
long as calyx.

Mount Lofty Range.—Oct. - Dec.—Europe; western
Asia.

12. T. arvense, LL. Havre’s-foot Clover. Slender
erect annual, downy with appressed hairs; leaflets linear-
oblong to oblanceolate, denticulate at summit; stipules nar-
row, reddish, with long points; flowers very small, pink, in
globular, afterwards oblong, pedunculate heads of a delicate
lavender colour; calyx-tube ovoid, villous, teeth bristle-like,
plumose, much longer than the tube; corolla shorter than
calyx.

Adelaide plains and hillsides.—Oct.-Dec.—Europe: wes-
tern Asia.

13. T. incarnatum, L. Crimson Clover. Erect
annual, softly-villous with appressed hairs; leaflets broad-
oboval, denticulate at summit, stipules broad, prominently
veined, free part short; flowers red in large, ovoid or oblong-
conical heads, solitary on long peduncles ; calyx villous, with
slender, erect, almost equal teeth, longer ‘than the tube,
stiff and spreading in fruit; corolla longer than calyx

52 16. LEGUMINOS A.

Cultivated and spontaneous in places in Mount Lofty
Range.—Oct.-Feb.—Western and southern Europe.

14. T. angustifolium,
L. Narrow - leaved Clover.
Stiff, erect annual. villous
with white appressed hairs;
leaflets linear or linear-lanceo-
late, acute; stipules long, nar-
row, with prominent green
veins, free part consisting of
2 long, awlshaped points;
flowers small, pink, in long
cylindrical heads, terminal,
solitary, shortly pedunculate ;
calyx - tube with spreading
hairs seated on _ tubercles,
teeth linear-lanceolate, the
lowest one the longest, the 2
upper ones united near the
base, all ciliate except on the
sharp point, rigid and spread-
ing in fruit; corolla a little
longer than calyx.

Roadsides and _ pasture,

Mount Lofty Range.—Oct.- ycteest :
Dec.—Mediterranean region, Trifolium angustifolium.

5. Metinorus, Adanson.
(Greek meli, honey, and Idtos, lotus.)

Biennial; racemes long en) Geiss ee) eens wee ee rere ome
Annuals: racemes sshorties 5 as. ee.) sca) seen ee. alae eracame

1. Melilotus arvensis, Wallroth. Field Melilot.
Erect or ascending, glabrous biennial; leaflets oblong, den-
ticulate ; stipules long, awlshaped ; flowers very fragrant, in
rather loose racemes, much longer than the leaf; pedicels
about as long as the 5-nerved calyx; standard longer than
the wings and keel, which are nearly equal; pod small,
brownish-yellow, drooping, obovoid, mucronate, transversely
furrowed, with a blunt keel on the upper edge; seed 1,
smooth.

The ordinary European form has yellow flowers, but the
variety with white flowers (var. albiflora, Wallroth; JM.
Petitpierreana, Willd.) seems the only one in South Aus-
tralia. It is very like the European and Asiatic M. alba,
Desrousseaux (Bokhara Clover), but the latter has scentless
flowers, a black, net-wrinkled pod, and is sometimes grown
here for fodder.

Gullies and moist places near Adelaide.—Nov.-Apl.—
Europe; western Asia.

16. LEGUMINOS 4. 53

2. M. indica, All. (1785).
Erect glabrous annual, but not
usually. as tall as the preceding ;
leaflets oblanceolate to oval-
oblong, usually notched and
mucronate at summit. denticu-
late; flowers small, vellow, frag-
rant, in dense blunt racemes
longer than the leaf: pedicels
longer than the tube of the 5-
nerved calyx; standard a little
longer than the wings and keel,
which are equal; pod small,
drooping, Sp aiahilan net-
wrinkled, brownish, with 1
smooth seed. ‘MW. parviflora,
Desf. (1800).

Cultivated land or sandy soil
near sea.—Called Californian
Lucerne in the South-East and
Hexham Scent in New South
Wales. — Aug.-Nov. — Mediter- Mahlotuscindica:
ranean region; India.

6. Merpicago, hL.

(Name formed from the Latin médica, Greek médiké,
Median; lucerne is said to have been introduced from
Media into Greece.)

Pod without spines or tubercles.

Pod kidney-shaped, l-seeded ... ... ... ... VW. lupulina 1
Pod spirally-twisted. with several seeds,
Perennial; flowers numerous, violet ... M. sativa 2
Annual; flowers few, yellow ... ... ... M. seutellaia 3

Pod with spines or tubercles.
Pod with rather loose coils.
Pod subglobular.
Pod downy, with hooked spines, leaflets

all green le PRR Aes ee a ee OU Os pee
Pod glabrous, spines not hooked,
leaflets spotted). <2) 28) 5 35 )o-) Me maculata (5

Pod cylindrical or diskshaped, flat or
convex at the two ends.

Peduncles usually 1-flowered ... ... ... MW. precox 6
Peduncles 2-5-flowered.
Pod with tuberculate coils a. (oe Wianetiiculatat
Pod with spiny coils ... ... M, denticulata 8

Pod with compact coils and appressed spines M. truncatula 9

1. Medicago lupulina, L. Black Medic. Downy
annual, with long, procumbent stems; leaflets oboval to
almost circular, denticulate ; stipules broad- lanceolate, entire
or toothed ; flowers very small, yellow, numerous, in com-

54 16. LEGUMINOS.

pact ovoid racemes; peduncles slender, longer than the leaf ;
calyx with narrow teeth, shorter than the corolla; pod
small, kidney-shaped, black when ripe, the convex sides with
curved concentric nerves; seed 1, ovoid-compressed.

Moist places, Mount Lofty Range; South-Kast.—Oct.-
May.—Europe; Asia. Often cultivated for feed.

2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Sparsely downy peren-
nial, with long, thick, woody rootstock; stems ascending or
erect, much-branched; leaflets oblong. toothed at summit;
stipules lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed near base; flowers
violet or bluish, large, numerous, in dense oblong racemes;
peduncles longer than the leaf; pod glabrous or downy,
erect. with 3-4 loose coils, open through the centre, brown,
faintly netveined, containing several seeds.

Cultivated for fodder where water lies near the sur-
face, or can be supplied by irrigation; now spontaneous in
many places. Called Alfalfa in U.S.A. and Spanish speak-
ing countries.—Oct.-Apl.— Origin uncertain; perhaps a cul-
tivated variety of the Huropean and Asiatie M. falcata, L.

3. M. scutellata, All. Snail Medic. Downy-glan-
dular annual; leaflets oboval, toothed; stipules toothed;
flowers yellow, 1-8, on long-awned peduncles shorter than
the leaf; pod large, 12-15 mm. (over 4 in.) across, downy,
hemispherical, netveined, with 5-6 close, concentric coils
with thin edges.

Agricultural areas; rare.—Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean
region.

4. M. minima, L. Burr Medic. Prostrate annual,
whitish-downy with appressed silky hairs; leaflets oblanceo-
late to oboval, toothed at summit; stipules broad, usually
entire, veined; flowers small, yellow, on peduncles shorter
than the leaf; pod small, downy, globular, with 3-4 close
coils and numerous slender, divergent, hooked spines along
the blunt border of the coils.

Pasture.—Sept.-Nov.__Kurope; western Asia.

5. M. maculata, Willd. Spotted Medic. Annual,
with a few spreading hairs; leaflets oboval, slightly toothed
at summit, usually with a brown spot in the centre; flowers
small, yellow, 1-4 on awned peduncles shorter than the leaf;
pedicels shorter than calyx-tube; wings shorter than keel ;
pod glabrous, with 3-4 close coils, bordered by fine, diverg-
ing spines, which are not hooked at the end.

Pasture, Mount Lofty Range.—Oct.-Nov.—Western and
southern Europe; western Asia.

6. M. prezecox, DC. A little, prostrate, downy
annual, resembling a dwarf form of M. denticulata, but the
flowers are only 1, rarely 2, on peduncles only half as long
as the petiole; wing shorter than the keel; pod small,

16. LEGUMINOS#. 55

slightly downy, diskshaped, netveined, with 2-3 coils bor-
dered by divergent hooked spines.

Golden Grove: Square Waterhole.—July-Nov.—Medi-
terranean region.

7. M. reticulata, Benth. Slightly downy annual,
prostrate or ascending; leaflets oboval, toothed; stipules
with fine teeth; flowers 2-3, on awned peduncles nearly as
long as the leaf; pedicels shorter than calyx-tube; wings
longer than keel; pod small, glabrous, diskshaped, net-
veined, coils 3-5, rather loose when ripe, with thin but blunt
borders which are fringed on each side by a row of tubercles;
seeds few.

Hills and plains near Adelaide.—Sept.-Dec.—Mediter-
ranean region. Resembles the smaller forms of the follow-

ing species.
(es,
ve

8. M. denticulata, Willd.
Toothed Medic. Subglabrous an-
nual; stems prostrate or ascend-

ing, often purplish; leaflets

large, oboval, wedgeshaped at lupulina,
base, sharply toothed; stipules Wey)
large, with long fine teeth; LES ogee.
flowers small, yellow, 2-6, rarely ae
1, on peduncles usually awned
and shorter than the leaf; pedi-
cels shorter than calyx-tube;
wings longer than keel; pod
rather large. diskshaped to sub-
cylindrical, finely netveined, with
3-5 close coils, bordered by 2 rows
of divergent, more or less hooked
spines, varying in length; seeds
several.

Very common and often called
‘Clover’? or ‘‘Trefoil’’? in South
Australia.—July - Dec.—Mediter- denticulat = truncatula,
ranean region, extending north-
wards to southern counties of Medicago denticulata.
England.

9. M. truncatula, Geertn. Prostrate or ascend-
ing, downy annual; leaflets oboval, sharply toothed at sum-
mit; stipules finely toothed; flowers 1-3, yellow, on peduncles
about as long as the petiole, and terminating in an awn
as long as the flowers; pedicels shorter than calyx-tube ;
calyx downy, with awlshaped teeth nearly as long as the
flower; wings shorter than keel; pod downy, cylindrical,
shaped like a little barrel, with 4-5 close coils, keeled on the
outer edge and with 2 rows of spines diverging to such a
degree as to be almost appressed against the pod.

Pasture, Marino.—-Sept.-Nov.__Mediterranean region.

56 16. LEGUMINOS 2.
ion ViEOra, x

Style bent, bearded on the outer side under the stigma
or more or less downy all round the summit; pod usually
compressed, oblong or linear. Herbs, sometimes climbing ;
leaves even-pinnate, stipulate, ending in a simple or
branched tendril; flowers axillary.

Flowers in short racemes, or sessile.

Flowers 1-2, subsessile <2. i ... «.. o Vo ss@bvuae
Flowers 2-5, pedicellate ... ... ... «... «.. V. sepium 2
Flowers in Jong racemes.
Flowers large; pod several-seeded ... ... V. calearata 3
Flowers small.
Pode2iseeded® esse is sc) Ue cc te ee RI eo rem
Pod 4-seeded 2.5 t22) asi ues Gee Geto ae Ve tetraspenmmms

1. Vicia sativa, L. Com-
mon Vetch. More or less hairy
annual, with ascending or erect
stems; leaflets in 4-7 pairs, ob-
long to obcordate, truncate,
mucronate; tendrils branched, or
rarely simple; stipules toothed,
usually with a purple spot:
flowers large, red, solitary or
twin, almost sessile; calyx-teeth
equal. about as long as the tube;
pod downy or glabrous, subcylin-
drical, sessile, 4-5 em. (13-2 in.)
long; seeds 10-12, globular,
smooth.

row, oblong leaflets, and var.
obovata, Seringe, with oboval or
obecordate, villous leaflets, stand-
ard often violet, pods dark-
brown, with fibrous partitions
between the seeds.

Vicia sativa.

Cultivated and grass-land.—July-Oct.— Europe; western
Asia. Cultivated in most countries for forage.

2. V. sepium, L. Bush Vetch. Climbing, slightly
downy perennial; leaflets in 4-6 pairs, oval-oblong ; tendrils
branched; stipules entire or toothed; flowers dull-purple,
spreading horizontally, 2-5 in racemes much shorter than the
leaf; 2 upper calyx teeth shorter and connivent; pod glab-
rous, linear, 25-30 mm. (about 1 in.) long, on a short car-
pophore, black when ripe.

Roadsides, Mount Lofty Range.—Sept.-Dec.
western Asia.

7 . .
Europe;

16. LEGUMINOS 4. 57

3. V. calcarata, Desf. Spurred Vetch. Slender,
climbing, downy annual, with quadrangular stem; leaflets
in 58 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong; tendrils branched;
stipules bifid ; flowers narrow, reddish-purple, 1-3 in racemes
about half as long as the leaf, the peduncles with an erect
awn or spur at the summit; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube, the 2 upper shorter than the others and connivent;
pod subeylindrical, 4-5 em. (14-2 in.) long, glabrous, light-
brown, netveined, on a short carpophore; seeds 5-7, large,
globular.

Sandhills and pasture, Grange Road. Brighton.—Aug.-
Oct.—Spain and Mediterranean region of Africa.

4. V. hirsuta, S. F. Gray. Hairy Vetch. Slender,
more or less hairy, prostrate or climbing annual; leaflets
in 6-10 pairs, small, linear-oblong; tendrils much-branched ;
stipules deeply cleft; flowers very small, bluish-white, 2-8
on slender awned peduncles shorter than or equalling the
leaf; calyx downy with erect, equal teeth; corolla a little
longer than calyx; pod small, 8-10 mm. (under } in.) long,
villous, linear-oblong, 2-seeded.

Cultiyated land.—Nov.-Dec.— Europe; western Asia.

5. V. tetrasperma, Meench. Slender Vetch. Slen-
der, almost glabrous annual; leaflets in 3-5 pairs, linear-
oblong; tendrils usually simple; upper stipules entire;
flowers very small, lilac, veined, 1-2 on slender peduncles
about as long as the leaf; calyx half as long as the corolla,
with unequal teeth; pod small, 10-15 mm. (about 43. in.)
long, beaded, glabrous, usually 4-seeded.

Cultivated land.—Nov.-Dee.—Europe; Asia.
8. Latuyrus, L.

Differs from Vicia in having the style flattened below
the stigma and bearded only on the inner side, the staminal
tube cut square at the top, instead of obliquely, and the
leaflets usually very few.

Flowers solitary, small; stem angular;
TENG rls: Bint let sees: ees aencc ance
Flowers several, large; stem winged;
Fonaris OEAUCHed. fet wasn eeeiees secre cen een COeTOlTUs: 2

LL. sphaericus 1

1. Lathyrus sphezericus, Retz. Glabrous annual;
leaflets in 1 pair, linear-lanceolate; flowers small, red,
solitary on long-awned peduncles; pod linear, scarcely
compressed, about 5 cm. (2 in.) long, veined; seeds
spherical.

58 16. LEGUMINOS.

Waterfall Gully.—Oct.-Nov.—
Mediterranean region.

2. L. latifolius, L. Peren-
nial Pea. Glabrous_ perennial
with broadly winged stems and
petioles; leafléts in 1 pair, oval;
flowers whitish-pink to dark-red ;
pod long, glabrous, with 3 ribs
on the back.

Mount Lofty Range; a garden
escape. — Oct.-Dec. — Mediter-
ranean region.

Pisum arvense, L., Field Pea,
with large, leafy, auricled sti-
pules, 2-3 pairs ‘of oval leaflets,
branched tendrils, peduncles
about as long as the stipules and
bearing usually 1 flower’ with
bluish standard and _ purple
wings, is sometimes spontaneous
in fields where it has been for-
metrly sown for forage. P. sati- bLathyrus sphzericus.
vum, l., Garden Pea, differs
from it chiefly in having white flowers and whitish, globu-
lar, instead of greyish, angular seeds. Europe; Asia.

9. Lupinus, L.

Calyx deeply cut into 2 divergent lips; standard large,
with recurved sides; wings cohering at summit and en-
closing the incurved keel; stamens united in a tube; pod
thick, “oblong, hairy, obliquely beaded; leaves long-stalked,
digitate, with several entire leaflets; stipules united to the
petiole at base; flowers in terminal racemes.

Hilowers yellows. ss-uresh cea secs) cach secueeenea eLagterrs al
[Mon Grate OVIP(GR "ana nase Goes node od sed com. ono lm, (DOA: 74

1. Lupinus luteus, L. Yellow Tuwpin. Erect an-
nual, covered with appressed hairs; leaflets 7-9, oblanceo-
late, villous on both sides; flowers yellow, scented, in dis-
tant whorls; calyx silky-villous, the upper ‘lip deeply 2- -cleft,
the lower 3- ‘toothed : bracteoles linear; pod broad, reddish,
very villous; seeds 4-6, smooth, mottled.

Sown to fix and improve sandy soils, and for fodder.—
Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean region.

2. L. hirsutus, L. Blue Lupin. Stout, erect annual,
often 1 m. (3 ft.) high, covered with a soft, white, spread-
ing down; leaflets 7, 9, or 11, oblanceolate, concave, mucron-
ate, downy on both sides; flowers blue, in irregular whorls
of 4-5; calyx villous, the upper lip deeply cleft into 2 seg-
ments, shorter than the 38-toothed lower lip; 2 linear
bracteoles rising from the base of the lips; pod aoa oblong

17. ROSACEZ. 59

40-55 mm. (13-24 in.) long, silky-
villous, the upper edge wavy;
seeds 3-4, large, finely tubercu-
late, tawny, with brown streaks
and dots.

Sandhills, Grange Road; West
Wellington.—Aug. - Oct.—Medi-
terranean region. A_ valuable
plant for binding sand.

Cesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh,
A downy, climbing, prickly shrub,
with bipinnate leaves of about
10 primary divisions, each of
which bears about 10 oblong
leaflets; flowers ‘yellow, in long
axillary racemes; pods_ large,
pointed. Planted for hedges in
Waterfall Gully._- Nov.—Queens-
land and India.

9. ApizziaA, Durazzini.

(After an Italian naturalist
named Albizzi.)
1. Albizzia lophantha,
4 Benth.

Se/ rin
Gein

AN

near t

each a
downy,

Lupinus hirsutus.

Crested Wattle. Small

a= PALL

EM tree with downy branches; leaves
bipinnate with 6-10 pairs of pri-
mary divisions (pinne), each of
which carries 20-40 linear-oblong
leaflets, with the principal nerve

he upper edge; flowers

greenish, in dense cylindrical
axillary racemes, much shorter
than the leaf; peduncles 2-3 in

xil; calyx campanulate,
5-toothed ; corolla 5-lobed,

3 times as long as the calyx;
stamens long, protruding, united
in a tube near the base; pod
about 10 cm. (4 in.) long, flat,
linear-oblong, beaded, with 8-11

transverse, ovoid - compressed,
blackish seeds, on a slender red
funicle.

Albizzia lophantha. Waterfall Gully; National

Park ;
ornamental tree and spontaneous
Western Australia.

Willunga. Planted as an
in places.—Mar. - Aug.—

Family 17.—ROSACEA.
Calyx 4-5-lobed ; petals 4-5, rarely more; stamens numer-

ous, inserted with the petals in

the throat of the calyx;

60 17. ROSACEA.

ovary free or adherent to the calyx, and consisting of 1 or
several carpels, with a corresponding number of styles;
leaves alternate.

Woody plants, with prickles or spines.
Prickly shrubs; carpels numerous,
Fruit formed of little drupes united in
a globular head; ovary superior ... Rusvs 1
Fruit formed of dry carpels enclosed in
the succulent calyx-tube; ovary in-

ferior nels) pAera io oth Reso ete teorin Fee OSA,
Spiny shrub; fruit coe, 1-3 bony
nutlets —.. Pe oink CRSA acco, aon ae een, \ORATRC US Ee
Herbs; corolla absent ; “ovary inferior.
Calyx 4-lobed; flowers unisexual ... ....... Poterium 4
Calyx double, ’8-lobed ; flowers bisexual ... ALCHEMILLA 5

le RUBUS, elu

Calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit berry-shaped, composed
of numerous succulent 1-seeded carpels united on the con-
vex receptacle.

Leaves odd-pinnate, of 3-5 leaflets; stipules
united to the petiole at base.

Leaflets toothed ..._. el Mead Ve Aco es HE ULUCOS SEEN
Leaflets deeply subdivided... sls. te taewmaneen2
Leaves simple, lobed .:. ... ... .. «. +. BR. moluccanus 3

1. Rubus fruticosus, LL. Blackberry, Bramble.
Rootstock perennial; stems long, erect or recurved, lasting
for a few years, armed with prickles and usually more or
less hairy; leaflets 3-5, oval-acute, saw-toothed, usually grey-
tomentose beneath; stipules long, linear; flowers white or
pink in terminal panicles; fruit black.

Near creeks in the Mount Lofty Range.—Oct.-Dec.—
Europe, Asia.

2. R. laciniatus, Willd. Cutleaved Blackberry.
Sometimes considered a variety of the preceding, but a very
distinct form, owing to the leaflets being deeply incised,
with broad mucronate teeth, or even cut to the base into
secondary leaflets, green and glabrous above, grey-tomentose
below ; calyx tomentose, prickly, with long, pinnatifid lobes;
petals pink, trifid.

_ Bridgewater.—Oct.-Dec.—Widely distributed ; country of
origin uncertain.

3. R. moluccanus, L. Branches and petioles
densely tomentose, with small recurved prickles ; leaves
large, thick, almost circular, cordate, with 5-7 short, broad,
finely -toothed lobes, bright-er een, deeply Ww rinided and sub-
glabrous above, rusty- -tomentose beneath; flowers large,

17. ROSACEA. 61

pink, in spreading, axillary
racemes with a large, deeply-
toothed pink bract at the base
of each pedicel; calyx villous,
with acuminate lobes, the outer
ones toothed.

Creeks near Willunga, called
locally French Blackberry.—
Sept.-Nov._Hastern and __ nor-
thern Australia; Indian Archi-

pelago.
2. Rosa, L.

Calyx with an _ urnshaped
tube contracted at the summit
and surmounted by 5 segments;
petals 5; carpels numerous, 1-
seeded, hairy, bony when ripe,
and enclosed within the, fleshy,
berry-like red or black calyx-
tube. Shrubs with odd-pinnate
leaves; stipules adherent to
petiole.

Leaflets glandular beneath ... ... ...
Leaflets glabrous, or glandular only
teeth

1. Rosa rubiginosa, L.

Rubus moluccanus.

bys R. rubiginosa 1
on the
R. canina 2

Sweetbriar. Dense shrub

with stout unequal curved prickles on the stem, often inter-

mixed
leaves
small,
glands

beset

Very

flowers

with short, straight ones;
deciduous, leaflets 5-7,
double-toothed, glandular

beneath and on the teeth, the

fragrant when rubbed;
pink, 1-3, on pedicels
with prickles or _ stiff,

glandular hairs; calyx-segments
glandular on the back, usually
3 of them pinnately lobed; fruit
ovoid or oblong, often prickly.
Gullies and scrub, Mount Lofty
Xange.

2. R. canina, L. Dog lose.

—Oct.-Dec.—EKurope.

like the preceding, but

without scented glands on the

Rosa canina.

leaves; pedicels and fruit glab-
rous; outer calyx-segments_ very
-long, pinnately lobed and_ re-
curved after flowering; fruit
almost globular.

Roadsides, hedges, creeks:
Adelaide plains and hills.—Oct.-
Nov.—Europe; western Asia.

62 17. ROSACEA.

3. Crarzeus, L.

1. Cratzegqus monogyna,
Jacq. Hawthorn, May. Spiny
shrub or small tree; leaves de-
ciduous, on slender stalks, dark-
green and shining, broad-oval and
wedgeshaped at base, deeply pin-
natifid, with 3-7 divergent lobes,
entire or toothed at summit;
stipules large, leafy; flowers
white or pink, scented, in
corymbs; calyx with 5 spreading
lobes; style 1; fruit small, red,
fleshv. containing 1 bony nutlet.
(Partly C. oxyacantha, L.)

Hedges and scrub, Mount
Lofty Range.—FIl. Sept.-Nov., fr.
Jan. - Feb. — Europe; western
Asia.

4, Pormrtum, L.
(Greek potérion, a cup; alluding
to the shape of the calyx.)

1. Poterium Sangul-

nial,

niale ;

and
(see

Cratzegzus monogyna.

sorba, L. Sheep's Burnet,
Salad Burnet. Rootstock peren-
with erect or ascending
annual stems; leaves odd-pinnate,
of 9-21
stipules
globular or ovoid heads on long
peduncles, upper female, lower
calyx with 4 deciduous
lobes; corolla absent ; stamens 20-
30, drooping, styles 2; fruit (ripe
calyx) dry, quadrangular, vari-
ously pitted and wrinkled, con-
taining 1-2 l-seeded carpels.
Sometimes divided into 3
species :
Spach,
superficially honeycombed
figure); P. muricatwm,
Spach, fruit with sharp angles
and deep pits with toothed edges;

oval, toothed leaflets;
toothed; flowers in

iP: dictyocarpum,
with fruit net-wrinkled

Poterium Sanguisorba. /’. Magnolii, Spach, fruit covered
. with blunt tubercles.
Cultivated for feed and subspontaneous in places.-—
Sept.-Feb.—Europe; western Asia.
5. ALCHEMILLA, L.
(Said to be named on account of its uses in alchemy.)
1. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Small villous

18. ONAGRACE A. 63

annual, simple or _ branched;
leaves almost Circular, palmately
cleft into broadly toothed seg-
ments and tapering into broad,
incised stipules; flowers small,
greenish, sessile or pedicellate in
axillary clusters, embraced and
almost hidden by the leafy sti-
pules ; calyx of 8 persistant lobes,
in 2 rows, the 4 outer ones very
small; corolla wanting; fertile
stamens 1-2; carpels 1-2, 1-seeded,
enclosed in the hardened calyx.
Near Gawler; Beachport.—
Sept. - Nov.—Europe; western
Asia.
Family 18.—ONAGRACEZ.

1. Cinotuera, L.

Calyx with a long tube which
extends far above the adherent
ovary, limb of 4 deciduous lobes ;
petals 4, spreading: stamens 8; style long, with 4 spreading
stigmas; capsule 4-celled, opening at the summit by 4
valves; seeds numerous.

Petals about as long as calyx-tube a CH Od Or aiitanl
Petals 2-3 times shorter than calyx-tube ... (EH. longiflora 2

1. GEnothera odorata,
Jacq. Evening Primrose. Villous
biennial, with stiff, erect, branch-
ing stem and_ stout taproot;
leaves sessile, wavy on the edge,
with small, distant teeth and
strong white midribs, the radical
ones in a rosette, linear-oblong,
narrowed at both ends, the stem-
leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, half-clasping; flowers
yellow, fading red, in a long leafy
spike, scented and opening fully
at night; petals obcordate, rather
shorter than the whole calyx-
tube, which is 3-4 em. (about
14 in.) long: capsule cylindrical,
clubshaped 25-30 mm. (1-14 in.)
long. 2%. striata, Ledebour.

Sandy places.—All the year.—
Chili and Patagonia; natural-
ised in the south of England,

Channel Islands, western France,
CEnotnhnera odorata. and India.

E

Alchemilla arvensis.

64 19. CUCURBITACE 4.

2. &. iongiflora, Jacq. Differs principally from the
preceding in its long calyx-tube (usually 10-12 em.) 2-3
times longer than the petals. Not nearly so common here
as (i. odorata.

Temperate South America. Some botanists propose to
unite both these species with M7. biennis, L., a North
American plant, distinguished by its capsule, not club-
shaped, but tapering towards the summit.

Family 19.—CUCURBITACEZA.

Flowers unisexual; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens
3, filaments short and thick, 2 of them bearing 2-celled
anthers, and the 3rd a 1-celled anther, the cells linear and
curved; style short, with 3 thick, notched stigmas; fruit
fleshy, with several flat seeds. Weak trailing herbs, often
climbing by means of axillary tendrils; leaves simple, alter-
nate, palmately nerved, stalked.

Tendrils simple; anthers appendaged at

summit; seeds sharp-edged icles pee (OUCUMIS) a
Tendrils 2-branched; anthers without ap-
pendages; seeds blunt-edged ... ... ... CITRULLUS 2

1. Cucumis, L.

1. Cucumis myriocarpus, Naudin. Wild Melon.
Annual, rough with stiff hairs and small white bristles
seated on tubercles; stems pros-
trate, angular; leaves oval-
cordate in outline, glabrous
above, hairy below, deeply
divided into 5 oboval, toothed
lobes, with broad sinuses between,
the middle one largest and often
3-lobed ; flowers moncecious, small,
axillary, on slender peduncles,
males 2-4, females solitary; calyx
with 5 short teeth; corolla yel-
low, striped with green; fila-
ments free, the connective pro-
duced above the anthers in a sort
of crest; fruit ovoid to globular,
20-25 mm. (about 1 in.) diameter,
at first marked lengthwise with
dark-green stripes, afterwards
yellow, beset with long, weak
bristles; pulp very bitter.

Roadsides and cultivated land.
—Nov.-Mar.—South Africa. Cucumis myriocarpus.

2. Crrrutius, Schrad.
1. Citrullus wulgaris, Schrad. Annual; stems
prostrate, angular, succulent, woolly to rough-hairy ; leaves
variable, oval-cordate or triangular in outline, rather

20. CACTACEZ. 65

rough above, hairy below, palm-
ately cut into 3 broad, sinuate
lobes, the terminal lobe the
longest and pinnatifid; petioles
stout, villous, nearly as long as
the leaves; flowers solitary,
axillary, stalked; calyx villous,
with finear-lanceolate teeth as
long as the tube; corolla yellow-
ish, downy, 25-35 mm. (over 1
in.) across; filaments free; ovary
silky-villous; fruit globular or
oblong 7-15 cm. (3-6 in.) diameter,
glabrous, smooth, green-striped,
mottled with white, or all yellow;
flesh bitter or sweet.

Sandy land, cultivated or un-
cultivated. This is the Water-
melon or Piemelon gone wild.—
Jan.-Mar.—Africa.

Crassula tetragona, L., a
succulent branching perennial,
has been ‘found localised near
Happy Valley as a_ garden
escape. Leaves. subcylindrical,
acute, flattish above and somewhat 3-angled or 4-angled
in section, 20-25 mm. long, opposite and each pair at right
angles to the next; flowers small, white, in corymbose
panicles; sepals, petals, stamens and carpels 5.—Nov.-Dec.—
South Africa. The family of the Crassulaceew has fleshy
leaves and stems like Ficoidacece, but the fruit is dry, free,
and consists of several distinct carpels.

Family 20.—CACTACEZ.
1. Opuntra, DC.

Sepals and petals numerous, overlapping; stamens
numerous; style 1, with several stigmas; stems composed of
fleshy, superimposed, leaflike joints, bearing several minute,
deciduous leaves on their surface; in the axil of each leaf
is a small circular cushion (areole), probably representing
an aborted branch, covered with a short wool consisting of
many jointed hairs, among which are several barbed bristles,
and usually one or more spines.

Areoles with 1-2 long spines ... ... ... ... O. monacantha 1
Areoles usually spineless ... ... ... ... ... O. vulgaris 2

1. Opuntia monacantha, Haw. Prickly Pear.
Erect perennial, 2-5 m. (6-15 ft.) high, branching
from base; joints flat, oboval or oblong, rather
thick, coalescing with age _ into stout, woody
stems, terminal flower-bearing joints smaller and
much thinner, sometimes drooping under the heavy

Citrullus vulgaris.

66 21. FICOIDACEZ.

fruit; leaves dark-red, conical ;
spines rigid, white below, pale-
brown near tip, 2-5 em. (3-2 in.)
long, usually 1 to each areole,
sometimes 2, or none; flowers
large, sessile on the edge of the
terminal joints; sepals and petals
in several rows, yellow, striped
with red on the back; fruit pear-
shaped, with equidistant, spine-
less areoles, 6-7 cm. (about 24
in.) long, often proliferous, green,
usually suffused with red towards
the summit, which has a _ large
round depression surrounded by
5-6 areoles; pulp whitish-green,
insipid; seeds few.

Hedges, fields, roadsides.—
Nov. - May. — Argentina and
Uruguay, where it is called
Tuna.

29. © vwulgaris, Mill.
Barbary Fig. Comparatively
low usually spineless peren- Opuntia monacantha.
nial, about 1 m. (8 ft.) high;
joints flat, oboval; leaves conical, purplish or pink; flowers
large, lemon-yellow, greenish on the back; fruit obovoid or
pearshaped, dark-red, 5-6 em. (2-23 in.) long; with a large
depression at the summit; pulp dark-red, sweetish; seeds
numerous,

Railway line and fields near Goolwa.—Nov. - April.—
Native of Mexico, carried home by the early Spanish ex-
plorers, and naturalised along the Mediterranean coast;
hence the name Barbary Fig (Figwier de Barharie).

Family 21.—FICOIDACEZ.
1. MesemMBRYANTHEMUM, L.

(Greek mesémbria, midday, and anthos, flower, on account
of the hour of opening.)

Calyx 4-5 lobed; petals numerous, linear, unequal, in
several rows; stamens numerous; styles several, equal in
number to the cells of the inferior ovary; fruit a capsule,
surrounded by the persistant calyx and opening by valves
on the depressed summit.

Plant covered with glistening warts.

Flowers white; leaves alternate ... ... .:. M. erystallinum 1

Flowers purple; leaves opposite... ...... M. cordifoliwm 2
Plant without glistening warts.

Stem prostrate; leaves long ... ... ... ... M. acinactforme 3

Stem erect; leaves short... ... ... ... ... Md. aurantiacum 4

21. FICOIDACEZ. 67

1. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, L.
TIee-plant. Prostrate fleshy glabrous annual, covered with
smooth, glistening papille; leaves large, thick, flat, wavy,
the radical ones oval-acute, truncate or cordate at base,
on a broad 3-nerved petiole, stem-leaves alternate, sessile,
oboval; flowers white, on short terminal or leaf-opposed
peduncles; calyx-lobes 5, unequal; styles 5; fruit 5-
angled.

Sandhills and scrub along coast; a troublesome weed
in cultivated land and scrub near Port Germein.—Oct.-Dec.
—Mediterranean region.

2. M. cordifolium, LL. Prostrate perennial,
minutely papillose; leaves opposite, flat, oval, subcordate
at base, shortly stalked; flowers small, purple, solitary,
axillary ; calyx-lobes 4, 2 inner ones awlshaped; styles 4;
fruit ovoid.

Like the other species mentioned here, this is an escape

from gardens; sandy places.—Most of the year.—South
Africa.

3.M. acinaciforme,
L. Fleshy glabrous peren-
nial, with prostrate, root-
ing stems; leaves oppo-
site, united at base, large,
glossy, __ linear - triangular
with nearly equal sides,
edges often red, the outer
edge incurved, rough and
hardened in its’ upper
part; flowers large, showy,
hight-yellow, turning pink,
pedunculate and terminal
between the last pair of
leaves; calyx-tube and
peduncle with 2 opposite
acute keels, decurrent from
the 2 outer lobes; styles Mesembryanthemum
9) fal fe acinaciforme.

Very near our. native
M. equilaterale, Haw. (Pigface), but the leaves are thicker,
more acutely angled, of a darker green, and the flowers
larger.

Sandhills along Grange Road.—-Sept.-Nov.—South
Africa. A

4. M. aurantiacum, Haw. Undershrub, with
wiry, erect or ascending, branched stems; leaves opposite,

small, linear-triangular and tapering upwards, green-dotted ;
flowers bright-yellow, showy, on a peduncle thickened up-

68 22. UMBELLIFERZ.

wards and rising between the last pair of leaves; calyx-
lobes 5, almost equal; styles 5.
Near Port Victor.--Sept.-Nov.—South Africa.
Family 22.-UMBELLIFERA.

Calyx combined with the ovary, the limb either want-
ing or reduced to 5 small teeth; petals and stamens 5,
inserted round the fleshy disk which crowns the ovary:
styles 2, in the centre of the disk; fruit dry, consisting of
2 1-seeded indehiscent carpels, at first united along their
inner face (commissure), afterwards separating upwards
and remaining suspended on a slender central axis (car-
pophore), which is entire or more or less deeply split: in
two; each carpel has normally 5 primary ribs, and between
the primary ribs are interstices (furrows) or sometimes 4
secondary ribs, down which run usually 1 or more oil-
bearing channels (vittas), which become visible when a
trausverse section of the ripe fruit is placed under the
lens. Flowers in umbels, which are usually furnished at
the base with a whorl of bracts (involucre); 1f the umbei
is compound—as in all the species described bclow—each
branch or primary ray bears a simple umbel (uwmbellule),
the bracts at the base of which are called an involucel.
Herbs with alternate, usually compound leaves, the petiole
widened into a sheath at base.

A. Leaves entire; fruit ovoid, somewhat
compressed laterally ... ... ...... ... BuprLEURUM 1
A. Leaves deeply cut.
B. Fruit prickly.
Fruit compressed from front to back .... Daucus 2
Fruit compressed from side to side ... CavcaLis 3
B. Fruit without prickles.
C. Carpels with smooth ribs.
Fruit oblong, not compressed; no

Involwcre “feck: an “te ces | oe. SOCENTOULOM
Fruit compressed from side to side.
Fruit long, with a long beak ... Scanpix 5

Fruit subglobular or ovoid. .
Leaf-segments deeply lobed; no
involucre; land plant ....... ArluM 6
Leaf-segments merely toothed;
involucre present; aquatic

FOIE | Gye og eco Sche “Aea S55 Srum 7
C. Carpels with wavy ribs; leaves much |
divided; stem stout, spotted ... .... CONIUM

1. Burteurum, L.

1. Bupleurum semicompositum, L. Small,
dark-green, glabrous annual; stem slender with short,
divergent branches; leaves linear, grasslike, 3-5-nerved ;
flowers yellow, in terminal umbels of 3-5 very unequal
rays; umbellules of 3-6 flowers on short unequal pedicels;

22. UMBELLIFER. 69

involuere and involucel of 3-5 linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved
bracts, those of the involucel exceeding the flowers and
fruit; calyx-teeth absent; fruit small, subglobular, com-
pressed laterally, studded with
little white tubercles, concealing
the ribs; carpophore undivided.

Near Dry Creek.—Sept.-Nov.—
Mediterranean region.

2. Daucus, L.

1. Daucus Carota, lL.
Carrot. Erect, bristly annual or
biennial, with a taproot which
becomes large and fleshy under
cultivation ; leaves soft, the lower
ones bipinnatisect with oval or ob-
long pinnatifid segments; flowers
white or pink, the outer ones
with radiating lower petals;
umbels large, of 30-60 slender
rays, the outer ones longest and
connivent.in fruit; bracts of the Bupleurum semicom-
involucre pinnatisect, those of positum.
the involucel linear, the outer
ones trifid; calyx with 5 short
erect teeth; fruit ovoid, shghtly
compressed dorsally, the 4 second-
Sele ary ribs of each carpel promin-
A ey ent, each bearing 1 row. of long
ee prickles, the 3 primary ribs bear-

ing short, divergent bristles;

j vittas 1 under each secondary
My (A q 9 : be
VA rib and 2 at the commissure;

Roe carpophore forked.

Z ae Mount Lofty Range.—Nov.-

April.—Europe; western Asia.

3. Caucanis, Hoffmann.

1. Caucalis nodosa, Scop.
Procumbent, rough-villous an-
nual; leaves bipinnatisect, seg-
ments oval-oblong, with linear,
entire or incised lobes; flowers
white or pink, sessile or sub-

. sessile, in compact subglobular
umbels on a_ short peduncle
opposite to the leaf; umbellules
2-3, sessile on peduncle or on

very short rays or reduced to a cluster of flowers; in-
volucre none; involucel with linear bracts longer than

Daucus Carota.

70 22. UMBELLIFER2.

the pedicels; calyx-teeth

somewhat compressed later

lanceolate; fruit small ovoid,
ally, the inner ones tuberculate,

the outer ones having the inner carpel tuberculate and

the outer one irregularly

covered with barbed prickles;

vitta 1 under each furrow;

carpophore bifid near the sum- pery
“S

mit. Tordlis nodosa, Gertn. Nate es ae

Waterfall Gully; Willunga.—.
Sept. - Dec.—Europe; western

Asia.
4, Fanicutum, Adanson.

1. Foeniculum vulgare,
Mill. (1768). Fennel. Perennial
herb, 1-2 m. (3-6 ft.) high, bright-
green, glabrous, strongly aroma-
tic; stems stout, erect, striate,
leaves 3-4 times pinnatisect,
with numerous long filiform
segments, upper ones trifid or
entire, with sheaths longer than
the blade; flowers yellow, in
large umbels of 10-30 long rays
on long stout peduncles oppo-
site to the leaf; pedicels of um-

bellule 20-50; involucre and in- Caucalis nodosa.
volucel wanting; calyx-teeth

Feeniculum vulgare.

none; fruit oblong; carpels with
5 prominent, blunt ribs and 1
vitta to each furrow; carpo-
phore forked. fF. officinale, All.
(1785).

Roadsides, river banks, waste
places._-Nov.-Apl.—Central and
southern Europe; western Asia.

5. Scanpix, L.

1. Scandix Pecten-
Veneris, LL. Venis’s Comb.
Annual, with short stiff hairs
and spreading branches; leaves
oval in outline, twice or thrice
pinnatisect, segments — short,
with linear lobes; flowers white,
in umbels of 2-38 rays; m=
volucre none; involucel of 5
bracts, entire or with 2-3
lobes, which are sometimes
pinnatisect; calyx-teeth none;
outer petals larger ; fruit

22. UMBELLIFERZ. “1

linear-oblong, compressed later-
ally, rough on the edges, pro-
longed into a beak 3-5 em. (14-2
in.) long; carpels with 5 blunt
ribs; vittas none.

Roadsides, gullies, cultivated
land.—Sept.-Dec.—Europe;_ wes-
tern Asia.

6. Aprium, L.

1. Apium graveolens,
L. Celery. Glabrous, shining,
aromatic biennial; stem hollow,
furrowed; lower leaves pinnati-
sect with 3 or 5 distant oval seg-
ments, each deeply divided into
3 incised lobes, the upper leaves
with 3 narrow segments; flowers
white, shortly pedicellate, in
sessile or subsessile umbels of 4-8
unequal rays; involucre and in- ; i
volucel none; calyx-teeth absent ; S¢andix Pecten-Veneris.
fruit subglobular, compressed

laterally, the carpels with 5
slender, whitish ribs; vittas 1 to
each furrow; carpophore’ un-
divided.

Waterfall Gully.—Nov.-Jan.—
The wild form inhabits marshy
land on the sea-coast of most
countries.

7. Sium, L.

1. Sium latijugum,
Clarke. Glabrous perennial, with
stolon-bearing rootstock; stem
stout, erect, hollow, furrowed,
branching; leaves pinnatisect,
the lower ones with 8-9 pairs of
oval-lanceolate, regularly toothed
leaflets, sessile, truncate at base,
set at an oblique angle to the
axis. upper leaves with fewer,
Ey toothed rig i

i os e. owers white, in terminal, leaf-
“ga aac “opposed umbels of 10-12 unequal
rays; involucre and involucel of 4-8 linear-lanceolate
bracts, entire or with 1 or 2 teeth; calyx-teeth none;
petals slightly notched with an incurved point; fruit
small, subglobular, compressed laterally; carpels with 5
blunt, equal ribs, one carpel often abortive; the space

72 23. CAPRIFOLIACEZE.

under each furrow occupied by
1 broad vitta; carpophore forked
but adherent to the carpels.

Wet ground beside running
streams: Waterfall Gully ;
National Park, Belair; Wil-
lunga.—Dec. - Mar.—North-wes-
tern India. Resembles NS. lati-
folium, L., in habit, and is
doubtless the plant mentioned
under that name by Bentham
(Fl. Aust. 111., 336) as having
been received from ‘‘Cape Wil-
son and Lofty Range,’ and
considered as an arrival from
Kurope; recorded also by Tate
under the same name (Jl.
Extratrop. South Aust., 105)
as a native of the ‘Adelaide
District.’’ Following C. B.
Clarke, in MHooker’s Flora of
British india, “a 6oe, othe
generic character of Siwm has Sium latijugum.
been here altered, as regards
the calyx-lmb and number of vittas, so as to include
this species. It is probably indigenous to Australia, as
an early introduction from the highlands of India is un-
likely. Clarke records the plant from Kashmir and Bal-
tistan at heights of 5,000-9,000 ft.

Conium maculatum, L. (Hemlock), is grown in gar-
dens as an ornamental plant under the name of ‘‘Carrot
Fern,’’ and will probably escape, as it has done in the
eastern States. Dr. R. S. Rogers found it growing wild
on South Neptune Island, January, 1907. A tall, erect
biennial, with stout purple-spotted stems; leaves grace-
fully divided into many small, pinnatifid segments; rays
10-15; involucre of about 5 bracts, involucel 1-sided, of
3 bracts; fruit compressed; carpels ovoid, with 5 promin-
ent, usually wavy-crenate ribs; carpophore bifid. _Poison-
ous and ill-smelling when bruised.—Oct.-Nov.—Europe ;

western Asia.
Crass 3.—MONOPETAL.

Flowers with 2 floral envelopes (calyx and corolla) ;
petals more or less united, so as to form a_ single
corolla; stamens almost always’ inserted on_ the

corolla.
Family 23.—CAPRIFOLIACEZA.

1. Samsucus, L.

1. Sambucus nigra, L. Common Elder. Small
tree or shrub; branches full of white pith; leaves oppo-

24. RUBIACEZ. 73

site, odd-pinnate, with
leaflets on short _ petiolules,
oval-acuminate, regularly tooth-
ed: flowers white, scented, in
with 5
principal branches; calyx with
5 small teeth; corolla wheel-
shaped, with 5 spreading
lobes; stigmas 3, sessile; berry

a large flat corymb,

black when ripe.

Subspontaneous in
Lofty Range.—FI.
Jan.—Central .and
Europe.

Family 24.._RUBIACEZ.

Corolla _funnelshaped ;
fruit crowned by the

Se
6 persistant calyx-teeth SHERARDIA 1 ( L

Corolla wheelshaped ;

Mount
Octs, 7 i:
southern

5-7

fruit naked at summit GaALium 2 Sambucus nigra.

ay

a Cy |

Sherardia arvensis.

land.

1. SHerarpta, L.

(After Wm. Sherard, an Eng-
lish botanist.)

1. Sherardia arvensis,
L. Field Madder. Small annual,
with slender procumbent stems,
rough-hairy on the 4 angles;
leaves usually in whorls of 6,
often of 4 near the base of the
stems, lower ones oboval, upper
lanceolate; flowers lilac, in little
terminal heads surrounded and
exceeded by an involucre of 8
floral leaves united at base;
corolla with a long tube and 4
spreading lobes; stamens 4, pro-
truding; fruit oblong, rough,
formed of 2 united carpels, each
crowned by 3 of the enlarged
calyx-teeth.

Roadsides, pasture, cultivated

Sept.-Dec.—Europe; western Asia.

2. Gatium, L.

Calyx-limb none; corolla with scarcely any tube and 4
spreading lobes; stamens 4; fruit of 2 united carpels without

any crown.

Stems stout; carpels globular

G. tricorne 1

Stems slender; carpels linear-oblong ... ... G@. murale 2

74 25. VALERIANACE.

1. Galium tricorne, With. .
Three-horned Bedstraw. Annual;
stems ascending, clinging to
other plants by curved prickles
on the 4 angles; leaves in
whorls of 6 or 8, _ linear-
lanceolate, mucronate, the edges
and midrib prickly; flowers
small, whitish, in 2. opposite,
axillary, 3-flowered clusters on
peduncles shorter than the
leaves; pedicels recurved in
fruit and usually with 2 long
bracts at base; carpels globu-
lar, covered with short, sharp
tubercles.

Roadsides and cultivated Jand.
—Oct. - Nov.—Europe; western
Asia.

2.G. murale, All. Small, Galium tricorne.

weak, almost glabrous annual,

with slender, erect, or procumbent stems; leaves in
whorls of 4-5, oblanceolate, mucronate, rough-ciliate;
flowers greenish-yellow in axillary whorls of 1-3 on very
short pedicels, which are recurved in fruit; carpels linear-
oblong, hanging below the leaves, the outer carpel covered
with hooked hairs, the inner one hairy only in the upper
part.

Pasture: Morialta Gully; Strathalbyn; Dublin;
Beetaloo.—Sept.-Oct.—Mediterranean region.

Family 25..-VALERIANACEZA.

Calyx-limb rolled inwards during flowering;
corolla-tube spurred; stamen 1 ... «. CENTRANTHUS 1
Calyx-limb erect.
Corolla 2-lipped with a long tube;
stamens 2 Seles pte Rey we eekeete eek) GUD Ate
Corolla regular with a short tube; stamens3 WVALERIANELLA 3

1. Centrantuus, DC.
(Greek kentron, spur; and anthos, flower.)

1. Centranthus ruber, DC. Red Valerian.
Glabrous and glaucous perennial, sometimes 1 m. (3 ft.)
high; stems erect, smooth, hollow; leaves oval-acuminate
or oblong-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed; flowers red
or white, in dense, 3-branched corymbs, lengthening into
an oblong, terminal panicle; calyx-limb spreading out, after
flowering, in a campanulate, feathery pappus; corolla

25. VALERIANACE®.

irregular, with 5 _— spreading
lobes and a_ long cylindrical
tube, spur longer than ovary;
style filiform; fruit small, dry,
1-celled, 1-seeded.

Glen Osmond . Road.—Oct.-
Apl.—Mediterranean region.

2. Fepra, Geertn.

1. Fedia Cornucopize,
Gertn. African Valerian. Glab-
rous annual, with thick hollow
stems branching, dichotomously ;
lower leaves oboval, almost en-
tire, upper ones oval, coarsely
toothed at the base; flowers
purplish-pink, sessile in dense
heads on 2 stout terminal ped-
uncles; calyx-limb erect, with 2-4
unequal teeth ; corolla with a long

75

narrow tube swollen at base, and Centranthus ruber.
5 unequal-lobes arranged in 2

Fedia Cornucopice.

lips; fruit with 3 cells but 1
seed, in 2 different forms, the
lower ones growing between the
peduncles, oblong and crowned by
the calyx-teeth, the upper fruits
ovoid-compressed, with a_ very
short crown.

Waterfall Gully.—Sept.-Nov.—
Mediterranean region.

3. VALERIANELLA, Haller.

(Diminutive of Valeriana,
another genus of this
family.)

Calyx-limb erect, with 1 or more
teeth ; corolla with 5 almost equal
lobes; stamens 3; style 1 with 3
stigmas; fruit 3-celled, but 2 of
the cells are sterile; flowers very
small.

Fruits in compact flattened ‘heads.
Calyx-limb obliquely truncate, 1-toothed ... V. truncata 1
Calyx-limb crownshaped, with 5-6 teeth ... V. eriocarpa 2

Fruits in compact globular h
regularly toothed ... ..

eads; calyx-limb

V. discoidea 3

76 26. DIPSACE AL.

1. Valerianella truncata, Betcke. Small hairy
annual, with erect 6-ribbed stems and forked branches;
leaves oblong, stem - clasping,
the upper ones sometimes
with 1 or 2 teeth near the base;
flowers pale-purple, in dense
flat-topped heads, surrounded
by lanceolate, ciliate bracts,
and supported on 2 _ stout
peduncles, in the fork of
which is produced 1_ early
flower and fruit; calyx-limb
netveined as long and as broad
as the fruit, cut obliquely
so that the posterior tooth
takes the shape of. a pointed
ear, the other teeth almost
obsolete; fruit ovoid, downy,
with an oval depression in
front, the 2 sterile cells re-
duced to narrow channels within
the 2 longitudinal ribs which
surround the depression.

Fields along Glynde Road.—
Oct. - Nov.—Mediterranean re- yalerianella truncata.
gion.

2. WV. eriocarpa, Desvaux. Differs from the pre-
ceding only in the calyx, whose limb forms an _ oblique
crown, with 5 or 6 teeth.

Waterfall Gully.—Oct.-Nov.—Mediterranean region.

3. V. discoidea, Loiseleur. Like the preceding in
habit, but the lower leaves are coarsely toothed and the
upper ones toothed or pinnatifid with linear lobes; flowers
purplish in dense ‘heads which become globular, on short

eduncles and surrounded by oval, ciliate bracts; calyx-
imb cut almost to the base into 6 (rarely 5) lanceolate,
spreading, hooked teeth, which are sometimes unequally
bifid; fruit tomentose, obconical, subquadrangular, with an
oval depression in front, the 2 sterile cells as large as the
fertile one.

Fields along Glynde Road.—Oct.-Nov.—Mediterranean
region.

V. eriocarpa.

Family 26.—_DIPSACEA.

Heads resembling those of Composite in the flowers
seated on a common receptacle surrounded by an involucre
of bracts, but the anthers are 4 in number and free, and
the calyx of each flower is double and persistant, the outer
one (involucel or calicle) with a tube closely surrounding
the fruit and marked with furrows and ribs, the inner one
(calyx proper) combined with the fruit, narrowed into a

27. COMPOSIT &. (ie

neck at the summit, and then widened into an awned cup;
fruit small, dry, l-celled and 1-seeded, crowned by the
calyx-limb and enclosed in the persistant involucel.

1. Scasrosa, L.
(Supposed in olden days to cure the itch, Latin scabies.)

1. Scabiosa maritima, L. Annual or peren-
nial, sometimes | m. (3 ft.) high, hairy or almost glabrous,
branching dichotomously; radical leaves stalked, oblong,
crenately incised, the middle ones pinnatisect, or lyrate
with the terminal lobe pinnatifid, uppermost leaves entire
or toothed, or pinnatisect with linear lobes; flowering heads
hemispherical, becoming ovoid or oblong in fruit, on long
peduncles, flowers ‘in vary-
ing shades from dark-
purple to white; corolla
with 5 unequal lobes, the
outer ones radiating; in-
volucral bracts lanceolate,
unequal, finally recurved:
receptacle conieal with
ciliate scales; involucel!
oblong, subquadrangular.
with 8 ribs, which are
downy in the lower part,
and a_ short, scarious,
crenate crown bent - in-
wards; calyx-limb stalked.
surmounted by 5 reddisl
spreading awns and _ sur-
rounded by a sheath, the
lower part of which is
combined with the invo-
lucel.

The variety with invo-
lucral bracts nearly as Scabiosa maritima.
long as the flowers, which
are purple, or rarely pink or white, is 8. atropurpurea, L.
(Sweet Scabious, Purple Pincushion), which has long been
cultivated in gardens, and is probably the origin of our
plant.

Roadsides, fields, gullies, near Adelaide and in the
hills. —Nov.-Mar.—Mediterranean region.

Family 27.—COMPOSITA.

Flowers sessile and ‘eollected together on a common
receptacle in heads surrounded by an involucre of several
bracts; receptacle naked or furnished with bracteoles
(scales), which wrap the base of the bud; calyx-tube com-
bined with ovary, the limb consisting of a ring of hairs or
seales called a pappus, or of a short border or crown, or

78 27. COMPOSIT A.

altogether absent; corolla monopetalous, sometimes regular
and tubular, with 4-5 equal teeth, sometimes irregular,
with the limb prolonged on one side in a ligule or ray;
stamens usually 5, the anthers united in a tube round the
style, which is cut at the summit into 2 stigmatic lobes (the
descriptions of the style apply only to the bisexual flowers) ;
ovary inferior, l-celled; fruit (akene) dry, indehiscent, 1-
seeded. The hairs of the pappus are either plumose or
simple, but in the latter case they are more or less denticu-
late under the lens.

The largest family in the vegetable kingdom, comprising
about 12,000 species.

SUBFAMILIES.

Flowers in the centre of the head bisexual,
rarely unisexual, tubular; those of the
circumference female or sterile, ligulate
or sometimes tubular, and (in Ammo-
bium) bisexual; style not swollen below
the stigmatic branches ... ... .. CORYMBIFEREZ 1

Flowers all tubular, those of the centre »
bisexual, those of the circumference
sterile, larger than the central ones, but
never ligulate; style swollen below the
stigmatic branches; involucre or leaves

spiny. .. CYNAROIDEE 2
Flowers all ligulate, bisexual, the outer ones
Tad latino wes eee eee ee coe meee SIT CATIA

Subfamily 1.—CoryMBIFER 2.

A. Receptacle naked (without scales between
the flowers).
B. Akenes with a pappus of simple hairs.
C. All flowers tubular, or the outer ones
with inconspicuous rays.
Anthers without tails.
Involucral bracts equal, in 1 row ... Senecio 1
Involucral bracts overlapping, in
several rows ... ... (partly) ERIGERON 2
Anthers with tails; involucral bracts
overlapping SOE Ee) See tteoy coed, SUN CIAUNS
C. Outer flowers ligulate ... «. (partly) ERiGgERON 2
B. Akenes without a pappus of hairs.
D. All flowers tubular.
Akenes ribbed and with a mem-
branous crown ... .. ... .- TANACETUM 4
Akenes without ribs or crown ... .... ARTEMISIA
DD. Outer flowers ligulate.
E. Pappus of scales.
Involucral bracts free; scales short,
broad.
Akenes densely woolly ... CRYPTOSTEMMA 5
Akenes silky, ey apparently
S-COMediG.. incz-Mlnates fossa ees ARCTOTIS 6

27. COMPOSIT 2%. 7

Involucral bracts united in a cup

at base; scales long, linear ... GAZANIA
EK. Pappus none.
F. All flowers fertile .... ... ... ... CHRYSANTHEMUM 7
F. Central flowers sterile.
Akenes beaked and curved ... ... CALENDULA 8

Akenes not beaked.
Akenes drupelike, with a hard
nutlet Pe) sede ae see wet: OS TROSPER MUM, 9

Akenes 3-winged ... Tripteris 10

A. Receptacle with flattish scales between

the flowers; akenes without a pappus

of hairs.

G. Outer flowers ligulate.
Leaves alternate.
No pappus; leaves divided.

Ligules almost circular ... ... ... ACHmLEA 11
Ligules oblong ... ... ANTHEMIS 12

Pappus of scales ; leaves entire ; in-
volucre spiny ... ... PALLENIS 13

Leaves opposite; pappus “of plumose
scales Gatinsoca 14

G. All flowers tubular and bisexual ; "Pap-

pus a membranous cup ... ... AMMOBIUM

Subfamily 2.—CyNAROIDE®.

H. Pappus deciduous, consisting of hairs
united in a ring at the base.
I. Stamens with filaments united in a tube;
receptacle bristly ... ... Set Sansa) COLUYBUM ALO
I. Stamens with free filaments.
J. Receptacle honeycombed but not bristly ONorporpon 16
J. Receptacle bristly.
K. Pappus of plumose hairs.
Involucral bracts fleshy at base;
Howers blade es - s.cl- Sateen). soe CMNARAB AIT,
Involucral bracts not fleshy;
flowers purple.
Bracts ending in a simple spine Cirsium 18
Bracts ending in a pinnate spine Picnomon 19
K. Pappus of simple hairs; leaves
decurrent Bee, Bs tea eee eC TRUS a
H. Pappus persistant (rarely none), consist-
ing of scales not united at base.
Involucral bracts with a jagged or spiny

appendage ... CENTAUREA 21
Outer involucral bracts large, resembling
the stem-leaves mee ddkve tee coal) ce ENTROPY EE UM ae

Subfamily 3.—LieuLatT2.

L. Akenes with scaly pappus.
Pappus a small scaly crown; flowers
blue acs .. ... CICHORIUM 23
Pappus of central ‘akenes ‘consisting of
long, acuminate scales; flowers yellow Hrpypnois 24
F

9

80 27. COMPOSIT 4.

L. Akenes with pappus of hairs.
M. Pappus of plumose hairs,
N. Receptacle scaly; akenes mostly
beaked wee + GrOM Gee, des) | ase poems 20) EDN POCHOMRICMAE
N. Receptacle naked.
O. Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows.
Bracts in 2 rows; outer broadly
cordate Gs. i. ... 0. 3) UEeoMnpeaee
Bracts in several rows; outer not
cordate.
Outer bracts loose and spread-
ing; all the akenes with
plumose pappus ii, es | om. WeIGRISan
All the bracts erect and ap-
pressed; outer akenes with a
small crown tie Sis aed ake AIR INGE AG
O. Involucral bracts in 1 row; akenes
beaked.
Beak long, hollow, swollen at
base; leaves toothed or cut ... Urospermum 29
Beak not swollen at base; leaves
entire Soci Wezero fea Sve, ees, cee, MRRAGOROGONMOL
M. Pappus of simple hairs; receptacle
naked.
Akenes beaked.
Akenes almost cylindrical, rough

towards the top... ... ... ... TARAxKACUM 31
Akenes flattened, ribbed lengthwise
oneach side =.) es ce ee KOTmCamae
Akenes without beak, truncate at
summit.
Akenes flattened ... ... ... ... ... SONCHUS 535
Akenes cylindrical Se) eet sto bee nO REPIOMROd:

1. Senecro, L.

(Latin for Common Groundsel; said to be from senex, an
old man, in allusion to the bald appearance of the
receptacle after the fruits have fallen.)

Involucre cylindrical, of unequal bracts in 1 row, with
a few small accessory bracts at base; flowers (in the 2 species
below) all tubular and bisexual; style-branches truncate;
anthers blunt at base; akenes cylindrical, with a pappus of
simple hairs in several rows; heads in terminal corymbs.

Small annual with sessile pinnatifid leaves S. vulgaris 1
Climbing perennial with stalked angular

leaves NS. mikanioides 2

1. Senecio vulgaris, L. Growndsel. Erect
annual, more or less woolly; leaves pinnatifid, with spread-
ing, sinuate-toothed lobes, the lower leaves stalked, the
stem-leaves auricled and clasping; involucre of 14-21 linear
bracts, with scarious black ciliate acute tips, accessory
bracts in 2-3 rows, black in upper half; akenes striate,

27. COMPOSIT 2. 81

downy; flowers numerous, yel-
low, scarcely exceeding the invo-
lucre.

Some large-leaved specimens
of our native S. brachyglossus,
F. v. Mueller, resemble S. vul-
yaris superficially, but the for-
mer has 6-7 small ligulate flowers
to each head, the involueral
bracts number only 8, and the
down of the akene is denser and
more silky.

Roadsides, pasture, cultivated
land.—July - Nov.—Almost all
temperate parts of the globe.

2. S. mikanioides, Otto.
Cape Ivy. Glabrous perennial
with twining stems; leaves
fiat, long-stalked, subtriangu-
lar with 5-7 very shallow,
acute lobes; stipules green,
kidney-shaped; invelucre of 8
linear, blunt bracts; with a few
shorter ones on the pedicel just below the involucre;
receptacle honeycombed and the edges of the pits shortly
toothed; flowers yellow, 10-12 in head, twice as long as the
involucre; akenes almost glabrous. S. scandens, DC.

Waterfall Gully.—June-Sept.—South Africa.

Senecio vulgaris.

2. Ericrron, L.

(Greek for Groundsel, from éri, early, and gerén, an old
man; alluding to the bald receptacle.)

Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows; central flowers tubular
and bisexual, outer ones femaie tubular or ligulate; style-
branches blunt; anthers blunt at base; akenes oblong,
compressed; pappus hairs simple, in 1 row.

Outer flowers tubular 22-2. <<. ---- «92. Me lonfotius 1
Outer flowers ligulate he) Re ne, EE OTILILEN ONGLES EO

1. Erigeron linifolius, Willd. Greyish-green
annual, with short, stiff hairs and longer, softer ones;
stems erect, striate, simple or branching, and in the latter
case the laterai branches exceed the central axis; leaves
l-nerved, tapering at base, the lower ones oblong, with
large, distant teeth, the middle ones lanceolate with a few
teeth, the uppermost linear and entire; heads drooping in
bud, on rather long peduncles, in racemes usually forming
a leafy panicle; flowers slightly exceeding the ovoid invo-
luere, the central ones yellowish 6-20, outer female flowers
numerous in several rows, tubular, filiform, 2-3-toothed;

82 27. COMPOSITE.

pappus hairs about 16, dirty-
white; akenes slightly downy.
Conyza ambigua, DC.

Roadsides, waste places.—
Sept. - Apl.—Mediterranean re-
gion.

2. E. mucronatus, DC.
Low, evergreen, somewhat downy
perennial; stems slender, branch-
ing, woody at base, often pro-
cumbent; leaves ciliate, mucron-
ate, tapering at base, the lower
ones oboval, 3-lobed, the upper
ones lanceolate, entire; heads
solitary on long peduncles; cen-
tral flowers yellow; rays narrow,
spreading, white above, pink be-
low, numerous (40-80), in 2 rows;
pappus hairs about 18, as long
as the corolla-tube, with a row
of shorter hairs, at base; akenes
downy.

An escape from gardens in
hills near Adelaide.—All the
year.—Mexico. If this species is
identical with EE. quercifolius,

Lamarck, of Florida and Arkan-
sas, the latter name has priority,

3. Inuza, L.

Involucral bracts in several
rows; central flowers bisexual,
tubular, outer flowers female,
ligulate; anthers with fine tails;
style-branches blunt; pappus of
simple hairs in | row.

1. Inula graveolens,
Desf. Stinkwort. Erect, glandu-
lar-hairy, sticky annual, strong-
smelling, with many suberect
branches; leaves sessile, concave,
entire or obscurely toothed,
lower ones oblong, upper ones
lanceolate or linear; involucre
campanulate, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, the outer ones herba-
ceous, the inner scarious; heads
numerous, in a loose pyramidal
panicle; flowers yellow, central
: ones 8-12, outer ones 10-12 in 1
Erigeron mucronatus. row with rays exceeding the

\

Erigeron linifolius.

27. COMPOSIT 2. 83

irvoluecre (in South Australian
specimens); akenes_ subcylindri-
eal, downy, narrowed to a neck
at the summit and then expand-
ing into a limb which supports
the pappus.

This well-known weed, intro-
duced into South Australia about
1850, has now spread all over the
settled districts of this State,
Victoria, and New South Wales.
It delights in cultivated ground,
but also inhabits roadsides and
rocky slopes.—Mar.-Apl.—Medi- :
terranean region, extending in 44
France as far north as Paris.
Grows in ‘‘stony and uncultivated
ee (Coste, Fl. de la France,

_ tle

4. Tanacetum, IL.

Involucre hemispherical with ingic eravcolcns:
overlapping bracts; all flowers
tubular, yellow; style-branches truncate; anthers blunt at
base; akenes ribbed, with a membranous crown.

Plant tomentose; leaf-segments pinnatisect 7. huronense 1
Plant glabrous; leaf-sezments toothed or
LAGE ei oshe er eee Ge chet a. ech ne el. Velgurene

1. Tanacetum huronense, Fischer. Stout, erect,
tomentose, strongly scented
perennial herb, with creeping
rootstock; leaves oval-oblong in
outline, more or less white-
tomentose, especially beneath,
finely bipinnatisect, the axis
winged and _ furnished’ with
small toothed lobes between the
linear - oblong segments, the
secondary segments or lobes con-
cave, incised and sharply tooth-
ed, the stem-leaves sessile; heads
in a close corymb; involucral
bracts stiff, the middle ones
keeled, oval, with broad searious °
tips, the innermost narrower ;
central flowers 5-toothed, the
outer row female, 3-toothed;
central akenes 5-ribbed, the outer
ones 3-angled.

, Green Hill Road.—Jan.-Mar.—
TAnacetum huronense. North America.

84 27. COMPOSIT A.

2. T. vulgare, L. Common Tansy. Scented peren-
nial, resembling the preceding, but glabrous all over; leaves
pinnatisect, the segments dotted, oblong, pinnatifid or
deeply toothed, the lobes or teeth often saw-toothed on the
outer edge; axis of leaf winged and toothed in the upper
part; akenes 5-ribbed.

Mount Lofty Range; a garden escape.
Europe; Siberia.

Artemisia Absinthium, L. (Wormwood), a silky, downy,
strong-smelling European shrub, with small yellow flower-
heads in a large panicle and pinnatisect leaves with linear
lobes, is frequently planted for hedges, but is scarcely spon-
taneous. Oct.-Nov.

Jan.-Mar.—

5. CryprostemMa, R. Br.

(Greek krypton stemma, a hidden crown; the scaly pappus
being hidden among the wool of the akenes.)

Involucre broad, flattish, bracts broad, unequal, over-
lapping in 4-5 rows; central flowers tubular, bisexual; outer
flowers sterile, ligulate; style thickened in upper part and
bifid at summit; anthers blunt at base; akenes 4-angled,
enveloped in dense brown wool; pappus of 6-8 lanceolate
scales.

1. Cryptostemma cal-
endulaceum, R. Br. Cape
Dandelion. Prostrate, usu-
ally stemless annual, — with
thick, juicy branches; leaves
stalked, lyrate or runcinate-
pinnatisect, white-tomentose be-
low, the terminal segments round-
ed, the lateral ones _ broadly
oblong or lanceolate and often
auricled at base, variously lobed
or toothed; heads large, solitary
on long peduncles; outer invo-
lucral bracts broad with a linear,
ciliate point, the innermost
longer with a blunt membranous
tip; central flowers almost black,
rays pale-yellow, often with a
brown blotch at base. A variable
plant.

Roadsides, pasture, cultivated ey, 4 3
’ ’ ‘ ptostemma calendu
land.—Aug.-Oct.—South Africa. f laceum.

6. Arcroris, L.

(Greek arktos, bear, and ous, ear; alluding to the shaggy,
winged akene.)

Involucre and flowers as in Uryptostemma, except that

27. COMPOSIT A. 85

the ray-flowers are female and fertile; receptacle honey-
combed, the walls of the pits extended in erect bristles or
teeth; akenes silky, 5 ribbed on the back, 2 of the lateral
ribs extended in wings and incurved upon the central one,
so as to give the appearance of a 3-celled fruit, crowned by
a pappus of scales.

1. Arctotis stoechadi-
folia, Bergius. Perennial,
softly white-tomentose all
over; stems prostrate, root-
ing; ‘leaves 3- nerved, tapering
at base, lower ones lyrate,
upper ones oblong to lanceo-
late, sinuate-toothed; heads
large, showy, solitary on long
peduncles; outer involucral
bracts with spreading, linear,
tomentose points, the inner-
most with a broad, blunt,
membranous tip; central
flowers dark-coloured _ rays
cream-colored above with vel-
low base; ~pappus scales 7-8,
pink, oblong, in 2 rows; in-
nermost central flowers sterile
and without pappus.

Sandhills near Grange.

Sept.-Jan.—South Africa. ‘ wa.
¥ ae DY ah Arctotis stoechadifolia.
Gazania Pavonia, R. Br., a

small perennial with large

showy flowers, Is an escape from. gardens in Waterfall
Gully. Heads solitary on peduncles about as long as the
pinnatisect leaves, which have 7-11 narrow segments rough-
hairy above and white-tomentose below; rays orange, dark-
brown and often with a white eye at base.—South Africa.

7. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
(Greek chrysos, gold, and anthemon, flower.)

Involucre broad with unequal ov Shes ne bracts more
or less scarious and transparent; receptacle somewhat con-
vex; central flowers tubular, bisexual, ray-flowers female;
style-branches truncate.

Ray yellow; leaves deeply cut . ws .. (|. coronarium 1
Ray white; leaves toothed or lobed ... ... C. Leucanthemum 2

1. Chrysanthemum coronarium, lL. Summer
Chrysanthemum. Erect,-glabrous, strongly scented annual
with branching stems; leaves bipinnatisect with oblong
segments and linear-lanceolate lobes, sessile and auricled
at base; heads large, solitary, on the thickened, hollow
ends of the branches; central flowers yellow, rays about 14,
broad, orange at base and white or yellow in the upper part;

86 27. COMPOSITZ.

akenes truncate, without any
crown, those of the ray triangu-
lar and prominently winged,
central akenes 4-angled.

Waste places near Adelaide.—
Sept. - Dec.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion,

1, C. Leucanthemum, L.
Oxeye Daisy. Erect, almost glab-
rous perennial; leaves coarsely
toothed or almost pinnatifid,
lower ones stalked oval-oblong,
upper ones oblong, half-clasp-
ing; heads large; central flowers
yellow, rays 20-30, white; akenes
ribbed, usually without any
crown.

Roadside near Mount Lofty
Station. — Sept.-Dec. —- Europe;
Siberia.

1 A
8. Catenputa, L. Chrysanthemum coron-
Involucral bracts subequal, arium.

in 2 rows; central flowers

male, tubular, with an undivided style; ray-flowers female,
in 2-8 rows; anthers acute or tailed at base; akenes in-
curved, outer ones long-beaked, inner ones boatshaped.

Heads large, lower leaves spoonshaped ... C. officinalis 1
Heads small, lower leaves oblanceolate ... C. arvensis 2
AM 1. Calendula officinalis,

L. Garden Marigold. Downy,
sticky annual; leaves stem-clasp-
ing, upper ones oblong to lanceo-
late, sometimes faintly toothed ;
heads large, vellow to orange,
solitary on stout peduncles;
beaked akenes with several rows
of teeth on the back.

Waste places near Adelaide.—
Nearly all the year.—Southern

aati VP Kurope.

A | 2. C. arvensis, L. Wild
iM i Marigold, Smaller in all its parts
ee than the preceding; upper leaves
oblong-lanceolate with a few
small distant glands or teeth
along the edge; heads compara-
tively small, yellow, on slender
peduncles, drooping in fruit;
beaked akenes with a double row
Calendula arvensis. of teeth on the back.

27. COMPOSIT 4. 87

Park lands, Adelaide; Grange Railway.—Almost all the

year.—Mediterranean region.
9. OstrospeRMUM, L.
(Greek osteon, bone, and sperma,

seed, alluding to the hard-
ness of the fruit.)

Involucral. bracts herbaceous,
unequal, in about 3 rows; flowers
as in Calendula, except that the
outer ones are in |] row; akenes
drupelike, at first with the outer
walls of the pericarp green and
juicy, but later. on the whole
fruit becomes hard and bony.

1. Osteospermum moni-
liferum, L. Erect, branching
undershrub; leaves dull-green,
oboval to lanceolate, coarsely
toothed, tapering into a_ short
petiole, the young ones tomen-
tose; heads rather large, bright
yellow on” bracteate peduncles,
forming a terminal corymb; ray-
flowers 5-6; akenes globular or
ovoid. - The specific name (neck-
lace-bearing) probably refers to

Ostecspermum monili-
ferum.

the ring of 5 or 6 beadlike fruits

(Greek

equal ;

ie
tina,
annual
leaves

Tripteris clandestina.

bracts

pter

crowning the summit of the
peduncle.

Gullies of Mount Lofty Range.
—July=

10. Triptreris, Lessing.

Oct.—South Africa.

prefix tri, three, and
on, a wing; alluding to
the akenes.)

Involucral bracts in 1 row,

flowers as in the preced-

ing genus; akenes large, with
the angles extended into 3 broad
scarious vertical wings.

Tripteris clandes-

Less. Erect, branching
with glandular hairs;
oblong, sinuate-toothed,

the lower ones tapering at base,
the upper ones stem-clasping;
heads solitary on long peduncles,
drooping in fruit; involucral

8, oblong, with dark,

88 27. COMPOSITE.

fleshy midrib and broad, scarious borders; outer flowers
8, about as long as the involucre, with a yellow ray, which
is very soon rolled backwards; central flowers about 10,
greenish and shorter than the involucre.

Fields between Brighton and Marino.—Aug.-Oct.—South
Africa.
11. Acuinira, L.

Involucral bracts unequal, in 3-4 rows, with searious
edges; central flowers tubular, bisexual, outer flowers female
with almost circular rays; recep-
tacle flattish, with scales; style-
branches truncate, anthers acute
at base; akenes compressed,
without pappus or ribs.

1. Achillea tanaceti-
folia, All. Tomentose or woolly
perennial, with creeping root-
stock; stems stiff, erect. simple,
ribbed, leaves oblong-lanceolate
in outline, bipinnatisect, axis
winged and toothed in the upper
part, segments narrow, the lobes
with mucronate teeth; the lower
leaves very long, the upper ones
half-clasping; heads in a dense,
broad corymb; involucre ovoid,
hairy; ray-flowers 5, with a
broad 3-lobed ligule, dark-red in
South Australian specimens,
sometimes white in Europe.

Roadsides and cultivated
ground, Mount Lofty Range.— agchitiea tanacetifolia.
Oct.-Apl.—Southern Europe.

12. AnrHemis, L.

Involucre hemispherical with overlapping bracts, recep-
tacle conical at maturity, beset with scales; central flowers
tubular, bisexual, outer flowers female, ligulate.
Ray-flowers with a style: downy perennial -t. nobilis 1
Ray-flowers without a_ style; glabrous,

annual Ser Seer Pe we ataa Weli CO GUL

1. Anthemis nobilis, L. Common Chamomile.
Downy, scented perennial, with prostrate or ascending
stems; leaves whitish-green, once or twice pinnatisect, with
short, acute lobes; heads solitary, terminating the branches;
involucral bracts oblong with very broad, scarious borders;
scales of receptacle oblong, torn at summit; central flowers
yellow, ray white; akenes small, cylindrical, with 3

27. COMPOSITE. 89

fine ribs on the inner _tace,
crowned by the persistant base
of the corolla.

Moist places, Belair, Bridge-
water.—Dec.-Apl.—Western EKu-
rope from England to Spain.

2. A. Cotula, L. Mayweed.
Ill-smelling, branching annual;
leaves bipinnatisect, with linear
segments; receptacle conical with
awlshaped_ scales; ray white,
centre yellow; akenes tubercu-
late, without a border at the top.

Waste and cultivated places.—
Nov.-Jan.— Europe; temperate
Asia.

13. Patienis, Cassini.
(Latin palea, a scale; alluding to
the scales of the receptacle.)

Involucral bracts stiff, over-
lapping, terminating in a short
spine. the duter bracts long and
spreading; receptacle flat, beset
with stiff, mucronate scales;

Anthemis nobilis.

central flowers numerous, tubu-

shaped

Near

tubular,
Pallenis spinosa. ligulate ;

lar, bisexual, outer flowers in 2
rows, female, ligulate, 3-toothed
at summit.

1. Pallenis spinosa, Cass.
Krect, hairy, branching biennial ;
leaves entire, villous, the lower
ones oval-oblong. the upper ones
oblong-lanceolate, half-clasping,
mucronate; akenes of the ray
compressed, broadly winged, sur-
mounted by one half of the
short, scaly, jagged pappus; cen-
tral akenes subcompressed, with
5 downy
pappus; flowers yellow.
Buphthalmum spinosum, L.
Paskeville.—Oct.-Dee.—
Mediterranean region.

14. Gatinsoca, Cavanilles.
(Named after a Spanish

ribs and a_crown-

physician.)

Involucral bracts few, equal,
in 1 row; central flowers bisexual,
outer flowers female,

style-branches acute;

90 27. COMPOSIT A.

anthers blunt at base; receptacle

conical, scaly.

1. Galinsoga parviflora,
Cav. Erect, almost glabrous an-
nual; stem branching trichoto-
lanceo-
faintly
toothed, very shortly stalked;

mously; leaves opposite,
late to oval, 3-nerved,

involucre hemispherical,
5, with 2 bracteoles at

scales of receptacle mostly trifid
and 3-nerved; heads small on
long, slender terminal or axillary
peduncles; central flowers numer-
ous yellow, outer flowers 5, with
white almost circular rays;

akenes angular, black,

those of the centre with

downy,
tapering at base, those of the
ray crowned by a few _ bristles,
a pap-
pus of 14-22 plumose scales.

bracts
base ;

ripe

Cultivated land, Waterfall
Gully.—Most of the year.—South Galinsoga parviflora.

America.

Ammobiwn alatum, R.

from New South Wales,

tubular flowers; white,

PD
Ail

Silybum Marianum.

Br. A handsome ‘everlasting’’

with large yellow heads of
spreading, petaloid, involucral
bracts; long radical leaves and
small stem-leaves with decurrent
wings, has appeared on the road-
side near Summertown.—Dec,

15. Strysum, Adanson.

Outer involucral bracts broad,
overlapping, with stiff, spread-
ing appendages ending in a long
spine. and spinulose along the
edges at the base; flowers all
tubular; stamens with united
filaments; akenes oblong, com-
pressed, crowned by an_ erect
border and horned in its centre ;
pappus deciduous, of simple
hairs; receptacle bristly between
the flowers.

1. Silybum Marianum,
Geertn. Milk Thistle. Stout
erect, often tall biennial, glab-
rous or nearly so; leaves glossy
and whiteveined above, more or

27. COMPOSITZ 91

less pinnatifid, with wavy, prickly edges, the upper ones
clasping the stem with broad rounded auricles, but not
decurrent; involucre large, globular; heads solitary, ter-
minal; flowers purple.

Common on roads and _ hillsides.—June-Feb.—Europe ;
western Asia.

16. Onovorpon, L.

Involucral bracts many, tapering into spines; flowers
all tubular; akenes obovoid, truncate, subquadrangular;
pappus deciduous, of simple hairs in several rows; recep-
tacle without scales or bristles, but deeply honeycombed, and
each pit with jagged, toothed borders.

Plant with a leafy,’ winged stem... ... ... O. Acanthium 1
Plant stemless; heads sessile ... ... ... ... O. acaule 2

1. Onopordon Acanthium, L. Scotch ‘Thistle.
Stiff, erect, woolly biennial,
branching at summit; leaves Au, hie
oval to lanceolate, sinuate- Qj et

lucre depressed-globular, bracts
white-woolly in lower part, with
long, sharp, orange spines, the
outer ones spreading; pappus of
golden-brown hairs, scarcely twice
as long as the akene; akenes
grey, wrinkled _ transversely ;
flowers purplish.

Horsnall’s Gully; Military
Road, near Glenelg; near Port
Lincoln (J. H. Maiden).—Dec.-
Feb.—Europe and western Asia,
but very rare in Scotland, al-
though generally supposed to be
the origin of the Scottish heraldic
thistle.

2. O. acaule, L. Stemless Onopordon. Stem-
less biennial, with several sessile or subsessile heads
in the. centre of a _ rosette of radical leaves; leaves
large, softly white-tomentose on both sides, oblong,
pinnatifid, with spiny, wavy lobes; involucre large,
globular with glabrous; lanceolate bracts ending in
a very sharp. spine. the outer ones_ spreading;
pappus of dirty-white hairs, 5 times as long as
the akene, which is brown, striate longitudinally and
wrinkled transversely; flowers white.

Qnopordon Acanthium.

92 27. COMPOSITE.

Adelaide plains and _ near
River Murray. — Nov. - Dec. —
Mediterranean region.

17. Cynara, L.

Involucral bracts many, over-
lapping, broad and fleshy at
base; flowers all tubular;
akenes obovoid, quadrangular;
pappus of plumose hairs, recep-
tacle bristly.

1. Cynara Cardunculus,
L. Wild Artichoke, Cardoon.
Erect, stout perennial, with rib-
bed stem; leaves white-tomentose,
especially below, the lower ones
pinnatisect with numerous lan-
ceolate, pinnatifid segments de-
current in wings along the axis,

the lobes ending in a

yellow

spine; heads very large, soli- Onopordon acaule.
tary; involucre globular, the

outer bracts oval-lanceo-
late, spreading, ending in
a stout spine, inner ones
oblong, with a membran-
ous tip; flowers blue.

Roadsides and _fields.—
Nov. - Feb. — Mediterran-
ean region; introduced and
widely spread on the plains
of temperate South Amer-
ica (Cardo de Castilla).
Closely allied to the culti-
vated Artichoke (C. Scoly-
mus, L.).

18. Crrstum, Adanson.

Involueral bracts numer-
ous, overlapping, usually
spiny; flowers all tubular;
stamens with hairy fila-
ments; akenes oblong, com-
pressed, truncate, smooth
and glabrous, without ribs;
pappus deciduous, of plu-

Cynara’ Cardunculua: mose hairs in several rows;

Leaves rough with small
upper surface, decurrent

Leaves not prickly above;
decurrent

receptacle bristly.

prickles on the
at base a... s-
not or slightly

Y

CS

. lanceolatum 1

C. arvense 2

27. COMPOSIT A. 93

1. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop.

Spear Thistle.

Erect biennial, with spiny wings on the stem and branches;
stem-leayes deeply pinnatifid, spiny, decurrent, rough above

with small appressed prickles, and usually white-woolly

beneath. segments lanceolate,
spiny, the terminal one _ long,
the lateral ones bifid, with the
upper lobe turned outwards
and the lower lobe inwards;
heads ovoid to globular; invo-
lucre woolly, the bracts linear-
lanceolate, spreading erect, end-
ing in a fine spine; akenes yellow,
with dark streaks; flowers purple.

Carduus lanceolatus, L.
Roadsides, gullies,

Europe; western Asia.

2. C. arvense, Scon. Creep-
ing Thistle, Canada Thistle. eee
ow,

perennial, comparatively

with creeping rootstock; stem-
leaves pinnatifid with i
edges, sometimes — shortly
current, white-woolly below
glabrous on both sides;

Picnomon Acarna.

waste
places; often erroneously called
“Scotch Thistle.’’—Dec.-June.—

spiny
de-

or Cirsium lanceolatum.

heads

small in a loose corymb ;
involucre ovoid or sub-
cylindrical, the outer and
middle bracts lanceolate,
erect, with very short pun-
gent points; flowers dice-
cious, purple.

A troublesome weed, but
rare.—Dec. - Feb.—Europe,
Asia.

19. Prcnomon, Cassini.

(Greek pyknos, dense, and
komé, hair; alluding to
the dense pappus.)

Character of Cirsiwm,
except that the involucral
bracts terminate in a
pinnate-spinulose spine.

1. Picnomon Acar-
na, Cass. Stout, erect,
white - woolly annual,
branching from near the
base; leaves oblong-lanceo-

94 27. COMPOSIT A.

late, decurrent, with ciliate-spinulose edges and long, stiff
yellow spines terminating the short lobes; heads sessile,
terminal, solitary or 2-4 together, within floral leaves re-
sembling an outer involucre and longer than the heads;
involucre oval-oblong, woolly, with linear appressed bracts
ending in a solitary, recurved spine with spinules pinnately
arranged: seeds glossy, yellowish-brown, with 5 white longi-
tudinal streaks; flowers purple.

Roadsides and pastures near Sellick’s Hill. Called
locally Soldier Thistle.—Dec.-Feb.—Mediterranean region.
20. Carpuus, L.

Only differs from Cirsium in having a pappus of simple,
not plumose, hairs.

1. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curtis. Slender Thistle.
Erect, woolly annual or biennial, with many rather slender
branches, winged throughout, the wings wavy and sinuate-
spiny; leaves green and somewhat hairy above, white-woolly
below, decurrent, the lower ones
deeply pinnatifid; heads small,
about 2 cm. (3 in.) long by 1 cm.
(under 4 in.) broad, deciduous,
usually sessile and forming a
terminal cluster; involucre ecylin-
drical-oblong, slightly woolly,
bracts lanceolate, erect-spread-
ing, keeled, ending in a weak
spine, the inner bracts with
white-scarious points as long as
the flowers, which are purple;
akenes greyish, glossy but stri-
ate; pappus white, nearly as
long as the flower.

Torrens Gorge; common at
Mount Gambier and Naracoorte.
—Oct.-Jan.—Western and south-
ern Europe. A species sometimes
united with CO. pycnocephalus,
L., which has, however, larger.
ovoid, less numerous heads and
peduncles not winged at the
summit.

Carduus tenuiflorus.

21. Centaurea, L.

Involucral bracts numerous, overlapping, surmounted
by a torn, ciliate or spiny appendage, flowers all tubular,
the outer row usually sterile; akenes oblong, compressed,
without ribs, truneate and naked at summit or crowned by
a short pappus of free scales in several unequal rows;
receptacle bristly.

Flowers yellow; leaves decurrent.
Heads solitary ; involucral bracts with a very
Jong spine and spinules palmately arranged C. solstitialis 1

27. COMPOSITE. 95

Heads sometimes clustered; involucral
‘bracts with a short spine and spinules
pinnately arranged ROE ered oe ene Se, IUCLTEEN SUS ca
Flowers purple.
Involucral bracts horny with a very long,
spreading spine eis ies ines ta ored ee Gd CR CHONOMO 25
Tnvolucral bracts appressed; spineless ... C. paniculata 4

1. Centaurea_ solsti-
tialis, L. Yellow Cockspuwur.
Stiff, erect, white-tomentose an-
nual; radical leaves lyrate, with
deep narrow lobes, the upper
ones linear, entire, with wavy
edges and decurrent in __ long,
narrow wings; heads solitary;
involucre urnshaped, outermost
bracts small with a few palmate
spinules, middle ones ending in
a long, spreading, yellow spine
with about 4 palmate spinules at
base, innermost bracts’ with
small, rounded, torn membranous
appendage; akenes shorter than
the white pappus; flowers
yellow.

Roadsides and cultivated land.
—Oct.-Mar.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion; occasional in northern
Europe (St. Barnaby’s Thistle centaurea solstitialis.
in England).

2. Gs melitensis, IL.
Maltese Cockspur. Resembles
the preceding in appearance and
leaves, but is rough-hairy and
not so white, although woolly in
the young parts; heads solitary
or 2 or 3 together, sessile among
the last leaves; involucre ovoid,
middle bracts with a_ short
spreading, reddish spine, bear-
ing about 6 pinnate spinules,
innermost bracts with lanceolate
apvendages; akenes with some
loose hairs, and longer than
the pappus; flowers yellow, some-
what glandular.

Pasture and cultivated land.—
Sept.-Mar.—Mediterranean re-
gion.

3. C. Calcitrapa, L. NStur

Centaurea melitensis. J/istie. Downy or woolly annual
G

96 27. COMPOSIT &.

or biennial with many spreading
branches and a thick taproot:
radical leaves deeply pinnatifid
or bipinnatifid, lobes more or
less toothed, stem-leaves with a
few linear lobes; heads solitary,
surrounded by linear-lanceolate
floral leaves; involucre urn-
shaped, outer and middle bracts
usually ending in a long, spread-
ing, horny, yellow, channeled
spine with 4-6 spinules pinnately
arranged near the base, inner-
most bracts with rounded mem-
branous appendage ; akenes
streaked with brown; pappus
none; flowers purple.

Roadsides, waste and _ culti-
vated places. — Nov. - June. —
Southern and western Europe.
The specific name alludes to the
resemblance of the involucre to Centaurea Calcitrapa.
the old military caltrop.

4. C. paniculata, L. Tomentose, greyish-green
biennial with spreading branches; lower leaves once or
twice pinnatisect, with narrow segments; heads solitary,
usually arranged in a long panicle; involucre small, ovoid-
oblong. the bracts striate, with a short, appressed, ciliate
appendage at top; akenes with a short pappus; flowers
purple, the outer row spreading.

Near Hope Valley Reservoir.—Most of the year.—
Mediterranean region.

22. KentropHytitumM, Necker.
(Greek kentron, a spur, and phyllon, a leaf.)

Outer bracts of the involucre spreading, similar to the
stem-leaves; flowers all tubular; akenes obovoid, truncate,
subquadrangular, the outer ones without, or almost with-
out pappus, inner ones with a pappus of free scales in
several unequal rows; receptacle ovoid, with long dense
bristles.

1. Kentrophyllum lanatum, DC. Woolly Star
Thistle. Erect annual, branching at summit; stem downy
with long hairs near base; leaves olive-green, stiff, glandu-
lar, spreading, 5-7-nerved below, half-clasping, pinnatifid,
with lanceolate, spiny lobes; involucre large, subglobular,
the outer bracts like the upper leaves, the middle bracts
lanceolate, woolly at base, ending in a spine, and with
distant pinnate spinules, innermost’ bracts shorter,
lanceolate, almost or quite entire; akenes yellowish or

27. COMPOSITE.

mottled with brown, outer ones
transversely wrinkled, inner
ones smooth, at least at base,
shorter than the longest of the
pappus scales; flowers yellow.

Roadsides and waste places;
eaten by stock when young.—
Noy. - Dec.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

23. CicHorium, L.
Involucre oblong, the bracts in

2 unequal rows, inner ones 8, \ \
outer ones 5, and much shorter; *=28

flowers all ligulate: — style-
branches long, acute; akenes
subquadrangular, truncate and
crowned by short scales; recep-
tacle bristly towards the centre.

ive)
SJ

1. Cichorium Intybus,
L. Chicory. Stiff, somewhat

hairy, erect perennial,

with

divergent, striate branches and xentrophyllum lanatum.

long taproot; radical

leaves

runcinate-pinnatifid, stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, often

Cichorium Intybus.

with pointed auricles, reduced to
bracts beneath the flower-heads,
which are terminal or axillary,
sessile, 1-3; akenes with pappus
of very short, blunt scales;
flowers large, blue.

Roadsides, Glenelg Railway,
banks of Torrens.—Nov.-May.—
Europe; Asia.

24. Herpypnois, Schreber.

Involucral bracts almost in 1
row, with a row of smal] outer
bracts at base; flowers all ligu-
late; akenes cylindrical, ribbed,
the outer ones incurved, with a
short crownshaped, denticulate
pappus, inner ones with a
double pappus, consisting of an
outer row of very short scales
and an inner row of long, lanceo-
late-acuminate bristles; recep-
tacle naked.

1. Hedypnois polymorpha, DC. (including 4H.
cretica, Willd.). Procumbent or erect annual, branching
dichotomously from near the base; leaves rough-hairy, vari-
able, lower ones lyrate-pinnatifid to oblong-lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed or entire, narrowed at base, stem-leaves half-

98 27. COMPOSIT A.

clasping; heads small, solitary,
terminating long, stiff, striate
peduncles, which are usually
hollow and swollen towards the
top; involucre cylindrical in
flower, globular in fruit, owing
to the incurved, rigid bracts,
which are glabrous or hairy-
spinulose; akenes dark - brown
with about 15 rough, longitudinal
ribs, those of the outermost row
embraced by the involueral bracts,
the inner akenes fewer in num-
ber, with 4-5 long bristles exceed-
ing the involucre; flowers yellow.
Variable plant, sometimes dwarf
and unbranched. Rhagadiolus
Hedypnois, All.

Roadsides, pastures.—Sept.-
Nov.—Mediterranean region to
India.

Hedypnois polymorpha.

25. Hyrocnaris, L.

Involucral bracts unequal, overlapping in 2 rows; flowers
all ligulate; akenes tapering into a long beak
ones without a beak; pappus of plumose hairs

hairs more or less ’ denticulate ;
deciduous scales. :

receptacle with linear,

Leaves hairy; flowers longer than involucre ;

akenes all beaked

H. radicata 1

ieaves subglabrous; flowers scarcely longer
than involucre; outer akenes not beaked A. glabra 2

1. Hypocheceris” radi-
cata, L. Rooted Oat’s-ear.
Perennial with thick rootstock ;
stems stiff, erect, branching,

glabrous or hairy near base,’

without leaves, but with dis-
tant, herbaceous, __ lanceolate
scales ; leaves in a radical rosette,
rough - hairy, oblong, sinuate-
toothed or pinnatifid with blunt
lobes; heads large, terminating
peduncles swollen upwards, form-
ing a corymb; involucre shorter
than the bright-yellow flowers,
bracts lanceolate with scarious
edges, glabrous or bristly
on the back; akenes_ red-
dish - brown with longitudinal
denticulate ribs, all long-
beaked; pappus in 2 rows, the

Hypochceris vadicwias

or the outer
or the outer

27. COMPOSITZ. 99

outer row short and denticulate, the inner row long and
plumose.

Roadsides, pasture.—Nearly all the year.—EKurope,

2. H. glabra, L. Glabrous Cat’s-ear. Resembles the
preceding, but is annual, with a slender taproot; stems
glabrous, naked, except for a few scales at the summit,
sometimes tall and branched, sometimes short and simple;
leaves radical, glabrous or with a few stiff hairs on the
upper side, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with acute lobes;
heads rather small; involucre about as long as the yellow
flowers, bracts glabrous, lengthening in fruit; akenes as in
the preceding, except that the outer ones have no beak,
and the long pappus hairs of the outer akenes are densely
and intricately plumose at the base and scarcely more than
denticulate above.

Roadsides, pasture.—Oct.-Dec.—Europe.

26. HELMINTHIA, Jussieu.

(Greek helminthion, a little worm; in allusion to the
wrinkled seeds resembling a bundle of small worms.)

Involucral bracts in 2 rows; outer ones few, oval-
cordate, inner ones lanceolate with long points; flowers all
ligulate; akenes long - beaked
with plumose pappus; receptacle
naked.

|e Helminthia echi-
oides, Geertn. Ox-tongue.
Erect, annual, covered with
stiff hairs, mostly seated on
tubercles and some of them
hooked; radical leaves oblong,
entire or faintly toothed, nar-
rowed into a petiole, the upper
ones embracing the stem with 2
rounded auricles: outer involu-
eral bracts usually 5; inner 8;
heads corymbose, on stout ped-
uncles; akenes yellow or reddish,
wrinkled transversely, ending
abruptly in a slender beak as
long as the akene; flowers
yellow.

Roadsides and waste places.
ee ee ORS: western Welminthia echioides.
Asia.

27. Picris, Jussieu.

Involucral bracts loosely overlapping in several rows,
outer ones usually spreading; flowers all liguiate; akenes
tapering upwards; pappus deciduous, all the hairs plumose
or the outer ones denticulate only; receptacle naked.

100 27. COMPOSITA.

1. Picris hieracioides,

L. Erect, _ branching biennial,
rough with — spreading
which are often hooked; leaves
oblong -lanceolate, lower ones
sinuate-toothed, tapering into a
long, winged petiole, upper lan-
ceolate, entire, half-clasping;
heads in a broad corymb, some-
times almost umbellate; involu-
cral bracts more or less hairy;
akenes yellow, curved, longitud-
inally ribbed and _ transversely
wrinkled, tapering upwards so
as often to form a short beak;
the long
inner row of hairs plumose, the ©
outer ones shorter and merely
denticulate; flowers yellow.

pappus_ dirty-white,

Gullies and sea-coast near Ade-
laide, the outer involucral bracts

hairs

very spreading, and the akenes pijerig nieracioides.
distinctly beaked in the maritime
form (var. squarrosa, Benth.).—Oct.-Jan.—Europe; Asia.

28. Turincia, Roth.

(Greek thrinkos, a feather; alluding to the feathery

Thrincia hirta.

pappus.)

Involucre of 2 inner rows of
equal bracts and 1 outer row of
very short bracts; flowers all
ligulate; outer akenes with a
crownshaped pappus, inner ones
with a pappus of plumose hairs,
slightly enlarged at the base;
receptacle naked.

1. Thrincia hirta, Roth.
Lesser Hawkbit. Biennial or
perennial, with a short thick
rootstock, from which arise
several long, glabrous peduncles
bearing solitary terminal heads;
leaves all radical, oblong, pin-
natifid or almost entire. more or
less hairy; involucre hairy or
glabrous, the inner bracts about
12, wrapping the outer akenes,
which are thick, curved, blunt at
base, wrinkled transversely and

27. COMPOSITE. 101

surmounted by a short-toothed crown, the central akenes
tapering upwards, but scarcely beaked, with a pappus of
long plumose hairs and an outer row of short, denticulate
hairs; flowers yellow. Leontodon hirtus, L.

National Park, Belair.—Dec.-May.—Central Europe.

29. UrRosPERMUM, Jussieu.

(Greek oura, a tail, sperma, seed; alluding to the long
beak of the akene.)

Involucre of 8 bracts, in 1 row and cohering at
base; flowers all ligulate; akenes compressed, surmounted
by a long, hollow beak enlarged at base; pappus deciduous,
of plumose hairs shortly united at base; receptacle naked
except for a few short hairs.

1. Urospermum picro-
ides, Desf. Erect, ‘bristly,
branching annual; lower leaves
oboval-oblong, coarsely toothed
or almost pinnatifid, the upper
ones lanceolate, clasping the
stem by 2 acute auricles; ped-
uncles long, bearing solitary
heads ; involucre — urnshaped,
bristly, bracts oval-lanceolate;
akenes tuberculate, with a curved
beak, swollen at base and twice
as long as the akene itself; pap-
pus pure white, plumose from
the base; flowers yellow.

Athelstone; Belair; Blackwood ;
Kangaroo Island.—Oct. - Dec.—
Mediterranean region.

30. Tracorogon, L.

(Greek tragos, a goat, pdgén,
a beard, alluding to the
Urospermum picroides. pappus.)

Involucre of 5-12 equal bracts
arranged in 1 row, but overlapping at base; flowers
all ligulate; receptacle naked; akenes oblong-cylindrical,
rough, tapering into a long, slender beak; pappus
plumose.

1. Tragopogen porrifolius, L. Salsafy. Glab-
rous biennial with a long taproot, which is cultivated and
eaten in Europe; stem erect, branched or simple; leaves
broad -linear, grasslike, half-clasping; peduncles long,
swollen and hollow at the summit, and bearing 1
large terminal flowerhead; involucral bracts about
8, narrow-lanceolate, usually longer than the violet

102 27. COMPOSIT 2.

flowers; akenes tapering at both
ends, the outer ones with 10
denticulate ribs, the inner ones
almost smooth; beak rather
longer than the akene; pappus
of unequal, plumose, golden-
brown hairs, with soft, inter-
woven barbs.

Roadsides and gullies. — Oct.-
Dec. — Mediterranean region;
rare in northern Europe.

31. Taraxacum, Jussieu.

Involucre of several equal inner
erect bracts, and many outer
shorter ones, in several rows;
flowers all ligulate; akenes
oblong-cylindrical, tapering into
a long slender beak; pappus of
simple hairs in several rows; aes
receptacle naked. Tragopogon porrifolius.

1. Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Common Dan-
delion. Rootstock peren-
nial, thick; leaves in a
radical rosette, runcinate-
pinnatifid; glabrous or
hairy, lobes triangular,
variously cut or slightly
toothed; heads with yel-
low flowers on radical
peduncles; akenes greyish
striate, spinulose at sum-
mit, shorter than the beak.
T. Dens-leonis, Dest.

The variety with narrow
leaf-lobes and reddish
akenes is TJ. erythros-
permum, Andrzeiowski.

Roadsides and pasture,
—Most of the year.—
Europe; Asia.

32. Lacruca, L.
(Latin lac, milk; these

plants have a milky
juice.)

Taraxacum officinale.

Involucre cylindrical, of unequal overlapping bracts,
those at the base short; flowers all ligulate; akenes much
compressed, striate on both sides, long-beaked; pappus of
many simple hairs; receptacle naked.

27. COMPOSITE.

1. Lactuca saligna, lL.
Willow Lettuce. Glabrous, stiff,
erect biennial, often branching
from the base; leaves narrow
with a prominent white midrib,
the lowest ones usually runcinate-
pinnatisect with linear or lanceo-
late lobes, the upper ones entire,
linear, erect, clasping the stem
by 2 acute auricles; flowerheads
clustered along the stem and the

short branches, each head con- 3

taining 8-12 yellow flowers ; akenes
dark, shorter than the slender
white beak; pappus silky.

Near Wolseley; locally called
‘Trish Thistle.’’—Nov. - Feb.—
Europe; western Asia.

33. Soncuus, L.

Involucral bracts numerous, un-
equal, overlapping, conical after
flowering; flowers all ligulate and
very numexous in the head ; akenes
compressed, ribbed longitudinally,
without beak; pappus of simple,
silky hairs; receptacle naked.

Leaves with acute auricies; akenes wrinkled
Leaves with rounded auricles; akenes almost
smooth

annual,

bellate ;
akenes

‘has

Lactuca saligna.

S. oleraceus 1

1. Sonchus
L. Common

stem, glabrous
glandular hairs
mit; lower leaves runcinate, lobes
irregularly and sharply toothed,
with winged
leaves runcinate,
most lanceolate, clasping the stem
with acute or acuminate auricles ;
heads corymbose, sometimes um-
glabrous;
oboval - oblong,
ribbed lengthwise and wrinkled
transversely; flowers yellow.

A common weed of cultivation,
—July - Dec..—Almost cosmopoli-

2. S.

Sonchus oleraceus. Soirthistle.

103

oleraceus,
Sowthistle. Erect
hollow
with a few

the sum-

stem-
the upper-

Rough
Resembles the pre-

104 28. AMBROSIACE.

ceding, but the leaves are stiff, often undivided, dark-green,
more prickly on the edges and clasping the stem with
rounded auricles; akenes brown, oboval, winged, and smooth
except for 3 longitudinal ribs.

Gullies, cultivated land and near sea.—Aug.-Jan.—
Almost cosmopolitan,

Var. littoralis, Black. A coarse maritime variety;
leaves leathery, oblong, pinnatifid, with rounded lobes and
wavy, prickly edges; involucre nearly twice as large as in
the typical form, 18-20 mm. (about 3 in.) long; akenes
large, orange or brown, broadly winged.

Sea-coast from Port Adelaide to Cape Northumberland.
—All the year.—Possibly indigenous.

34, Crepts, L.

Involucre of 2 rows of equal inner bracts, with
several shorter outer bracts at
base; flowers all ligulate ;
akenes cylindrical, somewhat
narrowed at summit, with a
copious pappus of simple hairs;
receptacle naked.

1. Crepis virens, L. Green
Crepis. Annual, with an erect,
striate stem, glabrous or downy
below, and glandular above;
leaves flat, the radical ones
stalked, oblong, pinnatifid, stem-
leaves lanceolate, with narrow
teeth or lobes and acute, gee
ing auricles; heads rather small,
on long peduncles, forming a
loose, corymbose panicle; invo-
lucre conical after flowering,
bracts linear, glandular-hairy,
the outer ones very narrow;
akenes golden, 10-ribbed, very
small, shorter than the _ white-
silky pappus; flowers yellow.

Mount Gambier.—Dec.-Feb.— Crepis virens.
Europe.

Family 28..AMBROSIACEA.

Flowers monecious, the males in globular, deciduous
heads, surrounded by an involucre; the females 1 or 2
enclosed in a spiny involucre; no calyx; corolla
tubular with 5 equal teeth in the male flowers, in
the females none; stamens 5, with free anthers;

29. PRIMULACEA. 105

style 1, with 2 long branches; ovary inferior; fruit dry,
hard, enclosed in the involucre.
Male flowers with an involucre of free
bracts; receptacle scaly; female flowers
2 together; fruit rather large, 2-seeded XAaNTHIUM 1
Male flowers with a 1-leaved involucre; re-
ceptacle naked; anthers pointed; female
flowers solitary in the involucre, clus-
tered within bracts; fruit smali, 1-seeded AMBROSIA

1. Xantuium, L.

1. Xanthium spinosum,
L. Bathurst Burr. Stout annual,
branching from base, downy
with appressed ‘hairs; leaves
stalked, soft, dark-green above,
with white nerves, white - tomen-
tose below, wedgeshaped at base,
entire or 3-5-lobed, the terminal
lobe long, lanceolate; one or two
3-branched spines at the base of
each leaf; male heads in the
upper axils; female heads of 2
combined flowers in a_ closed,
spiny involucre; fruit downy,
covered with yellow, hooked
spines, terminating in 2 unequal
beaks,

A troublesome weed on _ road-
sides, pastures, and waste places.
Feb.-July.—Probably of South
American origin; now naturalised
in most warm countries.

Ambrosia artemisifolia, L., a villous North American
weed, naturalised in Europe, has appeared near Mount
Barker. Lower leaves bipinnatisect; flowers in long
cylindrical spikes (the male flowers above), forming a
panicle; fruit obovoid, beaked, with 4-6 small tubercles or
spines near the summit.

Family 29.—PRIMULACEZA.
1. Anacgauuis, L.

1. Anagallis arvensis, L. Pimpernel. Procum-
bent glabrous annual, with weak quadrangular stem and
branches; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, sessile, oval,
3-5-nerved; flowers red or blue, solitary in each
axil, on slender peduncles longer than the leaves and
finally recurved; calyx of 5 lanceolate segments; corolla
wheelshaped, with a very short tube and 5 oval
segments, crenate and glandular at the summit; filaments

Xanthium spinosum,.

106 30. OLEACE. 31. APOCYNACEAE.

hairy; capsule globular, 1-celled,
opening transversely by a_ lid:
seeds numerous on a free cen-
tral placenta.

Cultivated land, pasture.—
Sept.-Ap].—Europe.

Family 30.—OLEACEZ.
1. Onea, L.

1, Olea europzea, L.
Olive. Shrub or tree with
greyish branches; leaves oppo-
site, persistant, shortly stalked,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, stiff,
glossy-green and glabrous above,
covered with minute white scales
below; flowers creamy-white, in
axillary racemes much shorter
than the leaves: calyx with 4
short teeth; corolla with a short
tube and 4 spreading lobes;
stamens 2; fruit a fleshy oblong
drupe, black when ripe, with a
bony nutlet containing 1-2
seeds.

Cultivated in the moister
parts of the State and sub-
spontaneous in places.—F I. Oct.-
Nov., fr. May-June.—Mediter-
ranean region.

Family 31..-APOCYNACEA.
1. Vinoa, L.

1. Vinca major, L. Peri-
winkle. Perennial, propagating
itself chiefly by the long, pro-
strate, sterile stems which root
at the nodes; leaves opposite,
large, shining, oval, enlarged
and subcordate at base, glabrous
except for the minute hairs
along the edge; flowering stems

Olea europza. stiff, almost erect; flowers blue,

on peduncles shorter than the

leaves; calyx with 5 linear, ciliate segments nearly
as long as the corolla-tube; corolla-limb flat, spreading,
consisting of 5 broad obliquely truncate lobes; stamens
bent and hairy at base; style 1, swollen at summit into
a ring, on which is seated the 5-angled stigma with

Anagallis arvensis.

32. ASCLEPIADACE. 107

a crown of hairs; fruit consisting
of 2 follicles containing several
seeds.

Gullies and moist sheltered
places. — July-Sept. — Central
Europe and Mediterranean re-
gion.

Family 32.—
ASCLEPIADACEEA.
1. GompHocarpus, R. Br.

(Greek gomphos, a nail, and kar-
pos. truit; alluding to the
bristles on the fruit.)

Calyx and corolla 5-cleft, lobes
of coroila recurved; stamens 5,
the filaments and anthers united
in a tube surrounding the ovary
and stigma, the filaments also
bearing 5 pouchshaped, obliquely
truncate appendages which cover
the back of the anthers and are Vinca major.
called the corona; anthers open-
ing inwards and surmounted by
a membranous appendage ap-
pressed on the stigma; pollen
cohering in waxy masses, which
hang in pairs from small peglike
processes of the stigma; styles 2,
short, united under the flat-
topped, 5-angled stigma; seeds
numerous, crowned by a tuft of
long. silky hairs; fruit a large,
inflated, leathery follicle, stud-
ded with soft spines or bristles;
flowers in terminal and axillary,
pedunculate, drooping umbels;
pedicels long, recurved in fruit;
leaves opposite; branches con-
taining milky juice.

Stems stout, spread-

ing; leaves oval G.arborescens 1
Stems slender, erect ;

leaves linear-lan-

Pamebocuraus-arsorcc. ceolate ... ... ... G. fruticosus 2
cens. 1. Gomphocarpus ar-
- borescens, R. Br. Under-
shrub, with stout downy stems, branching dichotomously ;
leaves oval-oblong, entire, mucronate, subsessile, leathery,
with conspicuous, oblique, parallel veins; umbels downy of
10-20 flowers; corolla-lobes creamy-white above, downy- and

108 33. GENTIANACE.

purplish below; segments of corona slightly compressed,
the outer edge higher than the inner; follicles ovoid-
acuminate, downy, with a few soft spines.

Roadsides and gullies, Mount Lofty Range.—Apl.-Aug.
—South Africa.

>. G. fruticosus, R. Br. Undershrub with slender
erect stems, branching above, young parts white-downy ;
leaves long, linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends; umbels
loose, of 3-10 flowers; corolla-lobes white, ciliate; segments
of corona compressed, the outer edge lower than the inner,
which has 2 incurved teeth; follicles shaped as in the pre-
ceding species, but glabrous and bearing many soft spines.

Roadsides and gullies, Mount Lofty Range.—Nov.-Feb.
—-South Africa and Mediterranean region. Mentioned by
Allan Cunningham in 1817 as having been introduced into
New South Wales several years before. Both species are
popularly called Cotton Bush in South Australia, on account
of the tufted seeds.

Family 33.—GENTIANACEZA.
1. Eryrarama, Borckhausen.
(Greek erythros, red; colour of the flowers.)

1. Erythrzea Centaur-
ium, Pers. Common Centaury.
Small glabrous annual; stem
erect, quadrangular, branching
above; radical leaves, broad-
oval, withering early, stem-leaves
opposite, broad to narrow-oblong,
3-5 mnerved; flowers usually
numerous, subsessile, in dense
or loose dichotonous corymbose
cymes; calyx divided nearly to
the base into 5 linear-lanceolate
segments; corolla with 5 oval
spreading lobes shorter than the
tube; stamens 5; style 1, decidu-
ous, shortly bifid at summit;
capsule cylindrical, opening in 2
valves, as long as, or longer than,
the calyx; seeds numerous, small,
wrinkled. Some dwarf forms
have the inflorescence reduced to
a single flower.

Adelaide plains and Mount
Lofty Range. — Nov. - Feb. —
Europe; western Asia.

Erythrzea Centaurium.

34. POLEMONIACEZ,. 35. CONVOLVULACE. 109

Family 34.—

POLEMCONIACEA.
1. Giita, Cavanilles.
(After F. S. Gil, a Spanish

botanist.)

1. Gilia squarrosa,
Hooker and Arnott. Branching
annual, covered with glandular-
sticky hairs; leaves pinnatisect
with incised, pungent-pointed
segments, upper leaves simpler ;
flowers small, pale-blue, in dense
heads surrounded by leafy bracts ;
calyx divided almost to base into
5 awlshaped segments,
than the corolla, which has a

funnel-shaped tube and

ing limb of 5 oval lobes,

Established in New

longer .

spread-

South

Wales and Victoria, and has ap-
peared in the South-EKast.—Oct.- Gilia squarrosa.

Dec.

California, Oregon.

Family 35.—CONVOLVULACEA.
1. Guscura, LE.

_ Parasitic, twining, annual herbs, without leaves, and
clinging to other plants by suckers on stem; calyx and

Cuscuta Epithymum.

corolla 4-5-lobed; corolla-tube
broad, with 4-5 small scales in-
side ; stamens 4-5; capsule globu-
lar, 2-celled, 4-seeded.

Scales large, clos-

ing the corolla

tube... ... ..° G. Hpithymum 1
Scales small, not

closing the tube C. europea 2

1. Cuscuta Epithymum,
L. Lesser Dodder. Flowers
small, sessile, in globular clus-
ters; calyx with acuminate
lobes; corolla with acute lobes as
long as its tube, which is closed
inside by the connivent, fringed
_seales; styles 2, longer than the
ovary.

Living on lucerne and other
plants. — Oct.-Dec. — Europe;
Asia.

110 36. BORAGINACEA.

2.C. europeea, L. Greater Dodder. Flower-clusters
larger; calyx and corolla with blunt, oval lobes; scales
appressed against corolla-tube and not closing it; styles
shorter than ovary.

Living on other herbs.—Oct.-Dec.—Europe; temperate

Asia.
Family 36.._BORAGINACEZ.

Calyx persistant, of 5 divisions; corolla 5-lobed; sta-
mens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes; ovary 2- or 4-lobed
at summit, with a simple style rising from between the
lobes; fruit of 4 bony 1-seeded carpels (or fewer by abor-
tion), or of two 2-seeded carpels, either attached to a flat
receptacle or to a central axis rising from the receptacle
and forming the base of the style. Herbaceous plants,
usually rough-hairy; leaves alternate; flowers in 1-sided
spikes or racemes which are rolled backwards (scorpioid)
when young.

Flowers without bracts; corolla small, funnel-

shaped.

Flowers yellow, without folds; stigma small Amsinekia 1
Flowers white or lilac, with a fold between

each lobe; stigma large, conical ... ... Heliotropium 2
Flowers with bracts; carpels free.
Corolla campanulate with unequal lobes ... Hehium 3
Corolla funnel-shaped, with equal spreading
lobes ER en RE te iT, © Lithospermum 4

1. Amsinck1A, Lehm.
(After a friend of the author named Amsinck.)

1. Amsinckia angustifolia, Lehm. Rough-villous
annual with erect stems branch-
ing near summit; leaves long,
linear-lanceolate; flowers very
small, yellow, subsessile, in spikes
which become long and loose in
fruit; calyx divided almost to
the base into 5 erect, linear
lobes; corolla glabrous inside,
with a tube as long as the calyx
and 5 rounded lobes much
shorter than the tube; anthers
with short filaments, attached
above the middle of the corolla-
tube; stigma notched, carpels
ovoid, subquadrangular, wrin-
kled-tuberculate on the outer
face, smooth on the inner face
and attached to the conical re-
ceptacle by the lower part of
their inner angles.

Grange Railway.—Sept.-Dec.—

Shili ; ralis in southern ae
Tans naturalised sa os Amsinckia angustifolia.

36. BORAGIN ACE. ime

2. Hettorrorium, Lh.

(Greek hélios, the sun, and trepé6, I turn; the ancients
believed that the 1-sided spikes turned towards the sun.)

Calyx deeply cut into 5 lobes; corolla with a cylindrical
tube and 5 blunt, spreading lobes, folded in bud; stamens
enclosed ; style short or none, with a conical stigma; carpels
attached obliquely to the receptacle by their base. Flowers
sessile in dense, bractless spikes which are usually forked.

Flowers white; carpels 4.

Carpels wrinkled, glabrous ....... ... ... H. europeum 1
Carpels smooth, downy ... ... ... ... ... A. lasiocarpum 2
Blowers lilac; carpels 2° «. ... ... ... ... H. anchusefolium 3

1. Heliotropium europzeum, L. European
Heliotrope. Branching annual, downy with rather stiff
hairs and with a slender tap-
root; leaves stalked, oval,
greyish-green on both sides,
the nerves prominent below;
flowers white; peduncle bear-
ing 1-4 spikes; calyx villous,
as long as .corolla-tube, per-
sisting after the fall of the
fruit; corolla-lobes separated
by short teeth, tube glabrous
inside; stigma conical, notch-
ed at summit and longer than
the style; fruit subglobular,
earpels 4, ovoid, subtriangu-
lar. tuberculate, downy or
glabrous; receptacle convex.

Cultivated ground and
waste places in settled dis-
tricts.._Nearly all the year.
Mediterranean region.

The far-northern native
plant described as fH. eu- Heliotropium europzeum.
ropeum in Fl. Aust. IV., 394,
is distinguished by some botanists as H, Eichwaldii, Steu-
del, a species also found in India, and characterised by
almost smooth, glabrous carpels.

2. H. lasiocarpum, Fischer and Meyer. Scarcely
differs from the preceding, except in its smooth, downy
carpels. Sometimes considered a variety of H. Eichwaldii,
and all 3 species are very.closely allied.

Beside River Torrens, near Adélaide.—Most of the
year._-Western Asia and India.

3. H. anchuszefolium, Poiret. Villous, strong:
smelling perennial, with ascending stems, woody at base;
H

112 36. BORAGIN ACE.

leaves soft, wavy on the edges, oblong-lanceolate (var.
angustifoium, DC.), wrinkled transversely below; flowers
lilac; peduncle bearing 3-8 spikes; calyx glandular-hairy,
shorter than the corolla-tube, which is yellow and has 5
longitudinal rows of hairs inside; stigma sessile, broadly
conical, hairy, with a fleshy ring at base; fruit compressed -
globular, drupelike, shorter than the enlarged calyx, carpels
2, smooth, glabrous, each normally with 2 seeds: receptacle
almost flat. Tournefortia heliotropioides, Hooker.

Occasional near Adelaide. — Nov.-Jan. Argentina,
Flowers like those of garden helotrope, but have an un-
pleasant smell.

3. HKcexium, L.

1. Echium plantagineum, L. (including E.
violaceum, 1i.). Plantain-leaved Viper’ s- bites Biennial,
covered with stiff, spreading hairs seated on tubercles :
stems erect or ascending, branched; radical leaves in a
rosette, very large. oval, stalked,
stem-leaves oval-oblong, the up-
per ones sessile, acute, widened
and cordate at base; flowers
large purplish - red, in long
racemes, with a bract at the base
of each short pedicel, the whole
forming a _ spreading panicle;
calyx deeply cut into 5 lanceo-
late, rough-villous lobes; corolla
campanulate, nearly equal in
length and breadth. and about
3 times as long as the calyx,
with an oblique limb; stamens
unequal, anthers purple; style
long, bifid ; carpels subtriangular,
covered with rough tubercles and
inserted by their bases on the
almost flat receptacle.

Roadsides, pasture. — Sept.-
Dec., sometimes also in winter.—
Mediterranean region, extending Echium plantagineum.
up the west coast of France to :
Jersey. Known as Salvation Jane in our northern agri-
ae areas, and as Blue-weed or Paterson's Curse in

New South Wales.

4. Juarrmnospermum, L.

(Greek lithos, stone, and sperma, seed; alluding to the
' hard carpels.)
1. Lithospermum arvense, L. Corn Gromvwell.

Erect annual, usually branching, covered with white, stiff
appressed hairs; leaves l-nerved, lower ones oblong-

37. SOLANACEZE. 113

lanceolate, upper ones lanceolate and half-clasping; flowers
smal], white, in lengthening racemes with leafy bracts at
the base of the pedicels; calyx
deeply cut into 5 linear-lanceo-
late lobes, spreading in fruit;
corolla funnel-shaped, downy
outside and slightly exceeding
the calyx, with short, rounded
lobes; carpels triangular-conical,
attached to the receptacle by
their bases.

Pasture and cultivated land.
—Aug.-Dec.—Kurope, Asia.

Family 37.—SOLANACEA.

Calyx of 5 divisions, persistant
at least at the base; corolla with
5 equal lobes, usually folded in
bud; stamens 5, alternate with
the corolla lobes; style and ovary
simple: stigma entire or 2-lobed;
fruit a berry or capsule with 2
many-seeded cells. . Herbs’ or

woody plants, with alternate.
leaves Lithospermum arvense.
at |

Fruit a berry; flowers comparatively small.
Corolla wheelshaped or bellshaped ;
anthers large, close together.
Calyx shorter than fruit; anthers open-
ime ind pores at top 2: .. ....-.. SOLANUM
Calyx enclosing fruit; anthers opening
by longitudinal slits ... ...

.. «. PHYSALIS 2
Corolla funnel-shaped; anthers small, dis-

_ tant SEO ne RE Were re A: Lyctum 3
Fruit a capsule; flowers large.
Stigma 2-lobed; capsule spiny, 4-valved ... Daruna 4

Stigma entire; capsule not spiny, 2-valved Nicotiana 5

1. Souanum, L.

1. Solanum sodomzum, L. Apple of Sodom.
Undershrub with intricate branches, and beset with
stout, straight prickles and_ scattered stellate hairs;
leaves shortly stalked, wavy, sinuate-pinnatifid, with
rounded lobes and sinuses, green on _ both _ sides,
lighter below; flowers violet in short racemes, on
short thick peduncles;. recurved in fruit; calyx
prickly, with 5 lanceolate lobes; corolla with a
spreading 5-lobed limb, sprinkled with stellate hairs
and avery. short tube; berry large, depressed-
globular, at first white with green stripes, yellow when
ripe; pulp acrid.

114 37. SOLANACEAS.

Pasture and waste places.—
Oct.-Apl.—Mediterranean re-
gion and South Africa.

S. nigrum, L. (Black Night-
shade), an annual with small
white, almost umbellate flow-
ers and small black berries,
is cosmopolitan, and believed
to be indigenous.

S. cinereum, R. Br., re-
sembling S. sodomeum in
flowers and leaves, except
that the latter are white-
tomentose below, with weaker
spines and smaller globular
vellow berries, a native of
New South Wales, has ap-
peared near Burnside.

2. Puysauts, L.
(Greek physa, a bladder ;

alluding to the fruiting Solanum sodomzeum.
calyx.)

1. Physalis peruvi-
ana, lL. Cape Gooseberry.
Downy herbaceous perennial ;
leaves in pairs but not really
opposite, petiolate, oval-acu-
minate, cordate at base,
sinuate-toothed or almost en-
tire; flowers solitary, axillary,
drooping; fruiting calyx en-
larged and bladdery, enclosing
the fruit and with 5 connivent
teeth; corolla broadly cam-
panulate, pale- yellow, with
5 purple spots near the base;
berry globular, yellow, edible.

Beside creeks near Norman-
ville and Yankalilla.—Sept.-
Jan.—South America ; brought
to Sydney in early colonial
davs from the Cape of Good
Hope.

M, L. . 2.A

Mat, et: ¢ '
( Bozthorn. Glabrous shrub ;
somewhat spiny, with long, greyish, flexible, often drooping
branches and numerous short branchlets ending in a stout

3. Lyc1

1. Lycium,

37. SOLAN ACE 4. 115

spine ; leaves deciduous,
thickish, usually clustered,
oboval to oblanceolate, vary-
ing much in size; flowers
solitary or twin, on long or
short pedicels; calyx cylin-
drical with 5 triangular teeth,
becoming hemispherical and
deeply 2-lipped in fruit;
corolla funnel-shaped, nearly
twice the length of the calyx,
with a spreading limb and 5
oval lobes, which are deep
violet at base and = rather
shorter than the entire part;
corolla-tube with a ring of
hairs inside near the middle
and a downy tuft on each
filament near its base; sta-
mens and style protruding; °

berry small, subglobular, 10- ns :

= * ycium
12 mm. (about 3 in.) long and “Campane edu

about as broad, orange-red.

Cultivated as a hedge and spontaneous in _ places,
especially near the sea.—Varies in certain points from
any one Jlescribed species.._Most of the year.—Originally

totic 5 Nene.

4. Darura, L.

1. Datura Metel, I..
Stout annual, with purplish,
downy branches; leaves large,
oval, stalked, faintly sinuate,
funequal at base, the upper-
most ones in pairs; flowers
very large, ies solitary,
axillary, erect on short ped-
uncles; calyx tubular, downy.
7-8 em. (about 3 in.) long,
breaking off transversely after
flowering and _ leaving the
stiff, persistant base below the
fruit; corolla about 15 ecm.
(6 in.) long, funnel-shaped,
with a long tube and 5-angled
limb; capsule large, globular,
downy, drooping on the re-
curved peduncle and covered
with spines.

Cultivated and waste land,
Datura Metel. Adelaide Plains, especially

116 38. SCROPHULARIACEE.

near the sea.__Dec.- Mar.--Mediterranean region and
India.

D. Stramonium, li. (Thorn Apple), has been proclaimed
as a noxious weed, perhaps under a mistaken impression
that it was the name of the preceding plant, from which
it differs in its sinuate-toothed leaves, shorter corolla (7-10
em.), and erect, very spiny capsule. A poisonous plant,
found in almost all the warmer parts of the globe. JT have
not seen it in South Australia.

5. Nicorrana, L.

(After Jean Nicot, French ambassador at Lisbon, whence -he
sent to France seeds of the
tobacco plant, N. tabdewm,
L., in 1560.)

1. Nicotiana glauca,
Graham. Tobacco-tree. Tall,
erect shrub, sparingly branched,
glabrous and glaucous; leaves
on long purplish stalks, oval-
oblong, acuminate, entire; flow-
ers light-yellow, in a_ loose
panicle; calyx tubular, with
short, unequal, lanceolate, ciliate
teeth; corolla funnel - shaped,
downy, 3-4 cm. (about 14 in.)
long, suddenly contracted near
the base and swollen below the
very short limb; capsule ovoid,
as long as the enlarged calyx
which encloses it.

Roadsides, pasture, waste
places.—Aug. - Apl.—Argentina,
where it is known by its Indian
name of Paldn-palan. Nicotiana glauca.

Family 38.—SCROPHULARIACEZA.

Differs from Solanacew in the irregular corolla, which
is either 2-lipped (with the upper lip notched and the lower
one 3-lobed), or has 4-5 unequal lobes overlapping in bud,
and in the stamens, which are usually 4, in 2 unequal pairs
(didynamous) 5

rarely 2 or 5. Herbs with alternate, oppo-
site, or whorled leaves.

Calyx 5-lobed.
Corolla-tube spurred or pouched at base;
throat closed by the projecting palate.
Corolla large, pouched we we ee ose 6ANTIRRGINGM 1
Corolla small, spurred oti. U.hecnies © Re LNA REA res
Corolla not pouched or spurred; throat
open.

38. SCROPHULARIACE AS. 117

Corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4, glabrous ... Mimuius 3
Corolla wheelshaped; upper stamens
woolly.
RUUMCIIS HO! 5 sce les) An rete dace Weacieat sot | MEBRASCUMY:4
Stamens 4 Sy Ss a ee eo eee me PLOTS TAT
Calyx 4-lobed.
Corolla wheelshaped, 4-lobed; stamens 2... Veronica 6
Corolla tubular, 2-lipped; stamens 4... ... Barrsta 7

1. AnrrRRHINUM, L.

(Greek anti, like, and rhin, nose or snout; alluding
to the shape of the corolla.)

1. Antirrhinum Oron-
tium, L. Lesser Snapdragon.
Erect, slender annual, glandu-
lar-hairy in the upper part;
leaves lanceolate or _ linear,
tapering at base, the lower
opposite, the upper alternate;
flowers pink, smaller than the
garden Snapdragon (A. majus,
L.), shortly pedunculate, — soli-
tary in the axils of the upper
leaves; calyx villous, deeply
cut into 5 lnear lobes as long
as or longer than the calyx;
corolla with a wide villous
tube and 2 unequal lips, the
upper one erect, the lower one
with a raised palate closing the
throat; capsule obliquely ovoid,
hairy, shorter than the calyx,
opening at the top in 2 or 38
pores.

Cultivated land.—Aug.-Dec.—
Europe; western Asia. Antirrhinum Orontium.

2. Lirnarta, Jussieu.

1, Linaria Elatine, Mill. Pointed Toadflax. Pros-
trate, villous annual; leaves mostly alternate, shortly
stalked, many of the middle and upper ones hastate, the
lower ones broad-oval, usually with a few coarse teeth at
base; flowers yellow, with the upper lip purple, solitary
on spreading villous or almost glabrous peduncles in almost
all the axils; calyx villous with 5 lanceolate lobes; corolla
with a conical, curved spur at base; capsule globular, a
little shorter than the calyx, opening by 2 circular lids;
seeds honeycombed under the tens.

The form usually found near Adelaide is a Mediter-
ranean one, densely villous or woolly, with long, white,

118 38. SCROPHULARTACE.

intricate hairs, the peduncles
also villous. It is sometimes
considered a_ separate species
(L. Sieberi, Reichenbach).

Pasture and cultivated land.
—Dec. - May.—Europe; western
Asia.

3. Mimutus, L.

(Greek mimé, a monkey; allud-
ing to the shape of the
corolla.)

1. Mimulus moschatus,
Douglas. Musk Mimulus. Vil-
lous, sticky perennial, smelling
of musk; stems procumbent,
woolly, rooting at base; leaves
opposite, all shortly — stalked,
oval-acute, with small distant
teeth; flowers pale-yellow, — soli-
tarv in the axils of almost all
the leaves, on peduncles shorter
or longer than the _ leaves;
fruiting-calyx oblong, 5-angled,
with 5 lanceolate, unequal teeth;
corolla tubular in lower part,
2-lipped, the lower lip with 2
raised, downy, orange lines at
the base of its middle lobe;
stigma broadly-2-lobed; capsule
ovoid, enclosed in the calyx,
wrinkled transversely and open-
ing by 2 valves. ‘

Mount Lofty Range; in moist
places. —- Nov. - Jan. — North
America; naturalised in parts of
Murope.

Linaria Elatine.

4. Verpsascum, L.

Calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla
with a short tube and a spread-
ing limb of 5 unequal rounded
lobes; stamens 5, the 2 lower
ones the longest; anthers 1-
Mimulus moschatus. Célled; leaves alternate, ‘the
radical ones in a rosette.

Leaves decurrent; flowers in a dense spike ... V. Zhapsus 1
Leaves uot decurrent; flowers in a_ loose
raceme LP Re, IL bee Oe alas Oe, Samm aea OO Eten

38. SCROPHULARIACEE. 119

1. Verbascum Thapsus, L. Great Mutllein.
Stout, erect, densely white-tomentose biennial; leaves
crowded, thick, soft, oval-lanceolate, crenate, decurrent in
wings along the stem; flowers yellow, in a long, dense, ter-
minal spike; corolla coneave, 15-20 mm. (3-% in.) avross;
the 83 short filaments whitish-woolly, the 2 lone ones glabrous
or almost so; capsule ovoid.

Waste places in Mount Lofty Range; a garden escape.
Oct.-F'eb.—Kurope and temperate Asia.

2. V. vwirgatum, With.
Twiggy Mullein. Tall, _ stiff,
erect, glandular-downy _ bien-
nial; stem simple or branched;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed
or crenate, the upper ones stem-
clasping; flowers yellow, in
clusters of 2-4, in the axil of a
bract and with 2 bracteoles at
the base of the pedicels, or some-
times all solitary in each axil,
especially in the upper part of
the long, loose raceme or on the
side-branches; pedicels shorter
than the’ bracts and calyx;
corolla flat, 30-40 mm. (1-14 in.)
across; filaments with purple
hairs, capsule globular.

All the specimens with soli-
tary flowers which I have seen
are lacking in the pedicels
longer than bracts, which is the
characteristic feature of V. Blat-
taria, L.. (Moth Mullein), a
closely allied European species
which has been reported from
some parts of Australia.

Adelaide plains and_ hills. — Oct.- May. — Western
Europe.

Verbascum virgatum.

Do» Cristal. b:

(After Olaus Celsius, a Swedish botanist.)

1. Celsia cretica, L. fil. Erect. downy biennial,
differing from a Verbascum only in the number of stamens ;
stem stout, villous; leaves crenate-toothed, the radical ones
stalked, lyrate, the upper ones oblong or oval, stem-clasp-
ing; flowers yellow, with purple throat, solitary in the axil
of a leaty, oval-acuminate bract, forming a long, dense
raceme ; calyx large, with oval, saw-toothed segments; corolla
flat, about 45 mm. (nearly 2 in.) across; 2 upper stamens
purple-woolly, the 2 lower ones much longer and glabrous;
capsule large, ovoid.

120 38. SCROPHULARIACE®.

Norton’s Summit; Kangaroo Island.—-Oct. - Dee.—
Mediterranean region.

6. Veronica, L.

Calyx deeply 4-lobed; corolla wheelshaped with 4 un-
equal lobes, the upper one the largest; stamens 2, inserted
at the base of the upper lobe; capsule 2-valved.

Perennial; flowers in racemes which rise

from the leat-axils 4. ):..) a cate ee | eeAnagoliaaane

Annual; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils .... |. hederafolia 2

1. Veronica Anagallis, L. JWater Speedwell.
Glabrous perennial; rootstock creeping; stems thick, hollow,
erect; leaves opposite, stem-clasping, oval-lanceolate or
lanceolate, toothed; flowers small, pale-bluec, in loose, oppo-
site, axillary racemes; calyx with 4 oblong-lanceolate lobes,
a little shorter than the corolla; capsule somewhat com-
pressed, subcireular, notched at
the summit, about as long as the
calyx.

Swamps near Millicent.—Oct.-
Jan.—Europe ; Asia; North
America.

2 WV. hederzefolia, lL.
Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Downy
annual, with weak prostrate
stems; lower leaves opposite,
upper alternate, all stalked,
circular, 5-7-lobed, the terminal
lobe the largest and rounded:
flowers small, pale-blue, solitary
on axillary peduncles about as
long as the leaf, and finally re-
curved; calyx quadrangular, with
4 triangular, ciliate lobes, cor-
date at base; capsule subglobu-
lar, 4-lobed, containing 2-4 large
seeds,

Cultivated ground, Waterfall

Gully; Fulham. — Aug. - Jan. — Veronica hederzfolia.
Europe; western Asia.

7. Barrsta, L.
(After Dr. J. Bartsch, a friend of Linnzeus.)

1, Bartsia latifolia, Sibth. Small glandular-
hairy annual, with erect, reddish stem, simple or branched ;
leaves opposite, sessile; lower ones oval, incised, the upper
ones palmatifid with 3-7 acute lobes; flowers small, purplish
red, in a spike at first dense and ovoid, afterwards
lengthening and interrupted at base; calyx tubular, with
4 lanceolate, subequal teeth; corolla persistant, upper lip
helmet-shaped, nearly as long as the lower, which has 2

39. LABIAT 24. 121

protuberances at the base of the
middle lobe; anther-cells mucron-
ate at base: capsule lanceolate,
as long as the calyx, opening by
2 valves: seeds minute, ovoid.

Pasture; widely distributed.—
Sept. - Nov.— Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

Family 39._LABIATZA.

Flowers irregular; calyx per-
sistant, with 5 or 10 teeth, or
2-lipped; corolla tubular, usually
2-lipped; stamens 4, in pairs,
or 2 by abortion; ovary 4-lobed;
fruit of 4 dry l-seeded carpels
(as in Boraginacee); style 1, 2-
lobed. Herbs, rarely shrubs,
often aromatic; leaves opposite,
usually beset with glandular
dots containing resinous oil;
stems and branches quadrangu- Bartsia latifolia.
lar; flowers usually in dense
clusters, called false-whorls, in the axils of the stem-leaves,
or of floral leaves reduced to the appearance of bracts.

Corolla with 4 almost equal lobes, not. dis-
tinctly 2-lipped See Dace ated Ttetig wea eeest AVERNITETA, > 1
Corolla with 2 distinct lips.
Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube.
Flowers purple; calyx with 5 blunt teeth LavanpuLa 2
Flowers white; calyx with 10 sharp,
curved teeth _... Marrvsivm 3
Stamens not concealed in the corolla-tube.
Stamens 2; anthers l-celled; calyx 2-

lipped.
Filaments surmounted by a_ simple,
lengthened connective. Rosmarincs 4

Filaments surmounted by a branched
connective, the longer branch bear-
ing the anther _... et LOA TAG 99
Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled.
Flowers white ; calyx flattened on the
back, with 5 unequal teeth; Pas
rant perennial... Metissa 6
Flowers violet; calyx rounded on the
back, with 5 equal teeth; non-
fragrant. plants ... .. Se es SUAGEEUS ail

1.°"Menrna, L.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, with the tube
enclosed in the calyx, and 4 subequal lobes; stamens 4
equal, erect, distant; anthers with 2 parallel cells; carpels

122 39. LABIAT A.

rounded at the summit. Very fragrant herbs, with small
flowers and stolon-bearing rootstocks.
Flowers in eylindrical, terminal — spikes

(leaves under the whorls reduced to nar-

row bracts).

Leaves sessile aah sneha ache pal See one pemell Ce curs
eaves) stalked: “aia 2.60 ¥.0 ben adie on, DUE piperdiee
Flowers in axillary whorls; hairy plant ... WM. Pulegium 3

1. Mentha viridis, L. Spear Mint. Erect peren-
nial, almost glabrous; leaves sessile or almost so, lanceolate
or lanceolate - oblong, saw - toothed, green on both sides;
flowers very small, white,
blotched with llac, in long
spikes, which are at first
dense, and afterwards inter-
rupted; bracts linear; calyx
campanulate with lanceolate
teeth and 5 principal and 6-7
secondary nerves; carpels
ovoid, dotted,

Torrens River and_ creeks
in Mount Lofty Range.
Jan.-Mar.—Cultivated plant,
found wild in many coun-
tries.

2. M. piperita, L. Pec)-
permint. Almost glabrous,
like the preceding, but differs
in having the leaves stalked
and oval-lanceolate: spikes
shorter, denser, with larger,
lilac flowers; calyx-teeth and
bracts ciliate; oilglands pro- Mentha viridis.
minent on calyx,

Creeks, gullies of Mount Lofty Range.—Jan.-Mar.—A
garden plant, believed by some botanists to be a hybrid of
M. viridis with some other species.

3. M. Pulegium, L. Pennyroyat. A grey-villous
perennial; stems erect or ascending, branching; leaves
shortly stalked, oval or nearly circular, sometimes beeom-
ing almost glabrous, the upper ones about as long as the
whorls; flowers violet, in numerous compact, distant,
axillary whorls; calyx tubular, 10-nerved, the throat closed
by a dense ring of white hairs, teeth ciliate, the 2 lower
narrower than the 3 upper; corolla downy outside; stamens
protruding; carpels smooth.

Bridgewater.—Dec.-Apl.—Europe; western Asia.

2. Lavanputa, L.

1. Lavandula Stoechas, LL. French Lavender.
Low, branching tomentose shrub; leaves lnear, grey-

39. LABIAT ZL. 123

tomentose, with more or _ less
recurved edges, often clustered
at the nodes; flowers dark-
purple in dense, cblong, quad-
rangular spikes, surmounted by
several large, sterile, violet
bracts; bracts (floral leaves) of
the spike broadly oboval, some-
what 3-lobed, membranous,
veined, 3-flowered; calyx vil-
lous, 13-nerved, with the upper
tooth clawed and broader than
the other 4; corclla 2-lipped,
with 5 almost: equal _ spread-
ing lobes.

Pasture: Burnside, Mount
Lofty Range.—July-Nov.—Medi-
terranean region.

3. Marrusium. L.

1. Marrubium vulgare,
L. Horehoynd. White-tomentose,
branching perennial ; leaves
stalked, circular, irregularly

crenate,
in dense, compact, distant

axillary
hairy,

lower

(latin

leaves

Marrubium vulgare. curved
below ;

Lavandula Stocchas.
wrinkled; fiowers white,

whorls; calyx stellate-

with 10 awlshaped, re-
curved teeth and a ring of hairs
inside at their base; corolla 2-
lipped, the upper lp erect, the
spreading; carpels ob-
ovoid, triangular.

Roadsides and pasture all
over the State.—Sept.-Jan.—
Europe;

western Asia.

4. Rosmarinus, L.

ros marinus, sea-dew ;

erows near the coast in the
south of Europe.)

1. Rosmarinus officin-
alis, L. Rosemary. Evergreen,
branching, aromatic shrub ;
numerous, linear, green
and wrinkled above, with re

edges, white-tomentose
flowers white, splashed

with violet, in dense axillary and terminal racemes, shorter
than the leaves; calyx densely white-tomentose, campanu-
late, 2-lipped, upper lip oval with 3 minute teeth, lower

124 39. LABIAT AL.

lip with 2 lanceolate teeth;
upper lip of corolla erect, the
lower spreading, the middle
lobe concave and very broad;
stamens 2, the connective
lenethened, continuous with the
filament and bearing a 1-celled
anther, the junction between
filament and connective being
indicated by a short tooth.

Cultivated; spontaneous here
and there, even in scrubland.
July -Sept.—Mediterranean _re-
gion.

Deis Anvinde | lie

Calyx 2-lipped; corolla 2-
lipped, the upper lip arched and
helmet-shaped, the lower 3-
lobed, with the middle lobe
largest; stamens 2, short, fila-
ments surmounted by a length-
ened connective of which the

Rosmarinus officinalis.

longer branch bears a l-celled anther and the shorter an

abortive anther or scale.
Herb; flowers small, blue

S. Verbenaca 1

Undershrub; flowers large, bronze-red ... ... S. aurea 2

il:

flowers

raceme

Salvia.

Salvia Verbenaca. tose ;
almost

Salvia Verbenaca,
L. Wild Sage. Scented peren-
nial herb, with erect, villous
stems, simple or branched ; leaves
oval-oblong, wrinkled, with ecren-
ate lobes, the upper ones sessile ;

small, blue, in distant,

6-flowered whorls, forming a long
- bracts circular, acumin-
ate; upper lip of calyx with 3
minute teeth, the 2 lateral teeth
connivent, lower lip with 2
lanceolate teeth; corolla from
half as long again to twice the
length of calyx.

Roadsides and pasture.—All the
year.—Hurope.

2. S. aurea, L. Golden

Undershrub, much

branched, densely white-tomen-

leaves shortly stalked
circular, thick, entire;

fiowers large, of a reddish-brown resembling bronze, usually
2, sometimes 6 in each whorl, forming a dense raceme;

39. LABIAT AL. 125

bracts like the leaves, but smaller; calyx campanulate,
villous, both lips broad, notched, becoming enlarged, mem-
branous and veined when in fruit; corolla 3 times as long
as the calyx. with a hairy ring inside at the base the lower
lip recurved and the middle lobe long and notched; stamens
and style protruding.

Brighton Road and sandhills near sea.—Aug.-Oct.—
South Africa.

6. Metissa, L.

(Greek melissa, a bee; plants
visited for their honey.)

1. Melissa officinalis,
L. Balm. Fragrant, branching
perennial, villous or almost
glabrous; leaves stalked, oval,
wrinkled, with broad blunt teeth;
flowers white, on short peduncles,
in l-sided, distant, axillary
whorls of 6-12; calyx villous, 13-
nerved, the upper lip flat, 3-
toothed, the lower one _ bifid;
corolla twice as long as calyx,
with an arched, swelling tube,
upper lip erect, the lower re-
curved; stamens 4, arched and
connivent at summit, the lower
pair the longest.

Near creeks in Mount Lofty
Range. — Dec.-Jan. — Mediter-
ranean region; called Citron-
nelle by the French on account Melissa officinalis.
of its lemon-like scent.

7. Stacuys, L.
(Greek stachys, a spike; alluding to the inflorescence.)

Calyx with 5 nearly equal, pointed teeth; corolla tube
cylindrical, with a ring of hairs inside, the upper lip erect
and helmet-shaped, the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe the largest; stamens 4, the lower pair longer,
recurved outwards after flowering; anther-cells so diver-
epat that they are placed end to end and open by a common
slit.

Green-villous annual ... .. ... .:. .. «. S. arvensis 1
White-woolly perennial S. lanata 2

1. Stachys arvensis, L. Field Stachys. Rough-
villous annual, with weak ascending stems; leaves oval,
stalked, truncate or cordate at base, regularly crenate;
flowers small, viclet, in distant axillary whorls of 4-6;

126 40. VERBENACEA.

calyx villous, becoming purple
in fruit, with long, lanceolate,
ciliate teeth; corolle scarcely
exceeding calyx, the lips short:
carpels obovoid, tuberculate
under the lens.

Roadsides, pastures, cultivated
land.—Almost all the year.—
Europe; western Asia.

2. S. lanata, Jacq. Stout,
erect, perennial, covered with
a soft, thick, white wool; leaves
oval-oblong, acute, stalked, min-
utely crenate; flowers purple,
numerous in each whorl; calyx
woolly, with short triangular
teeth; upper lip of corolla very
woolly outside, the tube as long
as the calyx.

Roadsides near Myponga;: a
garden escape. — Nov.-Jan.— — gtachys arvensis.
i. .
Eastern Europe; western Asia.

Family 40.—VERBENACEZA.

Flowers and quadrangular stems as in Labiata@, except
that the ovary is simple, not lobed, and the corolla less
markedly 2-lipped; fruit enclosed in the persistant calyx,
with 1 seed in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Versena, L.

Stamens enclosed in the corolla tube; fruit dry, of 4
carpels, separating at maturity.
Perennial; leaves narrow, toothed.

Corolla-tube slightly exceeding calyx .. V. bonariensis 1
Corolla-tube 3 times as long as calyx ... V. venosa 2
Annual; leaves broad, deeply lobed... ... V. supina 3

1. Verbena bonariensis, L. Tall, erect, rough-
hairy, herbaceous perennial, with rigid sharply angled
stems; leaves linear, sessile, stem-clasping, sharply toothed
in the upper half; flowers small, bluish, in dense, terminal]
spikes on long peduncles, forming a trichotomous panicle;
bracts lanceolate, ciliate, equalling or slightly exceeding
the calyx, which has 5 lanceolate teeth; corolla shortly vil-
lous outside, the tube a litile longer than the calyx, with
5 blunt, subequal, spreading lobes; carpels subcylindrical,
smooth on the back, white-tuberculate on the face.

Roadsides and pastures in Mount Lofty Range.—Dec.-
Feb.—Temperate South America. The specific name means
‘‘of Buenos Aires.”’

2. V. wenosa, Gillies and Hocker. A smaller plant
than the preceding, rough-hairy, with slender, ascending

41. SELAGINACEZ. 127

stems; leaves oblong, sessile, half-clasping, rigid, with dis-
tant spreading teeth and prominent nerves below; bracts
longer than the 5-toothed calyx; corolla bluish, the tube
slender, about 3 times as long as calyx.

Waterfall Gully.—-Nov.-Dec.—Temperate South America.

3. V. supina, L. Annual,
rough with appressed hairs or
almost glabrous; stems branched,
ascending or procumbent; leaves
stiff, sometimes in whorls of 3;
stalked, oval in outline, wedge-
shaped at base, bipinnatifid with
blunt lobes; flowers small, lilac,
in terminal spikes; bracts broad-
lanceolate, half as long as the
calyx, which is 4-angled, rough-
hairy, with 4 minute teeth;
corolla with 5 spreading lobes,
the tube slightly exceeding the
calyx, bent, swollen and downy
about the middle, with a ring of
hairs in the throat; carpels with
a blunt keel on the back, and
transversely: wrinkled near the

top.
Roadsides, Adelaide plains.—

Oct.-Ap].—-Mediterranean region, Verbena supina.

Diechisma capitatum.

I

Family 41.—SELAGINACEZA.
Flowers irregular ; calyx divided
into 2 sepals; stamens 4, in pairs,
inserted at the summit of the
corolla-tube; anthers’ 1-celled;
ovary simple, 2-celled, with 1
hanging ovule in each cell; style
undivided ; fruit dry, separating
into two 1-seeded carpels.
1. Discuisma, Choisy.

1. Dischisma_ capita-
tum, Choisy. A small annual,
white-woolly on the young parts;
stems ascending, simple or
branched; leaves linear, blunt,
ciliate at base, and with a few
blunt teeth near the top; lower
leaves opposite, upper alternate;
_flowers small, white, in ovoid,
terminal spikes, each flower
within a floral leaf or bract
resembling the stem-leaves, but
with a broad, ciliate base as long

128 42. PLANTAGINACE.

as the corolla; sepals 2, one on each side of the corolla
and not half its length, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, white and
resembling bracteoles; corolla narrow, slit downwards: for
half its length so as to become 1-lipped, the lip 4-lobed.
Sandy land near Grange Railway.—Aug.-Oct.—S. Africa,

Family 42.—PLANTAGINACEZA.
1. Puantago, L.

Calyx’ divided into 4 sepals; corolla scarious, 4-lobed;
stamens 4, protruding, alternate with the corolla-lobes;
style simple; fruit capsular, membranous, 2-4-celled, open-
ing circularly near the base. Flowers in dense spikes at
the top of long, stiff, leafless peduncles.

Leaves oval or lanceolate.

Leaves oval; capsule with 8-16 seeds ... P. major 1
Leaves lanceolate; capsule with 2 seeds ... P. lanceolata 2
Leaves linear-pinnatifid cio ae | Gee eel. MC OOM 0 pias

1. Plantago major, L. Greater Plantain. Peren-
nial with a short, thick rootstock; leaves in a radical
rosette, thick, oval, toothed or entire, 5-9-nerved, on long,
somewhat winged stalks; flowers in slender, cylindrical
spikes, 3-20 cm, (13-8 in.) long, rather loose at the base,
on striate peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves;
bracts bluntly oval, about half the length of the oval sepals,
and, like them, green on the back and scarious at the
edges; corolla-lobes oval; capsule 2-celled, with 4-8 angular
seeds in each cell.

Near Torrens and Onkaparinga Rivers, and in gullies.—
Oct.-Apl.—Europe; Asia.

2. P. lanceolata, L. Rih-
grass. Perennial with a short,
thick rootstock, woolly about the
base of the leaves; leaves radi-
cal, lanceolate-acuminate, taper-
ing into a stalk, usually with 5
conspicuous ribs; flowers in
spikes at first oval-oblong, fin-
ally almost cylindrical, 3-7 cm.
(11-3 in.) long; peduncles angu-
lar, furrowed, longer than the |
leaves; bracts oval, longer than
the sepals, which are keeled,
more or less hairy on the back,
the 2 lower ones usually united
to near the summit; corolla
whitish, with oval lobes; cap-
sule 2-celled, with 1 brown shin-
ing, oblong seed, channeled on
the inner face, in each cell.

Roadsides, pasture, gullies.—
Oct.-Jan.—Europe; Asia, Plantago lanceolata.

43. CHENOPODIACE. 129

3. P. Coronopus, L. Buck’s-horn Plantain. Vil-
lous annual or biennial; leaves spreading in a radical
rosette, linear and pinnatifid, with long, linear-lanceolate
lobes; spikes slender, cylindrical, sometimes 8 cm. (over
3 in.) long; peduncles softly villous with appressed white
hairs, about as long as the leaves; bracts oval-acuminate,
as long as the sepals; 2 upper sepals concave, with a
searious, ciliate wing on the back, the 2 lower ones ciliate
on the outer edge; corolla brownish, with acute lobes and
downy tube; capsule usually 3-celled, with 1 winged seed in
each cell.

Grange Road and Cheltenham.—Oct.-Feb.—Europe ;
western Asia.

Crass 4.—MONOCHLAMYDEZ.

Flowers with 1 floral envelope (perianth); all. the seg-
ments herbaceous and resembling a calyx, or colored like
petals, or scarious, or sometimes wanting.

Family 43.—CHENOPODIACEZ.
1. Cuenopopium, L.

(Greek khén, a goose, and pous, foot; alluding to the
shape of the leaves.)

Perianth herbaceous, usually of 5 segments or sepals;
stamens usually 5 inserted at the base of the perianth,
opposite the segments; styles 2-3; fruit indehiscent, en-
closed in the persistant perianth, and consisting of a mem-
branous pericarp, separable or inseparable from the single
seed, which is depressed-globular in shape, with the embryo
coiled in a circle round the albumen. Mostly herbs;
flowers without bracts; leaves stalked, alternate.

Leaves green on both sides, coarsely toothed C. murale 1
Leaves mealy below, sinuate-toothed.
Prostrate fleshy-leaved plant Boe. ere ee Om ATCT
Erect thin-leaved plant... ... ... ... ... C. album 3

1. Chenopodium murale, L. Nettle-leaved
Goosefoot. Annual, mealy on young parts and inflorescence ;
stems erect or ascending, much-branched, reddish, angular ;
leaves rather thick, green on both sides, or sometimes
slightly mealy below, lower ones broadly oval-rhomboidal,
upper ones lanceolate, all coarsely, irregularly and sharply
toothed except along ‘the base; flower-clusters green, finally
red, in slender, leafless, spreading, branched spikes, form-
ing loose axillary and terminal panicles, leafy near the
base; perianth concealing the fruit, segments keeled;
stamens 5; seed horizontal, dull- -black, dotted, with a
sharply keeled edge.

130 44. AMARANTACE’,

Roadsides and waste places in
town and country.—Aug.-Apl.—
Almost cosmopolitan.

2. C. glaucum, L. Glau-
cous Goosefoot. Prostrate or
ascending annual with striate,
reddish stems; leaves _ rather
small, succulent, green above,
mealy-white below, oval-oblong,
blunt, sinuate-toothed, with
short, unequal, distant teeth;
flower-clusters almost glabrous,
in axillary spikes shorter than
the leaves and _ in_ terminal
spikes interspersed with small
leaves near the base; perianth
closing over, but not quite con-
cealing the fruit; segments
mostly 3-4, with a faint keel
which is thickened in fruit;
stamen 1; seeds_ horizontal, Chenopodium murale.
rarely vertical, smooth and
shining after the greenish pericarp is removed, and with a
blunt edge.

Salt lands near the sea, Adelaide; Kangaroo Island.—
Nov.-Apl.—Europe; Asia.

3. Cc. album, L. White Goosefoot. Annual, 1-2 m.
(3-6 ft.) high, with an erect, angular, red-striped stem,
branching almost from the base; leaves more or less mealy,
especially below, oval-rhomboidal, irregularly sinuate-
toothed except along the base, uppermost leaves lanceolate,
almost entire; flower-clusters mealy, reddening in fruit, in
short, dense spikes, forming very long, narrow, axillary
and terminal panicles, leafy towards the base; perianth
segments thickened, keeled and concealing the fruit ; stamens
5; seed horizontal, shining-black after the pericarp is re-
moved, and with a blunt edge.

Our commonest form is tall, with very loose panicles,
acute leaves, sometimes almost 3-lobed and always white-
mealy below; another form is shorter, with denser panicles
and short, broad, blunt leaves (like those of CU. opulifolium,
Schrad.), but the seed is always smooth and shining, al-
though without the sharply keeled edge which is usually
considered characteristic of C. album.

Waste places and cultivated Jand.—Nov.-Aug.—Almost
cosmopolitan.

Family 44.—AMARANTACEZA.
1. Amarantvus, L.

Flowers moneecious, small, with 1 scarious bract and
usually 1-2 bracteoles at base; perianth of 3 or 5 scarious

45. POLYGONACE 2. 131

segments, usually with a green central nerve; styles 2-3,
persistant on the fruit, which is membranous, with a separ-
able pericarp; seed solitary, depressed-globular, vertical,
shining-black. Herbs, with alternate, stalked leaves.
Fruit wrinkled, indehiscent; perianth-
segments 3 ih ire ast Peet ee
Fruit smooth, opening transversely; perianth-
REPTMOMUGGO) Wsctus cis ckee, acts eee teu yitae

A. viridis 1

A, retroflerus 2

1. Amarantus viridis,
L. rreen Amaranth. Almost
glabrous annual; stem _ stout,
erect, often striped with purple,
branching from base; leaves pale-
green, lighter below, oval or
oval-oblong, blunt at base and
blunt or notched at top; flowers
green, in slender. interrupted
spikes, lower spikes axillary,
upper ones forming a loose, ter-
minal, leafless panicle; perianth-
segments 3; oval-acuminate, twice
as long as the oval bracts; sta-
mens 3; fruit wrinkled, indehis-
cent, exceeding the perianth.

Waste and cultivated land.—
Jan.-Mar.—Warm parts of Asia.

2. A. retrofiexus, IL.
Downy annual with thick, erect,
furrowed stem; _ leaves _ pale-
green, often suffused with red,
oval or lanceolate; fiowers Amarantus viridis.
greenish in thick dense _ spikes,
axillary and in a long terminal panicle; bracts awned and
spreading, so as te give the spikes a bristly appearance,
slightly exceeding or nearly twice as long as the 5 perianth-
segments, which are oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes blunt
and mucronate at the top; stamens 5; fruit almost smooth,
opening by a lid, rather shorter than the perianth.

Cultivated land.—Dec.-Mar.—Temperate regions of
the globe.

A. caudatus, L. (Love-lies-bleeding), a stout garden
annual, with large, bright-green leaves and long, drooping
panicles of red flowers, arranged in slender spikes, is found
here and there as an escape.—India.

Family 45.:-POLYGONACEA.
Perianth persistant, of 5-6 segments; stamens 4-8, in-
serted at the base of the perianth; styles or style-branches

2-3; fruit small, dry, resembling a seed, indehiscent, en-
closed in the perianth, l-celled with 1 erect seed. Mostly

132 45. POLYGONACE.

herbs, with simple, alternate leaves, and thin membranous
stipules forming a sheath round the stem.

Perianth-segments 6, unequal, the 3 inner
ones closing over the fruit; styles, 3, with
fringed stigmas.

Three outer segments small, 3 inner ones

large Ee Geet aera isiaintleciss ayoneiones ol
Three outer segments spiny, 3 inner ones
small che Mieka, Mee Clee ae een eee UME Keane
Perianth-segments 5, subequal ... ... ... .... PotyGonum 3

I Rua a:

Perianth-segments 6, herbaceous; stamens 6; fruit 3-
angled, free from, but covered by the enlarged inner seg-
ments of the perianth, which resemble the valves of a cap-
sule; flowers in false-whorls, forming long racemes or
panicles.

Leaves hastate; flowers unisexual ... ... ... R. Acetosella 1
Leaves not hastate, usually rounded at base;
flowers bisexual.
Fruiting valves with long teeth ... ... ...
Fruiting valves entire or scarcely toothed.
Valves oblong; panicle loose ... ... ... R. conghomeratus 3
Valves almost circular; panicle dense ... &. crispus 4

1. Rumex Acetosella,
L. WSheep-sorrel. Slender peren-
nial, acid in taste, with creep-
ing rootstock; leaves all stalk-
ed, oblong, usually hastate,
auricles spreading, sometimes
divided twice or thrice at base;
stipules silvery-white; flowers
small, the 2 sexes on different
plants, in slender panicles; outer
fruiting segments erect, the
valves scarcely as long as the
fruit.

Roadsides, pastures.—Sept.-
Nov.—Temperate regions of the
globe.

2. R. pulcher, L. [Fiddle
Dock. Biennial or perennial,
with erect stem and numerous
stiff branches, spreading almost
horizontally; leaves stalked, the
radical ones oblong-cordate and Rumex Acetosella.
often contracted in the centre
like a fiddle; whorls distant, in long, loose, somewhat leafy
racemes; pedicel jointed near the base, a little shorter than
the fruiting valves, which are oval-triangular, usually all

R. pulcher 2

45. POLYGON ACE. 133

3 bearing an oblong tubercle, or
2 with undeveloped tubercles,
netveined and bordered by stiff
lanceolate teeth.

Roadsides and waste places.—
Oct. - Dec.—Europe ; western
Asia.

3. R. congiomeratus,
Murray. Clustered Dock. Erect
perennial, with spreading-ascend-
ing branches; lower leaves
oblong - lanceolate, wavy on the
edges; whorls distant, in long,
leafy racemes, forming a_ loose
panicle; fruiting valves oblong-
oval, entire, each bearing an
evoid tubercle.

Roadsides, gullies, preferring
moist places.—Oct.-Dec.—Tem-
perate parts of the globe.

4. R. crispus, L. Curled
eit alae Dock. Perennial with a stout
erect stem and short erect branches; leaves minutely waved
on the edges, the lower ones oblong-lanceolate; whorls
many-flowered, close together, leafy only towards the base
and forming a long dense panicle; pedicels longer than the
fruiting valves, which are broad-oval, cordate at base,
entire, netveined, often only one of the 3 bearing a fully
developed tubercle. ;
Roadsides, waste places.—Nov.-
Jan.—Temperate regions of the
globe.
2. Emex, Necker.

1. Emex australis, Stein-
heil. Glabrous annual, with thick,
prostrate or ascending, branch-
ing stems; leaves long-stalked,
broad-oval, truncate or cordate

at base, thin, wavy on the eo ee

the stipular sheath soon ruptur-
ing and disappearing; flowers
monecious, in leafy, axillary
false-whorls, the male flowers in
a short raceme rising from
among the _ subsessile -female
flowers; male perianth of 5-6
equal, oblong segments with 4-6
stamens, female perianth en-
larged and hardened in fruit,
with a triangular tube and 6 Emex australis.

134 45. POLYGON ACE.

lobes, the 3 outer terminating in a rigid, spreading spine,
the 3 inner smaller, oval, closing over the fruit.

Roadsides, waste places, sandhills.—Almost all the
year.—South Africa. The fruit forms a larger and fiercer
Prickly-jack than the Tribulus terrestris of the Far North.

3. Potyconum, L.

(Greek polys, many, and gony, a knee; the stems have
many nodes.)

Perianth segments usually 5, almost equal; stamens
5-8; fruit enclosed in the persistant perianth.

Leaves lanceolate; stems prostrate ...... P. aviculare 1
Leaves arrow-shaped; stems climbing .. LP. Conrolvulus 2

1. Polygonum aviculare, LL. IWireweed, Hog-
weed (Australia); Knotweed (Kngland). Glabrous annual,
with long, stiff, wiry stems,
prostrate in open ground; leaves
oblong-lanceolate; stipules long,
white-scarious, torn at summit;
flowers small, white or pink,
axillary, solitary or 2-4 together ;
styles 3; fruit 3-angled, reddish-
black, dull, minutely tuberculate
under the lens, as long as the
perianth.

_Cultivated and waste places.—
Noy.-May.—Cosmopolitan.

2. P. Convolvulus, L.
Black Bindweed. Glabrous an-
nual with slender climbing stems;
leaves arrow-shaped or cordate,
acuminate, on long _ stalks;
stipules short, truncate; flowers
whitish in small axillary clusters
and loose terminal racemes; Polygonum aviculare.
anthers violet; styles 3; fruit :
with 3 sharp angles, dull-black, quite enclosed in the
perianth.

Cultivated land.—Dec.-Mar.—Almost cosmopolitan.

P. lapathifolium, L., a cosmopolitan species, native
near Mount Gambier and in the Eastern States, has ap-
peared in the Mount Lofty Range near Clarendon. — It
has prominent truncate stipules, broad-lanceolate leaves
tapering into a stalk, glandular-dotted on the under-
side and ciliate on edges; panicle glandular-rough; styles
2; fruit shining, flat, with concave sides.

46. EUPHORBIACE. 135
Family 46.—EUPHORBIACEZ.

Flowers unisexual; perianth either absent and replaced
by an involucre, or of 3-5 divisions, free or united at base;
stamens few or numerous; styles 2-3; fruit capsular, with
2-3 carpels (cocci), each containing 1-2 seeds, the carpels
separating from each other at maturity, leaving a_per-
otal central axis, and usually opening elastically by 2
valves.

Perianth replaced by a calyx-like involucre,
containing 1 female and several male
flowers of 1 stamen each; leaves entire

AEEIEOOUNEG -:2v= .:ce Hck see See cee eae oes UU PHOBRRBYA I
Male and female flowers distinct; stamens
numerous; leaves palmatifid .... ... ..- Ricinus 2

1. Evenorsia, L.

Male and female flowers united in a small involucre,
shaped like a calyx and presenting the appearance of a
single bisexual flower; involucre campanulate, with 4-5
teeth, alternate with as many thick, spreading petaloid
glands; stamens 8-15, on jointed filaments, intermixed with
membranous bracts and surrounding 1 pedicellate female
flower; styles 3, usually bifid; capsule hanging out of the
involucre and composed of three 1l-seeded carpels. Herbs or
shrubs containing a bitter milky juice; flowers in umbels,
with a whorl of floral leaves at the base of the rays, each
ray usually forked several times, with a pair of opposite
floral bracts at each fork.

Stem-leaves opposite, large; capsule large ... H. Lathyris 1
Stem-leaves alternate or scattered.
Glands crescent-shaped.
Annuals.
Leaves broad, stalked; carpels 2-keeled HF. Peplus 2
Leaves narrow, sessile; carpels scarcely
keeled SR Pode yea ee ooo ae aD CLT MON SO:
Perennials; leaves narrow, sessile.
Bracts denticulate; carpels smooth ... #. terracina 4
Bracts entire; carpels tuberculate ... EH. segetalis 5
Glands almost truncate; umbel of 5-10
rays; undershrub Se car sae twee Bn endrowles.6
1. Euphorbia Lathyris, L. Caper Spurge. Glab-
rous and glaucous biennial, 1 m. (8 ft.) high = or
more, with a_ stout, hollow, erect stem; leaves oppo-
site, in 4 regular rows, oblong-lanceolate, all sessile
and entire; umbel of 2-5 long rays with oval-
lanceolate floral bracts; glands crescent-shaped, with
short, blunt horns; capsule rather large, smooth; seeds

136 46. EUPHORBIACE.

net-wrinkled, with a _hemi-
spherical caruncle.

Near Delamere.—Nov.-Feb.
—Europe; Asia; often culti-
vated.

2. E. Peplus, L. Petty
Spurge. Small, glabrous,
erect or ascending annual,
often branching from the
base; stem-leaves thin, scat-
tered, oboval, stalked; umbel
of 3, rarely 2 rays, usually
forked many times; bracts
oval, sessile, blunt at base;
glands crescent-shaped, with

long, sharp horns; capsule ors

small, as carpel with 2 * rhs

wavy keels on the _ back; her ‘‘)

seeds ashy-white, carunculate, we

with 2 broad furrows on the Segelalis. _ dendroides.
face. and four rows, each

of 3-4 dark pits, on the Euphorbia.

back.

ae Waste and _ cultivated places.—Aug.-Dec.—Europe;
sla

3. E. exigua, L. Dwarf Spurge. Slender, glabrous
annual; leaves crowded, sessile, linear; umbel small, of 3-5
forked rays; bracts lanceolate, widened and cordate at
base; glands as in the preceding; capsule smooth; seeds

4-angled, tuberculate, caruncu-

ate.
Waterfall Gully.—Sept.-Dee.—
Europe; western Asia.

4. E. terracina, L. Glabrous
perennial, with numerous erect or
ascending stems, sometimes bear-
ing flowering branches below the
unibel; leaves linear-lanceolate,
firm, denticulate near the top;
umbel of 4-5 rays, repeatedly
forked; floral leaves broader
than those of the stem; bracts
broad-oval, denticulate; glands
greenish, crescent-shaped, with
very long horns; carpels smooth;
seeds ovoid, obliquely truncate
at summit, smooth, grey, with a
large caruncle.

Sandhills near Brighton; grass-
land, Strathalbyn.—July-Oct.—
Euphorbia terracina. \fediterranean region,

46. EUPHORBIACE2. 137

5. E. segetalis, L. Annual or perennial, glabrous
and glaucous; stem erect, simple or branching from _ base,
sometimes with flowering branches below the umbel; leaves
thin, scattered, spreading, linear or lanceolate, mucronate,
the floral ones broad-oval, often contracted neav the middle
and tapering to the summit: umbel of 5 rays, forked several
times; bracts almost semicircular; glands crescent-shaped,
yellow, with moderately long horns; carpels tuberculate on
back; seed ovoid, ashy-white, dark-pitted all over, with a
conical caruncle. | Resembles the preceding in habit, but
the umbel is usually as long as or longer than the stem,
while in E#. terracina it is shorter than the stem.

Pasture and cultivated land at the foot of Mount Lofty
Range.—Most of the year.—Mediterranean region.

6. E. dendroides, L. Glabrous undershrub with
thick spreading branches, leafless below; leaves dark-green,
thickish, crowded, spreading, oblong-lanceolate; bracts yel-
lowish, broad-oval; umbels of 5-10 rays, once or twice
forked; glands orange, truncate or slightly and bluntly
crescent-shaped; carpels smooth; seed smooth, obliquely
truncate at top, carunculate.

Escaped- here and there from gardens.—Aug.-Sept.—
Coasts of the Mediterranean.

E. Drummondii, Boissier, a small, prostrate native
perennial, with opposite leaves and entire, purplish glands,
1S @ common weed in cultivated fields in the northern areas,
and is said to be injurious to cattle and sheep, but recent
experiments in the eastern States do not bear out this
opinion.

2. Ricinus, L.

(Latin ricinus, a tick, which the
seeds are supposed to resemble.)

1. Ricinus communis,
L. Castor-oil Plant. Tall spread-
ing shrub, branching from base,
the herbaceous parts reddish;
leaves dark-green above, large,
alternate, peltate, palmately cut
into 7-9 oval-lanceolate, saw-
toothed lobes; flowers in loose,
erect racemes, which are often
paniculate by the branching of
the peduncles; upper flowers
female with 5 perianth-segments
more or less cohering, and-3 red,
bifid styles; lower flowers male
with 5 oval, finally recurved seg-
ments and numerous stamens
with branching filaments; carpels
with more or less rigid spines on Ricinus communis.

138 47. URTICACE, 48. ULMACEZ.

the back; seed oblong, smooth, shining, carunculate, vary-
ing in size and in its brown and tawny mottling.

Waste places, gullies, river-banks, sandhills aimee
Mar.—Cultivated in most warm countries for ornament
or for the extraction of castor-oil from the seeds. ‘‘Pro-
bably indigenous in Africa’’ (J. D. Hooker, Fl. of Brit.
ndia).

Family 47.—_URTICACEA.

Plant with stinging hairs; leaves simple;
stigma sessile ik make te ee
Plant without stinging hairs; leaves _pal-

mate; style-branches 2, long, filiform ... CANNasIs

1. Urntiea, L.

1. Urtica urens, L. Small
Nettle. Erect annual, covered
with rigid hairs secreting an
irritating fluid; leaves opposite,
stalked, oval deeply toothed,
stipulate; male and_ female
flowers intermixed in _— short
axillary racemes; male perianth
of 4 equal segments, stamens 4;
female perianth with the 2 outer
segments smaller than the 2
inner, which are ciliate on the
edge and have each a_ long
stinging hair on the back; fruit
dry, 1l-celled, 1l-seeded, indehis-
cent, enclosed in the perianth.

Waste and cultivated land.—
July-Dec.—Temperate regions of
the globe.

Cannabis sativa, L. (Hemp), a
strong-smelling annual with
leaves palmately divided into 3-7 lanceolate, toothed
segments, is sometimes spontaneous in cultivated ground.
Flowers dicecious, the males in panicles with a 5-cut
perianth and 5 stamens, the females in axillary clusters,
with a l-leaved perianth.--Oct.-Dec.—Fibrous plant, pro-
bably a native of Central Asia.

Family 48.—ULMACEZ.

1. Uxmus, L.

1. Ulmus campestris, L. Common Elm. Tree;
leaves alternate, shortly stalked, oval, acuminate, unequal at
base, doubly toothed, hairy at the base of the lateral nerves
on the underside; flowers almost sessile, in clusters, appear-
ing before the leaves; perianth small, reddish, with 4-5
teeth and as many stamens; fruit flat, thin, surrounded
by a broad, veined wing, and containing 1 pendulous seed.

Urtica 1

Urtica urens.

49, SALICACE.Z,

The tree usually grown here is
var. suberosa, Loudon, with
corky wings on the branches
(Cork-barked Elm).

Cultivated for ornament and
often propagating itself by
suckers.—July - Sept.—Europe;
western Asia.

Family 49.—SALICACEZA.

Flowers dicecious, solitary in
the axils of overlapping bracts,
and forming spikes known as
catkins; style 1; fruit capsular,
small, l-celled,’ opening from
top to base in 2 valves; seeds
numerous, minute, with a _ tuft
of long, silky hairs at base.
Trees with soft, white wood
and alternate, simple, decidu-
ous leaves.

Catkins with jagged scales; perianth an

oblique cup; stamens 8-20

UImus campestris.

PoptLts 1

Catkins with entire scales; perianth repre-

sented by 1-2 glands; stamens 2-5

Salix

1. Porutus, L.
Catkins finally drooping, cylindrical, appearing before

the leaves, which are long-stalked.

Leaves lobed or sinuate-toothed, the under-

side white-tomentose

Leaves finely and regularly ‘toothed,

underside green and glabrous

cee aLoG. A
" the
wo EL cee.

139

ie Pobulds alba, L. White
Tall tree, with smooth
light- colored bark; leaves broad-

KK. 4 Poplar.

oval or almost circular,
lobed or sinuate - toothed, green
white-tomentose
the stalk flattened ;
jagged, hairy scales ; stamens 8;
stigmas 4, in the shape of a cross.
Grown for ornament and fre-
quently spreading by suckers.—
July - Aug.—Europe ;

above,

Asia.

.

Populus alba. at the

2. P. nigra, L.
lar. Tall tree with sticky buds;
leaves almost triangular,
inate, crenate-toothed, green on
both sides, the stalk flattened

summit; catkin - scales

shortly

below,
catkins with

temperate

Black Pop-

acum-

140 50. LILIACE.

glabrous; stamens 12-20. Grown here only in the var.
itadlica, Duroi (P. fastigiata, Desf.), Lombardy Poplar, in
which the erect branches make the tree assume a narrow,
conical shape.

Ornamental and spreading by suckers.—July - Aug.—
Europe; temperate Asia.

Saliz babylonica, L. (Weeping Willow), with drooping
branches and lanceolate toothed leaves, has been much
planted near creeks and along the Murray.—Asia. S.
fragilis, L. (Brittle Willow), with erect branches and lan-
ceolate leaves glandular-toothed, shining above and glaucous
below, with a long point turned to one side, has been
planted along creeks and rivers on the Adelaide plains and
hills—Europe. Both grow readily from cuttings, but can
scarcely be considered self-propagating.

DIVISION 2.—MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Embryo with 1 cotyledon; stems mostly herbaceous,
without wood, pith or bark; leaves simple, usually with
sheathing bases, almost always with simple parallel nerves.

Family 50.—LILIACEZA.

Perianth petaloid, of 6 divisions; stamens 6, inserted
on the perianth or the receptacle, anthers opening inwards;
ovary free; style 1, with an entire or 3-fid stigma; fruit a
3-celled capsule, opening in the middle of the cells (loculi-
cidally) by 3 valves, which retain the partition down the
middle. Perennial herbs, with a bulbous, tuberous, or
fibrous rootstock.

Perianth-segments almost free, spreading.

Root fibrous; perianth deciduous ... ... ASPHODELUS 1 ~
Rootstock bulbous; perianth persistant

atter fading, <:. =: = --:. =. +0 as! ORNITHOGALUMNS

Perianth-segments united in lower part, not
spreading.

Perianth urnshaped; leaves linear, weak .... Muscart 3
Perianth cylindrical; leaves stiff, succu-

lent, usually broad and toothed ... ... Ator 4

1. AspHopeEtus, L.

1. Asphodelus fistulosus, L. Wild Onion.
Roots long, fibrous; stem hollow, usually branching above;
leaves all radical, long, cylindrical, striate, hollow; buds
pink, flowers white in long racemes; pedicels jointed, with
a bract at base; perianth-segments spreading, with a brown,
central nerve; filaments encircling the ovary by their broad,
concave bases, which are papillose on the back; anthers
versatile; stigma 3-lobed; capsule containing 3-6 black,

50. LILIACEZ. 141

triangular, wrinkled seeds, the
valves notched at top, wrinkled
transversely.

A common weed in_ waste
places, roadsides, pastures.—
July - Sept. Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

2. OrnitTHoGALuM, L.

(Greek ornithos, a bird, and gala,
milk; application of name
unknown.)

1. Ornithogalum thyr-
soides, Jacq. Bulb globular,
with brown tunic; stem stout,
stiff, erect, 15-30 cm. (4-1 ft.)
long; leaves shorter, 4-5, all
radical, linear - lanceolate, chan-
neled, fleshy, finely ciliate on
edges; flowers pure- white with
brownish base, 6-25, in a
corymbose raceme ; pedicels 1-3

white -
bracts;

long; a

than th
dilated

musky

Asphodelus fistulosus.

cm, long, spreading-erect, with

membranous, acuminate
perianth campanulate,

segments oblong, 2 cm. (3 in.)

Iternate stamens longer
e others, with filaments
and 2-toothed at base;

seeds numerous, black, angular.

Hillsides, Waterfall Gully.—
Oct.-Nov.—South Africa,

3. Muscari, Mill.
(Latin muscus, on account of the

smell of M. moschatum,

an Asiatic species.)
Perianth urnshaped, entire ex-

cept for the 6 small, spreading-
recurved teeth; stamens enclosed
in the perianth and inserted in
the middle of the tube; capsule
3-angled with compressed valves,

Ornithogzalum thyrsoides.<2ch cell containing 1-2 seeds.

"Bulbous

perennial herbs’ with

radical, linear-channeled leaves and flowers in terminal

racemes, the uppermost barren.

Raceme becoming long and _ loose;

upper

flowers long-stalked, in a showy tuft ... M. comosum 1

Raceme short and dense ; upper flowers

short-stalked

M. neglectum 2

142 50. LILIACEAS.

1. Muscari comosum,
Mill. Tufted Grape Hyacinth.
Leaves 3-4, longer than stem,
weak, deeply channeled 10-15
mm, (about 3 in.) broad, rough
on the edges; flowers scentless,
on pedicels much longer than the
fruit, lower ones brownish, hori-
zontal, distant, the uppermost
violet-blue, erect, forming a long
terminal corymbose cluster; peri-
anth obovoid.

Cultivated fields, roadsides,
Adelaide Plains.—Sept. - Nov.—
Mediterranean region.

2. M. neglectum, Gus-
sone. Leaves 5-16, longer than
stem, semi-cylindrical, 3-6 mm.
broad; flowers dark - purple,
scented, in a dense oblong
raceme, on _ recurved pedicels
rather shorter than the fruit;
perianth ovoid-oblong.

Cultivated and grass land,

Muscari comosum.

Adelaide Plains.—Aug.-

Sept.—Mediterranean region.

Aloe

latifolia.

Aor, L.

1. Aloe latifolia, L. Haw.
Broad-leaved Aloe. Stem short,
thick, and becoming more appar-
ent as the lower leaves perish;
leaves spirally arranged in a
dense rosette, 20-30 cm. (8-12 in.)
long by 5-8 cm. (2-3 in.) broad,
oval-lanceolate, thick and fleshy,
olive- green to ‘reddish - brown.
mottled with oblong white spots
in irregular transverse rows and
often confluent, bordered by tri-
angular, horny teeth; peduncle
stout, erect, simple or forked;
flowers vermillion, in a_ short,
dense, terminal raceme; pedicel
rather shorter than flower, with
a lanceolate, long-pointed bract
at base; perianth cylindrical,
40-45 mm. (over 1} in.) long,
narrowed above the ovary, seg-
ments united in a tube for more
than half their length, scarcely
spreading at tip; stamens at-

51. ALISMACK.-4. 52. IRIDACE.%. 143

tached to the receptacle, anthers versatile, enclosed ;
capsule oblong; seeds numerous with membranous wings.

Roadsides near Black Hill; sandhills near Glenelg;
spreading by suckers.—Sept. -Jan.—South Africa,

Family 51.—ALISMACEZ.
1. Attsma, -L.

1. Alisma Plantago, L.
Water Plantain. A rather tall,
erect perennial, with long-
stalked, oval-lanceolate radical
leaves; flowers small, in dis-
tant whorls and terminal umbels,
forming a loose pyramidal
panicle; 3 outer perianth seg-
ments (sepals) herbaceous, per-
sistant, 3 inner twice as_ long,
pale- pink, petaloid; stamens 6;
carpels about 20, small, com-
pressed, l-seeded, seated in a
ring on the flat. receptacle,

Along the Onkaparinga River
and in the Reedbeds.—Jan.-
Mar.—Temperate regions’ of
the globe, including’ eastern
Australia. Perhaps introduced
eee — may pers - been
overlooked; not recorded by i :
Tate in Fl. Extra-trop. S.A. Nae) eaipee

Family 52.—IRIDACEZ.

Perianth petaloid, with 6 divisions, the base of the
tube united with the ovary; stamens 3, inserted in the
middle of the tube or at the base of and opposite to the
3 outer segments; anthers opening outwards; ovary in-
ferior ; style IL with 3 simple or bifid branches ; fruit cap-
sular, with 3° many-seeded cells, opening by 3. valves.
When all the anthers are arranged on one side of the style
in the open flower, the stamens are termed unilateral;
when surrounding the style they are equilateral. Peren-
nial herbs; leaves either radical, or arranged in 2 rows on
each side of the stem and ov erlapping at base (equitant);
flowers either fairly permanent, sessile and solitary in a
spathe consisting of 2 bracts (valves), or quick-fading,
pedicellate, and “several together in a spathe consisting of
1-2 outer, and as many inner valves as there are flowers;
the inner spathe-valves are usually 2-nerved and 2-toothed.

A. Flowers 1 in each spathe; stamens long,
unilateral (except in Romulea, Hesper-
antha, and TIzia).

J

bo

144 52. IRIDACE A.
B. Leaves swordshaped and equitant on
the stem.
C. Perianth-tube long, curved.
Segments equal; style-branches bifid

Segments unequal; style-branches
SIMPLE Ugh renee dees osu ee a
Tube cylindrical; spathe small,

membranous sine aeaaeat ents

Tube funnel-shaped; spathe large,

herbaceous

C. Perianth-tube short, straight, segments
spreading; style-branches simple.
Spathe-valves delicate, deeply torn
Ob GOP sce Basa cee ene eee ee ee
Spathe-valves rather stiff, outer one
entire or denticulate.

Stamens unilateral; spathe short,
partly membranous; style-
branches widened at summit.

Hairy plant; perianth-tube rather
long PS co. mrtak tesla oe teee
Glabrous plant; perianth-tube
very short A eric, Pee

Stamens equilateral.

Spathe herbaceous; style-branches
awishaped! (2. 2-23 Man. dees ee

Spathe membranous ; style-

branches widened at summit

B. Leaves linear, usually few and radical.

Perianth-tube long, curved; — style-
branches simple

Perianth-tube — short,
branches bifid oes reste Reo ate

A. Flowers 2 or more in each spathe;
stamens short, opposite to the style-
branches and appressed to them.

Style-branches petaloid, ending in 2 erect
crests exceeding the stamens.

Inner segments erect; leaves usually
swordshaped SEEM oe Seer:

Inner segments spreading or very
small; leaves few, linear ... etek

Style-branches small, not crested or ex-
ceeding the stamens; filaments
united in a tube.

Style-branches flattened and slit on the
inner side; leaves 1-2, radical,
much longer than the stems ... ...

Style-branches bifid and fringed; leaves
few, radical, and also on the stem

1. Warsontza, Mill.

‘straight; ‘style-

Watsonta 1

ANTHOLYZA 2

GLADIOLUS

SpaRaxis 3

BaBIANA

TRITONIA

HESPERANTHA

Txt

ACIDANTHERA

RomMuLea 4

Iris 5

Morea 6

Homeria 7

FERRARIA

(After Sir Wm. Watson, M.D., an English Professor of

Botany.)

Perianth funnel-shaped, with a long, curved tube and
subequal lobes; anthers linear, versatile; style long, slen-

52. IRIDACE. 145

der, with 3 bifid branches: capsule globular. Flowers
solitary in the spathe, which has stiff, striate valves; leaves
rigid, broadly swordshaped, equitant; corm globular.
HiaweresGatlets st. 35. a5 °st.)a-utises (0.001 - We angusta; 1
MEUIOWOFS) TOSC-TCO <2. zs. ese cee ee cee eS WW. Meriana 2

1. Watsonia angusta,
Ker. Stems stiff, erect, 1-2 m.
(3-6 ft.) high, usually branched ;
flowers scarlet. in a long, loose
spike; spathe-valves oblong,
acute; perianth 5-7 cm. (2-22 in.)
long, tube cylindrical, widened
in the upper half, segments
oblong; style as long as perianth.

Moist places on hills and plains
near Adelaide; introduced as a
garden plant.—Oct.-Dec.—South
Africa.

2 W. Meriana, Mill. Dii-
fers from the preceding in the
color of the flowers; style a\
little shorter and the upper part
of the tube rather. cylindrical
than narrow funnel-shaped.

Same localities.—Great confu-
sion exists in the naming of the
cylindrical-tubed species of Wat- Watsonia Meriana.
sonia,

2. AnrHouyzA, L.

(Greek anthos, a flower, and
lyssa, rage; supposed likeness
of the flower to the mouth
of an angry animal.)

1. Antholyza zethiopica,
L. Tall, branching perennial,
growing from a depressed corm
with a fibrous tunic; leaves
swordshaped, equitant; flowers
solitary in the spathe, red and
yellow, in a 2-ranked spike;
spathe-valves small, oblong,
acute; perianth 5-7 em. (2-3 in.)
long, curved, tube longer than
the segments, which are narrow,
unequal, the upper one the
longest; anthers versatile; style
slender, with 8 long, undivided
branches; capsule subglobular,
beaked, with 2-4 orange-colored
Antholyza zethiopica. sceds to each valve.

146 52. IRIDACE.

Garden plant, wild along creeks.—July-Sept.—-South
Africa.
3. SpaRaxis, Ker.
(Greek sparasso, I tear; alluding to the torn spathes.)

Perianth funnel-shaped with a straight tube and oblong
subequal segments; anthers erect; style-branches oblanceo-
late, undvided; spathe-valves membranous, long and torn
at the summit. Flowers 1 in each spathe, arranged in
a few-flowered terminal spike; leaves narrow-swordshaped,
equitant; stems simple or branched, exceeding the leaves;
plants small; corm ovoid or globular, with a fibrous tunic.
Flowers large, variously coloured, with a

bright-yellow throat sae aed
Flowers smaller, without a _ distinctive

colour injathe throatwss:. se sc eee ee Se O ALOE eros

1. Sparaxis tricolor, Ker. Perianth 3-4 cm.
(14-14 in.) long; segments bright yellow at _ base,
red, white or rich purple above;
spathe-valves streaked with red-
dish-brown, the outer one 3-
toothed.

Garden plant, common in
grassland and scrub.—Sept.-Oct.
—South Africa.

2. S. bulbifera, Ker. Stem
bearing one or two leaves with
bulbils in the axils; flowers 2,
sometimes 1; perianth about 3
em. long, violet outside, whitish
inside (or sometimes yellow in
Cape specimens); spathe as in
the preceding, but shorter.

Same localities; not so com-
mon.— Sept.-Oct.—South Africa.

4. Romunea, Maratti.

(After Romulus, legendary foun-
der of Rome; several species Sparaxis tricolor.
grow in the Roman States.)

Perianth funnel-shaped, with a short tube and sub-
equal segments; stamens enclosed in the perianth, filaments
short, hairy; anthers erect; style slender, with 3_ bifid
branches; capsule membranous, oblong.. Flowers solitary
in a terminal spathe; leaves radical, narrow-linear, much
longer than the peduncles; corm ovoid, covered by a glossy,
brown tunic.

Flowers comparatively large, bright purp-
lish, twice as long as the spathe ... ... 2. Bulbocodium 1

Flowers small, pale violet, slightly exceed-
ing the spathe ... Ae ES ate

S. tricolor 1

R. Columne 2

52. IRIDACE ZA. 147

1. R. Bulbocodium, SS.
and M. Leaves 5-10, compressed,
linear, sometimes 20 cm, (8 in.)
long or more, 1-2 mm. broad,
with blunt edges and 2 grooves
on each side, so that a trans
verse section resembles a Maltese
cross: flowers 2-4, twice as long
as the spathe, on peduncles much
shorter than the leaves; spathe-
valves herbaceous, striate, the
upper one with broad, scarious,
brown-dotted borders, perianth
15-20 mm. (about. 3 in.), rarely
25 mm. long, segments lanceo-
late, 3-nerved on back, purplish-
pink inside with a yellow base,
purplish and green _ outside,
style-branches deeply bifid,
slightly shorter than the sta-
mens, which are nearly half as 2
long as the perianth; seeds as
numerous, angular, dull. Romulea Bulbocodium.

This is the short-styled form
(R. longifolia, Baker?) of the South African kh. rosea,
Ecklon, now united by Kew and other authorities with the
European R&. Bulbocodium. 1 would suggest calling our
plant var. brevistyla.

Pasture and_ roadsides.—Sept.-Oct.—Mediterranean
region; South Africa. Onion-grass in Victoria.

2, R. Columnee, Sebastiani and Mauri. Leaves
5-12, even narrower than in the preceding; flowers 2-4,
slightly longer than spathe, on rather short peduncles;
spathe-valves membranous, both with brown-spotted edges ;
perianth 8-10 mm. (under 3 in.) long, pale-violet with a
yellow throat, the outer segments green on the back, with
purple stripes; stamens three-quarters as long as perianth
and slightly exceeding the style, whose branches are shortly
bifid: seeds reddish:

Pasture and roadsides.—Aug.-Sept.—Western Europe
and Mediterranean region.

5. Iris, L.

(Greek iris, rainbow; varied color of the flowers.)

_ Ll. Iris germanica, L. German Iris. _ Perennial
with a long, thick rootstock and swordshaped, equitant
leaves shorter than the branching stem; flowers 1-3 in the
eee large, blue or white; spathe large, inflated, with
oblong valves; perianth-tube short, segments equal, broad,
the 3 outer spreading-recurved, with a yellow beard run-
ning down the midrib for half their length, the 3 inner

148 52. IRIDACEZ.

segments erect-incurved; anthers

erect; style - branches

etaloid, terminating in 2 oval
obes, which rise above the
anthers and have a _ transverse

stigmatic line at base.

Garden plant, probably hybri-

dised with J. florentina,
other species; wild in
places on plains and
Sept. - Nov.—Europe;
Asia.

6. Morama, L.

(After Robert Moore, an English
botanist of the 18th century.)

Perianth funnel-shaped,
without a tube, segments sub-
equal, spreading in the upper
half; filaments more or _ less
united in a tube around the

broad,

Ii... or
many

bills:— B i
western

almost

style; anthers erect, appressed to A E

the style-branches, which ter- ire german
minate in 2 erect petaloid lobes.

Flowers pedicellate, 2 or many in each spathe; leaves few,
radical; corm with a fibrous tunic.

Inner segments conspicuous; ovary beaked M. xerospatha 1
Inner segments very small; ovary not beaked MW. Pavonia 2

Morzea xerospatha.

1. Morzea xerospatha,
MacOwan. Dwarf plant, leaf 1,
rather stiff, flat, narrow-linear,
25-70 em. (10-27 in.) long, and
several times longer than stem ;
flowers like a minute Iris, 4-6 in
each spathe; spathes 3-4, cylin-
drical, about 25 mm. (1 in.) long,
sessile on a short stiff stem, valves
white-scarious, the outer ones
with 6-9 prominent nerves;
perianth-segments subequal, 15-
18 mm. (nearly #2 in.) long,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper half
lilac, with an orange blotch at
base, the latter color, mixed with
purple spots, running down the
claw; style-branches bifid for
half their length, lobes scarious,
lanceolate-acuminate; ovary with
a slender beak as long as itself;
capsule cylindrical, _ delicately
membranous, crowned by the

52. IRIDACEZ. 149

persistant beak, containing many lustreless, brown, angular
seeds.

This determination was made by Professor MacOwan
himself, on specimens forwarded to Capetown. The South
Australian plant does not, however, agree with Baker’s
description (Fl. Cap. vi. 529), even as to the number of
leaves. When the discrepancies were pointed out to the
authorities of the Cape Government Herbarium, they ex-
pressed the opinion that the errors arose from Baker having
lost MacOwan’s description of the plant, and redescribed it
from dried specimens.

Numerous on roadsides and in
pasture, Adelaide Plains.—Sept.-
Nov.—South Africa (environs of
Capetown).

2. M. Pavonia, Ker. Stem
tall, slender, with 1 long, linear
leaf; flowers 2-3 in each spathe;
spathes cylindrical, about 5 cm.
(2 in.) long, on a long peduncle,
with sheathing bract at base,
valves scarious at top and long-
pointed; 8 outer perianth-seg-
ments pale-yellow, brown-streaked
and villous on claw (var. lutea,
Baker), nearly thrice as long as
the narrow-wedgeshaped inner
segments, which are 3-toothed at
summit, the middle tooth long-
est; capsule brown, leathery, club-
shaped.

Hill .above Waterfall Gully

Road. — Sept. - Nov. — South MaccaPaccnial
Africa.

7. Homerra, Ventenat.

Perianth-funnel-shaped with a very short tube and sub-
equal spreading segments; filaments completely united in
a tube round the style; anthers linear, appressed to the
style-branches, which are short, compressed, 2-lipped, and
sht on the inner lip, truncate-papillose at summit; capsule
long, clubshaped. Flowers pedicellate, 2-4 in each spathe;
spathes cylindrical, on erect peduncles, which are terminal
or rise from short branches, enclosed in sheathing bracts;
leaves few, radical; corm globular, with thick, brown tunic.
EG rete ea Aa SA ences cine eg Sty eoeere peat AL COLO
Leaves 2 _... ; 2 wou) sat ae EL ne ata

. Homeria collina, Vent. One-leaved Cape
Tulip. Stem stiff, zigzag, angular, simple; leaf 1, grass-
like, linear, stiffish, ribbed, much longer than the stem
and sometimes attaining 90 cm. (3 ft.); spathe-valves

150 52. IRIDACE A.

unequal, the 2 outer ones green-
ish, stiff, striate, with long
scarious points, the inner ones
membranous; perianth-segments
30-40 mm. (about 14 in.) long,
blunt, red or pink, with a green
and yellow base. A yellow-
flowered form is also found here
(var. ochroleuca, Baker).

Pasture, Adelaide plains and
hills; poisonous to cattle.—Aug.-
Nov.—South Africa.

2. H. miniata, Sweet. Two-
leaved Cape Tulip. Very lke
the preceding, but the leaves are
2. and usually bear bulbils in
their axils; outer spathe-valves
with still longer points; perianth-
segments 20-25 mm. (8-1 in.)
long, salmon-pink, with a yellow
base, blotched with green.

Same localities, and more or

Homeria collina.

Homeria miniata.

less poisonous. — Sept. - Oct. —
South Africa.

The following South African
species are found growing spon-
taneously, but so localised that
they can scarcely be said to have
established themselves : —

Gladiolus blandus, Aiton, Stem
erect, bearing a spike of 2-6 large
flowers, white or pink, and ex-
ceeding the 3 or 4 swordshaped
leaves; perianth-tube 3 cm. long,
upper segment erect and longer
than the others, the 3 lower ones
oblong, pointed, spreading, and
with a red blotch in the centre;
spathe green, longer than the
tube. —- Waterfall Gully. — Oct.-
Nov. G. cuspidatus, Jacq. Flow-
ers large, greenish-white, 4-8 in
a loose, l-sided spike, exceeding
the rigid, swordshaped leaves;
perianth-tube 6-7 cm. long, slen-
der, much exceeding the green

lanceolate spathe, segments oblong, narrowed into long,
wavy recurved points, the 3 lower ones sometimes with a
purple mark.— Along creek near Normanville.—Oct.-Dec.

52. IRIDACH A. 151

Babiana stricta, Wer. Dwarf cormous plant, villous all
over; stem bearing a spike of 2-6 showy flowers which ex-
ceed the swordshaped leaves with 5-6 prominent plaited
nerves; perianth from red to lilac, with a slender tube and
equal segments; spathe about as long as the cylindrical
part of the tube, the outer valve oblong, blunt, striate,
the inner bifid, often split to the base; style-branches, short,
spoonshaped ; ovary villous.— Belair and Blackwood.—Oct.

Tritonia lineata, Ker. Stem erect, bearing about 12
handsome flowers in a loose spike; perianth pale-yellow in
South Australian specimens, with 3 parallel longitudinal
nerves down the centre of each segment and lateral nerves
branching from them; spathe short, outer valve brown and
toothed in upper, part; style slender with 3 oblanceolate
branches exceeding the purple, versatile anthers.—Fourth
Creek near Glynde Road. Oct.

Hesperantha falcata, Ker. Stem erect, slender, bear-
ing 3-6 scented flowers in a loose spike; leaves 3-4 broad-
linear, straight or sickle-shaped (falcate), almost equitant,
much shorter than the stem, which has a sheathing bract
about the middle; perianth-tube cylindrical, straight, ex-
ceeding the spathe; segments oblong spreading, the 3 inner
ones white, the 3 outer brownish-red outside; outer spathe-
valve oboval, green, reddish at tip; corm conical with a
brown tunic.—Waterfall Gully.—Sept.

Tvia fleruosa, L. Stem erect, slender, bearing many
flowers in a dense spike with a zigzag (flexuose) axis; leaves
about 4 at base of stem and 2 higher up, broad-linear, flat,
long-pointed; perianth-tube straight, slender, exceeding the
spathe but shorter than the limb; segments oblong, 12-14
mm. (about $ in.) long, from almost white to deep lilac;
outer spathe-valve scarious, oblong, striate, notched and
mucronate at summit, inner valve 2-toothed.—Hillsides,
Waterfall Gully.—Oct.-Nov.

Acidanthera platypetala, Baker. Stem erect, slender,
bearing | large terminal, scented, funnel-shaped flower, and
2-3 awlshaped, distant leaves, the lowest often exceeding
the stem; spathe long, cylindrical, herbaceous; perianth
yellowish-white, the oval-acute lobes much shorter than the
curved tube and streaked with purple-brown; stamens at-
tached to middle of tube; style slender, as long as stamens;
corm globular, with a fibrous tunic.—Railway line and fields
between Blackwood and Belair.—Oct.

Ferraria undulata, li. Stem stout, erect, rising from
a depressed corm; leaves long, glaucous, broad-linear, loosely
equitant, and passing gradually into oval floral bracts with
narrow white edges; spathe stalked, 2-flowered, swollen,
striate, 4-6 cm. (13-23 in.) long; flowers pedicellate, very
fugitive; perianth 4-5 cm. (nearly 2 in.) across, divided
almost to the base into 6 shortly clawed, spreading purple-
blotched segments, greenish and wavy on the edge; style-

152. 53. AMARYLLIDACES.

54. JUNCACE.

branches shorter than stamens, delicately fringed; filaments
free in the upper part, anthers small, oblong, with parallel
cells.—Roadside near Lyndoch.—Oct.

Family 53.—AMARYLLIDACEA.
Like Jridacew, except that the stamens are 6, and the

anthers open inwards.

Agave, L.

(Greek agaué, wonderful.)

1. Agave americana, L.

American Aloe. aes

stemless perennial, which does not flower until several years ~

old; leaves 25-40, in a_ dense
radical rosette, 1-2 m. (3-6 ft.)
long, oblanceolate, thick and
fleshy, glaucous- green, some-
times with a _ yellow border,

ending in a_ stout rigid spine,
the edges of the leaf bordered by
distant, sharp, recurved teeth;
flowers large, erect, yellowish,
in corymbose panicles on hori-
zontal branches, forming a long
loose, compound panicle on the
upper part of a stout peduncle
7-10 m, (22-32 ft.) high; perianth
deeply divided into oblong, sub-
equal segments; stamens twice

as long as segments; capsule —

oblong, woody.

Planted for hedges and now
naturalised in many parts of the
State; increasing by suckers.-
Nov.-Feb.—Mexico; called Cen-
tury Plant in the United States,
from the old belief that it flow-
ered only once in 100 years,

Agave americana.

Pita and Maguey in Spanish America. The juice, extracted

from the peduncle before flowering,

and then fermented,

makes an intoxicating drink (pulque).
Family 54.—JUNCACEAZA.

1. Junovus, L.

Perianth of 6 secarious segments in 2 rows, spreading
in flower and then appressed on the fruit; style 1, with 3
slender stigmatic branches; ovary free ; capsule with 3 (often

incomplete) cells, opening by 38

valy es, and containing

numerous minute seeds. Herbs with narrow leaves, scarious
and sheathing at base; bracteoles 1--2 at base of each flower.

Stem-leaves absent; flowers in a terminal

cluster

Stem-leaves present ; ” flowers solitary along

the branches

J. capitatus 1

J. bufonius 2

55. ARACE. 153

1. Juncus capitatus,
Weigel. Capitate Rush. Dwarf
annual; stems slender, naked,
unbranched; leaves all radical,
shorter than the stems, linear-
channeled; flowers 3-10 in a ter-
minal cluster, with sometimes a
second cluster a little lower on
the stem, subtended by a floral
leaf, each cluster with 2 leafy
bracts at base, the lower one
longer and exceeding the flowers;
perianth segments brownish with
a green keel, the inner ones
shorter than the outer, which
have a long, finally curved
point; stamens 3; capsule small,
bluntly ovoid, mucronate, much
shorter than the perianth.

Pasture, Mount Lofty Range.—
Sept.-Oct.— Almost cosmopolitan.

Juncus capitatus.

2. J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. Annual, rather
taller than the preceding, with numerous slender stems,
branching from near the base; leaves short, linear-channeled,
radical and at the base of the branches: flowers solitary
along the branches and in the forks, or 2-3 together at the
ends; bract scarious, shorter than the flower; perianth pale-
green, the outer segments longpointed and exceeding the

inner ;

stamens 3 or 6; capsule

dark-red, shining, mucronate.

Adelaide plains and _hills.—
Sept. -Oct.—Temperate regions
of the globe; considered by some
authorities a native.

Family 55.—_ARACEA.
ia
(After L. C, Richard, a French

Ricwarpia, Kunth.

botanist. )

1. Richardia africana,

Kunth. Arum Lily. Perennial
herb with a thick rootstock:
leaves large, with branching
nerves, stalked, radical, dark-
green, oval-cordate, pointed;
“spathe large, white, funnel-

Richardia

africana.

shaped, slit to the base, spread-
ing in the upper part, pointed
and recurved at summit; spadix
bright-vellow, on a stout radical
peduncle; stamens covering the

154 56. CYPERACEL.

upper part, the numerous female flowers clustered round the
lower part of the spadix and surrounded by barren stamens;
style short; fruit a berry, 1-5-celled.

Ornamental plant ; Waterfall and other gullies in the
Mount Lofty Range.—Sept.-Dec.—South Africa.

Family 56.—CYPERACEZA.

Perianth none or inconspicuous; stamens usually 3,
attached at the base of the free ovary; style 1, with 2-3
stigmatic branches; fruit a small, seedlike akene, 1-seeded ;
each flower rising from the axil of a small bract called
a glume, which plays the part of a perianth, the glumes.
overlapping each other and forming small spikes called
spikelets. Herbs with solid stems and cylindrical or grass-
like leaves, surrounding the stein in a tubular sheath, which
is not slit as in Graminee.

Flowers bisexual; spikelet with the glumes

in 2 opposite rows; akene naked ... ... Cyperus 1
Flowers unisexual; spikelet with the glumes

in several rows round the axis; akene

enclosed in a_ little membranous bag

(utricle) “ Sao ee ommenns AO inh

1. Geranus, vhs

1. Cyperus rotundus, L.
Nutgrass. Perennial with slen-
der rootstock, swollen here and
there into blackish, ovoid, tuni-
cated tubers; stem slender, tri-
angular towards the top; leaves
numerous, linear, glossy-green,
keeled: spikelets reddish-brown,
compressed, linear 10-20 mm.
4-$ in.) long, arranged in short
spikes or clusters on the 410
very unequal rays of an umbel,
with 2-4 floral leaves at base;
axis of spikelet winged; glumes
keeled and faintly nerved : sta-
mens and stigmas 3; akene tri-
angular, half the length of the
glume.

A weed in the North Adelaide
reserves.—Dec.-Mar.—Most coun-
tries, including the eastern
States of Australia. Very diffi ¢cyperus rotundus.
cult to eradicate.

2. Carex, L.

1. Carex Bichenoviana, Boott. Bicheno’s Sedge.
Glabrous perennial, 30-50 cm. (12-20 in.) high, with a
creeping rootstock; stem erect, striate, triangular and
smooth on the edges; leaves stiff, linear, longer than stem,

57. GRAMINE A. 155

5-6 mm. (4 in.) broad, keeled; spikelets cylindrical, males
8-20, sessile, in a dense terminal spike, with a short pointed
bract at base, the terminal spikelet usually the longest ;
below these are 1-2 distant, subsessile female spikelets,
with a few male flowers at top, and 1 entirely female spike-
let, about 4 em. (14 in.) long, much further down the stem
on a slender peduncle often twice as long as the spikelet,
all the female spikelets subtended by leafy bracts longer
than the inflorescence, and not dilated at base; glumes
reddish-brown, keeled and awned, male oblong-truncate,
female oval; stamens and
stigmas 3; utricle corky in tex-
ture, 4 mm. long, ovoid striate.
with a conspicuous bifid beak (ni,
exceeding the glume; akene |W
triangular.

Grange Road and Reedbeds.-—
Sept.-Nov.—It is difficult to say
whether this plant should be
classed as native or alien to
South Australia. It was de-
scribed originally by Dr. Fran-
cis Boott, an English authority
on Carex, from specimens ob-
tained at Woolnorth, Tasmania,
by R. C. Gunn, who collected in
the island from 1832 to 1850,
and published from Boott’s MSS.
in J. D. Hooker’s Flora Tas-
manie, .. 101. The specimens
appear to have lacked ripe fruits
(Fl. Aust. vii. 447). Since then
the plant has not been found in Carex Bichenoviana.
its origina! home, and L. Rod-
way, in his Tasmanian Flora, published in 1903, says, after
describing it:—‘‘Inserted from record only. Doubtful.’’
It does not appear to have been recorded for South Aus-
tralia until a patch of it was discovered on the Grange
Road in 1905. Near CU. pumila, Thunb., but differs in the
number of male spikelets.

Family 57.—GRAMINEZA.

Perianth reduced to 2 (rarely 3) minute, delicate
scales, termed lodicules, at the base of the ovary and
stamens. The perianth, as a protector, is replaced by 2
membranous bracteoles, the lower of which is called the
flowering glume, and encloses the upper, called the palea;
within the latter is the real flower, composed of the lodi-
cules, pistil, and stamens. The term ‘‘flower’’ is, however,
understood to include the flowering glume and palea.
Below these, and enclosing them more or less, are 2 (rarely

156 57. GRAMINEZE.

3 or 4) empty bracts called the outer or empty glumes. All
these together form a 1-flowered spikelet, but there may
be several flowers arranged one above the other in 2 rows
on opposite sides of a common axis (so that the upper
flowers often appear to be stalked), with the outer glumes
at the base, the whole forming a several-flowered spikelet ;
spikelets arranged in a spike, raceme, or panicle; stamens
usually 3, anthers 2-celled; styles 2, with long feathery or
downy stigmas; ovary free; fruit (grain or caryopsis) con-
sisting of the single seed and the pericarp, which are
usually imseparable.

Herbs (grasses) with alternate narrow leaves, embrac-
ing the stem with long sheaths which are slit at maturity
on the side opposite to the blade; sheath ending at the
base of the blade in a tonguelike membrane (ligule), some-
times very short, or reduced to hairs; stems usually hollow
between the nodes.

In the illustrations the figures 1, 2, 38, 4 indicate the
empty glumes in ascending order; flg. gi. =flowering glume:
p.=palea; lod. =lodicules.

A. Spikelets with 1 fertile flower.
B. Spikelets arranged in 1 or more simple
spikes; spikelets sessile or subsessile in
the notches of the axis.
C, Spikes several, linear, 1-sided, digitate
or branching from the stem near
its summit. ,
Spikelets compressed dorsally; flower-
ing glume awniess, hardened in
fruit.
Outer glumes 3, the lowest minute
gee) Uk ea. eareeionr & (partly) Panicum 1
Outer glumes 2; anthers and
SiomasevlOlet. ser Mecctencs geact oece
Spikelets compressed laterally ; flower-
ing glume membranous, keeled, 3-
nerved.
Flowering glume awned;_ spikelet
with a male or barren flower
above the fertile one ... ... .... CHLORIS 3
Flowering glume awnless; spikelet
containing only the fertile flower Cynopon
C. Spike solitary at the end of the stem.
Spike linear, 1-sided; flowering
glume awnless; spikelets with a
male flower below the fertile one SrenorarHrum 4
Spike subeylindrical; flowering glume
long-awned; spikelets in 3’s;
outer glumes forming a_half-
involucte on. ees, 3) wees eee eee, HL ORDEUM Go
B. Spikelets arranged in a dense spike-
like panicle (compound spike),
D. Spikelets with a bristly involucre;
outer glumes shorter than the flower.

PaspaLUM 2

o7. GRAMINES, 157

Involucre of stiff persistant bristles ;
spikelets oblong; glumes as in
Panicum Pte oR ae se poise SHTARTA 6
Involucre of flexible, deciduous,
plumose pasties; spikelets cylin-
drical _.. .. PENNISETUM 7
D. Spikelets without — a bristly involucre ;
outer glumes longer than the flower.
E. Spikelets awned,
F. Flowering glume awned; outer
glumes equal.
Outer glumes I-nerved, long-
awned, much exceeding the
flower.
Flowering glume with 1 short
awn; spike oblong, bristly ... Potypocon 8
Flowering glume with 3 awns;
spike ovoid, plumose ... ... Lacurus 9°
Outer glumes 3-nerved, not
awned; no palea ... ... ... ALOPECURUS 10
Tt. Flowering glume awnless.
Outer glumes equal, — shortly
awned; stamens-4 ... ... ... PHLEUM
Outer glumes unequal, awnless;
2 awned empty glumes at
base of flowering glume;
stamens 2 ... we oe oe ANTHORANTHUM, LL
E. Spikelets without awns.
Outer glumes with a winged keel;
annual and perennial grasses PHALAris 12
Outer glumes simply keeled;
perennial sand-binding grass AMMopHILA 15
B. Spikelets arranged in a loose panicle.
G. Spikelets in 2’s or 3 s, one sessile and
fertile, the other, or 2 others, _
stalked and barren... ... ... ... SORGHUM 14
G. Spikelets solitary or clustered, all
stalked and alike.
H. Spikelet containing only 1 fertile
flower.
Outer glumes 2, longer than the
flower; stamens 3.
Outer glumes convex on the back Oryzopsis 15
Outer glumes compressed and
keeled So hee, Ia eer Ee. SAGCROSLIS: LO
Outer glumes 3, the lowest small
Se IOS Me : (partly) Panicum 1
Outer glumes 4, the 2 outermost
small and persistant; stamens 62
DiGe i ee eS ee ere eben eA AS 7 Vaee 1 Jo
Hi. Spikelet containing 1 fertile flower
and 1 male flower.
Lower flower male, long-awned;
upper fertile; almost glabrous
PTRBA eels ce isc as es) oe CARREENATHER UM. 31S
Lower flower fertile, awnless;
upper male; softly hairy grass Hotucus 19

158 57. GRAMINEL.

A. Spikelets with 2 or more fertile flowers.
I. Spikelets sessile in a simple spike.
Spikes compressed, 2-ranked.

Spikelets appressed to the axis by
one of their sides or cAbER is outer
glume 1

Spikelets appressed te ‘the. axis by
one of their flattened faces; outer
glumes 2 iS elt Seen se pete

Spikes cylindrical ; " spikelets appressed
to the axis by one of their faces
(sides of the glumes).

Spikelets 3-5-flowered; outer glumes
broad, blunt 2 cos ae

Spikelets 2-flowered; outer glumes
narrow, pointed + RNS SR Aas

I. Spikelets subsessile in a _ contracted
spikelike panicle.
Hairy grass; all spikelets fertile ;
Glabrous grass; spikelets fertile and
sterile Lae 28
I. Spikelets in a loose ‘panicle.

J. Flowers surrounded by long, silky
hairs; tall grasses with straight,
hollow stems

J. Flowers without long hairs at the base.

Kk. Outer glumes large, membranous,
enclosing the flowers ; flowering
glume rounded on back.

Spikelets large; outer glumes
many-nerved; flowering glume
awned Eee ace eM ccre mh a | nse eMeas rs

Spikelets small; outer glumes 1-
nerved; flowering glume awned
or not

Ix. Outer glumes shorter than the flowers.

Le: Flowering glume bifid, with awn

inserted below the summit ;
ovary hairy; grain adhering to
palea NE AE OCR, Ohed ee

LL. Flowering glume entire, awnless

or with a terminal awn.
Flowering glume rounded on the
back, not keeled; grain more
or less adhering to the palea.
Spikelets drooping and quiver-
ing; glumes all boatshaped,
awnless Coa peelsischgese mites mae
Spikelets erect ; flowering glume
awned or mucronate
Flowering glume keeled on the
back; grain free.
Spikelets in compact clusters ;
flowering glume shortly awned
Spikelets not clustered; flower-
ing glume awnless

Loiium 20

AGROPYRUM

Triticum 21

SECALE 22

JIXGcLERIA 23

CyNnosuRts

ARUNDO 24

AVENA 25

ArRA 26

Bromus 27

Briza 28
Festuca 29

DacryLis 30
Poa 31

16

Ee

I§O |

d7. GRAMINEZ. 159

1. Pantcum, E.

Spikelets compressed dorsally, 1-flowered; outer glumes
3, the lowest small, the 3rd representing a barren flower;
flowering glume and palea tough and whitish.
Spikelets arranged on one side of the simple
branckes of the panicle.
Spikelets small, pedicellate, in slender

spikes op hos Se DORE sae na? .Gaomctsy a SSUOD ETM |
Spikelets larger, subsessile, in broad
spikes : P. Crus-galli 2

Spikelets arranged along the filiform, com-

pound branches of a spreading panicle P. miliaccum 3

1. Panicum sanguinale,
L. Crab-grass (U.S.A.). Annual
with creeping-ascending stems
rooting at the lower nodes; leaves
short, lanceolate, wavy on the
edges, villous; ligule — short;
spikes 3-11, very slender, 5-8 cm.
(2-3 in.), in some specimens 1£-
16 cm. (5-64 in.) long, erect, then
spreading, furning purple, sub-
digitate (in whorls, pairs, or
alternate), at or near the top of
the stem; spikelets 3 mm, long,
lanceolate, twin in 2 rows along
one side of the flattened axis of
the spike, the lower spikelet on a
short, and the upper on a
long pedicel, each containing 1
bisexual flower; outer glumes 3,
the lowest minute, the second
acute, 3-nerved, ciliate, half as
long as the 3rd, which equals the j .
flower, and is flat, 7-nerved, Panicum sanguinale.
ciliate; flowering glume and
palea almost equal, tough, white. hardened in fruit and
enclosing the free grain. Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop.

Cultivated land, Reedbeds; creek, Burnside.—Dec.-Mar.
—Most warm countries, including eastern and _ tropical
Australia.

2. P. Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Panic-grass, Barn-
yard-grass. Has broader spikes, alternate or clustered
along the stem in a long, contracted panicle; spikelets in
4 rows, subsessile along an axis bearing numerous bristles;
2nd and 3rd glumes mucronate or awned; leaves long,
without any ligule.

A weed in moist places, often grown as fodder.—Dec.-
Ap|.—Cosmopolitan, and believed to be a native of South
Australia,

K

160 57. GRAMINE.

3. P. miliaceum, L. True Millet. Stout erect
annual, with villous leafsheaths and ligule of hairs; panicle
with long erect branches but drooping at summit; spikelets
all pedicellate, oval-acute; lowest glume acuminate, 5-
nerved, one-third shorter than the many-nerved 2nd and
3rd glumes, the 3rd glume containing a _ palea half its
length; flowering glume and palea white, smooth and
shining.

Cultivated as fodder and subspontaneous in moist places.
—Dec.-Apl.—EKgypt, Arabia, India.
2. Paspatum, L.
(Greek paspalos, millet.)

Spikelets along 1 side of the axis of slender spikes;,
outer glumes 2, membranous, equal; flowering glume and
palea as in Panicum.

Spikes 2, terminal and close together ... ... P. distichum 1
Spikes several, distant and alternate on the
stem be ‘ ye oe Pe dal@totnse

1, Paspalum distichum, L. Perennial, with
ascending stems, creeping and rooting at the nodes; leaves
with a few long hairs at the sides of the blunt, short ligule:
spikes twin, 2-4 cm. (}-1? in.) long, dense, one rising a little
above the other at the end of the stem, at first appressed
together, afterwards erect-spreading ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long,
oval-oblong, sessile in 2 rows along the flattened axis; outer
glumes 3-nerved; flowering glume
and palea slightly shorter.

Close to water; Waterfall
Gully; River Torrens.—Dec.-
Mar.—Tropical countries, also
eastern Australia.

29 P. dilatatum, Poiret.
Perennial, with tall, erect stems
and creeping rootstock; leaves
long, with lanceolate ligule and
ribbed sheaths; spikes 3-10,
dense, with long hairs at base,
3-12 cm. (13-43 in.) long, dis-
tant and alternate along the
stem, forming a long, narrow
panicle; spikelets 3-4 mm, long,
oval-acute, overlapping in 4 rows
on a flat, narrow axis; the lower
spikelet on a short, the upper
on a long, jointed pedicel; outer
glumes broad-oval, acute, the
lower one 5-nerved, villous on
back, ciliate with long soft hairs,
the upper glume 7-nerved; Paspalum dilatatum.

57. GRAMINEZ. 161

flowering glume rather shorter, almost circular, minutely
pitted under lens.

Grown as a fodder grass and spontaneous in moist
places.__Dec.-Ap].—Argentina, Uruguay.

3. Cuioris, Swartz.
(Greek chldros, pale-green.)

1. Chloris gayana, Kunth. Rhodes-grass. Erect
perennial, with creeping rootstock; ligule ciliate with long
hairs; spikes subdigitate, 8-18,
suberect, 5-10 ecm. (2-4 in.) long;
spikelets crowded, sessile in
rows on one side of the slender
axis: outer glumes 2, unequal;
lowest flower of spikelet _ bi-
sexual, flowering glume notched,
ciliate on the marginal nerves
‘and with a long beard on the
edge near the summit, awn
shorter than or as long as glume
rising from the notch; 2n ;
flower male, glabrous, awned, \ \ /
shortly stalked; 3rd flower on ay 2 VF}
rather long stalk, minute, con- \ teh
sisting of a broad-truncate awn- 4? Ey Ale
less flowering glume, empty or }
rarely with 3 stamens and a |
palea.

i
Introduced of late years for / yi yi
pasture, and spontaneous’ in WZ Fey
places; said to be a good sand-
binder.—Dec.-Apl.—-South Africa Chloris gayana.
(Transvaal).

C. truncata, R. Br., a far-northern and east-Australian
native grass, is now common along the Grange Railway.
It has 7-10 slender, spreading, digitate spikes, 10-15 cm.
(4-6 in.) long; lowest flower bisexual, upper shortly stalked,
barren, both with truncate flowering glumes and awns
more than 4 times their length.

Cynodon Dactylon, Richard. Couch-grass (Australia) ;
Bermuda-grass (North America). This well-known lawn-
grass, with ascending stems and 4-6 slender, digitate,
purplish spikes, was found by early explorers so widely dis-
persed in the moist parts of Australia that it has been
accepted as native. Almost cosmopolitan. Not the Couch-
grass of England, which is Agropyrum repens, P.B.

4. SrenotaPHRuUM, Trinius,

(Greek stenos, narrow, taphros, a trench; alluding to the
excavations of the axis.)

1. Stenotaphrum americanum, Schrank.

162 57. GRAMINE.

Buffalo-grass (Australia); St. Augustine-grass (U.S.A.).
Glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock and ascending
stems; leaves keeled, blade blunt, sheath flattened, ciliate
near summit; spike solitary,

terminal, erect, 1-sided; ay
spikelets twin, in 2 rows, WN
embedded in the alternate ( )

notches of the broad thick
axis, the lower spikelet ses-
sile, the upper on a_ thick,
awned pedicel; outer glumes
membranous, very unequal,
the lower one minute, the
upper 7-nerved, as long as the

flowers, of which each spike- p}
let has 2, the first male, the
second bisexual ; anthers
orange, stigmas plumose,
purplish.

A lawn-grass, spontaneous
here and there, especially in
sandy places.—Dec. - Mar.—
Warm parts of America and
Africa.

5. Horpreum, L.

Spikelets subeylindrical, Stenotaphrum ameri-
arranged in 3's in the alter- canum.
nate notches of the fragile
axis, forming a dense, cylindrical spike; outer glumes 2,
subequal, narrow, awned, the 6 placed side by side before
the 3 spikelets so as to resemble a half-involucre; flowering
glume convex, 5-nerved, long-awned; palea 2-nerved and
bifid; all the awns denticulate and rough downwards;
grain oblong, hairy at summit, channeled on the inner face,
adhering to the flowering glume and pale.

Leaf-sheaths glabrous; flowering glumes
with an awn much longer than the outer
glumes HA Rae A Cee AL o,

Leaf-sheaths downy; flowering glumes of the
lateral spikelets with an awn much
shorter than the outer glumes ... .... ... H. maritimum 2

H. murinum 1

1. Hordeum murinum, L. Barley-grass, An-
nual, with short, leafy, tufted, ascending stems; leaf-blades
flat, villous, sheaths glabrous; spikelets pedicellate, the
central one with a bisexual flower, the lateral ones with
a barren flower; the 4 central empty glumes linear-
lanceolate, ciliate, (the 2 inner ones sessile), the 2 outer-
most reduced to awns and not ciliate; flowering glume

57. GRAMINE. 163

lanceolate, tapering into an awn ,\|
3 times its length and much \
longer than the outer glumes. \W//
All over the State.—Oct.-Dec. \\
—Cosmopolitan. AN
2. H. maritimum, With.
Sea Barley. Glaucous annual, re-
sembling the preceding; sheaths
of the lower leaves downy;
spikes smaller; middle spikelet
fertile and sessile, the lateral
ones smaller, barren, and pedi-
cellate, with awns shorter than
their outer glumes; all the outer
glumes bristle-like, not ciliate.

Adelaide plains near the sea.
Oct.-Dec.—Sea-coasts of western
and southern Europe.

Cultivated Barley, a tall, glab-
rous annual, falls readily into
two divisions: the first having .
the spike “compressed laterally, Hordeum murinum.
the central spikelet fertile, ses-
sile and long-awned, the 2 lateral spikelets barren, pedi-
cellate and awnless (H. distichum, L., Two-rowed Barley) ;
the second having the spikes 4-angled or 6-angled, and
the spikelets all fertile and long-awned (H. vulgare, L.,
Four-rowed or Square Barley, and H, hezastichum, L.,
Six-rowed Barley). All are spontaneous for a period.

6. Seraria, P.B.

(Latin seta, a bristle; alluding to the bristles surrounding
the spikelets.)

Spikelets compressed dorsally, arranged in a spike-
like, cylindrical panicle; outer glumes 3, membranous, un-
equal, the lowest small, 3-nerved, the 2nd and 3rd 5-nerved,
the 3rd containing a palea and rarely a male flower; flower-
ing glume and palea as in Panicum.

Spikelets whorled; involucre of few bristles S. verticillata 1
Spikelets alternate; involucre of several
bristles Sie agitz® swat Sick) secemusncll ac oN Mette ner GUGAUCD te,

1. Setaria verticillata,, P.B. Erect glabrous
annual, with stems rough at the summit; ligule of short
hairs; panicle somewhat “interrupted and reugh upwards
from the numerous stiff, denticulate, persistant bristles,
the short, thick panicle-branches arranged in false-whorls;
spikelets oblong, blunt, each with about 2 bristles at the
base of the short pedicel, the bristles covered with little
teeth pointing downwards; the lowest outer glume about half

164 57. GRAMINE.

as long as the other 2; fruiting
glume minutely pitted.

Cultivated land and _ near
creeks, Burnside.—Dec. - Apl.—
Temperate and subtropical coun-
tries.

2. S. glauca, P.B. Erect
annual; leaves light-green, with
a ligule of silky hairs; panicle
dense, red-bristly; each spikelet
with a cluster of about 10
bristles at base, the little teeth
of the bristles erect; the 2nd
outer glume exceeding the lowest
one and shorter than the 3rd;
flowering glume wrinkled trans-
versely.

Near Second Creek, Burnside.
—Dec.-Ap|l.—Temperate and sub-
tropical countries, including east-
ern and central Australia.

Setaria verticillata.

S. viridis, P.B., which differs from S. glawea in having
the 2nd and 3rd glumes of equal length, the flowering glume
minutely pitted as in S. verticillata, and the summit of the
leaf-sheaths ciliate-villous as well as the ligule, has ap-

peared at Mount Gambier. It
Is a native of the Far North

fhe

as well as of most subtropical
countries, and when found in
our settled districts, is probably
introduced from abroad.

7. Pennisetum, Richard.

(Latin penna, a feather, seta, a
bristle, alluding to the plumose

bristles.)

Pennisetum _ villo-
sum, R. Br. Tufted perennial,
the stem downy below’ the
panicle ;
minutely

leaves narrow, keeled,
saw-toothed on the

Pennisetum villosum.

edges, villous- ciliate at base of
blade, with a ligule of hairs;
panicle oblong-cylindrical, long-
bristlv, dense, somewhat curved ;
spikelets conical, solitary or 2-5
together on a short villous ped-
uncle, and surrounded by an in-
volucre of — slender, unequal
bristles, much longer than the
spikelets and plumose in_ the

57. GRAMINEE. 165

lower half, with a few, short, simple bristles on the outside,

the peduncle falling off from the

axis with the bristles and

spikelets; glumes lanceolate, the 2 outer ones small and un-
equal, the 3rd 7-nerved, mucronate, containing a palea and
male flower, the 4th a little longer, 5-nerved, with a bisexual

flower; styles very long, golden-
lumose, united in their whole
ength or bifid at summit.

Ornamental-grass which _ has
escaped in several places.—Nov.-
Ap|.— Abyssinia.

8. Potyrogon, Desf.

({ureek polys, many, pogdén, a
beard; alluding to the awns
which give the panicle a
bearded or bristly ap-
pearance.)

1. Polypogon monspeli-
ensis, Desf, Beard-grass. Erect
or ascending annual, varying
much in size, glabrous except
the panicle; leaves rather long,
with a long liguie; panicle 1-12
em. (4-5 in.) long, cylindrical,
dense, or somewhat lobed, bristly,
whitish- green; spikelets 2-23

mm. long, the pedicel distinctlyPe'yPoson Mmonspeliensis.

jointed a little below the outer

glumes, which are equal, keeled,

length
shorte1

termin

the

tail

Lagurus ovatus. sheath

downy, notched at top, with a
terminal awn 2-3 times their

; flowering glume much

*, membranous, truncate
and 4-toothed at summit, with a

al, deciduous awn.

Adelaide plains, mostly near

sea.—Sept.-Dec.—Mediter-

ranean region and west coasts
of Europe.

9. Lagurus, L.

(Greek lagos, a hare, owra, a

; alluding to the shape
of the panicle.)

“ |. Lagurus ovatus, L.
Hare’s-tail-grass. Annual, with
erect or ascending stems; leaves
flat, broad, softly downy, the
uppermost one with a swollen
; ligule truncate, downy ;

166 o7. GRAMINE:.

panicle, ovoid, dense, silky-white ;
outer glumes equal, keeled, much
longer than the flower and tap-
ering into a long plumose awn;
flowering glume membranous,
with 2 terminal awns and 1 much
longer, bent, dorsal awn; grain
oblong.

Common in sandy soil near
the sea.—Sept. - Dec.—Mediter-
ranean coasts,

10. Atorecurvs, L.
(Greek aldpéx, a fox: oura, tail;
shape of the spike.)

1. Alopecurus praten-
sis, L. Meadow Fortail. Glab-
rous perennial ; leaves long; ligule
short, truncate; panicle long,
dense, cylindrical, blunt, silky;
2 outer glumes equal, united at
base, 3-nerved, ciliate on keel;
flowering glume without a palea
and about as long as the outer glumes, with a slender,
protruding awn inserted above the base.

Alopecurus pratensis.

Cultivated for feed and spontaneous in_ places.—Oct.-
Dec.— Temperate countries.

Phleum pratense, L. (Timothy-
grass, Cat s-tail), resembles the
preceding in its cylindrical. spike-
like panicle, but the outer glumes
are truncate, narrowed abruptly
into a short awn and nearly twice
as long as the flowering glume
and palea.—Cultivated and sub-
spontaneous in moist pastures.—
Most temperate countries.

11. AnrHoxantuuM, L.
(Greek anthos, flower, xanthos,
yellow; colour of the panicle
after flowering.)

1. Anthoxanthum odor-
atum, L. Scented Vernal-grass,
Fragrant, erect perennial: leaf-
blade villous, sheath glabrous;
panicle spikelike, oblong-cylindri-
cal, rather loose; empty glumes
4, keeled, pointed, very unequal,
lowest one half the length of the

Anthoxanthum ss
odoratum, 2nd, which is 3-nerved, the 3rd

57. GRAMINEZ. 167

and 4th shorter, villous, the 3rd with a straight dorsal
awn, the 4th with a bent basal awn about as long as the
spikelet; flowering glume and palea still smaller, mem-
branous; stamens 2.

Mount Lofty Range.—Sept.-Dec.—EKurope; temperate
Asia,
12. Puavaris, L.
Spikelets flattened laterally, arranged in dense, spike-
like panicles; outer glumes subequal, longer than the flower,

with a winged keel, the flower accompanied at its base by
12 short scales (barren glumes); flowering glume 5-nerved.

Panicle cylindrical; flower with 2 unequal
scales at base.

Plant annual Mi ee ae se oe LOR al
Blame perennial comer so eee ce ea es odes. 2
Panicle ovoid; flower with 2 equal scales

at base NaS hn scote wear ste cual ikem) et bd wan
Panicle short; outer glume with a blunt

NVR PEM ee cetera meee Sas atin ets WeeST) - See canariensis 3
Panicle long; outer glume with a pointed

wing Son) AVRO REE | «ion atest Gene) cise now ee panadome £4

1. Phalaris minor, Retz.
Erect, glabrous annual, with a
slender stem and the uppermost
leaf with a swollen’ sheath;
panicle oblong, whitish-green ;
2 outer glumes membranous,
nearly twice as long as_ the
flower, with 8 broad, green
nerves, the keel extended into a
narrow, scarious, denticulate
wing; flowering glume and palea
villous, the latter having at base
1 bristle-like scale about one- 2-.4
third the length of the flower,
the other scale minute.

Roadsides and pasture.—Sept.-
Dec.— Mediterranean region,

2 P. nodosa, IL. Resembies
the preceding, but is perennial ;
stem oblique and swollen at base ;
leaves glaucous; wing of outer
glumes even narrower than in
the preceding. Appears.to be a
marked variety, the typical form having 2-4 tuberous
swellings on the rootstock.

PB paradoxca ---

Phalaris minor.

Introduced as a good winter grass under the name of
P. commutata, and spontaneous in places.—Sept. - Dec.—
Mediterranean region.

168 57. GRAMINE.

3. P. cCanariensis, L. Canary-grass. Annual,
with sheath of uppermost leaf much swollen; panicle short,
ovoid; wing of the outer glumes broad and obliquely trun-
cate at top; flowering glume and palea villous; 2 subequal
scales at the base of and half as long as the flower.

Sandy places; rare.—Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean _ re-
gion; said to have originated in the Canary Islands. The
grain is used as bird-seed.

4, P. paradoxa, LL. Glabrous annual; uppermost
leaf much swollen and embracing the tapering base of the
large, obovoid-oblong panicle; outer glumes terminating in
an awn, the wing prolonged into a point; flowering glume
almost glabrous, with 2 very small, almost equal scales at
base.

Kingseote, Kangaroo Island.—Nov. - Dec.—Mediter-
ranean region.

13. Ammopuina, Host.
(Greek ammos, sand, philos,

loving.)
1. Ammophila' = arun-
dinacea, _ Host. Marram-

grass. Coarse. almost glabrous
perennial, with hard creeping
rootstock and _ stiff, tall, erect
stems; leaves long, narrow, rolled
inwards so as to appear awl-
shaped; ligule long, bifid; pan-
icle cylindrical, dense, straw-
coloured. 10-25 ecm. (4-10 in.)
long; spikelets compressed, 12-13
min. (4 in.) long; 2 outer glumes
nearly equal, acute, keeled, a
little longer than the _ flower,
which has a ring of long hairs at
base; flowering glume stiff, 5-
nerved, 3-toothed at top. Psamma
arenaria, R. & S.

Planted along the sea-coast to
fix drifting sand.—Sept. -Dec.—ammophila arundinacea.
Coasts of Europe and N. America.

14. Soreuum, Pers.

1. Sorghum halepense, Pers. Johnson-qrass.
Tall, glabrous perennial, with a ‘stolon-bearing rootstock ;
stems stout, erect. downy at the nodes; leaves flat, with a
thick white midrib: ligule short, ciliate; panicle long, loose,
pyramidal in shape, axis and branches rough downwards;
spikelets compressed dorsally, in 2’s or 3’s, 1 sessile. oblong,
with a bisexual flower, the other or 2 others pedicellate,
lanceolate, purplish, with a male flower; empty glumes 3,
the 2 outer equal, downy, stiff, shining, the 3rd smaller,

57. GRAMINEE. 169

membranous; flowering glume of
the _ fertile spikelet small,
membranous, ciliate, bifid at
summit, with or without a bent
awn twice as long as the spike-
let and rising between the lobes;
palea narrow, ciliate; lodicules
ciliate; grain oblong. Andro-
pogon halepensis, Sibth.

Cultivated in moist districts
and_subspontaneous.—Dec.-May.
——Mediterranean region.

S. vulgare, Pers. (Cultivated |
Sorghum), is a tall stout annual,
with downy panicle branches
and broader spikelets; flowering
glume of the fertile spikelet with
a long or very short awn; grain
broad-oval.—Warm regions of
Africa and Asia.

15. Oryzopsis, Michaux.

(Greek oryza, rice, opsis,
resemblance.) Sorghum halepense.

1. Oryzopsis miliacea,

Richter. Many-flowered Mil-
let-qrass. Glabrous perennial,
with erect slender stems;
leaves flat, glossy-green above,
minutely saw-toothed on the
edges: ligule truncate: pan-

A a icle large, spreading, loose,
Lu) SP with long slender branches,
ree y rough downwards; spikelets
wth aap small, turning straw-coloured
Or or purplish, pedicellate and
HRD clustered along the panicle-
ON. branches; 2 outer glumes
“3 membranous, persistant. ra-
|S ther unequal, lanceolate,
ai / pounded on back, 3-nerved,
B onger than the flowering

FA glume, which is 3-nerved,

4 - notched, with a _ straight,
vy wo terminal, deciduous awn twice
ees its length and_ jointed at

of

base; grain oblong, tightly
enclosed in the hardened,
Oryzopsis miliacea. shining, flowering glume and

170 57. GRAMINEAE.

palea; anthers hairy at summit. Piptatherum multi-
florum, P.B.

Ornamental- and pasture-grass, spontancous in places.—
Oct.-Feb.— Mediterranean region.

16. Agrostis, L.

Spikelets small, numerous, compressed laterally; outer
glumes 2, keeled, 1-nerved, longer than the mem-
branous flowering glume; grain oblong, furrowed on the
inner face.

Panicle loose; palea half as long as flower-
ing glume Sea ee ces fos:
Panicle more compact; palea as long as

flowering glume ... ... ... . » «. A. wertietlatmee

1. Agrostis alba, L. Almost glabrous perennial,
with stolon-bearing rootstock; leaves flat, rough downwards
along the nerves; ligule long; panicle 5-20 cm. (2-8 in.)
long, very loose during flowering, pale-green or purplish,
the filiform branches naked in the lower part and rough
downwards; spikelets 2 mm.
long, numerous, on long pedicels,
shining, clustered; outer glumes
equal, lanceolate ; flowering glume
a quarter shorter than the outer
glumes, 4-nerved, blunt and 4-
toothed at summit; palea half
as long, bifid.

Near Onkaparinga’ River.—
Oct. - May.—Europe; temperate
Asia.

>. A. verticillata, Villars.
Resembles the preceding, but
the panicle is not so long or so
spreading; spikelets crowded and
clothing the branches almost to
the base; outer glumes twice as
long as the flowering glume and
palea, which are equal in length;
ligule much shorter.

A. alba 1

Common in moist spots.—Oct.- agrostis verticillata.
May.—Mediterranean region.

17. Exruarta, Thunberg.

(After F. Ehrhart, a Swiss botanist.)

1. Ehrharta longiflora, Sm. Erect annual;
leaves rather short, flat, rough, the uppermost sheath
swollen; ligule short, jagged, ciliate; panicle loose, narrow
often l-sided, 7-20 em. (3-10 in.) long; spikelets clustered

57. GRAMINEE. 171

on long, filiform, hairy, unequal pedicels; empty glumes 4,
the 2 outer small, unequal, persistant, purplish, keeled,
acuminate, the 3rd rather shorter than the 4th, both

5-nerved, ‘rough, concave,
and shining, tapering into a
stiff awn and with tufts of hair
at base; flowering glume shorter,
with a ‘palea of about the same
length; stamens 4-6, lodicules

united, ciliate.

Adelaide plains and_hills.—

Sept.-Nov.—South Africa.

18. ARRHENATHERUM, P.

(Greek arrhén, male,

awn; alluding to the awn
of the male flower.)

1. Arrhenatherum

enaceum, P.B. False Oat.
Tall, erect. perennial with flat
leaves and. a_ short, truncate
ligule; panicle 10-30 cm.

in.) long, loose in flower,

tracted afterwards; spikelets
compressed, 2-flower ed, the lower
male, the upper bisexual,

Arrhenatherum avena-
ceum.

hard

B.
athér,

av-

(4-12

con-

Ehrharta longifiora.

axis
terminating in a minute bristle;
outer glumes 2, unequal, mem-
branous, keeled, the upper
one as long as the flowers;
wale flowering glume with a
long bent awn rising from near
the base; fertile flowering glume
with or without a minute awn
below the top; grain oblong,
downy at summit. Avena elatior,

South-Eastern district.— Oct.-
Jan.—Europe; western Asia.
19. Honcus, L.

1. Holcus lanatus, L.
Woolly Holeus, Yorkshire Fog.

_ Erect, softly villous perennial ;

leaves flat, soft, with a truncate,
torn ligule; panicle 8-15 cm.
(3-6 in.) long, oblong, downy,
varying from light pink to
violet; spikelets crowded, 2-
ilowered, the lower bisexual, the

173 57. GRAMINEAE.

upper male, stalked; outer
glumes 2, equal, boatshaped,
keeled, downy, enclosing the
flowers, the upper one 3-nerved,
mucronate; flowering glumes
rather smaller, the male one with
a short, dorsal awn.

Moist places in settled dis-
tricts. — Oct. - Mar. — Europe;
temperate Asia.

20. Lonium, L.

Spikelets sessile in the notches
of the axis and appressed to it
by one of their sides (backs of
the glumes), forming a_ loose,
compressed, 2-sided spike; outer
glume 1, except in the terminal
spikelet, stiff, convex, but not
keeled, several-nerved; flowering
glume convex, 5-nerved; grain
oblong, channeled on the inner

Holcus lanatus.

face, adhering to the palea.

Flowers oblong, swollen in fruit; grain
ovoid-oblong; annuals.
Outer glume equalling or exceeding the
large spikelet; stem stout ... .. ZL. temulentum 1

thick,

Outer glume shorter than the small
t; stem slender ... ,

spikele

LL. remotum 2

Flowers lanceolate, not swollen in fruit;

grain

linear-oblong; perennial

Lolium

temulentum.

.. LZ. perenne 3

1. Lolium temulentum,
L. Darnel, Glabrous annual, vary-
ing much in size; spike long,
with a thick, stiff, zigzag axis;
spikelets usually large, 3-9-
flowered, broad-topped in fruit;
outer glume eaten or longer
than the flowers; flowering
glume with a long or short awn
below the summit, or awnless.

Roadsides, pasture, and cultiva-
tion.—Oct.-Jan.—KEurope; tem-
perate Asia. The seed is re-
puted poisonous, producing a
form of drunkenness (hence the
specific name). This grass is be-
lieved to be the ‘‘tares’’ (ziza-
nion) of Matt. xiii. 25. <

2, L. remotum, Schrank.
Aunual: stem and axis of spike
slender; spikelets rather distant,

57. GRAMINE. 173

of 3-8 flowers, and not so much swollen when ripe as in the
preceding; onter glume shorter than the spikelet and
sometimes very little longer than the contiguous flower ;
flowering glume usually awnless. or with a short, fine awn.
I. linicola, Sonder.

Cultivated land on the Adelaide plains.-—Oct.-Dec.—
Europe and western Asia, where it is usually found in fields
of flax.

3. L. perenne, LL. Rye-grass. Resembles L. temu-
lentum, but is perennial and an excellent feeding-grass,
producing barren leafy shoots from the base; outer glume
shorter than spikelet; flowers 3-12, not swollen in fruit, so
that the outline of the spikelet remains lanceolate-oblong,
tapering towards the summit; flowering glume usually
awnless.

Pastures and roadsides.—-Oct.-Mar.—Temperate parts
of the globe. A cuitivated biennial variety with numerous
long-awned flowers in each spikelet is J. italicum, A. Braun,
(Italian Rye-grass), and is sometimes spontaneous.

Agropyrum lattorale, Dumortier, a stiffish maritime-
grass, has béen found localised near Fulham. Leaves broad
but rolled inwards; spikes narrow and dense; _ spikelets
lanceolate, 3 times as long as the notches, with 4-6 awnless
flowers; outer glumes nearly equal, mucronate, 7-nerved,
half as long as the spikelet ; flowering glume obtuse, mucron-
ate, 5-nerved. Sometimes considered a variety of A. repens,
P.B., the ‘‘Couch-grass’’ of England. Shores of western
Europe and Mediterranean.

21. Triticum, L.

l. Triticum sativum,
Lamarck. Wheat. Annual.
with an erect stem (straw) and
long flat leaves, rather rough
above; ligule short, truncate;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, nearly
as broad as long, sessile in the
alternate notches of a zigzag,
ciliate axis, and forming a long,
dense, somewhat 4-angled spike
(‘‘ear’’), 1 or 2 upper fiowers
usually barren; outer glumes 2,
equal, oblong, convex, several-
nerved, blunt, mucronate, or
shortly awned; flowering glume
convex, 7-nerved, mucronate, or
with a long terminal awn
(bearded wheat); all the glumes
(chaff) hardened and shining in
fruit; and each spikelet ripen- Triticum sativum.

hi

174 5¢/. GRAMINEZS.

ing usually 2-3 grains, which are free, ovoid, grooved on
the inner face, downy at summit.

Ordinary South Australian wheat has the hollow stem of
rar. vulgare, Hackel (T. vulgare, Villars), but it has the
outer glumes keeled right down the back of var. turgidum (7,
turgidum, L.), which in Europe is also distinguished by its
solid stem. Var. durum (T. durwm, Desf.), Hard or Mac-
cearoni Wheat, which is grown in the south of Europe, the
drier parts of America. and is being tried in Australia, has
a solid stem, awned flowers, keeled outer glumes, and a
hard, horny grain, not mealy as in the other varieties.

The principal cereal grown in this State, and spon-
taneous for a year or two after cultivation.—Sept.-Oct.—
Origin unknown, but doubtless the result of cultivation ex-
tending over several thousand years. The only Triticum
known to grow wild is 7. monococcum, L., One-grained
Wheat, which is sometimes cultivated on poor lands of the
Old World, and is spontaneous in south-eastern Europe and
western Asia.

22. Srcatz, L.

1. Secale cereale, lL.
Rye. A tall annual with flat
leaves and a long, dense, cylin-
drical bearded spike, finally
drooping; spikelets with 2 fer-
tile flowers; outer glumes awl-
shaped, l-nerved and_ keeled;
flowering glume long-awned.

Grown for early green feed
and as a sand-binder; subspon-
taneous. Probably of Mediter-
ranean origin, and largely cul-
tivated in Europe as a cereal.

23. Kateri, Pers.
(After G. L. Keeler, of Mainz,
author of a work on the
Grasses. )

Spikelets compressed laterally,
2-6-flowered, the lowest flower
sessile, the others stalked; outer

glumes 2, membranous, keeled ; Secale cereale.
flowering glume 3-nerved.

Annuals; flowering glume 2-toothed and

awned.
Outer glumes slightly unequal, shorter

than flowers <2 4% ws Min ce ee Geo ae, DReoIenee
Outer glumes very unequal, longer

than flowers _... 0 i a itcveliene

Perennial; flowering glume entire... ... WW. cristata 3

d7. GRAMINEZE, 175

1. Koeleria phieoides, Pers. Cat’s-tail Kaleria.
Annual, with erect or ascending, glabrous stems; leaves
flat, marrow, villous, with a _ short, truncate, torn
ligule; panicle dense, spikelike, 2-9 cm. (3-33 in.)
long, cylindrical or oblong, often slightly lobed, whitish-
green, spikelets 4 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; outer glumes
unequal, hairy at least on the keel, shorter than the
flowers; flowering glume &-
toothed, with a short awn in
the notch; palea shorter, deeply
bifid.

Roadsides and _ pastures.—
Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean re-
gion.

2. K. Michelii, Cosson.
Small downy annual; _ leaves
short, very narrow; _ panicle
rather loose when flowering,
whitish, 2-9 em. (1-32 in.) long;
spikelets 3-4-flowered; outer
glumes very unequal, the lower
one minute and __bristle-like,
the upper one 4 times as long
and equalling or exceeding the
flowers; flowering glume nar-
row-eylindrical with -an awn
half as long as the flower, rising
from the notch between the 2
teeth; palea only half as long as Kceleria phieoides.
the flowering glume.

Mount Lofty Range; Flinders Range near Gladstone ;
Kangaroo Island. —Sept.-Nov.—-Mediterranean region.

3. K. cristata, Pers. (Crested K. Perennial with
erect or ascending stems, glabrous or downy at summit,
leaves narrow, flat or folded, more or less villous; ligule
short, truncate; panicle 4-15 em. (11-6 in.) long, lobed and
often interrupted near the base; spikelets 6 mm. (3 in.)
long, 2-4-flowered; outer glumes unequal, a little shorter
than the flowers; flowering glume acuminate, shining;
palea bifid.

South-Eastern District.—Sept.-Nov._-Europe; tem-
perate Asia; America.

Cynosurus cristatus, L. Crested Dog’s-tail. Perennial
with narrow leaves; long, narrow, l-sided, spikelike panicle ;
outer spikelets of each cluster sterile and resembling pin-
nate bracts; inner spikelets fertile, 3-7-flowered; all the
glumes very shortly awned, the outer ones shorter than
the flowers.—Sown for pasture in moist places and sub-
spontaneous.—Kurope.

L

176 57. GRAMINE.

24. Arunpo, L.

1. Arundo Donax, L. Giant Reed, popularly Bam-
boo. Perennial 2-5 m. (6-15 ft.) high, with long creeping
roots and hollow, woody stems thicker than the thumb;
leaves broad, smooth or with rough-ciliate edges; ligule
short, ciliate ; panicle 40-60 cm. (1-2 ft.) long, oblong, dense,
whitish-green or violet; spikelets with 3-4 flowers and long
white hairs on the axis between
them; outer glumes 2, equal, as
long as the flowers; flowering
glume trifid, with long hairs;
palea much shorter.

Cultivated for ornament and
spontaneous in places; flowers
rarely.—Feb.-Mar.—Moist sandy
places of the Mediterranean
region; known as Canne_ de
Provence in France.

A. Phragmites, U. (Common
Reed), a cosmopolitan plant and
a native of South Australia,
grows freely along the banks of
the Torrens and of other streams.
It differs from the preceding in
its slighter and fragile stems;
the outer glumes unequal and
shorter than the flowers.

25. Avena, L.

Spikelets compressed laterally,
ie 2-3 flowers: all stalked ; ates
outer glumes 2, large, persistant,
membranous, 7-9-nerved; flowering glume stiff, convex,
6-nerved, bifid, with a long bent and twisted awn rising
from its back; grain downy at top, oblong.
Flowering glume covered with long, silky

hairs in its lower half; flowers jointed
on the axis of the spikelet.

Flowering glume shortly bifid ... ... ... A. fatua 1
Flowering glume with 2 long bristles ... A. barbata 2
Flowering glume glabrous; flowers not
jointed on the axis of the spikelet ... A. sativa 3

l. Avena fatua, L. Wild Oat. Annual with
flat leaves and a loose. pyramidal panicle; spikelets large,
very open, drooping from long, filiform pedicels, with 2-3
flowers, all, or the 2 lower ones, awned; axis villous; outer
glumes subequal, longer than the flowers; flowering glume
golden-brown, covered with long hairs, rarely subglabrous,
shortly bifid so as to end in 2Y fine teeth; awn twice as
long as the spikelet.

57. GRAMINEE. 177

Cultivated and waste places,
May-Dec.—Common weed in
all wheat-growing countries.

2. A. barbata, Brotero.
Bearded Oat. Differs from
the preceding in having a 1-
sided panicle; outer glumes
rather unequal; flowers all
awned: flowering glume with
long white hairs and ending
in 2 long scarious bristles, so
that the flower is at least as
long as the lower empty

glume. Re
1 a)
Roadsides and _pasture.—
Sept. - Nov. — Mediterranean ‘
region. AS

3. A. sativa, L. Culti-
vated Oat. Differs from the
2 preceding species in the
glabrous flowering = glume,
which is shortly 2-toothed at
top, the lower flower usually
with a dorsal awn twice as long as the spikelet, the upper
flower awned or awnless; axis of spikelet glabrous, or hairy
below the lower flower.

Avena fatua.

Cultivated for horse-feed and spontaneous in places.—
Sept.-Nov.—Origin unknown, but not far removed from
A. fatua.

26. Ammae

Spikelets very small, compressed laterally, 2-flowered ;
outer glumes 2, equal, persistant, membranous, keeled,
l-nerved; flowering glume awned or not; grain glabrous.

Panicle narrowed at base; outer glumes
longer than the awned flowers... .
Panicle spreading; outer glumes shorter
than the awnless flowers ... ... ... ... A. minuta 2

A. caryophyllea 1

1. Aira caryophyliea, L. Silvery Hair-grass,
Slender, erect, glabrous grass; leaves rather short, narrow-
linear, inrolled; ligule lanceolate; panicle loose, with long,
filiform, spreading-erect branches; spikelets oblong-urn-
shaped; flowers with short tufts of hair at base, both or
only the upper one awned; outer glumes concave, acute,
white, shining, longer than the flowers, flowering glume
acuminate, bifid, with a bent awn springing from its base
and quite half as long again as the spikelet.

Pasture, Adelaide plains.—Sept.-Nov.—Europe; wes-
tern Asia.

L*

178 57. GRAMINEZE.

2. A. minuta, L. (1753),
Leefling (1758). Erect, dwarf,
glabrous grass, with very slen-
der stems and short, narrow-
linear leaves; ligule oblong;
panicle small, loose, with long,
filiform, almost horizontal bran-
ches and_ pedicels; spikelets
ovoid, colored, shining, dis-
tant; outer glumes green and
purplish, a little shorter than
the flowers, the upper flower
shortly stalked and both with a
tuft of hair at base; flowering
glume truncate-denticulate, with-
out an awn.

Pasture, Adelaide plains and
hills. — Aug. - Sept. — Mediter-
ranean region.

27. Bromus, L.

Spikelets compressed laterally, Aira minuta®

several-flowered, with a fragile
axis; outer glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers;
flowering glume rounded on back, bifid, awned a little
below the summit; stamens 1-3; palea ciliate on the 2
nerves; styles distinct, inserted on one side of the downy
summit of the ovary; grain villous at top, linear-oblong,
adhering to the palea.
A. Spikelets widened at summit (wedge-

shaped) after flowering; lower empty

glume 1l-nerved, upper 4-nerved;

flowering glume with 2 long, fine

points; awns of lateral flowers almost

equalling or exceeding those of the

upper flowers; panicle drooping more

or less after flowering.

Panicle long (18-25 cm.), rather loose.
Spikelets very long; stem downy ... B. maximus 1
Spikelets shorter; stem glabrous ... ... B. sterilis 2
Panicle shorter (10-15 em.), rather dense.
Flowering glume curved outwards

when ripe; stem slender, glabrous ... B. madritensis 3
Flowering glume straight; stem stout,
Down yaecn B. rubens 4

A. Spikelets contracted at summit (oblong)
even after flowering; outer glumes
several-nerved, the awns of the lateral
flowers never reaching the same height
as those of the upper ones; panicle
erect or almost so,
Panicle long, loose; awns very short ... B. unioloides 5
Panicle short, dense; awns about length
of flowering. glume <=. =. <) |... 8 molhsi6

57. GRAMINEAE. LTRS,

1. Bromus maximus, L. Great Brome. Erect
annual, with stiff, downy stems below the panicle and
villous leaves rough on the edges; panicle rather loose
with long downy branches; spikelets 6-10 cm. (24-4 in.) long,
including awns, very rough, with 6-10 divergent flowers;
flowering glume lanceolate, with 7 prominent nerves and
an awn twice its length; palea scarcely more than half as
long as the flowering glume. '

Waste and cultivated places ; rare.—Oct.-Nov.—Europe ;
temperate Asia.

2 B. sterilis, L. Barren Brome. Annual, with
stems glabrous or almost so below the panicle; leaves vil-
lous; panicle long, very loose, drooping in fruit and _ be-
come purplish, with long, rough branches; spikelets 5-8
em. (2-3 in.) long, including awns, very rough, finally droop-
ing, with 6-8 divergent flowers; flowering glume _ lanceo-
late, with 7 prominent nerves and an awn nearly twice
its length.

Roadsides; waste and cultivated places.—Oct.-Nov.—
Kurope; temperate Asia.

3. B. madritensis, lL.
Madrid Brome. Annual, with
slender stems, glabrous or almost
so; leaves narrow, downy or
almost glabrous, rather rough;
panicle becoming purplish, rather
erect and dense, with short,
spreading-erect branches; spike-
lets 3-5 em. (14-2 in.) long, in-
cluding awns, rough, erect, with
7-12 divergent flowers; flowering
glume narrow-lanceolate, faintly
7-nerved, with a slender awn a
little longer than it; palea al-
most as long as flowering glume.
Resembles the preceding when in
flower, but is smaller in all its
parts,

Common on _ roadsides and
cultivated land.—Oct. = Nov.—
Mediterranean region, and as
far north as the English
Channel.

4. B. rubens, L. Annual, Bromus madritensis.
with stout, stiff, downy stems;
leaves villous; panicle at first dense, finally rather loose,
drooping, and purplish-brown, with downy, rather short
branches; spikelets 4-6 em. (14-24 in.) long, including awns,
with 5-8 divergent flowers; flowering glume swollen in

180 57. GRAMINEX.

fruit, with 5 prominent nerves, the 2 next to the mid-nerve
almost obsolete; awn stout, brittle, nearly twice as long as
the flowering glume.

Sandy land near the coast.—Sept.—Mediterranean
region.

5. B. unioloides, H. B.
and K. VPrairie-grass. Perennial,
with stout, erect, glabrous stems;
leaves flat, rough on the upper
side, the sheaths of the lower
ones softly villous; ligule short,
torn; panicle long, loose, pyra-
midal, erect or slightly drooping,
with long, rough, filiform bran-
ches; spikelets pale-green, very
flat, oblong-lanceolate, rough,
6-8-flowered ; lower empty glume
7-nerved, upper 9-nerved ; flower-
ing glume keeled, 2-toothed,
9-13 nerved, with a very short
straight awn; palea about half
as long; ovary with 3 little
horns at summit, instead of being
merely notched as in the other
species of Bromus. B. Schraderi,
Kunth.

Roadsides, pasture.—Oct.-Jan. Bromus unioloides.
—North and South America.

6. B. mollis, L. Soft Brome. Annual, with stems
naked and almost glabrous in the upper part; leaves and
sheaths softly villous; panicle lght-green, oval or oblong,
erect, dense after flowering, 2-10 em. ($-4 in.) long, with
branches shorter than the spikelets, the latter villous or
glabrous, with 5-11 closely overlapping flowers; lower empty
glume 5-nerved, upper 7-nerved; flowering glume oboval,
7-nerved, notched, with a straight awn nearly as
long.
es Roadsides, pasture. — Oct. - Jan. — Europe; western
AS1Aa,.

28. Briza, L.

Spikelets compressed laterally, with several spreading,
closely overlapping flowers; outer glumes 2, subequal, boat-
shaped, 7-9-nerved; flowering glumes membranous, shaped
like the outer ones, but cordate at base; palea much smaller ;
grain almost circular,

Panicle simple, drooping; spikelets large,

few sc iiscg® sed Wet soad earch een eee aR Usbe Teed
Panicle compound, erect; spikelets small,

TIUMMOTGUS, FAR Nive coecticxcth tas: Seay epee ee om CILO Ts

57. GRAMINE. 181

1. Briza maxima, L. Large Quaking-grass. Glab-
rous annual, with erect stems; leaves flat, rough, with a long
ligule; panicle 1-sided, with filiform branches bearing only
1-2 drooping spikelets; spikelets
15-20 mm. (4-3 in.) long, at first
oval and _ silvery-white, then
oblong and golden, containing
9-17 flowers; flowering glume
downy, almost circular, 7-nerved,

Adelaide plains and _ hills.
Sept. - Dec.— Mediterranean _ re-
gion.

2. B. minor, L. Lesser
Quaking - grass. Giabrous — an-
nual; ligule long, lanceolate;
panicle compound, spreading-
erect, with hairlike branches and
pedicels bearing numerous. tri-
angular, pale-green spikelets 3-5
mm. long, 4-8-flowered; outer
glumes a Httle longer than the
contiguous flowers.

Pasture and scrubland.—Sept.-
Nov.—Europe; Asia. Briza maxima.

29. Festuca, L.

Spikelets compressed laterally, several-flowered; outer
glumes 2, shorter than the flowers, lower 1-nerved, upper
3-nerved; flowering glume narrow, rounded on back, awned
or not.

Outer glumes unequal; flowering glume
awned.

Panicle long, arched: stem leafy to the
panicle gan Mesete Meee, rooms

Panicle short, erect; stem naked under
the panicle RS ennai eee ET:

Outer glumes almost equal; flowering
glume mucronate; stiff grass ... ... F. rigida 3

F. Myuros 1

F. bromoides 2

1. Festuca Myuros, L. LRat’s-tail Fescue. Glab-
rous annual, with slender stems leafy up to the base
of the panicle; leaves narrow, cylindrical - inrolled ;
ligule short; panicle 10-30 cm. (4-12 in.) long, spike-
like, at least near the summit, sometimes compound,
more or less 1l-sided and usually arched; _ spikelets
compressed, with 4-6 divergent flowers; outer glumes
unequal, the lower about one-third as long as_ the
upper; flowering glume cylindrical, glabrous, tapering

182 of. GRAMINEA.

into a terminal awn_ rather
longer than it; stamen usually
1. Vulpia Myuros, Gmelin.

All over the State, preferring
sandy places.—Sept. Novels
most cosmopolitan.

2. F. bromoides, Sm.
Resembles the preceding but has
a long, naked stem below the
panicle, which is 2-10 cm. (3-4
in.) long, and is often reduced
to a mere raceme; lower empty
glume about half as long as the
upper, which is often as long as
the contiguous flower. Vulpia
sciuroides, Gmelin.

Same places and season as the
preceding.

3. F. rigida, Kunth. Hard
Fescue. Stiff, glabrous annual,
with ascending stems; leaves
narrow, flat or inrolled ;
ligule
narrow,
erect,

rather
glumes

ennial,

Festuca Myuros.

oblong, torn; panicle
oblong, lanceolate,

4-8 em. G3 -3 om»)

long, the branches clothed with
spikelets :
spikelets linear-oblong, with 6-10

almost to the base;

loose flowers; outer
almost equal; flowering

glume blunt, with a very small
mucro; stamens 3. Poa rigida,
L.; Ncleropoa rigida, Grisebach.

Waste
Europe;

places.—Sept. - Nov.—
western Asia.

30. Dacryiis, L.

(Greek daktylos, a _ finger;
alluding to the shape

of the panicle.)

1. Dactylis glomerata,
L. Cock’s-foot-grass. Tall per-

with a rootstock form-

ing tufts; leaves long, flat,

Festuca rigida.

rough ;
panicle

ligule oblong, torn;
long, narrow except

when in flower, the lower branches naked below and
more or less spreading; spikelets compressed, 3-5-flowered,
arranged in dense 1l-sided clusters; outer glumes 2, sub-
equal, membranous, acute; flowering glume with a ciliate

57. GRAMINE.

keel, 2-toothed, very shortly
awned.

Pasture and orchards,
chiefly in the hills. — Nov.-
Dec. — Europe; temperate

Asia.
31. Poa, L.
(Greek poa, grass.)

1. Poa annua, L. Ai-
nual Meadow-grass. Glabrous
annual, with weak ascending
stems; leaves bright-green,
soft, flat; ligule lanceolate ;
panicle oval, loose, the slen-
der spreading branches naked

183

Poa annua.

Dactylis glomerata.

towards the base; spikelets
compressed, oval-oblong, dis-
tant, usually 3-5-flowered ;
outer glumes 2, unequal,
acute, scarcely half the
length of the spikelet, the
lower Il-nerved, the upper
3-nerved; flowering glume
keeled, with 45 conspicuous
nerves, silky-ciliate towards
the base.

Cultivated and waste places.
—June-Sept., and often flow-
ering at other times of the
year also.—Cosmopolitan.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS:

Page 12.—Instead of “A. P. Candolle.?. read) Agee:
de Candolle.’’

Page 45.—Instead of ‘‘Albizzia 9,’ read ‘‘Albizzia 10.”

Page 47.—C. linifolius. Instead of ‘‘upper one
trifid,’’ read “‘lower one trifid.’’

Page 97.—Instead of ‘‘Hedypnois polymorpha,
DC. (including Hf. cretica, Willd.),’ read **Hedypnois
cretica, Willd.’, Willdenow’s name being of earlier
date than De Candolle’s.

Page 127.—After ‘“‘Discuisma, Choisy,’”’ add :—

(Greek dis, twice, skhisma, a split; alluding
to the shape of the calyx.)

Page 152.—-After the description of Agave americana
add : —
d 2. Narcissus, L.

1. Narcissus Tazeitta, L. Polyanthus Narcissus.
Bulb ovoid, large; leaves 3-6, broad-linear, almost flat, about
as long as the compressed, 2-edged stem; flowers 4-13.
scented, in a terminal umbel rising from a membranous,
l-valved spathe; perianth with 6 white, spreading segments
nearly as long as the slender tube; crown (corona) cup-
shaped, yellow, subentire, about one-third as long as the
segments; stamens inserted in the perianth-tube and not
protruding beyond the crown.

Pasture near Golden Grove.—Aug.-Sept.—Mediter-
ranean region. A garden variety has the crown white.

INDEX OF FAMILIES AND
SPECIES.

SYNONYMS IN ITALICS.

Achilléa tanacetifolia
Acidanthera platypétala
Agave americana
Agropy’ rum littorale
Agrostis alba
verticillata
Aira caryophy’llea ..
minuta Paes
Albizzia lophantha
Alchemilla arvénsis
Alisma Plantago
Alismacee
A’'loe latifolia
Alopecurus praténsis
Amarantacee .
Amarantus caudatus
— retrofléxus
ICES
Amaryllidaceze : at
Ambrosia artemisifélia
Ambrosiacez i,
Ammobium alatum
Ammophila arundinacea
Amsinckia angustifolia
Anacardiacez
Anagallis arvénsis a;
Andropogon halepénsis
A’nthemis Cotula

== nobilis ;
Antholy’za zethiopica
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Antirrhinum Oroéntium
A’pium gravéolens ...
Apocynacee
Aracee am
Arctotis stce ‘chadifolia ee
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Arrhenathérum avenaceum
Artemisia Absinthium
Arundo Donax ...
Phragmites
aispindicans Serre
Asphodelus fistuldsus-
Avena barbata ...
——— elgtior
at LE:
sativa

Page.

88 | Babiana stricta

Taelol | Barbaréa_ pre’cox

... 152) Bartsia latifolia
ee | Boraginacee

... 170) Brassica dlba

57 170 | ———— murals

ner 177 |
. 178

59 |

62

90

.. 168
- 110

so LASi =
... 143
eae,
seo las)
Pel)
Lk
cat LOL
oa ke
sae alsy
ae LOS

. 104

43 |

2 105
- 169

89
68

~. 145
~. 166
117

Napus
oleracea
- Rapa
Sinapistrum
tenuifolia
maxima
minor Roe:
Bromus madriténsis.
SS maximus
- mollis
~ rubens

—— Schraderi

—— stérilis
——— unioloides
Buphthadlmum spindsum
Bupléurum pena pee
Cactacee a
Cesalpinia sepidria
Cakile maritima
Caléndula arvénsis ...
-—_— officinalis
Cannabis sativa
Caprifoliacez : eee
Capsélla Bursa- pastoris
Carduus lanceoldtus
tenuiflorus
Carex Bichenoviana
Caryophyllacez
Caucalis nodosa
C’elsia crética
Centauréa’ Caleitrapa
— meliténsis
——— paniculata
———— solstitialis
Centranthus ruber ...
Cerastium glomerdtum
——— vulgatum
Chenopodiaceze 3S
Chenopodium album —
glaucum
——— murale

Briza

Page.
» 15st

-.. 120

186
Page.
Chloris gayana me LO
——— truncata LOM
Chrysanthemum coronarium 85
——— Leucanthemum 86
Cichorium I’ntybus 97
Cirsium arvénse 93
—_—— lanceolatum 93
Citrullus vulgaris 64
Composite fo) ac 77
Cénium maculdtum > a Wie
Convolvulacee . 109
Cony'za ambigua 82
Crassula tetragona 65
Crassulacese : 65
Crate’gus monogyna 62
= oxyacdntha peeog
Crépis virens . 104
Cruciferae ais 3 ee
Cryptostémma calendulaccum 64
Cucumis myriocarnus 64
GCucurbitacese : é | 64
Cuscuta Epithymum 09
- europe’ a a > HI)
Cynara ( ‘ardtinculus: eee
Cy’nodon Dactylon Lol
Cynostrus cristatus soo JUS)
Cyperaccee ee 54
C ypérus rotundus . 154
Cy'tisus albus 46
canariénsis ean
linifolius 47, 184
proliferus 47
—~ scoparius sat 46
Dactylis glomerata alse
Datura Meétel He ts
— - Stramonium PLUG
Daucus Carota Bu 469
Digitaria sanguindlis . 159
Diplotaxis muralis 24
—— tenuifdlia 24
Dipsdcer Lec eean ELL
Dischisma capitatum | . 127, 184
E’chium plantagineum Sep dle
- violdceum eee
Ehrharta longifléra Pe lO
E’mex australis . 133
Erigeron linifélius 81
- mucronatus 82
Erodium Botrys 39
- cicutarium 40
- moschatum ie O09
Bry thees’a Centaurium ... . 108
Eschschéltzia_ califérnica a
Euphorbia dendroides sao eit
— - Drummoéndii eon
— exigua . 136

INDEX.

Pace.

Euphorbia Lathyris 2 165
Péplus Suen 11GIe

- segetalis we won

-—~ terracina + tO
Manbanuiaece . 185
Fedia Cornucopiz eto
Ferraria undulata en. altel
Festuca bromoides SEGA
— Myuros eg ileal
rigida 5 ee
Ficoidaceze tm. 66
Foeeniculum § officindle 70
—— vulgare nee 70
Fumaria capreoldta 22
- murdlis 22
——— officinalis 21
parviflora 22

Sines a heicsia Pr 21
Galinsoga parviflora 90
Galium murale 74
= tricorne 74
Gazania Pavonia Bey ts
Gentianaceze ST LOs
Geraniaceze re 38
Geranium molle ho ele)
Gilia squarrésa os LOS)
Gladiolus blandus 250
— cuspidatus 5 G0)
Glaucium flayum 21
— luteum Pees 81
Gomphocarpus arboréscer's ... 107
fruticosus a 108
Goaiaiees . Ag He:
Hedy’pnois erética 97. 184
-— polymorpha 97. 184
Hehotropium anchusefolium 111
europe’um Preeti!

- lasiocarpum = ial
Helminthia echioides Pt)
Hesperantha falcata ee alsa
Holeus lanatus Bae! Gal
Homeéria collina ... 149
- miniata ES Bee 510)
Hordeum distichum =. 165
- hexastichum . 165

~ maritimum seas

- murinum Bae tsi

- vulgare miles.
Hynvericacese x ies 41
Hypericum, perforatum ... 41
Hypoche’ris glabra 99
- racicata 98
Unula ner Soe
Tridacese a ow ee
Iris germanica .s, LAR
I’xia flexudsa patio

Juncaceee ie
Jtneus bufonius
capitatus

Kentrophy'Ilum la natum-

Keeléria cristata
——— Michélii
-._—— phleoides
Labiate Bs
Lactuca saligna
Lagurus ovatus
Lathyrus latifolius
~ a sphe’ricus
Lavandula Sto’ chas.
Lavatéra arborea
= Grovica
Leguminose
Leontodon hirtus
Lepidium Draba
= rderale
Liliaceze : ¥
Linaria Elatine
—— Sieberi

Lithospérmum arvénse

Lolium italicum
—_—— linicola
——— perénne
=—=——. Femotum
——~ temuléntum
Lotus corniculatus
—_—.~ Tetragonolobus
Lupinus hirsutus
hinges
Ly’chnis Githago
Ly‘cium chinénse
—— vulgare
—— subglobosum
Malva _ niceénsis
= fea puilorer
Malvacez :
Marrubium vulgare
Matthiola bicornis

—— incana
Medicago denticulata
——— lupulina

—— maculata

~ minima

—— pre’cox
——— reticulata
sativa
— seutellata
—_—. truncatula
Melianthus comosus
—— major
Melilétus alba
——— arvensis
——-— indica

Page. ,
poor Way
los

» 153)

96 |

1 |
gba
i 115i]
2 ele)
... 108

- 165 |

58 |
57

mee:

37

ine)
[o3)

54 |
55 |
42 |
43 |
52 |
52
53

| Onagraceze

| Panicum

INDEX.

Melilotus parviflora
- Petitpierredna
Melissa officinalis
Méntha_ piperita
——~ Pulégium
2 viridis d
Mesembr yanthemum
forme rd
= aurantiacum
— cordifdlium
——— erystallinum
Mimulus moschatus
Modiola caroliniana
- multifida
More’a Pavonia
-— xerospatha
Muscari comosum
negléctum

| Narcissus Tazétta

Nasturtium officinale

| Nicotiana glauca
-(Enothéra biénnis

—- longiflora
—— odorata

—_— stridta
O'lea europea
Oleaceee
Onopordon Acanthium

- acaule ,
Opuntia monacantha
——— yulgaris .
Ornithégalum thyrsoides
Oryz6psis milidcea

| Osteospermum moniliferum

Oxalidacez

| O'xalis cérnua

-—-—— variabilis
Pallénis spinosa
Crus-galli

- miliaceum

- sanguinale
Papaver dubium

- hy’bridum

— Rhoe’as
Papaveracee
Papilionaceee See
Paspalum dilatatum |

—. distichum ;
Pelargonium eravéolens
Pennisétum vill6sum
Phalaris canariénsis
~ minor
———— nodosa
—— paradoxa

Phléum praténse

“acinaci-

iss

IC

Phy’salis peruviana
Picnomon Acarna
Picris hieracioides

Piptath’rum multiflorum

Pisum arvénse

--—— sativum
Plantaginacee :
Plantago Corénopus-
——— lanceolata
—--—— major
Poa annua
— — rigida
Polemoniacez
Polygonacez Eee
Poly’gonum_ aviculare
oe Conyolvulus
——— lapathifolium
Polypogon monspeliénsis
Populus alba
——— fastigidta
——— nigra ss
Portulaca oleracea
Portulacacez

Boer dietyocérpum

- Magnohi
——— muricdtum
——— Sanguisorba
Primulacez
Psamma arendria
Ranunculaceze :
Ranunculus muricatus
——— trachycarpus

Raphanus Raphanistrum

— sativus =
Rapistrum rugdsum
Reséda alba
Resedacez

Rhagadiolus Hedy’ pnois 5

Rhainnacee a
Rhamnus Alatérnus’
Richardia africana
Ricinus communis :
Romuléa Bulbocédium

—— Columnee
—— longifolia
: —- rosea
Rosa canina
= - rubiginosa
Rosacee
Rosmarinus officinalis
Rubiacez

Babus fruticésus
- laciniatus
— - moluccanus
Rumex Acetosélla
— conglomeratus

100) |
_ 170 |

Bae altel
ie eg)
son 28} |
28
eedies
pelos
e109)
peeliolay
... 134)
plod
con fey
san GH} |
son dG)
eA ON i

. 159 | -

~. 105
- 168

. 153 |
ley
Age
147 |
ely
_ 147 |
|
|

1 188

at@e
138

Page.
Salle

93 |

58 |
58

3)
55
62 |
62 |
62
62

19
19

31
30 |
31
31
98
49
42

61 |
61
59

73
60
60
60

19 |
30 | -

INDEX.

Ruimex crispus
— pulcher
Saiencee
Salix babylonica
—— fragilis
Salvia aurea Re
—— Verbenaca
Sambucus nigra
Sapindaceee zy Wee
Saponaria Vaccaria
Scabidsa atropurpurea
—— maritima

Seandix Pécten-Véneris

Schinus Molle
Scleropoa rigida
Scrophulariacez
Secale cereale
Selaginacese :
Senebiéra Corénopus
— didyma
-—— pinnatifida
Senécio mikanioides
———— scandens
— vulgaris
Setaria glauca
——— verticillata
— viridis
Sherardia arvénsis
Siléne Cuctbalus
~ gallica
— inflata
———— nocturna ;
——— quinquev tilnera
- ~ Schafta
Sayan Marianum
Sinapis alba
——— arvensis =,
Sisy’mbrium Columne

— officinale
——— orientale
Sium latijugum
Solanaceze
Solanum cinéreum
—— nigrum
— sodome’um
Sonchus asper
-—— oleraceus

Sorghum _ halepénse
——— yulgare ...
Sparaxis bulbifera
— tricolor

Spartium junceum
Spérgula arvensis
Spergularia média
—— rubra
Stachys arvensis

weet) Gaels

106

_. 182

145
- 145

INDEX.
: Page. |
Stachys lanata . 126) Ulex europe’us
Stellaria média xe when) wee abs Gilinvacess .
Stenotaphrum americanum 161] U’lmus campéstris
Tanacétum huronénse 83 | Umbellifere es
——— vulgare pls i 84! Urospér mum picroide s
Taraxacum Dens-lednis 102 | Urtica urens
erythrospermum 102 | Urticaceze
officinale 102! Valerianaceze ...
Thrincia hirta 100 Valerianélla discoidea
Torilis nodosa eo, ON eriocarpa
Tournefortia heliotr opioides 112 — truncata
Tragopogon porrifélius ... 101} Verbascum Thapsus
Trifolium angustifélium 52 —— virgatum
——— arvénse ... «. 51 | Verbéna bonariénsis
——— campéstre 49 | ——— supina
———— dubium 49 | —_— vendosa
——— filiforme 49 | Verbenaceze oe see,
—— fragiferum 49 | Veronica Anagillis a
—_—— glomeratum 50 | -—— hederefolia
—— incarnatum 51| Vicia calcarata
—~_—— médium 51 | ——— hirsuta
—— minus 49 | __— sativa
———-. praténse 51 ———— sépium
——— procuntbens 48 | —_—_ tetraspérma
—— répens 50, Vinca major
——- striatum 51 Viola odorata
——— subterraneum 50 Violacez ines
a — tomentosum 49 Vulpia Mytiros ...
Tripteris clandestina 87 —- sciuroides
Triticum durum 174 Watsonia angusta
-—— sativum Hi - Meriana
Tritonia lineata 151 Nanthium spindésum

105

INDEX COPS POPtaaA

Aguaribay
Alfalfa
Aloe, American cae
Broadleaved
eer. Green
Apple of Sodom
Artichoke, Wild
Arum Lily is
Balm
Bamboo ora ao arate
Barley, Cultivated
- Sea

Be dstraw, Three-horned x

Bindweed, Black
Blackberry :
=n Gy utle ave id

= French
Blueweed
Boxthorn
Bramble
Broom, Canary
—— Common

- Spanish

= White ;
Bete) Barren ...
= Great
——— Madrid
SOL
Buckthorn
Burnet, Sheep's
Burr, Bathurst
Cabbage =
Campion, Bladder

Cape ‘Tulip, One- leaved

——— Two-leaved
Cardoon

Carrot cer

Carrot Fern a7
Castor-oil Plant
Catchfly, French i
Cat’s-ear, Glabrous ...

Celery Mace cass
Centaury, Common
Century Plant

NAMES.

Page. |
44 | Chamomile, Common
54 | Charlock

.. 152 | —-—— White
... 142 | Chickweed ~
» Lol) | === Mouse-ear

en Iles CC. core

92 | Chrysa nthemum, ‘Summer

158 Clover, Bokhara

22 125) ) === === Clustered
leo - Crimson
2 6S) - Hare’s-foot
. 163 - Hop
son (UI - Knotted
5 leis! - Lesser rs
60 - Mammoth
60 - Narrow-leaved
Peon Olay - Red
eon a Slender
. 114} - Strawberry
60) - Subterranean
47 —. White
46 | - Woolly
45 |‘ lover he eo ae
-. 46 Cockspur, Maltese ...
» L9 Yellow

Lf a9) ces Cockle

... 179 | Cotton Bush

. 180 | Couch-grass
42|Crepis, Green ... ...
62 Cress, Early Winter

-.. 105 - Hoary
ME || - Narrow- leaved
et) a Water

. 149 Daisy, Ox-eye

= alte _ Dandelion, Cape
92 | -_——_ Common
69 | Darnel
72 | Dock, Clustered

~ 137 | ———>"'Curled
$2) — = _ Biddle
99 | Dodder, Greater
98 | - Lesser

. 166 | Doe’ s-tail, Crested
eit Elder, Common
... 108} Elm, Common

1521 -———. Oorlcbarked

Erodium. Common
————. Musk

Fennel

Fescue, Hard as
—— Nat s-tall

Fig, Barbary *
Foxtail, Meadow
Fumitory

= Small- flowere d
Furze

Geranium, Dove’ s-foot

-———— Rose

cose \Witial
Gooseberry, Cape
Goosefoot, Glaucous
——— Nettle-leaved
———— White

Grape Hyacinth, Tufted

press: Barley
- Barny ard
= Beard
——— Bermuda
——— Buttalo
——— Canary :
——-— Cock’s-foot
——— Crab x!
——=—. Hair
——— Hare’s- tail
—-— Johnson

—— Marram

T= Meadow
-——. “Millet
—— = Prairie
SS Rhodes
a>" Bye
——— Timothy
= Vernal
Gromwell, Corn
Groundsel oy nae
Hair-grass, Silvery
Hawkbit, Lesser
Hawthorn sere ase
Heliotrope. European
Hemlock iil te aes
Hemp Pal. o:
Hexham Scent saa
Hogweed 3
Holcus, Woolly sa
Horehound
Ice-plant
Tris, German
Ivy, Cape
Knotweed oF a ene
Keeleria, Cat’s-tail ...
Crested
Lavender, French

INDEX.

40 | Lettuce, Willow
39 | Love-lies-Bleeding
70.) Lucerne

". 182 | ——— Californian
. 181} Lupin, Blue

66 | ——— Yellow

166| Madder, Field ..

21} Mallow, Marsh

22 | —_—— of Nice > ......
45 a pel flow ered
33 ——
40 Marigold: Kener
oe FAN) === \ inl | a
meet May Ea

=. 10 Me ecb
_ 129 | Medick, Black

. 130 | ——— Burr

a WA2E) ail

... 163 | ——— Spotted ...
. 159 | ——— Toothed

... 165) Melilot, Field

... 161| Melon, Pie

... 162 | -—— Water
. 168 | -——— Wild

182 Mignonette, W hite

Millet, True

He
isa)
co

LTT | Mimulus, Musk _
... 165| Mint, Spear
. 168} Mullein, Great

... 168 | ——— Twiggy
_ 183 Mustard, Giant
169 | — Hedge
180 | —-_— White
... 161 | ——— Wild
. 173 | Nancy

ky 166 | Neaciucnas Polyanthus
.. 166 Nettle, Small 2. ::
Pah Nightshade, Black ..

80 | Nutgrass

LUT Oak; Bearded |

= 300) )) === Cultivated
62 | —-—— False
elk Wild
72 Olive -

-. 138 | Onion- -grass

Onion, Wild

oO
GN

- 134. Onopordon, Stemless
... 171 | Ox-tongue : :
. 123 | Panic-grass, Cockspur

67| Pea, Field

2 147| - Garden
... 81 |—— Perennial
. 134) ——— Winged

ORs: Pear, Prickly
... 175| Pennyroyal
. 122!| Peppermint

192

Pepper-tree
Periwinkle
Pimpernel
Pincushion,
Pinkie 3
Pinkweed ~ ae. -:. <::
Plantain, Buck’s-horn
- Greater :
—=——— Water
Poplar, Black
- Lombardy
- White mn
Poppy, Californian ...
— Field 5
= — Horned
—— Long- headed —
— Rough
Prickly: jack Sag
Primrose, Evening -
Purslane <
Quaking-grass,
— Lesser
Raden
—— \Winilel
Rape ue. MAS.
Reed, Common ..
— Giant
Rib-grass ‘
Rocket, Oriental
=== Seyinel
—= CB os:
— Wall
Rose, Dog
INOSGnTarYys ccs:
Rush, Capitate ...
———— {Novia
Rye eae
Rye-grass :
——— Jtalian
Sage, Wild ...
Salsafy Pa
Salvation Jane
Salvia, Golden ...

Purple Ne

Large

Sandwort, Thyme- leaved

Scabious, Sweet
Sedge, Bicheno’s
Shamrock
Sheep-sorrel
Shepherd's Purse

Snapdragon, Lesser
Soapwort

Sorghum

Soursob : tes eer
Sowthistle, Common

Sowthistle, Rough 103
Sparaxis ed Oe 146
Speedwell, Ivy-leaved 120
——— Water 120
Spurge, Caper . 185
——— [wart 136
=P ethy, 156
Spurry, Corn 33
Said : 34
St. John’s W ort 41
Stachys, Field 125
Stinkwort : 82
Stock, Autumnal 23
———— Two-horned 23
Sweetbriar ee 61
Swine-ecress, Lesser 28
| Tagosaste 2 47
Tansy, Common 84
Thistle, Creeping 93
————— irish % 103
— Mall 90
- Scotch 91
==— Slender 94
— - Soldier 94
-—— Spear 93
————— Star a. sn an 95
- St. Barnaby’s 95
- Woolly Star 96
hora: apple 116
Toadflax, Pointed 117
Tobacco-tree 116
Trefoil 55
_- Bird’s-foot 47
Turnip Ste 27
Turnip-weed se 30
Valerian, African 75
== | Revel a 74
Venus’s Comb 70
vee Bush 56
- Commoen*® ... 56
= Miairty. 57
- Slender 57
—-— Spurred 57
Violet ‘Sweet. <1. a0 .0 eee
Viper’s - bugloss, Plantain-
leaved sic hsee geee Rea, ees
Wattle, Crested 59
Wheat at 173
Willow, Brittle . 140
—— Weeping 140
Wineneed as . 134
Wormwood ds 84
Yorkshire Fog ... ghar

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